vj' 
 
SQUmE'S fV\f 
 
 COMPANION ( 
 
 TO THE LATEST EDITION OF THE ! M 
 
 BRITISH PHARMACOP(EIA 5 
 
 COMPARING THE STRENGTH OF ITS VARIOUS PREPARATIONS 
 
 WITH THOSE OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES AND OTHER FOREIGN PHARMACOPCEIAS, 
 
 TO "WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 NOT OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS 
 
 AND 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS ON PRESCRIBING. 
 
 PETER WYATT SQUIKE. 
 
 fimetecntf) 6tJitfon. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 J. & A. CHUECHILL, 
 
 7, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET. 
 
 1916. 
 
 Copyriglit registered. 
 
'Authority to use for comment the Pharmacopceia of the 
 United States of America, Eighth Decennial Revision, in this 
 volume, has been granted by the Board of Trustees of the 
 United States Pharmacopoeia! Convention, which Board of 
 Trustees is in no way responsible for the accuracy of any 
 translations of the official weights and measures or for any 
 statements as to strength of official preparations.' 
 
 The Board of Inland Revenue has consented to recognise 
 ' Squire's Companion to the British Pharmacopoeia ' as a 
 ' well known ' book of reference in connection with the 
 exemption from Medicine Stamp Duty in favour of ' known, 
 admitted and approved ' remedies. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO NINETEENTH EDITION. 
 
 Since the Eighteentli Edition of Squire's Companion was issued in 
 1908, a new edition of the British Pharmacopceia has been published, 
 also new editions of the German, Hungarian, Italian, Norwegian, 
 Russian, and Swedish Pharmacopa3ias and a Dutch Supplement. As 
 one of the chief objects of Squire's Companion is the comparison 
 of the current British Pharmacopoeia with those of the United States 
 and other Continental Pharmacopoeias, the book has been rewritten 
 from cover to cover. The additions, alterations, and deletions in 
 the British Pharmacopoeia are noted. New introductions and altera- 
 tions are indicated by the words ' New,' 'Altered,' ' Modified,' as the 
 case may be, v;ith a statement as to the nature of the alteration. 
 
 Some substances which were Official in B.P. 1898 are not now 
 included, a statement to that effect appears under each of them. Most 
 of the bodies which are new to B.P. 1914 have already appeared in 
 Squire's Companion, and for the information of those using this book 
 a comparison of the names has been listed. As in former editions of 
 Squire's Companion substances which are Official are clearly distin- 
 guished from those which are Not Official by the difference in type ; 
 Official in large type, Not Official in small. Formulas are given as far 
 as possible in parts. Solids by weight, Licjuids by measure, unless 
 otherwise indicated ; when it is more convenient to express the formula 
 in the Imperial weights and measures, both systems are given. 
 
 In the Continental Pharmacopoeias all the figures refer to parts by 
 weight, but in the U.S.P. Liquids are by measure. 
 
 Doses as in former editions are expressed both in the Im.perial and 
 Metric systems, and a comparison is made in the case of potent drugs 
 with maximum single and daily doses given in Continental Pharma- 
 copoeias. 
 
 Some of the tabulated matter which in previous editions appeared 
 in the preliminary^ section has now been transferred to the end, pre- 
 ceding the Therapeutic Index. The Index itself has been printed in 
 larger type than before, and will be found more convenient for reference. 
 
 The arrangement of the matter, which is characteristic of Squire's 
 Companion, and which has been found so convenient for reference, 
 remains the same as in former editions, more particularly the several 
 paragraphs commencing with the words ' Solubility,' ' Medicinal 
 Properties,' ' Dose,' ' Prescribing Notes,' ' Incompatibles,' list of 
 ' Official ' and ' Not Official ' preparations, ' Antidotes,' and ' Foreign 
 Pharmacopoeias.' 
 
 The ' Prescribing Notes ' have been much enlarged, and most cf 
 the sections of the book have been extended ; the useful portion of 
 
the older and obsolete matter has been condensed and incorporated 
 in the general text of the book, and the unimportant part has been 
 taken out. The size oi the book has unavoidably increased from 
 1460 to 1707 pages. 
 
 The medical portion still appears under the old heading ' Medicinal 
 Properties,' and has been thoroughly revised by Dr. Taylor Grant, 
 who has added many new abstracts from current literature, some of 
 them too late for insertion in the body of the book have been added on 
 page 1451, at the end of the Materia Medica. He has also revised 
 the Therapeutical Classification of Remedies Section A, and Remedies 
 employed in Special Ailments Section B. 
 
 The ' Descriptive Notes ' appearing in the previous edition have 
 been revised by Mr. E. M. Holmes, who has also added some others. 
 The Materia Medica Table, given on page 1570, has been brought up 
 to date. 
 
 The Tests have been entirely rewritten by my principal chemist, 
 Mr. Charles M. Caines, who has also supervised the experimental work. 
 They include a critical comparison of the Tests given in the Pharma- 
 copoeias of Great Britain, the United States, and Germany, together 
 with others found in the French Codex, and the Swiss Pharmacopoeia, 
 and such other Tests as have been found useful in the laboratory of 
 the author. The standardised preparations have received special 
 attention, and are compared with those given in other Pharmacopoeias 
 together with the various methods of verifying them. The chapters 
 on Volvimetric Analysis, Indicators, and Special Tests have been 
 enlarged, and present an epitome of the methods and processes of the 
 three chief Pharmacopoeias under review. 
 
 The chapter on Therapeutic Agents of Microbial Origin has been 
 revised and enlarged by Dr. R. Tanner Hewlett, and gives a clear idea 
 of the present position of this department of medicine. 
 
 The paragraphs commencing ' Foreign Pharmacopoeias ' have been 
 corrected by the latest editions, and many of the preparations not 
 included in the B.P. have been introduced under the ' Not Official ' 
 headings. This work and the revision of the general index have been 
 carried out by my daughter, Mrs. M. B. Parton. 
 
 I am also indebted to the following members of my staff, Mr. 
 AVilliam S. Boyack, Mr. Dugald Blair, and Mr. A. C. Melville, for 
 reading the proof sheets, and for many valuable suggestions. Mr. A. C. 
 Melville has also been employed on many of the analytical deter- 
 minations. 
 
 The author asks indulgence for the delay in producing this edition. 
 It has been a matter of great difficulty in War time, when so many 
 other matters claim attention and interfere with the work. 
 
 P. W. SQUIRE. 
 413, Oxford Street, 
 May, 1916. 
 
THE CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK 
 
 ARE ARRANGED AS FOLLOWS :— 
 
 Preface .......... 
 
 Imperial Weights and Measures ...... 
 
 Metric Measures and Standards ...... 
 
 Imperial Weights and Measures with the Metric Equivalents 
 
 Weights Avoirdupois compared with the Metric 
 
 Thermometers— Fahrenheit, Centigrade, and Reaumur compared 
 
 Alcohol Table 
 
 Abbreviations ......... 
 
 Symbols and Equivalent Weights of the Elementary Bodies . 
 
 Important Changes, British Pharmacopoeia, IQll . 
 
 Materia Medica arranged in Alphabetical Order, under which are given 
 — first, all the Pharmacopceial Preparations, with the medicinal 
 properties and doses, each of which is compared with those of the 
 Continental Pharmacopoeias and of the United States Pharma- 
 copoeia ; then foUow the Not Official Preparations, such as are 
 frequently prescribed, but are not found in the British Pharmacopoeia 
 
 Supplementary Matter ...... 
 
 Therapeutic Agents of Microbial Origin 
 
 Chemical Reagents, etc., used in Qualitative Testing 
 
 Volumetric Analysis ....... 
 
 Indicators ......... 
 
 Methods for the determination of Physical Constants and analytical 
 memoranda relating to Special Tests 
 
 Spas of Europe, enumerating first those of Britain, afterwards the Con- 
 tinental, giving the Locality, Temperature, Season, and Medicinal 
 Properties ........... 
 
 Spas classified as to their Temperature and Properties .... 
 
 A tabulated comparison of the chief Standardised Potent Preparations of 
 the British, United States, German, and French Pharmacopoeias 
 
 Beaume's Hydrometer Table for Liquids heavier than Water 
 
 Table of Materia Medica of the Organic Kingdom, showing from what 
 source the Drugs are obtained, and into what Preparations they enter 
 
 Therapeutical Classification of Remedies ...... 
 
 Remedies for Special Ailments . . . . . . . 
 
 General Index ........... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 iii 
 vi 
 vii 
 viii 
 ix 
 
 X 
 
 xi 
 xii 
 xiv 
 
 XV 
 
 -1450 
 1451 
 1454 
 1467 
 1499 
 1523 
 
 15.31 
 
 1547 
 1561 
 
 1564 
 1569 
 
 1570 
 1590 
 1600 
 162.3 
 
VI 
 
 IMPERIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 
 at the tempesatuee of 60^ fahre::sheit. 
 
 Weights.- 
 The Avoirdupois pound = 16 oz. =: 7000 grains. 
 1 oz. = 437 • 5 grains. 
 1 gr. = 1 grain. 
 
 In addition to the use of the Imperial weights it is permitted in the Act of 
 1878 that drugs when sold by retail may be sold by apothecaries' weight. The 
 use in trade of a weight or measure of the metric system was made lawful by the 
 Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act, 1897. 
 
 It is still optional with the physician in prescrihing to use the symbols 5 
 (drachm) and 5 (ounce), the former representing 60 and the latter i80 grains, 
 but the preface to the British Pharmacopccia, 1914, states, that as these symbols 
 are apt to be mis-read, it is recommended that prescribers should cease to employ 
 them. 
 
 For the purposes of analytical measurement and adjustment the Pharmacopoeia 
 employs a temperature of 15-5° C. (60^ F.) for the graduation of the volumetric 
 vessels ; whilst for the purposes for which the Imperial system is employed the 
 vessels are graduated at 16-7' C. (62^ F.), which corresponds with the temper- 
 ature authorised under the Weights and Measures Act, 1878. 
 
 Measuees. 
 
 The Imperial gallon contains 277 • 278 cubic inches of distilled water at 60° P. 
 
 C 1 gallon = 8 pints, weighing 10 pounds, contains 76,800 minims. 
 
 1 pint =20 fluid oiinces „ 1^ „ „ 9,600 ,. 
 
 fl. oz. 1 fluid ounce = 8 fluid drachms ,, 437"5 grains ,, 480 ,, 
 
 fl. drm. 1 fluid drachm = 60 minims „ 54-68 ,, ,, 60 ,, 
 
 ^y]_ 1 minim ,, 0-91 grain ,, 1 minim. 
 
 It must be remembered that the minim is less than the grain measure ; 
 109 '7143 minims (taken as 110 minims throughout B.P. 1914) = the volume of 
 100 grains of Water at 16-7= C. (= 62- F.). 
 
 The British Pharmacopceia now gives the formulas in weights and measures 
 of the metric system. Liquids are, as a rule, ordered by measure, but there is 
 no uniformity in this : for instance, in Collodium Flexile and in Liquor Cresol 
 Saponatus the Castor Oil is weighed, while in Linimentum Sinapis and Liquor 
 Epispasticus it is measured; in Emplastrum Hydrargyri, Emplastrum Plumbi, 
 and Linimentum Camphorse, the Olive On is weighed, whilst in Linimentum 
 Ammoniae and in Emplastrum Calefaciens it is measured ; in Glycorinum Acidi 
 Borici the Glycerin is weighed, whilst in Glycerinum Acidi Carbohci it is 
 measured i in Unguentum Aqua Rosse the Almond Oil is weighed, whilst in 
 Linimentum Ammonige it is measured; Oleic Acid appears generally to be 
 weighed. 
 
 The Continental Pharmacopoeias give the formulas in parts by weight,; in 
 some instances the gramme is indicated as the unit. The formulas in the L^nited 
 States Pharmacopoeia are given in grammes and cubic centimetres. 
 
 Graduated measures may be checked with good weights and scales, and 
 Distilled Water. Every fluid ounce of Distilled Water at 15 • 5^ C. (60^ F.) weighs 
 an ounce avoirdupois, but there are two lines on the surface of a liquid ; the 
 upper one is that of capillary attraction to the sides of the vessel ; the lower one 
 the exact surface of the fluid. This should be on a line with the eye to measure 
 accurately. 
 
 To find the capacity in gallons of any rectangular vessel, multiply the length 
 in inches by the breadth, and the product by the depth in inches, then divide the 
 total by 277-278, which is the number of cubic inches contained in the gallon. 
 
 To fijid the capacity in gallons of a cylindrical vessel, multiply the square of 
 half the diameter in inches by 3 - 1416 and the resulting figure by the depth in 
 inches ; divide the result by 277 • 278. 
 
METRIC MEASURES. 
 
 LENGTH. 
 
 1 Line 
 
 — jij inch. 
 
 1 Inch 
 
 = ^2 foot. 
 
 12 Inches 
 
 = 1 foot. 
 
 36 „ 
 
 = 3 feet = 
 
 1 Millimetre = the thousandth part of a metre, or 0' 001 metre =0-03937 inch. 
 1 Centimetre = the hundredth ,, 0-01 „ =0-39371 „ 
 
 1 Decimetre = the tenth part „ Q-l „ = 3 • 93708 inches. 
 
 1 Metre = 39-37079 inches, or 1 yard 3-37 inches nearly. 
 
 = ■ 02540 metre, or 25 - 40 millimetres. 
 = 0-30480 metre, or 30-48 centimetres. 
 1 yard = 0-914399 metre. 
 
 Length of pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in the'l . 
 
 latitude of London, in a vacuum at the level of the sea . J ^^^ ®^' 
 
 It is remarkable that the English and French standards, taken from such 
 different sources, should so nearly agree : — 
 
 The English, from the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds of | 
 mean time iu the latitude of London, in a vacuum at- the >39- 1393, 
 level of the sea ; from which the yard {36 inches) is computed) 
 
 The French being the ton-million th part of a quarter of the|. 
 
 earth's meridian, and called a metre j ' ' • 
 
 APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 ^ij inch = 1 mm. I \ inch = 6-3 mm. 
 
 i inch = 3 mm. \ inch = 8-4 mm. 
 
 \ inch = 4 mm. \ inch = 12-7 mm. 
 
 i inch = 5 mm. • | | inch = 19 mm. 
 
 CAPACITY. 
 
 1 Millilitre = 1-00016 cubic centimetres, or the volume of 1 gramme of water at 4°C. 
 1 Centilitre = ,,10 grammes ,, ,, 
 
 1 Decilitre = 100 ,, ,, „ 
 
 ^n'^*^!-?!^-. ) 1-00016 cubic decimetres „ 1000 „ (1 kilo) „ 
 
 1000 Millihtres = J n v y 
 
 1 Cubic Centimetre = 0-99984 millilitre. 
 
 1 Cubic Decimetre (1000 cc.) = 0-99984 litre. 
 
 1 Cubic Centimetre = 15-43235 grain-measures of 16-9 minims nearly. 
 
 1 Litre = 1-7598 pints, 35J fl. oz. and 11 minims, or 15432-348 grain measures. 
 
 1 Gallon = 4-5459631 litres. 
 
 1 Pint = 0-5682454 litre, or 568-336 cubic centimetres nearly. 
 
 1 Fluid Ounce = 0-0284123 litre, or 28-417 cubic centimetres nearly. 
 
 1 Fluid Drachm = 0-003552 litre, or 3-552 cubic centimetres nearly. 
 
 1 Minim = 0-000059 litre, or 0-059 cubic centimetre nearly. 
 
IMPEEIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASUEES 
 
 WITH THE METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 
 
 Minims. 
 
 C 
 
 c. 
 
 Minims. 
 
 CO. 
 
 Grain. 
 
 Gramme. 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 23 
 
 = 
 
 1-36 
 
 Sou 
 
 = 
 
 0-00012 
 
 2 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 = 
 
 1-42 
 
 2SU 
 
 = 
 
 0-00025 
 
 3 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 = 
 
 1-5 
 
 .in 
 
 = 
 
 0-00027 
 
 i 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 = 
 
 1-54 
 
 5^0- 
 
 = 
 
 0-00032 
 
 5 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 = 
 
 1-60 
 
 TFiJ 
 
 = 
 
 0-00043 
 
 6 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 = 
 
 1-66 
 
 xk 
 
 = 
 
 0-00054 
 
 7 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 = 
 
 1-70 
 
 Tuu 
 
 = 
 
 0-00065 
 
 8 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 = 
 
 1-80 
 
 J^ 
 
 = 
 
 0-0009 
 
 9 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 32 
 
 = 
 
 1-90 
 
 b\ 
 
 = 
 
 0-00101 
 
 10 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 = 
 
 2-00 
 
 «V 
 
 = 
 
 0-0011 
 
 11 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 36 
 
 = 
 
 2-12 
 
 ^\- 
 
 = 
 
 0-0013 
 
 12 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 72 
 
 38 
 
 = 
 
 2-24 
 
 1 
 3 .2 
 
 = 
 
 0-002 
 
 13 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 40 
 
 = 
 
 2-36 
 
 L 
 
 = 
 
 0-0027 
 
 14 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 45 
 
 = 
 
 2-60 
 
 ^h 
 
 = 
 
 0-00274 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 60 = 
 or 1 fl. drm. 
 
 120 = 
 or 2 fl. drm. 
 
 3-6 
 
 7-1 
 
 
 = 
 
 0-0040 
 0-0054 
 0-0081 
 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 06 
 12 
 20 
 
 180 
 or 3 fl. d 
 
 240 
 or 4 fl. d 
 
 •m. 
 'm. 
 
 10-0 
 14-2 
 
 4 
 h 
 
 = 
 
 0-0108 
 0-0162 
 0-0216 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 25 
 30 
 
 480 = 
 
 or 8 fl. drm. 
 
 or 1 fl. oz. 
 
 28-4 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 0-032 
 0-05 
 
 Grains. Grammes 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 0-065 
 
 2 
 
 = 
 
 0-13 
 
 3 
 
 = 
 
 0-20 
 
 4 
 
 = 
 
 0-26 
 
 5 
 
 = 
 
 0-32 
 
 6 
 
 = 
 
 40 
 
 7 
 
 = 
 
 0-46 
 
 8 
 
 = 
 
 0-52 
 
 9 
 
 = 
 
 0-60 
 
 10 
 
 = 
 
 0-65 
 
 11 
 
 = 
 
 0-72 
 
 12 
 
 = 
 
 0-78 
 
 13 
 
 = 
 
 084 
 
 14 
 
 = 
 
 0-91 
 
 15 
 
 = 
 
 1-00 
 
 16 
 
 = 
 
 1-04 
 
 17 
 
 = 
 
 1-10 
 
 IS 
 
 = 
 
 1-17 
 
 19 
 
 = 
 
 1-24 
 
 20 
 
 = 
 
 1-30 
 
 25 
 
 = 
 
 1-62 
 
 30 
 
 = 
 
 2-00 
 
IX 
 
 EQUIVALENTS OF ENGLISH WEIGHTS 
 
 1 pound I 7Q00 grains or 16 ounces... 
 
 avoirdupois j ^ 
 
 G562-5 or 15 
 
 6125 or 14 
 
 5687-5 or 13 
 
 5250 or 12 
 
 4812-5 or 11 
 
 4375 or 10 
 
 3937-5 or 
 
 3500 or 
 
 3062-5 or 
 
 2625 or 
 
 2187-5 or 
 
 1750 or 
 
 1312-5 or 
 
 875 or 
 
 1 ounce, 437-5 or 
 
 218-75 or 
 
 109-.37 or 
 
 15-4323 
 
 1-543 
 
 1 
 
 1 grain, 
 
 0-15 or j^5 nearly 
 0-015 or gi- nearly 
 
 TO FRENCH GRAMMES. 
 
 =: 453-5924 French grammes. 
 
 = 425-2425 
 = 396-8930 
 = 368-5435 
 = 340-1940 
 = 311-8445 
 = 283-495 
 = 255-1455 
 = 226-796 
 = 198-4465 
 = 170-097 
 = 141-7475 
 = 113-398 
 = 85-0485 
 = 56-699 
 = 5i8-3495 
 = 14-17475 ,, 
 = 7-087375 „ 
 
 1 
 = 0-1, a decigramme. 
 = 0-0648 gramme. 
 — 0-01 centigramme. 
 = 0-001 milligramme 
 (nearly). 
 
 MEASURES, EQUIVALENTS OF FRENCH GRAMMES TO 
 1 Litre of 
 Water at 
 4°C. 
 
 ENGLISH WEIGHTS. 
 = 1 kilogramme, 1000 French grammes = 35 ounces and 120 grains. 
 
 (39-2'^ F. 
 
 1 Decilitre = 1 hectogramme. 
 
 1 Centilitre = 1 dekagramme 
 1 Millilitre = *1 gramme, 
 
 1 decigramme, 
 1 centigramme, 
 1 milligramme, 
 
 900 
 
 800 
 
 700 
 
 600 
 
 500 
 
 400 
 
 800 
 
 200 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 10 . 
 
 5 , 
 
 1 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 05 
 
 01 
 
 005 
 
 001 
 
 31 and326| 
 
 28 and 96 
 
 24 and302| 
 
 21 and 72 
 
 17 and278| 
 
 14 : and 48 
 
 10 and 2543 
 
 7 and 24 
 
 3 and230| 
 
 3 and 76| 
 
 2 and359i 
 
 2 and 205| 
 
 2 and 51 
 
 1 and 334 
 
 1 andl79| 
 
 1 and 25| 
 
 308| 
 
 154J 
 
 m 
 
 nearly 15^ 
 73 
 
 U 
 a 
 
 * A ilillilitre is the volume of 1 gramme of Distilled Water at its greatest 
 density, 4^ C. (39-2°F.). A Cubic Centimetre is the volume of the same weight of 
 water at 15-5-C. (60^ P.). 
 
TABLE OF COMPAKISON OP THE FAHEENHEIT WITH 
 THE CENTIGRADE* AND EEAUMUE'S THERMOMETER. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 i 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Eeau. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Cent. 
 
 Reau. 
 
 Fahr. 
 60-8 
 
 Cent. 
 16 
 
 R^au. 
 
 212 
 
 i 
 
 100 I 
 
 80 
 
 136-4 
 
 58 
 
 46-4 
 
 12-8 
 
 210-2 
 
 99 
 
 79-2 
 
 134-6 
 
 57 
 
 45-6 
 
 59 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 208-4 
 
 98 
 
 78-4 
 
 132-8 
 
 56 
 
 44-8 
 
 57-2 
 
 14 
 
 11-2 
 
 206-6 
 
 97 
 
 77-6 
 
 131 
 
 55 
 
 44 
 
 55-4 
 
 13 
 
 10-4 
 
 204-8 
 
 96 
 
 76-8 
 
 129-2 
 
 54 
 
 43-2 
 
 63-6 
 
 12 
 
 9-6 
 
 203 
 
 95 1 
 
 76 
 
 127-4 
 
 53 1 
 
 42-4 
 
 51-8 
 
 11 
 
 8-8 
 
 201-2 
 
 94 
 
 75-2 
 
 125-6 
 
 52 
 
 41-6 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 199-4 1 
 
 93 
 
 74-4 
 
 123-8 
 
 51 
 
 40-8 
 
 48-2 
 
 9 
 
 7-2 
 
 197-6 i 
 
 92 i 
 
 73-6 
 
 122 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 46-4 
 
 8 
 
 6-4 
 
 195-8 
 
 91 i 
 
 72-8 
 
 120-2 
 
 49 
 
 39-2 
 
 44-6 
 
 7 
 
 5-6 
 
 194 
 
 90 ' 
 
 72 
 
 118-4 
 
 48 
 
 38-4 
 
 42-8 
 
 6 
 
 4-8 
 
 192-2 
 
 89 
 
 71-2 
 
 116-6 
 
 47 
 
 37-6 
 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 190-4 
 
 88 
 
 70-4 
 
 114-8 
 
 46 
 
 36-8 
 
 39-2 
 
 4 
 
 3-2 
 
 188-6 
 
 87 
 
 69-6 
 
 113 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 37-4 
 
 3 
 
 2-4 
 
 186-8 
 
 86 
 
 68-8 
 
 111-2 
 
 44 
 
 35-2 
 
 35-6 
 
 2 
 
 1-6 
 
 185 
 
 85 
 
 68 
 
 109-4 
 
 43 
 
 34-4 
 
 33-8 
 
 1 
 
 0-8 
 
 183-2 
 
 84 
 
 67-2 
 
 107-6 
 
 42 
 
 33-6 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 181-4 ! 
 
 83 
 
 66-4 
 
 105-8 
 
 41 
 
 32-8 
 
 30-2 
 
 - 1 
 
 - 0-8 
 
 179-6 
 
 82 
 
 65-6 
 
 104 
 
 40 
 
 32 
 
 28-4 
 
 - 2 
 
 - 1-6 
 
 177-8 
 
 81 
 
 64-8 
 
 102-2 
 
 39 
 
 31-2 
 
 26-6 
 
 - 3 
 
 - 2-4 
 
 176 
 
 80 
 
 64 
 
 100-4 
 
 38 
 
 30-4 
 
 24-8 
 
 - 4 
 
 - 8-2 
 
 174-2 
 
 79 
 
 63-2 
 
 98-6 
 
 37 
 
 29-6 
 
 23 
 
 - 5 
 
 - 4 
 
 172-4 
 
 78 
 
 62-4 
 
 96-8 
 
 36 
 
 28-8 
 
 21-2 
 
 - 6 
 
 - 4-8 
 
 170-6 
 
 77 
 
 61-6 
 
 95 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 19-4 
 
 - 7 
 
 - 5-6 
 
 168-8 
 
 76 
 
 60-8 
 
 93-2 
 
 34 
 
 27-2 
 
 17-6 
 
 - 8 
 
 - 6-4 
 
 167 
 
 76 
 
 60 
 
 91-4 
 
 33 
 
 26-4 
 
 15-8 
 
 - 9 
 
 - 7-2 
 
 165-2 
 
 74 
 
 59-2 
 
 89-6 
 
 32 
 
 25-6 
 
 14 
 
 -10 
 
 - 8 
 
 163-4 
 
 73 
 
 58-4 
 
 87-8 
 
 31 
 
 24-8 
 
 12-2 
 
 -11 
 
 - 8-8 
 
 161-6 
 
 72 
 
 57-6 
 
 86 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 10-4 
 
 -12 
 
 - 9-6 
 
 i 159-8 
 
 71 
 
 56-8 
 
 84-2 
 
 29 
 
 23-2 
 
 8-6 
 
 -13 
 
 -10-4 
 
 158 
 
 70 
 
 56 
 
 82-4 
 
 28 
 
 22-4 
 
 6-8 
 
 -14 
 
 -11-2 
 
 156-2 
 
 69 
 
 55-2 
 
 80-6 
 
 27 
 
 1 21-6 
 
 6 
 
 -15 
 
 -12 
 
 154-4 
 
 68 
 
 54-4 
 
 78-8 
 
 26 
 
 1 20-8 
 
 3-2 
 
 -16 
 
 -12-8 
 
 152-6 
 
 67 
 
 53-6 
 
 77 
 
 25 
 
 I 20 
 
 1-4 
 
 -17 
 
 - 13-6 
 
 150-8 
 
 66 
 
 52-8 
 
 75-2 
 
 24 
 
 ' 19-2 
 
 - 0-4 
 
 -18 
 
 -14-4 
 
 ; 149 
 
 65 
 
 52 
 
 73-4 
 
 23 
 
 1 18-4 
 
 - 2-2 
 
 -19 
 
 -15-2 
 
 1 147-2 
 
 64 
 
 51-2 
 
 71-6 
 
 22 
 
 1 17-6 
 
 - 4 
 
 -20 
 
 -16 
 
 i 145-4 
 
 63 
 
 50-4 
 
 69-8 
 
 21 
 
 i 16-8 
 
 - 5-8 
 
 -21 
 
 -16-8 
 
 143-6 
 
 62 
 
 49-6 
 
 68 
 
 '20 
 
 16 
 
 - 7-6 
 
 -22 
 
 -17-6 
 
 141-8 
 
 61 
 
 48-8 
 
 66-2 
 
 19 
 
 15-2 
 
 - 9-4 
 
 -23 
 
 -18-4 
 
 140 
 
 60 
 
 i 48 
 
 64-4 
 
 18 
 
 14-4 
 
 -11-2 
 
 -24 
 
 -19-2 
 
 138-2 
 
 1 
 
 1 47-2 
 
 62-6 
 
 17 
 
 18-6 
 
 -13 
 
 ; -26 
 
 1 
 
 -20 
 
 Reductions from one scale to another are easily made by the following calcu- 
 lation : — 
 
 Fahrenheit to Centigrade, deduct 32°, multiply by 5, and divide by 9. 
 Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32°. 
 R6aumur to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 4, and add 32°. 
 
 * Celsius first proposed this scale, which is also called ' Celsius.' 
 
ALCOHOL TABLE. 
 
 Specific 
 
 Gravity 
 
 at 60° ¥. 
 
 (15-6° C). 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 by weight. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 by volume. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Specific 
 Gravity 
 
 at 60" F. 
 
 (15-6" C). 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 by weight. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Absolute 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 by volume. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 1-000 
 
 0-00 
 
 0-00 
 
 -894 
 
 60^67 
 
 68-33 
 
 ■998 
 
 1^06 
 
 1^34 
 
 •892 
 
 61^50 
 
 69-11 
 
 •996 
 
 2^28 
 
 2^86 
 
 •890 
 
 62^36 
 
 69-92 
 
 •994 
 
 3^41 i 
 
 4^27 
 
 •888 
 
 63-26 
 
 70-77 
 
 •992 
 
 4-62 ' 
 
 5-78 
 
 •886 
 
 64-13 
 
 71-58 
 
 •990 
 
 5-87 
 
 7-32 
 
 •884 
 
 65^00 
 
 72-38 
 
 •988 
 
 7-27 
 
 9-04 
 
 •882 
 
 65^88 
 
 73-15 
 
 •986 
 
 8^64 
 
 10-78 
 
 •880 
 
 66^70 
 
 73-93 
 
 •984 
 
 10-08 
 
 12-49 
 
 •878 
 
 67^54 
 
 74-70 
 
 •982 
 
 11^62 
 
 14-37 
 
 •876 
 
 63^38 
 
 75-45 
 
 •980 
 
 13-15 
 
 16-24 
 
 •874 
 
 69^21 
 
 76-20 
 
 •978 
 
 14-82 
 
 18-25 
 
 •872 
 
 70^04 
 
 76-94 
 
 •976 
 
 16-46 
 
 20-24 
 
 •870 
 
 70^84 
 
 77-64 
 
 •S74 
 
 18-08 
 
 22-18 
 
 •868 
 
 71^67 
 
 78-36 
 
 •972 
 
 19-67 
 
 24-08 
 
 -866 
 
 72^52 
 
 79-12 
 
 •970 
 
 21-31 
 
 26-04 
 
 -864 
 
 73-38 
 
 79-86 
 
 •968 
 
 22-85 
 
 27-86 
 
 -862 
 
 74-23 
 
 80-60 
 
 •966 
 
 24-38 
 
 29-67 
 
 •860 
 
 75-14 
 
 81-40 
 
 •964 
 
 25-86 
 
 31-40 
 
 •858 
 
 76-04 
 
 82-19 
 
 •962 
 
 27-21 
 
 32-98 
 
 •856 
 
 76-88 
 
 82-90 
 
 •960 
 
 28^56 
 
 34-54 
 
 •854 
 
 77-71 
 
 83-60 
 
 •958 
 
 29-87 
 
 36-04 
 
 •852 
 
 78-52 
 
 84-27 
 
 •956 
 
 31-00 
 
 37-34 
 
 •850 
 
 79-32 
 
 84-93 
 
 •954 
 
 32-25 
 
 38-75 
 
 •848 
 
 80-13 
 
 85-59 
 
 •952 
 
 33-47 
 
 40-14 
 
 •846 
 
 80-96 
 
 86-28 
 
 •950 
 
 34-52 
 
 41-32 
 
 •844 
 
 81-76 
 
 86-93 
 
 •948 
 
 35-50 
 
 42-40 
 
 •842 
 
 82-54 
 
 87-55 
 
 •946 
 
 36-56 
 
 43-56 
 
 •840 
 
 83-31 
 
 88-16 
 
 •944 
 
 37-67 
 
 44-79 
 
 •838 
 
 84^08 
 
 88-76 
 
 •942 
 
 38-78 
 
 46-02 
 
 •836 
 
 84^88 
 
 89-38 
 
 •940 
 
 39-80 
 
 47-13 
 
 •834 
 
 85^65 
 
 89-99 
 
 •938 
 
 40-80 
 
 48-21 
 
 •832 
 
 86-42 
 
 90-58 
 
 •936 
 
 41-80 
 
 49-29 
 
 •830 
 
 87-19 
 
 91-17 
 
 •984 
 
 42-76 
 
 50-31 
 
 -828 
 
 87-96 
 
 91-75 
 
 •932 
 
 43-71 
 
 51-32 
 
 -826 
 
 88^76 
 
 92-36 
 
 •930 
 
 44-64 
 
 52-29 
 
 •824 
 
 89-54 
 
 92-94 
 
 •928 
 
 45-55 
 
 53-24 
 
 •822 
 
 90-29 
 
 93-49 
 
 •926 
 
 46-46 
 
 54-19 
 
 •820 
 
 91-00 
 
 94-00 
 
 •924 
 
 47-36 
 
 55-13 
 
 ■818 
 
 91-71 
 
 94^51 
 
 •922 
 
 48-27 
 
 56-07 
 
 •816 
 
 92-44 
 
 95-03 
 
 •920 
 
 49-16 
 
 56-98 
 
 •814 
 
 93-18 
 
 95-55 
 
 •918 
 
 50-09 
 
 57-92 
 
 •812 
 
 93-92 
 
 96-08 
 
 •916 
 
 50-96 
 
 58-80 
 
 •810 
 
 94-62 
 
 96-55 
 
 •914 
 
 51-79 
 
 59-63 
 
 •808 
 
 95-32 
 
 97-02 
 
 •912 
 
 52^68 
 
 60-52 
 
 •806 
 
 96-03 
 
 97-51 
 
 •910 
 
 53^57 
 
 61-40 
 
 •804 
 
 96-70 
 
 97-94 
 
 •908 
 
 54^48 
 
 62-31 
 
 •802 
 
 97-37 
 
 98-37 
 
 •906 
 
 55^41 
 
 63-24 
 
 •800 
 
 98-03 
 
 98-80 
 
 •904 
 
 56^32 
 
 64-14 
 
 •798 
 
 98-66 
 
 99-16 
 
 •902 
 
 57^21 
 
 65-01 
 
 •796 
 
 99-29 
 
 99-55 
 
 •900 
 
 58-05 
 
 65-81 
 
 •794 
 
 99-94 
 
 99-96 
 
 •898 
 
 58-95 
 
 66-69 
 
 •7938 • 
 
 100-00 
 
 100-00 
 
 •896 
 
 59-83 
 
 67-53 
 
 
 
 
Allen - 
 
 A. J. M.S. 
 
 A.J.P. 
 
 B.M.J. 
 
 B.M.J. E. 
 
 B.M. d; S. Jl. 
 
 Birm. M.J. 
 
 B.P. 
 
 B.P.C. 
 
 B.P.C. Formulary - 
 
 Brompton 
 
 Brussels Conference - 
 
 Charing Cross - 
 
 C.F. 
 
 CD. 
 
 Central Throat - 
 
 City of London = 
 
 Chest 
 East London = 
 
 E.M.J. 
 
 Evelina -- 
 
 F.T. 
 
 Great Northern - 
 Guy's - 
 
 Hager = 
 
 Ind. and Col. Add. - 
 I.M.G. 
 I.M.R. 
 J. A.M. A. 
 J.C.S. Abs. 
 J.C.S. Trans. 
 J. S.C.I. 
 
 King's z 
 
 L. 
 
 Lock : 
 
 London - 
 
 L.M.B. 
 London Ophthalmic - 
 
 London Shin - 
 
 M.A. 
 
 Martindale - 
 
 M.P. 
 
 M.B. 
 
 M.T. 
 
 Merck -. 
 
 Middlesex -. 
 
 Munch. Med. Woch.- 
 
 Murrcll 
 
 N. Y.M.J. 
 
 N.Y.M.R. 
 
 Ph. Edin. 
 
 Pharm. Form. 
 
 P.G. 
 
 P.H. 
 
 P.J. 
 
 P.J.F. 
 
 xu 
 ABBEEVIATIONS. 
 
 Allen's Commercial Organic Analysis. 
 
 American Journal of Medical Science. 
 
 American Journal of Pharmacy. 
 
 British Medical Journal. 
 
 British Medical Journal Epitome. 
 
 Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 
 
 Birmingham Medical Journal. 
 
 British Pharmacopreia, 1914. 
 
 British Pharmaceutical Codex. 
 
 British Pharmaceutical Conference (Unofficial Formulary 
 1901). 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Brompton Hospital for Con- 
 sumption, 1899. 
 
 International Agreement respecting the Unification of 
 the Pharmacopoeial Formulas for Potent Drugs 
 (Signed at Brussels, November 29, 1906). 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Charing Cross Hospital, 1904. 
 
 Canadian Formulary of Unofficial Preparations. 
 
 Chemist and Druggist. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Central London Throat and Ear 
 Hospital, 1901. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the City of London Hospital for 
 Diseases of the Chest, 1908. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the East London Hospital for Children, 
 
 Edinburgh Medical Journal. [1903. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Evelina Hospital for Sick Children, 
 
 Folia Therapeutica. [1906. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Great Northern Central Hospital, 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of Guy's Hospital, 1899. [1908. 
 
 Hager's Handbuch der Pharmaceutischen Praxis. 
 
 Indian and Colonial Addendum to the British Pharma- 
 
 Indian Medical Gazette. [copceia, 1898. 
 
 Indian Medical Record. 
 
 Journal of the American Medical Association. 
 
 Journal of the Chemical Society, Abstracts. 
 
 Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 
 
 Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of King's CoUege Hospital, 1901. 
 
 Lancet. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the London Lock Hospital, 1896. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the London Hospital, 1908. 
 
 London Medical Recorder. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital 
 (late Moorfields), 1911. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the London Skin Hospital, 1903. 
 
 jNIedical Annual. 
 
 Martindale and Westcott's Extra Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 IMedical Press and Circular. 
 
 Medical Record. 
 
 IMedical Times and Gazette. 
 
 Merck's Archives. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Middlesex Hospital, 1899. 
 
 Miinchener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 
 
 What to do in Cases of Poisoning (Murrell). 
 
 New York Medical Journal. 
 
 New York Medical Record. 
 
 Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Formulas (Peter MacEwau). 
 
 Pharmacopoeia Germanica (Editio V.). 
 
 Public Health. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Journal (Second, Third, and Fourth 
 
 Pharmaceutical Journal Formulary. [Series). 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Ph. Lond. 
 
 P.R. 
 
 Pr. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Proc. Amer. Pharm. 
 
 Assoc. 
 Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 
 Q.J.M. 
 B.A.M.C.Jl. 
 Ringer 
 Royal Chest 
 
 R.D.H. 
 
 Royal Free 
 
 St. Bartholomew's 
 
 St. George's 
 
 St. John's 
 
 St. Mary's 
 St. Tliomas's 
 Samaritan 
 Schimmel 
 Sheffield Union 
 Sick Children 
 
 (G.O.S.) 
 Squibb 
 T.G. 
 Throat 
 
 University (1907) 
 U.S. P. 
 
 U.S.N.F. 
 
 Victoi'ia 
 
 Westminstey 
 
 Westminster 
 
 Ophthalmic 
 WoiJien 
 Y.B.P. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, 1851. 
 
 Pharmaceutical Eecord (New York). 
 
 Practitioner. 
 
 The Prescriber. 
 
 Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 
 
 Proceedings of the Eoyal Society of Medicine. 
 
 Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 
 
 Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 
 
 Ringer's Handbook of Therapeutics. 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Royal Hospital for Diseases of 
 
 the Chest, 1902. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Royal Dental Hospital, 1910. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Royal Free Hospital, 1904. 
 Pharmacopoeia of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1900. 
 Pharmacopoeia of St. George's Hospital, 1907. 
 Pharmacopoeia of St. John's Hospital for Diseases of the 
 
 Skin, 1912. 
 Pharmacopoeia of St. Mary's Hospital, 1904. 
 Pharmacopoeia of St. Thomas's Hospital, 1902. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Samaritan Free Hospital, 1912. 
 Schimmel's Semi-Annual Reports. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Sheffield Union, 1903. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Sick Children, 
 
 Great Ormond St., 1908. 
 Squibb's Ephemeris. 
 Therapeutic Gazette (Philadelphia). 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Diseases of the 
 
 Throat, Golden Square, 1901. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the University College Hospital, 1907. 
 United States Pharmacopoeia. 
 National Formulary of the American Pharmaceutical 
 
 Association. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Victoria Hospital for Children, 1904. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Westminster Hospital, 1902. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Westminster Ophthalmic Hospital, 
 
 1909. 
 Pharmacopoeia of the Hospital for Women, 1907. 
 Year-book of Pharmacy. 
 
 Example -.—I/. '04, i. 56, refers to Lancet, 1904, Volume I., page 56. 
 
 The British Pharmacopoeia, published in 1914, is in this work compared with 
 the latest editions of the foreign Pharmacox^ceias, which are as follows : — 
 
 Austrian . . .1906 
 Belgian . . . 1906 
 Danish . . . 1907 
 Dutch .... 1905 
 ,, Supplement 1914 
 French . . . 1908 
 
 . . 1910 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 1876 
 
 . . 1909 
 
 Russian 
 
 1910 
 
 . . 1909 
 
 Spanish . 
 
 1905 
 
 . . 1907 
 
 Swedish 
 
 1908 
 
 . . 1896 
 
 Swiss 
 
 1907 
 
 . . 1913 
 
 United States . 
 
 1905 
 
 an., Dutch, 
 
 Fr., Ger., Han 
 
 g., Ital 
 
 German . 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 Italian 
 
 Japanese . 
 
 Mexican . 
 
 Norwegian 
 and are thus expressed — Austr., Belg., 
 Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss, U.S'. 
 
 The following works have also been consulted : — ' United States Dispensatory ' ; 
 Dorvault, ' L'Officine ' ; Gray's ' Supplement ' ; Gildemeister and Hcfimann, 
 ' Volatile Oils ' ; Parry, ' Chemistry of Essential Oils ' ; Sutton, ' Volumetric 
 Analysis ' ; Fluckiger and Hanbury, ' Pharmacographia ' ; Vogl, ' Anatomischer 
 Atlas zur Pharmakognosie ' ; Vogl, ' Pharmakognosie ' ; Planchon and Collin, 
 ' Les Drogues Simples d'Origine Vegetale ' ; Tschirch and Oesterle, ' Anato- 
 mischer Atlas ' ; Moeller, ' Leitfadeu zu Microscopisch-pharmacognostischen 
 Ubungen ' ; Schneider, ' Powdered Vegetable Drugs ' ; Greenish and Collin, 
 ' An Anatomical Atlas of Vegetable Powders ' ; Koch, ' Die Microscopische 
 Analyse der Drogenpuiver.' 
 
XIV 
 
 SYMBOLS, AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE 
 ELEMENTAEY BODIES. 
 
 O = 16-00. 
 
 Elementary Bodies. 
 
 Aluminium .... 
 Antimony (Stibium) . 
 Ar senium .... 
 
 Barium 
 
 Bismuth .... 
 
 Boron 
 
 Bromine .... 
 
 Calcium 
 
 Carbon 
 
 Cerium 
 
 Chlorine .... 
 Chromium .... 
 Copper (Cuprum) . 
 Gold (Aurum) . 
 Hydrogen .... 
 
 Iodine 
 
 Iron (Ferrum) . 
 Lead (Plumbum) . 
 Lithium .... 
 Magnesium .... 
 Manganese .... 
 Mercury (Hydrargyrum) 
 Nitrogen .... 
 
 Oxygen 
 
 Phosphorus 
 Platinum .... 
 Potassium (Kalium) . 
 
 Radium 
 
 Silver (Argentum) . 
 Sodium (Natrium) 
 Stronthium 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Thallium •. . . . 
 Thorium .... 
 Tin (Stannum) . 
 Uranium .... 
 Zinc 
 
 Symbols and 
 
 Atomic Weights. 
 
 B.P. 
 
 Al 
 
 Sb 
 
 As 
 
 Ba 
 
 Bi 
 
 B 
 
 Br 
 
 Ca 
 
 C 
 
 Ce 
 
 CI 
 
 Cr 
 
 Cu 
 
 Au 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 Fe 
 
 Pb 
 
 Li 
 
 Mn 
 Hg 
 
 N 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 Pt 
 
 K 
 
 Ra 
 
 Ag 
 
 Na : 
 
 Sr 
 
 S 
 
 Tl 
 
 Th 
 
 Sn : 
 
 U 
 
 ZU : 
 
 : 27-1 
 
 r 120-2 
 : 74-96 
 : 137-37 
 : 208-0 
 
 : 11-0 
 
 : 70 92 
 : 40-07 
 
 : 12-00 
 
 : 35-46 
 
 : 52-00 
 
 : 03-57 
 
 197-20 
 
 1-008 
 
 126-92 
 
 55-84 
 
 207-10 
 
 6-94 
 
 24-32 
 
 54-93 
 
 200-00 
 
 14-01 
 
 16-00 
 
 81-04 
 
 195-20 
 
 39-10 
 
 107 
 
 •83 
 
 23 
 
 00 
 
 87 
 
 -63 
 
 32 
 
 -07 
 
 119 
 
 00 
 
 65 
 
 37 
 
 International 
 
 Atomic Weights 
 
 (1916). 
 
 H = 1-008. 
 
 27-1 
 120-2 
 
 74-96 
 137-37 
 208-00 
 11-00 
 79-92 
 40-07 
 12-005 
 140-25 
 35-46 
 52-00 
 63-57 
 197-20 
 1-008 
 126-92 
 ' 55-84 
 207-20 
 6-94 
 24-32 
 54-93 
 200-00 
 14-01 
 16-00 
 31-04 
 195-20 
 39-10 
 226-0 
 107-88 
 23-00 
 87-63 
 32-06 
 204-0 
 232-4 
 118-70 
 238-2 
 65-37 
 
IMPORTANT CHANGES, 
 BRITISH PHARMACOPCEIA, 1914. 
 
 STRONGER. 
 
 Acetum Scillge about twice the strength 
 
 Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus .... about f stronger 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi twice the strength 
 
 Syrupus Chloral about ^^ stronger 
 
 Tinctura Aconiti about twice the strength 
 
 Tinctura Camphorse Composita . . . about ^^ stronger 
 
 Tinctura Opii ....'.... ^ stronger 
 
 Tinctura Picrorhizte twice the strength of Ind. and Col. 
 
 Add., 1900 
 
 Tinctiira Strophanthi 4 times stronger 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Subchloridi . . twice the strength 
 
 WEAKER. 
 
 Aciduni Nitricuni Dilutuiii about § the strength of 1898 
 
 Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum . . . about ^ 
 
 Aciduin Sulphuriciim Dilutum . . . about J 
 
 Emplastrmn JSelladonnse is i 
 
 Injectio Cocainse Hypodermiea ... is ^ 
 
 Injectio Morphinse Hypodermiea . . is ^ 
 
 Linimentum Hydrargyri about | the strength of Mercm-y 
 
 of 1898 
 
 Liquor Hydrargyri Perchloridi . . . about ^^ the strength of 1898 
 
 Liquor Potassse about | 
 
 Pilula Phosphori is J 
 
 Syrupus Ferri lodidi about f 
 
 Tabellaj Trinitrini about | 
 
 Tinctura Belladonnse is /^ 
 
 Tinctura Colchici is \ 
 
 Tinctura Digitalis is f 
 
 Tinctura Nucis Vomicse is |^ 
 
 Tinctura Opii Annnoniata about.^^ 
 
 Trochiscus Acidi Carbolic; is | 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Carbolici ..... is f 
 
 Unguentmn Aquae Rosse .... less than i 
 
 Unguentum Hydrarg5n?i about | 
 
 Unguentum HydrargjTl Armnoniati . . is ^ 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Compositvtm . about f 
 
 Vinum Antimonialas is J 
 
 CHANGE OF NAMES. 
 Name, B.P. 1914-. Name, B.P. 1898. 
 
 a^\qq , TAloe Barbadensis 
 
 \Aloe Socotrinse 
 
 Benzenimi Benzol 
 
 Kino Eucalypti Eucalypti Gummi 
 
 Extractum Aloes Extractum Aloes Barbadensis 
 
 Extract\im Belladonnge Siccurn . . . Extractum Belladonnge Alcoho- 
 
 licum 
 
IMPORTANT CHANGES, 
 BRITISH PHARMACOPCEIA, 1914— continued. 
 
 CHANGE OF HAM.'EB— continued. 
 
 Name, B.P. 1914. 
 
 Extractiun Nucis Vomicae Sicctun 
 Extractiim Opii Siccum 
 Ferri et Potassii Tartras 
 Oleum Abietis 
 Oleum Chaulmoogrge 
 
 Pilula Aloes .... 
 
 Sodii Arsenas Anhydrosus 
 Sodii et Potassii Tartras 
 Tinctura lodi Fortis 
 Tinctura lodi Mitis . . 
 Trochiscus Kino Eucalypti 
 Unguentum Chaulmoogrie 
 
 Name, B.P. 1898. 
 
 Extractmn Nucis Vomicae 
 
 Extractum Opii 
 
 Fevrum Tartaratum 
 
 Oleum Pini 
 
 Olevuii Gynocardise 
 J Pilula Aloes Barbadensis 
 (Pilula Aloes Socotrinae 
 
 Sodii Arsenas 
 
 Soda Tartarata 
 
 Liquor lodi Fortis 
 
 Tinctura lodi 
 
 Trochiscus Eucalypti Gummi 
 
 Unguentum Gynocardiae 
 
 NEW INTRODUCTIONS INTO THE B.P. 1914 
 
 which, have be9n described in previous editions of Squire's Companion. 
 
 B.P. 1914. Squire's Companion (1908). 
 
 Acidum Acetylsalicylicum Aspirin 
 
 Acidum Hydriodicmn Dihitum . . . Acidtun Hydriodicum Dilutum 
 
 Acidum Picricmn Acidum Picricum 
 
 Adi-enalinum Adrenalin 
 
 Barbitonmn Veronal 
 
 Benzaminae Lactas Eucaine B-Lactate 
 
 Calcii Lactas Calcii Lactas 
 
 Cantharidinmn Cantharidin 
 
 Chloral Formamidmn Chloralamidum 
 
 Cresol Acidum Cresylicum 
 
 Diamorphinse Hydrochloridmn . . . Heroine Hydrochloride 
 
 Ethyl Chloridum ^thyl Chloiidmn 
 
 Glucosum Liquid Glucose 
 
 Guaiacol Guaiacol 
 
 Guaiacol Carbonate Guaiacol Carbonate 
 
 Hexamina Hexamethylenetetramine 
 
 Liquor Formaldehydi Formaldehydmn Solutmn 
 
 Methyl Salicylas Methyl SaUcylas 
 
 Methylsulphonal Trional 
 
 Pelletierinse Tannas Pelletierinse Tannas 
 
 Phenolphthaleinum Phenolphthalein 
 
 Resorcinmxi Resorcinum 
 
 Sodii Phosphas Acidus Sodii Phosphas Acidus 
 
 Strontii Bromidum Strontii Bromidum 
 
 Theobromin;Te et Sodii SaUcylas . . . Diuretin 
 
[Solids 'by Weight; Liquids hy Measure.] 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA 
 
 WITH 
 
 COMPOUiXDS AND PREPARATIONS. 
 
 ABIETIS OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF SIBERIAN FIR. 
 B.P. Syn. — Oil of Pine. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Colourless, or pale yellow, limpid oily liquid, possessing an agreeable 
 cliaracteristic pine odour. It is distilled from the fresh leaves of Abies 
 sihirica, Ledeb, and contains from 30 to 40 p. c. of Esters chiefly in 
 the form of Bornyl Acetate, together with Pinene, Camphene, Dipentene, 
 and Phellandrene. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles, preferably of a dark 
 amber tint. 
 
 Oleum Pint {B.P. 1898).^ — The oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Pinus 
 Pumilio, Haenke. The above replaces it. 
 Official in Austr. and Swiss. 
 ' Pinol ' and ' Pumiline ' are commercial varieties of tliii? Oil. 
 
 Oleum Pint Sylvestris was at one time much in use, but is not now 
 obtainable. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Alcohol (90p.c.). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The vapour or spray is a stimulating 
 disinfecting expectorant in chronic catarrhal affections of the respira- 
 tory passages. The Oil is applied externally in rheumatism. Intern- 
 ally, as a disinfecting expectorant, taken on sugar, or in the form of 
 jujube or pastil. 
 
 It is also employed in the manufacture of a wide range of technical 
 articles, e.g., disinfectants, lubricants, artificial Turpentine Oils, 
 lacquers, etc. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 minims = 0-06 to 0*3 ml 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Siberian Fir has a specific gravity of from 0*905 
 to -925. The B.P. gives the gravity as '900 to -920. It is strongly 
 Isevogyrate, having an optical rotation of - 32° to - 45° in a 100 mm. 
 
 B 
 
2 ABB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 tube ; the B.P. gives - 32'' to - 42°. It lias ca Eefructive Index of 
 1 -470 to 1 -474 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; B.P. says about 1 -474. 
 
 It is officially required to contain from 30 to 40 p.c. of Esters, calcu- 
 lated as Bornyl Acetate, CioHi^CoH^O.,, eq. 196*16, using the process 
 described under the heading of Special Tests ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Hydroxide Solution consumed being equivalent 
 to 0" 19616 granmie of Bornyl Acetate. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterant is Turpentine Oil, which 
 is difficult to detect unless present iu some quantity. An indication 
 may be obtained by determining the fraction distilling between 155° 
 and 165° C. (311° and 329° R), wliich should not amount to more than 
 10 p.c. Its presence also lowers the Ester content. 
 
 K'ot Official. 
 ABSINTHIUM. 
 
 wokmwood. 
 
 Fr., Absinthe ; Ger., Wermuth ; Ital., Assenzio ; Span., Ajenjo. 
 
 The leaves and flowering tops of Artemisia Absinthium, L. It possesses an 
 aromatic odour and a very bitter taste. It contains a crystallisable bitter 
 principle, Absinthin, slightly soluble in Water, readily in Absolute Alcohol, 
 Chloroform and Ether ; also a volatile oil, to wliich its physiological properties 
 are due. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg.,Dan., Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port. (Losna), Paiss., Span., Swed. and Swiss. An 
 extract is Official in Belg., Fr., Ger., Ital., Port., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Cerebral stimulant. Absinthe, an alcoholic 
 beverage vised on the Continent, contains the cloief constituents of Worm- 
 wood ; its excessive use causes the disease knowii as absinthism. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Wormwood has silvery leaves, due to the surface on 
 both sides being covered with appressed silky hairs, each attached by a central 
 stalk of two to foiu* cells. The leaves are tripinnatisect near the root with 
 short pinnules about \ inch long. The upper leaves are less divided, becoming 
 trifid or simple on the inflorescence, which is a panicle of small globular 
 greenish-yellow capitula about -|^ of an inch in diameter. It is a local plant 
 often occurring about old farmyards, especially near the sea. The mugwort 
 (Artem,isia vulgaris, L.) bears a resemblance to Wormwood, but the flower 
 heads are oblong and the leaves are dark green on the upper surface, but 
 silvery beneath. The leaves are larger and more acute. 
 
 TiNCTURA ABSINTH 1 1.— Wormwood, 1 ; Alcohol (GO p.c), to make 10. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4fl. drm.= 3-6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Ger., Ital., Mex., 
 Norw., Port., Russ. and Swiss, 1 in 5 ; Austr. and Hung, (compound), 1 in 10; 
 Mex. (compound), 1 in 40; Swed. and Swiss (compound), 1 in 12i ; all by 
 weight. 
 
 SPECIES RESOLVENTES (A^ont;.).— Absinthe, 20 ; Melissa, 20 ; Pepper- 
 mint, 20 ; Origanum, 20 ; Chamomile, 8 ; Lavender, 8 ; Elder flowers, 4. 
 
 TINCTURA AMARA (iVow.).— Anise, 1; Orange Peel, 3; Buckbean, 
 3 ; Gentian, 3 ; Absinthe, 10 ; Dilute Alcohol, 100. 
 
 SPECIES AM ARIC ANTES (Hmij/.).— Absinthe, 200; Centaurii minoria, 
 200; Orange Peel, 200; Buckbean, 100; Calamus, 100; Gentian, 100; 
 Cassia, 25. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACA 3 
 
 ACACIA CORTEX. 
 
 ACACIA BARK. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Tlie diied bark of Acacia Arahica, WUld., and also tlie dried bark of 
 Acacia decurrens, Willd., tlie Sydney Black Wattle, or of the Victorian 
 and Tasmanian Black Wattle. 
 
 It was Official in I)id. and Col. Add. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The official bark may be derived from two 
 different trees, viz., Acacia Arahica, Willd., or Acacia decurrens, Willd. 
 The former is a native of the East Indies, and the latter of Australia, 
 but neither is likely to come into use in medicine in this country, 
 although the latter is imported for use in tanning. The bark of 
 Acacia Arahica is described in the B.P. almost in the words used by 
 Dr. W. Dymock in the Materia Medica of Western India, which are, 
 " hard and woody, of a rusty brown colour, having a tendency to 
 divide into several layers. The external surface is rugged and fissured 
 longitudinally, the internal smooth and fibrous ; taste, astringent 
 and mucilaginous." The description in the B.P. adds to the above, 
 " Outer surface of the older pieces covered with thick blackish periderm 
 fissured transversely, inner surface red, longitudinally striated," but 
 no measurements are given. The bark of Acacia decurrens is described 
 in the B.P. as occurring in curved or channelled pieces 1^3 mm. 
 (xV~i inch) thick. External surface greyish brown, darkening with 
 age ; often with irregular longitudinal ridges, and sometimes transverse 
 cracks. Inner surface reddish brown and longitudinally striated, the 
 fracture irregular and coarsely fibrous, the freshly fractured surface 
 pale. Odour slight, tan-like, taste astringent. Both barks should be 
 obtained from wnld or cultivated trees not less than seven years old, 
 and after being dried, kept for one year before use. But how these 
 instructions are to be carried out, or the age of the tree ascertained by 
 the pharmacist, is not clear. The only thing the pharmacist can do is to 
 keep the bark a year after purchase before using it. It must be borne 
 in mind that Indian drugs vary much, and the same vernacular term 
 is often used in different provinces for a different species, so that the 
 Acacia bark of Bombay would not necessarily be the same as that sold 
 in Calcutta, and it is necessary to carefully compare the bark with 
 the B.P. description. As the barks of several species of Acacia or 
 Wattle barks come into commerce in this country for tanning purposes 
 and are often mixed, it will probably not be always easy to obtain that 
 of A. decurrens in a separate form. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 DECOCTUM ACACIA CORTICIS. Decoction of Acacia Baek. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 Boil for 10 minutes 6 of bruised Acacia Bark with 120 of Water, 
 
 strain, and make up to 100. (About 1 in 16 "G.) 
 
 Dose.— :t to 2 fl. oz. = U- 2 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 p 2 
 
4 ACA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACACIA GUMMI. 
 
 GUM ACACIA. 
 
 Fr., Gomme Ababique ; Ger., Arabisches Gummi ; Ital., Gomma Akabica ; 
 Span., Goma Arabiga. 
 
 A colourless or yellowish product obtained from Acacia Senegal, 
 Willd., and other species. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1 of Water, Insoluble in Absolute Alcohol, 
 Ether and Oils. 
 
 IVIedicinal Properties. — Demulcent. Allowed to dissolve slowly 
 in the mouth, allays tickling cough. For a demulcent drink, 1 of 
 Mucilage, 1 of Syrup, and 20 of Water. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is chiefly used in the form of Mucilage in cough 
 linctuses and lozenges, and to render oils, etc., emulsive luilh aqueous fluids. 
 
 In an 8 oz. mixture 3 drms. of Mucilage of Gurn Acacia are usually required 
 for 1 oz. of oils or resinous tinctures, and 10 drms. for 1 oz. of Balsam of Copaiba. 
 The Mucilage should be put into a mortar and the oil added by deijrees with 
 constant irilwation until aji emidsion is formed, then the Water or other aqueous 
 fluid can be added by degrees. Resinous tinctures should be added to the Mucilage, 
 which has been first diluted with twice its volume of Water, but Fixed and Volatile 
 Oils are best added to the undiluted Mucilage. It is impossible to make a 
 nice emulsion with Oil of Male Fern unless the Mucilage be quite fresh ; in 
 such case it is better to make the Mucilage at the time by rubbing 2 of powdered 
 Gum with .3 of Water. Another method, which gives good results with- fixed oils, 
 is to replace the Mucilage by half its weight of powdered Gum Acacia, rub the 
 oil with the powder, then add all at once Water equal to double the weight of the 
 powder and rub till an emidsion is formed ; now add by degrees the remainder 
 of any aqueous liquid ordered in the prescription. Resin of Copaiba makes a nice 
 emulsion with powdered Gum and Water ; the Resin is liquefied in a warm 
 mortar, the powdered Gum mixed with it and then the Water added as in the 
 last instance. Mucilage is used to suspend insoluble powders in mixtures, but 
 in some cases {Bismuth salts, for instance) Compound Tragacanth Powder 
 ansiuers better. It used to be employed for maJcing powders into pills, but they 
 soon became hard, and it is noio displaced by ' Dispensing Syrup ' (see 
 ''Glycerin''), Glucose, Syrup of Glucose, ''Diluted Glucose,'' or Glycerin of 
 Tragacanth. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Mucilago Acacise. 
 
 !N"ot Official. — Linctus Gummosus, Mistura Gummosa, Mucilago Acaciae, 
 U.S., Mistura Mucilaginosa, Potion Gommeuse, Pulvis Gummosus, Sirop do 
 Gomme, Syrupus Acaciae. Unna's Gum Pastes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Puss., Span., Swed., Swiss, and 
 U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Gum Acacia is derived from difierent 
 species of Acacia occm-ring in difierent countries, and in some cases 
 from more than one species in the same district, and consequently 
 is not uniform in character. It is sorted on its arrival in European 
 ports into difierent qualities for various economic uses ; hence for 
 medicinal use, only the selected or ' picked ' gum corresponding to 
 the B.P. description should be used. The finest for this purpose is 
 the Khordofan, or ' Turkey ' gum of commerce, and is derived from 
 Acacia Senegal, Willd. It is collected from February to May. 
 
 The Gum Acacia official in the B,P, for medicinal use is limited 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liqnids by Measure.] ACA 5 
 
 to tlie finer commercial qualities, and is characterised by tlie opaque 
 outer surface, translucent interior, nearly white or faint yellowish- 
 white colour, by readily breaking up into angular fragments with a 
 shining surface, and being almost odourless, with a mucilaginous but 
 insipid taste. See also Tests. 
 
 Gum that gives a glairy or ropy mucilage, like some samples of Talca 
 and Sennaar gum, is not admissible. 
 
 Senegal gimi is derived from A. Seyal, Delile, in the Soudan, and 
 from A. Adansonii, Guill. and Perr., in Senegal. It differs from the 
 Khordofan gum in the less cracked surface and the tough and less 
 easily fractured interior, and is characterised by the presence of 
 vermicular amongst the rounded pieces. The mucilage is very 
 adhesive, and is valuable for technical purposes. 
 
 East African gmn of Senegal character, and similar gum exported 
 from JafEerabad, reach England via Bombay, and are known in 
 commerce as East India or Bombay gum. That exported from 
 Senegal comes via Bordeaux, but all possess the same characters. 
 True East Indian gum is very mixed in character, and several com- 
 mercial varieties are recognised derived from dift'erent trees, the term 
 amrad being applied to the reddish kinds. 
 
 West African gum (A. Nilotica. Delile) resembles Senegal gum, but occurs 
 in larger pieces, without vermicular pieces intermixed. 
 
 Cape gum (A. horrida, Willd., and A. Kiaussiana, Meissn.) is distinguished 
 by its very brittle character, and by giAing a weak and not strongly adhesive 
 mucilage. 
 
 Australian gum (.4. pycnantha, Benth.) is usually reddish, and contains 
 Tannin. Selected wliite qualities of these gums can only bo used if they 
 comply with the above tests. 
 
 The Talca or Sermaar gum (^1. Fistula, Schweinf . ) that gives a ropy niucilage, 
 is not easily distinguished from small gum of good quality until dissolved, 
 except by the presence of a faint greenish tinge, 
 
 Gicmmi Indicum is official, q.v. 
 
 Tests. — Gum Acacia dissolves slowly but almost entirely in 
 Water, forming a distinctive more or less transparent viscous muci- 
 laginous solution, which possesses a feebly acid reaction towards 
 blue Litmus paper ; it is insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; its 1 in 10 
 aqueous solution is not precipitated by Lead Acetate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterations are gums of inferior 
 origin. Dextrin, certain Sugars, Tannic Acid, an excessive amount of 
 mineral matter, and Starch. Inferior gums are detected by the 
 glairy or ropy mucilage produced when the gum is dissolved in an 
 equal weight of Water, and by the formation of a gummy deposit 
 when this mucilage is further diluted with Water and allowed to 
 stand. Dextrin and certain Sugars are readily detected, if present, 
 by the optical rotation and by Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution 
 of Iodine ; a 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the Gum should be slightly 
 Isevo-rotatory, and a measured quantity of 10 ml. of the 1 in 10 
 Solution after boiling and cooling, is not coloured brown by O'l ml. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution. 
 
 The P.G. method of performing the test for Dextrin is as follows : — 
 10 c,c, of an aqueous solution (I +9) should not produce a wine-red 
 
6 AC A [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 coloration witli 1 drop of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution. 
 The non-production of a bluish-black coloration on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution indicates the absence of Tannic 
 Acid. A measured quantity of 10 ml. of a 1 in 10 aqueous 
 solution, after boiling and cooling, is not coloured blue by 0*1 ml. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, showing the absence of 
 Starch. The P.G. requires that 10 c.c. of an aqueous solution (1 +9) 
 after boiling and cooling should not be coloured on the addition of a 
 second drop of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution. The 
 mineral matter is limited by the percentage of ash left on ignition. 
 This should not amount to more than 4p.c. The B.P. and U.S. P. 
 require that the ash should not be more than 4 p.c. ; the P.G. allows 
 at the highest 5'Op.c. Three samples examined in the author's 
 laboratory yielded 2'8, 2'9 and 3'Op.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 MUCILAGO ACACIA. Mucilage of Gum Acacia. 
 4 of Avashed Gimi Acacia dissolved in 6 of Wat^r ; the product 
 measures about 8|. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3' 6 to 14*2 ml. or more. 
 
 In India, Mucilage of Indian Gum may be used in the Official 
 preparations in place of Mucilage of Gum Acacia. 
 
 It is convenient to make it in a tared vessel so that the small quantity 
 of AVater retained after washing the Gum may be allowed off the 
 added Water. 
 
 Mucilage keeps well if made cold, poured into small bottles quite full, 
 and stored in a cool place, but if kept cai'elessty it becomes sour very quickly 
 in hot weather, and its emulsive property is impaired ; if made with hot 
 Water the change is more rapid. B.P. 1914 states that it should be recently 
 prepared. 
 
 It has been suggested that the Mucilage of Acacia should be made Avith 
 Chloroform Water to overcome the tendency to fermentation ; also that 
 half a grain of Benzoic Acid to each ounce should be added for the same 
 purpose ; but the use of preservatives is inadvisal^le. 
 
 The results of some experiments on the effect of preservatives on Mucilage 
 of Acacia showed that Benzoic Acid in the proportion of i grain to 1 fl. oz.. 
 Chloroform in the proportion of i minim to 1 fl. oz., and Foi'malm in the 
 proportion of -J minim to 1 fl. oz., all acted efficiently as preservatives, 
 preventing the development of acidity in the Mucilage. Boric Acid in the 
 proportion of 1 grain to 1 fl. oz. was ineffective, the acidity being almost 
 doubled witliin 6 months. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Strong Alcohol and Sulphuric Acid ; Borax, Ferric salts 
 and Lead Subacetate render it gclatmous. It is not affected by neutral 
 Lead Acetate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias-— Official in Dutch and Port., 2 and 3 ; Fr. and 
 Mex., 1 and 1 ; Dan., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed. and 
 Swiss, 1 and 2 ; Span., 1 and 3 ; BcJg., 1 and 9 ; Austr. and U.S., 34 in 100. 
 All by weight. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 LINCTUS GUMMQSUS (//twy.).— Mucilage of Gimi Arabic, 1 ; Simple 
 Syrup, 1, 
 
[Solids by Weight; tiquids by Meastii'e.l ACE 7 
 
 MtSTURA GUMMOSA (Hw/ir/.).— Mucilage of Gum Arabic, 2 ; Simple 
 Syrup, 1 ; Distilled Water, 7. 
 
 MUCILAGO ACACliC (L/./S.)— Washed Gum Acacia, 34 ; Lime Water, 
 33 ; Water, to make 100 ; all by weight. 
 
 MISTURA MUCILAGINOSA (Guy\t).~Syvup, 30 minims; Mucilage 
 of Gum Acacia, 2 II drm. ; Water, to 1 o/;. 
 
 POTION GOMMEUSE (i^r.).— Powdered Gum Arabic, 1 ; Simple SjTup, 
 3 ; Orange Flower Water, 1 ; Water, 10 ; all by weight. 
 
 PULVIS GUMMOSUS.— Acacia, 5; Liquorice, 3 ; Sugar, 2.— r7er. 
 Starch, 25 ; Liquorice, 25 ; Acacia, 50 ; Sugar, 50. — Hiimj. 
 Acacia, 3 ; Liquorice, 2 ; Sugar, I. — Russ. 
 Altliaja, 2 ; Acacia, 4 ; Sugar, 4. — Swed. 
 
 SCIROPPO Di G OM MA ARABIC A (7mZ.).— Powdered Gum Arabic, 1; 
 Distilled Water, 1 ; Syrup, 8. 
 
 SIROP DE GOMME (i'V.).— Gum, 10 ; Sugar, 56 : Water, 34 ; dissolve 
 the Gum in cold Water, then the Sugar by the aid of a water-bath, and 
 strain. 
 
 SYRUPUS ACACI/E (C7.<S.).— Selected Giun Acacia, 10; Sugar, SO; 
 Distilled Water, to make 100 by volume. 
 
 UNNA'S GUM PASTES.— A mixture of equal parts of Mucilage of 
 Gum Acacia and Glycerin, with which are incorporated various medicaments 
 such as Zinc Oxide and Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 See also Gutnmi Indieum. 
 
 ACETANILIDUM. 
 
 ACETANILIDE. 
 
 C^HgNO, eq. 135-082. 
 
 B.P. Syn. — Phenyl-acetamide, 
 
 Commonly known as ' Antifebrin.' 
 
 Fr., AcETANir.iDE ; Ger., Antifebrin ; Span., Acetanioda. 
 
 Colourless, glistening, crystalline lamellae, having a burning and 
 somewhat bitter taste, or a white crystalline powder. 
 
 It is the Monacetyl derivative of Aniline, and is prepared by the action 
 of Glacial Acetic Acid upon Aniline. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 190 of Water ; 1 in 18 of boiling Water ; 1 in 12 
 of Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; 1 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; about 1 in 40 of 
 Glycerin ; it is also soluble in Ether, Benzol, and Chloroform, 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful antipyretic. Useful in the 
 pyrexia of typhoid fever, erysipelas, phthisis, acute rheumatism, 
 and small-pox. An analgesic in neuralgia and other painful nerve 
 affections, such as locomotor ataxia. 
 
 To give it in doses of 5 or more grains is highly injudicious. 
 
 That more is not heard of the poisonous effects of the long-continued 
 abuse of this and other allied antineuralgia remedies is due to patient's 
 wilful deception. Many of the cases are at first regarded as cardiac, tuber- 
 culosis, polycythsemia, neurasthenia, etc. ; objectively there is cyanosis, 
 often extreme. — E.M.J. '12, i. 86. 
 
 Antidotes. — Alcohol, Stryclinine, Ether, warmth to feet, etc., Oxygen 
 inhalation. 
 
8 ACE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 graius = 0*12 to 0*3 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0-3 gramme; daily, 1-5 grammes. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; daily, 1 • 5 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given in wafer paper or cachets, or dissolved 
 in some weak spirit. May also be suspended in Water by Compound Powder 
 of Tragacanth or Mucilage of Gum Acacia. It is sometimes given as a com- 
 pressed tablet, or as an effervescent granule. A good form of mixture is 
 Acetanilid'e, 5 grains ; Compound Tincture of Lavender, 1 fl. dfm.. ; Spirit of 
 Chloroform, 15 minims ; Water to 1 fl. oz. As a Compound. Powder, 
 Acetaniiide, 7 ; Caffeine, 1 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 2 ; in doses of 3 to 5 grains. 
 
 Not Official. — Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus, Ammonol, Neuronal, Phenal- 
 gin, Hydracetin. 
 
 Foreign Pharm^aeopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swcd., Swi.ss, and U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Pure drv Acetanilide melts at 113° to 114° C. (235-4° to 
 237-2° F.) ; commercial Acetanilide melts at 111-36° C. (232-45° F.) ; 
 dried Acetanilide at 112-42° C. (234-35° F.), and purified Acetanilide 
 at 113-49° C. (236-28° F.). The B.P. adopts the U.S.P. melting point 
 113° C. (235-4° F.), although it is proposed in U.S.P. IX. to 
 change the melting point from 113° C. (235*4° F.) to ' from 111° C. 
 to 113° C. (231-8° to 235-4° F.) ' ; the P.G. gives 113° to 114° C. 
 (2.35-4° to 237-2° F.). It visibly softens several degrees below the 
 actual melting point. If heated below Water it fuses considerably 
 under 100° C. (212° F.). The boiling point usually given is 295° C. 
 (563° F.), but it volatilises to a considerable extent at 100° C. (212'' F.), 
 and if an aqueous solution be distilled, Acetanihde may be detected 
 in the distillate by the Isonitrile test. The U.S.P. gives the boiling 
 point as 295° C. (563° F.), and states that it boils without decomposition. 
 The B.P. does not inchide a figm'e for the boiling point. 
 
 The distinguishing test for Acetanilide is the formation of the 
 disagreeable and highly-poisonous odour of Phenyl-Isonitrile when 
 a minute quantity of the specimen is heated with Potassium or Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, a few drops of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and a little 
 Chloroform. When heated with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution alone, the characteristic aromatic odour of Aniline is evolved. 
 The test is common to the B.P., U.S.P., and P.G. ; the B.P. using 
 solution of Sodium Hydroxide, the U.S.P. and P.G. Potassium 
 Hydroxide. The U.S.P. gives quantities 0-1 gramme Acetanilide, 
 5 c.c. of concentrated Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and 1 c.c. of 
 Chloroform. Various other substances yield odours somewhat 
 resembling Phenyl-Isonitrile when treated by the Isonitrile test, 
 but the interfering action of these substances may be destroyed by 
 the following modification of the test, which, tried in the author's 
 laboratorj^, was found to be very satisfactory, readily detecting an 
 addition of 2 p.c. of Acetanilide. The substances experimented on 
 were Methacetin, Phenacetin, Lactophenin, Salophen, and Phenocoll 
 Hydrochloride. The test is carried out in the following manner :— 
 A weighed quantity of 0-1 gramme of each of the substances is boiled 
 with 10 c.c. of Water (Salophen is the only one not soluble in 10 c.c. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACE 9 
 
 of boiling Water), the mixture is cooled quickly by immersion in 
 cold Water and filtered tlirough Cotton- Wool. To a measured quantity 
 of 2 or 3 c.c. of tlie filtrate is added an equal volume of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution (5 p.c). The liquid is boiled, and small fragments 
 of Potassium Permanganate added until the green colour first produced 
 gives way to violet or pm-ple. Two or three drops of a mixture made 
 of 10 c.c. of Chloroform, 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 5 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Solution are added, the mixture boiled, and a little more of 
 the Chloroform, Alcohol, and Ammonia mixture added if the Perman- 
 ganate has not been reduced completel5\ After the Chloroform has 
 vaporised by standing a few moments, the odour is noted, and compared, 
 if doubtful, with that yielded by a minute fragment of Acetanilide 
 or a dilute Acetanilide solution. In testing Exalgin omit the Potassium 
 Permanganate, otherwise the test is made as above. 
 
 The U.S. P. and the P.G. give a confirmatory test for Aniline, the 
 former requiring that 0*1 gramme of Acetanihde, when boiled for 
 several minutes with 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, shall yield a clear 
 solution which, when mixed with 3 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous Phenol 
 Solution and 5 c.c. of filtered saturated Chlorinated Lime Solution, 
 shall produce a brownish-red colour, changing to deep blue on super- 
 saturation with Ammonia Solution. The B.P. does not give a similar 
 test, neither does it specifically require Acetanilide to afford ' the 
 reactions characteristic of the Acetic Acid radical,' this may be satis- 
 factorily tested for by warming a little of the specimen with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, cooling and removing the Aniline by means of 
 Ether. The residue left after the evaporation of the Ether from the 
 ethereal liquid, may be examined for Aniline by the Chlorinated Lime 
 and Ammonia test. A portion of the aqueous liquid, after the removal 
 of the dissolved Ether, is mixed with an equal volume of Sulphuric 
 Acid (the mixture being meanwhile kept cool), a few drops of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) are added and the liquid warmed, the characteristic odour 
 of Acetic Ether is evolved. 
 
 A cold satm-ated aqueous solution decolorises Bromine Water and 
 at the same time throws down a yellowish white precipitate quite 
 distinct even at a dilution of 1 in 2000. If the Bromine Water 
 precipitate be dissolved by heat, it crystallises out on cooling in long 
 tufted needles. The production of this insoluble Bromine compound 
 distinguishes Acetanilide from Phenacetin. The Isonitrile test dis- 
 tinguishes it from Methylacetanilide (Exalgin), Phenacetin, and 
 Phenazone (Antipyrine). 
 
 Acetanihde may be determined by titration with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Bromine Solution, which process has been recommended 
 for insertion in the new U.S. P. The weighed sample is dissolved in 
 about 50 c.c. of a mixture of 1 part of Concentrated Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and 2 to 3 parts of Water, the solution boiled for 5 minutes, 
 and titrated to the appearance of a pale yellow colour with standard 
 Tenth- Normal Volumetric Bromine Solution, of which 1 c.c. is 
 equivalent to 0*004504: gramme of Acetanihde. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free Acetic Acid, 
 
10 ACE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meastire.] 
 
 unconverted Aniline, Aniline salts and mineral matter. A cold satm-ated 
 aqueous solution of Acetanilide should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus Solution, as is also Phenacetin, but witli Aniline salts the 
 Solution becomes red, and with Phenazone blue, so that the reaction 
 towards Litmus at once detects the presence of free Acetic Acid and 
 affords confirmatory evidence of the presence of Aniline salts or 
 Phenazone. The reaction in the cold towards Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, which is required to be unaffected thereby, ensures the 
 absence of unconverted Phenol, Phenazone, and salts of Aniline. 
 Unconverted Phenol gives a deep violet blue and Phenazone gives a 
 deep red coloration, wliich is discharged by strong Hydrochloric Acid. 
 Aniline Chloride with this reagent gives no change at first, but in a 
 few moments becomes green. AcetaniUde should form practically 
 colourless solutions with Sulphuric or Nitric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of readily charred organic impurities, Phenacetin and 
 Phenazone. Phenacetin gives a colourless solution with SiJphuric 
 Acid, but a deep orange colour with Nitric Acid. Phenazone gives a 
 green coloration with Nitric Acid. The latter impurity on account 
 of its much higher price is unlikely to appear as an adulterant of this 
 substance. The tests with Sulphui'ic Acid, and Nitric Acid, requuing 
 AcetaniUde to form colourless solutions, are common to the B.P. and 
 P.G. The U.S. P. includes a Sulphuric Acid test but no Nitric Acid 
 test, but the following test is recommended for inclusion in U.S. P. 
 IX. : — A mixture of about 0*1 gramme of Acetanilide, and 1 c.c. of 
 colourless Nitric Acid in a clean test-tube should not be coloured yellow. 
 The B.P. and P.G. require that Acetanilide should leave not more 
 than O'l p.c. of Ash on ignition ; the U.S. P. that it should leave no 
 weighable resfdue upon ignition, in U.S. P. IX. it is proposed to limit 
 the amount of ash to not exceeding 0"05 p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 The specialities, Antikamnia, Antisepsin, and Antitoxine, all contain 
 Acetanilide. 
 
 PULVIS ACETANILIDI COMPOSITUS (T. 5'.)- —Acetanilide, 7; 
 Caffeine, 1 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 2. 
 
 AMMONOL. — An ammoniated derivative of Acetanilide. Soluble about 
 1 in 110 of Water ; partly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0'65 gramme The doses of the Sali- 
 cylate, Bromide, and Lithiate are practically the same. The SaHcylate 
 darkens on exposure to light ; it is soluble 1 in 50 of Water. 
 
 NEURONAL (Bromo-diethylacetamide). — A crystalline substance only 
 slightly soluble in Water. It contains about 41 p.c. of Bromine. A hypnotic 
 and sedative. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0'65 to 1 • 3 grammes. 
 
 No ill -effects ; does not readily lose its power ; useful in neurasthenia 
 with marked excitability. — B.M.J. '09, i. 554. 
 
 PHENALGIN. — A wliite powder, soluble about I in 110 of Water; partly 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 k- It is a mixture containing about 50 p.c. of Acetanilide and about 25 p.c. 
 of Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACE 11 
 
 Antipyretic ; also given as an analgesic in dySmenorrhcedi 
 Makers supply 2^ grain tablets, and 5 grain Pink-top Capsules. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains — 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 HYDRACETIN (Acetylphenylhyclrazin). — Colourless prismatic crystals, 
 soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). A powerful but dangerous anti- 
 pyretic. 
 
 ACETONUM. 
 
 ACETONE. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 CiU.O, eq. 58-048. 
 
 Syn. — ^Dimethyl Ketone, Acetio Ketone, Pyro-Acetic Spirit. 
 
 A clear, colourless, mobile, volatile, and inflammable liquid, 
 possessing a characteristic ethereal odour and a pungent sweetish 
 taste. It is neutral in reaction to the ordinary indicators of 
 neutrality. It is chiefly produced by the dry distillation of Acetates. 
 It shoiild be kept in well- stoppered vessels in a cool place, removed 
 from light or lire. 
 
 B.P. 1914 requires it to contain not less than 95 p.c. and U.S.P. not less 
 than 99 p.c. of pure Acetone. 
 
 Solubility. — It dissolves in all proportions of Chloroform, Ether, 
 and Alcohol, and is miscible in all proportions with Water. It 
 dissolves nearly all Resins, Gums, Camphor, and Fat. Pyroxylin 
 dissolves in it with great facility. 
 
 As pointed out in previous editions of Squire's Convpanion, it is the 
 best solvent of Cantharidin, and was recommended for the manu- 
 facture of Liquor Epispasticus ; also that it dissolves Pyroxylin, and 
 is therefore suitable for making CoUodium Vesicans. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Expectorant and antispasmodic in 
 asthma and other spasmodic conditions, in doses of 30 to 60 minims. 
 It is recommended for sterilising the hands and sites of operations. 
 A 1 in 50 solution of Iodine in Acetone is employed to sterilise cat-gut. 
 
 Has been praised in the treatment of inoperable carcinoma of cervix ; 
 applied after growth is thoroughly excavated with curette ; allowed to be in 
 contact for 15 to 30 minutes ; repeated everv two or tliree days. — J. A.M. A. 
 '10, i. 778; N. Y.M.J. '11, i. 1088. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1'8 to 3-6 ml. 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Acetone has a specific gravity of 0*795 to 0'798, which 
 corresponds with the figures given in the B.P. It boils at 56° to 57° C. 
 (132-8° to 134-6° F.), and distils almost entirely (95 p.c.) between 55° 
 to 57° C. (131° to 134*6° F.). A characteristic precipitate of Iodoform 
 is produced when a solution of Acetone is mixed with a crystal or 
 two of Iodine, or with a solution of Iodine in Potassium Iodide, then 
 carefully decolorising with Sodium Hydrate Sohition, till the brown 
 
12 ACE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 colour of the Iodine just disappears, and the mixture gently warmed. 
 A characteristic purplish-violet colour is produced when a few drops 
 of freshly-prepared solution of Sodium Nitroprusside, followed by a 
 few drops of Liquor Ammouise Fort., are added to a solution of 
 Acetone. A white or greyish precipitate is produced on acidifying 
 with Hydrochloric Acid and adding Stannous Chloride Solution to 
 the clear solution produced by mixing a solution of Acetone with 
 Mercuric Chloride Solution and carefully adding Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution drop by drop until the yellow precipitate of Mercuric Oxide 
 is redissolved. 
 
 Acetone may be determined by interaction with excess of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution in the presence of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, employing the Iodoform reaction, titrating the 
 excess of Iodine with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution, after acidifying with Hydrocliloric Acid ; 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution is equivalent to 0" 0009675 
 gramme of Acetone. The process is known as Messinger's process, 
 and is applied to the determination of Acetone in diabetic 
 urines. Acetone is a factor of some clinical importance in urine, 
 and the following is a ready test for its quaUtative identifica- 
 tion : — A measured quantity of 15 c.c. of the sample to be tested 
 is mixed with 0"5 to 1*0 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid and a drop 
 of freshly-prepared Sodium Nitroprusside Solution. A cubic centi- 
 metre of Liquor Ammouise Fort, is then run on to the surface, and in 
 the presence of Acetone a more or less intense purplish-violet ring 
 appears at the line of contact, the depth of the colour and the width 
 of the rings varying with the quantity of Acetone present in the 
 sample. By this method it is stated that 4^^ p.c. of Acetone can 
 be detected. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are solid residue. Water, 
 excess of acidity, and empyreumatic or readily oxidisable impurities. 
 50 c.c. of Acetone evaporated on a water-bath in a perfectly clean 
 glass vessel should leave no weighable residue. The B.P. simply 
 mentions that it should leave no residue when evaporated on a 
 water-bath, not defining any quantity. Water is detected by the 
 miscibility of the Acetone with Petroleum Ether, with' which it is 
 required to form a clear solution in equal volumes. The limit of 
 acidity is officially fixed by the requirement that not more than 
 1 drop of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution should 
 be required to produce a permanent pink coloration with 10 ml. 
 of Acetone, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; which corresponds approximately to 0'03 p.c. w/v of 
 Acid, calculated as Hydrogen Acetate. 
 
 Except that the B.P. works in mis. and the U.S. P. in c.c, the 
 official test for readily oxidisable impurities is identical with the 
 U.S. P. test for limit of empyreumatic substances, which requires that 
 20 c.c. of Acetone should not wholly discharge the pink colour of 
 O'lc.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution, in less than 15 minutes. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACE 13 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACETUM. 
 
 Fr., Vinatgre ; Ger., Essig ; Ital., Aceto di Vino ; 
 Span., Vinagre. 
 
 A clear colourless or yellowish-brown liquid, possessing an acetous odour 
 and taste. Sp. gr. about 1-02. It should contain about 5 p.c. w/v of 
 Hydrogen Acetate. It is produced by the alcoholic and acetous fermentation 
 of a vegetable juice or infusion. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Refrigerant and sialagogue. As a cooling 
 lotion in bruises and spraius. Sponged on the skin in fever, or given intern- 
 all}^, checks excessive perspiration and lowers temperature. A wineglassful 
 of Vinegar is useful to counteract the intoxicating effects of Alcohol. 
 
 The most ready and safe antidote in cases of poisoning by alkalis. 
 
 The addition of 20 granmaes to a litre of Water kills the typhoid bacillus 
 in an hour and a quarter ; immersion of uncooked vegetables in this liquid for 
 this time renders them harmless. — L. '15, i. 511. 
 
 Dose.— 1 fl. drm. to 1 fl. oz.= 3-6 to 28-4 ml., diluted. 
 
 Incompatibles.- — ^Ammonia, Lime, fixed Alkalis, and Carbonates. 
 
 ■ Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Ger. and 
 Russ., 6 p.c. Hydrogen Acetate; Dan., 4-7 p.c; Ital., 5-6 p.c; Port., 
 7-9 p.c. ; Span., 6 to 8 p.c ; Swiss, 5 p.c. : all are without Sulphuric Acid ; 
 Mex., (Vinagre). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Specific gravity about 1 • 02. 10 c.c should require for neutralisation 
 not less than 8 • 2 c.c. Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponding to 
 4*9 p.c. Hydrogen Acetate. The neutralised liquid should yield a deep red 
 coloration on the addition of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and 
 should bo free from empyreumatic odoiu: or taste. Vinegar should yield no 
 reaction when tested with Hydi'ogen Sulphide (absence of Lead, Copper, and 
 Arsenic), and only the slightest reaction with Barium Chloride, Silver Nitrate, 
 or Ferrous Sulphate Sohition (absence of more than traces of Sulphates, 
 Chlorides, and Nitrates). The residue left on evaporation to dryness should 
 be free from any signs of charring, and the ash remaining after ignition should 
 be alkaline, indicating the absence of free Sulphuric Acid. The P.O. allows 
 not more than • 5 p.c residue on evaporation, and this residue must leave an 
 alkaline ash on incineration. 
 
 ACETUM PYROLIGNOSUM CRUDUM.— A brown liquid, having an 
 odour of Tar and Acetic Acid, and containing about 6 p.c. of the latter. 
 Deposits a tarry substance on standing some time. It is a good 
 antiseptic. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr,, Ger., Jap., Norw., Russ. 
 and Swiss. Not in the others. 
 
 ACETUM PYROLIGNOSUM RECTIFICATUM {Qer.).—A clear yellowish 
 fluid, possessing a somewhat bitter taste and an odour of Tar and Acetic 
 Acid. It consists of the first 80 p.c. fraction from the distillation of 
 crude Pyroligneous Acid P.G., and contains from 5 to 5-4 p.c of Acetic 
 Acid. 
 
 f- Used externally as an astringent and disinfectant. In 5 to 20 p.c. aqueous 
 solution it is employed as a mouth wash or gargle. 
 
 A Rectified Pyroligneous Acid is also Official in Dutch, containing 
 G p.c. of Hydrogen Acetate ; Hung., 5 p.c ; Russ., 4' 5 p.c. ; Ger. and Swiss, 
 6 to 5 4 p.c. 
 
1 4 ACI [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM. 
 
 ACETIC ACID. 
 Fr,, Acide AcKTiQtTE ; Ger., Essigsaure ; Ital., Acido Acetico. 
 
 A clear colourless liquid, possessing an acetous odour, and 
 containing 33 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Acetate, HC2H3O2, eq. 60*032. 
 
 It is produced during the destructive distillation of Wood, and by the 
 oxidation of Ethyl Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Rubefacient; skin parasiticide. A 
 good application for ringworm. As a gargle, 15 minims to 1 oz. 
 of Water. Diluted Acetic Acid is used for the same purposes as 
 Vinegar, p. 13. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acidmn Aceticum Dilutum. Used in the pre- 
 paration of Acetum SciUse, Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, and Oxymel. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Ammonia, Lime, fixed Alkalis, and Carbonates. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., 36 p.c., sp. gr. 1-048; 
 U.S., 30 p.c, sp.gr. 1-045 at 25° C. {77" F.); Dan., 29 p.c, sp.gr. 1-041 ; 
 Dutch and Russ., 30 p.c, sp. gr. 1-041 ; Port. (Acido Acetico Hydratado), 
 38 p.c, sp. gr. 1-050 ; Swed., 25 p.c, sp. gr. 1-030. 
 
 The Acidum Aceticum of Belg., Fr., Ger., Norw., Span, and Swiss is practi- 
 cally Glacial ; Belg. and Ger., 90 p.c, sp. gr. 1-064. 
 
 The Acidum Aceticum Dilutum of Austr., Ger., Hung., Norw. and Swiss 
 more resembles B.P. Acidum Aceticum ; Hung., 20 p.c. ; Austr., Ger. and 
 Swiss, 30 p.c, ; Norw., 25 p.c 
 
 Tests. — Acetic Acid lias a specific gravity of 1'044, wliicli corre- 
 sponds with the B.P. figure ; the V.S.P. gives 1-045 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; 
 the P.G. Diluted Acetic Acid, which corresponds to the Acetic Acid 
 B.P., is required to possess a specific gravity of 1*041. It is ofl&cially 
 required to contain 33 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Acetate, as determined 
 by titrating 5 ml, of the acid with Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, of which 28*7 ml. should be requh-ed. Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution may be used as an indicator, although not specifically 
 mentioned in the B.P. The U.S. P. acid is required to contain not 
 less than 36 p.c. by weight of absolute Acetic Acid, a weighed portion 
 of the acid being diluted with Water and an aliquot portion of the 
 dilution titrated- with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, the JJ.S.P. stating that Phenolphthalein Test-Solution is to 
 be used as an indicator of neutrality ; the P.G. acid is required to 
 contain 30 p.c. w/w of absolute acid. The exactly neutralised liquid 
 yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test- Solution' a deep-red 
 coloration, and on boiling the liquid, a reddish-brown precipitate is 
 thrown down ; the red coloration is destroyed by Hydrochloric Acid. 
 A portion of the neutralised liquid warmed with Sulphuric Acid and 
 a few drops of Alcohol (90 p.c), evolves a characteristic ethereal odour 
 of Acetic Ether. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid alone an odour 
 of Acetic Acid is evolved. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are empyronmatic matter, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 15 
 
 Sulpliurous and Formic Acids, Arsenic, Coj)per and Lead, Chlorides, 
 Nitrates and Sulphates and fixed impurities. 
 
 All three Pharmacopoeias employ the Permanganate test for fixing 
 a limit to the quantity of empyreumatic matter ; the P.G. extends 
 the application of the test so as to include a limit of Sulphurous and 
 Formic Acids. The B.P. employs a mixture of 1 drop of Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution (1 p.c. w/v) and 10 ml. of Water, and requires 
 that within half a minute 2 ml. of the Acid shall not completely 
 decolorise the mixture ; the U.S. P. adds 5 drops of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution to 2 c.c. of the Acid, 
 and requires that the liquid shall not change to brown at once, and 
 should not become entirely brown, or free from pinkish-brown in less 
 than half a minute. The P.G. employs 20 c.c. of the acid and 1 c.c. 
 of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0"1 p.c. w/w), requiring that 
 the red coloration shall not disappear within one hour. The ammo- 
 niacal Silver Nitrate test may be employed for the detection of Formic 
 and Sulphurous Acid, 5 c.c. of the acid should yield no dark deposit 
 when boiled for one or two minutes with 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution 
 and 5 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. The 
 B.P. uses a solution of the acid exactly neutralised with Ammonia 
 Solution ; the P.G. includes these impurities under the Potassium 
 Permanganate Test. A 1 in 10 dilution of the acid slightly acidified 
 with diluted Hydrochloric Acid Solution shall give no coloration on 
 the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Arsenic, Copper and Lead. The B.P. gives a specific test for 
 Lead, requiring that it shall be free from this substance, when examined 
 by the following test, using Nessler glasses each containing 
 10 grammes. No difference in colour should be observed between 
 the glass containing the Sodium Sulphide Solution and the one without. 
 The P.G. includes a specific test for Arsenic, requiring that a mixture 
 of 1 c.c. of the acid and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution shall not 
 assume a dark coloration within an hour. The B.P. fixes a limit 
 of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 
 5 grammes of Acetic Acid in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, with the 
 addition of 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. The presence of Copper is shown when the acid is slightly 
 supersaturated with Ammonia Solution, the liquid assuming a bluish 
 tint if that metal be present. A 1 in 10 dilution should not yield a 
 precipitate or turbidity with Silver Nitrate Solution or with Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 The B.P. requires it to yield no characteristic reaction for Nitrates. 
 It should leave no residue when evaporated to dryness, indicating the 
 absence of fixed impurities ; this requirement is common to the B.P. 
 and the U.S. P. 
 
 Volvimetrie Determination. — 5 c.c. require 26 c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, P.G. ; when 10 grammes are diluted 
 with Water to 100 c.c, 59-6 c.c. of the dilution should require 3fi c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Solution of Potassium Hydi'oxide, Phenolphthalein 
 Solution being used as an indicator, U.S. P. 
 
16 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM. Diluted Acetic Acid. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 Acetic Acid, 152 "6 (by weight), diluted with Distilled Water, q.s. 
 to yield 1000 (by volume). 
 
 It is required to contain 5 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Acetate. B.P. 1898 
 was 4-27 xj.c. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., and Swiss, 30 p.c. 
 Acetic Acid, sp. gr. 1 • O-ll ; Hung., 20 p.c. : Belg., A. A. 3, Water 7 ; Jap. and 
 Dutch, 6 p.c; Port. (A. A. Aquoso), 10 p.c, sp.gr. 1-015; U.S., 6 p.c, 
 sp.gr. 1-009 at 25° C. (77" F.) ; Mex., 3-63 p.c. : Norw., 25p.c; Fr., lOp.c, 
 sp. gr. 1-014 ; Hung, has also Acidum Aceticum Bisdilutum, 6 p.c, sp. gr. 
 1 • 008. See also Acetum. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Acetic Acid has a specific gravity of 1'007 and is 
 officially required to contain 4 "98 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Acetate, 
 HC0H3O2, eq. 60 '032, as ascertained by titrating 20 ml. with Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of wliich IG * 7 ml. should be 
 required. Acetic Acid B.P. is used in the preparation of the diluted 
 acid, which is therefore naturally required to answer the tests given 
 imder Acetic Acid and to be free from its impurities. The Diluted 
 Acetic Acid of the U.S. P. is required to contain not less than 6 p.c. w/w 
 of absolute Acetic Acid as ascertained by titrating 23 "8 grammes 
 with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution of which not 
 less than 24 c.c. should be required ; Phenolphthalein Solution being 
 used as an indicator ; Diluted Acetic Acid P.G. corresponds very 
 closely to Acetic Acid B.P. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE. 
 
 GLACIAL ACETIC ACID. 
 Fr., Acide Acetique Cristalusable ; Ger., Essigsaure ; Ital., Acido 
 
 ACETICO CONCENTRATO ; SPAN., AciDO AcETICO. 
 
 A clear colom-less liquid, having a pungent acetous odour. It 
 crystallises in the cold, but again becomes fluid at temperatures 
 above 15'5°C. (60° R). It should contain 98-9 p.c. by weight of 
 Hydrogen Acetate. HC3H3O2, eq. 60-032. 
 
 It is three times as strong as Acidum Aceticuin, and nearly twenty tiines 
 as strong as Acidum Aceticum Dilutum. 
 
 Solubility. — It dissolves Camphor, Gum-resins, Eesins, and 
 Volatile Oils. It mixes with Water and Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Escharotic ; used for corns and warts ; 
 it speedily vesicates, and thus is useful in cases where Cantharides 
 may do harm by being absorbed, but it causes much pain, and if 
 a])plied incautiously may produce a most troublesome sore. When 
 scented, it is used to fill vinaigrettes containing sponge or fragments 
 of Potassium Sulphate. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 1 7 
 
 Local treatment by it proved successful in a week or two in psoriasis of 
 many years' standing. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 1214. 
 
 Not Official. — Acidu:n Aceticum Aromaticum, Acetum Aromaticuni, 
 Vinaigre Anglais, Vinaigre des Quatre Voleurs, Vapor Acidi Acetici, Acidum 
 Trichloraceticum, Amido-Acetic Acid, and Mercuric Amido -Acetate. 
 
 Antidotes. — Large quantity of Soap and Water to be swallowed ; Limo 
 Water, or Chalk and Water ; Fluid Magnesia. Stomach-tube not to be used. 
 • — Myrrell. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (A. A. Concentratum), 
 Belg., Ger. and Swiss (Acidum Aceticum) ; Ital. (Acido Acetico Concentrato), 
 Russ. (A. A. Glaciale), all 96 p.c., sp. gr. 1-064 ; Dutch (A. A. Concentratum), 
 not less than 97-2 p.c. ; Hung. (Acidum Aceticum Concentratum), 95 p.c, 
 sp. gr. 1-066-1 -055; Jap., 96 p.c, sp. gr. 1-056-1 -064; Mex. (Acido 
 Acetico Cristalizable), sp.gr. 1-063; Norw. (Acidum Aceticum) and Sw-ed. 
 (Acidum Aceticum Concentratum), 96 p.c, sp. gr. not given ; Span. (Acido 
 Acetico), 94-98 p.c, sp. gr. 1-060-1 -007 ; U.S., sp.gr. not above 1-049 at 
 25° C. (77° F.), not less than 99 p.c ; Fr. (Acide Acotique) ; and Port. (A. A. 
 Glacial), nearly 100 p.c. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Glacial Acetic Acid melts at about 15° C. (59° F.) ; the 
 B.P. states that when cooled to a sufficiently low temperature it 
 crystallises and does not entirely remelt until the temperature rises 
 above 14-7° C. (58-5° R); the P.G. gives the solidifying point as 
 notunder 9-5° C. (49-1° F.). 
 
 It has a specific gravity of about 1*055; the U.S. P. not above 
 1-049 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. at most 1-064. The U.S.P. boiling 
 point is 117° to 118° C. (242-6° to 244-4° F.). The B.P. does not give 
 either a specific gravity or boiling point. When exactly neutralised 
 with Ammonia Solution it answers the tests characteristic of Acetates 
 given under Acidum Aceticum. It is officially required to contain 
 98-75 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Acetate as determined by tit3-ating a 
 weighed quantity of 1 gramme of the Acid, diluted with 50 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, with Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, of which not less than 32-9 ml. should be required. The 
 U.S.P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. w/w of absolute Acetic 
 Acid, mentioning that Phenolphthalein Test-Solution is to be used 
 as an indicator ; the P.G. requires it to contain at least 96 p.c. w/w 
 of absolute Acetic Acid, using Phenolphthalein as an indicator. The 
 two latter Pharmacopoeias employ Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution for the titration, as shown in the small type below. 
 The more generally occurring impurities are. — Empyreumatic matter, 
 Formic Acid, Arsenic, Copper and Lead, Chlorides, Nitrates, Sulphates, 
 and Sulphites, and fixed impurities. The B.P. fixes the limit of 
 empyreumatic matter by requiring that a mixture of 3 drops of 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution (1 p.c. w/v) and 10 ml. of Water 
 shall not be completely decolorised by 2 ml. of the acid within ^ minute. 
 The presence of Formic Acid or Formates may be detected by the 
 reaction Avitli Silver Nitrate Solution after exact neutralisation with 
 Ammonia Solution. A 1 in 10 dilution of the acid slightly acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid shall give no perceptible coloration on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulpliide Solution, indicating the absence of 
 more than the slightest traces of Arsenic, Copper and Lead. A 1 in 10 
 
18 ACI [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 dilution should yield no precipitate or turbidity with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution or with Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Chlorides, Sulphates, or Sulphites. No dark coloured zone should 
 be produced at the junction of the two liquids when a cold solution 
 of Ferrous Sulphate is poured carefully on to the top of a cold mixture 
 of the Glacial Acetic Acid and Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence 
 of Nitrates. It should leave no residue when eva2:)orated to dryness, 
 indicating the absence of fixed impurities. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires the acid to answer the tests of purity given 
 under Acidum Aceticum, including an additional recommendation, 
 that in carrying out the Permanganate test 2 c.c. of the acid diluted 
 with 10 c.c. of Water should be used, that two drops of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution should be added and 
 that the tint produced should not be changed to brown within two 
 hours. 
 
 The P.G. requires the Acid to be free from Arsenic, Sulphiu'ic and 
 Hydrochloric Acids, salts of heavy metals. Sulphurous Acid, Formic 
 Acid and empyreumatic impurities. The Permanganate test is used 
 to detect the presence of the three latter impurities. It is carried out 
 as in the small type note. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate Solu.tion. — A mixture of c.c. of Acetic 
 Acid, 14 c.c. of Water and 1 c.c. of Potassium Permanganate Solution 
 (0"1 p.c. w/w) should not lose its red colour within 1 hour. — P.G. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of 
 the Acid is diluted to 50 c.c. with Water. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. 
 of the mixture should require for neutralisation at least 16 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein as an 
 Indicator, P.G. 3 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid are introduced into a weighing 
 bottle, and their weight accurately determined. The Acid is diluted with 
 60 c.c. of Distilled Water and titrated with Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator. The 
 number of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required, 
 multiplied by 5*9858 and the product divided by the weight of the Acid 
 taiten, gives a quotient representing the percentage of absolute Acetic Acid, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Wot OfSeial. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM AROMATICUM.— Glacial Acetic Acid, 72 ; Oil 
 of Cloves, 9 ; Oil of Lavender, 6 ; Oil of Orange, 6 ; Oil of Bergamot, 3 ; Oil of 
 Thyme, 3 ; Oil of Cinnamon, 1. All by weight ; inix and filter. 
 
 ACETUM AROMATICUM (Ger.).— Oils of Lavender, Peppermint, Rose- 
 mary, Juniper, and Cinnamon, of each 1 ; Oil of Lemon, 2 ; Oil of Cloves, 2 ; 
 Spirit, 441 ; Diluted Acetic Acid, 650 ; Water, 1900. All by weight ; digest 
 8 days, and filter. 
 
 Preparations containing similar ingredients but in different proportions are 
 given in Austr., Fr., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Nonv., Port., Russ., Swed. and 
 Swiss. 
 
 ACETUM AROMATICUM {Belg.).—Bau de Cologne, 930 ; Tincture of 
 Benzoin, 10 ; Glacial Acetic Acid, 60. 
 
 VINAIGRE ANGLAIS.— Glacial Acetic Acid, 500 ; Camphor, 50 ; Oil of 
 Cinnamon, 1 ; Oil of Cloves, 1 ; Oil of Lavender, i. All by weight ; mix. 
 
 VINAIGRE DES QUATRE VOLEURS.— Tops of the Greater and 
 Lesser Wormwood {Artemisia Absinthium and A. pontica), Rosemary, Sage, 
 Peppermint, Rue, and Lavender Flowers, of each 15 ; Calamus Root, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] ACI 19 
 
 Cinnamon, Cloves, Nutmeg, and Garlic, of each 2 ; Camphor, 4 ; Glacial 
 Acetic Acid, 15 ; Strong White Vinegar, 1000. Dissolve the Camphor in 
 the Glacial Acid ; macerate the other ingredients in the Vinegar for ten 
 days ; press and mix. 
 
 VAPOR ACIDI ACETICI (Throat). — Glacial Acetic Acid and Acetic Acid, 
 equal parts ; mix. Two teaspoonfuls in a pint of Water at 140° F. for each 
 inhalation. Sedative and antiseptic ; used for inflammatory sore throat of 
 scarlet fever. 
 
 ACIDUM TRICHLORACETICUM.— A substitution product of Acetic 
 Acid, but it is most readily prepared by acting on Chloral Hydrate with 
 Nitric Acid in sunlight. Colourless, deliquescent crystals, which fuse at 
 55° C. (131° F.). and boil at 195° C. (383° F.). 
 
 Readily soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Antiseptic and caustic. 1 or 2 p.c. solutions have been used as a dressing 
 for wounds, and as a lotion and spray in acute coryza. 
 
 A Mono- and a Di-chloraeetic Acid are also prepared. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Ger., Jap., Mex., Swiss, 
 U.S. 
 
 AMIDO-ACETIC ACID (Glycocoll).— C.HACNH,,), eq. 75-05. — Large 
 coloiu-less, prismatic crystals possessing a sweet taste. Soluble in Water and 
 insoluble in Alcohol and Ether. It may be produced from Hippuric Acid or 
 synthetically from Monochlor -Acetic Acid and Ammonia. 
 
 MERCURIC AMIDO-ACETATE (Mercury Glycocoll).— Mercury Glycocol 
 is prepared by the interaction of Mercuric Oxide and Amido-Acetic Acid. It 
 is used subcutaneously in the form of an injection. 
 
 Dose. — O'Ol gramme (^ grain) subcutaneously. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETYLSALICYLICUM. 
 
 ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID. 
 
 C9H3O4, eq. ISO -064. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Fe., Acide Acktylsalicylique ; Ger., Acetylsalicylsattre ; 
 Ital., Acido Acetilsalicilico. 
 
 Minute, white, odourless crystalline needles, or in scales possessing 
 a slightly acidulous taste. It may be obtained by the interaction 
 of Acetic Anhydride, and Salicylic Acid, or of Acetyl Chloride and 
 Salicylic Acid. B.P. 1914 describes it as a crystaUine powder. 
 
 Acetj^salicvlic Acid was described in Squire's Pocket Companion (1904), 
 and is now Official in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Pure Acetylsalicylic Acid is odourless. 
 
 It should not contain either free Acetic Acid or free Salicylic Acid. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 400 Water, 1 in 5 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; soluble 
 in Ether. 
 
 This product was introduced into medicine under the Trade name Aspirin, 
 by which it has been usually prescribed. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antipyretic and anti-rheumatic; relieves 
 the pain of fibrositis. In some patients dyspeptic symptoms follow 
 its use, in addition to profuse perspiration. 
 
20 ACl [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Extremely satisfactory results in diabetes mellitus.-^F.T'. '11, 7. 
 
 Usually successful in erythema nodosum. — Pr. '12, i. 75. 
 
 A very good diaphoretic and antipyretic in enteric, 3 to 5 grains every 
 4 hours.— 2J.M.J. '12, i. 122. 
 
 With marked benefit in pruritus vulvae. — B.M.J. '12, i. 473 ; M.P. '12, 
 i. 480. 
 
 In some people very alarming symptoms follow even small doses. — B.M.J . 
 '11, i. 307. 
 
 The symptoms of poisoning are practically the same as those of urticaria 
 major or angioneurotic oedema. — L. '11, ii. 917. 
 
 Successful in pneumonia, hastening the crisis. — L. '13, i. 786. 
 
 Of undoubted value in iritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, cyclitis, and other 
 eye affections. — M.P. '14, i. 172. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme, tliree times a day. 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 1 gramme ; daily, 6 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Can be prescribed in tlte form of powders, cachets, 
 or tablets, but as it slowly breaks up in the presence of Water it is prejerably 
 not given iii mixture Jorni, but when so prescribed it is best suspended with 
 Compound Powder of Trayacanth, 60 grains in an 8 oz. mixture, except when 
 ordered with Potassium Iodide, when Mucilage of Acacia is better, because it 
 is less likely to change colour. It is sometimes prescribed with Sodium Bromide. 
 It should not be given with excess of alkalis or Sodium Bicarbonate. Tablets 
 should be crushed before being swallowed. 
 
 Not OflQ-Cial. — Novasperin, Calcii Acetylsalieylas, Lithii Acetjdsalicylas, 
 Sodii Acetylsalieylas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., 
 Swed., and Swiss, Acidum Acetyl-Salicylicum. Fr., Acide Acetylsahcylique ; 
 Ital., Acido Acitilsalicilico. 
 
 Tests.— Acetylsalicylic Acid melts at 135° C. (275° R). B.P. gives 
 133° to 135° C. (271-4:° to 275° F.). A white crystalline precipitate, 
 melting about 157° C. (314*6° F.), is produced when the cooled solution 
 obtained by boiling 0*5 gramme of Acetylsalicylic Acid for 2 or 3 
 minutes with 10 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, is acidified with 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid; the alcoholic solution of the precipitate is 
 coloured violet by Ferric Chloride Test-Solution ; this precipitate also 
 answers the tests characteristic of Salicylic Acid. The fluid separated 
 from the precipitate possesses an odour of Acetic Acid, and evolves a 
 characteristic odour of Ethyl Acetate when warmed with Concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid and a little Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The more generally occurring impm'ities are free Salicylic Acid, 
 Arsenic, Lead, and Copper, Chlorides and Sulphates. The presence 
 of free Salicyhc Acid may be detected by shaking a weighed quantity 
 of 0*5 gramme with 20 c.c. of Water, filtering, and addmg 1 drop of 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to the filtrate, when no violet coloration 
 should be produced. The P.G. performs this test by dissolving 
 0*1 gramme of the acid in 5 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and adds 20 c.c. 
 of Water to this cold solution, which should not be coloured violet 
 by the addition of 1 drop of Diluted Ferric Chloride Solution (1 -f 24). 
 The ZJ.P.fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of the residue obtained by first drying and then gently 
 igniting a paste consisting of 5 grammes of Acetylsalicylic Acid, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ACl 21 
 
 2 grammes of Calcium Hydroxide Ai-senic-Test reagent and 5 ml. 
 of Distilled Water, using 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent and 45 ml. of liot Distilled Water to effect 
 solution, and eliminating tlie excess of Bromine by tlie addition of a 
 sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit 
 of 10 parts of Lead per million is also officially fixed, as determined 
 by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a primary solution containing 7 grammes of Acetylsalicylic Acid, 
 obtained by the aid of Ammonia Solution, and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes, obtained in a similar manner ; using 5 ml. 
 of dilute Lead-Test Solution. The aqueous liquid obtained by 
 shaking a weighed quantity of 1 gramme of Acetylsahcylic Acid for 
 5 minutes with 20 c.c. of Water and filtering, should not yield any 
 coloration with Hydrogen Sulpliide Water, indicating the absence 
 of heavy metallic salts ; nor on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Chlorides ; nor on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. A weighed 
 quantity of 0*5 gramme should leave no weighable residue when 
 ignited with free access of air, indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 The B.P. states that it should leave no aj)preciable ash. The P.G. 
 that it should leave at the highest O'l p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 NOVASPIRIN. Disalicylic Acid Ester Anhydromethylene Citrate. — A 
 white, odourless powder, possessing a faintly acid taste. Almost insoluble in 
 Water, but readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Acetone, only slightly 
 soluble in Ether, Chloroform, and Benzol. It contains 62" p.c. of Salicylic 
 Acid. Antipyretic, analgesic, and anti -rheumatic. It is administered in 
 similar conditions to Salicylic Acid and its salts. In stomachic and 
 intestinal troubles. It is also useful in influenza and in neuralgia. It is 
 a milder preparation, and better tolerated than Aspirin, by weakly patients. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0"32 to 1-0 gramme. 
 
 It is also supplied in the form of tablets containing 7 J grains (0 • 5 gramme), 
 which should be crushed before being taken. 
 
 CALCII ACETYLSALICYLAS. Calcinm Acetylsalicylate. — A white, 
 almost odourless, non -hygroscopic amorphous powder possessing a slightly 
 bitter taste 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 6 of Water; about 1 in 50 of Alcohol '90 p c) ; 
 insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-i*heumatic. Introduced specially on 
 account of its soluble nature. It is useful in feverish conditions, e.fj., 
 influenza, eoryza, and bronchitis. It is given in lumbago, arthritis, 
 rheumatism, and neuralgia. It is stated not to produce the gastric disturbance 
 so characteristic of the Salicylates in general, and to have no injurious effects 
 upon tlie heart, even when given in comparatively large doses. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = '32 to 1*0 gramme. 
 
 In cachets, or as tablets, containing 1\ grains = 0*5 gramme. 
 
 Kalinopyrin and Tylcalsin are commercial varieties of Calcium Acetyl- 
 salicylate. 
 
 LITHIi ACETYLSALICYLAS. Lithiujn AeetylsaUcylate.— A white, 
 almost odourless dry granular powder, possessing a somewhat bitter saline 
 taste. 
 
22 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — Nearly 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.C.) ; insoluble 
 in Ether. 
 
 Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-rheumatic, and diaphoretic. On account of 
 the Lithium ion which it contains it is useful in the Uric Acid diathesis, 
 rheumatism, lumbago, and sciatica. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to I'O gramme. 
 
 In cachets, or in the form of a granular effervescing preparation 
 
 5 grains to the drachm. ^ 
 
 Hydropyrin and Tyllithin are commercial varieties of Litluum Acetyl- 
 salicylate. 
 
 SODII ACETYLSALICYLAS. Sodium AcetylsaJicylate. — A white, 
 crystalline powder prepared by tlie interaction of Sodium Carbonate with 
 AcetyJsalicylic Acid. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in IJ of Water; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble 
 in Ether. 
 
 Antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-rlieumatic. Of the soluble Acetyl- 
 salicylates, it is more usual to prescribe the Calcium or Lithium Acetyl- 
 salicylate. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1-0 gramme. 
 
 ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM. 
 
 ARSENIOUS ANHYDRIDE. 
 
 As^Og, eq. 395-84. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Aeseistic ; Arsenious Acid. 
 
 Fr., Anhydride Arsenieux ; Ger., Arsenigesatjre ; Ital., Anidride 
 Arseniosa ; Span., Anhidrido Arsenioso. 
 
 A heavy white odourless and tasteless powder, or white opaque and 
 crystalline or glassy and amorphous masses, obtained from arsenical 
 ores. 
 
 It should contain not less than 99*8 p.c. of Arsenious Oxide. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 100 of cold Water ; 1 in 20 of boiling Water ; 1 in 
 500 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 6 of Hydrochloric Acid ; 1 in 8 of Glycerin ; 
 1 in 11 of Solution of Potash ; 1 in 40 of saturated solution of Sodium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 These figures are approximate. The published solubilities of Arsenious 
 Acid are very contradictory, owing, no doubt, to the specimens examined 
 being either vitreous, opaque, or a mixture of the two, and therefore of 
 different solubilities. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A general tonic and alterative. Valuable 
 in clu-onic (not acute) eczema, lichen, acne and psoriasis, in gout and 
 chronic rheumatism, in painful dyspepsia, in neuralgia and spasmodic 
 asthma, especially if anaemic or malarial in origin ; in the intervals 
 between the attacks of angina pectoris ; recommended in hay fever. 
 Given in pernicious ansemia and allied blood diseases with good result ; 
 most useful in pellagra. Indispensable in all forms of weak heart 
 accompanied by pain. Antiperiodic in malaria ; in small doses it is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 23 
 
 stimulant to nervous system ; large doses in chorea. In the form of 
 paste it is used to destroy the pulp before stopping carious teeth. 
 
 The most reliable internal remedy for lymphadenoma. — B.M.J. '09, i. 1302. 
 
 It is our sheet-anchor in pernicious an?emia, but it must be started at 
 4 or 5 minims of Liquor thrice daily and rapidly run up by 1 minim per 
 dose every day or every other day to 12 or, if possible, 15 minims. If the 
 Ijlood examination now reveals improvement, the dose should be dropped, 
 and then again increased. — B.M.J. '09, i. 1349. 
 
 The use of Arsenic may create a procHvity towards malignant forms of 
 growth.— L. '11, i. 977. 
 
 Applied to lupus carcinoma. — F.M.J. '11, i. 301. 
 
 The drug of greatest value in anaemic vomiting, Min. 2 Liq. Ai'senicalis, 
 tlu-ice daily, with Ferri Am. Cit. gr. 10. — Pr. '12, i. 359. 
 
 Dose. — ^}ff to vV o^ ^ grain = 0" 001 to 0"004 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-005 gramme ; daily, 0-015 gramme.- 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-005 gramme ; daily, 0-015 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — In solution, tablet or pill. A good ■pill is made 
 bif -well trituratinrj ivith Milk Sugar and massing ivith ' Diluted Glucose.' 
 Solution of Arsenic is frequently prescribed with Solution of Strychnine ; in 
 such cases the [Acid) Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus should be ordered, and 
 not the (alkaline) Liquor Arsenicalis. Arsenic is usually given immediately 
 after a meal. 
 
 For the various preparations of Arsenic see paragraphs below, ' Official 
 Prefarations ' and ' Not Official.' 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Salts of Iron, Magnesia, Lim.e Water, and vegetable 
 evstringents. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Liquor Arsenicalis, Liqvior Arsenici Hydro- 
 chloricus. Other preparations containing Ar.senium : Arsenii lodidum, Sodii 
 Arsenas, Liquor Sodii Arsenatis and Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Ammonii Arsenitis. Pilula Asiatica, Pilula Ferri 
 et Arsenici, Pilula Ferri et Arsenici cum Strychnina, Pilula Arsenii et Nucis 
 Vomica?, C4ranula Dioscoridis, Arsenical Paste, Arsenical Fibre, Gossypium 
 Arseniosura, Arsenical Caustic Powders, Levico Water and La Bourboule 
 Water, Copper Arsenite. >S'ee also Ferri Arsenio-Citras Ammoniata, Injectio 
 Ferri Arsenatis, Mercury Salicjdarsenate, Quinine Arsenate, Sodium Caco- 
 dylate, Injectio Sodii Cacodylatis, EHxir Sodii Cacodylatis, Globules Sodii 
 Cacodylatis, Ferri Cacodylas, Injectio Ferri Cacodylatis, Magnesii Cacodylas, 
 Di-Sodii Methyl arsenas, Arrhenal, Arsinyl, Injectio Arsinyl, Elixir Arsinyl, 
 Atoxyl, Globules, Elixir, Injection, Soamin, Salvarsan, Neo-Salvarsan, Liq. 
 Auri et Arsenii Bromidi, Arsenii Bromidi Liquor. 
 
 Antidotes.- — The freshly-prepared moist Ferric Hydroxide, or large 
 quantities of Calcined Magnesia ; Dialj'sed Iron, followed by some Comipon 
 Salt (to ensure precipitation of Ferric Hydroxide) ; Stomach-tube, Emetics ; 
 Mucilaginous drinks, OUve Oil, or Carron Oil; stimulants freely, if much 
 prostration ; vrarmth (hot blankets and bottles). 
 
 A.ntidotum Arsenici (Belg., Dan., Dutch, Hung., Jtal., Jap., Norw., Port., 
 Russ., Swiss and U.S.). 
 
 They vary considerably in the quantities of Iron, Magnesia, and Water. 
 Jap., Russ., Swiss and U.S. employ Ferric Sulphate ; Belg., Dan., Dutch, 
 Hung., Norw., and Port, use Ferric Chloride. 
 
 U.S. formula (Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii Oxido). — Mix 40 c.c. of 
 Solution of Ferric Sulphate (sp. gr. 1-450) wth 125 c.c. of Water, and keep 
 the liquid in a large, well -stoppered bottle. Rub 10 grammes of Magnesium 
 Oxide with cold Water to a smooth and thin mixture, transfer tliis to a 
 bottle capable of holding about 1000 c.c. and fill it with Water to about 
 three-fourths of its capacity. When the preparation is wanted for use, shake 
 the Magnesium Oxide mixture to a homogeneous, thin magma, gradually 
 
24 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 add to it the diluted solution of Ferric Sulphate, and shake them together 
 until a uniform smooth mixture results. 
 
 Note. — ^The diluted Solution of Ferric Sulphate, and the mixture of 
 Magnesium Oxide with Water, should always be kept on hand, ready for 
 immediate use. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., A. Arseniosum ; Austr., 
 Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., and Swiss, A. Arseni- 
 cosum ; Fr., Ital. ; Mex. and Port., Acido Arsenioso ; Span. ; U.S., Arseni 
 Trioxidum. 
 
 Tests. — Arsenious Acid is distinguislied by tlie following charac- 
 teristic tests : (1) the microscopical appearance of the sublimate pro- 
 duced on heating a small quantity in a test-tube, minute brilliant 
 transparent octahedral crystals being formed ; (2) the pale yellow- 
 coloured precipitate, soluble in Ammonia Solution and in Nitric Acid, 
 which is thrown down when Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution is added 
 to its aqueous solution ; (3) when dropped upon red-hot charcoal it 
 produces the characteristic alliaceous and poisonous odour of Cacodyl, 
 and when gently heated with Charcoal in a tube it is reduced, yielding 
 a sublimate of Arsenic. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 99* 45 p.c. of Arsenious 
 Oxide as volumetrically determined by the titration of a solution 
 obtained by dissolving 0*1 gramme of the Oxide in boiling Distilled 
 Water, using a small quantity of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, sub- 
 sequently acidifying with Hydrochloric Acid, and then making alkaline 
 with excess of Sodium Bicarbonate, employing for the titration Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, of which not less than 20*1 ml. 
 should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution 
 = 0* 004948 gramme of pure Arsenious Oxide. 
 
 The U.S. P. dissolves the 0*1 gramme of Arsenic Trioxide together 
 with 1 gramme of Sodium Bicarbonate in 20 c.c. of Water, by the aid 
 bf a gentle heat; the P.G. dissolves 0*5 gramme of Arsenious Acid 
 and 3 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate in 20 c.c. of boiling Water, 
 diluting the solution when cooled to 100 c.c. and employing an aUquot 
 portion of 10 c.c. of this solution for the titration, using Starch Solution 
 as an indicator. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 99*8 p.c. of pure 
 Arsenic Trioxide ; the P.G. at least 99 p.c. of pure Arsenious Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are mineral residue. 
 Antimony, Cadmium, Lead, Tin and Arsenious Sulphide. The 
 specimen should be entirely volatilised on heating, indicating fi'eedom 
 from mineral residue. The aqueous solution acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid yields with Hydrogen Sulphide Solution a lemon-yellow 
 precipitate, which should be completely soluble in Ammonium Car- 
 bonate Solution, indicating the absence of Antimony, Cadmium, 
 Lead and Tin. It should dissolve entirely in about ten times its 
 weight of Ammonia Solution, forming a colourless solution, which, 
 when diluted with Distilled Water, should not assume a yellow colour 
 nor yield a yellow precipitate when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid. 
 The B.P. gives no quantities ; the U.S. P. employs 1 gramme of the 
 substance and 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution ; the P.G. 1 part of 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ACI 2.") 
 
 Arsenious Acid in 10 parts by weight of Ammonia Solution ; the test 
 indicates the absence of Arsenious Sulphide. The U.S. P. has an 
 additional test for the absence of tliis latter impurity, and requires 
 that the sublimate obtained on carefully heating the substance in a 
 dry test-tube of hard glass should not at first show a yellow colour. 
 The U.S. P. states that it may be distinguished from Arsenic Acid by 
 the lemon-yellow precipitate produced on the addition of Silver 
 Ammonio-Nitrate Test-Solution to its aqueous solution, this precipitate 
 dissolving on the addition of Ammonia Solution and depositing metallic 
 Silver when heated. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — • 1 gramme of Arsenic Trioxide mixed 
 with 1 gramme of Sodium Bicarbonate dissolved by the aid of a gentle 
 heat in 20 c.c. of Water should decolorise not less than 20 "Sec. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, U.S. P. ; 0*5 gramme of the acid 
 dissolved in 3 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate and 20 c.c. of boiling Water 
 is cooled and made up to 100 c.c. 10 c.c. of this solution should decolorise 
 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, indicating a minimum 
 content of 99 p.c. Arseniovis Acid. Starch Solution is used as an indicator, P.O. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LIQUOR ARSENICALIS. Arsenical Solution. B.P.Syn.— 
 Fowler's Solution. 
 
 Arsenious Anhydride, in powder, 1 ; Potassium Carbonate, 1 ; 
 Compound Tincture of Lavender, 3 ; Water, q.s. to vield 100. 
 
 (1 in 100.) 
 
 11 minims contain -^-^ grain ; 1 ml. = 0*01 gramme. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 minims = 0-12 to 0*5 ml. 
 
 Larger doses are given in chorea. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0*5 gramme ; daily, 1*5 grammes. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum single dose, ■ 5 gramme ; maximum daily dose, 1 • 5 
 grammes. 
 
 A clear, reddish liquid, possessing a Lavender odour and an alkaline 
 reaction towards red Litmus paper. It is officially required to contain 
 1 p.c. w/v of Arsenious Anhydride. The Liquor Potassii Arsenitis of 
 the U.S. P. contains 1 p.c. w/w of Arsenic Trioxide ; the Liquor Kalii 
 Arsenicosi of the P.G. is required to contain 1 p.c. w/w of Arsenious 
 Acid. The Brussels Conference recommends a standard of 1 p.c. w/w. 
 
 It is officially directed to be prepared by dissolving 10 grammes each 
 of Arsenious Anhydride and Potassium Carbonate in 500 ml. of Dis- 
 tilled Water by the aid of heat, but it is preferably prepared by dis- 
 solving these quantities of the solid ingredients in 25 ml. of Distilled 
 Water in a flask, by the aid of heat, and diluting the solution to 500 ml. 
 with more of the Distilled Water ; when cooled the Compound 
 Tincture of Lavender is added and the product diluted with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. The U.S. P. dissolves the Arsenic 
 Trioxid,e and Potassium Bicarbonate in 100 grammes of the Distilled 
 Water, diluting with Distilled Water to make the solution weigh 
 970 grammes, and adds the Compound Tinctiu'e of Lavender to produce 
 1000 grammes. The P.G. also uses a minimum amount of Distilled 
 Water to first eflfect solution of the Arsenious Anhvdride and Potassium 
 
26 ACI [Solids by Weight; liquids by MeaSUl'e.] 
 
 Carbonate, subsequently diluting with Distilled Water to the required 
 volume. The P.G. uses simple Spirit of Lavender and the preparation 
 is colourless. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung, Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swcd., Swiss and 
 U.S., 1 Arsenious Acid in 100. All by weight. 
 
 Tests. — Liquor Arsenicalis has a specific gravity of I'OIO to 1"015. 
 The B.P. gives no figure for the specific gravity. It is officially required 
 to contain I'O p.c. w/v of Arsenious Anhydride, as determined by the 
 titration of 25 ml. with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, first 
 neutralising the solution with Hydrochloric Acid and then maintaining 
 a faintly alkaline reaction tluroughout the titration by a slight excess 
 of Sodium Bicarbonate ; 50 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution is equivalent to 0' 004948 
 gramme of pure Arsenious Oxide. The U.S. P. dilutes 24" 6 grammes 
 of solution with Water to 100 c.c, acidifies the mixture very slightly 
 with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, adds 2 grammes of Sodium 
 Bicarbonate and titrates with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine 
 Solution, of which not less than 50 c.c. should be necessary, corre- 
 sponding to 1 gramme of Arsenic Trioxide in 100 grammes of the 
 solution. The P.G. mixes 5 grammes of solution with 1 gramme of 
 Sodium Bicarbonate and 20 grammes of Water, and after the addition 
 of a few drops of Starch Solution adds Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution ; requiring that the mixture should decolorise 10 c.c. 
 and that on the further addition of at most 0*1 c.c. a permanent blue 
 colour shall be produced, indicating a content of not less than 0'99 
 and not more than 1 p.c. w/w of Arsenious Acid. 
 
 LIQUOR ARSENIC! HYDROCHLORICUS. Hydrochloric 
 Solution of Arsenic. 
 
 Arsenious Anhydride, 1 ; Hydrochloric Acid, 1*2; Water, q.s. to 
 yield 100. (1 in 100.) 
 
 11 minims contain -^^ grain; 1 ml. =0*01 gramme, Arsenious 
 Anhydride. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 minims = 0-12 to 0*5 ml. 
 
 De Valangin's Solution was J of this strength. 
 
 A clear colom-less liquid possessing a strongly acid reaction towards 
 blue Litmus paper. It is required to contain 1 p.c. w/v of Arsenious 
 Anhydride, and is thus of the same strength as Liquor Arsenicalis. 
 The U.S. P. Liquor Acidi Arsenosi which corresponds to this prepara- 
 tion contains 1 p.c. w/w of Ai'senic Trioxide. The P.G. does not 
 include a similar preparation. 
 
 The Official directions for its preparation are to dissolve 10 grammes 
 of Arsenious Anhydride, in powder, and 12 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 in 500 ml. of Distilled Water by the aid of heat ; subsequently diluting 
 the solution to the required volume, but solution is more readily 
 effected by dissolving the Arsenious Anhydride and Hydrochloric Acid 
 in 250 ml. of Distilled Water by the aid of heat, and diluting the cooled 
 solution with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids ty Measure.] AC I 27 
 
 Tests. — Hydrochloric Solution of Arsenic lias a specific gravity of 
 1*010 to 1*014 ; no figure for the specific gravity is given in the B.P. 
 It is ofiicially required to indicate 1*0 p.c. w/v of Arsenious Anhydride 
 as determined by the titration of 25 ml. of the liquor with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, sufficient Sodium Bicarbonate 
 being added to ensure an alkaline reaction during titration ; 50*4 ml. 
 should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution 
 = 0-00494:8 gramme of pure Arsenious Oxide. The U.S. P. employs 
 24" 6 grammes of the solution, about 2 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 and 100 c.c. of Water ; not less than 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution should be required, corresponding to 1 p.c. w/w of 
 Arsenic Trioxide. It is not Official in P.G. 
 
 LIQUOR ARSENII ET HYDRARGYRI lODIDI. See Arsenii 
 
 lODIDUM. 
 
 ARSENAS FERRI. See Ferri Arsenas. 
 
 ARSENAS SODII. See SoDii Arsenas Anhydrosus. 
 
 ARSENATIS SODII LIQUOR. Sec Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. 
 
 XsTot Official. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONII ARSENITIS is made of the same strength as Liquor 
 Arsenicalis ; Animonium Carbonate being substituted for Potassium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 PILULA ASiATICA. — Arsenious Acid, -/^ grain ; Black Pepper, J grain; 
 for one pill. 
 
 The quantities vary in different books. Gray's Supp. gives Arsenious 
 Acid, yij grain ; Black Pepper, 1 grain. Swed. Pil. Acidi Arseniosi containing 
 gij grain in each. 
 
 Used in various chronic skin diseases. 
 
 PILULA FERRI ET ARSENICI (LojwZon).— Arsenious Anhydiide, ^^r of 
 a grain ; Iron pill to 5 grains. 
 
 PILULA FERRI ARSENICALIS (Gujfs). — Arsenious Acid, ^i^ of a grain ; 
 Reduced Iron, 3 grains. 
 
 PILULA FERRI ET ARSENIC! CUM STRYCHNINA (London).— 
 Arsenious Anhydride, -yi^ of a grain ; Strychnine, gL of a grain ; Iron jiill to 
 5 grains. 
 
 PILULA ARSENII ET NUCIS VOMIC/E (Westminster Ophthalmic).— 
 Arsenious Acid, ^^^^ of a grain ; Exsiccated Sulphate of Iron, 3 grains ; Extract 
 Nux Vomica, J of a grain. 
 
 GRANULA DIOSCORIDIS (Fr., Dan., Ital., Norw., and Swed.).— Each 
 granule contains 1 milligramme of Arsenious Acid. 
 
 ARSENICAL PASTE for Dentists. — Arsenious Acid, 2; Morphine 
 Sulphate, 1 ; Creosote, to make a stiff paste. A quantity of the size of a 
 pin's hea.d is ample for one application. It should be spread on Cotton- 
 Wool and placed in the tooth, it will thus destroy the sensibility of a carious 
 tooth, and in a few hours the tooth will be ready for stopping. Cocaine 
 has been used in place of Morphine, but it is not so good. 
 
 ARSENICAL FIBRE for Dentists. — Arsenious Acid, 5; Tannin, 2; 
 Morphine Sulphate, 5 ; make into a paste with Creosote, mix with Cotton- 
 Wool, and dry. Tliis preparation is an improvement on the paste, for the 
 latter is apt to be squeezed out o\-er the gum edge of the cavity and caAis© 
 inflammation of the sixrrovuiding tissue, 
 
28 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 GOSSYPIUM ARSENIOSUM (i^.Z3.H.).— Arseiiious Acid. 5; Tanuin, 2 ; 
 Morphine Acetate, 10 ; Carbolic Acid liquid to make a thin paste ; incorporate 
 sufficient finely-cut absorbent cotton for the purpose. 
 
 ARSENICAL PASTE (Frere Gome's). — For cancer, applied after the surface 
 has been laid bare by the application of Caustic Potash. Arsenic, 1 ; Charcoal, 
 1 ; Red Mercury Sulphide, 4 ; Water, q.s. 
 
 ARSENICAL CAUSTIC POWDERS.— Each contains from ^x, grain to 
 ■J- grain of Arsenious Acid to 1 grain of Calomel, Vermilion or Antimony 
 Sulpliide, or of any combination of them. 
 
 La Bourboule Water contains about -^.^ grain of Arsenious Anhydride 
 in 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Levieo Water (strong) contains the equivalent of about J^ grain of 
 Arsenious Anhydride in 20 fi. oz. 
 
 ARSENICAL FLY-PAPERS. — The sale of Arsenical fly-papers does not 
 necessarily reqmro to be recorded in the Poisons book. According to the 
 Chemist and Druggist (1912, i. 442), Arsenical fly-papers were expressly 
 excluded from Part I. of the Poisons schedule by the entry in the 1908 Act. 
 which is ' Arsenic and its medicinal preparations.' Fly-papers not being 
 medicinal preparations are excluded from Part I. of the schedule, and are 
 in Part II. As to the Arsenic Act, it is difiicult to conceive that fly-papers 
 are covered by its provisions, which apply solely to Arsenic, including Arsenious 
 Acid and the Arsenites, Arsenic Acid and the Arseniates, and all other colour- 
 less, poisonous preparations of Arsenic. As Mather's fly-papers are not 
 colourless, they do not come within the purview of the Act ; besides, the 
 terms of Section (3. which require the Arsenic salt to be coloured with soot 
 or indigo, are obviously inapplicable. 
 
 COPPER ARSENITE (Scheele's Green). — A bright green powdei', insoluble 
 in Water, but soluble in Ammonia Solution. It has been employed in 
 doses of 2TjVo *o xrrVff grain (0-00003 to 0-00006 gramme) in the treatment 
 of diarrhoea, colitis, cholera infantum, and dysentery. Also in^V grain doses 
 in anaemia. 
 
 ACIDUM BENZOICUM. 
 
 BE.^ZOIG ACID. 
 HC7H5O,, eq. 122-048. 
 
 Fr., Acide Benzoique ; Ger., Benzoesaitiie ; Ital. and 
 Span., Acido Benzoico. 
 
 Liglit coloiu'less, or almost colourless, feathery crystals, wliicli are 
 odoui'less or have a faint odour of Benzoin. 
 
 It should be preserved from the air and light in well-stoppered 
 amber-tinted bottles, and should be kept in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 The B.P. states that it may be obtained from Benzoin, or it may be 
 prepared synthetically, from which it would appear that the authorities 
 give a preference to the acid prepared from Benzoin. 
 
 The commercial varieties of this Acid are : — 1. Resin Sublimed 
 Acid. 2. Resin Precipitated Acid. 3. Hippuric Benzoic Acid. 
 4. Toluene Benzoic Acid. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 390 of Water ; 1 in 12 of boiUng Water ; 1 in 2| 
 01 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 4 of Ether ; nearly 1 in 6 of Chloroform ; 
 1 ill X2 of Benzol ; about 1 in 30 of Glycerin ;, 1 in 30 of Castoj.- Oil ; 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 29 
 
 1 in 36 of either Olive Oil or Almond Oil ; 1 in 16 of Lard ; 1 in 20 
 Anhydrous Lanolin. Borax increases its solubility in Water ; 1 of 
 Borax and 1 of Acid are soluble in 100 of Water ; Sodium Phosphate 
 also aids its solution. Soluble in aqueous solutions of the Caustic 
 Alkalis and in hot Milk of Lime, forming Benzoates, from which it is 
 precipitated on the addition of Hydi'ochloric Acid unless the solutions 
 are very dilute. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Useful in acidifying an alkaline urine ; 
 a stimulating and disinfecting expectorant in chronic bronchitis and 
 phthisis ; an antipyretic in acute rheumatism. 
 
 The Sodium and Ammonium salts are preferable, as they are less 
 irritating to the alimentary canal. 
 
 It is also useful in preventing fats from becoming rancid, and it has 
 been used as a food preservative ; it is a very useful ingredient of a 
 mouth wash. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*3 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in cachets, or in pills made up with 
 * Diluted Olucose.'' In mixtures preferably as Ammonium Benzoate or 
 Sodium Benzoate. For inhalation, see Vapor Acidi Benzoicl or Compound 
 Tincture of Benzoin. Benzoic Gauze contains 4 p.c. of Benzoic Acid. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Trochiscus Acidi Benzoici. 
 
 JPfot Official. — Collutorium Acidi Benzoici, Vapor Acidi Benzoici, 
 Anaestliesin, Subcutin, Acidum Hippuricum, Ammonii Hippuras. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Ferric salts. Sodiuin Benzoate is incompatible with 
 Solutions of Copper, Lead, and Silver salts. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss, 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Pure Benzoic Acid melts at 121 • 4° C. (250-5° F.), the 
 acid obtained from Benzoin at 120° C. (248° F.). The B.P. gives the 
 melting point 121-5° C. (250-7° F.) for the pure acid, and about 120° C. 
 (248° F.), for the acid sublimed from Benzoin ; the U.S. P. states from 
 120° to 122° C. (248° to 251-6° F.) ; and mentions that the acid 
 sublimed from Benzoin has a lower melting point. Fr. Codex gives 
 121° C. (249-8° F.) ; the P.G. does not include a melting point. It 
 volatilises to an appreciable extent with the vapour of water. The 
 carefully neutralised aqueous solution yields on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution a buff-coloured precipitate. The U.S. P. and 
 the P.G. adopt the following method of applying this test. The U.S. P. 
 adds Ferric Chloride Test-Solution diluted with 2 volumes of Water to 
 the carefully neutralised solution of Benzoic Acid in an alkali Hydroxide 
 Solution ; the P.G. mixes 0*2 gramme of the acid with 20c.c. of Water 
 and 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and 
 after shaking vigorously filters after 15 minutes and adds 1 drop of 
 Ferric Chloride Solution to the filtrate. The B.P. adopts the P.G. test, 
 working in ml. instead of c.c. The U.S. P. states that when heated in 
 a dry test-tube with 3 parts of slaked Lime, Benzene is evolved. The 
 acid may be readily determined by titration with Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an in- 
 
30 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 dicator of neutrality, 1 gramme requiring 8 • 2 c.c. ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponding to 0' 12205 gramme of 
 Benzoic Acid, The method for its determination in Compound 
 Tincture of Camphor will be found under the heading of Tinctura 
 Camphorse Composita. 
 
 The more generally occm'ring impurities are Arsenic, mineral 
 matter, Chlorobenzoic Acid, Cinnamic and Hippuric Acids, and 
 Oxalates. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of the residue obtained by first drying and then gently 
 igniting a paste consisting of 5 grammes of Benzoic Acid, 2 grammes 
 of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, using 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 reagent and 45 ml. of hot Distilled Water to efiect solution, and 
 eliminating the excess of Bromine by the addition of a sufiiciency of 
 Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 
 The U.S. P. includes a test for readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities. Mineral matter, if present, is at once detected by 
 a residue remaining after ignition. Chlorobenzoic Acid and 
 Chlorine compounds (indicating when present the synthetic origin 
 of the acid) are readily detected by the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution to the solution in Nitric Acid of the residue remaining 
 after igniting the acid with tv/ice its weight of Calcium Carbonate. 
 The tests adopted by the B.P., U.S. P. and P.O. are compared 
 lielow in the small type paragraph headed Silver Nitrate. Potassium 
 Permanganate and Diluted Sulphuric Acid and Potassium Per- 
 manganate Solution serve to detect Cinnamic and Hippuric Acids, 
 and organic substances capable of reducing Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution. The tests adopted by the P.P., U.S. P. and P.O. for the 
 detection of these substances are described in the small type paragraph 
 under the heading of Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 The addition of Calcium Chloride Solution to a solution of the acid 
 rendered faintly alkaline Avitli Ammonia Solution should produce no 
 turbidity or precipitate, indicating the absence of Oxalic Acid. The 
 U.S. P. employs Sulpluu'ic Acid to detect readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. — The solution obtained by dissolving in diluted Nitric 
 Acid the residue left when 0-5 gramme of the Acid is heated with twice its 
 weight of Calcium Carbonate in a closed vessel, should yield not inore than 
 the slightest cloudiness with Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Chloro-Benzoic Acid, B.P. The quantities for this test given in the P.G. 
 are 0-2 gramme of Acid with 0"3 gramme of Calcium Carbonate, and in 
 U.S. P. 0-5 gramme of Acid with 0-8 gramme of Calcium Carbonate. These 
 Pharmacopoeias direct that the Acid and Carbonate be mixed with a little 
 Water and dried before ignition. The P.G. residue after ignition is dissolved 
 in Nitric Acid and diluted to 10 c.c. v^h Water, while the U.S. P. residue 
 is dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water %vith the aid of a slight excess of 
 Nitric Acid, before the addition of the test reagent. The degree of opalescence 
 permitted in the U.S. P. is defined as not much more than that produced 
 by a blank experiment with the same Calcium Carbonate as used in the 
 test ; the P.G, states that it shall at the most become faintly opalescent. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measxire.] ACl 31 
 
 Potassium Permanganate. — -1 part of the Acid and 1 part of Potassium 
 Permanganate wlieu warmed with 10 parts by weight of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, should not evolve the odour of JJenzaldehyde (Bitter Almond Oil), 
 B.P. The P.G. and U.S. P. tests are made with Water instead of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, and they direct that the mixture be gently warmed 
 [45° C. (113° F.) for about 10 minutes, U.S. P. ; for a short time 50°-60° C. 
 (122°-140° F.), P.G.] in a loosely-stoppered test glass, and then cooled. 
 
 A yellow to brownish cloudy solution should be obtained with 0" 1 gramme 
 Benzoic Acid and 1 c.c. Solution of Ammonia, from wliich Benzoic Acid is 
 again precipitated on the addition of 2 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid ; this 
 acid mixture should completely decolorise 5 c.c. of Potassimn Permanganate 
 Solution (0* 1 p.c. w/w) within 4 hours, P.G. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid. — On gently warming a solution of Benzoic Acid in 
 pure cold Sulphuric Acid the colour of the solution should not become darker 
 than light brown, and when poured into Water, Benzoic Acid should separate, 
 yielding a colourless liquid, indicating absence of readily carbonisable matter, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 TROCHISCUS ACIDI BENZOICI. Benzoic Acid Lozenge. 
 
 0'03 gramme = J grain of Benzoic Acid in each, with Fruit Basis. 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 lozenges. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 COLLUTORiUM ACIDi BENZOICI (Benzoic Acid Mouth W^ash, Miller's), 
 {R.D.H.). — Benzoic Acid. 10 grains ; Tincture of Krameria, 15 minims ; 
 Gluside, 6 grains ; Oil of Peppermint, 2 minims ; Oil of Cinnamon, 2 minims ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) to 1 oz. Use 30 drops in half a tvimbler of Water. A 
 similar formula given under Lotio Ivrameriai Composita. — Great Northern. 
 See also Lotio Kramerias Composita. 
 
 VAPOR ACIDI BENZOICI ( T/troaO.— Benzoic Acid, 3 grains ; Kaolin. 12 
 grains ; rub together and add Water, ^ oz. ; Tincture of Tolu, 18 minims. 
 Shake and make up with Water to 1 oz. 
 
 Extremely serviceable iii sub-acute affections of the air-passages. 
 
 AN/ESTHESIN (the Ethyl-ester of Para-amido-benzoic acid). — ^A white, 
 odourless powder, soluble 1 in 1200 of cold Water, soluble 1 in 6 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; and in Ether. Introduced as a local anaesthetic and as a substitute 
 for Ortlioform. Given in cases of gastric irritation. — B.M.J.E. '03, ii. 32. 
 Insufflated, dusted on or used as an ointment, is most efficient {B.M.J. '05, 
 ii. 1008) in allaying the pain of burns, ulcerative stomatitis, tuberculous and 
 malignant ulceration, whether of the larynx or other regions, or it may be 
 given internally up to 8 grains in gastric ulcer, carcinoma, or nervous dyspepsia. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. Maximum daily dose, 
 40 grains = 2- (i grammes. 
 
 Official in Ger. 
 
 Subcutin (Ancesthesin paraphenol-sulphonate) is a product of greater 
 stability. 
 
 ACIDUM HIPPURICUM. Hippuric Acid, Benzoyl-amido-acetic Acid, 
 Benzoyl-glycocine, Benzoyl-glycocoll, Benzamido-acetic Acid, C9H9NO3, oq. 
 179- 082. — -White rhombic prisms, possessing a slightly bitter taste, but free 
 from acidity. Slightly soluble in Water ( 1 in 550), but fairly readily soluble 
 in hot Water. Sohible in Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in 44. Insoluble in Cliloroform, 
 Benzene, Petrolevim Spirit, and Carbon Bi-sulphide. It is prescribed chiefly 
 in the form of its salts. 
 
 AMMONII HIPPURAS. Ammonium Hippurate. — White, prismatic 
 crystals, or as an almost white crystalline powder, very soluble in Water 
 
32 ACI [Solids by Weight; iliquids by Measure.] 
 
 and Alcohol, but slightly sokilile in Ether. Emploj^ed in the Uric Acid 
 diathesis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Sodii Hippuras and Potassii Hippviras are also given in similar doses. 
 
 ACIDUM BORICUM. 
 
 BORIC ACID. 
 
 H3BO,, eq. 62-024. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — BoRACio Acid. 
 
 Fr,, Acide Boriqite ; Ger., Borsaure ; Ital. and Span., Acido Borico. 
 
 White, odourless, pearly scales, masses of scales, or a fine white 
 odourless powder, unctuous to the touch, and possessing a slightly- 
 acidulous and faintly bitter taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by the decomposition of Borax, with a mineral 
 acid, preferably Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 It is required to contain not less than 99- 5 p.c. of Orthoboric Acid. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 25 of cold Water ; 1 in 3 of boihng Water ; 1 in 4 
 of Glycerin ; 1 in 28 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An unirritating local antiseptic and 
 desiccant ; it is used as a dressing for granulating and suppurating 
 surfaces in general. 
 
 In large doses given internally in cystitis associated with decom- 
 posing urine. 
 
 Used as a dusting powder it prevents fetid perspiration. See 
 Prescribing Notes. 
 
 As a preservative a mixture with equal parts of Borax is more con- 
 venient than Boric Acid alone. 
 
 It is far from proved that small quantities of Boric Acid, if used for a 
 long time, are poisonous to adults or children. Large doses are, however, 
 not considered so innocuous. 
 
 Report of Departmental Conimittee : — Boric Acid or mixtures of Boric 
 Acid recommended to be recognised as a legal addition to cream, in amount 
 not exceeding 0-2.5 p.c. expressed as Boric Acid ; and in butter not exceeding 
 0-5 p.c. expressed as Boric Acid.— L. '01, ii. 1683 ; J.S.C.I. '01, 1228. 
 
 Though usually considered harmless, may produce severe and even fatal 
 toxaemia. In one case death resulted from washing out the pleura with a 
 5 p.c. Solution ; in another, after removal of inguinal glands, the wound was 
 filled with powdered Boric Acid, and patient died after three days in delirimn. 
 —L. '09, i. 5r>2. 
 
 Poisoning symptoms — purpuric rash, weak pulse, delirium, following 3 
 weeks' rectal douching with 10 oz. saturated solution, twice dailv. — B.M.J. 
 '12, i. 605. 
 
 Probable that this poisoning is due to idios5Ticrasy, as one frequently 
 employs lavages over a long period without any toxaemia. — B.M.J. '1 2, i. 832. 
 
 Baths gave best results in burns of second degree. — M.P. '12, i. 114.. 
 
 By far and away the most efficient urinary antiseptic when the Urine is 
 alkaline and cannot be made Acid. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 63. 
 
 Borsal, a dusting powder consisting of eqixal parts of Salicylic and Boric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiire.] ACI 33 
 
 Acids, is used in the British Navj^ iu the emergency treatment of wounds, 
 and is reinforced by the introduction of Cresol Paste into the interior of the 
 wound in various directions. — J. R.N. M.S. '15, 141, 106. See also Cresol. 
 
 The Borsal Powder and Cresol Paste method of treating wounds has failed 
 to commend itself to those responsible for the treatment of our wounded in 
 France.— i. '15, ii. 399. 
 
 The Paste method was never intended to obviate the need for drainage, 
 which was an essential part of the method. — L. '15, ii. 23(5. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Can be given in mixture, powders, or cachets. 
 Pastilles contain 2 grains each. As a lotion, douche, or as a mouth-wasli 
 10 to 15 grains to an oz. of Mater ; as a paint for the throat, 1 in 5 of 
 Glycerin ; as a pessary, 10 or 20 grains with Gelatin Mass or Oil of Theo- 
 broma ; as a Collyrium, 5 to 10 grains of Boric Acid in 1 oz. nf Water, also 
 5 grains of Boric Acid with ^ grain of Zinc SulpJiate in 1 oz. of \Vater. Boric 
 Lint contains 50 p.c. of Boric Acid ; Boric Gauze, 20 p.c. ; Boric Wool, 25 to 
 50 p.c. As a dusting powder it may be used either alone or mixed with 
 equal parts or more of Starch or ivith powdered Talc ; to these is sometimes 
 added Zinc Oxide. It has been stated that ivhen Boric Acid and Sodium 
 Salicylate are mixed together in powdered form, the mixture becomes moist 
 and unsuitable for use as a powder. The author kept such a mi.xture containing 
 1, 2, and 3 of Sodium Salicylate with 10 of Boric Acid ivrapped in paper for 
 10 months without apparent alteration. 
 
 A mixture of equal parts of Boric Acid and Urotropin quickly undergoes 
 change. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Glj^cerinum Acidi Borici and Unguentum Acidi 
 Borici. 
 
 Not Official. — Lotio Acidi Borici, Lotio Acidi Borici et Zinci Svilphatis, 
 Mistura Acidi Borici, Boro-Glyceride, Liquor Magnesii Boratis, Magnesii 
 Borocitras, Pulvis Magnesipe Borocitratis Comp. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch., Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Boric Acid is distinguislied by its beliaviour with 
 Turmeric paper, and tlie green coloration wliicli it imparts to a non- 
 luminous flame. The Turmeric test is conveniently performed by so 
 immersing the Turmeric paper in the fluid to be tested that only 
 one half becomes moistened ; the fluid is evaporated on a water- 
 bath, and any brownish-red colour produced is instantly noted ; the 
 paper can then be moistened with Ammonia Solution, and any further 
 alteration in colour observed. In performing the ' flame ' test, the 
 B.P. uses ' Alcohol,' but it is preferable to employ purified Methylic 
 Alcohol. 
 
 When carefully heated Boric Acid fuses and swells up, and is finally 
 converted into a transparent glassy hygroscopic mass; the U.S. P. states 
 that dehydration takes place at 100° C. (212° F.) with formation of 
 Metaboric Acid, and on further heating it fuses at 160° C. (320° F.) 
 to a glassy mass of Tetraboric Acid, and at a lugher temperature loses 
 all its Water and is converted into Boron Trioxide. P.G. states that 
 on heating to about 70° C. (158° F.) Boric Acid loses a definite amount 
 of its Water with the formation of Meta-Boric Acid ; at a higher 
 temperature, 160° C. (320° F.) it sufiers a further loss of Water and 
 becomes a glassy molten mass, which on still stronger heating swells 
 
 c 
 
34 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 lip, gradually loses the whole of its Water and leaves a residue of 
 Boric Aoid Anhydride. 
 
 The behaviour of Boric Acid towards the usual indicators of 
 neutraUty does not permit of its volumetric determination under 
 ordinary circumstances, but in a solution containing not less than 
 30 p.c. of Grlycerin, the end reaction is quite definite with Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution as an indicator. One gramme of Boric Acid should 
 require for neutralisation 16 "05 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution equivalent to 99*5 p.c. of Hydrogen Borate. 
 
 The B.P. has now adopted this method of titration, requiring that 
 the solution of a weighed quantity of 1 gramme in a mixture of 25 ml. 
 of Water and 20 ml. of Glycerin shall require not less than 16*0 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponding to not 
 less than 99*24: p.c. of Hydrogen Borate (Ortho-Boric Acid), using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0' 062024 gramme 
 of Orthoboric Acid. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that the solution obtained by dissolving 1 gi-amme 
 of Boric Acid in a mixture of 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 50 c.c. 
 of Glycerin, should require not less than 16 '2 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, corresponding to at least 
 99 "8 p.c. of Boric Acid, Phenolphthalein Test-Solution being used 
 as an indicator of neutrality ; the P.G. does not include a process for 
 its determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impiu'ities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Lead, Iron and Magnesium ; also Sulphates and Chlorides. 
 Copper, Lead and Iron may be detected by the Hydrogen Sulphide 
 test given in the small type below, Calcium and Magnesium by the 
 Ammonium Oxalate and Sodium Phosphate test, Chlorides by the 
 Silver Nitrate test, and Sulphates by the Barium Chloride or Nitrate 
 test, each of which appears imder its individual heading. 
 
 A test indicating a hmit of Iron is included in the U.S. P. and P.G., 
 but not in B.P. ; it is given in the small type below under the heading 
 of Potassium Ferrocyanide. The figure of less than 10 parts per 
 million suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) as a fau- limit for Lead, has been 
 modified in view of later experience, the B.P. having now fixed a 
 limit of 25 parts per million, as determined by the Lead Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 
 7 grammes and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of tlio 
 substance, using 12*5 ml. of dilute Lead- Test Solution; but there 
 still seems no reason for adopting a higher limit than that then 
 suggested. The B.P. fixes the limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, 
 as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution obtained by dissolving 2 grammes of Boric 
 Acid and 4 grammes of Citric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent in 50 ml. of 
 hot Distilled Water, and adding 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. The U.S. P. includes the modified Gutzeit test 
 for Arsenic, which indicates a limit of about 1 per 100,000, but no 
 special test for this substance appears in P.G. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 35 
 
 Litmus and Turmeric. — The aqueoua solution reddens blue Litmus ; 
 Turmeric paper moistened with it and dried is coloured brownish-red, even 
 in presence of Hydrochloric Acid. This brownish-red colour is changed to 
 greenish-black (bluish-black, U.S. P.) by Alkah Hydroxide Solution (B.P. 
 gives Potassium Hydroxide Solution ; U.S. P. and P.O. give Ammonia 
 Solution). 
 
 Flame Test. — Wlien the alcoholic solution is ignited, a greenish tinge is 
 imparted to the flame, B.P., P.G., and U.S. P. Glycerin solutions also colour 
 the flame green, when ignited, U.S. P. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Nitrate. — An aqueous solution (1 -f 49) should 
 not be affected by Barium Nitrate Solution, P.O. ; an aqueous solution 
 of the acid (1 in 20) shovild not at once become more than slightly cloudy 
 after the addition of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, U.S. P. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. — A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should not be 
 immediately rendered more than opalescent by the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides, U.S. P. ; a 1 -f 49 aqueous solution 
 should not be altered by the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Chloride, P.O. 
 
 Ammonium Oxalate aud Sodium Phosphate. — An aqueous solution 
 {P.O. 1-f 49, U.S. P. 1 in 20) should not be affected by Annnonium Oxalate 
 Solution ; or by Sodiuin Phosphate Solution in presence of Solution of 
 Ammonia, P.O. and U.S. P. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. — An aqueous solution (1 in 25) should not 
 respond to the time-limit test for heavy metals, U.S. P. ; Hydrogen Suli»hide 
 Solution should not affect an aqueous solution (1 + 49), P.G'. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide.— • 5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide. Test- 
 Solution should not at once produce a blue colour with a solution of 
 1 gramme of Boric Acid in a mixture of 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and 
 49 c.c. of Water, indicating a limit of Iron, U.S. P. ; 0-5 c.c. of Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide Solution should not immediately render blue 50 c.c. of an 
 aqueous solution (1 + 49) of Boric Acid prepared by the addition of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, indicating a limit of Iron salts, P.G. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit Test. — 5 c.c. of an aqueous solution (1 in 25) should 
 not respond to the modified Gutzeit test for Arsenic, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 GLYCERINUM ACIDI BORICI. Glycerin of Boric Acid. 
 
 6 of Boric Acid is boiled with 9 of Glycerin (by weight) until dissolved, 
 constantly stirring, then evaporated at not more than 302° F. (150° C), 
 until the whole is reduced to 10 by weight ; it is then mixed with 10 
 of Glycerin by weight. 
 
 Boric Acid Crystals give a whiter product. 
 
 Glycerin of Boric Acid forms a clear solution with Alcohol (90 p.c.) in all 
 proportions. Glycerin of Boric Acid mixed with an equal volume of Water 
 gives a precipitate, but it forms a solution with 8 parts of Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Russ. (Acidum Boroglyce- 
 rinatum) ; U.S. (Glyceritum Boroglycerini) 31 p.c. ; Mex. (Glice- 
 rina Borica) 5 p.c. , Not in the others. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI BORICI. Boric Acid Ointment. 
 Finely powdered Boric Acid, 1 ; Paraffin Ointment, white, 9. 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 The Boric Acid is sifted into the melted Paraffin Ointment, which 
 is then stirred until cold. 
 
 See also Unguentum Paraffin!, 
 
 c 3 
 
36 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 This makes a very haid Ointment, especially in Winter. A more manage- 
 able product is obtained by preparing the Paraffin Ointment with Hard 
 Paraffin, melting point 44° in place of the Official 50° to 60°. A more uruform 
 Ointment is obtained by leaving off stirring when the mixtui-e is beginning 
 to set. 
 
 When a softer ointment than B.P. is required, Boric Vaseline (1 and 
 9) is useful. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Fr. (Pommade 
 d'Acide Borique), Mex., Norw. (Vaselinum Boricum), Span, and 
 Swiss : — Boric Acid 1, Vaseline 9 ; Belg., Boric Acid 1, Simple ointment 9 ; 
 Dan., Boric Acid 1, Washed Lard 9 ; Dan. has also Vaselinum Boricum, 
 Boric Acid 1, Vaseline 9 ; Ger., Boric Acid 1, White Vaseline 9 ; Hung., 
 Boric Acid 25, SoUd Paraffin 50, Wliite Wax 50, Oil of Sesame 300, Glycerin 
 75 ; Hung, has also Vaselinum cum Acidi Borici 1 and 9 ; Jap., Boric 
 Acid 1, Paraffin ointment 9 ; Swed., Boric Acid 1, Hydrous Wool Fat 1, 
 Vaseline 8 ; U.S., Boric Acid 1, Paraffin 1, White Petrolatum 8. Not in 
 Ital., Port, or Russ. 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 ACQUA BORICA (ItoZ.).— Boric Acid, 1 ; Water, 25. 
 
 LOTiO ACIDI BORIC!. — Boric Acid, 15 grains; Water, 1 oz.—St. 
 Thomas's. 
 
 Boric Acid, 17 grains ; Water, 1 oz. — London Ophthalmic. 
 
 LOTIO ACIDI BORICI ET ZINCI S\J\-PH/KT\S {Westminster Ophthal- 
 mic). — Boric Acid, 18 grains ; Zinc Sulphate, 2 grains : Water, 1 oz. 
 
 PvllSTURA ACID! BORICI (Loci).— Boric Acid, 10 grains ; Dilute Nitro- 
 Hydrochloric Acid, 10 minims ; Compound Tinctui-e of Gentian, 1 drm. ; 
 Water, to 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI BORICI DILUTUM (PRO OCULIS) {St. 
 Thomas's). — Boric Acid, 4 ; Yellow Soft Paraffin, 96. 
 
 BORO-GLYCERIDE. — A patented preparation for preserving different 
 kinds of food. A combination of Boric Acid and Glycerin. 
 
 A solution 1 in 20 of Water, has been used as an antiseptic in operative 
 surgery. Used as a paint in throat affections, 1 in 2 of Glycerin ; as a 
 tampon in dysmenorrhoea. 
 
 LIQUOR MAGNESII BORATIS. — LiVfi Magnesium Carbonate, 4 ; Boric 
 Acid, 27 ; Water, 128 ; boil and filter. They dissolve almost completely, 
 but crystallise out within forty-eight hours. Half the quantitj'^ of Light 
 Calcined Magnesia can be used in the place of the Carbonate. 
 
 MAGNESII BORO-CITRAS. — A white powder, or in glistening scales, 
 prepared by the interaction of Boric and Citric Acids with Magnesium Oxide. 
 Stated to be useful in the Uric Acid diathesis. 
 
 Inferior to Magnesium Lactate as a haemostatic in haemophilia. — L. '08, 
 i. 96. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes, several times daily. 
 
 Pulvis Magnesias Borocitratis Compositus. — Magnesiiun Boro- 
 citrate, 1 ; Powdered Sugar, 2. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 4 gramnaes. 
 
 Listerine and Zymoeide are liquid specialities containing Boric Acid 
 together with other antiseptics. 
 
 Antipyonine, Aseptin, Branalcane, and Glacialine are preservative 
 mixtures containing Boric Acid. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 37 
 
 ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. 
 
 PHENOL. 
 CeH.O, eq. 94-048. 
 
 Fr., Phenol Officinal; Ger., Iv^vrbolsatjre ; Ital., Fenolo Cristalizzato ; 
 Span., Acido Fenico. 
 
 Small crystals wMcli are colourless, but have a tendency to deliquesce 
 and acquire a pink colour on exposure to light and air. Phenol has a 
 characteristic odour and taste, and a strongly cauterising action upon 
 the skin. The chief commercial source is the fraction of coal-tar 
 distilling between 150° and 200° C. (302° and 392° R). It may also 
 be synthetically prepared from Benzol, and is supplied commercially 
 of very good quality. It should be kept in dark amber-coloured 
 well-stoppered bottles. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 13 (or a little less) of Water; 1 in 2 of Olive Oil ; 
 3^- in 1 of Glycerin ; 3 in 1 of Chloroform ; 4 in 1 of Ether ; 6 in 1 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 2 J in 1 of Benzol ; 2| in 1 of Carbon Bisulphide ; 
 freely in Liquor Potassse, in Liquor Sod.ie, and in Volatile Oils. 
 
 The 5.P. requires that at 60° F. (15-5°C.) 100 parts of Phenol should 
 be liquefied by the addition of 10 parts of Water, should form a clear 
 liquid with 30 to 40 of Water, and should be completely dissolved by 
 1200 of Water. 
 
 "VMien 1 or 2 parts of melted Carbolic Acid are mixed with 1 of Water, 
 the Acid separates on cooling in oil-like globules ; but when 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
 and even 9 of Acid to 1 of Water are mixed, the solution is perfect at ordinary- 
 temperatures ; when, however, the temperatvu-e sinks to 40° F. or under, the 
 8 and the 9 will crystallise out again. 
 
 Pure CarboUc Acid readily absorbs Water from the air, and combines 
 with it to form a definite crystalline Hydrate 2CgHgO.B[^0, containing 
 8-74 p.c. of Water and melting at 63° F. (17- 2° C.).— Allen. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, disinfectant, and local anaes- 
 thetic. Given as an intestinal and gastric antiseptic in flatulence ; 
 and in dilated stomach with fermentative change ; it is most efficacious 
 in typhoid in the form of li-grain pills. It relieves the itching of 
 psoriasis. It has been used with advantage internally in phthisis, 
 bronchitis, gangrene of the lung, whooping-cough, plague, and puerperal 
 fever ; as a prophylactic against scarlet fever. Placed in a carious 
 tooth, or cautiously applied to the gum, relieves toothache. Externally, 
 used alone is a powerful caustic. 
 
 Many cases of gangrene of peripheral parts, due to carbolic fomenta- 
 tions, are recorded. 
 
 In the treatment of wounds in war, the writer has not the slightest hesitation 
 in saying that the disinfection of the skin is much more thoroughly done with 
 1 la 20 Carbolic Lotion than with Iodine ; but that if the latter be used it 
 ought certainly to be much stronger than the ordinary 2 p.c. solution, which 
 is the favom-ite at present (Watson Cheyne). — B.M.J. '14, ii. 869; L. '14, 
 ii. 1185. 
 
 If dirt-soiled womids are swabbed with Liqvxid Carbdlic Acid at the earliest 
 possible moment after infliction it would save m.any lives, and probably 
 entirely prevent tetanus, and hospital gangrene. — B.M.J. '14, ii- 860, 
 
38 ACI [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 In war, where wounds are very badly soiled with earth, we should revert 
 to Lister's original plan, in so far as to paint the whole surface of the wound 
 with Liquid Carbolic Acid ; certainly this ought to be done in all cases of 
 compound fracture ; the surroiuiding skin should previously be thoroughly 
 disinfected with 1 in 20 Carbolic Lotion (Sir Watson Cheyne and others). — 
 B.M.J. '14, ii. 869, 891, 901, 938, 948 ; L. '14, ii. 1185. 
 
 Sir Victor Horsley is opposed to this use of undiluted Carbolic Acid on the 
 ground that it produces sloughing and more nidus for the anserobes. — B.M.J. 
 '14. ii. 813, 861, 901. 
 
 The French Military Authorities tested it thoroughly and the results were 
 not favourable to the views of those that maintain that sepsis in general and 
 gas gangrene in particular can be prevented by the use of pure CarboUc Acid. 
 —B.M.J. '1-5, i. 310. 
 
 Surgeons dealing at the base hospitals with eases treated at the front by 
 antiseptic paste consider them dangerous owing to their tendency to block 
 the di-ainage. — B.M.J. '15, i. 863. 
 
 Deep hypodermic injections (J grain to 20 minims Water) have been found 
 most successful in erysipelas, poisoned wounds, and deep-seated inflamma- 
 tions. — Whitla. 
 
 Intramuscular injections of 2 c.c. of a 4 to 5 p.c. solution are often of 
 great value, repeated every hour luitil 80 to 100 centigrammes of Phenol 
 have been given in the first 24 hoiurs. These are continued for several 
 successive days, sometimes for a week, gradually diminishing the daily 
 amount as the symptoms subside. — M.A. '15, 604. 
 
 As a deep injection in neuralgia, with or without alcohol, Carbolic Glycerin 
 gives far superior results to alcohol alone. The Carbolic Acid varies from 
 7^ to 50 p.c. ; one or two injections had cured sciatica in a few days. — 
 L. '09, i. 653. 
 
 For tic douloureux, after some months of ineffectual treatment by injection^ 
 of Cocaine, Scopolamine, etc., an injection of Iw c.c. of 40 p.c. Carbolised 
 Glycerin was made under Ethyl Chloride into the supraorbital notch ; pain 
 ceased for 8 months. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 92. 
 
 Claimed that subcutaneous injections have reduced tetanus mortality from 
 100 p.c. to 2-12 p.c. 
 
 Baccelli commenced with a 2 or 3 p.c. solution in Water, giving daily 
 doses of 0-3 to • 5 gramme, the urine being carefully watched, but he now 
 sometimes gives 1 to 1-5 gramme within 24"hours. — L. '11, i. 1714. 
 
 In order to be successful Baccelli's treatment must be adopted on the 
 appearance of the first suspicious symptom ; morning and evening patient 
 receives an enema containing from 1 ^ drachms to 2 drachms of Chloral with 
 one or two yolks of eggs, and I litre of milk ; the Chloral should never be 
 omitted, for every patient with tetanus who sleeps is on the road to recovery. 
 —Pr. '15, i. 617. 
 
 In tetanus, 10 c.c. (not more) of a 1 in 200 solution injected intra-durally 
 every two days, after withdrawing an equal amount of cerebrospinal fluid. — 
 Pr. '09, i. 429. 
 
 In the treatment of tetanus inject hypodermically 2 c.c. of a 5 p.c. solution 
 every 2 hom-s for a few days, then reduce to four-hourly. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 1098. 
 
 A plea for the more frequent use of the injection treatment for haemorrhoids, 
 because of the partial and poor success of the common operations, and of the 
 imiformly good results of injections ; the best fluid consists of equal parts 
 of Fhiid Extract of Hamamelis and Water, to which is added Carbolic Acid 
 to 10 p.c. ; a solution stronger than 10 p.c. should never be used, as it is 
 liable to produce sloughing of the pile instead of a mild thrombosis ; it is 
 painless ; cases in which the writer doubted if such milder methods could 
 be adopted gave perfectly satisfactory results ; full details of technique 
 (Sir James Goodhart and Ivor Back).— Pr. '14, ii. 549, 733. 
 
 In the injection treatment of haemorrhoids the following solution is the 
 most efficacious : — Acid Carbolic, 24 grains ; Glycerin, 1 drachm ; Water, to 
 2 drachms ; this treatment is absolutely contraindicated in strangulated 
 sloughing, or irrediacible piles, oj- when they are complicated by Ssswe, 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measm'e.] AOI 39 
 
 fistula or ulcer ; of 100 cases, a permanent ciu'o will not be obtained by- 
 injection in 15. — Pr. '15, i. 343. 
 
 One hypodermic injection per week in phthisis, 0* 1 to 0*2 c.c. of a 1 p.c. 
 solution of pure acid in sterilised water ; results good. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 100. 
 
 When a solution is used to excess or retained in natural cavities or in the 
 recesses of lacerated wounds, poisoning may result ; and wliile strong solutions 
 are to be avoided, weak solutions may prove still more dangerous owing to 
 the greater penetration of solutions containing less than 5 p.c. The danger 
 of producing gangrene is increased by compression, and by continuing the 
 use of the dressings over a long period. Poisoning by carbolised dressings 
 is relieved by administration of 5 p.c. Sodium or Magnesium Sulphate. — 
 L. '09, i. 562. 
 
 As the most efficient larvicide in British Guiana the crude Acid is used, 
 1 oz. to 10 cubic feet of Water, giving a dilution of about 1 in 16,000. — ■ 
 Jl. Trop. Med. '12, 358. 
 
 Continuous antiseptic inhalation can arrest incipient phthisis. To be 
 really effective three conditions are essential : — (1) It must be continuous 
 and constantly in operation during the whole of the twenty-four hours, 
 except at meal times. (2) The inhaler employed must be light and capable 
 of being worn both in the daytime and during sleep ; it must not liinder 
 respiration, and it should be cheap. (3) The solution employed should be as 
 strong as possible, and it may with advantage be composed of a combination 
 of several volatile antiseptic substances. The simple oro -nasal cage of 
 perforated zinc originally advocated by Dr. Burney Yeo is reconumended. 
 It is worn over the nose and mouth, and is kept in place by elastic bands behind 
 the ears. It contains a piece of sponge or felt on which the solution is 
 dropped. The Antiseptic Solution recommended is : — Acid Carbolic, 2 drm. ; 
 Creosote, 2 drm. ; Tincture of Iodine, 1 drm. ; Spirit of Ether, 1 drm. ; 
 Spirit of Chloroform, 2 drm. Six to eight drops of this solution are poured 
 on the felt of the inhaler every hour diu-ing the daytime, and two or three 
 times during the night if the patient is awake. Cough is rapidly relieved 
 without any sedative or expectorant medicines, and sputum, if any, is more 
 easily expectorated and is lessened in quantity. The use of the solution has 
 no irritating tendency, nor does it cause haemoptysis. If haemorrhage should 
 occur, the addition of Turpentine to the solution is recommended. If the 
 tonsils or fauces are unhealthy, they may be sprayed with a 1 in 2000 solution 
 of Mercm"y Perchloride. In the event of nasal obstruction it is advisable 
 to spraj'^ the nostrils thoroughly two or tln-ee times daily with Cocaine, 
 4 grains ; Eucalyptus Oil, J drm. ; Parolein. 1 oz., by means of a Parolein 
 spray apparatus.— B.M.J. '09, ii, 1659, 1781, 1826, 1827. Results highly 
 satisfactory.— L. '10, ii. 1475 ; B.M.J. '11, i. 404 ; L. '11, i. 16, 262 ; B.M.J. 
 '11, i. 935; '12, i. 767; '12, ii. 1269; other formulae, B.M.J. '11, ii. 671 ; 
 another reference ^vith foiu* different formulae. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 669. 
 
 Squire and Sons, at the suggestion of Dr. Burney Yeo, make a Respirator 
 for continuous antiseptic inlialation. 
 
 Alcohol stated to be one of the best antidotes in Carbolic Acid poisoning. 
 The patient is made to drink promptly a few oz. of brandy, whisky, or other 
 spii'it. By means of a stomach tube about a pint of Water is poured into 
 the stomach and then syphoned out. 'Washing the stomach is repeated 
 two or tlu-ee times, and finally 1 drm. Sodimn Sulphate dissolved in a wine- 
 glassful of Water is given. 
 
 Bacterial standardisation of disinfectants. — The Rideal-Walker 
 method ascertains what dilution of the disinfectant under examination kills a 
 given bacterial culture, usually B. colt, within the same time as the standard 
 Phenol dilution The quotient of the two dilutions indicates the efficiency 
 of the disinfectant, and is called its Carbohc Acid coefficient, or its Rideal- 
 Walker coefficient. Thus, if a 1 in 3000 dilution is found to be as germicidal 
 as a 1 in 100 Phenol, the disinfectant is said to have a Phenol coefficiency of 
 30 ; that is, it possesses a germicidal power 30 times stronger than Phenol. 
 The presence of organic matter has been shown to exert an appreciable effect 
 on the CarboUc Acid coefficient as determined by this method. As the 
 
40 ACl [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 result of a chemical and bacteriological enquiry into the standardisation 
 of disinfectants the Lancet Special Commission of Enquiry introduced a 
 modified Rideal-Walker method for the standardisation. The figmi-e repre- 
 senting the percentage strength of the weakest lethal dilution of the Carbolic 
 Acid control is divided by the figure representing the percentage strength 
 of the weakest lethal dilution of the disinfectant being tested. Tliis is done 
 both at the 2-| minutes line and at the 30 minutes line, and a mean of the 
 resulting figures is taken as the Carbolic Acid coefficient. The chemical 
 method is known as the Lancet Acetone-baryta (L.A.B.) method. The 
 method depends upon the I'apid separation of the Resins or soaps in the 
 form of insoluble Baryta compounds, by the addition of Baryta Water, and 
 the complete separation of the phenoloid bodies by means of Acetone. A 
 Bromine absorption figiu-e is obtained for the phenoloid bodies when extracted. 
 If it is desired to ascertain tlie quantities of fatty Acids and Resins present 
 the employment of Acetone enables a separation to be made of those bodies 
 from neutral Oils. The residue from the Baryta, when shaken with Acetone, 
 yields up its neutral Oils, but leaves the soap and Resin in the form of a 
 powdery Barium compound ; filtration completes the separation. The Acetone 
 can be examined for the neutral bodies contained in it, while the residue, 
 on treatment with Hydrochloric Acid, gives free fatty Acid and Resin which 
 may be taken up with Ether, the Ether evaporated, and the residue weighed. 
 —L '09, ii. 1456. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0" 06 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximima dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximmn dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given internally in the Jorm of a pill. 
 12 grains oj Carbolic Acid make a good pill mass with 24 grains of Liquorice 
 Powder ; another good formula is Carbolic Acid 12 grains. Liquorice Powder 
 18 grains. Compound Tragacanth Potvder 6 grains. Carbolic Acid is sold in 
 Capsules containing 1 grain and 2 grains. 30 miniins of Compound Tincture 
 of Lavender or 1 minim of Oil of Lemon are usefid for flavouring tlie mixtures 
 containing 2 to 4= grains of Carbolic Acid in an oz. of Water. Used as a paint 
 for the throat (30 grains to 1 oz. of Glycerin) ; as a gargle (2 grains to 1 oz., 
 or 1 of Glycerin of Phenol to 20 of Water) for tonsillitis ; if used with a spray 
 apparatus, 3 grains in an oz. of Water ; or for inhalations, 20 grains dissolved 
 in a pint of hot Water ; as an injection (1 grain to 1 oz. of Water), for the 
 vagina or the bladder, as an antiseptic ; as a lotion (15 to 30 grains to 1 oz.) 
 for foul or syphilitic ulcers, carbuncles, scabies, ringworm, and other parasitic 
 skin diseases ; (5 grains to 1 oz.) excellent for eczema and eruptions attended 
 with itching ; or as the official ointment. For a mouth-wash, see SoluU de 
 Phenol Sodique. As a Compound Lotion, Glycerin of Carbolic Acid, 1 ; 
 Glycerin of Borax, 1 ; Water, 50 to 100. Pastilles contain -| grain. Carbolic 
 Oil, 1 or 2 in 40 of Olive Oil ; used for dressing scalds and burns. Carbolic 
 Solution, 1 or 2 in 40 of Water ; used in surgery as an antiseptic. See also 
 Carbolic Antiseptic Dressings, and jiaragraphs ' Official Preparations ' and 
 ' Not Official.' 
 
 Compressed tablets are supplied for extemporaneously preparing a Solution. 
 
 The addition of free Ammonia to Solution of CarboUc Acid slowly turns 
 the colour blue, which darkens on keejjing. 
 
 Sulphurous Acid, added in very small proportion to Carbolic Acid melted, 
 has been stated [CD. '05, i. 859) to counteract the tendency of the acid to 
 acquire a red tint. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acidum Carbolicum Liquefactum, Glycerinum 
 Acidi Carbohci, Suppositorium Acidi Carbolici, Trochiscus Acidi Carbolici, 
 Unguentmn Acidi Carbohci. 
 
 Not Official. — Aqua Phenolata, Anti -catarrhal Salts, Kraus's Catheter 
 Lubricant, Lotio Acidi Carbolici, Mistura Acidi Carbohci, Lund's Oil, Resina 
 Carbohca, Vapor Acidi Carbolici, Antiseptic dressings. Carbolic Soap, Solute 
 de Phenol Sodique, Acidum Carbohcum Crudum, Phenosalyl, Phenol Camphor, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 41 
 
 Phenol lodatum, Pigmentum Phenol lodati, Tribromphenol, Para-mono- 
 chlorophenol, Trichlorphenol, Sulphaminol, Sulphocarbolic Acid and Sulpho- 
 carbolates. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube, Emetics. Alcohol, Albumen, Saccharated 
 Solution of Lime, soluble Sulphates (Magnesium or Sodium) ; Olive or Castor 
 Oil ; stimulants to counteract narcotism ; warmth to the extremities. 
 Hypodermic injection of Atropine Sulphate ^-^ grain. Inhalations of Amyl 
 ;N itrite. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital. (Fenolo cristalizzato), Jap., Mex. (Acido Fenico), Norw., 
 Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Melting Point (Centigrade) compared with Foreign Pharmacopcsias : 
 Brit., 39° to 40- ; Austr., Belg., Dutch, Jap., Russ. and Swiss, 40°-42°; Dan.i 
 39° ; Fr., Span, and Swiss, 42° ; Ger., 39°-41° ; Hung, and Norw., 40°-42° • 
 Ital., 40°; Mex., 40°; Norw,, 40°; Port.. 35°; Swed., 39°; U.S., not lower 
 than 39°. 
 
 Be 
 
 Brit, 
 and 
 Ital. 
 Mex., Port., and Swed., b.p. not given. 
 
 Tests. — Carbolic Acid is disfcinguislied by tlie following tests : 
 (1) its melting point, (2) the boiling point, (3) its specific gravity at 
 the melting point, (4) the production of a deep purple-violet colour 
 when its aqueous solution is mixed with Perric Chloride Test-Solution, 
 
 (5) the production of a white precipitate of Tribromphenol when an 
 excess of Bromine Solution is added to its cold aqueous solution, and 
 
 (6) the production of a bluish colour when 4 parts of its aqueous 
 solution are mixed with 1 part of Ammonia Solution and a few drops 
 of Chlorinated Soda Solution, and the mixture gently warmed. 
 
 It was pointed out in Squires Companion (1908) that it is possible 
 with special precaiitions to raise the melting point of CarboHc Acid 
 to 4:2-2°C. (108° F.) ; but the highest melting point commercially 
 obtainable appears to be about 41'1°C. (106° F.), and no exception 
 can be taken to a melting point of 40° C. (104° F.). The melting 
 point 38-8° C. (102° F.) given in the B.P. 1898 has now been raised 
 to from 39° to 40° C. (102 '2° to 104° F.) ; the Fr. Codex requires not 
 below 42° C. (107-6° F.). 
 
 The P.G. gives the solidifying point as 39° to 41° C. (102-2° to 
 105-8° F.); the U.S.P. requires that when Phenol is gently heated 
 till liquid, then slowly cooled, with constant stirring until partial 
 recrystalHsation occurs, the semi-Uquid mass should have a temperature 
 (remaining stationary for some time) not lower than 39° C. (102-2° F.). 
 A lower boiling point or a higher melting point indicates a less hydrated 
 Phenol. The melting point and the boiUng point are influenced by 
 the presence of Water or Cresylic Acid, so that to ehminate the 
 first it should be boiled for a few seconds and cooled. Starting with 
 an acid melting at 104° F. (40° C), 1 p.c. of added Water reduced the 
 melting point to 98° F, (36-6° C), 3 p.c. to 86° F. (30° C), and 5 p.c. 
 to 74°F. (23-3°C.). 
 
 The boiling point of the pure acid is 182° C. (359-6° F.) ; the B.P. 
 
42 ACI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 now states not higher than 183° C. (361-4° R) ; the U.S.P. and the 
 P.G. 178° to 182° a (352-4° to 359-6° R). The acid has a specific 
 gravity at its melting point of about 1*060 ; the B.P. states 1-060 to 
 1-066. 
 
 Lunge has shown that the addition of 1-3 p. c. of Crcsyhc Acid to 
 pure Phenol reduces the melting point from 40-5° C. (104-9° F.) to 
 32-5° C. (90-5° R). The lower the melting point and the higher the 
 boiUng point, the more impure is the acid. 
 
 A useful method of judging the purity of a commercial acid is by 
 determining the solidifying point of the 62'5p.c. fraction, after the 
 first 10 p. c. fraction containing the Water and light oils has been 
 removed. 
 
 An aqueous solution of Phenol is faintly acid to blue Litmus paper. 
 The B.P. states that it does not immediately redden blue Litmus ; 
 the U.S.P. that it is faintly acid to blue Litmus paper ; the P.G. that 
 it should not redden Litmus paper. An aqueous solution of Phenol 
 yields a fine purple-violet colour on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test- Solution, the colour being pronounced even in very dilute solution. 
 The U.S.P. gives quantities for this test, 1 drop of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution to 10 c.c. of a 1 p.c. w/v aqueous Phenol Solution yielding 
 a violet-blue colour. The P.G. employs a solution of 20 parts by 
 weight of Phenol in 10 parts by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and states 
 that when this solution is mixed with 1 part of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution a dirty green coloration is produced, the solution wlien diluted 
 with Water to 1000 parts assuming an almost permanent violet colour. 
 Phenol even in dilute solution afiords a white precipitate with Bromine 
 Water. The test is common to the P.P., U.S.P. and P.G. The U.S.P. 
 states that the precipitate of Tribromphenol first formed is redissolved, 
 but becomes permanent with more of the reagent, and that when 
 examined under the microscope it appears crystalline. The P.G. 
 states that the reagent produces a white flocculent precipitate even 
 in a 1 in 50,000 solution. 
 
 Phenol coagulates Albumen Solution and Collodion, and forms a 
 liquid with Camphor. 
 
 The B.P. does not give a process for the determination of Phenol. 
 The Eighth Decennial Eevision of the U.S.P. adopts the Tribrom- 
 phenol or Koppeschaar's process. The Phenol is precipitated as a 
 Bromine compound by the addition of Bromine Solution, and the 
 excess of Bromine is determined by the addition of Potassium Iodide 
 (20 p.c.) Solution, and titration of the liberated Iodine with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. The acid is required 
 to show not less than 96 p.c. of absolute Phenol. The process is given 
 in small type below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 The P.G. determines the percentage of Phenol in the liquefied acid 
 but not in the pure acid, using the process which is described under 
 Acidum CarboHcum Liquefactum. 
 
 The more commonly occurring impurities are excess of Water, 
 Cresylic Acid and fixed residue. The presence of excess of Water is 
 indicated by the lowering of the melting point, which also indicates the 
 
tSoUds by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ACI 43 
 
 presence of Cresylic Acid. The latter is detected by the behaviour of a 
 mixture of equal volumes of the liquefied acid and of Glycerin when 
 mixed with 3 volumes of Water. The B.P. and V.S.P. state that a 
 clear hquid should be formed when 1 volume of Phenol hquefied by the 
 addition of 10 p.c. of Water (8 p.c, U.S. P.) is mixed v/ith 1 volume of 
 Glycerin, and it is not rendered turbid when 3 volumes of Water 
 are added. 
 
 The P.G. states that the watery solution (1 + 15) must be clear, 
 indicating absence of Cresol. It also requires that wlien evaporated 
 on the water-bath at the most 0"1 p.c. of residue shall remain, which 
 is also common to the B.P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — The following process, which is a 
 modification of that originally devised by Koppeschaar, is included in the 
 U.S. P. A measured quantity of 25 c.c. ( = 0-0389 gramme of Phenol) of 
 a solution obtained by dissolving 1 • 556 grammes of the specimen in sufficient 
 Water to produce 1000 c.c. is mixed in a glass stoppered bottle of a capacity 
 of about 200 c.c, with 30 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Bromine Solution; 
 6 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid added, followed by 5 c.c. of an aqueous Potassium 
 Iodide Solution (20 p.c, w/v), rapidly introduced ; the mixtm-e is shaken, 
 the stopper and neck of the Ijottle rinsed Math a little Water, allowing the 
 washings to run into the bottle, 1 c.c. of Chloroform added and the mixture 
 well shaken. The liberated Iodine is titrated with Tenth -Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of wliich the number of c.c. used (which 
 should not exceed six) subtracted from 30 and the remainder multiplied by 
 4 yields the percentage of absolute Phenol present in the specimen operated 
 upon. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ACIDUM CARBOLICUM LIQUEFACTUM. Liquefied Phenol. 
 Liquefied Carbolic Acid. 
 
 Phenol, 10 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 11 '5, by weight. 
 
 It forms a clear, coloiirless, highly refractive liquid possessing the character- 
 istic odour of Phenol. It has a tendency to acquire a pinkish tint, and 
 should therefore be preserved in well-stoppered dark amber-tinted glass 
 bottles. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 3 minims = 0-06 to 0-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Jap. and Russ., Carbolic Acid, 100 ; Water, 10. Dan., Ital., Norw., Span., 
 Swed. and Swiss, CarboUc Acid, 90 ; Water, 10. Dutch, Carbolic Acid, 100 ; 
 Water, 20 ; U.S., not less than 8(5-4 p.c. Not in the others. 
 
 A weak Solution of Carbolic Acid is official in the following Pharmaco- 
 poeias. — Austr., Belg., Dutch, C4er. and Hung. (AquaCarbolisata), linSO; 
 Dan. (Solutio Phenoli), Fr. (Solute de Phenol), Norw. and Swed. 
 (Solutio Phenoli), 1 in 50 ; Ital. (Acqua Fenica), 1 in 50, also 1 in 
 1000;-Mex. (Solucione de Acido Fenico), and Swiss (Aqua Pheno- 
 lata), 1 in 100; Port. (Agua Phenica), 1 in 100, also 1 in 1000; Span. 
 (Agua Fenicada), 1 in 50. The Brussels Conjerence adopted a strength 
 of 2 p.c. w/w for Phenoli Solutio seu Aqua Phenolata. 
 
 Tests. — Liquefied Carbolic Acid has a specific gravity ranging from 
 1-067 to 1-069, P.P.; about 1-065 at 25° C. (77° R), U.S.P. ; 1-068 
 to 1-071, P.G. A boiling point not higher than 183° C. (361 • 4° P.), B.P. ; 
 not exceeding 188° C. (370-4° P.), U.S.P. ; P.G. does not give a boihng 
 point. When deprived of its water, it should answer the tests of identity 
 and purity given under Acidum Carbolicum. 
 
44 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.! 
 
 Volumetric Detei'mination. — About 1 gramme of Liquefied Carbolic 
 Acid is exactly weighed, dissolved in Water and made up to 1 litre. A 
 measured quantity of 25 c.c. of this solution is introduced into a stoppered 
 glass flask of 250 o.c. capacity ; 50 c.c. of Potassium Bromide Solution 
 (0- 6 p.c. w/v) and 50 c.c. of Potassium Bromate Solution (0- 16702 p.c. w/v) 
 are added, mixed, and a measured quantity of 5 c.c. of Sulphviric Acid added 
 to the mixture, which is then well shaken. After 15 minutes, 2 grammes 
 of Potassium Iodide are added, after vigorous shaking, it is allowed to stand 
 for 5 minutes, and titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Tliio- 
 sulphato Solution. The number of cubic centimetres of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution used is deducted from 30 ; the 
 remainder is multiplied by 0-001567 wliich yields the amount of Phenol. 
 0-025 gramme of Liquefied Carbolic Acid should at the most require 16 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, which represents 
 a minimum content of 87-8 p.c. of Anhydrous Phenol (1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0-001567 gramme of Phenol, 
 Starch Solution being employed as an indicator), P.G. 
 
 Ifc may be mentioned that the actual P.O. requirement is that " 1 gramme 
 of Liquefied Carbolic Acid should at the most require 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normai 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution," but this is obviously an error, 
 and the above paragraph has been altered accordingly. 
 
 GLYCERINUM ACIDI CARBOLICI. Glycerin of Phenol. 
 
 Phenol, 1 ; Glycerin, sufficient to produce 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 A good antiseptic packing in acute middle-ear catarrh. 
 
 Mixed with an equal bulk of Water, may be applied to aphthous stomatitis, 
 or to ulcers in the mouth, or to inflamed tonsils. Mixed with 20 or 30 parts 
 of Water, it makes an excellent gargle. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., 1 in 5 ; Mex., 1 in 50 ; 
 Port., 1 in 100 ; Span., 1 in 100. Not in the others. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA ACIDI CARBOLICI. Phenol Suppositories. 
 
 Each suppository contains 0"067 gramme (about 1 grain) of Phenol. 
 
 Melt 11 grammes of Oil of Theobroma, and in it dissolve 0*8 
 gramme (12 grains) of Phenol, add 0*5 (7| grains) of White Beeswax 
 and divide into 12 suppositories. 
 
 For hot climates see Suppositories (group). 
 
 TROCHISCUS ACIDI CARBOLICI. Phenol Lozenge. (Altered.) 
 0'03 gramme (about -| grain) of Phenol in each, flavoured with 
 Lemon Juice. 
 
 About half the strength of B.P. 1898, and altered from Tolu. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 lozenges. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI CARBOLICI. Phenol Ointment. Oint- 
 ment OF Carbolic Acid. (Altered.) 
 
 Phenol, 3 ; Paraffin Ointment, white, 97. (1 in 33^.) 
 
 Dissolve the Phenol in the melted Paraffin Ointment, and stir till 
 cold. 
 
 See also Unguentum Paraffini. 
 
 A more uniform product is obtained by ceasing to stir when the Ointment 
 is beginning to set. 
 
 The B.P. 1885 ordered CarboUc Acid 1, Soft Parafiln 12, Hard Paraffin G 
 = 1 in 19. The Companion noted the fact that the Carbolic Acid did not 
 dissolve until the melted miixture was heated to 60° C. (140° F.) or over, 
 and that part of the CarboUc Acid crystallised on keeping the ointment, 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ACI 45 
 
 but no crystals were formed when the strength was reduced to 1 in 30. The 
 B.P. 1914 and U.S.P. have now been altered to 3 in 100. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr. (Pommade de Phenol), 
 Phenol 1, Vaseline 99 ; Ital. (Pomata Fenata). Carbohc Acid 1, Benzoated 
 Lard 99 ; Mex. (Pomada de Acido fenico), Carbolic Acid 1, Alcohol 1, VaseUne 
 98 ; U.S. (Unguentum Phenohs), Phenol 3, White Petrolatum 97. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ANTI-CATARRHAL SALTS.— Phenol, 2; Eucalyptus Oil, 2; Pine Oil, 2; 
 Creosote, 1 ; Menthol, 2 ; Tinctin-e of Iodine, 2 ; Ammonium Carbonate, 24 ; 
 Camphor, 3 ; Wood Charcoal, 6 ; Pine Sawdust, 4. This formula has been 
 used by the author for many years. 
 
 LOTIO ACIDI CARBOLIC!.— Carbolic Acid, 30 grains; Water, 8 oz. 
 This lotion applied to mosquito bites relieves the itching, pain, and swelling. 
 If mixed with a little Glycerin and sponged over the face and hands before 
 retiring to rest, the mosquitoes will not bite until the Acid be thoroughly 
 evaporated by the heat of the skin. 
 
 MISTURA ACIDI CARBOLIC! (iJo/Zie).— Pure CarboUc Acid, 12 minims ; 
 Tincture of Iodine, 10 niinims ; Tincture of Orange, 90 minims ; Syrup, 
 3 drm. ; Water, to 8 oz. Recommended for use in typhoid fever ; 1 oz. 
 every 4 hours. — L. '88, i. 1244. 
 
 LUND'S OIL.— Phenol, 1 ; Castor Oil, 4 ; Ahnond Oil. '2,0.— Lock. 
 
 Phenol, 1 ; Castor Oil, 4 ; Almond Oil. 15. — Companion. 
 
 A solution of Carbolic Acid in Oil is frequently used to lubricate and at 
 the same time disinfect catheters ; but Koch's experiments show that such 
 a solution has no antiseptic power, and they ought to be first disinfected 
 with an aqueous solution, and afterwards oiled. — Brunton. 
 
 Kraus's Cathetei' Lubricant. — ^Tragacanth, 2-5; Glycerin, 10; Phenol 
 Water (3 p.c), 90. 
 
 RESINA CARBOLICA (iJ.D.fif.).- Resin, 4; Carbolic Acid Crystals, 4; 
 Cliloroform, 3. 
 
 VAPOR ACIDI CARBOLICI.—Pure Carbolic Acid, 420 grains ; Water, 
 
 1 drm. ; dissolve. 20 drops in a pint of Water at 140° F. for each inhalation. 
 Antiseptic, very serviceable in syphiUtic and carcinomatous ulcerations. 
 
 CARBOLIC ANTISEPTIC DRESSINGS.— Absorbent Wool and Lint 
 containing 5 and 10 p c. of absolute Phenol ; Gauze, 5 p.c. ; Tow, 5 p.c. ; 
 Ligatures; Protective Oiled Skin ; Silk Sutures. Fr. (Gaze Phenol6e), 
 
 2 to 5 p.c. ; Belg. and Hung., Gauze, 5 p.c, ; Jap., Cotton-Wool, 5 p.c. ; 
 Ital., Gauze, 5 p.c. ; Wool, 2 p.c. ; Mex., Gauze, 10 p.c. 
 
 CARBOLIC SOAPS.— These contain 10 p.c. and 20 p.c. of Phenol. 
 
 SOLUT^ DE PHE'nOL SODIQUE (i^'r.).— Phenol, 100 ; Solution of 
 Caustic Soda (sp. gr. 1 '332), 20, by weight ; Water to measure 1000. 
 
 It corresponds to — Plienol, 100 ; Caustic Soda, 6 ; Water to 1000. 
 
 One part of this soMtion to 30 of Water makes a good antiseptic mouth- 
 wash. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Carbolatis {U.S.N.F.).—£\\Qno\, 50; Caustic Soda, 3*; 
 Distilled Water, 46-5. 
 
 ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM.— A yellowish, yellowish -brown, or 
 reddish-brown hquid, having a strongly empyreumatic and disagreeable 
 odour. It consists chiefly of Cresylic Acid (see p. 528), and is largely used 
 for disinfecting drains. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. and Russ. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 PHENOSALYL. — ^A speciaHty containing Phenol and Salicylic Acid intro- 
 duced as an anliseptic. 
 
46 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 PHENOL-CAMPHOR. — Carbolic Acid and Camphor will form a liquid in 
 any proportion bet,ween Camphor 3, Carbolic Acid 1 and Camphor 1, Carbolic 
 Acid 3 ; but most authorities appear to use an excess of Camphor. The 
 formula CgHnO, attributed to this compound, corresponds with molecular 
 weights of each. Carbolic Acid and Camphor (Carbolic Acid 2 jiarts aiid 
 Camphor 3 parts). 
 
 A colourless refractive liquid with an odour of Camphor. Soluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether, Chloroform, and Oils. Insoluble in Glycerin and in 
 Water. 
 
 A local ansesthetic for toothache. 
 
 Camphor, 60 ; Phenol, 19 ; Water, 1 ; is not so caustic as Carbolic Acid. — 
 Pr. xl. 128, and xlii. 52. 
 
 Acidum Carbolicum Caraphoratum (Hager). — Camphor, 3 ; Carbolic 
 Acid, 1. 
 
 Camphora Carbolisata (Hager). — Camphor, 25 ; CarboHc Acid, 9 ; 
 Spirit, 1. 
 
 Carbolic Acid 1, Camphor 3, has been appUed in diphtheria, etc., either 
 pure or mixed with an equal volume of Oil of Almonds. 
 
 PHENOL lODATUM (Iodised Phenol. Pigmentum Phenol lodati).— 
 Iodine, 40 grains ; Liquefied Carbolic Acid, 1 oz. — Hosp. Women, and 
 iSamaritan. 
 
 Apphed on a dressed sound or forceps in chronic endometritis and endooervi- 
 citis, with or without a previous curetting. 
 
 For years writer has treated without a single failure or recurrence long- 
 standing as well as recent discharging sinuses by applying it on a dressed 
 sound or probe ; most cases reqiiire 3 or 4 dressings at intervals of 14 to 21 
 days; contact about 5 minutes. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 1594. 
 
 Pigmentum lodi Carbolicum [Guy's). — Iodine, 1 ; Liquefied Phenol, 4, 
 
 Pigmentum lodi Carbolisatum {Central Throat). — Iodine, Pota.ssium 
 Iodide, and Phenol, of each 4 grains ; Glycerin, J- oz. ; Water, to 1 oz. 
 This is sometimes used at half strength. 
 
 TRIBROMPHENOL (Bromol).— White crystaHine powder, with a slightly 
 aromatic odour. A sample melted at 185^ F. (85" C). Antiseptit!. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 2 Alcoliol (90 ji.c.) ; 1 in i of Ether ; 1 in 2 of Chloroform ; 
 almost insoluble in Water, but dissolves in Caustic Alkali Solutions ; 1 in 
 260 of Glycerin ; 1 in 7^ of Olive Oil. 
 
 PARA-MONOCHLOROPHENOL.— Occurs in crystalUne needles. Soluble 
 in Alcohol, Ether, and Fixed Oils, but practically insoluble in Water. It 
 possesses a stronger microbicidal power than Phenol, but its employment 
 requires careful watching.— B.M.J.E. '95, i. 11 ; P.J. '95, ii. 551 ; '98, i. 61 ; 
 CD. '95, i. 224. 
 
 5 or 10 p.c. Glycerin Solution in laryngeal phthisis, by intralaryngeal 
 injection, also i to ^ p.c. solutions for inhalations. Menthosol, a mixture 
 of Menthol and Parachlorophenol in 5, 10, and 15 p.c. solutions. 
 
 Russ. Parachlorphenolum. 
 
 TRICHLORPHENOL.— Wliite crystalline powder, with a pungent, 
 somewhat tarry odoin*. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c); 2 in 1 of Ether; 1 in IJ of 
 Chloroform ; 1 in 1000 of Water ; 1 in 9 of Glycerin ; 1 in 3 of Olive Oil. 
 
 It forms salts with Ammonium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, and 
 Lead. 
 
 It is stated to be an antiseptic and deodorant much stronger than Carbolic 
 Acid. 
 
 SULPHAMINOL (Thio-oxydiphenylamine). — Yellow, odourless, tasteless 
 powder. Insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol and Ether. Antiseptic 
 dusting powder. Internally in doses of 3 to 4 grains = 0*2 to • 36 gramme, 
 three or four times a day in cystitis. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 47 
 
 SULPHOCARBOLIC ACID (H.C6H5SO4).— Phenol-parasulphonio Acid is 
 formed by the action of Sulphuric Acid upon Carbolic Acid when warm. 
 Phenol-orfcho-sulphonio Acid is produced in the cold. 
 
 A few years ago it was revived under the name Aseptol, a syrupy liquid, 
 mixing in all proportions with Water, Alcohol, and Glycerin. 
 
 Ammonium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodivim. Siilphocarbolates 
 all crystallise in tufts of acicular crystals more or less white ; Copper 
 Sulphoearbolate, in transparent light blue interlacing prisms ; the Iron 
 salt, in small brown micaceous crystals ; the Zinc salt, in tabular crystals. 
 
 The Sodium and Zinc Sulphocarbolates are given under SoDii Sulpho- 
 
 CARBOLAS and ZiNCI SULPHOCABBOLAS. 
 
 ACIDUM CHROMICUM. 
 
 CHROMIC ANHYDRIDE. 
 
 CrOa, eq. 100-0. 
 
 Syn. — Chromio Acid. 
 
 Fr., Acide Chromique Cristallise ; Ger., Chromsaure ; Ital., 
 Anidride Cromica; Span., Acido Cbomico. 
 
 Small purplish-red crystals, wliich are slightly hygroscopic even 
 when absolutely free from Sulphuric Acid, but much more so when a 
 trace of the latter is present. They possess a strong corrosive action 
 on animal and vegetable tissues. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered, dark amber-tinted glass bottles. 
 
 It may be produced by the action of Sulphuric Acid upon Potassium 
 Bichromate. 
 
 Solubility. — About 2 in 1 of Water; Alcohol decomposes it. 
 
 It is a powerful oxidising agent, and is liable to cause sudden com- 
 bustion or explosion in contact with strong Alcohol, Glycerin, and 
 some other organic matters. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Disinfectant, antiseptic, deodorant. It 
 is a powerful caustic (1 in 1 of Water), and is used by means of a 
 pointed glass rod, great care being taken to protect the adjacent parts 
 by plaster or ointment, having moist lint ready to absorb any super- 
 fluous Acid ; 100 grains to 1 oz. Water is used to remove warts, lupus, 
 and condylomata ; 1 in 40 of Water may be applied to ulcers of mouth 
 or pharynx ; and 1 in 2000, or even 4000, is used as a lotion for putrid 
 sores, leucorrhoea and ozcena. 
 
 It is of great importance for its use as a caustic that Chromic Acid 
 be free from Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 A warm concentrated solution rapidly dissolves all animal tissues. 
 
 After thorough scraping the fused Acid is firmly appUed in lupus carcinoma, 
 and with success. — E.M.J. '11, i. 301. 
 
 5 p.c. solution appUed with a brush to the feet after bathing gave excellent 
 results in the German Army as a remedy for excessive perspiration. — P.J. 
 (3) XX. 504. 
 
 The pure Acid fused on the point of a probe has been applied with success 
 to nasal naucous membrane in hay fever and paroxysmal sneezing. 
 
48 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Acidi Chromici. 
 
 "Not Official. — Gargarisma Acidi Chromici, Lotio Acidi Clii-omici and 
 Pigmentum Acidi Cliromici. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch. Fr., Ger., 
 Ital., Jap., Mex. (Acido Chromico), Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. (Chromii Trioxidum). 
 
 Tests. — Chromic Acid is distingiushed bv its melting point, wliicli 
 should be from 192° to 193° C. (377-6° to "379- 4° R), the B.P. now 
 omits the melting point ; the U.S. P. gives 192° to 193° C. (377-6° 
 to 379-4° F.), whilst the P.G. does not include a melting point; the 
 production of green-coloured liquids when its aqueous solutions are 
 mixed with reducing agents, e.g. Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Glycerin, 
 the evolution of Oxygen when strongly heated, and the evolution 
 of Chlorine when warmed with Hydrochloric Acid. It also liberates 
 Iodine from Potassiimi Iodide Solution. 
 
 Neither the B.P. nor the P.G. includes a method of determination 
 or a percentage of Chromic Anhydride. The U.S. P. requires it to 
 contain not less than 90 p.c. of pure Chromiimi Trioxide, as determined 
 by titrating the Iodine liberated from Potassium Iodide, as described 
 in the small type notes below, under the heading of Volumetric 
 Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurity is Sulphuric Acid. The B.P. 
 fixes a hmit for this impurity by requiring that the filtrate from a 
 solution of 4 grammes of the Acid in 20 ml. of Water, acidified with 
 10 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid, shall, after the addition of the first 5 ml. 
 of Barium Chloride Solution, yield no further precipitate on the 
 addition of more Barium Chloride Solution. The P.G. requires that 
 it shall be free from alkali salts, requiring that when the Cliromic 
 Oxide left on the ignition of the Chi'omic Acid is extracted with Distilled 
 Water, and this extract evaporated to dryness, the residue which 
 remains behind shall amount to at most 0-5 p.c. of the Chromic Acid. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Nitrate. — An aqueous solution of Chromium 
 Trioxide (1 in 100), previously acidulated with a few c.c. of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not be rendered turbid by the addition of 1 c.c. of Barium 
 Chloride Test -Solution, U.S. P. ; an aqueous solution (1 + 99), after acidifica- 
 tion with Hydrochloric Acid, should not be altered by Barium Nitrate Solution 
 P.G. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 1 gramme is dissolved in 100 c.c. of 
 Water. A measured quantity of 8 -3 c.c. of this solution is mixed with 
 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and about 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide, shaken 
 for a few minutes, and diluted with 100 c.c. of Water. The Iodine Hberated 
 should require not less than 22-5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution to decolorise it, using 5 c.c. of Starch Test-Solution 
 as an indicator; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution indicates 4 p.c. of pure Chromium Trioxide, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR ACIDI CHROMICI. Solution of Chromic Acid. 
 
 Chromic Anhydride, 1 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 4. 
 
 It forms an orange-red caustic liquid, possessing an acid reaction. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvire.] ACI 49 
 
 From the B.P. formula it is evidently intended to contain 25 p.c. w/v 
 of Cliromic Anhydride, CrO-,. 
 
 Foreign Pharraacopoeias. — Official in Belg. and Fr., Chi-omic Acid, 1 ; 
 Distilled Water, 1 ; dissolve. 
 
 Tests. — The B.P. does not now give the specific gravity. As the 
 official Chromic Acid is used in its preparation, it should answer the 
 tests of identity and purity given in the monograph on this Acid. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GARGARISIVIA ACIDl CHROMICI (LocJfc).— Chromic Acid, 1 grain ; 
 Water, to 1 oz. 
 
 LOTIO ACIDl CHROMICI {University and West7ninsfer).— Chromic Ackl, 
 10 grains ; Water, 1 oz. 
 
 PIGMENTUM ACIDl CHROMICI*(r/iJoa«).— Chromic Acid, 10 grains; 
 Water, to 1 oz. In chronic superficial glossitis and secondary syphilis. 
 
 ACIDUM CHRYSOPHANICUM. See chrysarobinum. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM CINNAMICUM. 
 
 C^HsOo, eq 148-064. 
 
 There are two varieties of Cinnamic Acid : (1) Medicinal ; (2) Artificial. 
 
 Colo'urless, glistening crystals, having a faint, fragrant odour. Sparingly 
 soluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Ether. Used in the form 
 of intravenous or intramuscular injection in pulmonary tuberculosis. In 
 5 p.c. alcoholic solution as an application in laryngeal tuberculosis. 
 
 See also Sodii Cinnamas. 
 
 COUMARIN. Cumarin. Coumaric Anhydride. Tonka Bean Camphor. 
 Ortho-oxycinnamic Anhydride CgHjOo, eq. 146 "048. — Tlie odorous principle 
 of the Tonka or Tonquin Bean, Dipteryx odorata. Coloui'less prismatic 
 crystals, or as a white crystalline powder, having a peculiar characteristic 
 and persistent odour and a somewhat aromatic taste. It is employed chiefly 
 on account of its odoriferous properties, and is used to disguise the pronounced 
 odour of certain drugs, e.g.. Iodoform. 
 
 ACIDUM CITRICUM. 
 
 CITRIC ACID. 
 H3C6H5O,, H2O, eq. 210-08. 
 Fr., Acide CiTRiQtJE ; Ger., Citronensaure ; Ital. and Span., Acido 
 
 CiTRICO. 
 
 Large colou.rless crystals, or a white crystalline powder, possessing 
 an acid taste. Obtained principally from Lemon Juice, which may 
 contain from 7 to 9 p.c. 
 
 It is required to contain not less than 99' 5 p.c. of Hydrogen Citrate. 
 
50 ACI [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 6 of Water, and measures 12| ; 1 in 2 of Glycerin ; 
 10 in 15 of Alcohol (90 p. c.) ; 1 in 40 of Ether ; almost insoluble in 
 Benzol and Cliloroform. 
 
 The solubility of Citric Acid in Ether naturally varies with the amount 
 of Alcohol and Water which the Ether contains. Its solubility in Ether 
 (sp. gr. • 735) is 1 in 8. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Refrigerant and sialagogue ; relieves 
 thirst in fevers. Efficacious in scurvy, for -which it is also prophylactic. 
 
 In mitral stenosis it really affords relief when symptoms of back pressure 
 are in evidence ; in 30-grain doses three or four times daily it washes the 
 Calcium salts out of the blood and confers upon it a greater fluidity. — F.T. 
 '09, 18. 
 
 In the prevention of phlebitis and embolism. — B.M.J. '09, i. 368. 
 
 Prevents blood coagulation. In uterine fibroma the coagulability of the 
 blood is greater than normal before operation ; after 2 or 3 days' treatment 
 with Citric Acid the coagulability is again normal, and patient recovers 
 without any accident or embolus. The dose must not exceed 12 to 18 or 
 even 24 grammes daily, and must be given well diluted in Water. — B.M.J, 
 '09, i. 368. See also under Calcii Chloridum. 
 
 Citric Acid 1, dissolved in Distilled Water 12-| (or 35 grains in 1 oz.) 
 is a substitute for Lemon Juice, but does not keep long without spoiling. 
 
 24|- grains Potassium Bicarbonate. 
 20 ,, Potassium Carbonate. 
 20i 
 
 17 grains of Citric Acid 
 neutralise about 
 
 O' 
 
 12f 
 112- 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 Sodium Carbonate. 
 Ammonium Carbonate. 
 Magnesium Carbonate. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 "3 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Usually given in powders to be taken with each 
 dose of an alkaline mixture during effervescence ; or in solution, directing the 
 quantity to be taken with the alkaline mixture. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Potassium Tartrate, alkaline Carbonates, Acetates, and 
 Sulphides. 
 
 Not OfBeial. — Syrupus Acidi Citrici. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Citric Acid is distinguished by the following tests : (1) the 
 production of a white precipitate insoluble in solution of Potassium 
 Hydroxide, but soluble in Ammonium Chloride Solution and in 
 solution of alkali Citrates, when its neutralised solution is boiled 
 with Calcium Chloride Solution ; (2) the white precipitate soluble 
 in Ammonia Solution, produced when the neutralised solution is 
 treated with Silver Nitrate Solution. In contradistinction to 
 Tartrates no mirror is produced when this ammoniacal solution is 
 warmed. No melting point is given in the B.P. ; the U.S. P. gives 
 between 152° and 153° C. (305*6° and 307*4° F.), and states that at 
 about 75° C. (167° F.) it begins to lose Water of crystallisation and 
 becomes anhydrous at about 135° C. (275° F.) ; Fr. Codex gives 
 153° C. (307-4° F.). 
 
[Solids by Weight] Liquids by Measme.] ACI 51 
 
 It is officially required to indicate 99*43 p.c, of Hydrogen Citrate 
 as ascertained by titrating an aqueous solution of 1 gramme of the 
 Acid with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 
 14 "2 ml. should be required ; the B.P. does not specify an indicator of 
 neutrality, but Phenolphthalein Solution should be employed as 
 Litmus Solution is not suitable ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0*07002 gramme of Hydrogen Citrate. The 
 U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Citric Acid ; 
 the P.G. does not state a requisite percentage. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Lead, Arsenic, Tartaric 
 Acid, and mineral matter. Calcium, Copper, Iron, and Sulphates may 
 also be present. The most important and most likely impurity is Lead, 
 for which the B.P. now adopts a special test. The limit of 1 part 
 of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 795), has been modified 
 in the light of subsequent experience, and the Pharmacopoeia now 
 fixes a limit of 1 • 4 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 solution of 7 grammes of Citric Acid in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 adding 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 The limit of 5 parts of Lead per million suggested in the same refer- 
 ence, has also been modified, and the B.P. now fixes a limit of 20 parts of 
 Lead per million, as determined by the Lead Test given under the head- 
 ing of Special Tests, emjjloying a primary solution containing 7 grammes, 
 and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of the substance, 
 using 10 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. The U.S. P. requires that the 
 aqueous -solution (1 in 20), mixed with a few drops of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, shall not respond to the Time-Limit Test for heavy metals, 
 omitting the subsequent addition of Ammonia Water. The P.G. does 
 not include a specific test for either Arsenic or Lead. The B.P. has 
 now discarded the Ferrous Sulphate and Hydrogen Peroxide Solution 
 test, and the Ammonium Molybdate and Hydrogen Peroxide tests 
 for Tartaric Acid, and has adopted the Pusch's Sulphm'ic Acid test, 
 which is ofiicial in the P.G. (1910). A pale yellow, but not a brown, 
 coloration should be produced when a mixture of 1 gramme of the 
 powdered acid and 10 ml. of Sulphuric Acid is maintained at a tempera- 
 ture not above 90° C. (194° F.) for 1 hour, in a test-tube which has 
 been previously rinsed with the Sulphuric Acid. The P.G. method 
 of performing the test is to warm a mixture of 1 gramme of Citric Acid 
 and 10 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, which has been prepared in a mortar 
 previously rinsed with Sulphuric Acid, in a test-tube in a water-bath 
 for 1 hour, at a temperature not exceeding 90° C. (194° F.), when the 
 mixture should become at the most yellow, but not brown. 
 
 It is officially required to yield ' no characteristic reaction ' for 
 Copper and Iron, and only very slight reactions for Calciimi and 
 Sulphates. The U.S. P. requires that the 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 mixed with a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, should not respond to 
 the Time-Limit Test for heavy metals, omitting the subsequent addition 
 of Ammonia Water. The P.G. requires that the solution of 5 grammes 
 of Citric Acid in 10 c.c. of Water, after the addition of Ammonia Water 
 
52 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 until only faintly acid in reaction, shall either not be altered or at the 
 most be only coloured faintly yellow by the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Water, indicating the absence of Lead and Copper salts. The 
 U.S. P. and P.G. both require the absence of Calcium salts, using the 
 test described under the heading of Ammonium Oxalate Solution in 
 small type below. The limits for Sulphuric Acid are indicated in the 
 small type notes under the heading of Barium Chloride or Barium 
 Nitrate. 
 
 The mineral residue left on incineration with free access of air should, 
 according to the B.P. and U.S. P., not amount to more than 0*05 p.c, 
 and, according to P.G., it should leave at the highest 0*1 p.c. residue, 
 
 Aminoniuin Oxalate Solution. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqueous solution, after 
 being almost neutralised with Ammonia Solution, should not be affected by 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, P.O. ; 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous solution 
 nearly neutralised with Ammonia Solution should remain clear on the 
 addition of 1 c.c. of Ammonium Oxalate Test-Solution, U.S. P. 
 
 Barium. Chloride or Barium Nitrate. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqueous solution 
 should not be affected by Barium Nitrate Solution within half an hour, 
 indicating limit of Sulphates, P.O. 10 c.c of a 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution 
 after the addition of a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid should not be rendered 
 turbid within 5 minutes on the addition of 1 c.c. of Barium Chloride Test- 
 Solution, indicating limit of Sulphuric Acid, U.S. P. 
 
 Volumetrie Determination. — 34 'To c.c. of a solution of 5 grammes of 
 Citric Acid in Water to measure 100 c.c, should require not less than 24 • 87 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution using, Phenolphthalein 
 Test-Solution as an indicator; which is equivalent to not less than 99 "5 p.c. 
 of pure Citric Acid, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SYRUPUS ACIDI CITRICI.— ^Sj/n.— Syrupus Citri. 
 
 Belg.— Citric Acid, 20 ; Syrup, 950 ; Water, 20 ; Spirit of Lemon, 2 ; 
 
 Alcohol (94p.c.),''8. 
 Fr. — Citric Acid, 10 ; Syrup, 970 ; Alcoolature de Citron, 20. 
 Mex. — Citric Acid, 10 ; Simple Syrup, 970 ; Water, 20. 
 Port. — Citric Acid, 1 ; Sjrrup of Lemons, 98 ; Water, 1. 
 Kuss. — Citric Acid, 3 ; Syrup, 150 ; Elfeosacchari Citri, 1. 
 Swed. — Citric Acid, 1 ; Syrup, 19. 
 Swiss. — Citric Acid, 2 ; Spirit of Lemon, 1 • 5 ; Water, 2 • 5 ; Simple 
 
 Syrup, 94. 
 U.S.— Citric Acid, 10 ; Water, 10 ; Tincture of Fresh Lemon Peel, 10 ; 
 
 Syrup, to make 1000. 
 All by weight except U.S. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM PORMICUM. 
 
 irORMIC ACID, AMINIC ACID. 
 
 H^COo, eq. 4G-016. 
 
 A clear, colourless, volatile liquid, possessing an irritating odour and 
 strongly acid taste. It contains about 25 p.c. of Hydrogen Formate. 
 
 Solubility. — It is miscible in all proportions with Water and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ACI 53 
 
 Medicinal Pi'operties. — It is a powerful stimulant of muscular action, 
 retards fatigue, and gives a markedly increased capacity for work. In its 
 tonic effects it is closely allied to Kola, Coca and Caffeine, It has also a 
 diuretic effect, but not to the same extent as Theobromine. In small doses 
 it markedly improves the appetite and general nutrition It is usually 
 prescribed as one of the salts. Calcium, Lithium, Potassium, Quinine, Sodium, 
 or Strychnine Formate, q.v. 
 
 The acid has been given [B.M.J.E. '03, ii. 56) in doses of from 8 to 10 
 drops, taken four times daily in a little Vichy or aerated Water, 
 
 It has been used in the treatment of lupus, and in cancer in the form 
 of a subcutaneous injection in doses of 0"1 to 1*0 c.c, of a solution 
 1 in 100,000 to 1 in 1000, according to the age and condition of the 
 patient. 
 
 Three hundred cases of diphtheria treated with 5 to 20 minims of 25 p.c. 
 solution of Formic Acid 4-hourly for 10 to 14 days, plus antitoxin ; the 
 death-rate from cardiac failure reduced from 8*ti to 2 p.c, — E.M.J. '06, 
 ii. 337. 
 
 No drug so good in chorea, as it steadies the muscular system without 
 weakening it. — L. '07, ii. 1686. 
 
 Formates are stated (L. '05, i. 892; '07, i. 1176) to inci'ease the power 
 of resistance to fatigue and to promote energy. They are also slightly 
 diuretic. 3 grammes (45 grains) of the Potassium or Sodium salt may be 
 given daily, or a granune and a half (23 grains) of the Lithium salt. The 
 treatment is generally continued for ten days, followed by an interval of 
 ten days' rest. 
 
 The acid has been given {B.M.J.E. '05, ii. 39) in rheumatic conditions 
 in the form of a 2\ to 3 p.c. solution, eight drops as an injection after injecting 
 five to eight drops of a 1 p.c. solution of Cocaine as a local anaesthetic ; and 
 has been administered {L. '05, ii. 907) in doses of 4 grammes of the normal 
 solution in the treatment of tremor. 
 
 Bee stings ; in rheumatism, nothing short of a humbug. — Pr. '12, i. 209. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = • 12 to " 3 ml. in aerated Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Ger. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — -Formic Acid has a specific gravity of 1'060 to 1'064. A white 
 crystalline precipitate is produced when it is mixed with Lead Subacetate 
 Solution. Wlien either the acid itself or its neutrahsed solution is warmed 
 with Silver Nitrate Solution a preci]pitate of metalhc Silver is thrown down ; 
 when warmed with yellow Mercuric Oxide metalhc Mercury is precipitated, 
 with Mercuric Chloride Test-Solution a white precipitate of Calomel is pro- 
 duced. On the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a reddish-brown 
 solution is produced, which on heating throws down a reddish-brown 
 precipitate ; when warmed with concentrated Sulphuric Acid, Carbon 
 Monoxide gas is evolved which burns with a blue flame. It should 
 contain from 24 to 25 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Formate as deter- 
 mined by titrating 5 c.c. of the acid with Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrahty ; 28 to 29 c.c. should be required, indicating 24 to 25 p.c. w/w of 
 Hydrogen Formate ; 1 c.c. of the Normal Solution being equivalent to • 04602 
 gramme. The 1 in 5 aqueous solution acidified with Nitric Acid should 
 yield no immediate precipitate or turbidity with Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Clilorides ; when almost neutrahsed with Ammonia 
 Solution it should neither yield a precipitate nor a tmrbidity on the addition 
 of Calcium Chloride Solution, nor ; coloration on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Oxahc Acid and of Lead and 
 Copper. The P.G. includes a test for Acetic Acid, requii'ing that a mixtm-e 
 of 1 c.c. of Formic Acid, 5 c.c. of Water and 1 "5 gramme of Mercuric Oxide 
 when repeatedly shaken until no fmrther disengagement of gas -occiu's, 
 then warmed in the water-bath, shall yield a filtrate which shall not redden 
 Litmus paper. When heated it should be entirely volatiUsed without leaving 
 a wei^hable residue. 
 
54 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SPIRITUS FORMICARUM ((?er).~Formic Acid, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 14 j 
 
 Water, 5. 
 
 CALCII FORMAS. Calcium Formate. Ca(CHO,.),, eq. 130-086.— 
 Anliydrous, white, rhombic prisms, or as a white crystalline powder, possessing 
 a sharp saline taste. It is soluble 1 in 8 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and in Ether It contains about 09 "5 p.c. of Formic Acid. 
 ICmployed, by virtue of its tonic action upon striped and unstriped muscle, 
 as a powerful stimulant of muscular action. It is also useful in increasing 
 the power of the body to resist fatigue. It is prescribed with Potassium, 
 Sodium, and Lithium Formates as a Syrup. It is also prescribed as a 
 combined nerve and muscle tonic, together with the Glycerophosphates of 
 Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, and Iron, and the Formates of 
 Sodium, Potassium and Litliium, as an Elixir of Glycerophosphates and 
 Formates. WHien required in powder form it may be given in the shape of 
 a cachet. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — AlkaU Carbonates, Phosphates and Sulphates. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0'65 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Formate dissolves in Distilled Water to form a clear 
 colom-less solution, which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution yields on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, 
 a white precipitate soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. Another portion of this 
 aqueous solution yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution and boiling, 
 a black precipitate of metallic Silver ; the reduction takes place slowly in 
 the cold. An ammoniacal solution of Silver Nitrate is not reduced even on 
 boiling, which distinguishes the salt from an Acetate. Potassimn Permanganate 
 Solution when added to an aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified mth Sulphuric 
 Acid, is reduced. Wlien strongly ignited it leaves a residue of Calciiun 
 Oxide, and this method may be employed for the determination of the laer- 
 eentage of Calcium present. A pure sample should contain 30* 8 p.c. of 
 Calcium, equivalent to 43-1 p.c. of Calcium Oxide. Commercial samples 
 contain from 29-3 to 31 -95 p.c. of Calcimn, corresponding to 41 -0 p.c. to 
 44-7 p.c. of Calcimn Oxide. Pure Calcimn Formate contains 69-5 p.c. of 
 Formic Acid. Commercial specimens contain from 64*6 to 68'7 p.c. It 
 may be determined by the method recommended, Y.B.P. '13, 546, by heating 
 the salt with an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution and Sodium Carbonate, adding a known excess of Oxalic Acid, 
 clearing the solution by the addition of Sulphm'ic Acid, and titrating the 
 excess of OxaUc Acid with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution. The total volume of Tenth-Normal Volimaetric Potassium Per- 
 manganate Solution used, less the amount of solution equivalent to the 
 Oxalic Acid, yields the amount of Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution required to oxidise the Formic Acid ; 0-028 gramme 
 of pure Calcium Formate should require 8- 65 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution, corresponding to 69-5 p.c. of Formic 
 Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Carbonates and Chlorides, 
 and occasionally Calcium Oxide. No effervescence should occur when the 
 salt is dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Carbonates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should 
 yield not more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. Calcium Oxide may be detected 
 by the alkalinity of the solution. 
 
 LITHII FORMAS. Lithium Formate, (LiHCO.,.H,0, eq. 69-964.)— 
 Rhombic prisms, or as a white, gUstening, crystalline powder. Soluble 1 
 in 2 of Water ; 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in Ether. Employed 
 in similar conditions to the Calcium salt ; also useful as a solvent for Uric 
 Acid. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 graiiis = 0'06 to 0'66 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] A CI 55 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Formate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, yielding a solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 A small particle of the salt moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and inserted 
 in the loop of a Platiniun wire into a non-luminoiis flame imparts to it a 
 bi'illiant crimson coloration. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt yields 
 the tests characteristic of Formic Acid given under Calcium Formate. It 
 should contain theoretically 9- 92 p.c. of Lithiiun, 64- 33 p.c. of Formic Acid, 
 and 25* 75 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. The Lithiimi may be determined 
 by moistening a weighed quantity of the salt with Sulphuric Acid, evaporating 
 to dryness, and carefully igniting, weighing the residue as Sulphate. The 
 percentage of Formic Acid may be determined by the method indicated 
 under Calcimu Formate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impm^ities are Carbonates, Chlorides, and 
 Sulphates. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution should be nevitral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper, and should afford no effervescence on the addition of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 
 An aqueous solution of similar strength, when acichfied with Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest tm-bidity on the addition 
 of Barimn Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 POTASSII FORMAS. Potassium Formate. KCHO., eq. 84-108.— White, 
 deliquescent crystals, possessing a sharp saline taste. Readily soluble in 
 Water (3 in 1) ; 1 in 13 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in Ether. Used in 
 similar conditions to the Calcium and Lithium salts. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0*065 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Formate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, producing a solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper. A minute particle of the salt, moistened with Hydrochloric Acid 
 and inserted in the loop of a Platiniun wire into the non-luminous flame, 
 imparts a violet colour to it. An aqueous solution should yield the tests 
 characteristic of Formic Acid given under the heading of Calcivun Formate. 
 It should contain theoretically 46* 48 p.c. of Potassium and 53- 52 p.c. of Formic 
 Acid. The Potassiiun may be determined by moistening a weighed quantity 
 of the salt with Sulphuric Acid, evaporating to dryness, carefully igniting 
 and weighing as Potassimn Sulphate. The percentage of Formic Acid may 
 be determined by the method given under the heading of Calcium Formate. 
 
 The more generally occm'ring impm'ities are Carbonates, Chlorides and 
 Sulphates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper and should afford no effervescence on the addition of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. An aqueous solution 
 of similar strength when acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not more 
 than the faintest tiu"bidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides ; and no more than a faint tui'bidity when 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 SODll FORMAS. Sodium Formate. NaCHO,. 2H„0, eq. 104-04.— In 
 masses of white, glistening crystals, or as a white, crystalline powder, possess- 
 ing a coohng saUne taste. Commercial samples vary in their degree of 
 hydration ; the usual commercial product contains approximately 2 molecules 
 of Water of crystallisation. Readily soluble in Water (about 1 in 1) ; 1 in 
 45 of Alcohol (90 p.c. ) ; insoluble in Ether. A powerful stimulant of muscular 
 action, useful in increasing the power of the body to resist fatigue. It has 
 a mild diuretic action. Employed in rheumatism, phthisis, and in pneumonia. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains — 0-065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 The anhydrous salt is Official in Ph. Ital. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Formate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a solution which is neutral in reaction to Litmus paper. A 
 
56 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 particle of the salt moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and inserted in a loop 
 of Platiniim wire into a non-luminous flame imparts a brilliant yellow colora- 
 tion to it. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution yields the tests distinctive of Formic 
 Acid given under Calciuiu Formate. A salt containing 2 molecules of Water 
 of crystallisation. should contain theoretically 22- 11 p.c. of Sodium, 43* 26 p.c. 
 of Formic Acid, and 34" 63 p.c. of Water. Both the anhydrous salt and the 
 Di-hydrate are commercial, the Di-hydrate being that most usually foim.d. 
 
 The percentage of Sodium may be determined by moistening the salt 
 with Sulphviric Acid, evaporating to dryness and gently and carefully 
 igniting, weighing the residue as anhydrous Sodium Sulphate. The per- 
 centage of Formic Acid may be determined by the method given under 
 Calcium Formate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Iron, Carbonates, Chlorides, 
 and Sulphates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not yield an immediate blue coloration on the addition of 0' 5 c.c. 
 of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. The aqueous 
 solution should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper and should 
 yield no effervescence on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Carbonates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield not more 
 than a faint opalescence when acidified with Nitric Acid, and on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution acidified with Hych-ochloric Acid should yield not more than a 
 faint turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Sulphates. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM GALLICUM. 
 
 GALLIC ACID. 
 TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID. 
 
 HjC.HjO^, H„0, eq. 188-064. 
 
 Fr., Acide Gallique ; Ger., Gallussaure ; Ital., Acido Gallice ; Span., 
 
 AciDO Agallico. 
 
 White or light Ijrownish -yellow crystalline needles or prisms, odourless, 
 and possessing an astringent and faintly acidulous taste. It may be produced 
 by hydrolysis of Tannic Acid, Sulphuric Acid being the acid generally 
 employed for this pin-pose. It is also present in small proportion in Galls. 
 It should be preserved in dark amber-tinted glass bottles. This was Official 
 in B.P. 1898, but omitted in 1914, as it is therapeutically useless. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 100 of cold Water ; 1 in 3 of boiling Water ; 1 in 
 8 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 50 of Ether ; 1 in 6 of Glycerin with heat. Gallic 
 Acid, 1, and Potassium Citrate, 1, will dissolve in 30 of Water. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0' 32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — With twice its weight o/ Sugar, may be taken three 
 times a day in Water, in powders or in cachets. It is also given in pills : 
 30 grains oj Acid and 3 minims of Glycerin will make pills. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi, metallic salts. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Ger., Ital., Jap., 
 Mex., Port., Span., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Gallic Acid dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a solution 
 which is acid in reaction towards Litmus paper, and which yields a bluish- 
 black precipitate on the addition of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution. Solutions of pure Ferrous salts are unaffected by the addition of 
 solvation of Gallic Acid, but with Ferric salts precipitation takes place as 
 above. An aqueous solution affords on the addition of Potassium Cyanide 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACT 57 
 
 Solution an intense red colour, which fades on standing, but is reproduced bj- 
 shaking energetically in a half-full test-tube, so as to aerate the liquid. 
 Tannic Acid does not yield this colour. The U.S. P. states that at about 
 200° C. (392° F.) it begins to melt. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of Water, Tannic Acid, 
 Sulphates and mineral matter. The crystalline acid should lose 9 "5 p.c. of 
 its weight at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.), indicating one molecule of 
 Water of crystalhsation. The absence of Tannic Acid is shown by the 
 aqueous solution of the acid failing to give a precipitate with solutions of 
 Isinglass or Albumen. The U.S. P. also includes tests with Calcium Hydroxide 
 Solution and with Sodium Hj^droxide Solution, which are described below. 
 
 The absence of Sulphates is ensured by the usual tests, and mineral matter 
 by the absence of ash when the acid is ignited at a low red heat. 
 
 Residue. — At a liigh temperature it is gradually decomposed, being 
 consumed at a low red heat without leaving a residue, U.S. P. 
 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution. — If G drops of Sodium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution be added to 5 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of Gallic Acid in 
 a watch-glass, the liquid will gradually acquire a deep green colour, which is 
 changed to red or brownish-red by acids, U.S. P. 
 
 Calcium Hydroxide Solution. — "When Calcium Hydroxide Test -Solution 
 is added to a cold saturated solution of Gallic Acid, a bluish-white precipitate 
 forms where the test solution is temporarily in excess and disappears on 
 shaking. "Wlien the test solution has been added in excess the precipitate 
 no longer dissolves, and the hquid acquires a tint that is blue by reflected 
 and green by transmitted light and becomes pink on the addition of a large 
 excess of Calcium Hydroxide Test-Solution. Distinction from Tannic Acid, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 GALLOFORMIN. — A compound of GalHc Acid with Hexamethylenete- 
 tramine. Ghsteiiing needles, almost insoluble in cold water. Used 
 externally and internally as a disinfectant. 
 
 Under the name of Gallogen, Ellagic Acid, the astringent principle of 
 Divi-divi, is used as an astringent. 
 
 ACIDUM GLYCEROPHOSPHORICUM. See calcii 
 
 GLYCEROPHOSPHAS. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM DILUTUM. 
 
 DILUTED HYDRIODIC ACID. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 HI, eq. 127 •'928. 
 
 A clear, colourless, and almost odourless liquid, possessing an acid 
 reaction. It is officially required to contain, wlien freshly prepared, 
 10 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Iodide, and 1 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Hypo- 
 phospliite. It may be obtained by the interaction of Hydrogen Sulpliide 
 and Iodine in aqueous suspension, Hypophosphorous Acid being sub- 
 sequently added as a preservative. It should be preserved in well- 
 stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, protected from the light. 
 
 The Hydriodic Acid described in previous editions of Squire's Companion 
 contained 20 p.c. HI. It was colourless when first made, but soon became 
 coloured vipon Uberation of Iodine, which again could be removed by means 
 of Hypophosphorous Acid. 
 
58 ACl iSolids by WeigM; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Acidum Hydriodieum Dilutum (U.S.). — ^A Solution containing not less 
 tlian 10 p.c. w/w of absolute Hydriodic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Alterative. Given wlieu the Iodides 
 of the alkalis disagree. The Syrup is a convenient form for adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 Official Prepai'ation. — Syrupua Acidi Hydriodici. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Hydriodic Acid has a specific gravity of 1* 110 ; the 
 U.S. P. gives 1 • 106 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the acid is not official in P.G. A 
 solution of the neutralised acid should yield with Silver Nitrate Solution 
 a curdy yellow precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid and almost insoluble 
 in Solution of Ammonia, but soluble in Sodium Thiosulphate and 
 Potassium Cyanide Solutions. Mercuric Chloride Test-Solution pro- 
 duces a scarlet precipitate, which is slightly soluble in an excess of 
 the reagent, and readily soluble in Potassium Iodide Solution. Chlorine 
 Solution Hberatcs Iodine, which dissolves to a violet coloured solution 
 on the addition of Chloroform or Carbon Bisulphide, the colour of the 
 solution being changed to a deep blue on the addition of Starch Mucilage. 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 9*72, nor more than 
 10" 23 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Iodide as determined by adding 45 ml. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to a mixture of 
 5 grammes of the Acid diluted with a little Water, and after the addition 
 of 5 ml. of Nitric Acid and 0*5 ml. of Ferric Sulphate Solution as an 
 indicator, titrating back with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium 
 Thiocyanate Solution, of which not less than 5, nor more than 7 ml., 
 should be required to produce a permanent pink coloration ; 1 ml. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0-0127928 
 gramme of Hydrogen Iodide. The U.S. P. adds 25 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to a weighed quantity 
 of 2 • 54 grammes of Diluted Hydriodic Acid, diluted with 50 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, and after the addition of 3 or 4 c.c. of 
 Nitric Acid (free from Nitrous compounds) and 5 c.c. of Ferric 
 Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution as an indicator, titrates with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, of which 
 it requires that not more than 5 c.c. shall be required to produce a 
 permanent reddish-brown tint, 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal VolumxCtric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution corresponding to 0'5 p.c. of absolute Hydriodic 
 Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and Lead, 
 Barium, Calcium, Potassium, Sulphates, or Sulphides. The U.S. P. 
 employs the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, which indicates the 
 presence of Arsenic much in excess of 1 in 100,000, and the Time-Limit 
 Test for heavy metals. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Diluted Hydriodic Acid in 50 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water, to which has been added 0*5 ml. of Bromine Arsenic- 
 Test reagent and 10 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent ; 
 the solution is allowed to stand during 5 minutes, and the excess of 
 Bromine eliminated by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ACI 59 
 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The B.P. also fixes a limit of 
 10 parts of Lead per million, as determined by the Lead-Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary 
 solution containing 7 grammes, and an auxiliary solution containing 
 2 grammes of the substance, using 5 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 As regards the other impurities the B.P. is content with the usual 
 elastic expression ' yields no characteristic reactions for, etc.* When 
 mixed with Potassium Sulphate Solution, the acid should yield no 
 turbidity or precipitate, indicating the absence of Bariiuu. When 
 neutralised with Ammonia Solution it should yield no turbidity or 
 precipitate on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Calcium. It should yield no turbidity or preci- 
 pitate with Platinic Chloride Solution, nor any distinctive coloration 
 to a Bunsen flame when introduced on a moistened Platinum 
 wire, indicating a limit of Potassium. A measured quantity of 
 10 c.c. of the acid should not be rendered more than slightly cloudy 
 by the addition of 1 c.c. of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphates. When warmed, after the addition of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, no odour of Hydrogen Sulphide should be evolved, indi- 
 cating the absence of Sulphides, The U.S. P. requires in addition that, 
 when evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, then heated to 115'^ C. 
 (239° F.), it should not leave more than 1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDRIODICI. Syrup of Hydriodic Acid. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 Diluted Hydriodic Acid, 10, by weight ; Distilled Water, 5 ; Syrup, 
 
 q.s. to yield 100 by volume. (1 by weight in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 2 to 4 ml. 
 
 Syrupus Acidi Hydriod.iei(C/,iSf.). — Diluted H5'-drIodicAcid(10 p.c), 10 ; 
 Water, 30 ; Syrup, 60 ; all by weight to make 100. Average dose, 4 c.c. 
 (1 fl. drm.). 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM. 
 
 DILUTED HYDROBROmC ACID. 
 
 Fr., Acide Bromhydrique Dissous ; Ger., Bromwasserstoffsattre ; 
 Ital., Acido Bromidrico ; Span., Acido Bromhidrico Oficinal. 
 
 A clear, colourless liquid, containing 10 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Bromide, HBr, eq. 80-928. 
 
 It should be preserved in stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint, and as far as possible protected from the light. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative and h}npnotic, but not so reliable 
 as the Bromides, though producing less depression. When continued 
 sedative action is indicated, the acid can be used to supplement or 
 replace the Bromide salts. It is less likely to produce acne. 
 
60 ACI [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Said to prevent headache after taking Quinine and Iron ; may be given 
 with Quinine (which it readily dissolves) for nervous exhaustion. 
 Said to prevent the after-effects of Morpliine if given with it. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 minims = 0' 9 to 3' 6 ml. 
 
 Prescribing iN'otes. — Larger doses may he given, 2 to 4 ^7. drm., well 
 diluted vnth Water, or Syrup and Water. 
 
 60 minims = S^ grains of Potassium Bromide in the quantity of Bromine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, sp.gr. 1*224; Fr., 
 Span., Swiss and U.S., 10 p.c, sp. gr. 1 -076 to 1 -077. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Hydrobromic Acid has a specific gravity of 1'077, 
 wliicli is the official figmre ; the U.S. P. states 1*076 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). A solution of the neutralised acid should give with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution a yellowish curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric 
 Acid, but soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution, and soluble with 
 difficulty in strong Ammonia Solution, but practically insoluble 
 in diluted Ammonia Solution ; Chlorine Solution causes a yellowish 
 or reddish coloration due to the liberation of Bromine, which dis- 
 solves on shaking with a few drops of Chloroform or Carbon 
 Bisulphide forming a reddish solution. 
 
 It is officially required to indicate 10 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Bromide as determined by titrating 10 ml. with Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 13 "3 ml. should be required. 
 Phenolphthalein Solution may be conveniently employed as an indi- 
 cator ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 
 0' 08093 gramme of Hydrogen Bromide. 
 
 The U.S. P. Volumetric test, which indicates not less than 10 p.c. by 
 weight of Hydrogen Bromide, is performed by titration with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, after exact neutralisation 
 with Diluted Ammonia Water, employing Potassium Chromate Test- 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality, and is given in the small type 
 notes below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are solid residue. Arsenic, 
 Copper, Lead and Iron ; Barium, Chlorides, Phosphates, Sulphates 
 and Sulphites, impmities which are present in the materials used in 
 the manufacture and escape removal during the piu-ification of the 
 Acid. Mineral residue is readily detected by evaporation to dryness ; 
 no appreciable residue should be left on evaporation. Ai'senic is the 
 most important impurity, as Phosphorus and Phosphoric Acid are 
 l)oth liable to contain this substance. The U.S. P. introduces a special 
 test (the modified Gutzeit's test) for Arsenic, which indicates its 
 }u-esence much in excess of 1 in 100,000, and also requires that the 
 Acid shoxild not respond to the time-limit test for heavy metals. 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by mixing 5 grammes with 50 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, and adding 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- 
 Test reagent. A limit of 5 parts of Lead per million is also fixed, 
 as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes and au 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 61 
 
 auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of tlie substance, using 5 ml. 
 of dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 Copper and Lead, if present, may be detected by tlie test with 
 Hydrogen Sulpliide given in the small type below, and if the solution 
 be made alkaline with Ammonia the test also affords an indication of 
 the presence of Iron. Iodine, if present, may be detected by the test 
 described under the heading of Chloroform. Barium, Chlorides, Phos- 
 phates, Sulphates and Sulphites may be detected by the tests in small 
 type below iinder the respective headings of Potassium Sulphate 
 Solution, Silver Nitrate Solution followed by Ammonium Carbonate 
 Solution, Magnesium Sulphate Solution, Barium Chloride Solution. 
 
 Distillation. — On distillation. Water and a weak acid first pass over ; 
 when the temperature of 126° C. (258-8° F.) is reached an acid of 48 p.c. 
 remains, which may be distilled unchanged, U.S. P. 
 
 Residue. — B P. requires that it should leave not more than 0"01 p.c. of 
 residue on evaporation to dryness ; the U.S. P. directs that after evaporation 
 to dryness, and heating to 110° C. (230° F.), 10 c.c. of the Acid should leave 
 no appreciable residue. 
 
 Chloroform. — When Chlorine Water is diluted with an equal volume of 
 Water and added drop by drop with agitation to 10 c.c. of Hydrobromic 
 Acid and 2 c.c. of Chloroform, previously shaken together, then the Chloroform 
 should be coloured orange, with no trace of violet, indicating the absence 
 of Iodine, U.S.P. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution. — 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid 
 without further acidulation, should not respond to the time-hmit test for heavy 
 metals, U.S.P. 
 
 Barium Chloride Solution. — 10 c.c. of the Acid should not be rendered 
 more than slightly cloudy by the addition of 1 c.c. of Barium Chloride Test- 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphuric Acid, U.S.P. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate Solution. — 10 c.c of the Acid should yield no 
 turbidity with 1 c.c. Potassium Sulphate Test-Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Barium, U.S.P. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — .5 c.c. should not respond to the modified 
 Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, U.S.P. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Solution followed by Ammonium Carbonate SoUition. 
 — If a mixture of 0-5 c.c. Diluted Hydrobromic Acid, 10 c.c. of Water, 8 c.c. 
 Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, and 6 c.c. Ammonium Carbonate Test-Solution, 
 be digested for 10 minutes on a bath of boiling Water, then cooled and 
 filtered, the filtrate when supersaturated with Nitric Acid should not become 
 more than slightly opalescent, indicating a limit of Chlorides, U.S.P. 
 
 Magnesium Sulphate Solntion. — 1 c.c. of the acid with 1 c.c. of Nitric 
 Acid, boiled, cooled, and then supersatiiratcd with Ammonia Solution, should 
 bo unaffected by Magnesium Sulphate Solution even after standing for some 
 tiiuo, indicating the absence of Pliosphates. 
 
 Potassium Ferroeyanide Solution. — 10 c.c. of Hydrobromic Acid 
 (lihited with Water (1-10) should not immediately turn blue with 0*5 c.c. 
 Potassium Ferroeyanide Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. 
 
 ■Volumetric Determination. — If 10 grammes of Acid be diluted with 
 Distilled Water to 100 c.c, then 8 '04 c.c. of this solution exactly neutralised 
 with diluted Ammonia Water (using Litmus Test-Solution as indicator), 
 and 3 drops of Potassium Chromate Test -Solution added, should require not 
 less than 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to impart 
 a permanent red tint, 1 c.c. of the Tenth-Normal Solution corresponding to 
 1 p.c. of absolute Hydrobromic Acid, U.S-P. 
 
62 ACI [Solids hy "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM. 
 
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 
 
 Fr., Acide Chlorhydrique Officinal ; Ger., Salzsaure ; Ital., Acido 
 Clorhidrico Concentrato ; Span., Acido Clorhidrico. 
 
 A colourless fuming liquid, possessing an irritating pungent odour, 
 and even in dilute solutions an intensely acid taste. 
 
 It contains 31*79 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl, eq. 
 36*468), and 68*21 p.c. by weight of Water ; the U.S. P. acid contains 
 31*9 p. c. by weight of Absolute Hydrochloric Acid and 68*1 p.c. of 
 Water ; the P.G. 24*8 to 25*2 p.c. of Hydrogen Chloride. 
 
 It may be obtained by the decomposition of a Chloride, generall)^ 
 Sodium Chloride, with Sulphm'ic Acid, dissolving the resultant gas in 
 Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful escharotic. When diluted it 
 is given internally, see Acidimi Hydrochloricum Dilutum. 
 
 Regulations Relating to the Vending of Mineral Acids. — It shall 
 not be lawful to sell Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, soluble 
 salts of Oxahc Acid, and such other substances as may for the time being 
 be prescribed by Order in Council under tliis section, unless the box, bottle, 
 vessel, wrapper, or cover in which the substance is contained is distinctly 
 labelled with the name of the substance and the word ' Poisonous,' and with 
 the name and address of the seller of the substance, and if any person sells 
 any such substance otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this 
 section, or of any Order in Council made thereunder, he shall, on conviction 
 under the Summary Jurisdiction Act, be Uable for each offence to a fine not 
 exceeding £5. 
 
 By Order in Council (March 24, 1911, as regards Great Britain, and of 
 August 12, 1912, as regards Ireland) all retail vendors of these substances 
 must observe the following regulations : — (1) In the sale by retail of any 
 substance to which section 5 of the Poisons and Pharmacy Act, 1908, applies, 
 the label required by the said section to be ajfifixed to the box, bottle, vessel, 
 wrapper, or cover in which the substance is contained shall bear, distinctly 
 printed thereon, the additional words, ' Not to be taken.' (2) In the sale by 
 retail of any Uquid substance to which section 5 applies, such substances shall 
 not be delivered or sent out except in bottles or other containers rendered 
 distinguishable by touch from ordinary bottles or containers, labelled with 
 the word ' Poisonous,' and with the name and address of the seller of the 
 substance. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Salts of Silver and Lead, Tartar Emetic, Alkalis and 
 their Carbonates. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Acidum Hydroclilorlcum Dilutum. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning by Hydrochloric Acid, the antidotes are Chalk, 
 Magnesia, Potassium Bicarbonate, with White of Egg, Carron Oil, or Soap- 
 suds ; followed by enemata of Beef Tea and Brandy (with Tincture of Opium) 
 to prevent collapse ; and emollient drinks. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., 25 p.c, sp. gr. 1-124; 
 Belg., sp. gr. 1 • 186 ; Dan. and Swed., 25 p.c, sp. gr. 1-127 ; Dutch and Swiss, 
 25 p.c, sp. gr. 1-126 ; Fr., 33-65 p.c, sp. gr. 1171 ; Ger., 24-8 to 25-2 p.c, 
 sp.gr. 1-126 to 1-127; Hung., 25 p.c, sp.gr. 1-125; Ital., 35-39 p.c, 
 sp. gr. 1 - 18 ; Jap., 30 p.c, sp. gr. I - 15 ; Mex., 1 - 17 ; Norw., 25 p.c, sp. gr. 
 1 - 126 to 1 - 128 ; Port, and Span., sp. gr. 1 - 180 ; Russ., 25 p.c, sp. gr. 1 - 124 ; 
 U.S., 31 • 9 p.c, sp. gr. 1 - 158 at 25° C. (77° F.). An Acidvim Hydrochloricum 
 Crudum is included in the Fr., Ital., Russ. and Swed. 
 
[Solids by Weiglit ; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 63 
 
 Tests. — Hydrocliloric Acid lias a specific gravity of 1*160; the 
 U.S.P. gives about MDS at 25° C. (77" R) ; the P.G. 1-124. The 
 diluted or neutralised solution affords, when treated with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, a curdy white precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, but 
 readily soluble in Ammonia Solution. Another characteristic test for 
 Hydrochloric Acid, which in the P.G. and U.S.P. is performed upon 
 the pure undiluted or unneutralised acid, but in the B.P. appears 
 amongst the miscellaneous collection of tests suitable for application 
 to the neutralised acid, is that when warmed with Manganese Peroxide, 
 Chlorine gas is evolved, which may be recognised by its colour, odour, 
 and bleaching action upon moistened Litmus paper, and by liberating 
 Iodine when brought into contact with Potassium Iodide Solution. 
 The acid is officially required to contain 31*81 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen 
 Chloride as determined by titrating a measured (juantity of 5 ml. 
 diluted with Water, with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, of which 50*6 ml. should be required; Phenolphthalein 
 Solution may be conveniently emploj^ed as an indicator of neutrahty ; 
 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0' 03647 
 gramme of Hydrogen Chloride; the U.S.P. test indicates 31*9 p.c. 
 by weight of absolute Acid, and the P.G. from 24*8 to 25*2 p.c. by 
 weight. The U.S.P. and P.G. processes are compared below under 
 the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occm-ring impurities are mineral residue, Arsenic, 
 Lead, Copper, Iron, Aluminium, free Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, 
 Sulphates and Sulphurous Acid. The most important of these are 
 Arsenic, Iron, and free Chlorine. Mineral matter is readily detected 
 by the residue left on evaporation, which should not exceed O'Ol p.c. 
 The limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) 
 and referred to in the Seventeenth Edition of Squire's Companion, 
 has been borne out by further investigations, and is now fixed as 
 the official limit. It is determined by the Arsenic Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 2 grammes 
 of Hydrochloric Acid in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 8 ml. of 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 
 10 parts of Lead per million suggested in the same reference is 
 also officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 
 12 grammes and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of the 
 substance, using 10 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. The U.S.P. adopts 
 tlie modified Gutzeit's test, and the P.G. the test with Stannous Chloride 
 Solution. A 1 to 20 dilution of the Acid almost neutralised v,dth 
 Ammonia Solution should not be altered percei^tibly by the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Lead and Copper. 
 The U.S.P. requires that the 1 in 20 aqueous dilution should not respond 
 to the time-limit test for heavy metals ; the P.G., that the 1 -}- 5 
 dilution, when almost neutralised with Ammonia Solution, shall not 
 be altered by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution. The P.G. includes a 
 specific teet for Iron with Potassium Ferrocj'anide Solution, requu'ing 
 that 10 c.c. of an aqueous solution (3 -{- 7) shall not be immediately 
 
64 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liqiiids by Measiire.] 
 
 coloured I)lu8 on the iiddition of O'o c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 Solution (5 p.c. v*7w.). The three Pharmacopoeias difTer in their 
 manner of testing for free Chlorine. All tlrree use the diluted acid, 
 the B.P. employs Potassium Iodide Solution and Starch Solution as 
 reagents ; the P.G. Zinc Iodide and Starch Solution ; the U.S. P. 
 uses Potassium Iodide Solution, but shakes with Cliloroform, and notes 
 the absence of a violet coloration in the chloroformic layer. The 1 in 
 10 aqueous solution, when mixed with a slight excess of Ammonia 
 Solution and boiled, should show no flocculent white precipitate, indi- 
 cating the absence of Aluminium. A mixture of 5 c.c. of the acid 
 diluted with an equal volume of Water, when mixed with Chlorine 
 Water diluted with an equal volume of Water and shaken with 1 c.c. 
 of Chloroform, should develop no orange or violet colour, indicating 
 the absence of Bromine or Iodine. An aqueous solution (1 + 5) 
 should yield no turjjidity or precipitate with Barium Chloride Solution 
 within 5 minutes, indicating a limit of Sulphates. The aqueous 
 dilution (1 + 5), when mixed with a few drops of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Iodine Solution, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Barium Chloride Solution within 10 minutes, indicating a 
 limit of Sulphm'ous Acid. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — 5 c.c. of diluted Acid (1-10) should not 
 respond to the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, U.S. P. 
 
 Stannous Chloride. — A mixture of 1 c.c. of Acid and 3 c.c. Stannous 
 Chloride Solution should not assume a dark colour within an hour, P.G. 
 
 Potassium or Zinc Iodide Solution. — When diluted with Water it 
 should yield no blue coloration on the addition of Potassium Iodide Solution 
 and Starch Mucilage, B.P. ; the P.G. directs the Acid to be diluted with 
 5 volumes of Water, and requires that this solution should not immediately 
 turn blue Avith Zinc Iodide Starch Solution. The U.S. P. dilutes 1 c.c. of 
 Acid with 5 c.c. of Water, then on the addition of 1 c.c. of Potassium Iodide 
 Test-Solution and 1 c.c. of Chloroform, and the mixture agitated, the Chloro- 
 form should be free from any violet coloration. 
 
 Chlorine "Water. — ^If Chlorine Water diluted with an equal quantity of 
 Water be added cautiously, drop by drop with constant agitation, to 5 c.c. 
 of Hydrochloric Acid diluted with an equal volume of Water, and 1 c.c. of 
 Chloroform added, the Chloroform sliould be free from any yellow, orange, 
 or violet colour, U.S. P. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Nitrate Solution. — Hydi'ochloric Acid diluted 
 with 5 parts by weight of Water and nearly neutralised with Ammonia 
 Solution should be unaffected within 5 minutes by Barium Nitrate Solution, 
 P.G. The U.S. P. uses Barium Chloride Test-Solution, a few drops added to 
 1 c.c. of the Acid previously diluted with 5 c.c. of Water, when no turbidity or 
 precipitate should be produced within 1 hour, nor should the addition of a 
 few drops of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution to the mixture produce 
 any turbidity. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. — 10 c.c. Hydrochloric Acid diluted 
 with Water (3-1-7) should not be immediately colom-ed blue on the addition 
 of 0'5 c.c. Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, P.G. 
 
 Volumetric Determination (by neutraUsation). — A mixture of 5 c.c. of 
 Hydrochloric Acid and 25 c.c. of Water should require for neutralisation 
 38 '3 to 38 '9 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 which represents a content of 24-8 to 25 '2 p.c. of Hydrogen Chloride ; 1 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution = '03647 gramme 
 of Hydrogen Chloride, Methyl Orange Solution being employed as an indicator. 
 
ESolids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] ACJI 05 
 
 P.O. A measured quantity of 3 c.c. of Acid is accurately weighed, diluted 
 with 5 c.c. of Water and titrated with Normal Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Methyl Orange Test-Solution as indicator. The number of c.c. required, 
 multiplied by 3 '618 and the product divided by the weight of Acid taken, 
 represents the percentage of absolute Hydrochloric Acid in the sample, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM. Diluted Hydro 
 CHLORIC Acid. (Modified.) 
 
 Dilute 33 (by weight) of Hydrochloric Acid with Distilled Water to 
 make 100 (by volume). 
 
 It contains 10 p.c. by weight of HCl. 
 
 It is now slightly weaker than in B.P. 1898. 
 
 3^ minims contain about 1 minim of Strong Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant, sialagogue, stomachic tonic, 
 cholagogue. Given about two hours after meals in dyspepsia due to 
 deficient secretion of Hydrochloric Acid ; given before meals in cases 
 of acid eructation and heartburn, to prevent excessive secretion of 
 acid ; used also in gargles ; given internally also to diminish night 
 sweating. 
 
 In pernicious ana?mia marked improvement followed large doses. — M.R. 
 '10, i. 425. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 20 minims =0*3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Usually given with aromatic or bitter infusions ; 
 Jor children, \h to 2 minims ; 1 drm. in 8 oz. of Infusion of Roses or Decoction 
 of Cinchona as a gargle for tonsillitis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^ — Austr., 12-5 p.c, sp. gr. 1061; Belg., 
 sp.gr, 1037; Fr., Swiss and U.S., 10 p.c, about sp.gr. 1-049; Dutch, 
 sp. gr. 1 -067 ; Hung, and Jap., 10 p.c. sp. gr. 1 -050 ; Dan., Norw. and Swed., 
 lOp.c, sp. gr. 1-050 to 1-052; Ger.. 12 -4 to 12-6 p.c, sp. gr. 1 -061 to 1-063; 
 Ital., 8-07 p.c. sp. gr. 1-036 ; Russ., 8-2 p.c, sp. gr. 1-040 ; Mex., Acid, 1 ; 
 Water, 3. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Hydrochloric Acid has a specific gravity of 1*048. 
 When its neutralised or diluted aqueous solution is mixed with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, a cvirdy white precipitate insoluble in Nitric Acid, but 
 readily soluble in Ammonia Solution and in Potassium Cyanide Solution 
 is produced. 
 
 It is officially required to contain 10 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Chloride, as determined by titrating 10 ml. of the acid with Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 28*7 ml. should 
 be required ; Phenolphthalein Solution or Methyl Orange Solution 
 may be conveniently employed as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = "0364:7 gramme of Hydrogen 
 Chloride. The Diluted Acid of the U.S. P. is required to contain 10 p.c. 
 by weight of Absolute Hydrochloric Acid and 90 p.c. of Water ; the 
 Diluted Acid of the P.G. contains 12-4 to 12-6 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen 
 Chloride. 
 
 As the diluted Acid is directed to be prepared with the official 
 Hydrochloric Acid, it is required to be free from the impurities 
 mentioned imder the concentrated Acid. 
 
66 ACI [Solids by ^Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 LIMONATA CLORIDRICA (7mZ.).— Dilute Hydrochloric Acid, 20 ; Syrup 
 of Orange, 90 ; Water to make 1000. 
 
 MIXTURA ACiDI HYDROCHLORATI (iVom.).— Dilute Hydrochloric 
 Acid, 2 ; Syi'upus Ruhi Idaei, 18 ; Distilled Water, 80. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM. 
 
 DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Dilute Prussic Acid. 
 
 HCN, eq. 27-018. 
 
 Fr., Acide Cyanhydrique Dissous ; Ger., Cyanwasseb-stoffsaure ; 
 Ital., Acido Cianidrico ; Span., Acido Cianhidrico Medicinal. 
 
 A clear, colourless liquid, possessing a characteristic odour somewhat 
 resembling Bitter Almonds. It is officially required to contain 2 p.c. 
 by weight of Plydrogen Cyanide, and may be prepared by the inter- 
 action of Potassium Ferrocyanide and Sulphm'ic Acid, or when only 
 a small quantity is required occasionally, it may be convenient to 
 prepare it extemporaneously from dry Silver Cyanide, as in the U.S. P. ; 
 Silver Cyanide, 6 parts; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid {B.P.), 15*54 ft. 
 parts ; Distilled Water, 44*1 parts. Shake for a short time and filter. 
 The product should contain 2 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen Cyanide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — As this Acid is a dangerous poison, it 
 should never be prescribed undiluted. Moreover, a diluted Solution 
 retains its strength better than a strong one. 
 
 It IS sedative, antispasmodic, allays vomiting,- is useful in gastro- 
 dynia, in visceral neuralgias, in dyspeptic j)alpitations, but chiefly 
 valuable in the dry resultless cough of asthma, phthisis and whooping- 
 cough ; it also prevents the vomiting brought on by food in phthisis. 
 Used externally to allay itching in urticaria, lichen, etc., if the skin 
 be unbroken, as a lotion, 2 drm. to 8 oz. of Rose Water and Glycerin ; 
 as an ointment, from i to 1 drm. to each oz. of Zinc ointment. The 
 vapour is used as a sedative inhalation in the cough of laryngeal 
 phthisis and in some spasmodic affections. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = 0*12 to 0*3 mh 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in Almond Emulsion Jor cough ; a^id with 
 Sodium^ Bicarbonate, Bismuth Carbonate and Peppermint Water Jor dyspepsia. 
 As a Compound Lotion, 3 minims oj Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 4 grains 
 o/ Borax, to 1 oz. oj Water. To this may be added 4 grains oj Sodimn Bicarbonate. 
 
 As the Acid is susceptible to the action oj light and air, and is very volatile, 
 it is the practice to keep it in well-stoppered amber -coloured bottles, stopper dow7%- 
 wards, in a cool and dark place. 
 
 Regulations Relating to the Sale of Prussic Acid. — Prussic Acid, 
 and all preparations or admixtures containing O'l or more p.c. of Prussic 
 Acid, come within Part 1 of the Poisons Schedule. They must not be sold 
 by retail unless the purchaser is known to, or is introduced by some person 
 known to, the seller, who must enter the sale in the Poisons book. Prepara- 
 tions containing less than O'l p.c. of Prussic Acid fall within Part 2 of the 
 Schedule. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI (u 
 
 Inconipatibles. — Silver, Copper, and Iron salts, and Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Acidum Hydrocyanicum (ScJieele), Brompton Cough 
 Mixture. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning, the antidotes are fresh air and artificial respira- 
 tion, with cold affusion ; the recent precipitate obtained by swallowing 
 10 grains of Ferrous Sulphate, with 1 fl. drm. of Tincture of Ferric Chloride 
 in 1 oz. of Water, followed by 20 grains of Potassium Carbonate dissolved 
 in 1 oz. of Water; this vnll render insoluble 110 minims of B.P. Acid. 
 Stimulants, Ammonia and Brandy ; Hypodermic injection of Atropine, 
 sV grain. 
 
 Suggested that in mines and places where Cj'anide is used the following 
 antidote should be kept ready : (1) 1 oz. of a 23 p.c. solution of Ferrous 
 Sulphate ; (2) 1 oz. of a 5 p.c. solution of Potassium Hydrate ; (3) 30 grains 
 of powdered Magnesium Oxide to be added to the above in half a pint of 
 Water.— L. '01, ii. 497. 
 
 Injection of a 3 p.c. solution of Hydrogen Peroxide subcutaneously recom- 
 mended in cases of poisonin.g by fumes of Hydrocyanic Acid. — J.C'.S. '01, 
 Abs. ii. 535. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ital., Jap., 
 Norw., Span, and U.S., 2 p.c. ; Mex. (Acido cianhidrico medicinal) ; and 
 Port, strength not given. Not in the others. See also Aqua Amygdalae 
 Amarae. 
 
 The Brussels Conference adopted a strength of 2 p.c. for Acidum Hj^dro- 
 cyanicum Dilutum. 
 
 Tests. — Hydrocyanic Acid lias a specific gravity of about 0" 997; the 
 U.S. P. does not give a specific gravity; the Acid is not included in the 
 P.G. When Silver Nitrate Solution is added to its neutralised solution 
 there is produced a white curdy precipitate, soluble in Potassium Cyanide 
 Solution, in Ammonia Solution, and in Nitric Acid. A blue precipitate 
 is produced when a mixture of Ferrous and Ferric salts in solution is 
 added to the neutralised acid, followed by the addition of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and then an excess of Hydrochloric Acid. It is 
 officially required to contain not less than 2*0 p.c. and not more than 
 2*05 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Cyanide as determined by titrating 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, a mixture of 
 5 ml. of the Acid, 50 ml. of Water, 5 ml. of Ammonia Solution, and 
 3 drops of Potassium Iodide Solution ; not less than 18 * 4, and not 
 more than 19 ml. of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution shall be 
 required to produce a permanent turbidity or precipitate ; 1 ml. , of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0*005404 g/am'me 
 of Hydrogen Cyanide. This process is a modification of that-described 
 in Squire's Companion (1908), which was recommendecl as a very 
 useful method ^"or the determination of the strength of Diluted Hydro- 
 cyanic Acid, particularly in the presence of Hydrochloric Acid (a trace 
 of which is understood to be purposely added by manufacturers to 
 retard decomposition). The end reaction is very definite. The 
 Companion quantities were 5 c.c. of the acid, 40 c.c. of V/ater, 10 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution, and 0*2 gramme of Potassium Iodide. 
 
 The Fr. Codex, in agreement with the recommendations of the 
 Brussels Conference, requires the Acid to contain 2 p.c. by weight of 
 Hydrogen Cyanide, as determined by diluting an accurately weighed 
 quantity of 10 grammes of the Diluted Acid with 300 c.c. of Distilled 
 
 p 3 
 
68 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Water, addiug 15 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and 10 drops of Potassium 
 Iodide Solution (20 p. c. w/w), and titrating witli Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate to the production of a permanent tiu'bidity. 
 
 The more generally occurring impui'ities are mineral residue, 
 Sulphates and Chlorides. Tlie mineral residue is readily determined 
 by evaporating the fluid to dryness, when no appreciable residue 
 should remain from 5 c.c. 
 
 When diluted with Water and slightly acidified M'ith Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution it should not yield a distinct turbidity on the 
 addition of Barium Chloride Solution, and when acidified with Nitric 
 Acid should not yield a distinct turbidity on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Test- Solution, indicating the absence of more than traces of 
 Sulphates and Chlorides. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the 
 Acid is diluted to 50 c.c. with Water ; 26 "9 c.c. (26 "Si) of this solution, after 
 the addition of 5 c.c. of Ammonia Water and 3 drops of Potassiuni Iodide Test- 
 Solution, should require for the production of a slight permanent precipitate 
 the addition of not less than 10 c.c. Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BROMPTON COUGH MIXTURE (Pharm. i^o/vH.).— Diluted Hydrocyanic 
 Acid, 2| minims ; Solution of Morphine Hydrochloride, 7J minims ; Syrup 
 of Tolu, 40 minims ; Acid Infusion of Roses, to make 4 fl. drm. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM (SCHEELE) B.P.C. Fcnnulary 1901.— A 
 colourless Uquid. Sp. gr. 0'994. It should contain about 4 p.c HCN. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 minims = 0-06 to 0-18 ml. 
 
 It is known that the weaker strengths of Hydrocyanic Acid keep better 
 than the stronger, and the only practical use for a double strength Acid is to 
 poison dogs or cats. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM HYDROFLUORICUM. 
 
 PYDKOFLTJORIC ACID. 
 
 A colourless liquid, usually redistilled, containing about 30 p.c. of Hydro- 
 fluoric Acid gas ; owing to its action on glass it is usually stored in gutta- 
 \ percha bottles. 
 
 \ It is strongly corrosive. Great caution must be used in handling this Acid, 
 \as contact with the Uquid or gas may result in sores difficult to heal, or 
 permanent destruction of tissue ; no pain is felt until the ijijury is beyond 
 remedy. It also gives off a pimgent irritating vapour. 
 
 ACIDUM HYDROFLUORICUM DILUTUM (B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— 
 Dilute the 30 p.c. Acid so as to contain 0*2 p.c, and preserve in gutta-percha 
 bottles. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1*3 ml. 
 
 AMMONII FLUORIDUM. — Colourless crystals soluble in Water. Given 
 in hypertrophy of the spleen and in goitre as a J p.c. solution, in doses of 
 5 to 20 minims = • 3 to 1 • 3 ml. 
 
 FERRI FLUORIDUM.— A mixture of Ferric and Ferrous Fluoride. A 
 purplish-grey powder, insoluble in Water. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI G9 
 
 SODIUM FLUORIDE. — Antiseptic. The Fluorides have been used as 
 preservatives of foods. 
 
 Has fallen deservedly into disrepute, one reason being that the Fluorides 
 are among the most irritant and destructive drugs known, and their use is 
 always attended with danger. — W. E. Dixon, Pr. '13, i. 118. 
 
 Fluoroform (CHF3) is analogous in composition to Chloroform (CHCI3), 
 but contains the halogen Chlorine replaced by Fluorine. The pure product is 
 at ordinary temperatures a gas. This gaseous Fluoroform was tested pharma- 
 cologically and proved to be very similar in action to Chloroform. The 
 commercial article is a 2' 8 p.c. aqueous solution of the gas, and it is in this 
 form that it is generally employed. It possesses very little odour or taste, 
 and is comparatively harmless even in large doses. Used in phthisis, lupus, 
 and tuberculous joints. 1 to 3 fl. drm. in Water 4 or 5 times a day. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. 
 
 HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID'. 
 
 H3PO,, eq. 66-064. 
 
 A clear, colourless and odourless liquid, possessing an acid taste and an 
 acid reaction to Litmus. It contains 30 p.c. of absolute Hypophosphorous 
 Acid, which is the strength of the U.S. P., It should be kept in dark amber- 
 tinted, well-stoppered bottles, and in a cool place. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = 0"12 to 0*3 ml. 
 
 A good preservative for preparations otherwise liable to change) by 
 oxidation. 
 
 Used principally in the manufacture of the Solution and Syrup of Iron 
 Hypophosphite, etc. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — It is officially described in the B.P. Appendix as the Hypophos- 
 phorous Acid of commerce, specific gravity 1 • 137. A mixture of the acid and 
 an equal volume of Water, yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a 
 black precipitate of metallic Silver ; on the addition of Mercuric Chloride 
 Solution, a white precipitate of Mercurous Chloride ; when gently warmed 
 with a solution of Copper Sulphate a yellow precipitate is produced, which 
 rapidly assumes a reddish-brown colour. It should contain 30 p.c. of 
 Hydrogen Hypophosphite as determined by diluting 10 grammes of the 
 acid with Distilled Water so as to produce 100 c.c, and then titrating 66 • 06 c.c. 
 of this solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 of which 30 c.c. should be necessary ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Solution 
 corresponding to 1 p.c. of Hydrogen Hypophosphite ; Methyl Orange Test- 
 Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality. The more generally 
 occurring impurities are Arsenic, Lead, Copper, Iron, Barium, and Potassium ; 
 Phosphoric. Phosphorous, Sulphuric, OxaUc and Tartaric Acids, and mineral 
 residue. The residue obtained by evaporating to dryness on a water-bath 
 a mixture of 2 c.c. of Hypophosphorous Acid, 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid, previously 
 diluted with about 10 c.c. of Water, should not respond to the modified 
 Gutzeit's test for Arsenic. A solution obtained by diluting 1 of the acid to 
 20 of Water, acidified with 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, should neither 
 yield a darkening in colour nor a precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Lead and Copper ; the liquid 
 when made alkaline with Ammonia should not be materially darkened in 
 colour, indicating a limit of Iron. The liqmd obtained by neutralising 10 c.c. 
 of the Acid with Ammonia Solution, should yield not more than a faint 
 precipitate, and on filtration it should yield a filtrate in which the addition 
 
70 ACI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of Potassium Sulphate Solution should produce no turbidity, indicating the 
 absence of Barium. A mixture of equal parts of the acid and Water should 
 produce not more than a slight yellow tiu'bidity on the addition of Platinic 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Potassium. The filtrate obtained by 
 neutralising the acid with Ammonia Solution and filtering from any turbidity 
 or precipitate which may be produced, should not be rendered more than 
 faintly turbid on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Phosphoric, Phosphorous, Sulphuric, Oxalic or Tartaric Acids. A 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the acid when evaporated to dryness and 
 ignited should leave no appreciable residue. 
 
 ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM DILUTUM (C/.>S'.P.).— Hypophos- 
 phorous Acid, 20 ; Distilled Water, 40, both by weight. 
 
 Sp.gr. 1-042 at 25° C. (77° F.) contains 10 p.c. by weight of absolute 
 Hj^pophosphorous Acid. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM lODICUM. 
 
 IODIC ACID. 
 
 HIO3, eq. 175-928. 
 
 White, rhombic crystals, or a white odourless crystalline powder, possessing 
 an acid taste. 
 
 Solubility.^ — -Very soluble in Water (2 in 1) ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic and deodorant. It has also been 
 used as a mild caustic. A 5 p.c. solution has been highly commended as a 
 hsemostatic, also as an astringent and alterative in gonorrhoea and other 
 mucous membrane infections. It is used in the form of a caustic point, 
 for application to the skin, and as a caustic in chancroid and various other 
 ulcers. Its use has been suggested in chronic glandular enlargements and 
 goitre, in the form of a subcutaneous injection, 30 minims (1-8 ml.) of a 2 p.c. 
 Solution. Employed also as a 5 to 10 p.c. Ointment, prepared with a Lanolin 
 base. Given in doses of 1 to 2 grains = 0-065 to 0-13 gramme, in gastric 
 haemorrhage. It is more usually employed in the form of its salts. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = - 065 to 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Calcium Iodate. See Calcii Iodas. 
 
 SODIUM lODATE.^ — A white, odourless, crystalline powder, readily 
 soluble in Water. Given in the form of a subcutaneous injection in doses of 
 from 1 to 3 grains (0-065 to 0-2 gramme) in chronic articular rheumatism. 
 Sometimes useful as a local remedy in tubercular and other inflammations of 
 the nose and lai-ynx, either pure or diluted. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 gi-ains = 0-065 to 0-05 gramme. 
 
 ACIDUM LACTICUM. 
 
 LACTIC ACID. 
 
 Fb., Acide Lactique ; Ger., Milchsatjbe ; Ital., Acido Lattico ; 
 Span., Acido Lactico. 
 
 A colourless and odourless syrupy liygroscopic liquid, possessing a 
 purely acid taste. It should contain not less than 75 p.c. by weight 
 of Hydrogen Lactate, HC0H5O,, eq. 90* 048, and not less than 
 10 p.c. by weight of Lactide^ CgH^O.j, eq. Ui-Q%i, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] ACI 71 
 
 It is produced by the fermentation of Lactose, and is extracted in 
 tlie form of Zinc Lactate, the latter salt being subsequently decomposed. 
 It is also obtainable by various synthetical processes. 
 
 Solubility. — It is miscible in all proportions with Water, Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and Ether, It dissolves, but is not dissolved by, Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used as a 'swab' in diphtheria; 
 a iSolution (50 to 75 p.c.) has been used successfully for pharyngeal and 
 laryngeal tubercle, and for lupus after scraping. 
 
 50 p.c. solution applied to corneal ulcers. 
 
 A 2 p.c. solution is recommended in the treatment of laryngeal pa.pillomata. 
 
 The most effective treatment of condylomata acuminata ; 1 p.c. continuous 
 wet dressing, and the base may in addition be touched at intervals of a few 
 days with the pure acid. — L. '12, i. 990. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 minims = 0*9 to 1 '8 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Not often given internally except in the Jorm of its 
 salts. Used as a spray {Lactic Acid, 1 to 2 fl. drm. to 1 oz. of Water), as 
 an injection introduced by mea?is of the sub-muoous laryngeal syringe (4 to 
 ()fl. drm. to 1 oz. of Water). Lactic Acid is sometimes prescribed in mixture 
 form with Calcium Carbonate, 10 grains of Calcium Carbonate ivith 20 minims 
 of Lactic Acid (75 p.c.) yield about 22 grains of Calcium Lactate. 
 
 Wot Ofj&eial. — Acidum Laeticum Dilutum, Ferri Lactas, Plumbi Lactas, 
 Sodii L., Zinci L. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss, sp. gr. 1"21 to 1*22 ; Fr., sp. gr. 
 1-24; Hung., sp. gr. 1-210 to 1-215; U.S., sp. gr. 1-200 at 25° C. (77^ F.) ; 
 Mex., sp. gr. 1-315 ; Port, and Span., sp. gr. 1-215. 
 
 Tests. — Lactic Acid has a specific gravity of 1-210; the U.S. P. 
 gives 1-206 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; Fr. Codex gives 1-24 at 15° C. (59° F.) ; 
 the F.G. 1*210 to 1-220. The distinctive and readily recognised odour 
 of Aldehyde is evolved when the Acid is warmed with Potassium 
 Permanganate. The B.P. uses -j\j- of its weight of Potassium Perman- 
 ganate ; the U.S. P. adds some Potassium Permanganate to a mixture 
 of equal volumes of Lactic and Sulphuric Acids ; the P.G. warms a 
 mixture of Lactic Acid and Potassium Permanganate, without stating 
 any definite quantities. It is oflicially required to contain not less 
 than 74-74 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Lactate, as determined by 
 titrating a weighed quantity of 1 gramme of the Acid diluted witk 
 10 ml. of Distilled Water, with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, of which not less than 8 - 3 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0-09005 gramme 
 of Hydrogen Lactate ; Phenolphthalein Solution should be employed 
 as an indicator. It is also officially required to contain not less than 
 10 p.c. by weight of Lactide, as determined by adding an additional 
 volume of 10 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution to 
 the liquid resulting from the above titration, and after boiling for 
 15 minutes, titrating back with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, of which not more than 8 ' G ml. should be required to 
 neutralise the excess of the Normal Volumetric Alkali Solution, showing 
 a neutralisation of 1 • 4 ml. of the Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution; 1 ml. of the latter solution = 0-07203 gramme of Lactide. 
 
72 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The P.G. directs the liquid to be boiled for 1 hour instead of 15 minutes. 
 The U.S. P. and the P.G. methods of determination are compared in 
 the small type notes below. The U.S. P. Acid is required to contain 
 not less than 75 p.c. by weight of Absolute Lactic Acid, and about 
 25 p. c. by weight of Water; the P.G. to contain about 75 p.c. by 
 weight of Lactic Acid, and 15 p.c. by weight of Lactic Acid Anhydride, 
 reckoned as Lactic Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metals, e.g.. 
 Arsenic, Copper, Lead and Iron, Sarco-lactic, Malic, and Sulphuric 
 Acids, Glycerin, Cane, Grape or Milk Sugar, Fatty Acids, organic 
 impurities, Calcium Phosphate, Gum, Mannite, Chlorides, Citrates, 
 Oxalates, Phosphates, Sulphates, or Tartrates and mineral residue. 
 
 The B.P. now fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as 
 determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution containing 5 grammes of Lactic Acid in 
 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, to which has been added 10 ml. of 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 10 
 parts of Lead per million is also officially fixed, as determined by the 
 Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 primary solution containing 7 grammes and an auxiliary solution con- 
 taining 2 grammes of the substance, using 5 ml. of dilute Lead-Test 
 Solution. The U.S. P. does not include a specific test for Arsenic, but 
 requires that 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution should not respond to 
 the time-limit test for heavy metals, indicating the absence of Arsenic, 
 Lead, Copper and Iron. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should not be 
 altered, or, at the most, should assume but a faint alteration in colour 
 on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide, indicating a limit of Copper 
 and Lead, and on neutralisation with Ammonia Solution should not 
 be darkened in colour, indicating absence of Iron. An aqueous Solution 
 of Lactic Acid should not be affected by the addition of Copper Sulphate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sarco-Lactic Acid. Both B.P. 
 and U.S. P. use this reagent for detecting Sarco-Lactic Acid, but the 
 U.S. P. test specifies definite quantities. {See small type below.) 
 Neither the U.S.P. nor the P.G. includes a test for Malic Acid. The 
 B.P. requires that Lactic Acid should yield no precipitate with Lead 
 Subacetate Solution, indicating the absence of Malic and Sulphuric Acids. 
 
 The tests adopted by the B.P. and U.S.P. in examining for Glycerin 
 are essentially the same, and consist in converting the Acid into a 
 Zinc salt, drying and extracting with Absolute Alcohol ; the P.G. 
 couples its test for Glycerin with that for Mannite, requiring that if 
 2 c.c. of Ether be added drop by drop to 1 c.c. of Lactic Acid the 
 mixture should not assume even a transient turbidity, indicating the 
 absence of Mannite and Glycerin. 
 
 Cane, Grape and Milk Sugars are readily detected by their reducing 
 action on Potassio-Cupric Tartrate Solution, the B.P. requiring that 
 it shall yield none or only the slightest traces of precipitate even after 
 prolonged boiling with excess of Potassio-Cupric Tartrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of various Sugars ; the U.S.P. requires that on 
 adding a few drops of Lactic Acid to 10 c.c. of hot Alkaline Cupric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 73 
 
 Tartrate Volumetric Solution, no red precipitate should be formed, 
 indicating the absence of Sugars. The Fehliug's test does not appear 
 in the P.G. 
 
 Foreign fatty acids are tested for in an almost identical manner by 
 the three Pharmacopoeias by gently warming the Acid and observing 
 the odour, as are also organic impurities by the Sulphuric Acid test, 
 the U.S. P. and P.G. allowing a limit of time (15 minutes) within which 
 no darkening in colour shall take place, and the U.S. P. in addition 
 maintaining the temperature of the mixed Sulphuric and Lactic Acids 
 at or below 15° C. (59^ F.). 
 
 Advantage is taken of the insoliibiHty of Calcium Phospliate, Gum, 
 Mannite and Sugar in Ether to utiHse the latter substance as a test for 
 them in the Acid. The test appears in tlie B.P. and P.G., but not in 
 the U.S. P., as given in small type below. 
 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the acid should be rendered at the 
 most but faintly opalescent by the addition of a few drops of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 10 c.c. of an aqueous 
 1 in 20 Solution should either be unaffected by the addition of a few 
 drops of Barium Chloride Solution, or should yield at the most but the 
 faintest opalescence, indicating a limit of Sulphate and Phosphate. A 
 1 in 10 aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate on 
 the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Calcium salts. Citrates, Oxalates, or Tartrates are readily detected 
 by the test given in small type below under the heading of Lime Water. 
 
 The B.P. does not now fix a limit of mineral residue. The P.G. 
 requires that it shall leave at the most O'lp.c. of residue and the 
 U.S. P. 1-0 p.c. 
 
 "Warming. — When gently warmed the Acid should not evolve the odour 
 of rancid fat. Indicating the absence of Butyric and other fatty acids, 
 B.P., P.G. and U.S. P. 
 
 Potassitim Permanganate. — On warming with Potassium Perman- 
 ganate (Potassium Permanganate Solution (O'lp.c. w/w), P.G.), Lactic 
 Acid evolves the odour of Aldehj^de, B.P. and P.G. ; the U.S. P. test directs 
 equal volumes of Lactic and Sulphuric Acids, and Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Sulphuric Aoid. — If Lactic Acid be carefully poured on an equal volume 
 of Sulphuric Acid in a clean test-tube (previouslj- rinsed out with Sulphuric 
 Acid, P.G.), no darkening in colour should occur (B.P.) within 15 minutes, 
 indicating the absence of more than traces of organic impurities, P.G. and 
 U.S. P. U.S. P. also directs that the temperature be maintained at or below 
 15° C. (59° F.). 
 
 Copper Sulphate Solution. — Diluted with Water, Lactic Acid should 
 yield no precipitate with Copper Sulphate Test-Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Sarco-lactic Acid, B.P. ; 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution 
 should remain unaffected by the addition of 1 c.c. of Copper Sulphate Test- 
 Solution, U.S. P. 
 
 Potassio Cupric-Tartrate Solution. — Diluted Avith Water the Acid 
 should give no precipitate, or only the slightest, even after prolonged boiling 
 with Potassio-Cupric Tartrate Solution, B.P. ; the U.S. P. orders a 
 few drops of the Acid to be added to 10 c.c. of hot Alkaline Cupric 
 Tartrate Volumetric Solution, when no red precipitate should be 
 formed ; indicating the absence of Grape, Cane and Milk Sugars. 
 
 Zinc Carbonate. — If Lactic Acid be heated with an excess of Zinc 
 Carbonate and evaporated to dryness (dried at 100° C. (212° F.), U.S.P 
 
74 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 and if this mixture be exhausted with Absolute Alcohol, and the alcoholic 
 liquid evaporated, no sweet residue should be left, indicating the absence 
 of Glycerin, B.P. and U.S.P. 
 
 Ether.- — -If Lactic Acid be added drop by drop to twice its volunie of 
 Ether, the mixture should not show any permanent or transient turbidity, 
 indicating absence of Gum, Sugar, Mannite, Calcium Phosphate, B.P. and 
 P.G. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Witrate Solution. — 10 c.c. of an aqueous solution 
 of a strength of 1 in 20 should be unaffected by 1 c.c. of Barium Chloride 
 Test-Solution, U.S.P. ; by Barium Nitrate Solution, P.G. ; indicating the 
 absence of Sulphates. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution. — -An aqueous solution (1 + 9) shall not 
 be altered by the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, P.G. ; 10 c.c. 
 of an aqueous solution 1 in 20 should not respond to the time-limit test for 
 heavy metals, U.S.P. ; indicating the absence of Arsenic, Copper, Lead 
 and Iron. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. — -An aqueous solution (1 + 9) shall not be 
 altered by the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, P.G. ; 10 c.c. of an aqueous 
 1 in 100 solution should not be rendered opalescent by 1 c.c. of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, U.S.P. ; indicathig a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution.^ — An aqueous solution (1 -f 9) shall not 
 be altered by the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Calcium salts, P.G. 
 
 Lime Water.- — An aqueous 1 in 10 solution shall not be altered by the 
 addition of excess of Lime Water even on heating, P.G. ; indicating the 
 absence of Citrates, Oxalates and Tartrates. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. - — If 5 grammes be diluted to 50 c.c. 
 with Water, then 44 '7 c.c. of this solution should require for complete 
 neutralisation, at boiUng temperature, not less than 37 '5 c.c. of Norma) 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution (each c.c. = 2 p.c. absolute 
 Lactic Acid); Phenolphthalein Test-Solution being used as indicator, U.S.P.; 
 5 grammes of Lactic Acid are diluted in a graduated flask with Distilled 
 Water so as to measvire 50 c.c. 20 c.c. of this should require for neutral- 
 isation at least 16" 6 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 which represents a minimum content of 74 '7 p.c. of Lactic Acid. A 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution is added to the neutralised liquid, which is then heated for 1 hour 
 on a water-bath, About 6' 7 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution should be necessary to neutralise, which represents a content of 
 about 15 p.c. of Lactic Acid Anhydride, reckoned as Lactic Acid ; 1 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution = 0*09005 gramme of 
 Lactic Acid, Phenolphthalein being employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACIDUM LACTICUM DILUTUM.— Lactic Acid, 3 fl. oz. ; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to produce 20. — B.P. 1885. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 fl. drm. = 1 • 8 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 FERRI LACTAS. — Pale greenish-white crusts consisting of some needle- 
 shaped crystals, or as a crystalline powder. Odourless when quite pure, but 
 usually possessing a mild, peculiar odour and sweet, ferruginous taste. It should 
 be kept in well -stoppered bottles, as it tends to oxidise on exposure to air. 
 
 Solubility. — -1 in 40 of cold Water, 1 in 12 of hot Water. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0" 32 to 1 gramme. In a cachet or as a syrup. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopcfiias. — Official in all except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Aqueous solutions of the salt are acid in reaction to Litmus 
 paper and give a deep blue precipitate with Potassium Ferricyanide, and a 
 hght blue precipitate with Potassium Ferrocyanide Solutions. When 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids hy Measure.] ACl 75 
 
 dissolved in Diluted Sulphuric Acid and gently warmed after the addition 
 of a little Potassium Permanganate the odour of Aldehyde is evolved. 
 
 The salt on being strongly heated evolves a caramel-like odour, when more 
 strongly heated gives off dense white fumes and finally leaves a brownish-red 
 residue. 
 
 It should contain at least 18 "9 p.c. of Iron, representing 97" 3 p.c. of 
 Ferrovis Lactate, as determined by moistening 1 gramme of Ferrous Lactate 
 with Nitric Acid, evaporating in a porcelain crucible at a gentle warmth, and 
 igniting the residue until the whole of the Carbon has been burnt off ; at 
 least 0' 27 gramme of Iron Oxide should remain. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and Lead ; Ferric 
 salts ; Sulphates and Chlorides ; Sugar, Gum and Tartaric Acid, Malates 
 and Carbonates. The 1 in 50 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not be darkened in colour by Hydrogen Sulphide, indicating 
 the absence of Arsenic, Copper and Lead ; and the solution should at tho 
 nnost be only opalescent, indicating the absence of Ferric salts. 
 
 The residue left from the gravimetric determination should not turn 
 moistened red Litnius paper blue, nor should it yield any extractive to Water, 
 indicating the absence of alkali Carbonates. 
 
 25 c.c. of a 1 in 50 aqueous solution of the salt after being boiled for a 
 few minutes with 5 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, the Iron precipitated 
 with an excess of Potassium Hydroxide Solution and filtered, the filtrate 
 •should afford no reddish precipitate when boiled with Potassio-Cupric Tartrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sugar. 
 
 On trituration of a portion of the salt with strong Sulphuric Acid, no 
 disagreeable odour should be evolved, no gas should be disengaged, nor 
 sliould the mixture assume a dark colour after standing for some time, 
 indicating the absence of fatty acids, Carbonates, and readily carbonisable 
 organic impurities, e.g.. Gum, Sugar and Tartaric Acid. A 1 in 50 aqueous 
 solution of the salt .should not produce more than an opalescence with 
 Lead Acetate Solution, indicating the absence of more than traces of Citrate, 
 Malate, and Tartrate. 
 
 A 1 in 50 aqueous solution acidulated with dilute Nitric Acid shall yield 
 no more than a faint opalescence with either Silver Nitrate Solution or 
 with Barivim Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of more than traces of 
 Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
 PILUL>E FERRAT^E {Hung.}.— Each pill contains 0-1 gramme of Ferric 
 Lactate. 
 
 SODIl LACTAS.— A colourless or light yellow liquid of a sj'rupy con- 
 sistency and mild salty taste : readily soluble in Water ; commercial samples 
 frequently contain an undesirable excess of alka^li in the form of Sodium 
 Carbonate. 10 grain doses in infantile scurvy. — L. '08, ii. 725. 
 
 Other Not Official salts of Lactic Acid are :■ — ^Plumbi Lactas, a heavy 
 white, crystalline powder, soluble in Water. 
 
 Zinc Lactate, a white crystalline powder, or in glistening needle-shaped 
 crystals ; dose 1 to 3 grains = ' 06 to • 2 gramme, four or five times a 
 day in epilepsy. 
 
 ACIDUM NITRICUM. 
 
 NITRIC ACID. 
 Fr., Acide Azotique ; Ger., Salpetersatjre ; Ital., Acido Nitrtco 
 
 CONCENTRATO ; SPAN., AciDO NiTRICO. 
 
 A clear, colourless fuming liquid, which evolves characteristic choking 
 fumeSj and possessing even in diluted solutions a strongly acid and 
 corrosive action. 
 
76 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It is oflicially required to contain 70 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Nitrate, HNO3. eq. 63-018. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles, and in a cool place. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is strongly corrosive, and is applied 
 as a caustic to warts, phagedjenic sores, chancres, and condylomata, 
 by means of a pointed glass rod. When diluted it is refrigerant, a 
 stomachic tonic and cholagogue, and if very much diluted it is used 
 as an injection to dissolve phosphatic calculi of small size. 
 
 An acid of greater strength, 'Fviming Nitric Acid' (sp. gr. I'o), is some- 
 times employed as a caustic. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alcohol, Alkalis, Carl>onates and Sulphides, Ferrous 
 Sulphate, Lead Acetate. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acidum Nitricum Dilutum and Acidum Nitro- 
 hydrochloricum Dilutum. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning Ijy Nitric Acid the antidotes are Chalk, Magnesia, 
 or Carbonated Alkalis, with White of Egg, Carron Oil, or Soap-suds ; followed 
 by enemata of Beef Tea and Brandy, with Tincture of Opiuni to prevent 
 collapse ; emollient drinks. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 1-300; Belg., 
 sp. gr. 1-390 ; Dan., sp. gr. T 180 ; Dutch, sp. gr. 1-31G ; Fr., sp. gr. 1-394 ; 
 Ger., sp. gr. 1" 149 to 1- 152, also Acidum Nitricum Fuman.s, sp. gr. 1-486 ; 
 Hung., sp.gr. 1-315; Jap. and Swed., sp.gr. 1*153; Ital., sp.gr. 1-400; 
 Mex., sp.gr. 1-42; Norw., sp.gr. 1-150 to 1-154; Port., sp.gr. 1-300 to 
 1-330; Russ., sp.gr. 1-200; Span., sp.gr. 1-31; Swiss, sp.gr. 1-151; 
 also Acidum Nitricuni Fumans, sp. gr. 1-45 to 1-5 ; U.S., sp. gr. 1-403 at 
 25'' C. (77" F.). Austr., Dan., Jap. and Norw., Acidum Nitricuna Fiunans 
 (Acidiun Nitrico-nitrosum), sp.gr. 1-48 to 1-50. 
 
 Fr., Ger., Jap., Buss., Swed. and Swiss have an Acidum Nitricum 
 Crudum. 
 
 Tests.— Nitric Acid has a specific gravitvof 1-120 ; the B.P. states 
 1-42 ; the V.S.P. about 1-403 at 25^ C. (77° R) ; the P.G. 1-149 to 
 1-152. The boiUng point should be about 120° C. (248° F.) ; the 
 V.S.P. gives 120-5° 0. (248-9° F.); the 5. P. does not give a boiling 
 point. It evolves dense red fumes when warmed with metallic 
 Copper ; it produces a dark brown coloration at the junction of the 
 two liquids when a solution of the Acid is poured carefully upon a 
 cooled mixture of Ferrous Sulphate and Sulphuric Acid, and when 
 neutralised discharges the colour of a Sulphuric Acid Solution of 
 Indigo, rapidly when warmed. It is officially required to contain 
 69-95 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Nitrate, as determined by titrating 
 1 gramme diluted with Water, with Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, of which 11-1 ml. should be required; 1ml. 
 of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0-06302 gramme 
 of Hydrogen Nitrate ; Phenolphthalein Solution may be conveniently 
 employed as an indicator. The U.S. P. requires it to contain 68 p.c. 
 by weight of absolute Acid; the P.G. 24-8 to 25-2 p.c. by weight. 
 The Volumetric processes are compared in small type below. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead 
 and Iron, Bromic Acid or Bromine, Chlorides, Iodic Acid or Iodine, 
 Sulphates and mineral residue. With the exception of special tests 
 for Arsenic and Lead, these are covered in the B.P. by the customary 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids Tiy Measure.] ACI 77 
 
 elastic expression ; when dilnted with Distilled Water, it ' should 3neld 
 no characteristic reaction with the tests for those substances.' The 
 limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) has 
 been fixed by the B.P. It is determined by the Arsenic Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by 
 evaporating 2 grammes of Nitric Acid in a porcelain dish with 2 ml. 
 of Sulphuric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent until the evolution of white 
 fumes, cooling the mixture, diluting with 2 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 renewing the heating until the evolution of white fumes again occurs, 
 cooling, and adding a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 
 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent to the 
 residue. A limit of 20 parts of Lead per million is also officially fixed, 
 as deiormiued by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes, and 
 an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of the substance, 
 using 10 mi. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. The JJ.S.P. gives 
 the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, and the time-limit test 
 for heavy metals. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution almost neutralised 
 with Ammonia Solution should yield little or no darkening in colour 
 on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide, indicating a limit of Copper, 
 and when completely neutralised with Ammonia Solution should yield 
 no darkening in colour, indicating absence of Iron. A 1 in 10 aqueous 
 solution should not yield a precipitate upon the addition of Barium 
 Ohloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates ; nor on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 
 The P.G. gives a special test for Iron, with Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 Solution, as described in small type below. 
 
 An aqueous 1 to 3 dilution of the acid when shaken with a few c.c. 
 of Chloroform should yield no colour to the chloroformic liquid, indi- 
 cating the absence of Iodine or Bromine ; and if a fragment of Zinc 
 or Tin be then introduced, and the mixture allowed to stand for one 
 minute, and again shaken, the chloroformic liquid should still remain 
 colourless, indicating the absence of Iodic or Bromic Acid. 
 
 The Pharmacopoeias differ in the amount of mineriil residue per- 
 mitted. The B.P. states that it shall yield not more than 0"05p.c. 
 by weight ; the P.G. does not refer to the residue ; whilst the U.S. P. 
 states that 10 c.c. when evaporated to dryness, and further heated to 
 110'^ C. (230° F.), should leave no appreciable residue. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous solution of Nitric 
 Acid should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, U.S. P. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. — 10 c.c. of a 1-1-9 aqueous solution 
 should not immediately be turned blue on the addition of 0' 5 c.c. Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide Solution, P.G. 
 
 Chloroforni. — If some Zinc filings be introduced into the aqueous dilution 
 (1 + 2), and after about 1 minute the liquid be shaken with some Chloroform, 
 the chloroforinic solution should not be coloured violet, indicating the 
 absence of Iodic Acid, P.G. ; an aqueous dilution of the acid (1 in 3), when 
 shaken with a few drops of Chloroform, should impart no colour to the 
 chloroformic liquid, indicating the absence of Iodine or Bromine, the Chloro- 
 form should still remain colourless, even after the introduction of a small 
 piece of metallic Tin, indicating the absence of Iodic or Bromic Acid, U.S. P. 
 
78 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution. — An aqueovis 1 + 5 solution nearly 
 neutralised with Ammonia Solution shall not be altered l)y the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, P.G. When neutralised with Ammonia 
 Solution and diluted with Distilled Water 1 to 20, the Acid should not 
 respond to the time-limit test for heavy naetals, U.S. P. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Nitrate Solution. — A 1 + 5 aqueous dilution of 
 the Acid should not become more than opalescent within 5 minutes with 
 Barium Nitrate Solution, P.G. A 1 in 10 a,queous dilution should not yield 
 a precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Te.st-Solution, U.S. P. ; 
 indicating a limit of Suli^hates. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. — A 1 + 5 acfueous dilution should not be 
 affected by Silver Nitrate Solution, P.O. A 1 in 10 aqueous dilution should 
 not yield a precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, U.S. P. ; 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid accurately weighed, 
 diluted to 50 c.c. with Distilled Water and titrated with Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator. 
 The quotient obtained by first naultiplying the number of c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution used by 6' 257 and dividing this 
 product by the weight of Acid taken represents tlie percentage of absolute 
 Nitric Acid present, U.S. P. A mixture of 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 25 c.c. 
 of Water should require for neutralisation from 22*6 to 23 '0 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, which represents a content of 
 24" 8 to 25"2p.c. of Nitric Acid; Ice. of Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0' 06302 gramme of Nitric Acid. Methyl Orange 
 to be used as an indicator and only added when the neutralisation-point is 
 approached, P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ACiDUM NITRICUM DILUTUM. Diluted Nitric Acid. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 
 A clear colourless acid liquid, prepared by mixing 15*1 grammes of 
 Nitric Acid with Water, q.s. to measure 100 ml. 
 
 It now contains 10 p.c. by weight of HNO3, in B.P. 1898 it contained 
 about 17 p.c. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 10 minims contain about 1 minim of strong Acid. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.- — Usually diluted with Water or with hitter injusions 
 and Tincture of Orange. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., sp. gr. 1*072; Dutch, 
 sp.gr. 1-133; Fr., Hung., Jap. and Swiss, sp.gr. 1-056; Russ., sp.gr. 
 1-096; U.S., sp.gr. 1-054 at 25° C. (77° F.). Not in the others. Dan., 
 Norw., and Swed., see Acidum Nitricum. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Nitric Acid lias a specific gravity of 1"057; the 
 U.S.P. states 1 ' 054 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. does not include a Diluted 
 Acid. It is officially required to contain 10 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen 
 Nitrate, as volumetrically determined by titrating a measured quantity 
 of 10 ml. of the Diluted Acid with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution; of which 16*8 ml. should be required for neutralisation; 
 Phenolphthaleiu Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, 
 although not specifically mentioned in the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0' 06302 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Nitrate. 
 
 As Nitric Acid {B.P.) is employed in its preparation, the Diluted 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ACI 7'.t 
 
 •r 
 
 Acid is required to answer the characteristic tests for Nitric Acid, and 
 also be free from the impurities mentioned under the concentrated Acid. 
 
 ACIDUM NITRO-HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM. Diluted 
 Nitro-Hydrochlokic Acid. 
 
 Nitric Acid, 3 ; Hydrochloric Acid, 4 ; Distilled Water, 25. 
 
 A clear, colourless, or pale yellow liquid, possessing a strong acid 
 taste and faint chlorinous odour. 
 
 B.P. directs the Acids to be mixed with the Water and liept for 14 days 
 before vise ; but scarcely any action takes place between the diluted Acids, 
 free Chlorine and Nitrous Acid existing only in traces. 
 
 When the strong Acids are mixed, and after 3 days diluted, the resulting 
 fluid liberates about fifty times as much Iodine from Potassiunx Iodide 
 Solution as the B.P. preparation. This note appeared in 1894 edition of 
 Squire's Companion, and the results have been confirmed by experiments in 
 1913. 
 
 The proportions in the U.S. P. differ widely from those of the B.P. They 
 are — ^Nitric Acid, 40 ; Hydrochloric Acid, 182 ; Distilled Water to make 
 1000. The proportions are roughly — Nitric Acid, 1 ; Hydrochloric Acid, ih ; 
 Water to 25. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cholagogue and gastric tonic. Externally as 
 a lotion or bath, as well as internally for tropical enlargement and chronic 
 congestion of the liver. Internally also in biliousness, in oxaluria, and 
 in torpid condition of stomach, intestinal glands and liver ; and in catarrhal 
 jaundice. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 03 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually diluted loith Water and given with Tincture 
 of Gentian or Tincture of Orange, and Tincture of Nux Vomica. 
 
 16 minims equal 1 J minims of Nitric Acid and 2 minims of Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — AlkaUs, Carbonates, Sulphides, salts of Silver and Lead. 
 Antidotes — -See Acidum Nitricum. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid has a specific gravity of 
 1'07. It is officially required that 10 ml. should neutrahse about 
 26-6 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. When 
 mixed with Potassium Iodide Solution, Iodine is liberated, which is 
 readily recognised by the blue colour produced with Starch Solution, 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACIDUM NITRO-HYDROCHLORICUM. — Nitric Acid, 18; Hydro, 
 chloric Acid, %2.—U.S. 
 
 Nitric Acid, 1 ; Hydrochloric Acid, 2. All by weight. — Norw. 
 
 Nitric Acid, 1 ; Mui'iatic Acid, 2. — Dublin Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 The name Aqua Regia has been applied to a mixture of strong Nitric Acid 
 and strong Hydrochloric Acid, but the proportions differ considerably in 
 the various text-books. 
 
 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid Bath. — Mix 8 oz. by measm-e of Diluted 
 Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid with 1 gallon of Water, temperature 96° or 98° F. 
 Let a flannel roller of ten or twelve inches wide, and sufficient to encircle the 
 body twice, be soaked in the fluid and then wrung, so as to remain only 
 damp. Apply this instantly to the bodj^, covering it with a piece of oiled 
 silk to avoid damping the dress. It should be worn constantly, but should 
 be changed, soaked, and wrung morning and evening. Glass, glazed earthen- 
 ware, or wooden vessels should be used. Sponges and towels to be kept in 
 Water to prevent them corroding. 
 
 The St. Thomas's Hospital employs | oz. of the Diluted Nitro-Hydrochloric 
 Acid to the gallon for a full-size bath of 25 to 30 gallons. 
 
80 A CI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACIDUM OLEICUM. 
 
 OLEIC ACID. 
 
 Fn., AuiDE OLiiiQUE ; Ger., Oleinsauke ; Ital. and Span,, 
 AciDO Oleico. 
 
 A i»a.lc, browuisli-yellow, oily liquid, whicli lias a tendency to become 
 rancid and to darken in colour on exposure to light and air. Pure 
 Oleic Acid is represented by the formula HCi!jH3..0.^, eq. 282*272, but 
 the commercial article is usually not quite pure. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered, dark amber-tinted glass 
 bottles. 
 
 Solubility. — Mixes in all proportions with Alcohol, Chloroform, 
 Ether, Benzol, Oil of Turpentine, and fixed Oils. Insoluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in pharmacy for dissolving various 
 metallic oxides and the alkaloids Morphine, Aconitine, Atropine, 
 Cocaine, and Veratrino ; the oleates thus formed are stated to be more 
 readily absorbed than ointments made with fats, oils, or paraffins. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Hydrargyrum Oleatum, q.v. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. (Aciduin Oleiiiicum), 
 sp.gr. about 0-9; Mex. (Aoido Oleico); U.S., sp. gr. 0-895 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Oleic Acid has a specific gravity of from 0*890 to 0*910: the 
 U.S. P. states about 0* 895 at 25° C. (77^ F.). The solidifying point is 4 * 5" 
 to .5° C. (40° to 41° F.), subsequently melting at 13*3° to 15*5°C. (56° 
 to 60° F.) ; the U.S. P. states that it becomes semi-solid when cooled to 
 from 9° to 4° C. (48*2° to 39*2° F.) and congeals to a whitish solid on 
 further cooling. It has a peculiar characteristic odour. It may be 
 determined volumetrically by titrating a weighed quantity dissolved 
 in warm neutral Alcohol (90 p.c.) with Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 = 0*282272 gramme of Hydrogen Oleate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are fixed oils. Stearic and 
 I^almitic Acids and mineral residue. The solubility in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 detects the presence of fixed oils ; and the saponified Oleic Acid should 
 yield a clear solution with Distilled Water. Advantage is taken of the 
 comparative insolubility of Lead Stearate and Lead Palmitate in 
 Ether to test for the presence of these two Acids. The test is 
 described in small type below, imder the heading of Lead Acetate 
 Solution. 
 
 It should leave no residue when ignited with free access of air, the 
 U.S.P. states that heated to a temperature of 95° C. (203° F.) decom- 
 position commences ; on heating to a higher temperature it is entirely 
 dissipated. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend the inclusion 
 of a test for mineral acid, requiring that on shaking Oleic Acid with 
 an equal volume of Distilled Water, lilie separated aqueous liquid. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Li(iuids by Measure.] ACI 81 
 
 after filtration, sliould be ueutral or only faintly acid to Litmus Test- 
 Solution and should be neutral to Methyl Orange Test-Solution, 
 indicating a limit of mineral acid. The ash not to exceed 0*1 p.c. 
 The Acid is not included in the P.G. 
 
 Solvibility in Alcohol. — An alcoholic solution of tho Acid sliould have 
 a teelily acid reaction on blue Litmus paper, and equal volumes of Acid and 
 Alcohol should form a clear solution at 25° C. (77° F.) without the separation 
 of oily drops, indicating absence of fixed oils, U.S. P. 
 
 Lead Acetate Solution. — A weighed quantity of 1 gramme of Oleic Acid 
 is Jissolved in about 20 c.c. of Alcohol (94:''Jp.c.) and 2 drops of Phenol- 
 phthalein Test-Solution added. The mixture is warmed and saponified \)y 
 the addition drop by drop of a Solution of Sodium Hydroxide (1 in 4) until 
 the Acid is neutralised, and the mixture after agitation retains a permanent 
 red colour. Then gradually add Acetic Acid until the red tint is discharged, 
 filter, and mix 10 c.c. of the filtrate with 10 c.c. purified Ether. This solution 
 should not become any more than slightly turbid with 1 c.c. of Lead Acetate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of notable quantities of Stearic and Palmitic 
 Acids, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACIDUM STEARICUM, Stearic Acid HC„Hj,0,, eq. 284-288.— A hard 
 white, glistening solid, possessing very httle odour or taste. It is an organic 
 acid appearing commercially in a more or less impure form as Stearine. It 
 is a monobasic acid. It is insoluble in Water, soluble 1 in 32 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 1 in 18 of Absolute Alcohol ; readily soluble in Ether. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw., Jap. and LT.S. 
 
 Tests.— Pure Stearic Acid melts at 69-2° C. (156-6° F.). The commercial 
 acid should have a melting point not lower than 56° C. (132-8° F.). The 
 solidifying point of the commercial acid should not be lower than 54° C. 
 (129-2° F.). Stearic Acid may be determined volumetrically by titrating a 
 weighed quantity with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Solution = 0-2843 gramme of Hydrogen Stearate. A good 
 commercial sample of Stearic Acid should have an Acid Value of from 200 
 to 205, an Ester Value of froni to 10, and a Saponification Value of from 
 200 to 215. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Paraffin Wax and Hydro- 
 carbon Oils, unsaponified fat, soap, mineral acids, e.g.. Hydrochloric or 
 Sulphuric Acid, and mineral residue. Paraffin Wax and Hydrocarbon Oils 
 may be determined by saponifying 5 grammes of the Stearic Acid with a 
 sufficiency of Alcoholic Sodium Hydroxide Solution evaporating to dryness, 
 with the addition of about 20 grammes of dried and purified sand, and 
 extracting the fully dried residue with freshly distilled Petroleum Ether ; on 
 evaporation of the solution to dryness, no residue should remain behind. If 
 I gramme of the acid be dissolved in Alcohol (90 p.c.) it should yield a clear 
 solution free from oily drops. If 1 gramme of the acid be saponified by 
 boiling with a sufficiency of Sodium Hydroxide Solution the resulting solution, 
 when diluted with Water, shall be at the most not more than ojjalescent, and 
 entirely free from oily drops, indicating a limit of unsaponified fat ; this 
 test also forms a supplementary test for the presence of Paraffin AVax and 
 Hydrocarbon Oils. If 1 gramme of Stearic Acid be shaken with hot Water, 
 cooled, and filtered, the filtrate should be neutral or only faintly acid to 
 Litmus paper, and should be neutral to Methyl Orange Solution, and it should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of mineral acids (e.g., Hydrochloric and Sulphuric Acid), 
 and Soap. It should leave no weighable residue when ignited with free 
 access of air. The proposed changes for the U.S. P. IX. suggest a limit not 
 exceeding 0-1 p.c. 
 
82 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 ACIDUM OSMICUM. 
 
 OSMIC ACID. 
 
 OsO^, eq. 254-9. 
 
 Fe., Acide Osjuque ; Ger., Osmiumsatjre. 
 
 A pale yellow, crystalline substance giving off an excessively irritating 
 vapour, which attacks the eyes and nostrils. It is more convenient in the 
 form of 1 p.c. aqueous solution, which must be carefully protected from dust 
 or organic matter which will reduce it and form a black deposit. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 17 Water. )Should not be dissolved in Alcohol or Ether, 
 as decomposition ensues. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — 4 to 10 minims of a 1 p.c. aqueous solution 
 of Osmic Acid or Potassium Osmate have been injected hypodermically for 
 sciatica and other forms of neuralgia. 
 
 Used as 1 p.c. aqueous solution for fixing and staining in histological 
 work. Fat and nerve tissues are blackened by it. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 ACIDUM OXALICUM. 
 
 OXALIC ACID. 
 
 H,C,,0,, 2H2O, eq. 12G-048. 
 
 Fr., Acide Oxalique ; Ger., Oxalsatjre ; Ital., Acido Ossalico. 
 
 This is noticed here rather as a poison than a medicine. It is used for 
 cleaning brass, removing ink-stains, etc. It has been mistaken for Epsom 
 Salts, which it somewhat resembles. Murrell states that death has occurred 
 from 2 drm., but recovery from i oz. 
 
 Antidotes. — Chalk, Lime, or Whitening are given freely in Water. 
 Saccharated Solution of Lime may be given in drm. doses, frequently repeated ; 
 also demulcent and stimiilant drinks. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Port. 
 
 ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM CONCENTRATUM. 
 
 CONCENTRATED PHOSPHORIC ACID. 
 
 Fr., Acide Phosphorique Officinal ; Ger., Phosphorsatjre ; Ital., 
 AciDO FosFORico ; Span., Acido Fosforico. 
 
 A clear, colourless, and odourless syrupy liquid, possessing an acid 
 taste even in dilute solutions, and containing 66 '3 p.c. by weight of 
 Hydrogen Ortliopliospliate (H3PO4, eq. 98-064), and 33-7 p.c. by 
 weight of Water. It may be prepared from Phosphorus by oxidation, 
 the more general method of production being the direct oxidation of 
 Phosphorus by means of Nitric Acid. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles, preferably of 
 an amber tint. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] ACI 83 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — This concentrated Acid is used in making 
 pliospluitic preparations. Only given internally in tlie diluted form. 
 See Acidum Pliosplroricum Dilutum. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Acidum Phosphoriciun Dilutum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 1-12 (20 p.c.) ; 
 Belg. and Norw., 1-056 to 1-057 (10 p.c.) ; Fr., sp.gr. 1-349 (.50 p.c.) ; 
 Dutch, sp. gr. r 153 (25 p.c.) ; Ger., sp. gr. 1- 153 to 1- 155 (25 p.c.) ; Jap., 
 Hung., sp. gr. 1-120 (20 p.c); Ital., sp. gr. 1-35 (50 p.c); Mex., 1-34; 
 Port., sp.gr. 1-880; Pvuss., sp.gr. 1-154 (25 p.c) ; Span., sp.gr. 1-35 
 (50 p.c.) ; U.S., sp. gr. about 1-707 at 25"^ C. (77° F.) (85 p.c). Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Tests. — Pliosphoric Acid has a specific gravity of 1"5 ; the U.S. P. 
 Acid about 1-707 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the F.G. 1-153 to 1-155. The 
 diluted neutralised aqueous solution yields with Magnesium Ammonio- 
 Sulphate Solution a white crystalline precipitate ; with Ammonium 
 Molybdate Solution, after acidification with Nitric Acid, a yellow pre- 
 cipitate soluble in Ammonia Solution ; with Silver Ammonio-Nitrate 
 Solution a canary-yellow precipitate, readily soluble in Ammonia 
 Solution, and in cold dilute Nitric Acid. 
 
 It is officially required to contain 66-2 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Orthophosphate, as determined by titrating a mixture of 1 gramme of 
 the acid, and 5 grammes of Sodium Chloride in 20 ml. of Water, with 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 13-5 ml. 
 should be required, Phenolphthalein Solution being employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution = 0-019032 gramme of Hydrogen Orthophosphate. 
 
 The following method of determination is recommended for inclusion 
 in the U.S. P. IX. A measured quantity of about 1 c.c. of Phosphoric 
 Acid is accurately weighed in a tared weighing bottle, transferred to 
 a 100 c.c. grad'uated flask, and dilated with Distilled Water to the 
 mark. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of tliis dilution is trans- 
 ferred to a 100 c.c. graduated flask, a drop of Phenolphthalein 
 Test-Solution added, and neutralised with Sodium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution (free from Chlorides). A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution is added, and the 
 mixture agitated, gradiuiUy adding Zinc Oxide (free from Chloride) 
 in small portions until the liquid is neutral to Litmus. Distilled 
 Water is then added to make the mixtiu-e measure 100 c.c. ; it is 
 agitated thoroughly, filtered tlu'ough a dry filter, and 50 c.c. of the 
 filtrate collected. 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 2 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium 
 Sulphate Test-Solution are added. The liquid is then titrated with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution to the 
 production of a permanent red colour. The result should sliow not 
 less than 85 p.c. of absolute Orthophosphoric Acid. 
 
 The U.S. P. Acid is required to contain 85 p.c. by weight of absolute 
 Orthophosphoric Acid ; the P.G. about 25 p.c. by weight. As pointed 
 out in the Seventeenth Edition of Squire's Companion the acidity of 
 Phosphoric Acid may be conveniently determined by titration with 
 standard alkali, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator ; the 
 
S4 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 change of colour takes place when two-thirds of the Hydrogen Is re- 
 placed by alkali metal ; with Methyl Orange Solution as the indicator, 
 neutrality is reached with half the quantity of alkali ; with Litmus 
 Solution the end reaction is too indefmite. The process adopted by the 
 U.S. P. is volumetric, Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 being employed and Phenolphthalein Test-Solution used as an indicator 
 of neutrality. The P.G. does not give a process of determination. 
 
 When evaporated Phosphoric Acid leaves a residue melting at a low 
 red heat, and yielding a glass-like mass on cooling. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Meta- and Pyro- 
 phosphoric Acids, Phosphorous Acid, Arsenic, heavy metals {e.g., 
 I'opper, Iron, and Lead), Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorides, Sulphates, 
 Silica, Nitrates and Nitrites. Tlie B.P. requires that when diluted 
 with Water Phosphoric Acid shall yield no characteristic reaction for 
 Copper, Calcium, Chlorides, or Nitrates, and not more than slight 
 reactions for Iron or Sulphates. 
 
 The U.S. P. employs Albumen Solution for proving the absence of 
 Meta-phosphoric Acid, and Tincture of Ferric Chloride for proving the 
 absence of Pyro-phos2:)horic and Meta-phosphoric Acids. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by dissolving [5 grammes of Phosphoric Acid in 
 50 nd. of hot Distilled Water, with the addition of 10 ml. of Stannated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The B.P. also fixes a limit 
 of 10 parts of Lead per million, as determined by the Lead Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 12 grammes and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes 
 of the substance, using 10 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. The 
 U.S. P. employs the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, and the P.G. 
 the test with Stannous Chloride Solution. 
 
 10 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous dilution of the acid when acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid should yield no pronounced coloration with 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Water, indicating a limit of Copper, and it should 
 yield little or no alteration in colour on the subsequent addition of a 
 slight excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. The P.G. 
 includes a specilic test for Iron, requiring that a mixture of 10 c.c. of 
 Phosphoric Acid, 10 c.c. of Water and O'oc.c. of Potassium Ferro- 
 cyanide Solution should at tlie most be coloured only faintly blue 
 within 3 minutes. A dilution of the acid 1 to 5 should not be rendered 
 turbid on the addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution and 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium salts. 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous dilution of the acid should not yield more than a 
 faint turbidity with Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 more than the faintest trace of Chlorides. A 1 in 10 aqueous dilution 
 of the acid should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of 
 Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 When a solution of Ferrous Sulphate is poured gently on to the 
 surface of a well-cooled mixture of 2 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid and 2 c.c. 
 of Salphuric Acid, the mixture meanwhile being kept cool, no dark 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui-e.] A CI 80 
 
 or coloured zone sliall develop at the junction between tlie two liquids, 
 indicating the absence of Nitrates and Nitrites. 
 
 As a test for Magnesium salts and also for Calcium salts the P.G. 
 requires that a mixture of 2 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid and 8 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (90 p. c.) should remain clear. 
 
 The B.P. now omits the tests for absence of Meta-phosphoric and 
 Pyrophosphoric Acid, and for Phosphorous Acid. In testing for Phos- 
 phorous Acid the U.S. P. employs botli Mercuric Chloride Test-Solution 
 and Silver Nitrate Test-Solution ; the P.G. Solution of Silver Nitrate 
 and gentle wai'ming. The tests are compared in small type below under 
 the headings of Mercuric Chloride and Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 When made alkaline with Ammonia Solution it should not give (eveji 
 after long standing) a crystalline precipitate of Ammonio-Magnesiiim 
 Phosphate, indicating absence of Magnesium, which is present to a 
 considerable extent in some commercial samples. 
 
 The acid when diluted with Water should yield no precipitate wlien 
 allowed to remain at rest for some time, indicating the absence of Silica. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride. — 1 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid diluted with 5 c.c. of 
 Water, sliould not be rendered turbid by Mercuric Chloride Te.st-Sohition, 
 indicating the absence of Phosphorous Acid, U.S. P. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. — 1 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid diluted with 5 c.c. 
 of Water and the liquid gently warmed, should not be blackened upon the 
 addition of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Phosphorous Acid, U.S. P. ; Phosphoric Acid should not be altered wlien 
 warmed with Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Phosphorous 
 Acid, P.G. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Nitrate Solution. — A mixture of 2 c.c. of Phos- 
 l)horic Acid and c.c. of Water should not be altered by Barium Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates, P.G. 
 
 O'lc.c. of the Acid diluted with Water to 7 c.c. should not afford a 
 cloudiness or precipitate within 30 seconds on the addition of 1 c.c. of Barium 
 Chloride Test-Solution, U.S. P. 
 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution. — A mixture of 2 c.c. of the acid and 6 c.c. 
 of Water should not be altered on the addition of an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium 
 salts, P.G. 
 
 Hydrogen Svilphide. — The Acid should not be affected by Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of heavy metallic salts, P.G. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — 5 c.c. of a 1-10 aqueous dilution should not 
 respond to the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, U.S. P. 
 
 Time-Limit Test. — 10 c.c. of the aqueous dilution (1 in 20) should not 
 respond to the time-limit test for heavy metals, U.S. P. 
 
 Stannous Chloride Solution. — A mixture of I c.c. of Phosphoric Acid 
 with 3 c.c. Stannous Chloi'ide Solution, should not assume a dark colour 
 within one hour, indicating the ab.sence of Arsenic compounds, P.G. 
 
 Alcohol or Alcohol and Ether. — No turbidity sliould be produced by 
 adding a mixture of 3 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) and 1 c.c. of Ether to 1 c.c. 
 of Phosphoric Acid, indicating the absence of Phosphates, U.S. P. ; a mixture 
 of 2 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid and 8 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should remain clear, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium and Magnesium salts, P.G. 
 
 Ferrous Sulphate. — No brown or brownish-black colour should appear 
 round the crystal, when a crystal of Ferrous Sulphate is dropped into a 
 cooled mixture of 1 c.c. each of Phosphoric Acid, Sulphuric Acid, and Water, 
 
86 ACl [Solids by Weight; Liquids lay Measure.] 
 
 indicating the absence of Nitric Acid, U.S. P. ; no coloured zone should 
 form between the two fluids when 1 c.c. of Ferrous Sulphate Solution is 
 carefully poured upon the surface of a mixture of 2 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid 
 and 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, the mixture being kept quite cold, indicating 
 the absence of Nitric and Nitrous Acids, P.O. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide. — A mixture of 10 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid, 
 10 c.c. of Water and 0'5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution should at 
 the niost be rendered only faintly blue within 3 minutes, indicating a limit 
 of Iron salts, P.O. 
 
 Volumetric Determ.ination. — If 10 grammes of Phosphoric Acid be 
 diluted with Water to measure 100 c.c., then 9' 73 c.c. of this, diluted with 
 10 c.c. of cold satui'ated aqueous solution containing 5 gramnies of Sodivun 
 Chloride, should require 17 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassivim Hydroxide 
 Solution for neutralisation (each c.c. corresponding to 5 p.c. of absolute 
 Phosphoric Acid), Phenolphthalein Test-Solution being used as indicator, 
 U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM. Diluted PHO.sraorjc 
 Acid. (Altered.) 
 
 A clear, colourless liquid possessing an acid taste and strong acid 
 reaction towards blue Litmus paper. It is prepared by diluting 
 159 "5 grammes of Concentrated Phosphoric Acid with Distilled Water 
 to make 1000 ml. ; or 106-3 ml. to 1000 ml. ; or 3 fl. oz. to 28 fl. oz. 
 
 This acid is now weaker, 28 fl. oz. of 13. P. 1914 is equal to 20 fl. oz. of B.P. 
 1898. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^ — Tonic and refrigerant, hromatinic and 
 anhidrotic ; diuretic in the phosphatic diathesis. Given with Calcium 
 Phosphate in rickets. Quenches the craving for fluids in diabetes. 
 
 Used as a partial substitute for organic acids in cooling drinks and acidu- 
 lated waters. 
 
 The various forms of Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates are advocated in 
 chronic rheumatoid arthritis. — B.M.J. '11, i. 546. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1'2 ml. . 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually largely diluted with Water, and given 
 tvlth some hitler and aromatic tineticres and syrups ; sJtould not be mixed with 
 the Syrup of Iron Pyrophosphate, as the mixture haconies solid. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Liine Water and all alkalies. 
 
 Foreign Pharm.acopceias. — OfRcial in Fr.. Jap., Mex., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S., 10 p.c. ; Port., 13"8p.c. ; Russ., 12"5p.c. 
 
 Tests. — It has a specific gravity of 1-057; the U.S. P. Diluted 
 acid has a specific gravity of 1-057 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. does 
 not include a diluted acid. It is officially required to contain 10 p.c. 
 w/w of Hydrogen Orthophosphate as volumetrically determined by 
 titrating a mixture of 10 ml. of the diluted acid and a solution of 
 5 grammes of Sodium Chloride in 20 ml. of Distilled Water, with Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 21 -6 ml. should be 
 required, Phenolphthalein Solution being employed as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 = 0-049032 gramme of Hydrogen Orthoi^hosphate ; the U.S. P. 
 diluted acid is required to contain 10 p.c. w/av of absolute Ortho- 
 phosphoric Acid as volumetrically determined by diluting 4-87 grammes 
 of the Diluted Acid with 5 c.c. of a cold saturated aqueous solution 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 87 
 
 of Sodium Cliloriclc, aud titrating with Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Test-Solution as an 
 indicator of neutrality. Concentrated Phosphoric Acid answering the 
 official description is used in the preparation of the diluted acid, and 
 it should therefore be required to answer the tests and to be free from 
 the impurities given under the Concentrated Acid. 
 
 ACIDUM PICRICUM. 
 
 PICRIC ACID. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Carbazotic Acid. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 CeH.,(NO.,),OH, eq. 229-054. 
 
 CARBAZOTIC ACID. TRINITROPHENOL. 
 
 Pdie yellow, crystalline scales, or crystalline powder, prepared by 
 the action of hot Nitric Acid on Phenol-sulphonic Acid. 
 
 Picric Acid, Picrates, and mixtures of Picric Acid when in process of 
 manufacture or when kept, conveyed, imported, or sold for any purpose, 
 come within the Explosives Act, 1875, except when it is mixed with not less 
 than half its own weight of Water. For the dealer in these substances there 
 are special conditions as to storing, etc. 
 
 With Ammonia, Potassium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide it forms 
 crystalline salts, which are explosive. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 90 of Water ; 1 in 10 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In 1 p.c. Solution, specially useful as a 
 first dressing in burns ; has all the advantages of Boric Acid, plus that 
 of relieving pain. 
 
 By painting a 4 p.c. alcoholic solution over the vaccinated area 48 hours 
 after the insertion of the Lymph, the local and constitutional reactions are 
 lessened. — L. '11, ii. 1570. 
 
 In burns of first degree it gives results far superior to those of any other 
 dressing ; in second degree cases result is perfectly satisfactory. — M.P., '12 
 i. 114. 
 
 Solution for Removal of Picric Acid. Stains. — Sodium Benzoate, 1 ; 
 Boric Acid, 1 ; Water, 100. 
 
 A saturated aqueous sokitiou is a delicate test for the presence of Albumen 
 in fluids ; even in very dilute solutions a white cloud is formed at the j miction 
 of the two liquids, and in stronger solutions the Albumen is precipitated. 
 Used in histological work. 
 
 Not Ofiacial. — Ammonii Picras. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Jap. and Mex. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Tests. — Picric Acid, when pure, melts at 122° C. (251-0° R), which 
 is the melting point officially adopted ; the best commercial samples do 
 not melt below 121° C. (249 • 8° F.). At a higher temperature it partially 
 sublimes, and boils, giving off bitter yellow sufiocating vapours. The 
 aqueous solution possesses a strong yellow colour, and an intensely 
 bitter taste ; it is acid in reaction to Litmus paper. When boiled with 
 2 parts of Potassium Cyanide Solution, dissolved in 9 parts of Water, 
 Picric Acid yields a dark purplish-red colour, due to the formation of 
 
88 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Potassium Isopurp urate ; wlieu boiled with a strong Solution of 
 Calcium Hypochlorite, it gives of? pungent tear-producing vapours. 
 It produces a red coloration with Ammonium Sulphide, which deepens 
 perceptibly on heating. It is officially required to contain not 
 less than 99 p.c. of Hydrogen Picrate, as volunietrically deter- 
 mined by titrating 2 grammes dissolved in hot Distilled Water, 
 with Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of 
 which not less than 17 '3 ml. should be required, Phenolphthalein 
 Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0' 11452 gramme 
 of Hydrogen Picrate. 
 
 The use of Methyl Ked, Para-dimethyl-amino-azo-benzene-ortho- 
 carboxylic Acid, has been suggested (J.C.S.Ahs., '15, ii. 383) as an 
 indicator for the titration of Picric Acid. The colour change is sharp, 
 and the amount of alkali required to effect the change agrees absolutely 
 with the amount required theoretically. The colour change is from 
 red-violet to the original yellow colour of the Picric Acid Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impui'ities are Dinitrophenol or Nitro- 
 cresol, Sodium Picrate, Potassium Nitrate, Sodium Chloride, Oxalates, 
 Sulphates, or free Sulphuric Acid, Sugar, and ]niueral residue. 
 
 Dinitrophenol arises from imperfect nitration, and may be detected 
 by the lowering of the melting point and by its comparative in- 
 solubility in Water. Nitrocresol may be also detected by the effect 
 on the melting point, which it considerably lowers. 
 
 1 gramme of Picric Acid should dissolve in 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 or in 25 c.c. of Ether to form a clear solution, indicating the absence of 
 Sodium Picrate, Potassium Nitrate or Sodium Chloride, also of Oxa- 
 lates, Sulphates and Sugar. The saturated aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Nitric Acid, should yield little or no tui'bidity with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chloride ; nor with Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates and free Sulphuric Acid. 
 When carefully ignited with free access of air it should leave no 
 appreciable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AMMONII PICRA3. — Yellow, odourless, glistening crystalline needles. 
 Soluble 1 in 93 of water, 1 in 82 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Given as a substitute 
 for Quinine, also in exophthalmic goitre and malaria. 
 
 Dose. — i to 1 grain = (J -016 to 0-065 gramme. 
 
 Not Official, 
 ACIDUM PYROGALLICUM. 
 
 PYROGALLIC ACID. PYROGALLOL. 
 
 C,H3(OH)„ eq. 126- 048. 
 
 Fr., Pyrogallol ; Ger., Pyrogallol ; Ital., Pirogallolo. 
 
 Light, white glistening crystalline laminae or fine crystalline needles, 
 odourless, and possessing a bitter taste. It has a tendency to become 
 coloured on exposure to strong light, more particularly when in solution, 
 
[Solids by ~Weight ;' liquids by Measure.] ACI 89 
 
 and should therefore be preserved in well-closed, dark amber-tinted glass 
 bottles, as far as possible from the light. It is a Tri-atomic Phenol, which 
 is chiefly obtained from Gallic Acid by careful heating. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 2 of Water, and measures 2h ; 9 in 10 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Escharotic, antiseptic, and disinfectant. Its 
 use requires care. 
 
 Not more than 15 to 25 grains should be used in the twenty -four hours, 
 as violent toxic symptonas may result from its absorption. 
 
 In the form of a 10 p.c. salve, applied with a brush twice a day, very useful 
 in psoriasis. 
 
 5 p.c. Ointment in ringworm of the scalp. — E.M.J. '11, i. 469. 
 
 An ointment, Pyrogallic Acid, 40; Starch, 40; Vasehne, 120; also a 
 powder, Pyrogallic Acid, 2(> ; Starch, SO ; liave been used for venereal 
 ulcers. 
 
 Mixed with Collodium Flexile. 40 grains to the oz., for psoriasis. 
 
 Largely used in photography. It has also been used for blackening the 
 hair. 1 in 1(3 of Water is used with a Solution of Silver Nitrate (1 in 30 of 
 Water). 
 
 To remove stains of Pyrogallic Acid, rub on a little Amnionium 
 Persulphate and rinse with Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ifcal., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not 
 in Port, or Span. 
 
 Tests.— Pyrogallic Acid molts at 131° to 132' C. (267-8'' to 269-0° F.) 
 and sublimes unchanged when carefully heated at a higher temperature. 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Water, the solution when freshly 
 prepared being quite colourless and neutral or at the most but faintly acid 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper ; when made alkaline by the addition of 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution or by Ammonia Solution, it rapidly 
 becomes brown, due to the absorption of Oxygen from the air, the solution 
 becoming finally almost black. PjTogallic Acid when shaken with Lime 
 Water yields at first a violet coloured solution, but which soon changes to 
 a brown or brownish-black colour, with the separation of a flocculent deposit. 
 A freshly prepared aqueous sohition yields on the addition of Ferrous Sulphate 
 Solution an indigo-blue colour ; on the addition of a few drops of Ferric 
 Chloride Solution a brownish-red colour, changing to deep bluish-black on 
 the addition of 1 or 2 drops of Ammonia Solution ; a precipitate of metallic 
 Silver on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution ; with Nitrous Acid a brown 
 coloration is obtained. The aqueous solution when acidified with Sulphuric 
 Acid decolorises Potassium Permanganate Solution with the evolution of 
 Carbon Dioxide gas. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Gallic Acid and mineral 
 residue. The presence of Gallic Acid is indicated by its comparative 
 insolubility in Water, and by its acid reaction towards Litmus paper. It 
 should volatilise completely when carefully heated on Platinum foil, indicating 
 the absence of inorganic impurities. The P.G. states that on ignition it shall 
 leave at the most 0- 1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI PYROGALLICI (Jarlsch's Ointment). — Pyro- 
 gallic Acid, 60 grains ; Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PYROGALLOL COMPOSITUM.— Pyrogallic Acid. 30 
 to 60 grains; Ichthj^ol, 30 grains; Salicylic Acid, 15 grains; Soft Paraffin, 
 to 1 oz. — Middlesex. 
 
 Pyrogallol, 20 grains ; Ammonium Sulpho-ichthyolate. 20 grains ; Salicylic 
 Acid in powder, 8 grains ; Soft Paraffin, to 1 oz. — London. 
 
 Unguentum. Pyrogalloli Compositum (Unna). — Pyrogallic Acid, 5; 
 Salicylic Acid, 2 ; Ammonium Ichthyosulphonate, 5 ; Yellow Vaseline, 88. 
 — Hager and Phurm: Form. 
 
 UNNA'S PYROGALLIC PLASTER MULL.— Contains 40 p.c. of the 
 Acid, equal to J grain in each square inch of surface. 
 
90 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACID PYROGALLIC OXIDISED. PYRALOXIN.— A brownish black 
 jjowder, readily soluble in Water. 
 
 In the treatment of psoriasis it stands next to Chrysarobin in efficiency. 
 It is unsuited for the acute or rapidly extending phase, but when the disease 
 has come to a sta7idstill, or is showing distinct evidences of retrogTession, 
 its advantages are said to be incontestable. It may be applied as an ointmeut 
 (h drm. to the oz.), made up with Vaseline, or with the addition of 10 grains 
 of Salicylic Acid. A cleaner method is to employ 10 parts dissolved in 20 of 
 Benzol and 80 of Acetone. 
 
 In lupus erytliematosus applied as an ointment : Zinc Oxide, 10 ; Kaolin, 
 2 ; Oxidised Pyrogallic Acid, 5 ; Vaseline, 28. 
 
 In infantile eczema of the face the most brilliant results have been obtained. 
 It is applied to the reddened and irritable surface of the skin in the form of 
 a thin coating of Lassar's Paste, to which 10 grains of Pyraloxin hav'e been 
 added. 
 
 For ringworm of the scalp in children it is apphed in the form of an 
 ointment : Oxidised PyrogalUc Acid, 10 grains ; Precipitated Sulphur, 
 5 drm. ; Ammoniated Mercin^y, 15 grains ; and VaseUne, 1 oz. 
 
 As an application to the eye in conjunctivitis, and to the mucus membranes 
 of the nose and throat in coryza, a solution of 0-02 gramme (i grain) in 20 
 grammes (f oz.) of Fennel Water and 20 grammes (| oz.) of a 2 p.c. aqueous 
 solution of Borax. 
 
 Eugallol (Pyrogallol mono-acetate), a brownish-yellow thick syrupy 
 liquid ; Gallacetophenone, a yellowish-brown powder ; Lenigallol (Pyro- 
 gallol tri-acetate), a white powder ; and Saligallol (Pyrogallol di-salicylate), 
 a resinous solid, are used in skin diseases. 
 
 ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 
 
 SALICYLIC ACID. 
 
 HC-H5O3, eq. 138-048. 
 
 Fr., Acide Salicylique ; Ger., Salicylsaure ; Ital., Acido Saliciltco ; 
 Span., Acido Salicilioo. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, prismatic crystals wlien prepared syntheti- 
 cally from Carbolic Acid, but the Acid derived from the Oil of Winter- 
 green or of Sweet Birch, commonly called ' natural acid,' is usually 
 supplied in large crystals possessing a yellowish or pinkish tint, and 
 generally possesses a faint odour of Methyl Salicylate. 
 
 It may also occur as a light, white crystalline powder. It possesses 
 at first a sweetish and subsequently an acrid taste. 
 
 It is a monobasic organic acid, which may be obtained naturally 
 from oils of Wintergreen and Sweet Birch, but generally prepared 
 syntheticall)^ from Phenol, first converting the Phenol into Sodium 
 Phenate, and then acting upon the product with Carbon Dioxide gas. 
 
 Solubility.— About 1 in 550 of Water ; 1 in 9 of boiling Water ; 
 1 in 31 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 11 of Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; l" in 35 of 
 Alcohol (45 p.c.) ; 1 in 2 of Ether ; 1 in 55 of Chloroform ; 1 in 120 of 
 Olive Oil ; 1 in 195 of Glycerin ; 1 in 8 of Lard (at 180" R). 20 grains 
 Salicylic Acid are rendered soluble in a fl. oz. of Water by the addition 
 of 25 grains of Borax or 40 grains of Potassium Citrate ; but it is better 
 to use Sodium Salicylate. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ACI HI 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic and powerfully antipyretic; 
 specific in acute rlieuniatism. 
 
 A good preservative of medicated solutions, such as Cocaine salts 
 and Boric Acid, whicji are otlierwise liable to fungoid growths ; 1 in 
 1000 is sufficient for the purpose, but in the eye causes temporary 
 smarting. 
 
 The best dressing for wounds infected with virulent anaerobes is Borsal, a 
 mixture of equal parts of powdered Salicylic and Boric Acids. — B.M.J. '15, 
 i. 418, 331. 
 
 The collodion is recommended in lupus. — Pj-. lii. 96. 
 
 The injection of SaUcylic Acid in uterine cancer, recommended as a palliative 
 method when the disease is too far advanced to admit of surgical extii'pation. 
 —P.J. (3) XXV. 1219. 
 
 A solution in spirit, increased 1 p.c. daily from 1 to 6 p c, applied to remove 
 the stumps left after removal of papillomatous growths. It also forms a 
 useful application dissolved in Sodium Sulpho-ricinate Solution. — B.M.J. '04, 
 ii. 1221. 1224. 
 
 A daily application of a 10 p.c. solution of SalicyUc Acid in Sulpho-ricinate 
 of Soda for pharyngo -mycosis. This salt of Soda seems to bo the vehicle with 
 which Salicylic Acid can be incorporated so as to be as unirritating as possible. 
 —B M.J. '07, i. 1155 ; L. '07, i. 1248. 
 
 Recommendation of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire 
 into the use of preservatives and colouring matters in food ; Salicylic Acid 
 be not used in greater proportions than 1 grain per pint in liquid food ; and 
 I grain per lb. in solid food, its presence in all cases to be declared. — L. '01, ii. 
 1683 ; J.S.G.I. '01, 1228 ; P.J. '01, ii. 620 ; CD. '01, ii. 880 ; Analyst, '01, 
 332. 
 
 Salicylic Acid as a preservative for foods has been stated to be injurious, 
 for three reasons : (1) That it is antiseptic and antifermentative, and there- 
 fore Uable to interfere with the digestive processes ; (2) after absorption is 
 apt to injure the general liealth ; (3) that it is an irritant and apt to injm-e 
 the mucous membrane of stomach and intestinal canal ; but the-results of 
 experiments by Macalister and Bradshaw are opjjosed to these conclusions, 
 and they contend that there is no justification for them. — L. "02, ii. 1544 ; 
 '03, i. 717. 
 
 Of very little use as an antiseptic in alkaline Urine. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 654. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.^ — On account oj its slight solubility in Water, it is 
 usually given internally in the Jorm of Sodium Salicylate, which is readily soluble, 
 and less irritatittg to the mucous membrane. It can be given in combination 
 with Bismuth and Lithium. It is also 2yi'escribed in the form of Acetylsalicylio 
 Acid and its soluble salts. 
 
 As a lotion. Salicylic Acid, 120 grains ; Borax, 150 grains ; Water to 10 oz. 
 in pruritus and urticaria and, some forms of eczema. As an injection, Ii grain, 
 with 2 grains of Borax in 1 oz. of Water in the dysenteric diarrhoaa of children. 
 As an ointment, 1 in for pruritus. For different forms of Salicylic Collodion 
 see ' Not Official.'' As a dusting powder against perspiring and sore feet, see 
 Pulvis Salicylicus cum Talco. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1"3 grammes. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Spirit of Nitrous Ether, Iron salts, and Quinine salts. 
 
 Official Preparation.- — Unguentum Acidi Salicylic. See also Bismuthi 
 Salicylas and Sodii SaHcylas. 
 
 Not OfBcial. — Baculum Acidi SaUcylici, CoUemplastrum Salicylatum, 
 CoUodium Salicylicum, Collodium Lacto-salicylicum, Salicylic dressings. 
 Emplastrum Saponatum Salicylatum, Glycerinum Acidi Salicylici, Lotio 
 Acidi Salicylici cmn Borace, Pulvis Salicylicus cum Talco, Pulvis Talci Sali- 
 cyUcus, SaUcylic and Creosote Plaster Mulls, SahcyHc Acid Suet, Unguentum 
 
92 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Acidi Salicylici, Vasolimentum Salicylicum, Salacetol, Spirosal, Diplosal, 
 Benzosalin, Diaspirin, Glycosal, and lodo-Salicylic Acid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Cer.. Hung., Jap., Ital., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Salicylic Acid melts at 1.56° to 157° C. (312-8° to 314-6° F.), 
 wliicli corresponds with the B.F. figures ; the U.S. P. states it begins 
 to melt at 156° C. (312-8° F.) and is completely melted at 157° C. 
 (314-6° F.) ; the P.G. that it melts at about 157° C. (314-6° F.). The 
 B.P. states that it volatilises without decomposition when carefully 
 heated ; the U.S. P. that it is gradually dissipated at a higher tempera- 
 ture than 157° C. (314-6° F.); the P.G. that it volatihses without 
 decomposition, on further careful heating, but when quickly heated it 
 is decomposed with the formation of an odour of Carbolic Acid. The 
 distinctive test is the violet colour imparted to an aqueous solution by 
 Ferric Chloride Test- Solution, and the production of the peculiar odour 
 of Methyl Salicylate when a little of the Acid is warmed with Methyl 
 Alcohol and strong Sulphuric Acid. The latter test is included in 
 U.S. P. but not in B.P. or P.G. It should contain at least 99-9 p.c. by 
 weight of Hydrogen Salicylate, as determined by titrating 0-5 gramme 
 with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 
 36-2 c.c. should be required; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution is equivalent to 0-013805 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Salicylate, Phenolphthalein Solution may be conveniently 
 employed as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are unconverted Phenol, 
 isomers, or homologues of Salicylic Acid, Iron, organic impurities, 
 colouring matter. Arsenic, Hydrochloric Acid, readily carbonisable 
 organic impurities, and mineral residue. A weighed (juantity of 
 1 gramme of the acid should dissolve to form a clear solution in an 
 excess of Sodium Carbonate Solution, and if this solution be shaken 
 with Ether, the ethereal solution separated, filtered, and evaporated 
 to dryness, the residue should yield no odour of Phenol, indicating the 
 absence of Phenol. The B.P. and the U.S. P. employ 1 gramme of 
 Salicyhc Acid, an excess of cold Sodium Carbonate Solution, and shake 
 Avith an equal volume of Ether, the P.G. states that 0-5 gramme of 
 Salicylic Acid should at the temperature of the room dissolve to form 
 a clear solution in 10 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate Solution (1 -f 9) ; if 
 this solution be shaken with Ether, on the evaporation of the super- 
 natant ethereal layer, at the most a negligible odourless residue should 
 remain behind, indicating the absence of Phenol. Isomers or homo- 
 logues of Salicylic Acid are detected by their influence on the melting 
 point and by the evaporation test. The filtered aqueous liquid obtained 
 by extracting Salicylic Acid with a small proportion of Water, when 
 evaporated to dryness, should yield a clear white residue, free from 
 any tinge of colour, indicating the absence of Iron, organic impurities 
 and colouring matter. The U.S. P. and P.G. use an alcoholic solution 
 and evaporate spontaneously. As pointed out in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squire $ Companion the test is more severe when water is 
 
 I 
 
[Solids Dy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI O:} 
 
 employed with excess of the sample, the impurities are more soluble in 
 this fluid than the Acid, it therefore tends to magnify the proportion 
 of impm'ity on solution, and to separate it on evaporation. 
 
 No more than a faint brownish tint should be developed within 
 
 15 minutes when Salicylic Acid is dissolved in cold Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of certain organic impurities. The U.S. P. 
 treats 0'5 gramme of Salicylic Acid with 10 c.c. of Concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid, requiring that no colour shall be imparted to the latter 
 within 15 minutes, indicating the absence of readily carbonisable 
 organic impurities. The proposed chauges for the U.S. P. IX. recom- 
 mend that a solution of about 0*5 gramme of the synthetic Salicylic 
 Acid in 10 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid should not acquire more than a light 
 yellow colour within 15 minutes. The natural Salicylic Acid, under 
 similar conditions, may produce a slightly brownish colour. The P.G, 
 requires that the solution of 1 gramme of Salicylic Acid in 6 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid should show at the most a faint yellow colour, indicating 
 the limit of foreign organic impurities. The B.P. now fixes a limit 
 of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of the 
 residue obtained by first drying and then gently igniting a paste 
 consisting of 5 grammes of Salicylic Acid, 2 grammes of Calcium 
 Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 ml. of Distilled Water, using 
 
 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent ancl 
 45 ml. of hot Distilled Water to effect solution, and eliminating the 
 excess of Bromine by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. No specific test for Arsenic is 
 mentioned in either the U.S. P. or P.G. A 5 p.c. alcoholic solution, 
 when mixed with a few drops of Nitric Acid, should show no tm'bidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Hydrochloric Acid and Chlorides. Both the 
 U.S. P. and P.G. include a test for Chlorides. Salicylic Acid should 
 leave no appreciable ash when ignited with free access of air ; the 
 U.S. P. states not more than 0'6 p.c, but the proposed changes recom- 
 mend that this be altered to 'not exceeding 0*1 p.c.,' which is also 
 the limit allowed by the P.G. This fixes a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Evaporation. — A wlaite residue free from any buff-tinted fringe should 
 remain when the filtered solution obtained by shaking Salicylic Acid with a 
 small proportion of Water is evaporated, indicating the absence of Iron, 
 organic impurities, and colouring matter, B.P. On allowing a saturated 
 alcoholic solution of 1 gramme of the acid to evaporate spontaneously in a 
 glass or porcelain dish, in a place protected from dust, the synthetic acid 
 should yield a perfectly wliite, crystalline residue, the natural acid a white or 
 not more than sUghtly yellowish, or slightly pinkish residue, indicating the 
 absence of Iron, Phenol, or colouring matter, U.S. P. ; an entirely white 
 residue. should remain when the alcoholic solution (1 -f 9) is allowed to 
 evaporate at the temperature of the room, indicating absence of Iron salts 
 and Phenol, P.G. 
 
 Ether. — If 1 gramme of Salicylic Acid be dissolved in excess of cold 
 Sodium Carbonate Solution and the liquid agitated with an equal volume of 
 Ether, and the ethereal solution be allowed to evaporate spontaneously, the 
 residue, if any, should be free from the odour of Phenol, B.P. and U.S. P. ; 
 0*5 gramme of SaUcylic Acid should dissolve to form a clear solution at room 
 
04 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 temperature in 10 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate Solution (1 + 9) ; if this solution 
 be shaken with Ether on evaporation of the supernatant ethereal layer at 
 the most a negligible odourless residue shall remain l^ehind, indicating the 
 absence of Phenol, P.G. 
 
 Silver Nitrate. — A solution of O'a gramme in 10 c.c. of Alcohol, mixed 
 with a few drops of Nitric Acid, should remain unaffected upon the addition 
 of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Test-vSolution, U.S. P. ; the alcoholic solution 
 (1 + 9) should, on the addition of a little Nitric Acid, be unaltered by the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, P.G. ; indicating the absence of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI SALICYLICI. Salicylic Acid Ointment. 
 Salicylic Acid in powder, 1 ; White ParafEn Ointment, 49. 
 Sift the Salicylic Acid into the melted Paraffin Ointment and stir 
 till cold. 
 
 See also Unguentum Paraffini. 
 
 Same strength as P.G. Sebum Salicylatum, sec jJ- 95. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BACULUM ACIDI SALICYLICI {St. Mark's).— Salicylic Acid, 10 grains ; 
 Wax, 20 grains ; Lanolin, 60 grains. 
 
 COLLEMPLASTRUM SALICYLATUM (^wsir.).— Collemplastrurn ad- 
 hesivum mass, 100 ; Acid Salicylic, 4 ; Petroleum Ether, 20. 
 
 COLLEiViPLASTRUM ADH/ESIVUM.— Resin Oil, 6 ; purified sliced 
 India-rubber, 10 ; Petroleum Ether, 45 ; allow to stand with frequent 
 agitation imtil dissolved ; add Balsam Copaiba and Colophony Resin, of each, 
 4 ; Adeps Lanse, Cera Flava and Sandarach, of each, 2 ; powdered Orris 
 Root, 9 ; and Ether, 16. — Austr. 
 
 Wool Fat, 67 ; Copaiba Balsana, 8 ; Caoutchouc, 25 ; Orris, 25 ; Petroleum 
 Ether, 150, or q.s. — Ger. 
 
 Powdered Orris root, 21 ; Salicylic Acid, 1* 1 ; Corporis Collemplastri, 100 ; 
 Solution of Gutta Percha (1 p.c. in Benzin), 300. All by weight. — Hung. 
 
 Corpus ad Collemplastra (Hung.). — Powdered Colophonium, 45 ; Anhy- 
 drous Lanolin, 15 ; Benzin, q.s., to make 100 by weight. 
 
 COLLEIVIPLASTRUM SAPONATO-SALiCYLATUM {Hrmg.).—Vow. 
 dered Orris root, 20; Powdered Soap, 6' 5; Salicylic Acid, 13; Corporis 
 Collemplastri, 100 ; Solution of Gutta Percha (1 p.c. in Benzin), 300. 
 All by weight. 
 
 Emplastrum Saponatum Salicylatum. — Soap Plaster, 85 ; Yellow 
 Wax, 5 ; Salicylic Acid, 10. — Austr. 
 
 Soap Plaster, 8 ; White Wax, 1 ; Salicylic Acid, l.—Ger. 
 
 COLLODIUM SALICYLICUM.— Salicylic Acid, 60 grains; Flexible 
 Collodion, 1 oz. — Gtiy's and other Hospital Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 Salicylic Acid, 1 ; Flexible Collodion (by weight), 9. — Fr. and Ital. 
 
 COLLODIUM CUM ACIDO SALICYLICO (Z)M<c/i).— Salicylic Acid, 20; 
 Spirit of Ether, 20 ; Collodium, 60. 
 
 COLLODIUM SALICYLICUM COMPOSITUM. — SalicyUc Acid, 60 
 grains ; Extract of Indian Hemp, 10 grains ; Flexible Collodion, to 1 oz. 
 
 COLLODIUM LACTO-SALICYLICUM. — Saheylic Acid, 60 grains; 
 Lactic Acid, 1 fl. drm. ; Flexible Collodion, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 COLLODIUM SALICYLICUM CUM ZINCI CHLORIDO (Guy's).— 
 Salicylic Acid, 60 grains ; Zinc Chloride, 30 grains ; Flexible Collodion, 1 oz. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 95 
 
 SALICYLIC DRESSINGS.— Gauze, Lint, and Wool, 4 p.c. ; Jute, 4 
 and 10 p.c. Jap. has Cotton 5 p.c. and Gauze. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM SAPONATUM SALICYLATUM (6'er.).— Soap Plaster, 
 
 8 ; Yellow Wax, 1 ; Salicylic Acid, 1. 
 
 GLYCERINUM ACIDI SALICYLICI.— Salicylic Acid, 1 part ; Glycerin, 
 
 9 parts. Also called Pasta Acidi Salicylic!. 
 
 LOTIO ACIDI SALICYLICI CUM BORAGE {Middlesex).— ^SiWcyWc 
 Acid, 120 grains ; Borax, (50 grains ; Glycerin, 1 oz. ; Rectified Spirit, 1 oz. ; 
 Distilled Water, to 10 oz. 
 
 PULVIS SALICYLICUS CUM TALCO (Dan., Dutch, Oer., Jap., Norw. 
 and Sived.). — Salicylic Acid, 3; Wheat Starch, 10; Talc, 87; mix to a 
 fine powder. 
 
 Pulvis pro pedibus {Swiss). — Same formula as above. Used as a pre- 
 ventive against perspiring and sore feet. It is applied dry, on a march 
 daily, or in garrison every two or three days. 
 
 Pulvis Talci Salicylieus (C/.S.A^.i^.).— Salicylic Acid, 3; Boric Acid, 
 
 10 ; Talc in fine powder, 87. 
 
 SALICYLIC AND CREOSOTE PLASTER MULLS ( t/nna).— Contain 
 J grain of Salicylic Acid and 1 grain of Creosote to the square inch ; also 
 twice this strength. Possess a solvent power on horny epidermis, the 
 Creosote acting as an anjesthetic. Also used in lupus. 
 
 Salicylic Acid and Creosote can also be applied as an ointment with Lard 
 and Wax. 
 
 SEBUM SALICYLATUM (4Ms<r.).— Salicylic Acid, 2; Benzoin, 10; 
 Mutton Fat, 98. 
 
 Salicylic Acid, 2 ; Benzoic Acid, 1 ; Prepared Suet, 97. — Ger. 
 
 Used in the German Army for sweaty feet and soreness from riding. 
 
 Salicylic Acid, 2 ; Benzoin, 5 ; Dried Sodium Sulphate, 10 ; Suet, 100. 
 — Hung. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI SALICYLIC!.— Salicylic Acid. 30 grains ; Ben- 
 zoated Lard, 1 oz. ; melt over a water-bath, and stir till cold. 
 Used for eczema, psoriasis, ringworm, and foul ulcers. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM SALICYLICUM (i?a^er).— Salicylic Acid, 2; Liquid 
 Vasoliment, 98. 
 
 SALACETOL.^ — Is obtained by the action of Monochloroacetono on 
 Sodium SaMcylate. Crystallises in long needles, melting at 71° C. (159" 8" F.) ; 
 soluble 1 in 2200 of Water, 1 in 15 of Alcohol. It is unaffected by dilute 
 acids, but decomposed by weak alkali with liberation of Salicyhc Acid. 
 Intestinal disinfectant. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes, for adults ; 4 to 8 grains — 
 • 26 to • 52 gramme for children. 
 
 SPIROSAL (SaUcyUc Acid Mono-glycolic Ester). — A colourless and almost 
 odourless liquid, sparingly soluble in Water ; readily soluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), Ether, and Chloroform ; also soluble in fixed oils. Anti-rheumatic 
 and analgesic. Recommended in the form of a 33i^ p.c. alcoholic solution 
 as a local application in both acute and chronic articular and muscular 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — J teaspoonful, suitably diluted, applied 3 or 4 times a day to 
 the affected parts. 
 
 DIPLOSAL (Sahcylic Acid Salicylic Ester). — White crystalline powder, 
 possessing a faintly aromatic odour and a slightly acidulous taste. It is 
 practically insoluble in Water ; solul^le in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Ether ; 
 soluble in alkali solutions with the formation of alkali Salicylates. Anti- 
 
96 A CI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 rheumatic and analgesic. Useful in acute and chronic articular and muscular 
 rheumatism, in painful articular affections, neuralgia, and myalgia. Relieves 
 the pain in cases of obstinate sciatica, and in the crises of tabes. 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0' 32 to 1*0 gramme. 
 
 BENZOSALIN (Methyl Ester of Benzoyl Salicylic Acid).— A white tasteless 
 crystalline powder. It melts at 82° C, and is insoluble in Water. Its taste 
 resembles Benzoic Acid. Introduced as an anti-rheuniatic and anti-neuralgic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0' 32 to 1"0 gramme. 
 
 DIASPIRIN (Succinic Acid Ester of SaHcylic Acid). — A white, crystalline 
 powder difficultly soluble in Water, but readily soluble in Alcohol and 
 Acetone. Introduced as an antipyretic and diaphoretic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0' 5 to I'O gramme. 
 
 Glycosal (Monosalicylic Acid Glycerin Ester). — Wliite crystalline powder, 
 moderately soluble in Water, readily in Alcohol (90 p. c). Anti-rheumatic, 
 antiseptic. Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0" 32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 lodo-Salieylie Acid and Dilodo Salicylic Acid are Iodine compounds 
 of Salicylic Acid in wliich one or two atoms of Hydrogen respectively are 
 replaced by Iodine. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. 
 
 SULPHURIC ACID. 
 
 Fr., Acide Sulfurique Officinal ; Ger., Schwefelsaure ; Ital., Acido 
 SuLFORico ; Span., Acido Sulfxjrico. 
 
 A heavy, colourless, odourless liquid, of an oily consistence, possess- 
 ing a strong corrosive action. It is officially required to contain not 
 less than 95 p. c. by weight of Hydrogen Sulphate, H._,S04, eq. 98'086. 
 
 It may be produced by the combined oxidation and hydration of 
 the Sulphur Dioxide Gas produced by the combustion of Sulphur 
 or Pyrites, Nitrous Acid and Water vapour being generally employed 
 for this purpose. 
 
 A fuming Sulphuric Acid is known under the title of Nordhausen 
 Sulphuric Acid, and is prepared by the distillation of dry Ferrous 
 Sulphate. 
 
 Under the name of Solid Sulphuric Acid Sulphuric Anhydride 
 has been introduced into commerce. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful caustic, and when so used 
 it is made into a paste with an equal tjuantity of charcoal. In the 
 form of NordhaTisen Sulphuric Acid it has been used in cancer {see 
 p. 101, Michel's Paste). When diluted it is a tonic refrigerant, 
 exciting the appetite and promoting digestion ; it is a valuable intestinal 
 astringent, and therefore it is useful in controlling diarrhoea ; useful 
 in treating chronic lead poisoning. 
 
 Successful treatment of carbuncles, boils, staphylococcic infections, 
 and certain streptococcic infections by 20 to 30 minim doses of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, each dose diluted with 2 oz. Water every four hours ; 
 the onlv external application was Carbolised Vaseline (1 in 20). — 
 L. '13, i 749. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ACI 97 
 
 The dilute acid is of real value as a prophylactic in puerperal infection, 
 in 25 to 35 minim doses ; writer thinks its administration to the wounded 
 in present war should be tried. — L. '15, i. 569. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and their Carbonates, salts of Calcium and Lead. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum, and Acidum 
 Sulphm-icum Dilutum. 
 
 Wot Of&cial. — Mistura Sulphurica Acida, Mynsicht's Elixir of Vitriol, 
 Mistura Anti-cholerica, Michel's Paste. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning by Sulphuric Acid Magnesia Is preferable to 
 Chalk. For other antidotes see Hydrochloric and Nitric Acids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all the Pharmacopoeias, ranging 
 from sp. gr. 1-835 to 1-845. U.S. sp. gr. not below 1-826 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 Fr., Ger., Jap., Swed. and Swiss contain also a crude Acid. 
 
 Tests. — Sulplmric Acid has a specific gravity of 1*841, tlie U.S. P. 
 states not below 1-826 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., 1'836 to 1-841 ; 
 neither the B.P. nor the P.G. gives a boihng point for the acid, the 
 U.S. P. states 338° C. (640-4° F.). The distinguishing test is the 
 production of a white precipitate, insoluble in Hydiochloric Acid, 
 when Barium Chloride Solution is added to its diluted or neutralised 
 aqueous solutions. It is officially required to contain not less than 
 94-6 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Sulphate as volumetrically determined 
 by titrating 1 gramme of the acid diluted with from 20 to 30 ml. of 
 Water, with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 
 not less than 19-3 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0-049043 gramme of Hydrogen Sulphate; 
 Phenolphthalein Solution or Methyl Orange Solution may be employed 
 as an indicator of neutrality. The U.S. P. acid is required to contain 
 not less than 92-5 p.c. by weight of Absolute Sulphuric Acid, and 
 about 7*5 p.c, of Water; the P.G. acid is required to contain from 
 94 to 98 p.c. of Sulphuric Acid. The U.S. P. method of titration is 
 to measure 3 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid into a stoppered weighing bottle, 
 and to accurately weigh. The acid is then diluted with 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, and titrated with ■ Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Methyl Orange Test Solution as an in- 
 dicator of neutrality. The test is described in detail in small type 
 below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. The P.G. 
 does not include a method of determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and Lead, 
 Selenium, Copper, Iron, Chlorides, Nitrous, Nitric and Sulphurous 
 Acids and solid residue. The limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million 
 suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) is now fixed by the B.P. It is determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by mixing 2 grammes of Sulphuric Acid with 10 ml. 
 of Distilled Water, and adding a mixture of 40 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water and 8 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. The limit of 20 parts of Lead per million suggested in 
 the same reference, has been now Officially fixed, as determined by 
 the Lead Test, given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 primary solution containing 7 grammes and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes of the substance, using 10 ml. of dilute Lead- 
 
 E 
 
98 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Test Solution. The U.S. P. employs the modified Gutzeit's test 
 for Arsenic, whilst the P.G. employs the Bettendorf's test with 
 Stannous Chloride Solution ; both are given in the small type below. 
 U.S. P., in their test for Lead, have adopted a time limit of 1 hour 
 within which no precipitation shall occur when the Acid is carefully 
 mixed with 4 or 5 volumes of Alcohol (94 * 9 p.c). The P.P. test 
 for Selenium has now been modified. Hydrochloric Acid to which 
 Sodium Sulphite has been added replacing the former reagent ' Hydro- 
 chloric Acid containing Sodium Sulphite,' the test requixing that no 
 red coloration should be produced at the junction of the two fluids, 
 and no red precipitate on warming, when Hydrochloric Acid, to which 
 Sodium Sulphite has been added, is poured upon the surface of an 
 equal volume of Sulphm-ic Acid, indicating the absence of Selenium. 
 5 c.c. of a 1 to 10 dilution of Sulphuric Acid should yield no darkening 
 in colour on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, nor should 
 a perceptible darkening in colour be noticed on the addition of an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating the absence of Copper and a 
 limit of Iron. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution should yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Hydrochloric Acid. No dark coloured zone should form 
 between the two. liquids, when 1 c.c. of Ferrous Sulphate Solution is 
 carefully poured upon the surface of 2 c.c. of Sulphm'ic Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Nitric and Nitrous Acids. A cooled mixture of 1 c.c. 
 ' of Sulphuric Acid and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water should not immediately 
 discharge the colour of 0*1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphurous Acid, and 
 incidentally affording a limit of Nitrous Acid. It should leave no 
 appreciable residue on evaporation. The P.P. requires that it should 
 leave not more than 0" 05 p.c. by weight, the U.S. P. that it should 
 be vaporised with the evolution of dense fumes, without leaving a 
 residue, the P.G. does not fix a limit. 
 
 Ferrous Sulphate and Sulphuric Acid. — Yields no characteristic 
 reaction for Nitrates or Nitrites, B.P. ; no brown or reddish colour should be 
 produced at the zone of contact, when Ferrous Sulphate Test Solution is 
 poured carefully upon the surface of Sulphuric Acid contained in a test-tube, 
 the liquid being cooled, indicating a limit of Nitric or Nitrous Acid, U.S. P. ; 
 no coloured zone should form at the junction of the two fluids, when 1 c.c. 
 of Ferrous Sulphate Solution is carefully poured upon the surface of 2 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Nitric Acid and Nitrous Acid, P.G. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution. — 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, diluted 
 with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water and cooled, should not at once discharge the 
 colour of 0-1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphurous or Nitrous Acid, U.S. P. ; a cooled 
 mixture of 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and 10 c.c. of Distilled Water when mixed 
 with 3 drops of Potassium Permanganate Solution (O'l p.c. w/w) should not 
 immediately discharge the red coloration, indicating a limit of Suljihurous 
 or Nitrous Acid, P.O. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — 5 c.c. of a 1-10 dilution of Sulphuric Acid 
 should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, U.S. P. 
 
 Stannous Chloride. — 1 c.c. of a cooled mixture of 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid 
 and 2 c.c. of Water should develop no dark colour within 1 hour when mixed 
 with 3 c.c, of Stannous Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Arsenio, P^G, 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 90 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid with Sodium Sulphite. — No red coloration at the 
 junction of the two fluids, and no red precipitate on warming should be 
 produced when Hydrochloric Acid, to wliich Sodium Sulpliite has been 
 added, is poured carefully upon an equal volume of Sulphuric Acid, B.P. ; 
 if 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, in which a fragment of Sodium Sulphite has 
 been dissolved, be carefully poured upon 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, the zone of 
 contact should not assume a pink or red colour upon standing, nor should a 
 precipitate form after heating, indicating a limit of Selenium, U.S. P. ; neither 
 a reddish zone, nor, on warming, a reddish coloured precipitate should result 
 when 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, in which a particle of Sodium Sulphite has 
 been dissolved, are carefully poured upon the surface of 2 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid, indicating a hmit of Selenic Acid, or Selenious Acid, P.G. 
 
 Voluinetric Determination. — 3 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid are accurately 
 weighed and diluted with 50 c.c. of Water. The solution is then titrated with 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using Methyl Orange 
 Test-Solution as indicator. The nimaber of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potas- 
 sium Hydi'oxide Solution used is multiplied by 4-8675 and divided by the 
 weight of Acid taken, the quotient representing the percentage of absolute 
 Sulphvu-ic Acid present, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUIVl. Aromatic Sul- 
 rHURTc Acid. N.O.Syn. — Elixir of Vitriol. (Modified.) 
 
 Mix gradually 7 of Sulpluiric Acid with 60 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; cool 
 to 15-5° C. (60° F.) ; add Tincture of Ginger, 25 ; and Spirit of Cinnamon 
 1-5 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 100. 
 
 The acidity now is slightly less and the Spirit of Cinnamon rather 
 more. 
 
 It now contains the equivalent of 13*2 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Sulphate against the 13-8 p.c. of B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 IToreign Pharmacopceias. — Dutch and Jap. (TincturaAcida Aro- 
 matica), Cort. Cinnamoni 5, Rad. Zingib. 5, Acidi Sulphurici 10, Spii-itus 
 Diluti 90. Mex. (Acido Sulfurico Aromatico), Sulphuric Acid 10, 
 Tincture of Ginger 5, Tincture of Cinnamon 5, Alcohol 80. U.S. (Acid una 
 Sulphuricum Aromaticum), Sulphuric Acid 111, Tincture of Ginger 50, 
 Oil of Cinnamon 1, Alcohol sufficient to measure 1000 ; add the Sulphuric Acid 
 gradually and with great caution to 700 of Alcohol and allow it to cool, then 
 add to it the Tinctm'e of Ginger and Oil of Cinnamon, and finally enough 
 Alcohol to make the product measure 1000. TincturaAromaticaAcida, 
 Norw., Acid Sulph. 1^, Aromatic Tincture 8| ; Swed., Acid Sulph. 1, Aromatic 
 Tinctviro 19. Not in Ger. or Russ. 
 
 TiNCTURA Aromatica. See under Cinnamon. 
 
 Tests. — -Aromatic Sulphuric Acid is officially required to possess a 
 specific gravity of from 0-917 to 0-923, the U.S. P. about 0-933 at 
 25° C. (77° F.). It is not ofiicial in the P.G. It is ofiicially required to 
 contain the equivalent of not less than 13-2 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Sulphate, as determined by titrating 10 ml. with Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not less than 24 - 9 ml. should 
 be required ; Methyl Orange Solution or Phenolphthalein Solution 
 may be employed as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0-049043 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Sulphate. 
 
 E 2 
 
100 ACI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM. Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid. (Altered.) 
 
 Add very gradually Sulphuric Acid to about 4 times its weight of 
 Distilled Water, and when cooled to 15-5° C. (G0° F.) add more Distilled 
 Water to make the Diluted Acid have specific gravity 1 ' 069. 
 
 As great heat is developed in mixing strong Sulphuric Acid and Water, 
 it is always safer to add the Acid to the Water than the Water to the 
 Acid. When Acid 1, Water 1, were mixed the temperature rose to 
 270° F. (132-2° C). 
 
 It now contains 10 p.c. by weight of H.,S04, in B.P. 1898 it contained 
 13-62 p.c. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Prescribed, much diluted, in mixtures ; or in 
 cough linctuses, with Squill, Poppies, and Syrup of Mulberries ; also to dissolve 
 Quinine, 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Acid 1, Water 4-76, 
 sp.gr. 1'12; Belg., Fr., Jap., Port, and Span., Acid 1, Water 9; Dan., 
 Acid 1, Water 7, sp. gr. 1-081 to 1 -085 ; Dutch, sp. gr. 1-124 ; Ger., Acid 1, 
 Water 5, sp. gr. 1-109 to 1-114 ; Hung., 10 p.c, sp. gr. 1-0G9 ; Ital., Acid 1, 
 Water 4, sp. gr. 1 - 180 ; Norw. and Swed., 10 p.c, sp. gr. 1 -07 ; Russ., Acid 1, 
 Water 5, sp. gr. 1-110 to 1-114 ; Swiss, 10 p.c. ; U.S., 10 p.c, sp. gr. about 
 1-067 at 25° C. (77° F.). All by weight. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Sulphuric Acid is officially required to possess a 
 specific gravity of 1-069; the U.S. P. diluted acid is required to have 
 a specific gravity of about 1-067 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., a specific 
 gravity of 1-109 to 1-114. 
 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid is officially required to contain 9*95 p.c. by 
 weight of Hydrogen Sulphate as determined by titrating 10 ml. with 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 21 - 7 ml. 
 should be required ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution = 0-049043 gramme of Hydrogen Sulphate; Phenolphthalein 
 Solution or Methyl Orange Solution may be employed as an indicator 
 of neutrality. 
 
 The U.S. P. Diluted Acid is required to contain not less than 10 p.c. 
 by weight of Absolute Sulphm-ic Acid, the P.G. 15-6 to 16-3 p.c. by 
 weight of Sulphuric Acid. Both the U.S. P. and P.G. employ Methyl 
 Orange Solution as an indicator. 
 
 The diluted Acid should respond to the tests of identity and purity 
 given under ' Acidum Sulphuricum.* 
 
 Not Oflacial. 
 
 MISTURA SULPHURICA ACIDA.—Syti., Liquor Acidus Halleri, Eau 
 de Rabel, Acidum Sulphuricum AlcohoHsatum, Aqua RabelU, Agua de Rabel. 
 
 Austr., Ger., Hung., Mex.. Port., Russ., Span., and Swiss. — Sulphuric Acid, 
 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 3; Dan., Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 1 ; Syrup of Rasp- 
 berries, 9 ; Distilled Water, 40. Dutch, Ital. and Norw., Sulphuric Acid, 1 ; 
 Alcohol, 1. Fr., Sulphuric Acid, 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 3 ; Poppy Petals, 
 0-04. All by weight. 
 
 MISTURA ACIDA (A^om.).— Dilute Sulphuric Acid, 24; Syrupus Rubi 
 Idfei, 180 ; Distilled Water, 796. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuie.] ACI 101 
 
 MYNSICHT'S ELIXIR OF VITRIOL.— Cinnamon, Ginger and Cloves, 
 of each 3 ; Calamus Aromaticus, 8 ; Galangal, 12 ; Sage, 4 ; Peppermint, 4 ; 
 Cubebs, 2 ; Nutmeg, 2 ; Aloes Wood, 1 ; Lemon Peel, 1 ; Sugar Candy, 32 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 144 ; Sulphuric Acid, 96 ; all by weight. Digest for three 
 weeks. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims — 0-3 to 0-0 ml. 
 
 MiSTURA ANTI-CHOLERICA.— Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 15 minims; 
 Compound Tincture of Camphor, 30 minims ; Compound Tincture of Chloro- 
 form, 20 minims ; Tincture of Coto, 20 minims ; Syrup of Orange Flower, 
 1 drachm ; Peppermint Water to 1 oz. Dose. — 1 11. oz. every 3 or 4 hours. — • 
 L. '92, ii. 863. 
 
 MICHEL'S PASTE.— Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid, 3. by weight ; Asbestos, 
 finely powdered, 1. Should be prepared fresh as required. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHUROSUM. 
 
 SULPHUPvOUS ACID. 
 
 Fb., Acide Sulfureux ; Ger., Schvvefligsaure ; Ital., 
 acido solforoso, 
 
 A colourless liquid, with a strong characteristic odoiu" of burning 
 Sulphur, officially required to contain 6"4p.c. av/w of Hydrogen 
 Sulphite, HoSOa, eq. 82*086, which corresponds to 5 p.c. av/\v of SO.,, 
 eq. 64-07. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is a powerful deoxidising agent, 
 disinfectant and antiseptic. Freely diluted it is valuable in vomiting 
 depending on gastric fermentation ; and as an intestinal antiseptic in 
 enteric fever. 
 
 Prescribing- Notes. — Diluted with I or 2 parts of Water, it is used as a 
 spray in diphtheria and follicular tonsillitis ; mixed with equal parts of Glycerin, 
 as an application in erysipelas, ringiuorm, and other parasitic shin 
 diseases ; also for chapped hands and chilblains ; very effectual in chapped 
 nipples ; as a lotion, 1 or 2 drm. to 1 oz. of Water, for wounds, cuts, ulcers, 
 and bed-sores ; as an inhalation i7i nasal catarrh and influenza, 60 minims 
 in 20 oz. of Water at 60° to 100° F. 
 
 Dose.— I- to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml 
 
 Not Ofi&eial. — Sulphur Dioxide Liquefied. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Permanganate of Potash, Peroxide of Hydrogen and all 
 oxidising agents. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., Soluto do Gaz Sulfuroso ; 
 U.S., 6-0 p.c. w/w of SO,. 
 
 Tests. — Sulphurous Acid has a specific gravity of 1*025; the 
 TJ.S.P. gives not less than 1*028 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; it is not official 
 in the P.G. The distinguishing tests are its powerful pungent odour 
 of burning Sulphur ; its power of decolorising lodme Solution (which 
 is utilised in its quantitative determination) ; the production of the 
 characteristic odour of Hydrogen Sulphide when reduced by Hydro- 
 chloric Acid and Zinc ; the production of a white precipitate, soluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid, on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution to a 
 neutralised solution; and its bleaching action on certain vegetable 
 colouring matters. 
 
102 ACl [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It is officially required to contain G'36 p.c. w/w of Hydrogen 
 Sulphite, equivalent to 4 '96 p.c. by weight of Sulphur Dioxide, as 
 determined by titrating 1 gramme of the acid, diluted with 100 ml. of 
 freshly boiled and cooled Distilled Water, with Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Iodine Solution, of which 15 " 5 ml. should be required, 1 ml. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution = 0* 0041043 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Sulphite, or 0* 0032035 gramme of Sulphur Dioxide ; Starch 
 Mucilage being employed as an indicator. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and Lead, an 
 undue amount of Sulphate due to oxidation, the presence of other 
 Sulphur compounds, notably Hydrogen Sulphide and mineral residue. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by oxidising 2 grammes of Sulphurous Acid with 
 0*5 gramme of Potassium Chlorate Arsenic-Test reagent and 11ml. 
 of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, removing the excess of 
 Chlorine by heat, adding 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 1 or 2 
 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 10 parts 
 of Lead per million is officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 12 grammes, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 
 grammes of the substance, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 The U.S. P. does not include a test for Arsenic or Lead. It 
 should yield not more than a slight precipitate with Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. When a strip of paper 
 moistened with Lead Acetate Solution is inserted in a test-tube 
 containing a few c.c. of the acid and gently warmed, the gas evolved 
 shall not blacken the paper, indicating the absence of other Sulphur 
 compounds. It should leave no perceptible residue on evaporation, 
 indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Mereurous Nitrate Solution. — The gas, evolved on gently heating a few 
 c.c. of the Acid in a test-tube, blackens a strip of paper moistened with 
 Test-Solution of Mereurous Nitrate, U.S. P. 
 
 Lead Acetate Solution. — The gas, evolved on gently heating a few c.c. 
 of the Acid in a test-tube, does not affect a strip of paper moistened with 
 Test-Solution of Lead Acetate, U.S.P. 
 
 Barium Chloride Solution. — It is officially required to yield not more 
 than a slight precipitate with Barium Chloride Solution, but if the Sulphurous 
 Acid be oxidised by the cautious addition of Chlorine Solution it yields on 
 the addition of Barium Chloride Solution a copious white precipitate, B.P. ; 
 if 1 c.c. of Sulphurous Acid be diluted with 99 c.c. of Distilled Water and 1 c.c. 
 of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid be added, the subsequent addition of 1 c.c. of 
 Barium Chloride Test-Solution should produce not more than a slight 
 turbidity, indicating a limit of Sulphuric Acid, U.S.P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 1 gramme of the Acid diluted with about 
 100 c.c. of recently boiled and cooled Distilled Water requires 15 '5 ml. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, U.P. 2 c.c. of the Acid are accu- 
 rately weighed in a stoppered weighing bottle. To this are added 50 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, and the mixture is allowed to stand 
 for 5 minutes. Tenth-Norn^al Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution is 
 now slowly added until the mixture is just decolorised. The number of 
 c.c. of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution used is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ACI 103 
 
 subtracted from 50, the difference multiplied by 0*318, and this product 
 divided by the weight of the Acid taken ; the quotient represents the per- 
 contage of absolute Sulphurous Acid, U.S. P. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 SULPHUR DIOXIDE LIQUEFIED.— This is also commonly known aa 
 Liquefied Sulphurous Acid Gas. It is supplied in syplions, and in tinned 
 iron vessels, with soft Lead exit-tube. 
 
 Disinfecting with Sulphur.— This is usually done wdth liquid Sulphur 
 Dioxide. The room to bo disinfected should be sealed up so as to prevent 
 any ventilation, by blocking up the fireplace and pasting paper over the 
 cracks of the windows. The small leaden exit-tube of the vessel is cut in 
 the room, so as to allow the gas to escape somewhat slowly, and the operator 
 retires quickly, shuts the door and papers up the cracks of th^door so as to 
 complete the sealing of the room. The room is allowed to remain closed for 
 12 hours, and then opened cautiously. About 20 oz. gas is required for a 
 room of a size 1700 cubic feet. When the liquefied gas is unobtainable. 
 Sulphur which is sold in the form of Sulphur Candies can be used as a sub- 
 stitute, but the gas is much more effectual. 
 
 In order to obtain the maximum disinfecting power of the Sulphur Dioxide 
 it is necessary to introduce moisture, and this may be done by placing open 
 pans of steaming water in the room, or by injecting steam from a kettle. 
 
 ACIDUM TANNICUM. 
 
 TANNIC ACID. 
 
 B. P. Si/n.— Tannin. 
 
 Cj^HjoOg, eq. 322-08. 
 
 Fe., Tannin Officinal ; Ger., Gerbsatjre ; Ital., Acido 
 Tannico ; Span., Acido Tanico. 
 
 A pale butT-coloured, micro-crystalline powder, possessing an acid 
 reaction, a characteristic odour, and a highly astringent taste. It 
 may be obtained from Nut Galls by subjecting them to a special 
 process of fermentation, and extracting with water-saturated Ether. 
 
 Solubility.--10 in 5 of Water ; 10 in 6 of Alcohol (90p.c.) ; 3 in 
 1 of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 3 of Glycerin, or if warmed, 1 in 1 ; 
 sparingly in Olive Oil ; almost insoluble in Benzol, in Chloroform, and 
 in Ether. 
 
 These solubilities were made with Tannic Acid which was very soluble, 
 but different samples vary in solubility. 
 
 Commercial Tannic Acid frequently contains some proportion of Gallic 
 Acid, which when dissolving in Water is the last portion to go into solution, 
 and which may be detected by the Potassium Cyanide test mentioned under 
 Gallic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Styptic, and local (but not remote) 
 astringent. The powder has been used as a snuff in epistaxis. 
 Internally for gastric and intestinal htemorrhage, acting as a direct 
 styptic. A dose of 1 drm. is often successful in haemorrhage from 
 gastric ulcer. Solutions have been used in relaxed sore throat, and iu 
 leucorrh^a, See qIsq Prescribing Notes, 
 
104 A CI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Warm Tannin enemata given with success in cholera. 
 
 A solution, 2 in 10 of spirit, the best application in alveolar pyorrhoea, 
 looge teeth becoming tight, and regaining their power of mastication ; also in 
 dental neuralgia, applied to the gums and round the teeth. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Prescribed in Water, and may be combined luith 
 the Ferrous {hut not with the Ferric) salts oj Iron. Can be given in cachets or 
 Compressed Tablets. 4 grains with |- rninitn of Glycerin make a nice pill. 
 GO grains to 1 oz. oj Chalk with 30 grains of Powdered Soap make an astringent 
 dentifrice. GO grains in 10 oz. oj Rose Water are used as a spray jor relaxed 
 sore throat ; the same strength is also used as an injection in leucorrhoea ; as 
 a nasal douche 3 grains to the oz. ; as an ointment GO grains to the oz. The 
 Glycerin is used as a paint in relaxed throat, also equal jjarts oj Glycerin oj 
 Tannin and Glycerin oj Alum ; also equal parts oj Glycerin oj Tannin and 
 Glycerin oj Borax. As a gargle. Glycerin oj Tannic Acid, 1 jl. oz. ; Water 
 to 8 or 10 jl. oz. ; also Glycerin oj Tannic Acid, \ jl. oz. ; Glycerin oj Alum, 
 1 jl. oz. ; Water to 10 jl. oz. ; also Glycerin oj Tannin, 1 jl. oz. ; Glycerin 
 oj Borax, 1 jl. oz. ; Water to 8jl. oz. As a spray. Glycerin oj Tannin, J to 
 1 jl. drm. ; Water to 1 jl. oz. As a pessary or vaginal suppository. Tannic 
 Acid, 10 grains ; Stearin, or Oil oj Theobroma, sufficient to make 2 drm. ; jor 
 one pessary. As a suppository the Tannic Acid is also combined with Opium 
 and ivith Belladonna and with Morphia, see ' Not Official.' 
 
 Incompatibles. — Mineral Acids, Alkalis, salts of Antimony, Lead and 
 Silver, Ferric salts, the vegetable alkaloids, and Gelatin. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Glycerinum Acidi Tannici, Suppositoria Acidi 
 Tannici, and Trochiscus Acidi Tannici. 
 
 Not Official. — Crayons de Tannin, Lotio Acidi Tannici Sulphurosa, 
 Schuster's Pastilles, Suppositorium Acidi Tannici c. Opio, Supp. Ac. Tann. 
 et Belladonnte, Supp. Ac. Tann. et Morphinre, Unguentum Acidi Tannici, 
 Unguentum Acidi Tannici c. Opio, Tannic Wool, Tannalbin, Tannigen, 
 Tannoform, and Tanocol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests.- — The (listinguisliing test for Tannic Acid is its behaviour 
 with Ferric Cliloride Test-Solution, with which it yields a bluish- 
 black colour or precipitate. A deep red coloration, changing to brown, 
 is produced, even in very dilute solutions, when an ammoniacal 
 Potassium Ferricyanide Solution is added to a solution of Tannic 
 Acid. 
 
 Tannic Acid may be distinguished from Gallic Acid by its aqueous 
 solution yielding precipitates with solutions of Isinglass, Albumen or 
 alkaloids. The U.S. P. states that its aqueous solution produces 
 precipitates with most alkaloids and glucosides, and with Test-Solutions 
 of Gelatin, Albumen and Starch. The B.P. states Tartarated Anti- 
 mony, but it has been shown that the latter reagent produces a 
 precipitate in Gallic Acid solutions also ; the U.S. P. omits Tartarated 
 Antimony. 
 
 Mineral acids and certain mineral salts precipitate Tannic Acid from 
 solution, and the filtrates obtained possess no astringency ; the P.G. 
 states that it is precipitated from its 1 4- 4 aqueous solution by the 
 addition of Sulphuric Acid or by saturated Sodium Chloride Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Gum or Dextrin, resinous 
 Biibsta^nces, traces of Gallic Acid and mineral matter. 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] ACl 105 
 
 A solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of Tannic Acid in 
 5 c.c. of boiling Water, when cooled, should yield no turbidity when 
 diluted with 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating the absence of 
 Gum or Dextrin. 
 
 A solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of the acid in 5 c.c of 
 boiling Water, when cooled, should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 when diluted with 10 c.c. of Water, indicating the absence of resinous 
 substances. A 10 p.c. aqueous solution should yield no red coloration 
 on the addition of Potassium Cyanide Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Gallic Acid. Gallic Acid may also be detected by its inferior 
 solubility. 
 
 Both the B.P. and P.G. require that not more than 0*2 p.c. of 
 residue should be left on ignition. The U.S. P. states that it 
 should leave not more than 0*6 p.c. of ash. The P.G. recog- 
 nises the 2HoO formula for Tannic Acid, and requires that on 
 drying at 100°Y'. (212° F.) it shall lose at the most 12 p.c. in weight. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that when 
 dried to constant weight at 100° C. (212° F.) Tannic Acid should not 
 lose more than 12 p.c. of its weight. 
 
 Alcohol and Ether, or Alcohol. — A mixture of 2 c.c. of an aqueous 
 (1+4) solution of the Acid and 2 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should remain clear ; 
 also on the |urther addition of 1 c.c. of Ether, indicating the absence of Gum, 
 Dextrin, Sugar and Salts, P.O. 2 grammes dissolved in 10 c.c. of boiling Water. 
 5 c.c. of this solution when cooled and diluted with 10 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c.) should produce no turbidity, absence of Gum or Dextrin ; or when 
 diluted with 10 c.c. of Water, indicating the absence of resinous substances, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 GLYCERINUM ACIDI TANNICI. Glycerin op Tannic Acid. 
 Tannic Acid, 1 ; Glycerin, sufficient to produce 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 B.P. directs that the Tannic Acid should be triturated with the 
 Glycerin in a warm mortar until solution is efiected. A better plan 
 is to warm the Glycerin to about 100° F. and stir in the Tannic Acid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 3 and 17 ; Port., 1 and 9 ; 
 U.S., 1 and 4 ; Fr. and Mex., 1 and 5 of Glycerin of Starch. Not in the others. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA ACIDI TANNICI. Tannic Acid Suppositories. 
 Contain 3 grains = 0*2 gramme of Tannic Acid in each suppository, 
 mixed with Oil of Theobroma. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Suppositories (group). 
 
 TROCHISCUS ACIDI TANNICI. Tannic Acid Lozenge. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 0'03 gramme = about | grain Tannic Acid in each, with Tolu Basis. 
 B.P. 1898 used Fruit basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Jap., f grain each ; U.S., about 
 1 grain in each with Sugar and Orange Flower Water. 
 
106 ACI /Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CRAYONS DE TANNIN (^r.).— Tannin, 20; Gum Acacia, 1 (both in 
 powder) ; mix and make into a mass of pilular consistence by means of equal 
 parts Glycerin and Water, then roll into cylinders of the size required. 
 
 LOTIO ACIDI TANNICI SULPHUROSA {St. Bartholomew's).— 
 Glycerin of Tannic Acid, 1 ; Sulphurous Acid, 1 ; Distilled Water, to make 8. 
 
 SCHUSTER'S PASTILLES. — Tannic Acid, 30 grains; Opium, 1 grain; 
 Glycerin, g.s. to form suitable cylinders for the male uretlira. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIUM ACID! TANNICI C. OPIO.— Tannic Acid, 3 grains ; 
 Powdered Opium, 1 grain ; Stearin, or Oil of Theobroma, 11 grains. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA ACIDI TANNICI ET BELLADONN>E {St. Bartho- 
 lomew's). — Tannic Acid, 3 grains ; Extract of Belladonna {B.P. '85), h grain ; 
 Oil of Theobroma, to 15 grains. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA ACIDI TANNICI ET MORPHIN/E {Wesf.min3ter).— 
 Tannic Acid, 3 grains ; Morphine Hydrochloride, J grain ; Oil of Theobroma, 
 to 15 grains. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI TANNICI (D^i^.P.).— Tannic Acid, 20; Glycerin, 
 by weight, 20 ; Ointment, GO. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACIDI TANNIC! C. OPIO.—Tannic Acid, 30 grains ; 
 Powdered Opium, 30 grains ; Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 TANNIC WOOL.— Dissolve 2 of Tannic Acid in GO of Water, and with it 
 thoroughly inoisten 8 of Absorbent Cotton-Wool ; press so as to remove 30 
 of the fluid, then dry the Wool in a warm chamber. When dry remove any 
 discoloured portion. This is sold as Wool for cigarettes. 
 
 TANNALBIN. — A light brown, tasteless and odourless powder, insoluble 
 in Water, obtained by heating to 110'' to 120° C. (230° to 248° F.), a combina- 
 tion of Egg Albumen and Tannic Acid. It contains about 50 p.c, of Tannio 
 Acid. 
 
 Intestinal astringent. 
 
 Adult Dose. — 15 grains — 1 gramme, given at intervals of one or two 
 hours. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Ger. and 
 Swed. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Wlien shaken with Water and filtered, the filtrate affords with 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution an intense blue coloration. When boiled with 
 Water, cooled, and filtered, the filtrate gives a precipitate with Albumin 
 Solution. When shaken with solution of Sodium Hydroxide (15 p.c.) the 
 mixture gelatinises. When further heated to the boiling point, cooled, and 
 supersaturated with Hydrochloric Acid, an odour of Sulphuretted Hydrogen 
 is evolved, and a white precipitate is thrown down. 
 
 If 2 grammes of Tannalbin be mixed with 93 c.c. of Water of 40° C. (104° F.), 
 7 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid and 0-25 gramme of Pepsin 
 and allowed to stand without shaking for 3 hours at a temperature of 40° C. 
 (104° F.), then the weight of the residue which remains insoluble, collected 
 on a counterpoised filter paper which has been previously dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) and washed tliree times, using each time 100 c.c. of cold water, 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.), and weighed, shall amount to at least 1 gramme. 
 It shall leave not more than 0*2 p.c. of residue when ignited with free 
 access of air. 
 
 TANNIGEN (Di-acetyl Tannin). — A greyish-whito, tasteless and odourless 
 powder, consisting essentially of a mixture of Di-acctyl and Tri-acetyl-Tannin. 
 practically insoluble in Water, but readily soluble in alkali solutions. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 107 
 
 Recommended in diarrlKua, principally of children, but also in that of 
 adults. It passes through the stomach unchanged, but on entering tlie 
 alkaline intestinal tract it breaks up and acts as an astringent. 
 
 Dose. — ^1 to 3 grains = 0-06 to 0-18 gramme for children, and 5 to 
 10 grains = 0'32 to 0"65 gramme for adults. Small doses can be mixed 
 with an equal quantity of Milk Sugar, and larger doses for adults can be 
 taken in cachets. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. 
 
 Tests. — When warmed with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, cooled, 
 mixed with a little Sulphuric Acid and a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) and warmed, 
 the odour of Acetic Ether is evolved. If the alkaline solution remaining after 
 boiling Tannigen with Potassium Hydroxide Solution be exactly neutralised 
 by means of Hydrochloric Acid, it yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Solution a blue coloration, and gives no precipitate with Gelatin Solution. 
 If 0*5 gramme of Tannigen be shaken with 10 c.c. of Lead Acetate Solution 
 and 2 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution be added, the mixture assumes 
 after a short while a red and later a blood-red coloration. If 0"I gramme 
 of Tannigen be warmed with 5 c.c. of Chloroform and 1 drop of Ferric Chloride 
 Solution, the powder floating on the clear aqueous fluid assumes a dirty green 
 coloration. The filtrate obtained by shaking 0-5 gramme of Tannigen with 
 50 c.c. of Water, and filtering, shall yield only a faintly greenish, but no blue 
 colour, on the addition of 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Solution, indicating a 
 limit of free Tannic Acid, Tannigen should leave at most • 1 p.c. of ash on 
 ignition. 
 
 TANNOFORM (Methyl-Ditannin). — A liglit, pinkish-brown, odourless and 
 tasteless powder insoluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It 
 dissolves in Sodium Hydroxide or Sodium Carbonate Solution, or in 
 Ammonia Solution with the production of a yellow or reddish-brown colour. 
 It is produced by the interaction of Formaldehyde and Tannic Acid. It is 
 said to possess the astringent effects of Tannin with the antiseptic properties 
 of Formaldehyde. Used as a 10 p.c. ointment in skin diseases, and for 
 wounds, either alone or mixed with Starch, or diluted 1 to 4 with French 
 Chalk, as a dusting powder. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^ — Official in Ger., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Tannoform melts without decomposition at about 230° C. (44G° F.). 
 • 1 gramme dissolves in 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid with the production of a 
 yellowish-brown coloration, and on heating the colour changes to green, and 
 later to blue. On the cautious addition of 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to a few 
 drops of this blue solution, a violet-purple solution is produced, the colour 
 changing witliin a short while from violet to red. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metallic salts. Sulphates, 
 Clilorides, and mineral residue. If • 5 gramme of Tannof orin be shaken with 
 60 c.c. of Water the filtrate shall yield no change in colour on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulpliide Solution, indicating the absence of heavy metallic salts ; 
 another portion of this aqueous solution, when acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 shall yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates ; a third portion of the aqueous 
 solution shall yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. Tannoform should 
 yield at the niost 0*2 p.c. of ash on ignition, indicating a limit of mineral 
 residue. 
 
 TANOCOL. — A white or nearly white odourless and tasteless powder, a 
 combination of Gelatin and Tannic Acid. Insoluble in Water. Intestinal 
 astringent. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 15 grains = 0*65 to 1 gramme, for an adult; 5 grains = 
 0-32 gramme, for children.— L, '03, i. 1039. 
 
108 ACI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ACIDUM TARTARICUM. 
 
 TARTARIC ACID. 
 
 H2C4H4O6, cq. 150-048. 
 
 Fr., Acide Taktrique ; Ger., Weinsaure : Ital., Acido 
 Tartarico ; Span., Acido Tartrico. 
 
 Colourless and odourless, translucent monoclinic pnsms, possessing 
 a strongly acid taste. 
 
 It is a di-basic acid prepared from Argol or crude Tartar, and is 
 chemically a Di-oxy succinic or Di-hydroxysuccihic Acid. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 8 of Water, and measures 14 ; 1 in 2| of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 4|- of Glycerin ; 1 in 195 of Ether ; 1 in 5 of Absolute 
 Alcohol ; nearly insoluble in Benzol and Chloroform. 
 
 The solubility of this acid in Ether naturally varies with the amount of 
 Water and Alcohol contained in the Ether. The solubility in Ether (sp. gr. 
 0-735) is 1 in 40. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^ — The same as Citric Acid. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to J'3 grammes. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Salts of Potassium, Calcium, Mercury and Lead, Alkaline 
 Carbonates, and the vegetable astringents. 
 
 Foreign Phai'macopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr,, 
 Ger., Jap., Ital., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — A concentrated aqueous solution (1 + 2) yields on the 
 addition of a strong Potassium Acetate Solution a white crystalline 
 precipitate, insoluble in Acetic Acid, soluble in Ammonium Chloride 
 Solution or in Sodium Hydroxide Solution, or in mineral acids ; its 
 neutralised aqueous solution yields, on the addition of an excess of 
 Calcium Chloride Solution, a white granular precipitate, soluble in 
 Acetic Acid ; its exactly neutralised aqueous solution yields on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white precipitate, soluble in 
 Nitric Acid and in Ammonia Solution ; if this ammoniacal solution be 
 boiled a bright mirror is produced on the sides of the vessel in which 
 it is boiled ; an aqueous solution of the Acid or its neutralised solution, 
 when acidified with Acetic Acid, yields a purple or violet colour on 
 the addition of a drop of Ferrous Sulphate Solution, followed by a few 
 drops of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution and a slight excess of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution. It may be distinguished from Oxalic Acid by 
 adding Calcium Chloride Solution to a neutralised aqueous solution 
 acidified with Acetic Acid, Tartaric Acid yields no precipitate, whilst 
 Oxalic Acid yields a white precipitate, soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid. Its aqueous solution is officially required to be dextrorotatory. 
 It is officially required to contain 99*0 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Tartrate, as determined by titrating 1 gramme of the Acid dissolved 
 in Distilled Water, with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 of which not less than 13*2 ml. should be required, 1 ml. of Normal 
 Vohmietric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0*075024 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Tartrate ; Phenolphthalein Solution may be conveniently 
 
[Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ACI 109 
 
 used as an indicator. U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 
 99 • 5 p.c. of pure Tartaric Acid ; the P.G. does not mention a percentage. 
 Tartaric Acid may be distinguished from Citric Acid, and its presence 
 detected in the latter by its power of decolorising a weak solution of 
 Potassium Chromate, upon which Citric Acid has no action (Alcohol 
 and other reducing agents must be absent) ; Pusch's test with Sulphuric 
 Acid at 100° C. (212° F.) which easily detects 1 p.c. of Tartaric Acid 
 in Citric Acid ; or the Resorcinol Sulphuric test which is also a delicate 
 test for Tartaric Acid, but in the presence of a large proportion of 
 Citric Acid the red colour is rather obscure, and in that case it offers 
 no advantage over Pusch's test. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron and Lead, Oxalates, Sidphates, and mineral residue. 
 
 The limit of 1 part of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796) 
 has been modified in the light of more extended experience, and a 
 standard of 1 * 4 parts per million is now officially fixed, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 7 grammes of Tartaric Acid dissolved in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 with the addition of 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- 
 Test reagent. It has been further suggested {CD. '14, ii. 15) that the 
 limit of Arsenic should be 2 parts per million. The limit of 10 parts 
 of Lead per million, suggested in the same reference, has been altered 
 to 20 parts of Lead per million, as determined by the Lead Test given 
 imder the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 7 grammes of Tartaric Acid and a secondary solution 
 containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 A 5 p.c. aqueous solution acidified with Hydrochloric Acid should 
 yield little or no coloration on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Copper, and no pronounced darkening 
 in colour should occur on the subsequent addition of an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. 10 c.c. of an aqueous 
 10 p.c. solution, when super-saturated with Ammonia Solution, should 
 yield at the most but a faint turbidity on the addition of Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. 
 
 A 10 p.c. aqueous solution almost, but not quite neutralised with 
 Ammonia Solution, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Calcium Sulphate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Oxalic Acid. The B.P. now adopts a limit of Sulphate, requiring 
 that the opalescence yielded on the addition of 0*5 ml. of Barium 
 Chloride Solution to a solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of 
 Tartaric Acid in 50 ml. of Distilled Water shall not be greater than 
 that yielded under similar conditions by 1 ml. of Hundredth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sidphuric Acid Solution. The liDiit of not more than 
 0*1 p.c. of ash suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) is now fixed by the B.P. 
 in place of the previous limit of 0*05 p.c. The U.S. P. adopts 0*05 p.c. 
 of ash ; the P.G., O'l p.c. 
 
 Potassium Acetate Solution. — A (1 + 2) aqueous solution yields with 
 Potassium Acetate Solution a crystalline precipitate, soluble in Ammonium 
 Chloride Solution and in Sodium Hydroxide Solution, P.G. A (1-2) aqueous 
 
110 AGO [Solids by Weigkt; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 solution mixed with a (1-3) Potassium Acetate solution, yields a crystalline 
 precipitate soluble in solutions of the alkalis and mineral acids, but not in 
 Acetic Acid, U.S. P. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. — A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, after the addition of a 
 few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, should not show any colour when submitted 
 to the time-limit test for heavy metals, omitting the subsequent addition of 
 Ammonia Water, U.S. P. 
 
 5 grammes dissolved in 10 c.c. of Water, and solution of Ammonia added 
 until only faintly acid, should l)e unal^ected or coloured at the most but 
 faintly yellow by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Copper 
 and Lead salts, P.G. 
 
 Barium Chloride or Barium Nitrate. — A I in 10 aqueous solution, 
 acidulated with a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, should yield but a faint 
 tiurbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Sulphate, U.S. P. ; the aqueous solution (1 -f 9) should not be altered by 
 the addition of Barium Nitrate Solution witliin a half-hour, indicating a 
 limit of Sulphates, P.G. 
 
 Ammonium Oxalate. — An aqueous solution (1 + 9) should, after being 
 almost neutralised with Ammonia Solution, yield no alteration on the addition 
 of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium salts, 
 P.G. ; 10 c.c. of the aqueous (1 in 10) solution, when supersaturated with 
 Ammonia Solution, shall yield no more than a faint turbidity on the addition 
 of Ammonium Oxalate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of more than a 
 trace of Calcium, U.S. P. 
 
 Calcium Sulphate Solution. — An aqueous (1 in 10) solution nearly, but 
 not entirely, neutralised by Ammonia Solution, should not be affected by 
 Calciuin Sulphate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of, and difference 
 from. Oxalic Acid, U.S. P. ; the aqueous solution (1 -f 9) when almost 
 neutralised with Ammonia Solution, should not be altered by the addition of 
 Calciiuu Sulphate Solution, indicating the absence of Oxalic Acid, P.G. 
 
 Volumetric Deternaination. — 3 • 73 grammes should require not less than 
 49-8 c.c. Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution (each c.c. corre- 
 sponding to 2 p.e. of pure Tartaric Acid) ; Phenolphthalein Test-Solution 
 being used as the indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIMONATA TARTARICA (/ta^.).— Tartaric Acid, 5; Syrup of Lemon, 
 90 ; Water, q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 ACONITI RADIX. 
 
 ACONrrE ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Tubebcule d'Aconit ; Ger., Eisenhutknollen ; Ital., 
 tubero di aconito ; span., aconito. 
 
 The dried root of Aconitum Napellus, L., B.P. ; tlie dried tuberous 
 root of Aconitinum Napellus, Linne, collected in autumn, U.S. P. ; 
 the quickly dried daughter-tubers of the wild-growing plants of 
 Aconitum Napellas, Linne, freed from the roots, and collected at the 
 end of the flowering season, P.G. 
 
 The Aconite Root of the B.P. is required to yield not less than 
 0-40 p.c. of Ether-soluble alkaloids, reckoned as Aconitine ; the 
 U.S. P. root is required to yield not less than 0-5 p.c. of Aconitine ; 
 the P.G. root is not now standardised. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] AGO 111 
 
 B.P. 1914 does not specify a time for collection. The U.S. P. orders 'root 
 collected in autumn ' ; Fr. and P.O. ' collected at the end of flowering time.' 
 U.S. P., Fr., and Ger, specify the root of Aconitum Napellus. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Anodyne, antiphlogistic, antipyretic, 
 diaphoretic. Externally it relieves the pain of acute and chronic 
 rheumatism, facial neuralgia, and of itching, as in erythema. Given 
 internally it lessens the frequency and tension of the pulse, relieves 
 pain and high temperature, and is thus useful in all acute local 
 inflammations (not advanced), such as those of pneumonia, eruptive 
 fevers, erysipelas, tonsillitis, peritonitis, and painful neuralgic affections ; 
 contra-indicated when valvular disease of heart is present, or when 
 fever is prolonged as in typhoid. 
 
 Beneficial in lowering blood pressure in acute uraemia. 
 
 Best given in small doses and very frequently. 
 
 Five minims of Tincture given every three or four hours, increasing the 
 dose to 20 minims, succeeded in curing a case of neuralgia in the face, when 
 every other remedy tried had failed. 
 
 Of gi'eat value in treating high blood pressure and associated mental 
 derangements of the nature of melancholia. — E.M.J. '15, ii. 225. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning by Aconite, use emetics, Apomorphine j\f grain, 
 Alcoholic stimulants ; Atropine or Belladonna, Digitalis, Amyl Nitrite. 
 Atropine is antagonistic to the action of Aconitine on the heart. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Linimentum Aconiti and Tinctura Aconiti. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractum Aconiti Radicis Alcoholicum, Chloroformum 
 Aconiti, Linimentum Aconiti Compositum, Pastillus Aconiti, Pigmentum 
 lodi cum Aconito, and Trochisci Aconiti, 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias,— Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Himg., 
 Ital., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ., Span., Swiss and U.S, Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Aconite root met with in commerce 
 varies considerably in quality and appearance. The root cultivated 
 in Britain is either dried whole or split into two or tlu-ee longitudinal 
 segments. The latter form enables the soundness of the root to 
 be seen, but the structure is not so easily observed as in the roots 
 dried whole. When collected in autumn the root is solid, brownish 
 externally and white and starchy within ; but if collected in summer 
 when in full flower, the old root to which the flowering stem is attached 
 is spongy and porous or hollow, being exhausted by the flowering 
 process ; such roots are excluded by the B.P. The root dried entire 
 exhibits, when broken across the centre, a seven-angled portion or 
 pith, with a small group of vessels visible at each angle, and well- 
 marked dark cambium hne, and is, if carefully dried, white and starchy, 
 but if overheated it has a resinous fracture. It is about 2h to 3i in. 
 (62 to 87 mm.) long, and | to I in. (15 to 22 mm.) in diameter at the 
 widest portion. The B.P. now gives the measurements of the dried 
 root as 4 to 10 centimetres long and 1 to 2 centimetres wide at the 
 upper extremity. It may be crowned with the base of the stem or 
 the remains of a bud. The former character is a bad one as the pieces 
 crowned with the stem-bases are often spongy and exhausted. The 
 B.P. permits the use of root from any geographical source provided 
 that it vields not less than 0" 40 of Ether soluble alkaloids when assayed 
 
112 AGO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvire.] 
 
 by the B.P. process. Considering the small quantity used of the 
 Tincture, these directions mean the handing over of the manufacture 
 of the preparations of Aconite to the few large manufactiuing pharma- 
 cists who possess a knowledge of the Aconite alkaloids, and the B.P. 
 takes no cognizance of the possibility of the presence of other Ether 
 soluble alkaloids present in the Aconite root of commerce. But 
 only when obtained from cultivated plants is there any possibility 
 of proving that the root of commerce is derived entirely from Aconitum 
 Napcllus. If cautiously applied to the tongue, it should cause a 
 numbing sensation after a short interval ; the • Aconitum paniculatum, 
 Lam., does not do so. The root collected in autumn consists of the 
 new root, and may be recognised by having only leaf scales at the apex, 
 and not any portion of stem. The German root, as imported, has 
 usually been collected when the plant is in flower, and is consequently 
 crowned with the base of the stem ; it is also collected indiscriminately 
 by peasants from any blue-flowered species, and therefore varies 
 considerably in strength. Japanese root is shorter, grey-brown 
 externally, conical, and tapering abruptly to a point ; it is obtained 
 from a different species, stated by Holmes to be chiefly derived from 
 Aconitum uncinatum, Linn, var. Japonicam, Regel., some samples 
 also containing the roots of A. voluhile, Pallas. — Y.B.P. 1912, p. 520-1. 
 English bud crowned roots are richer in Aconitine than stem crowned 
 roots.— Y.S.F. 1910. p. 1. 
 
 Tests. — The process employed by the B.P. for the assay of Aconite 
 Root is essentially that of the U.S. P., as the following comparison 
 shows. The B.P. process is essentially as follovv's : — A weighed quantity 
 of 10 grammes of Root in No. 40 powder is macerated for 4 hours in 
 a small stoppered glass percolator, or separator, fitted with a glass 
 stop-cock, and plugged in a suitable manner with cotton-wool, using 
 75 ml. of Alcohol (70 p.c.) and shaking at intervals. Percolation is then 
 allowed to slowly continue until the liquid ceases to drop, and is 
 completed with more of the Alcohol (70 p.c.) until a measured quantity 
 of 150 ml. of percolate is obtained, or until no further alkaloid is 
 extracted from the root. The percolate is then evaporated to dryness 
 in a shallow porcelain dish at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. 
 (140° F.), and the residue is dissolved in a mixture of 5 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid, and 20 ml. of Distilled Water. 
 The solution is filtered into a sejDarator, the dish and filter being washed 
 with about 30 ml. of Distilled Water, and the washings added to the 
 separator, the mixture being then shaken for 1 minute with 25 ml. of 
 Ether and 2 ml. of Ammonia Solution. The lower aqueous portion is 
 drawn off, and the Ether Solution is filtered into a flask. The aqueous 
 portion is returned to the separator, and the shaking repeated for 
 1 minute, using 20 ml. of Ether, the process of drawing off being repeated 
 and the ethereal solution filtered into the flask. The lower aqueous 
 portion is extracted in a similar manner with two fm-ther portions 
 each of 20 ml. of Ether. The combined ethereal solutions are evaporated 
 to dryness, and the residue, after drying at 60° C. (140° F.) is dissolved 
 in 5 ml. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Meastiie,] AGO 113 
 
 diluted with 20 ml. of Water, aud the excess of Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is titrated with Twentieth-Normul 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Cochineal Tincture as 
 an indicator of neutrality. The number of ml. of Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is deducted from 5, the 
 difference multiplied first by 0-03217 and then by 10, the product 
 represents the percentage of Ether-soluble alkaloids in the powdered 
 root. It is interesting to note that although the B.P. gives in the case 
 of the Liniment and the Tincture, a limit of error in excess or defect, 
 in this instance no limit of error is mentioned. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires the Root to yield not less than 0*5 p.c. of 
 Aconitine, when examined by the following process : — A weighed 
 quantity of 10 grammes of the root in No. 40 powder is treated in an 
 Erlenmeyer flask of 200 c.c. capacity, with 75 c.c. of a mixture of 7 parts 
 of Alcohol (91: '9 p.c.) and 3 parts of Distilled Water, and shaken 
 at intervals for five hoiu'S. The contents of the flask are then transferred 
 to a small glass percolator having a pledget of cotton-wool placed in 
 the bottom, and after the liquid has passed through, the percolation 
 is continued with more of the above mixture of Alcohol and Water 
 until 150c.c. of jjercolate are obtained. The percolate is then evaporated 
 to dryness at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (110° F.), and 5 c.c. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water added. When the Extract is dissolved the liquid is 
 filtered into a separator, the dish and filter being washed with about 
 25 c.c. of Distilled Water and the washings added to the separator, 
 25 c.c. of Ether and 2 c.c. Ammonia Solution are added, and the 
 mixtxu'e agitated for 1 minute. The lower stratum is drawn off, the 
 Ether-solution is filtered into a flask. The lower stratum is returned 
 to the separator and shaken with 15 c.c. of Ether for 1 minute, the 
 process of drawing of? being repeated. The lower stratum is washed 
 with two further portions each of 10 c.c. of Ether. The combined 
 Ether-solutions are evaporated to dryness, and the residue dissolved 
 in 3 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and 
 titrated back with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution until a violet colovir is produced, 5 drops of Cochineal Test- 
 Solution being used as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 The percentage of Aconitine present in the root is calculated as 
 follows. The number of ml. of Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution used, is divided by 5, the quotient subtracted 
 from 3, the remainder multiplied first by 0*064 and then by 10. The 
 P.G. does not now standardise Aconite Tubers. The Brussels Con- 
 ference gives no standard of alkaloids for the root. 
 
 Preparations. 
 LINIMENTUM ACONITI. Liniment op Aconite. (Modified.) 
 2 of Liniment represents about 1 of Root, and contains 3 p.c. w/v 
 
 of Camphor. 
 It is now standardised to contain 0*2 p.c. w/v of Ether-soluble 
 
 alkaloids. 
 
114 AGO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 2 of Aconite Root in No. 40 powder is percolated with Alcohol 
 (90 p. c.) reserving the first 3 of percolate and after evaporation of the 
 remainder to a tlaick liquid, it is added to the 3. After ascertaining 
 the alkaloidal content of the fluid, add sufficient Camphor and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) to yield the strength required. 
 
 Fluidextractum Aconiti {U.S.) contains 0*4 p.c. w/v of Aconitine. 
 
 Liniment of Aconite was introduced by Peter Squire, who made it 1 in 1, 
 and it was kept this strength in B.P. '64 and '07. It was diluted to 1 in 1-J- 
 in B.P. '8.5, and is now approximately 1 in 2. 
 
 Applied with a camel's-hair pencil, alone, or mixed in equal proportions 
 with Soap Liniment or Ammoniated Camphor Liniment, and rubbed on tho 
 part (but not upon an abraded surface), it relieves acute neuralgia. 
 
 Tests. — Liniment of Aconite has a specific gravity of about 0'868 ; 
 it contains about 6*0 p.c. w/v of total solids. It is officially required 
 to contain 0*2 gramme of Ether-soluble alkaloids in 100 ml., as 
 determined by evaporating a measured quantity of the Liniment to 
 dryness in a shallow porcelain evaporating dish, at a temperature not 
 exceeding 60° C. (140° F.), and determining the percentage of alkaloids 
 present by the method given under Aconite Root. The B.P. allows a 
 limit of error of plus or minus 0*01 gramme. 
 
 TINCTURA ACONITL Tincture of Aconite. (Altered.) 
 
 Fr., Teinture d'Aconit ; Ger., Eisenhuttinktur ; Ital., Tintura di 
 AcoNiTO ; Span., Tintura Alcoholica de Aconito. 
 
 1 of Aconite Root, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c.) to yield about 10. 
 
 It is about double the strength of B.P. '98. Contains 0*04 p.c. 
 w/v of Ether-soluble alkaloids. 
 
 Dose. — About 2 to 5 minims = 0"1 to 0*3 mi. 
 
 Fr. Codex and Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-5 gramme; daily, 
 I*. 5 grammes; of the 1 in 10 Tincture. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias.^ — Official in Fr., Alcoolature. 1 fresh Leaves 
 and 1 ; also 1 Root in 10. Ger., Ital., Jap. and Russ., 1 Root and 10. Mex., 
 1 Root and 5. Port., 1 dried Leaves and 5 ; also 1 Root and 5 ; and 1 fresh 
 Leaves and 1. Span., 1 Root in 10. All by weight. U.S., Root 10, Alcohol 
 to measure 100. U.S. has also Fluidextractum Aconiti, 1 in 1, standardised 
 to contain 0*4 p.c. w/v of Aconitine. 
 
 Dutch, Root percolated with Alcohol (70 p.c.) to produce a tincture contain- 
 ing 0-025 p.c. of alkaloids. 
 
 The Brussels Conference adopted a standard of 0-05 p.c. w/w of total 
 alkaloids, the tincture being prepared with Alcohol (70 p.c). Belg., Fr., Ital., 
 Russ. and Swiss adopt the Brussels Conjerejice standard. 
 
 Fr. has also Alcoolatm-e d'Aconit, fresh leaves 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c.) 1. 
 
 Dr. Fleming's Tincture of Aconite (sometimes known as Tinctura 
 Aconiti Fortior) was much stronger, being about the same strength as the 
 present Liniment, 1 in 1^, but without the Camphor. Dr. TurnbuU's 
 Tincture of Aconite was rather weaker than Fleming's. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Aconite has a specific gravity of about 0*919 ; 
 it contains about 2-0 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 60 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 It is officially required to contain 0*04 gramme of Ether-soluble 
 alkaloids in 10() ml., as determined by evaporating to dryness 100 ml., 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AGO 115 
 
 at a temperature not . exceeding 60° C. (140° F.), a,nd dissolving the 
 residue in a mixture of 5 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution diluted with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, then following 
 the process described under Aconite Root. The number of 
 ml. of the Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 required deducted from 5, and the difference multiplied by 0" 03217 
 yields the percentage w/v of Ether-soluble alkaloids present in the 
 Tincture. Successive assays of the Tincture should not differ by more 
 or less than 0'002 gramme, this figure being called in the B.P. ' the 
 limit of error.' The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain 0*045p.c. 
 w/v of Aconitine, as determined by evaporating carefully to dryness, 
 at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (140° F.), 100 c.c. of the Tincture, 
 dissolving the resulting extract in 5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution and 25 c.c. of Distilled Water. When the 
 Extract is dissolved, the liquid is filtered into a separator, the 
 dish and filter washed with about 25 c.c. of Distilled Water, 2 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Solution added, and the Ether-soluble alkaloids extracted 
 by shaking for 1 minute with 25 c.c. of Ether. The lower aqueous layer 
 is drawn off into a flask, and the ethereal liquid is filtered into a flask 
 or beaker. The aqueous layer is returned to the separator, and again 
 shaken during 1 minute with 15 c.c. of Ether, the ethereal solution is 
 removed and filtered into the same flask, and the aqueous layer is 
 shaken with two successive portions each of 10 c.c. of Ether. The 
 aqueous layer is in each instance drawn off and the ethereal layer 
 removed to the flask. The mixed ethereal solutions evaporated to 
 dryness the residue dissolved in 3 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution diluted with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water. Alter 
 the addition of 5 drops of Cochineal Test-Solution, Fiftieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added until a pink colour 
 is produced. The number of c.c. of Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution used is divided by 5, the quotient 
 subtracted from 3, and the difference multiplied by 0*064, which 
 yields the percentage w/v of Ether-soluble alkaloids present in the 
 Tincture. The P.G. Tincture agrees with the Brussels Conference, 
 which adopts a standard of 0'05 p.c. of total alkaloids, the Tincture 
 being prepared with Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Not Official, 
 
 EXTRACTUM ACONITI RADICIS ALCOHOLICUM.— Aconite Root 
 in powder, percolated with Alcohol (70 p.c), and the product evaporated to 
 a pilular consistence. 
 
 Dose.— 1^ to ^ grain = 0-01 to 0-02 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex standard 1 p.c. of alkaloids. 
 
 This must not be confounded with Extractum Aconiti, B.P. '8.5, which 
 was made from the herb and was much weaker. 
 
 ' Foreign Pharm^acopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex., and Russ. ; Ital. , 
 standardised to contain not less than 0-5 p.c. of alkaloids. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM ACONiTI.— Powdered Root, 20; Chloroform, to 
 percolate, 20. Painted on with a camel's -hair brush, relieves neuralgia of 
 
116 AGO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 almost every form. The above formula was that introduced by Peter Squire 
 over fifty years ago. 
 
 LINIMENTUM ACONITI COMPOSITUM (S^mVe).— Chloroform of 
 Aconite, 1 ; Liniment of Aconite, 7. Sprinkled on impermeable Piline and 
 applied for neuralgia. 
 
 Linimentvim Aconiti Compositum. Syn. A.B.C. Liniment {Gui/s). — • 
 Aconite Liniment, Belladonna Liniment, Chloroform Liniment, equal parts. 
 
 Liniment of Chloroform contains Olive Oil, which wll not dissolve in the 
 other Liniments, but it is useful as a lubricant for rubbing. Some prescribers 
 prefer to use Chloroform in place of Chloroform Liniment as follows : 
 Aconite Liniment, 2 ; Belladonna Liniment, 2 ; Chloroform, 1. 
 
 PIGMENTUM lODI CUM ACONITO.—,S'ee Iodine. 
 
 TROCHISCI ACONITI. — Each lozenge contains ^ minim Tincture of 
 Aconite. 
 
 Dose. — One every half-hour or hour in tonsillitis and febrile tliroat 
 affections. 
 
 Pastilles of Aconite are made of two strengths, ^ minim, and 1 minim 
 of Tincture of Aconite. Prescribers should indicate the strength required. 
 
 Tablets are made containing J minim, 1 minim, 5 minims of Tincture of 
 
 Aconite. 
 
 Emplast. Aconiti, also Enip. Aconiti et Belladonnee, are made in 
 rubber combination. 
 
 ACONITINA. 
 
 ACONITINE, 
 
 C34H45NOU, eq. 643-37. 
 
 A crystalline Alkaloid, obtained from Aconite Root. It forms 
 colourless or white odom-less hexagonal rhombic prisms, which should 
 be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost insoluble in Water ; 1 in 35 of Alcohol (90p.c.) ; 
 1 in 168 of Ether ; 1 in 1 of Chloroform ; soluble in Oleic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It relieves acute nervous pain when 
 rubbed on the part in the form of ointment, producing a tingling 
 sensation, followed by numbness. Care must be taken that it does 
 not come in contact with a mucous surface, such as the conjunctiva, 
 or with abraded skin. 
 
 It has been applied with marked benefit in trigeminal neuralgia, 
 and to relieve the pain of acute rheumatism and gout. 
 
 Dose. — U.S. P. average dose, ^^^ grain = 0" 15 milhgramme ; 
 Fr. Codex maximum single dose, 0*2 milligramme. 
 
 Solutions of the alkaloid are prone to decomposition ; aqueous or alcoholic 
 solutions should therefore be slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid ; or 
 crystallised Aconitine Nitrate (official in Fr.) should be used. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Aconitinse. 
 
 Not OfBcial. — Oleatum Aconitinae, Aconitinse Nitras, Granuli di Aconitina. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., m. p. 194° C. ; Ital., m. p. 186°; 
 Mex., m. p. not given ; Span., m. p. 183° ; U.S., rp. p. see below ; all are 
 crystalline products ; Port., a powder, m. p. 85°. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AGO 117 
 
 Pseiidaeonitine. — A highlj'^ toxic crystalline alkaloid obtained from 
 Aconitum jerox ; only slightly soluble in Water, but readily in Alcohol and 
 Chloroform, less readily in Ether. Dunstan gives m. p. as 201° C. — J.C.S. 
 Trans. '97, 353. 
 
 Tests.— Aconitine melts according to the B.P. at 198° C. (388-4° F.) ; 
 according to the XJ.S.P., when heated, at 195° C. (383° F.), but the 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the melting point 
 be omitted; the Jr. Codex gives the melting point as 194° C. (381- 2° R). 
 The crystalline Hydrochloride melts according to the B.P. at 149° C. 
 (300*2° F.). It is distinguished by the characteristic sensation of 
 tingling and numbness which is produced on moist mucous surfaces 
 by extremely dilute solutions of the alkaloid or its salts; but even 
 such solutions of the alkaloid should be tasted with extreme caution, 
 and the alkaloid itself, never. The solution of the alkaloid in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) is dextrogyrate, whilst solutions of the salts are laevogyrate. 
 A dilute aqueous solution of the alkaloid rendered faintly acid by the 
 addition of Acetic Acid yields a characteristic red crystalline precipitate 
 when Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution is 
 added in slight excess. The solution used in this test should not be 
 of a greater dilution than 1 in 4000. On hydrolysis Aconitine yields 
 Acetic and Benzoic Acids and Aconine, and if the hydrolised solution 
 be made acid with Diluted Sulphuric Acid and extracted with Ether, 
 the ethereal solution, when separated, filtered and evaporated spontane- 
 ously to dryness, yields a crystalline residue of Benzoic Acid. Aconitine 
 dissolves, in the cold, without change of colour, in concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid. A characteristic odour of Benzoic Acid is evolved 
 when ^ milligramme of Aconitine is warmed gently with 4 drops 
 of Sulphuric Acid. If after the lapse of 5 minutes a few crystals of 
 Resorcin are added, and the mixture warmed, a reddish-yellow colour 
 changing to intense red is produced. The preparation of the Aurichloride 
 and a determination of its melting point have been recommended as 
 a means of identifying the alkaloid. The melting point of pure Aconi- 
 tine Aurichloride is 135 ' 5° C. (275-9° F.). At 100° C. (212° F.) Acid 
 Phosphoric (50 p.c. w/w) yields either no coloration or at the most 
 a faint rose t'nt. Certain alkaloids of Aconitum Napellus when present 
 as impurities m Aconitine produce an intense violet colour with 
 Phosphoric Acid of this strength. Certain principles of Aconitum 
 Napellus yield a yellow to brown and finally a reddish-violet coloration 
 with Concentrated Sulphuric Acid. Dilute solutions of Aconitine yield 
 precipitates on the addition of Potassio-Mercuric Iodide Test-Solution, 
 Tannic Acid Test-Solution, and Gold Chloride Test-Solution, but only 
 concentrated solutions yield precipitates with Platinic Chloride Test- 
 Solution, Mercm-ic Chloride Test-Solution, and Picric Acid Test-Solution. 
 It should yield no weighable residue on ignition. B.P. says it should 
 leave no appreciable ash. An aqueous solution of Aconitine in Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid yields a yellow precipitate of Aconitine Bichromate 
 on the addition of an aqueous Chromic Acid Solution; on gently 
 warming the solution a viscid mass results. Aconitine is distinguished 
 from Pseudaconitine, Veratrine and Atropine by not yielding any 
 
118 ADE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 violet-red coloration when the residue left on the evaporation of a small 
 quantity with a few drops of Nitric Acid is moistened with one or two 
 drops of an alcoholic solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 Sulphuric or Nitric Acid. — No colour is produced when Aconitine is 
 di-opped upon Sulphuric Acid or Nitric Acid, but an orange colour is produced 
 when it is rubbed with Sulphiu-ic Acid containing a crystal of Aiumoniuni 
 Vanadate, U.S. P. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution. — Any soluble salt of Aconitine in 
 1—1000 dilution produces with 1 drop of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution a blood-red precipitate of Aconitine Permanganate, 
 U.S. P. Aconitine containing docoinposition products (Amorphous Aconitine) 
 produces this precipitate only in solutions of not less than 1-200, while 
 Cocaine, Hydrastine, and Papaverine yield similar precipitates, but only 
 when in more concentrated solutions, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ACONITINE. Aconitine Ointment. 
 Dissolve 1 of Aconitine in 8 of Oleic Acid by weight by the aid of 
 gentle heat ; and mix with 41 of Prepared Lard. (1 in 50.) 
 
 In India Prepared Suet is used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 GRANULl Dl ACONITINA {Hal.), containing 0-0001 gramme of 
 Aconitine. 
 
 OLEATUM ACONITIN>E.— Aconitine, 2 grains ; Oleic Acid, 98 grains ; 
 dissolve. 
 
 ACONITIN/E NITRAS. Aconitine Nitrate. C3,H,5NO„.HN03, eq. 706-388. 
 — Colourless and odourless Mght prismatic crystals, readily soluble in boiling 
 Water but less soluble in cold Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It is one 
 of the inost stable of the Aconitine salts. 
 
 Dose. — gig grain = 0-0001 gramme. 
 
 ACTJEA RACEMOSA, See cimicifuce rhizoma. 
 
 ADEPS LAN^. 
 
 WOOL FAT. 
 
 B.P. Syn. — Anhydrous Lanolin. 
 
 Fr., Graisse de Lainb ; Ger., Wollfett ; Ital., Lanolina ; 
 Span., Lanolina. 
 
 A pale yellow, tenacious, unctuous product possessing a faint 
 characteristic odour. It is the purified fat of sheep's wool, freed from 
 Water, consisting chiefly of Cholesterin, Iso-cholesterin, and their 
 Estej's. 
 
 Solubility. — Readily soluble in Chloroform and Ether, but only 
 partially so in Alcohol (90 p.c). Its own weight of Water can be 
 incorporated with it. 
 
 I 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] ADE 119 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Emollierxt ; is very readily absorbed by 
 the skiu, and thus promotes the action of remedies combined with it. 
 
 It is the best basis for uretliral ointments, as it has the power of taking up 
 aqueous secretions and adheres better to the mucous membrane. — L. '11, 
 i. 239. 
 
 An ointment containing Mercuric Chloride or Carbolic Acid with Lanolin 
 as a basis is usually intended as a means of securing superficial and prolonged 
 action ; here the anhydrous Lanolin is preferred, the antiseptics named 
 tending to exert a caustic action in the presence of water. — L. '09, i. 54. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Adeps Lanse Hydrosus, Unguentum Lanse 
 Compositum. 
 
 Not Official. — Unguentum Lanolini, Adeps Lanse cum Oleo, Cholesterine, 
 Eucerin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan , Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung, Ital. fLanolina), Jap., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Adeps Lanaj melts about 40'' C. (104° F.) ; a distinctive 
 purple-red colour is produced when its solution in Chloroform is poured 
 gently upon the suiface of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, or when a 
 mixture of its Chloroform Solution and Acetic Anhydride is poured' 
 carefully upon the surface of Snlphiu-ic Acid ; it should have a Saponi- 
 fication Value of from 95 to 102" 4 ; and an Iodine Value of 17 to 28*9. 
 
 The B.P., U.S. P., and P.6'. give the melting point as about 40° C. 
 (104° F.), but the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 
 the melting point be changed from about 40° C. to ' from 38° C. to 
 42° C. (106'4° to 107-G°F.)'; the U.S.P. states that at a higher 
 temperature it vaporises, the vapour igniting, and burning with a 
 luminous sooty flame. If 10 centigrammes of the sample be dis- 
 solved in 2 c.c. of Chloroform and the solution be poured carefully 
 upon an equal volume of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, the Chloro- 
 form Solution immediately becomes of a bright blood-red colour, 
 changing subsequently to cherry-red, and then purple-red. 10 
 centigrammes dissolved in 2 ml. of Chloroform and mixed with 
 0'.5ml. of Acetic Anhydride yield a purplish-brown ring, the upper 
 layer of which gradually becomes green, when poured carefully upon 
 the surface of 5 ml. of Sulphuric Acid. Neither the B.P., U.S. P., 
 nor the P.G. gives a Saponification or Iodine Value for Wool Fat. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend an Iodine Value 
 of 18 to 28. 
 
 The more generally occurring impimties are an excess of free acid, 
 nitrogenous organic matter, free alkalis, mineral oils, Chlorides, Glycerin, 
 oxidisable organic impurities, excess of Water and mineral matter. 
 
 The B.P. only includes tests for free alkalis, free acid, organic 
 nitrogenous matter, and ash. The U.S.P. includes tests for free alkali, 
 free acid, Chlorides, Glycerin, organic nitrogenous matter and ash ; 
 but the proposed changes recommend the further inclusion of a Water 
 limit, a modified test for Glycerin, a test for readily oxidisable organic 
 impurities, and a test for absence of Petroleum products. The P.G. 
 includes tests for free alkali, free acid, Glycerin, Ammonium salts, 
 oxidisable organic impurities and ash. 
 
120 ADE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by MeasureO 
 
 If 2 grammes of Wool Fat be dissolved in 10 c.c. of Etlier, mixed 
 with 2 drops of Plienolphtlialein iSolution, it should develop a deep 
 red colour on the addition of 1 drop of Normal Volumetiic Potassium 
 Hydi-oxide Solution, indicating a limit of acidity. The B.P. employs 
 0-2 gramme of Wool Fat for the determination of the limit of acidity ; 
 but this is apparently an error, 0*2 gramme being probably intended 
 for 2 grammes of the Wool Fat. The B.P. limit of acidity corresponds 
 to an Acid Value of 1-4. The U.S.P. figure is O'U and the P.G. 
 0*028. The solution obtained by dissolving 0*2 gramme of Wool Fat 
 in 10 ml. of Ether should remain colom-less after the addition of 
 2 drops of Phenoljihthalein Solution, indicating the absence of free 
 alkali. Both the U.S.P. and the P.G. employ 2 grammes of Wool 
 Fat (not 0*2 gramme) dissolved in 10 c.c. of Ether. No odour of 
 Ammonia should be evolved when 5 grammes of the Wool Fat are boiled 
 with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, indicating the absence of nitrogenous 
 organic matter. The U.S.P. performs this test on the aqueous layer 
 which separates after the Wool Fat has been heated with Water. About 
 0*5 gramme of Wool Fat should be completely soluble in 40 c.c. of boiling 
 Absolute Alcohol, indicating the absence of mineral oils. The filtrate 
 obtained by boiling 0*5 gramme of Wool Fat with 10 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), cooling, and filtering, should not yield a turbidity on the 
 addition of an alcoholic solution of Silver Nitrate, indicating the absence 
 of Chlorides. 
 
 If 10 grammes of Wool Fat be melted on a water-bath, and 
 shaken at frequent intervals with 50 grammes of Water, a bright 
 yellow fatty layer separates, on cooling and standing. The lower 
 aqueous fluid should be clear, and should not alter Litmus paper ; 
 10 c.c. should leave no sweet residue when evaporated to dryness on 
 a water-bath, indicating the absence of Glycerin ; another portion 
 of 10 c.c. should not evolve vapours having an ammoniacal odour or 
 turning moistened red Litmus paper blue, when warmed with 1 c.c. 
 of Potassium Hydroxide Solution, indicating the absence of nitrogenous 
 organic constituents and Ammonia ; another portion of 10 c.c. should 
 not completely decolorise 0*05 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution within 10 minutes, indicating a 
 limit of readily oxidisable organic impurities. The P.G. has a somewhat 
 similar test to the above but omitting the quantities, except with the 
 Potassium Permanganate test which is performed by adding 2 drops 
 of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0*1 p.c. w/w) to 10 c.c. of the 
 filtered aqueous fluid. The liquid should remain reddish coloured for 
 at least 15 minutes, indicating the Hmit of readily oxidisable organic 
 impurities. Tests on the above lines are indicated by the proposed 
 changes in the U.S.P. IX., which also suggests a Water limit to be 
 fixed at 0*5 p.c, together with a method for its determination. Wool 
 Fat should leave on ignition about 0*1 p.c. of residue, indicating a 
 limit of mineral matter. The B.P. fixes the limit at 0*3 p.c. ; which 
 limit was also adopted by the U.S.P. VIIL, but the proposed changes 
 for the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this limit be changed from 0*3 
 to 0*1 p.c, whicli agrees with the limit adopted in the P.G. The 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ADS 121 
 
 solution of tliis mineral residue in Distilled Water should not sliow 
 an alkaline reaction to red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of 
 alkalis. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid. — A purplish-brown ring, the upper layer of which gradu- 
 ally becomes- green, is produced at the junction of the two fluids when a 
 solution of 1 decigram of Wool Fat in 5 ml. of Chloroform and 0-5 ml. of 
 Acetic Anhydride is carefully poured on 5 ml. of Sulphuric Acid, B.P. ; a 1 in 
 50 Chloroform Solution, when poured carefully upon the surface of Concen- 
 trated Sulphuric Acid, gradually develops a deep brownish-red colour at the 
 line of contact of the layers, U.S.P ; when a 1 + 49 Chloroform Solution is 
 poured carefully upon the surface of Sulphuric Acid, a brilliant brownish-red 
 colour is produced at the zone of contact of the fluid, which is strongest after 
 the lapse of about 24 hours, P.G. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 ADEPS LkUJE HYDROSUS. Hydrous Wool Fat. B.P.Syn.— 
 Lanolin. 
 
 A nearly white, or yellowish-white, unctuous muss prepared by 
 incorporating 3 of Distilled AVater with 7 of Wool Fat by rubbing 
 together in a warm vessel. (7 in 10.) 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Used as a basis for ointments. It renders the sJci7i 
 supple. It does not beeoyne rancid. Mixes tvitJi about half its iveiqht of Water. 
 Itjorms a better ointment ivhen mixed with half or an equal weight oj Soft Paraffin. 
 It will also mix with half or an equal weight of Soft Soap, but the mass is rather 
 sticky. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr. and Hung. (Adeps LansoHydrosus); 
 Dutch, Jap. and Russ. (Adeps Lanse cum Aqua); Fr. (Lanoleine), Swed. 
 and Swiss (Lanolinum), all Wool fat 3, Water 1 ; Ger. (Lanolinum), Wool 
 fat 15; Water 5 ; Liquid Paraffin 3; U.S. (Adeps Lana3 Hydrosus), 
 Wool fat mixed with not more than 30 p.c. of Water. Dan., Mcx., Norw., 
 Ital., quantities not given. 
 
 Tests.— HydroiLS Wool Fat melts at about 40° C. (104° F.). separating 
 into two layers, an upper oily layer and a lower aqueous layer. It is 
 officially required to yield not less than 70 p.c. of residue when dried 
 till constant in weight at a temperature of about 100° C. (212° F.), 
 indicating a loss of not more than 30 p.c. The residue should respond 
 to the tests for Adeps Lanee. This is also the U.S.P. limit, the latter 
 Pharmacopoeia stating that the yellowish tenacious unctuous mass 
 remaining should be completely soluble in Ether or Chloroform, only 
 sparingly soluble in Alcohol, and should respond to the U.S.P. tests 
 given under Adeps Lanoe. 
 
 UNGUENTUM LAN^ COMPOSITUM. Compound Wool Fat 
 Ointment. B.P. Syn. — EmoUient Ointment. (New.) 
 
 Prepared Lard, 2 ; Wool Fat, 2 ; Paraffin Ointment, 1. 
 
 In India Prepared Suet should replace Prepared Lard. See also 
 Unguenta (group). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUM LANOLIN!.— Hydrous Wool Fat, 2; Soft Paraffin, 1. 
 
 Unguentum j^dipis Lanss (//wngr.).— Wool Fat, 100; Distilled Water, 
 25 ; Oil of Sosamo, 25. 
 
122 ADE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Unguentura Lanolini {Swed.). — Wool Fat, 2 ; Vaselin, 1 ; R-oso Water, 1. 
 
 Unguentum Molle (Ger). — Lanolin, 1 ; Vaseline, 1. 
 
 ADEPS LAN/E CUM OLEO.— Hydrous Wool Fat, 9 ; Almond Oil, 1. 
 
 CHOLESTERIN.— a;H,«0 + H,0,'cq. 404-384.— Tasteless and odour- 
 less laminated transparent crystals, plates, or anhydrous needles. Insoluble 
 in Water, readily soluble in hot but only slightly soluble in cold Alcohol, 
 readily soluble in Ether, Chloroform, Carbon Bisulphide, or Oil of Turpentine. 
 It is also soluble in aqueous soap solutions and in neutral fats. It is present 
 in the brain, yolk of eggs, perspiration, etc., and is specially characteristic of 
 the liver. It exists in considerable proportion in Wool Fat. It has been 
 employed hypoderniically in cancer, and has also been used in tuberculosis. 
 Its use has also been suggested in pernicious anaemia, in enteritis due to 
 intestinal infection, and in black-water fever. 
 
 Eucerin is stated to be a mixture of 5 parts of Oxycholesterin from Wool 
 Fat and 95 parts of Paraffin Ointment. 
 
 Water can bo incorporated with it in almost any proportion. — E,M,J, '13, 
 ii. 401. 
 
 ADEPS PR^PARATUS. 
 
 PREPARED LARD. 
 
 Fk., Axonge ; Gkr., Schweineschmalz ; Ital., Grasso Suing; 
 Span., Grasa de Cerdo. 
 
 A soft, white, uniform unctuous solid, liaving a cliaracteristic though 
 not pronounced or rancid odour, and a bhand fatty taste. The B.P, 
 describes it as the purified internal fat of the Hog, Sus scrofa, Linn. ; 
 the U.S. P. as the prepared internal fat of the abdomen of the Hog, 
 Sus scrofa, var. domesticus, Gray, purified by washing, melting and 
 straining. 
 
 For India Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 
 Adeps Induratus is Lard deprived of its oil by pressiu-e, and the oil 
 is known as Lard Oil. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 22 of Ether, and 1 in IG of Oil of Turpentine; 
 almost insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Emollient. 
 
 Official Preparation.- — Adeps Benzoatus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Axungia Porci), Belg., 
 Dan., Dutch. Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap. (Adeps Suillus), Norw. 
 (Axungia), Mex. (Manteca de Cerdo), Port. (Banha), Russ., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Lard is distinguished by its physical appearance, melting 
 point, specific gravity, Acid Value, Saponification Value, Iodine Value 
 and Refi'active Index. It melts at from 35° to 45° C. (95° to 113° F.). 
 Lard should be of a pm-e white colour, soft and unctuous to the touch, 
 of a pleasant characteristic odour, and free from rancidity and of a 
 bland fatty taste. The B.P. mentions that it forms a clear liquid 
 when melted, which does not deposit Water on standing, but does 
 not now give a melting point ; the U.S.P, gives 38° to 40° C. (100*4° 
 to 104° F.), but the proposed changes, U.S.P. IX. recommend that 
 this melting point be changed to 'from 36° to 42° C, (96 -8° to 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ADE 123 
 
 107 'G^F.),' which is the melting point given in the P.G. It has a 
 specific gravity at 99° C. (210-2° R) compared with Water at 15 '5° C. 
 (60° F.) of about 0-860; the B.F. does not give a specific gravity; 
 the V.S.P. states about 0-917 at 25° C. (77° F.) and about 0'904 at 
 40° C. (104° F.) compared with Water at 25° C. (77° F.). The Acid 
 Value varies from 0"25 to 1-2, but should not exceed the latter figure. 
 The U.S. P. requires that when 10 grammes are dissolved in Chloroform, 
 and the solution mixed with 10 c.c. of Alcohol (95 p.c.) and 1 drop 
 of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, not more than 0-2 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be required to 
 produce a pink tint, indicating a limit of free fatty acids. This 
 corresponds to an Acid Value of 1-12. It has a Saponification Value 
 of 192 to 196-5; the B.P. gives 192 to 198, the proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend not less than 195 nor more than 203 ; 
 the P.G. does not include a Saponification Value. It has an Iodine 
 Value of 52 to 62. Samples examined in the author's laboratory 
 possessed Saponification Values of 192 to 197, and Iodine Values of 
 50 to 56 ; the B.P. gives 52 to 63 ; the proposed changes of the 
 U.S. P. TX. recommend not less than 46 nor more than 70 ; the P.G. 
 gives 46 to 66. 
 
 The Refractive Index of Lard at 60° C. (140° F.) is 1-4539; the 
 B.P. gives 1-4530 to 1-4550; neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. gives 
 a Refractive Index. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Water, Alkalis, Salt, 
 Starch, an undue proportion of free Acid, Cotton-seed Oil, Sesame 
 Oil, Beef Stearin, Unsaponifiable Oils, and mineral residue. The 
 amount of Water may be determined by heating 5 grammes of the 
 sample in a flat-bottomed porcelain dish at a temperature of about 
 105° C. (221° F.). A rough idea of the amount of Water may be 
 obtained by the behaviour of the sample when shaken with Carbon 
 Bisulphide. 
 
 The melted Lard should be clear and transparent, and should not 
 deposit globules of Water on standing. The aqueous liquid obtained 
 by boiling a mixture of Lard and Water, filtering and cooling, should 
 be neutral in reaction towards Litmus and Phenolphthalein Solution, 
 indicating the absence of alkalis, and when slightly acidified with 
 Diluted Nitric Acid should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides, 
 and consequently of Salt ; a further portion should not afi'ord a blue 
 coloration on the addition of Iodine Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Starch. 
 
 It should not possess an Acid Value greater than 1-2, indicating the 
 absence of an undue amount of free acid. Cotton-seed Oil may be 
 detected by the increase in the specific gravity and by the rise in the 
 melting point of the fatty acids, and also by the Iodine Value. The 
 Halphen's test is also useful, but the proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend its omission. No reddish colour should be 
 developed in from 10 to 15 minutes, if a mixture of 2 c.c. of melted 
 and filtered Lard are mixed with 1 c.c. each of Amyl Alcohol and a 
 
124 ADO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 1 p.c. Solution of SulpliLir ia Carbon Bisulphide in a test-tube, tlie 
 test-tube being immersed to one-third or one-half its depth in boiling 
 brine or in a salt-bath, indicating the absence of Cotton-seed Oil. The 
 Becchi's test with Silver Nitrate has now been deleted from the B.P. 
 If a mixture of 20 c.c. (20 ml. B.P.) of melted and filtered Lard be 
 shaken for half a minute with 10 c.c. (10 ml. B.P.) of Concentrated 
 Hydrochloric Acid containing 1 p.c. of Refined Sugar, then the acid 
 layer which separates out on allowing the mixtm'C to stand should 
 not develop a jjink colour, indicating the absence of Sesame Oil. 
 
 For the detection of Beef Stearin the microscopical appearance of 
 the crystals separating out from the ethereal solution of the Lard 
 is generally relied upon. When completely saponified with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, the solution should show no oily drops when 
 diluted with Distilled Water, indicating the absence of Unsaponifiable 
 Oils. It shoidd leave no appreciable residue on ignition, indicating the 
 absence of mineral matter. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 ADEPS BENZOATUS. Benzoatkd Laud. 
 
 Digest 3 of Benzoin in coarse powder for 1 hour in 100 of melted 
 Lard at 60° C. (140° F.), stirring frequently ; strain, and stir till cold. 
 
 (About 1 in 33.) 
 
 Benzoated Lard should not be used for eye ointments as it is irritating. 
 
 Benzoated Suet (Sevum Benzoatum) should be used in India, in place of 
 Benzoated Lard. 
 
 foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Dutch, Ger., Ital. 
 (Grasso Suino con Benzoino), Swed. and U.S., Benzoin 2, Lard 100; 
 Fr., Benzoin 3, Lard 100; Jap., 1 Acid. Benz. in 100; Mex. (Pomedo 
 Benzoada), Tincture of Benzoin 5, Lard 100 ; Norw.. Benzoin 2, Dried 
 Sodium Sulphate 10, Lard 100; Russ., Benzoin 2, Lard 100, dried Sodium 
 Sulphate 5 ; Swiss, Lard 100, Benzoin 4, Dried Sodium Sulphate, 6 ; or Lard 
 10, Ethereal Tincture of Benzoin 1. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 UNNA'S SALVE MULLS.— The bases of these are hog's lard and beef 
 suet (singly or combined), with which are incorporated various medicaments, 
 spread on muslin. 
 
 Wot OfficiaL 
 ADONIS. 
 
 The leaves and stalks of Adonis vernalis, L. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— A cardiac tonic and diuretic. A useful adjunct 
 to bromides in epilepsy. 
 
 As a cardiac tonic is disappointing. — M.A. '13, 287. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 6 grains = ■ 1 3 to • 4 gi'amme in powder, or 1 to 4 fl. drm. 
 of an infusion (1 in 40), or 2 minims of fluid extract. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Ital., Russ., Span, and 
 Swiss. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Tifotes. — Tlie dried lierb deprived of its roots is the iorm 
 in which the plant generally occurs in commerce. The stem is usually 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ADR 125 
 
 unbranched, about 8 or 10 inches long, with numerous finely divided leaves, 
 which are three or more times pinnate, the leaflets being narrowly linear and 
 sharply pointed at the apex, with revoluto margins. At the base of the 
 stem only the sheathing leaf -bases are developed. The flowers wlien present 
 are terminal, one inch or more in diameter, furnished with 10 or 12 yellow, 
 slightly toothed, oblong petals and numerous stamens, wliich, when they 
 fall oif, leave an ovate head of carpels, wliich are hairy and have a strong 
 hooked beak. 
 
 The only other species approacliing it in appearance is A. Pyrenaica, D.C., 
 but in this plant the lower leaves are developed, the petals are more wedge- 
 shaped, and the carpels are not hairy. 
 
 The root resembles that of Helleborus niger, L., but differs in the thick black 
 cortical zone, and the largo medullary rays dividing the woody zone into 
 five vascular bundles tapering outwards. 
 
 ADONIDIN, — A glucoside, very deliquescent, soluble in Water and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Dose. — ^ to ^ grain = 0-01 to 0-03 gramme. Generally given in 
 pill. 
 
 ADRENALINUM. 
 
 ADrvENALIN. 
 
 CyHisNOa, eq. 183- IH. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A light, white, or almost white, microcrystalliue powder, possessing 
 a slightly bitter taste and leaving a feeling of numbness on the tongue. 
 
 It may be obtained from the Suprarenal Glands of animals. The 
 B.P. does not include synthetic Adrenalin in this description. 
 
 Tlie B.P. describes it as Ltcvo-methylamino-ethanol-catechol ; it 
 is not Official in the U.S. P. ; the Fr. Codex describes it under a title 
 of Adi'enaline, and uses the subsidiary titles of Suprarenine and 
 ]*]pinephrine ; the P.G. describes it under the title of Suprarenin 
 Hydrochloricum, Ortho - dioxyphenylsethanol - methylauiine Hydro- 
 chloride, stating also tliat it is known in commerce under the titles 
 Adrenalin, Paranephrine, Epinephrine, and Epirenan. The P.G. permits 
 the use of either the natural or synthetic variety. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in cold Water, more readily in hot Water ; 
 readily in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Solutions of the active principle readily absorb Oxygen from the 
 air, and pass into inactive substances. The active principle in the dry 
 form is perfectly stable ; it should, however, be kept in small well- 
 closed glass phials of a dark amber tint in a cool atmosphere and exposed 
 as little as possible to air and light. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Its chief action is that of local vaso- 
 constriction, but it must be applied directly to the area of bleeding or 
 inflammation. No other substance is known which induces such com- 
 plete bloodlessness of any part to which it is applied, without alteration 
 of the general blood-pressure, and without any effect on other parts of 
 the body. It is generally used in the form of dilute solution of the 
 Chloride. It has been found of great service in ophthalmic work as it 
 
126 ABa [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 allows of bloodless operations on the eye, and removes conjunctival 
 congestion. It is useful in pannus, iritis, keratitis, and acute dacryo- 
 cystitis. It controls lisemorrliage from the ear, mouth, nose, and 
 throat. Harmful in pulmonary and cerebral hremorrhage. It is of 
 the greatest value in cases of sudden cardiac failure, in which it is best 
 given intravenously. Used in exophthahnic goitre, hay fever, nasal 
 catarrh, asthma, and in osteomalacia. 
 
 At the commencement of an acute attack of asthma a mixture of equal 
 parts of Adrenahn Sohition and water are sprayed into the nose with an 
 ordinary nasal spray. Complete relief is obtained within 10 minutes. — 
 B.M.J. '09, ii. 1323. 
 
 Successful in spasmodic asthma by hypodermic injection, but not by the 
 mouth.— L. '10, i. 1407; 14, ii. 445. 
 
 5 to 10 minims of 1 in 1000 Adrenalin Chloride in a teaspoonful of water, 
 successful in allaying vomiting following Chloroform anaesthesia. — Pr. '10, 
 ii. 706 ; E.M.J. '10, ii. 156. 
 
 Is valuable in collapse due to haomorrhago both as a vaso-constrictor and 
 also because it stimulates the Suprarenal Glands to activity. ^ — B.M.J. '12, 
 i. 1125. 
 
 Is contra-indicated in collapse duo to toxsomia, since vaso-dilatation is to 
 be desired in order to promote excretion. — B.M.J. '12, i. 1126. 
 
 Useful after acute fevers, such as diphtheria, when the adrenals are depleted. 
 —P.B..S.M. 1914, Ther. 37. 
 
 May induce glycosuria. — L. '12, i. 032. 
 
 Three cases in which collapse followed injection into nasaj mucosa. — 
 B.M.J. '12, i. 421. 
 
 Injection into Cum sometimes causes temporary tachycardia.— P.7t.(S.M. 
 1911, Ther. 59, 00. 
 
 Is a powerful antidote to Strychnine. — I.M.G. '10, 65. 
 
 Should form part of tlio routine treatment of cliolera in small doses, 
 5 ininims of a 1 in 10,000 solution well diluted and intra,muscularly, and if 
 necessary frequently repeated. A small addition to the rectal Saline infusion 
 is also invaluable. It may be given with advantage by the moutli, or intra- 
 venously if great urgency arises. It is, however, less valuable than Pituitrin. 
 —I.M.G. '10, 439. 
 
 In .severe cardiac dyspnoea and dropsy hypodermically, or 5 grains Gland 
 substance by mouth. — B.M.J. '12, i. 530. 
 
 In whooping-cough, 3 minims of 1 in 1000 solution, by the mouth, every 
 four hours, most effective. — B.M.J '13, ii. 122. 
 
 Excellent eifect in whooping-cough by using 1 drop of 1 in 1000 solution 
 each day for every year of age ; the dose may be doubled without incon- 
 venience ; patient thus treated remains free of complications and relapses. — • 
 Pr. '15, i. 341. 
 
 The safe strength of solution which may be injected has not yet been deter- 
 mined ; injections of 1 in 1000 have caused several deaths ; an injection of 
 this strength, diluted with four parts of Water, into the nasal septum of a 
 boy of 10 who was lightly under Chloroform caused sudden stoppage of 
 respiration with pallor. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 550. 
 
 An ideal drug in snake poisoning ; 10 minims of a 1 in 1000 solution hypo- 
 dermically. — I.'M.G. '13, 430. 
 
 Dangerous if Chloroform has been given. — B.M.J. '13, i. 879 ; Pr. '15, i. 134. 
 Given at the start of the asthmatic attack, 5 minims of 1 in 1000 solution 
 relieves in a few minutes regularly ; it must, however, be given by injection, 
 the result from its inhalation being poor ; the beneficial effects do not last 
 more than two hour.s, and it does not prevent the return of the attacks. — 
 Deut. Med. Woch. '12, 1453 
 
 For the so-called asthma of renal disease, really a dyspnoea due to acid 
 changes in the blood, it is useless and even harmful. — Pr. '15, i. 135. 
 
 In gastric ulcer hemorrhage the solo disadvantage is that its constrictive 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ADR 127 
 
 action may be followed by dangerous vaso-dilatation. — B.M.J.E. '12, 
 ii. 12. 
 
 May produce fatal collapse when given during incoraplete aniBsthesia. — 
 B.M.J. '12. ii. G27. 648. 
 
 Has no rival in management of exophthalmic goitre. — L. '12, ii. 24G. 
 
 Successful in amenorrha-a.— P.i?.5.M. 1912, Obst. 355. 
 
 Its use before and after Salvarsan injections. See reference to B.M.J. '14, 
 i. 1044, under ' Salvarsan.' 
 
 Immediate relief in urticaria by subcutaneous injections of a 1 in 1000 
 solution in doses of 8 minims for every 10 stone of patient's weight, this dose 
 being repeated 10 minutes later ; suggested in acute angio-neiu-otic oedema. 
 —A.J. M.S. '13, i 373. 
 
 In a case of senile debility with scanty urine the amount rose from 5 to 
 40 oz. in 48 hours.— B.M.J. '14, ii. CG9. 
 
 Of great use in hemorrhagic forms of colitis, controlling the bleeding 
 better than anything qIsq.—P.R.S.M. 1909, Med. 89. 
 
 Though useful in conjunction with Novocaine for local infiltration anrcs- 
 thesia, it should not be employed for analgesia by spinal injection, as there 
 it does not cause that local vaso -constriction which would limit and prolong 
 the action of the analgesic ; moreover it is directly poisonous to the cells of 
 the spinal cord. — Pr. '15, i. 133. 
 
 Its use in an ointment for internal administration to an inflamed urethra 
 is not advisable, as it causes a lasting spasm of the urethral plain muscle. — 
 Pr. '15, i. 133. 
 
 It stops persistent vomiting in pregnancy, and is not injurious to cither 
 mother or child. — Pr. '15, i. 340. 
 
 Excellent results in rheumatic affection from use of hj'podermic injection 
 of 1 in 1000 solution, 0-5 to 2 c.c. per day. — Pr. '15, i. 341. 
 
 When there has been much loss of blood, with or without shock, its use 
 seems to the writer hazardous. — Pr. '15, i. 871. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — When ordered in aqueous or other solution it is usually 
 dissolved in just sufficient diluted Hydrochloric Acid to effect solution. A 
 convenient basis Jor an oily preparation Jor a spray is a mixture oj 1 part by 
 weiqht of Absolute Alcohol, to 4 parts by ivciglit of Castor Oil, previously dis- 
 solving the Adrenalin as above directed. The strength of the Adrenalin may 
 vary from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 5000, according to the wishes of the prescriber ; Oil 
 of GauUheria and Eucalyptol can be added as antiseptics. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Adrenalini Hydrochloricus. 
 
 Wot Official. — Adi'enalin Chloride Solution, InsufHatio Adrenalini Com- 
 posita, Nebula Adrenalini, Nebula Suprarenalin et Cocain;Te. Solutio Supra- 
 renini Borici, Suppositoria Adrenalini, Suppositoria Adrenaliiii et ^scuHn, 
 Unguentura Adrenalini, Unguentum Adrenalini cum Cocaina, Epineplirin, 
 SuprarenaUn and Suprarenalin Solution. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofificial in Bolg., Fr., Ger. (Suprarenin 
 Hydrochloricus) and Ital. It is not official in U.S., but the Desiccated 
 Suprarenal Glands are. Norw. has Bitartras Suprarenicus. 
 
 Tests. — Adrenalin melts, when slowly heated, from 212° to 214° C. 
 (413' 6° to 417*2° F.), undersoing partial decomposition; the B.P. 
 states between 205° and 212°^C. (401° and 413-6° F.) ; the Fr. Codex 
 gives about 21.5° C. (419° F.), when slowly heated, but when quickly 
 heated at 263° C. (505-4° F.). It pos.ses.ses a weak alkaline reaction 
 towards moistened red Litmus paper, and it also has a faintly alkaline 
 reaction towards Phenolphthalein Solution. The highly dilute aqueous 
 solution has an immediate and powerful action upon the small blood- 
 vessels, 1 drop of a 1 in 10,000 solution, when instilled into the eye, 
 immediately blanches the conjunctiva. It raises the blood-pressure 
 
128 ADR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 a dose of even about 0*0000005 gramme being sufficient to produce 
 an effect. A dilute aqueous solution affords, on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, an emerald-green coloration, changing on the 
 addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution from purple to carmine red ; 
 a dilute aqueous solution, on the addition of 1 or 2 drops of Iodine 
 Solution, assumes a beautiful rose-pink coloration. Nitric Acid, 
 Potassium Bichromate Solution and Potassium Ferricyanide Solution 
 produce a similar rose-pink coloration to that produced by Iodine 
 Solution. An aqueous solution of Adrenalin immediately reduces 
 Gold Chloride Solution, a complete separation of the metal taking place. 
 A drop or two of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, when added to a minute 
 particle of Adrenalin, or to a very dilute solution, produces a reddish- 
 brown coloration, and simultaneously a characteristic disagreeable 
 odoiir resembling Hydrogen Phospliide is produced. This test 
 affords a characteristic reaction for Adrenalin. Adrenalin may be 
 distinguished from alkaloids, to which it is similar in constitution, 
 but does not possess their chemical properties, by the failure of its 
 .solutions to produce the usual alkaloidal precipitates with Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) 
 Solution, Picric Acid Solution, Tannic Acid Solution, Phospho-molybdic 
 Acid Solution, and Phitinic Chloride Solution. Adrenalin is optically 
 active, both aqueous and acid solutions exhibiting a laBVo-rotation. 
 It is claimed that the difference in the optical rotation forms a means 
 of distinguishing between synthetic and natural Adrenalin. The 
 formation of a crystalline Oxalate by synthetic Adrenalin is stated 
 also to distinguish the synthetic variety from the natui-al ; a solution 
 of Adrenalin in alcoholic Oxalic Acid Solution should remain clear during 
 a lengthened period. Adrenalin should leave no weighable ash on 
 ignition, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR ADRENALINI HYDROCHLORICUS. Hydrochloric 
 Solution op Adrenalin. (New.) 
 
 It is a solution of 1 of Adrenalin in 1000 of 0" 9 p.c. Solution of Sodium 
 Chloride ; it is dissolved by means of 0'3 p.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and preserved by 0'5 p.c. of Chloroform. It should be kept in 
 well-closed glass phials of a dark amber tint and exposed as little as 
 possible to light and air. (1 in 1000.) 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1*8 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ADRENALIN CHLORIDE SOLUTION.— A transparent, almost colour- 
 less liquid, containing 1 part of Adrenalin Chloride, and 5 parts Chloretone 
 in 1000 parts of Norinal Saline Solution. 
 
 It should be kept in woU-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool atmosphere and exposed as little as possible to contact with the air and 
 light. In neutral or faintly alkah'ne solution Adrenalin is liable to rapidly 
 change in colour; but if the solution bo made faintly acid in reaction, the 
 change in colour does not take place with anything like the same rapidity. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] JET 129 
 
 For nasal, aural and ophthalmic use it may be diluted to form a 1 in 2000, 
 a 1 in 5000, or a 1 in 10,000 solution. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims = 0- 3 to !• 8 ml. for internal administration. 
 
 INSUFFLATIO ADRENALINI COMPOSITA (Squire). —• Advenalin, 
 1 grain ; Boric Acid, in fine powder, 1 oz. ; Camphor, in fine powder, 1 oz. ; 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride, 1 grain ; Menthol, 40 grains ; Eucalyptus Oil, 
 10 minims ; Lycopodium, 2 oz. 
 
 NEBULA ADRENALINI (^S^mVe). — Adrenahn Hydrochloride. 0-1; 
 Sodium Chloride, 0-9; Chloretone, 0-25; Water, to 100. 
 
 NEBULA SUPRARENALIN ET COCAIN/E (Bournemouth Formulary). 
 — Suprarenalin or Adrenalin Solution (1 in 1000), 90 minims ; Cocaine Hydi'o- 
 chloride, 9 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 SOLUTIO SUPRARENINi BORICl.— Suprarenin. 01: Boric Acid, 
 0-25 ; Sodium Chloride, 0-9 ; Thymol, 0-06 ; Water, to produce 100. 
 
 A Suprarenin Borate prepared from synthetic Suprarenin may be 
 employed in the preparation of the above Solution. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA ADRENALINI (S^urre).— Adrenalin, ^ grain ; Water. 
 16 grains : Boric Acid, 1 grain ; Anhydrous Lanolin, 24 grains ; Oil of 
 Theobroma, q.s. to make 480 grains ; divide into 32 suppositories. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA ADRENALINI ET /ESCULIN (5<7mVc).— Adrenalin, 
 i grain ; ^sculin, 32 grains ; Boric Acid. 1 grain ; Water, 16 grains ; 
 Anhydrous Lanolin, 24 grains ; Oil of Theobroma, q.s. to make 480 grains ; 
 divide into 32 suppositories. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ADRENALINI (.SV/uire). — Adrenalin, 0-1; Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, 0-2 ; Water, 2 ; Soft Paraffin, 33 ; Hydrous Wool Fat, 
 sufficient to produce 100. 
 
 Unguentum Adrenalini cum Cocainae, the above with 1 p.c. of Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride. 
 
 EPINEPHRIN. — A white or gi-eyish-white powder, wliich is regarded by 
 Abel and Crawford as the active principle of the suprarenal gland. 
 
 SUPRARENALIN. — A light yellow, stable n on -hygroscopic crystalline 
 powder. Slightly soluble in cold Water and in Alcohol. It is stated to 
 possess all the therapeutic properties of the Suprarenal Capsules. 
 
 Suprarenalin. Solution.— A slightly alkaline stable solution, containing 
 1 of Suprarenalin in 1000. 
 
 ^THER. 
 
 ETHER. 
 
 C4H10O, eq. 74*08. 
 
 [altered.] 
 
 Fr., Ether; Ger., Aether; Ital., Etere ; Span., Eter. 
 
 A light, colourless, very volatile, mobile liqiiid, possessing a powerful 
 characteristic odour. It may be obtained by the interaction of 
 Ethylic Alcohol, or Industrial Methylated Spirit and Sulphuric Acid, 
 by distillation and rectificcition. Ethyl Oxide is also known as Ethylic 
 ^-Ether and Sulphuric .^ther. It gives off a very inflammable and very 
 heavy vapour. 
 
 It should be preserved in amber-tinted bottles, and in a cool, dark 
 place. 
 
130 ^T [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ^ther B.P. 1898 (sp. gr. 0-735) contained both Alcohol and Water, but 
 ^ther B.P. 1914 is almost free from both. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 10 of Water ; mixes in all proportions with 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), and with Chloroform. 
 
 Ether sp. gr. 0-733 dissolves -^^^ of its voliune of Water, liut Ether sp. gr. 
 0- 720 dissolves only j;l„- of its volume of Water. 
 
 Ether dissolves Corrosive Sublimate, Red Mercuric Iodide, Iodine and 
 Bromine freely. Sulphur and Phosphorus sparingly. It is also a solvent of 
 the volatile and fixed oils, many resins and balsams. Caoutchouc, and most of 
 the organic vegetable alkaloids. It does not dissolve Potassium or Sodium 
 Hydroxides, in which respect it differs from Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is a rapid and powerful diffusible 
 stimulant, of great use in syncope or heart- failure from any cause. 
 It is also antispasmodic and carminative. 
 
 Intravenous administration by means of a 5 p.c. solution in Normal Saline ; 
 technique and apparatus described. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 975. 
 
 Majority of writers report adversely on intravascular anaesthetisation. — 
 L. '11, ii. 1847. 
 
 The danger of tlu-ombosis is the weak point of the niethod ; the contra- 
 indications are arterio -sclerosis, raised blood-pressure, myocarditis, choliomia, 
 and plethora. — Birrn. Med. Jl. '11, p. 140.' 
 
 Paper affording solid evidence in favom- of intravenous infusion. — B.M.J. 
 '12, ii. G48. 
 
 From considerable experience of the intravenous method. Dr. Dudley 
 ' Buxton expressed a favourable view of it, provided a complete mastery of 
 the teclinique had been acquired. — L. '12, ii. 1801. 
 
 Intratracheal insufflation, teclmique and complications ; disadvantages are 
 the costly and elaborate outfit, and the difficulty of introducing tlie catheter. 
 —B.M.J. '13, ii. 1023. 
 
 In estimating the vaKie of this method it is to be remembered that it is 
 essentially a method of maintaining ansethesia ; it does not touch the problem 
 of satisfactory induction ; method a very safe one, gives a quiet even ana?s- 
 thesia, with perfect aeration and marked absence of all strain ; very satis- 
 factory in operations in upper part of abdomen ; in operations about mouth 
 danger of aspiration of blood, etc., is removed. — E.M.J. '14, ii. 146. 
 
 In operations on the iriouth, throat and nose the intratracheal method 
 compares favovu-ably with the inhalation method, the necessity for hurry 
 being eliminated. — L. '14, ii. 1088. 
 
 For extensive operations within the thorax and for many of the severe 
 cases in which there is likelihood of free bleeding into the mouth and pharynx, 
 intratracheal insufflation supplies us with a most efficient procedure that 
 discountenances to a large extent the dangers inherent in these operations 
 when undertaken with the use, of Chloroform. — L. '14, ii. 1103. 
 
 Its local application greatly improves the prognosis of sejitic peritonitis 
 and it has none of the disadvantages of Iodoform, Camphor or Thymol, 
 dissolved in Oil or Glycerin. — B.M.J.E. '14, i. 43. 
 
 In purulent peritonitis all accessible parts of the intestines are washed 
 with it, and 2 to 4 oz. are then pom-ed into the abdominal cavity and left to 
 evaporate ; of com-se all primary sources of infection are treated, and, if 
 accessible, removed ; the results in utterly hopeless cases exceeded all expecta- 
 tions. — L. '14, i. 478. 
 
 Writer has for 5 years used Ether as an antiseptic, particularly in the 
 grossly infected wounds, and with increasing confidence ; in severe gun-shot 
 wounds he enlarges the wound and fills it daily with Ether, which is allowed 
 to evaporate ; in gangrene, abscesses, sinuses, carljuncles, Ether is used to 
 wash or inject the part ; 3 oz. is the maximum that can be safely left in the 
 peritoneal cavity, in septic peritonitis in adults. — B.M..J. '15, i. 233. 
 
 As an anaesthetic, see ^ther Purificatus. 
 
 i 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] JET 131 
 
 Dose. — For repeated administration, 15 to 30 minims = 0"9 to 
 I'S ml. ; for a single administration, 45 to 60 minims = 2" 7 to 3' 6 ml. 
 
 When used hypodermieally for heart failure the dose is 15 to 30 minims = 
 0-9 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best pre.icribed as Spirit of Ether, which mixes readily 
 with Water. In ' Perles ' 3 and 5 minims in each. It is also given, with 
 Ammonia, e.g. Spirit oj Ether, 30 minirns ; Aromatic Spirit oj Ammonia, 
 30 minims ; Chlorojorm Water to 1 oz. 
 
 Of&cial Preparations. — ^ther Puriflcatus, Spiritus ^theri.g. 
 
 Not Official.— Spiritus yEtherisCompositus, -(Ether from Methjdated Spirit, 
 Sirop d'Ether, Spiritus ^tlieris Muriaticus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — See under iEther Puriflcatus. 
 
 Tests. — ^ther has a specific gravity of 0' 720, a boiling point of from 
 34° to 36° C. (93-2° to 96-8° F.), and should distil entirely between 
 these two temperatures. The more generally occurring impurities 
 are excess of Water or Alcohol, free acid, Sulphurous Acid, organic 
 impurities produced during its manufacture, and which have escaped 
 separation during the process of rectification, and extractive matter. 
 Of these the Pharmacopoeia includes tests for free acid and Sulphurous 
 Acid. When shaken with Water the volume should not be decreased 
 by more than^V? indicating the absence of excess of Water and Alcohol. 
 The aqueous film left on evaporating a measured quantity of 50 c.c. 
 of Ether in a glass dish should not turn blue Litmus paper red, nor 
 should it bleach the Litmus paper, indicating the absence of free acid 
 and Sulphurous Acid. Pure white, odourless filter paper should remain 
 odourless after 50 c.c. of Ether is allowed to spontaneoiisly evaporate 
 upon it, indicating the absence of organic impurities ; 25 c.c, when 
 allowed to evaporate spontaneously in a clean dry glass dish, should 
 leave a moistened residue possessing no odour, and this residue should 
 evaporate entirely on a water-bath, indicating absence of fixed residue. 
 
 ^THER PURIFICATUS. Pueipied Ether. 
 
 A colourless, transparent, very volatile, mobile and inflammable 
 liquid, possessing a characteristic powerful odour and distinctive taste. 
 
 iEther Puriflcatus B.P. 1914 corresponds in all respects with Ether 
 B.P. 1914, but is required to possess greater freedom from Aldehydes, 
 Peroxides and Methyl Compounds. 
 
 U.S. P. describes it as containing about 96 p.c. by weight of Ethyl 
 Oxide. 
 
 ^ther pro nareosi is official in Ger., Himg., Ital., Norw. and Swed. 
 
 JEthev purus is official in Russ. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used for producing general anaesthesia 
 by inhalation. 
 
 It has also been used as a spray for obtaining local ansesthesia in 
 minor surger}^, and to relieve severe neuralgic pain, but Methylated 
 Ether, sp. gr. 0*717 {see below), is preferable for use as a spray, 
 as, owing to its lower boiling point, the local ansesthesia is more 
 complete. 
 
 F 2 
 
132 ^T [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Ether was first used as an anaesthetic for capital operations in Europe in 
 1846. Purified Etlier is preferred by some to Chloroform, as it has a less 
 depressing effect upon the heart, vessels, and respiratory centre. It is used 
 also in conjunction with Nitrous Oxide for minor operations in dentistry and 
 surgery. 
 
 Treatment of dangerous symptoms during the administration of 
 Ether. — See that the air-way is clear and the clothing loose, and begin 
 artificial respiration at once, the patient's tongue being held forward mean- 
 while. Weak Ammonia Vapour may be held to the nostrils, but Nitrite of 
 Amyl is useless. Hot flannels should be placed over the heart and the chest 
 slapped with a towel wetted in cold water. Artificial respiration must be 
 kept up for at least an hour, and meanwhile Faradaism may bo tried. The 
 patient must be kept warm. — R.D.H. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 0-720; Belg., 
 Dutch, Fr., Ger., Jap., and Norw., sp. gr. 0-720; Dan., Ital. (Etere), 
 Swed. and Swiss, sp. gr. 0-720 to 0-722; Fr., also sp. gr. 0-724; Hung., 
 sp. gr. 0-720 to 0-723; Mex. (Eter Sulfurico), sp. gr. 0-720; Port., 
 sp. gr. 0-728; Russ., sp. gr. 0-725; Span. (Eter), sp. gr. 0-720; U.S., 
 sp. gr. 0-716 to 0-717 at 25^° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Mtliev Purificatus lias a specific gravity of 0"720. It lias 
 a boiling point from 34° to 36° C. (93-2° to 96-8° F.). It should distil 
 almost entirely between these temperatures, and none of it should come 
 over above 37° C. (98 • 6° F.). In the case of Anhydrous .^ther at least 
 99-5 p.c. should distil over between 34° and 36° C^ (93-2° and 96-8° F.). 
 The specific gravity given in the B.P. is 0-720; the U.S. P., 0-716 
 to 0-717 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. gives 0-720. The B.P. gives the 
 boiling point as 34° to 36° C. (93-2° to 96-8° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives 
 35-5° C. about (96° F.) ; the P.G. gives 35° C. (95° F.). 
 
 The more generally occmring impiu"ities are excess of Water or of 
 Alcohol, free acid, Sulphiu'ous Acid, organic impurities. Aldehydes, 
 Hydrogen Peroxide, Ethyl Peroxide, Vinyl Alcohol, Methylic ^Ether. 
 Methyl Compounds, and Extractive Matter. The B.P. requires that 
 Purified ^^tlier, in addition to possessing the characters and tests 
 described under ^ther, should also respond to special tests for 
 Aldehyde, Peroxides, and Methyl Compounds. 
 
 20 c.c. of Purified Ether, when shaken with 20 c.c. of Ether-satxu'ated 
 Water, should not be diminished by more than 0'8 c.c, indicating the 
 absence of an excessive amount of Alcohol or Water. The presence 
 of Water may also be confirmed by shaking 1 gramme of Anhydrous 
 Copper Sulphate with a measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Purified Ether, 
 when the salt should not assume a green or blue colour. No test for 
 the presence of Water is given in the B.P. The U.S.P. employs the 
 diminution in volume test. 
 
 The moist film left when 5 c.c. of Purified Ether is spontaneously 
 evaporated should neither redden nor bleach blue Litmus paper, in- 
 dicating the absence of free acid and Sulphurous Acid. The B.P. employs 
 5 ml. for the test ; the U.S.P. does not state what quantity is to be 
 used ; the P.G. employs 5 c.c. 
 
 The solution obtained when a measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Purified 
 Ether is added carefully drop by drop to 20 c.c. of pure Concentrated Sul- 
 phuric Acid, kept carefully cool, and contained in a glass-stoppered 
 bottle, which has been previously rinsed with Concentrated Sulphuric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] JET 133 
 
 Acid, should be coloiu'less, indicating the absence of organic 
 impurities. 
 
 No odour sliould result when 50 c.c. are allowed to evaporate 
 spontaneously on pure white, odourless filter paper, indicating the 
 absence of odorous impurities. The B.P. does not include a test of 
 this description ; the U.S. P. employs 10 c.c. of Ether ; the P.O. does 
 not include a similar test. 
 
 Potassium Hydroxide should not acquire a yellov/ish colour, and no 
 yellowish or brown-coloured deposit should separate when 5 grammes 
 of the solid Potassium Hydroxide, in freshly broken pieces about 
 5 cm. in diameter, are covered with 30 c.c. of Ether, and the mixture 
 is allowed to stand for 6 hours in a tightly closed bottle, and protected 
 from the light, shaking occasionally. The Ether should not become 
 turbid or assume any colour, indicating the absence of Acetaldehyde. 
 The B.P. employs the Potassium Hydroxide test, using solid Potassium 
 Hydroxide freshly broken into small fragments, requiring that no 
 yellow coloration be developed within 1 hdm- ; the U.S. P. shakes 10 c.c. 
 of Ether during 1 hour with 1 c.c. of Potassimn Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution, when no colour should be developed in either Hquid ; the 
 P.G. allows 20 c.c. of Ether to stand over freshly powdered small 
 pieces of Potassium Hydroxide Solution in a glass-stoppered vessel, 
 and protected from the light, neither the Ether nor the Potassium 
 Hydroxide shall be coloured within 1 hour. For Narcotic Ethers it 
 requires that no coloration shall be produced within 6 hours. The 
 P.G. recognises this as a test for Vinyl Alcohol also. 
 
 No liberation of Iodine should occur within 1 hour, when a measured 
 quantity of 20 c.c. of Purified Ether is shaken with 2 c.c. of a 10 p.c 
 Cadmium Potassium Iodide Solution, indicating the limit of Hydrogen 
 Peroxide and Ethyl Peroxide. The B.P. employs Potassium Iodide 
 Solution, requiring that Purified Ether when mixed with ^V o^ ^^^ 
 volume of a freshh^ prepared solution should not develop a yellow 
 coloration within 3 hours, the white glass-stoppered bottle in which 
 the test is performed being required to be kept completely filled, and 
 in the dark, and to be fre(|uently shaken ; the U.S. P. does not include 
 a test for Peroxide ; tUe P.G. requires that no coloration should be 
 produced when about 10 c.c. of Narcotic Ether is shaken with 1 c.c. 
 of a freshly prepared Potassium Iodide Solution (10 p.c. w/w), the 
 test being performed in glass-stoppered bottles, which are com- 
 pletely filled, kept iu the dark, and the mixture being frequently 
 shaken. 
 
 Purified Ether should not boil below 34° C. (93-2° F.), and no 
 appreciable quantity should distil below this temperature, indicating 
 the absence of ]Methylic Ether. 
 
 In the case of Narcotic Ether the P.G. includes a separate test for 
 Aldehyde and Vinyl Alcohol, requiring that if 10 c.c. of Narcotic 
 Ether be repeatedly shaken with 1 c.c. of Nessler's Solution, either no 
 coloration, or at the most but a faint white opalescence, should result. 
 
 The B.P. includes a test for the absence of Methyl Compounds, 
 requiring that in 5 ml. of the lower layer which separates out when 
 
134 ^T [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 2 volumes of Purified Etlier are well shakeu in a separator with a 
 mixture of 1 volume of Alcohol (20 p.c.) and 1 volume of Water, no 
 violet coloration should be produced, when mixed with 2*5 ml. of 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution (1 in 50), and 0*2 ml. of Sulphuric 
 Acid, adding after 3 minutes 0*5 ml. of an aqueous solution (9 "6 in 100) 
 of Oxalic Acid, followed by 1 ml. of Sulphuric Acid and 5 ml. of 
 decolorised Fuchsin Solution, mixing thoroughly and allowing to 
 stand for 20 minutes. 
 
 25 c.c. of Purified Ether, when allowed to evaporate spontaneously 
 in a clean dry dish, which is then transferred to a water-bath, should 
 evaporate completely, indicating the absence of extractive matter. 
 The B.P. does not refer to the residue on evaporation ; the U.S. P. 
 states that Ether should leave no residue upon evaporation. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SPIRITUS /ETHERIS. Spirit of Ethrr.— The Hoffmann's 
 Anodyne of the Continental Pharmacopanas. 
 Ether, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 2. (1 in 3.) 
 
 Dose. — For repeated administration, 20 to 40 minims = 1*2 to 
 2'4 ml. ; for single administration, 60 to 90 minims = 3"6 to 5*4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharm^acopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Ger., Hung, Jap., 
 Norw., Swed. and Swiss, 1 and 3 ; Belg. (^ther Sulphuricus Alcohol- 
 icus), 468 in 1000; Dutch (^ther cum Spiritu), 1 and 1, sp. gr. 
 U-777 to 0-7S2; Fr. (Ether Alcooleri se), 1 and 1, sp.gr. 0-783; Ital. 
 (Li q uore Anodino di Hoffmann), 1 and 1 ; Mex. (Licorde Hoffman). 
 ^Ether 1, Alcohol 90 p.c, 1 ; Port, (^ther Alcoolisado), 7 and 3 ; 
 Kuss., 1 and 2, sp. gr. 0-800; Span. (Eter Sulfurico Alcoholizado), 
 4 and 1 ; U.S., ^ in 10. All by weight, except U.S. 
 
 Dan., Norw. and Swed. include also ./Ether Spirituosiis Camphoratus, 
 containing 15 p.c. of Camphor. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Ether has a specific gravity of 0'802 to 0-80G, 
 and should leave no weigliable residue on evaporation. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPIRITUS /ETHERIS COMPOSITUS (L^.^S.).— Ether, 325 ; Ethereal 
 Oil, 25 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), to make 1000. •* 
 
 SIROP D'ETHER. Syrupus cum ^there (Fr.). — Ether (.sp. gr. 0-720), 
 2 ; Distilled Water, 23 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 5 ; Syrup, 70 ; all by weight. 
 
 SPIRITUS /ETHERIS MURIATICUS. Syn. — SF. Salis Dulcis ; 
 Glutton's Febrifuge Spirit. A colourless liquid. Sp. gr. 0-8G0. 
 A very old preparation, prescribed for pjTexia and cold in the head. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3 ■ 6 ml. 
 
 ETHER FROM METHYLATED SPIRIT. Sp. gr. 0-717.— It can be 
 purified to such an extent by washing and redistillation as to be scarcely 
 distinguishable frona that made from pure Spirit. The Methylic Ether 
 being so extremely volatile is almost wholly lost during the purification. 
 
 An Ether, sp. gr. 0-715, can be obtained in limited quantity by careful 
 working ; occasionally samples are dra^vn over at - 7 1 3 in cold weather. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is largely employed as a spray for local 
 anaesthesia. As in the case of ' Metliylated Chloroform,' the impurities from 
 the Wood Spirit employed in the manufacture can be completely eliminated. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] JET 135 
 
 Ether can be made more volatile for use with the spi'ay by the addition 
 of 20 p.c. of a light Petroleum Ether. 
 
 Ether from Methylated Spirit, sp. gr. 0-720 washed and redistilled, 
 is also supplied for inhalation. It is not so suitable for the spray as the above 
 because it volatilises less rapidly. 
 
 ^THER ACETICUS. 
 
 ACETIC ETHER. 
 
 Fr., Acetate d'Ethyle ; Ger., Essigather ; Ital., Etere Acetico ; 
 Span., Eter Acetico. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, mobile, volatile, and inflammable liquid, 
 possessing a characteristic ethereal odour, and a sweetisli and somewhat 
 burning taste. It should contain not less than 90 p.c. of Ethyl Acetate, 
 C^B.^C,Bj^O., eq. 88-064, with small quantities of Ethylic Alcohol, 
 Water, and possibly traces of organic impurities. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, amber-tinted, and in 
 a cool atmosphere. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Ethylic Alcohol, Acetic 
 Acid, and Sulphuric Acid, the product being subsequently purified. 
 
 Solubility. — About 1 in 9 of Water. Pure Acetic Ether is miscible 
 in all pro])ortions with Alcohol (90 p.c), and with Etlier. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic, stimulant, and carmina- 
 tive. It is also used as a sedative inhalation in irritation of the 
 larynx, 30 minims in a pint of Water. 
 
 Dose. — For repeated administration, 20 to -40 minims = 1*2 to 
 2*4 ml. ; for a single administration, 60 to 90 minims = 3'6 to 5*4 ml. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Jap.. 
 Norw. and Russ., sp. gr. 0-900 to 0-904 ; Dan., Ger., and Swed., sp. gr. 0-902 
 to 0-906 ; Fr., sp. gr. 0-920 ; Hung., sp. gr. 0-900 ; Mex. (Eter Acetico), 
 sp.gr. 0-920; Port., sp.gr. 0-920; Span., sp.gr. 0-915; Swiss, sp.gr. 
 0- 904 ; U.S., sp. gr. 0- 883 to 0- 895 at 25" C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Acetic iEther should have a specific gravity of about 
 0-900, and a boiling point of from 74° to 77° C. '(165-2° to 
 170' 6° F.), between .these temperatures it should distil almost 
 entirely. It is recognised by its characteristic ethereal odour. 
 
 The ■^5. P. uives the specific gravity as 0*900 to 0-907 ; the U.S. P., 
 0-883 to 0-895 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., 0-902 to 0-906. The B.P. 
 • does not now refer to a boiling point ; U.S. P. states from 72° to 77° C. 
 (161-6°tol70-6°.F.); the P.&'. gives 74° to 77° C. (165-2° to 170-6° F.). 
 Acetic Ether is officially required to contain not less than 90 p.c. of 
 Ethyl Acetate, as determined by first neutralising 10 ml. of a solution 
 of Acetic Ether, obtained by diluting 5 grammes of Acetic Ether with 
 Distilled Water so as to produce 100 ml., employing Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution and Phenolphthalein Solution as an 
 indicator. The mixture is then saponified by the addition of 20 ml. 
 oi Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and after setting 
 
136 ^T [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 aside for 5 minutes, with occasional shaking, it is diluted with Water, 
 and the excess of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is 
 titrated with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The 
 number of ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required 
 is deducted from 20, the difference is multiplied by 0" 08806 and the 
 product by 200, which yields the percentage of Ethyl Acetate present 
 in the specimen ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution corresponds to 0*08806 gramme of Ethyl Acetate. The 
 Acetic Ether of the U.S. P. is required to contain about CO p.c, by Aveight, 
 of Ethyl Acetate, and about 10 p.c. of Alcohol, containing a little 
 Water, but no process is given for its determination. The P.G. does 
 not state either a percentage or a method of determination. 
 
 The more generally occrn'ring impmities are Ethjdic Alcohol, 
 Water, free Acetic Acid, odorous impurities, readily carbonisable 
 organic impurities. Ethers other than Acetic, e.g., Amylic and Butylic, 
 derived from impurities in the Ethylic Alcohol used in the process of 
 manufacture, and fixed residue. The B.P. does not include a test for 
 excess of Ethylic Alcohol and Water, but both U.S. P. and P.G. stipulate 
 that it shall not contain more than 10 p.c, as ascertained by the 
 decrease in volume of the ethereal layer or the increase in volume 
 of the aqueous layer, when a saturated aqueous solution of Acetic 
 Ether is shaken with an equal volume of the specimen under examina- 
 tion. The U.S. P. requires that when 25 c.c. are shaken, in a graduated 
 tube, with 25 c.c. of Water, just previously saturated with Acetic 
 Ether, upon separation, the ethereal layer should not measure less 
 than 22*5 c.c, indicating the absence of an undue proportion of Alcohol 
 or Water ; the P.G. requires that when a measured quantity of 10 c.c. 
 of Water is shaken vigorously with 10 c.c. of Acetic Ether, the volume 
 sliould at the most be increased by 1 c.c, indicating the absence of an 
 undue amount of Water and Alcohol. 
 
 The B.P. states that a little of the Acetic Ether when allowed to 
 evaporate from filter paper should leave no extraneous odour, 
 indicating the absence of odorous impurities ; the U.S. P. states that 
 if a portion of the Acetic Ether be allowed to evaporate spontaneously 
 from clean, odourless blotting-paper, the final odour should not 
 resemble that of Pineapple, indicating the absence of Butylic and 
 Amylic derivatives ; the P.G. test requires that towards the end of 
 the evaporation of the Acetic Ether from best filter paper, which has 
 been moistened with it, no foreign ethereal odour shall be noticed. No 
 dark ring should be developed at the point of contact of the two layers, 
 when a small portion of Acetic Ether is carefjilly poured upon the 
 surface of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities. The B.P. includes a test of this 
 description requiring that no dark ring be formed within 15 minutes 
 at the surface of contact, but does not state what impurities the test 
 is intended to detect. The P.G. requires that when 5 c.c of Acetic 
 Ether are carefully poured upon the surface of 5 c.c of Sulphuric 
 Acid, no coloured zone shall form at the junction between the two 
 fluids, within 15 minutes, indicating the absence of Amyl Acetate, A 
 
tSolids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] AG- A l^T 
 
 free acid test performed with Litmus paper is common to all three 
 Pharmacopoeias, all three reqiiiring that it shall not immediately 
 redden Litmus paper. It should be completely volatile, and should 
 leave no weighable residue on evaporation. Neither of the three 
 PharmacopcEias refer to the residue left on evaporation. 
 
 ^THERIS NITROSI SPIRITUS. ^ee SPIRITUS ^theris 
 
 NITROSI. 
 
 Not Official. 
 AGAR-AGAR. 
 
 Syn. — Japanese Isinglass. 
 
 A gelatinous substance obtained from various species of Gelidmm, and 
 other Algae. It is tasteless and odourless. It is insoluble in cold water, 
 but when immersed therein it slowly swells up. It dissolves in boiling water, 
 the solution setting to a stiff jelly again on cooling ; it will take up about 
 200 times its weight of Water, and still form a jelly on cooling ; it is entirely 
 insoluble in Alcohol and Ether. 
 
 On account of its property of passing through the stomach unchanged, 
 and its power of absoi'bing Water, it is extensively employed in intestinal 
 disorders. It has been used with considerable success in chronic constipation 
 and intestinal atony. It promotes peristalsis. The shreds are cut into 
 small pieces, and administered in teaspoonful doses, either as such, or n:»ixed 
 with moist food, fruit or other jelly. Agar-Agar may also be combined with 
 other aperients, e.g. Cascara Sagrada and Senna. 
 
 In form of Regulin may be given with cream and sugar, for constipation. — 
 Boston Med. di Surg. J I. '10, i. 673. 
 
 As a coarse powder is used successfully in chronic constipation ; the dose 
 is about 15 grammes ; it is eaten with milk or cream with the addition of salt 
 or sugar. It passes unaltered to the intestine, and aids peristalsis, not onlv 
 by adding bulk to the f;¥ces, but by its property of retaining water and thus 
 of giving a soft consistency to the rectal contents. It may when first taken 
 become clogged in the rectum ; a small warm water enema overcomes this.— 
 Pr. '10, i. 649. 
 
 Dosa. — 1 teaspoonful to a tablespoonful. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Russ. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — -The article bearing the name in commerce is a 
 Japanese preparation made from seaweeds, belonging chiefly to the genus 
 Gelidmm. viz. G. Amansii, Kutz, G. elegans, Kutz, G. Japonicum, Okam.. 
 G. polydadium, Sond. and G. subcostatum, Schmitz. It occurs in two forms, the 
 most frequent of which consists of slender, flexible, but rather brittle strips 
 aVjout ^ inch in diameter, having a translucent, slxrivelled appearance, formed 
 into bundles 12-14 inches long (30*5-35-6 cm.), and about 4 inches (10 cm.) 
 in diameter. A second form more rarely met with is in quadrangular sticks 
 about 12 inches (30 cm.) long and 1 inch in diameter. Air-dried Agar-Agar 
 usually retains abovit 21 p.c. of moisture and yields about 0-5 p.c. of ash. 
 Under the naicroscope it does not present any definite structure, but scattered 
 irregular parenchymatous cells occur here and there, and various marine 
 diatoms, of which the most characteristic and one of the most beautiful is 
 Arachnoi discus ornatus, Ehrenb. 
 
138 AG A [Solids by Weiglit ; liquids 1)7 Meastire.1 
 
 Tests. — Agar-Agar is insokible in cold Water, but dissolves slowly in hot 
 Distilled Water. No precipitate should be produced upon the addition of 
 Tannic Acid Test-Solution to a sohition obtained by boiling 100 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water with 100 grammes of Agar- Agar, and cooling, indicating the 
 absence of Gelatin. No blue coloration should be produced upon the addition 
 of Iodine Test-Solution to another portion of the solution of Agar-Agar 
 obtained in the above manner, indicating the absence of Starch. A stiff 
 jelly should be produced when 1 part of Agar-Agar is mixed with 100 parts 
 of Distilled Water, and boiled during 10 minutes, replacing the Water lost 
 during the evaporation, and cooling. Agar-Agar should leave not more 
 than 5 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 AGARICUS ALBUS. 
 
 agaric of the larch. white or purging agaric. 
 
 Fr., Agaric Blanc ; Polypore du Mklese. 
 
 A species of mushroom, found growing on old Larches in Southern and 
 Central Europe. It is not a true agaric, but belongs to the Polyporei. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been used in night sweating of phthisis. 
 It has a strong cathartic action. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0-32 to 2 grammes of the powder given in jam. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Fr., Ital. (Agarico Bianco), 
 Mex. (Agarico Blanco), Port. (Agarico Braneho), Span, and Swiss. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — This fungus is not a true agaric, but belongs to 
 the Polyporei in which the gills are replaced by slender tubes, giving a porous 
 appearance to the under surface of the cap or pileus. The fungus sold in 
 commerce under tliis name is Po^yporus officinalis. Fries. The commercial 
 article consists of the fleshy part or stroma of the fungus deprived of the 
 brown-ringed white cuticle of the upper surface and. almost entirely, of the 
 short tubular portion or hymenium of the lower surface. It grows on various 
 species of Larch, from Central Evu-ope to Siberia, chiefly on Larix Sibirica, 
 Led., and comes to England vi,d Hamburg. It varies in size from 3 to 8 inches 
 (7 -5 to 20 cm.) or more in diameter. It is whitish, spongy and friable. 
 Although normally of the form of a rounded cone, it is often broken up into 
 irregular pieces. The taste is sweetish at first and afterwa ds bitter and 
 acrid, but it has no characteristic odonr. It can be rubbed to powder in a 
 sieve, but becomes flattened when pounded in a mortar. Under the micro- 
 scope the drug is seen to consist of slender hyjjhal threads, mixed with niinute 
 calcareous concretions. 
 
 AGARICIN (Agaricic Acid). — A white crystalline powder Melts at 
 138° C. (280-4° F.). 
 
 Solubility.- — 1 in 140 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; practically insoluble in Water 
 and in weak Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1| grains = O'OIG to 0"1 gramme. Generally given with 
 Dover's Powder in a pill. 
 
 Ph. Oer. maximum single dose, 0" 1 gramme. 
 
 It should not be given hyjDodermically. 
 
 In pill form ^^^ grain very successful in night sweats of phthisis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Ger., Ital., jAp., Mex. and 
 Norw. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AGB 139 
 
 AGROPYRUM. 
 
 COUCH GRASS. 
 ^ ] B.P.Syn. — ^Triticum. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Rhizome of Agrupyruni repens, Beany., deprived of the 
 rootlets and remains of Leaves. 
 
 Appeared in previous editions of Squire's Companion under the 
 heading ' Triticum.' 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diuretic, and urinary sedative in cystitis 
 and gonorrlioea. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Decoctuin Agropyri, Extractum Agropyri 
 Liquidum. 
 
 Foi'eign PharmaeopcBias. — Official in Austr.. Belg., Huiig. and Swiss. 
 (Rhizoma Graminis) ; Fr. (Chien-dent) ; Me«. and Port. (Grama 
 Francesa) ; and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Tlie rhizome usually occurs in commerce cut 
 tr;insverseiy into fragments about 2-2-|- mm. {^\ inch) in diameter and 
 3-6 mm. (|-| inch) h^ng. The rhizome is pale yellow, hard, smooth 
 and shining, with nodes about 1 inch (25 mm.) apart, hollow except 
 at the nodes, and is fmiowed longitudinally v/ith 5 or 6 prominent 
 ridges. It does not contain starch. Odour none. Taste shghtly 
 sweet. The rhizome of Cynodon Dactylon, Pers., which is similarly 
 used on the Continent, contains starch, but might otherwise be 
 mistaken for Agropyrum. 
 
 Pi'eparations. 
 
 DECOCTUM AGROPYRI. Decoctiox of Couch Grass. B.P, Syn. 
 — Decoction of Triticum. (New.) 
 
 Conch Grass, cut small, 1 ; Water, 20 ; boil for 10 minutes, strain 
 and make up to 20. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. oz.= 14-2 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 EXTRACTUM AGROPYRI LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of 
 Couch Grass. B.P.Syn. — Licjuid Extract of Triticum. (New.) 
 
 Boil 100 of Couch Grass, cut small, with 1000 of Water for 30 minutes, 
 strain, evaporate to 75, cool, and add Alcohol. (90 p. c..), (/.s: (about 25) 
 to yield 100 of Liquid Extract. (1 in 1.) 
 
 To prevent fermentation in hot climates, the proportion of Alcohol 
 (90 p. c.) may be increased, but must not exceed 25 p. c. by weight. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-2 ml. 
 
 A fluid extract (1 in 2) can be prepared without heat (which is very detri- 
 mental to the Extract), by percolation with a mixture of Water 3, Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) 1, so as to obtain 20 of finished product from 10 of the drug. 
 
 Fluidextraetum Tritici {U.S.). — Percolate 100 of Triticum with boiling 
 Water until exhausted ; evaporate the percolate to 75. and having added to it 
 23 of Alcohol (95 p.c), mix well and set it aside for 48 hours, then filter the 
 liquid and add sufficient of a mixtm-e of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 1 and Water 3, 
 to iiiake 100. Average dose. — 2 fl. drm. = "• 1 c.c. 
 
 An exti'act is OfEcial in Austr., Belg., Fr., and Mex. 
 
140 ALC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 AJOWAN OLEUM. 
 
 AJOWAN OIL. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Ptychotis Oil. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A colourless or almost colourless, mobile, oily liquid, possessing a 
 characteristic odour and taste resembling Thyme. It is the volatile 
 oil distilled from the fruit of Carum coptician, Benth. and Hook. f. 
 
 It is the principal source of commercial Thymol, of which it should 
 contain not less than 40 p.c. It was Official in the Ltid. and Col. Add. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic and antiseptic. Used as a 
 carminative, and in other ways like Thymol. 
 
 Dose.— J- to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0' 18 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Ajowan Oil has a specific gravity of 0* 915 to 0' 930, the B.P. 
 gives 0"910 to 0'930. It is dextrogyrate, having an optical rotation 
 in a 100 mm. tube of + 1° to -f 2'\ It is officially required to contain 
 not less than 40 p.c. of Thymol as determined by measuring the 
 volume of unconibined oil which separates when 10 ml. of the Oil are 
 shaken with 100 ml. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (20 p.c), in a flask 
 fitted with a long narrow graduated neck. The contents of the flask 
 are heated on a water-bath and the flask well shaken during the process. 
 It is allowed to stand and cooled to 15* 5^ C. (60° F.) before the volume 
 of unconibined oil is read ofE. The volume of uncombined oil should 
 amount to not more than 6 ml. The use of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution of a strength of 20 p.c. is not to be recommended, the 
 usual strength being from 5 and certainly not more than 10 p.c. The 
 B.P. might with advantage have changed Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 (20 p.c. w/v) to Potassium Hydroxide Solution (D p.c. w/v) as they 
 have done in the case of Oil of Cloves. 
 
 ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM. 
 
 ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL. 
 
 Fk., Alcool Ethylique ; Ger., Absoluter Alkohol ; Ital., 
 Alcool Assoluto ; Span., Alcohol Anhidro. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, mobile, volatile, inflammable and very 
 hygroscopic liquid, possessing a characteristic agreeable and pene- 
 trating sjDirituous odour, and a burning taste. It consists of Ethyl 
 Hydroxide, C2H5OH, eq. 46*048, with not more than 1 p.c. by weight 
 of Water. 
 
 It is obtained by the dehydration and rectification of Ethylic Alcohol 
 of weaker strength. It is possible to rectify Alcohol up to 98 p.c. ; 
 beyond this dehydrating agents are necessary. 
 
 On account of its hygroscopic nature and its inflammability it 
 should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, and 
 as far as possible from light. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ALC ]41 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., and Jap., 
 sp. gr. 0-796 to 0-800 ; Dutch, sp. gr. 0-794 to 0-799 ; Fr., sp. gr. 0-79433 ; 
 Ger., sp.gr. 0-796 to 0-797; Hung., sp.gr. 0-795 to 0-799; Ital., sp.gr. 
 0-800; Mex. (Alcohol Vinico), sp. gr. 0-790 ; Span., sp. gr. 0-794; Swed., 
 sp. gr. 0-7955 to 0-8005 ; Swiss, sp. gr. not higher than 0-796 ; U.S., sp. gr. 
 not higher than 0-797 at 15-6° C. (60° F.) ; or 0-790 at 25° C. (77° F.). Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Absolute Alcoliol should liave a specific gravity of about 
 0-794, and a boiling point of 78-5° C. (173-3° F.); the latter is 
 not included in B.P. or JJ.S.P. ; the P.G. gives 78° to 79° C. (172-4 
 to 174-2° R). 
 
 The official figures for the specific gravity are 0-794 to 0-7969 ; 
 the U.S.P. gives not higher than 0*797 at 15-6° C. (G0° F.), or 
 0-790 at 25° a (77° F.) ; the P.G. 0-796 to 0-797. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 99 '4 p.c. by volume 
 or 99 p.c, by weight of Ethyl Hydroxide as determined by the .specific 
 gravity which should be 0-7969, or it may contain 99-95 p.c. by 
 volume and by weight of Ethyl Hydroxide, corresponding to a specific 
 gravity of 0-794. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurity for which a special 
 test is indicated in the B.P. is excess of Water, but it is also required 
 to respond to the general characters and to be free from the impurities 
 mentioned under Spiritus Rectificatus. These impurities include 
 acidity, extractive or non-volatile matter, substances of an oily or 
 resinous nature, Amylic Alcohol, Fusel Oil, organic impurities, Aldehyde, 
 and Tannic Acid. The tests for these various impurities will be found 
 under the heading of Spiritus Rectificatus. In testing lor excess of 
 Water the B.P. employs the Anhydrous Copper Sulphate Test, requiring 
 that if Anhydrous Copper Sulphate be shaken with about 50 times its 
 weight of Absolute Alcohol during two or three hours in a well-closed 
 vessel, shaking occasionally, no decided blue colour should be produced, 
 indicating the absence of excess of Water. This test is not at present 
 included in the U.S. P., but the proposed changes recommend that 
 the following test be added: — About 0*5 gramme of powdered 
 Anhydrous Copper Sulphate shall not become blue on shaking in a 
 stoppered tube with 10 c.c. of Absolute Alcoliol, indicating the absence 
 of excess of Water. 
 
 The P.G. gives the following special tests under the heading of 
 Absolute Alcoliol, distinguishing these tests from those given under 
 Spiritus. If a mixture of 10 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol and 0-2 c.c. 
 of Potassium Hydroxide Solution be evaporated to a volume of 
 1 c.c, and the residue be acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid no 
 odour of Fusel Oil should result. If 5 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol 
 be pom'ed carefully on the surface of 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid using 
 a test-glass which has been rinsed with the Alcohol under examination, 
 after standing for a long time, no rose-coloured zone should form at 
 the junction between the two fluids, indicating the absence of Molasses 
 Spirit. The red colour of a mixture of 10 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol and 
 1 c.c. of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0- 1 p.c. w/w) should 
 not fade to yellow before the expiration of 20 minutes, indicating 
 
142 AliC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 absence of Akleliyde. Neither a coloration nor a tiu-bidity slioulcl 
 result when 10 c.c. of Water and 1 c.c. of Silver Nitrate Solution is 
 mixed with sufficient Ammonia Solution to cause the precipitat^e at 
 first produced to redissolve, the mixture being allowed to stand in the 
 dark for 12 hom'S, indicating the absence of Aldehyde. Absolute 
 Alcohol should neither be affected by Hydrogen Siilphide Water, 
 indicating the absence of heavy metallic salts ; nor by Ammonia 
 Solution, indicating the absence of extractive matters. Tannic Acid, 
 etc, 5 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol, on evaporation on a water-bath, 
 should leave no residue. 
 
 ALCOHOL (90p.c.).— This is described under the heading Spikitus 
 Rectificatus, as are also the weaker strengths of Alcohol, which 
 are prepared from it. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ALCOHOL METHYLICUM. 
 
 MDTHYLIC ALCOHOL. 
 
 Syn. — ^Rectified Pyroxylic Spirit. 
 
 A colourless liquid, with a peculiar spirituous odom", and which has been 
 submitted to various processes of rectification. It is produced by the 
 destructive distillation of wood. 
 
 Its vapour forms explosive mixtures with air, and as it is very volatile it 
 should be kept in well -stoppered bottles and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Methylic Alcohol which is so purified as to be potable is liable to duty. 
 
 Solubility. — It mixes readily with Water, Ethylic Alcohol, Chloroform, 
 and Ether. It dissolves Fats and volatile Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Narcotic, sedative, and antiemetic. It palliates 
 the cough and lessens the feljrile excitement of phthisis. It has been mixed 
 with Cldoroform for use as an aneesthetic (Regnauld's AniBsthetic Mixtm-e). 
 See Chloroform. 
 
 In poisoning, the stomach-tube and rectal injections are employed to get 
 rid of it. Stimulants, and application of heat to the body and extremities. 
 The treatment of *he amaurosis is unsatisfactory. In the early stages Pilo- 
 carpine and Potassium Iodide are indicated, and in the later stages Strychnine 
 hypodermically or by the mouth. 
 
 The deodorised product has received considerable attention on account of 
 its poisonous properties. Ingested in small and continuous doses, its effect 
 is far more deadly than grain Alcohol. The fumes are a distinct menace to 
 eyesight and general health, and its external use is also objected to. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims — 0'3 to 0"6 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Specific gravity about O'SIO. Boiling point about 66-5° C. 
 (151 • 7° F.). It should be without action on Litmus paper, and should not 
 be rendei'ed turbid by admixture with Water. It should leave no empy- 
 reumatic odour on evaporation, and should be free from fixed residue. It 
 should yield little or no reaction for Iodoform when tested with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution and Iodine (absence of Acetone). 
 
 Wood Spirit, Wood Naphtha, Pyroxylic Spirit are names applied to 
 the crude article of commerce, which rnav contain from 75 to 90 p.c. of real 
 Methyl Alcohol, CH,0, eq. 32-032. 
 
 METHYLATED SPIRIT.— ^ee SpiRiTt's Methvlatl's. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ALO 143 
 
 METHYLIC ether. — It is gaseous at ordinary temperaturos, but is 
 o.ondensfd by cold and prossuro to a liquid boiling at - 20" C ( - 4" F.). A 
 solution of this in Ethylic lather is usoful for producing local an.'V'sthcsia. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ALETRIS. 
 
 STAR GRASS. COLIC ROOT. 
 
 A perennial plant indigenous to U.S. It is stated to be useful as a ulorino 
 tonic. 
 
 Descriptive Wotes. — The rhizome occurs in pieces about 1 to 2 inches 
 (25 to .50 mm.) long, rarely branched, ^j to k inch (4 to 12 "5 mm.) in diameter, 
 compressed, covered with the brownish-grey .scaly remains of leaves, and root- 
 fibres, so that its outer surface is hidden. I'he transverse section is yellowish- 
 white, spongy and porous, exhibiting here and there glistening points. The 
 taste is mucilaginous and then bitter. It contains much starch, and unless 
 kept in a bottle it is liable to be attacked by insects. It is derived from 
 Aletris jarinosa, L., and belongs to the nat. ord. Hoemodoracece. 
 
 EXTRACTUM ALETRIDIS LIQUIDUM.— A 1 in 1 fluid extract of the 
 rhizome prepared with Alcohol (45 i^.c.) by percolation. — B.P.C. Fornmlanj 
 1901. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0'3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 ELIXIR ALETRIDIS.— Fluid Extract of Aletris, 1 ; Fluid Extract of 
 Liquorice, \ ; Tincture of Orange. \ ; Syi'up, li ; Distilled Water, to yield 4. 
 — B.P.C. Formulary 1901. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = TS to 3-G ml. 
 
 ALOE. 
 
 ALOES. 
 Fr., Aloes ; Ger., Aloe ; Ital., Aloe ; Span,, Acibar- 
 
 In former ■editions of tlie B.P. and U.S. P. Barbados Aloes and 
 Socotrine Aloes v»'ere described under distinct monographs, but now 
 they are included under the general heading ' Aloe.' B.P. 1914 
 describes it as the juice that flows from the transversely cut leaves 
 of Aloe Chinensis, Baker, Aloe Perryi, Baker, and probably other 
 species of Aloes evaporated to dryness. Known in commerce as- 
 Curacao Aloes, Socotrine Aloes or Zanzibar Aloes. 
 
 Aloes is now rarely imported from Barbados, and then only in 
 small quantity, coming almost exclusively from the Dutch West 
 Indian Islands of Curacao, Bonaire, and Aruba. Zanzibar Aloes is- 
 usually of better quality than the Socotrine Aloes, and is commonly 
 known as Hepatic Aloes. 
 
 Solubility. — Water dissolves 50 p. c. of Socotrine or Zanzibar Aloes 
 and 75 p.c. of Curasao Aloes. Both should be almost entirely soluble- 
 in Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter tonic, purgative, acting chiefly on 
 the large intestine ; the slowest of purgatives, taking ten to- 
 
144 ALO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 fifteen liours to net. Stomachic bitter in very small closes. A good 
 tonic cathartic in habitnal constipation and in that associated Vv'ith 
 amenorrhoea and anremia. Emmenagogue ; should not be given 
 during advanced pregnancy nor in inflammatory conditions of the 
 pelvic organs. Small doses relieve, large doses aggravate h;emorrhoids. 
 Used as an enema it is anthelmintic. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 5 grains = 0'13 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Can be made into pills with a small quantity oj diluted 
 Alcohol ; rarely prescribed alone. 
 
 1 grain with J grain Extract of Nux Vomica is an excellent pill to obtain the 
 stomachic effect, and to relieve habitual constipation. The Pilida Aloes et Ferri, 
 and Pilula Aloes et Myrrhce are given in amenorrhcea associated with 
 chronic dyspepsia and constipatio7i. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Decoctum Aloes Compositum, Extractum Aloes, 
 Pilula Aloes, Pilula Aloes et Asafetidae, Pilula Aloes et Ferri, Pilula Aloes et 
 MjTrhae. 
 
 Not Official. — Decoctum Aloes Compositum ' Squire,' Enema Aloes, 
 Pilula Aloes Diluta, Pilula Aloes et Belladonnsc, Pilula Aloes et Nucis Vomicae, 
 Pilula Aloini Composita, Pilula Aloini et Podophylli Composita, Pilula Aloes 
 Composita, Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches, Pilulre Aperientes Stahlii, Pilulaj 
 GuttiE Aloeticse, Pilula Laxantes, Pilula Laxativse Composita, Pilula; Triplex, 
 Pulvis Aloes et Canellse, Tabella; Aloini Com])osita, Tinctura Aloes, Tinctura 
 Aloes Composita, Tinctura Aloes et Mja-ihae, and Vinum Aloes. 
 
 foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. U.S. has also Aloes Piu-i- 
 ficata, which is Socotrine Aloes dissolved in Alcohol, strained and evaporated 
 to dryness. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Barbados or Curasao Aloes as imported 
 varies considerably in colour, consistence, and degree of opacity., and 
 may be in the form of a stiff yellowish-brown paste, a mass of pitchy 
 character, or hard and solid, but it always has a comparatively smooth 
 surface ; when dried it varies in colour from chocolate brown to black, 
 or rarely exhibits more or less translucent pieces, which become 
 opaque on keeping. It has a characteristic somewhat nauseous odour, 
 more evident when freshly broken, or powdered, and a very bitter 
 taste. The best qualities conform to the requirements as to solubility 
 given under Tests. Such Aloes as present a chocolate brown colour 
 and freedom from air vesicles are of the finest quality and should 
 be chosen for medicinal use, these characters indicating evaporation 
 of the fresh, not fermented, juice by steam heat, black vesicular 
 samples being of inferior quality, prepared from fermented juice and 
 evaporated over a naked fire. 
 
 Aloes are now rarely imported from Barbados, and then only in 
 small quantity, coming almost exclusively from the Dutch West 
 Indian Islands of Cura9ao, Bonaire, and Aruba. 
 
 The characters and tests given in the Pharmacopoeia, ' siurface dull 
 w^axy and uniform ' for Curasao and Zanzibar Aloes, and ' uneven or 
 somewhat porous ' for Socotrine Aloes, allow of the use of inferior 
 qualities of Aloes, some of which possess these featiu-es, as the per- 
 centage soluble in hot or cold water is not stated. 
 
 Socotrine Aloes is usually imported in barrels, in a semi-liquid or 
 pasty condition, and sometimes in a fermented or more or less fetid 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ALO 145 
 
 state. When dried it presents an extractiform or irregular surface, 
 is opaque, and if of good quality is of a dark brown colour and gives 
 an orange-brown powder. It possesses a not unpleasant odour. 
 Inferior qualities are black and vesicular and have a rancid or butyric 
 odour, and are unfit for medicinal use. Zanzibar Aloes is imported in 
 skins, containing several pounds, packed in rectangular cases. It is 
 usually of better quality than the Socotrine Aloes, and is commonly 
 sold as ' Hepatic ' Aloes, the opaque fractured surface being of a liver 
 colour. Samples of which the splinters are garnet red and transhicent 
 are now rarely met with in either the Socotrine or Zanzibar varieties. 
 These Aloes should conform to the requirements as to solubility given 
 under Tests, and also the reactions with Nitric Acid. An East African 
 Aloes met with in commerce is sold as Socotrine which does give a 
 crimson colour with Nitric Acid, and therefore is excluded by the 
 B.P. test, whilst its geographical source prevents its inclusion under 
 Barbados Aloes ; this kind exhales a faint odour like that of Curasao 
 Aloes, when freshly broken or powdered. There is also an Aloes, 
 which comes via Bombay, from Jafferabacl and other parts on the 
 Arabian coasts, which does not give a crimson colour with Nitric 
 yVcid, but this kind yields a powder of a dull brown, not of an orange- 
 brown colour like the Zanzibar and Socotrine Aloes, and possesses 
 hardly any odour. The official description does not exclude Jafferabacl 
 Aloes, excej^t in so far as that name is not used. 
 
 Tliere fire two forms of Aloes imported from British South Africa. First, 
 the vitreous blackisli Aloes with a conchoidal fracture, and greenish-brown 
 translucent splinters, commonly known in this country as Cape Aloes. 
 Second, an opaque or ' Hepatic ' Cape Aloes, giving an orange-brown powder, 
 imported of recent years from Mossel Bay imder the name of ' Uganda ' 
 Aloes, and manufactured from the leaves of Aloe Jerox, L., and dried bj^ sun 
 heat alone, in the form of bricks about four inches square and one inch 
 thick. A translucent Aloes is also prepared from Aloe platylepis, J. G. Baker, 
 near Pietermaritzburg in Natal, and usually passes in commerce for Cape 
 Aloes, to which it is similar in character, and gives the same chemical reaction 
 as that prepared from Aloe Jerox, L. 
 
 Tests. — Aloes is distinguished by the peculiar characteristic dis- 
 agreeable odour and its nauseous and bitter taste. Nitric Acid 
 distinguishes the varieties of Aloes. Socotrine and Zanzibar Aloes 
 develop a brown colour when moistened with Nitric Acid ; Cura9ao 
 Aloes develops a crimson colour when moistened with Nitric Acid. 
 African Aloes yields a pale green coloration, but no red with Nitric • 
 Acid, and this test distinguishes the African from the other varieties. 
 The B.P. states that a crimson colour is acquired by Nitric Acid, when 
 it is dropped upon Curacao Aloes, and a reddish-brown colour is 
 acquired by the Nitric Acid when it is dropped upon Socotrine and 
 Zanzibar Aloes. The U.S. P. states that Aloes gives a reddish colour 
 with Nitric Acid. 
 
 If a \\eighed quantity of 0"5 gramme of Piu'ified Borax be added to 
 a solution obtained by dissolving 0"1 gramme of Aloes in 10 ml. of 
 boiling ¥/ater, a green fluorescence is produced. The U.S. P. states that 
 a solution of Aloes in hot Water yields, with a Concentrated Sodium 
 Borate Solution, a mixture having a greenish fluorescence. In the 
 
146 ALO [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 P.G. African Aloos nre Officiiil, and the Borax test is employed in 
 the following manner : — If O'l urarame of Aloes be boiled with 10 c.e. 
 of Water and 3 c.c. of a saturated Borax Solution be added to the 
 slightly turbid liquid, it becomes clear, and the clear solution exhibits 
 a greenish fluorescence. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are an excess of moisture, 
 an excessive amount of insoluble matter, and miuei-al residue. Tlie 
 B.P. has adopted the JJ.S.P. standard for moisture, requiring that 
 when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) Aloes shall not lose more than 10 p.c. 
 in weight, indicating a limit of moisture. Aloes should dissolve almost 
 entirely in Alcohol (60 p.c). indicating a limit of insoluble matter. 
 When ignited with free access of air Aloes should not leave more 
 than 5 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. The U.S. P. 
 includes a test for Gum, Dextrin, and inorganic impurities, requiring 
 that 1 gramme of Aloes mixed wdth 5 c.c. of Alcohol (95 p.c), and the 
 mixture gently heated, should form a nearly clear solution after cooling 
 the liquid. 
 
 The following tests are recommended by the proposed clianges 
 in the U.S. P. IX. : — If to 1 gramme of Aloes, 50 c.c. of Alcohol (95 p.c) 
 be added, the mixture first gently heated and then cooled, a nearly 
 clear solution should be obtained, indicating a limit of Gum and 
 inorganic impurities. Intimately mix 1 gramme of Aloes with 10 c.c 
 of hot Water, and dilute 1 c.c of this mixture w^ith 100 c.c. of Water ; 
 a green fluorescence should be produced on the addition of a 5 p.c 
 solution of Sodium Borate, Dilute 1 c.c. of the original aqueous 
 mixture of Aloes witli 100 c.c of Water, shake it with 10 c.c. of Benzene ; 
 upon separating the Benzene and adding to it 5 c.c of Ammonia 
 Water, a deep rose colour, which is permanent, should be produced in 
 the lower layer. Tlie new iiinit of ash proposed is not to exceed 4 p.c. 
 
 ALOINUM. Aloix. C'l.HaeO,, 311,0, eq. 374-176. 
 
 A yellow crystalline jiowder possessing a faint odour of Aloes and 
 a very bitter taste. 
 
 It is a pentoside or mixture of pentosides obtained from Aloes, 
 varying in chemical composition and ph}^sical and chemical properties 
 according to its source. 
 
 As it has a tendency to become darker on exposure to air and light 
 it should be kept in well-stoppered amljer-tinted bottles, and protected 
 as far as possible from light. 
 
 It may be assumed that commercial ' Aloin ' is o-Barbaloin. 
 
 Official" in U.S. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 120 of Water ; 1 in 18 of Alcohol (90 p.c) ; freely 
 soluble in hot Water ; 1 in 56 of Acetone ; insoluble in Ether, Chloro- 
 form, and Petroleum Ether. 
 
 3 samples obtained (1903) from difl'erent manufacturers yielded a 
 solution at 1 in 120 of Water. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 grains = 0' 03 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing 'Notes. — Generally given in pills or in cachets wifh other 
 ingredients. ' Diluted Glucose ' is a good excipient jor Aloin in pills. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ALO 147 
 
 Not Official. — Pilula Aloini Composita, Pilula Aloini et Podophyli 
 Composita, Tabellae Aloini Composita. 
 
 Tests. — Aloin melts, when anhydrous, at about HT^ C. (296 '6° F.). 
 Aloin dissolves in Water to form a clear yellow solution, possessing 
 an intensely bitter taste. It dissolves also in Ammonia Water, and 
 alkali solutions, forming a yellow solution which soon turns red, and 
 exhibits a greenish-red fluorescence. A cherry-red solution is produced 
 when Aloin is dissolved in Nitric Acid. The clear filtered aqueous 
 liquid obtained on gently warming a weighed quantity of 0'5 gramme 
 of Aloin with 23 ml. of Wafter, and filtering, should remain clear on 
 cooling, but after standing for some time yield.s a deposit of pale 
 yellow crystals. A bright yellow coloration, changing to red on 
 the addition of 0"5 ml. of a saturated aqueoas Sodium Chloride Solution 
 and to violet on the further addition of 1 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), is 
 produced when 1 drop of Copper Sulphate Solution is added to 20 ml. 
 of a O'l p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Aloin. This test, which forms a 
 method of distinguishing Aloin from Nataloin and Capaloin, is taken 
 from the U.S. P., which describes the test as follows : — 
 
 A bright yellow coloration, changing to red on the addition of a 
 few drops of a Concentrated Sodium Chloride Solution, and to violet 
 on the further addition of a little Alcohol (95 p.c), is produced when 
 1 drop of Copper Sulphate Solution is added to a dilute aqueous solution 
 of Aloin obtained from Curasao Aloes. 
 
 With the exception of the requirement that xVloiu shall yield no 
 appreciable ash the B.P. gives no tests for impurities, but those more 
 generally occurring are acidity, insoluble matter, mineral residue, 
 Aloins derived from Natal or Cape Aloes, and Emodiu. 
 
 A cold saturated aqueous solution of Aloin should be neutral or not 
 more than faintly acid to Litmus paper ; indicating a limit of acid. 
 If the residue remaining insoluble when 1 gramme of Aloin is dissolved 
 in 120 c.c. of Distilled Water be collected on a filter, which has been 
 previously dried at 100° C. (212° F.), and weighed, and it be then 
 washed with 25 c.c. of Distilled Water, and dried at 100° C. (212° R), 
 its weight shall not exceed l'5p.c. This test is recommended in 
 the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. for inclusion in the next 
 U.S. P. ; and indicates ti limit of insoluble matter. 
 
 Mineral matter is detected by the ash left on ignition, which should 
 not exceed 0'5 p.c, and which according to the B.P. should be 
 inappreciable. Aloins, derived from Natal or Cape Aloes, are detected 
 by the test given above. A weighed quantity of 1 gi'amme of Aloin 
 is shaken with 10 c.c. of Benzene for 1 minute and filtered ; the filtrate 
 should not impart more than a faint pink colour to an equal volume 
 of Ammonia Solution (5 p.c) when shaken with it, indicating a limit of 
 Emodin. 
 
 Prepai'ations. 
 
 DECOCTUM ALOES COMPOSITUM. Compound Decoction of 
 
 Aloes. i\'.0.6>j?.— Baume de Vis. (Modified.) 
 
 An aqueous Solution prepared by boiling together for five minutes 
 
148 ALO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Extract of Aloes, 1 ; Myrrli, ^ (both in coarse powder) ; Potassium 
 Carbonate, -| ; Extract of Liquorice, 4 ; and Distilled Water, 40 ; and 
 adding, when the liquid has cooled. Compound Tincture of Cardamoms, 
 30, and more Distilled Water to make 100 of product. 
 
 Saffron is now omitted and the composition of Tincture of Cardamoms 
 has been altered. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 56 '8 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Decoction of Aloes, B.P., has a specific gravity of about 
 1"009 ; it contains about 7 p.c. w/v of tot«,l solids, and 14*9 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 DECOCTUM ALOES COMPOSITUM ' SQUIRE.'— Made with Soco- 
 trine Aloes and the Fluid Extract of Liquorice. 
 
 Dose.— \ to 2 fl. oz. = 11-2 to 56 8 ml. 
 
 The fluid extract is much better than the solid extract for covering the 
 taste of Aloes. 
 
 Tests. — Decoction of Aloes {Squire) has a specific gravity of about 
 1'009; it contains about 10 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 22 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 EXTRACTUM ALOES. Extract of Aloes. 
 
 An aqueous Extract, of w^hich about ^ to f grain is equal to 1 grain 
 of the Aloes. 
 
 Mix 1 of Aloes with 10 of boiling Distilled Water ; after 24 hours, 
 decant, strain, and evaporate at 60° C. (140° F.) to dryness. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = 0*06 to 0'26 gramme. 
 
 Foreign PliarmacopcBias. — Extract of Aloes is Official in Austr., Dan., 
 Dutch, Ger., Himg., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in 
 the othei's. 
 
 PILULA ALOES. Aloes Pill. (Modified.*) 
 
 3^ of the pill is about equal to 2 of Aloes, 1 of Hard Soap, and ^^q- of 
 
 Oil of Caraway, massed with about ^ (by weight) of Syrup of Glucose. 
 
 Dose.— 4 to 8 grains = 0*26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Pilules d' Aloes et de 
 Savon), Jap. and U.S. (Pi lul as Aloes), Aloes and Soap, equal parts ; Mex. 
 (Pildoras de Acibar), Aloes 10, Soap 2; Swiss (Pilulae Aloeticas), 
 Aloes 10, Soap 1, Glycerin 8 drops, Spirit q.s. Not in the others. 
 
 PILULA ALOES ET ASAFETID.^. Pill op Aloes and 
 AsAFETiDA. (Modified.*) 
 
 3| of the pill is about equal to 1 of Aloes, 1 of Asafetida, 1 of Hard 
 Soap, massed with about -^ (by weight) of Syrup of Glucose. 
 
 Dose. — i to 8 grains = 0*26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., equal parts of Aloes, 
 Asafetida, Soap and Honey; U.S., 1 in 3. Not in the others. 
 
 * Lees of the new excipient (Syrup of Glucose) is required, so the mass will 
 be rather smaller. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ALO 149 
 
 PILULA ALOES ET FERRI. Pill of Aloes and Iron. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 5 of the pill is about equal to 1 of Aloes, i of Exsiccated Ferrous 
 Sulphate, If of Compound Powder of Cinnamon, and about If (by 
 weight) of Syrup of Glucose. 
 
 Compound Powder of Cinnamon is increased. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0'26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger., Cape Aloes 1, Exsiccated 
 Ferrous Sulphate 1, Sp. Saponis q.s. ; Jap., equal parts of Aloes and Spirit 
 q.s. ; Swiss, Aloes 5, Ferrous Sulphate 5, Soap 1, Glycerin 5 drops, Alcohol 
 q.s. ; U.S., Purified Socotrine Aloes 1, Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate I, 
 Aromatic Powder 1, Confection of Roses q.s. Not in the others. 
 
 PILULA ALOES ET MYRRHS. Pill of Aloes and Myrrh. 
 
 4| of the pill is about equal to 2 of Aloes, 1 of Myrrh, and IJ- (by 
 weight) of Syrup of Glucose. 
 
 The composition of this pill, known also as Pil. Rufi, remained much 
 the same for about 300 years, but in 1898 the B.P. omitted the 
 Saffron, the proportions of Aloes and Myrrh remaining the same. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0-26 to 0'52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. ; U.S., with Aromatic 
 Powder in place of Saffron, Purified Aloes 13, Myrrh 6, Aromatic Powder 4, 
 in grammes, Syrup q.s. to make 100 pills. Not in the others. 
 
 Tinetura Aloes does not appear in B.P. 1914, see ' Not Official.' 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ENEMA ALOES {B.P. 1885).— Aloes, 40 grains; Potassium Carbonate, 
 15 gi'ains ; Mucilage of Starch, 10 fl. oz. 
 
 PILULA ALOES DILUTA.— Marshall Halls Pill. Barbados Aloes. 4 ; 
 dissolve in Water and strain ; then add Extract of Liquorice 4, Treacle 4, 
 thinly sliced Hard Soap 4 ; mix and evaporate to a pilular consistence. 
 
 Dose. — 3 or 4 grains =: 0'2 or 0'2G grannne. 
 
 PILULA ALOES ET BELLADONN/E. Extract of Aloes, 1 grain; 
 Extract of Belladonna, J grain. 
 
 PILULA ALOES ET NUCIS VOMIC/E.— Extract of Aloes, 1 grain ; 
 Extract of Nux Vomica, ^- grain. 
 
 Barbados Aloes, 2 grains ; Extract of Nvix Vomica, \ grain ; Alcoholic 
 Extract of Belladonna, ^ gi'ain ; in each pill. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 PiLULA ALOINI COMPOSITA.— Aloini, Extract Nucis Vomicaj, Ferri 
 Sulphatis, Pulv. Myrrhas, Saponis, ana | grain.- — (Sir Andrew Clark's Pill.) 
 
 Recommended by Sir Andrew Clark for the relief of constipation. If 
 fieces are dry and hard, and if there is no special weakness of the heart add 
 Puly. Ipecac, h grain. Should the action of the pill be preceded by griping 
 add Green Extract of Belladonna, ^ grain. 
 
 PILUL/E ALOES COMPOSIT>E. Syn. Bairds Pills {P.J.F. and 
 B.P.C.). — Barbados Aloes, in powder, 30 ; Ipecacuanha Root, in powder, G ; 
 Scammony, 30 ; Green Extract of Hyoscyamus, 30 ; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. ; 
 in 100 parts. Mix to form a mass and divide into pills weighing 4 grains each. 
 
 Dr. Mair's Pills {Pharm. Form.). — Ipecacuanha Powder, 25 grains 
 Scammony, . in powder, 2 drm. ; Extract of Aloes, 2 drm. ; Extract of 
 Hyoscyamus, 2 drm. ; make a mass and divide into o-grain pills. 
 
150 ALO [Solids by Weight; Liquids ty Measure.] 
 
 Aloes Pilulse Coinpositae. — Aloes, 10 ; Scammony, 3 ; Jalap, 3 ; 
 Ginger, 4 ; Soap, 10. — Belg. 
 
 Aloes, 3 ; Jalap, 3 ; Soap, 3. — Ital. 
 
 Pilvilae Aloes et Jalap {Jap.). — Equal parts of Aloes, Jalap, Soap and 
 Liquorice. 
 
 PILUL>E ALOES ET MASTICHES (t/.5^.P.).— Purified Aloes, in fine 
 powder, 13 grammes ; Mastic, in fine powder, 4 gramnies ; Red Rose, in 
 powder, 3 grammes ; Alcohol (49 p.c), q.s. to make 100 pills. 
 
 Each pill will weight about 3 grains. They are in imitation of Lady 
 Webster's Dinner Pills; one of tliem may be given as a laxative at 
 bedtime. 
 
 PILULA ALOINI ET PODOPHYLLI COMPOSITA (P.J.i^. ).—Aloin, 
 
 2 ; Capsicin, 1 ; Jalapin. 2 ; Podopliyllum Resin, 4 ; Green Extract of 
 Hyoscyamus, 1 ; Extract of Nux Vomica, 1 ; dose of the mass, »4 to 2 grains. 
 
 Little Antibilious Pills {Phar))i. Form.). — Podophyllin, 8 grains ; Aloin, 
 6 grains ; Jalapin, G grains ; Capsicin, 3 grains ; Ipecacuanha Powder, 
 
 3 grains ; Extract of Hyoscyamus. 3 grains ; Extract of Nux Vomica, 2\ 
 grains ; Glycerin Tragacanth. q.s. to make a n\ass. Divide into 00 pills. 
 
 PILUL/E APERIENTES STAHLII (6'«;e(Z.).— Extract Aloes, G; Extract 
 RheiCo., 3; Reduced Iron. 2; Rad. Althaese, 2; Alcohol (70 p.c.) and Simple 
 Syrup, q.s. to make 100 pills. 
 
 PILUL/E APERIENTES FORTIORES (Norw.).— Extract of Belladonna, 
 2 grammes ; Podophyllum Resin, 3 grammes ; Extract of Aloes, 10 grammes ; 
 Wool Fat. q.s. to make 200 pills. 
 
 PILUL/E APERIENTES MITIORES (Norw.).— Extract of Frangula, 
 10 grammes ; Extract of Aloes, 1 gramme ; Powdered Liquorice Root, 
 2 grammes ; Wool Fat, q.s. to make 100 pills. 
 
 PILUL/E LAX ANTES (Hung.).— Aloes. 40 grammes ; Jalap, 60 gramnjes ; 
 Hard Soap, 20 grammes ; Oil of Anise, 6 drops. 
 
 PILUL/E LAXATIV/E COMPOSIT/E (C7.6'.P.).— Aloin, 1-3 ; Strychnine, 
 0-0.5; Extract of Belladonna Leaves, 0"8; Ipecac, in powder, 0"4 ; 
 Glycj-rrhiza, 4' G, in grammes ; Syrup, q.s. to make 100 pills. 
 
 PILULA TRIPLEX (U.S.N.F.).— Aloes, 2 grains; Mass of Mercury, 
 1 grain ; Resin of Podophyllin, ^ grain. 
 
 PIL. GUTT/E ALOET \C /E (S wed.). —Aloes, 7; Gamboge, 3; Gum 
 Arabic, 3 ; Galbanum, 4 ; Carvone, 1*5 ; Liquoi'ice root, g'. 5. to make 100. 
 
 PULVIS ALOES ET CANELL/E (Hiera Picra).— Powdered Socotrine 
 Aloes, 4 ; Powdered Canella Bark, 1. , 
 
 TABELL/E ALOINI CO. — Aloin, ^ grain ; Powdered Ipecacuanha j^'e 
 grain ; Extract f)f Belladonna, | grain ; Strychnine, ^-^j grain. 
 
 TINCTURA ALOES {B.P. 1898).— Extract of Aloes, 1 ; Liquid Extract 
 of Liquorice, 6 ; Alcohol (45 p.c), q.s. to make 40. 
 
 Dose. — -1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3 • 6 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Belg., 1 in 5 ; Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Ital., Jap., Russ., Span., Swiss, 1 and 5 ; Hung, and V.S., 1 in 10 ; Port., 
 15 in 100. All are by weight, except U.S. 
 
 TINCTURA ALOES COMPOSITA. Syn. Elixir ad Longam Vitam 
 (Ger.). — 'Aloes, in coarse powder, 3 ; Gentian, cut middling fine, ' 5 ; Rhubarb. 
 cut middliiag fine, " 5 ; Zedoary, cut middling fine, • 5 ; Saffron, ' 5 ; 
 Alcohol (6S to 69 p.c), 100. 
 
 Ausir.^-Aloes, 30 ; Gentian, 5 ; Rhubarb, 5 ; Zedoarv, 5 ; Saffron, 5 ; 
 Alcohol (GS p.c), 1000. - 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ALS ]6t 
 
 Fr. — Aloes, 25 ; Agaric, 2 • 5 ; Gentian, 2 ' 5 ; Rhubarb. 2 • 5 ; Zedoary, 2 • 5 ; 
 Saffron, 2.5 ; Alcohol ((JO p.c), 1000. 
 
 Jap. — -Aloes, .30 ; Gentian, 5 ; RhuT)arb, 5 ; Zedoary, 5 ; Saffron, 5 ; 
 Alcohol (68 p.c), 1000. 
 
 Mex. — Aloes, 8 ; Gentian, 1 ; Rhubai-b. 1 ; Saffron, 1 ; Agaric, 1 ; Treacle, 
 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 400. 
 
 Russ. — Aloes, 45 ; Gentian, 5 ; Rhubarb, 5 ; Saffron, 5 ; Zedoary, 5 ; 
 Alcohol (70 p.c), 1000. 
 
 Sivis.s. — Aloes, 6 ; Saffron, 1 ; Agaric. 1 ; Myrrh, 1 ; Gentian, 1 ; Rhul^arb, 
 1 ; Zedoary, 1 ; Alcohol (68 p.c), 200. 
 
 All are by weight. 
 
 TINCTURA ALOES CROCATA (Sived.).~Myvvh, 3 : Saffron, 3 ; Aloes, 4 ; 
 Dilute Alcohol, 100. 
 
 TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRH/E.— Purified Aloes. 1; Myrrh. 1: 
 Powdered Liquorice Root, 1 ; Alcoliol (95 p.c), 75; and Water, 25, mixed 
 q.s. to make 10.-— U.S.F. 
 
 Socotrine Aloe.s, in powder, 10 ; Saffron, 5 ; Tincture of Myrrh. 100.— 
 Edi.n. Ph. 1841. Syn. Elixir Proprietatis. — P.L. 1721. 
 
 yiNUM ALOES {B.P. 1885).— Socotrine Aloes, Ih oz. ; Cardamom Seeds, 
 bruised, 80 grains ; Ginger, in coarse powder, 80 grains ; Sherry, 2 pints. 
 
 ALSTONIA. 
 
 ALSTONIA. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried bark of Ahionia scholaris, R. Br., and of Ahionia con- 
 fslficta, F. Milll. 
 
 It was Official in IncJ. and Col. Add. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A bitter tonic, useful in clivonic diarrho:-;!. 
 Sometimes employed in malaria. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Alstoni;Tp, Tinctura Alstonia?. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — This official name is, like that of Acacin 
 cortex, given to two different barks. The one, Alslonia scholaris, R. Br., 
 is that of an East Indian tree, and the other Alstonia constricta, F. Muell, 
 is derived from an Australian tree. Except that both are bitter and 
 both are used as febrifuges, there is little agreement between them. 
 
 Alstonia scholaris, known in commerce as Dita bark, occurs in com- 
 merce in the form of fragmentary pieces about 1-3 inches long (2*5 to 
 7-.") cm.), and a to 10 mm. thick (3 to 12 mm. B.P.). The outer 
 surface is greyish, uneven, and rough, but spongy and more or less 
 marked with dark spots or enlarged warty lenticels, the periderm 
 readily separating ; the colour is seen in transverse section to be bright 
 buff, and the fracture short, more or less porous, and somewhat granular 
 and stratified. It is almost odourless and has a bitter taste. The 
 medullary rays are nu-merous, well defined, but bent, close together 
 near the inner surface. The bark appears to be mixed with another 
 bark in commerce, since Greenish found that some j>ieces contain 
 
152 ALT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 rosette crystals of Calcium Oxalate, those of Alstonia scholaris being 
 prismatic. 
 
 Alstonia constricta.—^ThG bark occurs in liard, tough quills, varying 
 in length from 8 to 12 inches (20 to SOcm.) long or more, about Ih inches 
 to 2 (3 • 8 to 5 cm.) wide, and about ^ inch (7 to 9 mm.) thick (12 mm. 
 B.P.), very rough and cracked externally, with longitudinal and shallow 
 transverse fissures. The periderm is about ^ inch (3 mm.) thick, dark 
 brown, and stratified, as seen in transverse section, the liber ^ to |- inch 
 (4 to 6 mm.) thick, yellowish brown, with fibrous laminae towards the 
 inner siirface. Both the periderm and the liber contain groups of stone 
 cells arranged in interrupted bands, which are not mentioned in the B.P. 
 
 Taste extremely bitter. Odour very slight, scarcely aromatic, the 
 slight odour possibly due to the lichens on the bark. 
 
 The tough fibrous character and yellowish-ochre tint and rough 
 cork surface of the Australian bark is very different to the short and 
 spongy fracture and buff tint of the Indian bark. The bark of Alstonia 
 scholaris and its microscopical structure are well shown in Planchon 
 and Collins' Drogues Simples, tom 1, p. 725, figs. 100, 101, 102. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM ALSTONIA. Infusion of Alstonia. (New.) 
 
 Alstonia bruised, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20. Infuse for 30 
 
 minutes, and strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28 -l ml. 
 It was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. 
 
 TINCTURA ALSTONIiE. Tincture of Alstonia. (New.) 
 
 1 of Alstonia in No. 20 Powder, macerated with 8 of Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 (1 in 8.) 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 It was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. 
 
 Not Official, 
 ALTHiEJE RADIX. 
 
 marshmallow root. 
 
 Tr., Guimauve ; Ger., Eibischwurzel ; Ital., Altea ; Span., Altea. 
 
 The Root of Althcea officinalis, Linn., Marshmallow Root, occurs in commerce 
 in two forms, viz. — (1) Tlie natural root dried, and (2) the root with the outer 
 bark removed. The latter is used by pharmacists. Pharmacographia states 
 that for medicinal use the second year's roots of the cultivated plant are 
 chiefly employed. U.S. P. states — collected from plants of the second year's 
 growth and deprived of the periderm. The powder is used as an excipient 
 in pill masses. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is much employed on the Continent as a 
 demulcent in irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the 
 mouth and pharynx. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ALT 153 
 
 Official in all llie Foreign Pliarmacopceias. 
 
 The two substances Aspai'agin and Betaine have been extracted from 
 Althaea root. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The natural root of the Alihcea officinalis, Linn., 
 bears some resemblance to Liquorice root, in its external characters, the 
 surface having short transverse scars, the bark being tough and finely fibrous. 
 It is, however, white internally (Liquorice is yellowish-white) and finely 
 fibrous and has a mucilaginous instead of a sweet taste. The decorticated 
 root is often larger than the natural root, and deeply grooved longitudinally. 
 The larger decorticated roots are probably often derived from the allied 
 species A. Narboncnsis, L. Both are very mucilaginous. It is necessary to 
 preserve the root in a dry place, or the syi'up prepared from it will turn 
 yellowish and have a disagreeable odour. Lozenges made of the powdered 
 root with gum and flavoured with orange flower water are sold as Pastilles 
 de Guimauve. 
 
 DECOCTUM ALTH/E>E.— Althaea Root, 1 ; Water, 30; boil to 20. 
 Official in Ital., 1 in 20. 
 
 SPECIES DEMULCENTES (xVom'.).— Indian Hemp, 30; Mallow, 30; 
 Marslunallow, 30 ; Liquorice, 10. 
 
 SPECIES EMOLLIENTES((7e/-.).— Marshmallow, 1; Mallow, 1; Mohlot, 1; 
 Chamomile, 1 ; Linseed, 1. 
 
 SPECIES ALTH/E>E (/fio;,^.).— Marshmallow Leaves, 500 ; Marslunallow 
 Root, 250 ; Liquorice, 200 ; Mallow, 50. 
 
 SPECIES PECTORALES {Ger. and 7?(iSA-.).— Marshmallow, 8 ; Liquorice, 
 3 ; Orris, 1 ; Coltsfoot, 4 ; Mullein, 2 ; Anise, 2. 
 
 SYR U PUS ALTHvC/E.— Macerate 3 of Althaja Root in 40 of Water for 
 twelve hours ; strain, press, and filter until 32 have passed through ; to this 
 add 64 of Sugar, dissolve warm, and heat the Syrup to boiling ; when cold, 
 skim and strain through flannel. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Belg., Fr., and U.S. 
 
 TROCHISCI ALTH>EiC— About 1 grain in each lozenge. Demulcent. 
 Valuable after excision of tonsils or uvula. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Pastillas de Altea) and 
 Span. Not in the others. 
 
 Aspai'agin dissolves Mercuric Oxide, but the Oxide must be freshly 
 precipitated. A solution is best prepared by dissolving it in solution of 
 Asparagin. Has been employed as a hypodermic injection in syphilis. 
 
 BETAINA. Betaine, Trimethyl-glycocine, Trimethyl-glycocoll, Dimethyl- 
 sarcosine, Oxycholine, Lycine, C.^HnNOo, eq. 117' 098. — An internal anhydride 
 occurring naturally in Beetroot Juice and in certain other vegetable products. 
 A product also of the decomposition of Protein. Prepared also by the oxida- 
 tion of Choline. Crystallises from Alcohol in large, deliquescent needles, 
 containing 1 molecule of water of crystallisation. Employed chiefly in the 
 form of the Hydrochloride. 
 
 BETAIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM.— Betaine Hydrochloride, Trimethyl- 
 glycocine Hydrochloride, Trimethyl-glycocoll Hydrochloride, C-.H^NOoHCl, 
 eq. 153 '566. — A white crystalline solid, I'eadily soluble in Water, but nearly 
 insoluble in Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-065 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 The proprietary preparation Acidol, which may be obtained in the form 
 of powder, tablets {7J grains), or in the form of Acidol-Pepsin tablets, is 
 stated to coiitain Betaine Hydrochloride. 
 
154 ALU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ALUMEN PURIFICATUM. 
 
 PURIFIED ALUM. 
 
 ALlSOJa, K,S04, 24H,0, eq. 949-064. 
 
 ALISOJ,, (NH4),S04, 24H,0, eq. 906-948. 
 
 Fii., Alun de Potassium ; Ger., Alaun ; Ital., Solfato di Alluminio e 
 Di PoTASSio ; Span., Sulfato Aluminico-Potasico. 
 
 Both salts are Official ; Potash Alum (Aluminium and Potassium 
 Sulphate), and Ammonia Alum (Ammonium and Aluminium Sulphate). 
 They are practically alike in appearance, occurring in large colourless 
 octahedral crystalline masses, possessing a sweetish and very astringent 
 taste. 
 
 The U.S. P. and P.G. recognise only the Potash Alum ; the U.S. P. 
 requiring that it shall contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Aluminium 
 and Potassium Sulphate. The U.S. P. also states that at 200° C. 
 (392° F.) it loses all its Water of crystallisation equivalent to 45*55 p.c. 
 of its weight. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that this rubric be changed to 'not less than 54' 21 nor more than 
 56*92 p.c. of the anhydrous salt.' 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 11 of Water; 3 in 1 of boiling Water; Potash 
 Alum, 1 in 3 of Glycerin ; Ammonia Alum, 1 in 1:1 of Glycerin. 
 Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Alum when heated melts in its own Water of crystallisation. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent. 10 to 15 grains three times 
 a day have been given for internal haemorrhage, such as that of typhoid 
 or gastric ulcer, also for menorrhagia, and in cases of lead poisoning ; 
 arrests excessive secretion in dysentery, diarrhoea and night sweats ; 
 vomiting caused by the cough of phthisis is sometimes checked by 
 6 to 10-grain doses of Alum. Dried Alum is escharotic, used for 
 warty growths and to stimulate indolent ulcers, to destroy exuberant 
 granulations and to remove nsevi. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0* 32 to 0* 65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Mostly used in aqueous or Glycerin solution. As 
 a gargle, mouth-wash, or spray jor tonsillitis, aphthous conditions of the 
 Diouth, and pharyngitis, 10 grains in 1 oz. of Water ; as an injection in 
 leucorrhcea and gonorrhoea. 60 grains in a pint oj Water ; as a nasal douche 
 in chronic ozoena, 4 grains in 1 oz. oj Water ; as a snufF i7i epistaxis, 
 i^ grains mixed with 1 grain of Starch ; as a lotion in purulent ophthalmia, 
 2 to 6 grains in 1 oz. of Water. As a pessary containing 15 grains of Alum in 
 each; also a compound pessary containing 10 grains of Alum, 5 grains of 
 Sulphate of Zinc, to which is someti?nes added 1 grain of Opium in powder. A 
 saturated solution in Wat?r forms an excellent styptic for hcemorrhage of leech 
 bites, bleeding hoemorrlioids, epistaxis, etc. ; the glycerin of alum is used in 
 inflamed tonsils. 60 grains have been recommended as an emetic in croup. 
 Ophthalmic tablets contain o^jj grain in each. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and thoir Carbonates, and Tannic Acid. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Glycerinum Aluminis, Alumen Exsiccatuni. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ALU 155 
 
 Not Official. — Alum B.o.so CJa-'glo, Gossypimn Aluiniiiis, Pessus Aluminis, 
 Pessus Aluminis et Zinci, Aluminium Acetate Solution, Guttsp Almnini 
 Acetici, Aluminium Aceto-Tartrate, Liquor Aluininii Acetico-Tartariei, 
 Aluminium Chloride, Aluminium Nitrate, Aluininium Naphthol-Sulphonate, 
 Aluminium Oleate, Aluminium Sulphate, Cimolite, and Fuller's Earth. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — -Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Sulfate de Aluminio y Potassio). 
 Norw., Port., Russ., Span. (Sulfate Aluminico -Potasico), Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. All of them use Potash Alum only. 
 
 Tests. — Alum dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water to form a clear solution, having an acid reaction towards Litmus 
 paper and which yields a white gelatinous precipitate with Ammonia 
 Solution, or with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; the white 
 precipitate produced by Ammonia Solution is practically insoluble 
 in excess of the reagent, whilst that produced by solution of Potassium 
 or Sodium Hydroxide dissolves and is again reprecipitated by sufficient 
 Ammonium Chloride Solution, indicating the presence of Aluminium. 
 Ammonia Alum when boiled with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution evolves a strong arnmoniacal odom', and the issuing gas 
 has a strongly alkaline reaction towards moistened red Litmus paper, 
 indicating the presence of Ammonia ; a satmated aqueous solution of 
 Potash Alum yields with Tartaric Acid Solution or Sodium Bi- 
 tartrate Solution a white crystalline precipitate within half an hour, 
 indicating the presence of Potassium. A solution of either yields 
 with Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate, insoluble in Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, indicating the presence of Sulphate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron, Lead, Sodium, ancl Zinc. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing a solution of 2 grammes of Alum in 50 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, with the addition of 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 
 10 c.c. of a 5 p.c. aqueous solution should, when faintly acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, be imaffected by Hydrogen Sulpliide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Copper and Lead, and when this solution 
 is rendered alkaline by the addition of a sufficient excess of Ammonia 
 Solution it should not materially darken in colour, indicating the 
 absence of more than traces of Iron. The P.G. and U.S. P. include a 
 separate test for Iron which is given under the heading of Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide Solution in the small type below. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 
 solution should not afford a distinct turbidity on the addition of 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of more than 
 traces of Calcium. 
 
 If a fragment of the salt be moistened with Hydrochloric Acid 
 and introduced on a Platinum wire into the flame of a Bunsen burner 
 it shall not communicate a pronounced yellow coloration to the flame, 
 indicating a limit of Sodium ; Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution should 
 not produce a white precipitate, insoluble in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, indicating the absence of Zinc. 
 
156 ALU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Potassiura Ferrocyanide Solution. — A 1)lue coloration should not be 
 produced at once on the addition of .5 drops of Potassium Ferrocyanide Test- 
 Solution to 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 150 solution of Alum, indicating a limit 
 of Iron, U.S. P. ; 20 c.c. of an aqueous solution (1 + 19) should not be imme- 
 diately rendered blue by the addition of 0'5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Iron salts, P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 GLYCERINUM ALUMINIS. Glycerin of Alum. 
 
 Purified Alum, 8 ; Distilled Water, 3 ; Glycerin, q.s. to make 48. 
 
 (1 in 6.) 
 
 Pure Alum should and does dissolve clear in Glycerin, but commercial 
 Pulv. Aluminis. as a general rule, will not dissolve without residue except 
 after prolonged boiling. 
 
 Ammonia Alum is the more soluble in Glycerin. 
 
 A powerful local astringent. When diluted with Water it forms a useful 
 gargle. Sometimes prescribed with an equal quantity of Glycerin of Tannic 
 Acid. 
 
 ALUMEN EXSICCATUM. Exsiccated Alum. A^O.^//n.— Alumen 
 
 USTUM. 
 
 Potash Alum, deprived of its Water by heat. It yields about 55 p.c. 
 of product. A white powder, which should dissolve entirely 1 in 20 of 
 AVater. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch., Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port., Puuss., Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Exsiccated Alum should yield the tests distinctive of 
 Potash Alum given under Alumen Purificatum. It is hygroscopic, and 
 when exposed to the air it reabsorbs moisture. 1 jjart of Exsiccated 
 Alum should be gradually but entirely soluble in 20 parts of Water. 
 It should be free from the impurities mentioned under Alumen Puri- 
 ficatum. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ALUM ROSE GARGLE.— Broken Rose petals, 3 drm. ; Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, 3 fl. drm. ; cold Distilled Water, 10 fl. oz. ; digest for two hours and 
 strain 8 fl. oz. ; then add Alum, 2 drm. ; Sugar, 4 drm. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 4 fl. drm. ; dissolve. This kept well for seven years. To be mixed with an 
 equal bulk of Water before use. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM ALUMINIS.— Contains about 30 p.c. of Alum. 
 
 PESSUS ALUMINIS (Westminster).— Alum, 15 grains'; Oil of Theobroma, 
 2 drm. 
 
 PESSUS ALUMINIS ET ZINC! (Lonrfon).— Exsiccated Alum, 5 grains ; 
 Zinc Sulphate, 5 grains ; Opium, in powder, 1 grain ; Basis, <)0 grains. 
 
 ALUMINIUM ACETATE SOLUTION (Au.9ir., Belg., Dutch, Oer., and 
 Russ.). — A clear colourless liquid, with an acid reaction and a faint odour of 
 Acetic Acid, containing about 8 p.c. of Aluminium Acetate ; obtained bj' 
 double decomposition between Aluminium Sulphate and Calcium Acetate. 
 Sp. gr. 1-044 to 1-048. 
 
 Hung., sp. gr. 1-023 to 1-026 ; Norw. and Swed., sp. gr. 1-044 to 1-051 ; 
 Swiss, sp.gr. 1-055 to 1-059. Contains 10 p.c. 
 
 It is also known as Burrow's SoKition. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ALU 157 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic and astringent. Used as an appli- 
 cation to -wounds, diluted 1 to 5 to 1 to 20 of Water. As a moutli-wasli 1 to 
 10 Water. When diluted 1 to 7 of Water it forms roughly a 1 p.c. Solution 
 of Aluminium Acetate, which is an excellent antiseptic solution for the treat- 
 ment of wounds. It is non-toxic and non-irritant, and is largely used on the 
 Continent. It is chiefly recommended in infected wounds, burns and washing 
 out of suppurating cavities, and cases in which continuous irrigation of 
 damaged parts has to be carried out for days or even weeks. It is not appli- 
 cable to operations, as it spoils steel instruments. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 62. 
 
 In Berlin the use of Silver preparations has in some quarters been given 
 up entirely in ophthalmia neonatorum, and a 10 p.c. ointment of Aluminium 
 Acetate inserted between the lids hourly with good results. — B.M.J. '09, i. 599. 
 Its use is sometimes followed by serious destructive ei?ects ; it ought to be 
 discarded and replaced by harmless appHcations of Boric Acid. — L. '12, 
 ii. 773. 
 
 GUTTjC ALUMiNI ACETICI ((7e/?i;ai T/i/oaO-— Solution of Aluminium 
 Acetate, 2 drm. ; Distilled Water to 1 oz. 
 
 ALUMINIUM ACETO-TARTRATE.— Crystals soluble in their own weight 
 of Water. Official in Dutch. 
 
 A powerful, non-poisonous antiseptic ; also an astringent caustic. 
 
 A solution has been sold under the name Alsol. 
 
 A Solution containing 10 p.c. is Official in Swiss., and in Ger., containing 
 45 p.c. 
 
 30 to GO grains in a pint of Water make a useful gargle or douche. 
 
 LIQUOR ALUMINII ACETICO -TARTARICI (Ger.). —Dilute 15 of 
 Tartaric Acid in 500 (by weight) of Aluminium Acetate Solution, and evaporate 
 to 114 on a water-bath and add G of Acetic Acid (96 p.c), sp. gr. 1-200 to 
 1.263. It contains 45 p.c. of Aluminium Aceto-Tartrate. Siviss has also a 
 Solution, but of sp.gr. 1'055 to 1*059, containing 10 p.c. The solution 
 should be kept in a cool place and well protected from air and light. 
 
 ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE. — A colourless, crystalline mass, giving off 
 fumes of Hydrochloric Acid gas, and becoming damp on exposure to air. 
 The commercial product forms a crystalline powder, cliiefly of a yellow colour 
 owing to the presence of Iron as an impurity. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 8 grains = 0*32 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 In doses of 5 gTains = 0'32 gramme, and upwards several times a day 
 remarkably efficacious in locomotor ataxy. 
 
 Under the names of Chloralum and Chloralum Powder, preparations 
 containing Aluminium Chloride have been introduced as disinfectants. 
 
 ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION. — Obtained by dissolving 
 Aluminium Hydrate in Hydrochloric Acid. A pale yellow liquid. Sp. gr. 
 1-250. Gargle, 12 minims to 1 oz. of Water; Spray, 3 minims to 1 oz. 
 Paint, 15 minims to 1 oz. Astringent and antiseptic. 
 
 ALUMINIUM NITRATE.— A Solution (4 or 6 grains in 1 oz. of Water 
 has been used with success in pruritus vulvre. 
 
 ALUMNOL. Aluminium Naphthol-Sulphonate. — A whitish powderreadily 
 soluble in Water or in Glycerin. 
 
 Antiseptic. Used in metrorrhagia as an intra-uterine injection, witli 
 Tincture of Iodine (Alumnol, 2- 5 ; Tincture of Iodine, 25 ; Absolute Alcohol, 
 25). 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0-26 to 0-52 gramme, as an astringent. 
 
 ALUMINIUM OLEATE. — A powder. Mixed with equal parts of Lard, 
 is used as a .styptic and antiseptic, in checking the muco-pvu-ulent discharges 
 in eczema. 
 
158 ALU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ALUMINIUM SULPHATE.— White crystalline cakes, or in a white 
 powder, having a sweetish and somewhat astringent taste. It is 
 soluble 1 in 1 of Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Astringent and 
 antiseptic. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and Alkaline Carbonates. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Te3ts. — Aluminium Sulphate dissolves readily in Water, forming a solution 
 which has a strong acid reaction towards blue Litmus pajjer, this solution 
 yields with Ammonia Solution a white precipitate practically insoluble in 
 excess of the reagent, but soluble in Acetic and in Hydrochloric Acid ; with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution it j'ields a white gelatinous precipitate soluble 
 in Acetic Acid, in Hydrochloric Acid or in excess of the reagent, but in the 
 latter case it is again precipitated on the addition of Ammonium Chloride. 
 The solution yields with Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate 
 insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. It should contain about 99^ p.c. of pure 
 crystallised Aluminiimi Sulphate, and should lose not more than 4.5 "7 p.c. of 
 its weight when deprived of its Water of crvstallisation at about 200° C. 
 (392° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 free Sulphuric Acid and Ammonium salts. Afiltered aqueous solution (1 in 10) 
 should be colourless, and after the addition of a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should not be altered on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Water, indicating 
 the absence of Copper and Lead. A mixture of 1 gramme of Aluminium 
 Sulphate, powdered and dried at 100° C. (212° F.), and 3 c.c. of Stannous 
 Chloride Solution should exhibit no dark coloration within 1 hour, indicating a 
 limit of Arsenic compounds. A Ijlue coloration should not be immediately 
 produced when 5 drops of Potassium Ferrocyanide Test-solution are added to 
 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 150 solution of the salt, indicating a limit of Iron. 
 In performing this test the P.O. employs 20 c.c. of an aqueous (1 + 19) 
 solution, requiring that it shall not be rendered immediately blue on the 
 addition of 0"5c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. A clear filtered 
 aqueous 10 p.c. w/v solution should not become more than faintly opalescent 
 witliin 5 minutes after the addition of an equal volume of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, indicating a limit of free Sulphuric 
 Acid. An aqueous 10 p.c. solution should develop no odour of Ammonia 
 when boiled with Potassium Hydroxide Sokition, indicating the absence of 
 Ammonium Salts. 
 
 Aluminium Caseinate. — A yellowish -white, tasteless powder. Insoluble 
 in Water. Intestinal astringent. 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0"32 gramme. 
 
 Salumin Insoluble (Aluminium Salicylate), Salumin Solvible (Aluminium 
 and Ammonium Salicylate), Alkasal (Aluminium Pota.ssium Salicylate), 
 Boral (Aluminium Borotartrate), Cutol (Aluminium Borotannate), are 
 preparations containing Aluminium, which have been noticed in medical 
 literature. 
 
 CIMOLITE. — -The mineral has yielded on anaty.sis : Alumina, 23 ; Silica, 
 03; Ferric Oxide, 1-25; Water, 12. 
 
 A proprietary Toilet article, which is a Silicate in very liiie powder, is sold 
 under the name ' Cimolite.' 
 
 FULLER'S EARTH has yielded on analysis: Alumina, 10; Sihca, 53; 
 Lime, O'S; Magnesia, 1-25; Ferric Oxide, 95; Water, 24. 
 
 Its use as a du.sting powder should be stopped, owing to the danger of 
 tetanus. — B.M.J. '08, i. 892. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] AMM 169 
 
 AMMONIACUM. 
 
 AMMONIACXBI. 
 
 Fr., Gomme Ammoniaque ; Ger., AjraoNiAKGUJOii ; Ital., Gomma 
 Ammoniaco ; Span., Goma Amoniaco. 
 
 A gum-resin, obtained from Dorema Ammoniacum, D. Don., and 
 probably other species. 
 It is collected in Persia. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Water, but forms with it a nearly white 
 emulsion ; when 50 grains were digested in 2 oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 40 grains were dissolved ; with Alcohol (60 p.c.) 30 grains were 
 dissolved. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic, stimulant expectorant ; 
 useful in chronic bronchitis and asthma of old people, either in mixture 
 or in pill ; as a plaster to promote absorption in chronic s3'novilis 
 and glandular swellings. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given as Mistura Ammoniaci ; may he 
 combined ivith Tincture of Squill, or Fetid Spirit oj Ammonia. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Mistura Ammoniaci. 
 
 Not Official. — Pilului Ammoniaci Opiatie, Emjjlastrum Gumini Ke- 
 sinosum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg.. Dan.. Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Max. (Goma-rcsina Ammoniaco), Norw., Port., 
 liuss., Span., Swed. and Swiss; Fr. has also Gomme Amoniaque Purif ee, 
 purified by GO p.c. Alcohol. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Commercial Ammoniacmn is imported froiu 
 Persia, and is believed to be obtained also from D. Aucheri, Boiss. 
 It occurs generally in the form of rounded nodules or tears varying 
 in size up to 1 inch (25 mm.) in diameter, although averaging only 
 about ^ inch (12 mm.). When recently collected the tears are 
 yellowish-white or nearly white, dull externally and opaque internally 
 with a white, slightly polished, fracture, and have an acrid, slightly 
 bitter, characteristic taste. Occasionally masses consisting of tears 
 welded together are imported, but these usually contain more or less 
 impurity. When the drug has been long kept the tears assume a 
 brownish-yellow tint. 
 
 The official description allows the use of both pale yellow and 
 brownish tears, which may be either white or brownish-yellow inter- 
 nally, and they may vary in size fj'om -^ to 1 inch (6 to 25 mm.). The 
 odour must not be alliaceous. 
 
 Tests. — Ammoniacum possesses distinctive physical properties 
 which are given above ; a mixture of 1 part of Ammoniacum with 
 3 parts of Water forms a whitish emulsion, which yields at first a 
 yellow and then a brown colour on the addition of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution ; if the emulsion be streaked over the surface of filter paper 
 containing a trace of Ferric Cliloride Test-Solution, it produces a 
 purplish-violet coloration characteristic of Salicylic Acid. A yellow 
 
1 6(' AMM [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 to a brown coloration is produced when tlie freshly fractured surface 
 is moistened with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and an orange-red 
 coloration when the surface is similarly treated with Chlorinated Soda 
 Solution. The characteristic piu-plish-violet coloration of Salicylic 
 Acid is produced on the addition of 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution to the liquid obtained on boiling 1 gramme of Powdered 
 Amnioniacum with 10 ml. of Distilled Water, filtering and adding 
 sufficient Alcoliol (QOp.c.) to form a clear solution. The P.G. states 
 that the turbid fluid, obtained on boiling Amnioniacum with 10 parts 
 of Water, yields a dirty reddish-violet colour on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 B.P. has not yet adopted the determination of the Acid and Saponi- 
 fication Values as a means of distinguishing gums and gum-resins. 
 Notwithstanding the difficulty experienced in sampling and the wide 
 variations between the figures yielded by different specimens, a 
 determination of these constants may often afford a valuable criterion 
 of the pm'ity of a sample. Good commercial Ammoniacum has an 
 Acid Value of 92 to 105, and a Saponification Value of 145 to 162, a 
 Resin Value of 99-4 to 155*4, and Gum Value 7 to 46 '2, and an Ash 
 not exceeding 10 p.c. A sample of good commercial ' tear ' Ammoni- 
 acum examined in the author's laboratory had an ash limit of 2*15, 
 !ind gave an Acid Value of 106 "7, a Resin Value of 153*03, a Gum 
 Value of 23*87, and a Saponification Value of 176*9. A sample of 
 'mass' Ammoniacum showing an ash limit of 2*55 p.c, save an 
 Acid Value of 101*04. a Resin Value of 144*61, a Gum Value of 21*06, 
 and a Saponification Value of 165*67; 2 samples of powdered Ammoni- 
 acum yielding respectively 4*3 and 7*05 p.c. of ash, gave in each 
 instance Acid Values of 101*04, Resin Values respectively of 150*22 
 and 153*03, Gum Values of 18*26 and 9*83, and Saponification Values 
 of 168*48 and 162*86. 
 
 The more generall}^ occurring impurities are Asafetida, Galbanum, 
 African Ammoniacum, an excessive proportion of matter insoluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), and excess of mineral matter. The absence of 
 Umbelliferone serves to distinguish Ammoniacum from Asafetida and 
 Galbanum. 
 
 The B.P. has now modified the test for Asafetida and African 
 Ammoniacum in accordance with the suggestion contained in the 
 Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion, first boiling the Ammo- 
 niacum with strong Hydrochloric Acid in order to split off the 
 Umbelliferone from its natural Ester, and then applying the Ammonia 
 Solution. As pointed out in the Comfanion, the value of the test 
 depends greatly on the manner in which the Gum Resin is heated. 
 The present test requires that a blue fluorescence should not be 
 developed when 1 gramme of Powdered Ammoniacum is boiled for a 
 few minutes with 10 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid diluted with an equal 
 volume of W^ater, filtered, and made alkaline by the cautious addition 
 of Ammonia Solution. 
 
 The P.G. employs the following test : — 5 grammes of finely-powdered 
 Ammoniacum is boiled for a quarter of an hour with 15 gramnaes of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 101 
 
 fuming Hydi'ochloric Acid, filtered througli a moistdlied filter paper, 
 and the clear filtrate carefully supersaturated with Ammonia Solution, 
 the mixtiu'e should exhibit no blue fluorescence when examined by 
 reflected light, indicating the absence of Galbauum and African 
 Ammoniacum. The B.P. adopts the limit of not more than 7 p.c. 
 of ash. 
 
 The B.P. gives no indication of the limit of matter insoluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). The P.G. on the other hand specifies that the 
 insoluble matter remaining after complete exhaustion of the gum-resin 
 with boiling Alcohol (90 p.c.) shall amount at the highest to 40 p.c, 
 and fixes the ash limit at not more than 7 "5 p.c. The average of a 
 number of good commercial samples examined in the author's labora- 
 tory was 6 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 MISTURA AMMONIACI. Ammoniacum Mixture. (Modified.) 
 Ammoniacum, in coarse powder, 30 La-amnies ; Syrup of Toiu. 
 GOml. ; Distilled Water to 1000ml. " " (1 in 33J.) 
 
 Alternative figui'es, j oz. ; 4 fl. drm." ; to 8^ fl. oz. 
 It is rather weaker than before. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Span. (Emulsion), 1 in ;13 witli 
 White Wine. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM AMMONIACI C. HYDRARG. — B.P., 189S. See 
 Hydrargyrnm. 
 
 PILUL/E AMMONIACI OPIAT/E (^iwec/.).— Ammoniacum. 10 ; IMyrrh. 
 6 ; Squills, 2 ; Opium, 1 ; Water, q.s. to make 100 pills. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM GUMMI RESINOSUM.— Is official in Dan. and Norw. ; 
 Swiss containing 6 p.c. of Ammoniacmn ; Port. (Emplasti'o Gummo- 
 resinoso) containing 2 p.c. of Ammoniacum ; Swed., 10 p.c. of Ammoniacum. 
 Made with Emplastrum Plumbi. 
 
 AMMONI.^ LIQUOR FORTIS. 
 
 STPvONG SOLUTION OF AMMONIA. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, very alkaline liquid, with an overpowering 
 pungent odour, containing 32*5 p.c. by weight of Ammonia, !NHo, 
 eq. 17-034. 
 
 B.P. 1914 specific gravity has been altered from 0*891 to 0*888. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles, which should 
 be kept in a cool atmosphere. Great care should always be exercised 
 in dealing with the liquid. 
 
 It may be prepared by the decomposition of an Ammonium salt, 
 
 G 
 
162 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 usually the CUoride, with Calcium Hydroxide, the resulting gas 
 being dissolved in Water. 
 
 In commerce Liquor Ammonise Fortis is generally sold of sp. gr. 0"880. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Usually given in the more diluted form 
 of Solution of Ammonia. See below. 
 
 In cardiac thrombosis and pulmonic embolism, where the symptoms are 
 very urgent, strong Ammonia should be freely used ; a mixture of 5 minims 
 each of Liq. Ammon. Fort, and Sp. Chlorof . in a wineglassful of barley water 
 every hour or half-hour is an effective remedy. — B.M.J. '09, i. 994. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of Liquor Ammonias Fortis, Liquor Ammonia, 
 Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus, Spiritus Ammonise Fetidus. Contained in 
 Linimentum Camphorse Ammoniatum, and Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. 
 Of the Liquor Ammoniae, Linimentum Ammoniae. Contained in Lini- 
 mentum Hydrargyri, Tinctura Ergotse Ammoniata, Tinctura Opii Ammoniata, 
 Tinctura Quinime Ammoniata, Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata, 
 
 Not OflQeial. — Alcohol Ammonia, Lotio Crinalis, Oleate of Ammonia, 
 Spiritus Ammoniae, and Tinct. Ammon. Comp. (Eau de Luce). 
 
 Antidotes. — ^Acetic Acid or Vinegar well diluted with Water ; demulcent 
 drinks. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Ammonium Hydri- 
 cum Solutum), sp. gr. 0-935, 17 p.c. ; Fr. (Ammoniaque Officinale), 
 sp.gr. 0-925; Ital. (Ammoniaca), sp.gr. 0-925, 20 p.c. ; Mex. (Ammo- 
 niaco), sp.gr. 0-920; Port. (Ammonia Liquida), sp.gr. 0-916; Span., 
 (Amoniaco), sp. gr. 0-923; U.S. (Aqua Ammonise Fortior), sp.gr. 
 0-897 at 25° C. (77° F.), 28 p.c. ; see also Liquor Ammonise. 
 
 Tests. — Strong Ammonia Solution has a powerful pungent 
 ammoniacal odour, and a strongly alkaline reaction. 
 
 The B.P. has now changed the specific gravity from 0'891 to 0*888 ; 
 the TJ.S.P. gives 0-897 at 25° C. (77° R); the strong solution is not 
 Official in the P.G. It is officially required to indicate 32 "5 p.c. by 
 weight of Ammonia (NH3), as determined by titrating a weighed 
 quantity of 1 gramme with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 of which 19 • 1 ml. should be required, 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution being equivalent to 0" 017034 gramme of 
 Ammonia NH3. The B.P. does not mention an indicator ; the 
 U.S. P. gives the choice of Litmus or Methyl Orange Solution. Phe- 
 nolphthalein is inadmissible. 
 
 A glass rod moistened with Hydrochloric Acid evolves dense white 
 fumes of Ammonium Chloride when brought into the proximity of 
 strong Ammonia Solution. When very highly diluted, strong Ammonia 
 Solution yields, on the addition of Alkaline Potassio-Mercm-ic 
 Iodide (Nessler's) Solution, a characteristic brown coloration, which 
 in the presence of much Ammonia changes to a brown or reddish- 
 l)rown precipitate. The solution obtained by neutralising strong 
 Ammonia Solution with Hydrochloric Acid yields with Platinic 
 Chloride Solution, on acidification with Hydrochloric Acid, a yellow 
 crystalline precipitate. This precipitate leaves on ignition a residue 
 of metallic Platinum. The U.S. P. and P.G. tests for impurities are 
 compared under Ammonia Solution. 
 
 Aqua Ammonise Fortior U.S. P., when diluted with twice its volume 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 163 
 
 of Distilled Water, slioiild respond to tlie U.S. P. reactions and tests 
 described under Liquor Ammonise, and the percentage of Ammonia 
 gas should be determined by the same volumetric test. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, 
 Iron and Lead, Aluminium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, 
 and Zinc, Carbonates, Sulphates or Sulphides, Chlorides and 
 empyreumatic and tarry matters. The B.P. fixes a limit of 0*5 parts 
 of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing 20 grammes -^f the strong 
 solution of Ammonia evaporated on a water-bath to a volume of 5 ml. 
 diluting with 40 ml. of Distilled Water, and adding 15 ml. of Brominated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, subsequently removing the 
 excess of Bromine by a few drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. 50 ml. of strong Ammonia Solution is required to yield no 
 change in colour on the addition of 0' 5 ml. of Sodium Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Copper, L'on and Lead. 
 
 If to 5 c.c. of the Liquor, Diluted Hydrochloric Acid be added until 
 the greater portion, but not the whole, of the Ammonia is neutralised, 
 and the liquid be then boiled, it should yield no turbidity, and no 
 flocculent precipitate, indicating the absence of Aluminium. When 
 diluted 1 to 5 with Distilled Water the solution should yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indi- 
 cating the absence of Calcium salts, nor on the addition of Sodium 
 Phosphate Solution, indicating the absence of Magnesium salts. If 
 5 c.c. of the Liquor be neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid and the 
 neutralised liquid evaporated to dryness and ignited, no weighable 
 residue should remain, indicating the absence of Sodium and Potassium 
 salts. A 1 in 20 aqueous dilution, when neutralised with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield no white turbidity or precipitate on the addition of 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating the absence of Zinc. 
 If 5 c.c. of strong Ammonia Solution be diluted with 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, and mixed with 20 c.c. of Lime Water, at the 
 most but a faint turbidity should result after standing for 1 hour 
 in a well-stoppered flask, indicating the absence of Carbonic Acid 
 and Carbonates. When diluted with twice its volume of Water and 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, it should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Sulphates, and only the faintest turbidity on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. When made 
 acid with Sulphmic Acid, after the addition of an equal volume of 
 Water, no odour should be evolved and no colour should be developed, 
 indicating the absence of tarry matters ; a strip of filter paper 
 moistened with Lead Acetate Solution and inserted in the test-tube 
 should not be blackened, indicating the absence of Sulpliides. The 
 test for empyreumatic and tarry matters is preferably carried out 
 on the titrate from the volumetric determination. This should 
 neither possess an empyreumatic nor tarry odour or taste. The B.P. 
 now requires that it shall leave no appreciable residue on evaporation, 
 indicating the absence of fixed residue. 
 
 G 2 
 
164 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONIA. Solution of Ammonia. 
 
 A clear, colouiless liquid, containing 10 p.c. by weight of Ammonia, 
 NH3 ; prepared by mixing 1 of strong Solution of Ammonia with 
 2 of Distilled Water. 
 
 It possesses a characteristic pungent odour, a powerfully caustic 
 taste, and strongly alkaline reaction. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles, which should be 
 kept in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Ageneral stimulant. Externally (applied 
 to the nostrils) in syncope ; an excellent application to the sting 
 of a wasp or the bites of insects. On the skin it is a powerful rube- 
 facient, and in embrocations it is used as a counter-irritant for pain, 
 stillness of joints, bronchitis, etc. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 20 minims = O'G to 1*2 ml., well diluted. 
 
 Prescribing Note. — Ammonia is more generally prescribed internally in the 
 form of Spiritus Ammonice Aromaticus or of Ammonium Carbonate. 
 
 Regulations regarding the vending of Solutions of Ammonia. — 
 According to an Order in Council, 5th July, 1911, it is prescribed, that liquid 
 preparations containing inore than 5 p.c. by weight of free Ammonia shall 
 not be sold by retail unless the box, bottle, vessel, wrapper, or cover in which 
 they are contained is distinctly labelled with the name of the substance and 
 the word ' Poisonous ' and the name and address of the seller. Such pre- 
 parations must, moreover, not be sold by retail except in bottles or other 
 containers rendered distinguishable by touch from ordinary bottles or 
 containers. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Linimentum Ammoniae. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Ammonii Anisatus, Spiritus Ammonii Anisatus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Fr. (Ammo- 
 niaque Diluee), Ger. (Liquor Ammonii Caustici), Hung., Jap., Norw., 
 Russ., Swed., Swiss, 10 p.c. ; U.S. (Aqua Ammoniae). 10 p.c, sp. gr. 0'958 
 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; Belg., Fr., Ital., Mex., Port., Span, and U.S., see Ammon. 
 Liq. Fort. 
 
 Tests.— Liquor Ammonise has a specific gravity of 0*959, which is 
 the figure given in the B.P. ; the U.S.P. gives 0-958 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; 
 the P.G., 0-959 to 0-960. It is officially required to contain 10 p.c. 
 by weight of Ammonia, NH3, as determined by titrating a weighed 
 quantity of 3 grammes with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, of which 17*6 ml. should be required; Methyl Orange 
 Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality. Neither B.P. 
 nov P.O. makes any reference to the indicator of neutrality to be used ; 
 the U.S.P. states Litmus or Methyl Orange Test-Solution ; the latter 
 is usually employed, Phenolphthalein Solution being useless. 
 
 The U.S.P. requires it to contain 10 p.c. w/w of gaseous Ammonia ; 
 the P.G. from 9-94 to 10 p.c. w/w of Ammonia. 
 
 A glass rod moistened with Hydrochloric Acid evolves dense white 
 fumes of Ammonium Cliloride when brought into the proximity of Am- 
 monia Solution. When very highly diluted. Ammonia Solution yields, 
 on the addition of Alkaline Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Nessler's) Solu- 
 
 jj 
 
ISolids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 1 65 
 
 tion, a characteristic brown coloration, which in the presence of much 
 Ammonia changes to a brown or reddish-brown precipitate. The 
 solution obtained by neutralising Ammonia Solution with Hydrochloric 
 Acid yields with Platinic Chloride Solution, on acidification with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, a yellow crystalline precipitate. This precipitate 
 leaves on ignition a residue of metallic Platinum. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are empyreumatic matter ; 
 heavy metals, e.g. Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Lead, and Zinc ; Alvmiinium> 
 Calcium, Magnesium, Potassiimi and Sodium, Ammonium Carbonate 
 or Carbamate, Carbonates, Chlorides, Sulphides and Sulphates, and 
 mineral matter. The B.P. includes tests for these impurities under 
 the heading of the Strong Solution, requiring that, with the exception 
 of the specific gravity and the volumetric test. Solution of Ammonia 
 shall otherwise conform to the general characters and answer the 
 tests described under the Strong Solution. When rendered faintly 
 acid by the addition of Hydrochloric Acid it should be unaffected 
 by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Arsenic 
 and Lead. On siibsequently rendering the solution again alkaline by 
 the addition of Ammonia Solution no perceptible darkening in colour 
 or turbidity should be produced, indicating the absence of more than 
 a faint trace of Iron or Zinc. In testing for Arsenic and heavy metals 
 the U.S. P. employs the time-limit test, requiring that Avhen the 
 Ammonia Solution be neutralised and made slightly acid with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, it should not respond to the time-limit test for 
 heavy metals. The P.G. requires that when diluted with 2 parts 
 of Water and acidified with Hydrochloric Acid it should not be altered 
 by Hydrogen Sulphide Water, indicating the absence of heavy metallic 
 salts and Arsenic compounds. The solution should not efiervesce 
 on the addition of diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence 
 of Carbouates ; Avheu almost neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid it 
 should not yield an opalescence on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. When supersaturated 
 with Nitric Acid it shall yield little or no turbidity on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution ; nor on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
 The P.G. requires that Ammonia Solution when slightly acidified 
 with Nitric Acid should yield a colourless and odourless fluid, which, 
 when evaporated to dryness, should leave a Avhite saline mass, 
 which on stronger heating volatilises without leaving a residue. The 
 P.G. includes a separate test requiring that a mixture of 5 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Solution and 20 c.c. of Lime Water should at the most be 
 rendered but faintly tiirbid on standing for one hour in a stoppered 
 flask, indicating a limit of Carbonic Acid and Ammonium Carbamate. 
 The U.S. P. includes a test for readily oxidisable organic impurities, 
 requiring that if 0"1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution be added to 10 c.c. of Ammonia Water, which 
 has been slightly supersaturated with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, the 
 pink colour should not be completely destroyed within 10 minutes, 
 indicating a limit of readily oxidisable organic substances. 
 
166 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Both the U.S. P. and P.G. include a test for the absence of Coal- 
 Tar bases, the U.S. P. requiring that if Ammonia Water be slightly 
 supersaturated with Nitric Acid, and evaporated to dryness on a water- 
 bath, it should afford a colourless residue, which on ignition should 
 be completely volatilised. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A weighed quantity of 3 grammes neutra- 
 lises 17*6 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, B.P.; the 
 U.S. P. gives the following directions for making the determination : — 
 Introduce into a stoppered weighing bottle 3 c.c. of Ammonia Water and 
 weigh accurately. Dilute with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and titrate with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Litmus or Methyl Orange 
 Test-Solution as indicator. Multiply the number of c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Sulphuric Acid Solution consumed by 1 • 693, and divide this product 
 by the weight of the Ammonia Water taken ; the quotient represents the 
 percentage of Ammonia gas ; 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, after the addition 
 of 30 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution shall require for 
 the neutralisation of the excess of acid, 1*8 to 2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, representing a content of 9 "94 to I'O p.c. of 
 Ammonia (1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0' 01703 
 gramme of Ammonia, Methyl Orange Solution being used as an indicator), 
 P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LINIMENTUM AMMONIA. Liniment of Ammonia. 
 
 Solution of Ammonia, 1 ; Almond Oil, 1 ; Olive Oil, 2. Mix by 
 shaking. (1 in 4.) 
 
 Cotton Seed, Sesame and Nut Oils have each been recommended, 
 but Cotton Seed is the only Oil which makes a satisfactory and 
 permanent Emulsion. See also Oleum Olivse. 
 
 The modern representative of Hartshorn and Oil, which was 1 of 
 Spirit of Hartshorn and 3 of Oil of Almonds. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutclj, and Jap., 1 and 4 
 Sesame Oil ; Belg., 1 and 9 Medicinal Oil ; Fr., 1 and 9 Olive Oil ; Ger., 
 Liq. Am. 1, Oil of Arachis. 4 ; Hung., Liq. Am., 125 ; Sesame Oil, 395 ; 
 Ital., 1 and 4 Olive Oil ; Mex., 1 Sesame Oil 9 ; also 1, Sesame Oil 4 ; Port., 
 1 and 4 Almond Oil ; Russ.. Liq. Am. 1, Olive Oil 3, Sesame Oil 1 ; Span., 1 and 
 9 Olive Oil ; Swed., I and 3 Olive Oil ; Swiss, 1 and 3 Sesame Oil ; U.S., 
 Am. 35, Alcohol 5, Cotton Seed Oil 57 ; Oleic Acid, 3. Not in Norw. All 
 by weight, except U.S. 
 
 SPIRITUS AMMONIA AROMATICUS. See Ammonii Carbonas. 
 
 SPIRITUS AMMONIA FETIDUS. Fetid Spirit of Ammonia. 
 
 Macerate 1|- of Asafoetida in 15 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) for 24 hours, 
 and distil ; add 2 of Strong Solution of Ammonia, and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 20. (1 of Ammonia in 10.) 
 
 Nervine stimulant and antispasmodic, useful in hysteria. 
 
 Dose. — For repeated administration, 20 to 40 minims = 1"2 to 
 2*4 ml. ; for a single administration, 60 to 90 minims = 3"6 to 5'3 ml. 
 
 Tests. — A clear, almost colourless liquid, possessing a pungent 
 ammoniacal and alliaceous odour. It has a specific gravity of 0*842 
 to 0*848. It is officially required to contain not less than 2*72 p.c. 
 w/v of Ammonia, NHg, as determined by titrating a measured 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] AMM 167 
 
 quantity of 25 ml. with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 of which not less than 40 ml. shall be required ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*017034 gramme of Ammonia, 
 NH3. The B.P. does not state the indicator of neutrality to be 
 employed, but Methyl Orange Solution is suitable. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 ALCOHOL AMMONIA. — Absolute Alcohol saturated with Ammonia 
 gas. It contains about 14 p.c. of NH,. 
 
 It is used in filling and renovating Smelling Salt bottles. 
 
 Spiritus Ammoniae. — Stronger Ammonia Water, 250 ; Alcohol, q.s. to 
 make the product contain 10 p.c. by weight of Ammonia Gas. — U.S. 
 
 LOTIO CRINALIS.— 01. Amygdal., I fl. oz. ; Liq. Ammon. Fort., 1 fl. oz. ; 
 Sp. Rosmar. (1 in .50), 4 fl. oz. ; Aq. Mellis, 2 fl. oz. 
 
 It is commonly sold as Erasmvis Wilson's Hair Lotion. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONII ANISATUS (.4«s;r. and G'er.)— Anethol, 1 ; Alcohol, 
 24 ; Solution of Ammonia, 5. 
 
 Belq. (Ammonise Spiritus Anisatus). — Anethol, 3; Alcohol, 77; 
 Solution of Ammonia, 20. 
 
 Dan., Norw. and Swed. — Oil of Anise, 1 ; Alcohol, 32 ; Solution of 
 Ammonia, 7. 
 
 Dutch. — Oil of Anise, 1 ; Alcohol, 19 ; Solution of Ammonia, 5. 
 
 Hung. — Oil of Anise, 3 ; Alcohol, 75 ; Solution of Ammonia, 20. 
 
 Ital. and Span. — Oil of Anise, 1 ; Alcohol, 24 ; Solution of Ammonia, 5. 
 
 Buss. — Oil of Anise, 1 ; Alcohol, 24 ; Solution of Ammonia, 6. 
 
 Swiss (Spiritus Ammonii Anisatus). — Oil of Anise, 3 ; Alcohol, 77 ; Solution 
 of Ammonia, 20. 
 
 All by weight. 
 
 SPIRITUS AMMONI>E FCENICULATUS {Jap.).— Oil of Fennel, 3 
 Alcohol, 80 ; Ammonia Water, 17. 
 
 OLEATE OF AMMONIA (Pharjn. Form.).— Oleic Acid, 1 oz. ; Spirit, 
 
 1 oz. ; Solution of Ammonia, 7 oz. ; Distilled Water, to 16 oz. Pour the 
 acid into a bottle, mix the Spirit and Ammonia, and pour into the bottle. 
 Cork tightly, and allow to stand a week or more until saponification is com- 
 plete. This is suitable for adding to Solution of Ammonia (1 to 8) to make 
 a household article. 
 
 TINCTURA AMMONI/E COMPOSiTA. EAU DE LUCE.— Mastic, 
 
 2 drm. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 9 fl. drm. ; OI. Lavand., 14 minims; Liquor 
 Ammonife Fortis, 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Stimulant, antispasmodic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0*3 to 0*6 ml., in Water. 
 
 AMMONII BENZOAS. 
 
 AMMONIUM BENZOATE. 
 
 Fr., Benzoate d'Ammonium ; Ger., Ammoniumbenzoat ; Ital., Benzoato 
 Di AaiMONio ; Span., Benzoato Amonioo. 
 
 NH^G^HsOo, eq. 139-082. 
 
 Fine, white lamellar crystals, or a crystalline powder, odourless 
 or possessing a faint odour of Benzoin, and a saUne taste. It is 
 produced by the combination of Benzoic Acid with Ammonia. It 
 gradually loses Ammonia on exposure to air. 
 
168 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 6 of Water ; 1 in 22 of Alcoliol (90p.c.) ; 1 in 8 
 of Glycerin. 
 
 It will not quite dissolve 1 in 5 of Water, as sometimes stated. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Valuable in clironic vesical catarrh 
 with alkaline urine and phosphatic deposit, and in chronic bronchial 
 catarrh with mijch secretion. It is more soluble than Benzoic Acid, 
 and produces as great a degree of acidity of the urine, and therefore 
 should be preferred ; it is less irritant to the alimentary canal. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 No antiseptic effect is produced until the urine is acid. No use combiriing 
 it with Acid Sodium Phosphate, for it does not further increase the acidity. 
 — P.R.M.S. 1912, Therap. 37. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in solution. Cinnamon Water, Pepper- 
 mint Water, or Fluid Extract of Liquorice are iised to cover the taste. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Mineral Acids, Citric and Tartaric Acids, Liquor Potassae, 
 Ferric salts, Copper, Lead, and Silver salts. Sodium Nitrite is incompatible 
 with Ammonia Bromide, the mixture tending to burst the bottle in which 
 the medicine is contained. The decomposition is due to the formation by 
 double decomposition of Ammonium Nitrite, which decomposes into Water, 
 and Nitrogen, the latter causing the damage. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., Max., Port., Riiss., Span., 
 Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Benzoate yields the odour of Ammonia, and 
 evolves a gas which immediately turns moistened red Litmus paper 
 blue, when its aqueous solution is heated with Potassium or Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution; a yellowish- brown coloration, when its sufficiently 
 diluted aqueous solution is treated with Alkaline Potassio-Mercuric 
 Iodide (Nessler's) Solution ; a crystalline precipitate, soluble in Ether 
 and in Chloroform, when its sufficiently concentrated aqueous solution 
 is acidified with a mineral acid ; and a characteristic buff-colom'ed 
 precipitate on adding Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to its aqueous 
 solution. The B.P. states that it yields a pale reddish precipitate on 
 the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to an aqueous solution 
 of the salt. The B.P. does not require that it shall contain any 
 definite percentage of Ammonium Benzoate. The U.S. P. requires 
 that it should contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Ammonium Benzoate, 
 but does not state a method of determination, though the proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric be changed 
 to not less than 99 p.c. by weight, and that an assay process be added 
 depending upon the liberation of the Benzoic Acid by the addition 
 of Sulphuric Acid, shaking out the Benzoic Acid with Chloroform, 
 evaporating spontaneously, and weighing the residue. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Lead, free 
 Benzoic Acid, indicating imperfections in the process of manufactm'e 
 or loss of Ammonia by keeping, Chlorides and Sulphates, indicating 
 Toluene or Hippuric Acid as the probable source of the Benzoic 
 Acid ; and mineral matter. The B.P. includes tests for all these 
 impurities. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 169 
 
 Tlie B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of the residue left on drying and gently igniting a paste of 
 5 grammes of Ammonium Benzoate, 2 grammes of Calcium Hydroxide 
 Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 ml. of Water, using for solution a mixture 
 of 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent 
 and 45 ml. of hot Distilled Water, the excess of Bromine being subse- 
 quently removed by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million is also 
 officially fixed, as determined by the Lead-Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes 
 and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of the salt, using 
 5 ml. of Dilute Lead Test-Solution. The U.S. P. requires that the 
 acidulated, filtered 5 p.c. aqueous solution shall respond to the Time- 
 limit Test for heavy metals. 
 
 Ammonium Benzoate should dissolve completely in Water to form 
 a clear solution having a neutral, or at the most but a faintly acid 
 reaction towards Litmus paper, indicating a limit of free Benzoic Acid. 
 The free Benzoic Acid may be determined by dissolving a weighed 
 quantity of the salt in Distilled Water, adding a few drops of Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution, and titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution being equivalent to 0*012205 gramme of 
 Benzoic Acid. The filtrate from a 1 in 20 solution of the salt in 
 Distilled Water, after acidification with Nitric Acid, and after removal 
 of the crystalline Benzoic Acid by filtration, shall yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Sulphates, and another portion should not become 
 more than slightly opalescent on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. The U.S. P. requires that the Benzoic 
 Acid precipitated on adding Diluted Nitric Acid in slight excess to 
 an aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt, after collecting and washing, 
 should respond to the tests of purity and identity given under Acidum 
 Benzoicum, and the filtrate from this precipitate should not be afiected 
 by Barium Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates, 
 or by Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 
 The Swiss Pharmacopma requires that if 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous 
 solution of Ammonium Benzoate be warmed with 5 c.c. of a solution 
 of Potassium Permanganate (1 = 25) and 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, 
 no odour of bitter Almond Oil shall be evolved, indicating the absence 
 of Cinnamic Acid. It should be completely volatilised by heat, 
 indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 
 Not OflBcial. 
 
 AMMONil BORAS. — A crystalline salt, with an alkaline reaction. Soluble 
 1 in 15 of Water. Used with success in renal and vesical calculi. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0*65 to 1'3 gramme. 
 
170 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 AMMONII BROMIDUM. 
 
 AMMONIUM BROMIDE. 
 
 NH^Br, eq. 97 '962. 
 
 Fr., Bromtjbe d' Ammonium ; Ger., Ammoniumbromid ; Ital., Bromuro 
 Di Ammonio ; Span., Bromuro Amonico. 
 
 Small, colourless and odourless, prismatic crystals, or a white 
 crystalline powder possessing a pungent saline taste. 
 
 It may be prepared by the neutralisation of Hydrobromic Acid by 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1| of Water, and measures 2 ; 1 in 15 of Alcohol 
 (90p.c.). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An excellent nervine sedative and 
 depressant, especially useful for sleeplessness, the result of worry 
 or mental anxiety and fatigue ; anaphrodisiac ; given in epilepsy, 
 with Chloral in acute alcoholism, in acute mania and nymphomania, 
 and in many other conditions in which the Potassium salt is used. 
 Not so apt to produce Bromism as the Potassium salt, and less 
 depressing. Eelieves headache, especially in migraine, and neuralgic 
 pain. Sedative in pharyngeal and laryngeal irritation. Useful in 
 whooping-cough and asthma. For Bromides in Epilepsy see Potassii 
 Bromidum. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0'32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The taste is saline hut not unpleasant. Orange or 
 Lemon are good flavouring agents. It is also supplied in Tablets oj 5 grains and 
 10 grains each. 
 
 Incompatible. — Spirit of Nitrous ^tlier. 
 
 Not Official Preparations. — Ammonium Bromide Effervescens, Elixir 
 Ammonii Bromidi, Pastillus Ammonii Bromidi, Trocliisci Ammonii Bromidi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Max. (Bromuro de Amonio), Norw., Russ., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Bromide dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, yielding a solution which is faintly acid in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. This aqueous solution when heated with 
 Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide Solution, evolves Ammonia, the latter 
 is readily recognised by its odom' and its immediately turning a piece 
 of moistened red Litmus paper blue ; the sufficiently diluted aqueous 
 solution yields a yellowish-brown coloration with Alkaline Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Nessler's) Solution, and when acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid it yields, on the addition of Platinic Chloride Solution, a 
 yellow crystalline precipitate, leaving a residue of metallic Platinum 
 on ignition. The aqueous solution of the salt should yield with 
 Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish-white curdy precipitate insoluble 
 in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in diluted Ammonia Solution, but 
 soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. On the addition of Chlorine 
 Solution to an aqueous solution of the salt, Bromine is set free, which 
 on shaking with a little Chloroform or Carbon Bisulphide yields a 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] AMM 171 
 
 reddish solution. When dried at 100° C. (212°]?.) It is officially 
 required to contain not less than 98"9p.c. or more than 100*8 p.c. 
 of pure Ammonium Bromide, as determined by precipitating a weighed 
 quantity of 0*5 gramme of the salt, dried at 100° C. (212° F.), dissolved 
 in Water, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, of 
 which not less than 50*5 ml. and not more than 51*5 ml. shall be 
 required for complete precipitation, indicating a limit of impurity. 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 97 p.c.of pure Ammonium 
 Bromide ; the P.G. at least 97*9 p.c. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the 
 rubric be changed from ' not less than 97 p.c' to ' not less than 
 98" 5 p.c' whilst the method of determination should be changed to 
 residual titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulpho- 
 cyanide Solution, after the addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. The P.G. also employs a salt dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) in carrying out the volumetric determination. The U.S. P. 
 does not direct the salt to be dried. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are moisture, heavy metals, 
 e.g., Ai-senic, Copper, Lead and Iron, Barium, Bromates, Chlorides, 
 Iodides, Nitrates, Sulphates and fixed residue. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion, 
 that the B.P. used the dried salt in carrying out the volumetric process 
 of determination, but that it gave no indication of the limit of Water 
 permissible. B.P. has now adopted a limit of Water, requiring that 
 it shall lose not more than 1 p.c. of its weight when dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) ; and this conforms with the P.G. requirement. The B.P. 
 fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 2 grammes of the salt dissolved in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, after 
 the addition of 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Ai'senic-Test 
 reagent. A limit of 10 parts of Lead-per million is officially fixed, 
 as determined by the Lead-Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes and an 
 auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of the substance, using 10 ml. 
 of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. The U.S. P. employs the Time-limit 
 Test, requiring that a 1 in 20 aqueous solution, slightly acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, shall not respond to the time-limit test for heavy 
 metals. 
 
 A 5 p.c. aqueous solution of the salt when slightly acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid should be unaffected by Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Copper. No perceptible darkening 
 in colour should be produced on the subsequent addition of an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. The U.S. P. and the 
 P.G. include a separate test for Iron with Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 Solution, which is given in the small type below. Barium, Bromates, 
 Iodides and Sulphates may, if present, be detected by the tests given 
 under the respective headings of Potassium Sulphate Solution, Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, Chloroform and Chlorine Water, and Barium Nitrate 
 Solution. The precipitate produced on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 
172 AMM [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 Solution to an aqueous solution of the salt should be practically 
 insoluble in Ammonia Solution, and the filtered ammoniacal liquid 
 should yield little or no opalescence when supersaturated with Nitric 
 Acid, indicating the absence of more than a trace of Chlorides. No 
 brown coloration should be produced at the junction of the two fluids 
 when Ferrous Sulphate* Solution is poured carefully upon the surface 
 of a well-cooled mixture of an equal volume of a 1 in 10 solution of 
 the salt and Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Nitrates. The 
 salt should be entirely volatilised on heating leaving no weighable 
 residue, indicating the absence of fixed residue. 
 
 Cliloroforni and Chlorine Water. — If 1 c.c. of Chloroform be added to 
 10 c.c. of the aqueous (1 in 20) solution, and if Clilorine Water, diluted with 
 an equal volume of Distilled Water, be cautiously added drop by drop, witli 
 constant shaking, the liberated Bromine will dissolve in the Chloroform, 
 imparting to it a yellow to orange colour, free from any violet tint, indicating 
 the absence of Iodide, U.S. P. 
 
 Barium Nitrate Solution. — The aqueous (1 + 19) solution should not 
 be altered by the addition of Barium Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Sulphuric Acid, P.O. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate Solution. — 10 c.c. of an aqueous (1 in 20) solution 
 of the salt, when acidulated with Acetic Acid, should not be rendered turbid 
 by the addition of 1 c.c. of Potassium Sulj)hate Test-Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Barium, U.S. P. 
 
 Diluted Svilphuric Acid. — The aqueous (1 + 19) solution should not be 
 altered on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Barium salts, P.O. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. — 20 c.c. of an aqueous solution 
 (1 + 19) should not be immediately turned blue on the addition of 0*5 c.c. 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a Umit of Iron salts, P.O. A 
 1 in 150 aqueous solution should not at once assume a blue colour witli 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Test-Solution, indicating a limit of Iron, U.S. P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 10 c.c. of a solution of 3 grammes in 
 100 c.c. of Water, with the addition of a few drops of Potassium Cliromate Test- 
 Solution should require not more than 31 "6 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent red colour, U.S.P. ; a weighed 
 quantity of 3 grammes of the salt dried at 100° C. (212° F.) is dissolved in 
 sufficient Water to produce 500 c.c. ; then 50 c.c. of this solution, after the 
 addition of a few drops of Potassium Cliromate Solution, shall require not 
 less than 30* 6 and not more than 30- 9 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent red coloration, indicating a minimum 
 content of 98" 9 p.c. of Ammonium Bromide in the dried salt (1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution = • 009796 gramme of Ammonium 
 Bromide, or 0-00535 gramme of Ammonium Chloride, Potassium Cliromate 
 Solution being used as an indicator), P.O. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AMMONII BROMIDUM EFFERVESCENS is made of 2 strengths 
 containing 5 and 10 grains in 60 grains. 
 
 ELIXIR AMMONII BROMIDI (C/.^S.iV^.ii^.).— Ammonium Bromide, 85; 
 Aromatic Elixir (U.S. P.), q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 Contains 5 grains of Ammonium Bromide in each fl. drm. 
 
 LOZENGES, containing 2 grains ==0-13 gramme, of Ammonium Bromide 
 in each. . Useful in whooping-cough. 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 lozenges. 
 Pastilles containing 1 grain in each with Glyco-gelatin Basis. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 173 
 
 AMMONII CARBONAS. 
 
 AMMONIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate .(sesqxji) d'Ammoniaque ; Ger., Ammoniumcarbonat ; 
 Ital., Carbonato r>i Ammonio ; Span., Carbonato Amonico. 
 
 A mixture of Ammoniuin Hydrogen Carbonate (Ammonium 
 Bicarbonate), NH4HCO3, eq. 79 '05, with Ammonium Carbamate, 
 NH4NH2CO2, eq. 78-068. 
 
 Hard, transparent, crystalline masses, possessing a strong ammo- 
 niacal, but not empyreumatic, odom', and strong alkaline reaction. 
 It effloresces when exposed to the air, and becomes covered on the 
 surface with a white powder. On this account it should be kept in 
 well-stoppered bottles and in a cool atmosphere. Only the translucent 
 portions of the mass should be used for dispensing purposes. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 4 of Water ; 1 in 200 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 5 
 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Gastric, cardiac, and general stimulant ; 
 a valuable expectorant, frequently combined with Ipecacuanha in 
 acute and chronic bronchitis when the phlegm is tough and scanty. 
 Rarely as an emetic in i drm. doses. 
 
 In poisoning by noxious gases, the opinion at the casualty clearing stations 
 is almost unanimous in favour of it in 10 to 15 grain doses S-hoiu-ly, with 
 15 minims of Vinum Ipecac. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 1G7. 
 
 Has been recommended in full and continuous doses in cholera, in the place 
 of alcoholic stimulants. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — 15 grains dissolved in Water are taken with 17 grains 
 of Citric Acid to form a salitie draught. Orange or Lemon are good favouring 
 agents. It is also supplied in Tablets of 3 grains, to be dissolved before being 
 takeyi. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Acids, Acid salts. Iron salts. Lime Water, and salts of 
 the alkaline eartlis and of the alkaloids. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus, Liquor Ammonii 
 Acetatis, Liquor Ammonii Citratis. 
 
 Wot Official Preparation. — Linctus Ammonias Compositus, Liquor 
 Ammonii Acetatis Fortior, Liquor Ammonii Citratis Fortior, Liquor Volatilis 
 Cornu Cervi or Spirits of Hartshorn, Mistura Ammonise cum Senega, Harts- 
 horn and Oil, and Ammonium Bicarbonate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ., Span., Swiss, U.S., Norw. and 
 Swed. (Supercarbonas Ammonicus). 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Carbonate possesses a strong ammoniacal 
 odour and alkaline reaction ; when heated, either alone or with 
 Potassium or Sodimn Hydroxide Solution, it evolves Ammonia ; 
 recognisable by its distinctive odour, and by its action on moistened 
 red Litmus paper. It also responds to the reactions characteristic 
 of Ammonia, given under Ammonium Benzoate and Ammonium 
 Bromide. It efiervesces with dilute mineral acids, evolving a gas 
 which causes a white precipitate with Lime Water, and its aqueous 
 
174 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 solution yields with Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate, 
 soluble with effervescence in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The suggestion that the neutralisation figure should be altered 
 to 18"0c.c. has been adopted, and it is now officially required that 
 each gramme dissolved in 40 ml. of Water shall require not less than 
 18 ■ ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution for neutralisa- 
 tion, corresponding to a content of not less than 30*6 p.c. of Ammonia 
 NH3 ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution correspond- 
 ing to 0' 017034 gramme of Ammonia. The U.S. P. at present requires 
 that it should contain not less than 97 p.c. of a mixture of Acid 
 Ammonium Carbonate and Ammonium Carbamate, and that it should 
 yield not less than 31*58 p.c. of Ammonia gas, but the proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric be changed 
 to ' not less than 29 p.c. nor more than 32 p.c. of Ammonia NH3.' 
 The method adopted by the U.S. P. for its volumetric determination is 
 given in the small type below, but the proposed changes recommend 
 that this assay should require a weighing bottle for immediate solution 
 in Normal Volumetric Sulphmic Acid Solution, followed by residual 
 titration with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 The P.G. does not require it to conform to any definite standard, 
 nor does it include a volumetric process of determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are empyreumatic or tarry 
 matter, Arsenic, Lead, Copper, and Iron, Chlorides, Sulphates, 
 Thiocyanates, Thiosulp hates, and mineral residue. 
 
 The B.P. includes tests for Arsenic, Lead, tarry matters. Chlorides, 
 Sulphates, and mineral residue. The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of 
 Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test, given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, using a solution of 5 grammes dissolved 
 in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, removing the greater part of the 
 Ammonium Carbonate by gently boiling, adding 15 ml. of Brominated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, and subsequently dissipating 
 the excess of Bromine by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 5 parts of Lead per million 
 suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) has been fixed, as determined by the Lead 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, using as a primary solution 
 12 grammes, and as an auxiliary solution 2 grammes of the substance, 
 together with 5 ml. of the Dilute Lead Test-Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution of the salt when rendered faintly acid by the addition of 
 Hydrochloric Acid should not be affected by Hydrogen Sulpiride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Copper ; nor on the subsequent 
 addition of Ammonia Solution should it be materially darkened in 
 colour, indicating a limit of Iron. The neutralised aqueous solution 
 shall possess no empyreumatic odour or taste, and on evaporation 
 to dryness should yield a colourless and odourless residue, which 
 should be completely volatilised when gently ignited, indicating the 
 absence of empyreumatic or tarry matter and mineral residue. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, when acidified with Nitric Acid, should 
 5'ield only the slightest turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. A solution of similar strength 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 175 
 
 acidified witli Hydrochloric Acid shall yield only the faintest turbidity 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Sulphates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid should not be coloured reddish on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Thiocyanates ; and 
 another portion of an aqueous solution of similar strength should 
 not become brown when mixed with a slight excess of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution and acidified with Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Thiosulphates. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with diluted Acetic Acid, shall 
 not be rendered turbid on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium Salts. 
 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. — ^An aqueous solution (1-20) of Ammonium 
 Carbonate should neither assume a brown colovu", nor become more than 
 slightly opalescent within two minutes, on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution and subsequent supersaturation with Nitric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Thiosulphate and limit of Chloride, P.G. and U.S. P. 
 
 Barium Nitrate or Barivim Chloride Solution. — An aqueous solution 
 (1 + 19) should be unaffected by Barium Nitrate Solution, P.O. ; by Barium 
 Chloride Solution, U.S.P., indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 2 grammes of the unaltered translucent 
 salt, dissolved in a mixture of 50 c.c. each of Water and Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, and then boiled for a few minutes to expel the 
 liberated C0„ should, when the solution is cooled, require not more than 
 12-7 c.c. of Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution for exact 
 neutralisation, Litmus Test-Solution being iised as an indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SPIRITUS AMMONIA AROMATICUS. Aromatic Spirit of 
 Ammonia. B.P.Syn. — Spirit of Sal Volatile. 
 
 A clear, almost colourless liquid, possessing a strong ammoniacal 
 odoiu: and taste. It gradually darkens on exposure to light, and on 
 this account should be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber 
 tint and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Oil of Nutmeg, 1-5; Oil of Lemon, 2-0; Alcohol (90 p.c), 300; 
 Water, 150. Distil, collecting separately the first 350, and the next 
 22 • 5 ; to this latter add Ammonium Carbonate, 10 ; strong Solution 
 of Ammonia, 20 ; dissolve in a closed vessel at a temperature not ex- 
 ceedmg 60° C. (140° F.), when cold filter through Cotton Wool, and 
 add gradually to the 350 first reserved. 
 
 Official in U.S., Ammonium Carbonate, 34 ; Ammonia Water, 90 ; 
 Oil of Lemon, 10 ; Oil of Lavender Flowers, 1 ; Oil of Nutmeg, 1 ; 
 Alcohol (95 p.c), 700. Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 1000. This is 
 not distilled. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those mentioned under Ammo- 
 nium Carbonate. A domestic remedy for nervous headache, more 
 useful when combined with Ammonium Bromide. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 40 minims = 1 '2 to 2*4 ml., for repeated administra- 
 tion ; for a single administration, 60 to 90 minims = 3*6 to 5*3 ml. 
 
176 AMM [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — (Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus) Jap., 
 Ammonium Carbonate 40, Ammonia Water 100, Oil of Lemon 8, Oil of 
 Cloves 1, Oil of Lavender 1. Alcohol 650, Distilled Water 200; U.S., 
 Ammonium Carbonate 34, Ammonia Water 90, Oil of Lemon 10, Oil of 
 Lavender 1, Oil of Cloves 1, Alcohol 700, Distilled Water, q.s. to make 1000. 
 Neither are distilled. Port. (Esprito Ammoniacal Aroma tico), dis- 
 tilled, contains Carbonate. Austr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw.. 
 Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss, have Liquor or Spiritus Ammonii Anisatus, a 
 mixture of Oil of Anise, Spirit, and Liq. Ammon., but in slightly different 
 proportions ; Belg., a mixture of Anethol, Spirit and Liq. Ammon. See p. 107. 
 
 Tests. — The specific gravity should be between 0*888 and 0' 893. 
 The U.S. P. Spirit has a specific gravity of about 0-900 at 25° C.(77° F.). 
 
 It is officially required to contain the equivalent of 2*16 p.c. w/v 
 of Ammonia, NH3, as determined by titrating a measured quantity 
 of 20 ml. with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which 
 25 • 4 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Normal Vohmietric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution corresponds to 0' 017034 gramme of Ammonia. 
 
 The old test with Barium Chloride Solution has now been discarded, 
 and a new test replaces it. This test depends upon the neutralisation 
 value of the precipitate produced on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution in excess, the precipitate being dissolved in an excess of 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, and back-titrated 
 with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. Aromatic 
 Spirit of Ammonia is officially required to indicate not less than 2*35 
 or more than 2*51 p.c. w/v of Acid Ammonium Carbonate and 
 Ammonium Carbamate, N-jHuC^Oj, eq. 157*12, as determined by 
 precipitating a mixture of 20 ml. of the Aromatic Spirit and 50 ml. of 
 Water with an excess of Barium Chloride Solution, heating to 70° C. 
 (158° F.), removing the precipitate, washing it until free from alkali, 
 and then dissolving it in 20 ml. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution. When boiled, and subsequently cooled, this liquid 
 shall require not less than 7 * 2 nor more than 8 ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution for its neutralisation, indicating that the 
 precipitate has neutralised not less than 12 nor more than 12*8 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution corresponding to 0*03928 
 gramme of Acid Ammonium Carbonate and Ammonium Carbamate, 
 
 NsHnCA- 
 
 The B.P. does not state the indicator of neutrality to be used ; 
 Methyl Orange Solution is suitable. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS. — Solution of Ammonium 
 Acetate. (Modified.) 
 
 Acetic Acid, 162*5, mixed with Distilled Water, 500, is neutralised 
 with Ammonium Carbonate, and more Water added to produce 1000. 
 
 In the previous Pharmacopoeia the starting point was Ammonium 
 Carbonate, and it was pointed out in the seventeenth and earlier 
 editions of Squire's Companion that the preparation was very 
 indefinite, and it would be better to start with a definite quantity of 
 Acetic Acid. In B.P. 1914 this method has been adopted. 
 
 On account of the solvent action of Ammonium Acetate upon Lead, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuie.] AMM 177 
 
 the solution of Ammonium Acetate should be kept in Lead-free 
 bottles. 
 
 Although the Official directions are that the Acetic Acid should 
 be neutralised with Ammonium Carbonate, the B.P. does not mention 
 to what indicator of neutralit}-. As stated below in the paragraph on 
 Tests, Solution of Cochineal is a useful indicator. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diaphoretic, diuretic and slightly anti- 
 ]jyretic. A mixtiu-e of this medicine Avith Spirit of Nitrous Ether 
 forms one of the oldest remedies for febrile conditions, and, there being 
 no risk of its producing collapse, one of the safest. Given in full doses 
 for alcoholism. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 6 fl. drm. = 7' 1 to 21-3 ml. 
 
 Incorapatibles. — Potassium and Sodium Hydroxides, and alkaline 
 Carbonates. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Port., sp. gr. 1029; Fr., sp. gr. 
 1-036; Mex. and U.S.; Russ., sp.gr. 1-032 to 1-034; all made with 
 Carbonate; Austr., sp. gr. 1-030; Ital., 1-034; Norw., sp.gr. 1-032 to 
 1-035; Belg., Dutch, Gar., Hung., Jap. and Swiss, sp. gr. 1-032 to 1-034 ; 
 Span., sp. gr. 1-036 ; all made with Caustic Ammonia. 
 
 Tests. — A clear, almost colourless fluid possessing a faint acetous 
 odour and faint saline, acidulous but not empyreumatic taste. It 
 should have a specific gravity of 1*016. It shall afford not more than 
 the slightest darkening in colour when diluted with an equal volume 
 of a saturated Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the limit of 
 heavy metals, e.g., Lead, Iron, and Copper. Solution of Cochineal 
 affords a useful means of determining the neutrality of the solution. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONII CITRATIS. — Solution of Ammonium 
 Citrate. 
 
 Citric Acid, 5, dissolved in Distilled Water, 25, is neutralised with 
 Ammonium Carbonate, and diluted with Distilled Water to make 40. 
 
 Although directing that the Citric Acid should be neutralised with 
 Ammonium Carbonate, the B.P. does not state to what indicator of 
 neutrality, but Solution of Cochineal is the most suitable. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 6 fi. drm. = 7* 1 to 21-3 ml. 
 
 Tests. — A clear, almost colourless and odourless liquid possessing 
 a saline taste. It should have a specific gravity of 1"057. The B.P. 
 now includes a test for heavy metals, e.g., Lead, Copper and Iron, 
 requiring that it shall yield not more than the slightest darkening 
 in coloia' when diluted with an equal volume of satm'ated Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals. Solution of 
 Cochineal aSords a useful means of determining the neutrality of the 
 solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LINCTUS AMMONI/E COMPOSITUS {Royal Chest) .—Ammonmxn 
 Carbonate. \ grain ; Ipecacuanha Wine, 2 minims ; Tincture of Squill, 
 5 minims ; Essence of Anise, 1 minim ; Mucilage of Acacia, 20 minims ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. drm. 
 
178 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS FORTIOR (B.P. 1885).— Carbonate 
 of Ammonium, 15| oz. ; Acetic Acid, 50 fl. oz. or q.s. ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 to make 60 fl. oz. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONII CITRATIS FORTIOR {B.P. 188.5).— Citric Acid, 
 12 oz. ; Strong Solution of Ammonia, 11 fl. oz. or q.s. ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 Neutralise the acid with the Ammonia, adding sufficient Distilled Water to 
 make 24 fl. oz. 
 
 LIQUOR VOLATILIS CORNU CERVI, or SPIRIT OF HARTSHORN. 
 
 — Solution of Carbonate of Ammonia 'of the old Pharmacopoeias, distilled 
 from Hartshorn ; but is now more generally represented by Liquor Ammonise, 
 B.P. 
 
 MISTURA AMMONI/E CUM SENEGA. — Ammonium Carbonate, 
 4 grains ; Ipecacuanha Wine, 10 minims ; Infusion of Senega, ^ fl. oz. ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Ammonium Carbonate, 5 grains ; Tincture of Squill, 12 minims ; Spirit of 
 Chloroform, 10 minims ; Infusion of Senega, to make 1 fl. oz. — Royal Free. 
 
 HARTSHORN AND OIL.— 1 of Spirit of Hartshorn and 3 of Oil of 
 
 Almonds. 
 
 AMMONIUM BICARBONATE.— ^Vliite, crystalline powder. Soluble 
 1 in 5 of Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It is formed when Ammonium 
 Carbonate is exposed to the air. Employed in powders and pastilles as a 
 substitute for Ammonium Carbonate. 
 
 AMMONII CHLORIDUM. 
 
 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE. 
 NH.Cl, eq. 53-502. 
 
 N.O.Syii. — Ammonium Chloratum ; Chloretum Ammonicum. 
 
 Fr., Chlortjre d'Ammonium ; Ger., Ammoniumchlorid ; Ital., Clorubo 
 Di Ammonio ; Span., Cloruro Amonico. 
 
 White, odoui'less crystalline powder possessing a cooling saline taste. 
 It is permanent in the air. 
 
 It may be prepared by the purification of the impure product 
 obtained when Crude Ammonia Solution or Ammonium Carbonate is 
 neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 3 of Water ; 1 in 55 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Stimulating expectorant in bronchitis by 
 inhalation, or by allowing it to dissolve slowly in the mouth in the 
 form of lozenge or tablet ; is a hepatic, gastric and intestinal stimulant, 
 diaphoretic, and diuretic. In neuralgia, lumbago and migraine, in 
 doses of 20 to 30 grains three times a day, it frequently relieves after 
 four or five doses. Useful in sciatica, gout and chronic rheumatism ; 
 in acute and chronic congestion of the liver ; said to counteract 
 the tendency to albuminoid degeneration ; in phthisis and in chronic 
 bronchitis with tenacious mucus, it facilitates expectoration. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1*3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally taken in solution ; can he dispensed in the 
 Jorm o/ mixtures, po^wders, or Compressed Tablets. Lemon and ChloroforTi^ 
 Water make it more palatable. See below, ' HauMus.' 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] AMM 179 
 
 Fluid Extract oj Liquorice has been recommended, hut many persons object 
 to the taste of Liquorice. 
 
 10 grains in a claret -glassful {3fl. oz.) of cold Water, sipped frequently, allays 
 distressing fits of coughing in bronchitis. 
 
 The vapour is also largely employed in naso-pharyngeal and eustachian 
 catarrh ; various kinds of inhalers have been introduced for mixing the vapours 
 of Hydrochloric Acid and Amynonia. In the absence of such an inhaler, heat a 
 small quantity of the solid salt in an Iron spoon or any convenient dish over a 
 spirit lamp and inhale the fumes. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and their Carbonates ; alkali earths ; Lead and 
 Silver salts. 
 
 Not OflBcial Preparations. — Draught, Lotion and Lozenges. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Russ. and Swiss (Ammonium Chloratum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and 
 Swed. (Chloretum Ammonicum) ; Fr. (Chlorure d'Ammonium) ; 
 Ital. (Cloruro di Ammonio) ; Mex. (Cloruro de Amonio) ; Port. 
 (Chloreto de Ammonio) ; Span. (Cloruro Amonico) ; U.S. (Ammonii 
 Chloridum). 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Chloride dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, producing a solution, which is only faintly acid in 
 reaction to blue Litmus paper, and which evolves Ammonia when 
 heated with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, the gas being 
 distinguished by its pungent characteristic ammoniacal odour and 
 its alkaline reaction towards moistened red Litmus paper. A yellowish- 
 brown coloration is produced when a sufficiently diluted solution of 
 the salt is treated with Alkaline Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Nessler's) 
 Solution, the depth of colour varying with the dilution of the solution. 
 Its aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, yields on the 
 addition of Platinic Chloride Solution, a yellow crystalline precipitate, 
 less soluble in Alcohol. This precipitate, when ignited, leaves only a 
 residue of metallic Platinum, which distinguishes it from the Potassium 
 salt. A white curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, but soluble 
 ,in Ammonia Solution or Potassium Cyanide Solution, is produced when 
 Silver Nitrate Solution is added to its aqueous solution. When heated 
 it evolves dense white fimies and volatilises completely. 
 
 Neither the B.P. nor the P.G. adopts a purity-rubric or includes a 
 method for the determination of the salt ; the U.S. P. stipulates that 
 it shall contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Ammonium Chloride, 
 as determined by dissolving 1 gramme of the salt in sufficient Distilled 
 Water to measure 100 c.c, and titrating a measured volume of 10 c.c. 
 of this solution, after the addition of 5 drops of Potassium Cliromate 
 Test-Solution, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 of which not less than 18 "7 c.c. should be required to produce a per- 
 manent red colour ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate 
 Solution = 0*005311 gramme of pure Ammonium Chloride. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of 
 determination be changed from ' direct titration with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution ' to ' titration with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanide Solution after the addition of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 
180 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Copper, Iron, Lead, Carbonates, Nitrates, Sulphates, and empyreumatic 
 and fixed impurities. The limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million 
 suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) has been modified in the light of later 
 experience and a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million is now 
 officially fixed, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 5 grammes of the 
 salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, with the addition of 10 ml. of 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution, when acidified with Diluted Acetic Acid, should yield no 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium. A solution of similar strength, 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should afford no material darkening 
 in colour on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Copper, nor should it be materially darkened in colour upon 
 the addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Iron. The limit of 5 parts of Lead per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 
 795) is now ofiicially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 12 grammes of Ammonium Chloride, and an auxiliary 
 solution containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test 
 Solution. 
 
 The U.S. P. and P.G. include a special test for Iron, which is described 
 in the small type under the heading of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. 
 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should yield no effervescence on the 
 addition of Dilated Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Carbonates. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution, when mixed with an equal 
 volume of Sulphuric Acid and well cooled, shall yield no brown ring 
 at the junction of the two fluids when a solution of Ferrous Sulphate 
 is poured carefully upon its surface, indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield at the most but the faintest 
 turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphates. It may also contain Thiocyanates. The test 
 for the latter is carried out with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when acidulated with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not develop a red colour on the addition of a few drops 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Thiocyanates. 
 An aqueous solution of Ammonium Chloride shall be odourless and 
 possess a purely saline taste free from empyreumatic contamination, 
 and if 1 gramme of the salt be mixed with a little Nitric Acid, and the 
 mixture evaporated to dryness in a porcelain dish, it shall leave a 
 pure white residue, indicating the absence of empyreumatic impurities, 
 and on ignition it shall leave no weighable residue, indicating the 
 absence of non-volatile matter. The B.P. does not include a test of 
 this description, but it is included in both the U.S. P. and P.G. 
 Both the U.S. P. and the P.G. include a test for the absence of 
 Barium, described in the small type below under the heading of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Diluted Sulphviric Acid. — An aqueous (1 + 19) solution should not be 
 altered on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid Solution, indicating the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 181 
 
 absence of Barium salts, P.O. ; an aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt should 
 not be affected by Diluted Sulphuric Acid Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Barium, U.S.P. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. — 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 150 
 solution should not at once assume a blue colour on the addition of 5 drops 
 of Potassium Ferrocyanide Test-Solution, indicating a limit of Iron, U.S^P. ; 
 20 c.c. of an aqueous (1 + 19) solution should not be immediately rendered 
 blue on the addition of 0- 5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Iron salts, P.O. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HAUSTUS AMMONII CHLORIDI.— Chloride of Ammonium. 15 grains ; 
 Tmcture of Lemons, 45 minims ; Spirit of Chloroform, 10 minims ; Water to 
 1 i fl. oz. 
 
 LOTIO AMMONII CHLORIDI.—l oz. with 1 fl. oz. Alcohol (90p.c.) 
 and 10 fl. oz. Water. Vinegar is sometimes added, when applied as a dressing 
 for bruises. 
 
 TROCHISCI AMMONII CHLORIDI.— 2 grains = 013 gi-amme, in each, 
 with Black Ciu-rant Paste, are much used for bronchitis. 
 Dose. — 2 to 4 lozenges. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride, 1^ grains ; Extract of Glycyrrhiza, 3 grains ; in eacli 
 troche, flavoured with Syrup of Tolu. — U.S.P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 AMMONII lODIDUM. 
 
 AMMONIUM IODIDE. 
 
 NH.I, eq. 144-962. 
 
 Fr., Iodure dAmmonium ; Ger., Ammonium Jodatum ; Ital., 
 YoDURO Di Ammonio ; Span., Yoduro Amonico. 
 
 A white granular deliquescent salt, or in cubical crystals, readily becoming 
 yellow on exposure to air. 
 
 The salt po.ssesses practically no odour unless highly coloured, when a 
 faint odour of Iodine is perceptible. It has a sharp sahne taste. 
 
 When deeply coloured, it is advisable in dispensing to remove the colour 
 by shaking it in a bottle with a piece of Ammonium Carbonate. It has been 
 pointed out that the resulting lodate would be decomposed by the Hydro- 
 chloric Acid of the stomach, and result in the re -formation of free Iodine ; 
 but as the quantity would generally be very small it may be disregarded. 
 
 The U.S.P. uses Ammonium Sulphide Test-Solution for decolorising a 
 deeply-coloured salt. Sufficient of the solution to decolorise it being added 
 to a concentrated solution, the liquid filtered and evaporated to dryness. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility. — 4 in 3 of Water ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 3 in 4 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Potassium Iodide, but less depressing. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0-32 gramme, three times a day; but 
 much larger doses can be given. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Fr., Mex., Port., Russ Span 
 Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 t^-'^mI^j — A"i"ioiii"n^ Iodide should dissolve readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water yielding a solution, which is neutral in reaction to Litmus 
 paper, and which answers the usual distinguishing tests for Ammonium salts, 
 
182 AMM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 evolving Ammonia when heated with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solu- 
 tion, and yielding a brownish-yellow coloration on the addition of Alkaline 
 Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Nessler's) Solution to its extremely dilute aqueous 
 solutions. The addition of Chlorine Water to its aqueous solution liberates 
 Iodine, and a violet-coloured solution is yielded when tliis aqueous liquid is 
 shaken with Carbon Bisulphide. Silver Nitrate Solution produces a curdy 
 yellow precipitate, which is insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in 
 Ammonia Solution, but soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain not less than 97 p.c. of pure 
 Ammonium Iodide, as determined by the test for excess of Chlorides or 
 Bromides, wlxich requires that 0-25 gramme of the salt, dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), when dissolved in 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, and shaken with 
 16 -9 CO. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, and filtered, the 
 filtrate, when saturated with 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid, shall yield no cloudiness 
 within 10 minutes, indicating the absence of more than about 3 p.c. of 
 Chlorides or Bromides. The proposed changes for the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the rubric be changed to ' not less than 99 p.c, when dried to constant 
 weight,' and that the method of determination be changed to ' residual 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanide Solution 
 after the addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities aro heavy metals, e.g.. Arsenic, 
 Copper and Lead, Barium, Iron, excess of free Iodine, and excess of Chlorides 
 or Bromides, excess of moisture, and fixed impurities. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, slighUy acidulated with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, should not be altered in colour on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Arsenic, Copper and Lead, nor 
 should it be materially altered in colour on the aubsequent addition of an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution should not be rendered turbid on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, indicating the absence of Barium. If an aqueous (1 in 150) 
 sohition be shaken with 1 c.c. of Chloroform, the l.-itter should not assume a 
 violet coloration, indicating a limit of free Iodine. The test for excess of 
 Chlorides or Bromides is referred to above. The proposed changes for the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that a limit of 2 p.c. of moisture be permitted, and 
 that a method for the determination of tliis moisture be given. The salt 
 should volatilise completely on heating, indicating the absence of fixed 
 impurities. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE {NH,),HPO„ eq. 132- 132.— White, odour- 
 less, glistening prismatic crystals having a saline taste. It may be prepared 
 by neutralisation of Orthophosphoric Acid with Ammonia Solution, the 
 presence of the necessary amount of Aminonia being ensured by the addition 
 of solid Ammoniimi Carbonate, when necessary, dm-ing the evaporation. It 
 should be preserved in well -stoppered bottles. It is soluble 1 in 2 of Water 
 and measures 2^ ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 A mild diuretic, wliich renders the urine slightly acid. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = • 32 to 1*3 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. Not in others. 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Phosphate dissolves readily and completely in Dis- 
 tilled Water, yielding a solution wliich is neutral or but faintly acid to Litmus 
 paper, and which yields the reactions characteristic of Ammonium salts given 
 under Ammoniimi Chloride. An aqueous solution yields with Silver Ammonia- 
 Nitrate Solution a pale yellow precipitate readily soluble in Ammonia 
 Solution and in cold diluted Nitric Acid ; Ammonium Molybdate Solution, 
 when added to an aqueous solution containing an excess of Nitric Acid, yielda 
 a yellow precipitate soluble in Ammonia Solution ; and Magnesium Ammonio- 
 Sulphate Solution added to this aqueous ammoniacal solution affords a white 
 crystalline precipitate soluble in dilute mineral acids. 
 
 I 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMM 183 
 
 It should, when prepared carefully according to the directions given at 
 the commencement of this monograph, contain 99 "7 p.c. of Di-ammonium 
 Mono-hydrogen Ortho-phosphate, as gravimetrically determined by precipi- 
 tating a solution of 2 grammes of the salt with an excess of Magnesium 
 Ammonio-Sulphate Solution, washing the precipitate with Ammonia Solution 
 diluted with an equal volume of Water, suitably drying it and igniting, when 
 the precipitate should weigh 1'680 grammes. Most 'commercial' samples 
 are mixtures of Di-ammonium Mono-hydrogen Or tho -phosphate and Mono- 
 ammonium Di-hydrogen Ortho -phosphate (the Acid Ammonium Phosphate). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities, other than the Acid Phosphate, 
 are Arsenic, Copper and Lead, Iron, Chlorides, and Sulphates. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt should not respond to the modified 
 Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, indicating a limit of Arsenic. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution should yield no perceptible darkening in colour when acidified with 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and mixed with Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Copper and Lead, and on the subsequent addition of an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, no further material alteration in colour should 
 V>e produced, indicating a limit of Iron. . An increase in the amount of 
 Magnesium Pyrophosphate obtained in the gravimetric determination at 
 once indicates the presence of an Acid Phosphate. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, when acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, should 
 yield no turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorides. A solution of similar strength, when acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no more than the slightest turbidity on the 
 addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 AMMONIUM SALICYLATE. — "White, odourless, crystalline powder, or 
 in odourless white needle-shaped crystals, freely soluble in Water and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). It may be prepared with either the natural or the physiologically 
 pure Salicylic Acid. It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a 
 dark amber colour and in a cool atmosphere. Antipyretic and antirheumatic, 
 but is largely superseded by the Sodium salt. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharniacopceias. — Official in Dutch, Russ. and U.S. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Salicylate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water to form a clear, colourless solution having an acid reaction towards 
 blue Litmus paper, and which evolves Ammonia when warmed with Potas- 
 sium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The dilute aqueous solution yields 
 with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a deep violet coloration. 
 
 A small quantity of the salt warmed with concentrated Sulphuric Acid and 
 a few c.c. of Methyl Alcohol evolves the characteristic odour of Methyl 
 Salicylate. 
 
 It is required by the U.S. P. to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure 
 Ammonium Salicylate. 
 
 Its su^ciently concentrated aqueous solution yields a white crystalline 
 precipitate when acidified with a mineral acid; the precipitate, when collected, 
 w-ashed, and carefully dried, should possess the melting point 156° to 157° C. 
 (312-8° to 314-6° F.) of pure Salicylic Acid, and should otherwise conforna 
 to the tests for purity of this acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metals, e.g., Copper, 
 Lead and mineral matter. 
 
 The 1 in 20 aqueous solution, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, and 
 filtered, shall yield a filtrate which is not materially darkened on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Copper and Lead. It 
 should be completely volatihsed on heating, indicating the absence of mineral 
 impijrities. 
 
 AMMONIUM VALERIANATE.— Colourless, deliquescent, flat prismatic 
 crystals, possessing a sweetish taste and a strong odour of Valerianic 
 Acid. 
 
184 AMY [Solids l)y WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber colour 
 and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Readily soluble in Water and Alcohol ; soluble in Ether. 
 Useful in hysteria and neuralgia. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 8 grains = • 065 to • 62 gramme, several times daily. Given 
 in form of pills or in solution. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Olhcial in Fr., Mex., Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ammonium Valerianate should dissolve readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which possesses an acid reaction to 
 blue Litmus paper, and which evolves Ammonia when heated with Potassium 
 or Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; when heated it fuses, evolving an odour of 
 "Ammonia and of Valerianic Acid, and when heated to a still higher tempera- 
 ture, it is completely volatilised ; when warmed with Diluted Sulphuric Acid 
 the odour of Valerianic Acid is emitted. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metals, e.g.. Lead and 
 Copper, Acetates, and fixed impurities. The aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when 
 slightly acidulated with Hydi'ochloric Acid, and filtered through a small 
 filter paper, previously moistened with Water, yields a filtrate which shall 
 not be materially altered in colour on the addition of Hydrogen Suljjhide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Lead and Copper. The filtrate obtained after 
 completely precipitating a neutral aqueous solution of the salt with an excess 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution shall not possess a red colour, indicating the 
 absence of Acetate. It should lea\'e no appreciable ash, indicating the 
 absence of fixed impiu'ities. 
 
 AMMONIUM VALERIANATUM SOLUTUM (Liquor Ammonii Pierlot) 
 (Swiss). — Valerianic Acid, 3 ; Extract Valerian, 2 ; Water, 95 ; Ammonium 
 Carbonate, sufficient to neutralise. All by weight. 
 
 Solut6 de Valerianate d'Ammoniaque Compost [Fr.). — The same 
 formula as above. 
 
 In hysteria and the morphine habit, G to 30 drops in sweetened Water. 
 
 AMYGDALA AMARA. 
 
 BITTER ALMOND. 
 
 Fjr., Amandes AmIires ; Ger., Bittbre Mandeln ; Ital., Mandorle 
 Amare ; Span., Almbndra Amarga. 
 
 The ripQ Seed of Prunus Amygdalus, Stokes, var. amara, Baillon. 
 Introduced only as a source of Almond Oil. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Amygdalae Oleum. 
 
 liot Official. — Aqua Amygdalae Amarae, Linctus Oleosus, Mistura Amyg- 
 dalae Amaras, and Oleum Amygdalae Amarae Essentiale. Of the Essential 
 Oil, Spiritus Amygdalae Amar«, Syrupus Amygdalae, Benzaldehydum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all the Foreign Pharmacopcsias 
 except Dutch ; Port. (Amendoas Amargas). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The bitter almonds of commerce are chiefly 
 obtained from Barbary (Morocco) and Sicily, and are distinguished 
 by their bitter taste and the characteristic odour of the aqueous 
 emulsion. The U.S. P. gives the measurement of the seed as 20 to 
 30 mm. long, and oblong, lanceolate ox ovate in form, and the P.G. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMY 185 
 
 as 2 cm. long and 1 to 2 cm. broad, and states that the seed should 
 not have a rancid taste. 
 
 Apricot and peach kernels which are imported for making an inferior 
 almond oil are much smaller than bitter almonds, which they resemble 
 in taste. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 AMYGDALA OLEUM. Almond Oil. 
 
 A clear, pale yellow, odourless, or almost odourless, oily liquid, 
 possessing a bland mitty taste. 
 
 It is the fixed oil expressed from the Bitter or Sweet Almond, the 
 vicld being between 40 and 45 p.c. This description is common to the 
 B.P., U.S.P., and P.G. 
 
 Solubility. — Only slightly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), entirely 
 soluble 1 in 2} of Ether, and in all proportions of Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Emollient, demulcent and laxative. As 
 an enema in impaction of faeces or obstruction of bowel, 1 to 3 pints. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 14*2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — 1 /. oz. of Oil, ivith \ fl. oz. Mucilage, \ oz. Sugar, 
 and Gfl. oz. of Distilled Water, makes a palatable cough tnixture. 
 
 A mixture of equal parts of this Oil and Lime Water, with a small proportion 
 of Glycerin, scented with Lemon, has been commonly sold under the title Glycerin 
 and Lime Juice. 
 
 The Oil, when used for hypodermic injection should he sterilised by heating 
 to about 130° G. for 15 minutes in a flask plugged with cotton-ivool. 
 
 Used in preference to Olive Oil, as it makes a whiter ointment and is less 
 liable to become rancid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch. Fr. 
 (Huile d'Amande), Ger. (Mandelol), Hmig., Ital. (Olio di Mandorle 
 Doici), Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span. (Aceite do Almendras 
 Dulces), Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Almond Oil is distinguished by the specific gravity, the 
 congealing point. Refractive Index, Iodine Value, Saponification Value, 
 Acid Value, and the Elaidin Test. 
 
 It should have a specific gravity of 0*915 to 0" 920, which corresponds 
 with the ofl&cial figures. It should congeal about — 20° C. (—4'^ F.), 
 the B.P. states that it does not congeal until the temperature has been 
 reduced to about — 18° C. (— 0"4° F.), and that it remains clear after 
 exposure for 3 hours at a temperature of — 10° C. (14° F.) ; the 
 U.S.P. states that it should remain clear at - 10° C. (14° F.), and 
 that it does not congeal until cooled to nearly — 20° C. ( — 4° F.) ; 
 the P.G. states that no solid constituents separate out even 
 at - 10° C. (14° F.). It has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) 
 of about 1-470; according to the B.P. at 40° C. (104° F.) of 
 1-4624 to 1-464; at 60° C. (140° F.) it has a Refractive Index 
 of 1'4555; neither the U.S.P. nor the P.G. includes a Refractive 
 Index. It should have an Iodine Value of from 92 to 100, the B.P. 
 states 93 to 100 ; the U.S.P. requires not less than 95 nor more than 
 100, the P.G. 95 to 100. The Acid Value should not exceed 6. The 
 
186 AMY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 Saponification Value should range from 190 to 196, the B.P. gives 
 188 to 196; the U.S.P. 191 to 200; the P.G. does not include a 
 Saponification Value. Twelve good commercial samples examined 
 in the author's laboratory showed a Saponification Value of 190" 4 to 
 196-4, an Iodine Value of 95*3 to 100* 3. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Peach and Apricot 
 Kernel Oils (which much resemble Almond Oil, and are known com- 
 mercially as 01. Amygdalae Persic) ; and other fixed oils, e.g., Arachis, 
 Cotton-seed, Olive and Sesame. The Elaidin test for these is common 
 to B.P., U.S.P. and P.G. The B.P. uses a mixture of equal parts by 
 weight of Sulphuric Acid, Fuming Nitric Acid and Water, employing 
 a proportion of 1 ml. of this mixture to 5 ml. of the oil, the U.S.P. 
 employs a mixture of equal parts of Fuming Nitric Acid and Water, 
 using equal volmnes of oil and of this mixture ; and similar proportions 
 are employed by the P.G. The tests are compared below under the 
 heading of Nitric Acid. The U.S.P. and P.G., moreover, include an 
 additional, almost identical, test for the detection of fixed oils other 
 than Almond Oil, which is given in small type below under the heading 
 of Saponification, and which depends upon the production of a clear 
 solution whep,the saponified alcoholic solution is diluted with Distilled 
 Water ; the Oleic Acid obtained from this solution on acidification, 
 when washed and clarified, is required to remain liquid at 15° C. 
 (59° F.), and when mixed with an equal volume of Alcohol of the 
 respective pharmacopoeial strengths to yield a clear solution which 
 does not deposit at 15° C. (60° F.) nor become turbid on a further 
 addition of one volume of Alcohol, affording a distinction from Olive, 
 Arachis, Cotton-seed, Sesame, and other fixed oils. 
 
 Nitric Acid. — A whitish mixture, possessing not more than the very 
 sHghtest tinge of red or brown is obtained, when 5 ml. of Almond Oil is 
 vigorously shaken during one minute with 1 ml. of a mixture consisting of 
 equal parts by weight of Sulphuric, Fuming Nitric Acid and Water, the 
 mixture separating after some hours into a white solid, occasionally tinged 
 with green, and a colourless lower acid layer, indicating the absence of Peach 
 and Apricot Oils, B.P. ; a whitish mixture is produced when 2 c.c. of the 
 Oil are vigorously shaken with a mixture of 1 c.c. of Fuming Nitric Acid and 
 
 1 c.c. of Water, the mixture after standing for some hours at about 10° C. 
 (50° F.), separating into a white solid mass and a slightly coloured liquid, dis- 
 tinguishing this Oil from the fixed Oils of Peach and Apricot kernels, which 
 give a red colour, and Sesame and Cotton-seed Oils, which are coloured 
 brown, U.S.P. ; a white but not a red or brown mixture is produced when 
 
 2 c.c. of Almond Oil are vigorously shaken with a mixture of 1 c.c. of Fuming 
 Nitric Acid and 1 c.c. of Water, at 10° C. (50° F.), the mixture, after 2 or at 
 the most 6 hours separates into a solid white mass, and a scarcely coloured 
 fluid, indicating the absence of Peach kernel, Arachis, Cotton -seed. Poppy, 
 and Sesame Oils, P.G. 
 
 Sapomfication. — If 10 c.c. of the Oil be mixed with 15 c.c. of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (1 in 6) and 10 c.c. of Alcohol (95 p.c), and the mixture 
 be allowed to stand at a temperature of 35° to 40° C. (95° to 104° F.), with 
 occasional agitation, until it becomes clear, and if it be then diluted with 
 10 c.c. of Water, the clear solution thus obtained vipon the subsequent addition 
 of an excess of Hydrochloric Acid will set free a layer of Oleic Acid. The 
 Oleic Acid thus separated from the aqueous liquid, when washed with warm 
 Water, and clarified by heating on a water-bath, will remain liquid if cooled 
 to 15° C. (59° F.). If 1 volume of this Oleic Acid be mixed with 1 volume of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMY 187 
 
 Alcohol (95p.c.), it should yield a clear solution, which at 15° C. (59° F.) 
 should not deposit any fatty acids, nor becoma turbid upon the further 
 addition of 1 volume of Alcohol (95 p.c), wmch distingmshes Almond 
 Oil from Olive, Arachis, Cotton-seed, Sesame and other fixed oils, U.S. P. ; 
 if a mixture of 10 c.c. of Almond Oil with 15 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution (about 15 p.c. w/w) and 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), be allowed 
 to stand at a temperature of 35° to 40° C. (95° to 104° F.) imtil the mix- 
 ture has become clear, a clear solution should result when this mixture is 
 further diluted with 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, indicating the absence of 
 Paraffin Oil ; the Oleic Acid precipitated from this solution on the addition of 
 an excess of Hydrochloric Acid, after it has been separated from the Hydro- 
 chloric Acid liquid, washed with warm Water, and freed from Water by 
 warming in the water-bath, shall remain fluid at the temperatm-e of the 
 room, indicating the absence of foreign oils ; 1 c.c. of tliis Oleic Acid should 
 yield a clear solution with 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), which at the temperature 
 of the room should not deposit any fatty acids, and, on the further addition 
 of 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), it should not be rendered turbid, indicating the 
 a)>sonce of foreign oils, P.G. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AQUA AMYGDALAE AMAR^.— Prepared by crushing Bitter Almonds 
 and expressing the fixed Oil, and then distilling tlae residual cake with Water, 
 and standardising the distillate so that it shall contain the proper quantity 
 of Hydrocyanic Acid ordered in any particular Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 A clear or slightly opalescent liquid, sp. gr. 0" 970—0 '980, containing 
 0-1 p.c of HCN (Ger.). 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 2 grammes ; daily, 6 grammes. 
 
 Aqua Amygdalae Amara?, U.S. P., is prepared with Oil of Bitter Almond 
 1 c.c. and Distilled Water sufficient to make 1000 c.c. Oleum Amygdalae 
 Amarso of the U.S. P. is required to contain not less than 2 p.c. nor more 
 than 4 p.c. of Hydrocyanic Acid. As the Aqua contains 1 per 1000 of essential 
 oil, the percentage of Hydrocyanic Acid in Aqua Amygdalae Amarae is 0-002 
 to 0-004. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in the following, the percentage of 
 Hydrocyanic Acid also given : Dan. (Cone), 0*1 p.c, (Dil.) 0*005 p.c. ; Ger.. 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Russ. and Swed., O'l p.c. ; Norw., 0-1 p.c. ; Port., not 
 standardised ; U.S., not standardised, 1 Volatile Oil in 1000 ; Austr., Belg. 
 and Swiss use Laiu-ocerasi Water when Bitter Almond Water is prescribed. 
 Ger., Hung, and Russ. use Bitter Almond Water when Laurocerasi Water is 
 prescribed. Not in the others. 
 
 The Brussels Conference adopts a strength of • 1 p.c. for Aqua Amygdalae 
 Amarae. 
 
 LINCTUS OLEOSUS (Swed.).— Gum Ai-abic, 10; Almond Oil, 30; 
 Distilled Water, 19 ; Bitter Almond Water, 1 ; Syrup of Althaea, 40. 
 
 MISTURA AMYGDAL/E AMAR/E. — Made in the same proportions as 
 Mistiu-a Amygdalae. 
 
 Useful in cough, and as a lotion to allay itcliing of the skin. The mixture 
 contains a variable amount of Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1| fl. oz. = 14-2 to 42-6 ml. 
 
 OLEUM AMYGDAL/E AMAR/E ESSENTIALE.— A clear, colovu-less 
 or pale yellowish, highly refractive liquid, with a characteristic odour, 
 and a bitter and somewhat burning taste. Obtained from Bitter Almonds 
 by macerating with Water the cake from which the fixed Oil has been 
 expressed, and subsequent distillation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber colour, 
 and as far as possible from contact with air. 
 
 If the Oil contains a crystalline deposit of acid it should be filtered before 
 use. 
 
188 AMY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Water ; inixes in all proportions -with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and Ether. 
 
 Chiefly used as a flavourmg agent, when the Oil ' sine Acido Hydrocyanico ' 
 should bo employed. 
 
 Oleum Amygdalae Am.arae (U.S.). — Contains not less than 85 p.c. of 
 Benzaldehyde, and not less than 2 nor more than 4 p.c. HON. 
 
 Ol. Am.ygdal. Essent. Persic, is prepared by a similar process to Bitter 
 Almond Oil, from the kernels of the Apricot and Peach. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Belg. (Aldehydum Ben- 
 zoicum), Fr., Mex. (Aceite Volatil de Almendras Amargras), 
 Norw. (Aetheroleum Amygdalae Amara3), Port., Span, and U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Bitter Almond Oil possesses a powerful, penetrating and distinctive 
 odour ; high refraction ; specific gravity which after removal of Hydrocyanic 
 Acid should be from 1"045 to 1"055 ; a boiling point, which should be 179° 
 to 180° C. (354-2° to 356° F.); and it should be optically inactive. The 
 Oil is converted into a crystalline compound when shaken with a saturated 
 Solution of Sodium Bisulphite, and this reaction may be utilised as a means 
 tor its quantitative determination, the' non-aldehydic constituents can be 
 measured or weighed. The U.S. P. process is essentially as follows : — A 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of purified Kerosene is introduced into a tared 
 150 c.c. flask and the exact weight recorded, 12 drops of the Oil are then 
 added and the weight again recorded ; 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and 6 drops 
 of Rosolic Acid Test-Solution are added and the mixture exactly neutralised 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, agitating the 
 flask thoroughly. A 1 in 5 aqueous solution of Sodium Sulphite alternated 
 with Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is added until 
 10 c.c. of the Sodium Sulphite Solution have been added, and sufficient Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution to maintain the neutrality of 
 the mixture ; after the addition of a few drops of Rosolic Acid Test-Solution, 
 the flask is agitated frequently, allowed to stand for 2 hours to ensure a 
 permanent condition of neutrality, and the number of c.c. of HaK-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution required, noted. A blank test is 
 carried out alongside of the determination, the number of c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is noted, the number of c.c. used in 
 the latter is subtracted from that required in the former, the difference is 
 multiplied first by 0'0526 and the product by 100 and divided by the weight 
 of Oil taken, yields the percentage of Benzaldehyde present in the sample. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are acidity, Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 artificial Benzaldehyde, and Nitrobenzene. Acidity may arise from atmo- 
 spheric oxidation of Benzaldehyde to Benzoic Acid, and may be determined 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, employing 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0"012205gramme of Benzoic 
 Acid. 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid can be detected by shaking 10 to 15 drops of the Oil with 
 2 to 3 drops of Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, adding a few drops 
 of Ferrous Sulphate Solution containing a drop or two of Test-Solution of 
 Ferric Chloride, warming and slightly acidifying with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, when a blue precipitate will be produced if tliis acid be present. 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid may be estimated volumetrically by weighing 1 grarome 
 into a small flask, adding a sufficiency of freshly precipitated (Chloride-free) 
 Magnesium Hydroxide and Water, several drops of Potassium Cliromate 
 Solution and Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution until a per- 
 manent red coloration is produced ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution = 0-002702 gramme of Hydrogen Cyanide. The oil 
 generally employed in this country is free from the acid, but U.S. P. allows 
 not less than 2 p.c. nor more than 4 p.c. 
 
 The presence of Chlorine compounds is generally held to be indicative of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMY 189 
 
 artificial Benzaldehyde, but the failure to find them does not necessarily 
 imply that the specimen is free from ' artificial Benzaldehyde,' as the latter 
 is now produced commercially of very fine quality and free from Chlorides. 
 
 Chlorine compounds are examined for as follows : — A folded strip of filter 
 paper saturated with oil is placed in a small porcelain capsule standing within 
 a larger one and ignited. A large beaker, the sides of which have been 
 moistened with Water, or perferably containing filter paper (free from 
 Chlorides) moistened with Water, is inverted over the burning Oil. The 
 products of combustion condense on the moistened surface of the beaker or 
 on the filter paper, and can be washed on to a filter with a little Distilled 
 Water. The filtrate should show no tm-bidity on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, or if a turbidity is produced it should disappear on warming. 
 The presence of Nitrobenzene (now an unlikely impurity) may be detected 
 by diluting the Oil with 20 times its volume of Alcohol (90 p.c), dikiting the 
 solution with Water vmtil a turbidity is produced, adding Zinc and Sulphuric 
 Acid, allowing the solution to remain at rest several hours, filtering, evaporat- 
 ing the Alcohol, and treating the remaining solution with a drop of Potassium 
 Bichromate Solution. No red or purple-violet colour should be produced, 
 indicating the absence of Nitrobenzene. 
 
 SPiRiTUS AMYGDAL/e AMAR>E (U.S.).— Oil of Bitter Almond, 1; 
 Alcohol (9.5 p.c), 80 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 06 ml. 
 
 This spirit contains • 02-0 ' 04 p.c. of Hydrocyanic Acid.* It should alwayg 
 be used with care. 
 
 SYRUPUS AMYGDAL/E (C/.^S.).— Spirit of Bitter Almond, 1; Orange 
 Flower Water, 10 ; Syrup, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 SYRUPUS AMYGDALINUS (Hnng.). — Sweet Almond. 30; Bitter 
 Almond, 10 ; Sacchari in frustulis, 20 ; Distilled Water, 100 ; Powdered 
 Sugar, 100. 
 
 BENZALDEHYDUM. Benzaldehyde, C^HsO, eq. 106-048.— A clear 
 colourless or pale yellow mobile, highly refractive liquid, possessing a charac- 
 teristic odour resembling Oil of Bitter Almonds, and a burning and somewhat 
 aromatic taste. 
 
 It is an Aldehyde, occurring naturally in Oil of Bitter Almond or other oils, 
 or it may be produced synthetically. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, and 
 preserved as far as possible fronx contact with the air. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in Water ; readily soluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), in Ether, and in the fixed and volatile oils. 
 
 Tests. — Benzaldehyde has a specific gravity of 1 -045 to 1 "050 ; the U.S. P. 
 gives about 1-04.5 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. 1-046 to 1-050. It boils about 
 179° C. (354-2° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives the boiling point as 179° to 180° C. 
 (354-2° to 356° F.) ; the P.G. 177° to 179° C. (350-6° to 354-2° F.). The 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend the boiling point to be 
 changed to 'from 178° to 182° C. (352-4° to 359-6° F.).' It has a Refractive 
 Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of about 1-540. The U.S.P. requires it to contain 
 not less than 85 p.c. of pure Benzaldehyde, as determined by the process 
 given under Olemn Amygdalae Amarae Essentiale. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Hydrocyanic Acid. Chlorine 
 derivatives, and Nitrobenzene. Neither a greenish-blue coloration nor a 
 blue precipitate, even after some hours standing, should result when 
 0-2 gramme of Benzaldehyde is mixed with 10 grammes of Distilled Water, 
 and a few drops of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, then with a crystal of Ferrous 
 Sulphate, and a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and the mixture 
 gently warmed, and finallj'- acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Hydrocyanic Acid. No green tinge should be imparted to a non- 
 luminous flame, when the loop end of a piece of clean Copper wire is first held 
 in the flame until it glows, then cooled, and the loop dipped into Benzaldehyde, 
 
190 AMY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ignited, and held so that the liquid burns outside of the flame, then bringing 
 the loop in contact with the outer lower edge of the flame, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorine derivatives. No red or purplish-violet colour should be 
 produced when 1 gramme of Benzaldehyde is dissolved in 20 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), the solution diluted with Distilled Water until a tiu-bidity is pro- 
 duced, the mixture then treated with Zinc and Diluted Sulphuric Acid until 
 the odour of Benzaldehyde has disappeared, filtered, the Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 removed from the filtrate by evaporation and the residue boiled for a few 
 minutes with a few drops of Chlorinated Lime Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Nitrobenzene, 
 
 AMYGDALA DULCIS. 
 
 SWEET ALMOND. 
 
 Fb., Amandes DoacES ; Ger., Susse Mandeln ; Ital., Mandorle Dolci ; 
 Span., Almendro Dulce. 
 
 The ripe Seed of Prunus Amygdalus, Stokes, var. dulcis, Baillon. 
 Commonly known as the Jordan Almond. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent and nutrient. Biscuits are 
 made of Jordan and Valencia Almonds for diabetic patients, as a sub- 
 stitute for bread or starchy food. Almonds do not contain starch. 
 
 The Mistura Amygdalae is a good vehicle for cough medicines and for 
 suspending insoluble powders, and such substances as Paraldehyde. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Mistura Amygdalae and Pulvis Amygdalae 
 Compositus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in all; Mex. (Almendra Dulce), 
 Port. (Amendoas Doces). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Almonds are met with in commerce either 
 in the shell or endocarp, or in the form of seed only. Sweet Almonds 
 vary in size and shape, those of Valencia and Sicily being broad and 
 flattened, those of Barbary irregular in shape owing to two seeds 
 often occurring in one endocarp and becoming misshapen by pressure. 
 The Valencia Almonds are usually free from Bitter Almonds, those 
 of Barbary and Sicily are often mixed with them. The Jordan Almond, 
 which is alone Ofificial, is imported from Malaga in Spain. It is longer, 
 narrower and more convex in proportion than the other varieties, 
 being 2 • 5 to 3 cm. (about an inch) in length, and about 1 • 25 cm. (| inch) 
 in width and 0*5 cm. {\ inch) in thickness. It has a bland taste and 
 triturated with Water forms a white emulsion without any marked 
 odour, indicating the absence of Bitter Almonds. For forming 
 emulsions, Almonds are first deprived of their skins or ' blanched ' 
 by dipping them in boiling Water for a minute or two, when slight 
 pressure between the fingers will separate the testa. The variety 
 Official in the U.S. P. appears to be the Valencia Almond as it is stated 
 to be broader than the Bitter Almond. The variety Official in Germany 
 is stated to be unsymmetrically ovate and flattened, 2 • 25 cm. long and 
 1 • 5 cm. broad, and at the rounded end more than 1 cm. broad. This 
 appears to indicate the Sicilian or Valencia Almonds, since the Jordan 
 Almonds are'rarely more than 1 • 25 cm. broad. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMY 191 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 MISTURA AMYGDALA. Almond Mixture. 
 Compound Powder of Almonds, 1 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 8. 
 Rub the powder to a smooth cream with a suitable quantity of 
 Water, and add gradually the remainder ; strain. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official as Emulsio in Austr., Dan., Fr., 
 Hung., Ital., Norw., Port, and Swed. U.S. Emulsum A. ; there is much 
 variation in the proportions. Swed. has also Emulsio Hydrocyanata, 
 Amygdalin, 1 ; Almond Emulsion, 80; Hung, has also Emulsio Oleosa; 
 Ital. has also Emulsione Oleosa and Emulsione Oleosa Simplice. 
 Not in the otliers. Belg., Fr., Ger., Ital. and Swiss have Syrups. 
 
 PULVIS AMYGDALA COMPOSITUS, Compound Powder of 
 Almonds. (Modified.) 
 
 Sweet Almonds, 6 ; Powdered Refined Sugar, 3 ; Powdered Gum 
 Acacia, 1. Remove the skins of the Almonds after softening them in 
 hot Water, and dry the Almonds by a cloth and exposure to the air 
 until brittle (Camp. 1894), so that they will rub to a paste which is not 
 too moist and with which the Sugar and Gum, previously mixed, can be 
 incorporated to form a moderately coarse powder. 
 
 It now contains rather more Gmn Acacia. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 AMYL NITRIS. 
 
 AMYL NITRITE. 
 
 [modified.] 
 
 Fr., Azotite d'Amyle ; Ger., Amylnitrit ; Ital., Nitrito D'AsnLE ; 
 Span., Nitrito de Ainhlo. 
 
 A pale yellow, volatile liquid, with a characteristic ethereal odour 
 and pungent aromatic taste. It consists principally of Iso-Amyl 
 Nitrite, C5HiiN0.2, eq. 117-098 ; which is present in variable quantity, 
 together with the Nitrites of the homologous series. 
 
 It may be produced by the action of Nitrous Acid upon Amylic 
 Alcohol, which is the fraction of the higher alcohols distilling between 
 128° and 132° C. (262-4° and 269*6° P.). It should be stored in well- 
 stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber colour, or preferably in dark 
 amber tinted glass capsules. 
 
 Now required to yield 7 • 9 volumes of Nitiic Oxide gas in place of 6 volumes 
 in B.P. 189S. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water. Soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Ether and Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Vaso-dilator, antispasmodic. Very useful 
 in angina pectoris, aneurismal pain, dyspnoea of bronchitis and 
 spasmodic asthma; the most efficient and expeditious remedy in 
 
192 AMY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 lisemoptysis ; has been used with advantage in epilepsy, in trifacial 
 neuralgia, in migraine and sea-sickness, and hemicrania, if these 
 conditions be accompanied by facial pallor ; also in hiccough, in 
 laryngeal spasm, in hepatic, intestinal and renal colic, in spasmodic 
 forms of dysmenorrhoia and in eclampsia ; a restorative in cardiac 
 failure from Chloroform or Nitrous Oxide anaesthesia or other cause ; 
 useful as an antidote to Strychnine ; successful in postpartum hsomor- 
 rhage ; and in menorrhagia. 
 
 As some persons are particularly susceptible to its action, its use 
 demands caution. 
 
 In angina may have to be given in doses beyond the official maximum in 
 order to relieve. — P.R.S.M. 1911, Therap. 6. 
 
 In menorrhagia in virgins a single inhalation of 3 minims f oi" 3 or 4 successive 
 menstrual periods has effected permanent relief.- — B.M.J. '11, ii. 110. 
 
 In epilepsy, is sometimes of the utmost value, and if the aura gives adequate 
 warning, often arrests the fit. — T.G. '12, 153. 
 
 In cases of shock, where there has been no great loss of blood, writer advises 
 a vaso-dilator such as this. — Pr. '15, i. 871. 
 
 Dose. — For inhalation, the vapour of 2 to 5 minims = 0'12 to 
 0-3 ml. 
 
 Prescribing 'Notes.— It can be obtained in small glass capsules covered 
 with cotton wool and silk, containing from 1 to 10 minims. The covered capsule 
 is placed in a handkerchief, then carefully broken across, and the escaping vapour 
 immediately inhaled. 
 
 In mixtures to be swaUoived, dose, I to 1 minim dissolved in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and diffused through Water by ynea)is of Tragacanth (in 2Jowder) 2 grains to 
 the fl. oz. ; to be used with caution. 
 
 Should be handled carefully, as even smelling it in a bottle causes violent 
 flushings. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — ^Alkalis and alkali Carbonates, soluble Iodides, Bromides 
 and their salts. 
 
 Not Official. — Iso-butyl Nitrite, Tertiary Amyl Nitrite, and Amyl 
 Valerianate. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Au.str., Dutch, Hung., Jap., 
 Russ. and Swed., sp. gi-. 0-870 to 0*880, boils at 97° to 99° C. ; Belg., sp. gr. 
 0-870 to 0-900, boils at 99° C. ; Fr., sp. gi\ 0-88, boils at 96° to 99° C. ; 
 Ger., sp. gr. 0-875 to 0-885, boils at 95° to 97°; Mex. (Eter Amilnitroso), 
 sp.gr. 0-877. boils at 95° C. ; Ital. (Nitrito d'Amile), sp. gr. 0-87 to 
 0-89, boils at 97° to 99° C. ; Norw., sp. gr. 0-87 to 0-90, boils at 96° to 99° ; 
 Swiss, sp. gr. 0-870 to 0-900, boils at 97° to 99° C. ; U.S., sp. gr. 0-865 to 
 0-875 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Amyl Nitrite possesses a characteristic ethereal odour, 
 and produces a peculiar flushing of the face and strange sensation of 
 fulness in the head on inhalation. The specific gravity should be from 
 0-870 to 0-880, to which the Official figures correspond ; the U.S.P. 
 givesO-.865toO-875at25°C. (77°F.); the P. G^., 0-875 to 0-885. At a 
 temperature of 90° to 100° C. (194° to 212° F.) the greater portion 
 (90 p.c.) of the liquid passes over. When dropped gradually on to 
 fused Potassium Hydroxide it produces Potassium Iso-Valerianate, 
 recognisable by its distinctive odour. The B.P. requires that 90 p.c. 
 should pass over between the temperatiires indicated above ; the 
 U.S.P. has deleted the boiling point originallv given ; the P.G, gives a 
 boiling point of 95° to 97^' C. (203" to 206- 6" F.). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AMY 193 
 
 • 
 
 It is ofl&cially required to yield not less than 7*9 times its volume of 
 Nitric Oxide gas, as determined by mixing 1 volume of a mixture 
 of 5 volumes of Amyl Nitrite, measured at 15*5° C. (60° F.) and at 
 normal pressure, with sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) to form 100 volumes, 
 with 1 volume of Potassium Iodide Solution, and 1 volume of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid. The U.S. P. requires that it should yield not less 
 than 80 p.c. of Amyl Nitrite, as determined by the gasometric method 
 described below under the heading of gasometric determination. The 
 determination of tlie Nitric Oxide may be conducted in two parts, 
 the Potassium Iodide Solution being first run into the nitrometer, 
 followed by the Diluted Sulphuric Acid. The measure of the gas 
 first liberated affords a criterion of the acidity of the sample. The 
 U.S. P. neutralises any acidity by first treating the Amyl Nitrite with 
 Potassium Bicarbonate and weighs the Amyl Nitrite instead of 
 measuring it. The temperature at which the readings are taken is 
 25° C. (77° r.), and a correction is made for each degree above or below 
 760 mm. of Mercury. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free Acid, Water, and 
 Aldehyde. 5 c.c. of Amyl Nitrite shall not require more than 1 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution to produce a 
 pink coloration to Phenolphthalein Solution, indicating a limit of free 
 acid. The B.P. states that it shall not have more than the faintest 
 acid reaction ; the U.S.P, requires that when 5 c.c. of Amyl Nitrite 
 arc inverted a few times in a test-tube with 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution and 10 c.c. of Water, the red tint of 
 the aqueous layer shall still be perceptible ; the P.G. requires that 5 c.c. 
 of Amyl Nitrite when shaken with a mixture of 0*1 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution and 1 c.c. of Water should not lose its alkaline reaction. 
 It should maintain its transparency, when cooled to a temperature of 
 0° C. (32° F.), indicating the absence of Water, Not more than a faint 
 yellow colour shall be produced when 5 c.c. of Amyl Nitrite is shaken 
 with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, indicating a limit of Alde- 
 hydes. The U.S.P. and P.G. tests for limit of Aldehyde are described 
 in the small typed notes below under the heading of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution. 
 
 Silver Witrate Solution. — If 1 c.c. of Amyl Nitrite be added to a mixture 
 of 1-5 c.c. of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution and 1*5 c.c. of Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 and a few drops of Ammonia Water, and the mixture be gently heated, 
 it should not become brown or black, indicating the absence of Aldehyde, 
 U.S.P. ; a mixture of 1 c.c. of Amyl Nitrite, 1 • 5 c.c. of Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 l"5c.c. of Absolute Alcohol, and a few drops of Ammonia Solution should 
 not be coloured brown or black on gentle warming, indicating the absence 
 of Valeric Aldehyde, P.G. 
 
 Gasometric Determination. — Transfer about 3 c.c. of Amyl Nitrite, 
 wliich has been previously shaken with • 5 gramme of Potassium Bicarbonate 
 and carefully decanted, to a tared 100 c.c. measuring flask, and weigh it 
 accurately. Add sufficient Alcohol (94 • 9 p.c.) to bring the volume to exactly 
 100 c.c. and mix thoroughly. Introduce into a nitrometer exactly 10 c.c. 
 of the alcoholic solution, followed by 10 c.c. of Potassium Iodide Test- 
 Solution, and afterwards by 10 c.c. uf Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution. When the volume of gas has become constant (within 30 to 60 
 minutes), note the volume of gas collected. Multiply this volume iu c.c. 
 
 H 
 
194 AMY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 by 4 "8, and divide the product by the original weight of the Ainyl 
 Nitrite, the quotient will represent the percentage of Amyl Nitrite in tlie 
 liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Correction for temperature 
 and pressure : The temperatvire correction is one -third of one per cent, of 
 the total percentage just found for each degree, additive if the tempera- 
 ture is below, and subtractive if it is above 25° C. (77° F.). The baro- 
 metric correction is four-thirtieths of 1 p.c. for each mm., additive if it is 
 above, and subtractive if it is below 760, U.S. P. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 ISO-BUTYL NITRITE. — Its action and uses are similar to those of Amyl 
 
 Nitrite, but it is more powerful. 
 
 TERTIARY AMYL NITRITE (Bertoni's Ether).— Prepared from tertiary 
 Amylic Alcohol (Amylone Hydrate). — It possesses all the properties of the 
 official Nitrite, but it can be taken in larger quantities without danger, and 
 it does not cause flushing of the face. 
 
 The tertiary Nitrites have a more powerful influence generally than the 
 secondary or primary. 
 
 Dose. — 5 drops on sugar, or in capsules. 
 
 AMYL VALERIANAE. — A colourless liquid, possessing a strong fruity 
 odour. Sedative and antispasmodic. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 3 minims = 0- 13 to 0*2 ml. in capsules. 
 
 Not Official. 
 AMYLENE HYDRATE. 
 
 TERTIARY AMYLIO AI.COHOL. DUfETHYL-ETHYL CARBINOL. 
 
 C5H12O, eq. 88-096. 
 
 A clear, colourless, oily liquid, with a strong characteristic odour and taste. 
 
 Solvibility. — 1 in 8 (or rather less) of Water ; in all proportions of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Ether, and Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic. Has no unpleasant after-effects, 
 and its taste is less objectionable than that of Paraldehyde. Successful in 
 mania, especially morphino-mania, delirium tremens, and in severe forms of 
 epilepsy where bromides are found useless ; recommended where hypnotics 
 are required for a long period. 
 
 Similar in action to Paraldehyde ; chief value in nervous sleeplessness in 
 which prompt action is desired ; certain in action and practically free from 
 danger.— B.ikf.J. '09, i. 554. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1 -8 to 3-6 mL 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Dissolved in Water or AlcoJwl (90 p.c.) ; also given in 
 capsules ; sometimes given as an enem,a. 
 
 Cannot be employed subcutaneously owing to pain produced. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Ger., Hung., Norw. and 
 Swiss (Amylenum Hydratum). Not in others. 
 
 Tests. — It should possess a specific gravity of 0-815 to 0*820 and a boiling 
 point of 99° C. (210-2°F.) to 103° C. (217-4° F.). A 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 should not redden blue Litmus paper, indicating the absence of free Acid. 
 1 c.c. dissolved in 20 c.c. of Water should not within 10 minutes either 
 decolorise 2 drops of a 1 in 1000 Potassium Permanganate Solution, indi- 
 cating the absence of Amylene ; or blacken Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solu- 
 tion when warmed for 10 minutes in a water -bath, indicating the absence 
 of Aldehyde, 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids "by Measure.] AMY 1 95 
 
 APONAL. — Amylene Hydrate Carbamate. — A white crystalline substance, 
 almost insoluble in cold Water and in dilute acids or alkalis, more soluble in 
 hot Water, easily soluble in Alcohol. Introduced as a mild hjrpnotic. It is 
 indicated in insomnia of nervous origin. It is stated to cause light sleep after 
 about 20 to 30 minutes, and to leave no drowsiness after waking. It is 
 supplied in the form of tablets containing 1 gramme (15 gi'ains) each. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 AMYLUM. 
 
 STARCH. 
 
 Ffi., Amidon de Ble ; Ger., Weizenstarke ; Ital., Amido ; 
 Span., Almtdon. 
 
 A white, odourless, tasteless, impalpable powder, or irregular, 
 angular or coliunnar masses ; procured from the grains of wheat, 
 Triticuin sativum, Lam. ; maize, Zea Mays, L., and rice, Oryza sativa, L. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Protective, absorbent. A good applica- 
 tion to the skin when irritable or inflamed, or in trivial bm'ns. It 
 has been given in powder for diarrhoea ; and is a very good antidote 
 for Iodine poisoning, followed by an emetic. Mucilage of Starch, 
 1 in 40, is useful as a basis for enemas. In the form of Violet Powder 
 it is useful to prevent the chafing and excoriation of the skin of infants. 
 Glycerin of Starch is a good application for chilblains and chapped 
 hands, and as a protective in certain skin diseases. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Glycerinum Amyli. 
 
 Wot Official. — Mucilage of Starch and Pulvis Violae. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmacopcjeias. — Official in Austr.. Wheat and Rice ; Belg., 
 Arrowroot, Maize, Potato, Rico and Wheat ; Fr., Hung., Ital., Mex., Norw.. 
 Port., Russ.. Span, and Swed., all Wheat Starch ; Dan., Arrowroot and 
 Wheat ; Dutch, Arrowroot, Potato, Rice and Wheat ; Jap., Katakuri, Knzu 
 and Potato ; Port, allows several other Starches ; Ger. and Swiss, Rice and 
 Wheat Starch ; U.S., Maize Starch. Fr. has also Potato Starch. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Starch is met with in commerce in irregular, 
 columnar or pseudocrystalline masses, which may be wliite or coloured 
 slightly blue, or in powder. The starches most commonly used for 
 food are those of Maize, Rice and Potato, although a number of others 
 are met with, descriptions of which with measm'ements and illustra- 
 tions are given in Greenish's Anatoinical Atlas, pi. i.-L:v., pp. 6-22, and 
 in Tschirch and Oesterle's Anatomische Atlas (1900). 
 
 The Official Starch includes those of Wheat, Maize and Rice, and 
 may be either in the columnar form or in powder, but should be white 
 and inodorous. Wheat Starch is described as consisting of large and 
 small granules, the larger being lens-shaped and faintly striated con- 
 centrically, with a nearly central hilum ; Maize Starch as frequently 
 polygonal, more uniform in size, and somewhat smaller than the 
 large granules of Wheat Starch, with a distinct hilum but no striae ; 
 and Rice Starch as consisting of extremely minute granules nearly 
 
 H 2 
 
196 AMY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 uniform in size, polygonal, and without evident liilum or striae. 
 Potato Starch, by reason of its cheapness, is employed for many 
 technical purposes, and may be expected to occur as an adulteration 
 of other Starches. It should be noted that the lenticular grains of 
 Wheat Starch when seen edgewise under the microscope appear 
 elliptical or almost linear, and might be mistaken for the flattened 
 grains of Zingiberaceous Starches ; that a liilmn is rarely evident. 
 
 Arrowroot, obtained from Maranta arundinacea, was formerly 
 official ; like all other Starches it is apt to absorb the odour and 
 flavour of any drugs or perfumes near which it is placed and should 
 consequently be kept in jars or tins. 
 
 The commercial Starches may to some extent be distinguished by 
 the different tints assumed by them when placed under a bell glass 
 around a crystal of Iodine, and differ also in the character of the 
 jelly they form with the same proportion of Water or Glycerin. P.G. 
 gives the diameter of Wheat Starch as 2 to 9 ^ mostly 5 to 7, and for 
 Rice Starch 2 to 10 /x mostly 4 to 6. In the U.S.P. Maize Starch 
 is alone official, and the diameter of the grain is given as O'OIO to 
 0-025 mm. 
 
 Tests. — Starch, when boiled with Water, produces a translucent 
 colourless gelatinous solution ; yielding a deep blue colour when Iodine 
 Solution is added to it when cold ; it readily hydrolyses, with the 
 formation of products having a strong reducing action upon Fehling's 
 Solution (Potassio-Cupric Tartrate Solution), when the gelatinised 
 solution is treated at a temperature of 37 '7° C, (100° P.), with an active 
 solution of an amylolytic enzyme. 
 
 The more generally occurring impiuities are free alkali, free acid, 
 an excessive amount of mineral matter and Water. The B.P. includes 
 as the official Starches, Wheat, Rice and Maize ; the U.S.P. Maize 
 Starch ; the P.G., Rice and Wheat Starch, The B.P. requires that 
 cold distilled Water when mixed with an equal weight of Starch should 
 show neither an alkaline nor an acid reaction to Litmus ; the U.S.P. 
 requires that when triturated with cold Water it shall yield a mixture 
 having neither an acid nor an alkaline reaction to test papers ; the P.G. 
 stipulates that 1 part by weight of Wheat or Rice Starch boiled with 
 50 parts by weight of Water shall yield on cooling a cloudy, thick, 
 odourless mucilage, which does not alter Litmus paper. Neutral 
 Starch is, however, seldom obtained ; it is, as a rule, faintly alkaline. 
 
 The B.P. makes no reference to the amount of ash permissible ; 
 the U.S.P. and P.G. state that not more than 1 p.c. of residue shall 
 remain after complete incineration, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommends that the ash be 
 changed to not more than 0*5 p.c. 
 
 The P.G. requires that both Rice and Wheat Starch, on drying at 
 100° C. (212° P.), shall lose at the most 12 p.c. of their weight, 
 indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 The U.S.P. requires that when freed from Water by careful drying 
 in a current of warm air. Starch should show not less than 95 p.c. of 
 hydi'olysable carbohydrate. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ANE 197 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 GLYCERINUM AMYLI. Glycerin of Starch. N.O.Syn. Un- 
 guentuin Glycerini. 
 
 Starch, 1 ; Glycerin, 6-| ; Distilled Water, \h ; stir them together 
 whilst sufficient heat ia applied to burst the Starch granules, and form 
 u homogeneous and translucent mass. 
 
 The operation should be conducted as quickly as possible, to avoid 
 excessive loss of Water ; and to prevent carbonisation from overheating, 
 the use of an oil-bath is recommended. It would ensure a more 
 uniform product if it were finished to a standard weight. 
 
 In B.P. 1867 the formula was Starch 1, Glycerin 8 ; in the B.P. 188'), 
 Starch 1, Glycerin 5, Distilled Water 3. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Belg., Starch 10. Water 15, 
 Glycerin 90; Fr, (Glycere d'Amidon), Starch 1, Water 1, Glycerin 13; 
 Ital. (Glycerolato d'Amido), Starch 7, Water 3, Glycerin 90; Mex. 
 (Glycerado de Almidon). Starch 2-4, Glycerin 30; Port. (Glycerado 
 Commum), Starch 1, Water 2, Glycerin 17; Span. (Glicerolado de 
 Almidon), Starch 1, Water 2. Glycerin 8 ; U.S. (Glyceritum Amyli). 
 Starch 1, Water 1, Glycerin 8. The following are called Unguentuni 
 Glycorini ; Austr., Starch 1, Water 2, Glycerin 10 ; Dan., Starch 3, Water 
 3, Glycerin 14 ; Ger., Starch 1, Water 1, Glycerin 9 ; Jap.. Starch 10, Water 
 15, Glycerin 90 ; Hung., Tragacanth 1, Alcohol 5. Glycerin 49 (no Starch) : 
 Norw. and Swed.. Starch 1, Glycerin 15^ ; Russ., Starch 1, Water 1, Glycerin 
 14 ; Swiss, Starch 7, Water 7, Glycorin"93. All by weight. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MUCILAGE OF STARCH. — ^A recently-prepared solution containing 
 approximately 2 p.c. w/v of Starch prepared by first rubbing 1 gramme of 
 Starch to a smooth paste with Water, and adding a fiu-ther sufficient quantity 
 of Water to produce 50 c.c. ; after boiling for a few minutes the luixtnre is 
 cooled. 
 
 PULVIS ViOL>E {Squire).— Owls Rhizome, in fine powder, 12 lb. ; Oil of 
 Bergamot, 1 fl. oz. ; Otto of Rose, 144 minims ; Tincture of Musk. 1 fl. oz. ; 
 Starch, in powder, 112 lb. 
 
 ANETHI FRUCTUS. 
 
 DILL FRUIT. 
 Fr., Aneth ; Ger., Dillsamen ; Ital., Aneto ; Span., Eneldo. 
 
 Tlie dried ripe Fruit of the Peucedanum graveolens, Benth. and 
 Hook. f. 
 
 Cultivated in Britain or imported from Central and Southern 
 Europe. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomachic and carminative ; Dill Water 
 is chiefly given to children for flatulence ; sometimes given with 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, the taste of which it covers well. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Aqua Anethi, Oleum Anethi. 
 
]98 ANE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharnlaeopceias. — Official in Mes. (Eneldo), Port. (Endro), 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Two varieties of Dill are met with in com- 
 merce, viz., tlie European and the Indian. The former only is official. 
 The fruits are oval, flat, about ^ inch (4 mm.) long, ^ inch (2 to 3 mm.) 
 broad, brown, with the two outer ridges developed into a paler marginal 
 wing. A transverse section shows 6 vittse. The odour and taste are 
 aromatic. 
 
 The Indian Dill is narrower, more elliptical, more convex, and of 
 a greyish tint, and is usually not so free from fruit-stalks as the 
 European drug. The oil obtained from it differs in containing Dill 
 Apiol, and less Carvone, as well as in chemical and physical characters, 
 from that of European Dill. The plant yielding it is Peucedanum 
 Sowa, Benth. and Hook, f., considered by some botanists as only 
 a variety of P. graveolens, but the B.P. description excludes the use 
 of the Indian drug. The Dill Apiol separates during distillation, 
 forming a layer at the bottom of the receiver. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA ANETHI. Dill Watee. 
 
 Dill Fruit, 1 ; Water, 20 ; distil, 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Aquse (group). 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. oz. = 14 "2 to 28*4 ml. ; for children, 60 minims 
 = 3-6 ml. 
 
 OLEUM ANETHI. Oil of Dill. 
 
 A pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a characteristic odour 
 resembling Caraway, and possessing at first a sweetish and aromatic 
 and subsequently a sharp, burning taste. Yield, 3 to 4 p.c. 
 
 It darkens in colour on exposure to air and light and should be 
 preserved in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint. It contains 
 about 40 to 60 p.c. of Carvone, and a terpene Limonene, but no 
 Anethol. 
 
 Solubility. — ^Readily soluble in Alcohol and Ether. 
 
 Dose.— |- to 3 minims = O'OS to O'lS ml. 
 
 Tests. — Dill Oil possesses a strong characteristic odour. The specific 
 gravity should be 0*905 to 0'920; the B.P. gives 0*900 to 0-915. 
 The optical rotation should be from -f 70° to -f- 80°, in a tube of 
 100mm., and these limits are given in the B.P. The Refractive Index 
 should be 1-485 to 1-490 at 20° C. (68° F.) ; the B.P. gives 1-483 to 
 1-488 at 25° C. (77° F.). It should yield a clear solution in from 
 6 to 8 parts of Alcohol (80 p.c), and in 3 parts of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Not more than 15 p.c should distil below 185° C. (365° F.), and not 
 le;;s than 40 p.c. above 220° C. (428° F.). The abstraction of Carvone 
 from the oil is indicated by a decrease in the specific gravity, and a 
 diminution in the amount distilling above 220° C. (428° F.). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] A'Nl 199 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ANILINE. 
 
 C,H,W, eq. 93-OGG. 
 
 An oily liquid, colourless when freshlj' distilled, but very prono to become 
 yellow or brown on exposure to air. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the air. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 27 of Water ; 5 in 4 of Alcohol (GO p.c.) ; mixes in 
 all proportions with Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether and Glycerin. 
 A powerful antipyretic, but too toxic for therapeutic use. 
 
 Dose. — ^Not more than 7 minims = • 5 ml. 
 
 Several cases are recorded of poisoning from boots to wliich a black 
 material containing an Aniline dye had recently been applied. 
 
 Tests. — Aniline should possess a specific gravity of 1*020 to 1*026, and 
 a boiling point of 183° to 184° C. (301* 4° to 363*2° F.), between these 
 temperatures it should distil completely. An aqueous solution of Aniline 
 treated with a solution of Chlorinated Lime yields a dirty violet blue coloration, 
 changing to Indigo blue on the addition of Ammonia Solution. A few drops 
 of Aniline warmed with an alcoholic solution of Potassiuin or Sodium 
 Hydroxide and a drop or two of Chloroform, evolve the characteristic, 
 disagreeable, poisonous odour of Phenyl-Isonitrile. 
 
 Parapjienylenediamine. — The symjitoms caused by this and other 
 poisonous Aniline dyes are : — (1) Skin eruptions, with burning and itching ; 
 (2) gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as nausea ; (3) nervous symptoms, 
 sleeplessness, dizziness, weakness of the legs, epileptiform attacks and syncope. 
 In several instances death has resulted. It would be to the public interest 
 were the sale and use of hair washes containing dangerous toxic reagents 
 and dyes prohibited. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 812. 
 
 When used as a hair dye no symptoms may be produced for weeks or 
 months ; they are intensified when water is applied to the head. The cure 
 lies in the complete removal of the source of irritation, and tliis is best done 
 by shaving the head.— S.M.J. '09, ii. 918. 
 
 Specimens of tliis dye have been examined in our laboratories from time 
 to time. The dye usually consists of a two-bottle lotion, one bottle generally 
 containing an ammoniacal Solution of Paraphenylenediamine, the other a 
 Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide of about ten volumes strength. The request 
 for analysis is usually accompanied by an inquiry as to its injuriousness or 
 freedom therefrom. 
 
 A letter on dangerous hair dyes. — L. '10, i. 06. 
 
 ACIDUM SULPHANILICUM. Sulphanilic Acid. Anilosulphonic Acid, 
 Para-amino-benzene-sulphonic acid. H.C„H4NH2S03, 2HoO, eq. 209* 168. — 
 Small wliite or greyish-white glistening crystals possessing a faint odour 
 resembhng Aniline. Slightly soluble in Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and in Ether. Used as an analgesic and for the relief of iodism. Also 
 employed as a reagent in chemical testing and for the Elirlich's Diazo- 
 reaction for typhoid and other fevers. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1*0 gramme. 
 
 Sulphanilic Acid Test-Solution. — 0*5 gramme of Sulphanilic Acid 
 dissolved in 150 c.c. of diluted Acetic Acid (10 p.c. of Absolute Acetic 
 Acid). 
 
 SODII SULPHANILAS. Sodium Sulphanilate. NaC.H.NH.SO,, 2H,0, 
 eq. 231*16. — White or almost white glistening crystals, readily soluble in 
 Water. Used in various forms of catarrh and in laryngitis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains - 0-33 to X-0 gramme. 
 
200 ANI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ZiNCi SULPHANILAS. Zinc Sulphanilate. Zn(C(.,H,NH,-SO,),, eq. 
 409 •626. — White glistening odourless crystals, readily soluble in Water, 
 less soluble in Alcohol (90 p. c). Introduced as an antiseptic. Useful in 
 urethral and vaginal vvork. Of great value in acute gonorrhoea. As an 
 urethral or vaginal injection 2 to 6 grains to the oz. are recommended. A 
 sohition of the same strength is used as a lotion for ulcers and skin affections. 
 A 1 in 450 to 1 in 500 solution employed in gonorrhoeal ophthalmia, con- 
 junctivitis and other affections of the eye. 
 
 Nizin is a Zinc salt of Sulphanilic Acid, readily soluble in Water, and is 
 stated to be non-irritating and non-toxic in solutions of the strengths 
 recommended for use. 
 
 ANISI FRUCTUS. 
 
 ANISE FRUIT. 
 Fr., Anis Vert ; Gkr., Anis ; Ital., Anice ; Span., Amis. 
 
 The dried ripe Friiit of Pitnpinella Aniswn, L. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomacliic and aromatic, carminative, 
 slightly expectorant ; used to relieve flatulence, and to diminish the 
 griping of purgative medicines. 
 
 Particularly useful in keeping away fleas ; a small muslin bag filled A^dth 
 the Anise Seed is carried about on one's person. — L. '15, i. 296. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Aqua Anisi, Oleum Anisi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch. Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Anis Comun), Norw., Port., Russ., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. Hung., Ital., Russ. and Swed. have also Anisi 
 Stellato. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Anise fruit occurs in commerce in several 
 varieties, diti'ering considerably in size and colour, and in degree of 
 freedom from impm-ity. It possesses an aromatic and characteristic 
 odour, and has a sweet taste. The Spanish new crop usually comes 
 to England in August and September, and the Russian in October 
 and November. The Official drug is limited to such varieties as 
 are about } inch (5 mm.) long, and -^^ inch (2 mm.) broad, and 
 therefore includes the Maltese, Alicante and German varieties. Anise 
 fruit is greyish-brown, B.P. (also greyish or greenish-grey, U.S. P.) ; 
 ovate, stalked, with the two carpels united, and rough with minute 
 1-celled hairs ; a transverse section exhibits numerous vittre. The 
 (rerman variety is brownish and that of Alicante greenish ; South 
 Kussian Anise is similar in size to Conium fruit. Conium has some- 
 times occurred mixed with Anise fruit in Italy. Its presence may be 
 detected by the mouse-like odour developed when rubbed with a few 
 drops of Liquor Potassae. It differs from Anise in being without hairs, 
 and having the ridges distinctly crenate, and the flat surface deeply 
 grooved as seen in transverse section, and in being without vittse in 
 the mature fruit. 
 
 North Russian Anise is small and dark green or brownish, and it is 
 used as a cheap source of the essential oil. The Syrian and Chilian 
 varieties are usually very inferior and mixed with more or less foreign 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ANI 201 
 
 matter, and are consequently reserved for veterinary medicine. The 
 varieties richest in essential oil are the ItaHan, Spanish and South 
 Russian. The residue after distillation is valued as an ingredient 
 for cattle foods. Under the microscope the distinguishing features 
 are the simple, thick-walled, short, erect, straight or slightly curved 
 hairs, with a minutely warty surface, and the striated surface of the 
 flattened polygonal cells of the outer epidermis. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA ANISI. Anise Water. 
 
 Anise Fruit, 1 ; Water, 20 ; distil, 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates, sec Aquaj (group). 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = U- 2 to 28-4 c.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., from the Spirit ; Fr., Ital., 
 Jap., Port, and Span., from Fruits ; and U.S. from Oil. Not in the others. 
 
 OLEUM ANISI. Oil of Anise. 
 
 Fk., Essence d'Anis ; Ger., Anisol ; Ital., Essenza di Anice ; Span., 
 
 ESENCIA DE AnIS. 
 
 At temperatures above 15° C. (59° F.) it is a colourless or pale yellow 
 refractive liquid, with a pleasant aromatic odour and very sweet 
 taste ; below 15° C. (59'^ F.) it becomes a white crystalUne solid. It 
 is obtained by distillation from the fruits of the ofi&cial variety, or from 
 the fruit of Illicium verum, Star Anise. 
 
 It should be kept in amber-coloured, well-stoppered bottles. 
 
 U.S. also permits the use of oil from both Phnpinella Anisum 
 and Illicium verum. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 of Pimpinella Oil in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 of 
 Illicium Oil in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; a slight rise in temperature 
 greatly increases the solubility in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; both oils dissolve 
 in all proportions of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 of Pimpinella Oil in 200 of 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), at which point the IlUcium Oil is distinctly turbid. 
 
 These variations in solubility seem to arise from the presence in the 
 Illicium Oil of a small proportion of a much less soluble Oil, which is 
 absent in the Pimpinella. 
 
 Dose. — I to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0* 18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May he taken on Sugar. Before dispensing an oil 
 which has become partly solidified, it should be completely liquefied by warming, 
 and well mixed by shaking. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Spiritus Anisi. 
 
 Not Official. — Aniseed Cordial, Elixir Anisi, Essentia Anisi, Tinctura 
 Anisi, Anisic Acid, Sodium Anisate and Anethol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — The following are from Pimpinella Anisum : 
 Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw. and Russ., sp. gr. 0*980 to 
 0-990; Port., sp.gr. 0-977 to 0-983; Mex., sp.gr. 0-982; Span., sp.gr. 
 - 984 to - 986 ; Swiss, sp. gr. - 984 to - 994 ; U.S., sp. gr. - 975 to • 985 
 at 25° C. (77° F.). The following permit the use of both kinds : Mex., Port, 
 and U.S. See also Anethol. 
 
202 ANl [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Anise Oil possesses a distinctive odour ; a sweet taste ; a 
 specific gravity, which at 20° C. (68° F.) should be from 0-980 to 0-990 ; 
 an optical rotation, which should be + 1° to — 2° in a tube of 100 mm. 
 length ; a Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) of about 1-556 ; a melting 
 point which should not be below 15° C. (59° F.) ; and a sohdifying 
 point, which should not be below 15° C. (59° F.). 
 
 The^.P. gives the specific gravity at 20° C. (68° F.) as 0-975 to 0-990, 
 and now states definitely that it is compared with Water at 15-5° C. 
 (60° F.) ; the F.G. at 20° C. (68° F.) as 0*980 to 0-990 ; the V.S.P. 
 at 25° C. (77° F.) as 0-975 to 0-988. The B.P. states that when 
 stirred it congeals at about 15-5° C. (60° F.), and does not again become 
 liquid below 17° C. (62-6° F.) ; the U.S.P. states that the congealing 
 point should not be below 15° C. (59° F.), and gives the method 
 outUned below for its determination; the P.G. gives the congeahng 
 point as 15° C. to 19° C. (59° to 66-2° F.). 
 
 The B.P. gives the optical rotation as — 2° to + 1° ; the U.S.P. 
 and P.G. up to — 2°. It is officially required to possess a Refractive 
 Index at 25° C. (77° F.) of 1*552 to 1-558; neither the U.S.P. nor 
 P.G. includes a Refractive Index. 
 
 80 to 90 p.c. of the oil should distil between 225° to 235° C. (437° 
 to 455° F.), indicating a due j^ercentage of Anethol. The B.P. now 
 requires that not less than 80 p.c. should distil between these limits of 
 temperature ; neither the U.S.P. nor the P.G. refers to either the 
 boiling point or to fractionation. 
 
 The Pimpinella Oil is readily distinguished from that of Star Anise 
 by giving a deep blue colour on the addition of saturated solution 
 of Hydrochloric Acid gas in Alcohol, but Schimmel and Co. state that 
 the two varieties can only be distinguished by the odour and taste, 
 and that the reaction with alcoholic Hydrochloric Acid does not give 
 reliable results. The balance of opinion seems to be that it does 
 afford a means of distinction. 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are Fennel Oil, or 
 its stearoptene ; volatile oils containing Phenols ; Alcohol ; the fluid 
 portion remaining after the extraction of the Anethol ; and Petroleum. 
 Anise Oil should be dextrogyrate, or at the most should be but slightly 
 laivogyrate, indicating the absence of Fennel Oil or its stearoptene. 
 No blue or brownish colour should be produced when a drop of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution is added to an alcoholic solution of the oil, 
 indicating the absence of volatile oils containing Phenols. No diminu- 
 tion in volume should occur when equal volumes of the oil are shaken 
 in a graduated measure with Water, indicating the absence of Alcohol. 
 The oil should possess the melting and solidifying points as given 
 above, indicating the absence of the fluid portion remaining after the 
 extraction of the Anethol. The oil should dissolve 1 in 3 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), indicating the absence of Petroleum. An oil containing 
 5 p.c. of Petroleum will not dissolve 1 in 10. The oil undergoes 
 oxidation by exposure to air, and its characters are greatly changed. 
 Rise of specific gravity and lowering of the melting point are the 
 principal indications as to the extent of oxidation. 
 
[SoUds by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ANI 203 
 
 Melting- Point. — In the U.S. P. the following method is given to determine 
 the congealing point, wliich should not be below 15° C, (59° F.). Transfer 
 about 10 c.c. of the Oil to a test-tube placed in Water cooled with Ice ; 
 insert a thermometer at once into the Oil jund allow it to remain undisturbed 
 until its temperature has fallen to about 6° C. (42-8° F.). Induce crystallisa- 
 tion either by rubbing the inner wall of the test-tube with the thermometer 
 or by the addition of a particle of solid Anethol. remove the test-tube from 
 the bath, and stir constantly during the solidification of the Oil. The highest 
 temperature reached during the crystallisation is regarded as the congealing 
 point. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SPIRITUS ANISI. Spirit of Anise. 
 
 Oil of Anise, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to make 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Filter if necessary with the aid of Powdered Talc. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0'3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Belg., 1 Oil in 100; Fr., 1 Oil in 50; 
 U.S., Spiritus, 1 Oil in 10 ; Austr., I of Fruits in 4 ; Span, has Alcohol de Anis 
 Amoniacal, Oil 1, Liquid Ammonia 5, Alcohol (95 p.c.) 24. All by weight, 
 except U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR ANISI. Syn. Aniseed Cordiai, (f7..S'..V.i^.).— Anethol, 3-5; 
 Oil of Fennel. 0-5 : Spirit of Bitter Ahnond {U.S. P.), 12 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 240 ; Syrup {U.S.P.), 625 ; Water, 125 ; Purified Talc {U.S.P.), 15. Average 
 Dose for infants, 1 c.c. (15 minims). 
 
 ESSENTIA ANISI {P.P. 1885).— Oil of Anise, 1 ; Rectified Spirit, 4. 
 
 SCIROPPO Dl ANICE (Z^aL).— Tincture of Anise, 3 ; Simple Syrup, 7. 
 
 LIQUOR AMMONI>E ANISATUS. See p. 167. 
 
 TINCTURA ANISI {IlaL, 3Ie.v. and i?wss.).— Anise Fruit, 1 ; Alcohol, 5 ; 
 by weight. 
 
 ANISIC ACID (HCsHjOj, eq. 152-064). — It occiu-s in colourless, shining 
 acicular crystals obtained by the oxidation of Oil of Anise or Anethol. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost insoluble in cold Water ; 1 in 700 boiling Water ; 
 1 in 36 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 50 of Ether. 
 
 SODIUM ANISATE. — In rhombic crystals, or a crystalline powder, 
 frequently efflorescent, with a sliglit aromatic odoui'. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 5 of Water ; 1 in 24 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Anisic Acid and its Sodium salt possess antiseptic and antipyretic properties. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 ANETHOL (Ci„H,,0, eq. 148-096).- The Stearoptene separated from 
 either of the Anise Oils. It is said to have a finer flavom? than the Oil, being 
 free from the acridity pertaining to the non-freezing portion of the Oil. A 
 white crystalline mass possessing a strong characteristic Anise-like odour and 
 sweetish taste. When rnelted it forms a highly refractive, almost colourless, 
 liquid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OfiScial in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Jap. and 
 Swed. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — It has at 25° C. (77° F.) a specific gravity of 0-984 to 0-986 ; a 
 melting point of 22*5° to 23° C. (72-5° to 73-4° F.) ; and a boihng point of 
 232° to 234° C. (449-6° to 453-2° F.). It should form a clear solution in 3 
 parts of Alcohol (90 p.c). It was official in P.G. IV., but is replaced by Anise 
 Oil in P.G. V. 
 
204 ANT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ANTHEMIDIS FLORES. 
 
 CHAMOMILE FLOWERS. 
 
 Fr., Camomille Rosiaine ; Ger., Romische Kamille ; Ital., Camomilla 
 RoMANA ; Span., Manzanilla Romana. 
 
 The dried expanded Flower-heads of the common or Roman 
 Chamomile, Anthemis nobilis, L., collected from cultivated plants. 
 
 The flowers have been shown {J.CS. Trans., '14, 1844) to contain the 
 following definite compounds: — (1) 3: 4-Dihydroxycimiamic Acid; (2) 
 Apigenin, Ci^HijO, ; (3) A Glucoside of Apigenin, C2iH„(,0i„, H„0, melting 
 point 178° to 180° C. (352-4° to 356° F.), which yields an Hexa-acetyl 
 derivative, C33H3„0ie,4H„0, melting point 144° to 146° C. (291-2° to 294- 8° F.) ; 
 (4) Choline, C5H';50.,N ; ' (5) i-Inositol, C^HJOH^ ; (6) Triacontane, C^JIg., ; 
 (7) Taraxasterol, daH^.OH, melting point 217° to 219° C. (422-6° to 
 426- 2° F.); (8) A PhytosteroUn, melting point 280° to 283° C. (536° to 
 541 • 4° F.); consisting chiefly of Sitosterol-d-Glucoside, CjjH^sOb ; (9) A 
 mixture of fatty acids, consisting of Cerotic, Stearic, Palmitic, Oleic, and 
 Linolic Acids. A considerable quantity of Sugar, which yielded d-Phenyl- 
 glucosazone, melting point 208° to 210° C. (406-4° to 410° F.), was also 
 obtained. The amount of fatty and resinous material was equivalent to 
 about 7-4 p.c. of the weight of flowers employed. The so-called Anthemic 
 Acid of previous investigators was proved to be a very indefinite product, 
 whilst the Anthesterol of Klobb was doubtless a mixture, consisting chiefly 
 of the compound which has been designated Taraxasterol. The bitter taste 
 of Chamomile flowers appears to be due to dark coloured, amorphous material, 
 and not to any well defined constituents. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomachic, tonic and carminative. In 
 large doses, emetic. Useful in atonic dyspepsia ; externally it is 
 employed as a fomentation for bruises and contusions. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Extract or Oil is frequently added to Rhubarb, 
 and aperient medicines as a corrective. A little Soap added to the Oil makes 
 a good pill-mass. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Oleum Anthemidis. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Aqua Anthemidis, Decoctum Anthemidis et Papaveris, 
 Oleum Chamomillfe Infusum, Infusum Anthemidis, Infusum Anthemidis 
 Concentratum, Liquor Anthemidis et Papaveris, and Tinctura Anthemidis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ital., 
 Jap., Mex., Port., Span., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. Also Matricaria 
 in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span. 
 (Manzanilla ordinaria), Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The drug is met with in commerce chiefly 
 in two forms, known respectively as EngUsh and exotic. The official 
 description as well as that of the U.S. P. applies to the former. The 
 flower-heads are hemispherical, 10 to 20 mm. (y% to i\ inch) in 
 diameter, and nearly white in colour. The use of the words ' pale 
 bufi in colour ' permits of the use of badly dried flowers, which are 
 usually inferior in quality. The florets are Ugulate, suddenly tapering 
 in the lower half and about 1 cm. (t% inch) long, a few tubular florets 
 usually remaining in the centre. There is no pappus, and the solid 
 conical receptacle is covered with narrow membranous bracts or 
 palese, visible when the florets are removed. The involucral scales are 
 also membranous and obtuse, with a green central nerve. The exotic 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ANT 205 
 
 Chamomile flowers, cliiefly imported from Belgium and France, differ 
 in being rather larger and in the florets being broader and all ligulate. 
 In Scotland the single wild Chamomile flowers are often sold under the 
 name of Scotch Chamomiles. These differ in having only one row of 
 ligulate florets, all the centre consisting of yellow tubular florets. 
 Scotch Chamomiles are sometimes preferred, on the supposition that 
 the central contain more oil than the ligulate florets, but the single 
 Chamomiles are excluded from use in dispensing by the B.P. description. 
 
 The Chamomile flowers (Flores Chamomillse) official in the P.G. 
 are the single flower-heads of Matricaria Chamomilla, L. These are 
 much smaller than those of Anthemis nobilis, averaging only \ inch 
 (5 mm.) in diameter, and have a portion of the fruit-stalk attached 
 to them. The receptacle is nearly conical, but hollow, and has no 
 paleee. The odour resembles that of the B.P. Chamomile, but is 
 weaker. "*■ 
 
 If Chamomile flowers have a brownish tint they have either been 
 damaged by rain, or not carefully dried, or have become brownish by 
 keeping. In either case they must be regarded as of inferior quality 
 and unfit for dispensing pm'poses. The taste of Chamomile flowers 
 is bitter and the flavour strongly aromatic. 
 
 The double flowers of Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Bernh., which 
 have occasionally been found mixed with Chamomile flowers, have a 
 slightly convex, not conical, solid receptacle, and the few palese some- 
 times present are lanceolate and acute. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 OLEUM ANTHEMIDIS. Oil of Chamomile. 
 
 A light blue oily liquid, of an aromatic characteristic odour and 
 balmy taste. It is the volatile Oil distilled from the dried Flowers 
 of Anthemis nobilis. On exposm-e to light and air the Oil acquires a 
 greenish or yellowish-brown colour, and should therefore be kept in 
 well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber colour and exposed as 
 little as possible. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Water ; 10 in 3 of Alcohol (90'p.c.). 
 
 Dose.— i to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0' 18 ml 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., from Anthemis ; Fr., 
 from Anthemis ; Ital. and Swiss, from Matricaria. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Chamomile has a specific gravity of about 0* 910; B.P. 
 gives 0*905 to 0"915. The optical rotation should be between + 1° 
 and -f 3° in a tube of 100 mm. length, occasionally the oil is slightly 
 laevorotatory ; it has a Eefractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) of about 
 1 "4:452. It has a Saponification Value of 250 to 300. It should 
 dissolve 1 in 6 of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Not Official. 
 AQUA ANTHEMIDIS.— Flowers, 1 ; Water, 20; distil 10. (1 in 10.) 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., 1 in 10 ; Belg., 3 of 
 the Spirit in 100 ; Port., 1 in 4. Ital., Matricaria and Anthemis, 1 in 2. 
 
20G ANT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 All distilled. Port., from Anthemis ; Austr., from Matricaria. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 EXTRACTUM ANTHEMIDIS.— An aqueous extract of the Flowers 
 treated by Decoction, to which is added 15 minims of Oil of Chamomile for 
 each lb. of Flowers employed.— -B.P. 1898, omitted in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ital. (Alcoholic Extract) ; Dan. 
 and Swed., from Matricaria; Mex. (Extracto de Manzanilla). Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Oleum Chamomillae Infusum. — Chamomile Flowers, 1 ; Olive Oil, 10 ; 
 digest in a water-bath for 2 hoiu-s, strain, press and filter. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmacopceias.^Official in Fr. and Port., 1 in 10 ; Span.. 1 
 in 8, from Anthemis. Ital., 1 in 4, from Anthemis and from Matricaria. Belg. 
 (Oleum Chamomilla; Camphoratum), 1 of Oil with 999 of Camphorated 
 Oil. Span. (Aceite de Manzanilla Alcanf orado), 1 of Camphor with 
 9 of 01. Cham. Infus. 
 
 INFUSUM ANTHEMIDIS [B.P. 1885).— Chamomile Flowers, 1; Boiling 
 Distilled Water, 20. Infuse 15 minutes and strain. 
 
 INFUSUM ANTHEMIDIS CONCENTRATUM.— Chamomile Flowers, in 
 powder, 40; Oil of Chamomile, 0*2; Alcohol (20 p.c), q.s. to make 100; 
 mix the Oil of Chamomile thoroughly with the powder and submit the latter 
 to repercolation. 
 
 Dose. — As a stomachic, 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 36 to 14-4 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR ANTHEMIDIS ET PAPAVER IS.— Concentrated Infusion of 
 Chamomiles and Liquid Extract of Poppies, equal volumes. One or two 
 teaspoonfuls in half a pint of boiling Water, for use as a fontientation. 
 
 Decoctiuia Anthemidis et Papaveris. — Chamomile Flowers, 10; Poppy 
 Capsules, bruised, 5 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to prodvice 100. 
 
 TINCTURA ANTHEMIDIS.— Single Chamomiles, carefully dried, 1 ; 
 sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) to percolate, 8; or an equivalent quantity of 
 fresh Flowers (about 3), and macerate with 8 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) for 7 days, 
 and press. 
 
 The moisture in the fresh flowers reduces the strength of the spirit so that 
 less resin is dissolved, and the tinctiu:e is consequently less bitter. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr. and Hung., 1 in 5, from 
 Matricaria; Ital. and Mex., 1 in 5, both varieties ; Belg., Chamomillae Spiritus, 
 1 of the Oil in 100. 
 
 ANTIMONII OXIDUM. 
 
 ANTIMONIOUS OXIDE. 
 SbaOa, eq. 288-40. 
 
 A white, more or less crystalline, powder. B.P. describes it as 
 greyish-white. 
 
 When a Solution of Antimonious Chloride is poured into Water 
 Antimony Oxychloride is precipitated, and this, w^hen in turn decom- 
 posed with Sodium Carbonate, yields Antimonious Oxide. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, Alcohol, and Nitric Acid ; readily 
 dissolved by Hydrochloric Acid and warm Solution of Tartaric Acid, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ANT 207 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to but less active than the 
 Tartrate because less soluble. Both soluble and insohible salts of 
 Antimony have been used in trypanosomiasis. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 grains =0-06 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Pulvis Antimonialis is generally given in the 
 Jorm oj poivders, pills or cachets. 
 
 OfBeial Preparation. — Pulvis Antimonialis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Oxido Antimonioso 
 Precipitado), Port, and Span. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Antimonious Oxide dissolves readily in Hydrochloric Acid 
 and its acidified solution yields with Hydrogen Sulphide Solution an 
 orange-coloured precipitate soluble in Potassium or Sodiimi Hydroxide 
 Solution, in Ammonium Hydrosulphide Solution, or in warm Hydro- 
 chloric Acid with the evolution of Hydrogen Sulphide, insoluble in 
 Ammonium Carbonate Solution ; a cold white porcelain vessel allowed 
 to impinge upon the upper flame produced on igniting the gas yielded 
 by the interaction of Zinc, Hydrochloric Acid and a solution of 
 Antimonious Oxide, acquires a dark metallic-looking stain, which is 
 unaffected by Calcium or Sodium Hypochlorite Solution ; a metallic- 
 looking coating is produced on Copper when a piece of Copper foil 
 is boiled with a solution of the Oxide in Hydi-ochloric Acid, containing 
 free Hydrochloric Acid; a white amorphous but no crystalline 
 sublimate is produced when this coating is volatilised in a tube ; a 
 black deposit of Antimony is formed on the Platinum, when a Zinc 
 rod is allowed to rest on a piece of Platinum foil in an acidified solution 
 of the Oxide. 
 
 It is officially required to indicate 99 '5 p.c. of pure Antimonious 
 Oxide, as determined by titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution, the liquid obtained by dissolving 0*25 gramme of 
 Antimonious Oxide in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, adding 5 grammes 
 of Sodium Potassium Tartrate, and a shght excess of Sodium Bicar- 
 bonate ; 34*5 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution should 
 be required, 1 ml. of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution = 
 0*00721 gramme of pure Antimonious Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Antimonic compoimds, 
 Arsenic, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides 
 and Sulphates. It is oflicially required to dissolve completely when 
 boiled with an excess of Acid Potassium Tartrate Solution. The 
 extent to which it is true depends upon the age of the specimen, 
 Antimonious Oxide undergoes oxidation on exposure to air, the 
 resulting Antimonic compounds being insoluble. The amount of 
 residue therefore forms a criterion of the proportion of the latter. 
 The remaining impurities are grouped together in the B.P. under the 
 elastic expression, ' it should yield no characteristic reaction with the 
 tests for,' etc. The solution obtained by dissolving the Oxide in 
 Hydrochloric Acid should yield no reaction with the Bettendorf's 
 Test, indicating the absence of Arsenic. When dissolved in Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) it should yield on the addition of 
 
208 ANT [SoMs by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution no dark coloration, indicating the absence 
 of Copper, Lead, and Iron ; a white precipitate would iadicate the 
 presence of Zinc. Another portion of the sample dissolved in Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) when acidified with Nitric Acid 
 should yield only a faint turbidity on the addition of either Silver 
 Nitrate Solution or Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of more than a trace of Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS. Antimonial Powder. 
 
 Antimonious Oxide, 1 ; Calcium Phosphate, 2. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 6 grains = 0'2 to 0'4 gramme. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Mex., Antimonious Oxide 1, 
 Calcium Phosphate 2 ; Port., Antimonious Oxide 35, Calcium Phosphate 65. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 Metallic Antimony. — 1 grain of metallic Antimony in a fine state of 
 division is given in 4 to G oz. of Physiological Salt Solution in human trjrpano- 
 somiasis, and brings about considerable improvement ; also used in ten 
 cases of yaws and all were cured ; the usual course of treatment was 3 or 
 4 doses.— B.ilf.J. '13, i. 340. 
 
 In syphilis, the administration is very simple ; the powder is stirred into 
 a few c.c. of Normal Saline, and the very fine particles, wliich are light enough 
 to remain in suspension in the fluid for a certain time, are run into the veins 
 by a simple apparatus such as is now used for Salvarsan. The usual doses 
 have been 50 to 60 milligrammes (about 1 grain). A succession of doses at 
 short intervals is best. The reaction is, in most cases, negligible, but effect 
 cannot be compared to that of Salvarsan. — Jl. R.A.M.C. '14, i. 517. 
 
 Intravenous injection is being used at the present time with remarkable 
 success in the treatment of sleeping sickness by the Soudan Commission. — 
 Jl. R.A.M.C. '14, i. 518. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ANTIMONIUM NIGRUM PURIFICATUM. 
 
 antimonious sulphide. 
 
 Fr., Trisulfure d'Antimoine ; Ger., Spiessglanz ; Ital., Trisolfuro 
 Di Antimonio ; Span., Solfuro de Antimonio Purificada. 
 
 A heavy, inodorous, greyish-black crystalline powder, consisting of native 
 Antimonious Sulphide SboSj, eq. 33U'61, separated from siliceous material 
 and from arsenical compounds. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Used to prepare Antimonium Sulphuratum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital. (Crudo and Depurate), Mex., Port., Span. (Sulfuro de 
 Antimonio Purificada), Swed. and Swiss. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Antimonious Sulphide yields the tests distinctive of Antimony 
 given under Antimonious Oxide. It dissolves in boiling Hydrochloric Acid, 
 evolving the characteristic disagreeable odour of Hydrogen Suljohide. When 
 fused with a mixture of Sodium Carbonate and sufficient Potassium Nitrate 
 to oxidise it, it yields a nxass winch, dissolved in Water, filtered, and the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measviie.] ANT 209 
 
 filtrate acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, affords with Barium Chloride 
 Solution a heavy white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric or Nitric Acid, 
 or in a mixture of both. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and siliceous matter. 
 The Belgian Pharmacopoeia requires that if 1 gramme be shaken with 10 c.c. 
 of Hydrochloric Acid until disengagement of gas ceases, mixed with 5 c.c. 
 of Water, and cautiously heated on a water-bath with some crystals of 
 Potassium Chlorate, the mixtm-e, when freed from Chlorine, filtered tlirough 
 an asbestos plug and evaporated to 3 c.c, shall yield no brown coloration in 
 one hour, when mixed with an equal volume of Stannous Chloride Solution. 
 The P.O. does not allow more than 1 p.c. of residue insoluble in boiling 
 concentrated Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid. — If 2 grammes of finely-powdered Antimonious 
 Sulphide be gently warmed with 20 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, and finally 
 boiled, shaking meanwhile ; at the most • 02 gramme residue should remain. 
 P.O. 
 
 ANTIMONIUM SULPHURATUM. 
 
 SULPHURATED ANTIMONY. 
 
 Fk., Pentasulpure d'Antimoine ; Ger., Goldschwefel ; Span., Azufre 
 Dorado de Antimonio. 
 
 An orange-red, odourless, tasteless powder, wlucli consists of a 
 mixture of Antimony Penta- and Tri-sulphides and Oxides, and con- 
 taining also some free Sulpliur. It should be preserved from tlie light. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water ; dissolves readily in Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, also in hot Hydrochloric Acid evolving Hydrogen 
 Sulphide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Alterative, diaphoretic, and emetic ; 
 powerfully depressant ; uncertain in action from its slight solubility, 
 depending on the acidity of the stomach. Usually prescribed with 
 Calomel and Guaiacum, as in Pilula Hydrargja'i Subchloridi Composita, 
 as a cholagogue in gout ; for secondary syjihilis and its cutaneous 
 eruptions ; or with Henbane or Hemlock in chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 grains = 0*06 to 0*13 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Antimonii Chloridi, Kermes Mineral, Pulvis Gum- 
 mosus Stibiatus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Russ. and Swiss (Stibium Sulfuratum Aurantiacum), Dan. and Dutch 
 (Sulfidum Stibicum), Fr. (Pentasulf ure d'Antimoine), Ital. 
 (Pentasolf uro di Antimonio,) Mex. (Sulfuro Antimonico), Norw. 
 (Sulfuretum Stibicum), Port. (Enxofre Dourado de Antimonio), 
 Span. (Azufre Dorado de Antimonio). Swiss has also Stibium 
 Sulfuratum Rubeum. 
 
 Tests. — Sulphurated Antimony yields the tests distinctive of 
 Antimony appearing under Antimonious Oxide ; when treated with 
 Hydrochloric Acid it evolves a disagreeable characteristic odour of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide, and a separation of Sulphur occurs ; and when 
 fused with Potassium or Sodium Carbonate and sufficient Potassium 
 Nitrate to efiect oxidation, the product, when dissolved in Water 
 
210 ANT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 filtered, and the filtrate acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, yields a 
 solution giving with Barium Chloride Solution a dense white precipitate 
 insoluble in concentrated Hydrochloric Acid or in Nitric Acid, or in a 
 mixture of both. 
 
 It is ofiicially required to indicate from 53*33 p.c. to 60 p.c. of 
 Antimonic Oxide, as gravimetrically determined by completely oxidising 
 3 grammes of the Sulphurated Antimony with Fuming Nitric Acid. It 
 was pointed out {Y.B.P. '07, 473) that Sulphurated Antimony would 
 not yield the amount of residue required by the B.P. 1898 test, and it 
 has been modified so as to read, 3 grammes moistened with Diluted Nitric 
 Acid, warmed with successive portions of fuming Nitric Acid until 
 red fumes cease to be evolved, the excess of Water then evaporated off, 
 and carefully heated to redness, to expel Sulphuric Acid, should leave 
 a whitish residue weighing not less than 1*6 and not more than 1*8 
 grammes. It was shown that a sample containing as much as 30 per 
 cent, of anhydrous Sodium Sulphate yielded a figure for residue very 
 close to that obtained from a genuine and carefully prepared sample. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, siliceous 
 matter. Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
 It is curious to note that in this instance the B.P. has fixed an 
 Arsenic limit of 1000 parts per million, as determined by the Arsenic 
 Test, given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution 
 obtained by dissolving 0*01 gramme by boiling it in a small flask with 
 0*2 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent, and 5 ml. 
 of Water, subsequently adding 2 ml. of Bromine Arsenic-Test reagent, 
 and repeating the gentle boiling, adding 17 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 nil. of Water, and continuing the boiling 
 until the major portion of the Bromine has volatilised. A slight 
 excess of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent is added to remove 
 the last traces of Bromine, 20 ml. of this mixture distilled, and after 
 washing the flask and condenser returning the distillate to the flask, 
 adding 1 drop of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent, and collecting 
 a further 16 ml. of distillate, which should then be mixed with 45 ml. of 
 hot Distilled Water, and a few drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. In the case of Antimonious Oxide the substance is required 
 to yield no characteristic reaction for Arsenic, whilst in Tartrated 
 Antimony, neither a limit nor a test for Arsenic is included. 
 
 No yellow flocculent precipitate should settle out after 6 hours, 
 when 0*5 gramme of Sulphurated Antimony is digested during two 
 minutes with 5 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of Ammonium 
 Carbonate at a temperature of 50° to 60° C. (122° to 140° F.), the 
 mixture filtered, and an excess of Hydrochloric Acid added to the 
 filtrate, indicating a limit of Arsenic compounds. 
 
 The B.P. has now fixed a limit of Sulphates, requiring that, 
 when 1 gramme of Sulphurated Antimony is digested with 20 ml. 
 of hot Distilled Water, and filtered, the filtrate, when acidified 
 with Diluted Nitric Acid, should not become more than slightly 
 cloudy on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Sulphates. The aqueous liquid obtained on shaking 1 gramme 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ANT 211 
 
 of Sulphurated Antimony with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and filtering, 
 shall yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 
 
 Sulphurated Antimony should be almost completely soluble in boiling 
 Ilydrocliloric Acid, indicating a limit of siliceous matter. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR ANTIMONII CHLORIDI.— A yellowish-red liquid, sp.gr. 
 about 1'47. A powerful escharotic. 
 
 KERMES MINERAL {Fr. Codex). — A soft reddish-brown odourless and 
 tasteless powder, consisting of a mixtixre of Antimony Sulphide and Sodium 
 Pyro-antimoniate. prepared by boiling Antimony Sulphide with Sodium 
 Carbonate and Distilled Water. 
 
 It is also Official in Belg., Dan., Ital., Max., Port., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 PULVIS GUMMOSUS ST IBIATUS (Swed).— Kermes Mineral, I; Sugar, 
 9 ; Pulvis Gummosus, 30. 
 
 ANTIMONIUM TARTARATUM. 
 
 TARTARATED ANTIMONY. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — PoTASSio -Tartrate of Antimony ; 
 Tartar Emetic; Emetic Tartar. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Tartarus Stibiatus. 
 
 [K(SbO)C,H406]oH20, eq. 664 '68. 
 
 Fr., Antimoniotartrate Acide de Potassium ; Ger., Brechweinstein ; 
 Ital., Tartaro Emetico ; Span., Tartrato Antimonico Potasico. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, transparent rhombic crystals, or as a heavy 
 white powder. Taste at first sweet, then nauseous and metallic. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Antimonious Oxide and 
 Potassium Acid Tartrate, the product being purified by recrystallisation 
 from Water. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber 
 colour. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 17 of Water (slowly) ; 1 in 2 of boiling Water ; 
 sparingly soluble in Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diaphoretic, expectorant, alterative, 
 emetic, circulatory and nervous depressant. Useful in the head 
 symptoms of acute febrile diseases and in delirium tremens ; contra- 
 indicated in asthenic cases ; alterative in chronic skin affections and 
 in gout. 
 
 As a diaphoretic and expectorant, it is given with great effect in the 
 early stage of acute pneumonia, bronchitis and croup. 
 
 Externally, in the form of ointment, it acts as a powerful counter- 
 irritant, producing a pustular eruption. 
 
 2i minim doses of the Vinum in pneumonia bring the crisis at the end 
 of the fourth day.— B.M.J. 'U, i. 914. 
 
 Very promising results intravenously in kala-azar. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 197. 
 
212 ANT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dose. — As a diaphoretic, ^^ to | grain = O'OOS to 0*008 gramme ; 
 as an emetic, ^ to 1 grain = 0*032 to 0"065 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best prescribed in aqueous solution or as the 
 Vinum. In pill, well triturated with Milk Sugar and Diluted Glucose q.s. 
 
 Incom^patibles. — Tannic Acid, the Alkalis and their Carbonates, and Lead 
 salts, mineral Acids, Soaps, astringent Infusions, as Cinchona, Rhubarb, etc. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Vinum Antimoniale. 
 
 Not Ofl&cial. — XJnguentimi Antimonii Tavtarati, Unguentiun Tai'tari 
 Stibiati, Pomata Stibiata. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube or emetics. Tannic Acid, Catechu, vegetable 
 astringents, Tea or Coffee ; stimulants if much collapse. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr. (Stibium Kalio-Tar- 
 taricum) ; Belg. (Tartarus Stibiatus) ; Dan., Norw. and Swed. (Tartras 
 Stibico-Kalicus) ; Dutch (Tartras Kalico-Stibicus) ; Fr. (Anti- 
 moniotartrate Acide de Potassium); Ger. and Swiss (Tartarus 
 Stibiatus); Hvmg. (Kalium Stibio-Tartaricum) ; Ital. (Tartrate 
 di Antimonio e di Potassio); Mex. (Tartrato de Potassio y 
 Antimonio); Port. (Tartrato de Potassa e de Antimonio) ; Jap. 
 and Russ. (Stibio-Kalium Tartaricum) ; Span. (Tartrato Anti- 
 monico Potasico) ; U.S. (Antimonii et Potassii Tartras). 
 
 Tests. — Tartarated Antimony dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding 
 a solution which is slightly acid in reaction towards Litmus paper, 
 and which should answer the tests distinctive of Antimony given 
 under Antimonious Oxide ; after separation of the Antimony it should 
 also give a yellow crystalline precipitate with Platinic Chloride Solution, 
 and a residue of Platinum and Potassium Chloride when this precipitate 
 is ignited ; when moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced 
 into a Bunsen flame it should communicate a violet coloration readily 
 distinguished when viewed through a blue glass ; it should give a white 
 precipitate soluble in moderately concentrated Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, when an aqueous solution is tested with Calcium Chloride 
 Solution ; with Silver Nitrate Solution a white precipitate soluble in 
 Ammonia Solution, the ammoniacal solution yielding a precipitate 
 of metallic Silver when the solution is boiled ; the precipitate is also 
 soluble in Nitric Acid ; a purple or violet colour should be produced 
 when to its solution acidulated with Acetic Acid, a drop or two of 
 Ferrous Sulphate Solution is added, followed by a few drops of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, and then an excess of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. The aqueous solution is precipitated by Tannic 
 Acid Solution. The B.P. has now discarded the statement that ' it 
 13 not precipitated by Gallic Acid.' As mentioned in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squire's Companion, this statement was not correct. It is 
 officially required to contain not less than 99 p.c. and not more than 
 100*4 p. c. of Antimonium Potassio- Tartrate, as determined by titrating 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, the solution obtained 
 by dissolving 0*5 gramme of Tartarated Antimony in 25 ml. of Water, 
 subsequently adding 5 grammes of Sodium Potassium Tartrate and 
 1*5 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate, the latter in order to neutralise 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ANT 213 
 
 the Hydriodic Acid produced during tlie reaction ; not less than 
 29*8 ml. or more than 30*2 ml. of the Tenth- Normal Volumetriclodine 
 Solution should be required ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimietric Iodine 
 Solution = 0*01662 gramme of Tartarated Antimony. The Sodium 
 Bicarbonate must be added not long before the titration or the 
 Antimony will be precipitated. The U.S. P. requires it to contain 
 not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Antimony and Potassium Tartrate; 
 the P.G. requires a content of 99*7 p.c. of Tartarated Antimony. The 
 methods of determination are compared below under the heading of 
 Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ammonium salts, 
 Arsenic, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Sodiimi, Chlorides, Sulphates 
 and Potassium Acid Tartrate. The B.P. includes tests for Lead, 
 Copper, Iron, Sodium, Ammonium, Chlorides or Sulphates, and Acid 
 Potassium Tartrate, but curiously enough in this instance does not 
 include a limit of Arsenic, although such a limit is included under 
 Sulphurated Antimony. A small quantity of the salt when boiled 
 with Potassium Hydroxide Solution should not evolve an odour of 
 Ammonia, nor should the issuing gas turn blue a strip of moistened 
 red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. Both 
 the U.S. P. and P.G. employ the Bettendorf's Test for Arsenic, described 
 in the small tjrpe below under the heading of Stannous Chloride Solution. 
 A 1 p.c. aqueous sohition of the salt, when acidified with Acetic Acid, 
 shall yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. An aqueous 
 1 p.c. solution after the addition of just sufficient Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution to redissolve the precipitate at first formed, shall yield no 
 darkening in colour on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Copper, Lead and Iron. An aqueous 1 p.c. 
 solution, acidified with Acetic Acid, shall yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Chlorides ; the addition of Barium Chloride Solution to another portion 
 of a solution of similar strength shall yield no tm'bidity or precipitate, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphates. No effervescence should result 
 when an aqueous Sodiiun Carbonate Solution is mixed with a little of 
 the salt, indicating the absence of Acid Potassium Tartrate. 
 
 A small quantity of the salt when moistened with Hydrochloric 
 Acid and introduced on a Platinum loop, into a Buusen flame, shall 
 yield no pronounced yellow coloration, indicating a limit of Sodium 
 compounds. 
 
 With the exception of Sodium and Ammonium, the U.S. P. includes 
 tests for all the impurities mentioned in the B.P., and in addition 
 includes tests for the absence of Calciimi and a limit of Arsenic ; the 
 P.G. only includes a specific test for a limit of Arsenic compounds. 
 The U.S. P. includes a separate test for Iron, which is given in small 
 type under the heading of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. >> 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution.^ — An aqueous 1 in 100 solution 
 acidulated with Acetic Acid should be unaffected by Test-Solution of 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide, U.S. P. 
 
214 AWT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Stannous Chloride Solution. — A mixture of 1 gramme Tartarated 
 Antimony and 3 c.c. Stannous Chloride Solution should assume no dark 
 coloration within one hour, P.O. ; O'l gramme dissolved in 5 c.c. Hydro- 
 chloric Acid should not respond to Bettendorf'a Test for Arsenic, U.S.P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 1 gramme is dissolved in sufficient Water 
 to measure 100 c.c. then 33 c.c. of this solution should, after the addition of 
 20 c.c. of a cold saturated aqueous solution of Sodium Bicarbonate and a little 
 Starch Test-Solution, require not less than 19 "9 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Iodine Solution to produce a permanent blue colour (each c.c. 
 corresponding to 5 p.c. of the pure salt). Titration should begin immediately 
 after the addition of the Sodium Bicarbonate Solution, U.S.P. A solution 
 of • 5 gramme of Tartarated Antimony and . 5 gramme of Tartaric Acid 
 in 100 c.c. of Water, after the addition of 5 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 and a few drops of Starch Solution, should require 30 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Iodine Solution to produce a blue coloration, corresponding to 
 a content of 99' 7 p.c. of Tartarated Antimony, 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Iodine Solution = 0*016()2 gramme of Tartarated Antimony, 
 Starch Solution being used as an indicator, P.O. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 VINUM ANTIMONIALE. Antimonial Wine. (Altered.) 
 
 Dissolve 1 of Tartarated Antimony in 10 of boiling Distilled Water, 
 and add Sherry, q.s. to yield 250. 
 
 The equivalent quantities are 40 grains in 22*85 fl. oz. 
 
 Boiling Water to dissolve the Tartarated Antimony was recom- 
 mended in former editions of Squire's Companion. 
 
 The strength has been altered to correspond with that of the Brussels 
 Conference. In B.P. 1898 it was 1 in 219, it is now 1 in 250. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0'6 to I'S ml. ; as an emetic, 2 to 4 
 fl. drm. = 7-1 to 14*2 ml. 
 
 Contains 1 grain in 275 minims. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^Official in Belg. Dutch, Ger., Jap., Russ. 
 and Swed. (Vinum Stibiatum), 1 in 250; Ital. (Vino Stibiato), 1 in 
 2.50; Mex. (Vino estibiado), 1 in 300; Span. (Vino Emetico), 1 in 
 250 ; U.S. (Vinum Antimonii), 1 in 250 ; all with Sherry. Austr. (Vinum 
 Stibii Kalio-Tartarici), 1 in 250; Himg. (Vinum Stibiato-Tar- 
 taricum), 1 in 240; Swiss (Vinum Stibiatum), 1 in 250; all with 
 Malaga Wine. Port. (Vinho Antimonial). 1 in 200 of Port Wine. All 
 by weight, except U.S. Not in Dan., Fr. or Norw. 
 
 Tests. — Antimonial Wine has a specific gravity of about 1 *001 ; 
 contains about 4*7 p.c. w/v of total solids; and about 18 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUiVI ANTiMONII TARTARATI {B.P. 1885).— Tartarated 
 Antimony in powder, 1 ; Simple Ointment, 4. 
 
 UNGUENTUM TARTARI STIBIATI (Ger.).— Tartarated Antimony, 1 ; 
 White Vaselin, 4. 
 
 POIVFATA STIBIATA (/i!a^.).— Tartarated Antimony, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 4. 
 
 ANTIPYRINE. See PHENAZONUM. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] API 215 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 APIOL. 
 
 An oily liquid, with a peculiar odour and disagreeable taste, obtained from 
 the Fruits of Apium Petroselinum, L. (Parsley). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Useful in amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea. 
 All the preparations of Apiol promote the menstrual flow by vaso-dilatation. 
 Dose. — 3 to 5 minims = 0-18 to 0-3 ml. 
 Prescribing Wote. — Usually given in capsules. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and Port. (Apiol), 
 Dan. and Norw. (^theroleum Petroselini), Swed. includes Fructus 
 Petroselini and an Aqua of it. * 
 
 Apiol was described by Messrs. Joret and Homolle, who introduced the 
 substance into medicine, as a yellow, oily, non-volatile liquid, but the Apiol 
 obtained by us from the Homolle capsules, although yellow in colour, was 
 volatile in the vapour of Water to the extent of 95 p.c. Witney went into 
 the subject in 1880, and describes Apiol as an impure Essential Oil of Parsley 
 containing minute quantities of soft resin, and the Apiol of Homolle as the 
 Essential Oil of Parsley Seeds with small traces of a soft resin. The Essential 
 Oil of Parsley is a yellow, oily liquid, and as such has been made official in 
 the Danish and Norwegian Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 Arising out of a discussion as to what should be the colour of liquid Apiol. 
 it was suggested in CD. '94, ii. 17, that it was simply an alcoholic extract of 
 Parsley Seeds ; but this product is green, and contains but a small proportion 
 (under 15 p.c.) of the Essential Oil of Parsley. 
 
 The stearoptene from the Oil is known as Crystallised Apiol, it is Official 
 in French Codex. 
 
 Not Official. 
 APOCYNUM. 
 
 Syn. — Canadian Hemp. 
 The dried Rliizome of Apocynum Cannabinum, L., is Official in U.S. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in the United States as a cardiac tonic 
 and diuretic in cardiac dropsy. Also as a fluid extract (dose 5 to 15 minims 
 = 0"3 to 0*9 ml.) in pleurisy with effusion. 
 
 As it is a drastic purgative, it sliould be given with some caution ; the 
 most irritant of all cardiac tonics, and not a drug to be employed advan- 
 tageously. 
 
 It has a Digitalis action, and can be used in cases of cardiac dropsy, where 
 Digitahs has produced emesis. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1910, Therap., 38, 39. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— The root is usually ^ to ■} inch (4 to 6 mm.) thick, 
 cylindrical, somewhat angular, and longitudinally wrinkled with a few trans- 
 verse fissures. It has an orange-brown bark, which becomes grey-brown on 
 keeping, whitish or pinkish internally, nearly as thick as the woody portion, 
 and contains large laticiferous vessels. The yellowish wood has several 
 concentric rings, is finely radiate and coarsely porous, taste bitterish and 
 somewhat acrid ; it has scarcely any odoiu". The root of A. androscemijolium, 
 L., is sometimes confused with it, but it has a wlaite porous wood and groups 
 of stone cells in the outer part of the bark. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM APOOYNI {U.S.).—\ in 1. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 c.c. (15 minims). 
 
 TiNCTURA APOOYNI.— Root, 1 ; Alcohol (GO p.c), 10; by maceration. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 0-6 ml. 
 
210 APO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 APOCYNIN. — An amorphoua resinous substance, almost insoluble in 
 Water, but soluble in Alcohol (90 pc.) and in Ether. 
 
 APOMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM. 
 
 APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 (Ci^HnNOa.HCl),,, H2O, eq. 625 '244. 
 
 Fr., Chlorhydrate d'Apomorphine ; Ger., Apomorphinhydrochlorid ; 
 Ital., Chloridrato di Apomorfina ; Span., Cloruro db Apomorfina. 
 
 White or greyisli-wliite, odourless, minute, shining, needle-shaped 
 (irystals, which should he kept from the light in dark amber-coloured, 
 thoroughly dry, glass bottles, and protected as far as possible from the 
 air, or the crystals will become green. 
 
 Apoinorphine is obtained from Morphine by the abstraction of a molecule 
 of Water, and Apomorphine Hydrochloride is prepared by heating Morphine 
 or its Hydrochloride in sealed tubes with an excess of strong Hydrochloric 
 Acid or with Zinc Chloride. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion that 
 the B.P. 1898 mentioned Morphine or Codeine for the preparation of 
 Apomorphine, the new B.P. now omits Codeine, and also omits the method 
 of preparation, stating simply that it is the Hydrochloride of an alkaloid, 
 which may be obtained from Morphine by the abstraction of the elements 
 of a molecule of Water. 
 
 Solubility.— About 1 in 60 of Water ; 1 in 50 of Alcohol (OOp.c.) ; 
 nearly insoluble in Chloroform and in Ether ; 1 in 100 of Glycerin. 
 
 The figures for the solubility of Apomorphine Hydrochloride in Water 
 and Alcohol, given in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion to the 
 Bi'itish Pharmacopoeia, were the result of careful redeterminations of these 
 solubilities. It is interesting to note that the statement in the B.P. 1898, 
 'soluble in .50 parts of Water and more soluble in Alcohol (OOp.c.),' has 
 been altered in i?.P. 1914 to ' soluble in 60 parts of Water and in 50 parts 
 of Alcohol (90p.c.),' which agrees with the statement previously appearing 
 in Squire's Companion. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The most reliable emetic, yV grain 
 hypodermically, or ^ grain by the mouth, usually acts promptly (2 or 
 3 minutes) without the production of much preceding nausea or 
 depression, or unpleasant after-efiects. As a hypodermic injection 
 in cases of poisoning, especially if unable to swallow, and if emesis 
 be indicated ; but inert as an emetic in alcoholic poisoning. 
 
 Invaluable as an expectorant in acute and clironic bronchitis 
 with viscid secretion, and in croup ; in bronchial irritation ,due to 
 inhalation of factory dust, and in asthma. 
 
 In the acute stage of alcoholism, delirium tremens, 5 drops of the Injectio 
 are generally sufficient to produce, within 5 minutes, several hours' sleep ; 
 only occasionally does vomiting precede the sleep. 
 
 Dose, — ^V to xV grain = 0"003 to 0*007 gramme, by hypodermic 
 injection ; by the mouth, -^-^ to J grain = 0'007 to 0'016 gramme. 
 As ;i,n expectorant, ^^^ to v,V gi'ain by the mouth. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0*02 granune ; daily, 0'06 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] APO 217 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Its aqueous solution on Iceepmg, or on being gently 
 ivarmed, rapidly turns green. This green coloration is said to be due to 
 the liberation of free Apomorphine by the alkalinity of the glass, and can be 
 prevented by adding a few drops of dilute Hydrochloric Acid to the jjreparation. 
 The official injection keeps fairly well for a month or so. Some autJiorifies are 
 of opinion that the Ammonia in the air causes the alkalinity. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are made containing jj^y, j^^, ^^ grain in each. 
 Pastilles containing ^^ grain of Aj)omorphine and -^ grain Codeine. 
 
 Official Preparation. — -Injoctio Apomorphinse Hypodermica. 
 
 IS'ot Official. — Haustus Apomorphin?e Compositus, Mistura Apomorphinse 
 et Terebeni, and Syrupus Apomorphinse Hydrochloridi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch. Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Apomorpliiue Hydrochloride dissolves in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which is neutral in reaction to Litmus paper, and 
 which gradually acquires a green coloiu' on keeping. A white pre- 
 cipitate, rapidly changing to green on exposiu'e to air, is produced when 
 a. 1 p.c. aqueous solution is made alkaline with Potassium or Sodium 
 Bicarbonate. The liberated alkaloid is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 producing an emerald green solution, in Chloroform producing a fine 
 violet-blue tint, and in Ether a purple coloration. A dilute aqueous 
 solution affords a precipitate with Potassio-Mer curie Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution, with lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, and with 
 Mercuric Chloride Solution. The two following tests serve to distinguish 
 Apomorphine Hydrochloride from Morphine on the one hand, and from 
 Codeine, Narceine, and Narcotine on the other. The first is given in 
 the B.P., but still without any explanation of its object ; the second 
 is peculiar to the U.S. P. : (1) Ferric Chloride Test- Solution colours 
 Apomorphine Hydrochloride Solution red, whilst Morphine yields a 
 dull greenish-blue coloration. (2) A solution of 0*05 gramme of 
 Apomorphine Hydrochloride when shaken with a solution of 0*05 
 gramme of Ferrous Sulphate in 10 c.c. of Water, gradually acquires a 
 blue colour, changing after some time to a bluish-black ; the original 
 blue should be restored upon the addition of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 An aqueous solution gives with Silver Nitrate Solution a white 
 curdy precipitate insoluble in Nitric. Acid ; on the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution, the precipitate dissolves, but its solution is immediately reduced. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion 
 tliat Apomorphine Hydrochloride and Pilocarpine Nitrate were two 
 exceptions to the usual B.P. requirements, that the alkaloidal salt 
 shall afford the tests distinctive of the individual acid radical entering 
 into its composition. The B.P. now requires that Apomorphine 
 Hydrochloride shall yield the reactions characteristic of Chlorides. 
 
 A number of colour reactions for the identification of the alkaloid 
 are given in small type below, and where possible comparison is made 
 with statements appearing in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are acidity, the presence 
 of salt which has undergone decomposition, oxidation products of 
 Apomorphine, and mineral matter. The B.P. now strangely omits 
 the requirement that it shall be neutral or only faintly acid to Litmus ; 
 
218 APO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 tlie U.S. P. and P.G. require that its aqueous solution shall be neutral 
 to Litmus paper or solution. A salt which has been kept under 
 unfavourable conditions, or which has been in stock for a long while, 
 almost invariably contains a considerable amount of salt which has 
 undergone change. The B.P. now omits the test for altered salt ; 
 the U.S. P. requires that if the salt imparts at once an emerald green 
 colour to 100 parts of Water on being shaken with it a few times in a 
 test-tube, it should be rejected ; the P.G. requires that the freshly 
 prepared aqueous solution (1 + 99) should be colourless, or at the 
 most be only very faintly coloured. If about O'l gramme of the salt 
 be shaken with 10 c.c. of Ether, the Ether should be either entirely 
 colourless, or at the most should acquire not more than a pale rose 
 colour, indicating the absence of oxidation products of Apomorphine. 
 The P.G. requires that O'l gramme when shaken with 5 c.c. of Ether 
 shall yield either no colour or only a pale reddish colour to the 
 Ether on shaking. Apomorphine Hydrochloride should leave no 
 weighable residue on ignition. Neither the B.P. nor the U.S. P. includes 
 a limit of mineral matter, but the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the ash should be stated as non- weighable, P.G. 
 requires that it should leave at the highest O'l p.c. of residue, indicating 
 a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Colour Tests. — With Nitric Acid it yields a blood-red coloration, 
 P.G. ; a deep purple fading to orange, U.S. P. 
 
 U.S. P. also includes the following colour reactions which do not appear 
 in B.P. or P.G. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid does not colour the salt, but with Sulphuric Acid containing 
 (a) a trace of Selenious Acid it produces a dark blue colour fading to violet 
 and then turning black ; (6) a trace of Ferric Chloride, a pale blue colour ; 
 (c) a trace of Ammonium Vanadate, a violet-blue colour, changing to deep 
 greenish-blue ; (d) a little Paraldehyde, a green colour, fading to reddish - 
 brown ; (e) Potassium lodate, a black colour, changing to brown and finally 
 to pale brown ; (/) a trace of Nitric Acid, a blood-red colour, fading to orange. 
 Acetic Acid dissolves the salt without colour, but on adding a trace of 
 Potassium lodate, the solution turns blood-red, changes to purple, and on 
 adding a little Ether and shaking, the latter assumes a blue colour. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 INJECTIO APOMORPHINiE HYPODERMICA. Hypodermic 
 Injection of Apomorphine. 
 
 Apomorphine Hydrochloride, 1 ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 1 ; 
 Distilled Water (recently boiled and cooled), q.s. to make 100. 
 
 5 minims = ^V grain Apomorphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0'3 to 0'6 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HAUSTUS APOIVIORPHIN>E COMPOSITUS {Middlesex). — Apo- 
 morphine Hydrochloride, ^i„ grain ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 1 minim ; 
 Syrup of Squill, 60 minims ; Oil of Turpentine, 10 minims ; Mucilage of Gum 
 Acacia, q.s. ; Spirit of Ether, 10 minims ; Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA APOMORPHIN>E ET TEREBENI (Cw^/'s).— Apomorphine 
 Hydrochloride, ^i^ grain; Piu-e Terebene, 15 minims; Peru Balsam, 10 
 minims ; Mucilage Mixture, to 1 oz. 
 
LSoiids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] AQU 219 
 
 SYRUPUS APOMORPHIN/E HYDROCHLORIDI {B.P.C. Formulanj 
 1901). — Apomorphine Hydrochloride, 5 grains ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 15 minims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 7 fl. di-m. ; Distilled Water, 7 fl. drm. ; Syrup, 
 to produce 20 fl. oz. Dissolve the salt in the Spirit and Water mixed, then 
 add the Acid and the Syrup. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm = 1 • 8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 Contains /_, grain in 1 fl. drm. 
 
 WATERS. 
 
 The Waters of the British PharmacopcBia, all of which are distilled, 
 except Aqua Camphorse and Aqua Chloroformi, are as follows ; the 
 formulas are given under the names of the substances from which 
 they are prepared : — 
 
 AQUA ANETHI. From the dried ripe fruit. 
 
 AQUA ANISI. From dried ripe Anise fruit. 
 
 AQUA AURANTII FLORIS. From the flowers. Imported. 
 
 AQUA CAMPHORS. 
 
 AQUA CARUI. From the dried fruit. 
 
 AQUA CHLOROFORMI. 
 
 AQUA CINNAMOMI. From the bark. 
 
 AQUA DESTILLATA. 
 
 AQUA FCENICULI. From the dried ripe fruit. 
 
 AQUA LAUROCERASI. From fresh leaves. 
 
 AQUA MENTH/E PIPERITA. With oil and distilled. 
 
 AQUA MENTHA VIRIDIS. With oil and distilled. 
 
 AQUA ROS^. From the fresh flowers. 
 
 In preparing distilled aqueous liquids only good, natural, potable Water 
 must be employed, as directed for ' Distilled Water.' 
 
 In India and other tropical countries the Waters of Anethum, Anisum, 
 Caruum, Cinnamomum, Fceniculum, Mentha Piperita, and Mentha Viridis 
 may be prepared from the oils without distillation, using 1 of Oil and 2 of 
 Calcium Phosphate to 500 of Distilled Water. 
 
 AQUA DESTILLATA. 
 
 DISTILLED WATER. 
 
 H2O, eq. 18-016. 
 
 Fr., Eau Destillee ; Ger., Destillirtewasser ; Ital., Acqua Distillata ; 
 Span., Aqua Destilada. 
 
 A clear, colourless, odom'less, tasteless, neutral, limpid liquid, 
 obtained by distilling good natural Water of a potable quality. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Tests. — Distilled W^ater at the normal temperature and pressure, 
 boils at 100° C. (212° F.), and should evaporate leaving scarcely a 
 weighable residue. It should possess neither colour, taste nor odour, 
 and should be perfectly neutral. The more generally occurring 
 impurities in Distilled Water are Lead, Copper and Iron, dissolved 
 solids, Chlorides, Nitrates, Nitrites, Sulphates, organic matter, and 
 
220 AQU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Ammonia. The P.G. and U.S. P. include also tests for Calcium and 
 Carbonic Acid. 
 
 The B.P. includes tests for all these impurities with the exception 
 of Nitrites, as does also the U.S. P. The P.G. includes them all with 
 the exception of Nitrates. 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, when acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid shall yield no darkening in colour on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Lead and Copper ; on the siibsequent addition of an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution no alteration in colour should be produced, indicating 
 the absence of Iron. 
 
 1000 c.c. of Distilled Water, when evaporated to dryness, shall 
 yield not more than 0*05 gramme of Solid Residue. The B.P. requires 
 that 100 ml, evaporated to dryness shall leave not more than 0*005 
 gramme. As pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's 
 Companion, the amount 25 c.c. used by the B.P. 1898 for the deter- 
 mination of the Solid Residue was ridiculously small, and although the 
 100 ml. recommended in the B.P. 1914 is an improvement, it is still 
 too small and 500 c.c. to 1000 c.c, would have been better ; the U.S. P. 
 employs 1000 c.c, requiring that it shall leave not more than O'Oa 
 gramme of residue ; the P.G. that 100 c.c. shall leave at the most 
 0*001 gramme of residue. The tests for Chlorides, Nitrates, and 
 Sulphates given in the B.P. are those mentioned in the Appendix, 
 but with the exception of those for Chlorides and Sulphates are too 
 crude unless speciallj^ applied. 
 
 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, when acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, 
 shall yield neither a turbidity nor precipitate on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides, nor on the addi- 
 tion of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 If 2 c.c. each of SulphaniUc Acid Test-Solution and Naphthylamine 
 Acetate Test-Solution be added to 50 c.c. of Water contained in a 
 Nessler glass, no pink coloration should be developed within 5 minutes, 
 indicating a Hmit of Nitrites ; if a minute quantity of Zinc Dust be 
 then added to the solution no pink colour should be produced within a 
 further 5 minutes, indicating a limit of Nitrates. The U.S. P. employs 
 the Diphenylamine test for Nitrates, and the Sulphanilic Acid and 
 Naphthylamine Acetate test for the Nitrites. The tests are given in 
 small type below under the headings of these solutions. 
 
 The B.P. requires that a mixture of 250 ml. of Distilled Water, 3 ml. 
 of Sulphuric Acid and 0*1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution, after standing for 3 hours at about 15*5° C. 
 (60° F.) is coloured blue on the addition of a crystal of Potassium 
 Iodide, and 1 ml. of Starch Mucilage, indicating the absence of 
 more than traces of organic matter. The U.S. P. requires that on 
 heating to boiling 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidulated with 10 c.c. 
 of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and subsequently adding 0*1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, the coloiu* of 
 the liquid should not be completely destroyed by boiling for 10 minutes, 
 nor should it wholly disappear if the vessel be afterwards set aside in 
 a dark place, covered, for 10 hours, indicating the absence of organic 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] ARA 221 
 
 or other oxi disable substances. The P.G. requires that if 100 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water be boiled with 1 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid and 
 0*3 c.c. of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0*1 p.c. w/w) for 3 
 minutes, the red colour of the mixture should not disappear, indicating 
 a limit of organic matter, and Nitrous Acid. The B.P. requires that 
 the addition of 2 ml. of Alkaline Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Nessler's) 
 Solution to 50 ml. of Distilled Water, contained in a Ncssler glass, 
 standing on a white tile, shall not produce within 5 minutes a more 
 intense colour than that yielded by a mixture of 0*5 ml. of Dilute 
 Ammonium Chloride Solution, and 50 ml. of Ammonia-free Water, 
 when tested in a corresponding manner, indicating a limit of Ammonia. 
 The U.S. P. requires that if 2 c.c. of Alkaline Potassio-Mercuric Iodide 
 (Nessler's) Solution be added to 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, contained 
 in a glass cylinder, and the whole be thoroughly mixed, no yellow or 
 yellowish-brown tint should be produced immediately, indicating 
 a limit of Ammonia. The P.G. requires that 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 W\ater shall not be altered by the addition of Mercuric Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Ammonia, nor by Nessler's 
 reagent, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. The U.S. P. 
 requires, that not the slightest turbidity should result upon the 
 addition of Ammoniimi Oxalate Test-Solution to Distilled Water, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium ; nor should its transparency be 
 affected when mixed with twice its volume of Calcium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Carbonic Acid. The P.G. requires 
 that 20 c.c. of Distilled Water shall not be altered on the addition of 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium salts ; 
 and that a mixtm-c of 25 c.c. of Distilled Water and 50 c.c. of Lime 
 Water should remain clear within 1 hour when kept in a well-stoppered 
 vessel, indicating a limit of Carbonic Acid gas. 
 
 Diphenylamine. — If 10 c.c. of Distilled Water mixed with a few drops of 
 Diphenylaraine Test-Solution be carefully poured upon about 3 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid free from Nitrous compounds, contained in a test-tube, so 
 as to form a separate layer, no blue colour should be formed at the lino 
 of contact of the two liquids, indicating a limit of Nitrates, U.S. P. 
 
 Sulphanilic Acid and !N aphtliylamine Acetate.— If to 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water contained in a glass cylinder, 2 c.c. each of Sulphanilic Acid 
 Test-Solution and Naphthylanaine Acetate Test-Solution are added, and the 
 solution be well mixed, no distinct pink coloration should appear within 5 
 minutes, if the cylinder be placed upon a white surface and viewed from 
 above, indicating a limit of Nitrites, U.S. P. 
 
 ARACHIS OLEUM. 
 
 ARACHIS OIL. 
 
 [new.] 
 B.P.Syn. — Earth-Nut Oil ; Ground-Nut Oil ; Pea-Nut Oil. 
 
 A pale yellow or yellow oily fluid, somewhat resembling Olive Oil 
 in odour and taste, but it is stated that a purified oil can be obtained 
 which is almost colourless, and which possesses a faint nutty odour, 
 
222 ARA [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 and bland nutty taste. It is the fixed oil expressed from the seeds of 
 Arachis hypogc^a, L, 
 
 It was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add., to be used as a substitute 
 for Olive Oil in Liniments, Ointments and Plasters in India and the 
 African, Eastern, and Australian Colonies, confirmed in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. 
 
 Tests. — Arachis Oil should have a specific gravity of 0-916 to 
 0-921, which are the figures given both by the B.P. and the P.G. 
 Three samples examined in the author's laboratory had each a 
 specific gravity of 0-914. It should have a Refractive Index at 
 20° C. (68° F.) of about 1-470. The B.P. gives the Refractive Index at 
 40° C. (104° F.) as 1-4628 to 1-4645. The P.G. does not refer to the 
 Refractive Index. It should possess an Acid Value of from 4 to 6, 
 l)ut should not exceed the latter figure ; the B.P. states that it should 
 not be more than 6 ; the P.G. does not give an Acid Value. It should 
 have a Saponification Value of 189 to 196 ; B.P. gives 190 to 196 ; the 
 P.G., 188 to 196-6. The Iodine Value should lie between 83 and 100 ; 
 the B.P. gives 83 to 101 ; the P.G., 83 to 100. Three samples ex- 
 amined in the author's laboratory possessed Acid Values from 4*31 
 to 7-0; Saponification Values from 193-2 to 196-0; and Iodine 
 Values from 86-03 to 94-4. If 1 c.c. of the oil be boiled in a 
 small flask under a reflux condenser, for 20 minutes, with 15 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and it be 
 then allowed to stand at a temperature not exceeding 15*5° C. 
 (60° F.) for 24 hours, when subsequently heated on a water-bath for 
 3 minutes, the mixture will deposit crystals on standing. This is a 
 modification of the test given in the Fr. Codex for the detection of 
 Arachis Oil in Olive Oil. The B.P. describes the test substituting 
 ml. for c.c. The test is not included in the P.G. The more generally 
 occurring adulterations are Sesame Oil, and Cotton-Seed Oil, tests 
 for the absence of both oils are included in both the B.P. and P.G. 
 No pink acid layer should separate, when a mixture of 2 c.c. of the 
 oil and 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid containing 1 p.c. of Refined Sugar 
 is shaken for 30 seconds and allowed to stand for 5 minutes, indicating 
 the absence of Sesame Oil. The B.P. in describing this test works 
 in ml. instead of c.c. The P.G. requires that if 5 c.c. of Arachis Oil 
 be shaken vigorously for half a minute with a mixture of O'l c.c. of 
 alcoholic Furfiiral Solution, and 10 c.c. of Fuming Nitric Acid, the 
 aqueous layer, after separation from the oleaginous fluid should exhibit 
 no strong red colour, indicating the absence of Sesame Oil. No red 
 coloration should be produced within 15 minutes when a mixture 
 of 2 c.c. of the Oil, 1 c.c. of Amylic Alcohol and 1 c.c. of a 1 in 100 
 solution of Precipitated Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide is heated in a 
 test-tube immersed in boiling Water, indicating the absence of Cotton- 
 Seed Oil. The B.P. in describing this test works in ml. instead of c.c. 
 The P.G. requires that if a mixture of 5 c.c. of Arachis Oil, 5 c.c. of 
 Amyl Alcohol, and 5 c.c. of a 1 p.c. solution of Sulphiu- in Carbon 
 Bisulphide be heated for 15 minutes under a reflux condenser in a 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AEA 223 
 
 water-bath, it should not cither then, or after a further addition of 
 5 c.c. of the solution of Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide, and subsequent 
 re- heating for a further quarter of an hour, develop a red colour, 
 indicating the absence of Cotton-Seed Oil. 
 
 ARAROBA. 
 
 ARAROBA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — GoA Powder ; Crude Chbysarobin. 
 
 Fine powder, or in more or less agglomerated particles ; yellow 
 when first obtained, but rapidly becoming of a dull ochre or brown 
 colour. Obtained from fissures in the trunk of Andira Araroha, 
 Aguiar, and freed from woody fragments. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Chrysarobin, q.v. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The crude drug of commerce is usually of 
 an umber-brown colour but yellowish internally and more or less 
 mixed with, or attached to, pieces of the heart- wood of the tree. From 
 these pieces it should be freed and then dried and powdered, and it 
 may then vary in colour from brownish-yellow to umber-brown. 
 Samples which have been imported in a damp condition and exposed 
 to atmospheric Ammonia become deep brown or purple. It varies 
 much in the amount of wood it contains. B.P. standard, not less 
 than 50 p.c. soluble in hot Benzene, is somewhat low ; good 
 spefimens yield as much as 80 p.c. of soluble matter to Benzol 
 or Chloroform. The collection of Araroba takes place more or less all 
 the year round. 
 
 Ofl&eial Preparation. — Used to prepare Clirysarobin. 
 
 Tests. — Ai-aroba should be soluble in hot Benzene to the extent 
 of not less than 50 p.c, and when the solution is filtered and evaporated 
 to dryness, the powdered residue is known as Clirysarobin, and should 
 agree in physical characteristics and answer the tests for this substance. 
 
 Not OflBcial. 
 
 ARECA. 
 
 The Seed of the Arcca Catechu, L., the betel-nut tree. Imported from the 
 East Indies. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent, narcotic, anthelmintic. A remedy 
 for tapeworm. 60 grains = 4 grammes, of powdered Areca Nut made into 
 a ball with Honey, answers well as a vermifuge for a large dog. A paste 
 is made of the powder for a dentifrice. 
 
 Areca Nut Charcoal used also as a dentifrice. 
 
 Foreign Pharraaeopoeias. — Official in Ger. and Swiss, Semen Arecse. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The seeds of the Areca palm vary a good deal in 
 size and somewhat in shape. In size they vary from 1 to \h inches (25 to 
 37 mm-) in diameter in the broadest pa.rt ; the transverse section is white 
 
22-t ARG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 marbled with brown, owing to the infolding of the seed coat in the albumen. 
 The taste is astringent and slightly acrid. The hemispherical or rounded 
 fruits, derived from the variety alba, are much less active as a vermifuge 
 tlian the conical or typical form. The larger and more matm-e seeds are 
 to be preferred to the smaller for medicinal use. 
 
 ARECOLIN/C HYDROBROMIDUM. Arecoline Hydrobromide. 
 CgH,30,NHBr. eq. 230-042.— Fine white needles, readily soluble in Water 
 and in Alcohol (90 p.c), difficultly soluble in Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Sialagogue, diaphoretic and anthelmintic, but may cause vomiting and 
 diarrhoea, i p.c. Solution applied to the eye produces tingling followed by 
 myosis. Maximum effect in from 10 to 15 minutes, lasts about one hour. 
 
 Dose. — j^l^ to gij grain = 0-00054 to 0-001 gramme, to be given with 
 caution. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0-0005 ; daily, 0-0015 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., G'er., Hung., Swed. and 
 Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — ^Arecoline Hj'^drobromide, when carefully dried over Sulphm'ic 
 Acid melts at 170° to 171° C. (338° to 339-8° F.); Fr. Codex gives 170° C. 
 (338° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water yielding a 
 solution which is neutral or only faintly acid in reaction to Litmus paper. 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the salt yields a brown precipitate with Iodine 
 Solution, a brown precipitate with Bromine Water, and a light yellow preci- 
 pitate with Silver Nitrate Solution, but none with Platinum Chloride Solution, 
 or Tannic Acid Solution. The P.O. states that Mercuric Chloride Solution 
 ])roduces a white precipitate, which is soluble in an excess of the precipitant, 
 but if this solution bo allowed to remain for some considerable time, colour- 
 less, transparent crystals, gradually separate out. It should leave at the 
 most 0*1 p.c. of residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 ARGENTI NITRAS. 
 
 SILVER NITRATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Lunar Caustic. 
 
 AgN03, eq. 169-89. 
 
 Fr., Azotate d'Argent ; Ger., Silbernitrat ; Ital., Nitrato di Argento 
 Cristallizzato ; Span., Nitrato Argentico Cristalizado. 
 
 Colourless, transiDcirent, tabular, rhombic crystals. It should be 
 kept in well-stoppered, dark amber-coloured vials protected from the 
 light and dust. 
 
 It may be obtained by the action of Nitric Acid upon metallic Silver. 
 
 Solubility. — 100 grains in 50 minims of Water, measuring 80 
 minims ; 1 in 18 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Insoluble in strong Nitric Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent, sedative, antispasmodic. It 
 is useful in hfematemesis, gastric ulcer, chronic nervous irritability 
 of and pain in the stomach; also in some nervous diseases, as 
 epilepsy, chorea and locomotor ataxy. It is employed in chronic 
 dysenteric ulcers as an enema, 60 grains dissolved in 60 oz. of Water, 
 after clearing away the contents of lower bowel, and as a bougie 
 (i oi' h, fci'y-iii) in clu'onic gonorrhoea. A dark line on the edges of the 
 gums, removable by a com-se of Acid Tartrate of Potassium, precedes 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ARG 225 
 
 the indelible discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (argyria), 
 produced by the long-continued internal administration of this salt. 
 Its administration should be interrupted for fourteen days at the 
 end of two or tlu'ee month'^, however small the dose. More than 
 100 grains per month should not be given. 
 
 Externally as a local stimulant to weak and callous ulcers, 
 fistulre, and aphthous affections of the mouth; as a caustic to 
 warts and poisoned wounds and bites of rabid animals. As a local 
 application to prevent pitting in smallpox, and to relieve the itching 
 in pruritus ; it is also applied, under Cocaine, to ulcers of the cornea. 
 1 to 3 grains to the oz. is employed for lotions and collyria, in all 
 forms of conjunctivitis, and both as a prophylactic and curative 
 in ophthalmia neonatorum, and as an injection in uretlmtis, cystitis, 
 and vaginitis ; as a prophylactic for ophthalmia neonatorum, 1 p.c. 
 is even more efficacious than the 2 p.c. advocated by Crede. For 
 eczema or pityriasis of the ear, a 1 in 20 Solution in Spirit of Nitrous 
 Ether answers well. Haemostatic for leech bites. 
 
 Chilblains are painted with a strong solution. 
 
 Strong Solution of Potassium Iodide, or Potassiuin Cyanide, has been 
 suggested for the removal of the black stains on the skin produced by Silver 
 Nitrate. 
 
 By common consent the best of the prophj-lactic agents against ophthalmia 
 neonatorum is a 1 p.c. Solution, of which a single drop is placed in each 
 conjunctival sac as soon as possible after the head is born, and after the 
 eyelids have been cleaned with clean lint. For this purpose there is no need 
 to evert the eyelids. The objection to the Crede Solution is that it is followed 
 by discharge and redness. — L. '12, ii. 1359. 
 
 In eye work albuminoid preparations of Silver had their vogue not because 
 of superiority in action, but because they caused less pain than Nitrate. 
 Pain was the one blot on the efficiency of the Nitrate. To reduce this draw- 
 back 15 p.c. of pure Glycerin is added to a i, 1, or 2 p.c. solution in Distilled 
 Water.— B.iV/..7. '08, ii. 744 ; L. '08, ii. 561. 
 
 Organic Silver preparations do not penetrate so deep as the inorganic, 
 especially Silver Nitrate. Silver Nitrate leads, after long use, to epithelial 
 growth.— Pr. '09, i. 542. 
 
 Of local applications for gonorrhoea in the female, organic Silver prepara- 
 tions were more effectual than the inorganic Silver Nitrate. — B.M.J. '10, i. 508. 
 
 In anal pruritus the parts naay be painted with a solution. — B.M.J.E. 
 '10, i. 5. 
 
 In any strength up to 40 grains per oz. and thoroughly applied all over 
 affected parts in pruritus vulvas, highly satisfactory. — B.M.J. '12, i. 474. 
 
 In trachoma its danger as a caustic, even in tho fonn of the INIitigated 
 Stick, cannot be sufficiently emphasised ; a 2 p.c. Solution, not a stronger 
 one, is recommended. — I.M.G. '11, 344. 
 
 Acute bacillary dysentery treated by intestinal irrigation with a 5 p.c. 
 solution, average duration of attack reduced to 10 daj's. — B.BI. <&; S.J. 
 '10, i. 530. 
 
 Dose. — i to I grain = 0-016 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0*03 gramme ; daily, 0" 15 gramme. 
 
 Ger. maximum dose, single, 0'03 gramme; daily, 0-1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Prescribed in pills with Massa Kaolini. Solutions 
 should be dispensed in stoppered bottles. 
 
 For application to the skin, a Solution in Spirit of Nitrous Ether has been 
 recommended. This solution throws down a light -coloured precipitate, but does 
 not itself become black like a simple spirituous solution. It, however, blackens 
 the ski7i in a shorter time. 
 
 I 
 
226 AUG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A Solution of 10 to 60 grains to 1 fl. oz. of Distilled "Water is used as a 
 paint for the throat. 
 
 Incorapatibles. — The Alkalis and their Carbonates and Alkaloids ; all 
 Bromides, Chlorides, Iodides, and Phosphates ; Solutions of Arsenic, Solutions 
 containing organic matter, and Tannin. 
 
 Official Preparations.— Argenti Nitras Indm-atus and xlrgenti Nitras 
 Mitigatus. 
 
 Not Official.— Mild Caustic Points, Argenti lodidum Nascens, Argentide, 
 Argentum Foliatum. Actol, Albargin, Argentamin, Argentol, Argonin, Argyrol, 
 CoUargol, Hegonon, Ichthargan, Itrol, Largin, Novargan, Protargol, and 
 Tachiol. 
 
 Antidotes. — Aqueous Solution of Common Salt ; Milk or some demulcent 
 drink given freely ; Emetic ; White of Egg. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Span., Swed.. Swiss and U.S. 
 Also fused Nitrate of Silver in all except Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., Ital., Norw., 
 Swed. and Swiss. Russ. now includes only a fused Nitrate. 
 
 Tests.— Silver Nitrate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, yielding a solution wliicli is neutral to Litmus paper, and wliicli 
 yields with Hydrochloric Acid or a soluble Chloride, a white curdy 
 precipitate insoluble in Nitric Acid but soluble in Ammonia Solution ; 
 with Potassium Clu'omate Solution it yields a red precipitate dis- 
 appearing on the addition of a solution of a soluble Chloride, Bromide 
 or Iodide, and destroyed by mineral acids ; a solution of Ferrous 
 Sulphate gently poured on to a well-cooled mixture of its aqueous 
 solution and Sulphuric Acid, produces a brown or purplish-brown 
 coloration at the junction of the two fluids ; an aqueous solution 
 warmed with Sulphuric Acid and a strip of Copper liberates red fumes. 
 It is officially required to yield 84 " 3 p.c. of Silver Chloride, corresponding 
 to 99 '9 p.c. of Silver Nitrate, as determined gravimetrically by 
 precipitating a solution of 1 gramme of the salt in 1.5 ml. of Distilled 
 Water with an excess of Hydrochloric Acid. The U.S. P. requires it 
 to contain not less than 99 '9 p.c. of pure Silver Nitrate, as volu- 
 metrically determined by the method given in small type below 
 under the heading of Volumetric Determination. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the U.S. P. method of 
 determination be changed from ' direct titration with Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Chloride Solution ' to ' titration with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanide Solution.' 
 
 The more generally occrn'ring impurities are Copper, Iron and 
 Lead, alkali salts, and Sulphates. If to a 1 in 10 solution, Ammonia 
 Solution be added until the precipitate at first formed has entirely 
 redissolved, the ammoniacal liquid should not possess a blue colour, 
 indicating the absence of Copper. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should 
 produce no turbidity on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 and no white precipitate should form on standing, indicating the 
 absence of Lead. If the precipitate produced on the addition of a 
 slight excess of Hydi-ochloric Acid to a 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the 
 salt be removed by filtration, the filtrate should yield no blue coloration 
 on the addition of 0*5 c.c. of Pota.ssium Ferrocyanide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Iron. The filtrate obtained from the B,P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AKG 227 
 
 gravimetric determination, when evaporated to dryness, should yield 
 no appreciable solid residue, indicating a limit of alkali salts. The 
 U.S. P. requires that if an aqueous solution (1 in 10) be completely pre- 
 cipitated by Hydrochloric Acid, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to 
 dryness, not more than O'l p.c. of residue should remain, indicating 
 a limit of foreign salts ; the P.G. states that if Hydrochloric Acid in 
 slight excess be added to 5 c.c. of the aqueous (1 + 19) solution, heated 
 to the boiling point, then the filtrate separated from the precipitate, on 
 evaporation to dryness no weighable residue should remain, indicating 
 a limit of alkali salts. The P.G. also requires that a solution of 1 part 
 of Silver Nitrate in 3 parts of Ammonia Solution should be colourless, 
 indicating the absence of Copper salts ; and also clear, indicating 
 the absence of Lead and Bismuth salts. If 10 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous 
 solution be completely precipitated with an excess of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and filtered, the filtrate shall yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Sulphates. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 0-5 gramme of Silver Nitrate is dissolved 
 in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and well mixed with 30 c.c. Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Solution of Sodium Chloride and 3 drops of Potassium Chromate 
 Test-Solution ; when not more than 0*4 c.c. Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution should be required to impart to the liquid a permanent red 
 colour, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ARGENTI NITRAS INDURATUS. Toughened Caustic. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, 19 ; Potassium Nitrate, 1. Mix by fusion. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Belg. (Argenti Nitrici Styli) ; Fr. (Crayons 
 d'Azotate d'Argent) ; Ital. (Nitrato d'Argento Fuso con Nitrato 
 di Potassio) ; Mex. (Lapices de Nitrato de Plata) ; Span. (Nitrate 
 Argenti CO Mitigado) ; all Silver Nitrate 9, Potassium Nitrate 1. 
 
 Argenti Nitras Fusus {U.S. P.). — 4 grammes of Hydrochloric Acid are 
 added to 100 grammes of Silver Nitrate in a porcelain dish and melted at as 
 low a temperature as possible, stirred well and poured into suitable moulds. 
 Should be kept in dark amber-coloured vials protected from light. 
 
 ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS. Mitigated Caustic. 
 
 Silver Nitrate, 1 ; Potassium Nitrate, 2. Mix by fusion. 
 
 Foreign Pharm.aeopoeias, — Official in Austr., Ger., Russ. and Swiss, 
 1 in 3 ; Jap., 1 in 2 ; all (Argentum Nitricum c. Kalio Nitrico). 
 Dan. (Nitras Argenticus bis Mitigatus), 1 in 3 ; Swed. (Nitras 
 Argenticus Mitigatus), 1 in 3 ; Fr. (Crayons d'Azotate d'Argent 
 Mitige), containing ^, ^-, and ^ of Nitrate of Silver; U.S. (Argenti 
 Nitras Mitigatus), lin3. Not in the others. 
 
 Mild Caustic Points, made by fusing Potassiuin Nitrate in various 
 proportions with Silver Nitrate, are used by oculists and others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ARGENTUM FOLIATUM {Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Russ. 
 and Siviss). — -Thin leaves of pure Silver, which dissolve in Nitric Acid, yielding 
 a clear colourless Solution. 
 
 ARGENTI lODIDUM NASCENS.— Freshly precipitated Silver Iodide 
 is used in conjunctival catarrhs. 
 
 I 2 
 
228 ARG- [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Silvei' Iodide is a heavy, amorphous, yellowish powder, which should be 
 ke^Dt in dark amber-coloured vials, protected from light. 
 
 Argentide is a concentrated solution of Silver Iodide, one of the most 
 stable and least irritating of the Silver salts. It is stated to possess strong 
 germicidal power, to be non-poisonous, non-irritating, and non-staining 
 to the skin or clothing. It is indicated in cystitis, gonorrhoeal tirethritis, 
 leucorrhcea, and similar morbid processes. For use it is diluted with from 
 30 to 1000 volumes of Distilled Water, which results in a fine precipitate 
 of the Silver salt. It is used as a douche, injection, or instillation. 
 
 ACTOL (Silver Lactate). — A white amorphous powder, or as colourless 
 crystalline needles. Soluble 1 in 20 of Water. Antiseptic. Useful as an 
 injection (^ to h gx'ain per oz.) in gonorrhoja. The injection is attended with 
 some pain. 
 
 Possesses no advantage for ophthalmic work over Silver Nitrate. 
 
 ALBARGIN (Gelatose Silver; Silver Glutin).— Bright yellow powder, 
 soluble in Water. Antiseptic. 
 
 Most effective as a bowel wash and cure in clu-onic bacillary dysentery ; 
 for one enema, 20 to 30 oz. of a solution of 1 grain to the fl. oz., on 3 to 5 or more 
 occasions ; retained 15 to 30 minutes ; it is useless in amoebic cases. — B.M.J. 
 '13. ii. 1199. 
 
 The organic combinations of Silver yielding the most promising results as 
 an intestinal douche in amoebic dysentery are Albargin, Nargol, and Protargol. 
 — L. '14, i. 554. 
 
 ARGENTAMIN. — Silver Phosphate dissolved in Ethylene-diamine Solution. 
 Antiseptic and astringent. 1 to 4000 of Water is injected in gonorrhoea. 
 As a 5 p.c. Solution in ophthalmic work. 
 
 ARGENTOL. — A compound of Silver with Oxychinolin. A sparingly 
 soluble yellowish powder ; antiseptic. 
 
 ARGON IN. — Is obtained by precipitating Silver Nitrate and Casein-Soda 
 with Alcohol. Contains about 4 p.c. of Silver. It is a fine white powder, 
 soluble in Water; insoluble in Glycerin. Disinfectant. A 2 p.c. Solution 
 gradually increased to 10 p.c. in gonorrhoea. 
 
 ARGONIN L. — Contains 10 p.c. of Silver and is readily soluble. 1 p.c. 
 Solution used successfully in m-ethi'itis. 
 
 ARGYROL. — Fine black glistening hygroscopic scales readily reduced to 
 a powder. Readily soluble in Water, forming a dark brownish-black solution ; 
 but insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It contains 30 p.c. of Silver combined with 
 a protein extracted from wheat. 5 p.c. injections in acute gonorrhoea. 
 Instillations of 5 to 50 p.c. Solutions are useful in ojihthalmic work, and are 
 painless ; in checldng suppiu-ation from the conjunctiva it proved to be the 
 best remedy. 
 
 Argyrol is incompatible with Cocaine Hydrochloride, but not with 
 Cocaine Nitrate. 
 
 In ophthalmia neonatorum 1 or 2 drops of a 20 to 50 p.c. Solution certainly 
 less irritating than, and quite as effective as. Silver Nitrate. 
 
 10 grains to the oz. of Vaseline invaluable in eczematous conjunctivitis or 
 keratitis compUcated with marked photophobia, blepharospasm and watering 
 of the eyes, and when the photophobia is very intense 2 to 4 grains of alka- 
 loidal Atropine and a similar amount of alkaloidal Cocaine may with advantage 
 be added. 
 
 Importance of properly preparing solution ; the powder without previous 
 trituration is dropped into cold water and left to dissolve. A drop of a good 
 preparation, when allowed to run on a glass siuface, leaves in its wake a stain 
 the colour of Tinctiu-e of Iodine ; if the preparation is bad the track is watery, 
 and contains small grains, which wovild cause pain in the eye. — 31. A. '11, 201. 
 
 A protest against the indiscriminate use of Organic Silver Compounds in 
 ophthalmic practice, which accounts for niany cases of argjria. In both 
 
[Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Meftsure.] AUG '229 
 
 acute and clironic catarrhal conjunctivitis a eollyrium of Zinci Sulph. gr. h 
 and Acid Boric 10 gr. is more surely and promptly efficacious. — L. '11, ii. 1570. 
 Recommended in the Report of the Ophthalmia Neonatorum Committee 
 (B.M.J. Supplement '09, i. 232) that when a vaginal discharge is present, a 
 1 p.c. Solution of Silver Nitrate or a 25 p.c. Solution of Argyrol or Protargol 
 should be dropped between the lids after the first washing, and this should 
 be repeated once daily for at least tlu'ee days. The daily washing of the 
 conjunctival sacs should be performed with a weak astringent such as a ip.c. 
 Solution of Zinc Sulphate or a 1 : 12,000 Solution of Mercuric Chloride, and 
 the greatest care and thoroughness should characterise the douching. Strong 
 antiseptics, such as I : 2000 Mercuric Chloride, are certainly liarmful, as 
 tending to destroy the resisting power of the conjunctiva. 
 
 Sterilettes Argyrol are specially prepared for ophthalmic work. 
 
 COLLARGOL (Colloid Silver). — ^Black or greyish-black shining scales, 
 with a metallic lustre. Soluble 1 in 2 of Water. Antiseptic and disinfectant. 
 Employed in the form of a 15 p.c. ointinent. Intravenously as an injection, 
 5 to 20 c.c. of a I to 1 p.c. Solution. As a 1 to 5 p.c. Solution in ophthalmic 
 work. 
 
 Of the three Silver compounds. Protargol. CoUargol and Argyrol, CoUargol 
 is to be preferred (L. '06, ii. 14) in recent wounds of the eyeball, and is 
 employed for the most part in the form of Gelatin wafers containing 10 p.c. 
 of the drug. It is also vised in the form of solution and as an ointment, 
 the strength varying from 5 to 20 p.c. 
 
 The claims made for it dvu'ing the last few years have been more temperate. 
 — -B.M.J. '15, ii. 460. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch and Ger. 
 
 Tests. — CoUargol dissolves in Water, yielding a solution which is non- 
 transparent, and which appears to be turbid. A precipitate is produced on 
 the addition of diluted mineral acids, which again dissolves on neutralisation 
 with Sodium Hydroxide Solution. When ignited in a porcelain crucible it 
 evolves an odour of burning hair, and leaves a greyish-white residue of 
 Silver. If this residue be dissolved in Nitric Acid and the solution filtered, 
 the filtrate yields, on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, a white curdy 
 precipitate, soluble in an excess of Ammonia Solution. The aqueous solution 
 of CoUargol yields no precipitate on the addition of Sodium Chloride Solution, 
 but on the addition of solid Sodium Chloride up to the point of saturation, 
 it yields a precipitate which again dissolves on dilution with Water. 
 
 Unguentum Argenti CoUoidalis (Ger.). — CoUargol, 15; Water, 5; 
 Benzoated lard, 73 ; Yellow Wax, 7. 
 
 Collosol Argentum (Grookes).— In sprue the dose can be increased from 
 1 to 2 or niore drm. twice or thrice daily ; in from 76 to 118 hoiu-s, a solid 
 motion was obtained, and tliis even when death was anticipated. — B.M.J. 
 '13, ii. 1297. 
 
 It contains 1 in 2000 of Silver in a colloidal form, and has considerable 
 antiseptic power ; it is more powerful than the corresponding Mercury 
 preparation. — B.M.J. '15, i. 102. 
 
 It is the most useful preparation that has been placed in our hands since 
 the introduction of Cocaine ; it never causes the slightest irritation, or 
 staining of the conjunctiva ; of the greatest value in gonorrhoeal ophthalmia, 
 interstitial keratitis, blepharitis, in dacryocystitis after probing and syringing, 
 it is not vised diluted except as a 50 p.c. Ointment for burns of the cornea. 
 —B.M.J. '15, i. 104. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 HEGONON. — A light chocolate brown coloured powder, prepared by the 
 reaction of Albumose with Silver Ammonio -Nitrate Solution. It is readily 
 soluble in Water, the solution possessing an alkaline i-eaction. It is stated 
 to contain 7 p.c. of Silver. It does not coagulate Albumen, and is stable 
 
230 ARG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 with Sodium Chloride solutions. Employed in urinary diseases, and particu- 
 larly in gonorrhoea. Also supplied in the form of tablets. 
 
 ICHTHARGAN (Silver Thiohydrocarburo-sulphonate ; Silver Ichthyo- 
 late). — A light brown, odourless, amorphous powder, containing 30 p.c. of 
 Silver. Soluble 1 in 6 of Water and in Glycerin. Insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and in Ether. 
 
 Powerful antiseptic. Useful as an injection, • 02 to • 2 p.c. in gonorrhoea. 
 1 to 3 p.c. Solution in affections of the posterior urethra. Ichthargan does 
 not give a clear solution 1 in (i or even 1 in 10 of Water, a certain amount 
 of insoluble matter remains. 
 
 ITROL (Silver Citrate). — A white odourless powder, containing about 
 63 p.c. of Silver. Only slightly soluble in Water (1 in 4000). Antiseptic. 
 Useful in gonorrhoea. As an injection (1 in 8000 to 1 in 4000 Solution). As 
 an insufflation. As a dusting powder for wounds. In the form of sticks for 
 fistula), deep wounds, and endometritis: Itrol, 2 to 5 ; White Wax, I'O; 
 Ol. Theobrom., 9 ; melt and divide into 30. 
 
 Official in Swed. 
 
 LARGIN (Silver Albuminate). — ^A light brown, amorphous, odourless 
 powder. Soluble I in 8 of Water. Contains 11 p.c. of Silver. Introduced as 
 an antiseptic. Useful in gonorrhoea as an injection (1 in 4000). Very 
 satisfactory results in eye-diseases, such as acute infectious ophthalmia, in 
 3 to 10 p.c. Solution. Inferior to the Nitrate or Protargol in gonorrhoeal 
 ophthalmia. Even saturated solution stated to cause no pain. 
 
 NOVARGAN. — A fine yellow odourless powder, yielding neutral red-brown 
 solutions with Water, which should be kept in non-actinic glass bottles. 
 An antiseptic in gonorrhoea. 
 
 PROTARGOL (Silver Protein). — A light brown or yellow, odourless powder, 
 possessing a disagreeable metallic taste. It should be preserved in well- 
 stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far as possible 
 from the light. It is soluble 1 in 2 of Water. A powerful antiseptic and 
 germicide possessing deep penetrating powers, and stated not to precipitate 
 Albumen. Has been recommended in J to 2 p.c. Solution as an unirritating 
 and successful injection in gonoi'rhoea. Irritant effect, sometimes seen, 
 probably due to worthless imitations of Protargol, or to the solutions not 
 being freshly made and with cold Water. 
 
 Of the tliree Silver salts, Protargol, Collargol and Argyrol, in clironic 
 inflammation of the conjunctiva and the edges of the eyelids, Protargol, in 
 from 10 to 25 p.c. Solution or ointment brushed vigorously over the affected 
 jjarts, produces far quicker and better resvilts than are to be obtained by 
 any other known method of treatment. — L. '06, ii. 13. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In preparing solutions of Protargol it is preferable 
 to place the greater portion of the Water tvhich is intended to be used into a vessel 
 and then to introduce the Protargol, which dissolves gradually, finally adding the 
 rest of the Water. Shaking shoidd be avoided until solution is complete. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Cocaine Hydrochloride and Zinc Sulphate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — It is official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Norw. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — A 1 p.c. aqueous solution of Protargol is not precipitated by the 
 addition of alkalis. Sodium Chloride Solution, or by Ammonium Hydro- 
 sulphide Solution. It should leave on ignition about 8 p.c. of metallic 
 Silver which should conform to tlie tests characteristic of Silver, and be free 
 from impm'ities mentioned under ' Silver Nitrate.' 
 
 Protargol chars on heating, evolving an odoiu* resembling burning hair. 
 After ignition it leaves a greyish-white residue, which dissolves in Nitric 
 Acid, and this solution yields on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid a white 
 curdy precipitate, soluble in Ammonia Solution, but insoluble in Nitric 
 Acid. Protargol dissolves slowly but completely in Water, yielding a 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ARCS- 231 
 
 solufcioii which turns red Litmus paper faintly blue, and which yields a 
 precipitate on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and which is also 
 precipitated on the free addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, the precipi- 
 tate being again dissolved on warming. If 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 p.c. solution 
 be mixed with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 10 c.c. 
 of Water, and 2 c.c. of Copper Sulphate Solution (1 in 50) be gently poiu-ed 
 upon the surface of the mixture, after a few minutes a violet coloration is 
 produced. If 1 gramme of Protargol be extracted with 10 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and filtered, the filtered fluid should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of other Silver 
 salts. 
 
 The residue obtained on igniting 1 gramme of Protargol, dried at 80° C. 
 (176° F. ), when dissolved by the aid of a gentle heat, in Niti'ic Acid, heated 
 until coloured vapours are no longer evolved, and the solution diluted to about 
 100 c.c, should require at least 7 "ice. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Sulphocyanate Solution to produce a reddish colour, a few drops of Ferric 
 Ammonium Sulphate Solution being employed as an indicator ; representing 
 at least 8 p.c. of metallic Silver ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Potassium 
 Sulphocyanate Solution = 0- 01079 gramme of Silver. 
 
 Liquor Protargol {London Ophthalmic). — Protargol, 40, 80, 120, or IGO 
 grains ; Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 TACHiOL (Silver Fluoride). — Colourless, tran.sparent crystals, changing 
 rapidly on contact with air. Readily soluble in Water, and the solutions, if 
 not too strong, are permanent. Stated to possess bactericidal powers, only 
 slightly inferior to Corrosive Sublimate. Employed in from a 1 in 1000 
 to 1 in 5000 Solution to disinfect cavities, suppurating sinuses, and tubercular 
 lesions ; also with some success in ophthalmic practice, its non-irritating 
 character being an advantage. Its solution, however, blackens linen fabrics. 
 
 Official in Ital. (Fluoruro di Argento). 
 
 Not Official. 
 ARGENTI OXIDUM. 
 
 SILVER OXIDE. 
 
 Ae:,0, eq. 231-76. 
 Fr., Oxyde dArgbnt ; Ger., Silberoxyd. 
 
 A brownish-grey odourless powder when freshly prepared, but becoming 
 of a blackish-brown colour on drying or on exposure to the air. 
 
 When mixed with readily oxidisable substances great heat is evolved, and 
 the mixture is liable to explode. 
 
 It may be prepared by the interaction of solutions of Silver Nitrate and 
 Calcium Hydroxide. 
 
 It should be preserved in dark amber-tinted diy bottles, and protected 
 from dust and ammoniacal fumes. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It has the general therapeutic qualities of the 
 Nitrate, without its escharotic effect. It is more slowly absorbed, and is 
 •said to be less liable to discolour the skin. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 2 grains — 0'032 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in a pill, made with Massa Kaolini. 
 
 If prescribed with Creosote or with the Chlorides in pills, the Oxide must be first 
 dijfused through some inert powder such as Kaolin, as the heat produced in rapidly 
 reducing the Silver or by the Chlorine combining with it causes the mass to become 
 red-hot, or to explode. 
 
 lucompatibles. — Bromides, Chlorides, and Iodides. Oi'ganic and readily 
 oxidisable mattey. 
 
232 ARM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Silver Oxide undergoes decomposition very readily, and when 
 mixed with readily oxidisable substances, cv. Creosote and Potassium Per- 
 inanganate, such decomposition is accompanied with rapid disengagement of 
 heat, and if in a confined space with explosive violence. It evolves Oxygen 
 when heated to dull redness, leaving a residue of metallic Silver, which, 
 when dissolved in Nitric Acid, should yield the tests distinctive of Silver given 
 under that svibstance. It should contain 100 "0 p.c. of pure Silver Oxide as 
 gravimetrically determined by dissolving 1 gramme in Nitric Acid and pre- 
 cipitating with Hydrochloric Acid ; 1 ■ 237 grammes of Silver Chloride should 
 be yielded. The U.S. P. gravimetric test indicates 99 '8 p.c. of pure Silver 
 Oxide, equivalent to 92 "9 p.c. of pure metallic Silver; determined as the 
 residue left on igniting the Oxide in a porcelain crucible ; • 5 gramine should 
 leave not less than 0'464 gramme. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric for 
 Silver Oxide be changed from 99*8 p.c. to ' not less than 99 '6 p.c. by weight 
 of Silver Oxide.' It is also recommended that the limit of inoisture be not 
 less than 5 p.c, and that a inethod of determination be inserted. The method 
 of determination for its percentage of Silver Oxide to be changed from ignition 
 and weighing as Silver, to solution in Nitric Acid and titration with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are metallic Silver, Carbonates 
 and Chlorides. When dissolved in Nitric Acid, the resulting solution should 
 be free from the impurities given under Silver Nitrate. The presence of 
 metallic Silver is evidenced by the evolution of reddish fumes when the 
 Oxide is dissolved in Nitric Acid. The U.S. P. includes a test for Carbonate 
 and a limit of Chloride, requiring that the Oxide should dissolve without 
 effervescence in Nitric Acid ; and that when a weighed quantity of • 2 
 gramme of the Oxide is dissolved in 1 c.e. of Nitric Acid mixed with 2 c.c. 
 of Water, and 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution are added, the liquid diluted to 
 00 c.c, the addition of 1 c.c. of Nitric Acid to 10 c.c. of this dilution should 
 not immediately produce a cloudiness. 
 
 ARMORACI^ RADIX. 
 
 HORSERADISH ROOT. 
 
 Fbi, Raifort ; Ger., Meerretig ; Ital., Rafano Rusticano ; 
 Span., Rabono Rusticano. 
 
 The fresh Root from cultivated plants of Cochlearia Armoracia, L. 
 Most active in the autumn and early spring before the leaves liave 
 appeared. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sialagogue, stomachic, slightly diuretic, 
 and diaphoretic. Used in atonic dyspepsia and as a condiment; 
 also as a sudorific in chronic rheumatism. Externally as a rubefacient. 
 The infusion is used as a gargle. 
 
 Official Preparation.— Spiritus Armoraciaj Compositus. 
 
 Not Official. — Infusum Armoracise Compositum, Sirop de Raifort Compose. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch; Fr., Port. (Rabao 
 Rustico) ; Span, and Mex. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The root is imported from Belgium in 
 barrels, that usually sold not being cultivated in this country. It is 
 made up in bundles of about twenty roots. It is whitish or yellowish- 
 white externally, and whitish internally, about 8 to X2 inches (20 to 
 
[Solids hj "Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] ARif 233 
 
 30 cm.) or more long, about aa inch (2-5 cm.) in diameter, cylindrical, 
 slightly enlarged and marked with leaf scars at the crown, odourless, 
 until scraped or broken, when it gives off a pungent odour ; the taste 
 is very pungent. Aconite root has on rare occasions been mistaken 
 for it, but the latter is conical, tapering much below, blackish-brown 
 externally and not pungent. Horseradish root is usually sold in the 
 fresh state, rarely in a dried condition. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SPIRITUS ARMORACI^ COMPOSITUS. Compound Spirit of 
 Horseradish. 
 
 Scraped Horseradish Root, 1 ; Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, 1 ; Nutmeg, 
 0-024; Alcohol (90 p.c), 5; Distilled Water, 6. The Horseradish is 
 macerated in the Water for an hour, the others then added and the 
 whole distilled to yield 8. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Not in the other Pharmacopoeias. Port., 
 compound Wine ; Mex. (Alcoholato de eoclearia) ; Span. (Alcohol de 
 coclearia). They all differ widely from the above. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Spirit of Horseradish has a specific gravity of 
 about 0*922, and contains about r»9 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol, 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INFUSUM ARMORACliC COMPOSITUM.— Fresh Root, sliced. 1 : 
 Black Mustard Seed, I ; Compound Spirit of Horseradish. 1 ; boiling Distilled 
 Water, 20. Macerate two hours ; strain, and add the Spirit. 
 
 It is found in practice that a temperature of 150° to 180" F. makes the 
 strongest infusion. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fi. oz. — 28-4 to 56*8 ml., as a warm stimulant. 
 
 SIROP DE RAIFORT COMPOSE. Antiscorbutic Syrup {Fr.).-~ 
 Coohlearia Loaves, 1000 ; V/ater-cress Leaves, 1000 ; Horseradish Root, 
 1000 ; Dried Leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata, 100 ; Bitter-Orange Peel. 200; 
 Ceylon Cinnamon. 50 ; White Wine, 4000 ; White Sugar, 5000 ; all by 
 weight. Bruise the Water-cress and Cochlearia Leaves, cut vip the Horse- 
 radish Root, the Leaves of Menyanthes trifoliata and the Bitter-Orange Peel ; 
 break up the Cinnamon Bark. Macerate the whole in the White Wine for 
 two days and distil on a water-bath. Collect 1000 of the aromatic liquor, 
 and with it prepare a syrup in a closed vessel on the water -bath in the pro- 
 portion of 100 grammes of Sugar for each 100 grammes of the liquoc 
 
 ARNICiE FLORES. 
 
 ARNICA FLOWERS. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Fr., Fleurs d'Arnique ; Ger., Arnikabluten ; Ital., Fiori di 
 Arnica ; Span., Flor de Arnica. 
 
 The dried flower-heads of Arnica montana, Linn. 
 
 Collected in the mountainous parts of Central and Southern Europe. 
 
234 AE,N [Solids ty Weight ; liquids hy Measure.] 
 
 B.P. 1914 lias made Arnica Flowers Official in the place of Arnica 
 Root. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomachic and slightly stimulant; irritant 
 to the stomach and bowels in large doses. The tincture is used 
 externally for bruises and sprains, diluted with Water, but inflam- 
 mation of the skin may be set up ; equally good results are stated to 
 be produced by the application of Spirit and Water. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctura Arnica? Florum. 
 
 Not Official. — Arnica Opodeldoc, Extractnm Arnica) Radicis Fluidum, 
 Tinctura Arnicje {B.P. 1898). 
 
 Antidotes. — Opium, Morphine. 
 
 Symptoms of poi.soning by Arnica are violent vomiting, intense headache, 
 diarrhoea, colic, feeble pulse. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Ital. and Port., root 
 and flowers; Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Jap.. Norw., Buss., Swed.. 
 Svviss and U.S.. floAvers ; Mex., rhizome, leaves and flowers; Span., 
 rhizome and flow^ers. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The commercial article usually consists of 
 the flower-heads more or less broken up. The involucre is formed of 
 two rows of linear-lanceolate, entire, pointed, dark green, hairy bracts. 
 The ligulate florets of the ray are yellow, about 1 inch (2*54 cm.) long, 
 and when soaked in Water are seen to have three terminal teeth and 
 8-12 veins (7-9 Vogl and Greenish). The fruits (cypselre) are linear, 
 blackish when mature, with appressed hairs, and the pappus consists 
 of a single row of stiff barbed bristles. The receptacle is convex, 
 about -|- inch (6*3 mm.) in diameter, and shows a number of depressions 
 corresponding to the fruits, surrounded v/itli short hairs, and one 
 stifi bristle. Odour apple-like. Taste, acrid and bitter. 
 
 Arnica flowers have sometimes been adulterated with those of 
 Inula Britannica, the receptacle of which is not hairy, and the flower- 
 lieads are smaller. 
 
 The flowers of Doronicum Pardalianclies, Linn., D. Austrmcum, 
 Jacq., and Loronicum Clusii, Koch, which grow on the Alps in similar 
 situations, and resemble those of Arnica in size and colom-, differ in 
 having the florets of the ray with only four veins, and the pappus in 
 four rows ; the ray flowers of Doronicum also have no pappus. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA ARNICA FLORUM. Tincture of Arnica Flower.s. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 1 of Arnica Flowers in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 [i?) p.c.) to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Tinctvira Arniese {B.P. 1898). — Arnica Root, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c.) to 
 yield 20. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and U.S., 1 in 5 ; Belg., 
 Dan.. Dutch, Ger., Norw., Ru.ss., Sv/ed. and Swiss. 1 and 10, Port. 1 in 10, 
 all from flow^ers ; Port.. 1 in 5, from the root; Ital., root 1, Alcohol 
 (70 p.c.) 10 ; Austr., root 4. flowers 1, Alcohol (70 p.c.) 2.5 ; Mex., dried 
 leaves 1 in .5 ; Span., root 1, flowers 1. Alcohol (70 p.c.) to 10 ; all are 
 by weight except U.S. Ital. has also Infusion- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ARS 235 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Arnica has a specific gravity of about 0*950> 
 it contains about 2*3p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 45 p. c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ARNICA OPODELDOC— White Soap, 4 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 10 ; Tincture 
 of Arnica, 5 ; Camphor, 1. Dissolve by heat, and strain. 
 
 EXTRACTUM ARNIC/E RADICIS FLUIDUM.— 1 of the root in 1, 
 made by percolation with a mixture of Alcohol 3, Water 1. — U.S. P. 1890. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ARSENII BROMIDI LIQUOR. 
 
 LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENIATIS ET BROMIDI {U.S.X.F.). 
 CLEMENS' SOLUTION. 
 
 Arsenious Anhydride, 14.5 grains ; Potassium Bicarbonate, 587 grains ; 
 Bromine, 235 grains ; Water, q.s. Boil the Arsenic and Potassium Bicar- 
 bonate in 8 oz. of Water till dissolved ; when cold add 16 oz. of Water, 
 then the Bromine, and make up with Water to 32 fl. oz. Stir occasionally 
 during a few hours, then filter. 
 
 This Liquor was originally described by Dr. Clemens as ' a chemical union 
 of Arsenic and Bromine,' but as the action of Bromine on Arsenious Acid 
 results in the formation of Arsenic Acid and Hydrobromic Acid, the above 
 formula has been adjusted to yield these products as Potassium salts. 
 
 The Solution contains Arsenic equal to 1 p.c. of Arsenious Anhydride. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 minims = 0-06 to 0-3 ml. 
 
 ARSENII lODIDUM. 
 
 ARSENIOUS IODIDE. 
 
 Aslg, eq. 455 •72. 
 Syn. — Arsenic Iodide. 
 
 Orange or orange-red coloured crystals, having a faint odour of 
 Iodine, and which lose Iodine on exposure to air and light. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Iodine and Arsenic, the 
 crude product being purified by crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in dark amber-coloured well-stoppered glass 
 bottles in a cool place. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 11 of Water ; 1 in 42 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 19 
 of Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 It is gradually decomposed by boiling Water and by boiling Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in obstinate cutaneous affections 
 of syphilitic and tubercular origin. 
 
 Do.se.— ^V to i grain = 0-0034 to 0-013 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is generally given as Donovan's Solution, or in a 
 pill well triturated with Milk Sugar and massed with Glucose. 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi. 
 
236 ARS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., Mex. (Yoduro de 
 Arsenic o) and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Arsenious Iodide dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a 
 slightly yellow-coloured solution, which gradually decomposes on 
 standing, which is acid to Litmus paper, and which, when acidulated 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, yields on addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution a yellow precipitate soluble in Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, in Potassium Carbonate Solution, or in Ammonium Carbonate 
 Solution, being reprecipitated on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid ; 
 a cold porcelain vessel impinged upon the flame of the ignited gas 
 produced by the interaction of Zinc, Hydrochloric Acid and a little 
 of an aqueous solution of the salt, acquires a dark metallic-looking 
 stain readily dissolved by Chlorinated Soda Solution ; Hydrogen 
 Arsenide is evolved when a little of the solution is boiled with Zinc 
 and Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution : this gas yields a black 
 stain to filter paper moistened with Silver Nitrate Solution, and a dark 
 metallic stain on porcelain as above, when ignited ; Stannous Chloride 
 Solution containing a large excess of Hydrochloric Acid yields a brown 
 or brownish-black coloration when mixed with a little of an aqueous 
 solution ; an aqueous solution acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid 
 yields a dark metallic-looking deposit on Copper when boiled with 
 that metal ; the Copper, when removed, dried between folds of bibulous 
 paper, and heated in a clean, dry test-tube, yields a sublimate of white 
 characteristic octahedral crystals of Arsenious Oxide. The aqueous 
 solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a curdy yellow precipitate 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, almost insoluble in Ammonia Solution, but 
 soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution ; with a small quantity of 
 Chlorine Solution and Starch Mucilage it yields an intense blue 
 coloration, disappearing on heating and reappearing as the liquid 
 cools ; when treated with Chlorine Solution and shaken with Carbon 
 Bisulphide, the latter liquid assumes a fine violet coloration. 
 
 The B.P. does not state a requisite percentage-content of Arsenious 
 Iodide nor a method of determination ; the U.S. P. requires it to contain 
 not less than 16 "3 p.c. of Arsenic and not less than 82*7 p.c. of Iodine, 
 corresponding to not less than 99*0 p.c. of Arsenious Iodide, as 
 determined by titrating a solution of 0*5 gramme of the salt, and 
 2 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, of which not less than 
 21 "9 c.c. should be required to produce a faint yellow tint ; 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution = 6 "022605 gramme of 
 Arsenious Iodide, or 0*00372 gramme of Arsenic. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric 
 be changed to ' not less than 99 p.c. by weight of Aslg,' and that the 
 method of determination be changed from ' titration with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution ' to ' residual titration with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, after 
 the addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid, either 
 Arsenious or Hydriodic, and mineral matter. The salt should dissolve 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ASA 237 
 
 completely in Water, yielding a solution wliich is not unduly acid in 
 reaction towards Litmus paper, indicating a limit of free acid. It 
 should volatilise completely, when heated in a test-tube, evolving 
 violet vapours of Iodine, indicating the absence of mineral matter. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR ARSENII ET HYDRARGYRI lODIDI. Solution op 
 Arsenious and Mercuric Iodides. 
 
 Arsenious Iodide, 1 ; Red Mercuric Iodide, 1 ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 to make 100. - (1 of each in 100.) 
 
 A yellowish, odourless Uquid, with a disagreeable metallic taste, 
 sp. gr. 1'015 to 1*018. It has long been known as Donovan's 
 Solution, and this now appears as a B.P. Sijn. 
 
 Official in U.S. 1 in 100. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 11 minims contain ^^j grain of each salt. 
 
 Ineompatibles.— Acids, the salts of Morphine, or other alkaloid, and 
 CoxTosive Sublimate. 
 
 ASAFETIDA. 
 
 ASAFETIDA. 
 
 Fr., Asafcetida ; Ger., Asant ; Ital., Assafetida ; Span., Asafetida. 
 
 An oleo gum-resin obtained by incision from the Root of Ferula 
 fcctida, Kegel, and probably other species. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nervine stimulant, expectorant, laxative 
 and carminative. Useful in cases of flatulence, in hysteric 
 paroxysms ; also in some forms of chronic bronchitis ; very useful 
 as an enema in the flatulent distension of typhoid or peritonitis, 
 and in infantile convulsions ; has proved a successful preventive 
 against abortion. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In pill massed with a little dilute Alcohol. They are 
 best varnished, as silver leaf is a^ected by this drug. The Tincture may be 
 prescribed with Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, or with the Tinctures of Valerian 
 and Hyoscyamus. When diluted ivith Water to form a mixture, it requires 
 the addition of Mucilage of Gum Acacia. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparations. — Tinctura Asafetids, Pilula Aloes et Asafetida?, 
 and Spiritus Ammoniae Fetidus. 
 
 Wot Official. — Enema Asafoetidie, Mistiira Asafetidfe Composita, Pilulae 
 Asafoetidse. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.- — The Asafetida of commerce varies exceed- 
 ingly in appearance and in purity. It may occur in whitish tears 
 from I inch (12 '5 mm.) in diameter, or in flattened tears_ up]__to 
 
238 ASA [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 3 inclies (75 mm.) or more in diameter, or in masses of agglomerated 
 tears of various sizes, eitlier whitish or brownish or reddish-brown 
 according to age, and more or less agglutinated with darker gum 
 resin and mixed with stones. More rarely balls of sand, about 4 cm. in 
 diameter, made with the liquid gum resin, are offered under the name 
 of stony Asafetida. As it is very difficult to purify without loss of 
 essential oil, it is very necessary that the purest drug obtainable 
 should be selected for dispensing pm'poses. It is officially limited to 
 the rounded or flattened tears, more or less agglutinated, which are 
 dull yellow in colour and darken on keeping, and internally yellowish 
 and translucent, or milky-white and opaque, the freshly exposed 
 surfaces gradually assuming a pink colour, changing to red and 
 finally to reddish-brown. The U.S. P. requirements are much the 
 same. The P.G. gives Ferula Narthex, Boiss., also as a source of the 
 drug. The gum resin of that species, however, never becomes red on 
 keeping, and Aitchison ascertained that in Kashmir it is not collected. 
 For the purpose of being powdered the P.G. directs that it should be 
 dried over quicklime, and triturated at the lowest practicable tempera- 
 ture. The Asafetida in tears that enters into commerce does not 
 invariably turn red on exposure. Even fine-looking specimens in 
 the form of tears sometimes contain half their weight of pebbles 
 covered with a thin layer of Asafetida, and it is only from selected 
 specimens, easily distinguished by their light weight, that a drug 
 affording only 10 p.c. of ash can be obtained. Usually the tears met 
 with in commerce yield only one-third of their weight of this quality. 
 Indeed, in this as in other cases, where much impurity is present, a 
 purified preparation extracted by Alcohol from the crude drug should 
 be official for dispensing purposes. 
 
 Tests. — Asafetida, when triturated with Water, forms a milky- 
 white emulsion, which assumes a yellowish coloration on the addition 
 of a few drops of Ammonia Solution ; a bright red or brownish-red 
 colour is produced when the freshly fractured surface is moistened 
 with a drop of Sulphuric Acid. It was suggested in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squire's Companion, that the method of weighing the 
 insoluble residue was preferable to determining the amount dissolved 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c), on account of the loss of volatile constituents 
 during evaporation, and Asafetida is now officially required to contain 
 not more than 50 p.c. of matter insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). The 
 U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 50 p.c. of matter soluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the new monograph shall require it to yield not less 
 than 60 p.c. Alcohol-soluble constituents. The P.G. requires it to 
 contain at most 50 p.c. of Alcohol-insoluble constituents. If a small 
 portion of Asafetida be boiled for a few moments with 10 cc of 
 Hydrochloric Acid, diluted with an equal volume of Water, filtered, 
 and the filtrate made alkaline with Ammonia Solution, a blue 
 fluorescence will be developed. 
 
 The determination of the Acid, Ester, and Saponification Values 
 affords a useful indication of its purity, but no mention of them 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ASA 239 
 
 appears in the B.P. Commercial Asafetida has an Acid Value of 
 from 60 to 80 ; an Ester Value of from 80 to 130 ; and a Saponification 
 Value of 120 to 185. A sample of fine selected tears examined in the 
 author's laboratory, which yielded 3 • 1 p.c. of ash and contained 68 • 3 p.c. 
 of matters soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), had un Acid Value of 131-9 ; 
 an Ester Value of 119 -3; and a Saponification Value of 251-3. Another 
 sample which contained 37-8 p.c. of ash, and 44*5 p.c. of matters 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), had an Acid Value of 43-4; an Ester 
 Value of 127 -4 ; and a Saponification Value of 170-8. The Swiss Ph. 
 includes an Acid Value and a Saponification Value, requiring an Acid 
 Value of 65 to 82, and a Saponification Value of 120 to 185. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are inferior varieties of 
 Gum, Galbanum, African Ammoniacum, foreign resins. Rosin, and 
 mineral matter. A determination of the matter insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) reveals the presence of inferior gum. No blue fluorescence 
 should be obtained, when the solution obtained by dissolving - 5 gramme 
 of Asafetida in 10 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c) is filtered, made alkaline 
 with strong Ammonia Solution, and largely diluted with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), indicating the absence of Galbanum. Hydrochloric Acid 
 added to another portion of the alcoholic solution until a faint turbidity 
 results should produce a bluish-green colour, which fades on standing. 
 If 2 cc of an emulsion of Asafetida with 5 cc of Water be mixed, and 
 5 cc of Sodium Hypobromite Test-Solution be added, so as to form 
 a separate layer, a red colour should not be produced, indicating the 
 absence of Ammoniacum. An olive-gxeen colour should be producedwhen 
 a few drops of Ferric Cliloride Test-Solution are added to an alcoholic 
 solution of Asafetida, indicating the absence of most foreign resins. 
 No green colour should be produced when a quantity of an alcoholic 
 solution of Asafetida, representing 5 grammes, is evaporated to 25 cc, 
 mixed with 25 cc. of Purified Petroleum Benzin in a separating 
 funnel, and afterwards mixed with twice its volume of Water, the 
 mixture and the Petroleum Benzin layer being subsequently shaken 
 with 30 cc of a freshly made aqueous solution of Copper Acetate 
 (1 in 20), indicating the absence of Rosin. Asafetida should not yield 
 more than 15 p.c of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. The 
 B.P. has increased the amount of ash from ' not more than 10 ' to ' not 
 more than 15 p.c' The U.S. P. and P.G. require ' not more than 
 15 p.c' 
 
 A determination of the Lead number of Asafetida has been suggested 
 as a means of determining its quality ; but it is generally considered 
 that the test is um-eliable, and affords no guarantee of the genuineness 
 or otherwise of a sample. 
 
 It has been observed {P.J. '12, i. 206) that Asafetida contains from 
 under 6 to over 17 p.c of Essential Oil, containing a considerable 
 proportion of Sulphur. A determination of the amount of Sulphur 
 present in the oil has been suggested as a means of determining its 
 genuineness, and a standard or limit has been suggested, that when 
 the amount of Sulphur in the oil is not under 1-5 p.c. of the real 
 Gum Resin, the drug may be regarded prima facie as genuine. The 
 
240 ATR [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 oil possesses well-defined physical and chemical characteristics which 
 distinguish it from the Essential Oil of Galbanum, whilst the Essential 
 Oil from Amnioniacum is only very small in quantity. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PILULA ALOES ET ASAFETID^, about 1 in 3J. See Alors. 
 
 SPIRITUS AMMONIA FETIDUS, 7-5 in 100, about 1 in m. 
 See Ammonia. 
 
 TINCTURA ASAFETIDvE. Tincture of Asafetida. 
 
 1 of Asafetida, macerated with Alcohol (70 p.c), to yield 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— |- to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (1 and 4 J), Dan., Dutch, 
 Fr., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port., Span., Mex.. Swed. and Swiss," 1 and 5 ; U.S., 
 1 in 5 ; all by weight, except U.S. ; not in Austr., Ger., Hung, or Russ. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Asafetida has a specific gravity of about 
 0-910; contains about 9 p.c. w/v of total solids ; and about 63 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ENEMA ASAFCETID>E.— Asafetida. 30 grains ; Distilled Water. 4 fl. oz. 
 Rnb the Asafetida in a mortar with the Water added gradually so as to 
 form an emulsion. — B.P. 1885. 
 
 Tincture of Asafetida, 1 fi. drm. ; Mucilage of Starch, 4 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 MISTURA ASAFETID/E COMPOSITA {St. TAomas'*). —Asafetida, 
 picked, 5 grains; Liquid Extract of Cascara Sagrada, 10 minims; Ammoniuna 
 Carbonate, 4 grains ; Infusion of Valerian (1 in 40), to 1 fl. oz. The Ammonia 
 in this mixtiu-e develops the taste and odour of the other constituents. 
 
 PILUL/E ASAFCETID/E (t/./S.). — Asafetida. 20 grammes; Soap, in 
 fine powder, G grammes ; Water, q.s. to make 100 pills. Each pill contains 
 3 grains of Asafetida. 
 
 ATROPINA. 
 
 ATROPINE. 
 
 CnH,,3N03, eq. 289-194. 
 
 Fr., Atropine ; Ger., Atropin ; Ital., Atropina ; Span., Atropina. 
 
 Colourless, odourless acicular crystals, or as a white more or less 
 amorphous powder. Taste bitter and acrid. It is officially described 
 as an alkaloid obtained from Atropa Belladonna, L., and other plants 
 of the Nat. Ord. Solanacece. It gradually assumes a yellowish tint on 
 exposure to air, and should be kept in well-stoppered dark amber- 
 tinted bottles. 
 
 The bulk of the alkaloid existing in Belladonna is Hyoscyamine, 
 which is isomeric with Atropine ; and the former has a constant 
 tendency to change into the latter. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ATR 241 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 500 of Water ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 25 
 of Ether (sp. gr. 0"735) ; 1 in 1 of Chloroform ; 1 in 52 of Glycerin ; 
 1 in 15 of Oleic Acid. 
 
 The solubility of Atropine in Ether will vary with the samples. Fr. Codex 
 says 1 in 24, but we found the solubility of a chemically pure Atropine to 
 be 1 in 60 of Ether (sp. gr. 0-720). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The Ointment is used for the relief of 
 pain arising from muscular spasm, and for neuralgia. See also 
 Atropince Sulphas and Belladonna. 
 
 Dose.— t; Jo to yj^y grain = 0-0003 to 0-0006 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.— -For ophthalmic purposes an ointment containing 
 4 ijralns of Atropine to the oz. of Soft Paraffin or other basis, to which is some- 
 times added 60 grains of Boric Acid, and in other cases 8 grains of Cocaine. 
 The Atropine is sometimes dissolved in Oleic Acid instead of the other bases. 
 It is freely soluble in Oleic Acid, and is sometimes applied asal or 2 p.c. Solution. 
 Atropine [uncomhined with an Acid) easily decomposes when heated. A Solution 
 of 1 in 200 of Water heated in a basin on a water-bath for two hours was so 
 completely decomposed that it lost its alkaline reaction and ceased to precipitate 
 with Mercuric Chloride Solution ; after eight hours the reaction was faintly acid. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Atropina?. 
 
 Not Official. — Oleatura Atropinse. 
 
 Antidotes. — In Atropine poisoning the antidotes are the same as for 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Foreign Pharraaeopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Atropine melts, when pure, at 115-5° C. (239-9° F,), but com- 
 mercial samples frequently melt a degree or so below this. The B.P. 
 gives the melting point as 114-5° to 115*5° C. (238-1 to 239-9° F.). 
 The B.P. now includes the melting point of the Aurichloride, and also 
 gives a method for its preparation, described in the small type below 
 under the heading of Gold Chloride, but it does not refer to the optical 
 inactivity of Atropine solutions. The minutely crystalline Atropine 
 Aurichloride which, when dry, should be dull and pulverulent in 
 physical appearance, should possess a melting point of about 137° C. 
 (278-6° F.), B.P. gives 1-37° to 139° C. (278-6° to 282-2° F.). The 
 U.S. P. states that pure Atropine Aurichloride melts at 136° C. 
 (276-8° F.). The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the characteristics of the Chloraurates be omitted. A strongly 
 marked mydriatic action is produced when a drop of a very dilute solu- 
 tion is carefully instilled into the eye. Its solutions in neutral solvents 
 are optically inactive. A purple-violet coloration is produced when 
 1 centigramme is evaporated to dryness with 5 drops of fuming Nitric 
 Acid, and the residue is moistened with a freshly prepared Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, this test being known as Vitali's test. 
 A yellow precipitate changing to led is produced when an alcoholic 
 solution is warmed with Mercuric Chloride Solution. The alkaline 
 reaction to Litmus and Phenolphthalein Solutions distinguishes Atropine 
 and its isomers from almost all other known alkaloids. The colour 
 reaction with Vitali's test is very delicate, and although other alkaloids, 
 Pseudaconitine, Yeratrine, and Strychnine, aSord colours somewhat 
 
242 ATR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 resembling this, there is no difficulty in detecting Atropine in the pure 
 state, when unmixed with other alkaloids. The U.S. P. states that the 
 presence of Strychnine masks this reaction. It also states that a small 
 quantity of Atropine gives a peculiar odour indicative of a mixture 
 of Rose, Orange flower, and Melilot, when heated with a few c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid, the odour changing to one of Bitter Almond on the 
 addition of a small crystal or two of Potassium Bichromate. 
 
 Atropine may be readily determined by titration with Tenth- or 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric or Sulphuric Acid Solu- 
 tion, using Cochineal or lodeosin Solution as an indicator ; 1 c.c. 
 Tenth-Normal Solution = 0" 02892 gramme of Atropine, and 1 c.c, 
 of Hundredth-Normal Solution = 0*002892 gramme of Atropine. 
 Atropine is not official in the P.O. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are mydriatic alkaloids 
 other than Atropine, e.g., Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine, readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities, foreign alkaloids, e.g., Apoatropine 
 and Belladonnine, and mineral matter. 
 
 Solutions of Atropine should be optically inactive, and the melting 
 point of the Aurichloride should agree with the figures given above, 
 indicating the absence of Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine. Hyoscyamine 
 Aurichloride melts at 165° C. (329° R), Hyoscine Aurichloride at 198° C. 
 (388 • 4° F.). Not more than a pale yellow coloration should be pro- 
 duced when 1 decigramme of Atropine is dissolved in 2 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid, indicating a limit of readily carbonisable organic impurities ; 
 and only a light yellow coloration should be produced upon the 
 subsequent addition of O'lc.c. of Nitric Acid, indicating a limit of 
 foreign alkaloids. The B.P. employs 5 centigrammes of Atropine and 
 1 ml. of Sulphuric Acid, requiring that no coloration should be produced, 
 and also that the solution should remain colourless, when 1 drop of 
 Nitric Acid is added, but does not state the object of the test. No 
 turbidity should be immediately produced vipon the addition of 2 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution to 5 c.c. of a 1 in GO aqueous solution of Atropine 
 obtained by the addition of a slight excess of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of Apoatropine and Belladonnine. The B.P. 
 requires that no cloudiness should be produced at once when 4 ml. 
 of Ammonia Solution are added to 10 ml. of a 1 in 80 solution of Atropine 
 in Water, obtained by the use of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, stating 
 that the test indicates the absence of Apoatropine. 
 
 Atropine should leave no weighable ash, indicating the absence of 
 mineral residue. The U.S. P. states that when ignited it is consumed 
 without leaving a residue. 
 
 Gold Chloride. — -A lemon yellow precipitate is produced on the 
 addition of Auric Chloride Solution to a solution of 5 centigi-ammes of Atropine 
 dissolved in 5 ml. of Distilled Water, acidified with Hydi'ochloric Acid. If 
 this precipitate be recrystallised from boiling Distilled Water, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, it will be found to possess a minutely crystalline 
 appearance, and when dry to be dull and pulverulent, B.P. ; a yellow lustre- 
 less precipitate is produced on the addition of Gold Chloride Test-Solution to 
 a solution of Atropine in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. The precipitate may be- 
 washed, collected and dried, U.S. P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ATR 243 
 
 Vitali's Test. — A scarcely yellow residue is left, when a mixture of 
 1 centigramme of Atropine and 5 drops of Nitric Acid are evaporated to 
 dryness on a water-bath, if the residue, when cold, be moistened with a 
 freshly prepared alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, a violet coloration 
 is produced, B.P. ; a yellow residue is left when a few crystals of Atropine 
 are evaporated on a water-bath with a few drops of Nitric Acid, this residue 
 when cooled and moistened with a few drops of Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Test -Solution, and a fragment of Potassium Hydroxide added, 
 yields an intense violet colour, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ATROPINiE. Atropine Ointment. 
 Atropine, 2 ; Oleic Acid (by weight), 8 ; Prepared Lard, 90. 
 
 (1 in 50.) 
 For India, Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 OLEATUM ATROPIN/E ([/.<?.).— Atropine, 2; Alcohol (95 p.c), 2; 
 Oleic Acid, by weight, 50 ; Olive Oil, q.s. to make 100 by weight. Tritur.ate 
 the Atropine in a tared mortar with the Alcohol, then add an equal volume 
 of the Oleic Acid and, after warming the mortar, stir until the Alcohol has 
 evaporated, add the remainder of the Oleic Acid and continue stirring until 
 the Atropine is dissolved, then add Olive Oil to make 100 by weight. 
 
 HOMATRQPINE. — See HoMATftopiN.E Hydbobromidtjm. 
 
 ATROPINiE SULPHAS. 
 
 ATROPINE SULPHATE. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate d'Atropine ; Ger., Atropinstjlfat ; Ital., Solfato 
 Di Atropina ; Span., Sulfato de Atropina. 
 
 (Ci:H,3N03),H,S04, cq. 676-474. 
 
 A white, or almost white, odourless, somewhat hygroscopic, more 
 or less crystalline powder, having a bitter, nauseous taste, but it should 
 be tasted only with extreme caution, and in highly dilute solution. 
 
 It is the Sulphate of Atropine, an alkaloid obtained from Atropa 
 Belladonna, L., and from other plants of the same natural order. It 
 may be obtained by neutralising Atropine wdth Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid. As obtained commercially it almost invariably contains a small 
 proportion of Hyoscyamine Sulphate. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 4 of Water ; 1 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Insoluble 
 in Ether and Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Mydriatic, anhidrotic, anti-galactagogue. 
 Employed locally to dilate the pupil and paralyse the accom- 
 modation, in iritis, and before testing refraction or making ophthal- 
 moscopic examination ; used also to cause retraction of protruding 
 
244 ATR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 iris ; as it increases intraocular tension it does harm in glaucoma ; 
 its use in eye diseases requires discrimination. It is freqiiently 
 combined with Morphine in hypodermic administration to prevent the 
 undesirable effects of the latter. Injected as near the nerve as possible 
 in sciatica, hypodermically in ovarian and uterine pain. The 
 hypodermic method is also the best to diminish the sweating of 
 phthisis, for which purpose, in doses of o^ to yj„ grain, Atropine 
 is very useful ; it at the same time relieves the cough ; or 1 or 2 minims 
 of the Liquor Atropinse Sulphatis may be given by the mouth. 
 
 Hypodermically also in spasmodic asthma, in narcotic poisoning, 
 in aiding the reduction of hernia, in intestinal obstruction, and, with 
 Strychnine, in lessening the craving for Alcohol and for Morphine. 
 See also Atropine and Belladonna. 
 
 Has a more marked influence on the sugar excretion in diabetes than any 
 drug }iitherto tried ; is well borne in larger doses, if given cautiously and in 
 gradually increasing amounts ; a habit is not established, and there are no 
 bad effects.— J..4.M..4. '09, ii. 1368. 
 
 Successful as a lisemostatic in placenta praevia, pcstpartuni hemorrhage, 
 menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, haemophilia, and htematemesis ; the action is 
 obtained under full doses, with the development of toxic symptoms ; dry 
 mouth, flushed face, and dilated pupil. — M.R. '09, ii. 905. 
 
 Never use Atropine in elderly people without good reasons, and watch the 
 tension all the time they are using it. In all cases of iritis, or irido-cyclitis, 
 feel the tension before ordering Atropine to be used, and also after using it. — - 
 (Lecture on Glaucoma) M.P. '07, i. 474. 
 
 For spasmodic asthma ^^^ grain hypodermically, repeated in an hour if 
 necessary. — L. '09, i. 839. 
 
 General treatment can never oust Atropine from the first, the middle, and 
 the last place in our first line of offence against iritis. — L. '11, ii. 12.50. 
 
 Given hypodermically one hour before open Ether administration to 
 prevent mucous secretion in tlie air passages. — B.M.J. '12, i. 422. 
 
 Preliminary to the use of a general anaesthetic, its injection abrogates 
 hypersecretion of mucus and saliva ; its protection against vagal inhiljition 
 is another reason for its use in all cases in which grave surgical shock is likely 
 to arise.— B.ibr.J. '12. ii. 648. 
 
 In enuresis noctui'na gives better results than any other therapeutic measure. 
 —M.A. '13, 22.5. 
 
 In inebriety the injection of 1 minim of Liquor Atropina?. Sulphatis, with 
 4 minims of Liquor Strychninae Hydrochloridi, twice daily for a month, then 
 once daily for a fortnight, then every second day for a month. In B.M.J . 
 '05, i. 132, and '07, ii. 951 are details. 
 
 In gastric ulcer, h to 1 milligramme in pills tlirice daily, highly recom- 
 mended ; it promptly relieves pain and it lessens secretion of gastric juice. — 
 Munch. Med. Woch. '13, 169. 
 
 The hypodermic injection of -jjg grain is the most reliable cure for sea- 
 sickness I have ever tried ; relapses were not common and one injection 
 frequently cured. — L. '14, i. 147. 
 
 By the niouth very successful in dysmenorrhoea. — B.M.J.E. '14, i. 39. 
 
 The treatment of gassed patients by Atropine, given as a rule sub- 
 cutaneously, has produced beneficial results in many cases. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 76. 
 
 In acute bronchitis with difficult breathing the mixture giving greatest 
 and quickest relief contained Liquor Atropina3 Sulphatis 9 minims (which 
 must be fresh) diluted to 6 fl. oz., dose \ oz. — L. '15, i. 1203. 
 
 _ Dose. — 201T ^o Tw grain = O'OOOS to 0*0006 gramme. 
 
 Fr. and Ger. maximum dose, single, O'OOl gramme ; Ger. maximum dose, 
 daily, • 003 gramme ; Fr. • 002 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ATR 245 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Sulphate is best adapted tor Aqueous Solutions, 
 and the pure Alkaloid Jor Ointments, certainly as rega^rds solubility. Can be 
 (liven in pill well triturated with Milk Sugar and massed with ' Diluted 
 Glucose.^ Generally given in solution. For various formulas see under ' Not 
 Official.'' 
 
 Official Preparations. — -Lamellas Atropimie and Liquor Atropinac Sul- 
 phatis. 
 
 Not Official. — Glycerinum Atropinsp, Grannlidi Solfatodi Atropiaa, Guttre 
 Atropinse Sulphatis, Guttse Atropinae cum Cocaina, Injectio Atropinae Hypo- 
 dermica, Linimentum Atropiuce. Linimentuna Atropinse et Chloroformi, Pessus 
 Atropinse, Pilula Atropinae. Pilulae Atropinac et Morphinae, Atropines Methyl- 
 bromidum, Atropinae Salicylas, Atropinae Valerianas, Euphthalminae Hydro- 
 chloridum, Guttae Euphthalminae Hydrochloridi, Lamellae Euphthalminae. 
 
 Atropine is used as an antidote in poisoning by Physostigmine, Morphine. 
 Aconite, Gelsemine, Hydrocyanic Acid, Muscarine, Nitroglycerin, and 
 Pilocarpine. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning by Atropine the antidotes are the same as for 
 Belladonna, q.v. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan.. Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ita!., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Atropine Sulphate should melt at 189° C. (.372-2°F.); 
 and when pure, at 190° C. (374° F.). Even very dilute solutions 
 of the salt produce a powerful mydriatic eftect. A purple-violet 
 coloration is produced when 1 centigramme is moistened with 5 drops 
 of Nitric Acid, evaporated on a water-bath, and the residue moistened 
 with a freshly prepared Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Atropine Sulphate should dissolve readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, yielding a clear colourless solution which should be neutral 
 to Litmus paper. A white precipitate is produced on the addition 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution to a sufficiently concentrated aqueous 
 solution, and when this precipitate is collected, washed, and suitably 
 dried it should answer the tests described under Atropine. 
 
 The P.G. requires that the Atropine which separates out in crystals 
 after some time, on the addition of Ammonia Solution to an aqueous 
 solution (1 + 24-), shall, when filtered off, washed with Water, and dried 
 over Sulphuric Acid, possess a melting point of 115 '5° C. (239 "9° F.). 
 The aqueous solution yields on acidification with diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid and addition of Barium Chloride Solution, a white precipitate 
 insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 As a result of the criticism of the B.P. 1898 melting point 183° C. 
 (361-4° F.), the B.P. 1914 has altered the melting point to 'from 
 189° to 190° C. (372-2° to 374° F.)'; the U.S. P. gives the melting point 
 about 189-9° C. (373-8° F.), but when free from Hvoscvamine it melts 
 about 188° C. (370-4° F.) ; the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. re- 
 commend that the melting point be changed from 189-9° C. (373-8° F.) 
 to ' about 188° C. (370*4° F.),' the P.G.^does not give a melting point 
 for the Sulphate. A pleasant characteristic odour is evolved when 
 1 centigramme of the salt, which has been heated until white fumes 
 are disengaged, is warmed with 1*5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid until it 
 commences to turn brown, and then 2c.c. of Distilled Water are carefully 
 
24 G ATR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.l 
 
 added ; on the addition of a small crystal of Potassium Permanganate, 
 an odour of Essential Oil of Bitter Almond is evolved. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Sulphates of 
 mydriatic alkaloids other than Atropine, e.g., Hyoscy amine and 
 Scopolamine, readily oxidisable organic impurities, foreign alkaloids, 
 e.g., Apoatropine and Belladonnine, excess of moisture, and mineral 
 matter. 
 
 Atropine Sulphate should possess the melting point indicated above, 
 and its solutions should be optically inactive, indicating the absence of 
 Sulphates of mydriatic alkaloids other than Atropine. 1 decigramme 
 of Atropine Sulphate should dissolve in 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, 
 with the production of not more than a pale yellow colour, indicating 
 a limit of readily oxidisable organic impurities ; on the subsequent 
 addition of O'lc.c. of Nitric Acid, at the most, but a light yellow 
 colour should be produced, indicating a limit of foreign alkaloids. 
 The B.P. includes a somewhat similar test, but without specifying 
 what the test is intended to indicate. It requires that 5 centigrammes 
 should dissolve without coloration in 1 ml. of Sulphuric Acid, and that 
 on the subsequent addition of 1 drop of Nitric Acid, the solution should 
 still remain colourless. No turbidity should be immediately produced 
 on adding 2 c.c. of Ammonia Solution to 5 c.c. of a 1 in 60 aqueous 
 solution of Atropine Sulphate, indicating the absence of Apoatropine, 
 Belladonnine, etc. The B.P. requires that if 4 ml., of Ammonia Solution 
 be added to 10 ml. of an aqueous 1 in 60 solution of Atropine Sulphate, 
 the solution should not immediately become cloudy, indicating the 
 absence of Apoatropine. The P.G. states that the aqueous 1 + 59 
 solution of Atropine Sulphate is rendered turbid by Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, but that on the other hand it should not be immediately 
 altered on the addition of 4 c.c. of Ammonia Solution to 10 c.c. of an 
 aqueous 1+59 solution, indicating the absence of Apoatropine. 
 Atropine Sulphate should not lose more than 2 p.c. in weight when 
 dried at 105° C. (221° R), indicating a limit of moistmre. The P.G. 
 requires that when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) it shall lose at the highest 
 2*6 p.c. in weight. The B.P. gives the formula as anhydrous. The 
 P.G. formula is shown with 1 molecule of Water of crystallisation, 
 and the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. indicate that the new 
 formula for the U.S. P. will contain one molecule of Water of crystallisa- 
 tion. It would appear from the B.P. limit of moisture that they also 
 intended the salt to contain one molecule of Water of crystallisation. 
 Atropine Sulphate should yield no weighable residue on ignition, 
 indicating the absence of mineral matter. The U.S. P. states that it 
 is completely consumed, the P.G. that it shall leave at the most 0' 1 p.c. 
 of residue on ignition. 
 
 Anhydrous Atropine Sulphate contains 85*5 p.c. of Atropine and 
 14*5 p.c. of Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Vitali's Test. — If O'Ol gramme of Atropine Sulphate be evaporated on 
 a water-bath in a porcelain dish to drjoiess, with 5 drops of Fuming Nitric 
 Acid, a scarcely yellow-coloured residue remains, which, when cooled, 
 assumes a violet coloration, when moistened with Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, P.G. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ATR 247 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LAMELLA ATROPINiE. Discs op Atropine. 
 
 Discs of Gelatin, with Glycerin, each weighing about -.}^ grain 
 (I" 3 milligrammes), and containing ^oVo g^^in (0'013 milligramme) 
 of Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Ital., each containing Ay milH- 
 granime of Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 LIQUOR ATROPINE SULPHATIS. Solution, of Atropine 
 Sulphate. (Modified.) 
 
 Atropine Sulphate, 1 ; Distilled Water, recently boiled and cooled, 
 100. ' (1 in 100.) 
 
 It should be freshly prepared. * 
 
 The Salicylic Acid used m B.P. 1898 is now omitted. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 minim = 0-03 to O'OGml. = 7,iy to yj^ grain of 
 Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 Ofllcial ill Port. 1 in 100. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GLYCERINUM ATROPIN/E.— Atropine Sulphate. 2.5* grain?!, dissolve 
 in ^^'ater. ail. oz. ; add Compound Tincture of Lavender, 100 minims, and 
 Glycerin, to 20 fl. oz. 100 c.c. contains • 2.5 gramme Atropine. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Atropine Sulphate, 1|^ grains; Water, 2 drm. ; Compound Tincture of 
 Lavender, 5 minims ; Glycerin, to 1 oz. — University. 
 
 GRANULI Dl SOLFATO Dl ATROPINA (//«/.).— Each containing 
 O'OOl gramme of Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 GUTT/E ATROPIN/E SULPHATIS (London OjMJialmic).— Atropine 
 Sulphate, 1, 2, or 4 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 oz. 
 
 GUTT/E ATROPIN/E CUM COCAINA (London Ophthalmic).— Atropine 
 Sulphate, 2 grains ; Cocaine Hj^drochloride, 10 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 oz. 
 
 INJECTIO ATROPlN>E HYPODERMICA.— Atropine Sulphate, 2 grains; 
 Distilled Water, 1 oz. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 4 minims = -^^jj to ^^ grain of Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 INJECTIO ATROPIN>E ET MORPHIN>E HYPODERMICA. See 
 
 MORPHIN.E ACETAS. 
 
 LINIMENTUM ATROPIN/E (St. Thomas's).— Atropine Sulphate, SSJ 
 grains ; Compovmd Tinctui'e of Lavender, 100 minims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 to 20 fl. oz. 
 
 LINIMENTUM ATROPIN/E ET CHLOROFORMI (St. Thomases).— 
 Atropine Liniment, ,5 ; Chloroform, 1. 
 
 PESSUS ATROPIN/E (Samaritan). — Atropine, rjL grain; Conine, 1 minim ; 
 Oil of Theobroma, to 120 grains. 
 
 PILULA ATROPIN/E (Brompton).— Atropine Sulphate, g^- sV' tto' tJu' 
 grain ; Liquorice Powder, 2 grains ; Tragacanth Powder, 1 grain ; Mucilage 
 of Acacia, q.s. 
 
 PILULA ATROPIN/E ET MORPHIN/E (St. Thomas's).— Atropine Sul- 
 phate, ^^-^^ grain ; Morphine Hydrochloride, -Jr grain ; Milk Sugar, 1 grain. 
 
 ATROPIN/E METHYLBROMIDUM (Mydriasine).— A white crystalline 
 powder, readily solvible 1 in 1 of Water, soluble 1 in 10 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 insoluble in Ether. Employed in the form of a 1 to 2 p.c. Solution either 
 
248 ATE, [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 plain, or as a Solution containing 1 p.c. of Cocaine. A valuable silccedatlltni 
 for Atropine Sulphate. Free from its disadvantages and possessing its 
 advantages. Invaluable in determining static refraction or in any ophthal- 
 moscopic examination, where dilatation of the pupil is indispensable. In 
 large quantities (1 to 2 p.c. Solution) it has the same action on the pupil and 
 accommodation as Atropine Sulphate. In moderate quantities (1 drop of 
 1 p.c. Solution) the mydriasis produced may last about twenty-four hours, 
 but the paralysis of accommodation disappears in a few hours. In small 
 quantities (1 di'op O'o p.c. Solution containing 1 p.c. of Cocaine), considerable 
 dilatation of the pupil results with scarcely any appreciable paresis of accom- 
 modation. Atropine Methjdbromide is thus a valuable diagnostic agent in 
 the beginning of iritis, but should there be no iritis, the inconvenience pro- 
 duced is less than if Atropine had been instilled. One drop of a 1 p.c. Solution 
 produces a maximum dilatation of the pupil in from 30 to 45 minutes. 
 C'ocaine intensifies the dilatation ; Eserine quickly diminishes the pupillary 
 , dilatation produced by Methylbromide. — B.M.J.E. '03. ii. 52. Has been 
 used in doses of ,\j to ^ of a grain = 0-0065 to 0'013 gramme in pill form 
 in the night sweats of phthisis. In addition to its mydriatic effect it has a 
 distinct sedative and analgesic effect (B.M.J.E. '06, i. 72) ; for ophthalmic 
 purposes it may be used in strengths from j to 5 p.c. A useful average 
 strength is 1 '0 p.c. 
 
 Tests.— Atropine Methylbromide melts at 222° to 223° C. (431-6° to 
 433-4° F.) ; its aqueous solution yields a whitish precipitate witli Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution ; the slightly yellowish residue remaining 
 after evaporating to dryness on a water-bath, 0-01 gramme of the salt with 
 a few drops of concentrated Nitric Acid, yields a purple-violet coloration 
 when treated with Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. Atropine 
 Methylbromide dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding 
 a clear colourless solution, which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus, and 
 which yields, when acidified with diluted Nitric Acid, a white curdy pre- 
 cipitate with Silver Nitrate Solution and a yellow coloration with Chlorine 
 Water, the latter, when shaken with Chloroform, yielding a yellowish-brown 
 solution. It should leave no residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 ATROPINyC SALICYLAS, C,,H,,N03,.C.H«0„ eq. 427-242. — A white 
 crystalline powder, only slightly soluble in Water. Introduced as a substitute 
 for the Sulphate in ophthalmic practice, bvit its aqueous solution does not 
 keep so well as that of the latter. The author prepared 1 p.c. solutions of 
 each salt, and the Salicylate developed a growth more quickly than the 
 Sulphate. To make the solution keep well an excess of Salicylic Acid is 
 required, and then it is irritating to the eye. 
 
 Tests. — Atropine Salicylate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a clear 
 colovu'less solution, which should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, and which yields with Potas.sio -Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution 
 a whitish precipitate. 0-01 gramme evaporated to dryness on a -water-bath 
 with 5 drops of concentrated Nitric Acid, leaves a slightly yellowish residue, 
 which, when moistened with a few drops of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, yields a violet coloration. The diluted aqueous solution yields 
 with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a deep violet coloration. It should leave 
 no residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 It sliould contain 67-7 p.c. of Atropine and 32-3 p.c. of Salicylic Acid. 
 
 LIQUOR ATROPIN>E SALICYLATIS {Charing Cross). — Atropine, 
 5 grains ; Salicylic Acid, 7^ grains ; Distilled Water, 10 oz. 
 
 ATROPIN>!E VALERIANAS, Atropine Valerianate (CijHo.NO^.C.Hi.O,).,, 
 H2O, eq. 800-564. — Colourless, or white hygroscopic rhomboid crystals, 
 having an odour of Valerianic Acid, and becoming coloured on exposure to 
 light. Readily soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). Antispasmodic, 
 aiitineuralgic. Recommended for inte.-nal administration. 
 
 Dose. — gij grain — 0-001 gi-amme. 
 
[Solids Ij Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AUR 249 
 
 Tests. — Atropino Valerianate, when heated, softens at 20° C. (()8°F.), 
 and melts at 32'' C. (89-6° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Dis- 
 tilled Water, yielding a solution which is neutral in reaction to Litmus paper 
 and which, when acidified with a mineral acid, tlirows out an oily fluid which 
 collects on the surface of the liquid ; Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide Solu- 
 tion produces a white precipitate, O'Ol gramme, when mixed with a few 
 drops of concentrated Nitric Acid and evaporated to dryness yields a slightly 
 yellowish residue, which assumes a violet colour when moistened with a 
 few drops of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. When ignited with 
 free access of air, it should leave no residue. The crystallised salt should 
 contain 72"24p.c. of Atropine, 25"5p.c. of Valerianic Acid, and 2'26p.c. 
 of Water. 
 
 EUPHTHALMIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM (PhenylglycoyI-Ji-methyl-3- 
 vinyl-diacetone-alkamine Hydrochloride). — White crystalline powder. Readily 
 soluble in Water. Mydriatic. A substitute for Atropine and Homatropine, 
 and used as a 2 to 5 p.c. Solution. AVeakens the accommodation to a very 
 slight extent, and effects soon pass off. The free base Euphthalmine crystal- 
 lises in six-sided prisms. A readily soluble Euphthalmine Salicylate has 
 also been prepared. 
 
 Guttse EuphthalminaB Hydrochloridi {London Ophthalmic). — Euph- 
 thalmine Hydrochloride, 10 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 oz. 
 
 Lamellae Euphthalm.in8e {London Ophthalmic). — Each disc contains 
 ^Q grain Euphthalmine. 
 
 AURANTII CORTEX. 
 
 Fr., Bicahadier ; Ger., Pomeranzencshale ; Ital., Arancio 
 Amaro ; Span., Naranja Amara. 
 
 Both the fresh and the dried outer jjart of the Pericarp of Ciirui> 
 Aumntium, var. Bigaraclia, are Official. 
 
 In India and the Eastern Colonies, Aurantii Cortex Indicus may 
 be used. It is the corresponding portions of the varieties of Citrus 
 Aurantiuni grown in India and Ceylon. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Carminative and bitter stomachic. The 
 Tincture and Syrup are largely used as flavoiu-ing agents. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Preparations oj Orange Peel shotild not he prescribed 
 with Tincture of Perchloride of Iron, as the mixture would be blackened. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of the Fresh Peel, Tinctura Aurantii and 
 Vinum Aurantii. Of the Tincture, Svrupus Aromaticus, Syrupus Aurantii 
 and Tinctura Quinina\ Of the Dried^Peel, Infusum Aurantii and Infusum 
 Aurantii Compositum. 
 
 Not Official.— Oleum Aurantii Corticis, Elixir Aurantii, Elixir Aurantii 
 Compositum, Elixir Aromaticum, Elixir Simplex, Infusum Aurantii Con- 
 centratum, Infusum Aurantii Compositum Concentratum, Spiritus Aurantii 
 Compositus, Vinum Aurantii Detannatum. 
 
 AURANTII CORTEX RECENS. Fresh Bitter-Orange Peel. 
 
 The Fresh outer part of the Pericarp of Citrus Aurantium, var. 
 Bigaradia, Hook. f. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofificial in Belg., Fr., Mex., Port, and Span. ; 
 U.S., Citrus Aurantitim. The following use the unripe fruit; Ger., Jap., 
 Norw., Buss., Swed. and U.S, 
 
250 AUR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The fresli rind of the Seville or bitter orange 
 Citrus Aurantium, yar. Bigaradia, Hook, f., is Official. It is characterised 
 by its reddish or deep orange red colour and its rough glandular 
 surface. It should retain but little of the white spongy portion. The 
 taste is bitter and aromatic. It is most easily purchased in the fresh 
 state in February and March, when it usually arrives in this countr}-. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SYRUPUS AROMATICUS. Aromatic Syrup. 
 
 Tincture of Orange, 1 ; Cinnamon Warter, 1 ; Syrup, 2, The turbid 
 fluid, formed by mixing the Tincture and Cinnamon Water, is cleared 
 by filtration through Talc, before the Syrup is added. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 SYRUPUS AURANTII. Syrup of Orange. 
 
 Tincture of Orange, 1 ; Syrup, q.s. to yield 8. (1 in 8.) 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Phai'maeopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Russ. and Swiss, 
 Peel, Wine and Sugar ; Belg., Fluid Extract 1, Syrup 19 ; Dan., Fr., Ital., 
 Norw. and Swed., Peel, Spirit, Water and Sugar ; Dutch, Peel, Water and 
 Sugar ; Hung., Tincture of Orange, 50, Water 32.5, Sugar 625 ; Jap., Tincture 
 of Bitter-Orange Peel 3, Syrup 17 ; Mex., Alcoholatura 1, Syrup 9 ; Port., 
 Peel, Boiling Water and Sugar ; Span. (Jarabe de Corteza de Naranja), 
 Water of Orange Peel and Sugar ; (Jarabe de Corteza de Naranja Amarga), 
 Wine of Bitter-Orange Peel and Sugar. All by weight, except U.S. 
 
 Syrupus Avirantii {U.S.). — Tincture of Sweet Orange 5 ; is triturated 
 with Magnesium Carbonate 1, and Water 40, gradually added, filtered, 
 sufficient Water added to produce 45, Citric Acid • 5 dissolved in the filtrate, 
 then Sugar 82, and sufficient Water added to produce 100 by volume. 
 
 TINCTURA AURANTII. Tincture op Orange. 
 Macerate 1 of Fresh Bitter-Orange Peel, cut small, with 4 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). (About 1 in 4|.) 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Teinture d'Orange Amere (Ecorce) (Fr.). — Dried Orange Peel, 1 ; 
 Alcohol (80 p.c), 5 ; by weight. 
 
 Tinctura Aurantii [Ger.). — -Powdered Orange Peel, 1 ; Alcohol (69 p.c), 
 
 ; by weight. 
 
 Tinctura Aurantii Amari (U.S.). — Bitter-Orange Peel in No. 40 pownler, 
 
 1 ; percolated with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c), 0, Water 4, to produce 5. 
 
 Tinctura Aux'antii Duleis (U.S.). — Sweet-Orange Peel from the fresh 
 fruit in thin shavings, 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c.) to make 2. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fresh Peel 1, Alcohol 
 (60 p.c) 5; Dutch, Peel 1, Alcohol (70 p.c) 5; Fr. (Alcoolature 
 d'Orange), Fre.sli Peel 1, Alcohol 2; Ital., Peel 1, Alcohol 2; all by weight. 
 The following are made with Dried Peel : Austr., Dan., Dutch, Hung., Jap., 
 Norw., Russ., Swed., and Swiss, 1 and 5 ; all by weight. Hung, has also 
 Tinctura Aurantii pro syrupo 1 in 2. Not in Port. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Orange has a specific gravity of 0'869 to 
 0*876 ; it contains about 2 p.c. w/v of total solids ; and about 80 p.c, 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids hy Measure.] AUR 251 
 
 VINUM AURANTII. Orange Wine. (Modified.) 
 
 A sherry-coloured weak alcoholic liquid, prepared by the fermenta- 
 tion of a Saccharine Solution containing Fresh Bitter-Orange Peel. 
 
 The Orange Wine of commerce. 
 
 Now contains 12 to 14 p.c. v/v of Ethyl Hydroxide, in B.P. '98 the figures 
 were 10 to 12 p.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Span., Dried Bitter-Orange Pe^l 
 1, Carinena or Alicante Wine 20. Belg. and Swiss have a compound wine, 
 but they vary considerably in composition. 
 
 Tests. — Orange Wine has a specific gravity of about I'OSO, it 
 contains about 19 p.c. w/y of total solids. It is officially required 
 to contain from 12 to 14 p.c. v/v of Ethyl Hydroxide. Good com- 
 mercial samples contain from 15 to 18 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 In testing for Salicylic Acid 50 ml. of the Wine is rendered alkaline 
 by the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, evaporated to a small 
 bulk, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, and the acid solution is shaken 
 with Benzene, the Benzene solution separated, evaporated to dryness, 
 and the re.sidue dissolved in Distilled W^ater. No violet coloration 
 should be produced in this solution on the addition of a drop of 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Salicylic Acid. 
 
 An obstinate emulsion, very difficult to manipulate, is formed when 
 the acid solution is shaken with Benzene. It will be found more 
 convenient to shake the Benzene Solution with a small quantity of 
 Distilled Water containing 1 or 2 drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, 
 instead of evaporating the solution to drj^ness and again dissolving in 
 Distilled Water. Not more than a faint turbidity or precipitate 
 should be produced on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution to 
 5 c.c. of the Wine, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, and to which a 
 few drops of Bromine Solution have been added, indicating a limit of 
 Sulphites ; Sulphates having been previously removed. 
 
 Not Ofaeial. 
 
 VINUM AURANTII DETANNATUM.— Orange Wine, 1 gallon; Gelatin, 
 in No. 100 powder, J oz. ; macerate for 24 hours and decant. 
 
 It is recommended by F. C. J. Bird that Gelatin in No. 100 powder should 
 be used in place of Gelatin cut small, as recommended in the B.P.C. Formulary 
 1901, it being found possible by this process to completely detannate an 
 average sample of Wine in 24 hours with the aid of occasional shaking, or 
 in 8 hours if frequently agitated. Care must be taken to keep the temperature 
 of maceration at or below 15'5°C., or during extremely hot weather the 
 Gelatin will probably pass into solution. — P.J. '99, ii. 133. 
 
 OLEUM AURANTII CORTICIS. — A volatile Oil, exti-acted by mechanical 
 means from Fresh Orange Peel ; both varieties of Orange Peel are used ; 
 that from Citrus Aurantium, L., var. Blgaradia, Hook, f., is known as Essence 
 de Bigarade, and that from Citrus Aurantium, L., as Essence de Portugal ; 
 the former yields the finest Oil. 
 
 A pale yellowish liquid, with neutral reaction, having the odour of Orange 
 Peel. At least 90 p.c. of the Oil consists of dextrorotatory Limonene. 
 
 By keeping, the Oil becomes thicker and acquires a disagreeable terebin- 
 thinate taste, which may be prevented by mixing it, while fresh, with 10 p.c. 
 of Absolute Alcohol, when stored for pharmaceutical use, but not for sale 
 by retail. It should be kept in well-stoppered dark amber-tinted glass 
 bottles in a cool place. 
 
2n2 AUR [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble 1 in 7 of AIcoliol (90 p.c), and in all proportions of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Belg., sp. gr. O-S-tS 
 to 0-852 ; Dutch, sp. gr. 0-8.50 to 0-870 ; Fr., sp. gr. 0-848 to 0-853 ; Jap., 
 sp. gr. 0-850 to 0-860 ; Port., sp. gr. 0-835 to 0-850 ; Mex., sp. gr. 0-837 ; 
 Span., 0-835 to 0-844; U.S., sp. gr. 0-842 to 0-846 at 25° C. (77'' F.) ; not 
 in Dan., Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw., Russ., Swed. or Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Sweet Orange has a specific gravity of 0-848 to 0-852, that 
 from Bitter Orange - 854 to - 857. Both have a characteristic orange odour. 
 The oil has a boiling point of 175° to 180° C. (347° to 356° F.), between these 
 temperatures about nine-tenths distil over. Oil of Sweet Orange has an 
 optical rotation in a tube of 100 mm. diameter of + 92° to + 98° at 20° C. 
 (()8° F.) ; that of the Bitter Orange is between + 90° and + 98°. Refractive 
 Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-472 to 1-478. 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are Turpentine Oil and the 
 terpenes remaining from the inanufactm-e of terpeneless Oil of Lemon and 
 Oil of Orange. Turpentine Oil may generally be detected directly by the 
 optical rotation, or by a determination of the optical activity of the first 
 10 p.c. fraction. The optical rotation of this first 10 p.c. fraction should 
 not materially differ from that of the original oil. 
 
 The terpenes remaining from the manufacture of terpeneless Lemon Oil 
 are readily detected by the optical rotation, bvit terpenes from terpeneless 
 Oil of Orange are detected with much greater difficulty. They reduce the 
 colour of the oil and produce a difference in the odour and taste. 
 
 ELIXIR AURANTII (formerly U.S., now omitted).— Sprinkle or spray 
 1 oz. of Oil of Orange over 2 oz. of Cotton-Wool ; pack it tightly in a percolator 
 and pass tlirough it a mixture (Alcohol 1, Water 3), sp. gr. 0-971, till 200 oz. 
 of a clear percolate are obtained, in which dissolve, without heat, Sugar 100 oz. ; 
 all by weight. 
 
 A better method of disseminating the Oil is to sprinkle it upon blotting- 
 paper, pulp this with the diluted Alcohol, allow it to stand for 24 hours, 
 and filter. 
 
 ELIXIR AROMATICUM (C7.,S.).— Mix Compound Spirit of Orange 1-2, 
 with Alcohol (95 p.c.) q.s. to make 25 ; add gradually with agitation Syrup 
 37-5, and then in the same manner Distilled Water 37-5; mix with this 
 liquid Purified Talc 3, and filter through a wetted filter, returning the first 
 portion until a transparent liquid is obtained. Lastly wash the filter with a 
 mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 1 and Distilled Water 3, until the product 
 measures 100. 
 
 ELIXIR SIMPLEX.— Oil of Bitter-Orange, 30 minims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 G ([. oz. ; dissolve and add Distilled Cinnamon Water, 7 fl. oz. ; Syrup, 
 7 fi. oz. ; filter with the aid of Talc. — B.P.C. Formulary 1894 omitted in 1901. 
 
 Dose.— 20 to 60 minims = 1 • 2 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 ELIXIR AURANTII COMPOSITUM.— Orange Peel, 6 ; Cinnamon, 2 ; 
 Potassium Carbonate, 1; Sherry, 50; Alcohol (70 p.c), 2; Extract of 
 Cascarilla, 1 ; Extract of Gentian, 1 ; Extract of Absinthe, 1 ; Extract of 
 Menyanthes, 1. (Russ.) 
 
 Orange Peel, 20 ; Cinnamon, 4 ; Potassium Carbonate, 1 ; Sherry, 100 ; 
 Extract of Gentian, 1 ; Extract of Absinthe, 2 ; Extract of Cascarilla, 2 ; 
 Extract of Trifolium, 2. {Ger.) 
 
 SPIRITUS AURANTII COMPOSITUM (U.S.).— Oil of Orange, 10; 
 Oil of Lemon, 2i ; Oil of Coriander, 1 ; Oil of Anise, I ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 to make 50. 
 
 AURANTII CORTEX SICCATUS. Dried Bitter-Orange Peel. 
 The dried outer part of the Pericarp of Citrus Aurantium, L., var. 
 Bigaradia, Hook. f. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiue,] AUJR 253 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital. (Arancio Amaro), Jap., Norw., Port. (Laranjeira Azeda), 
 Russ., Swed. and Swiss ; U.S., Aurantii Amari Cortex, also Aurantii Dulcis 
 Cortex. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Bitter-Orange Peel occurs in English 
 commerce in tlu-ee forms, viz., English, exotic and Maltese. The 
 English is more carefully dried, reddish-orange externally and nearly 
 white on the inner surface, in long strips about ^ in. (8 mm.) 
 wide and more or less curled in drying. The exotic is less carefully 
 dried and of a duller orange-red or brownish-red colour externally, 
 and a dirty white colour on the inner surface. The Maltese resembles 
 the exotic, except that it occurs in very slender strips about 2 lines 
 wide only, is cut up into shorter pieces, and has less of the mesocarp 
 or white spongy portion attached to the zest or rind. The official 
 description simply directs that it should be in thin strips, but as the 
 colour must be orange-red, it is evident that the English-dried kind is 
 intended. The U.S. P. describes the di-ied peel as of a brownish-green 
 colour, and in strips or quarters, thus apparently admitting the 
 badly dried W. Indian peel which is visiuiUy dried in quarters. The 
 P.G. describes the dried peel as brownish, and directs that it should 
 be prepared by softening the rind in cold Water for a quarter of an 
 hour, pouring off the Water and keeping the peel in a cool place 
 until the next day when the white spongy tissue should be cut off 
 and the outer portion dried. Dried Orange Peel if long kept loses its 
 bright colour and becomes brownish-red. 
 
 Preparations. 
 INFUSUM AURANTII. Infusion of Orange Peel. 
 Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, cut small, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 
 20. Infuse for 15 minutes, strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.—* to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Tisane d'Oranger (Fr.). — Leaves, 5 ; Boiling Water, 1000. Infuse for 
 i hour. 
 
 INFUSUM AURANTII COMPOSITUM. Compound Infusion of 
 Orange Peel. (Modified.) 
 
 Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, 5 ; Fresh Lemon Peel, 2, both cut small ; 
 Bruised Cloves, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 200. Infuse for 15 
 minutes, strain. (1 in 40.) 
 
 In India and other hot climates Dried Lemon Peel may be used when 
 necessary. 
 
 Lemon Peel and Cloves are now reduced from 2*5 and 1*25 to 
 2 and 1. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA AURANTII. See Aurantii Cortex Kecens. 
 Formerly two Tinctures were official, one from Fresh Peel and the 
 other from Dried Peel ; the latter is now omitted. 
 
254 AUR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INFUSUM AURANTII CONCENTRATUM.— Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, 
 in No. 10 powder, 40; Tincture of Orange, 5; Alcohol (90 p. c), 22-5. 
 Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000), q.s. to make 100. Prepare ])y repereola- 
 tion. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. drm. 
 
 INFUSUM AURANTII COMPOSITUM CONCENTRATUM.— Dried 
 Bitter-Orange Peel, in No. 10 powder, 20 ; Dried Lemon Peel, in No. 10 
 powder, 5 ; Cloves, freshly powdered, 2*5 ; Tincture of Lemon, 5 ; Tincture 
 of Orange, 5 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), g-.s. Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000), 
 q.s. to make 100. Macerate the powdered Cloves in 20 of the Alcohol for 
 12 hours, filter through Cotton- Wool, and pass through the marc sufficient 
 Alcohol to make the filtrate nieasure 20 ; add the tinctures and set aside, 
 mix the other powders, and submit them to macero-expression with dilute 
 Chloroform Water, adding the mixed tinctures to the reserved portion. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 AURANTII FLORIS AQUA. 
 
 ORANGE-FLOWER WATER. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — ^Aqxja Naph^. 
 
 Fji., Eau de Fleur d'Oranger ; Ger., Pomeransenblitenwasser ; 
 Ital., Acqua di Fiore di Arancio ; Span., Agua Destilada ce 
 
 AZAHAR. 
 
 Commercial Orange-flower Water prepared by a process of dis- 
 tillation from the Flowers of the Bitter-Orange tree, Ct'trus Aurantium, 
 L., var. Bigamdia, Hook, f., diluted with twice its volume of Distilled 
 AVater. It keeps best in the undiluted state, and should therefore 
 be diluted only as required. 
 
 U.S. directs the Triple Extract to be diluted with an equal volume of 
 Distilled Water. Fr. and Swiss vise the undiluted Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Both the Water and the Syrup are used 
 as flavouring agents, about 1 of the Undiluted Water to 8 of Distilled 
 Water ; the Water is also used in eye lotions. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparation. — Syrupus Aiu-antii Floris. 
 
 Not Official. — Oleum Aurantii Florum (Oleum Neroli). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr. (Eau 
 Distillee de Fleur d'Oranger), Ital. (Acqua Distillata di 
 Arancio), Jap., Mex. (Agua destilada de corteza de naranja 
 amarga). Port. (Agua de Flores de Laranj eira), Russ., Span. (Agua 
 Destilada de Azahar), Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in Dan., Ger., Hung, 
 or Norw. 
 
 Tests. — Orange-Flower Water is officially required to yield no 
 reactions for Lead or Copper. 50 c.c. of the Water, acidified with 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no darkening in colour on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Lead and Copper. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] AUR 255 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS AURANTII FLORIS. Syrup of Orange-Flower. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Dissolve 30 of Refined Sugar in 15 of undiluted Orange-Flower 
 Water of commerce, in a moderately warm place, and add Syrup q.s. 
 to yield 100 by volume. 
 
 The process has been altered, but the result is the same. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., O.F.W. 1, Sugar li ; 
 Belg., O.F. Spirit (1 Oil in 100) 1, Syrup 199; Fr. and Mex., O.F.W. 10, 
 Sugar 18 ; Port., O.F.W. 7, Sugar 13 ; Span, and Swiss, O.F.W. 30, Sugar 04 ; 
 all Ijy weight. U.S., Sugar 85, O.F.W. to measure 100. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 OLEUM AURANTII FLORUM. Syn. Oleum Neroli.— A volatile Oil, 
 obtained by distilling fresh Orange-flowers with Water. The watery distillate 
 constitutes the Aqua Floris Aurantii Cone, of commerce. The finest Oil is 
 obtained from the Bitter-Orange ; that from the Portugal or Sweet-Orange 
 is not so good. From the leaves, twrigs and immature fruits of both 
 varieties is obtained the commercial Oil of Petit Grain. 
 
 A yellowish or brownish limpid liquid, with neutral reaction, having a 
 powerful odour of Orange-flowers. 
 
 Oil of Neroli undergoes change on keeping, which may be prevented by 
 mixing it, when fresh, with 10 p.c. Absolute Alcohol, when stored for pharma- 
 ceutical use, but not for sale by retail. It should be kept in well-stoppered 
 dark amber-tinted glass bottles in a cool place. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in all proportions of Alcohol (SO p.c), or in Absolute 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Hung., Ital. and 
 Swiss, sp. gr. 0-870 to 0-880 ; Fr., sp. gr. 0-87-5 to 0*880 ; Jap., sp. gr. 0-80 
 to 0-88 ; Mex., sp. gr. 0-870 to 0-878 ; Port., sp. gr. 0*874 to 0-878 ; Span., 
 sp.gr. 0-850 to 0-900. Not in Dan., Dutch, Gar., Norw., Russ., Swed. 
 
 or U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Orange Flowers has a specific gravity of • 870 to • 890 and a 
 powerful characteristic odour of Orange-flowers. It should possess an optical 
 rotation in a tube of 100 mm. diameter of -|- 2° to -|- 5° and occasionally 
 as high as + 8°. Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.), 1-470 to 1-477. It 
 should form a clear solution in 1^ to 2 volumes of Alcohol (80 p.c). A deter- 
 mination of the Saponification Value affords a useful criterion of the purity 
 of an Oil ; that of genuine Oils being between 20 and 52 corresponding to 
 7 to 18 p.c. of Esters, calculated as Linaljd Acetate. 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are Bergamot and Petit Grain 
 Oils, which being composed largely of the same chemical constituents as 
 Neroli Oil can only be detected when in relatively large quantities, the recog- 
 nition of small amounts being next to impossible. The Saponification Value 
 here affords the Ijest criterion. 
 
 Not Official. 
 AURI BROMIDUM. 
 
 AuBr,, eq. 436-96. 
 
 In dark brown masses, soluble in Water. Used for hysteria and epilepsy. 
 The salt should be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
256 AUR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tlie Tribruinido obtained from Merck was soluble about 1 in 75 of 
 "Water. 
 
 Dose. — j\, to I grain = 0-00G5 to 0-016 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Dispensed in pills with Massa Kaolini, or in cotn- 
 pressed Tablets. 
 
 Official in Max. (Bromm'o de Oro). 
 
 AURI ET POTASSII BROMIDUM. — Brownish-black, needle-shaped 
 crystals. Readily soluble in Water. Used for the same purposes as for tho 
 Tribromide. 
 
 Dose. — } grain = 0"021 grannne. 
 
 LIQUOR AURI ET ARSENII BROMIDI.— Arsenious Acid, 0-23 gramme; 
 Gold Tribromide, • 32.5 gramme ; Bromine Water and Distilled Water, of 
 each a sufficient quantity to make 100 c.c. — U.S.N.F. 1896 and 1906. 
 
 10 minims of this Solution contain t^.^ grain of Tribromide of Gold and the 
 equivalent of ^^j grain of Tribromide of Arsenic. 
 
 Arsenious Acid, in powder, 40 grains ; Potassium Carbonate, 40 grains ; 
 Bromine, 100 grains ; Gold, in leaf, 13 '5 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to 20 fl. oz. 
 (Wright).— y.P.B. 1896, 354. 
 
 10 minims contain an ainount of Arsenium in combination equal to ^^ grain 
 of Arsenious Acid and h grain of Gold Tribromide. 
 
 Not Official. 
 AURI CHLORIDUM. 
 
 Under this heading are arranged the following varieties : — 
 
 1. Pure Chloi'ide of G-old, AuCl;, containing about 65 p.c. of metallic 
 
 Gold. Official in Port. (Chloreto de Ouro), and Mex. (Cloruro de 
 Oro). 
 
 2. Chloride of Gold and Sodium (Commercial ' Chloride of Gold '), the 
 
 crystallised double salt AuCL.NaC1.2H.,0, containing 50 p.c. of metallic 
 Gold. Official in Fr. (Chlorure d'Or et de Sodium), Port. (Chloreto 
 de Ouro e de Sodio), and Mex. (Cloruro de Oro y Sodio). 
 
 3. Commercial Chloride of Gold and Sodium. Commercial Chloride 
 
 of Gold and Sodiuni is the above crystallised salt mixed with an equal 
 weight of Chloride of Sodium, and contains 25 p.c. of metallic Gold. 
 
 4. Auri et Sodii Chloridum, U.S. A mixture composed of equal parts 
 
 of auhych'ous Gold Chloride and anhydrous Sodium Chloride, and 
 which contains not less than 30 p.c. of metallic Gold. Official in 
 Russ. (Aiu'o-natrium Chloratum). 
 
 The salts should be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Some foreign samples of commercial Chloride of Gold are the double 
 Chloride of Gold and Potassium AUCI3.KCI.2JH0O, corresponding to about 
 47 p.c. of metal. — P.J. (3) xxii. 902. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been given for amenorrhosa, syphilis, spinal 
 sclerosis, hystero-epilepsy, asthma, chorea. 
 
 Dose. — ^^ to l grain = 0-004 to 0-016 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It may be given in thejorm of pills made with Massa 
 Kaolini ; or in aqueous solution. Its solutions should be protected from white 
 light. 
 
 It is also used in photography. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BAL 257 
 
 Not Official. 
 BALSAMUM DIPTEROCARPI. 
 
 QURJUN BALSAM. 
 
 A balsamic exudation, obtained from the Trunk of Dipterocarpus turbinatus, 
 Gartn. f., and other species by incision, and the application of heat. Imported 
 from the East Indies. It is an oleo-resin, constituting a transparent liquid 
 of the consistence of Olive Oil, lighter than Water, and of a dark bro\vn sherry- 
 colour, slightly fluorescent. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Copaiba. Useful for leprosy. 
 Externally the leprous parts are treated with an ointment of Gurjun 
 Balsam, 3 parts ; Lanolin, 1 part. 
 
 Used in India as a substitute for Copaiba in gonorrhoea ; also as a natural 
 varnish. 
 
 Dose.— 15 to 60 minims = 0-9 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Prescribing U'otes. — Best prescribed in capsules Jor internal administra- 
 tion. As a local application in the form of an emulsion made with Lime Water, 
 or as an ointment made with p, Lanolin basis. 
 
 Descriptive TTotes. — It is also known as Wood Oil, but must not be 
 confounded with the Wood Oil of China, which is a drying fixed Oil, used in 
 China instead of Linseed Oil, and is derived from Aleurites Fordii, Hemsl., 
 and other species, and is also known as Tung Oil. To prevent confusion 
 only the names Gurjun Oil or Gurjun Balsam should be used for Balsamum 
 Dipterocarpi. 
 
 BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM. 
 
 BALSAM OF PERU. 
 
 Fb., Baume du Perou ; Ger., Perubalsam ; Ital., Balsamo del Peru ; 
 Span., Balsamo del Peru. 
 
 A dark brown viscid liquid, almost black wlien viewed in bulk, 
 but clear and transparent when viewed in tliin layers. 
 
 It is a Balsam obtained (by special treatment) from tlie trunk 
 of Myroxylon Pereirce, Klotzsh. 
 
 The tree grows in San Salvador, Central America. 
 
 It consists mainly of Cinnamein (57 p.c), the Benzyl Ester of 
 Benzoic Acid, with a smaller proportion of the Benzyl Ester of Cinnamic 
 Acid, free Cinnamic Acid, traces of Vanillin, and Peruresinotannol 
 Esters of Cinnamic and Benzoic Acid. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; when more than 3 of 
 Alcohol are added to 1 of Balsam it becomes turbid ; in all proj)ortions 
 of Chloroform ; insoluble in Olive Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant and disinfecting expectorant ; 
 urinary antiseptic. Useful in clu-onic bronchitis ; contra-indicated 
 in acute bronchial catarrh because of its stimulant action. 
 
 Externally as an ointment for chronic indolent ulcers and for sore 
 nipples; for scabies and pediculi and parasitic skin diseases, to 
 relieve itching in urticaria, and prevent or heal bed-sores. 
 
 K 
 
258 BAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 As a dressing in warfare ; it may be lefb on for 20 clays without removal 
 and disinfection, and sterilisation is unnecessary. — L. '04, ii. 1807. 
 
 Not to be applied to large areas of skin for scabies in children, small-bodied 
 adults, and patients with renal trouble, as it majr produce albuminuria or 
 nephritis.— B.M.J. '07, i. 972. 
 
 In Holland it is a common practice to treat wounds in the first instance 
 with it, though it is not recognised as a germicidal agent ; yet the cases 
 invariably do well. The healing of compound fractures was quite as good as 
 when they were treated with copious antiseptic flushing and counter incisions, 
 i.e., only 2 or 3 p.c. suppurated. Preliminary washing is harmful. — B.M.J. 
 '11, ii. 1083. 
 
 Very good results in accidental wounds and in compound fractures ; the 
 wound may do well even when the skin is very septic ; the Balsam is simply 
 poured into the wound, which heals without any real sepsis. — L. '11, ii. 442. 
 
 Specially suited for dirty wounds from which tetanus is feared. — B.M.J.E. 
 '12, i. 30. 
 
 Superior to sulphur in scabies. — B.M.J. '07, ii. 1710. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given as an emulsion with Mucilage oj Qum 
 Acacia, or Sugar and yolk oj Egg with Water. 
 
 Not Official. — Mixtura Oleoso-Balsamica, Unguentum Peruvianum. 
 
 Foreign Pharraacopceias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 1-14 to 1*16"; 
 Belg., 1 • 137 to 1 • 150 ; Dan., Ital., and Swed., sp. gr. 1 • 135 to 1 • 150 ; Dutch, 
 sp. gr. 1-14 to 1-145; Fr., sp.gr. 1-135 to 1-150; Ger., sp.gr. 1-145 to 
 1 - 158 ; Hung., sp. gr. 1 • 14 to 1 - 16 ; Jap., sp. gr. 1 • 140 to 1 - 162 ; Mex., 
 1 - 14 to 1 • 145 ; Norw., sp. gr. 1 - 140 to 1 - 155 ; Port., sp. gr. 1 - 15 ; Russ., 
 sp. gr. 1 - 135 to 1 - 145 ; Span., sp. gr. 1 - 13 to 1 - 16 ; Swiss, sp. gr. 1 • 145 to 
 1 • 155 ; U.S., sp. gr. 1 • 140 to 1 • 150, at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Balsam of Peru is not a natural exudation, 
 but is a pathological product formed after the bark has been beaten 
 and scorched. It is a nearly black, oily liquid, heavier than Water, 
 and with a balsamic rather smoky odour, which is fragrant and 
 agreeable when the balsam is smeared on paper and warmed. It has 
 not a very pronounced taste, but leaves an unpleasant burning 
 sensation in the fauces. It is liable to be adulterated with several 
 substances, see Tests. An artificial Balsam of Peru, called Perugen, 
 is sold in commerce, but its use in medicine is not justified, since 
 it cannot be said to be derived from Myroxylon Pereirce. With the 
 Nitric Acid test of Coesar and Loretz, P.J. (4) xxL, p. 579, Perugen 
 gives an intense olive-gxeen colom", instead of the golden yellow 
 yielded by pure Balsam. 
 
 Tests. — Balsam of Peru has a specific gravity of 1 • 138 to 1 * 158 ; the 
 B.P. gives between 1-140 and 1-158 ; the U.S. P. gives 1-140 to 1-150 
 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. 1*145 to 1-158. It is officially required 
 to contain not less than 57 p.c. of Cinnamein, as determined by 
 successively shaking, in a separator, a solution of 1 gramme of the 
 Balsam in 30 ml. of Ether with, first 20 ml. and then 10 ml. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The alkaline aqueous 
 layers are drawn off, mixed, and shaken with 10 ml. of Ether, the 
 ethereal layer is separated, and returned to the first ethereal solution 
 which is reserved, whilst the alkaline aqueous layer is rejected. The 
 reserved ethereal layer is washed successively with two quantities 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] BAL 251) 
 
 each of 5 ml. of Distilled Water, and the aqueous washings removed 
 and rejected. The ethereal solution is pomed into a tared flask, the 
 Ether evaporated at a gentle heat, until no further odour of Ether 
 remains, 1 ml. of Absolute Alcohol added, and the residue diied at 
 100° C. (212° F.) for half an hour. It is then weighed ; its weight 
 should not be less than • 57 gramme. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires the Balsam to contain at least 56 p.c. of 
 Cinnamein, as determined by shaking a mixture of 3 grammes of the 
 Balsam with 30 c.c. of Sodium Hj^droxidc Solution (5 p.c. w/w), for 
 a few minutes, with 60 grammes of Ether. A weighed quantity of 
 51 '5 grammes of the Ether Solution is transferred to a flask, and 
 evaporated to dryness. The residue, when dried to constant weight 
 by a gentle heat, should weigh not less than 1'4 gramme, indicating 
 at least 56 p.c. Cinnamein. The P.G. requires, that it shall contain at 
 least 56 p.c. of Cinnamein, as determined by extracting a mixture of 
 2 • 5 grammes of Peru Balsam, 5 grammes of Water, and 5 grammes of 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w), with 50 c.c. of Ether. A 
 measured quantity of 25 c.c. of the clear ethereal solution (= 1'25 
 grammes of Peru Balsam), is evaporated in a tared flask, the residue 
 is dried for half an hour at 100° C. (212° F.), and after cooling, weighed ; 
 its weight should amount at least to 0'7 gramme, indicating 56 p.c. of 
 Cinnamein. 
 
 The residue of Cinnamein obtained from the B.P. determination 
 is required to possess a Saponification Value of not less than 235, as 
 determined by its saponification with 20 ml. of Half- Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution and 20 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 employing Half- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution for the 
 titration of the excess of Half- Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator. 
 The saponification may be carried out under the reflux condenser, 
 and the boiling continued for half an hour. 1 gramme of Cinnamein 
 should require for saponification not less than 8*4 ml. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. The U.S. P. 
 requires that, if the residue from the Cinnamein determination be 
 dissolved in 25 c.c. of Alcohol (94 '9 p.c), and heated carefully diiring 
 half an hour on a water-bath after mixing with 25 c.c. of Half- Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiimi Hydroxide Solution, it should require 
 not more than 13*2 c.c of Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution to exactly neutralise the liquid, 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein 
 Test-Solution being used as an indicator, corresponding to a Saponifica- 
 tion Value of not less than 235. The P.G. requires that the Cinnamein 
 from the above determination shall have a Saponification Value of 
 at least 235, as determined by dissolving the residue in 25 c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and 
 heating on a water-bath under a reflux condenser, for half an hour, 
 then after the addition of 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution adding 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Hydi'ochloric Acid Solution until the pink 
 colour is discharged. 
 
 A determination of the Acid, Ester and Saponification Value of 
 
 jc 2 
 
'260 BAIj [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 the original Balsam is useful in judging of tlie quality of a sample. 
 The Acid Value should be from 57 to 80 ; the Saponification Value, 
 225 to 280; and the Ester Value by difference, 165 to 200. The 
 B.P. does not include such determinations. The U.S. P. gives a 
 quantitative test for limit of Acid Resins, which indicates that they 
 should not amount to more than 14 '69 p.c, reckoned as Cinnamic 
 Acid and corresponding to an Acid Value of not more than 56, but 
 no Saponification Value of the original Balsam is given. The P.G. 
 omits the ' limit of Acid Resins,' but includes a Saponification Value 
 of the original Balsam, which should be at least 224 '6. 
 
 The Iodine Value of the Balsam, and more particularly the Iodine 
 Value of the extracted Cinnamein, afford a useful method of judging 
 between a natural and a S5^nthetic Balsam. Balsam of Peru has an 
 Iodine Value of from 40 to 43, whilst the extracted Cinnamein has an 
 Iodine Value of 20 to 25 ; synthetic Peruvian Balsam (Perugen) has 
 an Iodine Value of 30 to 33, whilst the extracted Cinnamein has an 
 Iodine Value of only 1-5. The Refractive Index at 15° C. (60° F.) 
 of the Cinnamein from the artificial Balsam is 1 • 565 ; whilst the 
 Refractive Index from the Cinnamein of the natural Balsam is 1 • 575. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Copaiba Balsam, 
 Colophony, fixed oils, e.g., Olive and Castor Oils ; Ethylic Alcohol, 
 Turpentine, Storax, Gurjun Balsam, and synthetic Balsam. As a 
 general rule, adulterants such as Copaiba Balsam, Colophony, Storax 
 and Gurjun Balsam raise the Acid and lower the Saponification Value. 
 
 Qualitative reactions for these various impurities and colour reactions 
 are of very little value in judging the quality of a Balsam, and have 
 now been generally omitted. 
 
 With the exception of a determination of the amount of Cinnamein 
 and of its Saponification Value, the B.P. includes only one further 
 test for impurities, namely the absence of Ethylic Alcohol. 
 
 No diminution in volume should occur when equal volumes of the 
 Balsam and Water are shaken together, indicating the absence of 
 Ethylic Alcohol. A permanent green, blue or violet coloration should 
 not be produced on the addition of a drop of Nitric Acid (specific 
 gravity 1*4) to a Petroleum Benzin Solution of the Balsam, indicating 
 the absence of Colophony, Copaiba, Gurjun and Synthetic Balsam. 
 3 c.c. of a 1 in 5 solution of the Balsam in Petroleum Benzin, when 
 shaken with an equal volume of an aqueous 1 in 1000 Copper Acetate 
 Solution, should develop no green or bluish colour, indicating the 
 absence of Rosin, Turpentine, and Storax. 
 
 1 gramme of Balsam of Peru should dissolve to form a clear solution 
 in a solution of 3 grammes of Chloral Hydrate in 2 grammes of AVater, 
 indicating the absence of fatty oils. 
 
 An improvement upon this test may be carried out as follows : — 
 The neutral liquid remaining after the titration for the Saponification 
 Value determination, is evaporated on a water-bath until the Alcohol 
 is driven off. The residue is transferred to a separator with a little 
 Distilled Water and shaken out twice with Ether. The Ether Avashings 
 are rejected, the aqueous solution is diluted to 25 c.c, with Water, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BAL 261 
 
 and treated with a few drops of Calcium Chloride Solution. Pure 
 Balsam of Peru yields only an opalescence, but a considerable precipitate 
 of Calcium Soap indicates the presence of added oil. 
 
 Saponification. — Let 1 gramme of Balsam be dissolved in 20 c.c. of 
 Alcohol (90 p. c), and 50 c.c. of Half- Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Solution 
 of Potassium Hydroxide be added, then let the mixture be heated on a water- 
 bath for half an hour, under a reflux condenser. Dilute with 300 c.c. of 
 Water, add 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution and titrate with Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution of Hydrochloric Acid ; not more than 42 c.c. should 
 be necessary to neutralise the excess of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, P.O. 
 
 Volumetric Determination of Free Acid. — 1 gramme of Balsam dis- 
 solved in 100 c.c. of Alcohol (94'9p.c.), and titrated with Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Solution of Potassium Hydroxide, using 1 c.c. of 
 Phenolphthalein Test-Solution as indicator, not more than 2 c.c. of the 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be 
 required to produce a pink colour, U.S. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MIXTURA OLEOSO-BALSAMICA. Hoffmannscher Lebensbalsam.— 
 Balsam of Peru, 4 ; Oil of Lavender, Oil of Cloves, Oil of Cinnamon, Oil of 
 Thyme, Oil of Lemon, Oil of Nutmeg, of each 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 240.— Ger. 
 
 Balsam of Peru, 4 ; Oil of Lemon, Oil of Bergamot, Oil of Cloves, Oil of 
 Rosemary, Oil of Orange Flowers, Oil of Thj^me, of each 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 24tQ.—Rus.s. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PERUVIANUM.— Balsam, 1 ; Lard, 7. 
 
 A stronger Ointment is Balsam of Peru 1, Lanolin 2, Vaseline 2. 
 
 Unguentum Peruvianum Resinosum. — Balsam, 1 ; Resin Ointment, 1. 
 
 BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 
 
 BALSAM OF TOLU. 
 
 Fr., Baume de Tolu ; Ger., Tolubalsam ; Ital., Balsamo del Tolu 
 Span., Balsamo de Tolu. 
 
 A yellowish-brown, soft, tenacious mass, which exudes from the 
 Trunk of Myroxylon Toluiferum, H. B. and K., on incision. Imported 
 from the northern ports of Colombia, South America. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of Benzol ; 2 in 1 of 
 Chloroform ; 1 in 1 of Glacial Acetic Acid ; insoluble in Petroleum 
 Spirit ; partially soluble in Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of the Balsam of Peru, 
 but not used externally. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given as the Syrup, which is useful as 
 a flavouring agent, and as an expectorant in cough mixtures. The Tincture 
 when mixed with Water requires the use o/ Mucilage oj Own Acacia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Syrupus Tolutanus, Tinctura Tolutana. 
 
202 BAIj [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap.., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Balsam of Tolu when freshly imported is 
 a light brown balsamic resin, soft enough to receive the impression 
 of the finger, but gradually becoming harder and brittle in cold 
 weather, but is even then easily softened by the warmth of the hand. 
 It is exported from the United States of Colombia in cylindrical tins 
 containing about 10 lb., but from New York in square tins containing 
 about 44 lb. It has a delicate, fragrant, characteristic odour, especially 
 when warmed, an aromatic and a feebly acid taste, due to the presence 
 of Cinnamic and Benzoic Acids, crystals of which should readily be 
 seen with a lens v/licn a thin layer of the balsam is pressed between 
 two warm plates of glass. The Balsam of Tolu at present in commerce 
 does not often show crystals under the microscope, and is often deficient 
 in aromatic acids. 
 
 Tests. — Balsam of Tolu possesses an aromatic odour and taste, 
 and a distinctive physical appearance. The presence of numerous 
 crystals can be dietected, when thin sections are examined with a 
 pocket lens. A distinctly crystalline residue is obtained on extracting 
 a weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the Balsam with tlu-ee successive 
 quantities of 25, 15, and 10 ml. of Carbon Bisulphide and subsequent 
 evaporation of that solvent. This crystalline residue is ofiicially 
 required to yield not less than 1 * 25 grammes of balsamic acids, when 
 examined as described under the test for Styrax Prseparatus. The 
 Carbon Bisulphide test is not included in the U.S. P. and P.G. The 
 B.P. now includes an Acid Value and a Saponification Value, requiring 
 the Acid Value to be between 107*4 to 147*2, and the Saponification 
 Value, 170 to 202; the U.S. P. titration figures correspond to an 
 Acid Value of 111*5 to 167*2, and a Saponification Value of 153*2 
 to 189*5; the P.G. gives an Acid Value of 112*3 to 168*5, and a 
 Saponification Value of 154*4 to 190*9. The proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend an Acid Value of not less than 112 nor 
 more than 168 ; and a Saponification Value not less than 154 nor more 
 than 191. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Resin and Copaiba. 
 The B.P. does not include qualitative colour tests for the detection 
 of either of these impurities, but relies chiefly upon the Acid Value 
 and the Saponification Value and the presence of a proper proportion 
 of balsamic acids. 
 
 The U.S. P. gives confirmatory colour tests for these impurities, 
 requu'ing that if the liquid obtained on filtering 25 c.c. of Carbon 
 Bisulphide, which has been allowed to macerate with 0*5 gramme of 
 the Balsam for 30 minutes, be filtered, and evaporated to dryness, 
 the residue, when dissolved in Glacial Acetic Acid should not produce a 
 green coloux on the addition of a few drops of Sulphuric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Resin. The supernatant liquid obtained on shaking 
 1 gramme of Balsam with 8 c.c. of Petroleum Benzin for 5 minutes, 
 should not be coloured green when shaken with an equal volume of a» 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BAL 263 
 
 aqueous 1 in 1000 Copper Acetate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Resin and Copaiba. 
 
 Acid Value. — If to 1 gramme of the Balsam dissolved in 50 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (9-4"9p.c.), 1 c.c. of Phenolphthaleiii Test-Solution be added, not less than 
 4 c.c. nor more than 6 c.c. of Half -Normal Volvimetric Alcoholic Potassiiim 
 Hydroxide Solution should be required to produce a red colour, indicating 
 the limit of acidity, U.S. P. ; dissolve 1 gramme of Tolu Balsam in 50 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (90 p. c), add 10 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution and 20 c.c. of Water, and then, after the 
 addition of 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution, add Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution vmtil decolorised, 4 to 6 c.c. should be necessary, 
 indicating an Acid Value of 112-3 to 1G8-5, P.G. 
 
 The B.P. methods for determining the Acid Value and Saponification Value 
 are given under the heading of Special Tests. 
 
 Saponification Value. — To the liquid obtained from the determination 
 of the Acid Value add a further quantity of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, until the total amount has reached exactlj^ 
 20 CO., heat the liquid on a water-bath for half an hour, allow to cool, and 
 titrate with Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not 
 less than 13" 2 c.c. nor more than 14" 5 c.c. should be required to neutralise 
 the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, Phenolphthalein Test-Solution being used as an indicator of 
 neutrality, indicating a limit of saponifiable substances, U.S. P. ; dissolve 
 1 gramme of Tolu Balsam in 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), add 20 c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and heat the 
 mixture on a water-bath under a reflux condenser for half an hour, then 
 dilute with 200 c.c. of Water, add 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution, and 
 titrate with Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution until 
 decolorised, of which 13*2 to 14*5 c.c. should be necessary, indicating a 
 Saponification Value of 154 4 to 190-9, P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SYRUPUS TOLUTANUS. Syrup op Balsam of Tolu. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 Fr., Sirop de Baume de Tolu ; Ger., Tolubalsamsirop ; Itai.., Sciroppo 
 Di Balsamo del Tolu ; Span., Jar abet de_ Balsam o de Tolu. 
 
 Balsam of Tolu 1^- is treated on a water-batli with Distilled Water 
 to produce 20 of liquid, in which (after filtration) are dissolved 33 of 
 Sugar. When finished it should weigh 50. 
 
 The relative quantities are slightly altered. It was formerly 1|- in 48. 
 
 A better-flavoured syrup may be made as follows : — Balsam of 
 Tolu, 1;^ ; Sugar, 8. Powder the Tolu with the Sugar, macerate in 
 Water 16, for 24 hours, with frequent agitation ; filter it, and dissolve 
 in it (cold) Sugar 25. It can finally be made uji to the required weight 
 with Distilled Water. 
 
 Syrupus Tolutanus {U.S.). — Tincture of Tolu, 5, is triturated with 
 Magnesium Carbonate, 1 ; and Sugar, 6 ; gradually adding Water 45, filter- 
 ing, dissolving Sugar 76 in the liquor with aid of gentle heat, straining while 
 hot and adding sufficient Water to make 100. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1*8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Belg., Fr., Ital., Norw., Port., 
 Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. ; Mex. made with Tinctvire. Not in the others. 
 Belg. and Fr. have Tablets of Balsam of Tolu. 
 
264 BAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 TINCTURA TOLUTANA. Tincture op Balsam of Tolu. 
 1 of Balsam of Tolu, macerated with Alcohol (90 p.c.) q.s. to yield 
 10, after filtration. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Fr., Swed. and U.S., 
 1 in 5 ; Port., 3 in 20. All by weight, except U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Tolu has a specific gravity of 0*860 to 0*865 ; 
 it contains from 8 to 10 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 80 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BAPTISIN. 
 
 A powdered extract obtained from Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br. In small 
 doses, laxative ; in large doses, purgative and emetic. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0*06 to 0"32 gramme. Usually given in pill. 
 
 BARBITONUM. 
 
 BARBITONE. 
 
 B.P. Syn. — DiETHYLBARBiTUKic AciD. Diethylmalonyl-Urea. 
 Malonurea. 
 
 C8Hi2N.,03, eq. 184-116. 
 [new.] 
 
 Colom-less, odourless, crystals, or a white crystalline powder, 
 possessing a faintly bitter taste. The B.P. recognises only the 
 powder. 
 
 Introduced into medicine under the trade name Veronal. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 160 of Water ; 1 in 12 of boiling Water ; 1 in 8^ 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; soluble 1 in 8 of Acetone and 1 in 12 of Acetic 
 Ether ; more difficultly soluble in Chloroform ; readily and completely 
 soluble in solutions of the alkalis. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A hypnotic; acting with comparative 
 certainty in small doses, and without deleterious effects if used with 
 caution. A small dose of Aspirin added to Barbitonum sometimes 
 will produce sleep where the hypnotic alone will fail. 
 
 Should never be given in solid form or in milk ; if given in large doses 
 (15 grains) it produces unpleasant after-effects such as exanthemata accom- 
 panied by fever, vertigo and confusion ; its prolonged use leads to various 
 nervous phenomena, e.g., a spastic condition and a form of neuritis, with loss 
 of knee jerks ; used with success in delirium tremens. 
 
 A combination of this and Trional, 5 or 7 grains of each, is very satisfactory ; 
 importance of combining these drugs emphasised, necessitating smaller doses 
 and thus avoiding bad effects. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 7. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BAB 265 
 
 If taken regularly produces ataxy, hallucinations, and tremor ; also, a 
 deterioration of the moral sense, and recklessness in the use of the drug — 
 B.M.J. '13, i. 566. 
 
 Recovery after 125 grains, by Strychnine injections and Oxygen. — L. '13, 
 i. 917. 
 
 A valuable paper on Veronal poisoning by Dr. Willcox, the Home Offic 
 Analj'st ; fatal cases recorded from doses of 15 grains. — L. '13, ii. 1178. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0"32 to 0*64 gramme. 
 
 Antidotes. — Wash out stomach thoroughly, then introduce 1 pint of hot 
 strong coffee and an oz. of Castor Oil ; cardiac stimulants every 4 hours, warm 
 Normal Saline subcutaneously, and also rectal injections, 15 oz., of Normal 
 Saline containing 4 p.c. Glucose every 4 hours ; Oxygen iif much cyanosis. 
 
 Not Official. — Sodium Diethylbarbiturate. 
 
 Foreign Phai'macopoeias. — Official in Ger., Norvr. and Swiss (Acidum 
 Diitthylbarbituricum) ; Ital. (Dietilmalonilurea). 
 
 Tests.— Diethylbarbituric Acid melts at 191° C. (375-8° F.), and 
 this melting point is now given in tlie B.P. ; the P.G. gives 190° to 
 191° C. (374° to 375-8° F.). It sublimes completely when carefully 
 heated. 
 
 It dissolves sparingly in Water, forming a solution which is neutral 
 in reaction to Litmus paper. It dissolves readily and completely 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in solutions of the alkalis. If 1 or 2 grammes 
 of Potassium Hydroxide be fused in a nickel crucible, and whilst still 
 melted about 0-2 gramme of the acid be carefully added, in small 
 portions at a time, and the heating continued for 1 or 2 minutes, 
 Ammonia gas is evolved, recognisable by its distinctive odour, and by 
 its turning a piece of moistened red Litmus paper blue ; if the cooled 
 residue be then dissolved in Water, a portion of this aqueous alkaline 
 solution when tested with Ferrous Sulphate Solution yields a charac- 
 teristic Prussian blue reaction. Another portion of this alkaline 
 solution yields a purplish-violet coloration when an aqueous Copper 
 Sulphate Solution is poured carefully upon its surface. Another 
 portion when tested with Sodium Hypobromite Solution evolves 
 Nitrogen gas. If the remaining portion be acidified with Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, Carbon Dioxide is evolved, and a characteristic fatty 
 odom* is developed. On shaking with Ether, separating the ethereal 
 layer, and evaporating it to dryness, oily drops are left having an 
 odour somewhat resembling rancid butter. If this residue be dissolved 
 in a little Water and tested with diluted Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, 
 a wine-red colour is produced. 
 
 If about 1 centigramme of Diethylbarbituric Acid be boiled with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, cooled, and again warmed after the 
 addition of sufficient Iodine Solution to form a slight excess, an odour 
 of Iodoform is developed, and if the liquid be shaken with Ether and 
 a few drops of the ethereal solution be evaporated on a microscope 
 slide, the characteristic microscopical appearance of Iodoform is 
 obtained. A white gelatinous precipitate is produced when a few 
 drops of Mercuric Nitrate Solution (Millon's reagent) are added to a 
 saturated aqueous solution acidified with Nitric Acid. 1 decigramme 
 of the acid when boiled for a few minutes with Potassium Hydroxide 
 
266 BAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solution evolves vajiours having an alkaline reaction upon moistened 
 red Litmus paper. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Sulphates, 
 readily carbonisable organic impurities, and mineral matter. The 
 cold saturated aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Chlorides, and should afford no turbidity or precipitate on the addition 
 of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 1 decigramme of the acid should dissolve to form a colourless solution 
 in 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, and should not be colom'ed by Nitric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of readily carbonisable organic impurities. It 
 should be completely volatilised when carefully heated, indicating the 
 absence of mineral matter. The B.P. states that it should leave no 
 appreciable ash ; the P.G., that it shall leave at the most 0*1 p.c. of 
 residue when carefully heated, and that it should not carbonise. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SODIUM DIETHYLBARBITURATE. Veronal Sodium.— A dry white 
 crystalline powdor stated to be soluble about 1 in 5 of Water yielding a solu- 
 tion which is strongly alkaline in reaction and from v/hicli on acidification the 
 Veronal is precipitated. Introduced as a hypnotic. It has the advantage 
 over Veronal of ready solubility in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains == 0'32 to 1"0 gramme. 
 
 It is also supplied in tablets of 5 or 7i grains each. 
 
 The taste is better than Veronal, and it acts as a hypnotic niore rapidly 
 and more energetically ; seldom any unpleasant after-effects ; acts more 
 promptly when given by the rectum ; may be safely used in uncomplicated 
 heart disease and in asthma and in stenocardial attacks ; has a sedative action 
 in hysteria. — M.A. '11, 39 ; useful in sea-sickness. — M.A. '11, 572. 
 
 Sodium Diethyl-barbiturate is also sold under the name Medina!. 
 
 Not Official. 
 BARII CHLORIDUM. 
 
 BaCl,-2H,0, eq. 244-322. ." ' ." 
 
 Colourless crystalline plates. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2^ of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Occasionally given in syphilis, scrofula, and 
 as a cardiac tonic, but requires care on account of toxic effects, which may 
 follow large doses. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 2 grains = O'OIS to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger., Mex., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Barium Chloride dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear colourless solution, which yields with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution or an aqueous solution of a soluble Sulphate, a heavy white 
 precipitate, insoluble in concentrated Hydrochloric Acid and in strong Nitric 
 Acid ; with Potassium Bichromate Solution it yields a yellow precipita^-e, 
 
fSoUds by Weight ; Liquids by Measute.] BeB 267 
 
 soluble in diluted mineral acids. With Silver Nitrate Solution it yields a 
 white curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution, 
 and in Potassium Cyanide Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free Hydrochloric Acid, Arsenic, 
 Copper, Lead, Iron, and salts of the alkali metals. 
 
 The aqueous solution should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, indicating the absence of free Hydrochloric Acid. An aqueous 1 in 
 20 solution should yield no alteration in colour on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Arsenic, Copper, and Lead ; on 
 the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution no material 
 darkening in colour should be produced, indicating a limit of Iron. If the 
 Barium be completely precipitated from 20 c.c. of a 1 in 20 solution, the 
 fdtrate on evaporation to dryness, and ignition, shall leave no appreciable 
 residue, indicating a limit of alkali salts. The Swiss Ph. includes a test for 
 a limit of Strontium salts, requiring that the powdered salt, when shaken 
 with Absolute Alcohol, should yield a filtrate, which on burning should not 
 produce a crimson flame, nor if the filtrate be evaporated to dryness should 
 it leave a hygroscojaic residue. 
 
 BARII SULPHAS.- — -A suitable meal for X-ray examination of stomach 
 and intestine is prepared by boiling a mixture of 5 oz. Barium Sulpiiate, and 
 f oz. Cocoa, with 18 oz. Water ; a Sulphate quite frfee of soluble Barium 
 salts must be used. — L. '12, i. 1706. 
 
 Very much cheaper than Bismuth Oxychloride and equally good for radio- 
 graphic work ; should be free from the soluble and very poisonovis Barium 
 salts. — L. '15, ii. 187. 
 
 BARM SULPHIDUM.— It is somewhat difficult to obtain* in a pure 
 condition, and commercial samples sometimes do not contain more than 
 50 p.c. BaS. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The chief use of this is as a depilatory, for 
 which purpose it is unequalled, removing hair with less injury to the skin 
 than any other application. 
 
 Test.^For the estimation of BaS : 1. Make a standard Zinc Solution 
 by dissolving 7'7 grammes of Zinc in about 75 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, adding excess of Ammonia Solution and diluting to 1000 c.c. ; 2. Make 
 an alkaline Lead Solution by dissolving 1 gramme of Lead Aceta,te in about 
 20 c.c. of hot Solution of Potassium Hydroxide and diluting to 100 c.c. ; 
 .'}. Heat to boiling 1 gramme of Barium Sulphide in about 50 c.c. of Water 
 and titrate with the standard Zinc Solution till no black or brown colour is 
 obtained by adding a drop of the filtered Barium Solution to a drop of the 
 Lead indicator, spotted on a porcelain slab. Ea,ch c.c. of the Zinc Solution 
 used is equivalent to 2 per cent, of Barium Sulphide in the sample operated 
 upon. 
 
 DEPILATORY. — Barium Sulphide (containing 70 p.c. BaS, or an equivalent 
 qviantity of another strength), in fine powder, 2 ; Starch, 5 ; Orris Root, 
 in powder, 1. Mix. 
 
 For use make it into a thin paste with Water, apply to the part from 
 which the hair is to be removed ; after five or ten minutes scrape off with a 
 blunt knife. 
 
 Not Official. 
 BEBEERIN^ SULPHAS. 
 
 Dark-brown thin translucent scales, yellow when in powder, with a strong 
 bitter taste. A preparation made from Nectandra or Bebeeru Bark {Nectandra 
 Rodicei, Schoml).), containing about 60 p.c. of alkaloids, one half being 
 Eebeerine (Beberine), CigHoiNOs, eq. 311-178. 
 
268 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; dissolves about 1 in 1 of 
 Water, and the solution can be diluted up to 1 and 8 of Water, but on further 
 dilution it precipitates until about 80 or 100 parts of Water have been added, 
 but samples vary in this respect ; readily soluble in Water containing a 
 mineral Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic bitter, stomachic tonic, an imperfect 
 substitute for Quinine. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in solution, or in pills made with ' Dispensing 
 Syrup.'' 
 
 The following pure products are commercial : — 
 
 Bebeerine pure, slightly soluble in Water, readily in Alcohol, Ohloro- 
 form, and Ether ; Bebeerine Hydrochloride and Bebeerine Sulphate, 
 are both readily soluble in Water and Alcohol. Dose of the two latter 1 
 to 2 grains = 0' 06 to 0' 13 gramme. 
 
 BEL/E FRUCTUS. 
 
 BAEL FRUIT. 
 • [new.] 
 
 Bael Fruit is obtained from ^gle Marmelos, Correa. 
 
 The fresh half-ripe Fruit is now Official, B.P. 1914 ; it appeared in 
 the Ind. and Col. Add. for use in India and the Eastern Colonies, as 
 did also the Liquid Extract. 
 
 The dried half-ripe Fruit was formerly official in B.P. 1885. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The Fresh Fruit has been much extolled 
 in India for diarrhoea and clu'onic dysentery, and the Confection 
 prepared in Britain appears to have similar properties. The Dried 
 Fruit is not considered a trustworthy remedy. 
 
 It is the ripe fruit made into a Sherbet that is drunk and is useful in clironic 
 dysentery.— J5. M.J. '10, ii. 965. 
 
 Px'eparation. 
 
 EXTRACTUM BEL^ LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of Bael. 
 
 Made by macerating 4 of bruised Bael Fruit in Chloroform Water 
 by successive treatments, evaporating the mixed fluids to 3, and when 
 cold adding Alcohol (90 p.c.) q.s. to make 4. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3'6 to 7-1 ml 
 
 To prevent fermentation in hot climates, the proportion of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) may be increased, but must not exceed 25 p.c. by weight. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CONFECTIO BEL>!E RECENTIS (S'g'uire).— Prepared from Fresh Fruits 
 imported from India in the Spring months. It retains the odour and flavour 
 of the Fresh Fruit. 
 
 Dose. — ^A teaspoonful. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.j BEL 209 
 
 BELLADONNA. 
 
 BELLADONNA. 
 
 Fr., Bklladone ; Ger., Belladonna ; Ital., Belladonna ; 
 Span., Belladona. 
 
 Tlie dried Leaves of AtrojM Belladomia, L., iis well as the dried 
 Root, are official. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Anodyne, antispasmodic, mydriatic, anti- 
 galactagogue, anhidrotic, and urinary sedative. No drug can compare 
 with it in checking the secretions of milk, sweat, and saliva. 
 It is given for epilepsy, and is one of the best remedies for whooping- 
 cough and for painful spasm of the bladder ; in renal colic, dysmenor- 
 rhoea and typhlitis ; in full and frequent doses for asthma, both as a 
 prophylactic and curative. It is of the utmost value in relieving 
 cardiac pain and distress, palpitation and aortic regurgitation. Useful 
 in typhoid with contracted pupil, and in acute bronchitis it stops 
 profuse secretion. In large or continued doses it causes dilatation 
 of the pupil and dryness of the mouth and throat. For habitual 
 constipation ^ to i grain of Extract on rising in the morning. For 
 nocturnal incontinence of urine, 5 to 10 minims of the Tincture, with 
 the same dose of Tinct. of Perchloride of Iron three times a day ; 
 small doses often fail when large doses at once succeed. Useful in loss 
 of tone and irritable state of the generative organs which gives rise 
 to nocturnal emissions, although it has slightly aplirodisiacal properties. 
 
 For external uses, see Prescribing Notes. 
 
 Should be tried in all cases of epilepsy in which Bromides have failed. 
 
 The very best drug for inhibiting the over-secretion of hydrochloric acid 
 and for curing hyperchlorhydria ; given immediately after food. — B.M.J. '10, 
 ii. 2013. 
 
 In good doses in Graves's di.sease, improvement, often most .striking, is the 
 abnost invariable rule. — L. '11, ii. 1614. 
 
 Successful in obesity associated with a voracious appetite. — B.M.J.E. '13, 
 ii. 39. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Extract in pills, also the Tincture and Succus 
 are for internal use. The Suppository is used in prostatitis, cystitis and 
 chordee. Bougies made with Gelatin base or Oil oj Theobroma contain + to 
 2 grains of Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna. Externally the Liniment and 
 Compound Liniment sprinkled on impermeable Piline are very useful in 
 pleurodynia, lumbago and muscular rheumatism, as is also the Chloroform 
 preparation alone or ynixed with oil. Tlie Glycerinum as a paint, and the 
 Emplastrum are used for sprains, acute synovitis, and to check mammary 
 secretion and prevent inflammation of the breast ; both are also excellent remedies 
 in cardiac pain and palpitation. Extract of Belladonna is a component of many 
 Hospital formulas for pills, and is prescribed with Aloes, Camphor, Quinine, 
 Rhubarb, Valerian and Zinc Oxide, in doses of \to \ grain in each pill. In Eye 
 Lotions 2 graiiis of the green extract to the fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — Will be found under the respective preparations. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Caustic Alkalis, Opium, Strychnine. 
 
 Of&cial Preparations. — From the dried Leaves Extractum Belladonnac 
 Siccum and Tinctura Belladonmc. From dried Root Extractum Belladonnae 
 Liquidum. From the Liquid Extract Emplastrum, Linimentum, Suppositoria 
 and Ungueatum. 
 
270 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. — Chloroformum Belladonnae, CoUodiiim Belladonnae, 
 Glycerinum Belladonnae, Liniraentum Belladonnte Corapositum, and Ethereal 
 Tincture of Belladonna. 
 
 Antidotes.— In. cases of poisoning by Belladonna, use stomach-tube or 
 give one of the following emetics : 10 grains of Copper Sulphate, 20 grains 
 of Zinc Sulphate, 1 oz. of Ipecacuanha Wine, or hypodermic injection of 
 yV grain Apomorphine. Give stimulants ; inject Pilocarpine ; an enema of 
 Coffee. If necessary apply artificial respiration. 
 
 BELLADONNAE FOLIA. Belladonna Leaves. 
 Fb., Feuilles pe Belladonk ; Ger., Tollkirschenblatter ; Ital., 
 FoGLiE Di Belladonna ; Span., Hoja de Belladona. 
 
 [altered.] 
 
 The Leaves of Atropa Belladonna, L., collected when the plant 
 is in flower, dried ; U.S. P. describes them as the dried leaves of 
 Atropa Belladonna, L. ; the P.G., as the dried leaves of wild-growing 
 plants of Atropa Belladonna, L., collected at the time of flowering. 
 The B.P. now requires the leaves to yield not less than 0*3 p.c, of 
 alkaloids, calculated as Atropine ; the U.S. P. requires them to contain 
 not less than 0*3 p.c. of mydriatic alkaloids, calculated as Atropine ; 
 the P.G., at least 0*3 p.c. of Hyoscyamine. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the fresh Leaves and Branches were used. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 2 gramme ; daily, • G gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Gor., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 
 Leaves ; Port., Herb. 
 
 The Brussels Conference (1900) uses only the leaf, dried ; powdered drug to 
 be used entire. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Pharmacopoeia directs that the Leaves 
 of Atropa Belladonna should be collected when the plant is in flower 
 and dried. But the plant often continues to flower long after some 
 of the fruits are ripe, and consequently the leaves are likely to vary 
 in strength ; it would, perhaps, have been better to use the words 
 ' commencing to flower.' The flowering branches are easily recognised 
 by the dull purple bell-shaped flowers, and the ovate entire leaves 
 apparently arranged in pairs, of which one leaf is smaller than the 
 other. The smaller leaf is, however, a bract belonging to the flower, 
 which is placed outside, not in, the axil of the larger leaf. The 
 lower stem leaves are alternate and not in pairs. The leaves vary 
 in size from 3 to 8 inches (7 "5 to 20 cm.) in length, and 2 to 3^- inches 
 (5 to 9 cm.) broad, and are glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 It will be noted that the dried leaves alone are official in the B.P. 
 as they are in the U.S. P. and the P.G. The dried leaves are usually 
 brownish-green above and paler beneath, and present, especially 
 on the under surface, when seen under a good lens, minute pale 
 dots or prominences caused by cells filled with sandy crystals of 
 Calcium Oxalate, which do not contract in drying. These crystal 
 cells are easily seen under the microscope in a fragment of the leaf 
 cleared by Chloral Hydrate Solution, as well as the striations of the 
 epidermal cells, which are also characteristic. The dried leaves of 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measuie.] BEL L'71 
 
 Scopola carniolica, Jacq., have been offered in commerce when BeUa- 
 donna leaves were scarce and dear, but they are thinner, darker green, 
 and the small veins are more prominent. The leaves of Phytolacca 
 decandra, L., from Bosnia, have also been offered as Belladonna in 
 European commerce. Their upper surface has no hairs, and is of a 
 lighter green, and contains no crystal sand, but acicular raphides, and 
 the epidermal cells are polygonal, not sinuate as in Belladonna. The 
 powdered leaves of Ailanthus glandulosa have been used on the 
 Continent under the name of Italian Belladonna to adulterate powdered 
 Belladonna leaves. The cluster crystals and unicellular hairs will 
 indicate the probable presence of these leaves, and the glands termina- 
 ting the lower lateral veins are characteristic of the leaf when entire. 
 
 The percentage of aUcaloid varies considerably ; a good well-dried 
 sample should contain about 0*5 p.c. 
 
 Tests. — The B.P. now requires Belladonna leaves to contain not 
 less than 0'30 p.c. of alkaloids, calculated as Atropine, and has intro- 
 duced a method of determination which is essentially the same as 
 the United States P/iannacoposia, hut, unlike the U.S. P. unfortunately, 
 the B.P. employs Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution instead of Fiftieth-Normal V'olumetric Solution, to titrate 
 the excess of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 remaining after the alkaloids are neutralised. It would have been 
 better to have copied the U.S. P. process to the end, and to have employed 
 Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution for the neutralisation 
 of the alkaloids, and Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution for the titration of the excess of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Acid Solution. By carrying out the latter part of the process according 
 to B.P. directions, the experimental error is greatly increased. The 
 B.P., U.S. P., and P.G. all require the same percentage, namely, 
 0-30 p.c. of alkaloids; but the B.P. and U.S. P. calculate these as 
 Atropine, whilst the P.G. expresses them as Hyoscy amine. The follow- 
 ing comparison of the processes will show the relationship between 
 the B.P. and the U.S. P. methods of determination. The B.P. process 
 is essentially as follows : — A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the 
 leaves in No. 60 powder is placed in a stoppered glass percolator, fitted 
 with a glass stop-cock, and suitably plugged with Cotton- wool, shaken 
 with 50 ml. of a mixture containing 4 parts by vohime of Ether, and 
 1 part by volume of Chloroform, and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. 
 A mixture of 2 ml. of Ammonia Solution with 3 ml. of Distilled Water 
 is added, and the whole shaken at frequent intervals for one hour. 
 The liquid is then allowed to percolate slowly into a separator containing 
 6 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution diluted with 
 20 ml. of Water, the percolation being continued until a f m-ther quantity 
 of 50 ml. of the Chloroform-Ether mixture has been used, or until the 
 leaves are exhausted. Tliis may be proved by evaporating a few 
 drops of the Chloroform-Ether mixture to dryness on a watch-glass, 
 adding a drop or two of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution and a drop or two of Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution, when no tm-bidity or precipitate should be produced. 
 
272 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The separator is noAv securely stoppered, shaken, the fluids allowed to 
 separate clear, and the acid aqueous solution transferred to a second 
 separator. Two further quantities of 10 ml. of the mixture of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and Distilled Water, of the same 
 strength as that previously used, are successively added, the contents 
 well shaken, allowed to separate, and the acid aqueous portions drawn 
 oil into the second separator. They are mixed, and to the mixed acid 
 liquids in the second separator sufficient Ammonia Solution is added to 
 render the fluid distinctly alkaline, the mixture being then shaken with 
 two successive quantities, each of 15 ml., and one of 5 ml. of Chloroform. 
 The several chloroformic solutions are separated, collected, and 
 evaporated to dryness in a beaker, the residue is dissolved in 3 ml. 
 of Ether, and the Ether allowed to evaporate. The residue is then 
 dissolved in 10 ml. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, Tincture of Cochineal added as an indicator, and the excess 
 titrated with Twentieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 The number of ml. of Twentieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution is deducted from 10, the difference is multiplied first by 
 0*01446 and then by 10, which gives the percentage of alkaloids 
 present in the leaves ; 1 ml. of Twentieth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution = 0*01446 gramme of Atropine. 
 
 The U.S. P. method of standardisation is essentially as follows : — 
 A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the leaves in No. 60 powder is 
 allowed to stand for ten minutes in an Erlenmeyer flask with 50 c.c. 
 of a mixture containing 4 parts by volume of Ether and 1 part by 
 volume of Chloroform. A mixture of 2 c.c. of Ammonia Water with 
 3 c.c. of Water is added, and the whole shaken at frequent intervals 
 during one hour. The contents of the flask are then transferred, as far 
 as possible, to a small percolator suitably plugged with a pledget of 
 Cotton-wool, and inserted in a separator containing 6 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution diluted with 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water. After the liquid has passed through, the leaves are packed in 
 the percolator, the flask washed first with 10 c.c. and then with several 
 portions of 5 c.c. of the Chloroform-Ether mixture, and these with 
 the remaining contents of the flask transferred to the percolator, the 
 percolation being continued with, the Chloroform-Ether mixture until 
 50 c.c. have been used. The separator is now seciu'ely stoppered, 
 agitated for one minute, the fluids allowed to separate clear, and the 
 acid aqueous solution removed to a second separator. A further 
 quantity of 10 c.c. of a mixtm-e of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution of the same strength as that previously used is added, the 
 contents well shaken, allowed to separate, and the acid aqueous portion 
 again drawn off into the second separator, and this operation is 
 repeated. To the mixed acid liquids in the second separator are added 
 a small piece of red Litmus paper and sufficient Ammonia Water to 
 render the fluid distinctly alkaline, the mixtm-e being then shaken 
 with two successive quantities of 15 c.c. and one of 5 c.c. of Chloroform. 
 The Chloroform solutions are separated, collected, and evaporated 
 in a beaker, the residue dissolved in 3 c.c. of Ether, and the Ether 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] BEL 273 
 
 allovYed to evaporate completely. The residue is dissolved in 3 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulplim-ic Acid Solution, 5 drops of 
 Cochineal Test-Solution added, and the excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution titrated with Fiftieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. The number of c.c. of 
 Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required, 
 is divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from 3, and the product 
 multiplied first by 0*0287 and then by 10, giving the percentage 
 of total mydriatic alkaloids in the leaves. 
 
 The P.G. process is essentially as follows : — A weighed quantity of 
 20 grammes of finely powdered Belladonna leaves is mixed in a test- 
 glass with 120 grammes of Ether, and after vigorous shaking also with 
 5 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide Solution and 5 grammes of Distilled 
 Water, and the mixture is allowed to stand during one hour with 
 frequent intervals of vigorous shaking. After complete separation 
 a weighed quantity of 60 grammes of the ethereal solution 
 ( = 10 grammes of Belladonna leaves) is filtered through a dry, well- 
 covered filter into a flask, and about f of the Ether is distilled off. 
 The cooled residue is introduced into a separator (1), the flask is 
 washed out three times, using each time 5 c.c. of Ether, and then once 
 with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -f 49), these fluids being 
 poured into the separator, and the whole vigorously shaken during 
 two minutes. After complete clarification the Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution is run into a second separator (2), and the extractions are 
 repeated twice in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid (1 -f 49), which have been previously used for the 
 further washing out of the flask. 
 
 The united Hydrochloric Acid extracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, Sodium Carbonate Solution is added until of an alkaline 
 reaction, and the mixture is immediately shaken vigorously during 
 two minutes. After complete clarification the Chloroform extracts 
 are run into a separator (3), and the extraction is repeated three 
 times in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. A 
 measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Hundredth- Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution is then added to the united Chloroform 
 extracts, and also suflicient Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether 
 mixture to float on the surface of the acid liquid, and the whole is 
 vigorously shaken during two minutes. After complete clarification 
 the acid liquid is filtered through a small filter-paper, which has 
 previouvsly been moistened with Water, into a stoppered glass flask of 
 about 200 c.c. capacity, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is shaken 
 during two minutes with three further quantities each of 10 c.c. of Water, 
 these extracts are filtered through the same filter, the filter is washed 
 with Water, and the united fluids are diluted with Distilled Water 
 to about 100 c.c. 
 
 After the addition of sufficient Ether to form a layer of the height 
 of about 1 cm. and of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Hundredth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is run in, until the 
 lower aqueous layer has assumed a pale red coloration, the mixture 
 
274 BE^i [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 being vigorously shaken between each addition. At most 9 • 6 c.c. of 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution shall 
 be necessary to produce this result, so that at least 10 "4 c.c. of 
 Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have 
 been neutralised by the contained alkaloids, which represents a mini- 
 mum content of 0*3 p.c. of Hyoscyamine ; 1 c.c. of Hundredth- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0*00289 gramme of 
 Hyoscyamine, lodeosin being used as an indicator. The number of 
 c.c. of Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 required to neutralise the excess of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution should be subtracted from 20, the 
 difference multiplied first by 0*00289 and then by 10 yields the per- 
 centage of alkaloids present in the leaf. 
 
 EXTRACTUM BELLADONNA SICCUM. Dry Extract of 
 Belladonna. B.P.Syn. — Extractum Belladonnse Alcoholicum, Ex- 
 tractum Belladonnoe. (Altered.) 
 
 Belladonna Leaves in No. 40 powder percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), the resulting liquid reduced by evaporation to a dry powder 
 with the aid of Powdered Belladonna Leaves. 
 
 Standardised to contain 1 p.c. of alkaloids. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 it was a soft Extract prepared from the juice expressed from 
 fresh Belladonna Leaves, the albuminous matters being separated at 93 • 3° C. 
 (200° F.) and rejected. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 0*010 to 0*06 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharm^aeopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss alcoholic 
 from dried leaves ; Fr., alcoholic from leaves and seeds ; Port., aqueous from 
 dried leaves ; U.S., an alcoholic extract from the powder of the leaf, also 
 Fluid extract of the root. Hung, has also Extractum Belladonnae cum 
 Dextrine Exsiccatum. Span, has also aqueous extract from fresh leaves. 
 
 The Brussels Conference (190G) prepares a solid extract (containing about 
 10 p.c. of Water) by means of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw., Russ. and Swiss adopt this. 
 
 The Extractum Belladonna Alcoholicum of B.P. 1898 prepared from the 
 root is now omitted, but Extract Belladonna Alcoholicum is given as a 
 synonym for the new Extract. 
 
 Ph. Oer. maximum dose, single, 0'05 gramme; daily, 0"15 gramme. 
 
 Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum (U.S.). — Belladonna Leaves ex- 
 hausted with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 2, and Water 1, evaporated 
 to an extract and adjusted with powdered Sugar of Milk to contain 1-4 p.c. 
 of mydriatic alkaloids. 
 
 Extractum Belladonnae (P.O.). — Belladonna Leaves treated with Alcohol 
 (69 p.c.) and evaporated to an extract, and standardised to contain 15 p.c. 
 Hyoscyamine, by the addition of Purified Liquorice Juice. 
 
 Succus Belladonna of B.P. 1898 is now omitted. 
 
 Tests. — ^Dry Extract of Belladonna, B.P., is now a standardised 
 preparation. It is now officially required to contain 1*0 p.c. by 
 weight of the alkaloids of Belladonna leaves, reckoned as Atropine. 
 The 50 ml. of percolate used for the determination is obtained by 
 first moistening a weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the extract, 
 with a mixture of 1 volume of Acetic Acid and 9 volumes of Alcohol 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEL 275 
 
 (70 p.c), then transferring this mixture to a percolator and continuing 
 the percolation with a further quantity of a mixture of similar strength 
 of Acetic Acid and Alcohol (70 p.c), until the required 50 ml. of the 
 percolate have been obtained. It is placed in a porcelain evaporating 
 basin, and evaporated on a water-bath to a volume of about 10 ml. 
 Sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) is added to dissolve any substance which 
 may separate, and the contents of the dish are then transferred by 
 means of some Distilled Water to a glass separator. After the addition 
 of 10 ml. of Distilled Water, 20 ml. of Chloroform and 2 ml. of Ammonia 
 Solution, the whole is well shaken and allowed to separate, the Chloro- 
 form layer is transferred to a second separator. The extraction of 
 the alkaloids is repeated with two separate quantities each of 10 ml. 
 of Chloroform, and after separation the chloroformic solutions are 
 transferred to the second separator and mixed with the first extraction, 
 which is then shaken with a mixture of 10 ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, diluted with twice its volume of Distilled 
 Water, The chloroformic liquid is transferred to another separator, 
 and again shaken with a further quantity of 10 ml. of a similar mixture. 
 The chloroformic liquid is again removed, the acid liquids mixed, 
 made alkaline by the addition of 4 ml. of Ammonia Solution, and 
 shaken with 20 ml. of Chloroform, the shaking being twice repeated 
 using each time 10 ml. of Chloroform, the chloroformic liquid being in 
 each case separated, transferred to a flask, mixed and evaporated 
 to dryness on a water-bath, the residue being dried for half an hour at 
 a water-bath temperature, dissolved in 10 ml. of Twentieth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphui'ic Acid Solution, and the excess of the latter titrated 
 with Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 Tincture of Cochineal being employed as an indicator of neutralitv. 
 1 ml. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 
 0" 01446 gramme of Atropine. The number of ml. of Twentieth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise 
 the excess of Acid, deducted from 10, the difference multiplied 
 first by 0*01446 and then by 20, gives the percentage of the alkaloids 
 of Belladonna leaves present in the dry extract. In tliis instance 
 also the B.P., which has based its method of assay on that of the U.S. P., 
 would have done well to have employed Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphiu'ic .Acid Solution for dissolving the alkaloidal residue, and 
 Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 for the titration of the excess of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires the Extract to contain 1*4 p.c. of mydriatic 
 alkaloids, reckoned as Atropine. The following is essentially the 
 method adopted for their determination : — A weighed quantity of 
 5 grammes of the Extract is dissolved in a mixture of 5 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c), 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 2 c.c of Ammonia Water, and 
 20 c.c. of Chloroform, and transferred to a separator, using a little 
 Alcohol (94*9 p.c) to wash out the vessel in wliich the Extract was 
 dissolved. After the contents of the separator have been well shaken 
 for half a minute they are allowed to separate, the chloroformic solution 
 
276 SEL tSolids by Weight; Li<iuids by Measure.] 
 
 is removed to a second separator, and the contents of the first separator 
 are shaken with another 10 c.c. of Chloroform. After a similar period 
 of shaking and allowing the liquids to separate, the chloroformic 
 solution is transferred to the second separator. Tliis process is repeated 
 with a further quantity of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The alkaloids are 
 then extracted from the mixed chloroformic solutions by shaking for 
 half a minute with a mixture of 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution and 10 c.c. of Distilled Water. The chloroformic layer 
 is removed and again shaken for half a minute with a mixture of 
 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, the liquids allowed to separate, and the chloroformic 
 layer removed and rejected. The mixed acid aqueous solutions are 
 filtered through a plug of Cotton-wool, the vessels in which they were 
 contained being washed with about 10 c.c. of Distilled Water. After 
 the addition of 15 c.c. of Chloroform and sufficient Ammonia Water 
 to produce a distinctly alkaline reaction, the contents of the separator 
 are shaken for half a minute, allowed to separate, and the chloroformic 
 layer is drawn off into a beaker. The shakings are repeated, using 
 two separate portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform, the mixed 
 chloroformic liquids are transferred to a flask or beaker and evaporated 
 to dryness, the residue is dissolved in 3 c.c. of Ether which is evaporated 
 completely. It is now dissolved in 5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, 5 drops of Cochineal or lodeosin Test-Solution 
 added, and the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution is titrated back with Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. The number of c.c. of Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution used is divided by 5, and the quotient 
 is subtracted from 5 ; the remainder is multiplied first by 0*0287 and 
 then by 20, which gives the percentage of mydriatic alkaloids j)resent 
 in the Extract, calculated as Atropine. 
 
 The P.G. Extract is required to contain 1*5 p.c. of Hyoscyamine, 
 and the method of determination is essentially as follows : — A weighed 
 quantity of 3 grammes of the Belladonna Extract is dissolved in 
 a test- glass in 5 grammes of Distilled Water and 5 grammes of 
 Absolute Alcohol ; 70 grammes of Ether, and, after vigorous shaking, 
 5 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate Solution are added, and the mixture 
 is allowed to stand during one horn- with frequent vigorous shaking. 
 After complete clarification a weighed quantity of 50 grammes of the 
 ethereal solution (= 2 grammes of Belladonna Extract) is filtered 
 tlirough a dry, well-covered filter-paper into a flask, and about § of 
 the Ether is distilled off. The cooled residue is introduced into a 
 separator (1), the flask is washed three times using each time 5 c.c. 
 of Ether, then with 10 c.c, of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), 
 and these fluids are also poured into the separator and vigorously 
 shaken during 2 minutes. After complete clarification the Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution is poured into a second separator (2), and the 
 extraction twice repeated in the same manner, using each time 5 c.c. 
 of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -|- 99), which have previously been used 
 for the further washing out of the flask. The united Hydrochloric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,^ BEL 2^7 
 
 Acid extracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of Cliloroform, Sodium Carbonate 
 Solution added until an alkaline reaction results, and the mixture is 
 then shaken vigorously dm-ing 2 minutes. After complete clarifica- 
 tion the chloroformic extracts are run into a third separator (3), 
 and the extraction is thrice repeated in a similar manner, using 
 each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is then 
 added to the united chloroformic extracts and sufficient Ether, so that 
 the Chloroform-Ether Solution floats on the surface of the Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, and the whole is vigorously shaken diu^ing 2 minutes. 
 After complete clarification, the acid liquid is filtered through a small 
 filter-paper, which has been previously moistened with Water, into a 
 flask of white glass of about 200 c.c. capacity, the Cliloroform-Ether 
 mixture is further shaken with three separate quantities, each of 
 10 c.c. of Water, during 2 minutes, filtered, and these extracts are 
 also filtered through the same filter, which is washed with Water, 
 and the united fluids are diluted with Distilled Water to about 100 c.c. 
 After the addition of sufficient Ether to form a layer of the height 
 of about 1 cm., and of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Hundredth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added, until 
 the lower aqueous layer assumes a pale red coloration, the mixture 
 being vigorously shaken after each addition. The number of c.c. of 
 Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution necessary 
 to neutralise the excess of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution, deducted from 20, the difierence multiplied 
 first by 0*00289 and then by 50, gives the percentage of mydriatic 
 alkaloids calculated as Hyoscyamine present in the Belladonna 
 Extract ; 1 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution = 0*00289 gramme of Hyoscyamine. 
 
 TINCTURA BELLADONNA. Tincture of Belladonna. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 
 Belladonna Leaves in No. 20 powder percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c.) and standardised to contain 0"035 p.c. w/v of alkaloids 
 calculated as Atropine. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 it was made by dilution with Alcohol (60 p.c.) of a liquid 
 extract prepared from the root ; it contained 0'05 p.c. w/v of alkaloids. 
 
 The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain 0"03 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids 
 of Belladonna Leaves, reckoned as Atropine, the P.G. does not include a 
 Tincture of Belladonna. 
 
 The Brussels Conference 190G recommends a strength of 10 p.c. w'w, 
 prepared from the Leaves with Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Foi-eign Pharm.acopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Hung., 
 Ital., Russ., Span., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10 ; Mex. and Port., 1 in 5 ; Port., 
 also 1 in 1, from leaves. All by weight except U.S. Not in the othei\s. 
 
 The Brussels Conference (1906) adopts a strength of 10 p.c, and prepare s 
 it by percSlation with Alcohol (70 p.c). The Belg., Fr., Hung., Ital., Russ. 
 and Swiss Ph. adopt this standard. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Belladonna has a specific gravity of about 0*892. 
 it contains about 1*5 p.c w/v of total soUds, and about 70 p.c. v/v 
 
278 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 of Absolute Alcohol. It is officially required to contain 0*035 p.C. 
 w/v of tlie alkaloids of Belladonna leaves, reckoned as Atropine. 
 It will be seen from the following comparison of the two processes, 
 that that of the new B.P. is essentially the same as the U.S. P. (1905). 
 B.P. employs the less generally used ml. in place of the universal 
 CO., and adopts the unsatisfactory method of dissolving the alkaloidal 
 residue in Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Acid Solution, titrating the 
 excess of acid with Twentieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, instead of employing a Tenth- Normal Volumetric Acid Solution 
 for dissolving the alkaloidal residue and a Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Alkali Solution for titrating the excess of acid. By the B.P. method 
 the experimental error is accentuated. The B.P. process is essentially 
 as follows : — The Alcohol is removed from a measured quantity of 
 100 ml. of the Tincture by evaporation to about 10 ml. in a porcelain 
 evaporating basin on a water-bath. Sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) is 
 added to redissolve any substance which has separated out, and the 
 mixture is transferred to a separator with the aid of a small quantity 
 of Distilled Water, 10 ml. of Distilled Water added, and the mixture 
 shaken with 20 ml. of Chloroform, and 2 ml. of Ammonia Solution, 
 When separation has taken place, the chloroformic layer is removed 
 to a second separator, the treatment being continued with two 
 successive portions, each of 10 ml. of Chloroform. The mixed 
 chloroformic solutions are now shaken with a mixture of 10 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution diluted with 20 ml. of 
 Distilled Water. The chloroformic layer is removed to another 
 separator, and the extraction repeated with 10 ml. of a similar mixture, 
 the acid liqiiid being transferred and mixed with the first acid layer. 
 After the addition of 4 ml. of Ammonia Solution the latter is well 
 shaken with 20 ml. of Chloroform, the cliloroformic layer is separated, 
 transferred to a flask or beaker, and the extraction repeated with 
 tw^o separate portions, each of 10 ml. of Chloroform. The chloroformic 
 liquid is drawn off in each case, mixed, and evaporated on a water- 
 bath, and the residue dried for half an hour. It is then dissolved in 
 10 ml. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 and the excess of Volumetric Acid titrated with Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Cochineal Tincture being 
 employed as an indicator. The number of ml. of Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution employed to neutralise the 
 excess of acid is deducted from 10, the difference multiplied by 
 0" 01446, gives the grammes of Belladonna alkaloids, reckoned as 
 Atropine, present in 100 ml. of the Tincture ; 1 ml. of Twentieth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*01446 gramme of 
 Atropine. The B.P. requires a limit of error, as defined under 
 Aconite, of plus or minus 0*002 gramme. The Tincture of the 
 U.S. P. is required to contain 0*03 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids from 
 Belladonna leaves, reckoned as Atropine, as determined by the process, 
 of w^hich the following is the principal outline : — The Alcohol is removed 
 from a measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the Tincture by evaporation 
 to about 10 c.c. in a porcelain dish on a water-bath, adding, if necessary, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEL 279 
 
 sufficient Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) to dissolve any separated substance. 
 The liquid is transferred to a separator by means of a small quantity 
 of Distilled Water, 10 c.c. of Distilled Water added, and the mixture 
 shaken for one minute with 20 c.c. of Chloroform and 2 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution. The chloroformic layer is removed to a second separator, 
 the treatment being repeated with two portions, each of 10 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, the chloroformic solution being transferred in each case 
 to the second separator. The mixed chloroformic solutions are now 
 shaken well for one minute with 8 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution and 20 c.c. of Distilled Water. The chloroformic layer 
 is removed and rejected. The aqueous acid liquid is filtered into a 
 clean separator, the first separator and filter being washed with 10 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, and the washings added to the main quantity. 
 After the addition of 4 c.c. of Ammonia Solution the latter is well 
 shaken for several minutes with 20 c.c. of Chloroform, the chloroformic 
 layer is separated and the extraction repeated with two separate 
 portions of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The mixed chloroform.ic solutions 
 are separated, mixed, evaporated on a water-bath in a flask or beaker, 
 to dryness, and the residue heated until perfectly dry. The residue is 
 then dissolved in 5 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, and the excess of Volumetric Acid titrated with Fiftieth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 5 drops of Cochineal 
 or of lodeosin Test-Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of c.c. of Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sulphuric Acid Solution is divided by 5, the quotient 
 subtracted from 5, and multiplied by 0'0287 yields the percentage 
 w/v of the alkaloids of Belladonna leaves, reckoned as Atropine, 
 present in the Tincture ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution = 0'0287 gramme of Atropine. 
 Tincture of Belladonna is not Official in the P.O. 
 
 BELLADONN/E RADIX. Belladonna Boot. 
 
 Fr., Raoine de Belladone ; Ger., Belladonnawurzel ; Ital., Radice 
 Di Belladonna ; Span., Raiz de Belladona. _ . . 
 
 The Root of Atrojm Belladonna, L., collected in the autumn and 
 dried. 
 
 B.P. 1914 gives no standard for the root. U.S. P. requires it to yield 
 not less than 0"45 p.c. of mydriatic alkaloids. 
 
 A good parcel of Roots should average 0"5 p.c. of alkaloids, but occasional 
 bales are found averaging 0"7 to 0"8 p.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Mex., Port., Span., 
 Swiss and U.S. Not in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., 
 Norw., Russ. or Swed. 
 
 Tests. — The B.P. does not include a process for the assay of 
 Belladonna Root, but requires that the Liquid Extract made from 
 it shall contain 0*75 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids of Belladonna Root 
 reckoned as Atropine. The U.S. P. requires that it shall yield not 
 less than 0"4:5 p.c. of mydriatic alkaloids reckoned as Atropine ; with 
 
280 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 the exception that 10 grammes of the root in No. 60 powder are used 
 in the place of 10 grammes of the Leaves, the process is essentially 
 that described under Belladonna Leaves. 
 
 The root is not official in the P.G. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Belladonna root of commerce is either 
 of English or Em'opean origin. That prepared in this country is usually 
 derived from the cultivated plant, the roots of which are dug up every 
 third and fourth year after having furnished Belladonna leaves during 
 that period. It varies in quality, some samples consisting largely of the 
 woody rootstock or underground stem crowning the roots, distinguished 
 by its radiate woody zone, and by being more or less hollow ; others 
 consist almost entirely of the true root, with occasionally pieces of the 
 horizontal underground stems or suckers which show traces of leaf 
 scars and buds at intervals. The true root, which is the official 
 part, is cylindrical ; it may vary considerably in size, but those 
 of medium thickness are to be preferred. It is stated officially to 
 be 10 to 20 mm. (f to ^ in.) in diameter, and 15 to 30 cm. (6 to 12 in.) 
 or more in length. Vogl gives it as about 10 cm. long, and 1 to 2 cm. 
 thick. Hanhuri) and FlucJciger recommend roots which are not 
 thicker than the finger. It is of a pale brownish colour with occasional 
 short transverse scars and is finety wrinkled longitudinally, and 
 the sm-face is easily abraded with the finger-nail, showing the white 
 starchy tissues beneath. The central portion, clearly defined by 
 the darker cambium ring, is not radiate in structure, but the vascular 
 bundles and vessels are small and scattered irregularly, although 
 more numerous near the cambium. Under the microscope the 
 scattered parenchymatous cells, filled with sandy crystals of Calcium 
 Oxalate, and the starch grains usually in groups of 2 to 3, but rounded 
 when free, form distinctive characters. The root is sometimes met 
 with of darker colour internally and harder, due to shglit charring 
 during drying. From Germany it is sometimes imported in carefully 
 dried thin longitudinal slices, so that the official characteristics are 
 not easily seen, and dependence must then be placed on the presence 
 of the sandy raphides, and the form and size of the starch granules. 
 The U.S. P. test of a O'dS percentage of mydriatic alkaloids is 
 not given in the B.P. but would be useful, especially for the sliced 
 root. 
 
 The ' root ' of Scopola Japonica, Max., sometimes offered as 
 Japanese Belladonna and that of S. Carniolica, Jacq., are both 
 characterised by being prostrate rhizomes with numerous closely 
 placed circular stem scars on the upper surface. The true roots, of 
 which there are usually few present, are smaller than Belladonna root 
 and only 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm.) long and tapering, and the 
 epidermis is not easily abraded by the nail. Recently Belladonna 
 root imported from Austria has been found to be largely adulterated 
 with the root of Phytolacca decandra, L., which though similar in 
 colour is easily recognised by the concentric rings of woody 
 tissue. It is a dangerous adulterant, as it is irritant, acrid and 
 emetic. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEL 281 
 
 EMPLASTRUM BELLADONNiE. Belladonna Plaster. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 
 Evaporate at a low temperature 10 ml. of Liquid Extract of 
 Belladonna to 2*5 grammes, and add 27*5 grammes of Resin Plaster 
 previously melted. 
 
 3 of Belladonna Plaster contains the equivalent of 1 of Liquid 
 Extract of Belladonna. It therefore contains 0*25 p.c. of alkaloids 
 and is half the strength of that of B.P. 1898 which contained 0*5 p.c. 
 
 Foreiga Pharraacopceias. — Official in Fr., Extract 1 in 4 ; Mex., Bella- 
 donna Leaves 20, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 10, Ammonia 1, Yellow Wax 30, Turpentine 
 25, Colophony 25 ; Port., Alcoholic Exti'act 1, Lead Plaster 9 ; Span., 
 Extract about 1 in 5 ; Swiss, Belladonna extract 1, Elemi 1, Colophony 2, 
 Adhesive Plaster 6 ; U.S., Extract of Leaves 1, Adhesive Plaster 2^ ; Mex., 
 from the leaves with Alcohol. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Emplastrum Belladonna? B.P. is j^repared with the official 
 standardised Liquid Extract of Belladonna, and is officially stated to 
 contain 0*25 p.c. of the alkaloids of Belladonna Root. As the Plaster 
 is directed to be prepared with the standardised Liquid Extract a 
 method of determination might be considered unnecessary, but it is 
 useful to have a process by which the alkaloidal contents of a Plaster 
 may be verified, if necessary. The following process suggested by 
 Bird {P.J. '99, ii. 146) is recommended as a useful and expeditious 
 means of such determination. It is based upon the disintegration 
 of the plaster by Chloroform and Acetic Acid, the removal of the 
 Lead as an insoluble Sulphate, the extraction of the impure alkaloids 
 from the filtered aqueous acid liquid by treatment with Ammonia 
 Solution and Chloroform, and their final purification as in the B.P. 
 1898 process for Extractum Belladonna? Liquidum. 
 
 The details of the process are as follows : — A weighed quantity of 
 15 grammes of the Plaster is gently warmed with 35 c.c. of Chloroform 
 and 5 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid until dissolved, and after the addition 
 of a mixture of 35 c.c. of a 1 in 12 dilute Sulphuric Acid Solution and 
 40 c.c. of Water is again gently warmed and filtered under pressure 
 tlirough a Buchner's filter. The cake of insoluble Lead Sulphate 
 is disintegrated, warmed with a mixture of 10 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 5 c.c. of dilute Sulphuric Acid, and 10 c.c. of Water, and again filtered. 
 The mixed filtrates are transferred to a separator, the chloroformic 
 layer is removed and washed with two successive quantities of a 
 mixture of 1 c.c. of dilute Sulphuric Acid and 4 c.c. of hot Water, 
 the washings being returned to the aqueous portion. A measured 
 quantity of 20 c.c. of Chloroform and a decided excess of Ammonia 
 Solution are added to the mixed acid aqueous solutions, the mixture 
 gently warmed and agitated. The chloroformic solution is drawn off, 
 and to ensure the complete extraction of the alkaloids the agitation 
 is twice repeated with 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The chloroformic solution 
 is in each instance separated, mixed and shaken with 5 c.c. of a mixture 
 of 1 in 12 dilute Sulphuric Acid Solution and twice its volume of warm 
 Water. When separation is complete the cliloroformic layer is removed 
 and again treated with 5 c.c. of the same mixture as above, the 
 
282 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 chloroforinic layer being again removed, the acid aqueous liquids 
 mixed together and washed with Chloroform, using about '3 c.c. 
 Sufficient Ammonia Solution is then added to form a distinct excess, 
 and the liberated alkaloids are then removed from the mixture by 
 shaking three times in succession with 10 c.c. of Chloroform ; the 
 mixed chloroformic solutions, after washing with 5 c.c. of Water 
 containing one drop of Ammonia Solution, are evaporated to dryness 
 on a water-bath in a tared basin, and the residue dried at a tempe- 
 rature below 100° C. (212^ R). The amount of alkaloid in this 
 residiie may then be determined volumetrically by dissolving it in 
 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution and 
 titrating the excess with Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Tincture of Cochineal, Methyl Orange, 
 Htematoxylin, or lodeosin Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The 
 number of c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution used, divided by 10, the quotient subtracted from 10, the 
 difference multiplied first by 0-0289, then by 20, and the product 
 divided by 3, gives the percentage by weight of the alkaloids of 
 Belladonna Root present in the Plaster ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0'0289 gramme of Atropine. 
 
 Belladonna Plaster U.S. P. is prepared with the standardised Extract 
 of the leaves, and is required to contain not less than 0*38 p.c. nor more 
 than 0*42 p.c. of mj'^driatic alkaloids, calculated as Atropine. Unlike 
 the B.P. it gives a process by which the presence of this proportion 
 of alkaloids may be determined. The process is essentially as 
 follows : — A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the Plaster in strips 
 is rnacerated with a mixture of 50 c.c. of Cliloroform and 3 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Water, the mixture being stirred until the Plaster is com- 
 pletely removed from the cloth, when the Chlorofijrm is transferred to 
 another vessel, the cloth being carefully washed with a mixture of 
 25 c.c. of Chloroform and 1 c.c. of Ammonia Water, if necessary with 
 a further quantity of 25 c.c. of Chloroform, the chloroformic solution 
 in each case being removed and added to the main quantity. The 
 cloth is dried at a low temperature, cooled and weighed, its weight is 
 to be deducted from the original weight of Plaster. A measured 
 quantity of Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) equivalent to four-fifths of its volume 
 is added to the mixed chloroformic solution, the liquid is gently stirred 
 and allowed to rest until the rubber separates. The supernatant 
 liquid is transferred to a separator and agitated for two minutes with 
 20 c.c. of a solution prepared by diluting 40 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution with 60 c.c. of Water. After separation, 
 the chloroformic liquid is drawn off into another separator and again 
 shaken for two minutes with 10 c.c. of the acid solution, the separated 
 acid liquid mixed with the main quantity, the treatment with this 
 acid solution continued until the shakings fail to give a reaction 
 with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution. Sufficient 
 Ammonia Water is added to the mixed aqueous acid liquids to 
 ensure an alkaline reaction, and the liberated alkaloids are removed 
 by shaking with Chloroform, using first 25 c.c, then 15 c.c, and finally 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEL 283 
 
 10 c.c. Tlie cliloroformic solutions are separated, mixed in a beaker 
 or flask, and the Chloroform evaporated ofi on a water-bath. A 
 slight excess of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is 
 added to the alkaloidal residue, the actual amount added being care- 
 fully noted, 10 drops of Chloroform are added, the liquids rotated, 
 and the Chloroform evaporated by mea,ns of a water-bath. The 
 excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is 
 titrated with Fiftieth - Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Cochineal Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of c.c. of Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution used, divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from the number 
 of c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution first added, 
 the difference divided by the number of grammes of Plaster separated 
 from the cloth, the quotient multiplied first by 0'0287 and then by 
 100, gives the percentage of mydriatic alkaloids calculated as Atropine, 
 present in the Plaster. 
 
 EXTRACTUM BELLADONNA LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract 
 OF Belladonna. 
 
 A fluid prepared from Belladonna Root in No. 20 powder, with a 
 mixture of 7 volumes of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 1 volume of Distilled 
 Water, by repercolation, and standardised to contain 0*75 p.c. w/v of 
 alkaloids = f grain in 110 minims. 
 
 The B.P. Liquid Extract is prepared from a Root which is not 
 standardised ; the U.S. P. Fluid Extract is prepared with the Official 
 standard Belladonna Root in No. 60 powder ; it is required to 
 contain 0*4 p.c. w/v of mydriatic alkaloids. The P.G. does not 
 include a fluid extract. 
 
 Commercial samples of this liquid extract vary enormously in colour 
 and consistence, consequently all preparations made from the liquid 
 extract will also have a tendency to vary in colour, and may necessitate 
 explanations to physicians and patients. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Belladonna has a specific gravity 
 of about 0'923, it contains about 13 p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 69 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It is officially required to 
 contain 0*75 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids of Belladonna Root, calculated 
 as Atropine ; the U.S. P. Fluid Extract is required to contain 0*4 p.c. 
 w/v of mydriatic alkaloids from Belladonna Root, calculated as 
 Atropine ; the P.O. does not include a Fluid Extract. The method 
 of determination of the B.P. 1898 was subjected to such severe and 
 adverse criticism, that it is now completely altered. The following 
 are the essential details of the new B.P. process : — A mixture of 10 ml. 
 of the liquid extract, 50 ml. of Distilled Water, 2 ml. of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid and 10 ml. of Chloroform, is vigorously agitated in a 
 stoppered-glass separator. The lower cliloroformic layer is removed 
 to a second separator, and shaken with two successive portions 
 each of 10 ml. of Distilled Water acidified with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid. The chloroformic layer is in each instance separated, the 
 aqueous acid solutions are transferred to the first separator, mixed, 
 
284 BEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvue.] 
 
 jind after the fiJdition of sufficient Ammonia Solution to jjroducc a 
 distinctly alkaline solution to Litmus paper, the mixture is shaken with 
 three successive portions each of 10 ml. of Chloroform. The chloro- 
 formic layer is in each case separated, mixed, washed with 10 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, again separated, and transferred to a flask or beaker, 
 the Chloroform evaporated on a water-bath, and the residue heated 
 for half an hour. It is then dissolved in 10 ml. of Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and the excess of Twentieth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid titrated with Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; 1 ml. of Twentieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0* 01446 gramme of Atropine, 
 employing Tincture of Cochineal as an indicator of neutrality. The 
 number of ml. of Twentieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution required to neutralise the excess of Twentieth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sulphuric Acid Solution, is deducted from 10 ; the difference 
 multiplied by 0*01446 and then by 10, gives the grammes of the alkaloids 
 of Belladonna Root, calculated as Atropine, present in 100 ml. of the 
 Liquid Extract. In this instance also the experimental error is magnified 
 by the use of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solu- 
 tion to neutralise the excess of Twentieth- Normal Volumetric Sulpliuric 
 Acid Solution used to dissolve the residue. It would even have 
 been better had the B. P. adhered to the 1898 method of titrating the 
 residue, namely, by dissolving in Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution and titrating back with Hundredth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The limit of error, as defined under 
 Aconite, in this instance, is plus or minus 0*05 gramme. 
 
 The U.S. P. method of determination is essentially as follows : — 
 A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Fluid Extract is introduced into 
 a glass separator, 10 c.c. of Distilled Water added, and the mixture 
 well shaken for one minute with 20 c.c. of Chloroform and 2 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Solution. The chloroformic layer is removed to a second 
 separator, the treatment being continued with two portions each of 
 10 c.c. of Chloroform, which are added to the previous extraction. 
 The mixed chloroformic solutions are now shaken for one minute 
 with 8 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 20 c.c. 
 of Water. The chloroformic layer is removed and rejected, the 
 aqueous acid liquid is filtered into a clean separator, the first separator 
 and filter being washed with 10 c.c. of Water and the washings added 
 to the main quantity. After the addition of 4 c.c. of Ammonia Solution 
 the latter is well shaken for several minutes with 20 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 the chloroformic layer is separated and the extraction repeated with 
 two separate portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The chloroformic 
 solutions are mixed, transferred to a flask or beaker, evaporated on 
 a water-bath and the residue heated till perfectly dr)\ The residue 
 is then dissolved in 5 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, and the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution titrated with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, 5 drops of Cochineal or of lodeosin Test-Solution being em- 
 ployed as an indicator of neutrality* ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEL 285 
 
 Sulplmric Acid Solution = 0"0287 gramme of Atropine, and if the 
 number of c.c. of Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution be divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from 
 5, and the difference be then first multiplied by 0*0287 and then by 10, 
 the product will be the weight in grammes of mydriatic alkaloids, 
 reckoned as Atropine, contained in 100 c.c. of the Fluid Extract. 
 
 In the author's laboratory the U.S. P. process has given satisfactory 
 results. No emulsification occurred in the earlier stages of the process, 
 the extracted alkaloid was of good appearance and free from dark 
 colour. Although not specifically instructed to do so in the U.S. P. 
 monograph, the residues were in nearly all cases weighed when 
 constant, and the difference between the gravimetric and the volu- 
 metric estimations never amounted to more than from 3 to 4 p.c. 
 
 LINIMENTUM BELLADONNA. Liniment of Belladonna. 
 Liquid Extract of Belladonna, 10 ; Camphor, 1 ; Distilled Water, 2 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 20. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Prescribed with equal parts of Soap Liniment or 
 Compound Camphor Liniment. Does not mix readily with fixed Oils. Whoi 
 an oily Iwiiment is required it is better to order the Chloroform of Belladonna 
 mixed with Olive or Almond Oil. 
 
 Foreign Phai'niaeopoeias. — Official in U.S., Camphor 1, Fluid Extract 
 of Belladonna to make 20 ; Mex. (Accite de Belladonna), Dried Leaves 
 1, Sesame Oil 10. Not in the others. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA BELLADONNA. Belladonna Suppositories. 
 
 Made with Liquid Extract of Belladonna and Oil of Theobromii. 
 Each Suppository contains about O'OOl gramme = -^^^ grain of alkaloid. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Suppositoria (group). 
 
 1*7 ml. (29 minims) of Liquid Extract of Belladonna are evaporated 
 to a syrup, and mixed with 12 grammes (185 grains) of Oil of Tlieo- 
 broma (melted), and divided into 12 suppositories. 
 
 UNGUENTUM BELLADONNA. Belladonna Ointment. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 4 of Liquid Extract of Belladonna evaporated to 1, and mixed with 
 3 of Benzoated Lard and 1 of Wool Fat. 
 
 Contains 0*6 p.c. of Alkaloids. 
 
 In B.P. 1914, part of the Benzoated Lard has been replaced by Wool 
 Fat. 
 
 For India, Benzoated Suet shoiild be used in place of Benzoated 
 Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Extract 1 in 10 ; Fr. 
 (Pommade Belladon^e), Extract 3, Glycerin 2, Benzoinated Lard 25 ; 
 Ital. (Pomata di Belladonna), Extract 10, Glycerin 5, Benzoated Lard 
 85; Mex. (Pomada de extracto de Belladona), Extract 1, Lard 7^ ; 
 Port. (Pomada de Belladona), aqueous Extract 1, Lard 9; (Pomada de 
 Belladona Forte), Alcoholic Extract 1, Lard 9; Span. (Pomada do 
 Belladona), Extract U in 10; U.S., Extract 10, Alcohol (49 p.c.) 5, 
 Hydrous Wool fat 20, Benzoinated Lard (55. Not in the others. 
 
286 BEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM BELLADONN>E.— Belladonna Root, in powder, 
 20 ; percolate with Chloroform, q.s. to yield 20.- — Squire's Companion 1864. 
 
 Applied with equal parts of Camphor Liniment or Olive Oil, for painful 
 rheumatism. 
 
 It is well known that this preparation only extracts about half of the 
 total alkaloids. By mixing tho Root (in No. 40 powder) with Slaked Lime 
 and powdered Carbonate of Ammonium, four-fifths of the alkaloid will 
 appear in the first 1 in 1 percolate. — Squire's Com])anion 1894. 
 
 COLLODIUM BELLADONN/E. Syn. Emplastrum Belladonna 
 Fluidum. — Liquid Extract of Belladonna, 50 ; Canada Turpentine, 4 ; 
 Castor Oil, 2 ; and Ether, 40. Mix and digest for 12 hours, filter and add 
 Camphor, 1'5; Pyroxylin, 2"5; and Ether (sp. gr. 0*720), q.s. to make 
 100.— B.P.G. 
 
 This is a modification of the formula given in B.P.C. Formulary 1901. 
 
 GLYCERINUM BELLADON Nit.— Green Extract of Belladonna, 8; 
 boiling Distilled Water, 1 ; Glycerin, to 16. 
 
 This is practically the same strength as London and Middlesex ; it also 
 appears in other Hospital Pharmacopoeias, with varying quantities. 
 
 Official in Port., 1 Extract in 10. 
 
 LINIMENTUM BELLADONN/E GOP/ P.— Liniment of Belladonna, 
 7 ; Chloroform of Belladonna, 1 ; mix. For application to the loins in 
 lumbago it should be sprinkled on impermeable piline (not spongio piline), 
 and firmly pressed with the hands on the part for five minutes to ensure 
 perfect contact ; it should then bo kept on for at least 10 or 12 hours. 
 
 Peter Squire, who suffered much from Lumbago, lound this more effectual 
 and much more convenient than Belladonna Plasters. 
 
 ETHEREAL TINCTURE OF BELLADONNA (<SaM;r/er). — Substitute 
 Pure Ether for Rectified Spirit in the Liniment of B.P. '85.— L. '90, ii. 67. 
 
 BENZAMIN^ LACTAS. 
 
 BENZAMINE LACTATE. 
 
 CisH.iNO.,, CaHeOa, cq. 337-226. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A white, odourless, crystalline powder, possessing a bitter taste, 
 and subsequently producing a numbness of the tongue. 
 
 It is described Officially as the Lactate of Benzoyl-vinyl-diaceton- 
 alkamine. This substance is known in commerce as Eucaine Lactate, 
 under which name it was described in the previous edition of Squire's 
 Companion. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 4 of AVater; 1 in 8 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful local ansesthetic. It is usually 
 employed in the form of a 2 to 3 p.c. Solution. 
 
 The references to medical literatui*e are given under Eucaine Hydro- 
 chloride, see below. 
 
 Dose. — I to I grain = 0-008 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] BEN L'87 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Lactate is a more soluble salt titan the Hydro- 
 chloride. The aqueous solution can he sterilised by boiling ; it cannot be 
 preserved by the addition oj Salicylic Acid, as the Salicylate would be -preci- 
 pitated. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis, Alkali Carbonates, Salicylic Acid, and Sali- 
 cylates. 
 
 Not OflB.eial. — ^Eucaine Hydrochloride, Eudrcnine, Novocalne, Stovaine. 
 
 Tests. — Benzamine Lactate, wlien moistened with Nitric Acid, 
 and evaporated to dryness, leaves a colourless residue, which evolves 
 a characteristic ethereal odour of Benzoic Acid Methyl Ester when 
 moistened with 1 ml. of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 The B.P. states that it evolves a characteristic odour recalling Pepper- 
 mint. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming 
 a solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 
 1 in 10 aqueous solution affords with Sodium Hydroxide Solution a 
 white precipitate of the free base, which dissolves readily in Ether. 
 Mercuric Chloride Solution produces no precipitate. Potassio-Mercuric 
 Iodide (Mayer's) Solution yields a precipitate ; and a lemon-yellow 
 precipitate is produced on the addition of Picric Acid Solution. 
 Ammonia Solution produces a white precipitate readily soluble in an 
 excess of the precipitant, whilst a white precipitate is produced on the 
 addition of Salicylic Acid Solution. Benzamine Lactate may be 
 distinguished from Alpha-Eucaine by the 1 in 100 aqueous solution 
 yielding no precipitate on the addition of a few drops of 10 p.c. 
 Potassium Iodide Solution, Alpha-Eucaine Solution yielding under 
 similar conditions a crystalline precipitate. Benzamine Lactate may be 
 distinguished from Cocaine by triturating a little of the salt with some 
 Mercurous Chloride and moistening the mixture with Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 when no darkening in colour should be noticed ; Cocaine under similar 
 conditions immediately causes a darkening in colour. Benzamine 
 Lactate should dissolve without change of colour in Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of readily carbonisable organic impvu'ities. It 
 should also dissolve without change of colour in Nitric Acid. It should 
 leave not more than 0*1 p.c. of ash; the B.P. states that it should 
 leave no appreciable ash. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EUCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE.— There are two salts bearing this name, 
 marked A and B, and prepared from tho corresponding bases Eucaine A 
 and Eucaine B. The B salt is that generally used in medicine, and it is 
 tho practice to dispense it when Eucaine Hydrochloride is ordered unless 
 the A is specified. 
 
 Eucaine B Hydrochloride (Ci,H,,,NO,,HCI, eq. 283-646).— A fine, white, 
 odourless, crystalline powder, possessing a bitter taste followed by a feeling 
 of numbness of the tongue. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 40 of Water, 1 in 12 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in 4 of 
 Aniline Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful local anaesthetic, its action being, 
 weight for weight, about equal to that of Cocaine, but lo.ss toxic. Solutions 
 of Eucaine salts may be sterilised by boiling without undergoing decom- 
 position. 
 
288 BEN" [Solids Ijy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The B salt is superior to Eucaine Hydrochloride (A) for use in ophthalmic 
 work, as it is free from the irritating effects of the latter ; is an equally- 
 powerful local anaesthetic, and is of lower toxicity. It does not dilate the 
 pupil like Cocaine. Used in 2 p.c. aqueous Solution. 2 drops applied every 
 tliree minutes until 10 drops have been used. 
 
 An improved Solution (Barker's) for the production of local anaesthesia : — 
 B Eucaine Hydrochloride, 0'2 gramme; Sodium Chloride, 0*8 gramme; 
 Adrenalin Chloride, 0*001 gramme ; Distilled Water, 100 grammes. 
 
 Solutions recommended in ophthalmic work, 2 p.c. ; in the urethra and 
 bladder, 2 p.c. ; for the nose and throat or as a paint or spray for mucous 
 surfaces generally, 5 to 10 p.c. ; and in dental work, 2 to 5 p.c. 
 
 A 2 p.c. Solution is used for dilating a rigid os. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 97. 
 
 With reference to the use of strong solutions of these salts for hypodermic 
 injections, it is pointed out they should not be used of greater strength than 
 3'Op.c. ; stronger solutions are liable to produce sloughing of the tissues. 
 Much useful information on the subject is to be found in a paper in the 
 B.M.J. '04, ii. 1862, and the formula for a suitable Solution is there given 
 as Beta-Eucaine Hydrochloride, ' 2 gramme ; Sodium Chloride, • 8 gramme ; 
 Adrenalin Chloride Solution (1 in 1000), 10 minims ; Sterile Distilled Water, 
 sufficient to make 100 c.c. 
 
 It is by no means uncommon to be asked to make up Solutions containing 
 as much as 4 or 5 p.c. Although this can be accomplished easily by the aid 
 of heat, the salt does not remain in solution, and even 3"2 p.c. Solutions when 
 prepared by the aid of heat do not remain bright long even when kept in 
 hermetically-sealed capsviles, but soon deposit tufts of crystals. On inquiry 
 of the manufacturers, a letter resulted acknowledging the correctness of the 
 Companion figures, and pointing out that as the solution has to l)e used at 
 the body-temperature, any salt which crystallises out at room-temperature 
 will again be taken into solution. 
 
 A very convenient method is to have Gelatin capsules made up containing 
 lieta-Eucaine, 0'2 gramme, and Sodium Chloride, 0*8 gramme ; one of these 
 is thrown into 100 c.c. of boiling tap Water when required, and, on cooling, 
 10 drops of a 1 in 1000 Adrenalin Chloride Solution are added ; the solution 
 is then always fresh, always active, and always sterile ; this amount is suf- 
 ficient for any ordinary operation, but, if necessary, twice or tlu"ice as much 
 may be used with perfect safety. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 70. 
 
 Eudrenine is an isotonic solution, preserved with Chloretone, containing 
 0"01 granmie (\ grain) of Eucaine Hydrochloride, and 0" 00003 gramme 
 (•2tuTTF grain) of Adrenalin Chloride in 1 c.c. It is used as a local anaesthetic 
 and in dental work. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Ger., Hung, and Swiss 
 (Trimethyl-benzoxypiperidinum-hydrochloricum). 
 
 Tests.— Eucaine (B) Hydrochloride melts at 208° C. (514-4° F.). A 
 weighed quantity of 0' 1 gramme dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water yields 
 on the careful addition of 1 drop of Ammonia Solution a white precipitate, 
 which re-dissoh-es, but is again thrown down on the further addition of 
 Ammonia Solution. The precipitate caused by 4 drops of Ammonia Solution 
 completely dissolves on the further addition of 20 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 On again adding 4 c.c. of Ammonia Solution the precipitate foi'ms again, and 
 is again dissolved on the addition of 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, but no further 
 precipitate is formed on the addition of Ammonia Solution, only a milky 
 cloudiness, disappearing on the addition of Distilled Water. A 1 in 10 
 aqueous solution affords, on the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a 
 white precipitate of the free base, which dissolves readily in Ether. Mercuric 
 Chloride Solution produces no precipitate. The aqueous solution yields a 
 precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution and a lemon- 
 yellow precipitate on the addition of Picric Acid Solution. It also yields a 
 white precipitate on the addition of an aqueous Salicylic Acid Solution. 
 
 When moistened with Nitric Acid and evaporated to drjTiess, it leaves an 
 almost colourless residue, which evolves a characteristic ethereal odour of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] BEN" 289 
 
 Benzoic Acid Methyl Ester when moistened with an Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 10 solution, acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, yields, on 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, a white curdy precipitate, insoluble 
 in Nitric Acid, readily soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 Eucaine (B) Hydrochloride may be distinguished from Alpha-Eucaine by 
 yielding no precipitate on the addition of a few drops of 10 p.c. Potassium 
 Iodide Solution to a 1 in 100 aqueous solution of the salt, Alpha-Eucaine 
 Solution yielding under similar conditions a crystalline precipitate. 
 Eucaine (B) Hydrochloride may be distinguished from Cocaine by triturating 
 a little of the salt with some Mercurous Chloride and moistening the mixture 
 with Alcohol (90 p.c), when no darkening in colour should be noticed. 
 Cocaine, under similar conditions, yields immediately a darkening in colour. 
 Eucaine (B) Hydrochloride should dissolve without change of colour in 
 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily charred 
 organic impurities. It should also dissolve without change of colour in 
 Nitric Acid. It should leave not more than • 1 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Eucaine Lactate has been introduced into the B.P. under the title 
 Eenzamine Lactate, q.v. 
 
 NOVOCAINE. — Para-aminobenzoyl-diethylamino-ethanol Hydi'ocliloride 
 (Ethocaine). C,3H,,N,0,,HC1, eq. 272-048. 
 
 A white, odourless, crystalline powder, wliich is readily soluble in cold Water. 
 The aqueous Solutions are neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, and 
 can be boiled without decomposition. It is a local anaesthetic and spinal 
 analgesic, and is non-irritant. For hypodermic use the Solutions vary in 
 strength from a J to 2 p.c. For iixfiltration ansesthesia and for anaesthesia 
 of thick layers of tissue ^ to J p.c. isotonic Solutions are used ; for anresthesia 
 of the nerve-centres and larger nerve-trunks, 1 to 2 p.c. isotonic Solutions 
 are employed ; for medullary anggsthesia a 5 p.c. isotonic Solution has proved 
 most useful. In ophthalmic practice 5 and 10 p.c. Solutions are chiefly 
 employed and produce no dilatation of the pupil or irritation ; Solutions of 
 sinailar strength are emploj-ed in operations or explorations of the tliroat and 
 nose ; 10 to 20 p.c. Solutions for anaesthesia of the larynx and pharjTix, and 
 in dental practice 1 to 2 p.c. isotonic Solutions. 
 
 Dose. — For internal administration i to 1 grain. 
 
 Should always be combined with Adi'enalin. — L. '07, ii. 1G8G. 
 
 The safest and most perfect of known local aruesthetics in teeth extraction. 
 —B.M.J. '07, i. 1172. 
 
 Up to the present it is generally conceded to be the best drug for local 
 anaesthesia by infiltration. — M.A. '12, 119. 
 
 For spinal analgesia the safest of the synthetic group of Cocaine derivatives. 
 —L. '14, i. 1854. 
 
 An anaesthetic solution strongly recommended in abdominal sections by 
 Gray, of Aberdeen, and introduced by Hoffmann and Kochmaim, consists of 
 Novocaine, J p.c. ; Potassium Sulphate, 0*4 p.c. ; and 12 di-ops of (Synthetic) 
 Adrenalin to each 100 c.c. ; the Potassium Sulphate enhances and prolongs 
 the effect of the Novocaine ; no osdema and no sloughing follow ; 100 to 
 200 c.c. are used according to the lengths of incision. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 351. 
 
 Has given best results in regional anaesthesia. A 2h per cent, solution in 
 Distilled Water is prepared and sufficient Sodium Chloride is added to make 
 the fluid isotonic with the blood ; the whole is then sterilised by boiling ; as 
 it should be sterile it should be freshly prepared for each case shortly before 
 using ; the formula for the Solution is Novocain, 2 grammes ; Sodium 
 Chloride, 5 gi-ammes ; Aq. Dest. ad 100 c.c. ; 5 drops of a 1 in 10,000 Solution 
 of Adrenahn are added to each 20 c.c. of solution immediately before use ; 
 the injection must be made under most rigid aseptic precautions. — B.M.J. '12, 
 ii. 1701. 
 
 Regional or conduction antesthesia, produced by injection about nerve- 
 trunks, is superior to spinal, wliich writer seldom employs ; the addition of 
 a trace of Acid (Braun) to the Saline Solution enables the anaesthetic fluid, 
 
 L 
 
290 BE15f [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Novocaine plus Adrenin, to be boiled without decomposition of the latter. — 
 L. '13, ii. 555. 
 
 Bier's Local Anaesthesia of Limbs. — ^Unlikely to be widely adopted ; more 
 of an interesting physiological experiment than of a contribution to practical 
 ana^sthesia.^ — M.A. 1911, 155. Professor Bier recommends it in isotonic 
 Solution of 0*5 p.c; i.e., 0*5 gramme Novocaine in 100 c.c. physiological 
 Solution of Sodium Chloride, along with Suprarenin, as the best local anaes- 
 thetic. In Vein (or venous) anaesthesia the above solution is sterilised, and 
 injected at about 37 '5° C. ; in the lower limbs, 100 c.c. ; in the upper, 50 to 
 m c.c— E.M.J. '10, ii. 103; B.M.J. '09, ii. 810; B.M.J.E. '11, i. 18. 
 
 Bier's venous anassthesia is too dangerous for use. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 555. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and alkali Carbonates, Mercurous and Mercuric 
 Clilorides, Silver salts. Potassium Permanganate, and Tannic Acid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Dutch, Ger., Norw. and Swed. 
 
 Tests. — Novocaine melts at 156° C. (312-8° F.). It di.ssolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution which is neutral 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution yields on the 
 addition of Potassium Hydroxide Solution colourless oily globules which 
 soon change into a crystalline mass. Ammonia Solution yields a white 
 precipitate soluble in Ether. A brown precipitate is obtained on the 
 addition of Iodine Solution, and a yellow precipitate on the addition 
 of Picric Acid Solution, wliilst Mercuric Chloride Solution yields a white 
 precipitate. If 1 decigramme of Novocaine be dissolved in 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, acidified with 2 drops of Hydrochloric Acid, and 2 drops of Sodium 
 Nitrite Solution be added, on the addition of a solution of 0-2 gramme of 
 Betanaphthol in 1 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution and 9 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, a scai'let-red precipitate is produced. A mixtiu-e of equal parts of 
 Novocaine and Mercurous Chloride, when moistened with Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 immediately blackens. An aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate, 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution. Novocaine may be distinguished from 
 Cocaine by adding 5 drops of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0- 1 p.c. w/w) 
 to a solvition of 0- 1 gramme of the salt in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidified 
 with 3 drops of Diluted Sulphviric Acid, when the violet colour is inmaediately 
 destroyed ; Cocaine under similar circumstances yields a purplish-violet 
 precipitate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, heavy metalhc salts, 
 e.g. Copper and Lead, readily charred organic imptrnties, and mineral residue. 
 A solution of 0- 1 grannne of Novocaine in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no reaction with the modified Gutzeit's 
 Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid shovild yield no coloration or turbidity on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Lead and Copper. 
 Novocaine should dissolve without change of colour in Concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid and in Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of readily charred organic 
 impurities. Novocaine should leave at the most 0- 1 p.c. of ash, indicating 
 a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 STOVAINE. — The Hydrochloride of Benzovl-ethjd-dimethyl-amino- 
 propanol. ChH,,,N0oHC1, eq. 271 -046. 
 
 Small, white, odourless, glistening, lamellar crystals, or a white, inodorous, 
 crystalline powder. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in \\ of Water ; 1 in 4 of Aloliol (90 p.c.) ; insolu])le in 
 Ether. 
 
 Pose. — -J to I grain = 0-01 to 0*03 gramme. 
 
 It is a local anajsthetic and spinal analgesic. 
 
 For heavy men a dose of 7 to 8 eg. is necessary ; 5 to G for a person of 
 medium weight. In most cases anaesthesia is obtained after five minutes 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEN 291 
 
 and lasts from three-quarters to one hour. For operationg on the abdominal 
 wall it is advisable to make the puncture in the third lumbar space. 
 B.M.J.E. '07, ii. 56. 
 
 The choice of a drug for injection into the lumbar sac has gradvially been 
 narrowed to Stovaine, Tropacocaine, and Novocaine ; the 5 p.c. Solution of 
 Stovaine and Glucose, as formulated by Mr. Barker, has given the best 
 results, in 400 cases; 0*9 c.c. of this Solution maintains analgesia to the 
 level of the umbilicus for 45 minutes. — L. '12, ii. 1008. 
 
 Barker publishes a fourth report on experiences with spinal analgesia in 
 2,354 cases. 
 
 The fluid — Stovaine and Glucose, of each 5 parts ; Distilled Water, 
 90 parts, all by weight — is as nearly as possible isotonic with the blood ; its 
 sp. gr. is 1'023, that of cerebro-spinal fluid 1'007. The average dose was 
 5 centigrammes, i.e., 1 c.c. of the 5 per cent. Solution. Abroad 7*5 e.g. and 
 more have been given, quite unnecessarily, and often with bad effects. The 
 addition of Adrenin is unnecessary, and it may be dangerous. The exact 
 dose must be measured in the syringe, and in no other way. The operator 
 must strike the dural sac exactly in the middle line. Avoid keeping any large 
 numbers of filled ampoules in stock. Insist on having it freshly made and 
 stored in sealed Jena glass ampoules for not more than 2 weeks. Numerous 
 details of teclinique. — B.M.J. '12, i. 597. 
 
 Its use in the treatment of shock, etc., in injuries of the lower extremities. 
 The intraspinal injection is given immediately after the patient's arrival at 
 hospital, before removal of clothes or emergency dressings. All the 
 symptoms of shock are alleviated or abolished ; post-operative shock is also 
 greatly diminished. A second injection for the operation is not required. 
 Also in treating fractures of the lower extremity in which an anaesthetic ia 
 necessary, Stovaine abolishes the possibility of struggling and of attempted 
 movement. — L. '10, ii. 1014. 
 
 Spinal anaesthesia by means of diffusible solutions is definitely contra- 
 indicated in subjects of arterio-sclerosis. — L. '09, ii. 993. 
 
 The German school now chiefly advocates Tropacocaine, whereas the 
 majority of the French School are still in favour of Stovaine. 
 
 Professor Bier, of Berlin, whose experience of spinal analgesia is probably 
 unique, narrows its use to pelvic operations and those on the lower limbs. 
 
 The wounded in war, children, persons over sixty-five, syphilitics, those 
 who have some infective or septic disease, sclerosis, the nervous and the 
 alcoholic, albuminurics, and diabetics are all excluded from spinal analgesia. 
 —B.M.J. '09, ii. 785. 
 
 The view common in Britain is that Jonnesco's method of high injection 
 is less safe than the lower site, and that the addition of Strychnine does not 
 abrogate the danger. To be used only under very exceptional circumstances. 
 —L. '10, ii. 1901. 
 
 Stovain-Dextrin Solution has been used for the production of local anaes- 
 thesia, but to a large extent has been superseded by the Stovaine-Glucoso 
 Solution. 
 
 The strength of Stovaine varied from 2*5 p.c. to 5 p.c, that of Dextrin 
 from 2" 5 to 6 '5. The dose of Dextrin-Stovaine Solution varied from 3^ to 
 51 c.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. and Ital. 
 
 Tests. — Stovaine melts at 175" C. (347° F.). It dissolves readily and 
 completely in Distilled Water, forming a solution which is neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. A weighed quantity of 0"05 gramme of Stovaine, 
 evaporated with 1 c.c. of a mixture of equal parts of Hydrochloric and Nitric 
 Acids on a water -bath, yields a colourless residue which has a pimgent odour, 
 and if to the residue 1 c.c. of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution be 
 added and the mixture be again cautiously evaporated, an ethereal fruity 
 odour is developed. Its aqueous solution is precipitated by the chief alkaloidal 
 precipitants, e.g., Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, lodo-Potassium 
 Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, Picric Acid Solution, etc. It also yields precipi- 
 
 L 2 
 
292 BEN [Solids by V7eight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 tates on the addition of Potassium or Sodiuin Hydroxide Solution, and on 
 the addition of Ammonia Solution. 
 
 A -white turbidity is produced on the addition of Mercuric Cliloride Solution 
 to an aqueous 1 p.c. solution of the salt ; the liquid soon becomes clear again 
 with separation of oily drops. 
 
 If • 1 gramme of Stovaine is warmed during 5 minutes with 1 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid, to a temperature of about 100° C. (212° F.), on the careful 
 addition of 2 c.c. of Distilled Water an odour of Benzoic Acid Methyl Ester 
 is obtained ; on cooling a copious separation of crystals occurs ; these crj'stals 
 again dissolving on the addition of 2 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The aqueous solution, when acidified with Nitric Acid, yields on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate insoluble in 
 Nitric Acid, and which when separated and washed, dissolves readily and 
 completely in Ammonia Solution or in Potassium Cyanide Solution. Stovaine 
 should leave not more than 0* 1 p.c. of ash. 
 
 BENZENUM. 
 
 BENZENE. 
 
 CgHg, eq. 78-048. 
 [new.] 
 
 A colourless, inflammable, volatile liquid. It is obtained from 
 Coal-Tar Napbtlia and must not be confused with Benzin from 
 Petroleum. 
 
 The term Benzol or Benzole should be strictly limited in its application 
 to the mixture of homologous hydrocarbons obtained from light Coal-Tar 
 Oil, which consist of about 70 p.c. of Benzene and 20 to 30 p.c. of Toluene. 
 This has its advantages from the point of view of pwce chemistry, but from 
 a pharmaceutical point of view the choice of the term Benzene is unfortunate, 
 as it still further accentuates the confusion regarding the nomenclatiu'o of 
 these hydrocarbons. 
 
 The Benzol of the B.P. 1898 consisted principally of Benzene with some 
 Toluene, and was a product of Coal-Tar. The Benzene of the B.P. 1914 
 is presumed to consist entirely of the hydrocarbon Benzene, also from Coal- 
 Tar. Benzin, or Benzine, as it is sometimes spelt, is the product of American 
 Petroleum, and consists of hydrocarbons chiefly of the Marsh Gas series. 
 The confusion is worse confounded by the Fr. Codex choice of the title Benzine 
 for crystallisable Benzene from Coal-Tar. It is, therefore, highly important 
 not to confuse the Benzene of the B.P. 1914 and the Benzine of the Fr. Codex 
 with the Benzin (Petroleum) of the U.S. P. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water. Soluble in all proportions of 
 Absolute Alcohol, Chloroform, and Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stated to be useful in influenza, winter 
 cough, and whooping-cough ; one thorough ajiplication destroys 
 pediculi capitis and pubis. 
 
 In a fairly large number of cases of leukasmia in which Benzol has been 
 tried, the verdict is distinctly in its favour. More tlian once rather severe 
 toxic symptoms arose ; in any case, it is clear that prolonged treatment is 
 inadvisable ; as soon as a definite rediiction in the number of leucocytes is 
 established it is advisable to leave off the Benzol, as the effect on the corpuscles 
 continues after the drug is withheld. — B.M.J. '14, i. 374. 
 
 1 drachm every 3 hours on Sugar in biiharzia. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 1093. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEN 293 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0"3 to 1*2 ml. ; on Siig.ir or suspended 
 with Mucilage. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Fr. (Benzine), Mex. 
 (Bencina), Port. (Benzina), and Swed. ; in U.S. Appendix. 
 
 Tests. — Benzene possesses a peculiar penetrating and somewhat aro- 
 matic odour. It has a specific gravity of about 0* 885. The B.F. gives 
 0-880 to 0-887 ; the U.S.P., 0-871 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the Fr. Codex, 
 0-887; and P.G^., 0-880 to 0-890. It should boil at 80° C. (176° R), and 
 95 p.c. should distil between this temperature and 82° C. (179-6° F.). 
 The Fr. Codex requires it to distil entirely about 80-5° C. (176-9° F.). 
 
 The U.S.P. gives the boiling point as 80*4° C. (176-7° F.); the 
 P.G., 80° to 82° C. (176° to 179-6° F.); the Fr. Codex, 80-5° C. 
 (176-9° F.). 
 
 Benzene crystallises in rhomboid prisms when cooled to about 0° C. 
 (32° F.), which melt again about 6° C. (42-8° F.), but should not re-melt 
 below 4° C. (39-2° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are readily carbonisable 
 organic compounds or Thiophene. The B.P. does not include tests for 
 these impiu-ities. The U.S.P. requires that Sulphuric Acid mixed 
 with an equal volume of Benzene shall not become coloured, indicating 
 the absence of readily charred organic impurities ; and that no green 
 or blue tint shall be developed on shaking 2 c.c. with 0*5 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid and one drop of Fuming Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Thiophene. 
 
 Not Official. 
 BENZINUM. 
 
 PETROLEUM BENZIN. PETROLEUM ETHER. BENZOLINE. 
 
 A purified distillate from American Petroleum. It is a transparent, 
 colourless, mobile, highly inflammable liquid, possessing a characteristic 
 odour. Not to be confused with Benzene, q.v., from Coal-Tar Naphtha. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles and in a cool atmosphere. 
 It forms a highly explosive mixture with air. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, about 1 in 6 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; readily 
 soluble in Ether, Chloroform, fixed and volatile Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Pro]">erties. — Used in seborrhoea, in acne, and generally for 
 the purpose of dissolving off grease from the skin. It is highly inflammable, 
 and must not be used near a fire or naked flame. 
 
 Petroleum Ether, sp. gr. 0-716, generally known under the name of Petrol, 
 is used extensively for the internal combustion engines of motor vehicles. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., 
 Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. U.S. has also Benzinum Purificatum. 
 
 Tests. — Bcnzin is neutral in reaction. It has a specific gravity of 0-670 to 
 0-675; the U.S.P. gives 0-638 to 0-660 at 25° C. (77° F.); the P.G. 0-666 
 to 0-686. 
 
 The boiling point should be from 45° to 60° C. (113° to 140° F.), which are 
 the figures also given in the U.S.P. ; the P.G. states that on distillation the 
 greater part should distil between 50° and 75° C. (122° to 167° F.). The 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the boiling point of 
 Pimfied Pep?;in be changed from '45° to 60° C. (113° to 140° F.),' to 'it 
 
294 BEW [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 should distil completely between 40° and 80° C. (104° to 176° F.).' It is 
 distinguished from Benzene by not evolving an odour resembling essential 
 Oil of Bitter Almonds when 5 drops of the Benzin are added to a mixture of 
 40 drops of Sulphuric Acid and 10 drops of Nitric Acid, in a test-tnbe, and 
 the liquid warmed for about 10 minutes and set aside for half an hour, and 
 then diluting it with Water. When tested in a similar manner Benzene 
 from Coal-Tar produces an odour resembling essential Oil of Bitter Almonds, 
 owing to the formation of Nitro-Benzene. The purified Benzin of the U.S. P., 
 in addition to answering the test required for Benzin, is expected to answer 
 the following tests : — 10 c.c. evaporated from a piece of clean white filter 
 paper should leave no greasy stain, and the odour should not be disagreeable 
 or notably sulphuretted, and upon evaporating some in a warm dish no residue 
 should remain, indicating the absence of heavy hydrocarbon oils. A mixture 
 of Benzin with \ its volume of Spirit of Ammonia, and a few drops of Silver 
 Nitrate Test-Solution, should develop no brown colour when boiled for a few 
 minutes, indicating the absence of pyrogenous products and Sulphur com- 
 pounds. Petroleum vSpirit is not included in the text of the B.P., but is 
 given in the Appendix I. It is defined as a mixtvire of the lower members 
 of the Paraffin series of hydrocarbons, having a specific gravity of 0'670 to 
 0-700, and a boiling point of 50° to 00° C. (122° to 140° F.). 
 
 It is Official in ^r., Ether de Petrole, sp. gr. 0-650 to 0-670, and distils 
 entirely below 85° C. (185° F.), also Pe trole Leger, sp. gr. about 0-600, and 
 distils below 50° C. (122° F.). 
 
 U.S. P. has also a Benzinum Purificatum which is a Petroleum Benzin 
 purified by means of Sulphuric Acid and Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 BENZOINUM. 
 
 BENZOIN. 
 Fr., Ben join ; Ger., Benzoe ; Ital., Benzoino ; Span., Benjui. 
 
 A balsamic Resin, obtained from Siyrax Benzoin, Dryand. Known 
 in commerce as Sumatra Benzoin. 
 
 Both Siain and Sumatra Benzoin were specifically mentioned in B.P. 
 1898, but now only the Sumatra is official. 
 
 Benzoin was formerly required to be ' almost entirely soluble in Alcohol,' 
 it is now allowed to have as much as 15 p.c. insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Expectorant, styptic, antiseptic, used in 
 making aromatic fumigating pastilles. The compound tincture is 
 given internally for chronic bronchitis ; the vapour or spray is used 
 in chronic laryngeal and bronchial catarrh to check abimdant 
 secretion and cough ; lint soaked in the compound tincture forms a 
 styptic and antiseptic dressing for wounds. 
 
 In pruritus ani the action of the compound Tincture is little short of 
 marvellous. It may be used twice or thrice daily. — B.M.J. '14, i. 966. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — // given in the form of mixture the Tincture 
 should be emulsified with Mucilage oj Gum Acacia, or yolk oj Egg. A nice 
 lotion to protect the Jace from the heat of the sun is made with Tincture of Benzoin 
 1, Glyceriyi 1, Borax \, Rose Water to mahe 40. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctura Benzoini Composita. 
 
 Not Official. — Tinctura Benzoini, Insufflatio Benzoini, Unguentum Ben- 
 zoini, Vapor Benzoini. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger. (Benzoe), Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port., Russ., Mex., and Span., Swed., 
 Swiss and U-S. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BEN 295 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Several varieties of Benzoin are met with 
 in commerce known respectively as Siam, Saigon, Sumatra, Penang 
 and Palembang. The last three kinds are produced in difierent 
 districts of Sumatra, probably by different trees. Of each kind 
 several grades occur, varying in freedom from foreign matter and in 
 their appearance. Siam Benzoin is the product of Styrax Tonliinense, 
 Craib ; it almost always occurs in more or less distinct tears, or when 
 agglomerated into masses they leave interstices and the masses have 
 a translucent or varnished surface, due to the use by the Tonkinese 
 of hog's marrow to preserve the odour. The odour of Siam Benzoin 
 recalls that of Vanilla. The tears may vary in size from that of small 
 shot to an inch or two (25 to 50 mm.) in length and breadth and | inch 
 (12*5 mm.) in thickness, the tears being usually flattened and of a 
 pale brown externally but milky-white internally. It is remarkably 
 free from impurity and rich in Benzoic Acid, and contains Vanillin 
 but no Cinnamic Acid. Sumatra Benzoin occurs in solid masses, 
 presenting irregular white tears immersed in a dull greyish-brown 
 resin, and does not exhibit the translucent varnished appearance of 
 the Siam lump Benzoin. It has a characteristic odour resembling 
 Storax rather than Vanilla. It contains Cinnamic as well as Benzoic 
 Acid. It is chiefly produced in Sumatra. Penang Benzoin resembles 
 that of Sumatra, but has a much more pronounced Storax or Hyacinth 
 odour. It is probably produced in W. Sumatra from Styrax subdenti- 
 culatum, Miq., and comes via Penang. It is rarely met with in the form 
 of tears. Saigon Benzoin, imported from Cochin China, resembles 
 that of Sumatra in appearance ; the surface is dull, not varnished 
 like that of Siam Benzoin, but has a faint Vanilla odour and does 
 not contain Cinnamic Acid. Palembang Benzoin is distinguished 
 by almost entire absence of white tears and a varnished, not dull, 
 appearance as in Sumatra Benzoin ; it has but little odour. It is 
 produced in the East of Sumatra, probably from a distinct species, as 
 it does not contain Cinnamic Acid. 
 
 Unfortunately the commercial Benzoin which has a Storax odour 
 is sometimes sold under the name of Penang, and sometimes sold 
 under that of Sumatra Benzoin, so that one is often mistaken for the 
 other. Cinnamic Acid is present in Sumatra Benzoin and the Storax- 
 smelling Benzoin, but absent in Siam, Saigon, and Palembang 
 Benzoins, according to E. Wightman Bell, who states that Siam is the 
 richest in Benzoic Acid, yielding 30 to 37 p.c. 
 
 Tests. — Benzoin is distinguished by its physical characters and the 
 agreeable aromatic odour resembling Storax which it emits. It readily 
 softens when warmed, and when strongly heated it evolves disagreeable 
 irritating vapours. When warmed with a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 filtered, it yields a filtrate which, when diluted with Water, assumes a 
 milky appearance, and which reddens blue Litmus paper. A crystalline 
 residue is obtained when 1 part of Benzoin is warmed with 10 parts 
 of Carbon Bisulphide, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated at a low 
 temperature. A characteristic odour resembling essential Oil of Bitter 
 Almonds is developed when a small quantity of finely powdered 
 
296 BEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Benzoin is warmed with Potassimu Periuanganate Solution or with a 
 few crystals of Potassium Permanganate and some Distilled Water. 
 This test serves to distinguish Sumatra Benzoin from the Siam variety. 
 The Acid and Saponification Values afford useful data for judging 
 its (luality, but no mention of these values is made in either the B.P., 
 U.S. P., or P.G. Sumatra Benzoin has an Acid Value of 120 to 
 140, and a Saponification Value of 180 to 220. A fine commercial 
 sample of Sumatra Benzoin, leaving 1*4: p.c. insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), had an Acid Value of 132 "2, and a Saponification Value of 
 181 "S. Sumatra Benzoin left 0'68 p.c. of ash. A determination of 
 the percentage of Balsamic Acids has been suggested {Y.B.P. '14, 357) 
 as a means for the valuation of Benzoin. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants are inferior grades of Resin, 
 Colophony, Storax, Turpentine, and mineral matter. It is ofiicially 
 required to contain not more than 15 p.c. of matter insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), which excludes inferior varieties of Benzoin. This deter- 
 mination should be made on the matter insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and not by weighing the residue soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). The 
 Benzoin should be completely extracted with boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and the residue washed on the filter with hot Alcohol (90 p.c), dried 
 and weighed. Colophony increases the Acid Value and decreases 
 the Ester Value, Styrax decreases the Acid Value, whilst Turpentine 
 lowers both the Ester and Saponification Values. Colophony may also 
 be detected by the test with an aqueous 1 in 1000 Copper Acetate 
 Solution. The U.S. P. includes both Siam and Sumatra Benzoin, 
 requiring that they shall be almost wholly soluble in 5 parts of warm 
 Alcohol (94 '9 p.c), and that they shall on incineration yield not more 
 than 2 p.c. of ash ; the P.G. only includes Siam Benzoin, and requires 
 that it shall contain at the highest 5 p.c. of residue insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), and shall not leave more than 2 p.c of ash on ignition. The 
 B.P. requires the ash not to exceed 5 p.c, which affords a limit of 
 mineral matter. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture of 
 Benzoin. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Friar's Balsam. N.O.Syn. — Trauivl\tic Balsam. 
 Benzoin, 10 ; Prepared Storax, 7 '5 ; Balsam of Tolu, 2-5 ; Aloes, 2 ; 
 macerated with Alcohol (90 p.c), to yield 100. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— A to 1 fl. dim. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Teinture Balsamique), 
 Angelica Root, 10; Flower tops of St. John's Wort, 20; Alcohol (80 p.c), 
 720 ; macerate for 8 days, press and add Aloes, 10 ; Myrrh, 10 ; Olibanum, 
 10 ; Balsam of Tolu, 10 ; Benzoin, 10 ; macerate for 8 days, shake from 
 time to time, filter ; all by weight ; U.S., Benzoin. 10 ; Aloes, 2 ; Storax, 
 8 ; Balsam of Tolu, 4 ; Alcohol (95 p.c.) to make 100. Also official in Mex., 
 Port, and Swed. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Benzoin has a specific gravity of 
 about 0*886 ; it contains about 18 p.c w/v of total solids, and about 
 7G p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BER 297 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 TINCTURA BENZOINI. — 1 of Benzoin in powder, macerated with 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) q.s. to yield 10. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 
 in 5 ; all by weight, except U.S. Swiss includes also Tinct. Benzoes^^therea 1 
 in 5. The Austr. and Belg. Ph. require the tincture to yield at least 18 p.c. 
 of dry residue ; the Dutch and Norw. not less than 15 p.c. 
 
 INSUFFLATIO BENZOINI ( FiVicr).— Tincture of Benzoin, 1: Boric 
 Acid, 1 ; Starch Powder, 1. Mix, and let the Alcohol evaporate. Used as 
 a snuS in coryza. 
 
 UNGUENTUM BENZOINI.— Benzoin, in fine powder, 1 ; Adeps, 4. 
 
 VAPOR BENZOINI. — Compound Tincture of Benzoin, 60 minims in a pint 
 of Water at 140° F. (60° C.) for each inhalation. 
 For bronchitis and laryngitis. 
 
 BERBERIS. 
 
 BERBERIS. 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried stem of Berbcris aristata, DC, is now Ofl&cial in B.P. 1914. 
 It appeared in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern 
 Colonies. 
 
 It contains the alkaloids, Berberine C„oH,;NOj, eq. 335-146, and Oxy- 
 acanthine C,9H„,N03, eq. 311-178. 
 
 The berries are Official in Fr. 
 
 Under the title Berberis the Rhizome and roots of Berberis Aquijolium, 
 Pursh., and other species of Berberis, are Official in the U.S. P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A bitter tonic; used with success in 
 intermittent fevers ; also used in India as a local application in affections 
 of the eye. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctiira Berberidis. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractum Berberidis, Berberinas Phosphas. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried stem of Berberis aristata, DC, 
 comes into commerce in this country in different forms, entire, or in 
 shavings, or incised. The B.P. describes it as occurring in undulatory 
 pieces 2| to 5 cm. in diameter. The description is not so complete as 
 the one given by Dr. W. Dymock (Mat. Med. W. India, 2nd Ed., p. 36), 
 who describes it as follows : — " In pieces 1 to 2 in. (2i to 5 cm.) in 
 diameter covered by a soft, corky, bright brown (orange brown, B.P.) 
 bark, beneath this is a hard layer of stony cells forming a complete 
 coating to the stem ; this layer is marked by longitudinal furrows 
 corresponding to the medullary rays, which are very prominent and 
 close-grained, and contain many stony cells ; between the rays are 
 wedge-shaped portions of wood, supplied with large fenestrated vessels, 
 and external to each wedge-shaped portion is situated a peculiar band 
 of a pale yellow colour, which lies in contact with the stony envelope ; 
 there is a small close-grained central column, consisting of cells con- 
 
298 BET [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 taining starch; all parts of the wood are impregnated with yellow 
 coloiiring matter soluble in Water." The above detailed description 
 should serve to distinguish it from the root of Berberis Aquifolium and 
 other species of Berberis in commerce, especially when the drug is 
 imported in the form of shavings, for which the B.P. description would 
 hardly suffice. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA BERBERIDIS. Tincture of Berberis. (New.) 
 
 Berberis in No. 60 powder, 1 ; percolated with Alcohol (60 p.c.), to 
 yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1 • 8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 Fluidextractum Berberidis (U.S.), 1 in 1 made with Alcohol (49 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 2 c.c. (30 minims). 
 
 BERBERIN>E PHOSPHAS. — This is the most soluble salt of Berberine. 
 Soluble 1 in 15 of Water ; 1 in 9 of hot Water, but part separates out on stand- 
 ing ; it is also tlirown down as a yellow precipitate by excess of Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0"06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 BETEL. 
 
 BETEL. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Leaves of Piper Betle, L., are now Official in B.P. 1914, 
 and appeared in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern 
 Colonies ; largely employed in India as a masticatory in conjunction 
 with Lime and the nut of Areca Catechu, L. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Betel leaves are about 5 inches long (12|c.m.) 
 (15 cm. P.B.) and 2^ to 3 inches (62 to 75 mm.) wide, broadly ovate, 
 acuminate, obliquely cordate at the base, with 5 to 7 principal ascend- 
 ing veins, coriaceous and glossy on the upper surface when fresh, but 
 as met with in commerce thinner and brittle and scarcely glossy. 
 Taste warm, bitter and aromatic due to a brown oleoresin contained 
 in cells of the mesophyil. 
 
 Not Official. 
 BETULiE ALB^ OLEUM. 
 
 BIRCH TAR OIL. 
 
 Syn. — OLEUM Rusci. 
 
 A bituminous liquid obtained by destructive distillation of the Wood of 
 Betula alba, L., produced in Russia. 
 
 Principally employed as an application in psoriasis and dry eczema, also 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BIS 299 
 
 in rheumatism and gout. Was at one time given also internally, in doses of 
 3 to 8 grains = 0-2 to 0-52 gramme, in pill. 
 
 Official in Austr., Jap. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Birch Tar Oil has a specific gravity of from • 926 to • 945. When 
 shaken with Water and filtered it yields a clear colourless filtrate possessing 
 an acid reaction, which yields a green coloration on the addition of Diluted 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. Figures for a crude oil are given, P.J. '10, ii. 5, 
 and show specific gravity 0"944; Ether-soluble non-saponifiable bodies, 75-7 p. c; 
 Ether-soluble saponifiable Resin Acids, 9 • 3 p.c. ; insoluble and volatile matter, 
 15"0p.c. No red colour should be produced on the addition of Aniline 
 Solution in Hydrochloric or Acetic Acid, indicating the absence of Furfural. 
 A pale yellow colour only is imparted to Benzene when shaken with the oil, 
 and the solution should not assume a greenish colour when shaken with an 
 aqueous solution of Copper Acetate, indicating the absence of Fir Tar. 
 
 Oleum Betvilinum Rectificatum. — ^A light-brown Oil, obtained by the 
 steam distillation of Birch Tar Oil. 
 
 The active constituents of the Rectified Oil are probably Guaiacol and 
 Cresol. 
 
 Solubility. — ^Almost insoluble in Water ; soluble in all i^roportions of 
 Alcohol, Chloroform or Ether. 
 Official in Dutch. 
 
 TINCTURA RUSCI (ffeftra).— Birch Tar Oil, 25 ; Oils of Lavender, Rue 
 and Rosemary, of each 1 ; Ether, 36 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 36. 
 
 Official in Austr., Lavender Oil, 1 ; Rosemary Oil, I ; Birch Tar Oil, 26 ; 
 Ether, 36 ; Alcohol, 36. 
 
 UNGUENTUM OLEI BETUL/E.— Birch Tar Oil, 5 fl. drm. ; Yellow 
 Beeswaji, 120 gi-ains; melt the Beeswax, add the Oil, and stir till cold. 
 The use of this in eczema demands care. 
 
 UNGUENTUM BETUL/E COMPOSITUM (5^ (?eorgre'«).— Oil of Cade, 
 10; Resorcin, 1 ; Ichthyol, 1 ; Birch Tar Oil, 1; Lard, 30. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BISMUTHUM. 
 
 Bi, eq. 208-0. 
 
 Fr., Bismuth Purifie ; Ger., Wismut ; Ital., Bismuto 
 Span., Bismuto. 
 
 Bismuth in its crude state is generally impure ; the official salts, however, 
 are required to give no reaction with a special test for Selenium and Tellurium. 
 Official in Mex. (Bismuto), Port., Span, and Swiss. 
 
 Official Bismuth Salts. — Bismuthi Carbonas, Bismuthi Salicylas, and 
 Bismuthi Subnitras. 
 
 Not OflBcial. — Bismone (Colloidal Bismuth Oxide), Bismuthuna 
 Purificatum, Bismuthi Benzoas, Bismuthi Betanaphtholas (Orphol), Bis- 
 muthi et Cerii Salicylas, Bismuthi Citras, Bismutlii et Ammonii Citras, 
 Bismuthi et Cinchonidinse lodidum (Erythrol), Bismuthi Di-thio-Salicylas 
 (Thioform), Bismuthi lodoresorcin Sulphonas (Anusol), Bismutlii Methyl- 
 enedigallas (Bismal), Bismuthi Nitras, Bismuthi Oleas, Bismuthi Oxy- 
 chloridum (Pearl white), Bismuthi Oxyiodogallas (Airol), Bismuthi 
 Phenolas, Bismuthi Phosphas, Bismutlii QuinoUni Sulphocyanidum (Cruri n), 
 Bismuthi Sulphis, Bismuthi Subgallas (Dermatol), Bismuthi Subiodidura, 
 and Bisnauthi Tribromophenolas, Bismutlii Tannas, Bismuthi Tartras 
 SolubiUs. 
 
800 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvire,] 
 
 BISMUTHI CARBONAS. 
 
 BISMUTH OXYCARBONATE. 
 
 Syn. — Bismuth Subcarbonate. 
 (Bi.OoCOy),, HoO, eq. 1034-016. 
 
 Fr., Souscarbonate de Bismuth; Ger., Wismutsubcarbonat ; Ital., 
 BisMUTO Cabbonato ; Span., Carbonato de Bismutho. 
 
 A white or almost white, odouiless and tasteless amorphous powder, 
 which varies much in density ; the lighter variety is most suited for 
 dispensing, being more easily suspended. 
 
 It may be prepared from the Nitrate by precipitation with Ammonium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble with effervescence in Nitric Acid; insoluble 
 in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to the Subnitrate, and often 
 preferred to it. 
 
 The Carbonate is most generally useful as a gastric sedative ; the Sub- 
 nitrate is the most effective as an intestinal antiseptic, the Salicylate being 
 weaker and the Carbonate inert for this purpose. 
 
 Dr. A. C. Jordon has contributed to the April number of the Practitioner 
 a paper dealing with the radiographic demonstration of this obstruction of 
 the lower end of the small intestine, to which American surgeons have given 
 the nanae of ' Lane's ileal kink.' He used 5 oz. to G oz. doses of pure Bismuth 
 Carbonate, and, after an experience of over a hundred cases, affirms that this 
 amount, which offers a far better opportunity of detecting abnormalities in 
 the region of the ileum than could be obtained with the customary 2 oz. 
 doses, may be given to adult patients without hesitation. — B.M.J. '11, i. 949. 
 
 For radiography the following formula is said to produce a liquid which 
 is homogeneous and gives no sediment :— Bismuth Carb., 120 grains ; Gum 
 Arabic, 20 grains ; Gum Tragacanth, 6 grains ; Syr. Simp., 150 c.c. ; Water, 
 350 c.c. ; to aromatise the mixture Orange Water is used ; patient can 
 absorb about 550 c.c. and a uniformly opaque stomachal shadow is given 
 on the screen. — B.M.J.E. '13, i. 42. 
 
 Less economical than Barium Sulphate which, however, must be free of 
 the soluble and very poisonous Barium Salts. — L. '15, ii. 187. 
 
 Thorium Oxide, being very heavy, gives an even better shadow in X-ray 
 work than Bismuth, and, owing to its whiteness and freedom from taste 
 and smell, can be given to the most sensitive patients ; it undergoes no 
 change in the intestine. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 94. 
 
 Zirconium Oxide, also named Kontrastin ; recommended in radiological 
 examinations as superior to Barium Sulph., though perhaps not to Bismuth 
 Carb. ; it is free of earthy taste, its opacity is rather greater than that of 
 Bismuth, its use has not resulted in any mishap. — B.M.J.E. '11, ii. 81. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to 1*3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Suspended in mixture by ComjMund Tragacanth 
 Powder. 
 
 Mucilage of Gum Acacia is not a good vehicle for Bismuth salts. On standing, 
 
 compact mass forms at the bottom of the bottle, which is difficult to disuse. 
 
 When Sodium Bicarbonate is to be given with a Bismuth salt, the Carbonate 
 should be selected. 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] BIS 301 
 
 i' he following prescription is a good one for pyrosis : — Bisynuthi Carbonatis, 
 2 dnn. ; Magnes. Carb. Levis, 1 drm. ; Pulv. Tragac. Comp., 1 drm. ; Aq. 
 Flor. Aurant., Qlycerini, of each 2fi. drm. ; Aquce Chloroformi, l^fl. oz. ; 
 Aquam ad Gfl. oz. 3 to 4: teaspoonfuls three times a day after meals. 
 
 Official Preparation.— Trocliiscus Bismuthi Compositus. 
 
 Wot Official.— Glycerinum Bismuthi Carbonatis, Mistiira Bismutlii, 
 Mistiira Bismuthi cum Soda, PastiHus Bismuthi, Pastilhis Bismutlii et 
 Morphina?, Bismutlii Oxidum, Bismuthi Oxidum Hydi-atum, Cremor Bismuthi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Dutch, Jap., Mex. (Carboiiato 
 de Bismuto), Port., Span, and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Oxycarbonate dissolves with effervescence in 
 Hydrochloric Acid, yielding a solution fi'om which : (1) Hydrogen 
 Sulphide throws down a brownish-black precipitate, insoluble in Am- 
 monium Hydrosulphide Solution, in Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, and in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, but soluble in hot Nitric 
 Acid ; (2) except in the presence of Citric Acid or Citrates, Ammonium, 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution throws down a white pre- 
 cipitate insoluble in excess ; (3) the copious dilution with Water of a 
 strong solution of the salt in a sufficiency of mineral acid results in 
 the formation of a white precipitate ; in the case of the solution 
 in Nitric Acid if no precipitation results on dilution, the addition 
 of Ammonium or Sodium Chloride Solution brings about immediate 
 precipitation, the presence of Tartaric Acid not affecting the precipita- 
 tion ; (4) the addition of Potassium Chromate Solution causes a yellow 
 precipitate insoluble in Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 soluble in dilute Nitric Acid. When treated with Hydrochloric Acid 
 it effervesces briskly, evolving a gas which, passed through Calcium 
 Hydroxide Solution, affords a white precipitate. Bismuth Oxycarbonate 
 is officially required to indicate from 99*2 to 101"3p.c. of Bismuth 
 Oxycarbonate, of the official formula, as gravimetrically determined by 
 strongly heating the Oxycarbonate until completely converted into 
 Bismuth Oxide, of which it shall yield from 89 to 91 p.c. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall yield not less than 90 p.c. of pure 
 Bismuth Oxide, corresponding to 100 p.c. of Bismuth Subcarbonate, as 
 determined by thoroughly igniting 1 gramme of Bismuth Subcarbonate 
 at a red heat in a porcelain crucible ; the residue should weigh not 
 less than 0*9 gramme. .-, 
 
 Bismuth Carbonate is not official in the P.G. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Silver and Zinc, Chlorides, Nitrates, 
 Sulphates, Selenium, Tellurium, and alkaline Carbonates. The B.P. 
 includes tests for Axsenic, Calcium, Copper, Lead, Silver, Selenium, 
 Tellurium, Chlorides, Sulphates, and also a limit of Nitrate and 
 alkaline Carbonates, grouping most of these impurities under the 
 usual heading of ' it shoiild yield no characteristic reaction for,' etc. 
 The limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 795) 
 is now officially fixed, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, using for the determination the diluted 
 distillate of 18 ml. obtained by distilling this quantity of liquid from 
 a solution prepared by dissolving 5 grammes of Bismuth Oxycarbonate 
 
302 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 in a mixture of 5 ml. of Distilled Water, and 20 ml. of Brominated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- Test reagent, using a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent to remove any excess of Bromine. The 
 18 ml. of distillate is diluted with 40 ml. of Distilled Water and 3 drops 
 of Stannous Chloride Arsenic- Test reagent added. The U.S. P. employs 
 the Bettendorf's test for Arsenic, employing 2 grammes of the salt, 
 and requiring that it should not respond to this test. If the Bismuth 
 be completely removed from a solution obtained by dissolving the Oxy- 
 carbonate in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, by the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, the filtrate, when mixed with an excess of Ammonia Solution, 
 should yield no material darkening in colour and no turbidity or white 
 precipitate, indicating the absence of Iron and Zinc. When 3 grammes 
 of the salt are dissolved in just sufficient warm Nitric Acid to effect 
 solution, and this solution be then poured into 100 c.c, of Water, 
 filtered, the filtrate evaporated on a water-bath to 30 c.c, and again 
 filtered ; portions each of 5 c.c. of this filtrate should not yield a blue 
 supernatant fluid on the addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution 
 when the precipitate is allovv^ed to settle, indicating the absence of 
 Copper ; should not become cloudy when mixed with an equal volume 
 of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Lead ; should 
 not yield a precipitate on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Silver, nor yield a turbidity on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. If 1 gramme 
 of the salt be dissolved in 10 c.c. of a mixture of equal parts of Acetic 
 Acid and Water, and the Bismuth be completely removed by Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, the filtrate from the Sulphide precipitate should yield no 
 residue on evaporation, indicating the absence of metals of the alkalis 
 and alkaline earths, e.g., Calciiun, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. 
 The B.P. requires that not more than 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetiic 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution shall be required to neutralise the aqueous 
 solution obtained on exhausting 5 grammes of Bismuth Oxycarbonate 
 with boiling Distilled Water, indicating a limit of alkaline Carbonates. 
 The commercial Oxycarbonate invariably contains more than a trace 
 of Nitrate {P.J. (3) xiii. 936 ; (3) xviii. 721, 780), but it can be obtained 
 in commerce free from Nitrate {CD. '98, i. 837). The B.P. now adopts 
 a limit of Nitrates, employing the Phenol-Disulphonic Acid Test, as 
 recommended {Y.B.P. '12, 510), requiring that the colour of the 
 filtrate obtained by treating 2 centigrammes of the Bismuth Oxy- 
 carbonate with 5 drops of the reagent during 5 minutes, adding 10 ml. 
 of Ammonia Solution, filtering, washing until the filtrate measures 
 100 ml., should not be deeper than the colour obtained on similarly 
 treating 0-00013 gramme of Potassium Nitrate. The U.S. P. employs 
 the Ferrous Sulphate and Sulphuric Acid test, requiring that no 
 brownish-red zone should form at the line of contact of the two fluids, 
 when 0-05 gramme of Bismuth Subcarbonate is agitated with 5 c.c. of 
 a mixture of equal parts of Water and Ferrous Sulphate Test-Solution 
 and the mixture is then poured cautiously over the surface of 5 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid, indicating a limit of Nitrates. When dissolved in 
 Diluted Nitric Acid it should yield no turbidity or precipitate on 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BIS 303 
 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Chlorides. 
 
 The U.S. P. includes a special test for the limit of Chloride, requiring 
 that if a solution of 0*3 gramme of Bismuth Subcarbonate in lOc.c. of 
 Diluted Nitric Acid be treated with 0" 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, and filtered, the clear filtrate shovdd remain 
 unaffected by the further addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution. When boiled with Potassium Hydi'oxide Solution, 
 Bismuth Subcarbonate shoiild not evolve the characteristic odour of 
 Ammonia, nor should the issuing gas turn moistened red Litmus paper 
 blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. When testing for 
 Selenium and Tellurium the B.P. removes the major portion of the 
 Bismuth as an oxy-salt by the addition of Sodium or Ammonium 
 Chloride Solution to the Nitric Acid Solution of the salt, and adds 
 an excess of Sodium Sulphite to the filtrate ; no precipitate or coloration 
 should be given after 12 hours, indicating the absence of Selenium and 
 Tellurium. A delicate test for Tellurium given {CD. '97, i. C31) is to 
 dissolve without heat 10 grains of Bismuth salt in 60 minims of strong 
 Hydrochloric Acid mixed Avitli 60 minims of Water ; add 10 grains 
 of Sodium Hj^pophosphite ; an evolution of Nitrous fumes will take 
 place in the case of Subnitrate, and of Carbonic Anhydride only, if it 
 be Carbonate, but no development of colour or precipitation if the 
 Bismuth salt be pure. If Tellurium be present in very small proportion 
 a black precipitate will form, and if Arsenic be the impurity the 
 precipitate will be brown. The U.S. P. does not include special tests 
 for freedom from Selenium and Tellurium. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TROCHISCUS BISMUTHI COMPOSITUS. Compound Bismuth 
 Lozenge. (Altered.) 
 
 0*15 gramme of Bismuth Oxycarbonate, 0'15 gramme Heavy 
 Magnesium Carbonate, and • 3 gramme Precipitated Calcium Carbonate 
 in each, with Eose basis. 
 
 Approximately, 2|, 2^, and 4| grains. In B.P. 1898 it was 2, 2, and 4. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 A modification, known as the Gastric Antacid Lozenge, was recom- 
 iiiended by the late Sir W. Roberts ; the Bismuth is omitted and Sodium 
 Cliloride added. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., Ih grain of subnitrate in 
 each. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GLYCERINUM BISMUTHI CARBONATIS {St. Thomas's).— Bismuth 
 Oxynitrate, 2820 grains ; Water, 3 fl. oz. ; Nitric Acid, 4-| fl. oz. Dissolve 
 the Bismuth Oxynitrate in the mixture of Water and Nitric Acid and pour 
 into a Solution of Ammonium Carbonate 5| oz. in Water 30 fl. oz., wash 
 the precipitate by decantation, drain, and mix the residue with Glycerin, 
 q.s. to make 10 fl. oz. This preparation contains 1 grain of Bismuth 
 Oxycarbonate in 2 minims. 
 
304 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 MISTURA BISMUTHI. — Glycerin of Bismuth Carbonate, 30 minima ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomases. 
 
 Bismuth Carbonate, 15 grains ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 10 grains ; Com- 
 pound Powder of Tragacanth, 10 grains ; Spirit of Cliloroform, 10 minims ; 
 Peppermint Water to 1 oz. — King^s. 
 
 MISTURA BISMUTHI CUM SODA {St. Thomas's).— m&nxnih. Oxy- 
 carbonate, 15 grains; Sodium Bicarbonate, 10 grains; Tragacanth, in 
 powder, 1 grain ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. This mixtiure may bo made without 
 Tragacanth, but the Bismuth Oxycarbonate subsides more quickly. 
 
 PASTILLUS BISMUTHI (T/iroaO-— Carbonate of Bismvith, 3 grains; 
 Glycerin, 3 minims. Rub together and add the mixture to the melted Glyco- 
 gelatin, 18 grains. 
 
 PASTILLUS BISMUTHI ET MORPHIN/flE (T/troa/). — Carbonate of 
 Bismuth, 3 grains ; Acetate of Morphine, ^^ grain ; Glycerin, 3 minims ; 
 Glycogelatin, 18 grains. 
 
 BISMUTHI OXIDUM. Bismuth Oxide (Bi^O^, eq. 4G4-0).— A pale 
 yellowish-white, amorphous powder, insoluble in Water ; soluble in Nitric 
 Acid mixed with half its volume of Water. It may be prepared by the inter- 
 action of Bismuth Oxynitrate and Sodium Hydroxide Solution at a boiling 
 heat. 
 
 It was Official in B.P. 1898, but is not in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = • 32 to 1 • 3 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Oxide should answer the tests distinctive of Bismuth 
 given under the Oxycarbonate. It should contain about 99* 7 p.c. of Bismuth 
 Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occui'ring impm-ities are such as are found also in the 
 Oxiycarbonate and are there discussed. In addition it may contain Bismuth 
 (Oxycarbonate or the Oxynitrate, or moisture, in which case there will be an 
 appreciable loss of weight when a weighed quantity is heated to incipient 
 redness. 
 
 BISMUTHI OXIDUM HYDRATUM.— A white amorphous powder, 
 soluble in an excess of Hydrochloric Acid and precipitated again on the 
 addition of Water as Oxychloride. It mixes readily with Water to form a 
 cream. 
 
 Official in Fr. and Span. 
 
 CREMOR BISMUTHI.— Hydrated Bismuth Oxide, 1 ; Water, 4. Rub 
 together till smooth. 
 
 Under the name 'Intestin' a mixture containing Bismuth Oxide, 
 Benzoic Acid and Naphthalene has been introduced. 
 
 BISMUTHI SALICYLAS. 
 
 BISMUTH SALICYLATE. 
 
 BiOC^HsOa, eq. 361-04. 
 
 Fe., Salicylate Basique de Bismuth ; Geb., Basisches Wismutsalicylat ; 
 Ital., Salicilato Basico di Bismuto ; Span., Salicilato Bismutico 
 Basico. 
 
 A white, or nearly wHte, odourless powder. It should contain 
 62 to 65 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Bismuth Hydroxide and 
 Salicylic Acid. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] BIS 305 
 
 Solubility.— Insoluble in Water and Alcohol (90 p.c.)- 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given with success in gastro-intestinal 
 affections, particularly the summer diarrhoea of children; as an 
 intestinal antiseptic it is less efficient than the subnitrate. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to 1'3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in cachets, or in a mixtvii'o suspended toifh 
 Mucilage. The salt is dissociated by contact with Water, and ij an alkaline 
 Carbonate be present the mixture effervesces ; in such cases it is better to prescribe 
 Bismuth Carbonate and Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 Not Ofl&cial. — Bismuthi Cerii Salicylas, Cholora Mixture. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Ger., Ital., Jap. and 
 Swiss, 63 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide ; Dan. and Swed., GO p.c. ; Dutch, 60 to 
 6,5 p.c. ; Fr. and Mex., 61 p.c. ; Hung., 60 to 64 p.c. ; Norw., 62 p.c. ; Russ., 
 60 p.c. ; Span., no p.c. given ; U.S., 62 to 66 p.c. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Salicylate, when treated with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and the Salicylic Acid separated, gives a filtrate which yields 
 the distinctive tests for Bismuth mentioned under Bismuthi Carbonas. 
 It gives a violet coloration when shaken with diluted Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution. The salt undergoes dissociation rapidly and even 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) causes the liberation of a certain amount of free 
 Salicylic Acid. It is officially required to yield from 62 to 65 p.c. 
 of Bismuth Oxide, corresponding to 96*5 to 101*1 p.c. of Bismuth 
 Salicylate of the Official formula, as gravimetrically determined by 
 strongly igniting the salt and weighing the residue. The U.S. P. 
 requires it to yield not less than 62 p.c. nor more than 66 p.c. of 
 Bismuth Oxide, when ignited as described in the small type below 
 imder the heading of Gravimetric Determination. The P.G. requires 
 it to leave not less than 63 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide when the salt 
 is calcined as described in the same paragraph ; corresponding to 
 at least 56* 4 p.c. of Bismuth or not less than 98 p.c. of Bismuth 
 Salicylate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Silver and Zinc ; Selenium and 
 Tellurium, Chlorides, Nitrates, Sulphates, and free Salicylic Acid. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, using for 
 the test a solution obtained by adding 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water, and 
 3 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent to 20 ml. of distillate 
 obtained from a liquid prepared by dissolving the residue left' after 
 first drying and then gently igniting a mixture of 5 grammes of 
 Bismuth Salicylate, 1 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test 
 reagent, and 5 ml. of Distilled Water, in a mixture of 20 ml. of 
 Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, and 10 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, subsequently removing the excess of Bromine by a 
 sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent, and distilling. 
 
 The U.S. P. employs the Bettendorf's test for Arsenic, requiring 
 that the residue resulting from the ignition of Bismuth Salicylate, 
 and subsequent treatment of 2 grammes of the salt, should not respond 
 
306 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 to this special test for Arsenic, The P.G. requires that a mixture of 
 1 gramme of Bismuth Salicylate and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution 
 should not assume any dark coloration within one hour, indicating 
 the absence of Ai'senic compounds. 
 
 The detection of the majority of these impurities is referred to 
 under Bismuthi Carbonas ; in carr3ang out the tests for them the 
 Bismuth Oxide left on the ignition of the Salicylate should be dissolved 
 in Nitric Acid, and the major portion of the Bismuth removed as 
 an oxy-salt. With regard to the detection of free Salicylic Acid the 
 methods adopted vary. The B.P. formerly employed Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 as a solvent, it now employs Ether, requiring that the residue left on 
 shaking 5 grammes of Bismuth Salicylate with 50 ml. of Ether, filtering 
 and evaporating to dryness, should not amount to more than 0*005 
 gramme, indicating a limit of free Salicylic Acid, but gives no test for 
 ensuring that the residue left is free Salicylic Acid. The test as given in 
 the B.P. is stated {P.J. '15, i. 420) to be almost useless. If no pre- 
 cautions are taken with regard to the temperature used, much more 
 than 5 milligrammes of Salicylic Acid may be lost in the evaporation 
 of 50 ml. of Ether and subsequent drying, and so varying results may 
 be obtained by different analysts. The Salicylic Acid should have been 
 shaken out of the Ether with a little Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution and then determined colorimetrically. Chloro- 
 form is a more appropriate solvent and the U.S. P. test is carried 
 out with this menstruum ; 1 gramme of the salt being shaken with 
 5 c.c. of Chloroform and the chloroformic solution filtered into an equal 
 volume of Distilled Water containing 3 drops of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, when no violet zone should form at the junction of the two 
 liquids within one minute. The P.G. requires that 0*5 gramme of the 
 salt when shaken with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water shall yield a filtrate 
 which does not immediately redden blue Litmus paper. 
 
 The Salicylic Acid liberated when the salt is treated with an acid, 
 when filtered off, washed free from mineral acid and carefully dried, 
 should possess the melting point and answer the tests characteristic of 
 Salicylic Acid appearing under Acidum Salicylicum and should likewise 
 conform to the tests of purity given for this acid. The B.P. and P.G. 
 formulate no such requirement ; the U.S. P. has carefully noted this. 
 
 The three Pharmacopoeias differ widely in the test they adopt for 
 the detection of Nitrates. The B.P. requires that only very slight 
 red - fumes should be liberated when Bismuth Salicylate is warmed 
 with Sulphuric Acid and Copper, indicating a limit of Nitrates. The 
 U.S. P. requires that if 0'05 gramme of Bismuth Subsalicylate be 
 triturated with 0"1 gramme of Sodium Salicylate and 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, and carefully poured, without mixing, over 5 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid (free from nitrous compounds) contained in a 
 test-tube, no pink or brownish-red zone should form immediately, 
 indicating a limit of Nitrates ; the P.G. requires that a mixture 
 of 0'5 gramme of Bismuth Salicylate with a mixture of 0'5 
 gramme each of Zinc filings and powdered Iron when heated in 
 a test-tube with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui-e.] BIS 307 
 
 should evolve no odour of Ammonia, indicating a limit of Nitrates. 
 Tiie most delicate is that of the U.S. P. 
 
 Gravimetric Determination. — 0-5 gramme of basic Bismuth Salicylate 
 is carefully ashed in a porcelain crucible. The residue is dissolved in a little 
 Nitric Acid, the solution evaporated to dryness, and the dried residue ignited ; 
 it should leave at least 0-315 gramme of Bismuth Oxide, corresponding to a 
 minimum content of 56'4p.c. of Bismuth, P.G. ; if 1 gramme of Bismuth 
 Subsalicylate, dried at 120" C. (248° F.), be thoroughly ignited in a porcelain 
 crucible, and, after cooling, 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid be added to the residue, drop 
 by drop, warming until complete solution has been effected, evaporating to 
 dryness, and again igniting, it should leave a residue of Bismuth Oxide, 
 weighing not less than 0-62 gramme nor more than O'GG gramme, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BISMUTHI CERII SALIGYLAS.— A reddish-white powder, insoluble in 
 Water and Alcohol (90 p.c). Recommended iii diarrhoea and dj^sentery. 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0-32 gramme. 
 
 The following mixture was proposed by the Royal College of Physicians 
 for use during the prevalence of cholera in 1892. — L. '92, ii. 682 : — 
 
 Cholera Mixture. — Bismuthi et Cerii Salicylas, 5 grains ; Mist. Greta? 
 Aromat., 1 fi. oz. ; Tinct. Camph. Co., I fl. drm. ; Tinct. Chloroformi Co., 
 20 drops ; Spirit Ammon. Aromat., 20 drops ; Ess. Menth. Pip., 10 drops. 
 
 Should tills mixture disagree, or in 24 hours fail to give relief, tlie following 
 mixture should be substituted and taken in 1 oz. doses every 3 or 4 horn's : — • 
 
 Acid Sulph. Aromat., 15 drops ; Tinct. Camph. Co., I drm. ; Tinct. Chloro- 
 formi Co., 20 drops ; Tinct. Coto, 20 drops ; Syrupi Aurantii Flor., 1 drm. ; 
 Aq. Menth. Pip. ad 1 oz. 
 
 BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS. 
 
 BISMUTH OXYNITRATE. 
 
 BiONOa, H.O, eq. 304-026. 
 
 Fr., Sousnitrate de Bismuth ; Ger., Basisches Wismutnitrat ; Ital., 
 
 SOTTONITR.ITO DI BiSMUTO ; SpAN., NiTRATO (SXJB) BiSMUTICO, 
 
 A heavy, white, odom-iess, crystalline powder, which may be prepared 
 from Bismuth Nitrate by the action of Water. 
 
 Although Mr. David Howard called attention to the inaccuracy of 
 the formula given in B.P. '85, the error is repeated in B.P. 1898, and 
 again in B.P. 1914. The Official formula corresponds to 76-3 p.c. 
 of Bismuth Oxide, and is at variance with the Official test, which 
 requires Bismuth Subnitrate to yield 79 to 82 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Soluble in Hydrochloric and in Nitric Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative and astringent both internally 
 and externally. It is highly useful in pyrosis, all forms of vomiting 
 and irritative dyspepsia; in gastric ulcer, also in diarrhoea from 
 any cause ; usually combined with Soda, Magnesia, Opium, etc. ; 
 Bismuth salts blacken the faeces by the formation of the sulphide. 
 The addition of Bismuth to mixtures for diarrhoea of phthisis is 
 
308 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuie.j 
 
 advantageous. As an intestinal antiseptic, see under Bismuthi 
 Carbonas. 
 
 Externally it is sometimes used as a cosmetic, but is more or less 
 blackened by an impiu-e atmosphere ; as lotion, powder, or ointment 
 in burns, eczema, and other skin diseases when exudation and itching 
 are present ; also as an ingredient of Farrier's Snufi in acute coryza 
 and chronic rhinitis. 
 
 As Bismuth is intended to reach tlie coat of tlie stomach, and not to spread 
 itself over the food, it should always be given when the organ is empty. — • 
 Pr. '09, ii. 440. 
 
 In amoebic dysentery a heaped teaspoonfvil suspended in a tumbler of 
 plain or better, effervescent Water, every 3 hours. — I.M.Q. '15, 344. 
 
 Should be banished from X-ray practice, as the symptoms of poisoning 
 are here so sudden and so severe. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 94. 
 
 Since its extensive vise in radioscopy synaptoms of a.eute poisoning have 
 occurred a certain number of times. To obviate this the Carbonate or 
 Oxychloride should be used.— L. '09, i. 582 ; E.M.J. '11, i. 71. 
 
 Has become popular in form of injection, but several cases of poisoning 
 have been recorded. In such the Bismuth in Subnitrate form must be relin- 
 quished.— L. '09, i. 502. 
 
 Danger of poisoning from its use in (1) burns, (2) sinuses, (3) surgical 
 dressings, (4) the ' Bismuth meal.' — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 94. 
 
 As regards suppru'ative sinuses and empyemata. Bismuth Paste is used 
 for 3 purposes, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic ; to ensiu-e a correct 
 anatomical diagnosis and tracing of the sinus tract to the true focus, the 
 Paste is invaluable, while in the treatment of old chi-onie sinuses and empye- 
 mata its value is iDeyond doubt ; of great use in preventing the formation 
 of sinuses after opening cold abscesses ; the abscess is opened and injected 
 at once with a 10 p.c. Bismuth Paste*, without suturing the opening or 
 using a drain ; the quantity should not exceed 100 grammes, for absorption 
 may take place ; the Paste is not painful and is injected in a warm semi- 
 liquid state ; should poisoning symptoms appear, the Paste should be 
 removed by waslnng out the cavity with warm Olive Oil, which is injected 
 sterile and retained 12 to 24 hours, when it is removed by suction ; scraping 
 out the Paste with a scoop is dangerous, as it may open fresh channels of 
 absorption. — Ann. Surg. '14, i. 145. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0"32 to 1"3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — When prescribed in a mixture it sJimild be 
 suspended ivith Compound Powder oj Tragacanth, 1 drm. in a 6-oz. mixture. 
 See Bismuthi Carbonas. 
 
 As Bismuth Oxynitrate in Water slowly parts with its Nitric Acid, the 
 mixture is always acid, and this somewhat interferes with its suspension, and 
 when p>rescribed with Sodium Bicarbonate it causes a slight but steady evolution 
 o/ Carbonic Acid, which may cause the bottle to burst ; these objections do not 
 apply to the Bismuth Carbonate, which is therefore preferable in mixtures. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — ^Effervescence ensues if prescribed in Water witli Alkaline 
 Bicarbonates. With Potassium Iodide double decomposition slowly ensues. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Liquor Bismuthi et Ammonii Citratis. 
 
 Not Official. — Ferrier's Snuff, Elixir Bismuthi, Glyceritum Bismuthi, 
 Lotio Bismutlii, Mistura Bismutlii Comp., Mistura Bismuthi Composita cum 
 Pepsino, Mistura Bismuthi Composita cum Morphina, Unguentum Bismuthi 
 and Unguentum Bismuthi Oleatis, Bismuthi Benzoas, Bismuthi Citras, 
 Bismutlii et Ammonii Citras, Bismutlii Oleas, Bismuthi Oxychloridum, 
 Bismuth-Phenol, Bismuthi Subgallas, Bismal, Bismuthi Oxyiodogallas, 
 
 * The Paste, wliich is known as Beck's Paste, consists of a mixture of 
 33 p.c. of Bismuth Subnitrate and 06 p.c. of Vaseline. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] BIS 309 
 
 Bisinuthi Beta-Naphtholas, Bismvithi Subiodidum, Bismuthi Tannas, Bis- 
 muthi Taitras Solubilis, Bismuthi Tribromoplienolas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mes., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Oxynitrate dissolves iu Diluted Nitric Acid, yielding 
 a solution which answers the tests characteristic of Bismuth given 
 under Bismuth Carbonate. It has a faint acid reaction to blue Litmiis 
 paper. When heated in a porcelain crucible nitrous vapours are 
 evolved and a white residue of Bismuth Oxide remains ; red fumes 
 are evolved when a little of the salt is warmed with Sulphuric Acid 
 and metallic Copper ; after separation of the Bismiith, the filtrate 
 affords, when mixed with an equal volume of Sulphuric Acid, cooled 
 and poured gently on to the surface of Ferrous Sulphate Solution, a 
 brown ring at the junction of the two fluids. It is officially required 
 to leave 79 to 82 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide when strongly heated, corre- 
 sponding to 103*5 to 107 '4 p.c. of Bismuth Oxynitrate of the Official 
 formula. The U.S. P. requires that it should yield not less than 80 p.c. 
 of pure Bismuth Oxide, corresponding to 104*8 p.c. of Bismuth 
 Oxynitrate. The P.G. requires that basic Bismuth Oxynitrate should 
 leave on ignition 79 to 82 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide, representing a content 
 of 70*8 to 73*5 p.c. of Bismuth. Bismuth Oxynitrate is distinguished 
 from the Carbonate by being soluble without effervescence in Diluted 
 Nitric Acid, from the Oxychloride by dissolving in Acetic Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impmities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Silver, and Zinc ; Chlorides and 
 Sulphates ; Carbonates ; Selenium and Telhuium. With the exception 
 of Carbonates the remarks upon the detection of these impurities 
 appearing under Bismuthi Carbonas are also applicable here. The 
 limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {C.D. '08, i. 795) has 
 now been fixed by the B.P. as a limit of Ai'seuic. It is determined by 
 the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by first heating 5 grammes of the salt in a porcelain 
 crucible with 2 ml. of Sulphuric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent until the 
 evolution of white fumes commences, cooling, adding 5 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, and again heating until white fumes are evolved, dissolving 
 the residue, when cold, in a mixture of 20 ml. of Distilled Water and 
 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, distilling 
 20 ml. of the mixture, oxidising any Sulphurous Acid that may pass 
 over by a sufficiency of Bromine Arsenic-Test reagent, eliminating the 
 excess of Bromine by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent and adding 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water., 
 
 The U.S. P. employs the Bettendorf s test, using the residue of Bismuth 
 Oxide obtained when 2 grammes of the salt are ignited until Nitrous 
 vapours cease to be evolved, cooled and dissolved in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 The P.G. requires that the residue remaining after the ignition of 
 1 gramme of Bismuth Oxynitrate, until no further yellowish-brown 
 vapou^rs are evolved, when dissolved in a little Hydrochloric Acid and 
 mixed with twice its volume of Stannous Chloride Solution, shall yield 
 
310 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 no dark coloration within 1 hour, indicating a limit of Arsenic 
 compounds. When dissolved in warm Diluted Nitric Acid no efierves- 
 cence should occur, indicating the absence of Carbonates ; and no 
 residue should remain insoluble, indicating the absence of foreign salts. 
 The U.S. P. requires that no residue should be left when the salt is 
 dissolved in warm Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of foreign salts. 
 
 Preparation, 
 
 LIQUOR BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRATIS. Solution of 
 Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate. Syn. — Liquor Bismuthi. 
 
 A clear, coloui'less liquid possessing generally a faint odour of 
 Ammonia and a slight metallic taste ; 10 ml. is equal to • 5 gramme 
 of Bismuth Oxide, or 1 fl. drm. to about 2| grains. 
 
 Mix 70 of Bismuth Oxynitrate with 52 of Citric Acid in a mortar, 
 add 20 of Distilled Water and stir occasionally during ^ hour or until 
 a small portion dissolves in Solution of Ammonia. Transfer to a 
 suitable vessel and add 400 of Distilled Water. Allow to settle, pour 
 off the clear liquor and wash by decantation with 3 successive quantities 
 of 400 of Distilled Water. Dissolve the moist precipitate in just 
 sufficient Solution of Ammonia and add Distilled Water to make 1000. 
 
 The mixture of Bismuth Oxynitrate and Citiic Acid with the quantity of 
 Water ordered forms a hardish mass which is not conveniently broken up and 
 diffused. It will be found an advantage to increase the Water to 40 or even 
 60. It is more satisfactory to wash the precipitate on a calico filter as it 
 does not completely settle. 
 
 Dose.-4 to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate Solution should possess a 
 specific gravity of about 1 * 073. It should be faintly alkaline in reaction 
 towards red Litmus paper, and when warmed with an excess of 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution should yield a strong 
 ammoniacal odour. It is officially required to yield not less than 
 5 p.c. w/v of Bismuth Oxide, as gravimetrically determined by first 
 evaporating 10 ml. to dryness and then igniting the residue, which 
 should weigh not less than • 5 gramme. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 FERRIER'S SNUFF. — Bismuth Subnitrate, 6 dim.; Morphine Hydro- 
 chloride, 2 grains ; Gum Acacia, in powder, 2 drm. 
 
 It is described as a speedy and efficacious remedy for a recent cold in 
 the head ; each time the nostrils are cleared another pinch should be taken, 
 using it frequently at first. One quarter to one half of tliis formula may 
 be used in the twenty-four hours. 
 
 Glass insufflators are made to blow it into the nostrils. 
 
 LOTIO BISMUTHI.— Bismuth Subnitrate, 10 grains; Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 A sedative lotion in cases of eczema. 
 
 UNGUENTUM BISMUTHI.— Bismuth Subnitrate, 60 grains ; Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 BISMUTH! BENZOAS. — A wlxite powder, without taste, almost insoluble 
 in Water. Internally as an antiseptic and sedative. Externally as an 
 antiseptic dustingjpowder. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1*3 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BIS 311 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Benzoate, when treated with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 and separated from the precipitated Benzoic Acid, the filtrate should answer 
 the tests distinctive of Bismuth given under Bismuthi Carbonas. When 
 shaken with a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a buff coloration 
 is produced. The Benzoic Acid separated from the salt should possess 
 the melting point and conform to the tests for identity and purity given under 
 Benzoic Acid. The salt should leave from 60 to 70 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide after 
 ignition at a low red heat. 
 
 It should 136 free from the impurities mentioned under Bismuthi Carbonas. 
 
 BISMUTHI CITRAS. — A white amorphous, or microcrystalline, odourless 
 and tasteless powder. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water ; readily in Solution of Ammonia, and 
 in solutions of alkali Citrates. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to the Subnitrate. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains — 0"13 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — The residue obtained on ignition, when dissolved in warm Nitric 
 Acid yields the tests distinctive of Bismuth given under Bismuthi Carbonas. 
 The salt chars when first heated and the residue left on ignition is more 
 or less black in colour with a yellow surface. If to the solution of Bismuth 
 Citrate in Ammonia Solution sufficient Hydi'ogen Sulphide be added to 
 precipitate the whole of the Bismuth, the filtrate, when freed from Hydrogen 
 Sulphide and boiled with an excess of Calcium Hydroxide Solution, yields a 
 white precipitate. The salt is Official in the U.S. P. and is required to yield 
 not less than 56 nor more than 58 p.c. of pure Bismuth Oxide, corresponding 
 to not less than 95*75 nor more than 99' 17 p.c. of pure Bismuth Citrate, 
 as gravimetrically determined by weighing the Oxide produced on ignition. 
 
 As regards impurities the salt should not respond to Bettendorf's test for 
 Arsenic, it should be free from the impurities mentioned under Bismuthi 
 Carbonas. If 0"01 gramme of the salt be mixed with 1 c.c. of Water, 5 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid added, the mixtm'e cooled, and then 5 c.c. of Ferrous 
 Sulphate Test-Solution be carefully poiu-ed on its surface, no red or brown 
 zone should appear within 5 minutes, indicating a limit of Nitrates. 
 
 BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS.— Small, shining, translucent scales, 
 which gradually lose Ammonia on exposure to the air. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1 of Water; sparingly in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0" 13 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate leaves a blackish residue with 
 a yellow surface when the salt is ignited, and a solution of tliis residue in 
 warm Nitric Acid yields the tests distinctive of Bismuth given under Bismuthi 
 Carbonas. When heated with an excess of Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, the salt evolves a strong odour of Ammonia. When the Bismuth 
 is separated from a solution by means of Hydrogen Sulphide and the excess 
 of the latter is removed by heat, the filtrate when boiled with an excess of 
 Calcium Hydroxide Solution yields a white precipitate. The U.S. P. requires 
 the salt to yield not less than 46 p.c. nor more than 50 p.c. of pure Bismuth 
 Oxide as gi'avimetrically determined by ignition and oxidation with Nitric 
 Acid. 1 gramme of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate when thoroughly 
 ignited in a porcelain crucible, mixed after cooling, with 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid 
 added drop by drop, then warmed until complete solution is effected, 
 evaporated to dryness, and again ignited, should leave a residue of Bismuth 
 Oxide weighing not less than 0*46 gramme nor more than 0*50 gramme. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. reconamend that the rubric be 
 
312 BIS ISolids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] 
 
 changed from ' not less than 46 p.c. nor more than 50 p.c. ' to ' not less than 
 46 nor more than 62 p.c. by weight of Bismuth Oxide.' 
 
 It should be free from the more generally occurring impta-ities mentioned 
 under Bismuthi Carbonas and should not respond to Bettendorf's test for 
 Arsenic. If O'Ol gramme of the salt be dissolved in 1 c.c. of Water, 5 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid added, the mixture cooled, and then 5 c.c. of Ferrous 
 Sulphate Test-Solution be carefully poured on its surface, no red or brown 
 zone should appear within 5 minutes, indicating a limit of Nitrates. 
 
 Bismuth et Ammonii Citras EfFervescens. — 2 grains are contained in 
 1 drm. 
 
 ELIXIR BISMUTHI {U.S.N.F. 1896).— Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate 
 3-50 ; Distilled Water, hot, 6 ; Water of Ammonia {U.S. P.), q.s. ; Aromatic 
 Elixir, q.s. to produce 100. 
 
 GLYCERITUM BISMUTHI.— A Solution of Bismuth and Ammonium 
 Citrate in Ammonia and Water containing Glycerin. 1 fl. drm. contains 10 
 grains of the salt.— U.S.N.F. 1896. 
 
 4 c.c. (1 fl. drm.) contains about 1 gramme (16 grains) of Bismuth and 
 Sodium Tartrate.— U.S.N.F. 1906. 
 
 MISTURA BISMUTHI COMPOSITA {Bournemouth Formulary). — 
 Bismuth Citrate, 320 grains ; Solution of Ammonia, q.s. ; Chloroform, 32 
 minims ; Tincture of Nux Vomica, 1 fl. oz. ; Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 128 minims ; Solution of Carmine (Martindale), 32 minims ; Distilled Water, 
 q.s. to produce 8 fl. oz. Each fl. drm. is equivalent to 1 drm. of the B.P. 
 I3ismuth Solution, 10 minims of Spirit of Chloroform, 7J minims of Tincture 
 of Nux Vomica, and 2 minims of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. Dose. — h to 
 1 drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 MISTURA BISMUTHI COMPOSITA CUM PEPSINO {Bournemouth 
 Formulary). — Bismuth Citrate, 320 grains ; Solution of Ammonia, q.s.; 
 Soluble Scale Pepsin, 64 grains ; Chloroform, 32 minims ; Tincture of Nux 
 Vomica, 1 fl. oz. ; Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 128 minims; Solution of 
 Carmine (Martindale), 32 minims ; Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 8 fl. oz. 
 Each fl. drm. is equivalent to Solution of Bismuth, 1 drm. ; Spirit of Chloro- 
 form, 16 minims ; Tinctiu-e of Nux Vomica, 7^ minims ; Pepsin, 1 grain ; 
 Hydrocyanic Acid, 2 minims. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 MISTURA BISMUTHI COMPOSITA CUM MORPHINA {Bourne- 
 mouth Formulary). — Morphine Hydrochloride, 1 grain ; Compound Bismuth 
 Mixture, 3 fl. oz. Each fl. drm. contains ^j grain of Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 drm. 
 
 BISMUTHI NITRAS (Bi(N0j3 5 H.O, eq. 484-11). — In colourless 
 transparent crystals. Decomposed by Water, giving a white precipitate of 
 Oxynitrate. Soluble in Glycerin, but is slowly deposited from the solution 
 when Water is added. 
 
 Foreign Pharraacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Ger. 
 
 BISMUTHI OLE AS.— Crystallised Bismuth Nitrate, 280 grains ; dissolve 
 cold in Glycerin 4 oz. by weight ; add slowly Solution of Sodium Oleate, 
 20 fl. oz. ; warm gently, wash by decantation, collect and dry. It forms a 
 pearly -grey soft bland substance. 
 
 Unguentum Bismuthi Oleatis (Sir T. McCall Anderson) {Pharm. Form.). 
 — Oxide of Bismuth, 1 drm. ; Oleic Acid, 1 drm. ; White Wax, IJ drm. ; 
 Vaseline, 9 drm. 
 
 BISMUTH! OXYCHLORIDUM.— Bismuth Oxychloride, Blanc de perle ; 
 Blanc d'Espagne ; Bismuthyl Chloride, BiO CI., eq. 259-46. — A lustrous 
 white, odourless and tasteless, impalpable powder, insoluble in Water, readily 
 soluble in acids. Employed in similar conditions to the other inorganic 
 salts of Bismuth. Is largely employed as a cosmetic. On account of its 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BIS 3l3 
 
 insusceptibility to the action of the gastric juice or of the alkaline duodenal 
 secretion, it may be employed in preference to the Carbonate in the diagnosis 
 of abnormal conditions of the oesophagus, stomach and intestines. For 
 methods see Bismuthi Carbonas. 
 
 The double Bismuth meal, each meal including 2 oz. Oxychloride, is a far 
 more convenient method than a single meal with repeated examinations. — 
 M.P. '13, i. 96. 
 
 BISMUTH-PHENOL (Bi.^muth Phenate).— Prepared by adding a Solution 
 of Phenol in an alkali, to a Solution of Bismuth Oxynitrate. A gi'eyish- 
 brown amorphous powder, insoluble in Water and Alcohol (90 p.c). Intestinal 
 antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1-3 gramme. 
 
 BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS (Dermatol).— A light yellow, amorphous, 
 insoluble powder. 
 
 Given for gastric ulcer and diarrhoea, S to 30 grains twice a daj'. 
 
 Sometimes causes symptoms of Bismuth poisoning. 
 
 The Gauze is of great value in suppvirating and infected wounds ; it also 
 makes an ideal first field dressing. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 837. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Ether. Soluble 
 with decomposition in mineral acids, and readily soluble in alkali Hydroxide 
 Solutions. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oificial in Austr., 53 to 55 p.c. of Bi„03 ; 
 Belg., Dan., Ger., Norw., Swed. and Swiss, 52 p.c. ; Dutch, 52 to 56 p.c. ; 
 Fr., 5645 p.c; Hung., 50 to 56 p.c. ; Ital., not less than 55 p.c. ; Jap., 
 51 p.c; Mex. and Russ., no p.c. given; Span., 56* 66 p.c; U.S., 52 to 
 57 p.c. Russ. and Hung, also include a Tamiate. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Subgallate when strongly heated chars, and on ignition 
 leaves a yellow residue, which dissolves in Hydrochloric and in Nitric Acids, 
 yielding a solution wliich answers the te.sts distinctive of Bismuth given 
 under Bismuthi Carbonas. After complete separation of the Bismuth by 
 means of Hydrogen Sulphide and the removal of the latter by boiling, the 
 cold filtrate yields with a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a bluish-black 
 coloration. 'The salt is Official in the U.S. P. and in the P.O. ; the former 
 requires it to yield not less than 52 p.c. nor more than 57 p.c. of pure Bismuth 
 Oxide, the latter not less than 52 p.c of Bismuth Oxide, corresponding to 
 not less than 46*0 p.c. of Bismuth. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and those usually 
 associated with Bismuth, Carbonates, Nitrates, and free Gallic Acid. Betteri- 
 dorf's test is employed in both Pharmacopoeias as a test for Arsenic. The 
 U.S. P. requires that the residue resulting from the ignition of 2 grammes of 
 Bismuth Subgallate, after cooling, adding 5 cc. of Nitric Acid to the 
 residue, drop by drop, warming until complete solution has been effected, 
 should not respond to the Bettendorf's test for Arsenic. The P.O. requires 
 that a mixture of 1 gramme of Bismuth Subgallate and 3 cc of Stannous 
 Chloride Solution should assume no dark coloration within one hour, indi- 
 cating a limit of Arsenic compounds. The methods of detecting the impurities 
 usually associated with Bismuth are given under Bismuthi Carbonas. The 
 tests may be made on a solution obtained by dissolving in Diluted Nitric 
 Acid the residue left on ignition. The U.S. P. and P.G. both use Alcohol as 
 a solvent for free Gallic. Acid ; the former requires that if • 5 gramme of the 
 .salt be well shaken with 5 cc of Alcohol (9-±-9 p.c) and filtered at once, the 
 filtrate should not turn naoistened blue Litmus paper red, indicating the 
 absence of free Gallic Acid ; the P.G. requires that if 1 gramme of Bismuth 
 Subgallate be shaken with 10 cc of Alcohol (90 p.c), the filtered fiuid when 
 evaporated to drjaiess should leave at the most 1 milligi-amme of residue, 
 indicating a limit of free Gallic Acid. The U.S. P. employs the Sulphuric 
 Acid and Ferrous Sulphate Test-Solution test for Nitrates, requiring that if 
 0'5 gramme of Bismuth Subgallate be well mixed with 5 cc. of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, and 5 cc of Ferrous Sulphate Test-Solution, the mixture 
 
314 BIS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 filtered, and tlie filtrate cautiously poured, without shaking, over 5 e.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid (free from nitrous compounds), contained in a test tube, no 
 brown ring should form after standing for 10 minutes, indicating a limit of 
 Nitrate ; the P.G. employs reduction with Zinc and powdered Iron, requiring 
 that 1 gramme of Bismuth Subgallate should dissolve to form a clear solution 
 in 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w), on warming this 
 solution with a mixture of 0'5 gramme each of Zinc filings and powdered 
 Iron no Ammonia should be evolved, indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 
 Bismal (Bismuth Methylenedigallate). — Introduced as an astringent for 
 internal administration in cases of diarrhoea. Insoluble in Water, 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = 0-06 to 0-2G gramme, 
 
 BiSMUTHI OXYIODOGALLAS (Airol, Airoform and Airogen).— A 
 bulky greyish powder, odourless and tasteless, insoluble in Water and Alcohol ; 
 soluble in dilute mineral acids and in Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. It is gradually converted into a more basic salt by the action of 
 light and moist air, and should therefore be kept in well-stoppered dark amber- 
 tinted glass bottles. Used as an antiseptic dusting powder for ulcers, also 
 mixed with Vaseline or anhydi'ous Lanolin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in Belg., Dutch and Swiss. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Bismuth Oxyiodogallate dissolves in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 yielding a solution which gives v.'ith Hydrogen Sulphide a black precipitate, 
 and if this precipitate be separated, washed and dissolved in Nitric Acid the 
 solution should yield the tests distinctive of Bismuth given under Bismuthi 
 Carbonas. A small quantity of the salt warmed with a few drops of concen- 
 trated Sulphuric Acid evolves violet vapours of Iodine ; its Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, when treated with Chlorine Water and shaken with Carbon 
 Bisulpliide, colours the latter violet. A solution in very dilute Hydrochloric 
 Acid gives with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a dark green coloration. It 
 should contain about 46 p.c, by weight of Bismuth Oxide, and about 24-0 p.c. 
 by weight of Iodine. 
 
 It should be free from the impurities mentioned under Bismuth Carbonate. 
 
 BISMUTHI BETA-NAPHTHOLAS (Orphol).— A reddish-brown powder, 
 insoluble in Water. Intestinal antiseptic and astringent, both for adults and 
 children. 
 
 Dose, — 5 to 20 grains = • 32 to 1 • 3 gramme. 
 
 BISMUTHI SUBIODIDUM. — A brick-red amorphous powder, insoluble 
 in Water. 
 
 A substitute for Iodoform in chancres and foul ulcers. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 gi-ains = 0*32 to 0"65 gramme, 
 
 BISMUTHI TANNAS (Bismuth Tannate).— A yellow or light brownish- 
 yellow odourless and tasteless powder, insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 or in Ether. Intestinal sedative and astringent. Useful in diarrhoea and 
 dysentery. 
 
 Dose, — 10 to 30 grains = 0'G5 to 2'0 grammes, A Tannate of Bismuth 
 is also known under the name of Tannismuth. 
 
 BISMUTH! TARTRAS SOLUBILIS (Soluble Bismuth Tartrate).— 
 Wliite, odourless, glistening scales, possessing a slightly acidulous taste. 
 Readily soluble in Water. On account of the slightly acid character of its 
 solution it is indicated for making Bismuth and Pepsin Liquors. 
 
 Dose, — 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 BISMUTHI TRIBROMOPHENOLAS (Xeroform).— A yellow powder, 
 insoluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). A non-irritating antiseptic. 
 
 Foreign Piiarmaeopceias. — Official in Jap., Norw., Span., Swed. and 
 Swiss, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BOL 315 
 
 Tests. — A white ciirdy precipitate is tlirown down when a solution of the 
 powder in Potassium Hydroxide Solution is acidified with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, and if this precipitate be separated, washed and dried it should possess 
 a melting point of 95° C. (203° F.). The filtrate from tliis precipitate should 
 yield the tests distinctive of Bismuth given under Bismuthi Carbonas. The 
 powder should yield on ignition from 57 to 61 p.c. of Bismuth Oxide. It 
 should be free from the more generally occiuring impiu-ities mentioned 
 under Bismuthi Carbonas, and the residue remaining after ignition at a 
 dull red heat when moistened with Nitric Acid, again ignited and when cool 
 dissolved in Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no reaction for Arsenic when 
 tested by Bettendorf's test. 
 
 Bismone (Colloidal Bismuth Oxide) ; Bismuthi lodc-Eesorein-Svil- 
 phonas (Anusol), supplied in Suppository form ; Bismuthi Quinolini 
 Sulphoeyanidum. (Crurin) ; Bismuthi Cinchonidinae lodidum. (Ery- 
 throl) ; Bismuthi Di-thio-Salicylas (Thioform) ; Bismuthi Phosphas, 
 and Bismuthi Sulphis, are combinations of Bismuth, mostly insoluble in 
 Water, which have received notice in medical literature. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SOLDO. 
 
 The Leaves and young Twigs of the Peumus Boldus, Mol., a native of Chili. 
 The activity is due to a Glucoside, Boldine, and a volatile Oil (sp. gr. 0"918). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been used as a liver stimulant, as a diiu'etic, 
 and as a stimulant to digestion. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Span. Not in tho 
 others. 
 
 Boldine has been given as a hypnotic in capsules containing 3 grains. 
 
 TINCTURA BOLDO.— Boldo Leaves, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 10. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 40 minims = 0'6 to 2' 4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. 1 and 5 ; by weight. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 BONE MARROW. See medulla rubFvA. 
 
 BORAX PURIFICATUS. 
 
 PURIFIED BORAX. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — BiBORATE of Sodiuji. 
 
 Fr., Boratk de Soude ; Ger., Borax ; Ital., Borato di Sodio ; 
 Span., Borato Sodico. 
 
 Na.B^O,, IOH2O, eq. 382-16. 
 
 Transparent, colourless, monoclinic prisms, usually effiorescent. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 98 "9 p.c. of Sodium 
 Pyroborate. 
 
 The title is now altered from Borax to Boras Purificatus. 
 
 Though this salt is acid in constitution, it gives alkaline reactions 
 with Litmus and Methyl Orange Solutions. 
 
316 BOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measttre.] 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 25 of Water; 2 in 1 of boiling Water; 2 oz. of 
 Borax are dissolved by 2 fl. oz. of Glycerin, and the solution measures 
 only 3J fl. oz. By the aid of 1 of Glycerin, 1 jiart of Borax will dissolve 
 in 12 of Water. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Borax is decomposed by Glycerin, forming a solution which reddens Litmus 
 paper and effervesces with Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic and parasiticide; mildly 
 astringent. A local sedative to inflamed mucous membrane. A 
 solution is used as an injection in leucorrhcea and gonorrhoea. The 
 Glycerin of Borax is used as a paint for the tliroat, for cracked 
 nipples, and for erythematous skin eruptions. The Glycerin or 
 Mel is used in aphthous ulceration of the tongue or buccal mucous 
 membrane, and for mercurial salivation. 
 
 In resistant cases of epilepsy it is not employed as frequently as it might 
 he.—M.P. '14, ii. 61. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — For i)\lernal use. it is (loieraUy given in solution. 
 Should not be prescribed with salts of Cocaine or other alkaloids. As a gargle, 
 1 in 20 oj Water vnth or without the addition oj 1 oz. of Glycerin ; as a lotion 
 of the same strength using Rose Water. As a cpllyrium, 8 grains to the oz. ; 
 as a vaginal iniection, 3 grains to the oz. ; as a nasal douche, 1 of Borax and 
 ^ of Sodium Chloride in 20 of Water, for use dilute I oz. to 20 oz. of Water. 
 Glycerin of Borax, or equal parts of Glycerin of Borax, and Glycerin of Tannin 
 is used as a paint, or diluted with twice its volume of Water as a gargle. 
 
 Incompatibles.— Mineral Acids and most of their metallic salts, also 
 alkaloidal salts. Mucilage of Gum Acacia. Salts of Cocaine. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Glycerinum Boracis and Mel Boracis. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Boracis, Liquor Sodii Boratis Compositus, Seller's 
 Antiseptic, Tinctura Myrrha> et Boracis, Unguentum Boracis, and Sodium 
 Perborate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Purified Borax dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a clear 
 solution which is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus paper, and 
 which, when acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, yields a character- 
 istic brown coloration (changing to bluish-black on treatment with 
 alkalis) with Turmeric paper. It imparts an intense yellow coloration 
 to a non-luminous flame. A white scaly crystalline precipitate is thrown 
 down when a hot saturated solution of the salt is acidulated with a 
 mineral acid. A green coloration is imparted to a non-luminous flame 
 when the solution of this precipitate in Alcohol (90 p.c.) is ignited. 
 
 It is oflicially required to contain 98 '36 p.c. of Sodium Pyroborate, 
 as volumctrically determined by titrating 2 grammes, dissolved in 
 Distilled Water, with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 of which it should require for neutralisation 10*4 ml., employing 
 Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality, 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*19108 gramme of Sodium 
 Pyroborate ; on adding an equal volume of Glycerin to the titrate, 
 a^nd coDtinuimi; tlie titration with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydj.'03cide 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BOR 317 
 
 Solution, it should require 20"8nil., Phenolplitlialeiii Solution being 
 used as an indicator of neutrality, 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0-062021 gramme of Boric Acid. It will be 
 noticed that the direct method of determining Boric Acid by double 
 titration has now been adopted by the B.P. The same number of 
 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution should be 
 required to neutralise the liberated Boric Acid, as are required of 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to hberate it, the 
 titration of the free Boric Acid being conducted in 50 p.c. Glycerin 
 Solution, or what amounts to the same thing double the number of 
 c.c. if Normal Volumetric Solutions are used in each case, as in the 
 B.P. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain in the uneffloresced condition 
 not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium Tetraborate, but gives no method 
 hj which this may be determined. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric be changed to ' not less than 
 52 '32 nor more than 54*92 p.c. by weight of Anhydrous Sodium 
 Tetraborate, as determined by accurately weighing about 5 grammes 
 of Sodium Borate, dissolving it in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 
 titrating the solution with Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, using Methyl Orange Test-Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality." 
 
 The P.G. reqiiires that it shall contain from 52*5 to 54 '5 p.c. of 
 Anhydrous Sodium Tetraborate, as determined by the neutralisation 
 of a solution of 2 grammes of Borax in 50 c.c. of Water, with Normal 
 ^'olumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, of which not less than 10*4 
 and not more than 10*8 c.c. should be required; 1 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0* 1010 gramme of Anhydrous 
 Sodium Tetraborate, Methyl Orange being employed as an indicator of 
 neutrality. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Bicarbouates, Carbonates and 
 Nitrates, Phosphates, Chlorides and Sulphates. The B.P. includes a 
 limit for Arsenic and Lead and tests for Calcium, Copper, Iron, Chlorides 
 and Sulphates ; the U.S. P. includes tests for heavy metals, and in 
 addition Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Nitrates, and Phosphates. The 
 limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 726) has 
 now been fixed by the B.P., as determined by the Arsenic Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing for the test a solution 
 obtained b}^ adding 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- 
 Test reagent to a solution of 2 grammes of Purified Borax and 4 
 grammes of Citric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent in 50 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water. A limit of 5 parts of Lead per million is fixed by the B.P., 
 as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes and an 
 auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of Borax, using 2*5 ml. of 
 dilute Lead-Test Solution. The solubility of Borax in Water is 1 in 
 25, and the amount specified in the primary solution in the B.P. Lead 
 Test \yill not remain in solutioii when the temperature falls. Tests for 
 
318 BOR [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 lieavy metals, Carbonates and Bicarbonates, Nitrates and Phosphates 
 appear in the U.S. P., but no tests for Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, 
 Chlorides and Sulphates. The P.G. includes, in addition to tests for 
 heavy metals, specific tests for Calcium, Iron, Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 A 1 in 50 aqueous solution of the salt when acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid should be unafiected by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Copper. 50 c.c. of a 1 in 50 aqueous 
 solution, after the addition of a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid 
 should not yield an immediate coloration on the addition of 
 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Iron. The 1 in 50 aqueous solution acidified with Acetic Acid 
 should yield no turbidity on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium ; nor when, after standing 
 some time, this solution is filtered, should the filtrate yield on the 
 addition of Ammonium Phosphate Solution a tm'bidity or precipitate, 
 indicating the absence of Magnesium. The aqueous solution should 
 not eft'ervesce on the addition of mineral acid, indicating the absence 
 of Bicarbonates and Carbonates. A 1 in 50 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Nitric Acid, should not be rendered more than slightly turbid 
 on the addition of either Silver Nitrate or Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides and Sulphates ; nor should a 1 in 50 
 aqueous solution be rendered turbid by Magnesium Ammonio- 
 Sulphate Solution, indicating the absence of Phosphates. The U.S. P. 
 employs the Indigo test for Nitrates, requiring that if 1 gramme be 
 dissolved in 20 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, by the aid of heat, 
 and 3 drops of Indigo Test-Solution be added, the blue coloration 
 should not be discharged after heating for 10 minutes on a water-bath, 
 indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 GLYCERINUM BORACIS. Glycerin of Borax. 
 
 Purified Borax, 1 ; Glycerin, 6. 
 
 (1 in 8| by weight, 1 in 6| by measure). 
 
 The Borax may be rubbed with the Glycerin in a warm mortar or 
 may be powdered and stirred into the Glycerin previously warmed. 
 
 This is not merely a Solution of Borax in Glycerin ; the Glycerin 
 splits up the Biborate into free Boric Acid and a more basic Borate 
 with secondary reactions. It reddens blue Litmus paper, and efEervesces 
 on the addition of Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Mex. (Glicerina Boratada), 
 1 and 19 ; Dan. andNorw. (lanctus boracinus), 1 and 9 ; Russ. (Natrium 
 Boroglycerinatum), Borax, 1 ; Glycerin, 1 ; all by weight. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Dose.— I to IJ fl. drm. = 1-8 to 5*4 ml. 
 
 MEL BORACIS. Borax Honey. 
 
 Borax, 2 ; Glycerin (by weight), 1 ; Purified Honey (by weight), 17. 
 
 (About 1 in 7 by volume.) 
 
[Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Measure.] EOE, 319 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., 1 in 20 ; Mex. (Colutorio 
 boratado), Borax 1, Honey 1 ; Swiss, 1 in 10 ; the ingredients vary slightly. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR BORACIS (Thompson's Fluid), Guy's.— Borax, 1 ; Glycerin, 
 
 2 ; Water, 2. | oz. to be mixed with 4 fl. oz. of warm Water before use. 
 
 LIQUOR SODII BORATIS COMPOSITUS (Dobell's Solution) 
 (U.ti.N.F.). — Sodium Borate, 15; Sodium Bicarbonate, 15; Carbolic Acid, 
 
 3 ; Glycerin, 35 ; Water, q.s. to yield 1000. 
 
 SEILER'S ANTISEPTIC (P/iar/?i. J^orHi.).— Sodium Bicarbonate, 8 drm. ; 
 Borax, 8 drm. ; Sodium Benzoate, 20 grains ; Sodium Salicylate, 20 grains ; 
 Eucalyptol, 10 grains ; Thymol, 10 grains ; Menthol, 5 grains ; Oil of Winter- 
 green, 6 minims ; Glycerin, 8i oz. ; Alcohol, 2 oz. ; Water, to make 250 oz. 
 
 TINCTURA MYRRH>!E ET BORACIS.— Myrrh, 1 ; Eau de Cologne, 
 IG ; Borax, 1 ; Water, 3 ; Syrup, 3. 
 
 Borax, 2 ; Glycerin, 2 ; Rose Water (undiluted), 24 ; dissolve and add Eau 
 de Cologne, 48 ; Tincture of Myrrh (B.P. 1885), 96. 
 
 UNGUENTUM BORACIS.— Borax, 1 ; Spermaceti Ointment, 8. 
 For cliilblains or cracked nipples. 
 
 SODIUM PERBORATE, NaBOj, 4H,0, eq. 154-064.- A white, odourle-ss 
 powder, which is soluble in Water. It "keeps practically indefinitely, even 
 exposed to the air or in stoppered bottles. It yields on Solution in Water a 
 chemically piu"e oxygenated Water, which is of value on account of its anti- 
 septic properties, derived not only from the dissolved Oxygen, but from the 
 Sodium Borate produced. It is stated that 1 kilogramme of Sodium Per- 
 borate contains 104 grammes, or about 60 litres of active Oxygen which is 
 given off in the nascent state in the form of oxygenated Water. It is useful 
 as an antiseptic dressing, and is of service in washing wounds and in pro- 
 tecting them with compresses. It may be used with success to dust on 
 recent wounds, suppurating sores, and varicose ulcers. — B.M.J. '05, i. 42. 
 
 For the early treatment of a recently soil -contaminated wound a thorough 
 insufflation with tliis, after any necessary cleansing, -will inhibit the actixdty 
 of anaerobic and other bacteria, by means of the nascent Oxygen which is 
 continuously evolved for 24 hours thereafter ; if the Perborate is applied 
 freely ; to keep it anhydrous for field work, an air-tight metallic receptacle 
 is used.— L. '15, i. 489. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Perborate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a 
 solution which is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus paper and Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution, and which readily evolves Oxygen, particularly on 
 warming. A small quantity of the salt moistened with Hydrochloric Acid 
 and inserted in the loop of a Platinmn wire into a non-luminous flame imparts 
 to it an intense yellow colotu:. An aqueous solution, acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, prodvices a brown colour to Turmeric paper when the latter is 
 moistened with it ; when dried and moistened with an alkali the colour 
 changes to bluish-black. A blue coloration is produced when 1 c.c. of an 
 aqueous*! in 50 solution is mixed with 1 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 1 
 or 2 drops of Potassium Bichromate Solution, and 2 c.c. of Ether. The 
 alkalinity of the aqueous solution may be determined by titration with 
 Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 gramme of the salt dissolved in 
 100 c.c. of Distilled Water should require between 6" 4 and 6* 5 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution for neutralisation. It should 
 contain not less than 9 p.c. of available Oxygen, as determined by dissolving 
 0* 25 granmie in a niixtiore of 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 10 c.c. of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, and titrating with Tenth-Normal Vokmietric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution, 1 c.c. of Tenth-Norinal Volmnetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution = • 0008 gramme of available Oxygen. 
 
320 BRO [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 If • 5 gramme of the salt be strongly heated in a Platinimi crucible, the 
 residue when dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, should yield no distinct coloration on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of hea\^ metals. 
 
 Not Official. 
 B R O M U M 
 
 Fr., Brome ; Gkr., Brom ; Ital., Brobio ; Span., Bromo. 
 Br., eq. 79-92. 
 
 A heavy, dark red liquid, wliich evolves dense red, intensely irritating 
 vapours. It may be obtained from sea water and from some saline springs. 
 
 It should be preserved in dark amber-tinted glass bottles, provided with 
 closely -fitting glass stoppers, and should be kept in a cool place. 
 
 Solubility. — In Water, 1 in 30 by weight. Readily soluble in Glycerin. 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), Ether, Cliloroform, and Carbon BisuliDliide, with gradual 
 decomposition of the solvents. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Deodoriser and disinfectant. Used medicinally as 
 a sedative in the form of Bromides and Diluted Hydrobromic Acid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Ger., Ital., Jap., Mex., 
 Port., Span., Swiss and U.S. Not in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Hung., Norw., 
 Russ. or Swed. 
 
 Tests. — Bromine has a specific gravity of about 3' 1, and a boiling point of 
 about G3°C. (145-4°F.). It should be completely volatilised by heat, without 
 leaving any residue. When treated with Potassium Hydroxide Solution in 
 excess it should form a perfectly clear liquid. If this liquid be rendered 
 faintly acid with Diluted Nitric Acid, it yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a 
 yellowish precipitate, soluble with difficulty in Liquor Ammoniie, insoluble in 
 Nitric Acid. It gives a yellow coloration to Starch Solution, and decolorises 
 Litmus and Indigo Solutions. The U.S. P. requires, it should contain not 
 less than 97 p.c. of pure Bromine ; the P.O. does not state a requisite per- 
 centage. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the 
 Bromine be assayed by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution in the presence of Potassium Iodide. 
 
 The more generally occiuTing impurities are mineral matter, organic 
 Bromine compounds, and Iodine. No appreciable residue should remain 
 upon volatilisation of the Bromine by heat, indicating a limit of mineral 
 matter. It should form a perfectly clear solution free from oily drops when 
 dissolved in an excess of Potassiuna Hydroxide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of organic Bromine compounds ; the satui'ated aqueous solution, after 
 being nearly decolorised by the addition of a slight excess of Reduced Iron, 
 should yield a filtrate wliich should not assume a blue colour on the addition 
 of a small quantity of Ferric Chloride and Starch Test-Solutions, indicating 
 the absence of Iodine. Bromine appears in the Appendix to the .B.P.,but is 
 Official in both U.S.P. and P.O. 
 
 HYPOBROMITE SOLUTION FOR UREA-ESTIMATION.— Prepare 
 a stock Solution of Soda (sp. gr. I'SIO) by dissolving 3| oz. of pure Sodium 
 Hydroxide in 9 fl. oz. of Water. To 7 fl. drm. of this add 42 minima (about 
 114 grains) of Bromine when the Solution is wanted for use. 
 
 Note. — The vapour oj Bromine is very irritating to the air-passages. Bromine 
 can he weighed by talcing the dij^erence between the iveight oJ the bottle before and 
 ajier pouring some out, and calculating tlte quantity oJ Soda Solution required. 
 
 Glass tubes (hermetically sealed) containing tlie above quantity of Bromine 
 are made. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BRO 321 
 
 In place of 42 minims of Bromine, 2 fl. drm. of the following concentrated 
 Solution of Bromine can lie used to G fl. drm. of the Soda Solution : — 
 
 Liquor Bromi Cone. — Bromine, 168 minims = 450 grains ; Potassium 
 Bromide, 240 grains ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. Mix the Bromine and Potassium 
 Bromide and add the Water gradually with constant stirring until 1 fl. oz. of 
 Solution is obtained. 
 
 BROMIPIN. — A pale yellow oily liquid. It is a Bromine addition- 
 compound of the fatty acids of Sesame Oil, containing about 33 p.c. of 
 Bromine. 
 
 Introduced for the treatment of epilepsy, in doses of 1 fl. drm., but being 
 difficult to dispense and costly has not met with much success. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It may be given in capsules, or in emulsion with 
 Mucilage oj Gum Acacia. 
 
 BROMOFORM (CHBr^, eq. 252-768).— A heavy, translucent, colourless, 
 mobile liquid, about twice as heavy as Chloroform. It has a pleasant ethereal 
 odour, and a sweetish taste somewhat resembling Chloroform. 
 
 It undergoes change in colour on exposure to the light, and should there- 
 fore be kept in well-stoppered dark amber-tinted glass bottles, and should 
 be kept cool. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 800 of Water, soluble in all proportions of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), of Ether, and of Almond Oil ; about 1 in 80 of Glycerin. 
 
 Dose. — J to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0" 18 ml. 
 
 Fr. Codex and Ph. Ocr. maximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; daily 
 
 1 • 5 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is but slightly soluble in Water, about 1 minim in 
 
 2 fl. oz., and owing to its high specific gravity it is dijficuU oj suspension. From 
 this cause accidents have occurred through patients talcing an excessive quantity 
 in the last dose oJ a mixtiire. For oral administration it is best dissolved in 
 Almond Oil, which can then be put into capsules or made into an emulsion, 
 see beloio. 
 
 It decomposes and becomes yellow on exposure to sunlight, and should not 
 then be dispensed. 
 
 Given for whooping-cough, 2 to 5 drops three or four times a day ; in some 
 cases it caused languor and drowsiness, and an over-dose produced toxic 
 symptoms. 
 
 Importance emphasised of shaking the mixture containing it before pouring 
 out dose, and of accurately measuring it. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Ital., 
 Norw., Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Bromoform has a specific gravity of 2-829 to 2-833, a boihng point 
 of 148° C. to 150° C. (298-4° F. to 302° F.), and a solidifying point of 6° C. 
 (12-8°F.). A few drops of Bromoform boiled with Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, and the mixture evaporated to dryness on a water-ba.th, yield a 
 residue, a portion of which, dissolved in Water and faintly acidified with 
 Diluted Nitric Acid, yields "vvith Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish precipitate, 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution ; another 
 portion of the residue when dissolved in Water, acidified with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid and Chlorine Water added, yields a reddish-brown coloration, and when 
 shaken with Chloroform, the reddish-brown colour passes into the chlorof ormic 
 liquid. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to consist of 99 p.c. by weight of Absolute Bromo- 
 form, and 1 p.c. of Absolute Alcohol. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric be changed to ' about 96 p.c. by 
 weight of Bromoform, the remainder Absolute Alcohol.' The P.6. requires 
 it to contain about 96 p.c. of pure Bromoform, and about 4 p.c. of Absolute 
 Alcohol. 
 
 The niore generally occurring impurities are free Hydrobromio Acid, 
 Bromides, and Bromine derivatives, free Bromine, Acetione and solid residue. 
 
 W 
 
322 BRO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 If 10 c.c. of Bromofonn be well shaken with an equal volume of Distilled 
 Water, the aqueous liquid, upon complete separation, should be neutral to 
 blue Litmus paper, indicating the aljsence of free acid. Another portion of 
 this aqueous liquid should not become turbid on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Hydrobromic Acid, Bromides 
 and brominated compounds. A further portion of the aqueous liquid with 
 which the Bromoform has been shaken should not produce a blue coloration 
 when mixed with Potassium Iodide or Zinc Iodide Starch Solution, indicating 
 the absence of free Bromine. Another portion of the aqueous layer should 
 yield no odour or precipitate when first treated with Ammonia Solution in 
 excess, and then with Iodine and Ammonium Iodide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Acetone. 90 p.c. by volume of the Bromoform should distil 
 between 148° to 150° C. (298 -4° to 302° F.). When equal volumes of Bromo- 
 form and Sulphuric Acid are shaken together in a glass-stoppered tube, 
 previously rinsed with Sulphuric Acid, the Sulphuric Acid should not become 
 coloured within 10 minutes, indicating a limit of foreign halogen compounds. 
 Bromoform should not possess an unpleasant odour. It should leave no 
 appreciable residue on evaporation, indicating a limit of solid residue. 
 
 Emulsio Bromoformi. — Bromoform, 40 minims; Almond Oil, 70 minims; 
 Gum Acacia, 40 grains ; S;yTup, 100 minims ; Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 Dissolve the Bromoform in the Oil of Almonds and emulsify in the usual way. 
 
 One nninim is contained in 12 minims of the Emulsion. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = • 3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Mistura Bromoformi. — Bromoform, 12 minims ; Almond Oil, 60 minims ; 
 Powdered Gum Acacia, 120 gi-ains ; Simple Syrup, 240 minims ; Water, to 
 make 3 fl. oz. Dissolve the Bromoform in the Almond Oil, rub this with the 
 Powdered Gum Acacia, add 3i fl. drm. of Water and rub into a paste, gradu- 
 ally add the remainder of the Water, and finally the Syrup. 
 
 One minim is contained in 2 fl. drm. of the Mixture. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. ckm. = 3 • 6 to 14 • 2 ml. 
 
 BROMETHYLFORMINE (Bromalin). — A white, crystalline, almost, 
 odourless powder. A sedative in epilepsy. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 28 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in 
 Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = • 32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Bromethylformine dissolves readily in Water, forming a clear 
 neutral solution. The aqueous solution when gently warmed with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution yields on the addition of a slight excess of Iodine a 
 strong characteristic odour of Iodoform. When Bromine Water is added in 
 excess an orange-red precipitate is tlirown down, the precipitation being more 
 pronounced in strong solutions. Wlien boiled with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution it evolves Ammonia gas, readily recognised by its odour and by its 
 action on red Litmus paper. If the liquid be now cooled, acidified with 
 Sulphuric Acid, and again boiled, it evolves the characteristic irritating odour 
 of Formaldehyde. Boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, cooled, and 
 acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, it yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a 
 yellowish precipitate, practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution, insoluble in 
 Nitric Acid ; when dissolved in Sulphuric Acid it yields a yellowish-brown 
 coloration, which passes into solution when shaken with Chloroform. It 
 leaves no residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 SABROMIN. — A white, odourless and tasteless powder, insoluble in Water 
 and Alcohol (90 p.c), soluble in Benzene and Chloroform. It is chepiically 
 a Calcium Dibromobehenate and contains, ^v'hen dried at 100° C. (21.2° F.), 
 approximately 29-5 p.c. of Bromine and 3'8p.e.of Calcium. 
 
 Introduced to avoid the bromism following the administration of Bromides. 
 It may be obtained also in the form of tablets. 
 
 In epilepsy Bromine given in this form is atated (B. M.J. E. H)r>, i. 32)_to 
 give equal if not better effects than twice the amount given in the form of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BUY ?,'2S 
 
 alkali Bromides. Four tablets (2 grammes) were given daily. It should 
 always be given one hour after meals, and should either be masticated or 
 broken up in water before being taken. It is tasteless, and is stated to 
 produce no gastro-intestinal disturbance nor bromisin. 
 
 Its action {B.M.J.E. '09, i. 36) is less prompt but more lasting than that of 
 the alkali Bromides. It is especially suitable for hysteria, neurasthenia, 
 nervous excitation, palpitation and nervous insomnia. Dose.— 1 gramme 
 two or tliree times daily. . 
 
 A further record of its uses in epilepsy is given (B.M.J.E. '09, ii. 68), 
 .50 cases being recorded in which it was given in doses of from 3 to G grammes, 
 either in powder form or in tablets. 
 
 In chorea has a greater effect than corresponding doses of the ordinary 
 .Bromides.— jV/. J. 1911, 136. 
 
 Not Official. 
 BRYONIA. 
 
 The Root of Bryonia alba, L., and of Bryonia dioica, Jacq. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In large doses an active hydi-agogue cathartic. 
 
 The active principle is a glucoside. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mox. and Port. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The root of Bryonia dioica, Jacq., is usualty the 
 kind met with in commerce. It occurs in circular transverse slices of a yellowish 
 white colour, about Ih to 3 inches (37 to 75 mm.) or more in diameter and \ to 
 J inch (6 to 8 mm.) thick. The narrow bark, which is a very pale brown 
 externally, is separated from the fleshy centre by a fine line, and the cut 
 surface is marked with concentric rings, and with radiating lines of vascular 
 tissue. The dried root has no definite odour, but has a bitter and acrid taste. 
 The fresh root, which is often as inuch as 2 feet (60 cm.) long and 3 inches 
 (75 nam.) in diameter at the upper end, is occasionally offered by gardeners 
 under the name of Mandi-ake root. In homoeopathic medicine, the root of 
 Bryonia alba is preferred, and is imported from Germany. The plant is 
 distinguished from Bryonia dioica by having moncecious flowers and black 
 berries. The plant contains Brein, a glucoside not found in B. dioica, and 
 the root is considered to have a different naedicinal action ; it is stated by 
 Petrescu to be not purgative. 
 
 TINCTURA BRYONI/E (B.P.G. Formidary 1901).— Made from fresh 
 Bryony Root of such a stxength that 10 fl. oz. shall represent 1 oz. of the 
 dried root and shall contain 60 p.c. by volume of Alcohol. 
 
 Fresh Bryony Root yields on an average 32 to 40 p.c. of dried root. 
 • Dose. — 1 to 10 minims = 0-06 to 0-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., 1 and 5, dried Root. 
 
 Antidotes. — -An emetic ; stimulants, Brandy or Spirit of Sal Volatile. 
 
 BUCHU FOLIA. 
 
 BUCHU LEAVES. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Bucco ; Diosma. 
 
 Fb., Feuilles de Bucco ; Geb., Buccoblatter. 
 
 Tlie dried leaves of Barosma hehdina, Bart, and Wendl. They 
 contain a volatile oil, a bitter principle, and a mucilage. 
 
 M 2 
 
324 BUG [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It has been shown {J.G.S.Trans., '14, 2617) that the physiological activity 
 of the leaves is principally due to the volatile oil wliich they contain. An 
 examination of the volatile oil from the leaves of Barosma venusta showed it 
 to consist approximately as follows : — Hydrocarbons, cliiefly or entirely 
 Myrcena, 43-0 p.c. ; Aldehydes, chiefly or entirely Anisaldehyde, 0-5p.c. ; 
 Phenols, 0-2 p.c. ; Phenol Esters, Methylchavicol, 21*4 p.c. ; Alcohols, partly 
 Linalool (calculated as Ci„Hi:.OH), 14-3 p.c; Esters (calculated as 
 Ci„Hij.OAc), 2- 2 p.c. ; Sesquiterpenes, loss, etc. (by difference), 18 -4 p.c. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given in acute and chronic cystitis, 
 iiretliritis, and nephritis, as a diiu-etic, and mild antiseptic. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is usually given in the form of infusion or tincture, 
 and the flavour may be improved by the addition of 5 minims of Spirit of Chloro- 
 form and 30 minims of Aromatic Elixir in each dose. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Buchu and Tinctura Buchu. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractum Buchu, Infusum Buchu Concentratum, 
 Mistura Buchu Composita. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., Mex., Port, and U.S. Not 
 in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw., Russ., Span., 
 Swed. or Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried leaves of Barosma hetulina, Bart, 
 and Wendl., are alone official. These are easily distinguished from 
 the leaves of B. serraiifolia, Willd., and B. crenulata, Hook., which 
 were formerly official, and are still to be met with in commerce, by 
 their ob ovate shape and recurved obtuse apex. The oil glands 
 on the toothed margin of the leaf and its size (which is given in B.P. 
 as 12 to 20 mm. (about -| to f inch) in length), and the layer of 
 mucilaginous cells below the epidermis and the yellow sphero-crystals 
 of Hesperidin contained in the epidermal cells, are useful characters 
 for distinguishing Buchu from other leaves. The oil of the leaves 
 B. hetulina deposits crystals of Diospheuol, to which the antiseptic 
 properties of the leaves are probably due ; this is not the case with 
 the Oil from the other species. Diosphenol has an odour like Menthol. 
 The official leaves have also the advantage that they cannot be 
 mistaken, like those of B. serraiifolia and B. crenulata, for the leaves 
 of any other species, on account of their very characteristic shape. 
 
 Tests. — Buchu Leaves yield about 5 p.c. of ash on ignition, and 
 6 p.c. is seldom exceeded. 12 samples examined in the author's 
 laboratory yielded from 3*6 to 5*68 p.c, with an average of 4*52 p.c. 
 
 The B.P. does not include an ash limit. 
 
 Preparations. 
 INFUSUM BUCHU. Infusion op Buchu. 
 
 Freshly broken Buchu Leaves, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20 ; 
 infuse 15 minutes. Strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA BUCHU. Tincture op Buchu. 
 
 1 of Buchu Leaves, in No. 20 powder percolated with Alcohol (60 j).c.), 
 to yield 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— .^ to 1 H. dim. = 1-8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] BUT 825 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofllcial in Mex. 1 and 5. By weight. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of BucLu has a specific gravity of about 0*922 ; 
 contains about 2*4 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 60 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcoliol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM BUCHU (U.S.).— I in 1 by percolation with a 
 mixtore of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 3 and Water 1. 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims — 1*8 c.c. 
 
 INFUSUM BUCHU CONCENTRATUM.—Buchu Leaves, bruised, 40 ; 
 
 Tincture of Buchu, 22-5; Alcohol (90 p.c), 10; Dilute Chloroform Water 
 (1 in 1000), q.s. to znake 100. Prepare by macero-expression. Dose. — 1 to 
 2 fi. drm.— i^arr and Wright ; P.J. '00, i. 165 ; '07, i. 621 ; CD. '06, i. 252. 
 The authors state that it keeps well, but the product of dilution is not 
 equal to the fresh infusion. 
 
 MISTURA BUCHU COMPOSITA.— Potassium Citrate, 30 grains; 
 Tincture of Hyoscyamus, 30 minims ; Infusion of Buchu, to 1 fl. oz. — Charing 
 Cross. 
 
 Potassium Bicarbonate, 15 grains ; Tincture of Hyoscyamus, 20 minims ; 
 Spirit of Chloroform, 10 minims ; Infusion of Buchu, to 1 fl. oz. — King's. 
 
 Potassium Citrate, 20 grains ; Tinetm-e of Hyoscyamus, 15 minims ; 
 Infusion of Buchu, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 BUTE^ GUMMI. 
 
 BUTEA GUM. 
 B.P.Sijn. — Bengal Kino. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The inspissated juice from the stem of Butea frondosa, Roxb. 
 
 It is used in India for the same purposes as Kino. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The gum occurs in commerce in angular 
 fragments, which appear blackish and opaque, unless held up to the 
 light, when, if recent, the fragments are seen to have a deep ruby 
 colour ; it is usually mixed with particles of a grey corky bark. Taste 
 astringent. Odour none. 
 
 As met with in English commerce it is very slightly soluble in water 
 and far inferior to Malabar kino. 
 
 BUTE.S: SEMINA. Butea Seeds. (New.) 
 
 Obtained from Butea frondosa, Roxb. 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Butea Seeds are flat, reniform, chestnut 
 coloured, with veins radiating from the hilum, more or less wrinkled ; 
 about loin. (37 mm.) long (25 to 38 mm., B.P.), and 1 in. (2i3 mm.) 
 broad (16 to 20 mm. wide, B.P.), and li to 2 mm. (y\- to ^^i- in.) thick. 
 Cotyledons yellowish. Odour slight. Taste sweetish, beanlike, but 
 slightly acrid. 
 
326 BUT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 PULVIS BUTEiE SEMINUM. Powder op Butea Seeds. (New.) 
 
 The Kernels of Butea Seeds dried and powdered. 
 The seeds are soaked in Water and the integuments removed. 
 Powder of Butea Seeds is given in doses of 10 to 20 grains as an anthehiiintic 
 for ascarides. 
 
 BUTYL-CHLORAL HYDRAS. 
 
 BUTYL-CHLORAL HYDRATE. 
 C4H-CI3O0, eq. 193-436. 
 
 Wliite crystalline scales of a silky lustre, with a somewhat fruit-like 
 but disagreeable odour and bitter nauseous taste. 
 
 Butyl-Chloral Hydrate, formerly known as Croton-Chloral Hydrate, 
 is, chemically, Trichlorbutylidene Glycol, and is prepared by acting upon 
 Aldehyde or, preferably. Paraldehyde with Chlorine gas. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 44 of Water ; 1 in 1 of Glycerin (very slowly) ; 
 5 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c); 1 in 20 of Olive Oil ; 1 in 2 of Ether; 1 iii 20 
 of Chloroform. 
 
 Some books give the solubility as 4 in 1 of Glycerin, but this is incorrect. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Analgesic ; is frequently but not always 
 an efficient remedy in neuralgia of the face and head, and in tic- 
 douloureux. As a hypnotic it is seldom used, being weaker and less 
 certain than Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 Has very little hypnotic action. — B.M.J. '13, ii. GG2. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0"32 to 1'3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing l^otes. — Generally given in the Jorm of pills made with a little 
 Compound Powder of Tragacanth and Syrup. The addition of Alcohol or 
 Qlycerin to aqueous mixtures increases its solubility. 
 
 Not Official.— Mistura Butyl-Chloral, Pilula Butyl-Chloral, Pilula Butyl- 
 Chloral cum Gelsemio, Syrupus Butyl-Chloral. 
 
 Antidotes. — -The same as for Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 Tests. — Butyl-Chloral Hydrate has a melting point about 78° C. 
 (172-4° R), and a solidifying point about 71° C. (159-8° F.). Some 
 samples are acid, very pungent and acrid. Of these the author found 
 that 1 gramme heated in a porcelain capsule over a water-bath for 10 
 minutes wholly volatilised; but the sample lost its pungency and acridity 
 after having been washed with about twice its weight of Water, pressed, 
 and dried by exposure to air, and, when heated as above, lost less than 
 half its weight. The slow volatility of a sample may therefore be taken 
 as a test of purity. An acrid sample by washing and drying had its 
 melting point raised from 73-9° C. (165° F.) to 78-9° C. (174° F.). 
 When warmed with concentrated Sulphuric Acid, Trichlorbutyl-aldehyde 
 separates out in oily drops. The aqueous solution of Butyl-Chloral 
 Hydrate reduces Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid. Chloral 
 Hydrate, and Chlorine derivatives. The aqueous solution should be 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] BYN" 327 
 
 at the most but faintly acid to blue Litmus paper, indicating a limit 
 of free acid. No odom' of Plienylisonitrile should be evolved when 
 5 decigrammes of Butyl-Chloral Hydrate are gently warmed with 10 ml. 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution and 3 drops of Aniline, the liquid being 
 subsequently heated to boiling, indicating the absence of Chloral 
 Hydrate. The aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or pre- 
 cipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorine compounds. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 MISTURA BUTYL-CHLORAL. —Butyl-Chloral Hydrate, 5 grains; 
 Glycerin, 15 minims ; Chloroform Water, h fi. oz. ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PiLULA BUTYL-CHLORAL.— Butyl-Chloral Hydrate, 5 grains ; Com- 
 pound Powder of Tragacanth, 1 grain ; SjTup q.s. ; in 1 pill. 
 
 PILULA BUTYL-CHLORAL CUM GELSEMIO ((7u,v'.s).— Butyl-Chloral 
 Hydrate, 3 grains ; Alcoholic Extract of Gelsemium, 1 grain. 
 
 Pilula Butyl-Chloral et Gelseminse {Weslminster). — Bixtyl-Chlond 
 Hjrdrate, 3 grains ; GelseminpR Hydrochloridum, ^i^ grain ; Pulvis Traga- 
 canthse Compositus, 1 grain ; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. 
 
 SYRUPUS BUTYL-CHLORAL {B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— Butyl-Chloral 
 Hydrate, 16 grains ; Syrup, q.s. to make 1 fl. oz. ; dissolve by the aid of 
 heat. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3(5 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 BYNE. MALT. 
 
 Good Malted Barley is tolerably luiiforni in Diastase, and the widely dift'er- 
 ing results published from time to time by different analysts as to the strength 
 of commercial Extracts must be due partly to a destruction of Diastase in 
 the manufacture of the Extracts, and partly to an ambiguity attaching to 
 the phrase ' conversion of Starch.' 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 EXTRACT UM BYNES. /Sy/i.— Extractum RIalti. Malt Extract. 
 
 Is made by infusing or mashing ground Malt in Water at a temperature 
 imder 160° F., preferably 1-10° F., filtering and evaporating the solution 
 in vacuo to the consistence of a thick sjTup. It is more convenient to use 
 when it is evaporated only to a thin syrup, but in that condition the Extract 
 is more liable to undergo fermentation. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Malt Extract is prescribed as a nutrient in 
 v/asting diseases, and Avhere the digestion is weak it is given for its diastasic 
 value of converting Starch into Maltose and Dextrin. It is also given with 
 Cod Liver Oil. It is useful for covering the taste of nauseous drugs. 
 
 Dose. — A teaspoonful to a, tablespoonful with, or immediately after, meals. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is frequently given simply as Malt Extract, but as 
 it is a thick tenacious fluid somewhat difficult to handle, it is sometimes prescribed 
 as Liquid Malt. {See beloiv.) It is given in combination ivith Cod Liver Oil, 
 with Hypophosphites, and with Glycerophosphates. It masks the unpleasant 
 flavour of Cascara. 
 
 It is very useful when mixed with baked wheaten flovu' to form foods for 
 infants and invalids when a certain amount of pre-digestion is required. 
 
 For a substance with similar properties, T.'i.KA-DiASTASE, see belovj. 
 
328 BYN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Test. — For Malt or Malt Extract, three solutions. A, B, and C are required. 
 {A) Infuse 6 grammes of groimd Malt in 100 c.c. of Water at 140" F. (60° C.) 
 for one hour, cool to 60° F. (15-5° C), and make up to 100 c.c. with Water ; 
 filter. For testing Malt Extract, dissolve 5 grammes of the Extract in sufifi- 
 cient Water to make 100 c.c. of solution. (B) Mix 1 gramme of Potato 
 Starch with 10 c.c. of Water, add to it 90 c.c. of boiling Water ; boil the 
 mixture for ten minutes ; cool to 60° F. (15"5° C.) and make up to 100 c.c. ; 
 strain through fine muslin. (C) Dilute 1 c.c. of B.P. Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Solution of Iodine to 75 c.c. with Water. 
 
 Method. — Run 2 c.c. of the Iodine Solution into each of one dozen test- 
 tubes. Bring solution A and solution B to 100° F. (37*8° C.) ; place 50 c.c. 
 of 2? in a beaker immersed in Water at 100° F. (37 • 8° C), and add to it 10 c.c. 
 oi A ; at the end of a minute draw off 2 c.c. of the mixture and add it to the 
 Iodine Solution in one of the test-tubes, and at4;he end of each subsequent 
 minute repeat the operation. If the test-tubes are arranged in the order in 
 which the solution is added, the colour in each test-tube will represent the 
 amount of action in a given time represented by minutes. As it occupies 
 from ten to fifteen seconds to run the Malt Solution from a pipette into the 
 Starch Solution, it is usual to start the stop-watch or chronograph when half 
 of the solution has run out of the pipette. When a first-class sample of Malt 
 Extract is used, the contents of the first test-tube will be of a blue colour, 
 the second will be red, and the third or fourth yellow, but the changes will 
 be somewhat slower in a sample which is not so good. 
 
 Six of the best known brands of Malt Extract examined by this test ceased 
 to produce a red colour at the end of three, four, six, eight, fourteen, and 
 fifteen minutes respectively, showing a variation of from three to fifteen 
 miinutos, in the digestion of their oivn weight of Starch. A fluid Malt Extract, 
 containing Alcohol, ceased to give a red colour at the end of thirty-five 
 minutes. 
 
 The best sample, when treated with five times its weight of Starch, ceased 
 to produce a red colour at the end of fourteen minutes. 
 
 It is importaiat that the conditions should be the same in each experiment, 
 for any variation in the quantity of Iodine Solution to the volume of liquid 
 employed will affect the results, but under the conditions given, when the 
 colours are viewed in series, two independent workers should not vary more 
 than 1 minute in the reading. 
 
 This process has been found (Suggested Standards of Purity for Foods and 
 Drugs, p. 184) useful and convenient, but it is mentioned that it might have 
 been better to adopt a standard time and vary the proportion of Starch. 
 This suggestion would render the process much less convenient, and th'^ 
 amount of Starch digested in a standard time can easily be calculated by a 
 simple forinula, the activity of Malt Diastase towards Starch Solution, unlike 
 Pancreatic Diastase (Amylopsin), being inversely proportional to the amount 
 of enzyme present. A more striking contrast is, moreover, obtained 
 by taking the relative time required by different samples to digest a definite 
 weight of Starch. 
 
 LIQUID MALT. — Malt Extract, sp. gr. 1-375, to which diluted Alcohol 
 is added, sufficient to produce a liquid, sp. gr. 1-250, containing 7-3 p.c. of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) by weight, equal to aboiit 15 p.c. Proof Spirit. 
 
 Preparations somewhat similar to this are sold as Fluid Extract of Malt, 
 Bynin, etc. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM MALTI (C7.<S.A^.i^.).— Malt in coarse powder, 100, 
 percolated with a mixture of Alcohol (94 p.c.) 1 and Water 3, until the 
 percolate weighs 75. 
 
 MALT EXTRACT WITH COD LIVER OIL.— This is supphed under 
 several well-known brands, but can be prepared extemporaneously by thin- 
 ning ordinary Malt Extract with 10 to 15 p.c. of Water, heating the mixture 
 to 110°-120°F., adding the oil and shaking thoroughly until mixed- The 
 commercial product contaius from ?0 to 30 p.c. of Cod Liver Oil, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAD 329 
 
 Prescribing Note. — Usually given in milk. 
 
 EXTRACTUM MALTI CUM OLEO MORRHU/E {B.P.C. Formulanj 
 1901).— Extract of Malt, 17 fl. oz. ; Cod Liver Oil, 3 fl. oz. Heat the Extract 
 to 110° F., and pour it into a warm mortar ; add the Oil gradually and with 
 constant trituration. 
 
 EXTRACTUM MALTI FERRATUM (Cm*/'*).— Iron Pjaophosphate, 2 ; 
 Water, 3. Di-ssolve and add Extract of Malt, 9.5. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4drm. = 3-0 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Each fl. drm. contains about 1 grain Iron Pyrophosphate. 
 
 TAKA-DIASTASE. — -A powder of a light brown colour, possessing a 
 nutty taste. A ferment derived from a fungus of the species Eurolium 
 Orijzce. It possesses high diastasic properties, readily converting over a 
 hundred times its weight of Starch at body temperature. 
 
 Specially indicated as an artificial digestant of starchy food in dyspepsia 
 cases in which there is a deficiency of saliva ; useful in hyperacidity and 
 especially in gouty dyspepsia. 
 
 Should be given with an alkali, as it does not act in acid solution of a higher 
 strength than 0*1 p.c. 
 
 In diabetes mellitus. — L. '11, i. 826. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0- (55 gramme, in capsules in the middle 
 of or immediately after a meal. 
 
 Diastase from Malt is Official in Fr., Jap., Mex. and Span. 
 
 CADINUM OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF CADE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Juniper Tar Oil. 
 
 Fr., Huile de Cade ; Ger., Kadeol ; Ital., Olio Cadino ; 
 Span., Brea de Oxicedro. 
 
 A brownish or dark brown, viscid fluid, of an oily nature, with a 
 tarry odour and an empyreumatic and somewhat bitter taste ; a 
 product of the destructive disti]kT,tion of the Branches and Wood of 
 Juniperus Oxycedrus, L. It contains a high percentage of the 
 sesquiterpene, Cadinene. 
 
 Solubility. — Mixes in all proportions with Chloroform and Ether ; 
 partially soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; slightly soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An agreeable form of Tar. Used as a 
 stimulant in cases of psoriasis and of chronic eczema. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is used in the Jorm of Ointment ; the Oil mixed 
 with equal parts oj Yellow Wax, and further diluted ivith Lard or Vaseline if 
 required. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Vasolimentum Empyremnaticum, Unguentum Olei Cadini, 
 Oleum Fagi Empyreumaticum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Hung., Ital., 
 Norw., Port., Span. (Brea de Oxicedro), Russ., Swed. (Pyroleum 
 Oxycedri), Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 In Balzer's Cade Baths the oil is emulsified before beins: added to tho 
 bath. 
 
330 CAF [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Cade Bath Fluid is an emulsion of Oil of Cade and a fluid extract from 
 the decoction of the tops of the Taunus Pines. The baths are given daily 
 in psoriasis, etc. 
 
 It is put up in bottles, one of which, being mixed with a little warm 
 Water, is added to an ordinary bath, which should last from half an hour to 
 an hour, and should be accompanied by slight friction on the aftected 
 patches. 
 
 These baths may be used as an adjuvant to the ordinary treatment. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Cade lias a specific gravity of about 0"990. Wlien 
 shaken with Water aud filtered, it should yield an almost colourless 
 filtrate possessing an acid reaction to Litmus paper. In a sample 
 (sp, gr. 0*996) examined by the author, the acidity amounted to 
 0*7 p.c. of Hydrogen Acetate. 
 
 The filtered aqueous solution sliovdd yield a red coloration with 
 diluted Ferric Chloride Test- Solution. 
 
 If an equal volume of Copper Acetate Solution be vigorously shaken 
 with 10 ml. of the filtrate obtained by vigorously shaking 1 ml. of the 
 oil with 15 ml. of Petroleum Spirit, and filtering, then a pale brownish- 
 yellow, but not a green colour, is obtained, when, after complete separa- 
 tion of the two liquids, 5 ml. of the Petroleum Spirit layer is mixed 
 with twice its volume of Ether, indicating the absence of Pine Tar. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM EMPYREUMATICUM (Hct^er).— Juniper Tar Oil, 
 25 ; Vasoliment, 75. 
 
 UNGUENTUM OLEI CADINI.— Oil of Cade and Yellow Wax equal 
 parts. — Ouy's. 
 
 Oil of Cade, 1 drm. ; Soft Paraffin to 1 oz. — London. 
 
 OLEUM FAGI EMPYREUMATICUM.— A thick oleaginous fluid of a 
 blackish-brown colour, and pleasant empyreumatic odour somewhat resem- 
 bling Creosote. It owes its f)roperties to the Phenols and their derivatives 
 wliich it contains. 
 
 CAFFEINA, 
 
 CAFFEINE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Theine. N.O.Syn. — CorPEiNA. 
 
 Fu., Cafeine ; Ger., Koffein ; Ital., Caffeina ; Span., Cafeina. 
 
 C«HioN,0„ H.O, cq. 212-136. 
 
 Fine white, silky, acicular crystals, odourless, and possessing a bitter 
 taste. 
 
 A feebly basic alkaloid, contained in the prepared and dried Leaves 
 of Camellia Thea, Link., the dried seed of Cqffea Arabica, L., and also 
 in other plants. It is chemically allied to Theobromine, being Methyl- 
 theobromine (Tri-methyl-xanthine). 
 
 The quantities yielded are about as follows: — Tea Leaves, 3 to 4 p.c. 
 Coffee Seeds, 1 p.c. j Guarana, 5 p.c. ; Mate or Paraguay Tea, 1 i^.c. ; Kola 
 Nut, 2 to 3 p.c. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAF 331 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 68 of Water ; 1 in 40 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 7 
 of Chloroform ; 1 in 1250 of Ether ; 1 in 1 of boiling Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A valuable heart tonic and diuretic, 
 especially in cases of loss of compensation with cardiac dropsy. 
 To be given with caution in the presence of renal disease. 
 
 Given in 1 grain doses every hour for migraine and hemicrania ; 
 also in the form of Effervescent Caffeine Citrate. Valuable in 
 spasmodic asthma. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0'06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; dailj^, 2 grammes. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; daily, 1 • 5 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in cachets, in mixtures, or in pills made 
 ■with ' Diluted Glucose ' ; also in the Jonn of effervescent preparations. 
 For hypodermic use 20 grains can he dissolved in 60 minims of Water by the aid 
 oj 20 grains of Sodium Salicylate, or 20 grains of Sodium Benzoate. See also 
 Caffeince Sodio-Salicylas, and Caffeince Sodio-Benzoas. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Caffeinae Citras, Caffeinse Citras Effervescens. 
 
 Not Official. — Elixir Caffeinae, Caffeinae Hyclrobromidum, Caffeina? 
 Di-iodo-Hydi'iodidum, Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas, Caffeinae Sodio-Salicylas, 
 Caffeinae Valerianas, ^thoxycaffeinum, Hydroxj^caft'einum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Kuss., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Caffeine dissolves in Distilled Water yielding a solution 
 which is neutral in reaction to Litmus paper. It answers the Murexide 
 test, which consists in dissolving a small quantity of the alkaloid in 
 about I to 1 c.c. of concentrated Hydrochloric Acid, adding a crystal 
 of Potassium Chlorate and evaporating the mixture to dryness on a 
 water-bath. When the reddish-coloured residue is subjected to the 
 action of Ammonia gas or is moistened with a little Ammonia Solution, 
 a fine purple coloration is produced. The colour is not affected by an 
 excess of Ammonia, but is immediately discharged by a fixed alkali. 
 A similar coloration is produced when the test is performed with 
 Chlorine or Bromine Water in place of Potassium Chlorate and 
 Hydrochloric Acid. The usual alkaloidal reagents precipitate Caffeine 
 only imperfectly. Neither Potassio - Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution nor lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution precipitates 
 Caffeine from neutral solutions ; this non-precipitation serving to 
 distinguish Caffeine from other official alkaloids. If the lodo-Potassium 
 Iodide Solution is preceded or followed by the addition of some dilute 
 mineral acid, a dark-reddish precipitate is at once thrown down. 
 Tannic Acid produces a white precipitate in moderately dilate solutions, 
 but the extent of the reaction is largely dependent on the temperature, 
 and the precipitate is soluble in an excess of the reagent. 
 
 Caffeine is completely extracted by Chloroform from a slightly 
 acid or slightly ammoniacal aqueous solution, and is the solvent 
 generally employed in its gravimetric determination. Caffeine melts 
 at 234° to 236° C. (453*2 to 456-8° F.) ; the B.P. gives 235° C. (455° F.) ; 
 the U.S. P. states that, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), to constant 
 
332 CAF [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 weight, its melting point is 236-8'' C. (458-3° R) ; tlie proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this melting point be 
 changed to ' from 233° to 237° C. (451-4° to 458-6° ¥.) ' ; the P.G. 
 gives 234° to 235° C. (453*2° to 455° R). Theoretically, it should 
 contain 8'5 p.c. of Water, and the B.P. states that the crystals lose 
 not more than this amount at 100° C. (212° R). Caffeine probably 
 never contains 8-5 p.c. of Water of crystaUisation, owing to the facility 
 with which the crystals effloresce, commercial Caffeine generally loses 
 about 7 p.c. on drving. Caffeine, which has been dried at 100° C. 
 (212° R), sublimes a't about 180° C. (356° F.) ; the B.P. states at about 
 180° C. (356° R); the U.S.P. about 178° C. (352-4° R); the P.G. 
 at 180° C. (356° R'). The P.G. states that in the air Caffeine loses a 
 part of its Water of crystallisation and at 100° C. (212° R) it becomes 
 anhydrous. It has been shown {P.J. (3) xxiii. 213) that Caffeine 
 which has been dried at the ordinary temperature over Sulphuric 
 Acid till constant in weight undergoes no further material loss on 
 prolonged exposure in an open dish in the water-oven at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), and that it does not volatilise with steam during the evapora- 
 tion of its solutions. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are alkaloids other than 
 Caffeine, organic impurities and mineral matter. No precipitate should 
 be produced in a cold saturated solution by either Potassio-Mercuric 
 Iodide (Mayer's) Solution or lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solu- 
 tion, nor in a cold saturated aqueous neutral solution by Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, indicating the absence of alkaloids, 
 other than Caffeine. Caffeine should dissolve without change of 
 colour in Sulphuric Acid or in Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 readily carbonisable organic impm'ities. It should be completely 
 sublimed on heating, indicating the absence of mineral residue. The 
 U.S.P. states that it should leave no residue on sublimation. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this statement 
 be changed to 'leaves a residue not exceeding 0-1 p.c.,' which is the 
 limit of the P.G., which recjuires at the highest 0-1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate and Hydrochloric Acid. — A reddish residue is 
 left when Caffeine is evaporated to dryness on a water-bath with a crystal 
 of Potassium Chlorate and a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, when this 
 residue is exposed to the vapoiu" of Ammonia Solution it becomes purple, B.P. 
 A small quantity of Caffeine is dissolved in about 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid in 
 a porcelain dish, a little Potassium Chlorate is added and the whole evaporated 
 to dryness on a water-bath ; the dish is then inverted over a vessel contain- 
 ing a few drops of Ammonia Water, the residue acquires a rich purple colour 
 which is destroyed by fixed alkalis, U.S.P. One part of Caffeine with 
 10 parts of Chlorine Water evaporated on a water-bath, yields a yellowish-red 
 residue, which, on moistening with a little Ammonia Solution, becomes 
 coloured a rich purple, P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 CAFFEINiE CITRAS. Caffeine Citrate. 
 
 An unstable combination of Caffeine and Citric Acid, which readily 
 undergoes dissociation in the presence of Water. 
 
 It is made by rubbing together equal weights of Caffeine and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAF 333 
 
 powdered Citric Acid with a small quantity of Water, and drying 
 the product. The quantities given in B.P. are 16 of Distilled Water 
 to 100 of each, Caffeine and Citric Acid. 
 
 A fine white, odourless powder possessing an acid and somewhat 
 bitter taste. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 32 of Water ; 1 in 22 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 10 
 of a mixture of 2 parts Chloroform with 1 part Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 grains = 0'13 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — There is no advantage in using Cafjeine Citrate when 
 given in solution, as relative to the alkaloid it is no more soluble ; the Citrate 
 contains only about 50 p.c. of Cajjeine. It also has the disadvantage that when 
 ordered with Sodium Salicylate or Sodium Benzoate the presence oj the Citric 
 Acid tends to throw out the Salicylic or Benzoic Acids. 
 
 It is supplied in Tablets 1, 2, 3, and 5 grains each. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Hung., Mex., Span. (Citrato 
 Cafeico), Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Caffeine Citrate should afford the reactions distinctive 
 of Caffeine appearing in the large type under that substance. The 
 aqueous solution, after neutralisation and separation of the Caffeine 
 by shaking with Chloroform, yields with Calcium Chloride Solution a 
 white precipitate, insoluble in Potassium Hydroxide Solution ; w^ith 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, a white precipitate soluble in Ammonia Solution, 
 which is distinguished from Tartrate by yielding no mirror on boiling. 
 The salt is official in B.P. and U.S.P., but not in P.G. It was pointed 
 out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion that neither the 
 B.P. nor U.S. P. gave a process for ensuring the presence of the requisite 
 proportion of Caffeine. It is now officially required to contain not 
 less than 45 p.c. by weight of Caffeine, as gravimetrically determined 
 by a process similar to that recommended in the Companion, namely, 
 by dissolving 1 gramme in hot Distilled Water, rendering this aqueous 
 solution faintly alkaline with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and shaking 
 out the Caffeine with three successive quantities each of 10 ml. of 
 Chloroform, separating the chloroformic solution in each case, trans- 
 ferring it to a flask or beaker, after first washing with a little Water, 
 mixing and evaporating to dryness on a water-bath, and weighing the 
 residue, which should amount to not less than 0*45 gramme. The 
 B.P. requires that this residue shall respond to the Murexide test 
 described under Caffeine. 
 
 The following method of determination is recommended by the 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. : — A weighed quantity of 0*5 
 gramme of Caffeine Citrate, previously dried to constant weight at 
 80° C. (176° R), is dissolved in 10 c.c. of hot Distilled Water, an excess 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Test-Solution added, the solution cooled, and 
 shaken in a separator with three successive portions of 20 c.c, 10 c.c, 
 and 10 c.c. respectively, of Chloroform, or more, if necessary to complete 
 the extraction. The combined chloroformic extracts are evaporated 
 to dryness on a water-bath and the residue dried to a constant 
 weight at 80° C. (176° F.), the weight of the anhydrous Caffeine 
 
334 CAF [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 should correspond to not less than 48 p.c. of the weight taken. It is- 
 required that the Caffeine so obtained should have the U.S. P. melting, 
 point given under Caffeine. 
 
 The Citric Acid may be determined by direct titration with Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality; .Ic.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0* 07002 gramme of Hydrogen 
 Citrate. Caffeine is so feebly basic that it exercises no influence 
 on the indicator. Theoretically it should contain about 50 p.c. of 
 Citric Acid. 
 
 The U.S. P. states that 1 part of Caffeine Citrate forms a clear 
 syrupy solution with about 4 parts of hot Water, which is correct, and 
 agrees with the Swiss Pharmacopoeia statement, ' soluble ' in 4 parts 
 of hot Water. On dilution with 5 parts of Water, a white crystalUne 
 precipitate separates, which redissolves when about 25 parts of Water 
 have been added. The .B.P. has now altered the statement ' soluble in 
 3 parts of Water ' to ' soluble in 4 parts of hot Water,' the salt under- 
 going dissociation on the further addition of Water, but completely 
 redissolving in 32 parts of Water. , 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Calcium, Lead, Chlorides, 
 Sulphates, Tartrates, excess of Water, and mineral matter. Except 
 for a test for the excess of Water, the B.P. does not include any tests 
 for impmities. An aqueous solution, when made slightly alkaline 
 with Ammonia Solution, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on 
 the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Calcium. An aqueous solution acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid should yield no darkening in colour or precipitate on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide, indicating the absence of Lead. An aqueous 
 solution acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid should yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Chlorides ; nor on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. No brown or black 
 coloration should be developed on heating 0*25 gramme of the salt 
 for 15 minutes on a water-bath with 5 c.c. of concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid, care being taken to protect the mixture from dust, indicating 
 the absence of Tartrates. The B.P. requires that, when dried at 100° C.. 
 (212° F.), it shall lose not more than 1 p.c. of its weight, indicating the 
 absence of excess of Water. Caffeine Citrate should leave no appreciable 
 residue when ignited with free access of air, indicating a limit of mineral, 
 residue. The proposed changes in -the- U.S. P. IX. recommend that, 
 when dried to constant weight at 80° C. (176" F.), the loss should not- 
 «5xceed 5 p,o. of the amount of Citrated Caffeine taken ; the ash should, 
 not exceed O'l p.c, 
 
 CAFFEINE CITRAS EFFERVESCENS. :Effervescent Caf- 
 feine Citrate. 
 
 Contains about 2 p.c. of Caffeine (4 p.c. of Caffeine Citrate), or nearly' 
 9 grains of Caffeine in the oz. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 arammes. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuie.] CAP 335 
 
 foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in U.S. containing 2 p.e. of Caffeine, 
 and in Span. 
 
 For other Caffeine Citrate Effervescing Compounds, see Phenacetin and 
 Phenazone. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR CAFFEIN/E (C/.S.iY.i^.).— Caffeine, 17-5; Dilute Hydrobromic 
 Acid (U.S. P.), 4; Syrup of Coffee (N.F.), 250; Aromatic EHxir (U.S. P.), 
 q.s. to make 1000. Each fi. drm. contains 1 grain Caffeine. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fi. drm. = 3 ■ G to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 CAFFEIN/E HYDROBROMIDUM.— A crystalHsable salt, which has 
 been recommended (P.J. (3) xxiii. 220) as superior to the B.P. Citrate, but 
 as it is instantly decomposed into free Caffeine and Hydrobromic Acid on 
 contact with Water, it has obviously no advantage over the Citrate in this 
 respect. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 52 of Water. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = 0' 06 to 0-26 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is also prescribed as Eflferveseent Cafifeine 
 Hydrobromide, in several strengths containing 1, 2, 3, &nd 5 grains of the 
 Hydrobromide in each drm. In Tablets 2 grains and 5 grains in each. 
 
 Tests. — Caffeine Hydrobromide dissolves in Distilled Water yielding a 
 solution which, when neutralised with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, and shaken with Chloroform, the chloroformic solution separated 
 and evaporated to dryness, leaves a residue wliich yields the tests distinctive 
 of Caffeine given under that heading. The zieutralised aqueous solution 
 from which the Caffeine has been separated, when slightly acidified with 
 Nitric Acid, yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish cm-dy precipitate, 
 soluble with difficulty in Ammonia Solution, readily soluble in Potassium 
 Cyanide Solution, but insoluble in Nitric Acid. Rendered slightly acid with 
 a few drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid it yields, on the addition of Chlorine 
 Water, a yello^vish-brown coloration, which dissolves to form a reddish- 
 brown solution in Chloroform or Carbon Bisulpliide. 
 
 CAFFEIN/E DI-IODO-HYDRIODIDUM. Caffeine Di-iodo-hydriodide. 
 Syn. — Caffeine Tri-iodide. — Prismatic crystals, steel blue by reflected 
 and red by transmitted light, which slowly decompose on the addition of 
 Water. The salt was prepared and introduced by the author at the suggestion 
 of the late Dr. Mortimer Granville, who obtained much success with it in the 
 treatment of gout, the relief being immediate and effective. 
 
 Dose. — -1 to 3 grains = 0'065 to 0"2 gramme ; in pill, with Glucose and 
 Pulv. Acacige. 
 
 Tests. — Caffeine Di-iodohydriodide should contain 42 • 72 p.c. by weight 
 of loosely-combined Iodine, as volumetrically determined by dissolving a 
 suitable quantity (0"5 gramme) in Alcohol (90 p.c), adding Water to the 
 point of precipitation, and titrating with Tenth-Nomaal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution, 1 c.c; of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thio- 
 Bulphate Solution = "012092 gramme of Iodine. The liquid remaining 
 after titration, upon acidification with Nitric Acid, gives with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution a yellow curdy precipitate, almost insoluble in Ammonia Solution, 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. With a 
 little Chlorine Water, it yields a brown coloration, which dissolves in Carbon 
 Bisulpliide with the production of violet-coloured solution ; if a little 
 Starch Mucilage be added before the Chlorine Water a blue coloration is 
 produced. The Caffeine obtained on shaking out another portion of tliis 
 liquid with Chloroform should conform to the distinctive tests given under 
 that heading. 
 
336 CAF [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CAFFEIN/E SODIO-BENZOAS. Caffeine Sodium Benzoate. — A 
 white, amorphous powder, possessing an aromatic odour and bitter and 
 aromatic taste. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 of Water, 1 in 30 of Alcohol (90p.c.). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0*06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.— 7< is ernployed as a soluble salt oj Caffeine, but princi- 
 pally by hypodermic injection. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Coffeinum 
 Natriobenzoicum) ; Dan. (Benzoas Natrio-cof f eicus) ; Jap. and 
 Swiss (Caf f eino-Natrium Benzoicum) ; Dutch (Benzoas Natricus 
 cum Cof feino) ; Ital. (Benzoato di Soldo e Caf feina). 
 
 Tests. — -Caffeine Sodium Benzoate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Water, yielding a clear colourless solution which is neutral, faintly acid, or 
 faintly alkaline to Litmus paper, but should not produce a red coloration 
 with Phenolphthalein Solution. The aqueous solution yields a buff-coloared 
 precipitate on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. A white pre- 
 cipitate is produced on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid to its 
 aqueous solution, and if this precipitate be filtered off, washed free from 
 mineral acid, and dried, it should possess the melting point and conform to 
 the tests given under Acidum Benzoicum. 
 
 It should contain about 50 p.c. by weight of Caffeine, as gravimetrically 
 determined by dissolving 1 gramnne of dried Caffeine Sodium Benzoate in 
 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and 
 extracting the Caffeine by shaking with 4 successive portions each of 20 c.c, 
 10 c.c, 10 c.c, and 5 c.c. of Chloroform, separating the chloroformic layer 
 in each case, washing, transferring to a tared flask or beaker, mixing and 
 evaporating to dryness, drying till constant in weight at 100° C. (212° F.), 
 and weighing the residue. This residue should yield the tests distinctive of 
 Caffeine described imder that heading. 
 
 Caffeine Sodium Benzoate is Official in several foreign Pharmacopoeias, 
 and the proportion of Caffeine varies. The proposed, changes in the U.S. P. 
 IX. recommend that the U.S. P. salt be required to contain, when dry, not less 
 than 44 p.c. and not more than 50 p.c. of anhydrous Caffeine, the remainder 
 being Sodium Benzoate. 
 
 CAFFEIN/E SODIO-SALICYLAS. Caffeine Sodium Salicylate.— An 
 amorphous white powder. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered dark amber-tinted glass bottles. 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 28 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The same as Caffeine, but being much more 
 soluble is more easily absorbed ; it is also suitable for hypodermic injection. 
 Dose. — 2 to 1 5 grains = • 1 3 to 1 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 gramme ; daily, 3 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Coffeino-Natricum Sahcy- 
 licum), Dan. (Salicylas Natrico-coffeicus), Ger., Jap. and Swiss (Coffeino- 
 Natrium Salicylicum) ; Dutch (Salicylas Natricus cum Coffeino) ; Hung, and 
 Russ. (Coffeinum Natrio-Salicylicum) ; Norw. (Salicylas Natrico-Coffeicus). 
 
 Tests. — Caffeine Sodium Salicylate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a solution which should be neutral, or at the most 
 but faintly acid, to Litmus paper, and which yields with Ferric Cliloride Test- 
 Solution, even when very liighly diluted, a violet colour. When carefully 
 heated in a narrow test-tube it evolves wliite vapours having an odour of 
 Phenol. The residue wliich remains effervesces with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and when a Platinum wire is moistened with the solution and intro- 
 duced into a non-luminous flame, the latter is coloured strongly yellow. A 
 white crystalline precipitate is produced on the addition of Hydrochloric 
 Acid to its aqueous 1 in 10 solution, the precipitate being soluble in 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAF 33? 
 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) or in Ether. If this precipitate be filtered off, washed free 
 from mineral acid, and carefully dried, it should possess the melting point and 
 conform to the reactions distinctive of Salicylic Acid. 
 
 It should contain at least 40 p.c. of anhydrous Caffeine as determined 
 gravimetrically by dissolving 1 gramme of Caffeine Sodium Salicylate in 
 10 c.c. of Water, and extracting the Caffeine by shaking 3 times, using each 
 time 15 c.c. of Chloroform, separating the chloroformic liquid in each case, 
 transferring it to a tared flask or beaker, evaporating to dryness on a 
 water-bath and drying the residue at a temperature of 100° C. (212" F.) till 
 constant in weight. It should amount to at least 0*4 gramme, and should 
 yield the reactions distinctive of Caffeine, given under that heading. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metals, e.r/.. Copper, Iron 
 and Lead, Chlorides, Sulphates, Carbonates, organic impurities, and impure 
 Salicylic Acid. The aqueous 1 in 20 solution should yield no turbidity or 
 precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulpliide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Lead and Copper. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphates. An aqueous solution of similar strength 
 when mixed with an equal quantity of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and acidified with 
 Nitric Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 1 decigramme of 
 Caffeine Sodium Salicylate should dissolve in 1 c.c. of concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid without effervescence, indicating the absence of Carbonates, and without 
 alteration in colour, indicating the absence of organic impurities. As pointed 
 out above, the Salicylic Acid obtained from the salt should possess the melting 
 point and conform to the tests for Salicylic Acid given under that heading. 
 
 CAFFEIN/E VALERIANAS. Caffeink Valerianate. — A variable mix- 
 ture of Valerianic Acid and Caffeine. Commercially the Valerianic Acid 
 varies from 1 p.c. (or less) to 13 p.c, the latter being very exceptional. The 
 majority of commercial specimens are little more than Caffeine scented with 
 Valerianic Acid. The difficulty in forming a true salt is so great that it 
 only exists as a chemical curiosity ; but for all purposes of practical dis- 
 pensing a product, obtained by absorbing 1 of anhydrous Valerianic Acid 
 by 4 of anhydrous Caffeine, is superior to anytliing commercially obtain- 
 able, and when freshly prepared contains about 17 p.c, and even after 
 keeping a considerable time about 9' 7 p.c, of anhydrous Valerianic Acid. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0*06 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Caffeine Valerianate should contain theoretically 34'lp.c. by 
 weight of Valerianic Acid. The Valerianic Acid may be volumetrically deter- 
 mined by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is equivalent to 0*010208 
 gramme of anhydrous Valerianic Acid. Sufficient neutral Chloroform may 
 be added to form two layers, the Caffeine passes into the chloroformic solu- 
 tion, and the Valerianic Acid, as Sodium Valerianate, into the aqueous layer. 
 If the aqueous layer be separated and again shaken with Chloroform, the 
 Chloroform separated and mixed with the first chloroformic liquid, transferred 
 to a tared flask or beaker and evaporated to dryness, dried at a temperature of 
 100° C. (212° F.) and weighed, a determination of the amount of Caffeine 
 present may be obtained. This residue should respond to the tests charac- 
 teristic of Caffeine given under that heading. 
 
 /ETHOXYCAFFEINUM. ^thoxycaffeine. — A compound of Caffeine, 
 containing an additional ^thoxyl group. Colourless, crystalline needles, 
 less soluble in Water than Caffeine, readily soluble in Alcohol. Heart tonic 
 and diuretic. Given with Sodium Salicylate in migraine and trigeminal 
 neuralgia. It readily forms soluble double salts with Sodium Benzoate and 
 Salicylate. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0*06 to 0'2 gramme. 
 
338 CAJ [Solids by Weiglit; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 HYDROXYCAFFEINUM. Hydroxy - Caffeine. — Trimethyl-uric Acid. 
 CgHi^NiOa, eq. 210-12. — Fine white crystalline needles, sparingly soluble in 
 cold Water, more readily soluble in hot Water ; very slightly soluble in 
 Alcohol or Ether. Possesses powerful diuretic properties, and is stated to 
 be non-toxic. 
 
 Dose. — ^1 to 5 grains = • 065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 The following have also received notice in medical literature : — Caffeine- 
 chloral, Caffeine Tri -bromide. Caffeine Sodium Iodide, Caffeine Sulphate, 
 Caffeine Vanadate, Symphoral L. (Lithium Caffeine Sulphonate), 
 Symphoral N. (Sodium Caffeine Sulphonate), and Symphoral Sr 
 (Strontium Caffeine Sulphonate). 
 
 CAJUPUTI OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF CAJUPUT. 
 
 Fr., Huile Volatile de Cajeput ; Ger., Cajeputol ; Ital., Essenza de 
 Cajepux ; Span., Esencia de Cayeput. 
 
 A transparent green or bluisli-green, thin, oily liquid, possessing an 
 agreeable odour resembling Eucalyptus and a pungent, camphoraceous 
 taste. 
 
 A volatile Oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca Leucadendron, 
 L., and other species. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic, carminative and 
 stomachic. Counter-irritant. Given in flatulent colic, hysteria, and 
 other spasmodic and nervous affections. Externally, diluted with 
 Olive Oil (1 to 2), or with Linimentum Terebinthinae, it is used for 
 chilblains and to allay rheumatic and gouty pains. Applied on lint 
 for toothache. 
 
 Dose. — i to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0*18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given on Sugar, or, in Pill, or in the Jorm of Spirit oj 
 Cajuput. Occasionally as tnuch as 10 minims are given in a mixture. See 
 below. 
 
 OfScial Preparation. — Spiritus Cajuputi. 
 
 Not OfB.cial. — Mistura Cajuputi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ital., Jap., Port., 
 Russ., Span., Sw-iss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Cajuput Oil has a specific gravity of 0'919 to 0*930, which 
 are the figures now given by the B.P. The U.S. P. gives 0'915 to 0'925 
 at 25° C. (77° F.). The optical rotation should be from -2° to -4° 
 in a 100 mm. tube ; according to the U.S. P. it should not exceed — 2° 
 in a 100 mm. tube at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.). Oils are 
 occasionally met with having as high a rotation as — 3° 40', and the 
 B.P. requires that it shall not exceed — 4°. It has a Kefractive Index 
 at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-460 to 1-465; B.P. gives 1-460 to 1-467 at 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] CAJ 339 
 
 25° C. (77° F.). It should contain not less than 45 p.c. of Cineol 
 (Eucal3'ptol) as determined by adding 4 to 5 ml. of Phosphoric Acid, 
 specific gravity 1 "750, to 10 ml. of the oil, kept cool in a freezing mixture, 
 the resultant Cineol Phosphate being separated, pressed to remove the 
 excess of acid, and the pressed cake decomposed by the addition of 
 warm Distilled Water, the oily layer being measm'ed in a graduated tube, 
 it should amount to not less than 4*5 ml., measured at 15 '5° C. (60° F.). 
 The B.P. now determines the actual amount of Cineol, instead of only 
 requiring that the Oil shall become semi-solid when stirred with one- 
 third or one-half its volume of Phosphoric Acid, specific gravity 1'750, 
 the mixture being kept cool. The U.S. P. measures the actual amount 
 of Cineol produced on decomposing the Cineol Phosphate. A measured 
 quantity of 10 c.c. of the oil is dissolved in 5 times its volume of 
 purified Petroleum Benzin, cooled by a freezing mixture ; Phosphoric 
 Acid, specific gravity 1*707, cautiously added until the white crystalline . 
 magma commences to assume a yellowish or pinkish tint. The crystals 
 are filtered under pressm*e, washed with cold purified Petroleum Benzin 
 and dried by pressure between porous plates. The crystals are" 
 decomposed by warm Water and the volume of Cineol read off in 
 a narrow graduated cylinder ; the oil should yield not less than 
 55 p.c. v/v. 
 
 The green colour of the oil is generally suj)posed to be due to 
 Copper, which may be detected by shaking the oil with an equal 
 volume of Water containing a drop or two of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid. The oil loses its green colom% and the aqueous portion, when 
 tested with a drop or two of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, yields 
 a reddish-brown colour if Copper be present. The U.S. P. includes a 
 test for absence of Copper, which is given below in small type under 
 the heading of Potassium Ferrocyanide. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide. — On shaking 5 c.c. of the Oil with 5 c.c. of 
 A^'ater containing 1 drop of Dihited Hydrochloric Acid, a reddish-brown coloui' 
 should not be produced in the acid liquid when separated from the Oil, if a 
 drop of Potassium Ferrocyanide Test-Solution be added (absence of Copper). 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SPIRITUS CAJUPUTI. Spirit of Cajuput. 
 
 Oil of Cajuput, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c.) q.s. to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Filter if necessary with the aid of Powdered Talc. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 Tests= — Spirit of Cajuput has a specific gravity of about 0-836; 
 and contains about 88" 6 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 TQ"ot Official. 
 
 MISTURA CAJUPUTI.— Oil of Cajuput, 80 minims; Compound Spirit 
 of Orange (U.S. P.), 80 minims ; Powdered Tragacanth, 8 grains ; Powdered 
 Gmn Acacia, 120 grains ; Glycerin, 1 fl. oz. ; Chloroforjn Water, to 8 oz. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3 • 6 to L4 • 2 ml. 
 
340 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 CALAMINA PRiEPARATA. 
 
 PREPARED CALAMINE. 
 
 Native Zinc Carbonate, calcined in a covered earthenware crucible at a 
 moderate temperature, powdered and freed from gritty particles by elutria- 
 tion. Genuine Calamine has a yellowish-grey colour ; the reddish varieties 
 are generally made on a basis of Barium Sulphate. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Mildly astringent, used in face lotions and 
 dusting powders. 
 
 Calamina Artificiosa.- — Dissolve 8G1 parts of crystallised Sulphate of 
 Zinc in Water, and add 15 fluid parts of Strong Solution of Perchloride of Iron 
 (B.P.). Next dissolve 890 parts of crystallised Sodium Carbonate in a 
 separate quantity of Water, mix the solutions. Shake well, collect the precipi- 
 tate on a calico filter. Wash until free from Sulphate, well drain, heat in a 
 lightly-covered crucible until a portion of it ceases to effervesce on the addition 
 of an acid. Cool and grind to an impalpable powder. — Y.B.P. 1893, 210 ; 
 P.J. '93, i. 622 ; CD. '93, i. 73. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CALAMIN/E (Gt/y's).— Prepared Calamine, 20 grains; 
 Zinc Oxide, 15 grains ; Solution of Lime, 2 drm. ; Water, 2 drm. ; OUvo 
 Oil, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Variations of this are given in Great Northern, Middlesex and University 
 Hospital Pharmacopoeias. The following is sometimes prescribed, but unless 
 treated in the manner here described it is difficult to dispense : — Calamine, 
 3 drm. ; Zinc Oxide, 2 drin. ; Lime Water, 4 fl. oz. ; Olive Oil, 4 fl. oz. 
 
 Bub the poivdcrs with the Lime Water in a mortar to a smooth cream,, and 
 then add the whole of the Oil at once and stir together. 
 
 LOTIO ZINCI OXIDI.— Zinc Oxide, 60 grains; Prepared Calamine, 60 
 grains ; Glycerin, 60 minims ; Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 A mild astringent in chronic eczema and acne rosacea. 
 
 Most of the Hospital Pharmacopoeias give a formula under the heading 
 Lotio Calaminse or Lotio Zinci Oxidi. 
 
 LOTIO CALAMIN/E {Canadian Formulary). — Levigated Calamine, 40 
 grains ; Zinc Oxide, 20 grains ; Glycerin, 20 minims ; Lime Walter q.s. to 
 make 1 fl. oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CALAMIN/E {B.P. 1885).— Prepared Calamine, I ; Ben- 
 zoated Lard, 5. 
 
 CERATUM CALAMIN/E {Ph. Lond.).— Calamine, Ih ; Beeswax, 7i ; 
 Olive Oil, 20. 
 
 Ph. Edin. — Calamine, 1 ; Simple Cerate, 5 ; commonly known as Turner's 
 Cerate. 
 
 CALCII CARBONAS PR^CIPITATUS. 
 
 PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Precipitated Chalk. 
 
 CaCOg, eq. 100-07. 
 
 Fr., Carbonato de Chattx Precipite ; Ger., Gefalltes Calcitjmcarbonat ; 
 Ital., Carbonato di Calcio Precipitato ; Span., Carbonato de Cal. 
 
 A white, inodorous, tasteless powder. 
 
 It may be obtained by precipitating a soluble Calcium salt, usually 
 the Chloride, with Sodium Carbonate. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 3-1:1 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water and Alcoliol. Soluble witli effer- 
 vescence in dilute mineral Acids and some of tlie organic Acids. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antacid, astringent and desiccant. 
 Used in dyspepsia with acidity ; valuable in diarrhoea ; as a dusting 
 powder in eczema, and for biu'ns. 
 
 A paste containing equal pa.rts of PetroIatiuTi and Chalk, being non-poisonous 
 is preferable to Bismuth paste in every case in which paste injection is 
 indicated.— J.^.M.4. '11, ii. 394. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0'65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Used in the preparation of Trochiscus Bismuthi 
 Compositus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch. Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Precipitated Chalk effervesces upon the addition of acids, 
 yielding a colourless and odourless gas, which affords, when passed 
 into Lime Water or into Barium Hydroxide Solution, a w-hite 
 precipitate. 
 
 When dissolved in just sufficient Hydrochloric Acid to effect solution, 
 boiled and cooled, it answers the tests distinctive of Calcium, which 
 are that, when mixed with sufficient Ammonia Solution to render 
 the solution faintly alkaline. Ammonium Oxalate Solution produces 
 a white precipitate, soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, insoluble in Acetic 
 Acid ; Ammonium Carbonate Solution produces a white precipitate 
 which, after well boiling, is insoluble in Ammonium Chloride Solution. 
 
 The U.S. P. states that the salt should contain not less than 99 p.c. 
 of pure Calcium Carbonate, but no process is given for the determina- 
 tion. The proposed changes of the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the 
 method of determination be based on residual titration with Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, after dissolving the salt 
 in an excess of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 
 Methyl Orange Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The 
 B.P. and P.G. state neither the requisite percentage, nor method of 
 determination. It is usually determined gravimetrically as Oxalate, 
 the Calcium Oxalate being ignited and weighed as Calcium Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Lead, Aluminium, 
 Iron, Magnesium, Chlorides, Phosphates, Sulphates and alkali salts. 
 The limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796), 
 is now fixed by the B.P. ; as determined by the Arsenic Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by dissolving 
 2 grammes of Calcium Carbonate in a mixture of 14 ml. of Brominated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 45 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, using Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent for getting rid 
 of the excess of Bromine. A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million, 
 suggested in the same reference, has also been officially fixed. It is 
 determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, using a primary solution representing 7 grammes of Calcium 
 Carbonate, and an auxiliary solution representing 2 grammes of the 
 Carbonate, and 5 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 
342 CAL [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution obtained by dissolving Calcium Carbonate 
 in a sliglit excess of Diluted Hydrocliloric Acid, when mixed witli 
 Ammonia Solution and boiled shall yield no turbidity or precipitate, 
 indicating the absence of Aluminium, Iron and Phosphates. If an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution be added to a solution of Calcium Carbonate 
 in a sHght excess of Hydrochloric Acid, followed by some Lime Water, 
 not more than .the faintest tm'bidity shall result, indicating a limit of 
 Magnesium salts.- A 1 in 50 solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme 
 of Calcium Carbonate in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should not be 
 immediately rendered blue by the addition of 0*5 o.c. of Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. A solution obtained 
 by dissolving Calcium Carbonate in Distilled Water by the aid of some 
 Diluted Nitric Acid shall yield little or no tm'bidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of either Silver Nitrate Solution or of Barium 
 Cldoride Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides and Sulphates. The 
 filtrate obtained by exhausting 1 gramme of the salt with 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water should not possess an alkaline reaction to Litmus 
 paper, and should leave no appreciable residue on evaporation to 
 dryness, indicating a limit of soluble alkalis. 
 
 CRETA PR^PARATA. See p. 532. 
 
 CALCII CHLORIDUM. 
 
 CALCIUM CHLORIDE. 
 
 CaCL, eq. 110-99. 
 
 Fr., Chlorure de Calcium ; Ger., Calciumchlorid. 
 
 White, or nearly white, slightly translucent, hard fragments, having 
 a sharp saline taste. Very deliquescent. 
 
 It may be obtained by adding Calcium Carbonate to Hydrochloric 
 Acid until neutralised, filtering, evaporating and drying the residixe 
 at a temperature not above 200° C. (392° F.). 
 
 It should be kept in glass bottles with closely-fitting glass stoppers. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It increases the coagulability of the 
 blood, and is therefore used in gastric, intestinal and pulmonary 
 hfernorrhage, also in haemophilia and aneurisms. Has been given 
 internally also for chilblains, 20 grains night and morning, and in 
 glandular enlargements, especially those of tubercular origin. 
 
 Rapidly effective in purpura in children {B.M.J. '07, i. 199 ; '09, ii. 197). 
 
 Given as a preventive in full doses for three days before any intranasal 
 operation ; and as a curative in 20 to 60 grain doses in hasmorrhage after 
 extraction of teeth.— B.M.J. '07, i. 1054 ; ii. 83. 
 
 When used for hienjoptysis it must not be given for more than three or 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 343 
 
 four days at a time, otherwise the blood will become less coagulable. — Pr. '07, 
 i. 335. 
 
 10 grains every three hovirs is the rock on which our treatment of pneumonia 
 is built.— ikf.i?. '11, ii. 264. 
 
 Of use in pruritus.— iVf. P. '12, i. 480. 
 
 In typhoid with repeated intestinal haemorrhage its prolonged use may 
 bring about phlebitis ; from the phlebitis Citric Acid causes rapid recovery. 
 Coagulation of the blood is helped by Calcium salts, and prevented by 
 Citrates, Oxalates, and Fluorides. Dose, not more than G grammes daily, 
 well cUluted in Water. — B.M.J. '09, i. 368. See also under Acid Citric. 
 
 Excellent results in chilblains, acute oedema, serous effusions, osdema 
 following vaccination, and viper bites. Anti -diphtherial serum eruptions 
 may be averted by a daily dose on the day of injection and two following 
 days. As continuous administration of Calcium salts tends to produce 
 results which are just the opposite of those required, the treatment should 
 be omitted every fom'th day, allowing a longer interval every eight or ten 
 days. Calcium Chloride must not be given to those predisposed to Calcic 
 retention or atheroma, and therefore it is generally contra-indicated in elderly 
 persons, alcoholics and those suffering from Lead poisoning. It is best given 
 in small doses for brief periods, with intervals of cessation. Perhaps the best 
 flavouring agents for masking the bitter saline taste are Cinnamon and Pepper- 
 mint.— L. '10, i. 1358. 
 
 30—45 grains a day for 2 weeks very good in rhinorrhoea. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 79. 
 
 The disadvantage of this salt is the very luipleasant taste, which is 
 extremely difficult to cover. A suitable Solution is Elixir Calcii Chloridi, 
 given below. 
 
 Sterilettes of Calcium Chloi'ide are suitable for hypodermic or intra- 
 muscular work. 
 
 Lime salts particularly harmful in arterial sclerosis. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 549. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gTamme. 
 
 Presci'lbing Notes. — This salt has a very unpleasant taste which is difficult 
 to cover. Elixir Calcii Chloridi acco7nplisJi.es this better than Liquorice. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Carbonates, Phosphates, Sulphates, and Tartrates. 
 
 Wot Official. — Elixir Calcii Chloridi, Liquor Calcii Chloridi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. ; Himg. (Calcium Chlora- 
 tum Crystallisatum), Port. (Chloreto de Calcio), Fr. (Chlorure de 
 Calcium Cristallise and Chlorure de Calcium Fondu), Mex. 
 (Cloruro de Calcio), Span. (Cloruro Calcico). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Chloride dissolves readily and completely iu 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear, colourless solution, which is neutral 
 in reaction to Litmus paper and which should answer the tests 
 distinctive of Calcium given under Calcii Carbonas Prsecipitatus. 
 The aqueous solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a white 
 cm'dy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution 
 and in Potassium Cyanide Solution. A small quantity of the salt 
 heated with Manganese Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid evolves a yellowish- 
 green gas recognised as Chlorine by its odour and liberating Iodine 
 from Potassium Iodide Solution, yielding on the addition of Starch 
 MucUage a blue coloration. 
 
 The B.P. does not fix a limit for the amount of pure Calciimi 
 Chloride which the salt shall contain, the U.S. P. requires that it shall 
 contain not less than 99 p.c. of the pure salt. Neither Pharmacopoeia 
 describes a process of determination. The neutral aqueous solution 
 may be titrated with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 
344 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 or the Calcium may be determined as Oxalate, the Oxalate Wasiied> 
 dried, ignited, and weighed as Calcium Oxide. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of determination be 
 based upon residual titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Sulphocyanate Solution after addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impui'ities are Aluminium, Arsenic, 
 Lead, Iron, Magnesium, Carbonates, and Hypochlorite. The B.P. 
 fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, using a solution 
 of 2 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, together with 
 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A 
 limit of 20 parts of Lead per million is also fixed, as determined by the 
 Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary 
 solution containing 7 grammes, and an auxiliary solution containing 
 2 grammes of the salt, and 10 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 The U.S. P. utilises the time-limit test for Arsenic and Lead, requiring 
 that the 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, slightly acidulated with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should not respond to the time-limit test, indicating 
 a limit of Arsenic and Lead. It is officially required to lose not more 
 than 5 p.c. of its weight, when dried at 200° C. (392° F.) ; the U.S. P. 
 does not fix a limit of loss of weight when dried at this temperature, 
 but the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that a moisture 
 limit of 3 p.c. be fixed, together with a method of determination. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution, when mixed with Ammonia Solution until 
 an alkaline reaction results, shall yield no turbidity or precipitate, 
 either before or after boiling, indicating a limit of Aluminium, Iron, 
 and Phosphates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, after complete removal 
 of the Calcium as Oxalate, shall yield but the faintest turbidity 
 on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Magnesium. The U.S. P. test requires that if from 10 c.c. of a 1 in 
 20 solution the Calcium be completely precipitated by Ammonium 
 Oxalate Test-Solution, the filtrate, on evaporation and ignition, should 
 leave not more than O'l p.c. of fixed residue, indicating a limit of 
 Magnesium and alkalis. The aqueous 1 in 10 solution should be clear 
 and no effervescence should occur on adding Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid,' indicating the absence of Carbonates. No evolution of Chlorine 
 or of Hypochlorous Acid should occur when Hydrochloric Acid is 
 added to a 1 in 10 aqueous solution, indicating the absence of Hypo- 
 chlorite. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR CALCil CHLORIDI {P.B. 1885).— Chloride of Calcium 1, 
 Distilled Water 5. 
 
 ELIXIR CALCII CHLORIDI.— Chloride of Calcium, CO grains; Citric 
 Acid, 20 grains ; Aromatic Elixir (U.S. P.), to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 CALX CHLORINATA. See p. 364. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 345 
 
 Not Official. 
 CALCII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS. 
 
 calcium glycek.ophosphate. 
 
 Fr., Glycerophosphate de Calcium ; Ger., Glycerinpiiosphorsaures 
 Calcium ; Ital., Glicerofosfato di Calcic ; Span., Glicerofosfato 
 DE Cal. 
 
 A white, odovtrle.ss, crystalline powder. 
 
 It is prepared by the action of Milk of Lime on Glycero -phosphoric Acid, 
 the product being purified by treatment with Alcohol. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 22 of Water, less soluble in warm Water, and almost 
 insoluble in boiling Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It improves the general nutrition in neuras- 
 thenia. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme dissolved in Water. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Liquid Glycerophosphate preparations keep best when 
 undiluted, and any dilution should be done when the medicine is taken ; but 
 ij prescribed in a diluted Jorm the diluent should be Chlorojorm Water, not 
 Distilled Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ital., Mex. 
 (Glicerofosfato de Calcio), Span. (Glicerofosfato do Cal), and 
 Swiss (Calcium Glycerinophosphoricum). 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Glycerophosphate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding 
 a solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. The aqueous 
 solution yields with Ammoniuin Oxalate Solution a white precipitate, insoluble 
 in Acetic Acid, but soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid ; when the cold 
 aqueous solution is warmed, a white precipitate is thrown out, the salt being 
 less soluble in warm than in cold Water. A little of the salt heated in a 
 tube blackens and evolves the characteristic irritating odour of Acrolein ; 
 when ignited on Platinum foil it burns with a luminous flame, leaving a 
 white residue, which, dissolved in Nitric Acid, yields a solution giving on the 
 addition of Ammonium Molybdate Solution, a yellow precipitate insoluble 
 in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 The Glycerophosphates do not answer the usual reactions of the Phosphates, 
 that is to say, they do not give an immediate precipitate with Ammonium 
 Molybdate Solution, nor do they immediately precipitate with Magnesium 
 Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. On boiling with a mineral acid the Glycero- 
 phosphoric Acid is decomposed, and the sohition then responds to the tests 
 for Phosphoric Acid. The aqueous solution of the salt yields a white preci- 
 pitate with Lead Subacetate Solution. The percentage of Calcium Glycero- 
 phosphate may he detoi-mined volumetrically by titration of the aqueous 
 solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using 
 Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator, and then titrating the solution 
 with Tenth -Normal Volmnetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenol - 
 phthalein Solution as an indicator. In the first instance one molecule of 
 Sulphiu-ic Acid corresponds to two molecules of Calcimn Glycerophosphate, and 
 in the second instance two molecules of Sodium Hydroxide are also equivalent 
 to the two molecules of Calcium Glycerophosphate. 
 
 A good sample shovild require the same number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to neutralise it to Methyl Orange 
 Solution, as it does of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 subsequently to neutraUse it to Phenolphthalein Solution. 
 
 The Fr. Codex determines the Glycerophosphoric Acid as Magnesium 
 Pyrophosphate, enaploying the residue left on the ignition of 0'5 gramme 
 of the salt, and dissolving it in boiling Water, with the addition of Acetic 
 Acid. The Calcium niay also be determined by precipitation as 0??alate, 
 
346 CAIj [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 igniting and weighing as Oxide, or by dissolving the ignited precipitate of 
 Calcium Oxalate in an excess of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, and titrating the excess of Normal Volumetric Acid Solution with 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Methyl Orange Solu- 
 tion as an indicator. Commercial Calcium Glycerophosphate appears to 
 vary considerably. Anhydrous Calcium Glycerophosphate should contain 
 19*06p.c. of Calcium; Calcium Glycerophosphate containing 1 molecule of 
 Water of crystallisation should contain theoretically 17"5p.c. of Calcium, 
 commercial samples contain from 15 to 17 p.c. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ai'senic, heavy metals, e.g.. 
 Lead, Copper, and Iron ; Chlorides, Phosphates, and Sulphates ; readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities, and free Glycerin. 
 
 A mixture of 1 gramme of Calcium Glycerophosphate dissolved in 5 c.c. 
 of Hydrochloric Acid should yield no dark coloration when examined by 
 the Bettendorf's test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. An aqueous 1 in 10 
 solution, acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, should not become 
 darkened in colour on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, in- 
 dicating the absence of Lead and Copper ; on the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution in excess, no material darkening in coloiu: should occur, in- 
 dicating a limit of Iron. The "aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when acidified with 
 Diluted Nitric Acid, should yield only the faintest turbidity or cloudiness 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; 
 or on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, limit of Sulphates. 
 
 A 1 in 20 solution, after acidification with Nitric Acid, should yield no imme- 
 diate yellow precipitate on the addition of Ammonium Molybdate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Phosphates. Calcium Glycerophosphate should not 
 becoine colom-ed when shaken with concentrated Svilphuric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of readily carbonisable organic impurities. It should yield 
 no fixed residue when exhausted with Absolute Alcohol, the Alcohol filtered 
 oft" and the filtrate evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, indicating the 
 absence of uncombined Glycerin. 
 
 GLYCEROL GLYCEROPHOSPHATIS {Bournemouth Formulary).— 
 Cudbear, 15 grains ; Distilled AVater, 10 fl. oz. Boil for 10 minutes, filter 
 and dissolve in the warm filtrate Calcium Glycerophosphate, 160 grains ; 
 Potassium Glycerophosphate, 80 grains ; Sodium Glycerophosphate, 80 
 grains ; Magnesium Glycerophosphate, 80 grains ; Iron Glycerophosphate (in 
 scales), 40 grains ; Citric Acid, 30 grains, then add Glycerin, 10 fl. oz. ; 
 Chloroform, 5 minims ; Alcohol, 40 minims ; Orange Flower Water (triple), 
 2 fl. drm. ; Cherry Laurel Water, 3 fl. drm. ; Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 
 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 SYRUPUS GLYCEROPHOSPHATUM COMPOSITUM.— 1 fl. drm. 
 contains Calcium Glycerophosphate, 1 grain ; Sodium Glycerophosphate, 
 if grain ; Potassium Glycerophosphate, |- grain ; Magnesiu.m Glycero- 
 phosphate, 5 grain ; Iron Glycerophosphate, J grain. 
 
 FERRI GLYCEROPHOSPHAS (Iron Glycerophosphate). —Yellow or 
 yellowish-green scales, or as a white powder, soluble in cold Water, more 
 readil}^ in hot. Introduced as a nervine tonic, recommended in chlorosis. 
 
 MAGNESII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS (Magnesium Glycerophosphate).— 
 A white, odourless powder, possessing a somewhat bitter taste. It shovild 
 contain about 10 p.c. of Magnesium. 
 
 POTASSII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS (Potassium Glj^cerophosphate).— A 
 yellow to yellowish-bro-tt-n thick syrupy liquid, containing 50 or 75 p.c. of 
 Potassium Glycerophosphate. It is not readily obtained in a crystalline 
 condition. 
 
 SbDII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS (Sodium Glycerophosphate).— Small white 
 odourless crystals or masses of crystals, readily soluble in Water. A solution 
 containing about 50 p.c. is Official in the Fr. Codex. It is prescribed in 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] CAL 347 
 
 similar circumstances to the other Glyceropliosphates and a sohition is also 
 employed hypodermically in the form of Ampoiiles. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0"C5 gramme. 
 
 ACIDUM GLYCEROPHOSPHORICUM.— A clear, colourless, or pale 
 yellowish syrupy liquid ; sp. gr., 1"127. Chiefly used for the preparation of 
 the salts, but rarely used medicinally. 
 
 CALCII HYDRAS. 
 
 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE. 
 N.O.Syn. — Slaked Lime. 
 Ca(HO)„ eq. 74-086. 
 
 A white, odourless powder, having a caustic taste. 
 
 The Pharmacopoeia directs that ' it should be recently prepared/ 
 but this is unnecessary if air be excluded. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles, and protected as 
 far as possible from contact with the air. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in Water (1 in 900) ; the solution, 
 on exposm-e to the air, soon acquires a film of Calcium Carbonate. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antacid, astringent, sedative. The 
 Solution (Lime Water) is useful in acid and gouty dyspepsia ; in 
 vomiting and diarrhoea of children, especially if given with the 
 Milk, as it renders the curd less dense ; an internal remedy for Avarts, 
 best to give 1 fl. drm. Liq. Calc. Sacch. tlu-ice daily in Water ; in 
 enteric fever it lessens the chances of haemorrhage ; also in the form 
 of diluted saccharated solution to relieve chronic vomiting, and 
 vomiting of pregnancy. The Liniment of Lime is applied to biuns 
 and scalds. When made with Linseed Oil it is known as Carron 
 Oil. 
 
 Half a pint of Lime Water internally per day successful in causing hmidreds 
 of warts {Verruca plana) to disappear. — B.M.J. '10, i. 81. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Vegetable and mineral Acids, alkaline and metallic salts, 
 Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Ofi&cial Preparations. — Liquor Calcis and Liquor Calcis Saceharatus. 
 Lime Water is used in the preparation of Linimentum Calcis, Lotio Hydrar- 
 gyri Flava and Lotio Hydrargyri Nigra. 
 
 Not Official. — Liniment for freckles, Carron Oil. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Hydroxide de Calcium) 
 and Span. (Cal Apagada). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Slaked Lime when dissolved in Distilled Water or in 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and neutralised, should afford the tests 
 distinctive of Calcium given under Precipitated Calcium Carbonate. 
 The aqueous solution should be alkaline in reaction to red Litmus 
 paper and to Phenolphthalein Solution, and may be titrated with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution by the use of the latter 
 indicator. 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is 
 
848 CAL tSolids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 equal to 0" 037043 gramme of pme Calcium Hydroxide. When 
 strongly lieated the salt loses nearly one-fom'th of its weight of Water. 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Aisenic, Lead, Aluminium, 
 Iron, Magnesium, Carbonates, Chlorides, Phosphates, Sulphates, and 
 Silica. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Ai'senic per million, 
 as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution obtained by dissolving 2 grammes of 
 Calcium Hydrate in 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- 
 Test reagent and 45 ml. of hot Distilled Water, eliminating the excess 
 of Bromine with Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. It fixes 
 a limit of 20 parts of Lead per million, as determined by the Lead 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary 
 solution containing 7 grammes of Calcium Hydrate, prepared by the 
 aid of Acetic Acid, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 prepared in a similar manner, and 10 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solu- 
 tion. When dissolved in Diluted Hydi'ochloric Acid, and an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution added, it should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 either before or after boiling, indicating the absence of Aluminium, 
 Iron and Phosphates. If it be dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and the Calcium removed by completely precipitating as Oxalate, 
 the filtrate should yield only the faintest tui'bidity, but no precipitate, 
 on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Magnesium. It should yield little or no effervescence on solution 
 in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 When dissolved in Diluted Nitric Acid it should yield little or no 
 turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a Hmit 
 of Chlorides ; and only the faintest turbidity on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. If 1 gramme 
 be dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, evaporated to dryness, 
 again moistened with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and again evaporated 
 to dryness, the residue should be almost completely soluble in Distilled 
 Water, indicating a limit of Silica. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CALCIS. Liniment of Lime. 
 
 Solution of Lime, 1 ; Olive Oil, 1. (1 in 2.) 
 
 See also Olive Oil. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Solution of Limo and 
 Medicinal Oil, equal parts; Fr. (Linim. Calcaire), Solution of Lime and 
 Olive Oil, equal parts ; Ital., Lime Water and Olive Oil, equal parts ; Jap. 
 and Mex., Lime Water 1, Sesame Oil 1 ; Port., Lime Water 9, Oil of Almonds 
 1 ; Span. (Linimento Oleo-Calcareo), Lime Water 05, Oil of Almonds 
 35; Austr., Dan. (Linimentum Calcicum), Dutch, Russ., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S., Solution of Lime and Linseed Oil, equal parts. AH by weight, 
 except U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 LIQUOR CALCIS. Solution of Lime. B.P.Sijn. — Lime Water- 
 
 A saturated Solution of Calcium Hydroxide (washed free of Chlorides) 
 
 in Distilled Water. It should contain about h, grain in the fl. oz. 
 It is directed to be prepared by washing 1 of Calcium Hydroxide, 
 
 free of Chlorides, and then macerating with 100 of Distilled Water for 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] OAL o49 
 
 2 or 3 minutes in a closed vessel ; allowing it to stiiud and syplioning 
 off the clear liquid. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 colour, and preserved as far as possible from contact with the au\ It 
 is best kept in full bottles. 
 
 When freshly prepared it forms a colourless and odourless liquid 
 possessing a peculiar alkaline taste. It gradually absorbs Carbonic 
 Anhydride from the air, and a crust of Calcium Carbonate forms on 
 the sm-face of the liquid. 
 
 The Hydrate is less soluble in hot than in cold Water, and, if saturated, 
 Lime Water should precipitate on boiling. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4:11. oz. = 28-4 to 113-6 m.l. 
 
 It is more palatable when given in Milk. 
 
 So-called aerated ' Lime Water ' is sold in syphons, but we understand 
 that it is aerated with Carbonic Acid gas, and in that case the name is 
 misleading. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmaeopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hmig. (Aqua 
 Calcis) ; Belg., Swiss (Calcium Hydricum Solutum) ; Dan., Dutch, 
 Norw. and Swed. (Solutio Hydratia Calcici) ; Fr. (Eau de Chaux) ; 
 Ger. and Jap. (Aqua Calcariffi) ; Ital. (Acqua di Calce) ; Mex., Port, 
 and Span. (Agua do Cal) ; E,uss. (Calcaria Caustica Soluta) ; U.S., 
 Liquor Calcis. 
 
 Tests. — Lime Water is strongly alkaline in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. It should yield the tests distinctive of Calcium 
 described under Calcium Carbonate. It is officially required to 
 contain 0'154 p.c. w/v of pm'e Calcium Hydroxide, as volumetrically 
 determined by titrating a measm'ed quantity of 24 ml. with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which 10 ml. should 
 be required, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 
 1 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0; 0037043 
 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide. The B.P. does not specify an indicator 
 of neutrality. The U.S. P. and P.G. mention Phenolphthalein Solution. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain not less than 0*14 p.c. of 
 pure Calcium Hydroxide, the P.G. that it shall contain from 0*15 
 to 0*17 p.c. of Calcium Hydroxide. 
 
 When slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid it should yield no 
 appreciable alteration in coloiir on the addition of Hydrogen Srdphide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Lead. When slightly acidified with 
 Diluted Nitric Acid it should yield only the faintest turbidity on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 The liquor should be free from the more generally occm-ring impurities 
 mentioned under Calcium Hydrate. 
 
 LIQUOR CALCIS SACCHARATUS. S.^cchaeated Solution of 
 Lime. 
 
 Calcium Hydroxide, 1 ; Eefined Sugar, in powder, 2 ; Distilled 
 Water, 20. (About 1 in 62.) 
 
 A clear, colourless and odourless liquid, possessing a peculiar sweetish 
 and alkaline taste. 
 
350 CAIi [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Contains about 8 grains of CaO in 1 fl. oz. 1 oz. — about IG fl. oz. Lime 
 Water. * 
 
 As suggested in our former editions the Sugar should be first dissolved in 
 the Water, and the Calcium Hydroxide added to the Solution ; after a few 
 houps' occasional agitation, in a closed vessel, syphon or decant. 
 
 It sliOLild be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber colour, 
 Avhich should be kept full, and preserved as far as possible from contact v.ith 
 the air. 
 
 The Hydrate in this ease also is less soluble in the hot than in the cold, 
 and the liquor precipitates on boiling, but clears again on cooling. 
 
 Dose.— 15 to 60 minims = 0-9 to 3-6 m!. 
 
 Tests. — Saccliarated Solution of Lime has a specific gravity 
 of 1-055, and is officially required to indicate 2 "44 p.c. w/v equivalent 
 to 2*31 p.c. w/w of pure Calcium Hydroxide, as volu metrically 
 determined by titrating a measured quantity of 20 ml. with Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which 13* 2 ml. should be 
 required, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 
 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*037043 
 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide. In this case also the B.P. does not 
 .specify an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 The liquor should be free from the impurities usually associated 
 with the Hydroxide from which it is prepared. When slightly acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, it should yield no appreciable darkening in 
 colour on the addition of Hydi'ogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Lead. 
 
 jSTot Official. 
 
 LINIMENT FOR FRECKLES. — Liniment of Lime, 8; Solution of 
 Ammonia, 1 ; mix. 
 
 CARRON OIL.- — Equal parts of Linseed Oil and Lime Water, shaken to 
 form a cream. 
 
 One of the best applications to burns or scalds, m.ore particularly when 
 1 or 2 p.c. of Phenol has been added. 
 
 CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS. 
 
 CALCIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE. 
 
 Ca(PH,0,)„ cq. 170-182. 
 
 Fr., Hypophosphite de Calcium ; Ger., Calcium Hypophosphit ; Ital., 
 Ipofosfito di Calcio ; Span., Hipofosfito Calcico. 
 
 A white, odom-less, lustrous crystalline salt, or as a wliite crystalline 
 powder, having a nauseous bitter taste. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Calcium 
 Hypophosphite. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles and in a cool place. 
 The salt readily undergoes oxidation, and on this account great care 
 should be exercised in mixing it with substances which readily part 
 with Oxygen, e.g., Chlorates, Nitrates, and Peroxides. 
 
 It may be obtained by the combined action of Calcium Hvdroxide, 
 Phosphorus, and Water, the salt being pm-ified by recrystallisation. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 351 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 8 of Water, and scarcely more soluble in boiling 
 Water. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Phosphorous, but 
 without its unpleasant effects. Given in debility. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to '65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in mixtures or in one of the various 
 forms of Syrup. 
 
 Not Official. — Glycerola Hypopliosphitura, SjTupus Hypophosphituni, 
 Syrupus Calcii Hypophosphitis (Squire), and Syrupus Calcii et Sodii Hjioo- 
 phosphitum. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., and 
 Swiss (Calcium Hypopliosphorosum), Dutch and Norw. (Hypo- 
 phosphis Calcicus), Fr. (Hypophosphite de Chaux), Ital. (Ipofos- 
 fito di Calcio), Mex. (Hipofosfito de Calcio), Port. (Hypo- 
 phosphito de Cal), Span. (Hipofosfito Calcico), U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Hypophosphite when heated to redness evolves 
 sponta'neously inflammable Hydrogen Phosphide and Hydrogen, and 
 leaves a reddish-coloured residue. It dissolves readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water, producing a solution which rapidly reduces 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution, yielding, if the necessary quantity 
 of Permanganate be employed, a practically colourless filtrate. The 
 aqueous solution reduces Mercuric Chloride Solution, first to Mercurous 
 Chloride and ultimately more completely to metallic Mercur}^ It is 
 officially required to contain not less than 97*85 p.c. of pure Calcium 
 Hypophosphite, as determined volumetrically by first removing the 
 Phosphites by precipitation with Lead Acetate Solution, and then 
 oxidising the Calcium Hypophosphite by means of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Bicliromate Solution and Sulphm'ic Acid. Except that 
 the B.P. works in ml. and the original process in c.c, and that 25 ml. 
 instead of 50 c.c. are taken for the final titration, it is essentially that 
 recommended {Y.B.P. '13, 519), and is practically as follows :— A 
 weighed quantity of 2*5 grammes of the salt is dissolved in 40 c.c. 
 of Water, and the Phosphites are removed by precipitation with an 
 excess of Lead Acetate Solution, the hquid is made up to 50 c.c, 
 shaken, and allowed to stand until quite clear. A measured quantity 
 of 10 c.c. of the clear supernatant liquid, representing 0*5 gramme 
 of the salt, is mixed with 50 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Bicliromate Solution and 10 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, and heated on the 
 water-bath for one hour. It is then diluted to 250 c.c. with .Distilled 
 Water. A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of this solution is then mixed 
 with a sufficiency of Potassium Iodide and titrated with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, employing Mucilage of 
 Starch as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Bichromate Solution = 0' 021273 gramme of Calcium Hypophosphite. 
 
 The B.P. requires that the 25 ml. of solution which it uses for the 
 final titration, after the addition of the necessary quantity of Potassium 
 Iodide, should require not more tlian 27 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution to decolorise the liberated Iodine, 
 
352 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 employing Sta.rcli Mucilage as an indicator. In making tlie calculation 
 ■the number of ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution required should be divided by 10, the quotient subtracted 
 from 5, the difference multiplied first by 0-021273 and finally by 2000, 
 which yields the percentage of pure Calcium Hypophosphite. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it should contain not less than 98 p.c. of 
 pure Calcium Hypophosphite, but gives no method of determination. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX, recommend that the method 
 be based on oxidation to Phosphoric Acid, neutralisation of the 
 Phosphoric Acid, and titration with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, determining the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Sulphocyanate Solution, after the addition of Nitric Acid and Ferric 
 Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution as an indicator. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, 
 Iron, Lead, Chlorides and Sulphates. The B.P. now fixes a limit 
 of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution 
 obtained by oxidising 2 grammes of Calcium Hypophosphite with 
 2 grammes of Potassium Chlorate and 18 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of Chlorine being expelled by heat, 
 adding 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water and a little Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million is also 
 fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution of 7 grammes of Calcium Hypophosphite 
 as a primary solution and 2 grammes as an auxiliary solution and 
 5 ml. of dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 The U.S. P. employs the modified Gutzeit's test, requiring that 
 if 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt be measured 
 into a beaker, containing 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid, diluted with about 
 10 c.c. of Water, and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, the 
 residue should not respond to this test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. 
 The time-limit test is employed for heavy metals, requiring that the 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, acidulated with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not respond to this test, indicating a limit of Lead, Copper, 
 and Iron. The P.G. requires that a mixture of 1 gramme of Calcium 
 Hypophosphite with 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution should assume 
 no dark coloration within one hour, indicating a limit of Arsenic 
 compounds. It employs the Hydrogen Sulpliide Test for Lead. 
 The B.P. now omits the tests for Phosphates and Phosphites with 
 Lead Acetate Solution. Nearly all commercial samples yield more 
 or less precipitate or turbidity with Lead Acetate Solution. A 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution acidified with Nitric Acid shall yield only the slightest 
 turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Chlorides ; it shall yield only the faintest turbidity on the 
 addition of Barium Chloride Solution to another portion, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphates. The U.S. P. requires that if 1 gramme of the 
 salt be added to 20 c.c. of Water, and well shaken, not more than a 
 trace of residue should remain, indicating the absence of Phosphate 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] CAL 353 
 
 and Sulphate ; the P.G. requires that the aqueous 1 + 19 solution 
 should be at the most but faintly turbid, indicating a hmit of Phosphates, 
 Carbonates and Sulphates. The P.G. includes an additional test for 
 Barium, requiring that the clear filtered aqueous 1 + 19 solution 
 should be rendered, at the most, faintly opalescent, on the addition of 
 Calcium Sulphate Solution, indicating a hmit of Barium salts. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GLYCEROLA HYPOPHOSPHITUM (6'grwre).— Calcium, Potassium, and 
 Sodium Hypophosphites, of each 1 ; dissolve these in Water, 40 ; add 
 Sugar, 40 ; Orange-flower Water, 2 ; Cherry-laurel Water, 2 ; dissolve 
 and add Glycerin, 12, and filter. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. dim. = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Glycerol Hypophosphitis {Bournemouth Formulary). — Hypophosphite 
 of Potassium, 160 grains ; Hypophosphite of Calcimn, 160 grains ; Hypo- 
 phosphite of Manganese, 80 grains ; Hypophosphite of Quinine, 80 grains ; 
 Hypophosphite of Strychnine, 2^ grains ; Strong Solution of Hypophosphite 
 of Iron (B.P.G.), 4 fl. oz. ; _ Hypophosphoroua Acid, 2 fl. drm. ; Distilled 
 Water, 3 fl. oz. ; Glycerin, to produce 20 fl. oz. 
 
 SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM (t/.^S.).— Calcium Hypophosphite, 45 
 grammes; Potassium Hypophosphite, 15granunes; Sodium Hypophosphite, 
 15 granmaes ; Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid, 2 grammes ; Sugar, 650 
 gi-ammes ; Tincture of Fresh Lemon Peel, 5 c.c. ; Water, q.s. to make 1000 c.c. 
 
 Nonv., Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositus ; Huncj., Syrupus Hypo- 
 phosphorosus Compositus. 
 
 SYRUPUS CALCII HYPOPHOSPHITIS (S^mVe).— Dissolve Calcium 
 Hypophosphite 4, in Distilled Water 38, add Sugar, 59 ; dissolve without 
 heat and filter the Syrup. 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. drm. = 3-6 ml. containing 3 grains = 0*2 gramme. 
 
 SCIROPPO Dl IPOFOSFITO Dl CALCIO (/toZ.).— Calcium Hypo- 
 phospliite, 1 ; Water, 30 ; Lime Water, 6 ; Sugar, 64. 
 
 Syrupus Hypophosphitis Calcici [Nona.). — 15 in 1000 (by weight). 
 
 SYRUPUS CALCII ET SODII HYPOPHOSPHITUM {U.S.N.F.).— 
 Calciimi Hypophosphite, 35 ; Sodium H5T)ophosphite, 35 ; Hypophos- 
 phorous Acid {U.S. P.), 1-5 ; Sugar, 775 ; Water, sufiicient to make 1000. 
 
 1 fl. drm. contains 2 grains each of Calcium Hypophosphite and Sodium 
 Hypophospliite. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CALCII lODAS. 
 
 CALCIUM lODATE. 
 
 A wloite, or more usually yellowish, very deliquescent, crystalline powder. 
 Under the name Caleinol it has been used as an antiseptic dressing in place 
 of Iodoform. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = • 06 to • 2 gramme, two or three times daily in 
 Water, as an intestinal antiseptic. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium lodate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a clear 
 colourless solution, wiiich affords the tests characteristic of Calcium given 
 mider Calcium Carbonate. 
 
 N 
 
354 CAL ( [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 "" It affords with Silver Nitrate Solution a white precipitate, sparingly soluble 
 in Water and in Diluted Nitric Acid, but readily soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 When mixed with Potassium Iodide Solution it yields on the addition of Tar- 
 taric Acid Solution or a solution of an Acid ^Sulphate and Starch Mucilage a 
 fine blue coloration. Barium Chloride Solution produces a white precipitate, 
 practically insoluble in Water and difficultly soluble in Nitric Acid. On the 
 addition of Sulphurous Acid to an aqueous solution Iodine is liberated, and 
 may be recognised by the violet colour of its solution in Carbon Bisulphide or 
 by the blue colour produced on the addition of Starch Mucilage. 
 
 CALCII lODIDUM. Calcium Iodide.— This salt may be obtained from 
 concentrated solutions in crystalline needles. By evaporating its solution 
 to dryness it may be obtained as a white deliquescent fvisible mass which 
 crystallises on cooling. It is reacUly soluble in Water and in dilute Alcohol. 
 In doses of 2 to 4 grains (0*13 to 0'2(5 gramme) of great value in leg 
 ulcers. 
 
 Suggested that the gastritis which has sometimes followed its administra- 
 tion was due to free Iodine given off by the salt on exposure to a bright light 
 or air. It should, therefore, be kept unexposed to light, and dispensed in 
 suitably coloured bottles. 
 
 CALCII PEROXIDUM. Calcium Peroxide. (CaO.,.4H.,0, eq. 142-99). 
 — A white or yellowish-white odourless powder, possessing a somewhat caustic 
 and astringent taste. In the presence of water it is slowly decomposed, yield- 
 ing Calcium Hydroxide and Oxygen. Introduced as a powerful oxidising 
 agent, possessing antiseptic, antacid and disinfecting properties. Used 
 as an antidote to Hydrocyanic (Prussic) Acid, but its efficacy in this direction 
 depends on its immediate administration. In the summer diarrhoea of 
 children it has proved efficacious in doses of 3 to 10 grains administered in 
 milk. Used also as an intestinal disinfectant. It rapidly parts with Oxygen, 
 and in contact with certain substances, e.g.. Glycerin or Formalin, it has a 
 tendency to form an explosive mixture. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 8 grains = 0*2 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
 Calcium Superoxide is somewhat similar in composition, and has been 
 put on the market under the title of Go rite. 
 
 Calox is a dentifrice containing Calcium Peroxide. 
 
 CALCII PERMANGANAS. Calcium Permanganate. (CaMa.OsSH.p, 
 eq. 3()8"01). — Deep purple, highly deliquescent crystals, or masses of dark 
 purple crystals, possessing a peculiar characteristic odour. Readily soluble 
 in Water. A powerful antiseptic, po.ssessing similar medicinal properties to 
 the Potassium salt, but stated to be even more powerfully antiseptic. In 
 gastric enteritis and in diarrhoea in doses of from i to 1| grains. Used for 
 the purification of Water, a spring water requiring I per 50,000, and a river 
 water 1 per 25,000. In gastritis and gastric ulcer in doses of J to ^ grain 
 (0-0162 to 0"032 gramme). Employed locally in the treatment of rodent 
 ulcer, carcinoma, and in carcinomatous conditions. Used also in cholera. 
 
 Preferable to the Potassium salt in chokra, as it is less astringent, a more 
 powerful oxidiser, and less irritating. It is given in Solution, 1 to 6 grains 
 to the pint to drink ad lib. in place of Water. Begin with the weak and 
 rapidly push it up to at least G grains per pint. Not more than 3 oz. at one 
 time, to lessen chance of vomiting. Pills are always given in addition to the 
 drinks. See Pot. Permang. and Sod. Chlorid. ; also Rogers' Cholera and ita 
 Treatment, '11, p. 207. 
 
 In ^ grain doses with plenty of Water successful in gastritis and enteritis. — 
 B.M.J. '09, ii. 1674. 
 
 \ grain 3 times daily in pluinbism ; unless in Capsule it is apt to nauseate. 
 —B.M.J. '10, i. 1160. 
 
 Dose.— ;J to 1| grains = 0-016 to 0-1 gramme. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAIi 355 
 
 CALCII LACTAS. 
 
 CALCIUM LACTATE. 
 
 Ca(C3H503)o, 5H2O, eq. 308-23. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 93 p.c. of pure 
 Calcium Lactate. It occui's in white mammillated tufts, or as a white 
 odourless powder. B.P. 1914 only recognises the white powder. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Calcium Carbonate and 
 dilute Lactic Acid. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 20 of Water ; insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Commercial samples may vary up to 1 in 30 of Water. 
 
 B.P. 1914 states that it forms a clear, colourless solution with 18' 5 parts of 
 Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given in rachitis, and in chilblains. As 
 it increases tlie coagulability of the blood it is given in hsemophilia, 
 and before surgical operations on those who bleed unduly. The 
 Lactate possesses many advantages over the Chloride ; it has scarcely 
 any taste, and is practically non-irritant to the stomach ; it is more 
 readily absorbed into the blood than the Chloride. 
 
 It is important that the Lactate be fresh, as it decomposes after long 
 keeping. The indication of its freshness is clear or only faintly turbid solution 
 in Water. Any definite white precipitate indicates change, and that it should 
 not be used. 
 
 Of value in urticaria, chilblains, oedema of the feet not due to heart disease, 
 kidney disease or venous obstruction, boils, aortic aneurism, flushing of the 
 face, ha3moglobinuria, vesicular eruptions, lichen planus, gouty pruritus, 
 j)ruritus ani, perspiring hands and feet ; in preventing or curing serum- 
 sickness, and in the lymphatic type of headache. The dose is 15 grains in 
 1 fl. oz. of Chloroform Water, with i to 1 minim of Tinctiu-e of Capsicum, 
 three times a day, one hour before meals, for six weeks. An infusion of 
 Senna pods relieves the constipation which usually follows. It is not desirable 
 to give saline pvu-gatives owing to their precipitant action on Calcium salts. 
 —B.M.J. '09, i. 261. 
 
 In amenorrhcBa following acute or debilitating diseases, 30 grains every 
 other day is beneficial.— i^.T. '09, 32. 
 
 10 grains, tlirice daily for a week, removed the symptoms of Henoch's 
 purpura. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 1718. 
 
 20 grains with or without Magnesia, daily in hay fever and paroxysmal 
 rhinorrhcEa. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 478. 
 
 Worthy of further study in the treatment of epilepsy. — L. '10, ii. 217. 
 
 30 grains at bedtime ensured a good m"ght's rest in pruritus hiemalis. — 
 Pr. '11, ii. 723. 
 
 A single dose of 10 to 20 grains temporarily removes colour-blindness. — 
 B.M.J. '09, ii. 315. 
 
 Sliould be given for a period before and after removing tonsils and adenoids 
 to diminish or prevent hsemorrhage ; of the Calcium salts it is most positive 
 in its results, is most agreeable to take, and is least irritating to the stomach. 
 —I.M.G. '10, 66. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0-65 to 1*8 grammes. 
 Of&cial Preparation. — Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. 
 
356 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official — Liquor Calcii Lactatis, Lactophosphate de Calcium Dissous. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Ital. and Span. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Lactate dissolves in Distilled Water to form a clear 
 colourless solution, neutral, or, at the most, but slightly acid, to Litmus 
 paper. This solution should respond to the tests characteristic of 
 Calcium given under Calcium Carbonate. An odour of Aldehyde is 
 evolved on the addition of Sulphuric Acid to the aqueous solution, and 
 then warming with Potassium Permanganate. It is officially required to 
 contain not less than 92*8 p.c. and not more than lOl'Sp.c. of pure 
 Calcium Lactate of the B.P. formula, as gravimetricaliy determined by 
 weighing the sulphated residue remaining when 1 gramme of the salt is 
 moistened with Sulphuric Acid, ignited, again moistened with Sulphuric 
 Acid and reignited. This residue should weigh not less than 0"410 
 nor more than 0*45 gramme. The Calcium may also be determined 
 gravimetricaliy by precipitation as Oxalate, filtering oiT, washing, 
 igniting and weighing as Calcium Oxide. Calcium Lactate is not at 
 present Official in either the U.S. P. or the P.G. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the salt be made Olficial, and that 
 it sjjould be required to contain not less than 98 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Calcium Lactate, when dried to constant weight at 120°* C. (248° F.). 
 It is recommended that the method of determination be based on 
 ignition of the salt and titration of the residue with Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 
 Theoretically it should contain 13 p.c. of Calcium, if of the Official 
 formula, and 29*22 p.c. of Water. Commercial samples of Calcium 
 Lactate obtained from good sources, and examined in the author's 
 laboratory, showed from 12*0 p.c. to 13*2 p.c. of Calcium and from 
 20*2 p.c. to 29*7 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free alkali, free acid. 
 Arsenic, Lead, Carbonates, and Chlorides. The aqueous solution 
 should be clear and neutral to Litmus, indicating the absence of either 
 free acid or free alkali. The B.P. requires that the addition of a few 
 drops of Phenolphthalein Solution to a hot aqueous solution of 
 5 grammes of the salt should not produce a pink coloration, indicating 
 the absence of free alkali. The B.P. fixes a limit of acidity corre- 
 sponding to 0-9 p.c. of Hydrogen Lactate, requiring that the hot 
 aqueous sohition of 5 grammes of the salt should not require more 
 than 0-5 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution to 
 yield a pink colour to Phenolphthalein Solution. The B.P. fixes a 
 limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution 
 of 2 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, with the 
 addition of 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million has also been 
 adopted, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, using a primary solution containing 7 grammes 
 of the substance and 2 grammes as an auxiliary solution, together 
 with 5 ml. of dilute Lead- Test Solution. Tlie 1 in 20 aqueoiLS solution 
 should not effervesce on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 357 
 
 iudicating the absence of Carbonates. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid should yield no turbidity or pre- 
 cipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorides. The B.P. includes tests for free acid, free 
 alkali, Arsenic, and Lead, but not for Carbonates or Chlorides. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS CALCII LACTOPHOSPHATIS. Syrup of Calcium 
 Lactophosphate. (Modified.) 
 
 Calcium Lactate 7 '5 is dissolved in 40 of Distilled Water by the 
 aid of Concentrated Phosphoric Acid, 4*5 ; Orange Flower Water 
 of commerce undiluted, 2 • 5 is added ; Refined Sugar, 70, dissolved 
 in the mixture without the aid of heat, the product is made up to 
 100 with Water and filtered. 
 
 The Syrup of B.P. 1898 was made from Calcium Carbonate and Lactic 
 Acid, but contained about the same quantity of Calcium Lactate. It is 
 about the same strength as U.S. P. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., contains 1*5 p.c. Bi-Calcic 
 Phosphate ; Mex. and Span, contain 1'25 p.c. by weight of Bi-Calcic Phos- 
 phate. Swiss and U.S. from Calcium Carbonate, see below. 
 
 Syrupiis Calcii Lactophosphatis {U.S.). — Precipitated Calcium Car- 
 bonate, 2 • 5 ; Lactic Acid, 6 ; Phosphoric Acid, 3 • 6 ; Orange Flower Water, 
 5; Sugar, 72-5; Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Calcium Carbonate, 1 ; Lactic Acid, 2*4; Diluted Phosphoric Acid, 2 ; 
 Simple Syrup, 80 ; Water, q.s. to make 100. All by weight. — Swiss. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR CALCII LACTATIS {Squire). Squire's Solution of Calcium 
 Lactate. — Calcium Carbonate, 10 granmies; Lactic Acid (sp. gr. 1'210, 
 75 p.c), 24 grammes ; Chloroform Water to produce 500 c.o. 
 
 Average Dose. — ^ fl. oz. = 14*2 ml. 
 
 LACTOPHOSPHATE DE CALCIUM DISSOUS. Calcium Lactophos- 
 phoricum Solutum {Fr.). — Bi-Calcic Phosphate, 17; Lactic Acid, 19; 
 Distilled Water, 964. All by weight. 
 
 CALCII PHOSPHAS. 
 
 CALCroM PHOSPHATE. 
 
 Fr., Phosphate de Calcium ; Geb., Calciumphosphat ; Ital., Fosfato 
 BiCALCio ; Span., Fosfato Calcico. 
 
 A light, white, odourless and tasteless amorphous powder. 
 
 B.P. states that it may be obtained by the interaction of Calcium 
 Chloride, Sodium Phosphate and excess of Ammonia at a temperature 
 of boiling Water. 
 
 Solubility. — ^Insoluble in Water ; soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid or Diluted Nitric Acid. 
 
358 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — For rickets and mollities ossium, and 
 other conditions of malnutrition ; useful in tubercular affections, in 
 promoting union of bone fractures, in tardy teething, and in anaemia ; 
 given to counteract the draining of Phosphates during pregnancy 
 and lactation, and to prevent decay of the teeth and toothache during 
 pregnancy. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — More commonly ordered in smaller doses. Given as 
 a powder, or in the Jorm oj Syrup. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Ger., Hung., Russ. 
 and Swiss (Calcium Phosphoricum) ; Dutch and Swed. (Phosphas 
 Calcicus); Dan. (Phosphas Calcicus Pra?cipitatus) ; Fr. (Phos- 
 phate Di-acide de Calcium, Phosphate Mono-acide de Calcium 
 and Phosphate Neutre de Calcium); Ital. (Fosfato Bicalcico) ; 
 Jap. (Calcium Phosphoricum Prsecipitatum) ; Mex. (Fosfato de 
 Calcio); Port. (Phosphato de Cal) ; Span. (Fosfato Di-Calcico and 
 Fosfato Tri-Calcico) ; U.S. (Calcii Phosphas Prsecipitatus). Not 
 in Nonv, 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Phosphate dissolves in Diluted Hydrocliloric Acid, 
 yielding a solution wlu'ch, after separation of the Phosphoric Acid, 
 answers the tests distinctive of Calcium given under Calcium Car- 
 bonate. Its solution in Diluted Nitric Acid gives, with Ammonium 
 Molybdate Solution, a yellow precipitate, wliich, when filtered off 
 and washed, dissolves in Ammonia Solution, and affords on the 
 addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution a white crystalline 
 precipitate. The B.P. does not require Calcium Phosphate to 
 contain any definite percentage of the pme substance, and now 
 omits all reference to a method of determination. The U.S. P. 
 states that it shall contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Calcium 
 Phosphate, but gives no method for its determination. The proposed 
 changes of the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric be changed 
 to not less than 96 p.c. by weight of Calcium Phosjihate in the dried 
 product. The assay to be based upon titration with Tenth- Normal 
 Volmnetric Silver Nitrate Solution, titrating the excess of the latter 
 by Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution after 
 the addition of Nitric Acid and of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test- 
 Solution as an indicator. The P.G. neither gives the requisite percentage 
 nor a method of determination. The salt official in the P.G. is the 
 Di-Calcium Phosphate and not the Tri-Calcium Phosphate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Aluminium, Ammonium, 
 Arsenic, Barium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Carbonate, Chlorides, 
 Sulphates and Silica. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic 
 l)er million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 2 grammes of 
 Calcium Phosphate in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 14 ml. of 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- Test reagent. The U.S. P. 
 employs the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic, reqviiring that 
 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 solution of Calcium Phosphate, in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 359 
 
 The F.G. employs the Bettendorf's test, requiring that a mixtuie of 
 1 gramme of Calcium Phosphate and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride 
 Solution should assume no dark coloration within one hour, indicating 
 a limit of Arsenic compounds. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, prepared by dissolving the salt in the 
 smallest possible excess of Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no darkening 
 in colom- on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide, indicating the absence 
 of Copper and Lead ; on adding Ammonia Solution in excess a white, 
 but not a coloured, precipitate should be produced, indicating a limit of 
 Iron. If a small quantity of the salt be dissolved in Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, and the Phosphoric Acid eliminated, the filtrate shall 
 yield only the faintest turbidity on the addition of Ammonium 
 Chloride and Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Aluminium ; 
 if this liquid be filtered, and the Calcium removed by precipitation as 
 Oxalate, and filtered, the filtrate shall yield only the faintest turbidity 
 on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Magnesium. When boiled with Liquor Potassse, Calcium Phosphate 
 should yield no characteristic odour of Ammonia, nor should the 
 issuing vapours turn moistened red Litmus paper blue, indicating 
 the absence of Ammonium salts. When moistened with Hydrochloric 
 Acid and introduced into a non-luminous flame, the flame should not 
 be tinged green, indicating the absence of Barium salts. It should 
 dissolve completely in Diluted Nitric Acid, or in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, indicating the absence of Silica ; no effervescence should occur 
 during solution, indicating the absence of Carbonate. An aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution prepared by the aid of Diluted Nitric Acid should 
 not be rendered more than faintly opalescent by Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides ; or by Solution of Barium Chloride, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CALCII SULPHAS. 
 
 calcium sulphate. 
 
 Sulphate of Lime. Calciked Gypsum. Plaster of Pabis. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate de Calcium ; Ger., Gebrannter Gips ; Ital., 
 Gesso Calcinato ; Span., Yeso. 
 
 Native Calcium Sulphate (CaSOi, 2H2O, eq. 172-172) rendered nearly- 
 anhydrous by heat. 
 
 A white odourless and tasteless powder. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed jars, and should be protected as far as 
 possible from moisture. 
 
 The native salt is used for the preparation of Calx Sulphurata. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Sulphate, when mixed with half its weight of Water, 
 should form a smooth paste, rapidly becoming hard. The P.G. states that 
 when so mixed it shall harden within 10 minutes. The saturated aqueous 
 solution answers the tests characteristic of Calcium given under Calcium 
 
360 CAli [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 Carbonate ; it should be neutral to Litmus paper, and should on the addition 
 of Barium Chloride Solution yield a white precipitate, insoluble in Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurity is Carbonate, and the salt should 
 not yield any effervescence when treated with Diluted Hydrochloric or Nitric 
 Acid. 
 
 CALCII SULPHIDUM. See Calx Sulphurata. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CALENDULA. 
 
 COMMON MARIGOLD. 
 
 The Florets of Calendula officinalis, L. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OlHcial in U.S. 
 
 TINCTURA CALENDUL/C FLORUM.— 1 of Marigold Flowers, dried, 
 in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol (60 p.c), to yield 5. 
 
 Calendula, in No. 20 powder, 20; Alcohol (95 p.c), 100. Prepared by 
 percolation. — U.S. P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used as an application for sprains and bruises ; 
 internally for amenorrhoea. 
 
 A doctor attached to one of the auxiliary hospitals in Belgium reports 
 to the author his successful results with the use of Calendula Cerate in 
 the treatment of wounds. The wounds quickly assumed a healthy condition, 
 healed rapidly and the men were able to return in a short time to their military 
 duties. The use of the Cerate was alternated with that of the Tincture, 
 either alone or diluted. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 Tests. — ^Tincture of Calendula Flowers has a specific gravity of about 
 0-934, it contains about 5 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 59 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 CALUMB^ RADIX. 
 
 CALUMBA ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Racine de Colombo ; Gkr., Kolombowurzel ; Ital., Colombo ; 
 Span., Raiz de Colombo. 
 
 Tlie Koot of Jateorhiza Calumha, Miers, cut in nearly circular 
 transverse discs and dried. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A bitter stomachic useful in chronic 
 atonic dyspepsia, in promoting appetite, stimulating the gastric 
 functions and removing flatulence. Given in convalescence from 
 acute diseases, combined with alkalis or Bismuth. Like other bitters, 
 Calumba ought not to be given in gastric ulcer, in acute gastritis, 
 or when there is pain ; nor ought it to be given for too long. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in the form of Infusion, or Tincture with other 
 medicines. It is one of the few bitters that can he given with salts of Iron. 
 
 Official Preparations.— Infusum Calumbae and Tinctura Calumbae. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAIj 361 
 
 Wot Official. — Extractum Calumbso, Fluidextractum Calumbse, Infusum 
 Calumbse Concentratum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Calumba root as met with in commerce 
 varies much in character and quality, some specimens being of fresh 
 appearance and yellowish tint, and others dull or greyish-yellow in 
 colour and badly dried, and sometimes worm-eaten. The transverse 
 or oblique slices average about 1-| inch (37 mm.) in diameter and 
 about I inch (8 mm.) in tliickness. The B.P. directs transverse slices 
 to be used, and defines the size as about 3 to 12 mm. {\ to h inch) or 
 more in thickness, and about 2| to 5 cm. (1 to 2 inches) or more in 
 diameter. The bark is J inch or more in thickness, and harder and less 
 shrunken than the starchy parenchymatous central portion, Avhich 
 is more or less depressed. The whole surface has a number of slender 
 lines radiating from the centre and the bark is marked off by a darker 
 cambium ring. The taste is bitter and mucilaginous and the odour 
 characteristic. Under the microscope the distinctive features are the 
 large irregular starch grains (0'09 mm. P.O.), a stellate hilum, and 
 the irregularly thickened yellow sclerenchymatous cells in the bark, 
 containing rhomboidal crystals of Calcium Oxalate. The active 
 principle is not Berberine, as formerly supposed, but consists of two 
 alkaloids resembhng it {P.J. (4) xvi. p. 341). The infusion, made with 
 cold Water to avoid dissolving starch, should be strained and then 
 boiled to destroy a ferment or oxydase which causes the infusion, 
 at first neutral, to become acid and turbid. To prevent the gum 
 present from readily dissolving, the root is usually cut into small 
 pieces instead of being pounded. 
 
 The root should be selected of good quality and of moderate size, 
 as the larger pieces have less bark in proportion, and it is in this part 
 that the activity of the drug chiefly resides. If old it is usually 
 darker and duller in colour and more or less worm-eaten. The ash 
 is now officially limited to 9 p.c. A very bright colour usually indicates 
 that the root has been washed and dried and may have lost some of 
 its active principle. Calumba root is not often adidterated ; sometimes 
 small pieces with prominent woody wedges are occasionally found 
 mixed with Calumba, but do not differ in the character of the starch 
 or in taste, and are apparently pieces of the short itnderground stem 
 from which the fusiform roots proceed. Another root has recently 
 been found mixed with Calumba, resembling it in shape and size, 
 but with a reddish tint, distinctly radiate structure, and containing 
 bundles of acicular raphides in some parenchymatous cells and 
 sphaeraphides in others. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM CALUMBA. Infusion of Calumba. 
 
 Calumba Eoot, cut small, 1 ; Distilled Water, cold, 20 ; infuse for 
 half an hour ; strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Cold Water is used to avoid solution of the Starch which exists in 
 the root. 
 
362 CAIi [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dose.— i- to 1 il. oz. = 14-2 to 28 -4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 1 of Fluid Extract in 20 ; 
 Ital., 1 in 20 ; Span., 1 in 100. Not in the others. 
 
 TINCTURA CALUMB^. Tincture of Calumba. 
 1 of Calumba Root in No. 20 powder, macerated with 10 of Alcoliol 
 (60 p.c). (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.—?, to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias.— Official in Bolg., Fr., Max., Port., Span., 
 Sued., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 5 ; Ital. and Jap., 1 in 10 ; all except U.S. by 
 weight. Not in the otlier.s. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Calumba lias a specific gravity of from 0-9] 5 
 to 0-918, it contains about 1-2 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 
 60 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcoliol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CALUMB/E. — Calumba Root exhausted with Alcohol 
 (00 p.c.) and the product evaporated to a pill consistence. 16 parts of Root 
 yield 1 to 1^ parts of Extract. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 2 grains = 0"03 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch,'Hung. and Span., 
 made with Alcohol (70 p.c); Belg., Ital., and Mex., made witVi Alcohol 
 (iiOp.c); Port., made with Alcohol (65 p.c.) ; Jap., made with Alcohol 
 (45 p.c); U.S., Fluid Extract only, made with Alcohol (about 06 p.c). 
 Not in Dan., Fr., Ger., Norw., Russ. or Swed. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALUMB>C (U.S.). — A 1 in 1 Fluid extract 
 prepared by macerating and percolating 1 of the Root with a mixture of 
 7 of Alcohol (94-9 p.c) and 3 of Water. 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims = 1"8 cc 
 
 The Fluid Extract of the Belg. Pharm. is prepared from the Root with 
 Alcohol (30°), the resultant fluid extract being required to contain at least 
 13 p.c. of dry residue. 
 
 INFUSUM CALUMB>E CONCENTRATUM.— Calumba Root, in No. 10 
 powder, 40; Alcohol (90 p.c), 25; Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000), 
 q.s. to make 100 ; Prepare by macero-expression ; the reserved liquid 
 should be heated to 85" C, for 5 minutes before adding the Alcohol. — Farr 
 and Wright ; P.J. '06, i. 165 ; '07, i. 621 ; CD. '06, i. 252 ; Y.B.P. '07, 247. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 fl. drm. 
 
 CALX. 
 
 LIME. 
 
 Fr., Oxyde de Calcium; Ger., Gebrannter Ivalk ; Ital., OasiDO di 
 Calcio ; Span., Cal Viva. 
 
 Calcium Oxide, CaO, eq. 56*07, obtained by calcining Chalk, 
 Limestone, or Marble. B.P. 1914 specifies Marble. 
 
 White or whitish, hard, odourless masses, possessing a characteristic 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 363 
 
 caustic taste. When exposed to the atmosphere Lime rapidly absorbs 
 Water and Carbonic Anhydride, and should therefore be kept in well- 
 closed vessels, and protected as far as possible from contact with 
 the air. 
 
 Solubility. — Decomposed by Water, forming Calcium Hydrate, 
 under which heading the solubility is given. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmaeopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Tests. — Lime evolves considerable heat when mixed with about 
 half its weight of Water, the masses swelling up and crumbling to 
 powder. The B.P. mentions rather less than its own weight of Water, 
 the P.G. with half its weight of Water, and the U.S. P. with about 
 half its weight of Water, the U.S. P. and the P.G. stating, in addition, 
 that with from 3 to 4 parts of Water it forms a smooth magma. 
 When mixed with Water and dissolved by the aid of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, it yields a clear solution, conforming to the tests distinctive of 
 Calcium given under Calcii Carbonas Prsicipitatus. The aqueous 
 solution is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus paper and 
 to Phenolphthalein Solution. The U.S. P. requires that in the 
 anhydrous state it shall contain not less than 90 p.c. of pure 
 Calcium Oxide ; the B.P. and P.G. specify no definite percentage. 
 Neither Pharmacopoeia refers to any method of quantitative 
 determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impm-ities are Arsenic, Iron, Magnesium, 
 Carbonates, Chlorides, Sulphates, and Silica. The B.P. fixes a hmit of 
 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by 
 dissolving 2 grammes of Lime in 18 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 40 ml. of Distilled Water, eliminating 
 the excess of Bromine with a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic- 
 Test reagent. If 1 gramme of Lime be dissolved by the aid of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the solution 
 should yield no immediate blue coloration on the addition of 
 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Iron; dming solution in the Diluted Hydrochloric Acid no pro- 
 nounced efiervescence should occur, indicating a limit of Carbonates. 
 After removal of the Calcium, from a 1 in 10 solution, obtained by 
 dissolving the Lime in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution should yield not more than the faintest turbidity, indicating 
 a limit of Magnesium. A 1 in 10 solution obtained by the aid of 
 Diluted Nitric Acid shall yield no pronounced turbidity on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; 
 nor any pronounced turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 It should dissolve almost completely in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 indicating a limit of Silica. 
 
 CALCII HYDRAS. See -p. 34:7. 
 
86-1 CAIj [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measuiej 
 
 CALX CHLORINATA. 
 
 CHLORINATED LIME. 
 Fk., Chlorure de Chaux ; Geb., Chlorkalk ; Ital., Cloruro di Calce. 
 
 A white, or greenisli-white, dry, amorphous powder, evolving a 
 strong chlorinous odour. It may be obtained by the action of 
 Chlorine gas upon Slaked Lime, and is a mixture of variable composition 
 consisting chiefly of Calcium Hypochlorite. 
 
 As it becomes moist and gradually decomposes on exposure to the 
 air, it should be preserved in well-closed vessels in a cool and dry place. 
 
 Solubility. — Partially soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Decomposed by acids with formation of Hypochlorous Acid, which in 
 the case of Hydrochloric Acid reacts with it to form Chlorine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Disinfectant. A solution of 1 of Calx 
 Chlorinata to 120 of Water is very powerfully antiseptic, and is neither 
 toxic nor caustic. Acts best at a temperature of 110° to 120° F. 
 
 A remarkably efficacious and absolutely harmless antiseptic. Useful 
 as an external application in surgical, ophthalmic and gynaecological 
 practice and also as an injection in affections of the rectum and 
 bladder. See also below, ' Liquor Calcis Chlorinatse.' 
 
 Chlorinated Lime is decomposed by weak acids, or by extremely 
 dilute mineral acids added in quantity sufficient to just neutralise 
 the Calcium present as Hypochlorite, with the formation of Hypo- 
 chlorous Acid {see below). The action of strong mineral acids results 
 in the formation of Chlorine. 
 
 OflB.eial Preparation. — Liquor Calcis Chlorinatse and Liquor Sodte 
 Chlorinatae. 
 
 Wot Official. — Acidum Hypoclilorosum, Eupad, Eusol, Liquor Potassse 
 Chlorinatae. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcBias. — Official in Austr. and Russ. (Calcium 
 Hypochlorosum) ; Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap. and Swiss (Calcaria 
 Chlorata) ; Dan., Norw., Swed. (Calx Chlorata) ; Fr. (Chlorure de 
 Chaux) ; Ital. (Cloruro di Calce) ; Mex. (Hipoclorito de Calcio 
 Impure); Port. (Cal Chlorada) ; Span. (Hipoclorito Calcico 
 Clorurado); U.S. (Calx Chlorinata); Austr., Belg., Dan., Ger., Jap., 
 Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss, 25 p.c. of available Chlorine ; Fr., 35 p.c. ; 
 Hung., 20 p.c. ; Ital., 28-6 p.c. ; Port., not indicated ; Span., 32 p.c. ; U.S., 
 not less than 30 p.c. Not in Dutch. 
 
 Tests. — Chlorinated Lime dissolves partially in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which when treated with Hydrochloric Acid 
 evolves a yellowish gas, which at first reddens and then bleaches 
 moistened blue Litmus paper ; its aqueous solution decolorises Indigo 
 Sulphate Solution ; its Acetic Acid solution yields with Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution a white precipitate, insoluble in Acetic Acid, soluble 
 in Hydrochloric Acid. Its aqueous solution, when acidified witli 
 Nitric Acid, yields a white curdy precipitate on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, the precipitate being soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 30 p.c. of available 
 Chlorine, as volumetrically determined by titration of the Iodine 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 365 
 
 liberated on mixing 0*5 gramme of Chlorinated Lime with 1"5 gramme 
 of Potassium Iodide dissolved in 200 ml. of Distilled Water and 6 ml. 
 of Hydrochloric Acid ; at least 42-3 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0-003546 gramme 
 of Chlorine. A detailed comparison of the U.S. P. and P.G. processes 
 will be found below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 It should be noted that only a good and well-kept sample will yield 
 the percentage of Chlorine required by the B.P. The P.G. requires 
 25 p.c. and the U.S. P. not less than 30 p.c. of available Chlorine, 
 the latter Pharmacopoeia triturating a definite weight of the sub- 
 stance with Water, making up to a standard volume and performing 
 the assay on an aliquot portion. 
 
 Volumetrie Determination. — Introduce into a stoppered weighing 
 bottle between 3 and 4 grammes of Clilorinated Lime and weigh accurately ; 
 triturate this thoroughly with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, transfer the mixtm-e 
 to a graduated vessel, together with the rinsings, and add sufficient Distilled 
 Water to make 1000 c.c. After thoroughly shaking add to 100 o.c. of the 
 mixture, 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide, 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 and sufficient Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution for 
 complete decolorisation. Multiply the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution consumed by 0-3518, and divide the product by one- 
 tenth of the weight of*^he Chlorinated Lime taken ; the quotient represents 
 the percentage of available Chlorine present, U.S. P. 
 
 5 grammes of Chlorinated Lime are rubbed to a fine magma with Distilled 
 Water in a mortar, and washed into a gradviated flask of 500 c.c. capacity, 
 with Distilled Water. A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of tliis turbid fluid, 
 after it has been diluted to 500 c.c. and well shaken, is mixed with a 
 solution of 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and acidified with 20 drops of Hydrochloric Acid. For the decolorisation of 
 the separated Iodine at least 35-2 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution should be necessary, which represents a minimum 
 content of 25 p.c. of available Chlorine ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Tliiosulphate Solution = 0-003546 gramme of available Chlorine, 
 Starch Solution being emploj^ed as an indicator, P.O. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LIQUOR CALCIS CHLORINAT^E. Solution of Chlorinated 
 Lime. 
 
 Chlorinated Lime, 1 ; Distilled Water, 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The Chlorinated Lime should be thoroughly mixed with the Water, 
 and set aside in a stoppered bottle for three hom-s, shaking it at intervals, 
 and finally strained through calico. 
 
 The solution should yield, when fresh, about 3 p.c. of available Chlorine, 
 but is liable to deterioration on keeping. B.P. 1914 requires not less than 
 2 p.c. It should be preserved in well-stoppered amber-coloured bottles 
 and kept in a cool and dark place. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful disinfecting and bleaching 
 agent. Dilated 1 to 12 or 16 of Distilled Wa-ter, it is used as an 
 antiseptic lotion for unhealthy ulcers, purulent ophthalmia, fetid 
 cutaneous affections and scabies; as an injection in foul nasal, 
 aural and vaginal discharges ; as a gargle in septic tonsillitis and 
 diphtheria. 
 
366 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics, Wliite of Egg, Milk, Flour ; not Acids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 3 in 100; Russ. (Calcium 
 Hypochlorosum Solutum), 2'5 p.c. of Chlorine; Spaa., about 1 in 43. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Chlorinated Lime Solution lias a specific gravity of about 
 1-055 and should yield, when freshly prepared, about 3 p.c, and after 
 keeping, not less than 2 p.c. of available Chlorine, as volumetrically 
 determined by titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution, the Iodine which is liberated, on adding 2 ml. 
 of the Liquor to a solution of 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide dissolved 
 in 25 ml. of Distilled Water and acidified with 2 ml. of Hydrochloric 
 Acid; not less than 11-7 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution should be required, corresponding to not less 
 than 2 p.c. of available Chlorine ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0-003546 gramme of Chlorine. 
 
 ^' LIQUOR SODiE CHLORINAT.S:. Solution of Chlobinated 
 Soda. 
 
 An almost colourless liquid possessing an alkaUne reaction, an 
 astringent taste and a faint chlorinous odour. It is prepared by 
 well rubbing 4 of Chlorinated Lime with 30 of Distilled Water and 
 mixing this with 6 of Sodium Carbonate previously dissolved in 10 of 
 Distilled Water, shaking at intervals for 3 or 4 liours, and filtering. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles 
 and in a cool and dark place. It has the reputation of being an 
 imstable solution, but this is an error. It undergoes but slight change, 
 even when kept under ordinary conditions during several months, 
 or even after keeping for a week in an open white glass bottle. 
 
 It contains about 2*5 p.c. of available Chlorine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic. Used internally in typhoid 
 fever and in dysentery. Invaluable as a gargle in throat affections 
 attended with foe tor, as in scarlet fever, diphtheria and septic 
 tonsillitis, 1 fl. oz. in 12 to 16 fl. oz. of Water. Diluted with Water 
 or Glycerin it forms an excellent application to sore nipples. It is 
 also a powerful disinfecting agent, and is employed as a wash for foul 
 ulcers. 
 
 For information on the treatment of typhoid and diphtheria by 
 Chlorine see under ' Chlori Liquor.' 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 20 minims = 0-6 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pbarmaeopceias. — Official in Fr. (Chlorure de Soude 
 dissous), Chlorinated Lime 1, Sodium Carbonate 2, Water 45 ; Mex. (Hipo- 
 clorito de Sodio liquido), Sodium Chloride 3, Manganese Dioxide 3, 
 Sulphuric Acid 3, Sodium Carbonate 5, Distilled Water 20 ; Port. (Soluto de 
 Soda Chlorada), Calcivim Hypochlorite 1, Sodium Carbonate 2, Water 40 ; 
 Span. (Solucion de Hipochlorito Sodico), Calcium Hypochlorite 1, 
 Sodium Carbonate 2, Water 43; Swiss (Natrium Hypochlorosum 
 Solutum), Calcium Hypochlorite 4, Sodium Carbonate 6, Water 120 ; U.S., 
 Chlorinated Lime 90, Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate 65, W^ater to weigh 
 1000. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Chlorinated Soda Solution has a specific gravity of 1*054 ; 
 it decolorises Indigo Sulphate Solution, and yields when acidified with 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] CAL 367 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid a yellowisli-greea gas possessing a strong chlorinous 
 odour and which first reddens, and then bleaches, moistened blue 
 Litmus paper. When acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid it yields 
 with Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate soluble in 
 Ammonia Solution. When introduced on a Platinum wire into a non- 
 luminous flame it colours the flame intensely yellow. It is ofiicially 
 required to indicate at least 2*5 p.c. by weight of available Chlorine, as 
 volumetrically determined by titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, the Iodine which is liberated when 5 ml. 
 of the solution are added to a sohxtion of 1 gramme of Potassium 
 Iodide in 100 ml. of Distilled Water, and the mixture acidified with 
 5 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid; not less than 37*6 ml. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution should be required ; 1 ml. 
 of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0' 003546 
 gramme of Chlorine. Starch Solution may be used as an indicator, 
 though not referred to in the B.P. The U.S. P. requires it to contain at 
 least 2 '4 p.c. by weight of available Chlorine, as volmnetrically deter- 
 mined by mixing a weighed quantity of 7 grammes of the solution 
 with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide, 
 adding 10 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and titrating the liberated Iodine 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of 
 which not less than 48 c.c. should be required ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution is equivalent to 0*05 p.c. 
 of available Chlorine. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Calcium and Carbonates. 
 When acidified with Acetic Acid and warmed till Chlorine vapours 
 cease to be evolved, it should not yield a pronounced turbidity on 
 the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of more than a trace of Calcium ; the gas evolved when the liquor is 
 acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should not cause a turbidity 
 when passed into Lime Water, indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACIDUM HYPOCHLOROSUM. Hypochlorous Acid.— A gas readily 
 soluble in Water. 
 
 It has been stated by various writers to be the most powerful antiseptic 
 known. 
 
 It may be prepared by the action of Boric Acid on Bleaching Powder in 
 the presence of a small quantity of Water. 
 
 Eupad is the name given to a powder consisting of equal weights of finely- 
 ground bleaching powder and powdered Boric Acid well mixed. It ought 
 to be kept in well -stoppered bottles and not exposed to light ; it is not toxic 
 and is harmless to tissues. 
 
 Eusol is a solution of free Hypochlorous Acid prepared by treating Eupad 
 with Water. 
 
 It may be prepared by two methods. (1) 25 grammes of Eupad are 
 shaken with 1 litre of Water, allowed to stand for a few hours, then filtered 
 through cloth or filter paper ; (2) to 1 litre of Water add 12-5 grammes of 
 bleaching powder, shake vigorously, then add 12-5 granames of Boric Acid 
 Powder and shake again. Allow to stand for some hours, preferably over 
 night, then filter off, and the clear solution is ready for use. This solution 
 contains 0-54 p.c. of Hypochlorous Acid. Method of use. — (a) Eusol. — 
 Standard strength, approximately 0-5 p.c. of Hypochlorous Acid. (1) As a 
 
368 CAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 lotion ; diluted, if necessary, with Water or Normal Saline ; (2) as a fomenta- 
 tion covered with waterproof ; (3) on gauze wrung out of the solution and 
 applied without a waterproof covering ; (4) as a bath ; full strength or 
 diluted as indicated, (b) Eupad. — M^here it is desired to apply a more 
 concentrated antiseptic Eupad may be employed as follows :— (1) Eupad 
 enclosed between layers of gauze or lint charged with Water sufficient to 
 moisten the powder ; this is applied to the wound and covered with wool 
 and a bandage ; (2) applied as above, but covered with waterproof. This 
 should be applied only for a short period — 10 to 20 minutes, as a rule. Occa- 
 sionally this strong application causes pain, and then, should this occur, a 
 weaker application is indicated ; (3) on strands of gavize or wool impregnated 
 ■with the powder and used for drainage ; (4) as a dusting-powder, for example, 
 on open septic sores. Where it is found desirable to increase the antiseptic 
 .effect of the solution, a little of the powder may be added to it just before 
 it is applied, or a small amount of powder may be du.sted on to the wet 
 gauze. The practical advantages of this antiseptic for field uses are : — (a) it 
 can be used as a dry powder and therefore obviates the difficulty of prociu'ing 
 water ; (b) it can be introduced into the gauze pad of the first field dressing ; 
 (c) where Water is available the same powder can be made up as a 
 lotion for general use. It meets a condition insisted upon by Sir Almroth 
 Wright, in that it induces a flow of lymph from the tissues. — B.M.J. '15, 
 ii. 131. 
 
 The first two letters of the.se names, Eusol and Eupad, are the initial 
 letters of Edinburgh University, ' pad ' is a contraction for Pathological 
 Department, ' sol ' explains itself. 
 
 Dr. Dakin's directions for the preparation of 0*5 to 0"6p.c. solution 
 of Hypochlorite are as follows : — 140 grammes of dry Sodium Carbonate 
 (NaoCOj), or 400 grammes of the crystallised salt (Washing Soda) are 
 dissolved in 10 litres of tap Water, and 200 grammes of Chloride of 
 Lime (Chlorinated Lime) of good quality are added. The mixtm-e is well 
 shaken, and, after half an hour, the clear liquid is syphoned off from the 
 precipitate of Calcium Carbonate and filtered through a plug of Cotton ; 
 40 granunes of Boric Acid are added to the clear filtrate, and the resulting 
 solution is ready for use. A slight additional precipitate of Calcium salts 
 may slowly occur, but it is of no significance. The solution should not be 
 kept longer than one week. The Boric Acid must not be added to the mixture 
 before filtering, but afterwards. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 319. 
 
 Valuable in gas gangrene ; no complaint of pain or irritation by Eusol ; 
 the application of Eupad was always followed by a stinging bvu-ning sensation 
 which lasted usually for about 30 minutes. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 52G. 
 
 The solution (Eusol) readily attacks metallic instruments and fabrics of 
 all kinds ; both powder and solution must be kept in stoppered bottles in a 
 cool place out of light ; it is an extremely powerful antiseptic, and is extremely 
 cheap.— jB.M.J. '15, ii. 653. 
 
 A hopeless case of puerperal septicsemia treated successfully by 2 intra- 
 venous injections, each 100 c.c. of Eusol. ^ — B.M.J. '15, ii. 71G. 
 
 LIQUOR POTASS/E CHLORINAT/E (Eau de Javelle).— Prepared 
 by the interaction of Bleaching Powder and Potassium Carbonate. Contains 
 about 3 p.c. of available Chlorine. 
 
 CALX SULPHURATA. 
 
 SULPHURATED LIME. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Calch Sulphtdum. 
 
 A white, or greenisli- white amorphous powder possessing a character- 
 istic odour of Hydrogen Sulphide. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAL 369 
 
 It may be obtained by the ignition of a mixture of Calcium 
 Sulphate and Carbon. 
 
 Should contain not less than half its weight of Calcium Sulphide 
 CaS., eq. 72*14:, together with Calcium Sulphate and Carbon. 
 
 It should be kept in amber-tinted glass-stoppered bottles and in a 
 cool and dry place, as it is gradually decomposed by exposure to moist 
 air. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antisuppurative ; internally for boils, 
 pustules and abscesses. In the form of a Pigment as Lotio Calcii 
 Sulphurati for the cure of scabies ; also used as a depilatory. 
 
 Daily doses of 1 grain as a prophylactic of influenza. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 0"016 to 0*065 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best prescribed in pill, made with Glucose. If 
 the total weight oj each pill be less than h grain it is made up to this weight tvith 
 Milk Sugar. The pills are coated with Sandarach solution, and usually sent 
 out in bottles. 
 
 Not OflB.eial. — Solutio Calcii Oxysulfurati, Calcium Sulfuratuin Solutum, 
 Lotio Calcii Sulphurati. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Jap., Mex., Port, and U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Calcium Sulphide, when acidulated with Acetic Acid, evolves 
 a gas having a powerful penetrating and disagreeable odour of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, leaving a residue of Calcium Sulphate and Carbon, and when 
 filtered the filtrate yields with Ammonium Oxalate solution a white 
 precipitate insolul)le in Acetic but soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 Both B.P. and U.S. P. employ the Copper Sulphate test as a means 
 of determining the presence of a due proportion of Sulphide ; the 
 B.P. requiring that if 0"8 gramme of Sulphurated Lime be mixed with 
 a solution of 1 * 4 gramme of Copper Sulphate in 50 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, and a little Hydrochloric Acid, and the mixture be heated 
 nearly to a boiling temperatiire, well shaken for 10 minutes, and 
 filtered, no red coloration should be produced in the filtrate, on the 
 addition of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating the presence 
 of a due proportion of Sidphide ; the U.S. P. requires that if 1 gramme 
 of Sulphurated Lime be added to a cold solution of 1"9 gramme of 
 Cupric Sulphate in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, followed by 10 c.e. of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, added in small portions with constant 
 stirring, and the mixture be digested on a water-bath for 15 minutes, 
 and filtered, an excess of Ammonia Water should not impart a colour 
 to the filtrate, indicating the presence of at least 55 p.c. of pure Calcium 
 Sulphide. 
 
 The Zinc process described under Barium Sulphide is also applicable 
 to Calx Sulphurata. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SOLUTIO CALCII OXYSULFURATI (Solutio Vlemingkx). — 1 of 
 Calcium Oxide slaked with 1 of Water, and mixed with 2 of washed Sulphur : 
 of the foregoing mixture 2" 5 is boiled with 20 of Water until it is so reduced 
 as to yield 10 by weight when strained. — Austr. 
 
370 CAM [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 1 of Calcium Oxide is treated with 5 of Water, and 2 of washed Sulphur 
 with 15 of Water ; mix and boil for one minute ; when cold filter and wash 
 the residue with Water to yield 12. — Swiss. 
 
 Calcium Sulfuratum Solutum. — Calcium Oxide, 10 ; Sulphur, 25 ; 
 Water, 100.-— Belg. 
 
 Various formulas have been given for Vlemingkx's Solution; tlie proportions 
 of Calcium Oxide, Sulphvu-, and finished product vary between 2, 4, 20 ; 3, 
 5, 20; 2-5, 5, 20; 4, 4, 20. 
 
 Lotio Calcii Sulphurati {Westminster). — Calcium Hj'^drate, 4 ; Sublimed 
 Sulphur, 4 ; Water, 35. Boil together, evaporate and filter, to produce 20 
 of Solution. To be diluted with an equal quantity of warm Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CAMBOGIA. 
 
 GAMBOGE. 
 
 Fr. Gommegutte ; Ger., Gummigutt ; Ital., Gomaiagotta ; Span., 
 
 gutagamba. 
 
 A gum -resin obtained from Garcinia Hanhurii, Hook. f. 
 
 W'as Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 " It is imported from Siam, and consists of about 75 p.c. of Resin and 15 to 
 20 p.c. of Gum, the Resin being the active ingredient. 
 
 Solubility. — About tliree -fourths is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), the 
 solution is rendered an opaque yellow by Water ; three -fourths is also soluble 
 in Ether. A solution in Ammoniated Alcohol is not rendered turbid by the 
 addition of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — -A powerful hydragogue cathartic ; in small 
 doses, diuretic. Employed in dropsy, attended with obstinate constipation ; 
 and in cerebral congestion. As it is apt to occasion much sickness and griping, 
 it is best given in small doses, repeated at short intervals, until it operates ; 
 but it should never be given to children or very old persons, or in inflamed 
 conditions of the abdominal or pelvic organs. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 grains = 0*032 to 0*13 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximmn dose, single, • 3 gramme ; daily, 1 • gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It may he given in pill or emulsion, or dissolved in an 
 alkaline Solution ; the last method has been recommended in dropsy. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Gummiresina Gutti) ; 
 Belg. (Guttfe Gummi); Fr., Ger. (Gutti); Ital., Mex. (Goma Guta) ; 
 Port. (Gomma-Guta) ; Span., Swed. (Gummi-Resina Gutta) ; Swiss, 
 U.S. (Cambogia). Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — It usually presents the cylindrical shape of the 
 bamboo joints in which it is collected ; it may be solid or hollow in the centre. 
 If of good quality it has a smooth, even fracture, free from grittiness, of a 
 bright orange colour. Inferior qualities have a dull and sometimes gritty 
 fracture. The same remarks apply to Indian Gamboge. 
 
 Tests. — Gamboge when rubbed with Water forms a yellow emulsion ; 
 it should be completely dissolved by the successive use of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and of Water. It has been suggested {P.J. '02, ii. 495) that 75 p.c. should be 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), which agrees with the statenient previously 
 made in Squire's Companion that three-fourths should be soluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). This standard has been adopted by the U.S. P. using Alcohol 
 94-9 p.c). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAM 371 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants are Starch, mineral matter, and 
 vegetable debris. Starch may be detected by the addition of Iodine Solution 
 to the cooled aqueous decoction ; mineral matter by the ash left on incine- 
 ration, and vegetable matter by the increased insolubility in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 The U.S. P. requires that when incinerated it shall yield not more than 3 p.c. 
 of ash. 
 
 Gamboge of good commercial quality contains from 60 to 80 p.c. of Resin 
 (Gambogic Acid) ; from 15 to 2,5 p.c. of Gum ; about 4 p.c. of Wax ; moisture, 
 mineral matter and a trace of Starch. 
 
 PILULA CAMBOGI/E COMPOSITA. Compound Pill of Gamboge 
 {B.P. 1898). — Gamboge, 1 ; Barbados Aloes, 1 ; Hard Soap, 2 ; all in 
 powder ; Compound Powder of Cinnamon, 1 ; massed with Glucose Syrup. 
 
 (about 1 in 0.) 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0'26 to 0".52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopoBias. — Official in Fr. (Pilule Anderson), Aloes, 
 Gamboge, Oil of Anise, and Honey; Port. (Pilulas de Aloes e Goinma 
 Guta), the .same with soap ; Mex. (Pildoras de Anderson), Aloes 8, Gamboge 
 8, Oil of Anise 0"4, Soap 4, Water q..^., also (Pildoras de Boncio), Aloes 7, 
 Gamboge 7, Ammoniacum 7, Soap 4, Water ^..9. ; U.S. (Pil. Catharticae 
 Com p.), contains Gamboge about 1 in 12 (see ColocjTith). Not in the others. 
 
 CAMPKORA. 
 
 CAMPHOR. 
 
 CioHicO, eq. 152-128. 
 
 Fr., Camphre bu Japon ; Ger., Ivampfer ; Ital., Canfora ; 
 Span., Alcanfor. 
 
 Refined Camphor is a white or colourless translucent crystalline 
 solid. It is obtained in the raw state from Cinnmnomum Camphora, 
 Nees and Eberm., in Formosa and Japan ; it is resublimed in this 
 country and elsewhere. 
 
 Camphor is described in the U.S. P. as the dextrogyrate modification 
 of the saturated Ketone (C^HigCO) obtained from Cinnamomum Cam- 
 phora (Linne), Nees et Ebermaier (Fam. Lauracese), and purified by 
 sublimation. 
 
 It may also be produced synthetically by the oxidation of Camphene. 
 Camphene exists in many essential oils, but commercially it is obtained 
 from Pinene Hydrochloride or Borneol Hydrochloride by treatment 
 with Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 On account of its volatility it shoiJd be kept in well-closed vessels, 
 and in a cool place. 
 
 Borneo Camphor (Borneol) is a solid substance obtained from Dryoha- 
 lanops aromatica, Gartn., in Borneo and its neighbourhood. Borneol is used 
 in the production of artificial Camphor ; two compound esters are known, 
 Borneol Salicylate (Salit) and Borneol Valerianate (Bornyval). 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 700 of Water ; 1 in 1| of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; or 
 by weight, 1 in 1 ; 4 in 1 of Chloroform ; 12 in 7 of Ether ; 1 in 4 
 of Olive Oil (slowly) ; 1 in U of Oil of Turpentine ; 2 in 1 of Glacial 
 Acetic Acid : insoluble in alkalis. 
 
372 CAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 3 of Camphor rubbed with 1 of Ca,rboiic Acid crystals form a clear 
 Solution. 3 of Camphor and 3 of Chloral Hydrate rubbed together 
 liquefy. Camphor also forms a liquid when mixed with many other 
 substances, Menthol, Thymol, Naphthol, Salol, Butyl Chloral, and 
 Salicylic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A stimulant sedative ; antispasmodic, 
 carminative, expectorant, diaphoretic, and anaphrodisiac. A local 
 anaesthetic A feeble antiseptic. 
 
 Stimulant in the prostration of febrile diseases; sedative in 
 mania, deliriima tremens and chordee, also useful in dysmenorrhoea, 
 spasmodic asthma and chronic bronchitis ; in hysteria, nymphomania 
 and spermatorrhosa. Spirit of Camphor mixed with warm Water 
 to bathe the nostrils is highly useful in hay fever, and relieves irritation 
 of the nostrils in common cold ; also used as an inhalation. The 
 Compound Tincture is given with Tincture of Squill to allay 
 spasmodic cough in bronchitis and phthisis. In large doses Camphor 
 tends to cause cardiac depression, convulsions, and possible collapse. 
 
 Externally, it is used as a counter-irritant to relieve pain in chronic 
 rheumatism, neuralgia, as an application to chilblains, and to prevent 
 the bites of midges and other insects ; also in chronic eczema and 
 other painful skin diseases. The combination with Thymol, Phenol, 
 or Chloral forms a good local anodyne for neuralgia. 
 
 Injections, in 10 p.c. oily solution every 15 minutes, are invaluable in 
 cardiac asthma. — M.A. '13, 287. 
 
 The hypodermic injection of Camphor in Oil in doses up to 50 grains is not 
 of any clinical value as a cardiac stimulant. — A.J. M.S. '13, i. 238. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0"13 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — An excellent pill can be made by mixing Camphor, 
 36 grains ; Curd Soap, 4 grains ; ' Diluted Glucose,'' 10 grains ; and dividing 
 into 12 or more pills as required. Its unpleasant taste is covered well by Milk, 
 which is a good solvent jor Camphor. TJte Spirit is given on Sugar, also in 
 Milk. It does not disuse easily tviih Water, even when mixed with an equal 
 volume oj Syrup or Glycerin. The only satisfactory method oj giving Spirit oj 
 Camphor in a mixture is by the use of Mucilage of Acacia. 
 
 10 to 30 minims of a Syrup of Camphor (Spirit of Camphor 2, Syrup I, 
 Glycerin 1) will mix with 1 oz. of Water sufficiently long for the dose to be swal- 
 lowed, but the Camphor separates very quickly and floats at the top. Camphor 
 can be powdered quite readily with the addition of a small quantity of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Symptoms of poisoning : Excitement, continual desire for movement, 
 headache, buzzing in the ears, delirium, dimness of vision, vertigo, and 
 hallucinations, and, if the dose is sufficient, somnolence, amnesia, paralysis ol- 
 the bladder and rectum, coma, and in some cases death. In some cases the 
 stage of excitation is missing. Hyperleucocytosis, increase of the bronchial 
 secretion, sweating and polyuria have been noticed. The respiration is 
 quickened dm-ing the excitable stage, and later becomes slowed when convul- 
 sions may or may not occur. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Aqua Camphorse, Liniment umVICamphorae, 
 Linimentum Camphorse Ammoniatum, Spiritus Carnphoraj and Tinctura 
 Campliorse Composita. Contained in Linimentum Aconiti, Linimentum 
 Belladonnaj, Linimentum Opii, Linimentum Saponis, Linimentum Sinapis, 
 Linimentum Terebintliinse and ,Unguentuin Hydi'argyri Compositum. Of 
 Ijinimentum Camphorae : Linimentum Chloroformi, Linimentum Hydrar- 
 gyri, Linimentum Tevebintliinse Aceticum. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure,] CAM 373 
 
 Not Official. — Acetum Camphoratum, Aqua Camphoraj Cone, Camphor 
 Ball, Camphora cum Creta, Camphorated Quinine, Ceratiun Camphorce, 
 Essentia Camphorse, Spiritus Camphorse Fortior, ^ther Spirituosus Cam- 
 phoratus, Syrupus Camphorae Compositus, Vinum Camphoratum, Essential 
 Oil of Camphor, Eau Sedative, Camphor Salicylate, Oxycamphor, Thymol 
 Camphor, Resorcin Camphor, and Camphoric Acid. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube or emetics, stimulants freely, and warmth to 
 the extremities. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oflficial in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — It occurs in commerce in the form of 
 ' Bells,' in rectangviku' pieces (Camphor squares) or in a pulverulent 
 condition (Flowers of Camplior). It possesses a characteristic, 
 powerful and penetrating odour and a pungent aromatic taste, 
 subsequently producing a feeling of coldness in the mouth. Squares 
 containing Stearic Acid have been met with on the Continent. 
 Genuine Camphor of Japanese manufacture has often an odour of 
 Safrol, which is less noticeable in Chinese or Formosa Camphor. 
 Artificial Camphor has usually a faintly terebinthinate odour, and 
 is liable to contain traces of Chlorine. Recently under the name 
 of Pearl Camphor an artificial Camphor made in Germany and having 
 a very pure odour has been offered in commerce in the form of 
 small cylindrical pieces about ^ in. (4 mm.) in diameter. 
 
 Tests. — Camphor possesses a distinctive odom' and physical appear- 
 ance. The specific gravity should be about • 995 ; the melting point 
 should be about 175° C. (347° F.) ; and the boiling point about 205° C. 
 (401° F.). The B.P. gives the specific gravity as about 0-995, and 
 the melting point about 175° C. (347° F.) ; the V.S.P. gives the 
 specific gi-avity, 0-990 at 25° C. (77° F.), the melting point as 175° C. 
 (347° F.), and the boiling point as 204° C. (399-2° F.) ; the P.G. gives 
 the melting point as 175° to 179° C. (347° to 354-2° F.), but gives no 
 figures for specific gravity or boiling point. 
 
 The B.P. now includes an optical .rotation for its solution in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) requiring that a 25 p.c. w/v solution in this solvent 
 should possess an optical rotation of about + 10° in a 100 mm. tube 
 at 15-5° C. (60° F.). The TJ.S.P. simply states that it is optically 
 active, being dextrogyrate ; the P.G. states that Camphor rotates the 
 ray of polarised light to the right, giving the specific rotation of a 
 20 p.c. w/w solution in Absolute Alcohol, as +44*22° at 20° C. 
 (68° F.) in a 100 mm. tube. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Synthetic Camphor 
 and mineral matter. Artificial or synthetic Camphor is optically 
 inactive. The 25 p.c. w/v solution should possess an optical rotation 
 as above indicated, showing the absence of Synthetic Camphor. When 
 cautiously heated in an open dish Camphor gradually volatilises 
 completely and when ignited it burns with a luminous smoky flame, 
 and is almost completely volatilised, leaving no appreciable residue, 
 indicating the absence of mineral matter. The proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the statement ' it sublimes without 
 leaving a residue ' be changed to ' it sublimes leaving a -residue not 
 exceeding 0*05 p.c." 
 
374 CAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Artificial or Synthetic Camphor is also distinguished from the natural 
 variety by almost invariably containing Chlorine derivatives. The 
 U.S. P. includes a test for chlorinated products, requiring that if 
 a small piece of Camphor be dropped into a small porcelain dish, 
 the latter placed in a larger dish, and a clean beaker moistened on 
 the inner surface with Distilled Water be inverted over the smaller 
 dish immediately after igniting the Camphor, a part of the products 
 of combustion will be absorbed by the Water ; if the beaker be then 
 rinsed with a little Distilled Water, and the liquid filtered, the filtrate 
 should yield no turbidity upon the addition of a few drops of Silver 
 Nitrate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of chlorinated products. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the test 
 for chlorinated products be changed to the following : — Hold the 
 loop end of a piece of clean Copper wbe in a non-luminous flame until 
 it glows, then cool the wire, dip the loop into melted Camphor, ignite 
 the latter, and hold it so that the liquid bm-ns outside of a non-luminous 
 flame. On slowly bringing the flame from the burning Camphor on 
 the loop in contact with the lower outer edge of the non-luminous 
 flame, no green tinge should be discernible. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA CAMPHORiE. Camphor Water. 
 
 Dissolve 1 of Camphor in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; add this gradually 
 to 1000 of Distilled Water, with agitation to form a solution. 
 
 (1 in 1000.) 
 
 The solution of the Camphor in Alcohol saves time and ensures a 
 more uniform product. The alcoholic solution of Camphor may be 
 kept ready for use. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 oz. = 28 '4 to 56 "8 ml. = ^ir to | grain of Camphor. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Camphor 2, Alcohol 4, 
 Water 994; Dan. (Mistura Camphorata), contains Camphor, Alcohol, 
 Mucilage of Acacia, Syr. Cerasi and Water ; Norw. (Emulsio Camphorse), 
 Camphor, Mucilage of Acacia, Alcohol, and Water ; Port., Camphor 1, Water 
 100; Span. (Emulsio Alcanforado), Camphor, Sweet Ahnonds, Powdered 
 Sugar, and Water ; Swed. (Emulsio Camphoraj), Camphor, Gum Acacia, 
 and Almond Emulsion ; U.S., dissolve 8 of Camphor in 8 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) and triturate the solution with 15 of Purified Talc, and, after allowing 
 the greater part of the Alcohol to evaporate spontaneously, continue the 
 tritui'ation with Distilled Water gradually added to make 1000 c.c. ; then 
 pour the mixture upon a well-wetted filter, and pass the filtrate through the ■ 
 filter repeatedly until the Camphor Water is perfectly clear. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CAMPHOR-ffi. Liniment op Camphor. B.P.Syn. 
 — Camphorated Oil. (Altered.) 
 
 A yellow oily fluid, possessing a strong characteristic odour of 
 Camphor, prepared by dissolving, in a closed vessel, 1 of Camphor in 
 flowers, in 4 of Olive Oil (by weight). (1 in 5 by weight.) 
 
 Solution will be more readily effected if the Camphor is sifted before 
 using, and if the oil is warmed to about 38° C. (100*4° F.) ; agitating 
 in a bottle or covered vessel to prevent vaporisation of the Camphor. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAM 375 
 
 The same figures (1 and 4), but the oil is now by weight ; in B.P. 1898 it 
 was by measvire. 
 
 See also Oleum Olivso. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Jap., Norw. and Swed., 1 
 and 4, with Olive Oil ; Belg., 1 and 9, with medicjnal oil; Dutch (Solutio 
 Campliorse Oleosa), Fr., Ger., Ital., Span. (Aceite Alcanf orado), and 
 Swiss, 1 and 9, all with Olive Oil; Port., 1 and Almond Oil 9; Austr. and 
 Hung. (Oleum Camphoratum), 1 and 3 ; Mex. (Aceite Alcanf orada), 
 1 in 9 ; Hung., 1 and 2 ; Russ., 1 and 9 ; all with Sesame Oil ; U.S., 1 and 
 Cotton Seed Oil 4. All by weight. Ger. also includes Oleum Camphora- 
 tum Forte, 1 and 4. 
 
 Tests. — Cumplionited Oil Las a S2)crific gravity of 0-920 to 0-92r), 
 and should theoretically contain 20 p.c. w/vv of Ciimphor, which may 
 be determined by heating a definite weight of the sample in a flat- 
 bottomed dish on a water-bath until it ceases to lose weight. The 
 P.G. includes both a Camphorated Oil containing 10 p.c. w/w of 
 Camphor and an Oleum Camphoratum Forte containing 20 p.c. w/w 
 of Camphor. 
 
 Samples of the Liniment are frequently deficient in Camphor, 
 and the loss of CamjDhor by volatilisation has been pleaded in justifica- 
 tion of such deficiency, but it is generally conceded that if properly 
 prepared it will not, when kept under ordinary conditions, lose any 
 appreciable amount. The U.S. P. uses Cotton Seed Oil in the prepara- 
 tion of the Liniment, and Sesame Oil is employed by some of the 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. Mineral Oil or a mixture of a mineral and 
 vegetable oil has been used as an adulterant, but their presence is 
 readily detected by determining the Saponification Value of the 
 residue remaining after the volatilisation of the Camphor. The 
 Refractive Index of the oil is apparently almost unaffected by the 
 presence of dissolved Camphor {Analyst xxv. 202), and the refractometer 
 may be employed for the identification of the oil used. It is shown 
 {CD. '01, ii. .390) that the substitution of other oils for Olive Oil may, 
 with the exception of Ai-achis Oil, be readily detected. The deter- 
 mination of the optical activity has also been suggested {Analyst 
 xxv. 202) as a means of ascertaining the percentage of Camphor 
 present in a sample. The rotation is increased by nearly 1° for each 
 percentage of Camphor present, and the observed rotation of a sample 
 in a 200 mm. tube gives at once, without calculation, the percentage 
 of Camphor with sufficient accuracy for most purposes. It has been 
 pointed out {CD. '01, i. 167) that the rotations show a slight over- 
 estimation, the error varying with the amount of Camphor present ; 
 when 25 p.c. of Camphor is present the division will be 0'998, while 
 with 1 p.c. it will be 0-987. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CAMPHOR>E AMMONIATUM. Ammoniated 
 Liniment of Camphor. B.P.Syn. — Compound Liniment of Camphor. 
 N.O.Syn. — Linimentum Aminioniatum Camphoratum. (Modified.) 
 
 Camphor, 5 ; Oil of Lavender, ^ ; Strong Solution of Ammonia, 10 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to make 40. (1 in 8.) 
 
 Dissolve the Camphor and the Oil in a portion of the Alcohol (about 
 24) and add the Ammonia gradually with agitation. The Camphor 
 
376 CAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measixre,] 
 
 wliich is at first tlirown out will readil)' redissolve. Add Alcoliol q.s. 
 to make 40. 
 
 It contains ratlier less Oil of Lavender than before. 
 
 Rubefacient and counter-irritant. Most useful in tic douloureux and 
 clironic rheumatism. Pai "vful neuralgia is relieved by applying lint pre- 
 viously soaked in the linitnent, covering with a dry napkin imtil redness is 
 produced, then lightly rubbing the part with Laudanum or Liquor Meconicus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Liniment um Ammo- 
 niacale Camphoratum), Liquid Ammonia 1, Camphorated Oil 9; also 
 (Camphorse Linimentum Compositum), Spirit of Soap 700, Spirit of 
 Camphor 250, Liquid Ammonia 30, Oil of Rosemary 15, Oil of Thyme 5 ; 
 Dan., Solution of Ammonia 5, Camphor 1, Rape Oil 14 ; Fr., Solution of 
 Ammonia 1, Camphorated Oil 9 ; Ger., Solution of Ammonia 2, Strong 
 Camphorated Oil 3, Arachis Oil 5 ; Ital., Solution of Ammonia 1, Camphorated 
 Oil 4 ; Mex., Solution of Ammonia 1, Camphorated Oil 9 ; Noi'w., Campho- 
 rated Oil 20, Rape Oil 8, Concentrated Solution of Ammonia 6, Distilled 
 Water 6 ; Port., Liquid Ammonia 1, Camphorated Oil 4 ; Russ., Solution 
 of Ammonia 1, Camphorated Oil 3, Sesame Oil 1 ; Span., Solution of Ammonia 
 1, Camphorated Oil 9 ; Swed. and Swiss, Solution of Ammonia 1, Cam- 
 phorated Oil 3. All by weight. Not in the others. 
 
 SPIRITUS CAMPHORS. Spirit of Camphor. N.O.Syn.— 
 
 TiNCTURA CaMPHOR.'E. 
 
 Camphor, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to make 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1'2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dvitch 
 (Solutio Camphorse Spirituosa), Fr. (Teinture de Camphre Cone), 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10 ; Russ., 
 1 in 13; Mex. (Alcohol Alcanforada), 1 and 19; Span., 1 and 24; 
 Fr. has also a Teinture de Camphre faible. Camphor 1, Dilute Alcohol 
 39. All by weight except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Camphor has a specific gravity of 0*845 to 0' 850. 
 It should contain 10 p.c. w/v of Camphor, which may be determined 
 by its optical rotation. The B.P. now includes the optical rotation, 
 requiring it to be not less than + 4° at 15*5° C. (60° F.). 
 
 TINCTURA CAMPHORS COMPOSITA, Compound Tincture 
 OP Camphor. B.P.Syn. — Paregoric. Paregoric Elixir. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 
 Tincture of Opium, 50 ; Benzoic Acid, 5 ; Camphor, 3 ; Oil of 
 Anise, 3 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 Dissolve the Benzoic Acid, Camphor, and Oil of Anise in a portion 
 of the Alcohol (about 900) ; add the Tincture and finally Alcohol q.s. 
 to make 1000. 
 
 The Pimpinella Oil is preferable as being more soluble in Alcohol 
 (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1*8 to 3*6 ml. = i to J grain Opium. 
 
 It contains about ^ more Morphine than before. 
 
 30 minims contain about -^ grain of anhydrous Morphine (about ^ grain 
 of Morphine Hydrochloride). 
 
 The Brussels Conjerence agreed that Tinctura Opii Benzoica, the equivalent 
 in the Foreign Pharmacopoeias of our Compound Tincture of Camphor, shall 
 contain 0-05 p.c. w/w of Morphine. Tinctura Camphorae Co. B.P. 1914 
 contains 0'05 p.c. w/v of anhydrous Morphine. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] CAM 377 
 
 Official Tincture of Opium now contains 1 p.c. of anhydrous Morpliine, 
 instead of 0"75 p.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Opii Tinctura cum 
 Acido Benzoico), Tincture of Opium 50, Benzoic Acid 5, Camphor 3, 
 Anethol 2, Alcohol (70 p.c.) 940; Dan. (Tinctura Thebaiaca Ben- 
 zol ca). Tincture of Opivun 50, Benzoic Acid 5, Camphor 3, Oil of Anise 2, 
 Diluted Alcohol 940 ; Dutch and Ger. (Tinctura Opii Benzoica), Tincture 
 of Opium 10, Benzoic Acid 4, Camphor 2, Oil of Anise 1, Diluted Alcohol 183 ; 
 Fr. (Elixir Paregorique), Opium 5, Benzoic Acid 5, Camphor 2, Oil of 
 Anise 5, Alcohol (60 p.c.) 985 ; Russ. (Tinctura Opii Benzoica), Opium 1, 
 Benzoic Acid 4, Camphor 2, Oil of Anise 1, Diluted Alcohol 192 ; Jap., 
 Opium 1, Benzoic Acid 4, Purified Camphor 2, Fennel Oil 1, Diluted Alcohol 
 192 ; Norw. and Swed. (Tinctura Opii Benzoica), Tincture of Opium 50, 
 Benzoic Acid 5, Camphor 3, Oil of Anise 2, Diluted Alcohol 940 ; Mex. 
 (Tinctura de Opio Alcanf orado), Extract of Opium 3, Benzoic Acid 3, 
 Camphor 2, Oil of Anise 3, Alcohol (GO p.c.) to 600; Port. (Tincture de 
 Opio Composta), Opium 1, Benzoic Acid 1, Camphor 1, Oil of Anise 1, 
 Alcohol (65 p.c.) 196 ; Swiss, Tincture of Opium 10, Benzoic Acid 1, Camphor 1, 
 Oil of Anise 1, Diluted Alcohol 187; U.S. (Tinctura Opii Camphorata), 
 Opium 4, Benzoic Acid 4, Camphor 4, Oil of Anise 4, Glycerin 40, Diluted 
 Alcohol to 1000. All by weight, except U.S. Belg., Fr., Ger., Russ. and 
 Swiss adopt the Brussels Conference standard. 
 
 Tests. — Compouud Tincture of Camphor lius a specific gravity of 
 0-915 to 0-920 ; it contains 0-2 to 0-35 p.c. w/v of total solids ; the 
 percentage of Absolute Alcohol should be about 58-0 p.c. by volume ; 
 100 c.c. should contain 0-05 gramme of anhydrous Morphine; it 
 should afiord well-marked reactions for Benzoic and Meconic Acids, 
 and when diluted with Water should assume an opalescent appearance. 
 It is frequently found deficient in Alcohol, and in the requisite 
 proportion of Tinctm-e of Opium ; the Benzoic Acid may be either of 
 inferior quality or altogether omitted, and Oil of Anise may be absent. 
 The specific gravity of the sample affords a fair indication of the per- 
 centage of Absolute Alcohol, and may be supplemented if necessary 
 by an actual determination of the Alcohol by distillation. The Benzoic 
 Acid may be determined by rendering 10 c.c. of the Tinctm-e alkaline 
 by the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution and removing the 
 Alcohol by evaporation. The aqueous liquid may then be extracted 
 with Ether, the ethereal solution separated, the aqueous fluid faintly 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid and again shaken with Ether, the 
 ethereal solution removed, the Ether evaporated spontaneously and 
 the Benzoic Acid weighed, or the ethereal solution may be freed from 
 mineral acid by carefully washing with Water and titrated with 
 Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of 
 Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution represent- 
 ing 0-0061024: gramme of Benzoic Acid. The separated Benzoic Acid 
 should possess the melting point, and should otherwise correspond to 
 the tests given under Benzoic Acid. Meconic Acid may be detected 
 by diluting a little of the Tincture with Alcohol (45 p.c.) until of a pale 
 straw colour and adding a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, when 
 a deep red coloration will be produced. The quantity of Morphine 
 present is too small to permit the employment of the B.P. method of 
 determination. 
 
378 CAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 A process dependiug on the extraction of the Morphine from 
 the evaporated Tincture by hot Amylic Alcohol is described 
 ( Y.B.P. '05, 461 ; Anahjst, '05, 336) ; the extracted Morphine being 
 subsequently recognised by Ferric Chloride Test-Solution and the 
 Nitric Acid colour test. It has been pointed out by Allen {Analyst, 
 '02, 352) that cough mixtures, in addition to containing Paregoric, 
 frequently contain Ipecacuanha in some form or other, and tlie 
 alkaloids of the latter are liable to be mistaken for Morphine if coloiir 
 reactions alone are relied upon. These colour reactions are given 
 under the heading of Ipecacuanha and Psychotrine. A process for 
 the analysis of the Tincture is recorded, and the use of hot Amylic 
 Alcohol for the extraction of the Morpliine is suggested in the paper. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACETUM CAMPHORATUM (iJ^ss.)-— Camphor,! ; Alcohol (90 p.c.),70 ; 
 Vinegar, 180. 
 
 AQUA CAMPHOR/e CONG, (Pharm. Form. iV/acJJwan).— Spirit of 
 Camphor, 3 fl. drmi. ; Distilled Water, 40 fl. oz 
 
 CAMPHOR BALL. — Camphor, 2 ; Wliite Beeswax, 5 ; Spermaceti, 3 ; 
 Oil of Almionds, 3 ; Tincture of Tolu, \ ; melt and pour into | oz. moulds. 
 
 The proportion of the Wax to Spermaceti varies in different forms, but the 
 total of the two combined is generally much the same. 
 
 CAMPHORA CUM CRETA (Camphorated Chalk).— Camphor, 1 ; Precipi- 
 tated Chalk, 8 ; powder the Camphor by rubbing it with a few drops of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), mix in the Chalk, and pass the whole through a sieve. 
 
 This is used as a dentifrice ; it is also made in the proportion 1 to 7 {Mart.) 
 and 1 to 9 (B.P.C.). 
 
 CAMPHORATED CHLOROFORM. See Chloroform. 
 
 CAMPHORATED QUININE.— Camphor, in powder, 8 grains; Ammo- 
 niated Tincture of Quinine, g.s. to make I fi. oz. 
 
 Very useful for cold in the head. Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. drm. 
 
 Camphorated Quiuine Capsules. — Quinine Sulphate, 60 grains ; Ammo- 
 nium Carbonate (powdered finely), 100 grains ; Powdered Camphor, 
 60 grains ; Soft Paraffin and Liquid Paraffin, q.s. to make a thin paste and 
 fill 100 capsules. Each capsule represents about 30 minims of Camphorated 
 Quinine. 
 
 CERATUM CAMPHOR/E.— Camphor, 2 ; Wlaite Beeswax, 3 ; Benzoated 
 Lard, 4 ; Oil of Almonds, 3 ; molt together and stir till cold. 
 
 Foreign Pharinacoposias. — -Belg. (Unguentum Camphoratum), 
 Camphor 1, Simple Ointment 4 ; Fr. (Pommade Camphroe), Camphor 2, 
 Benzoinated Lard 7, White Wax 1 ; Mex. (Pomada Alcanforada), 
 Camphor 1, Wlute Wax 1, Lard 8 ; Norw., Camphor 10, Solid Paraffin 10, 
 Lard 80, Absolute Alcohol, q.s. ; Russ., Camj^hor 2, Lard 7, Yellow Wax 1 ; 
 U.S. (Ceratum Camphorai) is much weaker in Camphor : — Camphor 
 Liniment 10, White Wax 35, \Vliite Petrolatum 15, Benzoinated Lard 40 ; it 
 contains 1 of Camphor in 50. 
 
 P H E N O L C A M P H O R . 6'ec Acidum Carbolicum. 
 
 ESSENTIA CAMPHOR>E.— Camphor, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 20. Given 
 for coryza, 5 minims every hour in Water or on Sugar. 
 This is half the strength of the official Spiritus Caraphorae. 
 
 SPIRITUS CAMPHOR/E FORTIOR (Rubini's Essence).— A satm-ated 
 Solution, in Alcohol (90 p.c), contains about 1 in 2|-. 
 
[Solids by WeigM; Liqxiids by Measure.] CAM o79 
 
 /ETHER SPIRITUOSUS CAMPHORATUS (Dan.) —Camphor, 15; 
 Spirit of Ether, 85. 
 
 SYRUPUS CAMPHOR/E COMPOSITUS {Bristol Royal Infirmary).— 
 Benzoic Acid, 3 drm. ; Glacial Acetic Acid, 3 oz. 5 drm. 20 minims ; Vinegar 
 of Squill, 2 pints ; Vinegar of Ipecacuanha, 40 fl. oz. ; Anise Oil, 2 drm. ; 
 Camphor, 2 drm. ; Tincture of Opium, 10 oz. 5 drm. 20 minims ; Sugar, 28 lb. ; 
 Burnt Sugar, q.s. ; Water, to make 4 gall. Dose. — 1 fl. drm. = 3" 6 ml. 
 ( = 1 minim of Tincture of Opium). 
 
 VINUM CAMPHORATUM ((?er.).— Camphor, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1; 
 Mucilage of Acacia, 3 ; White Wine, 45. Swiss, Camphor 2, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 3, Acacia 2, White Wine 93. All by weight. 
 
 ESSENTIAL OIL OF CAMPHOR.— Camphor Oil, as it is distilled from 
 Camphor Wood, contains some quantity of solid Camphor, which is separated 
 by filtration and pressure, and sometimes by refrigeration. 
 
 An application in rheumatism. 
 
 Treated with complete success 11 cases of acute general purulent perito- 
 nitis, all result of a sloughing appendix. After the latter was amputated 
 and the pus wiped away, 100 c.c. of a 1 p.c. Sterilised Solution of Oil of 
 Camphor was poured into the peritoneal cavity and carefully distributed 
 over the whole area of the peritoneum by gauze sponges. Its use advocated 
 also in all abdominal sections where the peritoneiun is already infected. 
 Another Surgeon introduced 30 to 50 c.c. of 10 p.c. Solution into the peri- 
 toneum in 53 cases where the peritoneum was infected before operation ; all 
 but one recovered. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 764. 
 
 Owing to a fatal result, it would seem safer to employ a 1 p.c. Solution of 
 the Oil and not a 10 p.c, and of the former not more than 300 c.c. — L. '12, 
 ii. 546. 
 
 Two lands of Camphor Oil are known commercially, Japan and China 
 Camphor Oil. 
 
 Japan Camphor Oil.— A yellow or yellowish -brown liquid possessing a 
 strong odour of Safrol. It has a specific gravity of I'OIO to 1-020, and an 
 optical rotation in a 100 mm. tube of -f- 5' 5°. It dissolves readily in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 A considerable portion of the Safrol is frequently removed from the oil, 
 which is then commonly known in the trade as 'White Oil of Camphor.' 
 The abstraction of Safrol is indicated by a decrease in the specific gravity. 
 
 China Camphor Oil. — A pale yellow or brownish-yellow liquid, possessing 
 a strong camphoraceous odour. It has a specific gravity of 0'950 to 0'960, 
 and an optical rotation in a 100 mm. tube of about -f- 30°. It dissolves 
 readily in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 EAU SEDATIVE (Lotion Ammoniacale Camphree) (Fr.). — Spirit 
 of Camphor, 10; Liquor Ammon. (20 p.c), 60; Sodium Chloride, 60; 
 Dis billed Water, 1000. 
 
 Belg., Sodium Chloride 60, Liquid Amuionia 60, Spirit of Camphor 10, 
 Water 870 ; Mex., Sodium Chloride 60, Liquid Ammonia 60, Spirit of Camphor 
 10, Water 1000 ; Norw. and Swiss, Sodium Chloride 60, Water 830, Spirit 
 of Camphor 10, Liquid Ammonia 100. 
 
 CAMPHOR SALICYLATE (Camphossil). — A crystalline, unctuous, 
 deliquescent mass. Condensation product of Camphor and Salicylic Acid 
 Antiseptic and antipyretic. 
 
 Dose. — 7 J grains = 0'5 gramme. 
 
 OXYCAMPHOR. — A white crystalline powder, soluble about 1 in 50 of 
 Water. Has been used in pulmonary dyspnoea. Best given in cachets or 
 gelatin capsules. It is easily altered by exposiu"e to air. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
380 CAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Under the name of Oxaphor, a 50 p.c. Solution of the above in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) has been introdnced. Camplioroxol is stated to be a 1 p.c. alcoholic 
 Solution of Camphor containing 3 p.c. Hydrogen Dioxide. 
 
 Thymol- Camphor and Ilesorcin-Cam.phor are oily fluids obtained by 
 heating Camphor with equal parts of Thymol and Resorcin respectively. 
 
 CAMPHORIC ACID (C,„H„04,eq. 200-128).— Colourless, crystalline leaflets, 
 or a white, crystalline powder, with a faint camphoraceous odour. 
 
 It is a di-basic acid prepared by the oxidation of Camphor. It should be 
 kept in well-closed vessels. 
 
 Solubility. — -1 in IGO of cold Water; 1 in 8 of boiling Water; 1 in 1'5 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; readily in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes, conveniently given in cachets. 
 
 Valuable in urinary calculus and vesical catarrh. 
 
 In 4 p.c. alcoholic Solutions as spray or linctus, in laryngeal phthisis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OiTicial in Dutch, Ger., Jap., Norw., Svviss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Camphoric Acid has a melting point of 186° to 187° C. (366-8° to 
 368-6° F.), and is dextrorotatory, a 10 p.c. alcoholic solution showing a value 
 [a]o = +47*8°. The aqueous solution is acid in reaction towards blue Litmus 
 paper. 1 gramme of the acid should require for neutralisation not less than 
 9-9 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, indicating not 
 less than 99-0 p.c. of pure Camphoric Acid, Phenolphthalein Solution should 
 bo used as an indicator of neutrality; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0-10006 gramme of Hydrogen Camphorate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Sulphates, Nitrates, 
 and mineral matter. The saturated aqueous solution should not be rendered 
 turbid by Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides; nor 
 by Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. When a 
 solution of Ferrous Sul^^hate is poured carefully on to a cold mixture of the 
 saturated aqueous solution of the acid and an equal quantity of Sulphui-ic 
 Acid, no dark coloration should be developed at the line of junction of the 
 two fluids, indicating the absence of Nitric Acid. It should leave no weigh- 
 able residvie upon ignition, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Under the name of Camphosal a neutral Ester of Camphoric Acid and 
 Santalol has been introduced. It is supplied in capsules containing • 25 
 gramme, and is administered in doses of 3 to 4 capsules daily, in prostatic 
 di.seases, in febrile conditions of the urethra and in vesical catarrh. 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA. 
 
 MONOBROMATED CAMPnOB. 
 
 CioHi^BrO, eq. 231-04. 
 
 Fr., Camphbb Monobrome ; Ger., Monobromkampher ; Ital., Canfora 
 MoNOBROMATA ; Span., Alcanfor Monobromado. 
 
 Coloui'Iess, prismatic needles, or scales, with a camphoraceous odour and 
 taste. 
 
 It is a substitution product of Camphor, the Hydrogen ion of the latter 
 being replaced by the halogen. Bromine. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost insoluble in Water ; soluble 1 in 12 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c); 10 in 7 of Chloroform; 2 in 1 of Ether; 1 in 8 of Olive Oil 5 
 sparingly in Glycerin. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAN 381 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic and sedative. Given in hysteria, 
 epilepsy, chorea, spennatorrhcKa, and dehrium tremens ; but its use requires 
 caution. It has been stated to be an antidote to Strychnine. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0*13 to 0" 32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing ]^^'otes. — It can he prescribed in pills with * Diluted Glucose, 
 or can be dissolved in Almond or Olive Oil and emulsified with Mucilage and 
 Water. It is also given with Extract of Belladonna. 
 
 Larger doses than 5 grains are sometimes given in delirium tremens. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Fr., Ital., Jap., Mex. 
 (Alcanfor Monobromado), Port., Span. (Alcanfor M onobromado), 
 Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Monobromated Camphor has a melting point of 74° to 7G° C. (165* 2° 
 to 168 • 8° F.) and a boihng point of 274° C. (525-2° F.). It should be neutral 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper. A yellowish curdy precipitate of Silver 
 Bromide is produced when 1 decigramme each of Monobromated Camphor 
 and Silver Nitrate are heated with a mixti^u-e of 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 
 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid until the evolution of Nitrous vapours ceases. It 
 is soluble in cold concentrated Sulphuric Acid without alteration in colour 
 and without decomposition, and is again precipitated when this solution 
 is poured into Water. When fused with metallic Sodium in a dry test-tube 
 and the residue dissolved in Water, the resulting solution, acidified with 
 Nitric Acid, yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a copious yellowish curdy 
 precipitate, almost insoluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Bromides, Hydrobromic Acid, 
 and mineral residue. A cold saturated aqueous solution, when filtered, 
 should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Bromides ; this cold saturated filtered 
 aqueous solution should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, indi- 
 cating the absence of Hydrobromic Acid. It should be completely volatilised 
 by heat leaving not more than O'OSp.c. of residue, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. 
 
 CANNABIS INDICA. 
 
 INDIAN HEMP. 
 
 Fr., Chanvre Indien ; Ger., Indischer Hanp ; Ital., Canape Indiana ; 
 
 Span., Canamo. 
 
 The dried flowering or fruiting tops of tlie female plant of Cannabis 
 .sativa, L. ; from whicli, of course, the Resin has not been removed ; 
 grown in India. 
 
 O'Shaughnessy introduced Indian Hemp into this country, and Peter 
 Squire made the extract for him. 
 
 The official variety may consist, according to the official monograph, of 
 either the flowering or fruiting tops, and is frequently of very inferior quality, 
 since the fruiting tops yield less Resin. 
 
 Preparations of Cannabis Indica show marked variation in physiological 
 activity, owing to age, and perhaps other causes. 
 
 The loss of strength would appear to be due to the oxidation of the active 
 principle. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative, anodyne, and antispasmodic. 
 Has been used with success in migraine and delirium, neuralgia, 
 pain of last stages of phthisis, and in acute mania ; also in menorrhagia 
 and dysmenorrhcea. It is combined with Belladonna in whooping' 
 
382 CAN [Solids by V/eight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 cough, and in infantile convulsions, liepatic and renal colic ; it is 
 given in tetanus and hydrophobia. 
 
 The tincture ia of value in all obscure forms of pruritus ; it should be 
 suspended in mucilage, freely diluted, and given after meals. — B.M.J. '09, 
 ii. 452. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually prescribed in thejorm oj Extract or Tincture. 
 
 Dose oJ the Extract ^to \ grain (loith a sufficiency oJ Eiquorice Powder to jorm 
 a pill) ; but as it varies considerably in strength it is better to commence with the 
 smaller dose ; toxic sympto^ns have been produced with 1 grain. Dose of the 
 Tincture, 5 to 15 minims, which can be taken on Sugar, or diffused in Water by 
 the aid of 1 fl. drm. of Mucilage of Acacia to each fl. oz. of Water ; the Mucilage 
 sJwuld be diluted with tvnce its volume of Water before the addition of the Tincture. 
 
 Official Preparations — ^Extractum Cannabis Indicse. Of the Extract, 
 Tinctura Cannabis Indioae. 
 
 Not Official. — Cannabinae Tannas, Cannabinon, and Fluidextractum 
 Cannabis Indicse. 
 
 Antidotes. — In case of over-dose, after employing stomach-tube or 
 emetics, hot brandy-and-water may be given, vegetable acids, such as lemon 
 juice, vinegar, and the like. Strychnine should be injected and a blister 
 applied to the nape of the neck. 
 
 It does not produce constipation or loss of appetite ; on the contrary, it 
 restores the appetite which has been lost by chronic Opium and Chloral 
 drinking. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Norw. (Fructus Cannabis), Port. (Canhamo), Russ., Mex. 
 (Marihuana), Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in Ger. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Indian hemp is imported from Bombay 
 under the name of Guaza, in compressed or flattened masses, con- 
 sisting of the flowering and fxuiting tops of the plant, matted together 
 with its resinous secretion. From Calcutta it is sometimes imported 
 hi a rolled or cylindrical form under the name of Ganja {P.J. (4) xv. 
 129 ; xi. p. 782), but this form, which is much more active, rarely 
 remains in this country, being exported to the West Indies {P.J. (4) 
 X. p. 522). The best quality of either kind is seldom exported from 
 India, since the natives are aware that it rapidly loses its activity on 
 keeping and therefore retain the current crop for home use, exporting 
 that of the previous year {P.J. (4) xiv. p. 342). The form of the 
 drug official in the B.P. is the compressed form or Guaza. The 
 upper leaves which accompany the flower are alternate and 1-3 
 partite, whilst the lower leaves have 5-7 linear-lanceolate serrate 
 leaflets and are opposite. The bracts as well as the leaves have 
 characteristic resin glands and one-celled cm-ved hairs with a cystolith 
 contained in the enlarged base of each. The bract below the fruit is 
 ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 During the last few years compressed Cannabis Indica has been 
 imported from Zanzibar, Delagoa Bay, and from the North of France, 
 but according to Dr. W. E. Dixon is not nearly so active as the 
 Indian drug {P.J. (4) xx. p. 550). This difference in strength is said 
 to be due to the fact that the female plant yields less resin if male 
 plants are present in the fields. In India the male plants are always 
 removed before the plant flowers by experts employed for that 
 purpose. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measuix.] CAN 383 
 
 Tests. — Tlu'ee typical samples of Gaiija, collected at the proper 
 season and imported direct from India, when examined in the author's 
 laboratory yielded a total extract to Alcohol (90 p.c.) of 15 "52, 15 '77 
 and 1G"S5 p.c. ; when evaporated to dryness and again dissolved in 
 spirit the Alcohol-soluble matter amounted to 14*45, 14 "75 and 16*7 
 p.c, leaving 1*07, 1*02 and 0*15 p.c. of insoluble brown extract. 
 The ash of the 3 samples amounted respectively to 12*70, 12*30 and 
 11*90 p.c. It is now officially required to yield to Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 not less than 12*5 p.c. of extractive matter, as determined by mace- 
 rating 10 grammes of the finely powdered Indian Hemp, dming 
 24 hours, with 100 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c). The residue left on the 
 evaporation of the Alcohol from a filtered measured quantity of 20 ml. 
 of this alcoholic solution, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), should not 
 weigh less than 0*25 gramme. It will be noted that this is the total 
 extractive to Alcohol (90 p.c), and no differentiation is made between 
 the green and the brown extracts. It is officially required to leave 
 not more than 15 p.c. of ash, calculated on the dried herb. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CANNABIS INDICiE. Extract of Indian Hemp. 
 Exhaust Indian Hemp, in coarse powder, with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 by percolation ; evaporate to a soft extract. 
 
 Dose. — |- to 1 grain = 0*016 to 0*06 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Hung. 
 Ital., Jap., Max. (Extracto de Marihuana), Port., Russ., Swiss and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 TINCTURA CANNABIS INDICiE. Tincture of Indian Hemp. 
 Dissolve 1 of Extract of Indian Hemp in Alcohol (90 p.c.) q.s. to 
 yield 20. (1 in 20.) 
 
 22 minims contain 1 grain of Extract. 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. and Port., 1 Extract in 20 ; 
 the following are from Herb : Ital. and Mex., 1 in 5 ; Himg., Russ. and Swiss, 
 1 in 10 ; all by weight ; U.S., 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cannabis Indica has a specific gravity of 
 about 0*840 ; it contains about 4* 5 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 
 85 ■ 5 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTR.ACTUM CANNABIS INDIOE (i7.<S.).—l in 1 with Alcohol 
 (95 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 0-05c.c. = 1 minim. 
 
 CANNABIN^ TANNAS. — An amorphous, yellowish powder, sparingly 
 soluble in Water, Alcohol, and Ether. Soluble in acidulated Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0"26 to 0*52 gramme, mixed with Sugar and 
 taken as a powder or in a cachet. 
 
 Occasionally prescribed for menorrhagia. In pruritus vulvae 3 to 5 grains 
 3 or 4 times a day. — B.M.J. '12, i. 473. 
 
384 CAN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CANNABINON. — A soft resinous substance, generally found as a 10 p. c. 
 tritiu-ation with Milk Sugar. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 16 to 0-06 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CANTHARIS. 
 
 CANTHARIDES. 
 
 Fb., Canthakide ; Ger., SPAitiscHE Fliegen ; Ital., Cantaride ; 
 Span., Cantarida. 
 
 The dried Beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria, Latr. 
 
 It is collected in Spain, France, Russia, Sicily, and Hungary. 
 
 The powder should be dry and kept in vessels closely corked, for if at all 
 damp it is apt to acquire a putrid odour. A piece of Camphor placed in it 
 prevents mites. 
 
 Mylabris. — The dried beetle, Mylabris phalerata,,was Official in the Ind. 
 and Col. Add. for India and the African and Eastern Colonies ; other species 
 of Mylabris could be used provided they yield an equal amount of Cantharidin. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, O'Oo gramme ; daily, 0" 15 granune. 
 
 Cantharides is not now Official ; it is replaced by Cantharidin in B.P. 
 1914. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried beetle, Cantharis vesicatoria, Latr., has 
 shining coppery green, or green coloured wing cases, and is of an oblong 
 shape, 18 to 25 mm. long (PS to 3 cm., and 6 to 8 mm. broad, P.O.), and has 
 an unpleasant odom-. The insects or powder should be dried when received 
 into stock (preferably in the presence of quicklime) at a temperature not 
 exceeding 40° C. and kept from access of air in a stoppered bottle, the glass 
 stopper being smeared with Vaseline, or they will be destroyed by mites and 
 undergo partial decomposition. The Mylabris phaleiata. Pall., has elytra or 
 wing cases, which are black with two wavy or orange-brown transverse 
 bands, and a large spot of the same colour at the base of each elytron. It is 
 oblong, 25 mm. or more in length and 9 mm. in breadth. Under the name 
 of Chinese Cantharides it is occasionally found in English conunerce, mixed 
 largely with the smaller species, Mylabris Cichorii, Fabr., these insects forming 
 a cheap source of Cantharidin, but the M. Cichorii contains less than M. 
 phalerata. M. bijasciata, Oliv., a Cape of Good Hope insect, yields about 
 1 p.c. of Cantharidin. The new crop of Cantharides can be purchased in 
 early autumn. The U.S.P. requires that Cantharides should be thoroughly 
 dried at a temperature not exceeding 40° C. (104° F.) and that the powder 
 should contain few or no hairs ; but the insect itself is hairy. The micro- 
 scopical characters of powdered Cantharides are given in P.J. (4) xxv. p. 185. 
 
 Tests. — Cantharides is now no longer Official in the B.P., being replaced 
 by its active principal Cantharidin. It is Offi.cial in U.S.P. and P.G. 
 The following process is given in the latter Pharmacopoeia for the deter- 
 mination of Cantharidin. A weighed quantity of 15 grammes of Cantharides 
 in middhng fine powder is mixed in a test-glass with 150 granunes of 
 Chloroform and 2 granunes of Hydrochloric Acid, and the mixture 
 allowed to stand during 24 hours with frequent intervals of shaking, and 
 102 grammes of the Chloroform Solution {— 10 grammes of Cantharides) 
 are filtered through a dry, well-covered filter-paper of 12 cm. diameter into a 
 light flask which has been previously weighed. The Chloroform is then dis- 
 tilled completely otf at a moderate temperature and 10 c.c. of Petroleum 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAN 3 80 
 
 Benzin is poured upon the residue when cold, and the mixture is allowed to 
 stand during 12 hours in a closely-stoppered flask, with intervals of shaking 
 from time to time. The fluid is then filtered through a weighed filter- 
 paper of 5 cm. diameter, previously dried at 100'' C. (212° F.), and also 
 previously moistened with Petroleum Benzin, and the insoluble residue is 
 washed four times by shaking with 5 c.c. of Petroleum Benzin, and these 
 washings are also filtered through the same filter, without disturbing the 
 crystalline residue adhering to the sides of the flask. After the sides of the 
 filter have been washed by 5 c.c. of Petroleum Benzin, the flask and the filter 
 are dried at 30° to 40° C. (8G° to 104° F.). The flask and the filter are then 
 washed with a small quantity of Distilled Water, to each 10 c.c. of which is 
 added 1 drop of Ammonium Carbonate Solution, until the filtrate, which 
 comes through, appears to be scarcely coloured, and finally washed once 
 with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water. The flask and the filter are then dried at 
 40° to 50° C. (104° to 122° F.), the filter and its contents are then placed 
 inside the flask, and dried sufficiently long at 100° C. (212° F.), until no further 
 diminution in weight results. Should the Cantharidin so obtained not be 
 well crystallised, but resinous or dark coloured, it should be further dissolved 
 in hot Acetone, the solution filtered tlirough a small filter into a weighed 
 flask, the filter washed with Acetone, the Acetone evaporated at a moderate 
 heat, and the residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.) until constant in weight. The 
 weight of the crystalline residue should amount to at least 0'08 gramme, 
 representing a minimum content of 0"8 p.c. of Cantharidin. 
 
 This standard is considered too high ; the average yield of commercial 
 Spanish flies is nearer 0" 6 p.c. 
 
 The ash of Cantharides should not exceed 8 p.c. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash of the powdered Cantharides 
 should not exceed 9 p.c. 
 
 CANTHARIDINUM. 
 
 CANTHARIDIN. 
 
 C10H12O4, eq. 196-096. 
 [new.] 
 
 White, inodorous, crystalline scales. 
 
 It may be obtained from various species of CaniJiaris and of Mylahris. 
 
 The employment of Cantharidin in place of Cantharides for the production 
 of the galenical preparations, was recommended in the Eighteenth Edition 
 of Squire's Companion, and has now been officially adopted. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1150 of Rectified Spirit; 1 in 700 of Rectified 
 Ether, sp. gr. 0-720 ; 1 in 55 of Cliloroform ; 1 in 150 of Acetic Ether, 
 but even when dissolved at 60° F. part separates on standing ; 1 in 200 
 of Almond Oil ; 1 in 65 of Oil of Cloves. 
 
 As stated in the Companion of 1894, Acetoue is the best solvent for Can- 
 tharidin, which it dissolves 1 in 40, and as it is cheaper it possesses a double 
 advantage over Acetic Ether. Acetone makes a good Liquor Epispasticus ; 
 it also dissolves Pyroxylin, and is therefore suitable for making Collodium 
 Vesicans. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Externally its efiects are rubefacient and 
 irritant; by continued application it is vesicant. For the latter 
 purpose the Emplastrum or Liquor Epispasticus is used, and is especially 
 effective in inflammation of deep-seated parts, as in pleuritis, 
 pericarditis, pneumonia, sciatica, neuralgia, and over the praecordial 
 region in acute rheumatism ; apphed to rheumatic joints it removes 
 
 o 
 
386 CAW [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 paiu and swelling ; applied over the epigastrium it often checks 
 obstinate vomiting and gastric pain. It acts for a longer period, 
 and is less irritating to the patient, than Ammoniacal or Acetic Acid 
 embrocations. It ought not to be applied to a paralysed limb. 
 Internally in small doses it is diuretic and aphrodisiac. It is given 
 in gleet, impotence, and incontinence of urine due to paralysis, but 
 it should be given cautiously, for it irritates the kidneys and sometimes 
 produces strangury, and it should never be given to aged people or to 
 children, or in cases of nephritis. 
 
 Continuous counter-irritation of the spine by blisters in the neighbourhood 
 of the cervical and lumbar enlargenaents the most successful treatment of 
 rheumatoid arthritis. — L. '07, ii. 895. 
 
 In severe clu'onic pruritus vulvae the affected parts are painted with Liq. 
 Epispast. with excellent results. — B.M.J. '12, i. 474. 
 
 It is the basis of most of the applications used to increase the growth of 
 hair. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acetum Cantharidini, Emplastrum Calefaciens, 
 Emplastrum Cantharidini, Liquor Epispasticus, Tinctura Cantharidini, and 
 Unguentum Cantharidini. Collodium Vesicans from Liquor Epispasticus. 
 
 JSTot Official. — Potassium Cantharidate, Charta Epispastica, Linimentum 
 Cantharidis cum Euphorbio, Linimentum Crinale, Tela Vesicatoria, Unguen- 
 tum Stimulans, and Boni's Blister. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics or stomach-tube, followed by Barley Water, Gruel, 
 white of Egg ; inject Morphine for pain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Mex., Port., Span. 
 and Swiss. 
 
 Tests.— Cantharidin melts at 218° C. (424-4° F.), and when heated 
 further sublimes in white needles. The Fr. Codex gives 218° C. 
 (424-4° F.). The B.P. gives 210° to 212° C. (410° to 413-6° F.). 
 The aqueous solution is neutral towards Litmus paper. It should 
 dissolve completely in Acetone, Chloroform, or in Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. Solutions of Cantharidin possess powerful vesicating 
 properties, a 1 in 1000 solution in a fixed oil being sufficient to produce 
 blisters on the skin. It dissolves without change of colour in warm 
 concentrated Sulphuric Acid, and again separates unchanged when 
 diluted with Water. It sublimes slowly at 110° C. (230° F.), and 
 should be completely sublimed on further heating, leaving no residue. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ACETUM CANTHARIDINI. Vinegar of Cantharidin.* [New.] 
 
 Cantharidin, 1 ; Glacial Acetic Acid, 200 ; Acetic Acid, q.s. to yield 
 2000. (1 in 2000.) 
 
 Dissolve the Cantharidin in the Glacial Acetic Acid at the heat of a 
 water-bath, and when cooled make up to the required volume with 
 the Acetic Acid. 
 
 Acetum Cantharidis B.P. 1898 was made by percolating 1 of 
 Cantharides with a mixture, in equal volumes, of Glacial Acetic Acid 
 and Distilled Water to yield 10. 
 
 * Formerly made from Cantharides, the relative strength is about the same. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] CAN 387 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., aliont 1 of Cantharidefi 
 in fi ; Dutch (Acetuni Mylabridis), 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — ^Vinegar of Cantharidin lias a specific gravity of about 
 1"051; it contains about 0'05p.c. -w/v of total solids, and about 
 42*5p.c. w/v of Hydrogen Acetate ; 1 ml. neutralising about 7*1 ml. 
 of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Phenolplithalein 
 Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0" 060032 gramme 
 of Hydrogen Acetate. 
 
 COLLODIUM VESICANS. BLiSTERma Collodion.* (Altered.) 
 Pyroxylin, 2'5 ; Cochineal, in powder, 1 ; Blistering Fluid, q.s. to 
 yield 100. 
 
 It is now coloured with Cochineal. 
 U.S. is made with Flexible Collodion. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Dan., Ger., Jap., Mex. 
 (Collodion Cantaridado), Port., Russ., Swiss and U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM CALEFACIENS. i^.P./^'^i?.— Warming Plaster.* 
 
 [Altered.] 
 
 Cantharidin, 0*1; Chloroform, 10; Olive Oil, 20; Resin Plaster, 
 470. (1 in 5000.) 
 
 It was formerly made by infusing the Cantharides in boiling Distilled 
 Water, evaporating to one-third and mixing with Beeswax, Resin, 
 Soap Plaster and Resin Plaster. 
 
 See also Oleum Olivse. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM CANTHARIDINI. Cantharidin Plaster.* 
 
 [New.] 
 
 Dissolve 2 of Cantharidin in 100 of Chloroform, by means of heat if 
 necessary. Add the Solution to a mixture of 450 of Yellow Beeswax 
 and about 500 (or q.s.) of Wool Fat, previously melted and mixed on 
 a water-bath ; stir till cold. The resulting product must weigh 1000. 
 
 (1 in 500.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Emplastra (group). 
 
 Although the strength of this preparation may be much the same as in 
 B.P. 1898, it differs in many respects. Cantharidin is used in place of the 
 powdered beetle, and Wool Fat replaces Lard, Resin and Soap Plaster. 
 
 Foraign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Emplatre de Cantha- 
 ride Mitige), abovit 1 of Cantharides in 3, and (Enaplatre Vesicatoire) 
 1 in 3 ; also in Belg., Dutch, Ital., Mex., Span, and Swed. about 1 in 3 ; 
 Austr., Dan., Jap., Norw., Port., Russ. and Swiss about 1 in 4 ; Hmig., 1 
 in 6| ; Ger. (Emplastrum Canthariduin Ordinarium), 1 in 4, and 
 (Emplastrum Cantharidum Perpetuum) 1 in 10 ; Swiss (Emplas- 
 trum Cantharidum Perpetuum), 3 in 10 ; Dan., Norw. and Swed. 
 (Emp. Canth. cum Euphorbio), about 1 in 7 ; Ital. (Empiastro de 
 Cantaride mite), 1 in 21 ; Aastr. and Pxuss., 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 Norw. includes an Emplastrum Cantharidis Colatum and Ger. includes an 
 Emplastrum Cantharidum pro usu veterinario about 1 in 5. 
 
 * Formerly made from Cantharides, the relative strength is about the same. 
 
 O 2 
 
388 CAW [Solias by Weigbt; Liquids by Measm-e,] 
 
 LIQUOR EPISPASTICUS. Blistering Liquid.* [Altered.] 
 
 Cantliaridiu, 2 ; Castor Oil, 12^ ; Kesin, 6 ; Acetone, 500. 
 
 (about 1 in 250.) 
 
 It was formerly made by percolating 1 of Cantkarides with Acetic 
 Ether to yield 2. 
 
 Squire's Companion 1894 recommended that Liquor Epispasticus and 
 Collodium Vesicana should be made from Cantharidin dissolved in Acetone. 
 
 Span, has Tintura Cloroformica de Cantaridas, White Wax, 1 ; Cantharides, 
 100 ; Chloroform, q.s. to make 100. By weight. 
 
 TINCTURA CANTHARIDINI. Tincture of Cantharidin.* 
 
 [New.] 
 
 Cantharidin, 0"1 ; Chloroform, 10; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 
 
 1000. (1 in 10,000.) 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = 0-12 to 0*3 ml 
 
 Tinctura Cantharidis B.P. 1898 was made by macerating 1 of 
 Cantharides in 20 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 of Cantharides 
 in 10 ; Mex., 1 and 10 ; All by weight except U.S. 
 
 The Brussels Conference adopted a strength of 10 p.c. w/w of Cantharides 
 for the Tincture, employing Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; this is about 6 to 7 times 
 the strength of B.P. 1914. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0*5 gramme ; daily, 1*5 grammes. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, ' 5 gramme ; daily, 1 • 25 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cantharidin has a specific gravity of about 
 0*835; it contams about 0' 01 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 89 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CANTHARIDINI. Cantharidin Ointment. 
 
 [New.] 
 
 Cantharidin, 0*1; Chloroform, 10; Benzoated Lard, 290. 
 
 (about 1 in 3000.) 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 This preparation is about § the strength of Unguentum Cantharidis 
 B.P. 1898 which was made by digesting 1 of Cantharides in 10 of 
 Benzoated Lard for 12 hours at about 120° F. (48*9° C), and straining 
 through calico. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr. (Pommade Epispastique 
 Verte), about 1 of Cantharides in 33, and (P. E. Jamie), 1 in 17f ; Ger. 
 and Jap., Oil of Cantharides 3, Yellow Wax 2 ; Port., about 1 in 23 ; Ital. 
 (Pomata di Cantaridi), 1 in 10 ; Swed., 1 in 5 (fort., 1 in 4) ; Span., 
 3 in 10 ; Swiss, Cantharidin, 1 in 250; U.S. (Ceratum Cantharidis), 32 
 in 100; Mex. (Unguento de Canteridas), about 1 in 18. Ger., Hung, 
 and Swiss have Unguentum Cantharidum pro usu veterinario ( 1 in 5) ; Belg. 
 (Unguentum Cantharidini, Cantharidin), 1 in 2000 ; (Unguentum 
 Cantharidis cum Euphorbio), Cantharides, 1 in 5. 
 
 Ger. and Jap. have Oleum Cantharidatum ; Ital. has Olio Cantaridato ; 
 Mex. has Aceite de Cantaridas. 
 
 * Formerly made from Cantharides, the relative strength is about the same. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAO 389 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 POTASSIUM CANTHARI DATE.— Colourless, needle-shaped crystals; 
 soluble in Water, insoluble in Ether and in Chloroform. Should be preserved 
 in well-stoppered bottles. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and Span. 
 
 Ijiebreieh's Solution contains 0"2 gramme Cantharidin and 0"4 gramme 
 Potassium Hydroxide in 1000 c.c. of sterilised Water ; 1 c.c. contains 0"0002 
 gramme Cantharidin in the form of Potassium Cantharidate. Dose. — " 5 c.c; 
 given hypodermically, also internally, in tubercular diseases. 
 
 Has since been replaced by a Tincture made with Cantharidin 1, in 
 Tincture of Orange Peel 5000. Dose. — 0"5c.c., and never more than 
 0"75 c.c, mixed with liqueur-glassful of Water. 
 
 CHARTA EPISPASTICA {B.P. 1885).— Powdered Cantharides, 4 ; White 
 Wax, 16 ; Spermaceti, 6 ; Olive Oil, 8 ; Resin, 3 ; Canada Balsam, 1 ; 
 Distilled Water, 24. Conveniently spread on paper ruled in divisions of 1 
 square inch. 
 
 Fr. has Sparadrap Vesicant and Sparadrap de Cantharidate de Potassiuna. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CANTHARIDIS CUM EUPHORBIO (,S'u;ed).— Can- 
 tharides, 5 ; Euphorbium, 4 ; Linseed Oil, 79 ; Crude Oil of Turpentine, 12. 
 
 LINIMENTUM GRIN ALE.— Cantharidin, 1 grain; Acetic Ether, 6 fl. 
 drm. ; dissolve and add Alcohol (90 p.c), 6 fl. oz. ; Castor Oil, 2 fl. oz. ; Oil 
 of Lavender, 15 minims. 
 
 This Liniment is higlily recommended for application to the head where 
 the iiair is falling off ; but after applying it a few times the head should be 
 washed or the Cantharidin may accumulate, and cause too much irritation. 
 It may be diluted with equal parts (or more) of Alcohol (90 p.c.) for delicate 
 skins. 
 
 TELA VESICATORIA (<S(m;.).— Linseed Oil, 1; Yellow Wax, 3; Pix 
 
 Pini, 9 ; Cantharides, 7. 
 
 Spread on the back of wax cloth so that 8 grammes shall cover a surface of 
 100 square centimetres. 
 
 UNGUENTUM STIMULANS (Erasmus Wilson s). — Cantharides, in 
 Powder, 3 ; Lard, 12 ; macerate with a moderate heat for twenty-four 
 hours, and filter through paper. 
 
 BONI'S BLISTER.— Camphor, 20; Chloral Hydrate, 30; melt and 
 add powdered Cantharides, 10 ; digest for an hour at 150° F. ; filter. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CAOUTCHOUC. 
 
 INDIA-RUBBER. 
 
 Fr., CAOUTCHOtrc ; Ger., Kautschuk ; Ital., Caucciu ; Span., Caucho. 
 
 The prepared milk-juice of Hevea Brasiliensls, Muell. Arg., and various 
 other species. The best commercial variety is known as Para rubber. 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Fr., Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex., Span., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. (Elastica). Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — In Brazil Para rubber is obtained from Hevea 
 Brasiliensls, Muell. Arg., and other species, but in Ceylon from Hevea 
 Brasiliensis only. 
 
 Para rubber is brownish-black externally and paler internally from the 
 surface to the centre. Caoutchouc prepared in the Straits Settlements and 
 Ceylon can now be obtained pure and almost free from colour, though 
 
390 CAP [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 deficient in tlie antiseptic bodies and empyreumatic odour derived from the 
 smoke of burnt Palm nuts that characterises the Brazilian Para rubber. 
 Caoutchouc is easily cut with a knife if first wetted with Water. Terpineol 
 is sometimes used as a solvent for it. 
 
 Tests. — Caoutchouc melts at about 125° C. (257° F.), which figure is 
 given in U.S. P. Wlien melted it forms a fluid or semi-fluid mass, which 
 on cooling again becomes solid and still maintains its stickiness. It is 
 insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90p.c.) and in dilute solutions of the alkali 
 Hydroxides. It dissolves in I3enzene, Carbon Bisulphide, Chloroform, Petro- 
 leum Ether, and Oil of Turpentine. This statement must not be taken to 
 mean that the rubber is entirely soluble in these liquids, but when treated 
 with them it swells up and becomes gelatinous and soft, a portion being left 
 in a disintegrated condition. 
 
 LIQUOR CAOUTCHOUC. Solution of India-rubber.— India-rubber, 
 1 ; Benzol, 10 ; Carbon Bisulphide, 10. 
 
 CAPSICI FRUCTUS. 
 
 CAPSICUM. 
 
 Fr., Poivre be Guinee ; Ger., Spanischer Pfeffer ; Ital., Peperone ; 
 Span., Pimiento de Indias. 
 
 The dried ripe Fruit of Capsicum minimum, Roxb. 
 
 Imported from Zanziljar, Sierra Leone, etc., and distinguislied in 
 commerce as Guinea Pepper, Chillies, or Bird Pepper. That from 
 Nepaul has the finest flavour, and the powdered fruit is often preferred 
 to the ordinary Cayenne Pepper. 
 
 It yields its virtues to AVater, Alcohol, Ether, Acetic Ether, and 
 the fixed and volatile Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomachic and carminative, used chiefly 
 as a condiment. Given in dyspepsia and flatulent distension, and to 
 promote appetite in alcoholism. Used externally as a rubefacient 
 and counter-irritant in rheumatism and lumbago and for chilblains. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 1 grain = 0* 01 to 0*06 gramme in pill. 
 
 Tinct. Capsici, 1| drm. (increased) ; Tinct. Aurant., 4 drm. ; Syr, 
 Aurant., 4 drm. ; Quinine Hydrochloride, G grains ; Water, to 6 oz. 
 A tablespoonful three or four times a day in dipsomania. 
 
 Official Preparations.— Tinctura Capsici and Unguentum Capsici. 
 
 Not Official. — Emplastrum Capsici, Extractum Capsici Liquidmn, Gos- 
 sypium Capsici, Linimentum Capsici, Liquor Capsici Compositus, Oleo-resinse 
 Capsici, Tinctura Capsici .(Etherea, Tinctura Capsici Fortior, Unguentum 
 Oleo-resinse Capsici, and Capsicum with Wool Fat. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Mex. (Chile), Norw., Port. (Pimentao), Russ., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The fruits of Capsicum minimum, Eoxb., 
 which are officially called Capsicum, are known in commerce as 
 Chillies or Bird Pepper ; they vary considerably in pungency and 
 colour. Those of Sierra Leone are usually yellowish-red, without 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAP 391 
 
 pedicel or calyx, and are tlie most pungent of all. Those from 
 Zanzibar are redder and usually have the stalk and calyx attached, 
 and are somewhat less pungent. The Japanese are bright red, much 
 less pungent, and the larger variety exceeds the dimensions given in 
 the B.P. Like all ordinary Capsicum fruits the pericarp is glabrous, 
 translucent and coriaceous ; the seeds are flat and 10 to 20 in number. 
 The official description limits it to those having the following charac- 
 ters : — Colour, dull orange-red ; shape, oblong-conical and obtuse ; 
 size, 12 to 20 mm. long, and 6 mm. in diameter ; the calyx and 
 slender peduncle may be present or not. T]ie bright red Cayenne 
 Pepper of commerce is usually prepared from Natal or Egyptian 
 varieties of Capsicum annuiim, L., which are eight or nine times as 
 large as the fruit of CapsicAim minimum. Nepaul Cayenne Pepper 
 is usually of yellowish-brown tint, and has an odour of Violets, and 
 is prepared from the yellowish-red fruit of the Nepaul variety of 
 Capsicum annuum. The bright red Bird Pepper that is given to 
 canaries, and has hardly any pungency, is prepared from the fruit of 
 Capsicum annuum var. grossum, Sendtn., grown in Spain, and knoAvn 
 there as ' Pimento,' or from the fruit of Capsicum tHragonum, Miller, 
 grown in Hungary, and known there as ' Paprika.' In both countries 
 the fi'esh fruit is used as a condiment with food. Coconada Capsicums 
 are stated to be the produce of Capsicum annuum, L., var. abbreviation, 
 Fingerh., and Natal and Indian Capsicums of the var. acuminatum, 
 Fingerh. The bright red Cayenne Pepper of commerce is largelv 
 made fi'om the variety imported from Natal. J. E. WaUis has shown 
 that the powder of Capsicum minimum, Capsicum annuum, and 
 Japanese Chillies can be distinguished under the microscope, and 
 suggested that the following description should be included in the 
 Pharmacopoeia as a means of excluding substitutes for, or admixtm-es 
 with, the official Capsicum : — ' The pericarp shows an epidermis of 
 thick and straight- walled rectangular cells which have few pits, are 
 often arranged in groups of 5 or 7 in a row and have an evenly 
 striated cuticle.' This suggestion has been adopted. The U.S. P. 
 requires that the powdered Capsicum contains few or no starch 
 grains or sclerenchymatous fibres, and refers the fruit to Capsicum 
 fastigiatum, Blume. The large fruits of Capsicum annuum, 5 to 12 cm. 
 long, and 4 cm. at the base, are official in the P.G. Japanese Chillies 
 have been shown by Holmes to be derived from a form of C. fastigiatum, 
 for which he has proposed the name fasciculatum ; the smaller 
 Japanese Chillies probably from C. conoides or C.frulescens {Ph. Jour. 
 (4.) XXXV., p. 149). According to Gerrard, Alcohol (90p.c.) is the best 
 and most perfect solvent of the active principle of Capsicum {Y.B.P. 
 '05, 453 ; P.J. (4) xxi. p. 153). The pungent principle is most 
 abvmdant in the placenta which yields 0*9 p.c, the rest of the fruit 
 yielding only 0*2 p.c. The powder of Capsicums soon becomes 
 moiddy, if not kept dry. 
 
 Tests. — Capsicum Fruits are required officially to leave not more 
 than 7 p.c. of Ash. 
 
 The P.G, requires that the powder should leave at the highest 
 
392 CAP [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 6*5 p.c. of Asli on ignition. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the non-volatile Ether extract should not be less 
 than 15 p.c. ; that the total ash should not exceed 7 p.c. ; and the 
 ash insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid should not exceed 1 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 TINCTURA CAPSICI. Tincture of Capsicum. (Modified.) 
 
 Macerate 1 of Capsicum, in No. 20 powder, with 20 of Alcohol 
 
 (GO p.c). (Iin20.) 
 
 Now made with Alcohol (60 p.c.), in place of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims — 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Belg., 1 and 10 ; Mex., 1 in 5 ; 
 Dan. and Dutch, 1 and 10 ; Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., Ru.ss., Swed. and Swiss, 
 1 in 10 ; all by weight. U.S., 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Capsicum has a specific gravity of about 0"913, 
 contains about 1' 24 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 60 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CAPSICI. Capsicum Ointment. (Modified.) 
 
 Bruised Capsicum, 2*5; Hard Parafiin, 1; Soft Paraffin, 7 '5; 
 Prepared Lard, 1 ; strain after digestion on a water-bath for one hour, 
 and stir till cold. 
 
 For India Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 The strength of the preparation is about the same, but B.P. 1898 
 employed a mixture of Spermaceti and Olive Oil. 
 
 It has been suggested to use half the quantity of Liquid Extract of 
 Capsicum (2 in 1) in place of Capsicum. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CAPSICUM WITH WOOL FAT.— 1 of Liquid Extract of Capsicum 
 (2 in 1), incorporated with 9 of Hydrous Wool Fat. This was suggested by 
 Gerrard as an improvement on the ointment. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM CAPSICI (Gerrard). — Liquid Extract of Capsicum 
 (2 in 1), 10 ; Resin Plaster, 95 ; evaporate the Alcohol and mix the residue 
 with the plaster. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM CAPSICI (t/./S.).— Applya thin coating of Oleo-resin of 
 Capsicum to the surface of Adhesive Plaster (spread on fabric), by means of 
 a brush, so as to form a thin coating over an area 15 cm. square, leaving a 
 margin round the sides. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CAPSICI LIQUIDUM (Gerrard).— Bxhaust 100 of Cap- 
 sicum Fruit in No. 60 powder with Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; distil off the Alcohol 
 until the needed extract weighs 50. 
 
 Fluidextractum Capsici (U.S.) is half this strength. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM CAPSICI.— Gorrard's form is to saturate evenly 9 of Cotton- 
 Wool under pressure, with a mixture of 2 of Liqiiid Extract of Capsicum 
 (2 in 1) and 7 of Alcohol (90 p.c), and then dry. It is coloured with Eosin to 
 keep the colour more uniform. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAB, 393 
 
 LiNiMENTUM CAPSICI.— Stronger Tincture of Capsicum, 35 c.c. ; Oleic 
 Acid, 12-5 c.c. ; Oil of Lavender, UG25 c.c. ; Alcohol, q.s. to make 100 c.c. 
 
 LIQUOR CAPSICI COMPOSITUS {Austr.) Linimentum Capsici Com- 
 positum. — Powdered black Pepper and powdered Capsicum fruit, of each, 
 100 ; Potash Soap and Camphor, of each, 25 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 800 ; digest 
 for eight days, express and add Oil of Rosemary and Eugenol, of each, 5 ; 
 Cinnamic Aldehyde, 1 ; Ammonia (10 p.c), 200. 
 
 OLEO-RESINA CAPSICI. Syn. Capsicin. — The U.S.P. percolates 
 Capsicum in No. 40 powder with Acetone, distilling off the Acetone, and 
 straining out the fatty matter which separates, but Gerrard stated ( Y.B.P. 
 '05, 453) that Alcohol (90 p.c.) is a better solvent. It is a thick liquid of a 
 yellowish-red colour, which becomes very fluid when gently heated, and at a 
 high tenaperature volatilises. Half a grain only, thus volatilised in a large 
 room, will cause all in tlie room to cough and sneeze. It is soluble in Alcohol, 
 Ether, and Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to J minim = 0-007 to 0-03 ml. 
 
 The active principle of Capsicum has been obtained by Thresli in well- 
 defined, pearly white crystals, to which he has given the name Capsaicin. 
 
 TINCTURA CAPSICI /ETHEREA. — Suljstitute Pui-e Ether for the 
 Alcohol, of Tinctui'a Capsici. 
 
 TINCTURA CAPSICI FORTIOR (Turnbull's Tincture of Capsicum).— 
 Capsicum, in No. 40 powder, 10; percolated with Alcohol (90 p.c), q.d. to 
 yield 30.— £. P.C. Formulary 1901. 
 
 Used externally for swollen chilblains as a counter-irritant, but not when 
 the skin is broken. For chilblains, saturate a piece of sponge or flannel with 
 the Tincture, and rub the chilblain well until a strong tingling is produced ; 
 continue daily vmtil recovery. A small dossil of Lint or Cotton, dipped into 
 the Tinctui'e, is an excellent remedy for toothache. 
 
 Used by aurists to paint behind the ears as a counter-irritant. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 minims = 0'06 to 0'18 ml., but principally used externally. 
 
 UNGUENTUM OLEO-RESIN/E CAPSICI {B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— 
 Oleo-resin of Capsicum, 2 ; Yellow Wax, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 8. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CARBO ANIMALIS. 
 
 ANIMAL CHARCOAL. BONE BLACK. 
 
 This substance and the purified Animal Charcoal are now deleted from B.P., 
 but purified Animal Charcoal is given in the B.P. Appendix. They are used 
 in pharmacy chiefly as decolorising and deodorising agents. 
 
 Both Animal Charcoal and Purified Animal Charcoal are Official in the 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Jap., Mex., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Animal Charcoal should leave not more than 85 p.c. of ash ; the 
 /''/•. Codex requires not more than 89 p.c. ; this ash should be ahnost com- 
 pletely soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. It should yield a colourless, 
 or almost colourless, filtrate on boiling 1 gramnie of the Animal Charcoal 
 for several minutes with a mixture of 3 c.c of Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 and 5 c.c of Water and filtering, indicating the absence of incompletely 
 carbonised products. Purified Animal Charcoal should leave not more than 
 5 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of Silicates and other fixed inorganic matter. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that tiie loss on 
 drying at 100° C. (212" F.) for 2 hours should be fixed at ' not exceeding 
 
394 CAE [Solids hj Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 5 p.c.,' and that the following test shovild be added : — On boiling 0"5 gramme 
 with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, the filtrate should be neutral. On boiling 
 1 gramme with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, the filtrate should not respond to the time-limit test for heavy metals, 
 indicating the absence of Arsenic, Copper and Lead. 
 
 CARBO LIGNI. 
 
 WOOD CHARCOAL. 
 
 Fr., Charbon Vegktal OFriciNAL ; Ger., Gepulverte HoLZKOHLE ; Ital., 
 Carbone Vegetale ; Span., Carbon Vegetal Medicinal. 
 
 A smooth, black, odourless, tasteless powder prepared by exposing 
 wood to a red beat without access of air. 
 
 Oak, Beech, Hazel, Willow, and Poplar are employed. 
 
 Medicinal Properties — Antiseptic, absorbent and deodoriser. 
 Given in cases of distension by intestinal gas, and in foul eructations 
 and diarrhoea in dysentery and typhoid ; also in dyspepsia attended 
 with flatus, acidity and pain. It will absorb and neutralise poisonous 
 alkaloids. Externally, as a poultice, it cleanses and absorbs the fetor 
 of ulcers and gangrenous parts. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 gi-ains = 3*9 to 7*7 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It has been given in powder cUj^used in Water, also in 
 the jorm of capsules, cachets, and biscuits. The most palatable way is to 
 mix it with chocolate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in all except Dan., Jap., Norw. and 
 Swed. ; Mex. (Carbon Vegetal). 
 
 Tests. — Wood Charcoal should, according to the official require- 
 ments, leave not more than 7*5 p.c. of ash; the P.G. states at the 
 highest 5 p.c. The U.S. P. includes a test which ensures evidence of 
 complete carbonisation, requiring that if 1 gramme of Wood Charcoal 
 be boiled with a mixture of 3 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution and 5 c.c. of Water for several minutes, the filtrate should be 
 colourless, or nearly so. The B.P. has now adopted a similar test to 
 that of the U.S. P., but using 5 ml. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 (20 p.c. w/v) in the place of 3 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 (5 p.c. w/v), and diluting with 15 ml. of Distilled Water before filtering 
 the mixture. The test is presumed to indicate the absence of in- 
 sufficiently carbonised wood. 
 
 Not Oflacial. 
 CARBON DIOXIDUM. 
 
 CARBON DIOXIDE, CARBONIC ANHYDRIDE, CARBONIC ACID GAS. 
 
 CO„, eq. 44-00. 
 
 A heavy, colourless, and odom-less gas which is neither itself combustible, 
 nor does it support combustion. It dissolves in Water, yielding a solution 
 which is faintly acid in reaction to blue Litmus paper. The proiDortion of 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] CAR o9o 
 
 gas absorbed by the water depends upon the temperature and pressure. It 
 is absorljed by aqueous solutions of the alkalis with formation of correspond- 
 ing Carbonates. It has a specific gravity of 1"53. At a low temperature 
 and under considerable pressure it is converted into a liquid. 
 
 Liquid Carbon Dioxide is a colom-less limpid refi'active liquid, which is a 
 non-conductor of electricity. It is insoluble in Water, but mixes with Alcohol, 
 Ether, etc. It is a solvent of Iodine, but not of Sulphur or Phosphorus. 
 
 Solid Carbon Dioxide is a loose wliite, snow-like solid, which, when com- 
 pressed by pressure, resembles Chalk. It is a very bad conductor of heat, and 
 for this reason and that a layer of the gas interposes between the skin and a 
 particle of the soUd placed on it, it produces very little effect, but when 
 pressed on to the skin it produces a painful burn. There are several forms of 
 apparatus for compressing the snow. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It has been used in tlie form of snow in rodent 
 ulcer, in naevi, in lupus erythematosus, and other forms of lupus, in common 
 warts, hairy moles, etc., in psoriasis, port-wine stains, and in a variety of 
 skin diseases ; also in corneal, but not marginal or ring ulcers. 
 
 In the form of Carbonic Acid water, mineral water, or soda water it forms 
 a refreshing drink for febrile patients, and it also affords a convenient 
 menstruum for the administration of various medicaments, e.g.. Magnesia. 
 
 The snow is formed by allowing a jet of the Carbon Dioxide, contained in 
 a small iron cylinder, to play into a piece of baize folded in the form of a tube 
 by rolling it round a ruler. The roll of baize is held over the nozzle by the 
 left hand, on which a glove should be worn, while the right hand controls 
 the key and the escape of the Carbon Dioxide. The key should be turned 
 slowly and the Carbon Dioxide allowed to escape into the baize tube with 
 medium force, the tube being so held that practically none of the Carbon 
 Dioxide is allowed to pass tlirough it. The length of time it is played into 
 the baize depends on the amomat of snow required and varies from a few 
 seconds to a minute. The jet is then turned oH and the baize spread out on 
 a table, when the central part is found to be thickly coated with the snow. 
 This is transferred to specula-hke applicators by means of a spoon, and the 
 snow is tightly compressed by a closely -fitting plunger into the appUcator 
 which is placed on a smooth surface. These appUcators are composed of 
 vulcanite, and vary from J to 1 inch in diameter. The time of application 
 varies with the lesion and its situation ; for a raised angiomatous nsevus 
 30 seconds, for a wart a minute, or more if the skin be tliick. It is better to 
 do too little than too much at a time, and to repeat the procedure if necessary 
 when the reaction has subsided. As for pressure, apply just sufficient to 
 produce a slight cupping of the frozen area when the applicator is removed. 
 
 The amount of pain varies, but no anaesthetic is required, the cold itself 
 being anaesthetic. With the reaction comes the usual inflammatory dis- 
 comfort. Vesication and breaking of skin may call for mild antiseptic 
 ointment. 
 
 The lesions treated most satisfactorily are the common raised angiomatous 
 n;evi of infants, no matter what be the size of the lesion. When very soft 
 a single exposure of 20 seconds may suffice ; if fibrous and hard several 
 exposm'es at intervals of 10 days may be needed. Inflammation should 
 subside completely before a second application is made as this may prove to 
 be unnecessary. It is often difficult to detect any cicatrix. This treatment 
 is much less costly than that by radium, and there is no danger of producing 
 a scar with telangiectases, such as may occur after an excessive radium 
 exposure. The writer has treated ' port -wine-stain ' nasvi, but so far 
 without marked improvement. Pigmented and hairy moles may be appreciably 
 reduced, and sometimes removed. Of definite value in superficial lupus 
 vulgaris, and superficial rodent ulcer not involving deep structures. — B.M.J. 
 '10, i. 254, 1411. 
 
 In rodent ulcer much pleased with the results. Useful to prepare the 
 surface by making patient wear over the part for 3 or 4 days prior to the 
 freezing a 25 p.c. Salicylic plaster. Best to remove scab and have a cleaji 
 area to treat. Average time 20 to 25 seconds ; pressure as firm as patient 
 
39 G CAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 can stand. After thawing, smarting begins and may last 2 hours ; this may 
 be lessened by warm compresses immediately after the freezing. If there 
 be much oedema use boracio fomentation ; boracic ointment if there is not. 
 One application may be sufficient, but much more commonly two or more at 
 intervals of a week. — B.M.J. '11, i. 13. 
 
 Best results in lupus vulgaris obtained by linear scarification, followed in 
 a day or two by refrigeration with snow. Refrigeration should not be used 
 in old people or in those suffering from broken-down constitution, or from 
 arterio-sclerosis or nephritis. Its application is not very painful except near 
 superficial nerves, or over a bone, carious teeth, or on the ears. — B.M.J. '10, 
 ii. 1973. 
 
 Best method of treating warts where not too numerous. — M.A. '12, 586. 
 
 Good in oriental sore ; average time taken to cure 5 weeks ; applications 4, 
 —I.M.G. '12, 108. 
 
 Only suitable in small uncomplicated internal haemorrhoids. — B.M.J. '12, 
 i. 120. 
 
 Fifty cases of trachoma treated successfully. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 107. 
 
 Successful in psoriasis. — B.M.J. '11, i. 416. 
 
 Successful in clironic ulcer of leg and foot. — I.M.G. '11, 345. 
 
 Apparently cures rodent ulcers when bone is not involved ; relieves all 
 cases of trachoma and cures about 20 p.c. ; it cures naevi of all types. — 
 B.M.J. '11, ii. 1176. 
 
 Any case of rodent ulcer that is superficial and has not invaded cartilage 
 or bone can be completely cured by a single application. — Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 
 vol. v.. No. 7, 144. 
 
 Methods of collecting and applying it. — L. '11, ii. 87. 
 
 As a skin anjesthetic ; if the skin be frozen for 5 to 10 seconds, the imme- 
 diate insertion even of a large needle produces no sensation whatever. — L. '11, 
 ii. 137. 
 
 In chronic varicose eczema nothing succeeds so well. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 823. 
 
 A new method of applying it ; if enough solid CO^ is added to Ether or 
 Absoliite Alcohol in a porcelain dish, a colourless semi -gelatinous body is 
 obtained, which is a solution of solid CO.j. It can be applied on a Camel's- 
 hair brush or with a swab of Cotton-wool on a wooden or non-conducting 
 holder. Only more or less superficial lesions can be dealt with, but for these 
 the solution is certainly far superior to former methods. It is most satis- 
 factory in lupus vulgaris, especially on the face, interior of nostrils and ears. 
 If the mixtiu'e be painted on continuously for about a minute, a blister 
 appears a few hours afterwards ; an ulcer and thin pale scar follow. — Pr. 
 '12, ii. 134. 
 
 Nothing better for superficial and deep naevi ; numerous technical details. 
 —B.M.J. '12, ii. 296. 
 
 Carbon Dioxide is of very great utility in the treatment of naevi. Rodent 
 ulcer is perhaps the skin disease, other than naevi, in wliich solid Carbon 
 Dioxide gives the best results. Small rodent ulcers on the face can frequently 
 be cured by a single application of 40 seconds with firm pressure, and, if care 
 has been taken to go well outside the raised edge of the ulcer, no further 
 application may be necessary, and no recurrences take place. But if this 
 spreading edge be not destroyed in its entirety, and a small portion of the 
 edge be left, this usually gives rise to a recurrence in a few weeks or months. 
 The recurrence is, however, considerably smaller than the original growth, 
 and one or two more applications will complete the cure. Lupus erythema- 
 tosus of the discoid, or nodular variety reacts very well indeed to the treat- 
 ment with solid Carbon Dioxide, and 15 seconds applications are usually 
 sufficient. It has been used in a number of cases of lupus vulgaris, and, 
 although many of the cases can be cured by it, the scarring is rather excessive 
 if no recmrence is to take place. Localised patches of chronic psoriasis, 
 chronic eczema, and lichen planus respond extremely well to freezing. Chronic 
 ulcers of the leg, when the edge is markedly thickened and indurated, may 
 tDften be made to take on healthy, healing action by being frozen lightly for 
 about 20 seconds. — B.M.J. '13, ii'. 1007. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAR 397 
 
 CARBON DISULPHIDUM. 
 
 CARBON DISULPHIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 CS.„ eq. 76-14. 
 
 A colourless, very volatile, liiglily refractive, limpid liquid, having 
 an ethereal and not unpleasant odour when quite pure, but usually 
 possessing a very disagreeable odour, due to impurity. B.P. states 
 ' odour characteristic, but not fetid.' 
 
 Should be preserved in well-stoppered dark amber-tinted glass 
 bottles, partially filled, or in tin cans, in a cool atmosphere and away 
 from naked flames, and not exposed to light. 
 
 It is produced by heating Charcoal and Sulphur together at a high 
 temperature, the crude product being condensed and subsequently 
 rectified. 
 
 Solubility. — About 1 in 500 of Water, readily soluble in Absolute 
 Alcohol, Ether (sp. gr. 0"720), Chloroform, and the fixed and volatile 
 Oils. 
 
 It is a good solvent for Iodine, Phosphorus, Precipitated Sulphur, etc. 
 It is a powerful poison, and is not often given internally. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Port., Span, and 
 U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Carbon Bisulphide has a specific gravity of about 1 • 268 ; 
 the B.P. gives 1 -268 to 1-269; TJ.S.P. gives 1-256 to 1-257 at 25° C. 
 (77° R). It has a boiling point of 46° C. (114-8° F.) ; the B.P. 
 and U.S.P. give 46° to 47° C. (114-8° to 116-6° F.) ; the Fr. Codex, 
 46° C. (114-8° F.). It burns with a bluish flame, yielding Carbon 
 Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide as products of combustion. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are dissolved Sulphur, 
 Sulphur Dioxide, and Hydrogen Sulphide. It should leave no 
 weighable residue when spontaneously evaporated in a glass dish, 
 indicating the absence of dissolved Sulphur. It should not afiect the 
 colour of blue Litmus paper, which has been moistened with Water, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphur Dioxide, nor should it blacken a 
 piece of Lead Acetate paper, indicating the absence of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide. 
 
 CARDAMOMI SEMINA. 
 
 CARDAMOM SEEDS. 
 
 Fr., Cardamomes ; Gee., Malabar Kardamomen ; Ital., Caedamomo ; 
 Span., Cardamomo Menor. 
 
 The dried, ripened Seeds of Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton. 
 B.P. states that the seeds should be kept in their pericarps, and 
 separated when required for use. 
 1 of Fruit yields about f of Seeds. 
 
398 CAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomachic, carminative, ami flavouring 
 agent ; a useful adjuvant to purgatives to prevent griping. 
 Official Preparation.— Tinctiira Cardamomi Composita. 
 
 Not Official. — Oleiira Cardamomi, Tinctura Cardamomi, Tinctura Carmi- 
 nativa, and Mistm-a Carminativa. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — The Fruit is official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex. (Cardamomo menor), Norw., Port., Russ., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. Not in Ital. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Cardamoms of commerce are derived 
 from several species, but the official kind is hmited to the fruits of 
 typical Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton, by the measurements given, 
 viz., 1 to 2 cm. long, and by the ' pale buff ' colour. The varieties 
 of this Cardamom, as met with in trade, are known as Malabar, 
 Mysore, and Mangalore, whether imported from those districts or 
 from Ceylon, where Cardamoms are largely cultivated. The Malabar 
 variety consists of short, plump, firm capsules well filled with seeds ; 
 those of Mangalore are similar, but more or less warty on the surface ; 
 and those of Mysore are longer and less compactly filled with seeds, 
 and consequently can be more easily compressed between the fingers. 
 Cardamoms cultivated in Java are now exported as Mysore Cardamoms. 
 These varieties may also be met with in a bleached form, obtained 
 by moistening them and submitting them to the action of Sulphurous 
 Acid gas, in which case they present a smoother surface, the natural 
 longitudinal striations being somewhat obscured in the process. For 
 galenical pm-poses the shorter fruits showing the natural striations 
 are to be preferred, since their natural colour shows their good quality 
 and their plumpness indicates a large proportion of seed to husk, 
 and seeds more fully matured than in the Mysore kind. The fruits 
 are usually collected before they are quite ripe to prevent the pericarp 
 splitting open. Such partially open fruits as do occur are apparently 
 sorted out and husked by being passed between rollers, or by similar 
 means, since a certain amount of ' split ' seed is offered in commerce. 
 
 The seeds should not be removed from the pericarps until required 
 for use ; the loose seeds obtainable in commerce present the possi- 
 bility of being obtained from other than the official species, and in 
 any case are likely to be deficient in aroma from exposure to the air. 
 Cardamom seed should be dark reddish-brown, about 3 mm. {\ in.) in 
 length, and the same in breadth and thickness, irregularly angular 
 and transversely wrinkled, and enclosed in a thin membranous aril. 
 
 The distinguishing microscopical characters of the powdered official 
 Cardamoms are the perisperm cells, containing small angular starch 
 grains sometimes agglomerated, and prismatic Calcium Oxalate 
 crystals, the dark coloured polyhedral cells of the inner integument, 
 and the thick-walled linear cells with oblique ends, of the epidermal 
 layer. The presence of the peiicarp m the powder may be detected 
 by the straight-walled. polygonal cells of the epidermal parenchyma, 
 spiral vessels, and small cells containing brown resin. 
 
 The other varieties of Cardamom occurring in commerce at more 
 or less regular intervals are the var. majus of the official kind, known 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAR 399 
 
 as Wild Ceylon Cardamom, which have longer, greyish fruits ; the 
 Greater or Korarima Cardamom {Amounun Korarima, Pereira), which 
 is about 1^ in. (37 mm.) long and f in. (19 mm.) broad at the base, 
 and of a dull brownish colour ; the cluster Cardamom {Aniomum 
 Cardamomum, L.), which is whitish, spherical, nearly smooth, and 
 about I in. (12*5 mm.) in diameter ; all of these have seeds resembling 
 the true Cardamom in flavour. The Bengal Cardamom {A. aromaticum, 
 Eoxb.), the Nepaul [A. suhulalum, Roxb.) and the bitter-seeded 
 Cardamom, all having a brown pericarp, are more rarely imported ; 
 but the seeds, freed from the husk, and when offered in commerce in 
 the form of powder for use in pills, are not so easy of recognition as the 
 fruit, and are best detected by a microscopical examination; see 
 PJ. (4) vi. p. 280.' 
 
 Tests. — Cardamoms are officially required to yield not more than 
 6 p.c. of ash. Determinations of the ash of Pericarps, Seeds, and 
 Powder (Commercial) made in the author's laboratory yielded : 
 Pericarps (three samples), 10 "4, 12*0, 13 "4 p.c. ; Seeds (three 
 samples), 2-38, 2-81, 3-85 p.c. ; Powder (tliree samples), 7-56, 6*33, 
 9*93 p.c. ; these results seem to indicate that the Pulvis Cardamomi 
 was not obtained from the seeds only, as directed in the Pharma- 
 copoeia. Whole fruits had an average of 5 "5 p.c. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash limit be fixed at 
 not exceeding 8 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture 
 OF Cardamoms. (Altered.) 
 
 Cardamom Seeds, 1-4 ; Caraway Fruit, 1*4 ; Cinnamon Bark, 2-8 ; 
 Cochineal, 0-7 ; all in No. 20 powder ; Glycerin, 10 ; Alcohol (45 p.c), 
 q.s. to yield 100. The powders are percolated with the Alcohol, 
 and the Glycerin added to the percolate. (About 1 in 70.) 
 
 In P.P. 1898 the strength was 1 in 80, with Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; 
 it contained Raisins and no Glycerin. 
 
 Dose.—* to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., 1 in 40, contains Glycerin, 
 and is made with the Fruit of the Cardamoms. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Cardamoms has a specific gravity 
 of about 0-976; it contains about 13 p.c. w/v of total solids, and 
 about 42 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 OLEUM CARDAMOMI. — A pale yellow, aromatic, oily hquid. It is a 
 volatile oil distilled from Cardamom Seeds ; they contain about 4 to 6 p.c. 
 
 Tests. — Cardamom Oil is distilled chiefly from Ceylon Cardamoms. It 
 has a specific gravity of 0-933 to 0-943, an optical rotation of -|- 26° to 
 + 38°, in a 100 mm. tube. It is soluble in 4 parts or more of Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), and should possess a Saponification Value of 132. It should 
 possess a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-465 to 1-470. 
 
400 CAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids hy Measure.] 
 
 TINCTURA CARDAMOM!.— Cardamom Seeds, bruised, 1 ; Alcohol 
 (60 p.c), q.s. to yield 10 ; by percolation. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims ^ 1 • 8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — -Official in U.S., 1 of Fruits in 5 of Alcohol 
 (48 "9 p.c), by percolation ; Port, and Swiss, I in 5 (weight). 
 
 TINCTURA CARMINATIVA {B.P.G. Formulary 1901).— Cardamom 
 Seeds, bruised, 600 grains ; Stronger Tincture of Ginger (B.P. '85), IJ fl. oz. ; 
 Oil of Cinnamon, 100 minims ; Oil of Caraway, 100 minims ; Oil of Cloves, 
 100 nainims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 20 fl. oz. ; macerate the Carda- 
 moms in 15 fl. oz. of the Spirit for a week, decant, express, and dissolve the 
 Oils in the mixed Tinctures, and add the remainder of the Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 minims = 0-12 to 0-6 ml. 
 
 By replacing the Cardamom Seeds with /^ of Oil of Cardamoms tlie 
 maceration is avoided. 
 
 MISTURA CARMINATIVA.— Sodium Bicarbonate, 00 grains ; Aromatic 
 Spirit of Ammonia, 72 minims ; Compound Tinctm'e of Cardamoms, 144 
 minims ; Glycerin, 240 minims ; Dill Water, to 6^ fl. oz. 
 
 Several formulas are given in Ph. Form. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CARRAGEEN. 
 
 IRISH MOSS. Syn. — chondrus. 
 
 Fr., Carraoaheen ; Ger., Irlandisches Moos ; Ital., Fuco Carageo ; 
 
 Span., Carragaen. 
 
 The dried seaweed, Cltondrus crispus, Lyngb. It is used as an article of 
 food on the west coast of Ireland, where it abounds. Has been proposed as 
 a substitute for Acacia as an emulsifying agent and for the suspension of some 
 powders. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Jap., Mex. (Liquen Carragaen), Port. (Alga Perlada), Span, and Swiss. 
 Fr. has a Tisane 1 in 200. 
 
 SACCHARUM CARRAGEEN.— Made hke Saccharum CetrariiB. 
 
 GELATINA CARRAGEEN (Irish Moss Jelly). — Made like Gelatina 
 Cetrarise. 
 
 Official in Port. 
 
 MUCILAGE OF MOSS.— Irish Moss, J oz., is boiled with 40 oz. of Water 
 for 15 minutes and made up to 34 oz. — Armour^ s Formulary. 
 
 CARUI FRUCTUS. 
 
 CARAWAY FRUIT. 
 Fr., Carvi ; Ger., KDmmel ; Ital., Carvi ; Span., Alcaravea. 
 
 The dried ripe Fruit of Carum Carvi, L. 
 
 Cultivated in different parts of Europe. The licrb flowers in the 
 second year, and the fruit ripens in July or August. Yields from 
 3 to 7 p.c. of Oil, varying with the source of the Seeds. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] CAR 401 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic, stomachic, and carminative. 
 Used in flatulent colic, as an adjuvant to other medicines, to prevent 
 griping of purgatives, and as a flavouring agent. 
 
 OflB.eial Preparations. — Aqua Carui and Oleuin Carui. 
 
 Not Official. — Carvone. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Mex. (Alcaravea), 
 Norw., Port. (Alcaravie), Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the otliers. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The principal varieties of Caraway fruit 
 met with in commerce in this country are the English, Dutch and 
 Russian, which differ in size, colour and aroma. The English coffi- 
 mand the highest price, and are light brown in colour and slightly 
 larger than the Dutch, which are a dark brown and cheaper, and are 
 the kind usually sold by grocers. According to the official description 
 they should be ' about ' 4 to 6 mm. long and about 1 mm. broad, taper- 
 ing towards each end, and thus would include these two kinds. The 
 Russian Caraways are small and mixed with a considerable quantity 
 of stalks and debris and are chiefly used in veterinary medicine. 
 The Mogador Caraway is occasionally imported. It is the largest 
 of all, and is usually slightly enlarged at the upper end, and consequently 
 would be excluded by the B.P. statement that they are tapering 
 at each end. The Dutch, Norwegian and East Russian are chiefly 
 used in Germany for distillation. The value of the oil depends upon 
 the amount of Carvone it contains. The exhausted seeds are dried 
 and sometimes used for purposes of adulteration, but they may be 
 detected by their darker colour, weaker taste, and shrivelled appearance, 
 and (under a good lens) by the torn outer layer of cells. Under the 
 microscope the most noticeable features of the powder are the pitted 
 walls of the cells of the outer epidermis, which, like those of Anise, 
 are striated, but are more oblong in outline, and about twice as long as 
 broad ; the parallel, thin-walled, elongated, oblong cells of the inner 
 epidermis about four times as long as broad ; the absence of raphides 
 and hairs. P.J. (4) 3, p. 150. 
 
 Tests. — Caraway Fruit is officially required to leave not more than 
 9 p.c. of ash. The proposed changes in U.S. P. IX. recommend a, limit 
 of ash not exceeding 8 p.c. Six samples of the Fruit examined in the 
 author's laboratory showed fi'om 5*72 to 7-1 p.c. ; 5 samples of the 
 powdered fruit gave from 5*87 to 7*15 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 AQUA CARUI. Caraway Water. 
 
 Caraway Fruit, 1 ; Water, 20 ; distil, 10. , (1 in 10.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Aquas (group). 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 OLEUM CARUI. Oil op Caraway. 
 
 A colourless or pale yellow, mobile liquid, possessing a characteristic 
 and aromatic odour and a spicy taste. 
 
402 CAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 It is the volatile oil distilled from Caraway Fruit, Car urn Carvi, L., 
 and rectified. It consists principally of a terpene, Dextro-limonene, 
 and an oxygenated compound of a ketone nature, Carvone. It is 
 the latter to which the oil owes its medicinal properties. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-coloured glass bottles 
 and protected as much as possible from the light. It should be kept 
 in a cool place. 
 
 Dose.— J to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0-18 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Carvone), Ger. (Oleum 
 Carvi), Jap. (Carvonum), Norw., Port., Swiss and U.S. ; Swed. (Car- 
 vone). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Caraway Oil has a specific gravity of 0*908 to 0*920, 
 an optical rotation of from + 72° to + 82° in a 100 mm. tube ; 
 and a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1*484 to 1*497. The 
 B.P. gives the specific gravity as 0*910 to 0*920 ; the U.S. P. gives 
 0*900 to 0*910 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. gives 0*907 to 0*915. 
 The B.P. gives the optical rotation as + 75° to 82° ; the U.S. P. 
 gives + 70° to + 80° in a 100 mm. tube, at a temperature of 
 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. gives + 70° to + 80° at 20° C. (68° F.). 
 The B.P. gives the Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) as 1*485 
 to 1*497 ; neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. refers to the Refractive 
 Index. The oil should yield a clear mixture with an equal volume of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), and with 10 volumes of Alcohol (80 p.c). The 
 B.P. now includes figures for the Alcohol Solubility, requiring that 
 1 part shall be soluble in 1 part of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 1 in 10 parts 
 of a mixture of equal volumes of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; 
 the U.S. P. requires that the oil shall be soluble in an equal volume of 
 Alcohol (95 p.c), also in from 3 to 10 volumes of Alcohol (80 p.c.) ; 
 the P.G. requires that 1 c.c. of the oil should dissolve in 1 cc. of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). Not more than 15 p.c. of the oil should distil below 
 185° C. (365° F.), and at least 55 to 65 p.c. should distil above 200° C. 
 (392° F.) ; the fraction distilling between 220° to 230° C. (428° to 
 446° F.) should amount to at least 40 to 50 p.c. The B.P. requires 
 that not less than 50 p.c. should distil above 200° C. (392° F.), the 
 distillation being so conducted that 1 drop distils per second. 
 
 As pointed out above, Carvone is Official in place of the oil in several 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, and commercial oils are frequently met with 
 from which the Carvone has been abstracted. Such abstraction is 
 shown by the specific gravity and by the optical rotation ; oils from 
 which the Carvone has been taken having a specific gravity of about 
 0*848 and an optical rotation of over + 100°. 
 
 Carvone forms crystalline compounds with neutral Sodium Sulphite, 
 with Hydroxylamine, with Hydrogen Sulphide, and with Phenyl- 
 hydrazine, but its actual determination, owing to difficulties inseparable 
 from the process, can only be made with approximate accuracy. The 
 determination by means of neutral Sodium Sulj^hite may be carried out 
 as follows : — A measured quantity of 5 c.c. of the oil is introduced 
 into a flask of 200 c.c. capacity, having a neck graduated to 5 c.c. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAR 403 
 
 divided into fV c.c, and fitted witli a side tube reaching to the bottom 
 of the flask for the introduction of the oil, reagent and Distilled Water. 
 A freshly prepared saturated aqueous neutral Sodium Sulphite 
 Solution is added and a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution. The 
 mixture is heated on a water-bath and frequently shaken. The 
 Sodium Hydroxide set free is neutralised from time to time with 
 a 1 to 10 solution of Acetic Acid, until after the addition of a few 
 drops of acid no further colour is produced. Sufficient Distilled 
 Water is then added to drive the undissolved oil into the neck of the 
 flask, where, upon cooling, its volume is read off on the scale. Deduct 
 the number of c.c. obtained from 5, and multiply the difference by 
 20, which yields the percentage v/v of Carvone in the oil. 
 
 The higher the specific gravity, and the greater the solubility in 
 Alcohol (50 p.c), the more Carvone is likely to be contained in the 
 sample. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CARVONE. — A colotu'less or pale yellow fluid possessing a characteristic 
 aromatic odour and taste. When obtained from the Oils of Caraway and 
 Dill it is stated to be dextrogyrate, and Isevogyrate when obtained from 
 Oil of Spearmint. 
 
 Tests. — Carvone has a specific gravity of not less than ■ 960, a boiling point 
 of 229° to 230' C. (444-2° to 446° F.), an optical rotation of + 57° to + 60°, 
 and a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-497 to 1-500. It should be 
 soluble in 2 parts by weight of Alcohol (70 p.c). It forms crystalline com- 
 pounds -with neutral Sodium Sulphite, Hydroxylamine, Hydrogen Sulphide 
 and Phenylhydrazine, and may be determined quantitatively by neutral 
 Sodium Sulphite, as described under Caraway Oil. Carvone which has been 
 exposed to the air when dissolved in an equal volume of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 yields a reddish-violet coloration ^\^th Feri-ic Chloride Test-Solution, which 
 disappears on the fiurther addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLUM. 
 
 CLOVES. 
 
 Fk., Girofle ; Ger., Gewvrznelken ; Ital., Garofani ; Span., Clavo 
 
 DE Especia. 
 
 The dried Flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb. 
 Imported from Penang, Bencoolen, Amboyna, and Zanzibar. Yield 
 from 15 to 18 p.c. of Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic, stomachic, carminative, anti- 
 spasmodic ; given to check nausea, vomiting, and flatulence, and to 
 promote digestion. But chiefly used as an adjuvant to other medicines. 
 The oil, as a counter-irritant, is a useful ingredient in liniments for 
 whooping-cough and bronchitis ; it is also used as an anodyne m 
 toothache. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
404 CAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Oil may he given upon a lump oj Sugar, and 
 is a useful constUuent of aperient pill masses. The Infusion is a nice flavouring 
 for many mixtures. 
 
 Incompatibles. — See under Infusum Caryophylli. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Caryophylli, and Oleum Caryophylli. 
 
 Not Official. — Infusum Caryophylli Concentratum, Eugenol, and Eugeno- 
 form. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Clavo de Especia), Norw., Port. 
 (Cravinho), Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Cloves consist of the dried flower-buds of 
 Eugenia caryophyllaia, Tliunb., the lower portion of which is formed of 
 a calyx tube, enclosing in its upper half the ovary filled with minute 
 ovules. It derives its name from the French word for a nail, cZom, 
 from its resemblance to a short nail in shape. The finest varieties 
 in English commerce are imported from Penang, Bencoolen and 
 Amboyna, and in French commerce from Reunion and Madagascar. 
 Those from Ceylon and the Seychelles are of medium quality and 
 size and darker coloured. Those from Zanzibar and Pemba are more 
 slender and the globular head is often broken. These last two 
 varieties form about four-fifths of the world's production. The 
 official Cloves should be 15 mm. long, and should emit oil when indented 
 with the finger nail. The ' stems ' or stalks of the flowers are imported 
 separately, and used for distillation of oil. Cloves exhausted of oil 
 by distillation have been used to adulterate genuine Cloves, but yield 
 no oil when pressed with the nail and float horizontally when put 
 in Water. Powdered Cloves have been adulterated with Clove 
 stalks and with the fruit of Cloves, known in commerce as Mother 
 Cloves. The former may be detected by the presence of sclerenchy- 
 matous cells and the latter by the presence of starch granules, neither 
 of which occur in Cloves. 
 
 Tests. — Cloves yield when incinerated about 5 p.c. of ash, and 
 
 7 p.c. should not be exceeded. Eight samples examined in the author's 
 laboratory yielded from 4*78 to 5 '4 p.c, 5 samples of the powder 
 yielded from 5 '2 to 6*97 p.c. of ash. The Ether extract should 
 amount to 20 p.c. The B.P. limit of ash is 7 p.c, and the U.S. P. 
 
 8 p.c. The B.P. does not yet include the Ether extract. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the volatile 
 Ether extract should be not less than 10 p.c. ; the total ash should 
 not exceed 8 p.c ; and the ash insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid should 
 not exceed 0*5 p.c 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM CARYOPHYLLI. Infusion of Cloves. 
 
 Cloves, bruised, 1 ; Distilled Water, boiling, 40 ; infuse for fifteen 
 minutes ; strain. (1 in 40.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 ft. oz. = 14-2'to 28-4 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAR 406 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Lime Water, salts of Iron, mineral acids. Gelatin. 
 
 OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI. Oil of Cloves. 
 
 Fb., Essence de Girofle ; Ger., Nelkenol ; Ital., Essenza di Gabo- 
 FANi ; Span., Esencia de Clavo. 
 
 A pale yellow, limpid, highly refractive liquid possessing a character- 
 istic aromatic odour and taste. It is the volatile oil distilled from 
 Cloves, which yield from 15 to 18 p.c. 
 
 It becomes darker in colour with age and on exposure to air, and 
 should therefore be kept in well-stoppered, dark amber-tinted glass 
 bottles, and protected as far as possible from contact with the air. 
 
 The oil contains from 70 to 90 p.c. of Eugenol, a phenol having the 
 formula CipHiaO-^, a sesquiterpene, Caryophyllene, Methyl Alcohol, 
 Furfurol, and a trace of Vanillin. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 60 of Alcohol (GO p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; 
 in all proportions of Alcohol (90 p.c), and Strong Acetic Acid. 
 
 Dose. — I to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0-18 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Eugenol), Belg. 
 (Eugenol), Dan., Dutch (Eugenol), Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., 
 Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed. (Eugenol), Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Clove Oil has a specific gravity of 1"048 to 1"068; it is 
 officially given as 1-047 to 1-065; the U.S. P. gives 1-040 to 1*060 
 at 25° C. (77° F.); the P.G. gives 1-044 to 1-070. It is officially 
 required to dissolve 1 in 3 of Alcohol (70 p.c), and the solution to yield 
 a blue coloration on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. The 
 U.S. P. dissolves 2 drops of the oil in 4 cc of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) and 
 adds a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, when a bright green 
 colour will be produced, but when Ferric Chloride Test-Solution is 
 diluted with 4 times its volume of Distilled Water a drop produces 
 a blue coloration changing to yellow. 
 
 The optical rotation of the oil is about — 1° in a 100 mm. tube. 
 Neither the B.P. nor the U.S. P. gives the optical rotation ; the P.G. 
 gives up to -1-25°. The Kefractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) 
 should be from 1-528 to 1-534; the B.P. gives from 1-528 
 to 1-540 at 25° C. (77° F.). Neither the U.S.P. nor the P.G. 
 includes figures for Refractive Index. No appreciable quantity of 
 the oil should distil below 246° C. (474-8° F.). Eugenol may 
 be determined approximately by heating on the water-bath a 
 measured quantity of 10 cc of the oil contained in a flask 
 having a long graduated neck, using 100 cc of a 5 p.c. Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, adding sufficient of the Hydroxide Solution to 
 bring the level of the aqueous liquid to the zero mark, and reading 
 off the volume of the unabsorbed portion which rises to the surface. 
 This volume multiplied by 10 gives approximately the percentage 
 by volume of unabsorbed oil. The results are only approximate, 
 owing to the solubility of the Caryophyllene in the Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution and Potassium Encrenate. The U.S.P. process is given 
 below under ' Determination.' It is officially required to indicate 
 
406 CAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 the presence of not less than 85 p.c. of Eugenol, as determined by 
 measuring, at 15*5° C. (60° F.), the portion remaining unabsorbed, 
 when a measured quantity of 10 ml. of the oil is vigorously shaken with 
 100 ml. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and heating on a water- 
 bath ; the unabsorbed portion should measure not more than 1*5 ml. 
 It will be noticed that the test, as originally appearing in the B.P., 
 was directed to be performed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 (20 p.c. w/v) ; but this solution is much too strong, and the corrigenda 
 to the B.P. recommended the substitution of Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution (5 p.c. w/v), which is the strength usually employed. 
 
 A useful process for the determination of Eugenol is recommended 
 by Thoms. It consists in converting the Eugenol into Beuzoyl- 
 Eugenol by means of Benzoyl Chloride. A weighed quantity of 
 5 grammes of the oil is saponified in a beaker, having a capacity of 
 about 150 c.c, by heating it on a water-bath for half-an-hour with 
 20 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w). The mixture 
 is well shaken until uniformly mixed, and whilst still warm the contents 
 of the beaker are transferred to a separating funnel with a short tube. 
 After the complete separation of the two layers, the solution of 
 Eugenol-Sodium is transferred back to the beaker. The Sesquiterpenes 
 remaining in the separating funnel are washed twice, each time with 
 
 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w), and the lye in each 
 case added to the Eugenol-Sodium Solution. A weighed quantity of 
 
 6 grammes of Benzoyl Chloride is now added, and the mixture shaken 
 thoroughly until a uniform mixture has been obtained. It is allowed 
 to remain at rest for a few minutes, and any excess of Benzoyl Chloride 
 is destroyed by briefly heating on the water-bath. After cooling, 
 50 c.c. of Water are added, and the mixture heated until the crystalline 
 mass has become oily, and is again allowed to cool. The clear 
 supernatant liquid is filtered off and the crystalline mass in the 
 beaker is similarly treated with two successive quantities each of 
 50 c.c. of Water. The moist Benzoyl- Eugenol is dissolved in 25 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c. by weight) and heated on a water-bath until 
 solution is effected. The beaker is removed from the water-bath 
 and agitated until the Benzoyl-Eugenol has separated in fine crystals. 
 The mass is then cooled to 17° C. (62*6° F.), the crystalline precipitate 
 transferred to a small weighed filter-paper, the filtrate collected in a 
 graduated cylinder and the crystals washed with Alcohol (90 p.c. by 
 weight) until the total filtrate measures 25 c,c. The filter and crystals 
 are transferred to a weighing bottle, dried at 101° C. (213-8° F.), till 
 constant in weight and then weighed. The solubility of pure Benzoyl- 
 Eugenol in Alcohol (90 p.c. by weight) has been experimentally proved 
 to be 0*55 gramme, and the latter weight should be added to the 
 w eight of the crystals obtained. 268 parts of Benzoyl-Eugenol represent 
 164*096 parts by weight of Eugenol. 
 
 The quality of Clove Oil is reduced by the abstraction of a portion 
 of its Eugenol, the addition of oil from Clove stems, and the addition of 
 Turpentine or Petrolevim. The abstraction of Eugenol is shown at 
 ouce by the altered physical constants of the oil as well as by a. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] CAR 407 
 
 determination of this constituent. Turpentine or Petroleum is 
 revealed by a low boiling point and by the solubility of the oil in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). Clove Oil from the stems can only be satisfactorily 
 detected by the difference in odour, though the presence of Acetyl- 
 Eugenol in Clove Oil and not in oil from the stems has been suggested 
 as a means of distinction. 
 
 The U.S. P. includes a test for Phenol with Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, requiring that no blue or violet coloration should be produced 
 when 1 c.c. of the oil is shaken with 20 c.c. of hot Distilled Water, cooled, 
 the excess of oil removed by filtration through a wet filter -paper, and 
 the filtrate tested with a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 Determination. — A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Oil is introduced 
 into a flask with a long neck graduated in tenths, and 100 c.c. of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Test-Solution added, the mixture being shaken for five minutes. 
 After complete separation of tlie hquids, sufficient of the Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution is added to raise the lower limit of the oily layer to the zero mark 
 of the scale, and the volume of the residual liquid is read off. It should not 
 amount to more than 2 c.c, indicating the presence of at least 80 p.c. of 
 Eugenol, U.S.P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INFUSUM CARYOPHYLLI CONCENTRATUM.— 1 of Cloves in No. 10 
 powder, macerated for seven days in 2i of Alcohol (20 p.c), and subsequently 
 percolated so as to make 5 of concentrated Infusion. 
 
 Tliis closely resembles Inf. Caryoph. Cone given in Ph. Form. It is intended 
 for dilution, 1 of this and 7 of Distilled Water. 
 
 EUGENOL.— A phenol, having the formula C,„Hi,0,, eq. 104-090, and is 
 the principal constituent of Clove Oil. It is a colourless or pale yellow, 
 highly refractive liquid, possessing a powerfully aromatic odour and taste. 
 It darkens on exposure to air and light, and should be preserved in well- 
 closed, dark amber-tinted glass bottles, and kept as far as possible from 
 contact witli the air. It dissolves with difficulty in Water, but is readily 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), Ether, and Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Norw., and 
 Swed. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Eugenol has a specific gravity of 1 ■ 072 to 1 • 074. Its boihng point 
 is 251° to 253° C. (483-8° to 487-4° F.). It is optically inactive. It has a 
 Refractive Index at 20° C. (08° F.) of 1*540 to' 1-544. It dissolves with 
 difficulty in Water, but is readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether, and 
 Glacial Acetic Acid. It dissolves 1 in 5 to 1 in of Alcohol (50 p.c), 1 in 2 
 to 1 in 3 of Alcohol (60 p.c), and 1 in 1 to 1 in 2 of Alcohol (70 p.c). A 
 clear liquid, readily becoming turbid on exposure to air, is formed when 1 
 gramme of Eugenol is mixed with 26 c.c of Distilled Water and 4 c.c. of 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w). A flocculent precipitate, partially 
 adherent to the sides of the vessel, is produced when 5 drops of Eugenol 
 are shaken with 10 c.c. of Lime Water. An alcohoUc solution of Eugenol 
 yields with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a blue coloration, and with diluted 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution (1 to 10) a blue coloration changing to greenish- 
 yellow. Eugenol is converted into a crystalline body by means of Benzoyl 
 Chloride, and this property may be utilised for its determination. The 
 method is described under Oil of Cloves. 
 
 Eugenoform. (Sodium Eugenol Carbinol). — Colourless foliaceous crystals, 
 readily soluble in water ; slightly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in 
 Ether. Intestinal and stomachic antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 7^ to 15 grains = 0-5 to 1 gramme, twice a day. 
 
408 CAS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 CASCARA SAGRADA. 
 
 CASCARA SAGRADA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Rhamni Pukshiani Cortex. N.O.Syn. — Sacred BarU. 
 
 Fr., Cascara Sagrada ; Ger., Ajierikanische Faulbatxmrinde ; Ital., 
 Cascara Sagrada ; Span., Cascara Sagrada. 
 
 The dried Bark of Rhamnus PursMmms, DC, collected at least one 
 year before being used. 
 
 Obtained from California, best collected in spring and early summer. 
 Bark which has been gathered for two years is much preferred to the 
 recently- dried bark. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Tonic laxative. Acts principally on tlie 
 large intestine. Indicated in obstinate and habitual constipation, 
 especially of old or delicate persons, and in an atonic condition of the 
 stomach and bowels, as in ansemia. It should not be given as a 
 purgative, but in such a constant continuous manner that a normal 
 condition will be brought about. It is better to give two small doses, 
 say 20 minims of the liquid extract night and morning, than one large 
 dose. The dose should be reduced gradually. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in the form of Extract in Pills or 
 Pilules, or one of the fluid pre-parations. The Extract is best inade into Pills 
 with the addition of one-tenth of its weight of Gum Acacia in powder, and massed 
 mth Alcohol (90 p. c). It is also advantageously combined with Extract of 
 Belladonna, Extract of Nux Vomica, and Euonymin. Obtainable in the form 
 of Compressed Tablets. Capsules may be had containing a very concentrated 
 Fluid Extract, equivalent to \5 and 30 minims of the ordinary Fluid Extract, 
 and other strengths as desired. In Mixtures and other fluid preparations it 
 goes well with Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia and Spirit of Chloroform. 
 
 Elixir of Cascara (Kasak) is an agreeable and reliable preparation. See 
 below. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Cascarse Sagradte Siccum, Ex- 
 tractum Cascarse Sagrad* Liquidum, and Syrupus Cascarse Aromaticus. 
 
 Wot Ofneial. — Capsules of Cascara, Elixir of Cascara, Extractum 
 Cascara^ Liqmdum Insipidum, Mistura Cascarse Sagradse, Mistura Cascarje 
 Sagradai Composita, Mistura Cascarse Apeiiens, Mistura Laxativa, Vinum 
 Rhamni Pursliiani. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The bark of Rhamnus Purshianus, DC, as 
 met with in commerce, varies much in appearance and quality. 
 Genuine Cascara Sagrada is more or less externally furrowed 
 longitudinally, and of a reddish-brown tint, with lenticels about 
 J inch long, forming slender, whitish, transverse scars in places ; 
 it has a characteristic leather-like odom*. When the outer surface 
 is scraped the reddish-brown colour of the layer beneath becomes 
 visible ; it is of a duller red tint than that of Phamnus Frangula, L. 
 The inner surface is longitudinally striate with projecting medullary 
 rays, and in some pieces faintly corrugated transversely, and is turned 
 red by alkalis. The B.P. limits the thickness to about 1 to 2 mm., 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAS 409 
 
 the U.S. P. 1 to 5 mm., wliicli indicates that the thin bark is to be 
 used, probably for the reason that older and thicker bark is usually 
 more bitter. The B.P. and U.S. P. direct that the bark should be 
 kept at least one year before being used. The recently collected 
 bark is stated to cause vomiting, hence the importance of the mandate. 
 The inner surface varies from pale brown to dark brown, or walnut 
 colour if badly dried. The transverse fractiure of the bark is buff- 
 coloured or pale brown, but when the bark is kept it becomes darker ; 
 that which is thus darkened, as seen in transverse section, is therefore 
 to be preferred, as indicating that it was not recently collected. An 
 inferior variety of thick bark known in the United States as spurious 
 or ' winter ' bark, is said to be removed in winter by steaming the 
 branches to soften the bark, and then cutting it ofi with knives. 
 Another winter form is spoke-shaved, and therefore in chips. The 
 new crop is collected from the end of April till July, and reaches 
 London in August. Sometimes the bark of R. Calif orniciis, Esch., 
 and its var. tomenteUa, Benth., is substituted for it, but, according 
 to Rusby, it is only bark that is received from Texas, Ai'izona, Colorado 
 and New Mexico that is likely to contain it, since the species occurs 
 sparingly only in North California and not in Oregon and Washington, 
 whence supplies of R. Purshianus have come during recent years. 
 The chief difference is that the bark of R. Calif amicus, Esch., is of a 
 greyer tint externally, and the lenticels are less numerous and easily 
 become obscured, and the transverse fracture is less dark and more 
 yellow (J. G. Steele) than that of R. Purshianus, and the taste is 
 intensely bitter. Under the microscope the bark of R. Purshianus is 
 seen to have parallel medullary rays, consisting commonly of two rows 
 of cells, whilst those of R. Californicus are shorter, crooked, and not 
 parallel, and are composed of three or more rows (Prescott). The 
 bark of R. Purshianus is apt to stain paper yellow, due to the presence 
 of Frangulin. The powdered bark of R. Purshianus may be dis- 
 tinguished from that of R. Frangula by the presence of sclerenchymatous 
 cells ; mucilage is absent. In both, the contents of the parenchymatous 
 cells turn purplish with caustic alkali {Vogl). The parenchymatous 
 cells contain a yellow substance which is coloured violet by a solution 
 of Sodium Hydroxide {B.P. 1914). The bark of Rhaninus Frangula 
 has no sclerenchymatous cells and contains mucilage. 
 
 Tests. — Cascara Bark yields on incineration about 5 p.c. of ash ; 
 8 p.c. should not be exceeded. A limit of 6 p.c. of ash has been 
 suggested, but the B.P. has not adopted an Ash limit. Specimens of 
 good quality bark examined in the author's laboratory showed from 
 5-6 to 7-8 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CASCARiE SAGRADiE SICCUM. Dry Extract 
 OF Cascara Sagrada. B.P.Syn. — Extractum Cascara Sagrad^. 
 
 Cascara Sagrada, in No. 20 powder, is exhausted by percolation 
 with Distilled Water and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath. 
 
410 CAS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The powdered Bark is moistened with Water and allowed to swell, 
 before it is packed loosely in the percolator. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 8 grains = 0*13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Extractum Rhamni PursManae {U.S.) is made by exhausting 100 of 
 Cascara Bark in No. 60 powder by percolation with Alcohol (12'5p.c.), 
 evaporation to dryness, and mixing with sufficient peeled Russian Liquorice 
 Root in No. 80 powder to make the product 25. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Hung., Ital., Mex. 
 and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CASCARA SAGRAD^ LIQUIDUM. Liquid 
 Extract of Cascara Sagrada. 
 
 10 of Cascara Bark exhausted by percolation with Distilled Water ; 
 the percolate evaporated to 6 ; 2*5 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mixed with 
 1*5 of Distilled Water is added, and the whole is made up to 10 by 
 the addition of more Water if necessary. 
 
 The process is much the same as in B.P. 1898, but it contains rather 
 more Alcohol. 
 
 To prevent fermentation in hot climates, the proportion of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) may be increased, but must not exceed 25 p.c. by weight. 
 
 Dose.— A to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 
 all with diluted Alcohol. U.S. is 38 p.c. Alcohol. Dan., Hung, and Swed. 
 contain Glycerin. Ital. has also Tintura di Cascara Sagrada 1 in 5. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Cascara has a specific gravity of about 
 1'060 ; it contains about 23 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 25 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 SYRUPUS CASCARA AROMATICUS. Aromatic Syrup of 
 Cascara. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Cascara Sagrada, 8 ; Tincture of Orange, 2 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 ; Cinnamon Water, 3 ; Syrup, q.s. to yield 20. 
 
 (1 of Liquid Extract in 2|.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CAPSULES OF CASCARA. — Two strengtlis, containing concentrated 
 Extract equal to 15 and 30 minims respectively of Fluid Extract. 
 
 ELIXIR CASCAR/E (Kasak). — An aromatic Elixir of Cascara Bark, free 
 from the objectionable bitterness of the drug, with its activity unimpaired. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4fl. drm. = 3-6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Elixir Cascarae. Syn. Aromatic Cascara. — Liquid Extract of Cascara 
 Sagrada, 34" 5; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 34" 5; Glycerin, 29; Soluble 
 Gluside, 0-75 ; Oil of Anise, 0-0.5 ; Oil o'f Peppermint, O'Oo ; Oil of Cloves, 
 0-025 ; Oil of Dill, 0-025 ; Oil of Cinnamon, 0-025 ; AlcohoL to make 100. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7*1 ml. 
 
 This is given in Ph. Form, as the Elixir Cascarae c. Glycerin, of the Australian 
 Ph. Form. 
 
 Various formulas for Aromatic Cascara are given in the Hospital Pharma- 
 copoeias under the heading Mistura Cascar;^ Composita, in most of which 
 Liquid Extract of Liquorice forms an important flavouring ingredient. 
 
[Solids by WeigM; Liquids hj Measure] CAS 411 
 
 EXTRACTUM CASCAR>e SAGRAD;C LIQUIDUM INSIPIDUM.— 
 
 Liquid Extract of Caseara Sagrada, 100; IJquor Ammoniio Fortior, 7; 
 lioat them togetlier on a water-bath for '.i hours or until the bitterness has 
 disappeared, and finally make up the volume to 100 with the requisite quantity 
 of Alcohol (90 p. c.) and Water. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1 • 8 to 3 ' 6 ml. 
 
 Many formulas have appeared from time to time, with the object of 
 obtaining an extract free of disagreeable taste and yet without loss of 
 activity, using either Lime, Magnesia, Potassium Hydroxide, or Ammonia ; 
 we prefer Ammonia, as, apart from the fact that it makes a better preparation, 
 the excess of Ammonia is volatilised, whereas the Potassium Hydroxide 
 remains in the finished Solution. The word ' tasteless ' as applied to any of 
 them is a misnomer, and some of the preparations are practically inert. The 
 Bark has a fairly strong flavom- j)ecuhar to itself, quite apart from the 
 bitterness. 
 
 There is a similar preparation in Austr., named Extractum Pvhamni Pur- 
 shiani Fluidum, in which Magnesia is employed. 
 
 MISTURA CASCAR/E SAGRAD-C. Caseara Mixture.— Liquid Extract 
 of Caseara Sagrada, 1 fl. drm. ; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 30 minims ; 
 Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 40 minims ; Chloroform Water, to | fl. oz. 
 — London. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Caseara, 30 minims ; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 
 30 minims ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 20 minims ; Chloroform ^^'ate^, 
 to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 MISTURA CASCAR/E SAGRAD>E COMPOSITA. Compound Caseara 
 Mixture. — Liquid Extract of Caseara, 1 fl. drm. ; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 
 30 minims ; Sulphate of Soda, 60 grains ; Solution of Ammonia. 5 minims ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Mary's. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Caseara Sagrada, 20 minims ; Liquid Extract of 
 Liquorice, 30 minims ; Tincture of Belladonna, 5 minims ; Tincture of Nux 
 Vomica, 5 minims ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 20 minims ; Chloroform 
 Water, q.s. to make 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Magnesium Sulphate, 60 grains ; Glycerin, 1 fl. drm. ; Liquid Extract of 
 Caseara Sagrada, 1 fl. drm. ; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 60 minims ; 
 Tincture of Hyoscyamus, 20 minims ; Tincture of Nux Vomica, 5 minims ; 
 Compound Decoction of Aloes, to 1 fl. oz. — London. 
 
 MISTURA CASCAR/E APERIENS (LoncZon,).— Magnesium Sulphate, 
 30 grains ; Caseara Sagrada Mixture, to J fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA LAXATIVA.— Liquid Extract of Caseara Sagrada, 1 fl. drm. ; 
 Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 1 fl. drm. ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 5 grains ; 
 Chloroform Water, to 1 fl. oz. — University 190-i ; in the 1907 edition it is 
 made up to 1 fl. oz. with Water. 
 
 PILULA CASCARA ET EUONYMIN. ^se Euonymix. 
 VINUM RHAMNI PURSHIAN! {Austr.).— Ma.la.ga, Wine, 150; Fluid 
 Extract of Caseara Sagrada, 100 ; Syi-up of Orange, 50. Digest eight days 
 and filter. Dutch, Caseara Sagrada Bark, 1 ; Malaga Wine, 10. 
 
 CASCARILLA. 
 
 CASCARILLA. 
 
 Fr., Cascarille j Ger., Kaskarille ; Ital., Cascariglia 
 Span., Chacarilla. 
 
 The dried Bark of Croton Eluteria, J. J. Bennett. 
 It contains from i to 2 p.c. of an aromatic Oil. 
 
412 CAS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic and stomachic. With some 
 physicians it is a favourite bitter tonic. Used for the same pm:poses 
 as Calumba. 
 
 Prescribing Notes — The Infusion quickly changes, and will scarcely keep 
 good for a day in summer, but with Tincture of Cascarilla or another aromatic 
 Tincture it keeps well. 
 
 The Tincture is frequently prescribed with diluted mineral acids, which, how- 
 ever, usually cause a separation of resin ; if,, drm. of Mucilage in an S-oz. 
 mixture will keep the resin diffused. 
 
 Oificial Preparations. — Infusum Cascarillse and Tinctura Cascarillae. 
 
 Not Ofl&cial. — Mistura Cascarillse Composita, Infusum Cascarillse Concen- 
 tratum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Ital., 
 Jap., Norw., Port., Russ., Swed. and Swiss. Not in Fr., Hung., Mex. or Span. 
 An extract is official in Ger. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Cascarilla bark varies much in size and 
 quality as found in commerce. The best qualities are in quills, or in 
 small curved pieces. The outer dull brown or dark grey cork has 
 longitudinal and transverse small cracks and a silver grey surface 
 with minute black dots, a short resinous fiacture, and a dark reddish- 
 brown bast, showing thin whitish medullary rays but no scleren- 
 cliymatous cells. It is bitter and agreeably aromatic. 
 
 A very slender bark, obtained by spoke-shaving the twigs, often 
 occurs in commerce ; this is available for pastilles and incense, but 
 is excluded from use in pharmacy by the B.P. description of ' quills 
 from 3 to 10 cm. in length, and from 4 to 12 mm. in diameter.' The 
 genuine bark is characterised by its aromatic odour and taste, and the 
 greyish-brown layer beneath the whitish coat, where the latter is 
 exfoliated. Under the microscope the powdered bark is distinguished 
 by the characteristic cells containing dark brown secretion, the cork 
 cells thickened chiefly on one side, the absence of stone cells and the 
 presence of starch {Koch). The properties of the bark are due to a 
 bitter principle, resin, and 1 • 3 p.c. of volatile oil. During recent 
 years it has been deficient in the amount of bitter principle [Y.B.P. 
 1906, p. 209). The bark of Croton lucidus, which closely resembles 
 that of Cascarilla in appearance, differs in absence of aroma, reddish- 
 brown tint externally, and in the presence of sclerenchymatous cells. 
 Other substitutes differ from true Cascarilla in odour, as well as in 
 the presence of sclerenchymatous cells in the cortex. 
 
 Tests. — Cascarilla leaves about 8 p.c. of ash on incineration, and 
 rarely more than 10 p.c. The average ash of eight samples examined in 
 the author's laboratory showed 8*7 p.c. The B.P. adopts a limit of 
 not more than 11 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM CASCARILLA. Infusion of Cascarilla. 
 Cascarilla, in No. 10 powder, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20 ; infuse 
 for 15 minutes ; strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure] CA6 413 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Lime Water and metallic salts. 
 
 TINCTURA CASCARILL^. Tincture of Cascartlla. 
 1 of Cascarilla, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol (70 p.c), 
 to yield 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. =1-8 to 3-0 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr., Dan., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., 
 Swed. and Swiss, 1 in 5 ; Ital. and Russ. have also an extract. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cascarilla has a specific gravity of about 
 0'898 ; it contains about 3 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 70 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA CASCARILL/E COMPOSITA.— Tincture of Sqnill, 10 minims; 
 Compound Tincture of Camphor, 20 minims ; Infusion of Cascarilla, to 
 1 fl. oz.- — Royal Free. 
 
 Ammonium Carbonate, 5 grains ; Tincture of Squill, 12 minims ; Aromatic 
 SjTup, GO minims ; Infusion of Cascarilla, to 1 ti. oz. — Brompton. 
 
 Compound Tincture of Camphor, 15 minims ; Vinegar of Squill, 15 minims ; 
 Infusion of Cascarilla, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 INFUSUM CASCARILL>E CONCENTRATUM.— Cascarilla Bark, in 
 No. 40 powder, 40 parts ; Tinctiu-e of Cascarilla, 7-5 parts ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 20 parts ; Dilute Chloroform Water, 1 in 1000, sufficient to make 100 parts. 
 Prepare by macero -expression.— i^arr and Wright ; P.J . '06, i. 165 and '07, 
 i. 621 ; CD. '06, i. 252 ; Y.B.P. 1907, 269. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CASSIA OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF CASSIA. 
 
 A yellowish or brownish liquid, becoming darker and tliicker by age and 
 exposure to the air, having the chai'acteristic odour of Cassia, and a sweetish, 
 spicy, and burning taste. It is a volatile Oil distilled from Cinnamomum 
 Cassia (Chinese Cinnamon). 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, in a cool 
 place, and away from the light. 
 
 The principal constituent of Cassia Oil is Cinnamio Aldehyde, of which it 
 should contain at least 75 p.c. Cinnamyl Acetate and traces of Cinnamic 
 Acid are also present. A stearoptene, Ortho-methyl-coumaric Aldehyde, has 
 been shown to be a constituent of the oil. 
 
 Soluble in an equal volume of Alcohol, the solution being slightly acid 
 to Litmus paper ; also soluble in an equal volume of Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 Tliis Oil is Official in the U.S.P. under the name ' Oleum Cinnamomi.' 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It possesses the aromatic, carminative and anti- 
 septic properties of Cinnamon bark, and is a powerful local stimulant. 
 
 Dose — J to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0" 18 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Belg., Jap., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Cassia Oil has a specific gravity of 1-053 to 1-065. It has an 
 optical rotation of - 1° to -f 2° in a 100 mm. tube ; and a Refractive 
 Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-588 to 1-595. It should be soluble in 3 to 4 
 parts of Alcohol (70 p.c), and in all proportions in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
414 OAS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 When shaken with an equal volume of fummg Nitric Acid at U"" C. (32"^ F. ), 
 a crystalline mass should result. With Ferric Chloride Test-Solution the 
 alcoholic solution of the oil should give a brown coloration. The oil forms a 
 crystalline compound with Sodium Bisulphite Solution (30 p. c), and this 
 reaction is utilised as a means of determining the percentage of Cinnamic 
 Aldehyde, of wliich it should contain not less than 75 p.c. v/v, as determined 
 ))y the following process :^A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the oil is shaken 
 in a flask having a long thin neck graduated in one-tenth c.c, witli 10 c.c. of a 
 30 p.c. Sodium Bisulpliite Solution, and warmed in a water-bath until the 
 contents are liquefied. When this has occurred more Sodium Bisulphite 
 Solution is added, the mixture being constantly heated and occasionally 
 shaken until the flask is three-fourths filled. The heating in the water -bath 
 is continued until no solid particles are visible, and the odour of Cirmamic 
 Aldehyde has disappeared. When this is effected the contents of the flask 
 are allowed to cool, and sufficient of the 30 p.c. Sodium Bisulpliite Solution 
 added to bring the lower level of the oily layer to the zero mark on the 
 graduated neck of the flask, and the number of c.c. is read off. The U.S. P. 
 requires that the residual liquid should not measure more than 2'5 c.c. 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are Rosin, Petroleum, Lead 
 and Copper. For the detection of Rosin and Petroleum, the U.S. P. mixes 
 1 c.c. of the oil with 3 c.c. of a mixture of 3 volumes of Alcohol (94" 9 p.c.) 
 and 1 volume of Water, when a clear solution should result, and if to this 
 solution 2 c.c. of a saturated Lead Acetate Solution in a mixture of 3 volumes 
 of Alcohol (94' 9 p.c.) and 1 volume of Water be gradually added, no precipi- 
 tate should be producetl. An additional test for Resin' may be performed 
 by heating 100 parts of the oil on a water-bath until all volatile constituents 
 have been dissipated, when not more than 8 parts of residue should remain. 
 The value of this test may be much enhanced by performing it in a tared 
 fractionating flask, and recording the temperature at which the distillate 
 passes over. A quantity of 50 grammes of the oil should be v/eighed into 
 the flask, and the oil distilled over a direct flame. After the Water 
 has passed over, the thermometer rapidly rises to 240° C. (464° F.), and 
 the major portion of the oil passes over between 240° C. (464° F.) and 
 260° C. (500° F.). The appearance of wliite fmnes indicates the end of the 
 distillation ; the residue should be viscid and tough, and not hard and brittle, 
 indicating the absence of Rosin. The presence of Petroleum is detected by 
 the solubility of the distillate in Alcohol (70 p.c). The oil should not materi- 
 ally darken in colour when shaken Mith Hydrogen SulpMde Solution, indi- 
 cating a limit of Copper and Lead. 
 
 CINNAMIC ALDEHYDE (C^HgO, eq. 132-064).— This Aldehyde is the 
 principal constituent of oils of Cassia and Cinnamon. It may also be pre- 
 pared artificially by the action of Sodium Hydroxide upon a mixture of 
 Benzaldehyde and Acetic Aldehyde. 
 
 A clear, colourless, or pale yellow, highly refractive liquid possessing a 
 characteristic aromatic odour and a sweetish spicy and subsequently burning 
 taste. It should contain not less than 95 p.c of pure Cinnamic Aldehyde. 
 
 Its use in medicine is similar to that of Oil of Cassia. 
 
 Dose. — |- to 2 minims = 0-03 to 0-12 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Norw. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Cinnamic Aldehyde has a specific gravity of 1 • 054 to 1 • 056, and 
 boils about 250° C. (482° F.), with partial decomposition. It is optically 
 inactive. It has a Refractive Index of 1-6195 at 20° C. (68° F.). It should 
 conform to the tests given vmder Cassia Oil. It forms a crystalline compovmd 
 with Sodimn Bisuli^hite, and when mixed with an excess of a 30 p.c. solution 
 of the salt should dissolve completely, leaving practically no oily residue. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 95 p.c. of pure Cinnamic 
 Aldehyde, as determined by introducing 12 drops of the Aldehyde into an 
 exactly counterpoised 150 c.c. flask and carefully ascertaining the exact 
 weight. 5 c.c of Distilled Water and a few drops of Rosolic Acid Test- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAS 415 
 
 Solution are added, and the solution exactly neutralised by the addition of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. A measured quantity 
 of 50 c.c. of a 20 p.c. Sodium Sulphite Solution is then added, and the flask is 
 immersed in a water-bath of boiling Water. Sufficient Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is added to maintain the neutrality of the 
 liqtiid and a drop or two of Rosolic Acid Test -Solution, the flask being kept 
 continuously heated and frequently agitated. The number of c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution used is noted, when a 
 permanent state of neutrality is reached. A blank test with the same 
 materials without the Cinnamic Aldehyde is used as a control, and the number 
 of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution used in the 
 blank is subtracted from the number of c.c. used in the original. Each c.c. 
 of the difference corresponds to 0-033 gramme of Cinnamic Aldehyde. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CASSIA BEAREANA. 
 
 A small ti-ee, attaining the height of 20 or 30 feet, growing in equatorial 
 East Africa. A decoction of the roots has been recommended in the treat- 
 ment of blackwater fever and of hsematuria. The decoction is prepared by 
 the natives by boiling about a dozen pieces of the root, about 1 inch long, in 
 a gallon of Water, and it is given in teacupful doses. 
 
 A fluid extract (1 in 1) is also made, dose 30 to 60 minims — 1'8 to 
 3-6 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CASSIA CORTEX. 
 
 CASSIA BAKK. 
 
 The bark of Cinnamonium Cassia, Blume, imported from China. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Cassia bark of commerce occurs in loose 
 bmidles about 1 foot long, consisting of quilled pieces about ^ inch in diameter 
 and \ inch thick, of a dark brown colour, with rarely more than one quill 
 inside the other, thicker than cinnamon, with a different flavovir, and retain- 
 ing traces of the outer corky layer. It is known in this country to the spice 
 merchants as ' Cassia lignea,' and an inferior harder mucilaginous bark with 
 a somewhat soapy taste derived from Cinnamormim Burmanni, a native of 
 the East Indian Archipelago, as ' Cassia vera.' The reverse is the case in 
 Germany, the name of ' Cassia vera ' being given to the Chinese Cassia bark. 
 In the United States the bark of Cinnamomum Cassia is called ' Chinese 
 Cinnamon,' and a sweeter and more pimgent variety of it, with much of the 
 cortical layer still attached, is imported under the name of Saigon Cassia, but 
 X^robably comes from Annam. Cassia bark j-ields about 2 p.c. of volatile oil. 
 Under the microscope the powder differs from that of Cinnamon in the 
 presence of cork cells, larger starch grains, and larger and thicker bast fibres. 
 
 CkSSlM FRUCTUS. 
 
 CASSIA PODS. 
 
 The ripe fruits of Cassia Fistula, L. 
 
 There was no Official heading Cassia Fructus in B.P. 1898, but the 
 ripe fruits were described under Cassia Pulpa. 
 
416 CAS [Solids by Weight; Liciuids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr., Fruit and Pulp; Belg., Fruit ; Ital., 
 Fruit and Pulp; Mex., Port, and U.S., Fruit. Not in the others. Ital. has 
 also Conserva di Cassia. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The fruit of the Cassia Fistula, L., is a 
 hard dark browu or nearly black cylindrical, indehiscent pod, separated 
 by thin internal transverse partitions into numerous cells each of 
 which contains a single seed, immersed in a blackish pulp. The pods 
 are chiefly imported from Dominica in the West Indies, but those 
 from the East Indies, wliich are smaller, smoother, and have a blacker 
 pulp, are usually preferred, the pulp of tliis kind being considered 
 more active. Some of the East Indian pods come from Sourabaya in 
 Java, via Amsterdam. Pods in which the seeds rattle when shaken 
 are considered old and inferior. The pulp usually forms about 30 p.c. 
 of the weight of the pods. The official description, long, narrow 
 cylindrical fruits, viz., 35 to 50 cm. long, and from 15 to 25 mm. in 
 diameter, excludes the fruits of Cassia grandis, L., which has larger 
 compressed pods, of which the ventral suture is marked by two 
 prominent marginal ridges, and the surface of the pods has prominent 
 veins. It also excludes the smaller fruits of Cassia moschata, H. B. 
 and K., which have a brown pulp. The extracted pulp will not keep 
 in the viscid condition, soon becoming mouldy, especially in a damp 
 place, and is therefore sometimes met with in commerce in the form 
 of tough extract not easily miscible with the other ingredients of 
 Confectio Senuae unless first rubbed down with Water. It should 
 therefore be prepared fresh for this purpose. Cassia pulp is said to 
 be one of the ingredients used in Turkey for adulterating Opium. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 CASSIA PULPA. Cassia Pulp. 
 
 Fr., Pulpk de Casse ; Ger., Rohrenkassie ; Ital., Polpa di Cassia 
 Deptjrata ; Span., Canafistula. 
 
 Cassise Pods exhausted by percolation with Distilled Water ; strain 
 the liquid and evaporate to a soft extract. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Laxative. Useful in small doses for 
 habitual constipation. Large doses occasion nausea, flatulence, and 
 griping ; generally given in combination, as in Confection of Senna. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 gTammes, as a laxative ; 1 to 2 oz. 
 = 28*4 to 56*8 grammes, as a purgative. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CASTOREUM. 
 
 Fr., Castoreum ; Ger., Bibergeil ; Ital., Castobeo ; 
 Span., Castoreo. 
 
 The dried preputial follicles and their secretion, obtained from the Beaver, 
 Castor Fiber, L., the oil sacs being rejected. 
 
LSoiids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAT 117 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Moderately stimulant and antispasmodic ; 
 occasionally used in hysteria and spasmodic disorders. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0'65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Tincture when mixed with Water will yield a 
 deposit after a lime ; it should therefore be prescribed with Mucilage oj Chun 
 Acacia, 'iifl. drm. in 8-oz. mixture. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Belg., Dan., Dutch, 
 Ger., Jap., Swed. and U.S. Both the Canadian and Russian varieties are 
 official ill Ital. and Russ. Austr. not more than 40 p.c. insoluble in hot 
 Alcohol, and not more than 4 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Castoreum of commerce is chiefiy imported from 
 the Hudson's Bay Territory. It consists of two pyriform sacs about 2 in. 
 (5 cm.) long, usually comjiressed and wrinkled, and one of the sacs is rather 
 longer than the other. Tlie contents of the sac are of a reddish-brown 
 colour, resinous, and softening readily when warmed. Castoreum has a 
 characteristic odour. It is liable to deteriorate unless kept quite dry, 
 
 TINCTURA CASTOREI.— Castor, in coarse powder, I ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 20 ; macerate seven days, agitating occasionally, strain, press, and add 
 Alcohol q.s. to yield 20. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— ^ to 1 fl. drm. = 1 • 8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Hung, and Port., 1 in 5 ; 
 Fr., Ital., Russ. and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; Mex., 1 and 10 ; Span., 1 in 25 ; all by 
 weight. Not in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Jap., Norw., Swed. or U.S. 
 
 Russ. contains a Tinctui'e made with Russian Castor, and also one made 
 with Canadian Castor. 
 
 CATECHU. 
 
 CATECHU. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Catechu Pallidum. 
 
 Fb., Cachou ; Ger., Ivatechu ; Ital., Catecu ; Span., Catecu. 
 
 An extract of Leaves and young Shoots of Uncaria Gamhier, Roxb. 
 
 It contains from 30 to 40 p.c. of Catechu -Tannic Acid, from 10 to 40 of 
 Catechin, soine mucilage, and mineral matter. 
 
 Prepared in Singapore and in other places in the Eastern Archipelago. 
 
 Terra Japonica is a trade term (now almost obsolete) applied both to Cutch 
 and Gambler. 
 
 Black Catecliu (Cateclui Nigrum) may l^e used in the place of 
 Catechu, in India, in the Eastern and in tlie North American 
 divisions of the Empire. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost entirely soluble in boiling Water. 70 to 
 8-5 p.c. is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 50 to 60 p.c. is soluble in 
 cold Water, and the solution is bright. 
 
 B.P. 1914 requires not less than 80 p.c. to be soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful astringent. Used in 
 diarrhoea, dysentery, gastric and intestinal haemorrhage and for 
 other purposes for which Tannic Acid is used. Lozenges are the 
 
 p 
 
418 CAT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 best medium for administering it in relaxed conditions of tlie tki'oiit 
 and in ulcers of tlie moutli. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 In compatibles. — Alkalis, metallic salts, and Gelatin. 
 
 Official Pi'eparations. — Pulvis Catechu Compositus, Tinctura Catechu, 
 and Trocliiscus Catecliu. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Catechu et Cretje, Mistura H«inatoxyli cum 
 Catechu. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Dutcli, Jap. and Port. (Cato). 
 U.S. has Gambir, prepared from the leaves and twigs of Ourouparia Oambir. 
 Not in the others. See below. Catechu Nigrum. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Under tlie commercial name of Gambier, 
 or more rarely Terra Japonica, several qualities of the drug may be 
 met with. Tiie inferior kinds are largely used for tanning, dyeing and 
 calico printing. Tlie form official in the B.P. consists of cubes about 
 25 mm. in diameter, reddish-brown externally, and pale cinnamon- 
 brown and porous and friable internally. Smaller cubes are also 
 met with in commerce and occasionally parallelograms and discs, 
 or lozenges with fluted margins, but the last two are usually paler 
 in colour and contain Starch. They are used in India for chewing 
 with the Betel-pepper leaf, but are not admissible for pharmaceutical 
 use, since official Catechu should not afford any evidence of the presence 
 of Starch under the microscope. 
 
 Tests. — Catechu is required officially to be almost completely 
 soluble in boiling Water, and to be soluble to the extent of not less 
 than 80 p.c. in Alcohol (90 p.c). The U.S. P. requires that not less 
 than 70 p.c. should be soluble in Alcohol (94*9 p.c). The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that Catechu should be required 
 to yield not less than 65 p.c. soluble in Water, and not less than 60 p.c. 
 soluble in Alcohol (94*9 p.c). 
 
 It should not yield a pronounced blue coloration on the addition 
 of Iodine Solution to its boiled and cooled aqueous solution. It 
 is officially required to yield not more than 5 p.c. of Ash (the 
 ash of the powder is limited to 8 p.c.) ; the U.S. P. states not more 
 than 5 p.c. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the ash limit be changed to ' not exceeding 9 p.c' A sample 
 examined in the author's laboratory left 4*0 p.c. of ash. The 
 presence of Black Catechu may be detected by the marked green 
 fluorescence produced in the Petroleum Sjiirit Solution, when a 
 solution in Alcohol (90 p.c.) is made strongly alkaline with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and then shaken with Petroieum Spirit. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend the addition 
 of the following test : — 1 gramme of Catechu is macerated with 50 cc. 
 of Water and filtered, separate portions of this filtrate should give an 
 intense green colour with Dilute Ferric Chloride Test-Solution and no 
 precipitate with Copper Sulphate Test-Solution. 
 
 The extract official in the U.S. P. is prepared fi-om Ourouparia 
 Gamhir, Baillon, that of the P.G. from either Acacia Catechu, \Villd., 
 or Acacia Suma, Kurz. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CAT 419 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PULVIS CATECHU COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder of 
 
 Catechu. 
 
 Catechu, 4 : Kino, 2 ; Krameria Root, 2 ; Cinnamon Bark, 1 ; 
 Nutmeg, 1 ; all in powder. (1 in 2h) 
 
 Keep it in a stoppered bottle. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0"65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Not in the other PharmacopcEias ; a powdered Black Catechu is official 
 in Span. 
 
 TINCTURA CATECHU. Tincture of Catechu. (Modified.) 
 
 Catechu, in coarse powder, 4 ; Cinnamon Bark, bruised, 1 ; Alcohol 
 (45 p.c), 20 ; by maceration. (1 in 20.) 
 
 It is now made with Alcohol (45 p.c.) instead of (60 p.c). 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. (Tinct. Gambir Co.), 
 1 in 20 ; Belg., Fr. (Teinturo do Cachou), Dutch, Ger., Ital., Jap., 
 Port., and Swiss, 1 in 5 ; Mex., 1 and 5 ; all by weight (except U.S.), and 
 with the exception of the Dutch and U.S., with Black Catechu. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Catechu has a specific gravity of about 1*005 ; 
 it contains about 15 '5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 42 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 TROCHISCUS CATECHU. Catechu Lozenge. (Modified.) 
 
 Contains 0'06 gramme (rather less than 1 grain) of Catechu in each, 
 with Fruit Basis. 
 
 It is now made with Fruit Basis in place of Simple Basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias — Official in U.S., Trochisci Gambir 
 about 1 grain in each ; Fr. and Dutch about 1| grains in each. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 MISTURA CATECHU ET CRET /E {Uyiiversity).— Tincture oi Catechu, 
 20 minims ; Chalk Mixtiu'e, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA H/EMATOXYLI CUM CATECHU (St. Thomas's).— Tincture 
 of Catechu, 40 minims ; Diluted Sulphui'ic Acid, 15 minims ; Decoction of 
 Logwood, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 CATECHU NIGRUM. 
 
 BLACK CATECHU. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 An extract from the wood of Acacia Catechu, Willd. 
 It is also known as Pegu Catechvi and Cvitch, 
 Astringent, and bitter in taste. 
 
 Bee also Catechu, 
 
 p 2 
 
420 CAU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — About 80 to 90 p.c. is dissolvetl by cold Water, the 
 solution being very turbid. 
 
 B.P. 1914 requires not less than 60 p.c. to be soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr. (Cachou 
 de Pegu), Ger., Ital., Jap., Mex., Port. (Cato), liuss.. Span, and Swiss. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— Black Catecliii occurs in commerce in 
 irregular blocks often covered with the rough leaf of Dipterocar'pus 
 tuberculatus, Roxb., or broken up into pieces which are hard and 
 brittle, and dark brownish black, somewhat resembling aloes in 
 appearance, with a shin)'- and often porous surface. According to 
 Hanbury it is also prepared from Acacia Siana, Kurz., in Southern 
 India (Mysore), Bengal and Gujerat {Pliarmacofjraphia (2 ed.), p. 241). 
 
 Tests. — The aqueous solution is acid in reaction towards blue 
 Litmus paper, and yields a green coloration with Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution, the colour changing to purple on the addition of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution. About 80 to 90 p.c. should be dissolved by cold 
 Water, and in boiling Water it should be almost completely soluble. 
 The matter insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) should not amount to more 
 than 40 p.c. The ash should not amount to more than 5 p.c. Two 
 samples examined in the author's laboratory left 4*2 p.c. and 5*0 p.c. 
 of ash. B.P. places the limit of ash for the drug at 5 p.c, and for the 
 powder at 8 p.c. ; the P.G. gives an ash limit of 6 p.c. The P.G. 
 states the highly-diluted alcoholic solution gives a greenish-black 
 coloration with Ferric Chloride Solution ; that the residue insoluble 
 in Water, after washing with hot Water, should, when dried at 
 100° C. (212° F.), amount at the most to 15 p.c. 
 
 The amount of residue insoluble after the comj^lete extraction of 
 Catechu with boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), after drying at 100° C. (212° F.), 
 should amount at the most to 30 p.c. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 CAULOPHYLLUM. 
 
 BLUE COHOSH. 
 
 The Rliizome and Roots of CaulophyUum ihalictroidcft, Mich. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A sedative, antispasmodic, ditiretic and 
 emmenagogue. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1-0 gramme. 
 
 Of the decoction or infusion (1 in 20), 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 Of the tmctixre ( I in 5), 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-2 ml. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Rhizome is of a greyish-brown colour, knotty, 
 3 to 4 inches (7 '5 to 10 cm.) long and J to J inch (G to 8 mm.) in diameter, 
 with few branches, and broad concave stem scars at short intervals, the 
 internodes being marked with transverse rings about -^^ to ^^ inch (I" 5 to 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CER 421 
 
 3 mm.) apart, and is furnished with matted undulated rootlets about 4 inches 
 (10 cm.) long and 1 mm. broad. The transverse section is whitish and 
 often porous. Tiie bark is thin, the woody wedges short, the medullary 
 rays broad, and the pith largo. The rootlets have a relatively thicker bark, 
 and a tough woody centre. It contains Starch. It is almost free from 
 odour, and has a sweetish bitter and somewhat acrid taste. The distinctive 
 microscopic characters are the small, spherical, simple Starch granules, tho 
 large and small porous vessels and the tracheids. 
 
 Caulophyllum contains a body analogous to Saponin, and termed for 
 distinction Leontin, and a colourless, odourless, and tasteless, non-crj'stalline 
 alkaloid, Caulophylline, which is soluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Ether and Chloroform, and which on treatment with Hydrochloric Acid is 
 converted into a crj'stalUne salt, Caulophylline Hydrochloride. 
 
 Cavdophyllin, an eclectic remedy in the form of a brown powder, has 
 been recommended as an emmenagogue, sedative and diuretic. Also 
 employed with success as an anthelmintic. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = • 06 to • 26 gramme. Best given in form of a pill. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM CAULOPHYLLI.— 1000 grammes of Caulo- 
 phyllum, in No. 60 powder, exhausted by percolation with Alcohol (70 p.c.) 
 to produce 1000 c.c. of fluid extract. 
 
 Average Dose. — 8 minims = 0-5 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR CAULOPHYLLI ET PULSATILL>E (Ph. Form.).— Caulo- 
 phyllum root (Blue Cohosh), 10 oz. ; Pulsatilla, 10 oz. ; Rectified Spuit, a 
 sufficiency ; Water, a sufficiency. Macerate the coarsely-ground diugs in 
 60 oz. of Rectified Spirit for forty-eight hours and transfer to a percolator. 
 Reserve the first 12 oz. of percolate and continue percolation with 60 oz. of 
 Water. R,ecover the spirit from this percolate and evaporate to 8 oz. Mix 
 tliis with the reserved portion, acidify with dilute Sulphuric Acid 30 minims 
 (jlj fl. oz.), set aside for a day, and filter. 
 
 Avera.ge Dose. — 15 minims = 0-9 ml. 
 
 CERA ALBA. 
 
 ^\TIITE BEESWAX. 
 
 Fk., CiRE Blanche ; Ger., Weisses Wachs ; Ital., Cera Bianca ; Span., 
 
 Cera Blanca. 
 
 A white, or almost wliite, waxy, somewliat translucent solid, or in 
 tMn circular white cakes, obtained by air-bleaching yellow Beeswax. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port. (Cera Branca), Mex., R,uss., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The White Beeswax of the B.P. is the 
 Yellow Beeswax which has been bleached by exposure to moisture, 
 air and light. The Beeswax sold in commerce in blocks under the 
 name of Dentists' Wax is the purest obtainable, but usually has a 
 faint yellowish tinge. That in fiat circular cakes commonly contains 
 1 to 2 p.c. of Paraffin Wax, which is probably due to the fact that 
 foundations made with Paraffin are laid down in hives for the bees 
 to build upon. 
 
422 CER [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Tests. — Wliite Wax, during its production fi'om Yellow Beeswax 
 by bleaching by cliemical means, undergoes modification in its com- 
 position, which causes an alteration in the physical constants. With 
 the exception of the Acid Value, which the B.P. now requires to be 
 from 16 "8 to 24 • 7, it is officially required to conform in other respects 
 to the tests given under Cera Flava. 
 
 Samples examined in the author's laboratory gave Acid Values 
 ranging from 11 '8 to 24 '6, v/ith an average of 15 '7; Ester Values 
 ranging from 71*7 to 100*8, with an average of 92; Saponification 
 Values ranging from 96 to 114*8, with an average of 107*7; the 
 Iodine Values ranged from 2*5 to 7*6, with an average of 5*5. 
 
 The U.8.P. gives the melting point of White Wax as 64° to 65° C. 
 (147*2° to 149° F.), but in other respects requires AVhite Wax to possess 
 the characteristics of, and to respond to the reactions and tests given 
 under, Cera Flava. 
 
 The P.G. gives the specific gravity of Wliite Wax as 0*968 to 0* 973, 
 the melting point as 64° to 65° C. (147*2° to 149° F.), the Acid Value 
 as 18*7 to 22*4, the Ester Value as 74*8 to 76*7, which corresponds, 
 to a Saponification Value of 93*5 to 99*1. The relationship between 
 the Acid Value and the Ester Value is required to be from 1 : 3*6 to 
 1:3*8. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants are those mentioned 
 under Cera Flava, and the same methods as there described may be 
 employed for their detection. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 CERATUM (C7.S.).— White Wax, ; White Petrolatum, 4 ; Benzoinated 
 Lard, 10 ; melt until the mixture is liquefied, and stir it constantly until it 
 congeals. For use in southern latitudes, and during the heated season in 
 other localities, 1 of Benzoinated Lard may be replaced by an equal quantity 
 of White Wax. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Lard 8, White Wax 2 ; 
 Lanolin 5, Vaselin 5 ; Dutch, Yellow Wax 3, Sesame Oil 7 ; Ger. (Unguen- 
 tum Cereum), Arachis Oil 7, Yellow Wax 3 ; Hung., White Wax 50, Liquid 
 Vaseline .50, Lard 150 ; Jap., Yellow Wax 1, Sesame Oil 2 ; Mex., White 
 Wax 1, Sesame Oil 3 ; Norw. (Ung. Cera?) and Russ. (Ung. Cereum), 
 Olive Oil 3, Yellow Wax 1 ; Port. (Ceroto Simples), White Wax 3, 
 Almond Oil 7 ; Span. (Cerato Simple), White Wax 1, Almond Oil 3 ; Swed. 
 (Ceratum), White Wax 1, Spermaceti 1, Benzoated Lard 3 ; Swiss, White 
 Wax 30, Olive Oil 70, Ethereal Tincture of Benzoin 10 ; U.S. Benzoated 
 Lard 8, Yellow Wax 2. 
 
 CERA FLAVA. 
 
 YELLOW BEESWAX. 
 
 Fr., Cire Jaune ; Ger., Gelbes Wachs ; Ital., Cera Gialla ; Span., 
 
 Cera Amarilla. 
 
 A hard, yellow, or yellowish-brown, waxy solid, formed by the 
 Hive Bee, Afis meUifica, L., and possibly other species of A'pis. 
 When quite fresh is of a golden yeJIow, but on keeping gets darker. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CEE, 423 
 
 Solubility. — Entirely in Oil of TiU'pcutine, insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; sliglitly, and not uniformly, soluble in Etlier ; about 
 1 in 100 of boiling Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 12 J of Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Chiefly used in medicine as an ingredient 
 of plasters and ointments, and is preferable to white Beeswax, as the 
 ointments made v/ith the yellow keep a longer time without becoming 
 rancid. 
 
 Foreign Pharinaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Cera Amarilla), Norw., Port. (Cera 
 Amarella), Ru.ss., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Yellow Beeswax is imported from many 
 parts of the world, and it is not in all cases produced by Apis mellifica, 
 but by other species in Africa and India. The wax imported from 
 East Africa often shows a minutely crystalline surface which appears 
 to be characteristic of it. 
 
 The value of Beeswax depends on its purity. Owing to the use of 
 artificial foundations for the honeycomb being supplied in the beehives, 
 containing a certain percentage of Paraffin Avax, Paraffin is often 
 found in Beeswax as an impurity. Some Beeswax is very impure 
 and dark in colour, due to imperfect straining, and it is also sometimes 
 deficient in odour. 
 
 Yellow Beeswax may now be the produce of any kind of bee, since 
 the source of it is now said to be the honeycomb of the Hive Bee, Afis 
 mellifica, Linn., and fossihly other species of Apis. The presence of 
 Starch is no longer guarded against in the new monograph, but the 
 amount of honey that may be present in Yellow Beeswax is limited 
 by stating that not more than 1 p.c. of Cera Flava should be soluble 
 in boiling Water. 
 
 Tests. — Beeswax has a specifix gravitv of about 0*960 ; the B.P. 
 gives 0-958 to 0-970 ; the U.S.P., 0-951 to 0-960 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; 
 the P.O., 0-960 to 0-970 ; the B.P. simply defines the specific gravity 
 of a substance as the weight of a given volume of that substance at 
 15-5° C. (60° F.) as compared with the weight of OjU equal volume of 
 Distilled Water at the same temperature, but gives no method by 
 which the specific gravity of Beeswax may be determined. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that it should 
 be determined by the following method : — Melt the wax at a low 
 temperature and allow it to fall in separate drops from just above the 
 surface into Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) that has been warmed to from 45° 
 to 50° C. (113° to 122° F.). Allow the globules to remain in the 
 Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) until it has cooled spontaneously to room tempera- 
 ture 20° to 25° C. (68° to 77° F.), then remove the wax and keep it 
 at room temperature for 24 hours. Prepare a mixture of 4 volumes 
 of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) and enough Distilled Water to make 10 volumes, 
 and allow it to stand until free from air-bubbles. Moisten the globules 
 of wax with Distilled Water, by means of a brush, and place them 
 by means of forceps in the Alcohol Solution just prepared, contained 
 in a beaker. Then add Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) or air-free Distilled 
 
424 CER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Water, as required, to the mixture, kept at 25° C. (77° ¥.), until tlie 
 globules of wax float indiscriminately at all levels of the liquid, and 
 finally determine the specific gravity of the liquid. The figure thus 
 obtained is the specific gravity of the sample of wax examined. It has 
 a melting point of 62° to 65° C. (143-6° to 149° F.) ; the B.P. gives 
 61° to 64° C. (141-8° to 147-2° R); the U.S.P. gives 62° to 64° C. 
 (143-6° to 147-2° R); the P.O., 63*5° to 64-5° C. (146-3° to 
 148-1° R). It has a Refractive Index at 80° C. (176° R) of 1-435 
 to 1-445; the B.P. gives 1-438 to 1*442; neither the U.S.P. nor 
 P.G. refers to the Refractive Index. If the figm-es for ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise the 
 free acid in 5 grammes of the sample be calculated into milligrammes 
 of Potassium Hydroxide per 1 gramme it will be found to be officially 
 required to possess an Acid Value of not less than 16-8 nor more 
 than 22-4. Similarly it will be found to require an Ester Value of not 
 less than 69-6 nor more than 76*3, and consequently a Saponification 
 Value of not less than 86-4 nor more than 98-7. The U.S.P. gives 
 no Acid or Ester Value, but requires a Saponification Value of from 
 90 to 96. The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend 
 that the Acid Value should not be less than 18 nor more than 24 ; 
 and that the Ester Value should not be less than 72 nor more than 
 77 ; the ratio of Acid Value to Ester Value to be as 1 : 3*6 to 1 : 3-8. 
 The P.G. gives an Acid Value of from 18-7 to 24-3, an Ester Value 
 of 72-9 to 76-7, and consequently a Saponification Value of 91*6 to 
 101-0. 
 
 The methods adopted by the various Pharmacopoeias for the 
 determination of the Acid and Ester Values are given below in 
 small type. Samples examined in the author's laboratory showed 
 Acid Values ranging from 20-0 to 22, with an average of 21-2; 
 Ester Values from 68 to 77, with an average of 72-6 ; Saponification 
 Values of 88 to 99, with an average of 91-3 ; and a fairly constant 
 Iodine Value of 8-9 p.c. Although the inclusion of a figure for Iodine 
 Value has been recommended, the B.P. has not yet adopted an Iodine 
 Value. Genuine Beeswax absorbs from 8 to 10 p.c. of Iodine. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants are Paraffin or Ceresin 
 Wax ; Fatty Acids and Tallow ; Japan Wax and Resin ; Soap ; 
 Starch ; and insoluble matter. It is ofiicially required that a clear 
 or translucent solution should be yielded when a weighed quantity 
 of 5 grammes of the wax is completely saponified by boiling with a 
 mixture of 15 ml. of Normal Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution and 15 ml. of Absolute Alcohol, the Alcohol removed by 
 evaporation, and the residue dissolved on a water-both in a mixture 
 of 20 ml. of Glycerin and 80 ml. of boiling Distilled Water, 
 indicating the absence of Paraffin, Ceresin, and other waxes. The 
 wax should yield notliing to Distilled Water, indicating the absence 
 of Soap. 
 
 The filtrate obtained, when 5 grammes of the wax are boiled for 
 10 minutes with 80 ml. of an aqueous 10 p.c. w/v Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, replacing loss by evaporation from time to time, and filtering 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CEB. 425 
 
 tlirougli asbestos, slioulti not become turbid on acidification with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of fatty acids, Japan Wax 
 and Resin. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that if 1 gramme of the wax be boiled for 
 half-an-hour with 35 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 7 Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, the volume being maintained by the occasional addition of 
 Distilled Water, the wax should separate on cooling without rendering 
 the liquid opaque, and no precipitate should be produced in the liquid, 
 after filtration through glass-wool or asbestos, on the addition of 
 Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of fats, fatty acids, Japan 
 AVax or Resin. No precipitate should be produced on the addition of 
 Hydrochloric Acid to Distilled Water which has been boiled with a 
 portion of wax, indicating the absence of Soap. H 5 grammes of 
 Yellow Wax are mixed in a flask with 85 grammes of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and 15 grammes of Distilled Water, and, after ascertaining the weight 
 of the flask and the contents, the mixture be boiled for 5 minutes on 
 the water-bath, the mixture then cooled to the temperature of the 
 room by being placed in cold Water, and the evaporated Alcohol 
 replaced by a mixture of 85 parts of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 15 parts of 
 Distilled Water, then 50 c.c. of the filtrate obtained by filtering this 
 liquid through a dry filter, after the addition of 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein 
 Solution, should require at the highest 2 '3 c.c. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution to produce a permanent 
 reddish colour, indicating a limit of Stearic Acid and Resin. The 
 solubility of the Wax in Oil of Turpentine detects the presence of 
 Starch and mineral matter. The washed residue when treated with 
 boiling Water, cooled, and tested with Iodine solution shall yield no 
 characteristic blue coloration. Stearic Acid and Resin increase the 
 Acid Value and decrease the Ester Value, Paraffin and Ceresin Wax 
 decrease both the Acid and Ester Value, Carnauba Wax decreases the 
 Acid Value but has no effect upon the Ester Value, Japan Wax has 
 no influence upon the Acid Value but increases the Ester Value, whilst 
 Tallow and vegetable Wax increase the Ester Value. Stearic Acid, 
 Parafiin and Ceresin Wax lower the Iodine Value, whilst Resin and 
 Tallow increase it. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not more than 1 p.c. extractive 
 matter soluble in boiling Distilled Water, indicating a limit of Honey. 
 It would have been well to have made this test more explicit, and to 
 have stated definitely how this was to be determined. It has been 
 suggested that a limit of moisture should have been included, as much 
 as 5 p.c. often being found. 
 
 Specific Gravity. — The P.G. gives the following directions for taking 
 the specific gravity. Let 2 parts of Alcohol (90 p.c.) be mixed with 7 parts 
 of Water and the niixtixre allowed to stand vmtil all air bubbles have disap- 
 peared from it, then let small globules of yellow wax be introduced into it. 
 These wax globules should float on the liquid or at least be suspended when 
 the specific gravity of the chluted Alcohol has been brought to from 0-960 
 to 0-970 by the addition of Water. The gloljules of Beeswax requisite for 
 tho determination should be prepared as follows : Let the wax be melted at 
 as low a temperature as possible and, with the aid of a glass rod, allowed to 
 fall drop by drop into a beaker containing Alcohol (90 p.c). Before the 
 
426 GER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 fully-rounded masses so obtained are used for the determination of the 
 specific gravity they should remain in the air for twenty-foiu- hours P.G. 
 
 Melting Point The B.P. method is to introduce into a capillary tube 
 
 of 1 mm. internal diameter some of the melted wax, and allow it to cool for 
 twenty -four hours before taking the nnelting point. The tube is fitted to 
 the bulb of a thermometer and both are immersed in Water contained in a 
 glass vessel. 
 
 Acid Value.^ — 5 grammes, when heated with 20 ml. of Absolute Alcohol, 
 shoukl require for neutralisation ufc boiling point not less than 1-5 and not 
 inoie than 2-0 ml. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 Phenolphthalein Solution being employed as an incUcator, indicating a limit 
 of free acid, B.P. ; 3 grammes of Yellow Wax, when heated to the boiling 
 point on a water-bath under a reflux condenser with 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and titrated hot after the addition of 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution, with 
 Half-Normal Alcoholic Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution until the 
 production of a red colour, should require not less than 2 c.c. and not more 
 than 2-0 c.c. of this Half -Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 indicating m\ Acid Value of 18-7 to 24-3, P.G. 
 
 Ester Value. — To the residual mixture loft after the B.P. determination 
 of tho Acid Value, a measured quantity of 20 ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added, and the mixture saponified 
 under a reflux condenser for one hour and a quarter, the excess being titrated 
 with Normal V^olumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less than 
 13' 2 and not m.ore than 13" 8 ml. should bo necessary, indicating that not 
 less than 6' 2 nor more than G' 8 ml. has been absorbed by the Beeswax, B.P. 
 A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added to the residue remaining from the 
 P.O. determination of the Acid Value, and the mixture is saponifled during 
 one hour on a water -bath, and titrated boiling hot with Half -Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution mitil decolorised, not less than 11"8 c.c. 
 and not more than 12' 2 c.c. should be required, showing that not less than 
 7 "8 nor more than 8"2 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution have been absorbed, indicating an Ester Value of 72 '9 
 to' 70 -7, P.G. 
 
 ITot Official. 
 
 ASEPTIC WAX. — Beeswax, 87 ; Almond Oil, 12 ; Salicyhc Acid, 1. 
 Melt the Beeswax and Oil, strain through muslin, heat to 150° C. (300° F.) 
 in an oil-bath ; add the Salicylic Acid, allow to cool slightly, pour into 
 stoppered bottles, which have been sterilised, and when cold add to each 
 bottle sufficient aqueous Solution of Mercuric Chloride (1 in 500) to cover 
 the Wax. 
 
 This Wax is made by us for Sir Victor Horsley, who uses it for arresting 
 h.T^morrhage from cranial bones, by smearing it over the bleeding surface. 
 Put up in wide-mouthed stoppered iDottles vmder aseptic conditions. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CERII OXALAS. 
 
 CERIUjr OXALATK. 
 
 Ce,(C,OJ„ 10H„0, eq. 724-66. 
 
 A white, or almost white, odourless and tasteless granular powder. It 
 has been prepared from tho minerals Cerite and Thorite, but is now niiore 
 generally obtained from Monazite. It consists principally of Cerium Oxalate. 
 Coinmercial samples usually contain tho Oxalates of Lanthanum and 
 Didyniium and of other rare earths of this group. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1808, but is now omitted. 
 
[Solids by Weight i liquids by Measure.] CEO? 427 
 
 Solubility Insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Ether. Insoluble 
 
 in cold, but decomposed by Vjoiling Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solutions. 
 Insoluble in cold, but soluble in hot, Diluted Sulphuric or Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Gastric sedative. Given in clironic vomiting 
 and vomiting during pregnancy, and of phthisis ; also in dyspepsia, 
 gastrodynia, pyrosis, and in the gastric crisis of tabes. In sea-sickness 10 
 to 20 grains every tliree hours. Given with success in spasmodic cough of 
 gastric origin. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to 1'3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is taken in 5 to 15 grain doses as a powder 
 mixed with a little Water ; also given in cachets. It is also supplied in 
 e_ffervescent granules, containing 1, 2, 3 and 5 grains in each drachm. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^ — ^Official in Jap., Mex., Port. (Oxalato de 
 Cerio), and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Cerium Oxalate at a dull red heat is decomposed, leaving a 
 reddish-brown powder, which is completely soluble in boiling Hydrochloric 
 Acid, the solution yielding on the addition of a saturated Potassium Sulphate 
 solution, a white crystalline precipitate ; Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution yields a white precipitate, which gradually turns yellow on contact 
 with the air, and which does not dissolve in an excess of the reagent ; wliilst 
 Ammonium Carbonate Solution yields a wliite precipitate, more or less soluble 
 in an excess of the reagent. 
 
 It should lose about 53 p.c. in weight when incinerated. According to the 
 U.S. P. it should leave a reddish-brown residue of Ceric and other rare earth 
 Oxides, amounting to not less than 47 p.c. of the salt. The presence of Oxa- 
 late may be shown by decomposing the salt by boiling with Potassium or 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, filtoring, adding a slight excess of Acetic Acid 
 to the filtrate and then Calcium Chloride Solution ; a white precipitate, in- 
 soluble in Acetic Acid but soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, should be produced. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Zinc, Aluminium and Carbonates. 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 solution of the salt in 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's 
 test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. A 1 in 20 solution of the salt in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid should not respond to the time-hmit test for heavy 
 metals, indicating the absence of Lead and Copper. A 1 in 10 solution 
 obtained by the aid of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should yield no immediate 
 blue coloration on the addition of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Iron. The filtrate obtained by boiling a portion of the salt with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution and filtering, should yield no precipitate on 
 the addition of Ammonium Chloride Test -Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Aluminium ; nor on the addition of Ammonium Sulphide Test-Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Zinc. No effervescence should occur when the 
 salt is dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Carbonates. 
 
 CETACEUM, 
 
 SPERMACETI. 
 
 pR., Blanc de Baleine ; Gee., Walrat ; Ital., Cetina ; Span., Esperaia 
 
 DE Ballena. 
 
 White, odourless, somewluit translucent, crystalline, pearly masses, 
 unctuous to the touch, and having a bland mild taste. It is a jjeculiar, 
 concrete, fatty substance obtained from the >Sperm Whale, P/ti/seter 
 macrocephalus, L., and possibly other species, occurring chiefly in a 
 
428 GeI? [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.J 
 
 cavity in the liead, but also obtaiued fi'om smaller cavities in tlie 
 body. 
 
 The Sperm Whale inhabits the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
 
 Cetin or Cetyl Palmitate when saponified yields Ethal (Cetyl Hydrate), 
 and not Glycerin (Glyceryl Hydrate). Most Oils and Fats are Oleates, 
 Pahnitates, and Stearates of Glyceryl, which when saponified yield Glycerin 
 and Oleates, Palmitates and Stearates of the metals. 
 
 Solubility. — Slightly in Alcohol (90 p. c.) ; 1 in 56 of boiling Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 7| of Ether ; 4 in 5 of Chloroform ; and in the fixed 
 and volatile Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Emollient. It is much employed for 
 ointments and cerates. 
 
 Spennaceti can be powdered quite readily with the addition of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), but when Alcohol is contra-indicated it can also be powdered by 
 the addition of 12 minims of Almond Oil to each oz. of Spermaceti. 
 
 Official Pr-eparations. — Unguentum Cetacei. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Cetacoi, Cold Cream, Unguentum Cetacei sine 
 Benzoino. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in all except Belg. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Spermaceti is deposited from Sperm Oil, 
 which is found in cavities of the head of the Sperm Whale, Physeter 
 macrocephalus, L. This product is no longer limited to Physeter 
 tnacrocephalus, but may be yielded by ' possibly other species,' so 
 long as it conforms to the chemical tests given. The oil is cooled, 
 the Spermaceti separated by straining, and pressed in bags to remove 
 adhering oil, until hard and brittle. It is then melted in boiling Water 
 to which a weak solution of Potash is added to remove impurities, 
 washed and crystallised. The crystalline masses in which it occurs 
 in commerce are quite characteristic in appearance. Chinese insect 
 wax, which is but rarely imported, closely resembles it, but is much 
 harder. It is a wax secreted by Coccus Pela, Westw., in China, on 
 the twigs of Chinese species of Ash and Privet, and is used by the 
 Chinese to form an outer layer on candles to prevent guttering. It 
 has a much higher melting point than Spermaceti. 
 
 Tests. — Cetaceum has a melting point of 45° to 48° C. (113° to 
 118-4° R), but which is occasionally as low as 43° C. (109*4° F.). The 
 U.S. P. gives 42° to 50° C. (107 • 6° to 122° F.) ; the P.G. from 45° to 54° C. 
 (113° to 129-2° F.). The P.P. now omits figures for the melting point. 
 The specific gravity should be from 0-946 to 0-960. The P.P. gives 
 0-950 to 0-960; the U.S. P. gives 0-935 to 0*944 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this be changed 
 to 'from 0-938 to 0*944 at 25° C. (77° F.) ' ; the P.G. gives 
 0-940 to 0-945. It has a Refractive Index at 80° C. (176° F.) of about 
 1-4330. It should possess an Acid Value of from 0*1 to 0-5, and a 
 Saponification Value of from 125 to 136. The B.P. gives similar 
 figures for the Saponification Value, but requires that the Acid 
 Value should not be more than 1-0. The Acid Value increases greatly 
 with age. A sample examined in the author's laboratory in November 
 1896, showed the merest trace of free acid, but when re-examined in 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] CET 429 
 
 July 1901, exhibited an Acid Value of 4* 5. It should have an Iodine 
 Value of 3-0 to 4-5, the B.P. gives from 3 to 4-4. 
 
 The more generally occvu'ring sopliistications are Stearic and 
 Palmitic Acids, Stearin, Tallow, and Paraffin Wax. The filtrate 
 obtained by boihng a mixture of 1 gramme of Spermaceti and 10 ml. 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) for 1 minute, coohng to 0° C. (32° F.), and filtering 
 at this temperature, should yield no precipitate, but may become 
 opalescent, when poured into Distilled Water, indicating the absence 
 of Stearic Acid. Stearic and Palmitic Acids may also be detected by 
 the reaction of the alcoholic solution towards Litmus, a solution in 
 neutral Alcohol (90 p.c.) should be neutral in reaction to Litmus paper. 
 The U.S. P. and P.G. boil 1 gramme of Cetaceum with 1 gramme of 
 anhydrous Sodium Carbonate and 50 c.c. Alcohol (90 p.c, P.G. : 
 94*9 p.c, U.S. P.), subsequently filtering and acidifying the solution 
 with Acetic Acid ; the solution may become at the most turbid, but 
 should not give a precipitate, indicating the absence of Stearic Acid. 
 The P.G. states that on cooling the hot alcoholic solution (1 + 49), 
 Cetaceum crystalhses out ; the liquid separated from the precipitated 
 crystals after standing for some hom-s should neither affect Litmus 
 paper, nor on the addition of an equal volume of Distilled Water 
 should it produce a flocculent precipitate, indicating the absence of 
 Stearic Acid. Cetaceum should dissolve completely 1 in 56 of boihng 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; this solution yielding crystals of Cetaceum on cooling. 
 Solubility in boiling Alcohol (90 p.c.) detects the presence of Stearin, 
 Tallow, and Paraffin Wax. Tallow and Stearin increase and Paraffin 
 Wax diminishes the Saponification Value. The presence of Tallow 
 may also be recognised by the increased Iodine Value. Paraffin Wax 
 notably diminishes the specific gravity. 
 
 Preparations. 
 UNGUENTUM CETACEL Spermaceti Ointment. (Altered.) 
 
 Spermaceti, 20 ; White Beeswax, 8 ; Liquid Paraffin, 72 ; all by 
 
 weight. Melt and stir till cold. 
 
 B.P. 1898 employed Almond Oil in place of Liquid Paraffin ; it also 
 
 used Benzoin, the omission of which was urged in Squire's Companion. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 The following are called Unguentum Cetacei — (all by weight) : — 
 
 Dan. Spermaceti 2, White Wax 1, Oil of Almonds 12, Rose Water 5. 
 
 Norw. White Wax 5, Spermaceti 10, Almond Oil 60, Distilled 
 Water 25, Oil of Rose 1 drop for eveiy 100 grammes of ointment. 
 
 Russ. Spermaceti 3, White Wax 3, Olive Oil 14, Rose Water 2. 
 
 Swed. Spermaceti 2, White Wax 1, Oil of Almonds 12, Rose V/ater 5. 
 
 Swiss. Spermaceti 2, White Wax 1, Aracliis Oil 7, Ethereal Tinc- 
 ture of Benzoin 1. 
 The following are called Ceratum Cetacei — (all by weight) : — 
 
 Austr. Spermaceti, Wliite Wax, Sesame Oil, equal parts. 
 
 Port. Spermaceti 1, White Wax 1, Oil of Almonds 3. 
 
 Span. Spermaceti 4, White Wax 4, Oil of Almonds 47, Rose Water 45. 
 
 U.S. See Unguentum Aquae Rosa3. 
 Cold Cream is a synonym for Unguent una Cetacei, Dan. and Swed., and 
 Unguentum Leniens, Behj. and Ger. 
 
430 GET [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 The following are called Unguentum Leniens — (all by weight) :— 
 
 Austr. Spermaceti 15, Wliite Wax 8, Sesame Oil 62, Water 15, 
 
 Otto of Rose 2 drops. 
 Belg. White Wax 14, Almond Oil 50, Rose Water 30. 
 Dutch. Spermaceti 10, Yellow Wax 5, Adepa Lanae 10, Sesame Oil 
 
 50, Rose Water 25. 
 6er. Spermaceti 8, Wliite Wax 7, Almond Oil GO, Water 25, Oil of 
 
 Rose 1 drop in 50 grammes. 
 Buss. Wliite Wax 3, Spermaceti 6, Almond Oil 24, Glycerin 4. 
 
 Unguentum Refrigerans — (all by weight) : — 
 
 Swiss. Spermaceti 10, White Wax 8, Aracliis Oil 57, Castor Oil 5, 
 Otto of Rose 1 drop. Rose Water 20. 
 
 Pomata con Olio di Mandorle : — Ital. Spermaceti 1, White 
 
 Wax 1, Oil of Almonds (by weight) 8. 
 Cerato de Galeno : — Span. Almond Oil 55, Wliite Wax 15, Agua 
 
 de Rosas 30. 
 Unguentum Emolliens : — Hung. White Wax 20, Spermaceti 40, 
 
 Sesame Oil 160, add 1 drop of Rose Oil in 220 grammes. 
 
 Not Official, 
 
 UNGUENTUM CETACEI SINE BENZOINO.— Spermaceti, 5 ; White 
 Beeswax, 2 ; Almond Oil, 18. 
 
 Used as a cooling dressing. Applied on lint to broken bjisters resulting 
 from walking, it affords great relief, and frequently enables one to continue 
 the exercise without serious discomfort. It is also recommended for smearing 
 on the feet before starting for a long walk on rough ground. 
 
 MISTURA CETACEI. — Spermaceti, 60 grains; Proof Spirit, 15 minims; 
 finely pulverise the Spermaceti by aid of the Spirit, and add by degrees half 
 the yolk of an egg, at first only sufficient to make a stiff paste, which should 
 be made very smooth by diligent trituration, tlien add the rest, and make 
 up with Water to 4 oz. 
 
 COLD CREAM. — White Beeswax, 1 ; Spermaceti, 1 ; Oil of Almonds, 8; 
 Rose Water, 11 ; Otto of Rose to perfume it. Melt together, by means of 
 water-bath, the Oil, Spermaceti, and Beeswax, add the Otto, strain tlirough 
 muslin into the Rose Water ; stir together whilst gently warming imtil 
 Water globules are no longer visible, and the mixture is of proper consistence 
 to pour into pots without separating. This form has been used by the author 
 for several years, but Cold Cream is more easily and more generally made 
 with less Rose Water. See also Unguentum Aquaj Rosse under Rosoe Aqua. 
 
 Cold Cream (2^r.).— Spermaceti, 60 ; White Wax, 30 ; Almond Oil, 215 ; 
 Rose Water, 00; Tincture of Benzoin, 15; Otto of Rose, 10 drops in 380 
 grammes. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CETRARIA. 
 
 ICELAND MOSS. 
 
 Fr., Lichen d'Islande ; Ger., Islandisches Moos. 
 The dried Lichen, Cetraria Islandica, L. A native of the North of Europe. 
 
 It contains a bitter principle, Cetrarin (Cetraric Acid), which has been 
 used as a tonic. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. - IDomulcont, nutritious, and slightly tonic. 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measm-e.] CHA 431 
 
 Iceland Moss Jujubes are useful for coughs. 
 
 Pate de Lichen officinal contains 1 of Extract of Opimn in 5000. — Fr. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Port., Span, and Swiss, Lichen Islandicus ; Mex. (Liquen 
 de Islandia). Not in Norw. 
 
 . - Descriptive Notes, — The frond of the lichen, Cetraria Islandica, L., is 
 more or less branched in a forked manner, of a brownish colour above, and 
 gi'eyish -white below, marked on the under surface with numerous minute 
 scarttered chalky-wliite pits. It is flat, channelled abo\e, and has a crisp 
 mode of growth. The wavy edges are furnished with a fringe of numerous 
 minute short linear papillae. The fructification, which consists of a flat, 
 disc-like, dark brown expansion near the margin of the frond, is rarely met 
 with, and then mostly on tlie broader varieties of the plant. The taste is 
 mucilaginous and slightly bitter. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 DECOCTUM CETRARI/£.— Iceland Moss, 1 ; first wash with cold 
 Water, then add Distilled Water, 20 ; boil ten minutes, strain with gentle 
 pressm'e whilst hot and wash the marc to make 20. ( 1 in 20. ) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4fl. oz. = 28-4 to 113- G ml. 
 
 Official in Ital., 1 in 20 ; Ital. has also Infusion, 1 in 20. 
 Fr. has Tisane de Lichen d'Islande 1 in 100. 
 
 SACCHARUM CETRARI/E.— Iceland Moss, 1 ; Sugar, 1 ; Water, 100. 
 Wash the Iceland Moss with Water to remove the bitterness, then boil with 
 100 of Water, strain and express lightly, and in the strained liquid dissolve 
 the Sugar and evaporate on a water-bath. When sufficiently firm remove 
 from the bath and dry in a cupboard to a powder or scale. 
 
 GELATINA CETRARI/E (Iceland Moss Jelly).— Saccharated Cetraria, 2 ; 
 Sugar, 1 ; Water, 5. Mix, boil gently till scmn collects on the surface, then 
 withdraw the heat, remove the scum, and pour into pots to cool. 
 
 A similar preparation is given in Ital., Port., and Span. 
 
 CHAULMOOGRi^ OLEUM. 
 
 CHAULMOOGRA OIL. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Gynocaedia Oil. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The fatty oil expressed from the seeds of TaraJdogenos Kurzii, 
 King. 
 
 The plant is a native of Biu-ma. 
 
 It is a soft solid, having a faintly yellow colour, and a characteristic 
 odour. 
 
 The Oil has been long known and used in India ; it has a disagreeable 
 taste and smell, and can be readily melted by a gentle heat. 
 
 It was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies. 
 Under the title Oleum Gynocardiaa it was described in previous editions 
 of Squire's Companion, and is now Official in B.P. 1914 under the more correct 
 name Oleum Chaulmoogrre. 
 
 The shells, whicli wore separated from fresh Chaulmoogra Seeds by Power 
 and Gornall, represented 34 p.c. of their weight ; the kernels yielded, by 
 expression, an amount of fixed oil corresponding with 30-9 p.c. of the entire 
 
432 CHA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 seeds. A portion of the kernels, when completely extracted with Ether, 
 yielded 55 p.c. of their weight of fixed oil, corresponding with 3S-1 p.c. of 
 the entire seeds (having 30* 7 p.c. of shells). 
 
 The oil consists, to a large extent, of the Glyceryl Esters of optically active 
 acids of an entirely new type, represented by the general formula CnHon-402. 
 Chaulmoogric Acid is the acid present in the largest proportion. Chaulmoogra 
 Oil contains, furthermore, a relatively small proportion of Palmitic Acid and 
 a Phytosterol. 
 
 Solubility. — :Soliib]e in Ether, Chloroform, and Carbon Bisulphide ; 
 it does not dissolve completely in cold Alcohol (90 p.c), but is almost 
 entirely soluble in hot Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Recommended in leprosy; also as an 
 external application in psoriasis, obstinate eczema, and other skin 
 diseases, chronic rheumatism and gout, and in phthisis. 
 
 In leprosy its use must be prolonged, five years or more, orally and hypo- 
 dermically. — Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyg. '12, G'J. 
 
 It is possible that it alone, or in conibination with other remedies, acts 
 more efficaciously when injected hypodermically than when given by the 
 movith.— Zy. '13, "ii. 946. 
 
 The most valuable remedy in leprosy ; but as many were unable to continue 
 its use a purified form named Antileprol was used. This is a clear 
 limpid oil, with hardly any smell and without disagreeable taste, and without 
 the d gestive ill-effects which Chaulmoogra Oil often causes. 30 to 60 drops 
 daily after meals in hot nailk, or in Capsules. The treatment may have to 
 extend over three years or more.^ — L. '11, ii. 467. 
 
 For all advanced nodular stages of leprosy injected intramuscularly in 
 doses of 3 to 5 c.c, is still the best palliative ; the injections should be 
 repeated every tliree days, and the course should last five months or more 
 if the patient can stand it, as at times the injections may become very 
 painful.— fi.M. J. '13, ii. 1422. 
 
 Antileprol, in 3 to 5 c.c. doses intramuscularly, or from 15 to 150 minims 
 daily by the mouth, is advised for leprosy. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 1420. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0*3 to 0*6 ml., gradually increased to 
 30 to 60 minims = 1'8 to 3*6 ml. tliree or four times a day ; should 
 be given after meals in Milk or emulsion with Gum Acacia, or, better 
 still, in capsules. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Chaulmoogrse. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Dutch. 
 
 Tests. — Chaulmoogra Oil has, according to Power and Barrowclif?, 
 a specific gravity of 0*951 at 25° C. (77° F.), or of 0-940 at 45° C. 
 (113° F.) ; the B.P. gives the latter figure. It is dextrogyrate, the specific 
 rotation at 15° C. (59° F.) being + 52°. The B.P. does not give the 
 rotation. The melting point is 22° to 23° C. (71 '6° to 73'4° F.) ; 
 B.P. gives about 22° to 30° C. (71-6° to 86° F.). It has an Acid 
 Value of 23*9, a Saponification Value of 213*0, and an Iodine Value of 
 103-2. The B.P. gives an Acid Value from 21 to 27 ; a Saponification 
 Value, 198 to 213 ; and an Iodine Value of 96 to 104. 
 
 The Ether-extracted oil has a specific uTavity of 0-952 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.), or of 0-942 at 45° C. (113° F.). It Is dextrogyrate, the specific 
 rotation at 15° C. (59° F.) being + 51-3°. The melting point is 22° to 
 23° C. (71-6° to 73-4° F.). It has an Acid Value of 9*5, a Saponifica- 
 tion Value of 208, and an Iodine A'alue of 104-4. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHE 433 
 
 A specimen of pure cold drawn oil from TaraJctogenos Kurzii, 
 examined in the author's laboratory, had an Acid Value of 14*95, 
 an Ester Value of 183-85, a Saponification Value of 198-8, and an 
 Iodine Value of 100-3. It had an optical rotation in a 100 mm. tube 
 of + 40". A sample of spurious oil from Ilydnocarpus Wightiana, 
 had an Acid Value of 8-3, an Ester Value of 184-9, a Saponification 
 Value of 193-2, and an Iodine Value of 98-6. It had an optical 
 rotation in a 100 mm. tube of + 45°. 
 
 Commercial samples of Chaulmoogra Oil examined in the author's 
 laboratory had Acid Values ranging from 27-7 to 45-0, Ester Values 
 from 150-1 to 170*4, Saponification Values from 177-8 to 205-4, and 
 Iodine Values from 89-4 to 99-4. 
 
 A specimen of Chaulmoogra Oil, whicli had been in stock for some 
 considerable time, examined in the author's laboratory, gave an Acid 
 Value of 29-4, an Ester Value of 1G8, a Saponification Value of 197*4, 
 and an Iodine Value of 99-06 ; the oil yielded 99 '56 p.c. of fatty acids, 
 having a combining weight of 288. 
 
 Gynoeardia Oil has, according to Power and Barrowcliff , a spocific gravity 
 of 0-925 at 25° C. (77° F.). It is optically inactive. It has an Acid Value of 
 4-9, a Saponification Value of 197 '0, and an Iodine Value of 152" 8. The oil 
 exti-acted from the seeds by Ether has a specific gravity of 0'927 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.), an Acid Value of 5, a Saponification Value of 199-6, and an Iodine 
 Value of 152. 
 
 Chaulmoogrie Acid (C,sH3.,0.., eq. 280 -250), isolated by Power and 
 Gornall from the Chaulmoogra Oil described above, has a melting point of 
 68°C. (154-4° F.). It is dextrogyrate, the specific rotation being + 56°. It 
 is readily oxidised by cold Potassium Permanganate or by Nitric Acid. It 
 is also readily attacked by concentrated Sulphuric Acid, with much decom- 
 position and the evolution of Sulphur Dioxide. 
 
 Magnesium Gynocardate. — A granular powder. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0-06 to 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 . UNGUENTUM CHAULMOOGRiE. Chaulmoogra Ointment. 
 B.P.Syn. — Gynoeardia Ointment. (New.) 
 
 Chaulmoogra Oil, 1 ; Hard Paraffin, 4 ; White Soft Paraffin, 5. 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 
 Not Official. 
 CHELIDONIUM. 
 
 GREATER CELANDINE. 
 
 The entire Plant Chelidonium majus, L. 
 
 The juice is a popular application for the cure of warts. 
 
 Has been recommended chiefly by Denisenko in the treatment of cancer. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— Plant about 0-5 to 0-75 metre high, branched, 
 with jointed stems and delicate thin greyish-green hairy leaves 15 to 20 cm., 
 stalked, alternate, the upper ones nearly sessile, lyrate-pinnatifid, or pinnate, 
 the terminal segment obovate, and usually 3-lobed. Inflorescence of small 
 umbels of 4 to 8 yellow flowers, with 2 caducous sepals, numerous stamens, 
 and a long narrow pod containing many crested seeds. AH parts of the 
 
434 CHE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 plant contain a saffron-coloured milky juico. Taste bitter and acrid, odour 
 unpleasant, lost in drying. 
 
 Chelidonine. — This alkaloid forms colourless crystals, melting at 135° 0. 
 (27.5° F.) ; soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), insoluble in Water, and but sUghtly 
 soluble in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0" 06 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 The Sulphate is readily soluble in Water, the Hydrochloride less so, 
 and the Taunate is insoluble in Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CHENOPODII OLEUM iETHEREUM. 
 
 Volatile Oil of Chenopodium. Oil of American Wormseed, Goosefoot Oil. 
 
 A thin, colourless or pale yellow fluid, possessing a characteristic, somewhat 
 camphoraceous odour, and pungent bitter taste. It is the volatile oil distilled 
 from Chenopodium anth.elminticum, L. 
 
 Anthelmintic, useful for expelling roundworms. A cathartic, e.g. Castor 
 Oil, should be afterwards administered. 
 
 Almost a specific for roundworm ; dose for children 3 to 10 minims, as an 
 Emulsion, or with Sugar and Water ; easily taken, acts promptly ; a cathartic 
 is needed. — Pr. '11, ii. 534. 
 
 The best treatment for ankylostomiasis and romidworms. — I.M.G. '15, 20. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 CHIRATA, 
 
 CHIRETTA. 
 Fk., Chirette ; Ges., Ostindisches Enzian. 
 
 The entire dried Plant, Swertia Chiraia, Biicli.-Ham., collected vvlien 
 in flower. 
 
 It is a native of, and is obtained from, Northern India. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter tonic and stomachic ; without 
 astringency ; given in atonic dyspepsia. Containing no Tannin, it 
 may be prescribed with Iron. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Chiratse and Tinctm-a Chiratse. 
 
 Not Official. — Infusum Chiratae Concentratum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port, and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Chirata official in the B.P. is distin- 
 guished by its very bitter taste, by the opposite, entire, glabrous, 
 ovate leaves, and by the pith being continuous, solid, and easily 
 separable, and the stem about 1 metre long. It is met with in commerce 
 in compact flattened bundles about 1 metro, and about 12 to 15 cm. 
 thick, and weighing 0'75 to 1 kilo., and bound round with a slip 
 of bamboo. Other allied species are used in difl'erent provinces of 
 India, and some of them are occasionally imported and sold as the 
 genuine drug. Of these Sneriia angustifolia, Buch.-Ham., has a 
 more woody, tougher and nearly hollow stem. S. alata, Roylo, has 
 pale angular stems, with a large pith. These give a much less bitter 
 infusion than genuine Chirata. Sometimes Chirata is falsely packed. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] CHL 435 
 
 Miidder roots or other plants, or even stones, being concealed in 
 the centre of the bundle. Androgravhis paniculata, Nees, has distinctly 
 quadrangular stems and irregular flowers, and only 3 or 4 seeds in 
 each capsule, and is not packed in bundles. It is rarely imported 
 and not likely to be confounded with Chirata. It was official in the 
 Ind. and Col. Add. Under the microscope the leaves may be distin- 
 guished from those of Chirata by the presence of cystoliths below 
 the upper epidermis, which are shorter than in most other medicinal 
 Acanthaceous plants, by the stomata being placed between a large 
 and small cell, and by the quadricellular glandular hairs {Planchon 
 and Collin). 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM CHIRATA. Infusion of Chiretta. 
 Chiretta, cut small, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20 ;' infuse for 
 fifteen minutes ; strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 An Infusion made at 140° F. is less nauseous than the Official one. It is 
 not so dark in colour, but is not quite so bright in appearance. 
 
 TINCTURA CHIRATA, Tincture op Chiretta. 
 1 of Chiretta, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol (60 p.c.) to 
 yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = I'S to 3'6 ml. 
 
 Prescribed in 5 minim doses, with Acids and Tiyicture of Orange to form an 
 acid tonic mixture. 
 
 U.S. has a Fluid Extract, 1 in 1, using Alcohol (49 p.c). 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Chiretta has a specific gravity of about 
 0*912 ; it contains about 0*5 p.c. w/vof total solids and about 60 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INFUSUM CHIRAT/E CONCENTRATUM.— Chiretta, in No. 40 powder, 
 40; Alcohol (90 p.c), 25; Dilute Chloroform AVater (1 in 1000), sufficient 
 to make 100. Prepare by repercolation. — Farr and Wright, P.J. '0(), i. 105 
 and '07, i. 621 ; CD. '00, i. 252 ; Y.B.P. 1907, 249. 
 
 CHLORAL FORMAMIDUM. 
 
 CHLORAL FORMAMIDE. 
 
 C3H4CI3NO0, eq. 192-422. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Chlobalamide. 
 
 Chloralpoemamidum, U.S. ; Chloral Formamide. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Chloralamide is a compound of Chloral Anhydride and Formamide. 
 Colourless, lustrous, odourless crystals, possessing a somewliat bitter 
 taste. 
 
436 CHfj [Solids by Weight ; Liquids 'by Measui-e.^ 
 
 Cliloralainide was described in Squire's Companion iu 1894 and is noW 
 Official in the B.P. 1914. This edition of the Companion pointed out that 
 its aqueous solutions should not be heated above 48" 9° C. (120° F.). The 
 Eighteenth Edition also stated that at this temperature it undergoes 
 hydrolysis ; that it is permanent in wealcly acidulated solutions, but 
 decomposed by alkalis. 
 
 The B.P. agrees with the U.S.P. statement that ' when heated with Water 
 to 60° C. (140° F.) Chloral Formamide is hydrolysed, Hydrated Chloral and 
 Formamide being produced,' and also the statement to the effect that it is 
 unaltered by Diluted Acid, but it is decomposed on warming with alkali 
 Hydroxide. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 21 of Water; 1 in 2 of Alcoliol (90 p.c.) ; it 
 dissolves very slowly in Glycerin, but if siifiicient time is allowed, 
 1 in 12 Solution can be obtained, in abovit 3 days at 60° F. 
 
 Published solubilities of it in Water have varied considerably. Squire's 
 Companion figure (1890) as above has been confirmed {P.J. (3) xxii, 805), 
 with the additional note that below 60° F. the solubility decreases very 
 rapidly.— C.Z». '92, i. 445. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given in all kinds of insomnia. Tlie 
 safest of the hypnotics for the insomnia of cardiac disease. The dose 
 need not be increased after continued use. 
 
 Prescribed with Potassium Bromide for sea -sickness. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 45 grains = 1 to 3 grammes. 
 
 Ph. Oer. maximum dose, single, 4 grammes ; daily, 8 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is prescribed in aqueous mixtures suspended ivith 
 Tragacanth, or dissolved in weak Alcohol or Glycerin ; see Haustus and Mistura, 
 given below. Should not be given in cachets, as its action is then delayed 12 to 
 14 hours. 
 
 Not Official.— Haustus Chloralamidi, Mistura Chloralamidi, Mistura 
 Chloralamidi Coinposita, Chlorobrom. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. (Chloralum formami- 
 datum) ; Mex. (Cloralamido) ; U.S. (Chloral formamidum). Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Tests. — Chloral Formamide has a melting point of 114° to 115° C. 
 (237*2° to 239° F.). The aqueous solution of the salt should be neutral 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper. It yields a turbid solution when 
 warmed with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, the solution 
 clearing on the separation of the Chloroform produced by the de- 
 composition, the evolved vapour possessing an alkaline reaction 
 towards red Litmus paper. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chloral Alcoholate, 
 Ethyl Carbamate, free acids, e.g., Formic and Hydrochloric Acids, 
 products of decomposition and mineral matter. When carefully heated 
 in an oj)en dish, it should not evolve inflammable vapours, indicating 
 the absence of Chloral Alcoholate and Ethyl Carbamate. A 1 in 10 
 solution in Alcohol (90 p.c.) should not redden moistened blue Litmus 
 paper, indicating the absence of Formic, Hydrochloric, or other free 
 acids. No immediate turbidity should be produced on the addition 
 of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Solution to a 1 in 10 solution in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), indicating the absence of decomposition products. It should 
 
tSolids by Weight; Liquids ty Measure.] CHL 437 
 
 leave not lliore than 0'05 p.c. of residue on ignition, indicating a 
 limit of mineral matter. The B.P. requires tliat it should volatilise 
 completely when heated with free access of air, the U.S. P. that it 
 should volatilise without leaving a weighable residue, and the P.G. 
 that it should leave at most not more than 0* 1 p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HAUSTUS CHLORALAMIDI.— Chloralamide, 30 grains; Mucilage 
 Mixture, to 1 oz. — Guifs. 
 
 If made with Mucilage of Tragacanth it diffuses more readily after standing. 
 
 Chloralamide, 30 grains; Alcohol (90.p.c.), 30 minims; Compound 
 Tincture of Cardamoms, 30 minims ; Cliloroform Water to 1 oz. — St. George's. 
 
 MISTURA CHLORALAMIDI (SgwiVe).— Cliloralamide, 30 grains ; Tinc- 
 ture of Orange, 1 fl. drm. ; Spirit of Cliloroform, 15 minims ; Glycerin, 
 i fl. oz. ; Cinnamon Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose.— 3 to 6 fl. drm. == 10-8 to 21- 6 ml., to be taken with Water. 
 
 MISTURA CHLORALAMIDI COMPOSITA (5'(7ime). — Ammonium 
 Bromide, 30 grains ; Cliloralamide Mixture {Squire), to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 CHLOROBROM. — A preparation containing 30 grains of Chloralamide 
 and 30 grains of Potassium Bromide in each fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 1 fl. oz. = 14'2to 28'4ml. A preventive of sea-sickness ; 
 also given in persistent vomiting not arising from sea-sickness, in gastric ulcer, 
 in insomnia and delirium tremens. 
 
 CHLORAL HYDRAS. 
 
 CHLORAL HYDRATE. 
 
 CXlaHgO.,, eq. 165-404. 
 
 Fr., Hydrate de Chloral ; Ger., Chloralhydrat ; Ital., 
 Cloralio Idrato ; Span., Hidkato de Cloral. 
 
 Transparent, colourless, rhomboidal crystals, having an aromatic 
 penetrating odour, and an unpleasant, slightly bitter, acrid taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles in a 
 cool and dark place. 
 
 Chemically it is Trichlorethylidene Glycol. Anhydrous Chloral is 
 produced by the action of dry Chlorine gas on Ethyl Alcohol, the pure 
 Chloral being subsequently converted into Hydrate by the addition 
 of the necessary amount of Water and purified by recrystallisation 
 from suitable solvents. 
 
 Solubility. — 4 in 1 of Water, and measures 3| ; 5 in 1 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 2 in 1 of Ether ; 2 in 1 of Glycerin ; 1 in 1 of Olive Oil ; 
 1 in 3 of Chloroform ; 1 in 10 of Oil of Turpentine (cold), 1 in 5 boiling ; 
 1 in 68 of Carbon Disulphide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An excellent hypnotic, producing natural 
 and placid sleep soon after its administration ; in acute mania and 
 delirium tremens it is given as a cerebral depressant. Given in 
 asthma and whooping-cough and extreme cases of chorea ; efficacious 
 
438 CHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 in large doses in sea-sickness. Has been found useful as a spinal 
 depressant and antispasmodic in tetanus, iiraimic and puerperal 
 convulsions, and by intravenous injection in Stryclinine poisoning. 
 Of great value in labour, as it relieves pain, assists to dilate the os 
 and relax the rigid perinceum, especially in primipara), without lessening 
 the expulsive power of the uterus. Given in nocturnal incontinence 
 of ui'ine. It should not be given in advanced cardiac disease, nor in 
 fatty heart. Children stand it well. 
 
 It is not suitable for insomnia due to pain ; as an analgesic it is 
 inferior to opium. 
 
 In concentrated solution, applied locally, it acts as a vesicant. 
 
 As a pigmentum with Camphor and sometimes with Cocaine, it 
 is useful for the relief of neuralgia, rheumatism, toothache and chilblains. 
 
 Effects from an overdose or repeated overdoses are excitement, 
 convulsions, and delirium, followed by deep coma and quiet sleep from 
 which the patient may never stir ; he may, however, pass to death 
 without any previous convulsions. It lowers temperature and causes 
 contraction of the pupil. 
 
 11 to 10 grains with 10 minims Tr. Digital every 3, 4, or 6 hours in pneu- 
 monia give sleep, ease pain and cougli, tend to lower temperature, slow the 
 heart; no unfavourable cardiac influence. — M.A. 1911, 519. 
 
 Of very great service indeed in the delirium of acute disease and fever. — 
 E.M.J. '10, ii. 15. . : . 
 
 One of the best external applications in acute fibrositis is a mixture of 
 equal parts of this, Camplior and Menthol ; it should be painted on and 
 gently rubbed in ; if the patient object^ to cold sensation produced by 
 Menthol it may be omitted. — B.M.J. '13, i. 759. 
 
 No scientific evidence that it is depressing to heart and circulation. — 
 Cushny, B.M.J. '13, ii. 387. 
 
 In tetanxis give 6 grammes every 6 hours till torpor is produced. — L. '14, 
 ii. 1215. 
 
 Full doses successful in tetanus. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 877. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to 1*3 grammes. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, singlp, 4 grammes ; daily, 12 grammes. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 3 grammes ; daily, G grammes. 
 
 Prescribing ]S"otes. — 3 oz. will dissolve in 1 Jl. oz. of Water, and measure 
 2Jl. oz. and 5\fl. drm. ; if to tibia be added 23 minims of Water, every rrmiim 
 will contain a grain of Chloral. This solution is handy for dispensing. 
 
 It is usually given in solution, but the objectionable taste is dijjfictdt to mask ,' 
 Chloral Hydrate, 20 grains. Syrup of Orange, 1 fl. drm., Pejypermint Water, to 
 Ifl. oz., make a good draught for those who do not object to Peppermint. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate, 4 grains. Liquorice Root, in powder, 1 grain, Gum Acacia, 
 in powder, \ grain, make a good pill, with a trace of ' Diluted Glucose.^ 
 
 The addition of 1 grain to thcfl. oz. will ])rescrve hypodermic solutions otherwise 
 liable to develop fungoid growths. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^When prescribed with Alkalis, Chloroform will be 
 liberated. Alkali Carbonates, Magnesia, Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Syrupus Chloral. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Bromo-Chloral Compositus, Suppositoria Chloral, 
 Chloral Camphoratum, Chloral Camphoratum cum Cocaina, Chloral et Phenol, 
 Dormiol, Chloral Tannin, and Isopral. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomaeh-tube or emetics ; keep up the temperature by hot 
 blankets, hot -water l^ottles, etc. ; injection of a pint of hot strong coffee 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHIi 439 
 
 into rectuin ; electro-magnetism ; inhalations of Amyl Nitrite ; in bad cases 
 hypodermic injection ^^^ grain of Stryclmine Nitrate : artificial respiration. 
 — Murrell. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Gor., Hung., Jap., 
 Russ., Swiss and U.S. (Chloralum Hydratum) ; Dutch (Hydraa 
 Chlorali) ; Dan., Norvv., and Swed. (Hydras Chloralious) ; ¥c., Ital. 
 (Cloralio Idrato) ; Mex. (Cloral Hidratado); Port. (Hydrato de 
 Chloral); Span. (Hidrato de Cloral). 
 
 Tests. — Chloral Hydrate lias a molting point, Aviien dried, of about 
 50° C. (122° F.) ; the melted liquid again becomes solid (the solidifying 
 point) about 48-9° C. (120° F.)^ The boiling point (when heated in a, 
 test-tube with pieces of glass contained in it) is from 94 '4° to 
 96-7° C. (202° to 206° F.). The B.P. and P.G. give a melting point 
 of 49° to 53° C. (120-2° to 127-4° F.) ; the U.S. P. gives about 58° C. 
 (136 - 4° F.) when dried. The U.S. P. gives a range of from 35° to 50° C. 
 (95° to 122° F.) for the solidifying point. The proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the melting point be changed to 
 'from 52° to 56° C. (125-6° to 132-8° F.),' and that the solidification 
 statements be omitted. The best adjusted solidifying point is con- 
 sidered by Squibb to be 50° C. (122° F.). If the sample is too 
 much under-hydrated the solidifying point is higher and the boiling 
 point is under 95° C. (203° F.), and the sample is prone to decompose 
 and become acid on keeping. If over-hydrated the solidifying point 
 is lower and the boihng point is above 98° C. (208-4° F.)^ and the 
 sample is deii(|uescent, a slightly under-hydrated sample is the best 
 for good-keeping qualities. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution neutral or but slightly acid to Litmus. The U.S. P. 
 requires that a freshly prepared 1 in 20 aqueous solution should be 
 neutral to Litmus j^aper, but that it gradually acquires an acid reaction, 
 a neutral alcoholic solution, however, is required to remain permanently 
 neutral. 
 
 An aqueous solution warmed with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution evolves immediately a powerful odoiur of Chloroform, the 
 Chloral Hydrate being decomposed with formation of Chloroform 
 and the corresponding Formate of the alkali Hydroxide. If to the 
 cooled solution a few drops of Aniline Oil be added, and the liquid 
 again warmed, the powerful, penetrating, and highly poisonous odour 
 of Phenyl-isonitrile is evolved. When heated with an excess of 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution the Chloroform at first 
 formed is itself decomposed with the production of the corresponding 
 Chloride of the alkah and a fiu-ther quantity of Formate. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate may be extracted from its aqueous solution by 
 shaking out with Ether or Acetic Ether. 
 
 The B.P. now omits the process for its quantitative determination, 
 and does not require that it shall contain any definite percentage of 
 Chloral Hydrate. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that it should 
 be required to contain 99-5 p.c. by weight of Hydrated Chloral, as 
 determined by accurately weighing about 4 grammes of Chloral 
 
440 CHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Hydrate, dissolving it in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 30 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydi'oxide Solution, allowing tlie 
 mixture to stand during 2 minutes ; then determining the excess of 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution by titration with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution after the addition of 
 Phenolphthalein Test-Solution as an indicator. 
 
 A simple process for the approximate determination of the amount 
 of Chloroform yielded on treatment with Potassium Hydroxide may 
 be conveniently conducted in a graduated tube, thus : Place in a tube 
 250 grain-measures of a 20 p.c. Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and 
 add to it gradually (keeping it cold) 50 grains of the Chloral Hydrate, 
 cork secm'ely, and shake ; allow the liquid to separate, and the number 
 of grain-measures of Chloroform (at the bottom), to which must be 
 added 1 for every 200 grain-measm-es of supernatant liquid, multiplied 
 by 1 • 5 gives the grains of Chloroform, which should be not less than 35. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chloral Alcoholate, 
 certain organic impurities, Chlorides, and mineral matter. The B.P. 
 employs the Iodoform test as a means of detecting Chloral Alcoholate. 
 No yellow crystalhne precipitate of Iodoform should be produced 
 within an hour, when Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, in 
 sufficient quantity to yield a deep brown coloration, is added to a 
 filtered mixture of 1 gramme of Chloral Hydrate warmed with 6 ml. 
 of Distilled Water and 0*5 ml. of Sodium Hydi'oxide Solution, B.P., 
 indicating the absence of Chloral Alcoholate. 
 
 No colour should be produced in the acid layer when a chloroformic 
 solution is shaken with Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 readily carbonised organic impurities. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that if 0*5 gramme of Hydrated Chloral be 
 shaken at intervals of 5 minvites during 1 hour with 5 c.c. of Sulj:)huric 
 Acid in a glass-stoppered tube, which has been previously rinsed with 
 Sulphuric Acid, the acid should appear colourless, or very nearly 
 colourless, when viewed transversely in a tube of not less than 15 mm. 
 diameter, indicating the absence of organic impurities. The P.G. 
 requires that if 0'5 gramme of Chloral Hydrate be vigorously shaken 
 with 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid in a glass-stoppered tube of a diameter 
 of about 3 cm. which has been previously rinsed with Sulphuric Acid, 
 the acid layer shall not become coloured within one hour, indicating 
 a hmit of organic impurities. 
 
 The P.G. requires that if 1 gramme of Chloral Hydrate be mixed in 
 a porcelain dish with 1 c.c. of Crude Nitric Acid, and maintained at 
 room temperature, or be warmed for 3 to 4 minutes on a water-bath, 
 no yellow coloration should result, after 10 minutes further warming, 
 protecting meanwhile carefully from dust ; no yellowish vapours should 
 be produced, indicating a hmit of Chloral Alcoholate. A 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution should yield no immediate precipitate with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of free Chlorides. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the present U.S. P. test, 
 which reads that an aqueous 1 in 20 solution of Hydrated Chloral, 
 slightly acidulated with Nitric Acid, should remain unaffected by 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHL 4ii 
 
 Silver Nitnite Test-Solution, sliould be altered so as to read 'an 
 alcoholic solution should not at once become opalescent on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution/ indicating a limit of Hydrochloric Acid 
 and Chlorides. The P.G. requires that a solution of 1 gramme of 
 Chloral Hydrate in 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should not be immediately 
 altered by Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and decomposition products. 
 
 Chloral Hydrate should leave not more than 0*05 p.c. of residue 
 on heating, indicating a limit of mineral matter. The B.P. requires 
 that it shall volatilise completely without residue, the P.G. requires 
 that it shall leave at the highest 0*1 p.c. of residue on ignition. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the residue on 
 heating should amount to not more than 0'05 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS CHLORAL. Syrup of Chloral. (Modified.) 
 
 Chloral Hydrate, 1 ; Distilled Water, 1 ; Syrup, q.s. to yield 5. 
 
 (About 11 grains in 60 minims.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. drm. = I'S to 7-1 mL 
 
 In B.P. 1898 it contained 10 grains in 60 minims. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — OfFicial in Belg. and Fr., 1 in 20, with 
 Peppermint ; Mex., 1 in 20 ; Port., 1 in 50 ; Span., 1 in 32' 5. All by weiglit. 
 Not in tlie others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR BROMO-CHLORAL COMPOSITUS.—Cliloral Hydrate, 1600 
 grains ; Tincture of Indian Hemp, 400 minims ; Tincture of Orange, 400 
 minims ; Henbane Juice, 1600 minims ; Syrup, 3J fl. oz. ; Fluid Extract of 
 Liquorice, i fl. oz. ; dissolve. Add IGOO grains of Potassium Bromide dis- 
 solved in 7 fl. oz. of Distilled Water ; filter, wash with Distilled Water to 
 produce 20 fl. oz. Each fl. drm. contains 10 grains of Chloral Hydrate and 
 10 grains of Potassimn Bromide. — B.P.G. Formulary 1901. 
 
 Dose.— ^ to 2 fl. drm. = T 8 to 7 ' 1 ml. 
 
 Kromidia is stated to be somewhat similar in composition. 
 
 It has been suggested that each fl. dnn. should bo made to contain la 
 grains each of Chloral and Potassium Bromide, and that tlie filtration should 
 be omitted, since it takes out the resins of the Indian Hemp. Suspension 
 by mucilage recommended. Hyoscine Hydrobromate recommended to be 
 substituted for Henbane. — CD. '02, ii. 314. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA CHLORAL. — Chloral Hydrate, 5 grains; White 
 Wax, 5 grains ; Oil of Thoobroma, 7 gxains. Melt together the Wax and 
 Theobroma Oil, and when partially cooled, mix in the Chloral Hydrate and 
 pour into a mould. 
 
 CHLORAL CAMPHORATUM.— Chloral Hydrate, 1; Camphor,!; rub 
 together in a warm mortar until coinpletelv liquefied, and filter if necessary. — • 
 B.P.G. Formulary 1901. 
 
 As a Pigmentum this formula has appeared for many years in the Pharma- 
 copoeias of the London, Tliroat and Westminster Hospitals. 
 
 Useful for neuralgia. 
 
 Pigmentum Chloral Compositum. — Chloral Hydrate, 1 ; Camphor, 1 ; 
 Menthol, 1. — London. Chloral Hydrate, 1 ; Camphor, 3 ; Menthol, 1 ; 
 Thymol, 1. — St. Bartholomew'' s. Westminster. The latter formula is given in 
 R.D.H. as Linimentum Chloral Compositum. 
 
442 CHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CHLORAL CAMPHORATUM CUM COCAINA.— Chloral Hydrate, 9 ; 
 Camphor, 9 ; Cocaine, 2. 
 
 CHLORAL ET PHENOL.—Chloral Hydrate, 1 ; Carbolic Acid, 1. 
 
 Is soluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.e.), and in Glycerin. 
 
 So long as the 23roportion of Carbolic Acid to Chloral does not exceed 1*7 
 to 1 the product will mix with Water in all proportions ; beyond this limit 
 the excess of Carbolic Acid separates on the addition of Water. As it corre- 
 sponds to 3 molecular weights to 1, there is probably a cheinical combination 
 in these proportions. 
 
 DORMIOL (Amylene Chloral). — A colourless liquid possessing a cam- 
 phoraceous odour ; usually supplied commercially as a 50 p.c. Solution 
 which mixes readily \^'ith Water. It is also supplied in capsules containing 
 0'5 gramme. 
 
 A good hypnotic in mental diseases, and stated to produce no untoward 
 effects. 
 
 Digestive troubles may attend its use. Being anliidrotic it is used in 
 phthisis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0' 3 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing ITotes. — It can be given in capsules, or in mixtures, covering the 
 unpleasant taste tvith Syrup oj Tolu, using equal parts of the Syrup and Water. 
 
 CHLORAL TANNIN (Captol). — A brown, resinous substance, soluble in 
 Water and in Alcohol. 
 
 A solution has been introduced as a Hair Wash. 
 
 ISOPRAL (Trichlor-isopropyl Alcohol). — A white, crystalline powder, 
 possessing an aromatic odour resembling Camphor, and a slightly bitter taste. 
 On account of its volatility it should be preserved in well-corked bottles in 
 a cool place, and should not be dispensed in powder form. It dissolves in 
 Water ; readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether, and fixed oils. Introduced 
 as a hypnotic, but its use requires caution. 
 
 Is a dangerous hypnotic, is a cardiac depressant, and causes gastric and 
 vasomotor disturbance. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 662. 
 
 Dose. — 0'5 to 2 grammes = 7-k to 30 grains, administered in an alcoholic 
 solution or in food or tablets. It is supplied in the form of a powder or as 
 tablets, containing 4 grains. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CHLORALOSE. 
 
 ANHYDKO -GLUCO -CHLORAL. 
 
 C8H,iO„Cl3, oq. 309-468. 
 
 Colourless, acicular crystals or a white, crystalline powder, possessing a 
 bitter, disagreeable taste. 
 
 It is pi'epared by heating together equal parts of Anhydrous Chloral and 
 Glucose, advantage being taken of the insolubility of Parachloraloso to 
 eifect its separation from the Chloraloso also produced diu'ing the reaction. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, soluble 1 in 31 of Alcohol (90 i^.c), 1 in 
 12.'5 of Ether, readily soluble in Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic and sedative, but dose requires to be 
 watched. Best adapted to cases of simple insomnia. Condemned as a 
 hypnotic for general use, as patients rapidly become habituated to the drug, 
 which then ceases to be effective. Useful in doses of 4 to 8 grains in epilepsy 
 complicated by insomnia. 
 
 A dose of 4 grains produced alarming intoxication in a tuberculous patient. 
 
 Has a convulsive action and should bo discarded. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 10. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains — 0'2 to 0'65 gramme, given in cachet. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] CHL 443 
 
 Tests. — Cliloralose should possess a melting point of from 184° to 186° C. 
 (363"2° to 366" 8° F.). It possesses no well-detined chemical tests by which 
 its presence can be identified. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CHLORETONE. 
 
 TRI-CULOB-TERTIARY-BUTYL-ALCOnOL. CHLOR-BUTYLALCOHOL. ACETONE 
 
 CHLOROFORM. 
 
 CJI^Cl, (OH), cq. 177-436. 
 
 Light, wliitc, glistening crystals, having a strong camphoraceous odour and 
 taste. It is volatile at the ordinary tenipcratiu'e of tlie air. 
 
 It may be obtained )jy the interaction of Chloroform, Acetone, and an alkali 
 Hych'oxido. 
 
 Tliis must not bo confused with Chloroform prepared from Acetone, which 
 is sometimes called ' Acetone Cliloroform.' 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 125 of Water ; 6 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; also soluble 
 in Chloroform and Ether ; readily soluble in Glycerin and in Clove Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic, but the therapeutic and the toxic 
 doses are so near one another that this drug has been discarded as a hypnotic 
 altogether. Sometimes useful in epilepsy. 
 
 5 grains 15 minutes before embarking will generally ensure complete 
 immunity to sea-sickness during the Channel passage oven in rough weather, 
 and for longer voyages in rough weather it should be taken 20 minutes before 
 meals two or tlxree times a day. 
 
 40 grain doses in tetanus. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 1402. 
 
 Mixed with Olive Oil and injected once daily, successful in curing tetanus ; 
 nine doses of 30 grains eacli and five of 20 grains. — I.M.G. 1911, 336. 
 
 Is only useful in chorea in certain cases, and should not be given as a 
 routine measure. — Bristol Med.-Chi. Jl. '11, 67. 
 
 A specific in chorea, 5 grains every 4, 6 or 8 horn's, accorchng to severity 
 and age.— L. 'OS, ii. 726. 
 
 Really an effective remedy for the vomiting of a painful local disease such 
 as cancer of the stomach. — AI.A. '11, 698. 
 
 15 grains 90 minutes before operation prevents post-anaesthetic vomiting. 
 —T.U. '12, i. ISO. 
 
 Its use in tetanus not as well known as it deserves ; it relaxes muscles and 
 prevents spasms, so that patient can take food and obtain sleep. — B.M.J. 
 '14, h. 669. 
 
 In tetanus it is usuallj? given by rectal injection, 60 grains dissolved in hot 
 Olive Oil ; repeated next day if symptoms recur ; antitoxic serum is given 
 simultaneously. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 679. 
 
 Severe case of tetanus ; 80 grains a day for five days, recovery. — L. '14, 
 ii. 1018. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = * 32 to 1 • 3 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.- — Conveniently given when dissolved in a mixture of 
 Alcohol and Glycerin {see below). It is suspended with difficulty by Mucilcuic of 
 Gum Acacia or Tragacanth. Cachets and Powders should be enclosed in a bottle, 
 but even under these circumstances tliere is considerable loss in a month or two 
 from volatilisation. 
 
 Tests.— Chloretone melts at 80° to 81° C. (176° to 177-8° F.), but when 
 anhydrous the melting point is raised to 95° to 96° C. (203° to 204-8° F.). 
 It should be readily and completely soluble in Alcohol (90 p.p.). 
 
 1 c.c. of an aqueous solution of the salt wlion warmed with 1 c.c. of 
 
 Potassiiun or Sodium Hydroxide Solution and sufficient Iodine Solution to 
 
 coloiu" the liquid distinctly brown jdelds a pale yellow precipitate of Iodoform. 
 
 X c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution warmed with 2 c.c. of Potassium or 
 
444 CHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Me&sure.] 
 
 Sodium Hydroxide and one or two drops of Aniline evolves the powerful, 
 penetrating and highly poisonous odour of Phenyl-isonitrile. It should vola- 
 tihse completely when heated, and should leave no weighable residue upon 
 ignition. 
 
 CHLORETONE ELIXIR.— Chloretone, 10 grains ; Spirit of Peppermint, 
 10 minims ; Compound Tincture of Cardamoms, 1 fl. drm. ; Glycerin, q.s. 
 to make 2 fl. drm. Dilute immediately before use with 1 fl. oz. of Water 
 for a dose. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 CHLORI LIQUOR. 
 
 SOLUTION OP CHLORINE. 
 Syn. AQUA CHLORI. 
 
 A yellowish -green liquid, possessing a powerful characteristic odour of 
 Chlorine. 
 
 Solution of Chlorine now appears in Apj^endix II. of the B.P. It is a 
 recently prepared saturated solution of Chlorine gas in Distilled Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Deodoriser, antiseptic, and disinfectant. When 
 diluted it is used as a gargle and for irrigation of the fauces, in smallpox, 
 scarlatina, diphtheria, and putrid sore tliroat, and as a wash for ulcers, 
 cancerous sores, buboes, and large abscesses. 
 
 Strongly advocated by Bimiey Yeo in the treatment of enteric fever. The 
 Solution he uses is obtained by pouring strong Hydrochloric Acid over 
 Potassium Chlorate, thus : into a 12 oz. bottle put 30 grains powdered 
 Potassium Chlorate, and poiu: on it 1 fl. drm. strong Hydrochloric Acid, 
 cork, shake, and allow gas to generate, then add Water little by little till 
 bottle is filled. He says it gives much better results and is more pleasant to 
 take than the Liquor Chlori of the B.P. '85. To 12 fl. oz. of this Solution he 
 adds 24 to 36 grains of Quinine and 1 fl. oz. of Syrup of Orange peel ; he gives 
 1 fl. oz. of this mixture every two, three, or four hours, according to the 
 severity of the case. It is prescribed as Mistura Chlori c. Quinina {Burney 
 Yeo). 
 
 Further experiments on its use recorded in the Bradshaw Lecture on the 
 treatment of enteric fever {B.M.J. '04, ii. 1450) have shown that the tendency 
 to intestinal fermentation is lessened, and the strength of the circulation well 
 sustained, with corresponding benefit to the general aspect of the case. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 minims = 0"6 to l'2ml., in a wineglassful of Water. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Salts of Lead and Silver. 
 
 Antidotes. — In poisoning the antidotes are Wliite of Egg, Milk, and Flour. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr. (Aqua Chlori), not 
 less than 0*4 p.c. of Chlorine; Ger. (Aqua Chlorata), contains 0*4 to 
 O-Sp.c. of Chlorine ; Dutch (Solutio Chlori), 0*4 to 0*425 p.c; Hung. 
 (Aqua Chlorata), 0"5p.c. ; Russ. (Chlorum Solutum), 0'4p.c. ; Swiss 
 (Chlorum Solutum), 0"4 to 0"5p.c. ; Port. (Soluto de Chloro) ; 
 Span. (Agua de Cloro) ; U.S. (Liquor Chlori Co.), about 0'4p.c. 
 Not in Belg., Dan., Fr., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw. or Swed. 
 
 Tests. — Solution of Chlorine should possess a specific gravity of 1-003, should 
 first redden and then bleach moistened blue Litmus paper, should immediately 
 decolorise Indigo Sulphate Solution, should liberate Iodine from Potassium 
 Iodide Solution. The latter reaction is utilised for the quantitative determina- 
 tion of the percentage of Chlorine. It should contain not less than 0*5 p.c. 
 as determined by adding a measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Liquor to a 
 solution of 1 gTamme of Potassium Iodide dissolved in 25 c.c. of Water ; not 
 less than 14 -2 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 being required to decolorise the liquid, using Starch Solution as an indica,tor ; 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] CHIi 445 
 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0" 003546 
 gramme of Chlorine. The P.O. solution is required to contain from 04 to 
 0'5 p.c. of available Chlorine as determined by titrating a mixtui'e of 25 
 grammes of Chlorine Solution and 10 c.c. of Potassium Iodide Solution, 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of which 
 from 28 "2 to 35 '3 c.c. should be' required to neutralise the separated 
 Iodine ; which represents a content of from 0*4 to 0*5 p.c. w/w of available 
 Chlorine ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Nornial Volmnetiic Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 = 0' 003546 gramme of available Chlorine. It should leave no weighable 
 residue upon evaporation. 
 
 LIQUOR CHLORI COMPOSITUS (C7.5.).— Potassium Chlorate, granu- 
 lated, 5 grammes ; Hydrochloric Acid, 18 c.c. ; Distilled Water, to 1000 c.c. 
 Add the Hydrochloric Acid diluted with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water to the 
 Potassium Chlorate contained in a flask of the capacity of about 2000 c.c. 
 Insert in the flask a stopper perforated to admit a funnel of the capacity of 
 about 100 c.c. containing about 10 grammes of purified Cotton well wetted 
 with cold Water ; place the flask on a water-bath containing boiling Water 
 for a period of from 2 to 3 minutes ; when the flask is completely filled with 
 a greenish yellow gas remove it from the bath and add cold Distilled Water 
 through the Cotton in the funnel in two separate portions of 500 c.c. each. 
 After the addition of each separate portion of cold Distilled Water stopper 
 the flask securely, invert, and thoroughly agitate the contents. This Solution 
 should be freshly made when wanted. Average dose : — 4 c.c. (I fl. drm.). 
 
 LIQUOR CHLORI {St. BaHholomew' s). — Potassium Chlorate, 50 grains ; 
 Hydrochloric Acid, 100 minims ; Water, to 1 pint. Add the Acid to the 
 Chlorate in a large bottle ; when the Chlorine given off has displaced the 
 air, add the Water gradually, corking and shaking the bottle after each 
 addition. 
 
 These ingredients in varying quantities are given in other Hospital Pharma- 
 copoeias. 
 
 Sodium Chlorate is a tasteless salt, and answers equally well for the 
 formation of ' Euchlorine,' the gas produced in Gargarisma Chlori. 
 
 GARGARISMA CHLORI [St. 2V(o?nas's).— Potassium Chlorate, 200 
 grains ; Strong Hydrochloric Acid, 40 minims ; Water, to 20 fl. oz. Place 
 the Potassium Chlorate in a dry bottle, pour the Acid upon it, and set 
 aside, loosely corked, for 10 minutes. Then add the Water in 4 or 5 successive 
 portions, shaking between each addition, so that the gas may be absorbed as 
 completely as possible. 
 
 Note. — This gargle is usually employed diluted with one or more parts of 
 Water. It should be recently prepared as it deteriorates slowly on standing, 
 and quickly if exposed to light. 
 
 VAPOR CHLORI (23.P. 1885).— Chlorinated Lime, 2 oz. ; cold Water, 
 a sufficiency. Put the powder into a suitable apparatus, moisten it with the 
 Water and let the vapour that arises be inhaled. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM. 
 
 CHLOPvOFORM. 
 
 Trichlormethane, Methenyl Tkichloride. 
 
 CHCI3, eq. 119-388. 
 
 Fr., Chlorofortite ; Ger., Chloroform ; Ital., Cloroformio ; 
 Span., Cloroformo. 
 
 A clear, colourless, heavy, mobile and volatile liquid, possessing 
 a distinctive ethereal odour, and a s^veet burning taste. 
 
446 CHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It may be prepared by the action of Chlorinated Lime, Slaked Lime and 
 Water on Ethyl Alcohol or on Acetone. The product obtained by their 
 action on Methylated Alcohol is known as Methylated Chloroform. 
 
 The B.P. now permits its production from Acetone and from industrial 
 Methylated Spirit. 
 
 B.P. 1914 describes it as Trichlormothane to which 2 p.c. of Absolute 
 Alcohol has been added. 
 
 The U.S. P. defines Chloroform as a liquid consisting of 99 to 99'4p.o. 
 by weight, of absolute Chloroform, and 0' 6 to 1 p.c. of Alcohol. 
 
 It should be kept in woll-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, in a cool 
 place, and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 7 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; in all proportions of 
 Ether and Alcohol ; freely in Olive Oil and Oil of Turpentine. In 
 Water at 32° F. 1 in 150, at G0° F. 1 in 185, at 86° F. 1 in 210, at 
 Ur F. 1 in 200, at 130° F. 1 in 192. Will not dissolve in Glycerin. 
 
 CMoroforni acts on Vulcanite, and dissolves Caoutchouc, Gutta-percha, 
 Mastic, Elemi, Tolu, Benzoin, and Copal. Amber, Sandarach, Lac, and Bees- 
 wax are only partially soluble. It also dissolves Iodine, Bromine, most of 
 the alkaloids, the fixed and volatile Oils, most Resins and Fats. It dissolves 
 Sulphur and Phosphorus sparingly. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A general anaesthetic. Internally a 
 sedative, carminative and antispasmodic. Its chief use is to produce 
 general anesthesia by inhalation during surgical operations, 
 ursemic and puerperal convulsions, and in obstetric practice. 
 Should be given with great caution in cases of fatty and dilated 
 heart, in extensive lung disease and severe ansemia. Internally, 
 useful in flatulent distension of stomach and bowels, and the cough 
 of fibroid phthisis ; in delirium tremens, and in sea-sickness. 
 Externally, with Camphor, relieves toothache and neuralgia. Applied 
 immediately after the sting of a wasp, relieves the pain. A powerful 
 auxiliary to the Liniments of Aconite and Belladonna. 
 
 Its vapoiu" and aqueous solution are antiseptic, and the addition of 
 1 minim to 1 fl. oz. of animal or vegetable infusion will preserve it. 
 
 An apparatus for ensuring its admixture with air in certain proportions 
 is described in B.M.J. '04, ii. 1462. The Chloroform Committee of the British 
 Medical Association in 1903 recommended a maximum strength of 2 p.c. 
 Chloroform vapour as an adequate and safe limit for general siu-gical purposes. 
 
 Is very dangerous in angina. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 1127. 
 
 Less Chloroform is required when preceded by Morphine-Scopolamine 
 injections. {See Hyoscine Hydrobromide.) 
 
 A paper on its intratracheal administration by Junker's inhaler ; the 
 method and its advantages. — L. '14, ii. 1085. 
 
 It must be remembered that there is a distinct difference between merely 
 supplying a vapour for the lungs to inhale (as in the foregoing paper), and 
 pumping vapour into the lungs at a positive pressure, which is the essential 
 feature of intratracheal insufflation of I]ther.- — L. '14, ii. 1103. 
 
 In 30 minims dose mixed either with Castor Oil or Croton Oil and Glycerin, 
 given fasting and repeated in half an hour, is very efficacious in getting rid 
 of ttenia sohum.— JS.M.J. '13, ii. 212. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 minims = 0*06 to 0*3 ml. 
 
 Fr. maxinrium dose, single, . 5 gramme ; daily, 3 grammes. 
 
 Ph. Ger. niaximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; daily, 1 • 5 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — ChJoroJorvi Water and Spirit o/ Chloroform are 
 used as siveelening agents, and to preserve solutions from decomposition. As u 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHL 447 
 
 rule in ' mixiurcs ' Chloroform is in such small quantities as to dissolve in the 
 Water ; in concentrated ' mixtures ' Mucilage of Gum Acacia would be required 
 to susjoend it ; it can be given in ' drops ' dissolved in somt strongly alcoholic 
 menstruum. 
 
 It mixes readily loith Garnishor Liniment, Soap Liniment, Olive Oil, Oil of 
 Ttirpenline, or Vaseline. 
 
 It is supplied in glass capsules for inhalation, containing 5 minims, and 
 10 m/inims of Chloroform in each ; also containing 10 minims of Chloroform and 
 5 minims of Ethyl Iodide ; also containing 10 minims of Chloroform, 5 minims 
 of Ethyl Iodide and \ grain of Menthol. 
 
 Camphorated Chloroform, see Camphor. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Aqua Chloroformi, Linimontum Chloroformi, 
 Spii'itus; Clilorofonni, Tiiictiira Ciiloroformi at Morphina3 Composita. 
 
 Not Official. — Chlorsethoiorm, Emulsio Chloroformi, Liquor Chloroformi 
 Comjiositus, Mistura Tussi Rubra Concentrata, Pommade de CMoroforme, 
 Tinctura Chloroformi Composita, Chloroformum Camphoratmn, Carbon 
 Tetrachloride, A.C.E. Mixtiu-e, Vienna Mixture, Regnauld's Anaesthetic 
 Mixture, Pental, Vasolimentum Chloroformi Camphoratum. 
 
 Antidotes. — Fresh air, artificial respiration, Amyl Nitrite, hypoderrQic 
 injection of Stryclinine. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Austr. and Belg., sp. gr. 1-485 
 to 1-490; Fr., sp. gr. 1 '495 to 1 '500; U.S., sp. gr. not below 1 •47(j at 25° C. 
 (77'^F.) ; Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Norw., Swed. and Swiss, sp. gr. 1-485 
 to 1-489 ; Ital., sp. gr. 1-490 to 1-493 ; Jap., sp. gr. 1-485 to 1-495 ; Mex., 
 Port, and Span., sp. gr. 1-480 ; Russ., sp. gr. 1-499 to 1-500. 
 
 The new Austr., Hung., Dutch, Norw. and Swiss Pharmacopoeias include 
 Chloroform and Chloroform pro narcosi. The Austr., Hung., Norw. and 
 Swiss Chloroform and Chloroform pro narcosi are required both to possess 
 the same sp. gr., the Dutch Chloroform possesses the sp. gi'. 1-485 to 1-489, 
 that ' pro narcosi ' a sp. gr. of 1 " 498 to 1 - 500, and is prepared by the decom- 
 position of Chloral Hydrate by Sodium Hydroxide. Fr. has Chloroforme 
 rectifie du commerce sp. gr. 1 ' 495 to 1 ' 500 which must not be used as an 
 anassthetic ; also Chloroforme ansesthesique sp. gr. 1 • 498 which is prepared 
 from the other. 
 
 Tests. — Chloroform has a specific gravity about 1'485, and a 
 boiling point about 61° C. (Ml '8° F.). Pure Chloroform has a specific 
 gravity of 1-5, and boils at 60-8° C. (141-44° R). The B.P. gives 
 the specific gravity as 1-483 to 1-487 ; the U.S. P. not below 1-476 
 at 25° C. (77° F.), the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the specific gravity be changed to ' fi'ora 1-474 to 1-478 ' ; the 
 P.G., 1-485 to 1-489. The B.P. requires that it should not boil 
 below 60° G. (140° F.) ; the P.G. gives 60° to 62° C. (140° to 
 143-6° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives 60° to 61° C. (140° to 141 -8° F.). When 
 boiled withPotassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution it is decomposed, 
 yielding a solution which, when acidified with Nitric Acid, gives, 
 with Silver Nitrate Solution, a white curdy precipitate, soluble in 
 Ammonia Solution, which is rapidly blackened on heating. A 
 few drops of Chloroform when warmed with 2 or 3 c.c. of an 
 alcoholic Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution and a drop or 
 two of Aniline evolve the powerful, penetrating and liighly poisonous 
 odour of Phenyl-isocyanide. A few drops of Chloroform, when heated 
 with Fehling's (Potassio-Cupric Tartrate) Solution, yield a reddish 
 deposit of Cuprous Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are pyrogenous oils, acid, 
 
448 CHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 free Clilorine, Clilorides, secondary products of decompositlou iind. 
 fixed residue. Acid, free Chlorine, and Clilorides are all extracted by 
 means of Water, and if the sample be shaken for 5 minutes with 
 twice its volume of Water, free Acid may be detected in the aqueous 
 liquid by its reaction towards blue Litmus paper ; Free Chlorine by 
 any blue coloration produced on the addition of 1 c.c. of Cadmium 
 Iodide Solution and 2 drops of Starch Mucilage ; and Chlorides by 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 When a measured quantity of 100 c.c. of Chloroform is slowly 
 evaporated over a water-bath until about 10 c.c. remain in the flask, 
 the residue should be colourless, should possess no odour foreign 
 to Chloroform, and when allowed to evaporate on filter paper, at 
 the temperature of the room, no odour of Fusel Oil, empyreurnatic 
 matter or substances other than Chloroform and Ethyl Alcohol should 
 appear, indicating the absence of pyrogenous oils. The B.P. performs 
 this test by allowing 10 ml. of the Chloroform to evaporate from a 
 large piece of filter paper j)laced on a warm plate, and requires that 
 no extraneous odom- should be perceptible cturing the evaporation ; 
 the U.S. P. requires that if 10 c.c. of Chloroform be poured upon a 
 piece of clean, odourless filter paper, laid flat upon a warm glass plate, 
 and the plate be rocked from side to side until the liquid is all evaporated, 
 no foreign odour should become perceptible as the last portions 
 disappear from the paper, and the pajjer should be left odourless ; 
 the P.G. requires that filter paper moistened with Chloroform should 
 possess no odour after the evaporation of the Chloroform. 
 
 When 20 c.c. of Chloroform are thoroughly agitated with 10 c.c. of 
 Water and 2 drops of Phenolphthalein Solution, and then titrated with 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, added 
 drop by drop, not more than 0*2 c.c. should be required to produce 
 a faint but decided alkaline reaction permanent for 15 minutes, when 
 the mixture is shaken 30 seconds after the addition of each drop of 
 alkali, indicating a limit of acidity. The B.P. reqixires that Distilled 
 Water, which has been shaken for 5 minutes with half its volume of 
 Chloroform, when separated from the excess of Chloroform, should be 
 neutral to Litmus, indicating the absence of acid ; the U.S. P. requires 
 that if 10 c.c. of Chloroform be well shaken with 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, and the liquid be allowed to separate completely, the Water 
 should be neutral to Litmus paper ; the P.G. requires that if 20 c.c. 
 of Chloroform be shaken with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 5 c.c. of 
 the Distilled Water be immediately removed, it should not redden 
 Litmus paper. 
 
 When 10 c.c. of Chloroform are agitated during 1-5 minutes with 10 c.c. 
 of a 10 p.c. Cadmium-Potassium Iodide Sobition, no liberation of 
 Iodine should result, as determined by the addition of Starch Solution, 
 indicating the absence of free Chlorine. The B.P. requires that 
 Distilled Water, which has been shaken for 5 minutes with half its 
 volume of Chloroform, should when separated from the excess of 
 Chloroform give no colour with 1 ml. of Cadmium Iodide Solution 
 and 2 drops of Mucilage of Starch, indicating the absence of free 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHIj 44:9 
 
 Clilorinc. The U.S. P. requires that if 10 c.c. of Chloroform be well 
 shaken with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and the liquid be allowed to 
 separate completely, the Distilled Water should not be coloured by 
 Potassium Iodide Test-Solution, indicating the absence of free Chlorine. 
 The P.G. requires that on shaking Chloroform with Zinc Iodide 
 Starch Solution, neither the Zinc Iodide Starch Solution nor the 
 Chloroform should be coloured blue, indicating the absence of free 
 Chlorine, 
 
 AVhen 10 c.c. of Chloroform are agitated with 5 c.c. of Water 'for 
 5 minutes, the aqueous extract should not become turbid or give any 
 precipitate upon the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Hydrochloric Acid, and Chlorides ; and no reduction 
 should occur on warming, indicating the absence of Acetaldehyde, 
 Formic Acid and Formates. The B.P. requires that Distilled Water, 
 which has been shaken for 5 minutes with half its volume of Chloroform., 
 when separated from the undissolved Chloroform should yield not more 
 than a very shght opalescence with 4 drops of Silver Nitrate Test- 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides ; but does not give a 
 test for Acetaldehyde, Formic Acid, or Formates. The U.S. P. 
 requires that if 10 c.c. of Chloroform be well shaken with 20 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, and the liquid be allowed to separate completely, 
 the Distilled AVater should not be affected by Silver Nitrate Test- 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides ; but gives no similar 
 test for Formic Acid and Formates. The P.G. requires that if 20 c.c. 
 of Chloroform be shaken with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 5 c.c. 
 of this Distilled Water be immediately withdrawn, when it is poured 
 carefully upon the surface of Silver Nitrate Solution diluted with an 
 equal volume of Distilled Water, no tiu-bidity should result, indicating 
 the absence of Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 When 20 c.c. of Chloroform are shaken during 20 minutes with 15 c.c, 
 of concentrated Sulphm'ic Acid in a glass-stoppered tube of 50 c.c. 
 capacity, previously rinsed with Sulphuric Acid, and 2 c.c. are diluted 
 with 5 c.c. of Water, the liquid should remain colourless and clear, 
 and should possess no foreign odour ; the hqitid should retain its 
 transparency and colourless state when further diluted with 10 c.c. of 
 Water, and the transparency should not be diminished on the addition 
 of 5 drops of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Chlorinated derivatives of oxidation products of Alcohol. 
 
 The B.P. requires that both the acid and the chloroformic layers, 
 after shaking Sulphuric Acid with twice its volume of Chloroform 
 for 5 minutes, should be nearly colourless after standing on one side 
 during 15 minutes ; a measured quantity of 2 ml. of the Sulphuric 
 Acid layer, when diluted with 5 ml. of Distilled Water, should remain 
 almost colourless, and have a pleasant odour. It should remain 
 transparent and colourless when the acid fluid is further diluted with 
 10 ml. of Distilled Water, and stirred with a glass rod ; not more 
 than a slightly diminished transparency should appear on the addition 
 of 4 drops of Silver Nitrate Solution. The U.S. P. requires that if 
 4.0 c,c, of Chloroform be shaken with 4 c.c. of colourless concentrated 
 
450 CIIIj [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Sulphuric Acid in a 50 c.c. glass-stoppered cylinder during 5 minutes, 
 and tlie liquids be then allowed to separate completely, so that both 
 are transparent, the Chloroform should remain colourless, and the 
 acid should appear colourless, or very nearly colourless, when seen 
 in a stratum of not less than 15 mm. in thickness, indicating the absence 
 of impurities decomposable by Sulphuric Acid ; if 2 c.c. of the Sulphuric 
 Acid, separated from the Chloroform, be diluted with 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, the liquid should be colourless and clear, and while hot from 
 the* mixing, should be odourless, or give but a faint vinous or ethereal 
 odour, indicating the absence of odorous decomposition products ; 
 when further diluted with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, it should remain 
 clear, and should not be affected by Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, 
 indicating the absence of chlorinated decomposition compounds. The 
 P.G. requires that if 20 c.c. be shaken with 15 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid 
 in a glass-stoppered tube having a diameter of 3 cm. and which has 
 been previously rinsed with Sulphuric Acid, the Sulphmic Acid should 
 not become coloured within 1 hour, indicatiiig the absence of organic 
 impurities. In the case of Chloroform for narcotic purposes it requires 
 that if 20 c.c. of Chloroform be shaken with 15 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid 
 and 4 drops of Formaldehyde Solution in a similar glass to the one 
 quoted above and similarly washed, the Sulphuric Acid should not 
 become coloured within half-an-hour, indicating a limit of organic 
 impurities. 
 
 No film of Barivmi Carbonate should be formed when a sufficient 
 quantity of a perfectly clear 1 : 19 Barium Hydroxide Solution is 
 added to 15 c.c. of Chloroform, contained in a dry glass-stoppered tube of 
 25 c.c. capacity, the mixture being allowed to stand 3 hours in a dark 
 place, without agitation, indicating the absence of Carbonyl Chloride. 
 5 c.c. of Chloroform, when agitated with an equal volume of a reagent 
 prepared by mixing 22 c.c. of Sulphurous Acid, 30 c.c. of a 1 in 1000 
 Rosaniline Acetate Solution, and 3 c.c. of Sulphiu'ic Acid, should yield 
 no coloration within 15 minutes, indicating the absence of Acetaldehyde. 
 If 10 c.c. of Chloroform be agitated with 5 drops of a 0*5 p.c. Sodium 
 Nitroprusside Solution and 2 c.c. of Ammonium Hydroxide Solution 
 (sp. gr. 0"925), and the mixture allowed to stand for several minutes, 
 no amethystine colour should result, indicating the absence of Acetone. 
 Neither the B.P., U.S. P. nor P.G. includes tests for Acetaldehyde or 
 Acetone. No weighable residue should remain when 100 c.c. of 
 Chloroform are allowed to evaporate in a clean Platinum dish at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), indicating the absence of fixed residue. ^ The B.P. requires 
 that it should leave no residue on evaporation. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — Chloroform may be determined in the 
 absence of other reducing substances by Fehling's Solution. A more accurate 
 method is to pass the vapour tlirough a red-hot tube containing Platinum 
 wire-gauze, which decomposes the Chloroform with the formation of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. The products are collected in a bulb-tube containing Water, 
 and the acid produced is titrated with Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; 
 108*57 parts by weight of Hydrochloric Acid are equivalent to 118*48 parts 
 by weight of Chloroform. This method has been applied to the determination 
 of Chloroform in animal tissues (B.M.J. '01, ii. 1859), but the Hydrochloric 
 Acid is recommended to be determined with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHL 461 
 
 Nitrate Solution, the excess of Silver being determined with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution, using Ferrous Ammonium 
 Sulphate Solution as an indicator. In using the combustion method of 
 determination for Chloroform in blood, the blood should be mixed with an 
 equal volume of a saturated aqueous solution of Urea, by which mean.s 
 (B.M.J. '03, ii. cxlii.) the blood remains fluid dm-ing the necessary heating 
 and more than 90 per cent, of the Chloroform is accounted for. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA CHLOROFORMI. Chloroform Water. 
 
 Chloroform, 30 miuinis ; Distilled Water, q.s. to make 25 fl. oz. 
 
 (1 in 400.) 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. oz. = 14 "2 to 28*4 ml. ; but ordered in smaller 
 quantities as a flavouring agent. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (1 in 100) ; 
 Belg., Dan., Fr., Norw. and Swiss (1 in 200) ; Dutch, Solutis Chloroform! 
 Aquosa (1 in 250) ; Ital. (1 in 2000) ; Jap. (1 in 400) ; Span. (1 in 250) ; 
 U.S. Saturated Aqueous Solution. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Chloroform Water has a specific gravity of 1*001 ; should 
 be neutral in reaction to Litmus paper, and when warmed with a little 
 Alcoholic Potassium or )Sodium Hydroxide Solution and a few drops 
 of Aniline should evolve the powerful, penetrating, and highly- 
 poisonous vapours of Phenyl-isocyanide. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI. Liniment of Chloroform. 
 Chloroform, 1 ; Liniment of Camphor, 1. (1 in 2.) 
 
 The Oil in the Camphor Liniment prevents rapid evaporation of 
 the Chloroform. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Jap. (Oleum Chloroformi), 
 Chloroform 1, Olive Oil 1 ; Austr. (Linimentum Chloroformiatum), 
 Chloroform, Oleoso -balsamic Mixture, Spirit of Ether, Spirit of Cam- 
 phor, Spirit of Potash Soap, equal parts of each; Fr. (Liniment au 
 Chloroforme), Chlorofoi-m 1, Poppy Oil 9 ; Ger. (Oleum Chloroformi), 
 Chloroform 1, Aracliis Oil 1 ; Hung. (Oleum Chloroformi), Chloroform 
 1, Sesame Oil 1 ; Norw. (Oleum Chloroformi) Chloroform 1, Olive Oil 2 ; 
 Swed. (Linimentum Chloroformi Comp.), Chloroform 3, Camphor 3, 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) 5, Camphorated Soap Liniment 0, Tincture of Opium 3 ; 
 Swiss (Oleum Chloroformi), Chloroform 1, Olive Oil 3. Jap. has also 
 Linimentum Chlorof ormii. Chloroform 1, Camphor Oil 1. All by 
 weight. U.S., Chloroform 3, Soap Liniment 7. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Liniment of Chloroform should possess a specific gravity 
 of about 1*214. 
 
 SPIRITUS CHLOROFORML Spirit of Chloroform. 
 B.P.Syn. — Chloric Ether ; Spirit of Chloric Ether. 
 Chloroform, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to make 20. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = *3 to 1 "2 ml. for repeated administration ; 
 for a single administration 30 to 40 minims = 1 *8 to 2*4 ml. 
 
 Frequently prescribed as a sweetening agent, and to cover nauseous flavours. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., 1 in 20 ; U.S., Chloroform 
 G, Alcohol Qi. Not in the others. 
 
 Q 2 
 
452 dHL [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Chloroform lius a specific gravity of aLoiit 0"8G0 ; 
 and should leave no weighable residue on evaporation. 
 
 TINCTURA CHLOROFORMI ET MORPHINE COMPOSITA. 
 
 Compound Tincture of Chloroform and Morphine. (Modified.) 
 
 Chloroform, 1| fl. oz. ; Morphine Hydrochloride, 87i grains ; Diluted 
 Hydrocyanic Acid, 1 fl. oz. ; Tincture of Capsicmii, ^ fl. oz. ; Tincture 
 of Indian Hemp, 2 fl. oz. ; Oil of Peppermint, 19 minims ; Glycerin, 
 5 fl. oz. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. (about 1 in 13.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 75, 10, 50, 25, 100, 2, 250, q.s. to 1,000. It now 
 contains rather more Oil of Peppermint. 
 
 It is better to replace the Oil of Peppermint by 190 minims of Spirit of 
 Peppermint. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 10 minims contain Chloroform f minim. Morphine Hydrochloride, j^j grain, 
 Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid \ minim. Tincture of Indian Hemp 1 minim. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Chloroform and Morphine has a 
 specific gravity of about 0*996, it contains about 7" 5 p.c. w/v of 
 total solids, and about 56 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It should 
 contain 0*75 p.c. w/v of Anhydrous Morphine. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR CHLOROFORMI COMPOSITUS (^V^rc). — Chloroform, 
 4 fl. oz. ; Ether, 1 fl. oz. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4 fl. oz. ; Treacle, 4 fl. oz. ; 
 Extract of Liquorice, 2^oz. ; Morphine Hydrochloride, 8 grains ; Spirit of 
 Peppermint, 160 minims; Syrujj, 17^ fl. oz. ; Prussic Acid (2 p.c), 2 fl. oz. 
 Mix the Oil of Peppermint, Alcohol and Prussic Acid together, and dissolve 
 the Morphine Hydrochloride in the mixture ; add the Chloroform and Ether ; 
 dissolve the Extract of Liquorice in the Syrup, add the Treacle, and mix in 
 the other ingredients. 
 
 This formula first appeared in Squire's Companion in 1864. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 0-0 ml. 
 
 10 minims contain Chloroform about 1 minim, Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid 
 \ minim. Morphine Hydrochloride n^xr grain. 
 
 EMULSIO CHLOROFORMI.— Chloroform, 1 fl. oz. ; Tincture of Quillaia, 
 1 fl. drm. ; Water, to 20 fl. oz.- — London. 
 
 Chloroform, 1 fl. oz. ; Tincture of Quillaia, 3 fl. drm. ; Water, to 20 fl. oz. — 
 
 St. Thomas's. 
 
 MISTURA TUSSI RUBRA COHCE\^TRkTh (Australian Pharmaceutical 
 Fonnulary). — Diluted Hydrobromic Acid, 15 minims ; Compomid Tincture 
 of Chloroform, 10 minims ; Compound Tincture of Cardamoms, 10 minims ; 
 Solution of Morphine Hydrochloride, 5 minims ; Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 1 minim ; Syrup of Wild Cherry, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 POMMADE DE CHLOROFORME (i^r.).— Chloroforme, rectifie, 10; 
 Yellow Wax, 5 ; Lard, 85. 
 
 TINCTURA CHLOROFORMI COMPOSITA.— Chloroform, 2; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 8 ; Compound Tinctm-e of Cardamoms?, 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 60 minims == 0-3 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 The Chloroform will separate if this Tincture is prescribed in too little 
 Water. 
 
 Successful in preventing sea-sickness. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CHR 453 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM CAMPHORATUM.— Camphor, 2; Cliloroform, 1; 
 dissolve. 
 
 A remedy for toothache, and topically applied for rheumatism. 
 
 A.C.E, MIXTURE.— Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 ; Chloroform, 2 ; Ether, 3 ; mix. 
 
 A general anaesthetic. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI CAMPHORATUM {Eager). — 
 Camphor, 3 ; Chloroform, 3 ; L,iquid Vasoliment (see p. 986), 3 ; all by weight. 
 
 VIENNA MIXTURE.— Ether, 3; Chloroform, 1; by weight. 
 
 REGNAULD'S AN.CSTHETIC MIXTURE.- Chloroform, 4; Methylic 
 Alcohol, 1 ; mix. 
 
 Used as an anassthetic in place of Chloroform. 
 
 CHLOR/ETHOFORM.— Chloroform (from Acetone), 100 ; Ethyl Chloride, 
 0-25. 
 
 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCl^, eq. 153-84).— A colourless, volatile, 
 heavy liquid. It may be prepared by the action of dry Chlorine gas on 
 Carbon Bisulphide vapour, or by replacing the Hydrogen ion of Chloroform 
 with the Chlorine ion. 
 
 Carbon Tetrachloride is described in the Appendix I. of the B.P. as the 
 Tetrachloride of Carbon, of commerce, pme. 
 
 It should be kept in dark amber-tinted glass-stoppered bottles, and in a 
 cool atmosphere. 
 
 Has been employed to produce anaesthesia ; but its principal use is as an 
 inhalation in hay fever, and as an application on Piline for neuralgia. 
 
 Danger attending its use as a hair-wash {B.M.J. '07, ii. 704, 770) ; or dry 
 shampoo. — L. '07, i. 1719. 
 
 Tests. — Carbon Tetrachloride has a specific gravity of 1 • 599 to I * GOO and 
 a boihng point of 77° to 78" C. (170' G'' to 172-4° F.). When warmed with 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, it is decomposed with the forma- 
 tion of Potassium or Sodium Chloride and Carbonate, the liquid efferveschig 
 on the addition of Diluted Nitric Acid, and the faintly acidified liquid yielding 
 with Silver Nitrate Solution a white precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, but 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution. When warmed with an alcoholic Potassium 
 or Sodium Hydroxide Solution and a few drops of Aniline it evolves tho 
 powerful, penetrating, and highly-poisonous vapom's of Phenol-Isocyanide. 
 
 It may be contaminated with other Chlorine compounds or with chlorinated 
 decomposition products, e.g., Hj'drochloric Acid. 
 
 It should yield no darkening in colour when sliaken with an equal volume 
 of concentrated Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of foreign Chlorine com- 
 pounds. When shaken with an equal volume of Distilled Water, the aqueous 
 solution, when separated, should give no acid reaction towards blue Litmus 
 paper, nor should it produce a turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 RENTAL (Trimethylethylene). — A colourless, mobile, inflamnaable liquid. 
 Has been recommended as a general aruesthetic for short operations. Whitla 
 states that several deaths have been attributed to it, and that it causes 
 albuminuria. 
 
 CHRYSAROBINUM. 
 
 CHRYSAROBIN. 
 
 Fr., Chrysarobine ; Ger., Chrysarobin ; Ital., Crisarobina ; 
 Span., Chrysarobina. 
 
 An odourless and tasteless, yellow, crystalline powder, obtained 
 from Araroba, by extraction with Lot Benzene. It is officially stated 
 to consist of a definite cliemical compound, pure Chrysarobin, 
 C15H12O3 eq. 240 "096, together with similarly constituted substances. 
 
454 CHH [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Purified Chrysai'oljin was introduced into medicine incorrectly as Chryso» 
 plianic Acid, and it is still known l>y this name, which, however, only cor- 
 rectly a.pplics to the oxidised product. 
 
 Araroba yields from 55 to 80 p.c. (average 71 p.c.) of Chrysarobin. — P.J. 
 (3) xxii. 544. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Inform of unguentum or pigmentum, 
 it has been found efficient in chronic psoriasis, and is a powerful 
 parasiticide in ringworm and other parasitic skin diseases, but as it 
 may cause erythema it requires watcliing ; it should not be allowed 
 to touch the healthy skin. The ointment stains the skin yellow, also 
 the linen. Has been given internally for psoriasis, eczema and acne ; 
 but it is very irritating, producing purging, griping and vomiting 
 even in very small doses. . 
 
 To remove the stains from linen first remove all grease with Benzin and 
 then apply a solution of Chlorinated Lime. In some cases a little Caustic 
 Soda solution also may be necessary. 
 
 Dose. — fV to 1 grain = 0'006 to O'OG graimne. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Chrysarobini. 
 
 Not Official. — Unguentum Chrysarobini ■ Compositum, Pigmentum 
 Chrysarobini, Chrysarobin Plaster Mulls, Anthrarobin, Em'obin, Lenirobin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Araroba Depurata); 
 Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 (Chrysarobinum) ; Mex. (Crisarobiiia), the purified product. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Tests. — Chrysarobin melts, according to the U.S. P., at 157° C. 
 (314 '6° F.). It varies in its behaviour towards different solvents; 
 in Water it is only slig]\tly soluble ; in Petroleum Spirit it partly 
 dissolves. It is almost completely soluble in hot Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and completely soluble in Chloroform and in hot Benzene ; the B.P. 
 mentions that it is almost entirely soluble in Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, assuming a deep brownish-red colour ; the U.S.P. that it 
 is soluble in dilute or concentrated Potassium Hydroxide solutions, 
 forming a red-coloured liquid with green fluorescence ; the P.G. states 
 that when O'Ol gramme of Chrysarobin is boiled with 20 c.c. of Water 
 it leaves a small insoluble residue and yields a filtrate which does not 
 alTect Litmus paper, and exhibits a faint brownish-red colour, which is 
 not affected by Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. It dissolves to a 
 reddish-yellow solution in concentrated Sulphuric Acid and is re- 
 precipitated unchanged on dilution with Water. A carmine-red 
 colour should l)e assumed in the course of a day by Ammonia Solution 
 which has been shaken with Chrysarobin. It may be distinguished 
 from Chrysophanic Acid by mixing 1 milligramme with 2 drops of 
 fuming Nitric Acid which produces a brownish-red fluid, and on adding 
 Ammonia Solution a violet coloration is produced, whereas Chryso- 
 phanic Acid 'produces a yellow-coloured liquid ; when Chrysarobin 
 is shaken with Lime Water for a few minutes, a violet coloration is 
 imparted to the liquid. When heated in an open crucible it melts, 
 evolving yellow fumes, and when ignited with free access of air it is 
 officially required to leave not more than 1 ji-c. of ash; the U.S. P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiire.] CIM 455 
 
 says it is entirely consimied ; the P.G. requires tliat it should leave 
 at the most 0"25 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CHRYSAROBINI, Chrysarobin Ointment. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 1 of Chrysarobin in powder, rubbed to a smooth ointment with 24 
 of Soft Paraffin. (1 in 25.) 
 
 Same strength as in B.P. 1898, but Soft Paraffin is now used in place of 
 Benzoated Lard. 
 
 Foreign Phai'macopceiaa. — Official in U.S., 1 in about 17. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CHRYSAROBINI COMPOSITUM (t'»/m).— Chrysa- 
 robin and Tclithyol, of each, 5 ; Salicylic Acid, 2 ; Yellow Vasehne, 88. 
 
 PIGMENTUM CHRYSAROBINI (G/ty*).— Chrysarobin, 1; Guttapercha 
 solution, !). 
 
 CHRYSAROBIN PLASTER MULLS (t/?mo).— Contain j^g grain to tho 
 square inch ; also five times this strength. 
 
 ANTHRAROBIN (C,,Hi„03, eq. 226-08).— A yellow, or light yellowish- 
 brown, odourless, tasteless powder. A reduction product from Alizarin. 
 Slightly soluble in Water, but readily in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and solution of 
 Borax. 
 
 A substitute for Chrysarobin. For an ointment it is rubbed with Olive 
 Oil and diluted with Lard, 1 in 10. 
 
 Its action is similar to Chrysarobin, but it is slower and does not produce 
 the same irritation. The part should be previously washed with Potash 
 Soap, and the alcoholic tincture is preferred to the ointment. 
 
 Tests. — Antlirarobin is sUghtly soluble in Distilled Water, producing a 
 Solution which yields with Lead Acetate Solution a reddish-brown precipitate ; 
 with Ferric Chloride Test-Sohxtion, a brownish-violet precipitate. It dis- 
 solves in Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) with the production of 
 a brownish -yellow colour which changes to violet on absorption of Oxygen 
 from the air. It should leave not more than 2 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Eurobin and Lenirobin are Clirysarobin Acetates, soluble in Acetone and 
 Chloroform ; they have been used for the same piu-poses as Clirysarobin. It 
 is stated that they do not stain the normal skin, or the linen, like Chrysarobin. 
 
 Not OfficiaL 
 CIMICIPUGiE RHIZOMA. 
 
 CIMICIFUGA. 
 
 Syn. — AcT!2EM RACEMOSiE Radix. 
 Fr., Racine d'Actee i Grappes ; Ger., Schlangenwurzel. 
 
 The dried Rhizome and Roots of Cimicifuga racemosa. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but now omitted. 
 
 The active principle is probably a resinous amorphous substance. ' 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter stomachic, analgesic. Given in 
 neuralgia, myositis, rheumatism, lumbago, and sciatica. Relieves the pain 
 of dysmenorrhcea and pleurodynia. 
 
 Foreign Pharjnacopceias. — Official iw U.S. .. „- 
 
456 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvu-e.] 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The size of the official Rhizomo of Chnicifuga 
 racemosa. Ell., is about 12 to 25 mm. in diameter, and .5 to 1.5 cm. long, with 
 sliglitly curved branches marked with transverse leaf scars, and the remains 
 of ascending stems. In transverse section the large horny pith is surrounded 
 by a zone of narrow woody wedges and large medullary rays, and a relatively 
 thin bark. The rootlets, which are usually more or less broken off, show in 
 transverse fracture about four woody wedges arranged like a Maltese cross, 
 set in a dark cortical jiortion. The taste is bitter and acrid. It is some- 
 times confused with Helleborus niger, L., but that rhizome is smaller, 5 to 
 7"5mm., and has more erect branches, with short woody wedges 8 to 12 
 in number and a thick bark, and the woody wedges in the roots taper out- 
 wa.rds so that the central column has a cylindrical and stellate appearance. 
 
 Tests. — Cimicifuga may be distinguished from Black Hellebore by Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution ; the Rhizome and Roots are blackened by the reagent, 
 but the colour is really a greenish-black. It generally leaves from 5 to 7 p.c. 
 of ash and it should not amount to more than 10 p.c. 
 
 TINCTURA CIMICIFUG/E.— Tincture of Cimicifuga. Tincture of 
 AcTiEA. Racemosa. 
 
 2 of Cimicifuga, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol (60 p.c), to 
 yield 20. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 The Tincture formerly in Squire's Companion as ' Not Official ' was twice the 
 strength of this, and is still ordered as Tinctura Actaeae Raeemosffi (Squire) 
 to distinguish it from the above, which was Official in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Official in U.S., 1 in .5 with Alcohol (95 p.c). 
 
 Tests. — -Tincture of Cimicifuga has a specific gravity from 0*918 to 0"925 ; 
 it contains from 1"0 to 2" 8 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 58 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Fluidextractum Cimieifugae (U.S.), 1 in 1 with Alcohol (95 p.c.) ; also 
 a powdered extract prepared by evaporation of the fluid extract and powdered 
 Liquorice Root. 
 
 CIMICIFUGIN. — A brown powder, a large proportion of wliich is soluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 An impure Resin obtained by precipitating a saturated tincture of the 
 root with Water. 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 CINCHONiE CORTEX. 
 
 CINCHONA BARK. 
 
 The dried Bark of Glncliona Calisaya, C. officinalis, G. lancijolia, and other 
 species of Cinchona, from which the various alkaloids of the bark may be 
 obtained. 
 
 The Official salts of Quinine, which are Quininte Hydrochloridum, Quininse 
 Hydrochloridum Acidum, and Quininte Sulphas, may be prepared from the 
 Bark of various species of Cinchona. 
 
 Only Red Cinchona Bark is Official for the galenical preparations. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Jap., Norw., Ruse, 
 and Swed., any species, especially Succirvibra ; Dutch, Ger., Hung, and 
 Swiss (Cinchona Succirubra) ; Fr. (Quinquina Jaune and Quin- 
 quina Rouge) ; Mex., any species ; Port. (Cinchona Flava, Fusca and 
 Rubra) ; Span. (Cinchona Calisaya, Peruviana and Succirubra) ; 
 Belg., Swiss and Ital. (Cinchona Succirubra, Ledgeriana and Cali- 
 saya) ; U.S., any species of Cinchona, especially Ledgeriana, Calisaya 
 and Officii! alia. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] CIN 457 
 
 CINCHONiE RUBR^ CORTEX. 
 
 RED CINCHONA BARK. 
 
 Fr., Quinquina Rouge ; Ger., Chinakinde ; Ital., China Rossa ; SpaisT., 
 
 quina roja. 
 
 The dried Bark of the stem and branches of cultivated phints of 
 Cinchona sacciruhra, Pav. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Tonic, bitter stomachic and astringent. 
 It is valuable in neuralgia and in convalescence from acute diseases; 
 in diarrhcea, excessive perspiration, clu'onic discharges from mucous 
 me nbranes, and in dij^somania. {See also Quinine.) 
 
 In malaria, amorphous Cinchona Alkaloid is from 3 to 5 times as effectual 
 as Quinine Sulphate, and may therefore be given in proportionately smaller 
 doses ; it has no unpleasant effects, is rapidly effect tial, and is inexpensive ; 
 can be given in small tablets. — I.M.G. '13, '91. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Cinchonse Liquidum, Infusum Cin- 
 chonte Acidum, Tinctura Cinchonse, Tinctura Cinchonie Composita ; and ia 
 a source of the alkaloid Quinine. 
 
 Not Official. — Decoctum Cinchonse, Elixir Cinchonse, Extractum Chinas 
 Aquosum, Extractum Chinae Spirituosum, Mistura Cinchonse, Mistura Cin- 
 chonse Acida, Sirop de Quinquina, Vinum Chinse, Cinchonidinse Hydro - 
 bromidum, Cinchonidinse Sulphas, Cinchoninae lodo-Sulphas, CinchonintB 
 Sulphas, and Acidum Chinicum. 
 
 Foreign Pharniacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norvv., Port., Russ., Sj^an., Swed., Swiss and 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Red Cinchona bark is chiefly imported 
 from Ceylon and Java, although some is occasionally ofiered from 
 the African Island of St. Thome. The tree grows rapidly, and 
 consequently the bark shrinks a good deal in drying, and presents, 
 especially in the branch bark, a shrivelled or longitudinally wrinlvled 
 character ; it has a reddish colour when broken, and a bitter and 
 astringent taste. Its most marked featm'e is the presence of reddish 
 warty lenticels. In the variety with leaves hairy beneath, formerly 
 cultivated in Jamaica, these occur very sparingly. These two 
 characters distinguish the red Cinchona from the other barks in use, 
 since the warts are absent in that of C. Calisaya, Wedd., and in it the 
 ridges or wrinkles are replaced by longitudinal fissures, which are at 
 first shallow, but become deeper in older barks, and the epidermal 
 layer often exfoliates, showing transverse cracks in the layer beneath. 
 The variety Ledgcriana, Howard, is remarkable for its relatively 
 greater thickness as compared with that of other species, but externally 
 resembles Calisaya, except that the surface is usually rougher. In 
 Cinchona officinalis, Hook., there are numerous transverse cracks 
 with thickened edges, broken into points, so that the bark is rougher 
 to the toucli than other kinds. Cinchona lancifoUa, Mutis., and its 
 varieties are characterised by a whitish spongy epidermal layer and 
 by a loose fibrous fracture. A hybrid of C. officinalis, L., and C, 
 succiruhra, Pav. {Cinchona rolusta, Hort.), presenting the thick-edged 
 
458 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 cracks of tlic one and the warty cliaracter of the otlicr, is remarkably 
 rich in alkaloid, and is sometimes offered as ' Ledgeriana ' bark. 
 Small chips of red barks obtained by spoke-shaving do not present 
 marked characters, and should only be purchased on analysis. The 
 official bark is in quills or somewhat curved pieces coated with periderm ; 
 it may vary considerably in length, 2 to 12 in. (5 to 30 cm.) or more, 
 and the thickness of the bark itself may vary from about -^ o to j in. 
 (2J to 6 mm.) ; the fracture is shortly fibrous in the smaller, and finely 
 fibrous in the larger pieces ; the powder should be brownish or 
 reddish-brown. The B.P. description gives the microscopical characters 
 as follows : In transverse section, in the cortex, cells filled with minute 
 crystals of Calcium Oxalate, and also large secretion tubes ; in the 
 bast, numerous large strongly thickened fibres, usually 50 to 70 microns 
 wide and about 1000 microns long, isolated or in small groups. The 
 powdered bark exhibits abundant parenchymatous tissue with brownish 
 cell-walls and often with brownish contents, small starch grains, 
 and large isolated bast fibres, about 60 microns in diameter with 
 distinctly striated walls. (These are weH illustrated in Tschirch and 
 (Eslerle Anatom. Atlas, Tab. 9, Fig. 1.) 
 
 Tests. — Cinchona is one of the instances in which the B.P. adopts 
 a standard for the drug and indicates a method for the determination 
 of its alkaloidal strength. Red Cinchona Bark when used for B.P. 
 })urposes, other than the preparation of alkaloids or their salts, is 
 officially required to yield from 5 to 6 p.c. of total alkaloids, of which 
 not less than one half should consist of Quinine and Cinchonidine ; the 
 U.S. P. Red Cinchona Bark is required to yield not less than 5 p.c. 
 of anhydrous Cinchona alkaloids v/hen assayed by the U.S. P. process ; 
 the Red Cinchona Bark of the P.G. is required to contain at least 
 6 '5 p.c. of alkaloids consisting of Quinine, C00H04O2N2 and Cinchonine, 
 C19H02ON2, having a mean molecular weight of 309. The process official 
 in the B.P. 1898 was an adaptation of that of the B.P. 1885, which is 
 in turn based upon a process recommended by Squibb ; it depends upon 
 the liberation of the alkaloids from the combinations in which they 
 exist in the bark by means of Calcium Hydroxide and their extraction 
 by a mixture of 3 parts by volume of Benzene and 1 j^art by volume 
 of Amyl Alcohol, the alkaloids in turn being shaken out from this 
 solvent by a mixture of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and Distilled Water, 
 which solution, after careful neutralisation with Ammonia Solution, is 
 concentrated and the Quinine and Cinchonidine precipitated by Sodium 
 Potassium Tartrate Solution ; the Tartrates of the remaining alkaloids 
 being precipitated from the filtrate from the Quinine and Cinchonidine 
 by the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia Solution. The B.P. 
 process may be briefly outlined as follows : — A weighed quantity of 
 10 grammes of the finely powdered Bark is treated with 6 grammes 
 of Calciiun Hydroxide. The mixture after being moistened witli 
 22 ml. of Distilled Water is thoroughly incorporated, and allowed to 
 stand for an interval of one or two hours. It is then transferred to a 
 llask, mixed with 130 ml. of a mixture of 3 parts by volume of Benzene 
 and 1 part by volume of Amyl Alcohol and extracted by boiling under 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CIN 459 
 
 a reflux condenser for about 30 minutes. Tlie BenzoUited Auiyl 
 Alcohol is removed, passed tkrougli a filter, and the residue in the 
 flask again boiled with a further quantity of a similar mixture of 
 Benzene and Amyl Alcohol, the liquid removed as before, and the 
 process repeated a third time if necessary, the residue in the flask 
 being finally transferred to tlie filter and washed by percolation with 
 the mixture of Benzene and Amyl Alcohol until exhausted of alkaloids. 
 This nuiy be determined by evaporating a few drops of the Benzene- 
 Aniyl Alcohol Solution on a watch-glass, acidifying the residue with 
 a drop or two of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and adding a drop or two 
 of Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution. If no turbidity is 
 produced, extraction is complete and the determination may be 
 proceeded with. The filtrates are mixed, transferred to a separator, 
 and well shaken whilst warm with a mixture of 2 ml. of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid and 12 ml. of Distilled Water, the liquids are 
 allowed to separate, the acid aqueous solution of the alkaloidal 
 Hydrochlorides is removed and the extraction of the alkaloids remaining 
 in the Benzene-Amyl Alcohol solution accomplished by repeatedly 
 shaking with Distilled Water made slightly acid with Hj'drochloric 
 Acid, until no more alkaloids are extracted. The mixed acid liquids 
 are, whilst still warm, exactly neutralised with Anmionia Solution 
 concentrated to a volume of 16 ml., and the Quinine and Cinchonidine 
 precipitated as Tartrates by the addition of a solution of about 1"5 
 grammes of Sodium Potassium Tartrate dissolved in about 3 grammes 
 of Distilled Water, the whole well stirred with a glass rod, and allowed 
 to remain at rest for about an hour. The precipitated Quinine and 
 Cinchonidine Tartrates are filtered off, washed, dried at a temperature 
 of 100° C. (212° F.) and weighed. If this weight in grammes be 
 multiplied by 8 the product will be percentage by weight of Quinine 
 and Cinchonidine present in the specimen of Bark employed. 
 
 The filtrate from the Quinine and Cinchonidine Tartrates is made 
 slightly alkaline by the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, 
 and the residual alkaloids extracted by shaking with 3 successive 
 portions each of 10 ml. of Chloroform. The chloroformic liquid is in 
 each case separated, transferred to a tared flask or beaker, mixed, and 
 evaporated to dryness, the residue is dried at 110° C. (2.30° F.) and, 
 when cooled, weighed. This jirecipitate consists of the alkaloids 
 other than Quinine and Cinchonidine, and if its weight in grammes 
 be multiplied by 10 the product represents the percentage by weight 
 present in the Bark, and Avhen added to that of the Quinine and 
 Cinchonidine obtained by the previous process yields the percentage 
 by weight of total alkaloids. 
 
 The B.P. process is essentially the same as in the B.P. 1898, except 
 that a weighed quantity of 10 grammes is used for the deteimination 
 instead of 20 grammes and the ml. is substituted throughout for^the 
 c.c. The comments which were made on the previous process are 
 equally applicable to the new process. It is lengthy and tedious, 
 requiring careful manipulation, and the closest attention to details to 
 obtain accurate results. The exhaustion of Bark by the hot Benzene- 
 
460 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Amyl Alcohol requires considerable time and patience. Tlie exact 
 neutralisation of tlie Hydrochloric Acid solution of the alkaloids 
 requires great care, as does also the evaporation of the solution to the 
 prescribed volume, and after evaporation the reaction of the liquid 
 should again be ascertained and if necessary again exactly neutralised ; 
 unless exactly neutral there will be loss of alkaloid. It does not 
 follow that the liquid having been neutralised before evaporation will 
 remain neutral during evaporation. A further addition of Ammonia 
 Solution is generally necessary. 
 
 The U.S.P. employs Ether- Cliloroform as a solvent for the alkaloids, 
 and divides the process into two parts : (1) for anhydrous Cinchona 
 alkaloids, and (2) for Ether-soluble alkaloids. The outlines of the 
 process are essentially as follows : — A weighed quantity of 15 grammes 
 of Cinchona Bark in No. 80 powder (or finer) is shaken vigorously in 
 an Erlenmeyer flask of about 400 c.c. capacity with a mixture of 
 250 c.c. of Ether and 50 c.c. of Chloroform, and allowed to stand for 
 10 minutes. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution is 
 added, and, with frequent intervals of shaking, the mixture is allowed 
 to stand for 5 hours. A measured quantity of 15 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 is added, the mixture vigorously shaken and allowed to stand a few 
 minutes. A measured quantity of 200 c.c. ( = 10 grammes of the Bark) 
 of the clear supernatant liquid is then transferred to a separator and 
 the alkaloids extracted by vigorously shaking with 15 c.c. (or sufficient 
 to make the liquid distinctly acid) of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution. The lower acid liquid is drawn of? after the two layers 
 have separated, and the Ether- Cliloroform Solution is again shaken 
 vigorously, with a mixture of 5 c.c. of Normal Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water ; after separation, the acid liquid is 
 again removed ; the shaking is repeated a third time, using 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water only, and the aqueous liquid is removed. The 
 mixed liquids are filtered into a graduated cjdinder, the containing 
 vessel and filter are washed with sufiicient Distilled Water to 
 bring the volume of the contents of the cylinder to 50 c.c., and 
 this measured quantity is then divided into two equal portions of 
 25 c.c. each. 
 
 No. 1 quantity of 25 c.c. is placed in a separator, is rendered alkaline 
 by 5 c.c. or a sufficiency of Ammonia Solution, and the alkaloids removed 
 by shaking carefully for 1 minute with 25 c.c. of a mixture of 3 volumes 
 of Chloroform and 1 volmne of Ether. The lower layer, after separation 
 of the liquids is complete, is drawn off into a tared flask or beaker. 
 The contents of the separator are again carefully shaken with 20 c.c. 
 of a similar mixture of Chloroform and Ether for 1 minute, and this is 
 followed by a third shaking with 10 c.c. of the Chloroform-Ether 
 mixture ; the chloroformic liquid being in each case removed after 
 the liquids have separated into two layers. The mixed Chloroform- 
 Ether Solutions are evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, the dried 
 residue is mixed with 3 c.c. of Ether, and again evaporated to dryness. 
 It is then dried in an air-bath at a temperature of 110° C. (230° F.) 
 until the weight remains constant. This weight in grammes multiplied 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CIN 461 
 
 by 20 indicates the percentage by weight of total anhydrous 
 Cinchona alkaloids. 
 
 No. 2. quantity of 25 c.c, is rendered alkaline with 5 c.c. or a 
 sufficiency of Ammonia Solution, and shaken moderately for 2 minutes 
 with 25 c.c. of Ether, the temperature of the liquid being maintained 
 below 20° C. (68° ¥.), and the liquids allowed to stand for 10 minutes 
 at 15° C. (59° F.). After separation of the two liquids the aqueous 
 layer is removed and the ethereal solution is transferred to a tared 
 flask. The separator is rinsed out with 5 c.c. of Ether and the washings 
 added to the main quantity. The Ether is carefully evaporated on 
 a water-bath, the flask and contents dried for 2 hours at a temperature 
 of 110° C. (230° F.), cooled and weighed. The weight in granmies 
 multiplied by 20 yields the percentage by weight of anhydrous Ether- 
 soluble alkaloids. The U.S. P. adds a note to the effect that the 
 Ether-soluble alkaloids include Quinine, Quinidine, and Cinchonidine. 
 
 The above process works well, is easily manipulated and yields 
 the alkaloids in a very fair state of pui'ity. Determinations carried 
 out in the author's laboratory have shown an average of about 5 "84 p.c. 
 of total alkaloids and 4*32 p.c. of Ether-soluble alkaloids. 
 
 The P.G. simply determines the percentage of total alkaloids 
 calculated with the mean combining weight of Quinine and Cinchonine, 
 but does not differentiate between Quinine and Cinchonidine and total 
 alkaloids. A qualitative test is introduced, which requires that 5 c.c. 
 of the reserve portion remaining after the quantity for the volimietric 
 determination has been removed, when mixed with 1 c.c. of Chlorine 
 Water, shall, on the addition of Ammonia Solution, yield a green 
 coloration. 
 
 The P.G. process for the quantitative volumetric determination of 
 the alkaloids is as follows : — A weighed quantity of 12 grairiaies of 
 finely powdered Cinchona Bark is mixed in a test-glass with 30 grammes 
 of Chloroform and 30 grammes of Ether, and, after vigorous shaking 
 with 5 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 
 5 grammes of Distilled Water, the mixture is allowed to stand during 
 3 hom'S with intervals of frequent vigorous shaking. A weighed quantity 
 of 60 grammes of Ether is then added, and the whole shaken vigorously, 
 after complete separation a weighed quantity of 80 grammes of the 
 Chloroform-Ether mixture (= 8 grammes of Red Cinchona Bark) is 
 filtered through a dry well-covered filter into a flask and about f of 
 .it distilled. The cooled residue 's introduced into a separator (1), 
 the flask washed tliree times, using each time 5 c.c. of a mixture of 
 2 parts of Chloroform and 5 parts of Ether, then once with 20 c.c. of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), these fluids being introduced 
 also into the separator and, after the addition of sufficient Ether to 
 cause the Chloroform-Ether mixture to float upon the surface of the 
 acid liquid, the mixture is tlien vigorously shaken for 2 minutes. After 
 complete separation the Hydrochloric Acid Solution is run into a 
 separator (2), and the Chloroform-Ether mixture shaken out twice in 
 a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 (1 +99), which has previously been used for the further washing out of the 
 
462 CIN [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 flask. The united Hydrochloric Acid extractions are mixed with 5 c.c. 
 of Chloroform, Sodimn Carbonate Solution added until the reaction is 
 alkaline and the mixture then vigorously shaken for 2 minutes. After 
 complete separation the Chloroform Solution is run into a separator (3), 
 and the extraction repeated three times in a similar manner, using each 
 time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. A measured quantity of 25 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is added to the united 
 chloroformic extractions, and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform- 
 Ether Solution to float on the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid liquid, 
 and the mixture is vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete 
 separation the acid liquid is filtered through a small filter paper, which 
 has been previously moistened with Distilled Water, into a graduated 
 flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the Chloroform-Ether Solution is shaken a 
 further three times, using each time 10 c.c. of Water, and maintaining 
 the shaking for 2 minutes, these solutions being also filtered through 
 the same filter, the filter washed with Distilled Water, and the united 
 fluids diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. A measured quantity 
 of 50 c.c. ( — 4 grammes of Red Cinchona Bark) of this solution is 
 transferred to a flask, about 50 c.c, of Distilled Water added, together 
 with a freshly prepared solution of a small crystal of Ha?matoxylin in 
 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and Tenth-Normal Volimietric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution is then added until the mixture, which was at 
 first of a strong yellow colour, after vigorous shaking assumes a bluish- 
 violet colour, the mixture being vigorously shaken between each 
 addition of the Tenth- Normal Volumetric Alkali Solution. At most 
 4 "Ice. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 should be necessary for this purpose, so that at least 8 '4 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have been used 
 for the neutralisation of the combined alkaloids, which is equivalent 
 to a minimum content of 6 '5 p.c. of alkaloids ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0'0309 gramme of Quinine 
 and Cinchonine, Hsematoxylin Solution being used as an indicator 
 of neutrality. 
 
 The use of Hydrochloric Acid for the titration of Quinine instead 
 of Sulphuric Acid eliminates the troublesome fluorescence v/hich is 
 produced when the alkaloid is taken into solution in the latter acid, 
 and which may often seriously interfere with the end reaction. It 
 must be borne in mind that the behaviour of Quinine towards certain 
 indicators of neutrality is somewhat anomalous. With Ha3matoxylin 
 or Cochineal the point of neutrality is reached with the formation of 
 the Hydrochloride (C20H24N.2O2HCI), but this salt is alkaline in reaction 
 towards Methyl Orange, and the point of neutrality with this indicator 
 is only reached with the formation of the Acid Hydrochloride 
 (C20H24N2O2, 2HC1). Thus, using Hematoxylin Solution as an indicator, 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimietric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is 
 equivalent to 0' 03242 gramme of anhydrous Quinine, whilst using 
 Methyl Orange Solution 1 c.c. of the Tenth- Normal Volumetric Solution 
 is equivalent to "01621 gramme of anhydrous Quinine. The behaviour 
 of Cinchonine and Cinchonidine towards these indicators is still more 
 
[Solids by Weight ; liquids by Measui-e.] CIN 463 
 
 anomalous. It may therefore be doubted whether the application of a 
 purely volumetric method of determination is advisable, and the 
 volumetric result should always be controlled by a gravimetric 
 determination. 
 The ash varies from 2 to 4 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CINCHON.^ LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of 
 Cinchona. 
 
 A dark reddish-brown liquid prepared from Eed Cinchona Bark 
 by treatment with Distilled Water acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid 
 and containing a small proportion of Glycerin ; it is officially required 
 to contain 5 p.c. w/v or 5 grains of Eed Cinchona alkaloids in 110 minims. 
 
 The U.S. P. Fluid Extract is required to contain 4 p.c. w/v or 4 grains of 
 anhydrous Ether-soluble alkaloids in 110 minims. The P.O. Fluid Extract 
 i.s required to contain at least 3'5 p.c. of mixed alkaloids ; it also has two 
 solid extracts, an aqueous and an alcoholic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0"3 to 0'9 ml. 
 
 22 minims contain 1 grain of alkaloids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Jap., Mex., Norw., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 1 ; Solid Extracts. — Austr. 
 Aqueous ; Belg., Dutch, Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Russ., Span, and Swiss, 
 Alcoholic ; Fr., Ger., Mex. and Port., both Aqueous and AlcohoUc. Belg. 
 has also Chinse Fluidextractum cum Kalio lodati. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — ^Liquid Extract of Cinchona as it appears in commerce 
 varies in specific gravity between 1 ' 100 and 1 " 150 ; the percentage 
 w/v of total solids from 33*4 to 53'0 p.c, and the percentage w/v 
 of total alkaloids from 4 '6 to 5*46 p.c. It contains about 12 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Cinchona is officially required to contain 5 grammes 
 of the alkaloids of Red Cinchona Bark in 100 ml. ; the U.S. P. fluid 
 extract is required to contain 4 grammes of anhydrous Ether-soluble 
 alkaloids from Cinchona in 100 c.c. ; the fluid extract of the P.G. is 
 required to contain at least 3 '5 p.c. of alkaloids reckoned as Quinine 
 and Cinchonine, with a mean molecular weight of 309. 
 
 The B.P. method of determination of the alkaloids is essentially as 
 follows : — A measured quantity of 5 ml. of the Liquid Extract is 
 introduced into a glass separator fitted with a well-fitting stopper, 
 rendered alkaline with 10 ml. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and the liberated alkaloids extracted by well 
 shaking with 15 ml. of a mixture of 3 parts by volmne of Benzene 
 and 1 part by volume of Amyl Alcohol ; the Benzene-Amyl Alcohol 
 Solution is transferred to another separator and the agitation is twice 
 repeated in a similar manner, using first 15 ml. of Benzene-Amyl 
 Alcohol and then 10 ml., the Benzene-Amyl Alcohol layer being in 
 each case drawn off into the second separator ; the mixed Benzene- 
 Amyl Alcohol liquids are washed twice with 5 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 the aqueous washings rejected, and the alkaloids extracted from the 
 Benzene-Amyl Alcohol Solution by shaking first with 30 ml. of a 
 
464 CUsr [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by MeaSui>e.] 
 
 warm mixture of 12 ml. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid aud 6U ml. of 
 Distilled Water, and tlieu with two further quantities each of 30 ml. 
 and 12 ml. respectively of a similar warm mixture, the acid solution 
 of the alkaloidal Hydrochlorides is separated, in each case, and the 
 mixed acid liquids are rendered strongly alkaline with Ammonia 
 Solution, and the liberated alkaloids extracted by agitation, first with 
 15 ml. and then with successive quantities of 10 ml. of Chloroform 
 until the alkaloids are completely extracted, as determined by acidifying 
 a few drops of the aqueous liquid with Diluted Sulphuric Acid and 
 adding Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, when no turbidity 
 or precipitate should be produced. The chloroformic layer is in each 
 instance separated, mixed, transferred to a weighed dish, the Chloroform 
 evaporated slowly, and the residue dried at 110° C. (230° F.). This 
 weight mviltiplied by 20 gives the percentage by volume of total 
 alkaloids present in the sample ; 100 ml. of the Liquid Extract should 
 yield 5 grammes of Red Cinchona Bark Alkaloids. The B.P. fixes 
 a limit of error of plus or minus 0*2 gramme. 
 
 The U.S. P. process is carried out on the following lines : — A measured 
 quantity of 10 c.c. of the Fluid Extract is introduced into an Erlenmayer 
 flask of 200 c.c. capacity, rendered alkaline by the addition of 10 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution, and the alkaloids extracted by shaking vigorously 
 at intervals during 10 minutes with a mixture of 100 c.c. of Ether 
 and 25 c.c. of Chloroform. A measured quantity of 66 c.c. of the 
 clear supernatant liquid ( = 5 c.c. of the Fluid Extract) is transferred 
 to a separator, the vessel in which the liquid is measured being washed 
 out with 5 c.c. of Ether, which is in turn added to the contents of the 
 separator. The alkaloids are then removed from the Ether-Chloroform 
 solution by shaking it vigorously for several minutes with a sufficiency 
 (10 c.c.) of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and the 
 acid layer is transferred to another separator. The complete extrac- 
 tion of the alkaloids from the Chloroform-Ether solution is ensured by 
 a further extraction with 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, which is in turn followed by an 
 extraction with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water. The acid aqueous and the 
 aqueous liquids are separated, mixed with the acid layer already 
 contained in the second separator, the temperature of the mixed liquids 
 being maintained below 25° C. (77° F.), 25 c.c. of Ether added and 
 sufficient Ammonia Solution to yield an alkaline reaction to red 
 Litmus paper ; after vigorous agitation for 2 minutes the temperature 
 is reduced to below 15° C. (59° F.), and the liquids allowed to stand 
 for 10 minutes at that temperature. The ethereal layer is separated, 
 transferred to a tared flask, the separator washed with 5 c.c. of Ether, 
 the washings being added to the main quantity, and the Ether 
 evaporated at a moderate heat on a water-bath, the residue being 
 dried for half an hour in an air-bath at 110° C. (230° F.), cooled and 
 weighed, the heating being repeated and the weight taken when 
 constant. The weight of this residue multiplied by 20 gives the 
 percentage w/v of anhydrous Ether-soluble alkaloids present in the 
 Fluid Extract. 
 
[Solids "by Weight ; lAquids by Measui-e.] CliST 465 
 
 The jDi'ocess lias been tried iu tlie aiillior's laboratory, and works 
 well ; the resulting alkaloids are fairly free from coloui' ; the average 
 percentage of anhydrous Ether-soluble alkaloids in commercial Fluid 
 Extracts was found to be 4"5 p.c. 
 
 The following process is essentially that recommended by the P.G. 
 for the determination of the alkaloids : — A weighed quantity of 10 
 grammes of the fluid extract is evaporated iu a weighed porcelain 
 dish on a water-bath to about 5 grammes, the residue, whilst still 
 warm, is introduced into a test-glass, 5 grammes of Absolute Alcohol 
 added, which have been previously used in small portions at a time 
 for washing out the dish. To the mixture are then added 25 graimnes 
 of Chloroform and 20 grammes of Ether, and, after vigorous shaking, 
 6 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate Solution are added and the whole allowed 
 to stand during one hour with frequent and vigorous shaking. Then 
 50 grammes of Ether are added, the mixture vigorously shaken, and 
 after complete separation a weighed quantity of 80 grammes of the 
 Chloroform-Ether mixture ( = 8 grammes of Fluid Extract of Cinchona) 
 is filtered tlirough a dry well-covered filter into a flask, and about half 
 of the mixture distilled. The cooled residue is introduced into a 
 separator (1), the flask is washed three times, using each time 5 c.c. 
 of Ether, then once with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -\- 99), 
 and these fluids are also poured into the separator, and the whole 
 vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation the 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution is allowed to run into another separator (2), 
 and the extraction twice repeated in a similar manner, using each 
 time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -f 99) which have been 
 previously used for the further washing out of the flask. 
 
 The united Hydrochloric Acid extracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, Sodimii Carbonate Solution added until an alkaline 
 reaction results, and the mixture is inmiediately shaken vigorously 
 for 2 minutes. After complete separation the chloroformic solution 
 is run into another separator (3) and the extractions thrice repeated 
 in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. A 
 measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimietric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform- 
 Ether mixture to float upon the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid are 
 added to the united Chloroformic extracts, and shaken vigorously 
 during 2 minutes. After complete separation the acid liquid is filtered 
 through a small filter paper, previously moistened with Distilled 
 Water, into a graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the Chloroform- 
 Ether mixture is thrice shaken, using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and continuing the shaking for 2 minutes, these extracts are 
 filtered through the same filter, whicli is washed with Water, and tlie 
 vmited liquids are diluted with Water to 100 c.c. 
 
 A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of this solution ( = 4 grammes of 
 Fluid Extract of Cinchona) is measured off into a flask, 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water added, and a freshly prepared solution consisting of 
 a crystal of Hasmatoxylin dissolved in 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 then sufficient Tenth- ^Normal Volumetric Potassimn Hydroxide Solution 
 
466 GIN rSolids hy Weight; Liquids by Meastu'^.] 
 
 is allowed to run in, so that the mixtiu'e changes on vigorous shaking 
 from a bright yellow to a bluish-violet colour. For this purpose at the 
 most 5 '4 0.0. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution should be necessary, so that at least 4 '6 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have been used for the 
 neutralisation of the contained alkaloids, which represents a minunum 
 content of 3 '5 p.c. of alkaloids; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0*0309 gramme of Quinine and Cin- 
 chonine, Hsematoxylin being employed as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassimn Hydroxide 
 Solution required is deducted from 10, the diiference multiplied by 
 0'0309 and then by 25 yields the percentage w/w of total Cinchona 
 alkaloids reckoned as Quinine and Cinchonine present in the fluid 
 extract. 
 
 INFUSUM CINCHONA ACIDUM. Acid Infusion of Cinchona. 
 
 Red Cinchona Bark, in No. 40 powder, 1 ; Aromatic Sulphuric 
 Acid, |- ; boiling Distilled Water, 20 ; infuse for one hour, and 
 strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Russ. (C. Rubra), 1 in 8, with 
 Phosphoric Acid ; Fr. (Tisane), 1 in 50 ; Span., 1 in 33^, with Acidum 
 Sulj)huricum Alcoholisatum. Not in the others. 
 
 TINCTURA CINCHONiE. Tincture of Cinchona. 
 
 A clear reddish or brownish-red liquid, prepared by treating Red 
 Cinchona bark, in No. 40 powder, with sufficient Alcohol (70 p.c.) to 
 form a Tincture which shall contain 1 p.c. w/v of total alkaloids. 
 
 Tlie U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain * 75 p.c. w/v anhydrous Ether- 
 soluble alkaloids. 
 
 The P.G. Tincture is required to contain at least 0*74 p.c. w/w of total 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. dim. = 1-8 to S'G ml. 
 
 22 minims contain J grain of alkaloids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. ^ — Official in Fr., Teinture de Quinquina 
 Rouge ; Dan., Norw., Russ. and Swed., Tintiu-a ChinjB (from any species) ; 
 Dutch, Ger. and Hung., Tinctura Chinas (from C. Succirubra) ; Ital., Tintura 
 di China ; Jajs., Tinct. Chinae ; Mex., Tintura de Quina ; Port., Tintura de 
 Quina (from C. Flava) ; Span., Tintura Alcoholica de Quina (from C. Calisaya 
 and C. Loja) ; Swiss, Tinctura Cinchonse ; U.S., Tinctura Cinchona (C. any 
 species not Red) ; all 1 in 5, and all by weight, except U.S. Not in Austr. 
 Belg. (C. various species, especially Succirubra), contains 1 p.c. w/w total 
 Alkaloids, including at least 0*2 p.c. Quinine. U.S., Cinchona (U.S. P.), 
 in No. GO powder, 200 ; Glycerin, 75 ; and sufficient of a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 075, with Water 250, to produce 1000 by percolation, containing 
 0"75 p.c. w/v Ether-soluble Alkaloids. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cinchona has a specific gravity of 0'910 to 
 0'920; contains from 3*5 to 8'5p.c. w/v of total solids and from 
 66 to 68 '5 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The B.P. requires that, 
 when assayed according to the process described under Extractum 
 Cinchonte Liquidum, 100 ml. of the Tincture shall contain 1 gramme 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CIN 467 
 
 of Ked Ciucliona Bark alkaloids. The B.F. fixes a limit of error of 
 plus or minus 0*05 gramme. The U.S. P. requires that it shall 
 contain 0'75 gramme of anhydrous Ether-soluble Cinchona alkaloids 
 in 100 c.c. ; the P.G. requires that it shall contain at least 
 0"74 p.c. w/w of alkaloids, reckoned as Quinine and Cinchonine 
 with a mean molecular weight of 309. The U.S. P. process for 
 the assay of the Tincture is essentially as follows : — A measured 
 quantity of 50 c.c. of Tincture of Cinchona is evaporated on a water- 
 bath, in an evaporating basin, until it measures about 10 c.c, it is 
 transferred to a bottle having the capacity of about 180 c.c, the dish 
 being rinsed with 10 c.c of Diluted Alcohol (48*9 p.c), and the 
 resulting liquid is assayed by the process given under Liquid Extract 
 of Cinchona. In making the calculation the weight of the residue 
 is multiplied by 4, the product representing the weight in grammes of 
 anhydrous Ether-soluble alkaloids contained in 100 c.c of Tincture 
 of Cinchona, U.S. P. The P.G. process for the determination of the 
 alkaloids in the Tincture is essentially as follows : — A weighed quantity 
 of 50 grammes of the Tincture is evaporated in a weighed porcelain 
 dish to 10 grammes, and this residue is washed into a test-glass with 
 5 grammes of Absolute Alcohol, 20 grammes of Chloroform added, 
 and after vigorous shaking 5 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate Solution, which 
 previously has been used for washing out the porcelain dish, and the 
 mixture is allowed to stand for one hour with frequent vigorous shaking. 
 Then 50 grammes of Ether are added, the mixture vigorously shaken, 
 and after complete separation a measured quantity of 50 grammes 
 of the Chloroform-Ether mixture (= 33 "33 grammes of Cinchona 
 Tincture) is filtered through a dry well-covered filter paper into a 
 flask, and the liquid is distilled oi?. The residue is warmed with 
 20 c.c of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), the solution filtered 
 through a small filter paper previously moistened with Water, into 
 a separator (1) and the extraction of the residue twice repeated in a 
 similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 (1 -f- 99), these extracts being also filtered through the same filter, 
 and the flask and the filter well washed with Distilled Water. The 
 united Hydrochloric Acid extracts are then mixed with 10 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) added, until 
 an alkaline reaction results, and the mixture immediately vigorously 
 shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation, which can be 
 accelerated by gently warming, the Chloroform is allowed to rim into 
 another separator (2) and the extraction repeated three times in a 
 similar manner, using each time 5 c.c of Chloroform. A measured 
 quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether mixture 
 to float on the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid are added to the 
 united Chloroformic extracts, and the whole vigorously shaken during 
 2 minutes. After complete separation the acid liquid is filtered 
 through a small filter paper, previously moistened with Water, into a 
 graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the Chloroform-Ether mixture 
 is shaken a further three times, using each time 10 c.c. of Water and 
 
468 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 continuing the shaking for 2 minutes, and these extractions are also 
 filtered through the same filter, which is washed with Water and the 
 united fluids diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c, after having 
 previously added about "01 gramme of freshly heated animal charcoal. 
 After complete decolorisation, the liquid is filtered tlirough a small dry 
 filter, a measiu"ed quantity of 50 c.c. (= 16 '67 grammes of Tincture 
 of Cinchona) is poured ofi, 50 c.c. of Distilled Water added, and a 
 freshly prepared solution of a particle of Htematoxylin dissolved in 
 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) is added and, with continual shaking, sufficient 
 Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassimn Hydroxide Solution to cause the 
 mixture to change from a strong yellow to a reddish-violet colour after 
 vigorous shaking. For this purpose at most 6 c.c. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be necessary, so 
 that at least 4 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution will have been used for the neutralisation of the contained 
 alkaloids, which represents a minimum content of 0'74 p.c. w/w of 
 Cinchona alkaloids ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution = 0'0309 gramme of Quinine and Cinchonine, Hsema- 
 toxylin being employed as an indicator of neutrality. The number 
 of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 required to neutralise the excess of Tenth- Normal Volmnetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution is deducted from 10, the difference multiplied 
 first by 0-0309, and then by 100,Jand the product divided by 16-67 ; 
 the quotient represents the percentage w/w of Cinchona alkaloids 
 reckoned as Quinine and Cinchonine with a mean molecular equivalent 
 of 309, present in the Tincture. 
 
 TINCTURA CINCHONA COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture of 
 Cinchona. (Modified.) 
 
 Tincture of Cinchona, 20 fl. oz. ; Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, well 
 bruised, 2 oz. ; Serpentary Rhizome, in No. 40 powder, 1 oz. ; 
 Cochineal, in powder, 52-5 grains; Alcohol (70 p.c), q.s. to yield 
 40 fl. oz. 
 
 A brownish-red liquid possessing an aromatic odour and bitter taste, which 
 is ofificially required to contain 0'5 p.c. w/v of Red Cinchona Bark 
 alkaloids. 
 
 The Saffron is now omitted and the Cochineal reduced from 56 to 52*5. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 22 minims contain y^^ grain of alkaloids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Hung., Jap. and 
 Russ., Tinct. Chinse Comp., also Swiss (Tinct. Cinch. Co.), with 
 Cinchona, Gentian, Orange Peel and Cinnamon (various strengths) ; Belg. 
 (Tinct. Whyttii or Tinct. Huxham), Cinchona, Orange Peel, Cinnamon 
 and Saffron; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. (Tinct. Chinae Comp.), 
 similar to the above but without Cinnamon; Mex. (Tintura de Quina 
 Compuesta), and Span. (Tinctura Alcoholica de Corteza de 
 Naranja Compuesta, Tintura corroborante de Whytt.), Bitter- 
 Orange Peel, Cinchona and Gentian; Port. (Tinct. de Quina Comp.), 
 Cinchona, Orange Peel and Serpentary ; U.S., Red Cinchona {U.S. P.), 100 ; 
 Bitter-Orange Peel, 80 ; Serpentaria, 20 ; Glycerin, 75 ; and sufficient of a 
 mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 675, with Water 250, to produce 1000 by perco- 
 lation. Not in Fr. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CIN 469 
 
 Huxham's Tincture of Bark (Original Formula in 1788). — Pow- 
 dered Peruvian Bark, 4 oz. ; Orange Peel, 3 oz. ; Serpentary Root, 80 grains ; 
 Saffron, 160 grains ; Cochineal, 80 grains ; Brandy, 40 fl. oz. ; digest 3 or 
 4 days. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Cinchona possesses a specific gravity 
 of about 0*908 ; contains about 4 p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 66 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcobol. It is officially required to 
 contain 0'5 gramme of Red Cinchona Bark alkaloids in 100 ml. 
 of the Compound Tincture, as determined by the B.P. process 
 described under Liquid Extract of Cinchona ; the B.P. fixes a 
 limit of error of plus or minus 0"05 gramme. The U.S. P. Compound 
 Tincture of Cinchona is prepared from the Red Cinchona Bark, 
 yielding not less than 5 p.c. of anhydrous Cinchona alkaloids, but 
 the Compound Tincture itself is not standardised. The Compound 
 Tincture of the P.G. is required to contain at least 0* 37 p.c. of 
 alkaloids, calculated as Quinine and Cinchonine with a mean molecular 
 equivalent of 309, and the following method of determination of 
 the total alkaloids is recommended : — A weighed quantity of 
 50 grammes of the Compound Tincture is evaporated in a weighed 
 porcelain dish to 10 grammes, the residue is washed into a test-glass 
 with 5 grammes of Absolute Alcohol, 20 grammes of Chloroform added 
 and also, after vigorous shaking, 5 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate Solution 
 (15 p.c. w/w), which have been previously used for the further washing 
 out of the dish, and the whole allowed to stand during 1 hour witli 
 frequent and vigorous shaking. Then 50 grammes of Ether are added, 
 the mixture vigorously shaken, and after complete separation a 
 measured quantity of 50 grammes of the Chloroform-Ether mixture 
 (= 33 "33 grammes of Compound Tincture of Cinchona) is filtered 
 through a dry well-covered filter into a flask, and the fluid distilled 
 off. The residue is warmed with 20 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid (1 -f 99), the solution filtered through a small filter paper, 
 previously moistened with Distilled Water, into a separator (1), 
 and the extraction of the residue is twice repeated in a similar 
 manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), 
 these extracts being also filtered through the same filter, and the 
 flask and the filter are well washed with Distilled "Water. The 
 united Hydrochloric Acid extracts are then mixed with 10 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, Sodiiun Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) added vmtil an 
 alkaline reaction results, and the mixture immediately and vigorously 
 shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation, which is 
 accelerated by gentle warmth, the Chloroform is poured off into 
 another separator (2), and the extraction repeated three times in a 
 similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. 20 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Vokunetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution and sufficient 
 Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether mixture to float on the surface 
 of the Hydrochloric Acid are added to the united chloroformic extracts, 
 and the whole is then shaken vigorously during 2 minutes. The acid 
 liquid, after complete separation, is filtered through a small filter 
 paper, previously moistened with Distilled Water, into a graduated 
 
470 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the Cliloroform-Etlier mixture is shaken a 
 further three times, using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 
 continuing the shaking during 2 minutes, and these extracts are filtered 
 through the same filter, which is then washed with Distilled Water 
 and the united liquids diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c, after 
 having previously added about 0*01 gramme of freshly heated animal 
 charcoal. After complete decolorisation the liquid is filtered through 
 a small dry filter paper, a measured quantity of 50 c.c. of the filtrate 
 (= 16 '67 grammes of Compound Tincture of Cinchona) is taken, 
 50 c.c. of Distilled Water added, and a freshly prepared solution 
 of a particle of Hematoxylin in 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) added, and, 
 whilst shaking vigorously, sufficient Tenth- Normal Volmnetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution is allowed to rmi in to cause the mixture to change 
 from a strong yellow to a reddish-violet colour, after being vigorously 
 shaken. For this purpose at most 8 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be necessary, so that at least 
 2 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have 
 been used for the neutralisation of the alkaloids, which represents a 
 minimmn content of 0'37 p.c. w/w of alkaloids ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0'0309 gramme of Quinine 
 and Cinchonine, Ha)matoxylin being used as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth- Normal Vohmietric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution is deducted from 10, the difference is 
 multiplied first by 0*0309 and then by 100, the product divided by 
 16*67 ; the quotient represents the percejitage w/w of Red Cinchona 
 Bark alkaloids reckoned as Quinine and Cinchonine with a mean 
 molecular weight of 309, present in the Compound Tincture. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 DECOCTUM CINCHON/E.— Red Cinchona Bark, in No. 20 powder, IJ ; 
 Distilled Water, 20 ; boil 10 minutes ; when cold, strain, and pour on the 
 marc sufficient Water to make 20. (1 in 16.) 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28 • 4 to 56 • 8 ml. 
 
 Official in Belg., 1 of Fluid Extract in 10 ; Dan., 1 in 8 with Hydrochloric 
 Acid ; Dutch, 6 in 100 ; Ital., 1 in 20 ; Norw. and Swed., 1 in 10 with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid ; Port., Cinchona Flava, 1 in 10, also Fusca 1 in 10 ; Russ., 
 Cinchona Rubra, 1 in 1'5, containing Sulphuric Acid; SjDan., Cocimento 
 de Quina Calisaya and Cocimento de Quina de Loja, each about 
 1 in 66 ; also Cocimento de Quina y Valeriana and Cocimento 
 Antiseptico ; Dan. and Norw. have a Deo. Chinae c. Senega. 
 
 ELiXIR CINCHON/E {U.S.N.F. 1906).— Quinine Sulphate, 2; Cin- 
 chonidine Sulphate, 1 ; Cinchonine Sulphate, 1 ; Ccmpound Tincture of 
 Cudbear, 50 ; Purified Talc, 15; Aromatic Elixir (U.S. P.), q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CHIN/E AQUOSUM (6'c/-.).— An aqueous extract pre- 
 pared by macerating 1 part of coarsely powdered Cinchona Bark with 
 20 parts of Water, and evaporating. It contains at least 6' 18 p.c. of mixed 
 alkaloids. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CHIN/E SPIRITUOSUM (Go-.).— A spirituous extract of 
 Cinchona Bark prepared by macerating 1 part of coarsely powdered Cinchona 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] CIN 471 
 
 Bark with 10 parts of Alcohol (68 to GOp.c), and evaporating. It should 
 contain at least 12 p.c. of mixed alkaloids. 
 
 Fr. has an aqueous extract made from G. succirubra containing not less 
 than 6 p.c. of total alkaloids, and an alcoholic extract from C. Calisaya 
 containing not less than 10 p.c. of total alkaloids. 
 
 MISTURA CINCHON/E (Jov children) {Middlesex).— TiWntcd Nitric Acid, 
 30 minims ; Tincture of Cinchona, 2 11. drm. ; Glycerin, 1 fl. drm. ; Distilled 
 Water, to IJfl. oz. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3 • 6 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 MISTURA CINCHON/E ACiDA. — Liquid Extract of Cinchona, 10 
 minims ; Diluted Nitric Acid, 10 minims ; Ai'omatic Syrup, 30 muiims ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Cinchona, 10 minims ; Diluted Nitric Acid, 10 miniins ; 
 Aromatic Syrup, 60 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — Bromp'on. 
 
 Otlier hospitals include Mistura Cinchona) Acida, but they are made with 
 Decoctum Cinchono3. 
 
 SIROP DE QUINQUINA (Fr.).— Percolate 100 of Red Cinchona in 
 No. 26 powder with 1000 of Alcohol (30 p.c.) ; displacing with Water to 
 obtain 1000 of percolate ; distil off 4-15 and dissolve in the residue when cold 
 1000 of Sugar. 
 
 Sciroppo di Chine (Ifal.). — 1 in 8. 
 
 VINUM CHIN/E (Ger.).— Coarsely powdered Cinchona Bark, 20 ; allowed 
 to stand for 24 hours with a mixture composed of 1 part of Hydrochloric Acid 
 and 20 parts of Alcohol (68 to 69 p.c). Add 500 parts of Sherry Wine, allow 
 the mixture to stand at the temperature of the room for 8 days with intervals 
 of shaking from time to time, and press. Dissolve 50 parts of Sugar in the 
 expressed liquor, and allow the Solution to stand for 8 days in a cool place, 
 and filter. 
 
 Austr., Vinum Chinoe. — Dissolve 1 of Gelatin in 20 of boiling Water, 
 and mix with 780 of Malaga Wine ; after 24 hours, add 50 of Fluid Extract of 
 Cinchona, 50 of Tinctm'e of Orange, and 100 of Clarified Honey. 
 
 Belg., Chinoe Vinum. — 1 of Fluid Extract in 50 of stronger Wine. 
 
 Fr., Vin de Quinquina Officinal. — Cinchona, 25; Alcohol (60 p.c), 
 75 ; Dilute Hydrochloric Acid, 2 ; Red Wine, 920. 
 
 Dutch, Vinum China?. — 1 Cinchona Succirubra percolated with a 
 inixture of 1 of diluted Alcohol, 4 of Malaga Wine, and 3 of Water q.s. to 
 produce 40, in which dissolve 10 of Sugar. 
 
 Hung., Vinum China?. — Cinchona, 50; Tokay Wine, 500; Hungarian 
 Wine, 500 ; Aromatic Tincture, 2. 
 
 Ital., Vino Chinato. — Cinchona, 1 ; Marsala Wine, 30. 
 
 Jap. — Dissolve Gelatin, 1, in warm Water, 10 ; mix with Sherry, 1000 ; 
 add powdered Cinchona Bark, 40 ; allow to stand for eight days at 15" to 
 20^" C. Press, and to the expressed liquor add Sugar, 100 ; Tincture of 
 Orange, 2 ; allow to stand in a cool place for fourteen days, and filter. 
 
 Mex., Vino do Quina. — Cinchona, 3; Sherry Wine, 100. 
 
 Norw., Vinum Chiuffi. — Cinchona, 50; Citric Acid, 1; Alcohol, 20; 
 Malaga Wine, 1000. 
 
 Russ., Vinum China?. — Tincture of Cinchona, I ; Sherry Wine, 4. 
 
 Port., Vino de Quina. — Cinchona flavum, 1 ; Port Wine, 20; Vinho de 
 Quina Cinzenta, Cinchona fuscum, 1; Madeira Wine, 10; Vinho de 
 Quina Composto, Cinchona flavum, 4; Gentian, 1 ; Bitter-Orange Peel, 1 ; 
 Port Wine, 100; Vinho de Quina Ferruginoso, Iron and Potassium 
 Tartrate, 1 ; Vinho de Quina Cinzenta, 200. 
 
 Span., Vino de Quina. — Loja Bark, 1 ; Sherry Wine, 16'6; Vino de 
 Quina Ferruginoso, Crystallised Ferrous Sulpliato and Citric Acid, of 
 each, 1 ; Distilled Water, 10 ; Quinine Water, 500. 
 
 Swiss, Vinum Cinchona?. — 30 of Fluid Extract, 20 of diluted Alcohol, 
 40 of Milk, 1 of Citric Acid, 910 of Malaga Wine. 
 
472 OIK [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dutch, Vinum Cliinaj Ferrat iiin.— 1 of Iron Pyrophosphate with 
 Ammonium Citrate, dissolved in 4 of Water, and added to 95 of Cinchona 
 Wine. 
 
 Austr., Vinum Chinse Ferratum. — 1 of Gelatin, dissolved in 20 of 
 boihng Water, is added to 955 of Malaga Wine ; after 24 hours, add 5 of Iron 
 and Quinine Citrate dissolved in 20 of Water. 
 
 Norw., Vinum Chinaj Ferratum. — Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 1 ; 
 Cinchona Wine, 100. 
 
 Sived., Vinum Chinee Ferratum. — Iron and Quinine Citrate, 1; 
 Sugar, 25 ; Marsala Wine, 74. 
 
 CINCHONIDIN>E HYDROBROMIDUM (C,„H,,N,0, HBr, H,0, eq. 
 393" 140). — Long, light yellow, odourless, prismatic crystals, possessing a 
 very bitter taste. It contains 74*83 p.c. of Cinchonidine and 4*58 p.c. of 
 Water. Soluble 1 in 40 of Water. Under the name of ' Blennostasine ' a 
 combination similar to this has been introduced for the treatment of affections 
 characterised by catarrhal hypersecretion. 
 
 Tests. — Cinchonidine Hydrobromide dissolves in Distilled Water forming 
 a solution which yields with Potassium Sodium Tartrate solution a white 
 precipitate, soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid ; witli Ammonia Solution it 
 yields a white precipitate, soluble in Chloroform. The aqueous layer, when 
 separated from the Chloroform and rendered faintly acid with Nitric Acid, 
 yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a yellowish curdy precipitate, soluble with 
 difficulty in Aiximonia Solution, insoluble in Nitric Acid. 
 
 An aqueous solution should yield no precipitate on the addition of a solution 
 containing a soluble Sulphate, indicating the absence of Barium. 
 
 When ignited with free access of air • 5 gramme of the salt should leave no 
 W-^ighable residue. 
 
 CINCHONIDIN>E HYDROBROMIDUM ACIDUM (C,„H,„N,0, 2HBr., 
 2H_.0. eq. 492 • 084). — Light yellow, prismatic crystals, readily soluble in Water. 
 It should contain 59 "78 p.c. of Cinchonidine and 7 "32 p.c. of Water. 
 
 Tests. — Cinchonidine Acid Hydrobromide dissolves readily in Distilled 
 Water forming a solution which responds to the tests described under Cincho- 
 nidine Hydrobromide. 
 
 The aqueous solution should yield no precipitate on the addition of a 
 solution of a soluble Sulphate, indicating the absence of Barium. 
 
 When ignited with free access of air " 5 gramme of the salt should leave no 
 weighable residue. 
 
 CINCHON!DIN>E SULPHAS (C,„H,,N,0)o, H,SO,, 3H,0, eq. 740-52G.— 
 Colourless, odourless, silky, acicular crystals, having a very bitter taste. It 
 contains 79 '46 p.c. of Cinchonidine and 7-29 p.c. of Water. 
 
 In doses of one-and-a-half to twice those of Quinine, is stated to form a 
 reliable substitute and frequently to be better tolerated. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 100 of Water, 1 in 60 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in 
 Chloroform and Ether. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 10 grains = O'OG to 0"G5 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in Fr. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Cinchonidine Sulphate Icses its Water at 100° C. (212° F.), and 
 the anhydrous salt reabsorbs moisture on exposure to moist air. It has a 
 melting point of 205° to 206° C. (401° to 402-8° F.), slightly below that 
 temperature it darkens in colour. It dissolves in Distilled Water yielding 
 a solution which is neutral or but faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, and which affords, on the addition of Ammonia Solution, a white pre- 
 cipitate, only sliglitly soluble in an excess of the reagent, but soluble in Ether, 
 a portion of the salt subsequently crystallising out. Another portion of the 
 aqueous solution, acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, yields with Barium 
 Chloride Solution a wliite precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric or Nitric Acids . 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of Water, readily car- 
 bonisable organic impurities, Quinine or Quinidine Sulphates, Cinchonine 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CIN 473 
 
 Sulphate, and mineral matter. Cinchonidine Sulphate should not lose more 
 than 8 p.c. of moisture when dried at 100° C. (212" F. )., indicating the alssence 
 of excess of water of crystallisation. The theoretical percentage of Water 
 in the crystallised salt, containing 3 molecules of Water of crystallisation, is 
 7-29 p.c. ; the salt Oflicial in the Ft: Codex contains 6 molecules of Water of 
 crystallisation, which it is required to lose at this temperature, corresponding 
 to a loss of 13"() p.c. of Water. Not more than a faint yellow colour should 
 be produced when Cinchonidine Sulphate is dissolved in Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating a limit of readily carbonisable organic impurities. A 1 in 1000 
 solution of the salt in Diluted Sulphuric Acid should exhibit at the most but 
 a faint blue fluorescence, indicating a limit of Quinine and Quinidine Sulphates. 
 Not more than a faint turbidity should be produced when 0*5 gramme of 
 the salt is macerated, with frequent agitation, at the ordinary temperature, 
 with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, 0-5 gramme of Potassium Sodium Tartrate 
 theia added, and the maceration continued, with repeated agitation, for 
 1 hovir, at 15° C. (59° F.), the mixture filtered, and 1 drop of Ammonia Solu- 
 tion added to the filtrate, indicating a limit of Cinchonine and Quinidine 
 Sulphates. When ignited with free access of air it should leave not more 
 than 0"1 p.c. of residue, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 CINCHONIN/E -lODO-SULPHAS (Antiseptol).— A brown, or reddish- 
 brown, odourless powder, insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 in Chloroform. It contains about 50 p.c. of Iodine. Introduced as a sub- 
 stitute for Iodoform. Used in the form of a 1 in 8 ointment for lupus. Has 
 also been given internally in doses of 1 to 5 grains = 0" 06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 CINCHONINyE SULPHAS (Ci„H,,N„0),, H,SO„ 2H,0, eq. 722-510.— 
 Hard, white, shining, odourless, prismatic crystals, having a very bitter taste. 
 
 It is the Sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from various species of Cinchona 
 Bark. It contains theoretically 81 "44 p.c. of Cinchonine and 4 •98 p.c. of 
 Water. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 70 of Water, 1 in 9 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in fiO of Chloro- 
 form, sparingly in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 grains = 0"06 to O'Go gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Cinchonine Sulphate, when heated to 100° C. (212° F.), readily 
 loses its Water of crystallisation, and when rendered anhydrous at this tem- 
 perature it melts at about 198'5°C. (389-5° F.). Its aqueous solution is 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, and is dextrogyrate, and yields 
 on the addition of Ammonia Solution a white precipitate. The aqueous 
 solution, when acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid and Chlorine Water 
 added, yields no green coloration on the addition of an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution. The addition of Barium Chloride Solution to an aqueous solution 
 of the salt yields a white precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occm-ring impurities are excess of moisture. Quinine or 
 Quinidine Sulphates, Cinchonidine Sulphate, readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities and mineral matter. It should not lose more than 5"0p.c. on 
 drying at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant in weight, indicating a limit of 
 moisture. Theoretically it should contain 4*98 p.c. of Water of crystalhsa- 
 tion. A 1 in 1000 solution of the salt in Diluted Sulphuric Acid should 
 exhibit not more than a faint blue fluorescence, indicating a limit of Quinine 
 and Quinidine Sulphates. 1 part of the powdered anhydrous salt should 
 dissolve in 80 parts by weight of Chloroform, indicating a limit of Quinine 
 and Cinchonidine Sulphates. Not more than a pale yellow coloration should 
 result when the salt is dissolved in Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, indicating 
 a limit of readily carbonisable organic impurities. It should leave not more 
 than O'l p.c of residue on incineration, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Acitrin, which chemically is an Ethyl Ester of Phenyl-Cinchoninic Acid, 
 is introduced as an adjunct to general treatment in all stages of gout. Do.se, 
 — 7| grains — 0-5 gramme 3 or 4 times dajly in the form of tablets. 
 
474 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Cinehonidinae Sulphas Acidvis and Cinchoninae Sulphas Acidus are 
 also known. These salts arc more readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Cinehonidin^ Salieylas and Sulphocarbolas have been used, the 
 former as a tonic and antiperiodic, the latter as an antiseptic, and as a prophy- 
 lactic against malaria. 
 
 ACIDUM CHINICUM.— Chinic Acid, Kinic Acid, Quinic Acid, 0,11^.0^, 
 eq. 192*096. — Colourless, transparent, rhombic prisms or flat, crystalline 
 masses, having a strongly acid but not a bitter taste. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 J of Water, 1 in 42 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in 
 Ether. 
 
 Used in gout, but more generally irrtho form of a salt,e.g'., Litliium Quinate, 
 q.v. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0*06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Tests.- — Quinic Acid possesses a melting point of 1<M° to 162° C. 
 (321 "8° to 323'G°1<\). Its aqueous solution is laivogyrate. A little of the 
 powder distilled with Manganese Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid yields Quinone, 
 which condenses on tlio cool side of the tulie in the form of deep yellow 
 prisms. The acid may ))e titrated witli Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Plionolphtlialoin Solution as an indicator ; a weighed quantity 
 of 1 gramme of the acid should require about 5' 2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Solution, corresponding to about 99 p.c. of pure Chinic Acid ; 1 c.c. of Nornial 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution — 0' 192096 gramme of Chinic Acid. 
 It should leave no residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 CINNAMOMI CORTEX. 
 
 CINNAMON BARK. 
 
 Fn., Cannelle de Ceylan ; Ger., Ceylonzimt ; Ital., Cannella del 
 Ceylan ; Span., Canela de Ceylan. 
 
 The dried inner Bark of shoots from the truncated stocks of Cinna- 
 momum Zeylanicum, Brcyn. The bark from cultivated trees is alone 
 Official. Imported from Ceylon, and commercially known as Ceylon 
 Cinnamon. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Carminative, astringent, aromatic stimu- 
 lant, and antiseptic, chiefly used as an adjuvant to other medicines, 
 and as a flavouring agent. Often employed with Chalk in diarrhoea. 
 An essence has been used as a prophylactic against influenza. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0'65 to 1 "3 gramme in powder. 
 
 OfSeial Preparations. — Of the Bark, Aqua Cinnamomi, Oleum Cinna- 
 momi, Pulvis Cinnamomi Compositus, and Tinctura Cinnamomi. Of the Oil, 
 Spiritus Cinnamomi. 
 
 Not Official. — Pulvis Aromaticus, Tinctura Cinnamomi Composita, 
 Tinctura Aromatica. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeoposias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Fr. (Can- 
 nelle), Ger., Ital. (Cannella), Mex. (Canela), Norw., Port. (Canella), 
 and Swed. use Ceylon Cinnamon only. Hung., Jap. and Russ. use Chinese 
 Cinnamon or Cassia only. Belg., Span., Swiss and U.S. use both kinds. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — By the name of Cinnamon in this country 
 the bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Breyn., imported from Ceylon, 
 is understood. In the U.S. P. tlie Ceylon Cinnamon is Official as 
 Vimwinovium Zcylanicuin ; there is ;ilso Official a kind knoAN'u (is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] CI:N 475 
 
 Baigou Cinnamon, wliich is tlie bark of an undetermined species of 
 Cinnaniomum. Of the Cinnamon tree about six varieties are cultivated 
 in Ceylon, and the different grades are distinguished by being packed 
 in rolls of quills of different sizes, the ]nore slender the rolls the 
 better the quality, therefore the limit of size given in the B.P. f inch 
 (9 imii.) in diameter indicates the quality intended. The scrapings 
 of the tips of the shoots and the broken fragments of quills have 
 been regularly imported into Europe since 1867 under the name of 
 ' Cinnamon chips,' and have been used for the distillation of the 
 oil. The thick trunk bark is sometimes offered in commerce, but has 
 very little aroma, and probably finds its way into the cheaper kinds 
 of mixed spice. Cassia bark in powder is sometimes substituted 
 for that of Cinnamon, but it may be detected by the different flavour, 
 and under the microscope by the presence of cork cells, which are 
 absent from Cinnamon, by the larger and broader bast fibres, and 
 the larger starch grains. Cassia bark is known to drug brokers 
 under the name of ' Cassia lignea ' to distinguish it from ' Cassia 
 vera,' which is a hard mucilaginous bark derived from Cinnamomum 
 Bunnanni, DC, with an allied but different odour, and apparently 
 imported from Padang in Smnatra. Chinese Cassia occurs in small 
 quills 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7 '5 cm.) long, made into packets of about 
 12 inches (30 cm.) long and 3 inches (7 "5 cm.) in diameter; Cassia 
 vera in quills 12 to 15 inches (30 to 37 '5 cm.) or more in length ; 
 Saigon Cassia, which goes chiefly to the United States, occurs in quills 
 3 to 4 inches (7 *5 to 10 cm.) long, and has a more intensely sweet 
 taste and stronger flavour. The following microscopical characters 
 are given in the B.P. Abundant parenchymatous tissiie with brown 
 cell walls, isolated bast fibres not more than 30 microns in diameter, 
 small sunple or compound starch grains and thick-walled sclerenchy- 
 matous cells but no cork or fragments of wood. Other species of 
 Cassia imj)orted into this country may be distinguished under the 
 microscope even if used in powdered form, see Museum Report, PJiarm. 
 Soc. 1903, pp. 50, 51. Some commercial samples of powdered Cinnamon 
 apparently contain a large proportion of Cinnamon bark that has been 
 used for distillation of the oil. 
 
 Tests. — Cinnamon Bark leaves on incineration about 4 p.c. of ash, 
 and 6 p.c. is seldom exceeded. Eight samples examined in the 
 author's laboratory gave from 2 '8 to 4*26 p.c, with an average of 
 3 '5 p.c. ; 6 samples of the powder gave from 4*32 to 5 '2 p.c, with 
 an average of 4*74: p.c The B.P. and P.G. require the ash to be 
 not more than 5 p.c The U.S.P. gives not over 4 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA CINNAMOML Cinnamon Water. 
 
 Cinnamon Bark, bruised, 1 ; Water, 20 ; distil, 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The distilled ' Aqvia ' is ' very turbid from suspended Oil. There is no 
 recognised rule in dispensing as to whether it should be filtered or not, but 
 it is usual to do so. For India and other hot climates, see Aqvuc (group). 
 
470 CIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 11. oz. = 28*4 to 56 '8 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger. , 
 Jap., Russ., Swed. and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; Fr. (Eau de Cannello), 1 in 5 ; 
 Ital. (Acqua dist. di Cannella), Mex. (Agua destilada de Canela), 
 1 in 4 ; Hung. (Aqua Cinnaniomi Spirituosa), 1 in 4 ; Port., 1 in 8 ; 
 Span. (Agua destilada de Canela), C. 270, Water 2000, Alcohol (90 p.e.) 
 100, distil 1200. Norw. and U.S., made with Oil 1 in 500. 
 
 Tests. — Cinnamon Water undergoes oxidation on keeping. An 
 approximate idea of tlie amount of oxidation of the Cinnamic Aldeliyde 
 may be obtained by acidifying a measured quantity with 2-5 p.c. Sul- 
 phuric Acid Solution and adding Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution till the fluid acquires a pink coloration, 
 remaining permanent for several seconds. Cinnamic Acid may be 
 determined by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiiun 
 Hydroxide Solution. 10 c.c. of a freshly Distilled Water will require 
 from 12 to 14 c.c. of the Tenth- Normal Volmuetric Potassiimi Perman- 
 ganate Solution, and about O'l c.c. of the Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sodimii Hydroxide Solution ; a Water which has been distilled and 
 stocked for some time may require only 4 c.c. of the Permanganate 
 Solution and about 1*5 c.c. of the Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, 
 
 OLEUM CINNAMOMI. Oil of Cinnamon. 
 
 Fr., Essence de Cannelle de Ceylan ; Ger., Zimtol ; Ital., Essenza 
 DI Cannella ; Span., Esencia de Canela. 
 
 A light yellow liquid, obtained by distillation from Cinnamon Bark, 
 and possessing the agreeable, delicate, aromatic odom- of the Ceylon 
 Cinnamon, and a spicy, sweet, burning taste. It darkens in colour 
 l)y exposure to light and air. It should be kept in dark amber-tinted, 
 well-closed glass bottles, and protected as far as possible from the 
 air and light. 
 
 It is a volatile oil distilled from Cinnamon Bark and usually contains 50 to 
 75 p.c. of Cinnamic Aldehyde, from 4 to 8 p.c. of Eugenol, and some Phel- 
 landrene. Yield of oil is about 0-5 to 1 p.c. 
 
 B.P. 1914 requires 55 to 65 p.c. Cinnamic Aldehyde. 
 
 Cinnatnic Acid, an oxidised product of the oil, is described under Acidum 
 Cinnamicum, p. 49. 
 
 Solubility.— 10 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 45 of Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Possesses the aromatic and antiseptic 
 properties of Cinnamon Bark, without its astringency. 21- to 5 minim 
 doses gave good results in enteric. 
 
 Of late years the medicinal virtues of Cinnamon have received a 
 good deal of attention. The Oil has been used as an inhalation in 
 phthisis. An appreciable, though slight, inhibitory influence on the 
 growth of typhoid bacillus begins to be exerted by the oil in a dilution 
 of about 1 in 2600, and when the strength approaches 1 in 1000 its 
 antiseptic effect is complete. The quality of the drug must be above 
 reproach. 
 
 Advocated in prolonged septic infection, for it and other Essential Oils 
 havd an antiseptic action not only in the bowel but in the blood vessels and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meastire.] CIN 477 
 
 viscera ; a good plan to vary the kiuJ of Essential Oil from day to daj^ (Cloves 
 and Peppermint) ; the best quality to be used and not as the Aqua, etc. ; 
 10 minims in Gelatin Capsule, 4 times daily ; not on an empty stomach, 
 else sudden and severe pain results when the capsule dissolves. — M.P. '12, 
 i. 457. 
 
 An excellent remedy for warts ; a drop is applied every day to each wart ; 
 they disappear in a few days, leaving no scars. — Pr. '15, i. 892. 
 
 A good application for wai'ts. — L. '15, ii. 672. 
 
 Dose.— i- to 3 minims = O'OS to 0*18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in pi/Z or on Sugar, or dissolved in Alcohol, 
 and well diluted with Water at the time of taking it. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Fr., Ger., Ital., Mex. 
 (Aceite Volatil de Canela), Port, and Span, use Oil of Cimiamon ; 
 Dan., Hung., Jap., Swiss and U.S. use Oil of Cassia. Austr., Norw. and 
 Swed., Cinnamalum (Cinnamic Aldehyde) in place of Oil of Cassia; 
 U.S., Cinnaldehydum as well as Oil of Cassia ; Belg., Oils of Cinnamon and 
 of Cassia. 
 
 Tests. — Cinnamon Oil should possess a specific gravity of 
 from 0-998 to I'OSO, the Official figures are from I'OOO to 1-030. 
 The V.S.P. gives 1-045 to 1*055 at 25° C. (77° F.) ;_the P.O., 1*023 
 to 1"040. It is slightly Isevogyrate, possessing an optical rotation not 
 exceeding — 1° in a 100mm. tube ; the B.V. gives — 0*5 to — 1° ; 
 the U.S. P. states that it should be optically almost inactive, being 
 not more than 1° dextrogyrate or Iccvogyrate, vvhen viewed through 
 a 100 nmi. tube ; the P.G. gives up to - 1°. It has a Refractive Index 
 of from 1-564 to 1 '579 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; B.P. gives 1-565 to 1 "580 ; 
 neither the U.S.P. nor the P.G. includes figures for Refractive Index. 
 It should dissolve to form a clear solution in 3 parts by volume of 
 Alcohol (70 p.c). It is officially required to contain from 55 to 65 p.c. 
 of Cinnamic Aldehyde as determined by measuring, at 15 "5° C. 
 (60° F.), the unabsorbed oily portion after treating 10 ml. of the oil 
 with 70 ml. of an aqueous 20 p.c. w/v Sodium Sulphite Solution, adding 
 sufficient Phenolphthalein Solution to produce a pronounced pink 
 coloration. The mixtm-e is heated on the water-bath and well shaken, 
 the Sodimii Hydroxide which is liberated being neutralised by the 
 addition of a mixture of 1 part of Acetic Acid diluted with 2 parts of 
 Distilled Water. The heating and neutralisation are continued until 
 no further pink coloration is developed, which usually occurs within 
 from half to three-quarters of an hour. The vokune of the unabsorbed 
 oil measured at 15"5°C. (60° F.) should not amount to more than 
 4 -5 ml. or less than 3 '5 ml. The U.S.P. requires that it shall yield 
 not less than 75 p.c. by volume of Cinnamic Aldehyde, as determined 
 by measuring the residual oily liquid • after treating 10 c.c. of the 
 oil with 10 c.c. of a 30 p.c. w/v Sodimn Bisulphite Solution. _ A 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the oil is introduced into a flask having 
 a long graduated neck (Cassia flask), 10 c.c. of a 30 p.c. w/v Sodium 
 Bisulphite Solution are added, the flask shaken, and heated on a water- 
 bath containing boiling Water until the contents are liquefied ; 
 successive portions of 10 c.c. each of the Bisulphite Solution are added, 
 shaking, and heating, as previously, after each addition, until the 
 flask is I filled. The heating in the water-bath is continued until the 
 
478 ClN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.J 
 
 odour of Cinnamic Aldehyde is no longer perceptible, the flask cooled 
 to a])Out 25° C. (77° F.), and sufficient of the Sodiiun Bisulphite 
 Solution added to raise the lower limit of the oily layer to the zero 
 mark of the scale. The residual liquid should not measure more than 
 2'5c.c., corresponding to at least 75 p.c. by volmne of Cinnamic 
 Aldehyde. The P.G. requires it to contain G6 to 76 p.c. of Cinnamic 
 Aldehyde, as determined by measuring the portion of oil remaining 
 unabsorbed on treating 5 c.c. of the oil with Sodimn Bisulphite Solution 
 (about 30 p.c. w/w). A measured quantity of 5 c.c. of Cinnamon 
 Oil is mixed with 5 c.c. of Sodium Bisulphite Solution (about 30 p.c. 
 w/w) and warmed in a water-bath with frequent shaking, until the 
 precipitate which at first forms is again dissolved. Further quantities 
 of the Sodiiun Bisulphite Solution are then gradually added, proceeding 
 each time as in the manner indicated above, until the total amount 
 of the fluids amounts to 50 c.c, the mixture is then warmed until all 
 solid particles are dissolved, and the oil which floats on the surface 
 has become comj^letely clear. The volume of this oil should amount 
 to not more than 1 "7 c.c. and not less than 1 "2 c.c, indicating not less 
 than 66 p.c. and not more than 76 p.c by volume of Cinnamic Aldehyde. 
 The chief adulterant of Cinnamon Oil is oil distilled from Cinnamon 
 leaf. It may be qualitatively detected by dissolving a measured 
 quantity of the oil in 5 times its volume of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 adding a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test- Solution ; no decided blue 
 or brown coloration should be produced. If present in quantity it would 
 cause an increase in the specific gravity, the percentage of Cinnamic 
 Aldehyde would be lowered, and the Eugenol content increased. The 
 percentage of Eugenol may be determined approximately by treating 
 the oil with a 5 p.c. Potassimn Hydroxide Solution and measuring 
 the diminution in volmne. If more accurate results are desired, the 
 Eugenol may be determined by conversion into Benzoyl-Eugeuol as 
 described in the tests under Oleum Caryophylli. 
 
 PULVIS CINNAMOMI COMPOSITUS. Compound Bowder op 
 Cinnamon. B.F.S//n. — Pulvis Aromaticus. 
 
 Cinnamon Bark, 1 ; Cardamom Seeds, 1 ; Ginger, 1, all in powder. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 60 grains = 0'65 to 4 grammes. ^^ "^ ^'^ 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.-— Official in Port. (P6 de Canella Comp.), 
 Cinnamon 7, Cardamoms 7, Ginger G ; Pulvis Aromaticus, Dutch same as 
 Brit. ; Swiss, Cinnamon 1, Cardamoms I, dinger 1, Sugar 7 ; U.S., Cinnamon 
 7, Ginger 7, Cardamoms 3, Nutmeg 3. Not in the others. 
 
 SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI. Spirit of Cinnamon, 
 
 Oil of Cinnamon, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1*2 ml 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 1 in 100 ; Jap., Cassia 
 Oil 1 in 50 ; U.S., 1 in 10 ; Dutch, Ital., Mex. and Port, (distilled from the 
 Bark). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Cinnamon has a specific gravity of about 0*845; 
 it leaves about 0"3 p.c. w/v of residue, on evaporation over a water 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COC 479 
 
 bath ; this residue, when dissolved in Alcohol (90 p.c.), yields a green 
 coloration on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, but no 
 blue or brown colour. It contains about 85p.c. v/v of Absolute 
 Alcohol. 
 
 TINCTURA CINNAMOMI. Tincture of Cinnamon. 
 1 of Cinnamon Bark, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), to yield 5. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. dim. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S., 1 in 5 ; all by weight except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cinnamon has a specific gravity of about O'SOO, 
 it contains about 3 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 69 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PULViS AROMATICUS {D.P. 1SG4).— Cinnamon, 4 ; Nutmeg, 3 ; 
 Saffron, 3 ; Cloves, li ; Cardamoms, 1 ; Refined Sugar, 25. 
 
 SYRUPUS CINNAMOMI.— Cinnamon, 1 ; Cinnamon Water, 5 ; Sugar, 
 C. — Ger. 
 
 Cinnamon, 1 ; Cinnamon Water, 5 ; Sugar, 8. — Ital. 
 
 TINCTURA CINNAMOMI COMPOSITA (P.L.).— Cinnamon, 1 oz. ; 
 Cardamoms, A oz. ; Long Pepper, 2\ drm. ; Ginger, 2| drm. ; Proof Spirit, 
 40 fl. oz. 
 
 Port. (Tinctura;di Canella Composta). — Cinnamon, 10; Cardamoms, 
 4; Cloves, 4; Ginger, 2; Alcohol (85 p.c), 100. 
 
 TINCTURA AROMATICA {Ger., Russ. and Swiss).— Cinna.mon Root, 
 in coar.se powder, 5 ; Ginger, 2 ; Galangal Root, 1 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cardamoms, 
 1 ; Diluted Alcohol, 50. 
 
 Ger. uses 69 p.c, Russ. 70 p.c, and Swiss G8 to 69 p.c Alcohol. 
 
 Austr., same form but with Zedoary Root in place of Galangal Root. 
 
 Hung., Cinnamon, 16 ; Ginger, 8 ; Zedoary, Orange Peel, Cloves, Cardamoms, 
 of each 4 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 200. 
 
 Dan., Cinnamon, 4 ; Ginger, Galangal Root, Cloves and Cardamoms, of 
 each 1 ; Alcohol (68 p.c), 4U. 
 
 Jap., Cloves, 2 ; Cinnamon, 10 ; Cardamoms, 2 ; Ginger, 5 ; Alcohol (68 p.c), 
 100 ; extract in the cold for 7 days ; press ; filter ; to the filtrate add Spirit 
 of Lemon 6. 
 
 Norw. and Swed., Cinnamon, 100 ; Cardamom, Clove, Galangal, Ginger, of 
 each, 25 ; Dilute Alcohol, q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 Not Official. 
 COCJE FOLIA, 
 
 COCA LEAVES. 
 
 Fa., Feuille de Coca; Gek., Kokablatter ; Ital., Foglia di Coca; 
 Span., Coca del Peru (Hojade). 
 
 The dried leaves of Erytliroxylum Coca, Lam., and its varieties. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Coca leaves contain an amount of alkaloids varying from to l"5p.c. 
 The average amount is about 0'5p.c. The leaves frequently contain very- 
 little alkaloid, owing to the alkaloids readily ujidergoing decomposition when 
 
480 COC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 the leaves arc exposed to lieat and moisture. Tlio ainount of Cocaine in a 
 good sample of leaves is about 0'7 p.c. or even less of the total alkaloids. 
 The leaves Oificial in the U.S. P. are required to yield not less than 0*5 p.c. 
 of the Ether-soluble alkaloids of Coca ; those Official in the Swiss Ph. a 
 minimum content of 0*7 p.c. of alkaloids. Neither Fr. nor Ger. require a 
 definite percentage of alkaloids. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A nervine and muscular tonic, stimulant and 
 restorative. Useful diu-ing convalescence, in debility and nervous 
 exliaustion, and to prevent fatigue. The leaves are chewed by the 
 natives of Peru and Bolivia to sustain them diu-ing the da.y, that they 
 may defer eating till the evening. 
 
 It has been recommended for the cure of the craving for Opium and for 
 Alcohol, but the craving for Cocaine, which is acquired by the excessive use 
 of Coca, is possibly worse than either. 
 
 Sale of Poisons Regulations.- — Any preparation, or admixture of Coca, 
 containing 1 or more p.c. of Coca alkaloids, must not be sold by retail unless 
 the purchaser is known to, or is introduced by some person known to, the 
 seller (a registered chemist), who must enter a record of the sale in the 
 Poison book. Any preparation, or admixture of Coca, containing more than 
 0"1 p.c, but less than 1 p.c. of Coca alkaloids, is in Part 2 of the Poison 
 Schedule. Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride, as a poisonous vegetable 
 alkaloid and its salt, fall within Part 1 of the Schedule. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Fr., Ger., Ital., Jap., Port, and U.S. 
 (Coca) ; Mex. and Span., Swiss (Folium Cocas). Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Coca leaves of commerce are of three varieties. 
 The Bolivian or Huanuco, the Peruvian or Truxillo, and the Coca leaves 
 cultivated in Java. The first are derived from Erythroxylurn Coca, Lamarck. , 
 and the second from a plant which has been named by Rvisby, Erytliroxylum 
 Truxillense. The third is described by botanists as derived from E. 
 Spruceanum, Burck. The Bolivian leaves are oval, dark olive green v/hen 
 fresh, with a dark mid-rib, and are usually not broken. The Peruvian are 
 thinner, pale green, oblanceolate and narrower, and are generally much 
 broken. The Java leaves are more lanceolate, darker green, and the mid-rib 
 is reddish towards the base. The leaves as they arrive in commerce vary 
 in size and quality. In the B.P. 1898 the size of the Bolivian was defined as 
 li to 3 inches (37 to 75 mm.) long and 1 to Iv^ inches (25 to 37 mm.) in breadth, 
 and oval ; but the Peruvian leaves are only described as smaller, narrov/er, 
 and more brittle than the Bolivian. They are, however, different in shape, 
 being more or less oblanceolate and more tapering towards the base. In 
 the Bolivian Coca the mid-rib has a prominent ridge on its upper svirface 
 which is not present in the Peruvian. The lateral lines, formed of collen- 
 chyma, where the leaf is folded when young, are more prominent in the 
 Bolivian than in the other varieties. Under the microscope the characteristic 
 features are the papillose polygonal cells of the under surface, the papillte 
 presenting the appearance of a circle in the centre of each cell, the peri- 
 cyclic fibres, the prismatic crystals, and the stomata between two narrow 
 cells parallel with the guard cells. Coca leaves for use in pharmacy should 
 not smell or taste mouldy, and should produce a slightly numbing effect 
 on the tongue. They lose alkaloids if exposed to damp, or if not carefully 
 dried. 
 
 Tests. — Coca Leaves are no longer official in the B.P. The U.S. P. method 
 for the determination of the Ether-soluble alkaloids is essentially as follows : — 
 A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the leaves in No. 60 powder is trans- 
 ferred to an Erlenmeyer flask and allowed to soak for 10 minutes in 50 c.c. 
 of a mixture of I part by volume of Chloroform and 4 parts by volume of 
 Ether. After the addition of a mixture of 2 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and 
 3 c.c. of Distilled Water, the flask is set aside for one hour, with frequent 
 intervals of shaking. The contents of the flask are then transferred to a 
 small percolfi.toj- ha.vJng a Cotton -Wool plug packeci in the neck and connected 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COC 481 
 
 with a separator containing a mixture of 6 cc of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution and 20 c.c. of Distilled Water. The leaves are packed into the 
 percolator with a glass rod, after the liquid has passed through ; the flask 
 is washed with 10 c.c. of the Chloroform-Ether mixture and tiie residue in 
 the flask transferred to the percolator with several successive portions each 
 of .5 c.c. of the Cliloroform-Ether mixtvire, and percolation continued with 
 this menstruum, using in all 50 c.c. The alkaloids are now removed from 
 the Chloroform-Ether solution by shaking the separator vigorously, and the 
 acid layer removed to another separator, after complete separation. The 
 Chloroform -Ether is shaken a second and a third time with separate quantities 
 of 10 c.c. of a similar mixtui'e of Sulphuric Acid and Distilled Water, the 
 mixed acid liquids are transferred to the second separator, rendered distinctly 
 alkaline ^vith Ammonia Solution, and the Uberated alkaloids shaken out 
 first with 25 c.c, then with 20 c.c, and finally with 15 cc. of Ether. The 
 ethereal solutions are transferred to a small flask or beaker, evaporated on a 
 water-bath at a gentle heat, the residvie dissolved in 3 c.c. of Ether and the 
 Ether again completely evaporated. The residue is then dissolved in 4 cc. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and the excess of acid 
 titrated with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using 5 drops of Cochineal or lodeosin Test-Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality. If the number of c.c. of Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution used, be divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from 4, 
 and the remainder multiplied first by 0'03 and then by 10, the product 
 will represent the p.c of Ether-soluble alkaloids present in the leaves. 
 
 The leaves are Official in P.G., but are not standardised. 
 
 The ash of Coca Leaves amounts to from 6 to 8 p.c. 
 
 EXTRACTUM COC>E LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of Coca.— A 
 dark green fluid extract prepared from Coca leaves. It is not included in 
 B.P. 1914. The Liquid p]xtract Official in B.P. 1898 was 1 in 1, with Alcohol 
 (60 p.c.) ; the U.S. P. preparation is required to contain 0'5 p.c. w/v of the 
 Ether-soluble alkaloids of Coca; the Fr. is 1 in 1 with Alcohol (50 p.c), 
 by weight, but not standardised ; the P.G. does not contain a Fluid Extract. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Fluid Extract of Coca possesses a specific gravity of 0-990 to 
 1-030, yields about 19-0 p.c. w/v of total solids, and contains about 50 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The U.S. P. fluid extract is required to contain 
 O'S gramme of Ether-soluble Coca alkaloids as determined by a process of 
 which the following are the essential details : — A measured quantity of 10 c.c. 
 of the Fluid Extract is introduced into a separator, rendered alkaline by the 
 addition of 2 cc. of Ammonia Solution, and the alkaloids extracted by 
 shaking for 1 minute with 25 c.c. of Ether. The lower aqueous liquid is 
 separated and shaken with a further quantity of 20 c.c. of Ether, the aqueous 
 portion separated, the mixed ethereal solutions are shaken well for 1 or 2 
 minutes with a mixture of 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, the extraction being repeated with a mixture 
 of 1 cc. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 9 c.c of Water, 
 the acid liquid in each case being separated and transferred to a second 
 separator. Sufficient Ammonia Solution is now added to render the mixed 
 acid liquids distinctly alkaline, and the liberated alkaloids are shaken out 
 with 20 c.c of Ether, the extraction being completed with two further quan- 
 tities each of 15 c.c. of Ether. The separated ethereal solutions are mixed, 
 transferred to a tared flask, the Ether evaporated and the residue dried. 
 It is then dissolved in 5 cc. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, and the excess of acid is titrated with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using Cochineal or lodeosin Test-Solution as 
 an indicator of neutrality. If the number of c.c. of Fiftieth-Normal Solution 
 used, be divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from 5, the difference multiplied 
 first by 0-03 and then by 10, the product will represent the percentage w/v 
 of the Ether-soluble alkaloids of Coca present in the sample. Commercial 
 
 R 
 
482 COC [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 samples of the Liquid Extract vary from 0-2 to 0"82p.c. of Ether-soluble 
 alkaloids, the ' miscible ' Liquid Extract from • 014 to • 294 p.c. A specimen 
 of commercial ' miscible ' Liquid Extract examined in the author's laboratory 
 by the U.S. P. process showed 0'465 p.c. of Ether-soluble alkaloids. 
 
 EXTR ACTUM COC>E. — A soHd alcoholic green extract. 
 
 A fluid extract of Coca prepared by repercolation from carefully dried clean . 
 leaves, contains about 25 p.c. of solid extract. On the standard of the U.S. P., 
 that the leaves should contain 0"5 p.c. of Ether-soluble alkaloids, this extract 
 should contain 2'5p.c. of Cocaine. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 grains = • 1.3 to • 65 gramme, in pills, pastils, or lozenges. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital., and Span. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Coca Pastilles contain 21 grains of Extract in each. 
 
 TINCTURA COC/E.— Coca Leaves, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), by weight, 5. 
 — Fr. and Itoi. 
 
 Swiss, the same quantities, Init with Alcohol (68 to 69 p.c). All by weight. 
 
 VINUM COC/E (f7.<Sf.).— Fluid Extract of Coca, 6-5; Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 7 • 5 ; Sugar, 6 • 5 ; Red Wine to 100. 
 
 VI N DE COCA (i'V.).— Dried Leaves of Coca, 6 ; Viu de Malaga, 100. 
 Macerate for 10 days, and filter. 
 
 Wine of Coca can also be made by adding an equivalent quantity of the 
 Liquid Extract to Wine. 
 
 Note. — Coca Wine, if sufficiently weak to bo used as a beverage, requires a 
 wine licence. The Excise has drawn the line at Wines containing | grain of 
 alkaloid to the oz., which would be at least twice as strong as the above. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., 6 in 100; Mex., 3 in 100; 
 Span., 1 in 33| ; Swiss, 1 of Fluid Extract in 20. U.S. about 1 in 15. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 COCAINA. 
 
 COCAINE. 
 
 Methyl-benzoyl-ecgonine. 
 
 CnH2iN04, eq. 303-178. 
 
 Large, coloiu'less, odourless, monoclinic prisms, liaving a bitter 
 taste, followed by ansesthesia of the mucous membrane. It is an 
 alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylum Coca, Lam., and 
 its varieties. 
 
 Solubility.— About 1 in 1300 of Water (Paul) ; 1 in 10 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 50 of Olive Oil ; 1 in 4 of Oleic Acid ; 2 in 1 of 
 Chloroform ; 1 in 6 of Ether ; 1 in 14 of Oil of Turpentine ; 1 in 50 
 of Castor Oil ; 1 in 1 of Aniline Oil. Insoluble in Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — For an application it is dissolved in fals and fixed 
 oils, also in Lanolin and Paraffinum Mollc. It is very soluble in Oleic Acid. 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Cocainre. 
 
 Not Official. — Guttre Cocainre Oleosne, Nebula Cocainse Composita, Nebula 
 Cocain;c Oleosa, Oleatum Cocama-, Unguontum Cocalmo, Unguentum Supra- 
 renalin et Cocain;e. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias — Official in Fr., Mex., Spaa, and U.S. Not 
 in the others, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COC 483 
 
 Tests.— Cocaine has a melting point of 98^ C. (208-4° F.), and this 
 figure is now given in the B.P. ; both U.S. P. and Fr. Codex give 98° C. 
 (208 "4° F.), it is not official in P.G. Its solutions in neutral solvents 
 are lievogyrate. Its aqueous solution is alkaline in reaction towards 
 Litmus and Methyl Orange Solutions. It produces marked ansesthesia 
 on the mucous membrane, and a mydriatic efiect on the pupil of the 
 eye. When exactly neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid the solution 
 yields with Potassiiuu Permanganate Solution, a pm'ple-violet pre- 
 cipitate, possessing a very characteristic microscopic appearance. 
 This crystallisation takes place best in a solution of about 5 p.c. 
 strength. When a crystal is moistened with one or two drops of 
 fuming Nitric Acid, evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, and 
 the residue moistened Avith a few drops of an alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, a peculiar characteristic fruity odour is produced. 
 Tills test is characteristic of Cocaine, no other alkaloid extracted by 
 Benzene from an anunouiacal solution behaving at all similarly. 
 The salts of Cocaine are neutral to most indicators of neutrality, and 
 the pure alkaloid may therefore be readily determined by titration 
 with Normal or Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Acid representing 0" 30318 gramme of 
 the pure alkaloid ; lodeosin or Cochineal Solution is the most suitable 
 indicator to be employed. 
 
 The impurities likely to be present in the alkaloid are also those 
 more generally examined for in the Hydrochloride, and the methods 
 by which they may be detected will be foimd under Cocaine Hydro- 
 chloride. Cocaine readily undergoes hydrolysis, and aqueous solutions 
 are decomposed even on boihng ; the decomposition being greatly 
 faciUtated by the presence of acid. The B.P. still requires that the 
 dry salt obtained on evaporating a solution of Cocaine in Distilled 
 Water acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, shall afiord the reactions 
 mentioned under Cocaine Hydrochloride ; the U.S. P., evidently with 
 a view to minimising the amount of decomposition taking place, 
 requires that if an alcoholic solution of Cocaine be carefully 
 neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid and the solution evaporated 
 to dryness, the residue should respond to the reactions and tests 
 given under the Hydrochloride. A solution of the alkaloid in water 
 acidified with Nitric Acid should yield no opalescence or precipitate 
 with either Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides, 
 or with Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 The alkaloid should leave no weighable residue on ignition. 
 
 Preparation. 
 UNGUENTUM COCAINE. Cocaine Ointment. 
 Dissolve 1 of Cocaine in 4 (by weight) of Oleic Acid at a gentle 
 heat, and mix with 20 of Prepared Lard. (1 in 25.) 
 
 In India Prepared Suet replaces Prepared Lard. See also 
 Unguenta (group). 
 
 OleatutQ Cocain£e. — Cocaine, 5 j Alooholj 5 ; Oleic Acid, 50 ; Olive Oil, 
 q.s. to produce 100. — U.iS. 
 
 R 2 
 
484 COC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT/E COCAIN/E OLEOS/C {St. George s).— Cocaine, 8 grains ; Castor 
 Oil, 1 oz. 
 
 NEBULA COCAIN>E COMPOSiTA (Bournemouth Formulary).— Cocaine, 
 2 grains ; Menthol, 4 grains ; Eucalyptus Oil, 6 minims ; Camphor, 4 grains ; 
 Spray Oil, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 NEBULA COCAIN/E OLEOSA (CeniraZ T/woaO-— Cocaine, 25 grains; 
 Oil of Sweet Almonds, 1 fl. oz. Dissolve by heat. 
 
 UNGUENTUM COCAINiC {London Ophthalmic).— Cocaine, 2 grains; 
 Soft Paraffin, 100 grains. 
 
 The title for this in St. Thomas's is Unguentum Cocainae Dilutum (pro 
 oculis). The Cocaine should be finely powdered and rubbed with a small 
 quantity of the Soft Paraffin, the I'emainder added, and dissolved with the 
 aid of gentle heat. 
 
 Unguentum Cocainae (Ophthalmic) {London). — Cocaine Hydrochloride' 
 8 grains ; Soft Paraffin, to 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ATROPIN/E ET COCAIN/E.— ^See AtrojDine. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SUPRARENALIN ET COCAIN/E {Bournemouth 
 Formulary). — Suprarenalin, \ grain ; Boric Acid, 1 grain ; Cocaine Hydro- 
 chloride, 5 grains; Distilled Water, 15 minims ; Hydrous Lanoline, 250 grains ; 
 Vaseline, 250 grains. 
 
 COCAINiE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 
 
 COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 
 Hydrochlokate of Cocaine. — B.P. '85. 
 
 C17H.31NO4HCI, eq. 339-646. 
 
 pR., Chlorhydbate de Cocaine ; Ger., Cokainhydrochlorid ; Ital., 
 Cloridrato di Cocaina ; Span., Cloruro de Cocaina. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or acicular 
 crystals, or a white glistening crystalline powder. Taste slightly 
 bitter, producing upon the tongue a tingling sensation followed by 
 numbness of some minutes' dm"ation. 
 
 It is the Hydrochloride of an alkaloid Cocaine, obtained from the 
 leaves of Erythroxylum Coca, Lam., and its varieties. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles, and free from a moist 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 2| of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 21 
 of Glycerin ; about 1 in 20 of Chloroform ; almost insoluble in Ether ; 
 insoluble in fixed Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Local anaesthetic. Largely used for pro- 
 ducing local anaesthesia in examinations of and operations on the 
 eye and throat ; and in dentistry (^ to ^ grain being injected into the 
 gum) ; 2 p.c. Solutions being used for the eye and 20 p.c. for the 
 throat. It is used locally in producing anaesthesia of other mucous 
 membranes, as the urethra, vagina, nose and rectmn ; in the form 
 of spray containing | to 2 p.c, with or without other medicaments 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COC 485 
 
 such as Adrenalin 1 in 5000, in aqueous Solution ; or J p.c. of Cocaine 
 with 1 p.c. of Menthol in Liquid Paraffin {see also p. 882) ; in the 
 form of Bougies, Pessaries, or Suppositories containing ^ grain 
 of the salt in each with Oil of Theobroma. Anaesthesia of the deeper- 
 seated tissues for minor operations is produced by local infiltration of 
 Cocaine, combined, generally, with Adrenalin. Injected locally for 
 sciatica and for neuralgia. It has been used siiccessfiilly as a preventivi> 
 and curative of sea-sickness, and in doses of ^ grain every half-hour 
 in the vomiting of pregnancy. As an ointment it is used in painful 
 skin diseases, as shingles ; in facial neuralgia and in pruritus. 
 
 2 p.c. Solution applied on Lint oi' Cotton-Wool to a rigid os uteri is followed 
 by rapid dilatation. 
 
 In a case of obstinate hiccough which resisted all the usual remedies includ- 
 ing Morphine, and in which there was slight pharyngeal congestion, a 10 p.c. 
 spray effected an instantaneous cure. — B.M.J. '12, i. 1298. 
 
 In jijj to J grain doses is one of the most successful remedies in intractable 
 hiccough.— Pr. '11, ii. 526. 
 
 As in many cases of asthma instantaneous relief follows the use of sprays 
 containing it, the patient may fall a victim to the Cocaine habit. — B.M.J. '11, 
 ii. 793. 
 
 ^ grain in Cocoa butter applied to the inner surface of the cervix in spas- 
 modic contraction of the cervix in eclampsia. — B.M.J. '10, i. 200. 
 
 In the extraction of teeth the best results are obtained with 1 p.c. Solution 
 of Cocaine combined with 5 p.c. of Adrenalin Chloride Solution ; danger of 
 syncope and other accidents from Cocaine, due in inost cases to carelessness 
 or ignorance of the method ; the same amount of Cocaine is more dangerous 
 in a concentrated than in a weaker solution. — B.M.J. '07, i. 895. 
 
 Use of 10 p.c. Solution for extraction of teeth strongly deprecated ; 1 p.c. 
 Solution perfectly effective ; dose should never exceed 1 grain. — B.M.J. "07, 
 i. 788, 84:8. 
 
 For Sale of Poisons Regulations, see Cocse Foha. 
 
 Dose. — rV to I grain = 0*0065 to 0*016 granmie. 
 
 Fr. and Ger. maximum dose, single, 0'05 gramme ; daily, 0* 15 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing 'Notes.— Uiiless a preservative be used, solutions should he 
 freshly prepared to prevent fungoid and bacterial growth. Salicylic Acid is the 
 best, tf not the 07ily effectual preservative for aqueous solutions of Cocaine, but it 
 is very irritating to the eye. Borax cannot be prescribed with Cocaine Hydro- 
 chloride in Eye Lotions, as they are incompatible ; Boric Acid should be used 
 instead. 
 
 Pastilles are made of various strengths from ^^ to ^ grain in each, usually 
 7i7T or jL grain. Pastilles of Cocaine with Menthol, ^^ of a grain in each. It is 
 also combined with other drugs, e.g., Krameria Extract or Eucalyptus Oil. It is 
 also supplied in granular effervescent form containing Cocaine Hydro- 
 chloride, ^jj, j^, J, ^ grain in each 60 grains. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are supplied containing ^, J, J, J grain ; also 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride g^ grain, Homatropine Hydrobromide tJ^ grain, in each. 
 
 For external application in neuralgia 10 or 20 ^.c. Solution of the allcaloid 
 in Oil of Cloves, and a weaker solution, 5 p.c, for toothache and earache. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — ^AlkaUs and alkali Carbonates, Borax, Carbolic Acid, 
 Mercurous and Mercuric Chlorides, and the majority of soluble Silver salts. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Injectio Cocainae HsqDodermica, and Lamellae 
 Cocainae. Used in the preparation of Trochiscus lirameriae et Cocainse. 
 
 Not Official — Guttse Cocainss Hydrochloridi, Nebula Cocainae, Pastillus 
 Cocainae, Trochisci Cocainae, Trochisci Cocainas et Morphinse, CocaimB Citras, 
 Cocainae Hydrobromidum, Cocainae Lactas, Cocainae Nitras, Cocainae Oleas, 
 
486 COC [SoUds by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CocairiB Phenylas, Cocainns Salicylas, Cocaiiiae Sulphas, Orthoform, Ortho- 
 form Hydrochloride, Tropacocaine Hydrochloride, Holocaine, Holocaine, 
 Hydrochloride, Acoine, Nix'vanin, Nervocidine, Alypin, Codreiiine. 
 
 Antidotes. — Inhalation of Nitrite of Amyl, Stryclmine and Digitalin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 Not in Port. 
 
 Tests. — Cocaine Hydrccliloride lias n melting point of 18G° 
 to 189-9'^ C. (3GG-8" to 373-8^ F.) ; the B.F. now gives 182° to 186° C. 
 (359-6° to 366-8° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives 189-9° C. (373'8°F.), stating 
 that minute quantities of impurities may reduce the melting point 
 to 180° C. (3-56° F.) or less ; the proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. 
 recommend that this melting point l»e changed to 188° to 191° C. 
 (370-4 to 375 -8° F.); the P.G. gives 183° C. (361*4° F.) ; some 
 authorities give the melting point as 202° C. (395"6°F.); the 
 Fr. Codex gives 186° C. (366*8° F.). It should be perfectly 
 free from colour, should be readily and completely soluble 2 in 1 
 of Distilled Water, forming a perfectly colomless solution, which 
 should be absolutely neutral to Litmus paper. Its solutions are 
 hevogyrate and produce well-marked mydriasis when instilled drop- 
 wise in the eye. Its aqueous solution yields with Anmioniiun Carbonate 
 Solution and with Potassium, Sodium, or Ammonium Hydroxide 
 Solution, a white precipitate, amorphous when precipitated from 
 strong solutions, but rapidly becoming crystalline. If this precipitate 
 be dissolved in Ether, the ethereal solution separated, and the Ether 
 carefully evaporated, the residue should respond to the distinctive 
 tests given under ' Cocaiae.' When its solution in concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid is warmed it chars, at the same time evolving an 
 agreeable aromatic odour, and yielding a crystalline sublimate of 
 Benzoic Acid. If O'l granmie of the salt be dissolved in 1 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid, and warmed to about 100° C. (212° F.) dm'ing 
 5 minutes, on the careful addition of 2 c.c. of Distilled Water, an 
 aromatic odour of Methyl Benzoate will be produced, and on cooling 
 crystals of Benzoic Acid will separate out. Its aqueous solution 
 atitords, with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, a white 
 precipitate, precipitation occurring even in very dilute solution ; with 
 Auric Chloride Solution, a yellow precipitate ; with Sodium Biborate 
 Solution, a white precipitate ; with Picric Acid Solution, a • yellow 
 precipitate, rapidly becoming crystalline ; with Platinic Chloride 
 Solution, a yellow crystalline precipitate. An aqueous solution of the 
 salt, acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, yields with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution a ciu'dy white precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, and which, 
 when filtered and washed, is readily soluble in Ammonia Solution or 
 in Potassimn Cyanide Solution. 
 
 A mixtm-e of equal parts of the salt and Mercurous Chloride is 
 blackened when moistened with Diluted Alcohol. 
 
 Iodine or lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution precipitates 
 Cocaine from its aqueous solutions, in very dilute solution the precipitate 
 appe.irs of a rose colour, in stronger solutions, brown. Upon the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liqmds by Measure.] COC 487 
 
 reaction of Cocaine witli Iodine solution has been founded {P.J. '01, 
 i. 553; '01, ii. 222; J.S.C.I. '01, 1031; J.C.S. Trans., '01, 675) 
 a process for tlie determination of Cocaine. Tlie Cocaine solution 
 should contain about 1 gramme of tlie alkaloid in the form of a salt 
 in 100 c.c. The Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution should be 
 added in excess, and the excess of Voliunetric Iodine Solution titrated 
 with Tenth- Normal Voliunetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. Cocaine 
 can be fairly accurately determined by this method, in the presence 
 of Ecgonine, but not in the presence of Benzoyl Ecgonine. As, 
 however, neither Ecgonine nor Benzoyl Ecgonine are extracted from 
 aqueous alkaline solution by Petroleum Ether or Ether, a method of 
 separation is available. Cocaine is readily extracted by these immiscible 
 solvents. Assuming the production of Cocaine I)i-iodo-hydriodide 
 as a result of the reaction, one molecular quantity of Cocaine is necessary 
 for each molecular quantity of Iodine used. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Cinnamyl-Cocaine, 
 and other Coca alkaloids, amorphous alkaloids. Sulphates, excess of 
 moistiu'e, and mineral matter. 
 
 The Permanganate test is usually employed for detecting the presence 
 of Cinnamyl-Cocaine, and other Coca alkaloids. 
 
 A test for the presence of these impurities was described in the 
 Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion as follows : — ^Dissolve 
 O'l gramme of the salt in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidulated with 
 3 drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and add 0"5c.c. of a 1 in 1000 
 Potassimii Permanganate Solution. The colour should not disappear 
 within an hoiu". 
 
 The B.P. test is essentially that previously appearing in the U.S.P., 
 except that ml. are substituted for c.c. 
 
 The B.P. requires that the violet colour produced on adding 3 drops 
 of Tenth- Normal Volmnetric Potassium Permanganate Solution to a 
 solution of 1 decigramme of the salt in 5 ml. of Distilled Water and 
 3 drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, should not disappear within half 
 an hour, care being taken to exclude atmospheric dust, indicating the 
 absence of Cinnamyl-Cocaine, and certain other Coca alkaloids. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that if 1 decigramme of the salt be dissolved 
 in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water containing 3 drops of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, the addition to the solution of 3 drops of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassiiun Permanganate Solution will produce a violet colour, 
 which should not fade in half an hour, indicating a limit of Cinnsimyl- 
 Cocaine ; the P.G. requires that 0*1 gramme of Cocaine Hydrochloride 
 should dissolve in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water and 3 drops of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, yielding a fluid which is coloured violet by the addition 
 of 5 drops of Potassimn Permanganate Solution (O'l p.c. w/w). The 
 colour of this solution should scarcely show any diminution after the 
 lapse of half an hour, care being taken to exclude dust, indicating a 
 limit of Cinnamyl-Ecgonine. 
 
 According to Piuil and Cownley, the most efficient test for ascer- 
 taining the purity of the salt for medicinal purposes is Maclagan's 
 Test. 1 grain of the salt is dissolved in 2 fl. oz. of Water, 3 drops of 
 
488 COC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Ammonia Solution (B.P.) added, and tlie mixture stirred briskly 
 with a glass rod ; within a few minutes a crystalline precipitate should 
 be thrown down, leaving no turbidity in the supernatant liquid. The 
 B.P. idea of the test is as follows : — A weighed quantity of O'l gramme 
 of the salt is dissolved in 100 ml. of Distilled Water, 0*25 ml. of 
 Auunonia Solution added, the mixture stirred, and allowed to 
 remain at rest for 15 minutes, the sides of the vessel being occasionally 
 rubbed, but not too energetically, with a glass rod. It should afford a 
 clear supernatant solution and a crystalline deposit. The quantities 
 given in the B.P. translated into the terms of Maclagan's Test indicate 
 0'86 grain of the salt in 2 fl. oz. of Water and 5 drops of Ammonia 
 Solution, or 1 grain of the salt in a little over 2^ oz. of Water and 
 5 drops of Ammonia Solution ; it will therefore be observed that the 
 proportions are not strictly maintained. The U.S. P. maintains the 
 same relative proportions of Cocaine salt to Distilled Water as in 
 Maclagan's Test, but uses 4 instead of 3 drops of Ammonia Solution, 
 requiring that if O'l gramme of the salt be dissolved in 85 c.c. of 
 cold Distilled Water, in a beaker, and 4 drops of Anmionia Solution 
 added, and the solution stirred vigorously for 15 minutes, with occasional 
 rubbing of the sides of the beaker with a stirring rod, a crystalline 
 precipitate should be formed, and the supernatant liquid should be 
 perfectly clear, indicating a lunit of Isatropyl-Cocaine. The proposed 
 c-lianges in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this test should be modified 
 so as to require the precipitate to form within 5 minutes, after 5 minutes 
 vigorous stirring. The P.G. ratio of Cocaine Hydrochloride to Distilled 
 Water is essentially that of the Maclagan's Test, but P.G. employs 
 2 c.c. of a mixture of 1 part by weight of Ammonia Solution and 
 9 parts by weight of Distilled Water, requiring that if the solution of 
 O'i gramme of Cocaine Hydrochloride in 80 c.c. of Water be mixed 
 with 2 c.c. of a mixture of 1 part by weight of Ammonia Solution 
 and 9 parts by weight of Water carefully without shaking, then on 
 allowing it to remain at rest no turbidity should be produced within 
 1 hour. Then if the sides of the glass are rubbed with a glass rod 
 and the mixture vigorously shaken from time to time the Cocaine 
 should separate as a flocculent crystalline precipitate, whilst the fluid 
 itself should remain completely clear, indicating the limit of foreign 
 Coca bases. The essential feature of the test is tlie strict maintenance 
 of the original proportions. 
 
 The Maclagan Test has been conclusively shown to afford the 
 best guarantee of the purity of Cocaine Hydrochloride, and any 
 sample which does not satisfy the test sliould not be regarded as 
 sufficiently pure for pharmaceutical purposes. 
 
 The U.S.P. states that on adding 5 drops of a 1 in 20 solution of 
 Chromium Trioxide to 5 c.c. of a 1 in 50 aqueous solution of Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride, a yellow precipitate is produced, redissolving on 
 shaking, on the addition of 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, a permanent, 
 orange-coloured, crystalline precipitate is formed. The P.G. states 
 that if 5 drops of Chromic Acid Solution be added to a solution of 
 0*05 gramme of Cocaine Hvdi'ochloride in 5 c,c. of Distilled Water, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] dOC 489 
 
 after the addition of each drop a yellow precipitate is thrown down, 
 which immediately dissolves on shaking the mixture ; on the addition 
 of 1 CO. of H}^drochloric Acid a permanent separation of a yellow 
 precipitate results. 
 
 The aqueous solution of Cocaine Hydrochloride when acidified with 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid shall yield no opalescence or precipitate 
 with Barimn Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride should dissolve without change of colour 
 in cold Sulphuric Acid and in cold Nitric Acid. It shoiild not lose 
 weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating the absence of 
 excess of moisture. The B.P. requires that it should lose not more 
 than 1 p.c. in weight when dried at this temperature ; the Brussels 
 Conference requires the salt to be anhydrous ; the P.G. requires that 
 it shall scarcely lose in weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.). It 
 should leave not more than 0*05 p.c. of residue on ignition, indicating 
 a limit of mineral matter. The B.P. requires that- it shall leave no 
 appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. that it shall leave no residue on incinera- 
 tion ; the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. reconunend that it 
 shall be required to leave not more than "05 p.c. of residue on incinera- 
 tion ; the P.G. reqiiires that it shall leave at the highest O'l p.c. of 
 residue when ignited. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INJECTIO COCAINvE HYPODERMICA. Hypodermic Injection 
 OP Cocaine. (Altered.) 
 
 Dissolve 0'15 of Salicylic Acid in 100 of boiled Distilled Water ; 
 add 5 of Cocaine Hydrochloride, dissolve, and if necessary add Distilled 
 Water (recently boiled and cooled), q.s. to produce 100. (1 in 20.) 
 
 22 minims contain 1 grain. Half the strength of B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose. — By subcutaneous injection, 5 to 10 minims = 0'3 to 
 
 0-6 ml. 
 
 22 minims contain 1 grain of Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Solute de Cocaine (Chlor- 
 hydrate) pour Injection Hypodermique. It is a 1 per cent, solution, 
 sterilised by placing the bottle in water which is kept boiling for a quarter of 
 an hour. It is also Official in Mex. and Span., 1 in 100. 
 
 LAMELLA COCAIN.E. Discs of Cocaine. 
 
 Gelatin discs, containing J^ grain (1'3 milligrammes) of Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride. 
 
 Ophthalmic discs, each containing about 0*0005 gramme = y|^ grain 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride, are Official in Ital. Ph. 
 
 They are also supphed containing Cocaine, ^otj grain, with Atropine, 
 ^xrs grain ; Cocaine, ^i^r grain, with Physostigmine, xtnm grain ; and 
 Cocaine, yito S^^^^t with Homatropine, j^ grain. 
 
 Ophthalmic tablets are supplied containing gij and ^'ij of a grain of Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride. 
 
 TROCHISCUS KRAMERI^ ET COCAINE. See Krameria. 
 
490 CIOC [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 JNTot Official. 
 
 GUTT/E COCAiN>e HVDROCHLORIDI [London Ophthalmic).— Cocame 
 Hydrochloride, 10 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 NEBULA COCAIN>E [Central Throat). — Cocaine Hydrochloride, 48 grains; 
 saturated Solution of Boracic Acid, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PASTILLUS COCAIN>E. — jij grain of Cocaine Hydrochloride in each 
 [Throat); r^xj grain [St. Thomas's). Fr. has Tablettes de Chlorhydrate 
 de Cocaine, each containing ^^ grain of Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 TROCHISCI COCAIN/E [Central Throat and Throat). — Jj grain. 
 
 TROCHISCUS COCAIN/E ET MORPHIN>C [St. George's). —Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride, j\j grain ; Morpliine Hydrochloride, Jy grain in each. 
 
 COCAIN/E CITRAS. — Colourless, hygroscopic crystals, readily soluble 
 n Water. Used in dentistry. 
 
 COCAIN/E HYDROBROMiDUM.— Transparent prisms, soluble in Water. 
 
 COC Al N /E L ACT AS. — A white semi-soHd, readily soluljlc in Water. Used 
 as an injection in tubercular cystitis. 
 
 COCAIN/E NITRAS. — Large, tabular crystals, readily soluble in Water 
 and in Alcohol (90 p.c. ). Used in ophthalmic practice and in ui'etliral surgery 
 in conjunction with Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Tests.^Cocaine Nitrate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, producing a solution which yields the tests distinctive of Cocaine 
 given mider Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride. When a solution of Ferrous 
 Sulphate is poured carefully upon a well-cooled mixture of equal parts of 
 Sulphuric Acid and a solution of the salt, a brown coloration is formed at 
 the junction of the two fluids. Wlaen warmed with Copper and Sulphuric 
 Acid, reddish-brown fumes are evolved. It should leave not more than 
 0' 1 p.c. of residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 COCAIN/E OLEAS. — A crystallisable salt, insoluble in Water, soluble in 
 Oleic Acid and fixed Oils. Is useful when a salt of Cocaine is required in a 
 fatty basis such as an ointment or suppository. 
 
 COCAIN/E PHENYLAS (Cocaine Carbolate).^A yellow, or yellowish- 
 browTi, semi-solid mass. Insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 in Ether. Local anaesthetic, analgesic, and sedative. Also useful in dentistry. 
 0\ving to its msolubility is not so rapidly absorbed, and the action is more 
 prolonged. 
 
 Dose. — Internally, -^^ to } grain = 0-005 to 0-01 gramme. 
 
 COCAIN/E SALIC YLAS. — Short, thick, somewhat deliquescent crystals, 
 soluble 5 in 1 of Water, 2-J in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — ^ to i gi-ain = 0- 01 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Hypodermically in asthma. 
 
 It is prescribed in eye lotion with Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 Tests. — Cocaine Salicylate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, the aqueous solution yielding the reactions distinctive of Cocaine 
 given under Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 The diluted aqueous solution yields with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a 
 violet coloration. It should leave not more than O'lp.c. of residue wlien 
 ignited with free access of air. 
 
 COCAIN/E SULPHAS. — In prisms, or as a white, granular powder, 
 soluble in Water. 
 
 EUCAINE. — Tliis now appears under the heading ' Benzaminse Lactas.' 
 
 ORTHOFORM. — Tliis base is Para-amido-meta-hydroxybenzoic Acid 
 Methyl Ester, a synthetic product introduced as a substitute for Cocaine. A 
 Wliite^ odom-iessj tasteless, crystalline powder, or in colourless crystals melting 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COC 491 
 
 at 120' C. (248° F.)- Soluble 1 in 450 of Water ; 1 in 6 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 
 1 in I3i of Ether. 
 
 Another base, Meta-amido-para-hydroxybenzoic Acid ]\Iethyl Ester, has 
 been introduced under the name of 'Orthoform New.' Solubility is practi- 
 cally the same as above. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Local anaesthetic employed in ulcerations of the 
 upper air passages. Useful where nerve endings are exposed, but has no 
 action on imbroken skin and but Uttle on healthy mucous membrane. Best 
 administered as a spray, using 10 p.c. Solution made with Alcohol (45 p.c), 
 but the powder may be employed either alone or mixed with an equal quantity 
 of Lycopodium for insufflation, or in the form of a 10 p.c. ointment; a 
 saturated solution of Orthoform in Collodion is used as a varnish. An 
 aqueous solution of the Hydrochloride is used as a paint. 
 
 Non-toxic and powerfully antiseptic. On account of its sparing solubility 
 it is but slowly absorbed. Nearly 2 oz. have been employed in the course 
 of a week for dusting wounded surfaces without injurious effect. 
 
 As an ointment it is useful in burns ; in ulcers of the leg and in syphilitic 
 ulcers. Used (suspended in Glycerin) for intra-uterine medication ; in fissure 
 of the nipple ; as an insufflation, or used as an ointment is most efficient in 
 allaying pain, in burns, ulcerative stomatitis, tuberculosis and malignant 
 ulceration whether of the larynx or other regions; given internally up to 
 3 grains for pain of gastric valcer and carcinoma. 
 
 As an emulsion, Orthoform, 25 ; Olive Oil, 100 ; as an insufflation, 10 to 
 20 centigrammes ; or as a 10 p.c. aqueous Solution of the Hydrochloride for 
 laryngeal application. 
 
 More relief is obtained by its insufflation in syphilitic ulcerated conditions 
 of the pharjmx and larynx than by any other method. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 197. 
 
 ORTHOFORM HYDROCHLORIDE.— A white, crystalline powder, which 
 is soluble, 1 in 8'4 of Water, 1 in 17 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Insoluble in 
 Ether. It may be employed for internal administration or for urethral 
 injection, but is too acid for hypodermic injection or application to the eye. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains == ■ 06 to • 32 gramme. 
 
 TROPACOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE. Benzoyl-pseudotropeine Hydro- 
 chloride, Tropain Hydrochloride. CsHhON-C.H.O-HCI, eq. 281-630. — 
 The Hydrochloride of an alkaloid, Tropacocaine, obtained from Java Coca 
 Leaves and also made synthetically. Colourless and odourless crystals or as 
 white, odourless, crystalline powder, readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used to produce anaesthesia of the eye ; it is 
 much less toxic than Cocaine. 
 
 For spinal analgesia, a 2 p.c Solution may be used [L. '09, i. 134i5), freshly 
 prepared for every injection. The quantity of cerebro-spinal fluid allowed 
 to escape must be twice that of the solution injected. The quantity injected 
 should be O'OT gramme of Tropacocaine in operations on the pelvis and 
 lower extremities, 0" 12 gramme iia those above that region, and 0" 14 to 0" 16 
 gramme in those on the neck. 
 
 Of spinal analgesics, the least poisonous and least apt to produce undesirable 
 after-effects. Its solution stands boiling and has no irritating effect on the 
 tissues. Review of Spinal Analgesia. — B.M.J. '10, i. 157. 
 
 Three drops of a 5 p.c. Solution of the Hydrochloride instilled into the 
 conjunctival sac produce anaesthesia in the same time as a like preparation of 
 Cocaine, and a great advantage is that the pupil is not dilated, so that patient 
 is not troubled by double vision. Worthy of more extended trial. — B.M.J. 
 '09, i. 640. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch and Ger. 
 
 Tests. — Tropacocaine Hydrochloride melts at 27F C. (519-8° F.). It 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, producing a solution 
 which is neutral iia reaction to Litrnxis paper, which yields a bro-%vn precipitate 
 with Iodine Solution ; and a brig-ht orange precipitate with Potassium 
 
492 COC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Bichromate Solution, after acidification Avith Hydrochloric Acid. The 
 aqueovis solution acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid yields a white curdy 
 precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution ; if this precipitate be 
 filtered off and washed, it dissolves readily in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 A milky turbidity is produced on the addition of 3 c.c. of Sodium Carbonate 
 Solution to a solution of 0' 1 grajnme of Tropacocaine Hydrochloride in 2 c.c. 
 of Water. If this mixture be shaken with 10 c.c. of Ether the turbidity 
 completely disappears. On separating the ethereal solution, evaporating it 
 to dryness on the water-bath, a colourless oil remains, which on standing for 
 some time over Sulphuric Acid sets to a crystalline mass. These crystals 
 melt at 49° C. (120-2° F.), and when dissolved in Alcohol (90 p. c.) they 
 yield a solution which tvirns moistened red Litmus paper blue. A white 
 crystalhne precipitate is produced on the addition of 2 drops of Nitric Acid 
 to a solution of 0"1 gramme of Tropacocaine Hydrochloride in 1 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, on shaking for a few moments. If • 1 gramme of Tropa- 
 cocaine Hydrochloi'ide be dissolved in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water by the aid 
 of 3 drops of Diluted Sulphuric x\cid, a fluid is produced, which is coloui-ed 
 violet by 1 drop of Potassium Permanganate Solutioii (O'lp.c. w/w). If 
 the precaution be taken of excluding atmospheric dust this violet coloration 
 should show scarcely any alteration after an interval of half an hour, indicating 
 a limit of foreign Coca bases. A precipitate of violet needle-shaped crystals 
 is thrown down on the further addition of 1 c.c. of Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution (O'l p.c. w/w). Tropacocaine Hydrochloride should dissolve in 
 Sulphuric Acid without change of colour, indicating the absence of readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities. It should leave not more than 0"1 p.c. of 
 residue when ignited. 
 
 HOLOCAINE (Para-diethoxy-ethenyl-diphenyl-amidine). — A synthetic 
 product introduced as a substitute for Cocaine. In colourless crystals which 
 melt at 121° C. (249-8° F.). Insoluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol 
 90 p.c.) and Ether. 
 A powerful base, forming sparingly soluble salts with acids. 
 
 HOLOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE.— The Hydrochloride of the above 
 base. Occurs in colourless, needle-shaped crystals. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 50 of Water ; 1 in 6 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in the form of 1 p.c. Solution in ophthalmic 
 surgery. Produces complete and rapid anjesthesia without pain, and neither 
 dilates the pupil nor affects the blood-vessels. On account of its toxicity it 
 cannot be used hypodermically. Its instillation into the eye causes a slight 
 feeling of bru'ning which rapidly passes off ; solution not used stronger than 
 1 p.c, as it is poisonous. 
 
 It is stated [L. '06, ii. 15) to be a most valuable addition to Cocaine in all 
 operations in which it is necessary to cut the iris. The favourite combination 
 recommended is Cocaine Hydrochloride, 2 p.c ; Holocaine Hydrochloride, 
 1 j).c ; dissolved in solution of Adrenalin Hydrochloride, 1 in 1000, and 
 freshly prepared immediately before being used. 
 
 ACOINE (Di-para-anisyl-mono-phenetyl-guanidine Hydrochloride). — A 
 white, crystalline powder, solvable 1 in 50 of Water. Introduced as a substi- 
 tute for Cocaine as being less toxic. 
 
 A useful Solution for producing anaesthesia is Acoine, 1 ; Sodium Chloride, 
 S ; Distilled Water, 1000. Concentrated solutions should not be employed, 
 as they give rise to irritation. The solutions, moreover, should not be exposed 
 to the light. 
 
 In treating chronic trachoma with bluestone a 1 p.c. Oily Solution of Acoine 
 is instilled immediately afterwards, not before, as the Oil prevents contact 
 of the caustic with the mucous surface. Acoine has no desiccating action on 
 the cornea, and affects neither the ciliary muscle nor the dilator pupillje, 
 while its anaesthetic power is as great as that of Cocaine. — M.A. 1911, 261. 
 
 N I R VAN I N (Hydrochloride of Dietltyl - glycocoll - para-amido - ortho - 
 hydroxy-benzoic Methyl Ester). — Small white prisms, readily soluble in 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COC 493 
 
 Water. Introduced as a local anaesthetic in surgical and dental operations. 
 As a substitute for Cocaine and Orthoform, generally used in the form of a 
 2 p.c. Solution. A 5 p.c. Solution causes irritation when dropped into the 
 eye. As much as 7 grains may be injected hypodermically without injury. 
 A 1 p.c. Solution has a marked bactericidal action. 
 
 NERVOCIDINE. — A yellow, hygroscopic, amorphous powder, readily 
 soluble in Water, slightly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Ether. It is 
 obtained from an Indian plant ' Gasu-Basu. ' Introduced as a local anaesthetic. 
 The irritation which it produces, the length of time required to produce 
 anaesthesia, and its liability to produce toxic symptoms, however, preclude 
 its general use. At present its employment is restricted to dental work. 
 
 ALYPI N. — Primary Benzoyl - tetramethyldiamino - ethyldimethylcax'binol 
 Monohydrochloride. C,sH,eN„0„-HCl, eq. 314-696. 
 A non-hygroscopic odourless crystalline powder. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1 of Water; 1 in li of Alcohol (90 p.c); insoluble 
 in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — i\j to ^ grain = 0*0064 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 A local anaesthetic. Solutions should always be freshly prepared ; they 
 must be sterilised by boiling. 
 
 Complete anaesthesia of the eye can be produced by a 1 or 2 p.c. Solution 
 in a minute. 
 
 Tests. — Alypin loses a small quantity of moisture when dried at a tempera- 
 ture of 100° C. (212° F.), the loss being equivalent to about 4-5 p.c. The 
 dried salt melts at about 170° C. (338° F.). It dissolves readily in Water, 
 yielding a solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. The 
 aqueous solution yields a precipitate with the usual alkaloidal precipitants, 
 e.g., Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, lodo-Potassium Iodide 
 (Wagner's) Solution, Picric Acid Solution, etc. It also yields precipitates 
 with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution and with Ammionia Solution, 
 but is not precipitated by dilute Sodium Bicarbonate Solution. The aqueovis 
 solution acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid yields on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, a wliite curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, and if 
 the precipitate be separated and washed, it is soluble in Ammonia Solution 
 and Potassium Cyanide Solution. If a minute quantity of the salt be placed 
 on the tongue it produces a characteristic sense of numbness resembling that 
 produced by Cocaine. It should leave no weighable residue on ignition. 
 
 Codrenine. — A sterile Solution containing either 0-02 gramme (| grain) 
 of Cocaine Hydrochloride and 0-00006 gramme (^^^j^ grain) of AdrenaUn 
 Chloride in 1 cc (17 minims) ; or 0-01 gramme (^ grain) of Cocaine Hydro- 
 chloride and 0-00018 gramme (jxtuts grain) of Adrenalin Chloride in 1 cc. 
 Used in a similar manner to Eudrenine as a local anaesthetic and in dental 
 work. 
 
 COCCUS. 
 
 COCHINEAL. 
 
 Fr., Cochenille ; Ger., CochenilijE ; Ital., Cocciniglia ; 
 Span., Cochinilla. 
 
 The dried fecundated female insect, Coccus Cacti, L. 
 
 Used as a colouring agent. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctura Cocci. 
 
 Not Official. — Carmine, Liquor Carmini, Liquor Coccineus, Glycerinum 
 Cocci, Liquor Cocci. 
 
494 COC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. (Coccus), Jap. and Swiss 
 (Cocci on ell a), Fr,,Port. (Cochonilha), Mex. and Span. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried insect forming this drug is 
 named Coccus Cacti, Linn., in the B.P., and Pseudococcus Cacti, 
 Burmeister, in the U.S. P. The dried insect is imported chiefly from 
 TenerifJe, and is met with in commerce in fom' principal forms, known 
 as silver grain, black grain, madres or zacatille, and granilla or siftings. 
 The black grain consists of the insect dried by artificial heat, the silver 
 grain is dried in the sun. The ' madres ' consist of the female insect 
 collected in March after the young are hatched, and the granilla 
 consists chiefly of young insects sifted out. For the manufacture 
 of Carmine the madres are preferred as, weight for weight, they yield 
 more colour than before the young have left the mother. They 
 are black and very concave on the under surface, not flat or slightly 
 convex as in the ordinary silver and black grain. The silver grain is 
 sometimes adulterated with Sulphate of Barium or Carbonate of Lead 
 and other mineral matter to increase its weight or improve its appear- 
 ance, and fetches a lower price than the black variety, which is more 
 rarely adulterated, and then only with Iron Sand, which is visible under 
 a good lens. The size is given both in B.P. and U.S. P. as 5 mm. 
 Q inch) long. B.P. states that it is somewhat oval in outline, flat 
 or concave beneath, convex above, transversely wrinkled, purplish- 
 black or purplish-grey, easily reduced to powder, which is dark-red 
 or puce-coloured. U.S. P. describes it as somewhat oblong and 
 angular in outline, flat and concave beneath, convex above, externally 
 purplish-grey or purplish-black, transversely wrinkled, easily pulveris- 
 able, yielding a dark-red powder. 
 
 Tests. — Cochineal varies considerably in the amount of Ash, which 
 it yields. Out of 44 samples examined in the author's laboratory 
 17 yielded less than 6 p.c, 3 yielded between 6 and 8 p.c. of ash, 
 23 exceeded 8 p.c, and 1 sample contained as much as 37 "4 p.c. of 
 ash. 
 
 The B.P. requires that no insoluble powder should separate when 
 the specimen is macerated in Water, and that the ash should not 
 amount to more than 6 p.c. The U.S.P. limit of ash is also 6 p.c. 
 
 A comparison of the colouring power of the Cochineal may be 
 made by powdering the sample with some broken glass, macerating 
 for 24 houi's in Distilled Water, 2 grains to each fl. oz., with inter- 
 vals of frequent stirring, and filtering through paper. The clear 
 filtered liquid may be compared with a similar product prepared from 
 a standard specimen. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA COCCI. Tincture of Cochineal. 
 1 of Cochineal in powder, macerated with 10 of Alcohol (45 p.c). 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 Dose. — '5 to 15 minims = 0'3 to 0'9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., 1 in 5 ; Fr. and Mex., 1 in 
 10. By weight. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] COD 495 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cocliiueal lias a specific gravity of about 
 0" 954, it contains about 3 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 4^^ p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CARMINE. — Prepared from Cochineal, an excellent colouring agent for 
 powders and ointments. It is also used as a staining agent in microscopy. 
 
 LIQUOR CARMINI (U. S.N. F.).~Cari-ame, G'Tj; Water of Ammonia 
 (10 p.c), 30-5 ; Glycerin, 3G-5 ; Water, q.s. to yield 100. 
 
 LIQUOR COCCINEUS ((7.5.iV.i^.).— Cochineal in No. 50 powder, 6-5; 
 Potassium Carbonate, 3 • 2 ; Alum, 3 • 2 ; Potassium Bitartrate, • 5 ; Glycerin, 
 50; Alcohol (95 p.c), 3-2; Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 100. 
 
 GLYCERINUM COCCI. — Cochineal, in coarse powder, 20; Potassium 
 Carbonate, 1 ; Potassium Citrate, 10 ; Glycerin, 20 ; Distilled Water, suffi- 
 cient to produce 100. 
 
 LIQUOR COCCI. — Cocliineal (in coarse powder), 10 ; Potassiimi Car- 
 bonate, 1 ; Potassium Citrate, 10 ; Alcohol, 20 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to 
 make 100. Dissolve the Potassium Carbonate in 60 of Distilled Water, and 
 digest the Cochineal in the solution on a water-bath for 3 hours, replace the 
 Water lost by evaporation, then strain and cool, add the Alcohol and Potas- 
 sium Citrate ; pass more Distilled Water tlirough the strainer to make the 
 total volume 100. Filter. This method apphes also to the Glycerinum 
 Cocci, adding the Glycerin and Potassium Citrate to the strained fluid. 
 
 RADIX ANCH US/E. Alkanet Root. — It is derived from Alkanna tinctoria, 
 Tausch., nat. ord. Bora'iinaccce, a native of the South of Europe, but the 
 root is chieliy imported from Htmgary. It is of dark pm'ple colom" tapering 
 below, usually 3 or 4 inches long, deeply fmTov, ed longitudinally, the root 
 being often split into separate longitudinal strands, the bark thus flaking off 
 in strips. The wood is yellowish and the centre of the pith has a purple spot 
 as seen in transverse section. The root stains the paper in which it is wrapped 
 of a purplish colour. The colouring matter is an amorphous resinous sub- 
 stance called alkannin, of which the root contains 5 or 6 p.c. It is soluble 
 in oils and alcohol, but not in water. When the colouring matter is formed 
 in the parenchymatous tissue, the cells perish ; hence the separation of the 
 bark, and of the wedges of woody tissue. Several other Boraginaceous plants 
 contain the same or a similar colouring matter. In India Macrostoma perennis, 
 Benth., and in Japan Lilhospermum erythrorhizon, S. and Z., are used like 
 Alkanna as colouring agents for fatty and resinous bodies and for dyeing wool. 
 An illustiation of the plant is given in Phar. Jour. (4) vol. v. p. 01. 
 
 CODE IN A. 
 
 CODEINE. 
 CisHoiN03,HA eq. 317-194. 
 
 A crystalline alkaloid (Methyl Morphine) obtained from Opium or 
 synthetically from Morphine. 
 
 White, or nearly translucent, prismatic odourless crystals, possessing 
 a faintly bitter taste. They are slightly efflorescent in warm air, 
 and should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted bottles. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 80 of Water ; 1 in 24 of boiling Water ; 1 in 2 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 2 of Chloroform ; 1 in 60 of Ether ; 1 in 12 of 
 Benzene ; 1 in 85 of Liquor Ammonise ; 1 in 58 of Ether, sp. gr. 0-720. 
 
496 COD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It stops or lessens the glycosuria in 
 diabetes (an entire abstinence from starchy food being strictly observed) 
 in doses of 1 grain 3 times a day, gradually raised to 2 grains. Useful 
 in relieving the hacking cough of phthisis, in ovarian pain, and as a 
 mild hypnotic. 
 
 It can be pushed to a much greater extent than Morphine without causing 
 drowsiness or interfering with the respiration or with the action of the bowels. 
 Heroine, Peronine, and Dionine liave no advantages over Codeine in phthisis 
 cough.— Pn '13, i. 121. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0"016 to 0*065 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, " 05 gramme ; daily, • 20 gramme. 
 Swies maximum dose, single, ■ 1 gramme ; daily, ' 4 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — For coughs it is usually given in the form of syrup, 
 linctus or pastils, or as a pill, using Powder of Oum Acacia and ' Diluted Glucose ' 
 as excipients. For diabetes it is sometimes combined with Extract of Cascara 
 and Extract of Nux Vomica. Three forms of linctus are given below under 
 ' Not Official.^ Pastilles contain \ grain of Codeine in each. Tablets are made 
 containing \, J, \ grain, and 2 grains in each. Codeine Phosphate is used for 
 hypodermic injection. 
 
 Official Preparation — Syrupus Codeinse Phosphatis from Codeinse 
 Phosphas. 
 
 Not Official. — Codeine Pastilles, Linctus Codeinse, Pilula Codeinse Com- 
 posita, Codeinae lodas, Apocodeinse Hydrochloridum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ital., Mex. 
 Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Codeine possesses a melting point of 156° C. (312 '8" F.) ; the 
 B.P. now gives a melting point of 155° to 156° C. (311° to 312-8° F.) ; 
 the V.S.P. gives 154*9° C. (310-8° F.), the proposed changes for V.S.P. 
 IX. recommend that it be changed to ' about 155° C. (311° F.) ' ; Fr. 
 Codex gives 155° C. (311° F.). The aqueous solution of the alkaloid is 
 alkaline towards Litmus paper and is Isevogyrate. Pure Sulphuric 
 Acid yields none or only the faintest pink coloration with Codeine 
 in the cold, but on warming a blue coloration is slowly produced ; 
 the blue coloration is immediately produced if a trace of Ferric 
 Chloride, Ammonium Molybdate Solution, or Potassium Ferricyanide 
 is present. The B.P. adds that on the addition of a minute trace 
 of Diluted Nitric Acid the colour changes to a bright scarlet, becoming 
 orange. Codeine is distinguished from Morphine by the following 
 tests: — When 0*05 gramme is sprinkled upon 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid 
 the liquid becomes yellow, but not red. A 1 in 50 solution of Codeine 
 in Distilled Water acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid, yields with 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a whitish precipitate, but is not precipitated 
 by the addition of Ammonia Solution. A saturated aqueous solution 
 acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid should yield on the addition of 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution and a very dilute Potassmm Ferricyanide 
 solution only gradually a dirty green, but no blue coloration. 
 
 The U.S.P. states that on dissolving a small crystal of Potassium 
 Ferricyanide in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 1 drop of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, and then 1 c.c. of Codeine Solution (1 in 100), 
 no blue coloration should be produced at once. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COD 497 
 
 Codeine should leave not more than O'l p.c. of residue when ignited, 
 indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 CODEINE PHOSPHAS. Codeine Phosphate. 
 
 This crystalline product CisH^iNOg, H3PO4, 2H2O, eq. 433-274, 
 
 is the most soluble salt of Codeine. 
 
 Fine, white, acicular crystals, or as a white, odourless, crystalline 
 powder possessing a bitter taste and feebly acid reaction. 
 
 It is the Phosphate of an alkaloid. Codeine, obtained from Opium, 
 or prepared from Morphine by methylation. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark 
 amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 4 of Water ; 1 in 200 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0'016 to 0"065 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 075 gramme; daily, 03 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, ■ 3 gi-amme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg.. Dan., Fr., Ger., Jap.,Norw., 
 Eruss., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Codeine Phosphate should answer the tests distinctive 
 of Codeine given in the large type under the heading of Codeina. It 
 dissolves in Distilled Water yielding a solution, which is slightly acid 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper and which yields on the addition 
 of Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution, a light yellow precipitate, readily 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution and in cold Diluted Nitric Acid ; with 
 Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution it afiords a white crystalline 
 precipitate ; with Ammonium Molybdate containing Nitric Acid, 
 it yields on warming a yellow precipitate, which is soluble in Ammonia 
 and which is reprecipitated as a white crystalline precipitate on the 
 addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. A 5 p.c. aqueous 
 solution yields with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a white precipitate, 
 but no precipitate on the addition of Ammonia Solution. 5 c.c. of 
 an aqueous 1 in 20 solution when mixed with 1 c.c. of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, exhibits at first a whitish turbidity, owing to the 
 separation of small oleaginous drops, after standing some time an 
 abundant precipitate of glistening prismatic crystals separates out. 
 
 Codeine Phosphate contains theoretically 69 "05 p.c. of Codeine. 
 The B.P. gives no method for quantitatively determining the amount 
 of alkaloid present ; the U.S. P. requires that a weighed quantity of 
 0"2 gramme of the salt dissolved in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, when 
 precipitated with 3 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution and shaken 
 out with 3 successive portions each of 5 c.c. of Chloroform ; the 
 chloroformic solutions separated and evaporated to dryness in a 
 tared dish shall yield not less than 0'13 gramme of Codeine, corre- 
 sponding to not less than 65 '0 p.c. of alkaloid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moisture. 
 Morphine, Chlorides, and Sulphates. All three Pharmacopoeias state 
 that at 100° C. (212° F.) it loses its Water of crystallisation. Theo- 
 retically it should contain 8 '31 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
498 COD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It slioiild lose not less than 8*2 p.c. and not more tlian 8' 5 p.c. 
 when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating the absence of excess 
 of Water. The V.S.P. and Fr. Codex also state that at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) it loses its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 8" 3 p.c. 
 No immediate blue coloration should be produced when 1 c.c. of a 
 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Codeine Phosphate is added to a solution 
 of a small crystal of Potassiiuu Ferricyanide in 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water containing a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Morphine. The aqueous solution when acidified with 
 Diluted Nitric Acid should yield no opalescence or precipitate with 
 Silver Nitrate Solution or with Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS CODEINE PHOSPHATIS. Syrup of Codeine 
 Phosphate. (Modified.) 
 
 Codeine Phosphate, 43f grains ; Distilled Water, 144 minims ; 
 Syrup, to make 20 fi. oz. (1 grain in 220 minims.) 
 
 The metric figures are 5, 15, 1000. 
 
 The strength has been increased a little ; B.P. 1898 Syrupus 
 Codeinse contained 40 grains to the 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 fl. dim. = 1'8 to 7'1 ml., containing about | to 
 i grain Codeine Phosphate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 3 in 1000 ; Fr., Ital., Mex. 
 and Swiss, 1 in 500 ; Span., 1 in 600. Made with the Alkaloid. Dutch, 1 of 
 Hydrochloride in 400. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CODEINE PASTILS.— Contain i grain = 0-008 graimne of Codeine in 
 each. One for a dose when the cough is troublesome. 
 An iinpi ovement on Codeine Jelly. 
 
 Official in Ital., ^5 grain — 005 gramme in each. 
 
 LINCTUS CODEIN/C.— Syrup of Codeine, 20 minims; Glycerin, 20 
 minims ; Lemon Juice, 18 minims ; Chloric Ether, 2 minims. — Broniptov. 
 
 Syrup of Codeine, 30 minims ; Citric Acid, 1 grain ; Emulsion of Chloro- 
 form, 3 minims ; Glycez'in, 10 minims ; Mucilage of Tragacanth, to 1 fl. drm. 
 ■ — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Syrup of Codeine, | fl. drm. ; Syrup of Virginian Prime, | fl. drm. — Guy's. 
 
 PILULA CODEIN/E COMPOSITA (auy's).— Codeine, h grain; KaoUn, 
 I grain ; Extract of Cascara, 2 grains ; Hard Soap, to 4 grains. 
 
 CODEIN/E 10 DAS.— A combination of Iodic Acid with the alkaloid. 
 
 Dose. — I grain = 0'032 gramme by hypodermic injection. 
 
 Codeinse Hydrochloridum is Official in Austr., Dutch, Hung., Ital. and 
 Mex. It is crystalhne and soluble in Water. Codeinae Salicylas is also 
 crystalUne, and readily soluble in Alcohol and Ether, but only slightly soluble 
 in Water. Codeinse Sulphas is Official in U.S. Doses same as Pliosphate. 
 
 Apocodeina. — Produced by heating Codeine with Zinc Chloride ; it forms 
 brown amorphous resinous masses. 
 
 Apocodeinse Hydrochloridum is suppUed as a brown, amorphous 
 powder, soluble in Water. Dott doubts tiie existence of Apocodeine, and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COL 499 
 
 states that the commercial products sold under this name' are not of a 
 very definite nature. 
 
 It has been used by subcutaneous injection in 30 minim doses of a 1 p.c. 
 Solution to produce increased peristalsis of the bowel, and has also been used 
 internally as an expectorant in bronchial affections and as a sedative in 
 mental distiu-bance. Dose, 0*02 to 0'06 gramme (^ to 1 grain). 
 
 A suitable combination for internal administration is Apocodeine Hydro- 
 chloride, • 5 gramme ; Syrup of Raspberry, 25 grammes ; Distilled Water, 
 100 grammes ; in doses of J to 1 fl. drm. = 1 • 8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 COLCHICUM. 
 
 Fr., CoLCHiQtTE ; Geb., Zeitlosenknolxen ; Itai,., Bulbo de 
 CoLCHico ; Span., Bulbo de Colquico. 
 
 The fresli Corm of ColcMcum autumnale, L., as well as the dried, 
 ripe Seeds, are Official. 
 
 The use of Colchicum Seeds only, was agreed by the Brussels Conference. 
 
 The Seeds only are Official in Fr. and Ger. Both Seeds and Corm are 
 Official in U.S. Seeds to contain not less than O'iS per cent, of Colchicine 
 and Corm not less than • 35 per cent, of Colchicine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is a specific in gout, especially the 
 acute form, controlling the pain and inflammation, and cutting short 
 the attack. Useful in the headache, dyspepsia, eczema, conjunctivitis, 
 and other conditions which occur in gouty subjects. May be combined 
 with other cholagogues, or given with saline piu'gatives in cases of 
 hepatic congestion in gouty patients. It may produce gastric or 
 intestinal irritation, even in ordinary doses, and should then be 
 discontinued for a time. The Extract is frequently prescribed with 
 Dover's Powder to relieve painful gout. 
 
 The tincture of the seeds, in 2 or 3 minim doses, is a useful and important 
 addition to alkahne stomachic medicine (Eustace Smith). — B.M.J. '09, i. 263_ 
 
 Dose. — Of the dried Corm, 2 to 5 grains = 0"13 to 0*32 gramme, 
 but usually given in the form of Extract or Wine. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Tincture of Iodine, Guaiacum, and vegetable astringents. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Colchici and Vinum Colchici from 
 the Corm, and Tinctura Colcliici from the seeds. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractum Colchici Aceticum, Extractum Colchici Cormi, 
 Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis, Mistura Colchici, Pilulse Colchici cum 
 Hydrargyro, Tinctura Colchici Composita, Tinctm'a Colchici Florum, Col- 
 chicina, and Colchicinas SaUcylas. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics, Tannic Acid, demulcent drinks, and, if coma be 
 present. Brandy, Ammonia, Coffee, and other powerful stimulants may be 
 given. Hypodermic injection of \ grain of Morphine. 
 
 COLCHICI CORMUS. Colchicum Corm. 
 
 The fresh Corm of Colchicum autumnale, L., collected in early 
 summer ; or the same stripped of its coats, sliced transversely, and 
 dried at a temperature not exceeding 65° C. (149° F.). 
 
 The U.S. P. requires the dried Corm to yield not less than O'oo-p.c. 
 of Colchicine. 
 
500 COL [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign PharmacopoeiaB. — Oflficial in Mex., Port, and U.S. Not in» 
 
 the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — It should be noted that the extract is 
 prepared from the fresh corm collected in early summer. Colchicum 
 autumnale, L., is a very local plant in this country, and there is there- 
 fore some difficulty in obtaining the fresh corm. The best period 
 is in July when the leaves have turned yeJlow or in August when 
 the plant is in flower, as the corm is then in mature condition. 
 Although the fresh corm is, according to the B.P., 25 mm. (an inch) 
 broad and 35 mm. (an inch and a half) long, it is often larger if obtained 
 from full-grown plants, and even the dried corm in slices may exceed 
 an inch (25 mm.) in diameter, and yV to ^ inch (2 to 3 mm.) in thick- 
 ness. The reniform shape is characteristic, for although the corms of 
 some Fritillaries and the Hermodactyls of the East have the same 
 shape they are not met with in Western commerce. Under the 
 microscope the compound starch grains (O'l to 0' 15 mm., Planchon 
 and Collin), usually three or four, each with a stellate hilum, and 
 withoi;t striae, and the irregular epidermal cells with pitted walls, are 
 sufficiently characteristic. According to Vogl the cambium tissue con- 
 tains a yellowish amorphous substance which, when a section of the 
 corm is treated with concentrated Sulphuric Acid, colours the cellulose 
 tissue gamboge yellow and the vessels orange red. The sliced dried 
 corm if long kept, and especially if allowed to become damp, loses its 
 medicinal effect to a certain extent. According to Schroff's experi- 
 ments the corms are best dried entire in sun and air, and preserved ; 
 they then lose none of their activity even if kept several years 
 {Pharmacographia) . 
 
 Tests. — The U.S. P. process of determination is essentially as 
 follows : — A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the Corm in No. 60 
 powder is macerated for twelve hours, with frequent intervals of 
 shaking (or for four hours if a mechanical shaker be employed), in a 
 200 c.c. Erlenmeyer flask, with 100 c.c. of a mixture of 77 c.c. of Ether, 
 25 c.c. of Chloroform, 8 c.c. of Alcohol (94'9 p.c), and 3 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Water. The liqmd is filtered, and 50 c.c. of the filtrate (= 5 grammes 
 of Colchicum Corm) are evaporated nearly to dryness at a gentle heat ; 
 the residue is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Ether, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 added, the mixture well stirred and the Ether evaporated. When cool 
 the aqueous solution is filtered into a small separator, the insoluble 
 matter being kept as much as possible in the beaker or dish. The 
 residue is redissolved in Ether, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water added, the 
 Ether evaporated as previously. The beaker or dish and the filter are 
 washed with a little Distilled Water, and the combined aqueous 
 solutions are well shaken for one minute with 15 c.c. of Chloroform. 
 After separation of the chloroformic liquid, the aqueous portion is 
 shaken with three successive portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 the chloroformic layer being separated in each case, mixed with the 
 first Chloroform shaking, and the mixed chloroformic liquids evaporated 
 to dryness in a tared flask or beaker. The residue is dissolved in a 
 little Alcohol (94*9 p.c), the Alcohol evaporated, the residue dissolved 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COL oOl 
 
 in 5 c.c. of Ether, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water added, and tlie mixture 
 stirred for a few seconds. The Ether is evaporated, the aqueous 
 liquid filtered through a wet filter paper into a separator, the vessel 
 and filter washed with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, the washings being 
 added to the contents of the separator. The aqueous liquid is shaken 
 out with 15 c.c. of Chloroform, the Chloroform transferred, after 
 complete separation, to a tared flask, the aqueous portion extracted 
 with three successive portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform, which 
 are separated as previously and transferred to the tared flask con- 
 taining the first shaking. The Chloroform is completely removed 
 by evaporation, the residue is dissolved in Alcohol (94 "9 p.c.), which 
 is in turn evaporated, and the residue is di'ied at 100^ C. (212° F.) 
 until constant in weight. If this weight be multiplied by 20 it indicates 
 the p.c, of Colchicine present in the Corm. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM COLCHICI. Extract of Colchicum. 
 
 A soft extract prepared from the juice of fresh Colchicum Corms 
 which have been deprived of their coats. The clarified juice is heated 
 to 100° C. (212° F.) to coagulate Albumen, and the strained liquid is 
 evaporated to a soft extract at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. 
 (158° F.). 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 1 grain = 0'016 to 0'06 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Ital., Mex. and Span. 
 (Alcoholic Extract of Seeds); Mex. (Alcoholic from Corms), also 
 (Fluid Extract of Corms and Seeds) ; Port, and U.S. Extract from Corms 
 with Acetic Acid. U.S. has Fluid Extract of Seeds. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — The U.S. p. method for the determination of Colchicine in 
 Colchiciun Extract is essentially as follows : — A weighed quantity 
 of 4 grammes of the extract is dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 transferred to a 100 c.c. graduated flask and sufficient Alcohol (94 "9 p.c.) 
 added to bring the volume of the liquid to 100 c.c. After the contents 
 of the flask have been well shaken, they are allowed to stand 5 minutes, 
 filtered, and 50 c.c. of the filtrate collected, evaporated to dryness in 
 a porcelain dish, 10 c.c. of Ether and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water are added 
 to the residue, and the Ether removed by evaporation. When cool, 
 the aqueous solution is filtered into a separator, the insoluble matter 
 lieing retained as far as possible in the vessel used for the evaporation. 
 The residue remaining in this vessel is again treated with 10 c.c. of 
 Ether and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, the Ether being removed as 
 previously. The dish and filter are rinsed with a little Water, and the 
 mixed aqueous liquids collected in a separator. After rendering the 
 liquid alkaline by the addition of a sufficiency of Ammonia Solution, the 
 Colchicine is extracted by successive quantities of 20, 15 and 10 c.c. 
 of Chloroform respectively. The chloroformic solution is in each 
 instance run off into a tared flask or beaker, evaporated to dryness, 
 and the residue is mixed with two successive small quantities of 
 Alcohol (94 • 9 p.c), the latter being removed in each case by evaporation. 
 
502 COIi [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 5 c.c. of Distilled Water and 10 c.c. of Ether are added to tlie residue, 
 the liquid shaken and the Ether evaporated. When cool, the aqueous 
 liquid is filtered into a separator, the flask and filter being rinsed 
 with Distilled Water. The Colchicine is extracted by successive 
 shakings with 20 c.c, 15 c.c. and 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The chloro- 
 formic liquid is in each instance separated, transferred to a tared 
 flask, evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in 2 small successive 
 quantities of Alcohol (94 '9 p.c), the latter removed by evaporation 
 and the residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant in weight. 
 The weight multiplied by 50 shows the p.c. of Colchicine present in 
 the Extract. 
 
 VINUM COLCHICI. Colchicum Wine. 
 
 4 of Colchicum Corm in No. 20 powder, macerated in 20 of Sherry. 
 
 (1 in 5.) 
 Dose.— 10 to 30 minims = 0'6 to 1\S ml. 
 
 foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., 1 and 10 Madeira ; 
 Mex., 1 in 10 Sherry; U.S., 1 in 10. Made from Fluid Extract with Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), and White Wine. 
 
 Ger. states that when Vinum Colchici is ordered, Tinctnra Colchici is to 
 be supplied. 
 
 Tests. — Colchicum Wine possesses a specific gravity of about 1"012, 
 it contains about 7*8 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 20 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 The Wine Official in the U.S. P. is prepared with a standardised 
 Fluid Extract made from Colchicum Seeds, and should contain 0" 04 p.c. 
 w/v of Colchicine. 
 
 COLCHICI SEMINA. Colchicum Seeds. 
 
 Fr., Semence de Colchique ; Ger., Zeitlosensamen ; Ital., Semi di 
 CoLCHico ; Span., Semilla de Colquico. 
 
 The dried ripe seeds of Colchicum autumnale, L. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 The Brussels Conference recommends only the Colchicum Seed. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Colchicum Seeds are pale brown and in- 
 odorous when freshly gathered, but become darker in drying and 
 exude a saccharine matter consisting of Glucose. The percentage of 
 this varies, and must be taken into consideration in estimating the 
 extractive of galenical preparations made with them. The seeds are 
 extremely hard and tough and difficult to powder. They have a 
 bitter acrid taste, and are nearly sphericaJ, about yV to ^ inch 
 (2 to 3 mm.) in diameter, but pointed by a strophiole appendage 
 at the hilmii. The diameter given in B.P. is 2 "5 mm., U.S. P. 2 mm., 
 P.G. 2 to 3 mm. The seeds ripen in June. 
 
 Tests. — The method of determination recommended by the TJ.S.P. 
 is essentially as follows : — A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of 
 Colchicum Seed in No. 60 powder is macerated, with frequent intervals 
 of shaking, for 12 hours (or for 4 if a mechanical agitator is employed), 
 in a 200 e.c. Erlenmeyer flask, with 100 c.c. of a mixture of 77 c.c. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COL 503 
 
 of Etlier, 25 c.c. of Chloroform aud 8 c.c. of Alcoliol (94 "9 p.c), and 
 3 c.c. of Ammonia Solution. A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of the 
 filtered liquid (= 5 grammes of Colchicimi Seed) is transferred to a 
 beaker or dish and evaporated nearly to dryness. The residue is 
 dissolved in 10 c.c. of Ether, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water added, the mixture 
 stirred well, and the Ether evaporated. When cool the aqueous 
 liquid is filtered into a separator, the insoluble matter being retained 
 as largely as possible in the beaker. This residue is redissolved in 
 Ether, and after the addition of 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, the previous 
 operation is repeated. The beaker and filter are washed with a little 
 Distilled Water and the Colchicine extracted from the mixed aqueous 
 liquids by agitation with 15 c.c. of Chloroform, the chloroformic 
 solution being drawn off into a tared flask or beaker. The agitation 
 is thrice repeated with successive quantities each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. 
 The chloroformic liquid is separated in each instance, transferred to 
 the tared flask, the Chloroform completely removed by evaporation, 
 the residue twice dissolved in small successive quantities of Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c), the latter being in each case removed by evaporation, 
 and the residue finally dried at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.) 
 till constant in weight. This weight multiplied by 20 gives the 
 percentage of Colchicine present in the seeds, which are required to 
 yield not less than 0*45 p.c. The ash of Colchicum Seeds should not 
 exceed 6*0 p.c. 
 
 It has been shown {Y.B.P. '11, 23) that the alkaloids obtained by 
 assay processes in common use contain impm'ities which can be 
 removed by subsequent treatment with Iodine and Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution. The following process is suggested : — A weighed quantity 
 of 5 grammes of Colchicum Seeds in No. 30 powder is exhausted in 
 a small glass percolator by slowly percolating with Alcohol (50 p.c). 
 A measured quantity of 25 c.c. of Distilled Water is added to the 
 percolate, which is then evaporated in a porcelain evaporating basin 
 over a water-bath to a volume of about 20 c.c Whilst warm it is 
 transferred to a separator, washing the dish, first with a little Distilled 
 Water, and then with 25 c.c. of Petroleum Ether, the rinsings being 
 added to the contents of the separator and the mixture vigorously 
 shaken. The lower aqueous layer is removed to another separator, 
 and the shaking repeated twice, using each time a fiuther quantity 
 of 20 c.c. of Petrolemn Ether, carrying out the sejjaration in each case 
 as before. The aqueous liquid is then saturated with Sodium Chloride 
 and vigorously shaken during 1 minute with 20 c.c. of Chloroform. 
 The Chloroform is drawn off into a flask, when separation is complete. 
 The agitation is repeated twice, using each time a further quantity of 
 10 c.c. of Chloroform, and successive quantities each of 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform if any alkaloid is still extracted. The Chloroform is 
 evaporated from the mixed chloroformic solutions and the residue 
 treated, first with a mixture of 19 c.c. of Distilled Water and 1 c.c of 
 Ammonia Solution, employed in 4 separate portions, and then with' 
 a mixture of 16 c.c. of Water and 4 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 These solutions are filtered through cotton-wool into a second flask, 
 
604 COL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 shaken, and 20 c.c. of Iodine Test-Solution added, set aside for 5 minutes, 
 and the liquid containing the precipitate transferred carefully in portions 
 to a filter paper about 7 cm. diameter. The flask is washed with 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water containing 1 c.c. each of Iodine Test-Solution and 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, the rinsings being poured over the precipitate 
 on the filter. The filter is allowed to drain, and then rubbed thoroughly, 
 in a small mortar, with 20 c.c. of Sodium Thiosulphate Test-Solution, 
 to which 2 c.c. of Sodimn Carbonate Test-Solution have been added, 
 until the paper has been reduced to a imiform pulp. The mixture 
 is transferred carefully to a glass funnel about 10 cm. diameter, the 
 neck of which has been plugged with moistened cotton-wool, and the 
 filtrate is collected in a separator. The mortar is carefully washed 
 with several small portions of Distilled Water, pouring the washings 
 over the contents of the f mmel, until a few drops of the filtrate, acidified 
 with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, fail to give a precipitate with a few 
 drops of Iodine Test-Solution. The contents of the separator are then 
 shaken vigorously for 1 minute with 20 c.c. of Chloroform, and when 
 separation is complete the Chloroform is transferred to a tared Platinum 
 dish, the extraction repeated twice, using each time a further 10 c.c. 
 of Chloroform, and subsequently, if necessary, successive small quantities 
 each of 5 c.c. of Chloroform so long as any alkaloid is extracted. The 
 chloroformic solution is in each instance separated, transferred to tlie 
 Platinum dish, and the mixed chloroformic solutions evaporated to 
 dryness at a low temperature, tlie residue is dissolved in a small quantity 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c), and the Alcohol evaporated over a water-bath, 
 the residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant in weight and weighed. 
 The weight of the alkaloid should not be less than 0'025 gramme, 
 equivalent to not less than 0'5 p.c. in the seeds. A modification of 
 the U.S. P. process has also been suggested. Although this is referred 
 to in the reports issued by the Committee of Keference in Pharmacy, 
 the process has not been finally adopted by the B.P. The details are 
 as follows : — A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of finely powdered 
 Colchicum Seeds is shaken frequently during 12 hours with 100 c.c, 
 of a mixture of 77 volimaes of Ether, 25 volumes of Chloroform, 8 
 volumes of Absolute Alcohol, and 3 volumes of Ammonia Solution. 
 A measured quantity of 50 c.c. (= 5 grammes of Colchicum Seeds) 
 is filtered through a plug of cotton-wool into a small flask and the 
 fluid distilled off. The residue is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Ether, and 
 5 c.c. of Distilled Water and 1 gramme of Hard Paraffin added. The 
 Ether is distilled off, the residue in the flask shaken, and heated on 
 a water-bath until the Paraffin has separated into a well-defined layer ; 
 it is cooled, the cake of Wax broken up with a Platinum wire, and 
 the aqueous solution filtered into a separating fimnel. The alkaloid is 
 extracted by shaking first with 15 c.c. of Chloroform and subsequently 
 with successive portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform until exhausted. 
 The chloroformic solution is in each instance separated, transferred 
 to a tared flask or beaker, the Chloroform evaporated, 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water added, solution effected on a water-bath, the liquid 
 gently boiled for 2 or 3 minutes, dried at 100° C. (212° F.) and weighed. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measvire.] COL 505 
 
 The weight should be not less than 0' 025 gramme, equivalent to 0"5 p.c. 
 of Colchicine in the Seed. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA COLCHICI. Tincture of Colchicum. (Altered.) 
 
 1 of Colchicum Seeds, in No. 30 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Now half the strength of Tinctura Colchii Seminum, B.P. 1908. 
 
 B.P. 1885 was 1 in 8, altered in B.P. 1898 to 1 in 5 ; B.P. 1914 to 1 in 10 
 to agi'ee with Brussels Conference. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0'3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Ph. Oer. maximum dose, single, 2 • grammes ; daily, 6 • grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofificial in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10 ; all 
 from Seeds. Mex., 1 in 5 with Corms. Port., 1 in 5 with Seeds and Corms. 
 All by weight except U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 The Brussels Conference recommended a strength of 10 p.c. of the Seeds 
 with Alcohol (70 p.c). Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger.,Hi.mg., Ital., and Swiss adopt 
 the B.C. standard. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Colchicrmi Seeds possesses a specific gravity of 
 about 0*890 ; it contains about l'6p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 69 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The B.P. Tinctm-e is not 
 standardised. 
 
 The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain 0*01: p.c. w/v of Colchicine. 
 A measured quantity of 100 c.c. is evaporated in an evaporating basin, 
 on a water-bath to about a tenth of its volume. Sufficient Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c.) is added to redissolve any separated matter, Ice. of 
 Ammonia Solution added, and the Colchicine removed by shaking 
 three times in succession with separate portions each of 15 c.c, 15 c.c. 
 and 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The Chloroform solutions are separated, 
 transferred to a flask or beaker, and evaj)orated nearly to dryness. 
 The residue is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Ether, and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 added, the mixture well stirred, and the Ether removed by evaporation. 
 When cool the aqueous solution is filtered into a small separator, 
 the insoluble matter being retained as far as possible in the beaker. 
 Tliis residue is rcdissolved in a little Ether, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 added, the process repeated as previously. The beaker and filter are 
 washed Avith a little Distilled Water, and the allcaloid is extracted 
 from the aqueous solution by agitation, first with 15 c.c, and thrice 
 subsequently with successive quantities each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. 
 The chloroformic liquid is separated in each case, transferred to a 
 tared flask, the Chloroform removed completely by evaporation, 
 the residue twice dissolved in a little Alcohol (94*9 p.c), the latter 
 being in each instance removed by evaporation, and the residue 
 ultimately dried at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.) till constant 
 in weight. This weight Avill represent the percentage w/v of Colchicine 
 present in the Tincture, 
 
506 COL [Solids by "Weight; liquids by Measxire.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM COLCHICI ACETICUM {P.B. 1885).— Crushed fresh 
 Corms, previously peeled, 112; Acetic Acid, 6; stir together, press, and 
 after sulDsidence heat the clear liquor to 212° F. (100° C), strain tlirough 
 flannel, and evaporate at 160° F. (71- 1° C.) to a soft extract. 
 
 100 lb. of Corms yield about 5 lb. of Extract. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 2 grains, in pill, with an equal weight of Liquorice Powder. 
 
 EXTRACTUM COLCHICI CORMI (t/.S'.).— 1000 grammes of Colchicum 
 Corms in No. 60 powder are percolated with 350 c.c. of Acetic Acid (36 p.c. ) 
 mixed with 1500 c.c. of Water, and the percolation completed with Water ; 
 the liquor is evaporated at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. (176° F.) in a 
 porcelain vessel to a pilular consistence. It is adjusted to a strength of 
 I '4 p.c. of Colchicine by means of Sugar of Milk. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM COLCHICI SEMINIS ([7..9.).—Abouta 1 in 1 Fluid 
 Extract prepared from Colchicum Seeds, and a mixtiu'e of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 
 2 parts and Water 1 part. It is standardised to contain • 4 p.c. of Colchicine. 
 
 MISTURA COLCHICI. — Colchicum Wine, 15 minims; Potassium Bicar- 
 bonate, 20 grains ; Magnesium Sulphate, 15 grains ; Peppermint Water, to 
 1 fl. oz. — St. Tlto)nas's. 
 
 Colchicum Wine, 15 minims ; Carlionato of Magnesia, 10 grains ; Bicar- 
 bonate of Potassium, 15 grains ; Peppermint Water, to 1 fi. oz. — Royal Free. 
 
 PILULA COLCHICI CUM HYDRARGYRO. — Sir Benjamin 
 Brodie's Gout Pills. {Pharm. Form.). — Compound Extract of Colocynth, 
 16 grains ; Extract of Rhubarb, 16 grains ; Mercury Pill, 16 grains ; Acetic 
 Extract of Colchicum, 6 grains ; divided in 12 pills. 
 
 TINCTURA COLCHICI COMPOSITA (Ph. Land.).— I of bruised Col- 
 chicum Seeds, macerated with 8 of Aromatic Spirit of Ammoiiia. 
 Dose.— 15 to 30 minims = 0-9 to 1-8 mL 
 
 TINCTURA COLCHICI FLORUM (5'g!«>e).— Fresh Flowers, 2 ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) by weight, 1 ; after seven days, filter. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0*6 to 1*8 ml. This preparation closely 
 resembles the Eau Medicinale. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Colchicum Flowers possesses a specific gravity of about 
 0'970 ; contains about 4 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 39 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. It is standardi.sed to contain 0*06 p.c. of Colchicine. 
 
 COLCHICIN A.— Colchicine. C,.,H,,N06, eq. 399-21.— It is an alkaloid 
 obtained from Colchicum. It should be kept in well-stoppered dark amber- 
 tinted bottles. A yellowish powder, soluble 1 in 27 of Water and 4 in 1 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). Soluble in Chloroform ; insoluble in Petroleum Ether. 
 
 Dose. — j-i^ to ^V grain = 0- 00054 to 0-002 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0- 002 gramme ; daily, 0- 004 gramme. U.S. P. 
 average dose, 0-0005 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and U.S. 
 
 Tests,— Colchicine melts at 143° to 147° C. (289-4° to 290- 6° F.). Fr. Codex 
 gives 145° C. (293° F.). The U.S. P. gives 142- 5° C. (288-5° F.) ; the proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this melting point be changed to 
 ' about 145° C. (293° F.).' Its aqueous solution is neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus and is laevogyrate. Its solution in diluted mineral acid or alkali 
 gradually becomes intensely yellow. Concentrated Nitric Acid produces a 
 violet-blue, the colour changing to yellow, and ultimately to green ; on 
 dilution with Distilled Water the violet solution changes to yellow, and on 
 the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution in excess, to a fine orange or 
 red colour ; with very minute quantities of Colchicine the colour produceil 
 is rose-red. In concentrated Sulphuric Acid the alkaloid dissolves with the 
 production of an intense yellow colour, which changes to a greenish-blue on 
 
[Solids by WeigM ; "^Liquids by Measure.] COL 507 
 
 the addition of Nitric Acid, then to red, and finally to yellow. An aqueous 
 solution gives no immediate coloration with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 Glacial Acetic Acid dissolves Colchicine to form a colourless Uquid which 
 dries in the air to a colourless, transparent varnish. Colchicine is stated to 
 form a compound with Chloroform which is readily decomposed by Water. 
 Fr. Codex gives the formula of this compound as C.jH^^NOo • 2 CHCI3. If 
 0-01 gramme of Colchicine be heated with 2 c.c. of Potassium Hy- 
 droxide Test-Solution and 1 drop of Aniline, no odour of Phenyl-Isocyanide 
 should be developed, indicating the absence of Chloroform. The Fr. Codex 
 requires that if 0* 1 to 0-2 gramme of Colchicine be intimately mixed with 
 3 grammes of pure Calcium Oxide, free from Chlorine, and strongly heated 
 in a tube, the mass, when cooled and dissolved in Diluted Niti"ic Acid, should 
 yield, when filtered, a solution which should not become tiu?bid on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate, indicating the absence of Chlorofoi'm. Colcliicine should 
 leave no weighable residue when ignited. 
 
 Colcliicein is Tri-meMiyl-acetyl-calchicinio Acid, and crystallisei in 
 shining white needles. Colchicine is the Methyl Ester of Colchicein. 
 
 Colchicine has been shown to be a slow poison, acting on the medulla, 
 which it paralj^ses. 
 
 A Solution of .,^jy grain in Methyl Salicylate enclosed in Gelatin capsule 
 is known under the name of ' Colchisal.' 
 
 COLGHICIN>E SALICYLAS.— Yellow, amorphous powder, soluble in 
 Water, in Alcohol (90 p. c), and in Ether. It dissolves 1 in 100 of Methyl 
 Salicylate. It should be preserved in well-closed bottles of a dark amber 
 tint. Recommended in gout and rheiunatism. 
 
 Dose.— j-i^ to ^2 grain = 0' 00054 to 0-002 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Colchicine Salicylate yields the reactions distinctive of Colchicine 
 given under that heading. 
 
 An aqueous solution of the salt yields a violet coloration with Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution. The salt should leave no weighable residue when 
 ignited with free access of air. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 COLLINSONIA. 
 
 The Root of ColUnsonia Canadensis, L. (Stone R.oot). 
 Recommended in acute cystitis and renal calculus. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to GO grains = 1 to 4 grammes. 
 
 TINCTURA COLLI NSONIyE.— ColUnsonia Root, 1 ; Alcohol (GOp.c), 10. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 1 20 minims = 1-8 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 A 1 in 1 Fluid Extract is also made. 
 
 Dose.— 15 to 60 minims = 0-9 to 3-Cml. 
 
 COLOCYNTHIDIS PULPA. 
 
 COLOCYNTH PULP. 
 
 Fr., Coloquinxe ; Ger., Koloquinthen ; Ital., Coloquintide ; Span., 
 
 coloquintida. 
 
 The dried pulp of tlie Fruit of CitruUus Cohcijnthis, Scliruder, freed 
 from Seeds. The fruit is imported chiefly from Smyrna, Trieste, 
 France and Spain. 
 
508 COL [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful drastic, hydragogue cathartic, 
 dangerous iu large doses. It should not be prescribed alone ; but in 
 combination it is very commonly prescribed as an aperient in the 
 form of Compound Extract or Pill, and combined with Henbane, 
 which prevents griping. It is not to be given in pregnancy, nor when 
 gastric or intestinal inflammation is suspected. The Tincture is 
 ordered in Mixtures. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0'13 to 0"52 gnanme. 
 
 Ph. Qer. maximnm dose, single, 0*3 gramme ; daily, 1 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractnm Colocyntliidis Compositum and 
 Pili^la Colocynthidis Composita ; Pilula Colocynthidis Composita is used in 
 the preparation of Pilula Colocyntliidis et Hyoscyami. 
 
 Not Official. — Pilulse Cartharticse Compositi?e, Pilute Catharticae Vege- 
 tal^iles, Pilulfe Colocjmthidis et Hj^drargyri, Tinctura Colocj-ntliidis, Colo- 
 cynthinmii. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hmig., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port. (Coloquintidas), Mex. (Coloquin- 
 tida), Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— Colocynth fruits are imported from Asia 
 Minor, Smyrna, Almeria in Spain, Mogador, Egypt and Cyprus, also 
 from Persia, and more rarely from Marseilles and Trieste. 
 
 The kinds most frequently met with in commerce are the Turkish 
 and Spanish, both of which have been peeled after drying, the Spanish 
 less carefully, and shows more traces of the brown rind. The 
 Mogador fruit is larger and unpeeled, and is brown externally when dry, 
 though marbled with green and white when fresh ; the Persian is 
 peeled before drying, and consequently presents a shrunken appearance. 
 It yields, however, the same proportion of pulp in relation to the 
 seeds as the other varieties. Two forms of powdered Colocynth 
 are sold, the one containing the seeds and the other freed from 
 them as nearly as possible. The former is cheaper and is excluded 
 by the Pharmacopoeia direction ' freed from seeds,' and is used for 
 keeping away moths from furs. The peeled fruit occurs in more or 
 less broken balls, about 2 in. (5 cm.) or less in diameter (about 5 to 
 10 cm. in diameter, U.S. P.). The Mogador variety exceeds the 
 diameter, and is unpeeled and therefore does not come under the B.P. 
 description, w^hilst the Persian variety which is peeled does do so. 
 
 According to the B.P. 1914, the powdered pulp should exhibit 
 abundant debris of large thin-walled parenchymatous cells, and not 
 more than occasional sclerenchymatous cells or groups of such cells, 
 and yields not more than 2 p.c. of fixed oil to Petroleum Spirit ; ash 
 not less than 9 p.c. These characters exclude the presence of the 
 seeds, but allow for the presence of an occasional seed. No test is 
 given for Starch, which should not be present. 
 
 Tests. — The boiled and cooled aqueous decoction of the pulp 
 should yield no distinctive blue coloration wdth Iodine Solution. 
 The B.P. now requires Colocynth Pulp to yield not more than 2 p.c. 
 of fixed oil, when extracted with Petroleum Spirit. A limit for fixed 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COL 509 
 
 oil of from 1 to 2 p.c, as shown by extraction with Petroleum Spirit, 
 was recommended in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion. 
 The B.P. requires that it should leave not less than 9 p.c. of ash. 
 The author found the ash of the Pulp to vary between 8'6 and 14 p.c., 
 and that of the Seeds between 2*2 and 4*0 p.c. ; on these figiues 
 Colocynth Pulp with an allowable 10 p.c. of Seeds would yield not less 
 than 8 p.c. of ash. It should also be noted that the ash both of Pulp and 
 Seed is very deliquescent. Owing to the hygroscopic nature of the 
 ash, a determination of the sulphated ash has been suggested. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM. Compouxd 
 Extract op Colocynth. 
 
 Colocyntli Pulp, 6 ; Extract of Aloes, 12 ; Scammony Eesin, 4 ; 
 Curd Soap, in powder, 3 ; Cardamom Seeds, iu the finest powder, 1 ; 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), 160. 
 
 B.P. 1914 adopts the method recommended in Squire's Companion 1894, 
 and now directs the Colocynth Liquor to be evaporated to dryness. 
 
 The B.P. directions now read — Macerate the Colocynth Pulp in the 
 Alcohol for four days ; press out the tincture ; recover the Alcohol by distil- 
 lation ; evaporate to di-j^ness ; add the Extract of Aloes, Scammony Resin. 
 and powdered Cardamom Seeds ; powder ; mix the powder with the Curd 
 Soap. 
 
 A better method is after recovery of the Alcohol to evaporate almost to 
 dryness ; add the Extract of Aloes and continue the evaporation until 
 sufficiently dry and powder ; mix with the other ingredients. 
 
 5}^ of the Colocjmth Extract == Simple Extract, ^ ; Extract of Aloes, 3 ; 
 Resin of Scammonj^, 1 ; Curd Soap, | ; Cardamoms, J. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0' 13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximvim dose of the Simple Extract, single, 0-05 gramme; 
 daily, 0' 15 grartune. 
 
 Commonly prescribed with Extract of Hyoscyamus, to prevent griping. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., Colocynth 30, Aloes 55, 
 Scammony 22, Hard Soap 15, Cardamoms 3 ; Swed., Colocynth 5, Aloes 10, 
 Resin of Jalap 3, Cardamoms 1, Soap 2 ; Russ., Extract Colocynth 3, 
 Aloes 10, Scammony 8, Extract of Rhubarb 5 ; U.S., Extract Colocynth 16. 
 Purified Aloes 50, Resin Scammony 14, Cardamoms 6, Soap 14 ; all alcoholic, 
 Not in the others. Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., 
 Port., Russ., Swiss and U.S. have a Simple Extract made with Alcohol. 
 
 PILULA COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITA. Compound Pill of 
 Colocynth. ^ (Altered.) 
 
 Colocynth Pulp, 4 ; Aloes, 7 ; Scammony Resin, 7 ; Potassium 
 Sulphate, 1 ; all in powder ; Oil of Cloves, 1 ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 (about I). : - (about 1 in 5.) 
 
 The Aloes and Scammony are both reduced from 8 to 7. 
 
 B.P. Dose.— 4 to 8 grains = 0-26 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
 The minimum dose is somewhat liigh, as it is frequently prescribed in 
 smaller doses. The same may be said of the next pill, which is only two- 
 tliirds of the strength. 
 
510 COL [Solids hy Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 For dispensing, keep the powders and oil ready mixed, and make up the 
 mass as required with Water, or better still with Alcohol (GO p.c.). 
 
 Tiiis mass, when made with Scammony instead of Scamuiony Resin and 
 divided into 5-grain jnlls, forms Gregory's pill. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw., Coloeynth 12, Extract of 
 Aloes 12, Jalap Resin 42, Suet 15, Eugenol 4, Glycerin 15 ; Swed., Com- 
 13oimd Extract of Coloc\aith 7, Cloves 1, Resin of Jalap 2, Extract of Worm- 
 wood q.s. Not in the others. 
 
 PILULA COLOCYNTHIDIS ET HYOSCYAMI. Pill of Colo- 
 
 CYNTH AND HyOSCYAMUS. 
 
 Compound Pill of Coloeynth, 2 ; Extract of Hyoscyamus, 1. 
 B.P. Dose.— 4 to 8 grains = 0"2G to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Christison's Pill is 2 grains of Pilula Colocyiitlaidis at Hyoscyami 
 (B.P. 18(57). 
 
 Hamilton's Pill. — For son^e years past it has been the general practice 
 to supply 4 or 5 grains of the B.P. pill mass, but some few houses in Edinburgh 
 still supply the pills of the late Dr. Hamilton, Jmi., the formula for which 
 was Compound Extract of Coloeynth, 2 ; Extract of Hyoscyamus, 1 j mix 
 and make into 3| grain pills. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., Coloeynth 10, Aloes 20, 
 Root of Jalap 20, Extract of Hyoscyamus 25, Potassium Sulphate 3, Oil of 
 Cloves 1. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PILUL>e CATHARTIOE COMPOSIT/E (f/.^-.P.).— Compound Extract 
 of Coloeynth, 16 grains ; Mild Mercurous Chloride, 12 grains ; Resin of 
 Jalap, 4 grains ; Gamboge, 3 grains ; made into a mass with Diluted Alcohol 
 (49 p.c.) and divided into 12 pills. 
 
 PILUL/E CATHARTICiC VEGETABILES (Z7.^.P.).— Compound Ex- 
 tract of Coloeynth, 12 grains ; Extract of Hyoscyamus, 6 grains ; Resin 
 of Jalap, 4 grains ; Extract of Leptandra, 3 grains ; Resin of Podophyllum, 
 3 grains ; Oil of Peppermint, 2 minims, made into a mass with Diluted Alcohol 
 (49iD.c.), and divided into 12 pills. 
 
 PILUL/E COLOOYNTHiDIS ET HYDRARGYRI. Syn. Abernethy's 
 Pills (Pharin. Form.). — Mercury Pill, 3 grains; Compound Extract of 
 Coloeynth, 2 grains ; in one pill. 
 
 TINCTURA COLOCYNTHIDIS.— 1 of Coloeynth Pulp, in coarse powder, 
 macerated with 10 of Alcohol (90 p.c). (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 15 mmims — O'G to 0-9 ml. three times a day. 
 
 Ph. Qer. maximum dose, single, ^ gramme ; daily, 3 • grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Jap. and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; 
 Ger. and Ital., Fruits 1, Alcohol 10 ; Mex., 1 in 5 ; Swed., 1 in 10 with Anise 
 Fruits 3^^. Not in the others. 
 
 COLOCYNTHINUM. Colocynthin. C,„Hs40,3, eq. 1124- 672.— A neutral 
 bitter principle obtained from the fruit of the Coloeynth. It occurs as a 
 yellowish amorphous powder or in microscopic crystals, readily soluble in 
 Water and in boiling Alcohol. It is intensely bitter, and poisonous. Insoluble 
 in Benzol and Petroleum Spirit, soluble in Acetic Ether, Used as a cathartic. 
 
 Dose. — I to i grain (0-01 to 0-03 gramme); as an injection i grain 
 (0*01 gramme) ; as a rectal injection 4 to 16 minims (0*25 to 1*0 ml.) of a 
 4 p.c. Solution in eq^ual parts of Glycerin and Alcohol. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids Taj Measure] CON 511 
 
 Not Official. 
 CONDURANGO CORTEX. 
 
 Tlie Bark obtained from Gonolobus condurango, Triana. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It relieves catarrh and hypersesthesia of the 
 stoinach. 
 
 A cold infusion of the bark (1-5) becomes cloudy when heated, but becomes 
 clear again when cold {P.G.). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Formerly this bark was referred to Gonolobus 
 Condurango, Triana, but in the P.G. it is referred to Marsdenia Cundurango, 
 Roich. an Asclepiadaceous plant of Equatorial South America. It occurs 
 in short quilled pieces, about 2 to 3 inches (.50 to 75 mm.) long or more, 
 i to f inch (12 to 20 mm.) broad, and ^ inch (3 mm.) thick. Externally the 
 bark is yellowish-grey, and tlic surface is uneven with slightly raised pro- 
 tuberances. The transverse fracture is yellowish-grey, and exliibits numerous 
 small granular masses of stone cells, but towards the outer surface a few 
 projecting fibres are noticeable. The distinctive features under the micro- 
 scope are the single prismatic crystals in the phelloderm cells, the abundance 
 of sphaeraphides in the parenchyma, the very variable sclerenchymatous cells, 
 and the abundance of starch. The medullary raj^s consist of a single row of 
 cells as seen in transverse section, and laticiferous vessels are present. 
 
 EXTRAGTUM CONDURANGO LIQUIDUM.— A 1 in 1 fluid extract 
 of Condurango Bark prepared by percolation, with Alcohol (60 p.c). The 
 residue obtained after distilling the Alcohol from the latter portions of the 
 percolate being dissolved in the reserved portion. — B.P.C. Formulary 1901. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 minims = 0-6 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 100 of Condurango Bark is moistened with a mixtirre containing Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 15; Distilled Water, 25; Glycerin, 10; and percolated with a 
 mixture of Alcohol, 1 ; Distilled Water, 3 ; proceed as directed for fluid 
 extracts, so as to produce 100. — Dan. and Jtip. 
 
 Austrian, Hungarian, Swedish, and Russian are similar ; Dutch, Fluid 
 extract, the bark is moistened with a mixtiu'e of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 60, Water 
 30, and Glycerin 10, and percolated with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 35 and Water 65 ; 
 Belg., Fluid extract with Alcohol (30 p.c.) ; Solid extract with Alcohol (60 p.c); 
 Fr., Fluid Extract with Alcohol (45 p.c.) ; Ger., 1 in 1 with a mixture of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 and Water 3 ; Swiss, Fluid extract with a mixture of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c. ) 1 and Water 3 ; Spanish has an extract with Alcohol (70 p.c. ) ; 
 Russ. has also Tincture 1 in 5. 
 
 ViNUM GONDURANGO.— Fluid Extract of Condurango, 1; Malaga 
 Wine, 9. — Austr. and Sioiss. 
 
 Condurango Bark, 1 ; Malaga, 10. — Dutch. 
 
 Condurango Bark, 1 ; Sherry, 10. — Ger. and Jap. 
 
 Condurango Bark, 3 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 3 ; Carinena or Alicante Wine, 
 q.s. to yield 100. — Span. 
 
 All by weight. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 8 fl. drm. = 7-1 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 C ONIUM. 
 
 CONIUM. H 
 
 Fu., C^c;uii^• Ger., SoniKRLiNC, ; Ital., Cicuta ; Span., Cicuta. 
 
 The fresh Leaves and young Branches of Conium maculatum, L., as %vell 
 as the dried unripe Fruits, were Official in the B.P, 1898, but have now been 
 
512 CON [Solids ty Weiglit; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 omitted ; the full-grown but unripe Fruit, carefully dried and preserved, is 
 Official in the U.S. P. and Fr. Codex. The U.S. P. requires the Fruit to yield 
 not less than 0- 5 p.c. of Coniine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative and antispasmodic ; allays the cough 
 in bronchitic affections, pertussis, and phthisis, recommended in visceral 
 nem-algias and gastric pains. Applied externally in the form of ointment 
 to ease pain of anal fissure, of hsemorrhoids, and of cancer. 
 
 The Unguentum is a specific for the night-restlessness of pruritus. — L. '13, 
 ii. 712. 
 
 Dose.— Of the Succus 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7- 1 ml. Of the Tincture 
 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3" 6 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In consequence of the great variation in strength 
 oj Conium preparations, the standardised Fluid Extract or Cojiiince Hydro- 
 brotnidum should be prescribed. 1 fl. drm. oj the Fluid Extract is about equal 
 to 1 fl. oz. of Succus Conii (average strength). 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkali Hydroxides and vegetable Astringents. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube or emetics, followed by stimvilants, Strychnine 
 hypodermically, artificial respiration. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Leaves ; Fr. and U.S., 
 Fruit ; Mex., Port, and Span., both Leaves and Fruit. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Conium has pinnately decompound leaves and is 
 distinguished from other British umbelliferous plants having similar leaves 
 by the purplish spots on the stem and petioles of the leaves, by the mouse- 
 like odour evolved when rubbed with Liquor Potassae, and by the leaves 
 being quite free from hairs. The extreme points of tlie leaf segments are 
 wliite or colourless, whilst in At^thusa Cynapiuni, L., which has also hairless 
 leaves, the tips are brown, and it has no general involucre to the umbels 
 as in Conium, but only a partial one of tliree long bracts. The fresh leaves 
 of Conium are in best condition at the end of June and beginning of July. 
 Such of the British species of the genus Chcerophyllum as resemble Conium 
 in appearance, have hairy leaves and cylindrical fruits. Under the micro- 
 scope Conium is distinguished by striated epidermal cells, by the 
 parenchymatous cells containing minute, usually single, crystals of Calciuin 
 Oxalate, the absence of hairs, and the presence of annular as well as spiral 
 vessels. 
 
 Conium fruits are ovoid, greyish-green, slightly compressed laterally, and, 
 as met with in commerce, consist of the separate mericarps. They are 
 about i mch (3 mm.) long, and nearly as broad ; in U.S. P. the size is given 
 as 3 mm. long, and about 1 ■ 5 mm. in diameter. The five dorsal ridges are 
 more or less wavy and irregularly crenate, this feature being most conspicuous 
 Ijefore the fruits are fvilly ripe. The surface between the ridges is glabrous 
 Ijut minutely wrinkled. The fiat surface shows a narrow deep depression 
 which gives a reniform outline to a transverse section of the mericarp. The 
 U.S. P. states that Conium fruit after being kept for more than two years 
 is unfit for use. Although vitta; are present in the very young fruit they 
 subsequently disappear and are absent in the fruit when mature. Conium 
 Fruits are characterised under the microscope by thin-walled nearly cubical 
 cells, which form a layer outside the endosperm. The Coniine and an essential 
 oil are contained in the cells of the endocarp, so tliat a finely-powdered fruit 
 is not necessary for its extraction. 
 
 Tests. — The percentage of Coniine present in Conium Fruits may be 
 determined by extraction with suitable solvents, and weigliing the alkaloid 
 as a Hydrochloride. A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the finely -powdered 
 fruit is extracted with 50 c.c. of a saturated solution of dry Hydrochloric 
 Acid gas in Chloroform. The extraction with a further quantity of a similar 
 mixture is continued until 6 drops of the chloroformic mixture evaporated 
 on a watch-glass, and the residue acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 gives no precipitate \^ith Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CON 513 
 
 The mixed chloroforniio liquids after separation from the marc are shaken 
 with two separate quantities each of 25 c. c. of Distilled Water. The aqueous 
 shakings are in turn separated, mixed, shaken twice with 10 c.c. of Chloro- 
 form, and the Chloroform separated. The aqueous portion is made alkaline 
 by the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and the liberated alkaloid 
 extracted by shaking with three successive portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloro- 
 form. The chloroformic liqmd is separated in each case, mixed, run into 
 10 c.c. of the satvu"ated solution of dry Hydrochloric Acid gas in Chloroform, 
 evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, the residue dried at a temperature 
 not exceeding 90" C. (194° F.), and weighed; 163-61 parts of anhydrous 
 Coniine Hydrochloride represent 127- 15 parts of Coniine. 
 
 The method of determination adopted by the U.S. P. is essentially as follows : 
 ■ — A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the Fruit in No. 60 powder is shaken 
 at intervals during fovu" hoiu-s in an Erlenmeyer flask of 200 c.c. capacity, 
 with 100 c.c. of a mixture of 98 parts of Ether, 8 parts of Alcohol (94-9 p.c), 
 and 3 parts by volume of Ammonia Water. A measured quantity of 50 c.c. 
 of the clear liquid { = 5 grammes of Conium) is decanted into a beaker, and 
 mixed with sufficient Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to produce 
 a distinctly acid reaction. The Ether is evaporated on a water -bath, 15 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (94 '9 p.c.) added, and the mixture set aside for two hoi.irs to permit 
 of the Anxmonium Sulphate depositing, the Tincture filtered, the residue and 
 filter washed with a little Alcohol (94- 9 p.c), and the washings mixed with 
 the filtrate. The excess of acid is neutralised by Sodium Carbonate, a slight 
 acidity being carefully maintained. The Mquid is now carefully concentrated 
 on a water-bath to a vohime of 3 c.c, mixed with an equal volume of Distilled 
 Water and 2 drops of Normal Volumetric Sulphviric Acid Solution. The 
 liquid is washed \vith two successive quantities each of 15 c.c. of Ether, the 
 ethereal liquids separated, the acid liquid transferred to a separator, sufficient 
 Sodium C:\rbonate Test-Solution added to render the liquid distinctly alkaline 
 to red Litmus paper, and the liberated alkaloid shaken out with successive 
 portioiis of 15 c.c, 15 c.c, and 10 c.c. of Ether. The ethereal solution is 
 in each case separated, transferred to a tared beaker, and sufficient 5 p.c. 
 Hydrochloric Acid solution added to the mixed ethereal solutions to render 
 them distinctly acid. The Ether is I'emoved by evaporation at a gentle heat 
 on a water-bath, and the excess of Hydrochloric Acid by adding two separate 
 quantities each of 3 c.c. of Alcohol (94* 9 p.c), and removing them in each 
 case by evaporation. The residue is dried at a temperature not exceeding 
 60" C. (140° F.). This weight, multiplied by 0-777 and the product by 20, 
 gives the percentage of Coniine present in the Fruit. 
 
 Coniine may be titrated with Normal or Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of 
 neutraUty ; 1 c.c of Normal Volumetric Hych-ochloric Acid Solution = 
 0-12715 gramme of Coniine. 
 
 Conium leaves when bruised possess a strong and peculiar odoiu", somewhat 
 resembling that of mice ; and when the leaves are rubbed with Potassiimi or 
 SodimxL Hydroxide Solution the odour is intensified. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CONII. — Made from the fresh leaves and young branches 
 of Hemlock.— JS. P. 1885. 
 
 It is Official in Fr: Made from the fruit, with Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 Fr. has also Em pi a strum Conii prepared from the Extract. 
 
 EXTRACTUM CONII LIQUIDUM.— A standardised liquid extract pre- 
 pared by treating 100 of Conium Fruit (in No. 40 Powder) with a mixtui'e of 
 100 of Alcohol (60 p.c) and IJ of Acetic Acid ; the exhaustion is completed 
 with Alcohol (60 p.c); finally the liquid is adjusted to contain 1 p.c. w/v 
 of alkaloidal Hydrochloride. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 c.c 
 
 The U.S. P. has Fluidextractuin Conii, about 1 in 1, which is 
 standardised to contain 0-45 p.c. w/v of Coniine. It is prepared by treating 
 100 of Coiiium Fruit in No. 40 powder wth a mixture of 98 of Alcohol 
 
 S 
 
514 CON [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 (49 p.c.) and 2 of Acetic Acid {U.S. P.) ; the exhaustion is completed with 
 Alcohol (49 p.c). Average dose, 3 minims = 0-18 c.c. 
 
 Tests. — The U.S. P. mixes a measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Fluid- 
 extract with a little clean sand and evaporates to di-yness on a water-bath. 
 After the Extract and the sand are uniformly mixed they are transferred to 
 an Erlenmeyer flask of about 200 c.c. capacity and shaken at intervals during 
 one hour with 100 c.c. of a mixture of 100 c.c. of Ether, 7 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (94* 9), and 3 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, the dish being washed out with the 
 mixture, and the mixture added in portions. A measured quantity of 50 c.c 
 of the clear liquid (= 6 grammes of the Fluidextract) is decanted into a 
 beaker, and sufficient Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution added to 
 produce a distinctly acid reaction. The Ether is removed by evaporation, 
 15 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol added, and the Ammonium Sulphate allowed to 
 deposit during two hours. The liquid is filtered, the residue and filter washed 
 with a little Absolute Alcohol, the washings being added to the filtrate. 
 The excess of acid is neutralised by the careful addition of Sodium Carbonate 
 Test-Solution, a slight acidity being maintained. The liquid is concentrated 
 by evaporation on a water-bath to a voluine of 3 c.c, mixed with an equal 
 voliune of Water and 2 drops of Normal Vokunetric Sulphxiric Acid Solution. 
 The acid liquid is washed with two successive portions each of 15 c.c. of Ether, 
 the acid liquid separated in each instance, it is transferred to a separator, 
 sufficient Sodium Carbonate Test-Solution added to render the liquid slightly 
 alkahne to red Litmus paper, and the liberated alkaloid removed by extraction 
 with successive portions of 15 c.c, 10 c.c, and 10 c.c. of Ether. The ethereal 
 solution is separated in each case, transfei'red to a tared beaker, mixed, 
 and sufficient of a 5 p.c. Hydrochloric Acid Solution added drop by drop to 
 ensure an excess of acid. The Ether is then removed by distillation, the 
 excess of Hydrochloric Acid by evaporating twice with successive portions 
 each of 3 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c), the residue dried at a temperature not 
 exceeding 60° C. (140° F.) till constant in weight, and weighed after cooling 
 in a desiccator. The weight multiplied by 0-777 and the product by 20 
 gives the p.c. w/v of Confine present in the sample of Fluidextract. 
 
 PILUL/E CONII COMPOSIT/E (B.P. 1885).— Extract of Hemlock, 5 ; 
 Ipecacuanha, in powder, 1 ; Treacle q.s. 
 
 SUCCUS CONII.— Juice of Conium. 
 
 3 of Juice, obtained from the fresh Leaves and young Branches, preserved 
 by the addition of 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7- 1 ml. 
 Much larger doses are also given. 
 TINCTURA CONII.— Tincture of Conium. 
 
 1 of Conium Fruit, recently reduced to No. 40 powder, percolated with 
 Alcohol (70 p.c), q.s. to yield 5. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1- 8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., Tinct. Cicutse, 1 in 5, also 
 Fresh Herb 1, Spirit 1 ; Mex., Leaves, 1 in 5. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests — Tincture of Conium possesses a specific gravity of from 0*895 to 
 0-900; contains about 1-75 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 68 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CONII.— Conium Ointment. 
 
 Evaporate 8 of the Juice of Conium on a water -bath to 1, at a temperature 
 not exceeding 140° F. (60° C), and mix with 3 of Hydrous Wool Fat. 
 
 Contrary to what might have been expected, the alkaloidal strength of the 
 juice is not affected by the evaporation, but it is better to evaporate the juice 
 to 2 and to use Anhydrous Wool Fat, also to add 2 p.c. of Boric Acid. 
 
 VAPOR CONIIN/E {P.P. 1885).— Juice of Hemlock, | fl. oz. ; Solution 
 of Potash, 1 fl. drm. ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COIT 515 
 
 PESSUS CONIiN/E (Trowew).— Coniine, J- minim; Gelatin Basis, 20 
 grains. 
 
 CONIINA. Coniine. ^Syn. Cicutine. CgHi-N, eq. 127- 146.— A colour- 
 less, or pale yellow, volatile oily liquid, with a characteristic penetrating 
 mousy odour. Obtained from Coniurn maculatum. It unites with acids to 
 form crystalline salts, which are much more stable than the alkaloid. 
 
 It is a volatile alkaloid obtained from Conium maculatum, L. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 100 of Water. It mixes in all proportions with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and with Ether. 
 
 Dose. — jJj grain to 1 grain = • 0054 to • 06 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.^ — Coniine has a specific gravity of 0-886 (Schorm), 0-844 (Laden- 
 burg). It boils at about 169° C. (336-2' F.). It is dextrogyrate, its specific 
 rotation being -f- 13-8° for the Sodium ray. 
 
 The aqueous solution of Coniine is powerfully alkaline in reaction. WTien 
 a glass rod moistened with concentrated Hydrochloric Acid is held closely 
 over a small quantity of Coniine contained in a watch-glass, white fumes are 
 produced, and if sufficient of the fumes be passed over the surface of the 
 alkaloid, it is wholly converted into a crystalline Hydrochloride ; Nicotine 
 Hydrochloride is amorphous. 
 
 On the addition of a large excess of concentrated Hydrochloric Acid to 
 Coniine, a pale red tint is produced, gradually deepening in colour ; Sulphuric 
 Acid gives no immediate change with pure Coniine, but the mixture gradually 
 becomes pru-ple-red and then olive-green. It may be distinguished from 
 Nicotine by producing with Mercm'ic Chloride Solution a white amorphous 
 instead of a crystalline precipitate ; by its non-precipitation %vith Platinic 
 Chloride Solution ; and by its alkalinity to Phenophthalein Solution, an 
 aqueous solution of Coniine being coloured red immediately on the addition 
 of 1 or 2 drops of Phenol phthalein Solution ; Nicotine is neutral to Phenol - 
 phthalein Solution. When heated slowly with free access of air it is com- 
 pletely volatilised, leaving no weighable residue. 
 
 CONIIN/E HYDROBROMIDUM. Coniine Hydrobromide. C^H^N, HBr 
 eq. 208-074. — Transparent, colourless, rhombic crystals, or a white, crystal- 
 line powder. The usual form for prescribing Coniine, of which it contains 
 theoretically 61-1 p.c. 
 
 It should be protected as far as possible from the light in well-closed glass 
 bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 of Water ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — \ to 2 grains = 0-01 to 0- 13 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-03 gramme ; daily, 0-15 gramme. 
 
 Official in Fr. and Mex. 
 
 For hypodermic use, -i^ grain in 5 minims of Water. 
 
 Tests. — Coniine Hydrobromide melts according to Fr. Codex at 211° C. 
 (411-8° F.). The Coniine obtained from the Hydrobromide answers the 
 tests distinctive of the alkaloid given under that heading. WTien a small 
 quantity of salt is moistened with a few drops of Potassimn or Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, the peculiar mousy odour of Coniine is evolved. The 
 aqueous solution acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid gives, on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, a yellowish-white curdy precipitate, practically 
 insoluble in Ammonia Solution and in Nitric Acid. The salt should leave no 
 weighable residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 CONIIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Coniine Hydrochloride.— Colourless 
 crystals, readily soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Tests.— Coniine Hydrochloride melts at 210° to 212° C. (410° to 413-6° F.). 
 It dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a solution wliich is neutral in reaction 
 to Litmus paper. The Coniine isolated from Coniine Hydrochloride responds 
 
 S 2 
 
51G CON [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 to the tests for the alkaloid given xinder that heading. When moistened with 
 1 or 2 drops of Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, the peculiar mousy 
 odour of Coniine is evolved. The aqueous solution acidified with Nitric 
 Acid yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a white cixrdy precipitate, insoluble 
 in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution. The salt when incinerated with 
 free access of air leaves no weighable residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CONVALLARIA. 
 
 The entire pjant of Convallaria Majalis, L. (Lily of the Valley), gathered 
 when the flowers begin to open, and dried. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A cardiac tonic ; diuretic. Not cumulative 
 like Digitalis, but according to Mitchell Bruce it is a very uncertain remedy. 
 
 Convallaria contains 2 glucosides — Convallarin, a purgative, and Con- 
 vallamarin, allied to Digitalin in its action on the heart ; the dose of the 
 latter is J to 2 grains = 0-008 to 0- 13 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Fr. (Muguet), Ital. 
 (Mughetto), Mex., Span. (Lirio de los Valles) and U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The leaves and flowers are usually sold separately 
 from the roots. The leaves are broadly elliptical, about ti inches long, 
 smooth on both surfaces, entire at the margins, and furnished with parallel 
 veins. The dried rhizome is whitish, about 3 mm. tliick, cyUndrical, wrinkled 
 and marked with a few circular sears, having internodes 2 to 6 cm. long and 
 from the scars 8 or 10 branching rootlets, about 1 mm. thick, are given off. 
 The rhizome is wlute internally, has a fibrous fracture, a peculiar rather 
 pleasant odour, and a sweetish, bitter, slightly acrid taste. The drooping, 
 shortly stalked, globular, bell-shaped white flowers with recurved teeth, are 
 usually 8 to 10 in number, each subtended by a linear bract and are borne 
 laterally on a slender stem. The inflorescence is usually preferred to root or 
 leaves as it is believed to be more active. Preparations made with the fresh 
 plant are to be preferred, or if the dried herb be used, it should be kept in a 
 chemically dry atate. The plant is in its best condition in May. 
 
 EXTRAOTUM CONVALLARI/E, Extrait de Muguet {Fr. and Span.). 
 — An aqueous extract of the entire plant of Convallaria freshly gathered and 
 dried. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0'13 to 0*32 gramme thiee times a day. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM CONVALLARI>^ {U.S.).—1 in 1, from the rhizome 
 and roots of Convallaria, with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 650, and Water 
 350 = about Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 8 minims = • 5 ml. 
 
 Russ. has a Tincture from fi-esh flowers ; lial. has an Infusion. 
 
 COPAIBA. 
 
 COPAIBA. 
 
 Fr., Copahu ; Geu., Copaivabalsam ; Ital., Balsamo di Copaive ; 
 Span., Oleo Resina de Copaiba. 
 
 An Oleo-Resin, obtained from the trunk of various species of 
 Copaifera, L. A yellow or yellowish-brown more or less transparent 
 viscous liquid, occasionally possessing a distinct fluorescence, and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COP 517 
 
 having a characteristic aromatic odoui' and a persistent bitter and 
 acrid taste. 
 
 Obtained from the northern part of South America. Tlie commercial 
 varieties Para, Maranliam, Maracaibo, and Angostm-a are named from the 
 various ports of shipment. 
 
 Solubility.— (Nearly clear) 1 in 1 {or less) of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 but if more Alcohol be added it becomes cloudy ; in all proportions 
 of Absolute Alcohol, Ether, Benzene, and the fixed and volatile Oils ; 
 also in four times {or less) its bulk of Petrolemn Spirit, the Solution 
 only yielding a filmy deposit on standing ; also 1 in 2 {or less) of 
 Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic and diuretic. Acts more 
 particularly upon the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary tract. 
 Used in gonorrhoea, after the acute stage has passed, and in gleet. 
 Sometimes combined with Buchu and Ciibebs. Useful in clironic 
 bronchitis and bronchiectasis, when a disinfecting expectorant is 
 indicated. The resin is used as a diuretic in cardiac and hepatic 
 dropsy, but not in renal, as it is liable to irritate the kidneys. 
 
 As the result of an investigation by the Therapeutic Sub-Conainittee of 
 the British Medical Association, to ascertain whether Copaiba Oil or Copaiba 
 Resin, or both, constitute the active constituents in the Oleo-Resin of Copaiba, 
 it is concluded frona a large number of observations that Resin of Copaiba 
 is either inert or nearly so, while the Oil of Copaiba exerts a distinct effect 
 in delaying putrefaction and in hindering the gro^'th of certain organisms 
 artificially added to sterilised urine. The conclusion is dra^vii that the Resin 
 of Copaiba is practically inert as a genito-urinary antiseptic. — B.M.J. '15, 
 ii. 128. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = I'S to S'G ml. 
 
 Prescribing- Notes. — Can be given in the form of pills or paste (see below), 
 also in capsules. It may be suspended in Water by means oj Mucilage oj Gum 
 Acacia {see p. 4), or Liquor Potassce, which saponifies it. Cinnamon Water, 
 Peppermint Water, the Tinctures of Orange and Ginger have been used as flavour- 
 ing agents. The Oil of Copaiba can be suspended by means of Mucilage, as can 
 also the Resin of Copaiba. 
 
 When Copaiba is boiled with Solution of Potassium Hydroxide the Oil is 
 emulsified, and the Resin separates on standing. The liquid portion is conse- 
 quently miscible with Water. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Oleum Copaibje. 
 
 Not Official. — Electuaire de Copahu Compose, Liquor Copaibae Solubilis, 
 Liquor Copaibae, Buchu et Cubebse, Liquor Copaibae cum Santalo, Haustus 
 Copaibae, Mistura Copaibae, Mistura Copaibae Acida, Mistura Copaibae Alkalina, 
 Pasta Copaibae, Pilula Copaibae, Resina Copaibae. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port. (Terebinthina Copahiba), 
 Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The oleo-resin, incorrectly designated in 
 cormnerce Balsam of Copaiba, varies considerably in consistence, 
 according to the species of Copaifera from which it is derived. These, 
 besides the species C. Lansdorfii (the source of Maranham Copaiba), 
 are believed to be C. officinalis, L. (Maracaibo and Cartagena Copaiba), 
 G. Gaianensis, Desf. (Surinam Copaiba and B. Guiana Copaiba), C. 
 coriacea, Mart. (Bahia Copaiba) ; C. confertiflora, Benth., C. ohlongifolia, 
 
518 COP [Solids hj Weight; Liquids by Measme.] 
 
 Mart., and C. rigida, Bentli., are also believed to yield some of the Copaiba 
 of commerce. The B.F. lays no restriction upon the species from which 
 it may be derived. The Para kind (C. multijuga, Hayne), which is 
 the most fluid and the palest in colour, almost resembling Olive Oil in 
 colour and consistence, yields 60 to 90 p.c. of volatile oil, and is therefore 
 chiefly used for distilling the oil. The Maracaibo, which is thicker 
 and of a brownish colour, like that of Maranham, and with a greenish 
 fluorescence, yields only about 40 p.c, and that from Bahia about 
 50 p.c. ; the Maranham kind is preferred in Germany. 
 
 When a Copaiba containing much oil is desired, the Para, Surinam, 
 and British Guiana kinds are most suitable, and when one containing 
 much resin is required, the Maranham and Maracaibo and Cartagena 
 are preferable. Gurjun Balsam resembles the darker varieties of 
 Copaiba in colour and consistence, but if heated to 130° C. (266° F.) 
 it is transformed into a jelly. 
 
 A new variety of Copaiba has been imported from Manaos in Brazil, 
 which rotates the polarised ray to the left, both oil and resin acting 
 alike. Riedel states that genuine Copaiba balsams rotate the 
 polarised ray to the right, but yield a Isevo-rotatory oil and a resin 
 which is strongly dextro-rotatory. 
 
 Copaiba is also collected at Velasco in Bolivia, resembling that of 
 Maracaibo in being thick, but it is lighter in colour and not fluorescent. 
 The volatile oil contains Dextro-caryophyllene and Dextro-cadinene 
 {Ph. Jour. xxix. p. 39). 
 
 Tests. — Copaiba has a specific gravity of from 0"985 to 
 0-994; B.P. gives 0-975 to 0-995; the V.S.P., 0*950 to 0*995 at 
 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., 0-980 to 0-990. 
 
 The Acid and Saponification Values afiord useful constants for judging 
 the quality of the Balsam. The B.P. and the U.S. P. include an 
 Acid Value, and the P.G. includes both Acid and Saponification Values. 
 The B.P. figure corresponds to an Acid Value of not less than 75-74 ; 
 the U.S.P. to 64-10 to 89-18; the P.G. gives 75*8 to 84*2; the 
 P.G. also requires that it should possess a Saponification Value of 
 84-2 to 92-7. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the Acid 
 Value be changed to ' not less than 28 nor more than 95.' 
 
 Determinations of the Acid and Ester Values of ten samples of the 
 Balsam showed them, with one exception, to vary between 10-64 and 
 19-60 for the Ester, and 78-96 and 93-52 for the Acid Value. 
 
 The Acid Value of Maracaibo Copaiba Balsam should be between 
 76-52 and 94-90, the Ester Value from 0-47 to 8-75 ; the Acid Value 
 of Para Balsam should be from 65 '8 to 72-0, and the Ester Value 
 from 1-9 to 2-9. 
 
 It is officially required to lose about 45 p.c. of its weight when 
 heated to 100° C. (212° F.) for 48 hours. This loss is due to a 
 volatile oil, which when distilled from the Balsam should possess the 
 following constants: — Specific gravitv 0-898 to 0-910; an optical 
 rotation of - 7° to - 35° ; a Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) 
 of 1-495 to 1-500; it should distil between 250° and 275° C. (482° 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COP 519 
 
 to 527° F.). It should also answer the tests described vinder Oleum 
 Copaiba. The U.S.P. requires that it shall lose not more than 
 50 p.c. of its original weight after being heated on a water-bath 
 during 48 hours ; the proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. require 
 that it shall lose not more than 64 p.c. when so treated. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants of Copaiba Balsam are 
 Turpentine Oil, fixed oils, Gurjun Balsam, Colophony, and African 
 Copaiba Balsam. The oil distilled from the Balsam should possess 
 no odour of Turpentine, and should yield the constants shown under 
 Oil of Copaiba, indicating the absence of Turpentine Oil. 
 
 A brittle resinous mass should remain behind, when 1 gramme of 
 the Balsam is heated on a water-bath during 3 hours, and the residue 
 cooled to the temperature of the room, indicating the absence of fixed 
 oils. The U.S.P. requires that if 20 drops of Copaiba Balsam be boiled 
 with 1 c.c. of an Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution (1 in 10) 
 for 2 minutes and cooled, and then twice its volume of Ether be added 
 to the liquid, no gciatinisation should occur, indicating the absence of 
 fLxed oils. 
 
 No purplish or violet colour shoxdd be produced on the cautious 
 addition of 4 drops of Balsam of Copaiba to a mixture of 5 ml. of 
 Glacial Acetic Acid and 4 drops of Nitric Acid, indicating the absence 
 of Gurjun Balsam. The U.S.P. requires tliat when 1 drop of Nitric 
 Acid (sp. gr. 1 "40) and 3 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid are mixed in a test- 
 tube, and 4 drops of Copaiba are carefully pom-ed on top of the liquid, 
 no reddish zone should appear ; nor should the fluid assume a red or 
 purple colour after being shaken. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S.P. IX. recommend that this test should be modified as follows : — 
 Dissolve 3 to 4 drops of the volatile oil separated fi'om the Copaiba 
 Balsam by distillation with steam, in 3 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid, 
 mix the solution with 1 drop of a freshly prepared aqueous solution 
 of Sodium Nitrite (1 in 10), and carefully underlay this with 2 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid. The Acetic Acid layer should not be coloured pink. 
 The P.G. requires that if a solution of 3 drops of Copaiba Balsam in 
 3 c.c. of Acetic Acid be mixed with 2 drops of freshly prepared Sodiimi 
 Nitrite Solution, and the solution be carefully poured upon 2 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid, no violet coloration should be assmned by the Acetic 
 Acid layer within half-an-hour, indicating the absence of Gm-j un Balsam. 
 If 1 gramme of Copaiba be shaken with 10 c.c. of Anomonia Solution in 
 a stoppered vial, and allowed to stand for 24 hours, the liquid will 
 become turbid, but should not gehitinise, nor form a firm mass, in- 
 dicating a limit of Eesin. The Optical Rotation in a 100 nam. tube of 
 the distilled oil should be not less than — 7°, indicating the absence of 
 African Copaiba. 
 
 Acid Value. — 1 gramme dissolved in 25 ml. of Absolute Alcohol should 
 require for neutralisation not less than 2 • 7 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 AlcohoUc Potassium Hydroxide Solution, Phenolphthialein Solution being 
 employed as an indicator of neutiality, corresponding to an Acid Value of 
 not less than 75-74, and to the presence of a due proportion of Acid Resins, 
 B.P. ; 1 gramme of Copaiba, when dissolved in 50 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c), 
 should require not less than 3 • 3 c.c. and not more than 3 • 2 c.c. of Half-Normal 
 
520 COP [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution for neutralisation, 
 employing 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality, 
 indicating an Acid Value of 64*10 to 89*18, and the presence of a normal 
 proportion of Acid Resin, U.S. P. ; 1 gramme of Copaiba Balsam dissolved 
 in 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should require not less than 2'7 nor more than 
 3*0 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 for neutralisation, 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution being employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality, indicating an Acid Value of 75-8 to 84-2, P.G. 
 
 Saponification Value. — 1 gramme of Copaiba Balsam is dissolved in 
 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and the niixtiu-e heated under a reflux condenser 
 on a water-bath during half-an-hour with 20 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. The mixture is then diluted with 
 200 c.c. of Distilled Water, 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution added, and 
 titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution until 
 decolorised; 16' 7 to 17 c.c. should be necessary, indicating a Saponification 
 Value of 84-2 to 92-7, P.G, 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 OLEUM COPAIBA. Oil op Copaiba. 
 
 A colourless or pale yellow oily liquid. It is tlie volatile oil 
 distilled from Copaiba. It has a distinctive Copaiba odour, and a 
 bitter, persistent taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint 
 in a cool atmosphere, and protected as far as possible from the air 
 and light. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 20 of Alcohol (90p.c.) ; nearly insoluble in Alcohol 
 (60 p.c.) ; mixes in all proportions with Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0*3 to 1 "2 ml. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Copaiba Oil has a specific gravity of 0*900 to 0'910, and 
 occasionally falling to 0"896, the gravity varying considerably with 
 the age of the oil and its exposure to the air — the official figures are 
 0-896 to 0-910 ; the U.S.P. gives 0-895 to 0-905 at 25° C. (77° F.), 
 increasing with age. It is laevogyrate, the optical rotation being 
 from — 7° to — 35° in a 100 mm. tube. It has a Refractive Index 
 of 1-493 to 1-500 at 25° C. (77° F.). It distils between 250° and 
 275° C. (482° and 527° F.). It is neutral in reaction, and is soluble 
 in its own volume of Absolute Alcohol. The more generally occurring 
 adulterants are African Copaiba Oil and Gurjun Balsam Oil. The 
 first 10 p.c. fraction of the distillate obtained by distilling the oil 
 in a vacuum, should have a lower optical rotation than the original 
 oil, indicating the absence of African Copaiba Oil. Not more than 
 a faint violet coloration should be produced when 4 drops of Nitric 
 Acid are added to a solution of 1 ml. of the Oil in 5 ml. of Glacial 
 Acetic Acid, indicating the absence of Gurjan Balsam Oil. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 ELECTUAIRE DE COPAHU COMPOSE (jP/.).— Copaiba, 100 ; Cubebs 
 in powder, 150 ; Catechu in powder, 50 ; Oil of Peppermint, 3. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] COP 521 
 
 LIQUOR COPAIB>E SOLUBILIS {Pharm. Form, and the Australian 
 Pharm. Form.). — Boil 20 of Copaiba with 30 of Solution of Potash for an 
 hour, add 10 of Water, and mix thoroughly. Set aside until cold and well 
 separated, draw off the clear liquor from the upper oily portion and the 
 sediment, and evaporate it to 38 ; to this add 2 of Solution of Potash. 
 
 LIQUOR COPAIB/E, BUCHU ET CUBEB/E (Pharm. Form.).— 
 Liquid Extract of Buchu, 1 ; Liquid Extract of Cubebs, 1 ; Solution of 
 Copaiba, 8. 
 
 LIQUOR COPAIB/E CUM SANTALO {Pharm. Fo;m.).— Oilof Santal, 1 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p. c), 1; Solution of Copaiba, 8. The liquor is sometimes 
 flavoured with Cinnamon or other essential oil, 5 to 10 minims to the ounce. 
 Oil of Sandal Wood can also be combined with Solution of Copaiba, 
 Buchu et Cubebae in the same manner as above. 
 
 HAUSTUS COPAIB>E {St. Bartholomew's). — Copaiba, 15 minims ; So- 
 lution of Potassium Hydroxide, 5 minims ; Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 15 
 minims ; Mucilage of Gum Acacia, 60 minims ; Camphor Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA COPAIB>E (La/a(/e«e).— Copaiba, 4 ; Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 
 4 ; Compound Tincture of Lavender, 4 ; Solution of Potassium Hydroxide, 
 1 ; Syrup, 10 ; Mucilage of Acacia, q.s. to make 32. Mix the Copaiba with 
 the Solution of Potassium Hydroxide and the Spirit of Nitrous Ether, then 
 add the Compound Tincture of Lavender, and lastly the Syrup and Mucilage 
 of Acacia. Well mix by shaking. — U.S.N.F. 
 
 MISTURA COPAIB/E {Chapman).— Copaiha, S ; Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 
 8 ; Compound Tincture of Lavender, 2 ; Tincture of Opium, 1 ; Mucilage 
 of Acacia, 4; Water, q.s. to make 32. — U.S.N.F. 
 
 MISTURA COPAIBA. — Copaiba, 15 minims; Mucilage of Acacia, 60 
 minims ; Magnesium Sulphate, 30 grains ; Cinnamon Water, to 1 fl. oz. — 
 St. Mary's. 
 
 Copaiba, 20 minims ; Tincture of Quillaia, 20 minims ; Spirit of Nitrous 
 Ether, 30 minims ; Camphor Water, to 1 fl. oz. — Charing Cross. 
 
 Copaiba, 15 minims ; Mucilage of Gum Acacia, 30 minims ; Water, to 
 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 MISTURA COPAIB/E ACIDA {King's).—Copa,iha, 20 minims ; Dilute 
 Sulphuric Acid, 10 minims ; Mucilage of Acacia, i fl. oz. ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA COPAIB>E ALKALINA {King s). — Copaiba, 20 minims; 
 Solution of Potash, 10 minims ; Mucilage of Acacia, 2 fl. drm. ; Water, to 
 1 fl. oz. • 
 
 PASTA COPAIB/E.— Copaiba, 8 ; Powdered Cubebs, 24 ; Extract of 
 Hyoscyamus, 1 ; Camphor, 1 ; Treacle, q.s. 
 
 Dose. — A piece the size of a filbert nut three or four times a day, in 
 gonorrhoea. 
 
 PILULA COPAIB/E. — Copaiba, 94; Magnesia, 6. Mix intimately and 
 set aside to concrete. Should the mixture not concrete in eight or ten hours, 
 the Copaiba before use should be shaken with 5^5 of its weight of Water, 
 then the uncombined Water allowed to subside and the Copaiba poured off. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Span. (Pildoras de Copaiba). 
 
 RESIN A COPAIB>E. — Prepared from the Oleo-resin by distilling off the 
 Volatile Oil. 
 
 A yellowish, or brownish-yellow, brittle resin, with an acid reaction. 
 Soluble in Alcohol. 
 
 Tests.— Copaiba Resin is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), Ether, and Carbon 
 Bisulphide. It possesses an Acid Value of not less than 119* 77, 
 
522 COR [Solids by Weight ; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CORIANDRI FRUCTUS. 
 
 CORIANDER FRUIT. 
 ¥r., Cokiandrk ; Ger., Koriander ; Ital., Coriandro ; Span., Cilantro. 
 The dried, ripe Fruit of Coriandrum sativum, L. 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant, aromatic, and carminative. 
 Dose. — 20 to 60 grains = 1"3 to 4 grammes. 
 Official Preparation. — Oleum Coriandri. 
 Not Official. — Spiritus Aromatieus. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Hung., Mex. (Culantro), Norw., Port. (Coentro), Span, and U.S. Not 
 in Ger., Ital., Jap., Russ., Swed. or Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Coriander Fruit of commerce lias 
 the two mericarps united, and is globular, about -J- inch (5 mm.) in 
 diameter, of a buff or light brown colour (brownish yellow, B.P.), 
 glabrous, crowned with minute calycine teeth, and the conical base 
 of the two slender divergent styles. There are four prominent 
 secondary ridges, and five inconspicuous wavy primary ridges alternate 
 with them on each mericarp, but there are no vittee between them, 
 there being only two vittee on the concave commissural surface of 
 each mericarp. The taste and odour of the dried fruit are agreeably 
 aromatic and characteristic, but in the unripe fruit the odour is dis- 
 agreeable. The fruits are imported from Russia, Germany, Holland, 
 Morocco, and occasionally from Bombay, the last being oval and 
 nearly twice as large as European Coriander, and pointed at the ends. 
 A little is also cultivated in Essex. The English is rather paler 
 and larger than the Dutch kind, which is small. The Russian is 
 smaller than the other kinds. For distillation the fruits need to be 
 previously crushed so as to expose the vittse, which are found only on 
 the inner surface of the mericarps. The powder of the fruits as seen 
 under the microscope is characterised by the obliquely .arranged 
 linear cells of the endosperm, longer than those of Fennel, the sharply 
 defined six-sided cells of the inner coat of the vittfe, and by the thick 
 pitted walls of the large sclerenchymatous cells of the mesocarp. 
 
 Tests. — Coriander Fruits yield from 5 to 6 p.c. of ash. Five 
 samples examined in the author's laboratory showed 4 '69, 5 "28,. 
 5*74, 5 "15, and 5*8 p.c. ; four samples of powdered Coriander gave 
 5-64, 5-7, 7-09, and 7-79. An ash limit of 6*0 p.c. for the fruits was 
 suggested, but has not been ofiicially adopted. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the volatile Ether extract should 
 not be less than 0'5 p.c, and that the ash should not exceed 7 '5 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 OLEUM CORIANDRI, Oil of Coriander. 
 
 A colourless or pale yellow oily liquid, possessing a strong distinctive 
 aromatic odour and taste. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liauids by Measure.] COT 523 
 
 It is the volatile oil distilled from Coriander Fruit. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint, 
 and protected as far as possible from contact with aix and light, and 
 in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility— 2 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 75 of Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 Used to render medicines more palatable, and prevent griping. 
 
 Dose.— J to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0' 18 ml. 
 Foreign Pharm.acopceias. — Official in Norw. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Coriander ■ Oil has a specific gravity of from 0"870 to 
 0-880, and occasionally to 0-885, the B.P. gives 0'870 to 0-885, 
 the V.S.P. gives 0-863 to 0-878 at 25' C. (77° F.). It is dextrogyrate, 
 the optical rotation amounting to + 8° to + l4° in a 100 mm. tube. 
 It has a Kefractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1*463 to 1-468 ; the 
 B.P. gives the Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) as 1-463 to 1-467. 
 It yields a clear solution with three times its volume of Alcohol 
 (70 p.c). 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are sweet Orange Oil 
 or Turpentine Oil, which are recognised by their influence on the 
 specific gravity and the optical rotation, the solubility test afiording 
 additional evidence of the absence of Oil of Turpentine and added 
 terpenes. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPIRITUS AROMATICUS (Hwm^.). — Coriander, 100; Cloves, 30; 
 Myristica, 30 ; Cassia, 30 ; Angelica, 15 ; Alcohol (96 p.c), 670 ; Oil of 
 Lemon, 5. 
 
 Not Official. 
 GOTO. 
 
 A Bark from Bolivia, origin unknown. 
 
 Medicinal Propei'ties. — Aromatic stimulant and intestinal astringent. 
 Used in chronic diarrhoea and night sweating. 
 
 A precipitate may form when the Tincture or Fluid Extract is diluted 
 with Water, but it diffuses readily, on being shaken, without the aid of 
 Mucilage. 
 
 It contains a bitter principle, Cotoin, sparingly soluble in Water, soluble 
 in Alcohol ; dose, J to 2 grains = 0'03 to O'lS gramme. 
 
 Paracotoin is obtained from an allied bark, wliich has similar properties 
 sparingly soluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 3 grains = 0" 13 to 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Goto bark as originally introduced into commerce 
 is at present not obtainable, its place being taken by Paracoto bark. Even 
 Paracoto bark has now almost disappeared from commerce. Several false 
 Goto barks have appeared in conunerce in consequence, but none of these 
 exhibit the crystalline efflorescence and none of them are pungent to the 
 taste. Both these barks come from Bolivia, the former from the banks of 
 the Magdalena, and the latter from those of the Mapiri River, and are probably- 
 derived frona trees belonging to the natural order Lauracece, so far as can 
 be judged from their structui-e. Both are hard, heax-y, reddish-brown barks 
 
524 CRE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 occurring in quilled pieces about 6 to 8 inclies (15 to 20 cm.) long or more, 
 2 to 21 inches (5 to 6 cm.) broad, and about J inch (12-5 mm.) thick, with 
 a fracture granular outwardly and coarsely fibrous toward the inner surface. 
 The chief difference between the two is that the inner surface in the true 
 Goto bark is nearly smooth and the bark is thinner, that of Paracoto often 
 being 15 mm. or more thick and having the inner surface rough with pro- 
 jecting longitudinal ridges formed of sclerenchynaatous fibres. Both have 
 a pungent aromatic taste and exhibit a minute crystalline efflorescence on 
 the broken surface. The taste of true Goto is rather more peppery than 
 that of Paracoto. The distinctive microscopical characters are the large 
 elongated sclerenchymatous cells, some of which contain granular matter, 
 large parenchymatous cells containing yellow resin, and small simple Starch 
 granules. True Goto bark also contains granular reddish-brown oily bodies 
 in some of the parenchymatous cells. The two barks may also be distin- 
 guished by the use of concentrated Nitric Acid, which turns Paracoto powder 
 yellowish, changing gradually into a green tint, whilst that of Goto becomes 
 deep red. This reaction is due to the Paracotoin and Gotoin. 
 
 TINCTURA GOTO.— 1 of bruised Goto Bark macerated with Alcohol 
 (90 p. c.) to make 10. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0-G to 1-8 ml. 
 Fluid Extract (1 in 1) ; dose, 5 to 20 minims. 
 
 Portoin ( Methylene -Dicotoin). — Yellow, crystalline needles, or a light 
 yellow powder. Insoluble in Water, soluble in Ghloroform and Acetone. 
 Decomposed by Alkalis. Intestinal antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0" 06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 CREOSOTUM. 
 
 GREOSOTE. 
 
 Fb., Cbkosote Officinale ; Ger., Kreosot ; Ital., Greosoto ; 
 Span., Creosota. 
 
 A colourless, or more generally a pale yellow, liiglily refractive, 
 oily liquid, possessing a characteristic distinctive odour and a burning 
 and caustic taste. It is a mixture consisting principally of Guaiacol 
 and Creosol, and of other Phenols obtained by the distillation of Beech 
 Tar ; the U.S. P. describes it as a mixture of Phenols and Phenol 
 derivatives, chiefly Guaiacol and Creosol, obtained during the distillation 
 of Wood-Tar, preferably of that derived from the Beech ; the P.G. 
 describes it as amixtui'e consisting principally of Guaiacol and Creosol, 
 together with various Phenols and Phenol Esters obtained by distilla- 
 tion from Beech Wood Tar. 
 
 In some specimens of Creosote, the Guaiacol predominates, whilst in 
 others the Creosol predominates. Beech Wood Creosote contains 
 most Guaiacol ; formerly it was stated to contain more than 60 p.c, 
 but when the demand for Guaiacol and its salts arose, the proportion 
 in commercial Creosote dropped to 20 p.c. It can now be obtained 
 containing 50 p.c. 
 
 It preserves animal substances from decay, from wliich property its name 
 is derived. It is to the presence of this substance that the process of smoking 
 ham owesjts efficaoj?^. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liqviids by Measure.] CRE 525 
 
 Solubility. — Beechwood Creosote is soluble abovit 1 in 110 of 
 Water, and mixes in all proportions with Alcohol (90 p.c), Absolute 
 Alcohol, Ether sp. gr. 0'735 and 0*720, Glacial Acetic Acid, Chloroform, 
 Benzene, and Petroleum Spirit ; it also mixes with Glycerin in all 
 proportions up to nearly 3 of Glycerin to 1 of Creosote, but on the 
 further addition of Glycerin the mixture is turbid. 
 
 ' English Creosote ' differs fi'om Beechwood Creosote in that it is 
 not nearly so soluble in Water, and does not mix readily with Glycerin. 
 It dissolves about 1 in 350 of Water, and forms a turbid mixture with 
 an equal volume of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Disinfectant and antiseptic. It resembles 
 Carbolic Acid in action, but it is less poisonous. Given internally in 
 gastric fermentation, in putrefactive diarrhoea, and with considerable 
 success in phthisis ; for arresting nausea in hysteria, for obstinate 
 sea-sickness, and the vomiting of pregnancy and phthisis. A lotion 
 (8 minims to 1 oz.) and the ointment are used for eruptions of a scaly 
 character, for venereal ulcers, and in parasitic skin diseases ; it relieves 
 the itching in eczema ; toothache, when depending on caries, is reheved 
 by its application. As an inhalation in fetid bronchitis, phthisis, 
 and pulmonary gangrene. 
 
 The most useful drug in the Pharmacopoeia as far as the cure of phthisis 
 is concerned ; the capsule method of administration is the most pernicious 
 one, for the gastric mucosa receives undiluted a full dose of a toxic substance. 
 —Pr. '11, ii. 701. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 minims = 0*06 to 0'3 ml. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0-5 gramme ; daily, 1'5 grammes. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; daily, 1 • 5 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in capsules, or in pills made with Soap 
 and Liquorice Powder {see p. 1025). When given as a draught or mixture it is 
 best emulsified with Mucilage of Gum. Acacia and given in Milk, or dissolved 
 in Almond Oil : see ' Guttce Creosoti ' and ' Mistura Creosoti ' (Squire). For 
 hypodermic injection, alone or dissolved in Almond Oil. When mixed with 
 Magnesia it forms a tasteless compound insoluble in Water. Orange, Juniper, 
 and Fluid Extract of Liquorice have been used as flavouring agents. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — When prescribed in pills with Silver Oxide it explodes, 
 unless previously diluted with some inert powder, such as Kaolin. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Creosoti. 
 
 Not Official. — Aqua Creosoti, Elixir Creosote, Guttae Creosoti, Mistui-a 
 Creosoti {Squire), Pilula Creosoti, Solutio Creosoti Composita, Vapor Creosoti, 
 Vasolimentum Kreosoti, Vin Creosote, Creosoti Carbonas, Creosoti Oleas, 
 Creosoti Phosphas, Creosoti Tannas, Creosoti Valerianas, Salooreol, Taphosote, 
 Phosphotal, and Pneumin. The preparations of Guaiacol will be found under 
 that name. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Creosote has a specific gravity of 1 "080 to 1 '086, and should 
 not be below 1 -080 ; the B.P. now states not below 1-080. The V.S.P. 
 gives not below 1-078 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. not below 1-080. 
 Its boiUng point is between 200° to 220° C. (392° to 428° F.), between 
 these temperatures the greater portion of it distils. The B.P. mentions 
 
526 CHE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 that it commences to boil below 200° C. (392° R), and that not less 
 than 75 p.c. should distil between 200° and 220° C. (392° to 428° R) ; 
 the U.S. P. states that when distilled most of it comes over between 
 200° and 220° C. (392° and 428° F.) ; the P.G. states that it boils 
 mostly between 200° and 220° C. (392° and 428° R). The proposed 
 changes for U.S. P. IX. recommend that it should be required to begin 
 to distil between 195° >nd 200° C. (383° and 392° R), and that not 
 less than 80 p.c. should come over between 200° and 220° C. (392° and 
 428° F.). It is either optically inactive or but shghtly dextrogyrate. 
 It is neutral or only feebly acid towards Litmus paper. A 1 in 100 
 solution in Alcohol (90 p.c.) or a 1 in 200 aqueous solution yields with 
 a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a green coloration, rapidly 
 changing to reddish-brown. Mixed with 10 times its volume of a 1 in 5 
 Solution of Potassium Hydroxide in Absolute Alcohol it forms, after 
 some time, a sohd crystalhne mass, which indicates a due proportion 
 of Guaiacol and Creosol. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Phenol, Coal-Tar 
 Creosote, neutral oils, CoeruUgnol, and liigher boihng-point constituents 
 of Wood Tar. The B.P. includes a test for the absence of less volatile 
 liquids, but now omits the test for Phenol. No translucent stain should 
 be left on clean white filter paper when a few drops of the Creosote 
 are dropped on to it and it is exposed to a temperature of 100° C. 
 (212° F.), indicating the absence of less volatile liquids. The author 
 has found the best difEerentiating test between Creosote and Phenol to 
 be the insolubility of the former in diluted Glycerin ; three measures 
 of Glycerin (specific gravity 1*260) are diluted with 1 measure of 
 Distilled Water, and 1 volume of the Creosote is shaken with 3 volumes 
 of the diluted Glycerin ; after complete separation, the volume of the 
 Creosote layer is read off, the diminution roughly indicating the 
 amount of soluble impurity. If the Glycerin layer be separated and 
 diluted with Water, the Coal-Tar acids may be extracted by agitation 
 with Chloroform, thus permitting their further examination. The 
 U.S. P. mixes equal volumes of the Creosote and 95 p.c. Glycerin 
 Solution, stating that a clear mixture will result, from which, on the 
 addition of one-fourth volume of Water, a layer of Creosote equal to, 
 or greater than, the volume originally employed, will separate. The 
 P.G. requires that Creosote should be completely insoluble in 3 parts 
 by volume of a mixture consisting of 1 part of Distilled Water and 
 3 parts of Glycerin, indicating the absence of Coal-Tar Creosote. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that 2 c.c. of Creosote should require not less 
 than 10 c.c. nor more than 18 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution to produce a clear pale yellow liquid, which remains 
 unclouded on dilution with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, indicating the 
 absence of neutral oils. The P.G. requires that 1 c.c. of Creosote and 
 2' 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) should yield 
 on shaking a clear bright yellow solution, which should not become 
 turbid on dilution with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, indicating the 
 absence of Coal-Tar Oils, and Naphthalin. 
 
 If 1 c.c. of Creosote be cautiously shaken with 2 c.c. of Petroleum 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liqviids by Measure.] ORE 527 
 
 Benzin and 2 c.c. of a freslily prepared Bariiim Hydroxide Solution, 
 the Benzin layer should assume no blue or dirty coloration, and the 
 aqueous liquid should not assume a red coloration, indicating the 
 absence of Ccerulignol and higher boiling-point constituents of Wood 
 Tar. Both the U.S.P. and P.G. include a test on similar lines to the 
 above. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CREOSOTI. Creosote Ointment. 
 Creosote (by weight), 1 ; Hard Paraffin, 4 ; Soft Paraffin, white, 5. 
 Add the Creosote to the melted Paraffins, and stir until cold. 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 Not Official. 
 
 AQUA CREOSOTI (f7./5.)-— Creosote, 10 ; Distilled Water, 990. Agitate 
 the Creosote vigorously with the Distilled Water, and filter tlirough a well- 
 wetted filter. Creosote Water should be freshly prepared when dispensed. 
 
 ELIXIR CREOSOTE.— Creosote, 1 ; Rum, 66 ; mix and filter. 
 
 GUTTyC CREOSOTI (Squire). —Creosote, 16 minims ; Mucilage of Gum 
 Acacia, 60 minims ; Syrup of Orange, 1 fl. oz. ; Water, to 2 fl. oz. ; mix the 
 Creosote with the Mucilage and add the other ingredients. One or two tea- 
 spoonfuls for a dose in a fl. oz. of Milk. 
 
 MISTURA CREOSOTI {Sgidre).— Creosote, 16 xninims ; Almond Oil, 
 h fl. OZ. ; Syrup of Orange, 1 fl. oz. ; Powdered Gum Acacia, li drm. ; 'Water, 
 to 8 fl. oz. Dissolve the Creosote in the Oil, mix it with the Powdered Gum 
 Acacia in a mortar ; add all at once 3 fl. drm. of Water, and triturate until 
 an emulsion is formed, then add the remainder of the Water and the Syrup 
 of Orange. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28 -4 ml. 
 
 PILULA CREOSOTI.— Creosote, 12 minims; Curd Soap, in powder, 
 6 grains ; Liquorice, in powder, 30 grains ; mix, and divide into 12 pills. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Creosote 6, Yellow Wax 
 2*5, Liquorice 6, Extract of Liquorice 6, Mucilage of Acacia q.s. ; Belg., 
 Creosote 10, Water 2, Liquorice Root q.s. ; Ger. and Swiss, Creosote 5, 
 Liquorice 9*5, Glycerin 0-5; Jap., Creosote 10, Liquorice 19, Glycerin 1. 
 Fr., Creosote with Medicinal Soap q.s. Each pill contains 10 centigrammes 
 of Creosote, 0-1 gramme (1-J grains). 
 
 SOLUTIO CREOSOTI COMPOSITA (Brompton).— Creosote, 1 ; Spirit 
 of Menthol (20 p. c), 1 ; Spirit of Chloroform, 1. 
 Useful in an oro-nasal inhaler. 
 
 VAPOR CREOSOTI (B.P. 1885).— Creosote, 12 minims ; Boihng Water, 
 8 fl. oz. Mix the Creosote and Water in a suitalale apparatus, for inhalation. 
 
 Creosote, 80 minims ; French Chalk, 30 grains ; Water, to 1 oz. A tea- 
 spoonful in 20 oz. of Water at 140° F. for each inlialation. — Throat. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM KREOSOTI (Hagrer).— Creosote, 5; Liquid VasoU- 
 ment, 95. 
 
 VIN CREOSOTE (i^r. ).— Creosote, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 9 ; Simple Syrup, 
 10 ; Malaga Wine, 80. 
 
 ,^^PREOSOTI CARBONAS (Creosotal).— A viscid, amber-coloured liquid, 
 nearly odourless and tasteless ; insoluble in Water. Stated to contain 90 p.c. 
 of Creosote, and to be free from the irritating effects of the latter. 
 
 Is given in phthisis, and is less hkely to derange digestion than Creosote. — 
 Pr. '13, i. 112. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 60 grains = 0-32 to 4 grammes. 
 
528 ORE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Auatr., Belg., Jap., Norw. and 
 Swiss. 
 
 CREOSOTI OLEAS (Oleocreosote). — A light yellow, oily Uquid, having 
 a faint odour and taste of Creosote. Insoluble in Water, soluble in Absolute 
 Alcohol and in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 CREOSOTI PHOSPHAS (Phosphote). — A dense, oily substance, insoluble 
 in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains in capsules = 0"32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 CREOSOTI TANNAS (Tannosal). — A brown, hygroscopic powder, soluble 
 in Water, in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Glycerin. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 CREOSOTI VALERIANAS (Eosote). — A yellow, oily Hquid, distilling at 
 240° C. (464° F.), insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Ether. 
 Recommended as a substitute for Creosote on account of its freedom from 
 corrosive and toxic properties. Commencing dose 3 grains, increasing to 
 6 or 9 grains three times a day, in capsules. 
 
 SALOCREOL (Creosote Salicylic Ester). — A brown, oily, neutral liquid, 
 insoluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), in Ether and in Chloro- 
 form. Has been used in rheumatic swelling of joints. 
 
 Dose. — 6 to 20 grammes rubbed into the skin. 
 
 Taphosote, the Tannophosphoric Ester, and Phosphotal, the Phosphite, 
 are combinations of Phosphoric Acid and Creosote. 
 
 Pneumin, a compound of Creosote and Formaldehyde, is a yellow, taste- 
 less, odourless powder. Insoluble in Water. Stated to have a beneficial 
 effect in phthisis. 
 
 Dose. — 7| to 30 grains = • 5 to 2 grammes. 
 
 CRESOL. 
 
 CRESOL. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 C;HsO, eq. 108-064. 
 
 Fr., Cresylol Officinal; Ger., Rohes Kresol ; Span., Cresilol. 
 
 A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, with a tarry odour, obtained 
 from Coal Tar. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 colour, as it has a tendency to become brown on exposure to air and light. 
 
 Cresol B.P. 1914 is a mixture of the isomers of the formula given above. 
 
 Cresol was described in former editions of Squire's Companion under the 
 heading Acidum Cresylicum. 
 
 There are three isomeric Cresols, but the principal constituent of the ' crude 
 Carbolic Acid ' of commerce (the source of commercial Cresylic Acid) is the 
 Paracresylic Acid, with more or less of its isomers. — Allen. 
 
 A mixture of the three is Itnown as Trikresol, which is soluble 1 in 45 of 
 Water. 
 
 By the same process which yields Salicylic Acid from Phenol, the tliree 
 isomeric Cresols yield three corresponding Cresotic or Cresotinic Acids, the 
 Sodium salts of which have been used in Medicine. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ORE 529 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 45 of Water, and mixes in all proportions with 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), Ether, Chloroform, Glycerin, and Olive Oil. 
 
 B.P. states that it should dissolve in 50 parts of Water ; U.S. P. that it is 
 soluble in 60 parts of Water at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Disinfectant and antiseptic. Used as an 
 inhalation in whooping-cough, and other respiratory affections. 
 
 Cresol Paste, consisting of 20 p.c. Cresol in a basis of 6 parts of Lanolin 
 to 1 part of Beeswax, has been employed in the British Navy in the emer- 
 gency treatment of wounds, to reinforce Borsal. — J.B.N. M.S. '15, 141, 106. 
 See also Acidum Boricura. 
 
 Decided by the Army medical officers, after fair trial, that use of antiseptic 
 paste be no longer countenanced. — B.M.J. '15, i. 984. 
 
 A paper condemning its use in war wounds, chiefly because it prevents 
 drainage. — L. '15, i. 1225. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 3 minims = 0-OG to 0-18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is far less soluble in Water than Carbolic Acid, 
 and therefore not so convenient. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Cresol Saponatus. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Cresolis Compositus, Liquor Cresoli Saponatus, 
 Cresylol Sodique Dissous, Aqua Cresolica, Liquor Cresolis Glycerinatus, 
 Europhen, Losophan, Jeyes' Fluid, Pearson's Antiseptic, Hartmann's Creolin, 
 Hyool, Lysol, Kerol, Saprol, Solutol, Solveol, Metakalin, Cresotinic Acid, 
 Para-Cresotinic Acid, Sodium Para-Cresotinate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Kresolum), acicular 
 crystals wliich become yellow or browTi on keeping, soluble in 38 parts 
 of Water. Austr. has also Kresolum Liquifactum (Kresol 100, Water 
 10), and Aqua Kresolica (about 1 of liquefied liresol in 50). Belg. 
 (Gresolum crudum), yellow or browiiish liqmd ; Dutch (Cresolum 
 crudum), yellow, yellowish-bro^\Ti, or reddish-broMii liquid; Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Swed. and Swiss (Cresolum crudum), a yellowish hquid ; 
 Mex. (Cresilol), colourless fluid; Norw. (Kresolum crudum), yellow or 
 yellowish-brown oily liquid ; Span., yellowish-red liquid ; U.S. (Cresol), 
 colourless or straw-coloured liquid. 
 
 Tests. — Cresol has a specific gravity of 1 "045 to 1 •048, and a 
 boiling point when pure of 203" C. (397 '4° F.), but a good commercial 
 sample may boil 10° C. lower. The B.P. gives a specific gravity of 
 1 -040 to 1 -050 ; the U.S.P. gives 1 -036 to 1 -038 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 Neither specific gravity nor boiling point is given in P.G. The B.P. 
 requires that not less than 90 p.c. should distil between 195° and 
 205° C. (383° to 401° F.) ; the U.S.P. requires that when distilled 
 90 p.c. of the Cresol should boil at from 195° to 205° C. (383° to 401° F.) ; 
 the P.G. requires that at least 92 p.c. by weight shall distil between 199" 
 and 204° C. (390-2° and 399*2° F.). Neither the B.P. nor the U.S.P. 
 requires Cresol to contain any definite amount of isomeric Cresols ; 
 the P.G. requires that it shall contain at least 50 p.c. of Meta-Cresol, 
 and includes a process for its determination which appears in the small 
 type notes below under the heading of Gravimetric Determination. 
 Its dilute aqueous solution (1 in 600) gives a transient blue colour 
 with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are hydrocarbon oils and 
 Phenol. Hydrocarbon oils are readily detected by mixing equal 
 
530 CUE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 volumes of Cresol and Sodium Hydroxide Solution (10 p.c. w/v), wliicli 
 should form an almost clear liquid from wliicli no appreciable oily layer 
 shall separate on standing for 24 hours. 
 
 The converse of the test for Cresol (Cresylic Acid) in Phenol may be 
 used for the detection of Phenol in Cresol. Equal volumes of Cresol 
 and Glycerin should form a clear solution from which on the addition 
 of three volumes of Water most of the Cresol should separate. The 
 B.P. has adopted a modification of this test, employing equal volumes 
 of Cresol, Glycerin and Water. The P.G. includes a test for Naphthalin 
 which is described in the small type notes below under the heading 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution. — 1 c.c. of Cresol should dissolve in 1 c.c. of 
 a 10 p.c. solution of Sodium Hydroxide, leaving no appreciable liquid residue, 
 U.S. P. ; 10 c.c. of Cresol, when mixed in a graduated cylinder of 200 c.c. 
 capacity, -with 50 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15p.c. w/w) and 
 50 c.c. of Water, shall, after half an hour's standing, leave only a few flocks 
 undissolved (absence of Naphthalin). If 30 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and 
 10 grammes of Sodium Chloride be added to the mixture, shaken, and then 
 allowed to stand quietly, the oily Cresol layer which collects should measure 
 at least 9 c.c, P.O. ; 10 ml. of Cresol, shaken with 10 ml. of an aqueous 
 (1 in 10) solution of Sodium Hydroxide, forms an almost clear liquid, which, 
 after standing for 24 hours, should exhibit no appreciable oily layer (limit of 
 Hydrocarbon Oils), B.P. 
 
 A similar test to the above is official in the P. Belg. 
 
 Ferric Chloride Solution. — When 0- 5 c.c. (0- 5 ml. JS.P.) of Cresol is shaken 
 with 300 c.c. (300 ml. B.P.) of Water a liquid (filtrate, B.P.) is obtained 
 which is coloured bluish- violet (bluish, B.P.) by the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution.— B.F., Behj., and P.G. 
 
 Gravim^etric Determination.— 10 grammes of Cresol and 30 grammes of 
 Sulphuric Acid are heated for 1 hour on a water-bath, in a wide-necked flask 
 of about 1 Utre capacity. The mixture is cooled to the temperature of the 
 room, 90 c.c. of Crude Nitric Acid added, and immediately dissolved by 
 careful shaking. After the conclusion of the somewhat vigorous reaction, 
 which lasts about a minute, the flask is allowed to stand for a further 
 15 minutes, the contents poured into a porcelain dish, which contains 40 c.c. 
 of Water, and the flask washed with sufficient Water. After 2 hours, the 
 resulting crystals are powdered with a pestle, transferred to a pressure 
 filter, and washed with 100 c.c. of Water, using small portions at a time, and 
 which have previously been employed for the washing out of the flask and 
 of the porcelain dish. The crystals and the filter are dried for 2 hours at 
 100° C. (212° F.), and, when cooled, weighed, a filter of a corresponding size 
 being employed as a counterpoise. The amount of Trinitro-meta-cresol 
 so obtained must amount to at least 8 • 7 grammes, and possess a melting 
 point not below 105° C. (221° F.), P.G. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR CRESOL SAPONATUS. Solution of Cresol with 
 Soap. — Syn. Compound Solution of Cresol. (New.) 
 
 Mix 50 of Cresol with 35 of Castor Oil, both by weight, and heat to 
 80° C. ; dissolve 8 of Potassium Hydroxide in 7 of Water. Mix the 
 two Solutions, and heat the mixture until 1 volume of it forms a clear 
 liquid with 10 volumes of Distilled Water. Cool, and add sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 100 by volume. 
 
 It resembles somewhat closely the Liquor Cresoli Saponatus {P.G.) and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CUE 531 
 
 Liquor Cresolis Compositus {U.S. P.), but B.P. uses Castor Oil in the place of 
 Linseed Oil. 
 
 A stronger preparation is supplied under the title Liquor Cresoli Saponatus 
 Fortis, and a 2| p.o. dilution of this appears to be a favourite disinfectant 
 in the Army. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR CRESOLIS COMPOSITUS (C/.5.P.).— Cresol, 500 grammes; 
 Linseed Oil, 350 grammes ; Potassium. Hydroxide, 80 grammes ; Water, a 
 sufficient quantity to make 1000 grammes. The Potassium Hydroxide is 
 dissolved in 50 grammes of Water in a tared dish, the Linseed Oil is added, 
 and the whole mixed thoroughly. The Cresol is then added, and the mixture 
 stirred until a clear solution is produced, and finally sufficient Water is added 
 to make the finished product weigh 1000 grammes. 
 
 Germicidal value stated to be greater than Carbolic Acid. — L. '07, ii. 544 ; 
 '08, i. 576, 
 
 LIQUOR CRESOLI SAPONATUS (Gcr.).— Linseed Oil, 120 parts; 
 Potassium Hydroxide, 27 parts; Water, 41 parts; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 12 parts; Crude Cresol, 200 parts. The Solution of Potassium Hydroxide 
 in the Water is added, with frequent shaking, to the Linseed Oil, the Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) is then added and the mixture is allowed to stand at the temperature 
 of the room with intervals of frequent shaking mitil complete saponification 
 has occurred. The crude Cresol is then added, and the soap dissolved by 
 shaking. 
 
 Liquor Cresoli Saponatus {Jap. and Swed.). — Crude Cresol, 1 ; Sapo 
 Kalinus {see Sapo), 1 ; warm and mix to form a yellowish-brown fluid. 
 
 A similar mixture is official in Belg. and Swiss, under the title of Cresolum 
 Saponatum. 
 
 The Liquor Cresoli Saponatus of the Dutch Pharmacopoeia is the same as 
 above, but the product is finally made up to 2 with Water, and Lysol is given 
 as a synonym. 
 
 Cresylol Sodique Dissous {Fr.). — Cresol, 1 ; Solution of Caustic Soda, 1. 
 
 Aqua Cresolica. — Cresol Soap Solution, 1 ; Distilled Water, 9. — Bela. and 
 Ger. 
 
 Cresol Soap Solution, 6 ; Water, 94. — Jap. 
 
 Liquor Cresolis Glyeerinatus. — Cresol, 50 ; Linseed Oil, 18 ; Potassium 
 Hydroxide, 4-25 ; Alcohol, 2 ; Glycerin, 6 ; Distilled Water, g'.s. to produce 
 100; all by weight.— (17. J. Uglow Woolcock) P.J. '07, ii. 334. 
 
 EUROPHEN (Di-isobutyl-orthocresol Iodide).- — A fine, light, brownish 
 yellow, amorphous powder, having an aromatic saffron-like odour. A sub- 
 stitute for Iodoform. Insoluble in Water or Glycerin ; freely soluble in 
 Absolute Alcohol, Chloroform or Ether. Applied as a dusting Powder, or 
 10 p.c. Ointment. 
 
 Losophan (Tri-iodometacresol). — A white or yellowish-white powder, 
 insoluble in Water, soluble 1 in 7 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 4 of Ether ; 1 in 6 
 of Chloroform ; and Traumatol (lodocresol), are compomids of Cresol and 
 Iodine, used as substitutes for Iodoform. 
 
 The following is understood to be the composition of the various proprietary 
 preparations : — • 
 
 J EYES' FLUID. — A homogeneous preparation of Tar Oils depending for 
 its bactericidal properties on the relatively non-toxic higher phenols. It is 
 one of the oldest and most popular of household disinfectants, and is a power- 
 ful pulicide. It forms a permanent emulsion with Water. Used in 1 or 2 p.c. 
 solutions and for the same purposes as carbolised solutions. 
 
 PEARSON'S ANTISEPTIC is a preparation containing saponified Tar 
 Oils. The Carbolic Acid coefficient for B. Typhosus is 2-6. — Public Health, 
 Dec. 1903. 
 
532 CRE [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 HARTMANN'S CREOLIN. — A solution of Tar hydrocarbons in Sulpho- 
 cresylic Acid. It forms a tuibid liquid with Water. 
 
 HYCOL. — A clear reddish-brown liquid, sp.gr. 1*030, introduced as a 
 non-poisonous antiseptic, deodoriser and disinfectant. It is stated to possess 
 a Carbolic Acid coefficient of 18 to 20, as determined by the standard British 
 test. It is stated to contain 28 p.c. of Phenoloids. 
 
 A specially refined Hycol is prepared for medical and surgical use. It is 
 stated to possess a standard Carbolic coefficient of 24 to 26, and to contain 
 38 p.c. of Phenoloids, boiling point 200° to 305° C. It is employed in dilutions 
 of from 1 in 200 to 1 in 10,000 in various sm'gical conditions ; it is also given 
 internally in doses of 1 to 3 minims = 0'06 to 0'18 ml. 
 
 LYSOL.— Sp. gr. 1'047. A transparent brown syrupy liquid, which forms 
 a clear solution with Water. It is a solution in neutral Soap, of Tar Oils 
 which distil between 187° and 200° C, and are present to the extent of about 
 47 p.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Mex. and Russ. 
 
 Kerol. — A dark brown liquid with a ta,rry odour. It is described as an 
 oxygenated compound having a Diphenyl nucleus and a Carbolic Acid 
 co-efficient for B. typhosus of 22 to 23. It is claimed to possess a very low 
 toxicity. It is also supplied in the form of Capsules containing 3 minims, 
 plain or Keratin-coated. — B.M.J. '14, i. 973. 
 
 Saprol. — Tar Oils dissolved in large excess of Hydrocarbons. Inflam- 
 mable. 
 
 Solutol. — Sodium Cresylate in excess of Cresol, powerfully disinfectant, 
 but caustic, and not intended for surgical purposes. 
 
 Solveol. — Cresols in Sodium Cresotate, soluble in Water. Non-caustic, 
 and used for surgical purposes. 
 
 Metakalin. — A readily soluble solid preparation of Cresol. Supplied in 
 two forms : (a) In cartridges of 2| drm. each ; {b) In the form of tablets of 
 15 grains each, each tube containing ten tablets. 
 
 CRESOTINIC ACID. — There are tliree varieties of Cresotinic Acid, ortho-, 
 meta- and para-cresotinic acid. The only one which has received attention 
 as a medicinal agent is para-cresotinic acid. 
 
 PARA-CRESOTINIC ACID occurs in long white needles or in rhombic 
 prisms. Antiseptic, anti-rheumatic and anti-pyretic. 
 
 SODIUM PARA-CRESOTINATE.— The Sodium salt of Para-cresotinic 
 Acid. A white, crystalUne powder. Employed in doses and for purposes 
 similar to Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 Calcium Cresotinate is also known as a disinfectant. 
 
 CRETA PRiEPARATA. 
 
 PREPARED CHALK. 
 
 A purified native Calcium Carbonate, most of tlie impurities having 
 been removed by elutriation. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, readily dissolved by weak acids. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent and antacid. Combined with 
 other astringents and aromatics it is iised in infantile diarrhoea 
 and in diarrhoea accompanied with acidity. One of the best antidotes 
 for Oxalic Acid, the mineral acids, and Zinc Chloride. Used as a 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CEE 533 
 
 dusting powder in burns, ulcers, and moist eczema ; it is protective 
 and desiccant. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 grains = 1*0 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given in the form of Mistura Cretce 
 with astringent Tinctures and Opium. 
 
 The Pulvis Gretas Aromaticus is useful for administration to children , either 
 in powder or in mixture with Mucilage. 
 
 Incompatibles. — All Acids and Sulphates. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Mistura Gretas, Pulvis Cretse Aromaticus, and 
 Pulvis CretsB Aromaticus cum Opio. 
 
 Not Official. — Cholera Mixture, Pulvis Gretas Compositus, and Unguentum 
 Gretae. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OflScial in Jap., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Prepared Chalk is dissolved readily by dilute acids, 
 effervescence occurring, with the evolution of a colourless and odour- 
 less gas, which afiords a white precipitate when passed into Lime Water. 
 A solution prepared by dissolving a portion of the sample in just 
 sufficient Hydrochloric or Nitric Acid to effect solution, boiled and 
 cooled, answers the tests distinctive of Calcium given under Precipitated 
 Calcium Carbonate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are siliceous material, 
 Aluminimn, Iron, Arsenic, Magnesiimi, Phosphates, Sulphates and 
 Barium Carbonate. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic 
 per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 2 grammes of 
 Prepared Chalk in a mixture of 14 ml. of Brominated Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 45 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, the excess of Bromine being eliminated by the addition of 
 a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. Siliceous 
 material may be detected by the residue remaining insoluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid, preferably after evaporation of the acid solution 
 to dryness and re-solution in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and which 
 should be relatively minute. Iron, Alimiinimn, Magnesium, Phosphates 
 and Sulphates may be examined for by the tests given under Calcii 
 Carbonas Prsecipitatus, and should be present in but slight traces. 
 Barium Carbonate, if present, may be detected by dissolving a portion 
 of the sample in Diluted Acetic Acid and adding Potassium Chromate 
 Solution ; a yellow precipitate, insoluble in Acetic Acid, soluble in 
 diluted mineral acids, indicates the presence of Barium. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 MISTURA CRET JE. Chalk Mixture. (Modified.) 
 
 Prepared Chalk, J oz. ; Tragacanth, in powder, 18 grains ; Refined 
 Sugar, ^ oz. ; Cinnamon Water, q.s. to make 8|- 1\. oz. (about 1 in 34.) 
 The metric figures are 30, 5, 60, to make 1000. Now slightly weaker. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28 '4 ml. 
 
534 CRO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., Carbonate of Lime 3, Gum 
 Arabic 3, Syrup of Cinnamon 10, Water 84 ; U.S., Prepared Chalk 6, Aoacia 
 4, Sugar 10, Cinnamon Water 40, Water, to measure 100. Not in the others. 
 
 PULVIS CRET^ AROMATICUS. Aromatic Powder of Chalk. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 Prepared Chalk, 25 ; Cinnamon, 10 ; Nutmeg, 8 ; Cloves, 4 ; 
 Cardamom Seeds, 3 ; Kefined Sugar, 50 ; all in powder. 
 
 (1 Chalk in 4.) 
 The relative proportions are altered throughout. In B.P. 1898 the Chalk 
 was 22 in 91. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains' = 0*65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 PULVIS CRET^ AROMATICUS CUM OPIO. Aromatic Pow- 
 der OF Chalk with Opium. 
 Aromatic Powder of Chalk, 39 ; Opium, in powder, 1. 
 
 (1 Opiima in 40.) 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0'65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CHOLERA MIXTURE.— Aromatic Powder {B.P. '64), 3 drm. ; Spirit of 
 Sal Volatile, 3 fl. drm. ; Tincture of Catechu, 10 fi. drm. ; Compound Tincture 
 of Cardamoms, 6 fi. drm. ; Tincture of Opium, 1 fl. drm. ; Chalk Mixture, to 
 make 20 fi. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. oz. = 28-4 ml. for an adult, J fl. oz. = 14*2 ml. for a child 
 12 years old, J fl. oz. = 7*1 ml. for seven years old, after each liquid motion. 
 
 This mixture was proposed by the Board of Health during the prevalence 
 of cholera, and is useful in diarrhoea. 
 
 PULVIS CRET>E GOMPOSITUS (?7.5.).— Prepared Chalk, 30; Acacia, 
 in fine powder, 20 ; Sugar, in fine powder, 50. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CRET>E.— Prepared Chalk, 1; Spermaceti Ointment, 4; 
 
 Wot Official. 
 CROCUS. 
 
 SAFFRON. 
 
 Fb., Safjban ; Ger., Safran ; Ital., Zafferano ; Span., Azafban. 
 
 The dried Stigmas and tops of the Styles of Crocus sativus. 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 Imported from Spain, France and Italy. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Useful for giving colour and flavour to prepara- 
 tions. All preparations of Saffron lose colour in the course of time. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except U.S. ; Dutch, Stig- 
 mata Croci ; Mex., Azafran ; Port., A§afrao ; Dan., Norw. and 
 Swed., Stigma Croci. 
 
 Desci'iptive Notes. — Saffron consists of the upper part of the trifid 
 style, and stigmas of Crocus sativus, L. It is of an orange-red colour and 
 is usually about one inch or more in length, the stigmatic portion being 
 slightly dilated, nearly tubular above, slit on the under side, and toothed at 
 the apex. In commerce it is frequently adulterated ; no drug more so. 
 The best and purest commercial variety obtainable in this country is that 
 from Valencia ; the Saffron of Alicante, and particularly of Barcelona, being; 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CRO 535 
 
 often adulterated. The stamens of the flower are sometimes present in 
 more than accidental amount, and are even sometimes offered separately in 
 the drug market as ' yellow saffron.' They are linear and arrow-shaped 
 at the base, inserted on a short filament. The florets of Calendula officinalis, 
 L., are seen to be flat and pale in colour, and the roots of Carex thread-like. 
 Saffron normally retains about \2h: p.c. of moisture (12 p. c, P.O.), and should 
 therefore be kept in a tin, or loss of weight may ensue. The fresh crop is 
 usually obtainable in commerce in November and December. 
 
 The florets of Carthamtis tinctorius, L. (nat. ord. Compositce), sold in small 
 flat cakes, are sometimes offered as ' Cake Saffron.' The florets are saffron- 
 coloured, tubular, and contain syngenesious anthers. 
 
 Under the name of Cape Saffron the flowers of Lyperia crocea, Eckl. (nat. 
 ord. Scrophulariacece), are at rare intervals offered in the drug market. It 
 is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Tests. — Saffron yields an intense yellow solution when treated with 
 Water, and when rubbed on the wet finger leaves an orange-yellow stain. 
 When brought into contact with a drop of Sulphuric Acid it yields a deep 
 indigo-blue coloration. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterations of Saffron are excess of moisture, 
 mineral matter, e.g.. Barium Sulphate, Sand, etc., fixed oils, stamens artifi- 
 cially dyed so as to resemble stigmata, Safiflower, Nitrates, due to the presence 
 of artificial colouring matter derived from Nitro-Phenols or Nitro-Cresols, 
 principally the latter, and Ammonium salts. Saffron should not lose more 
 than 12 p.c. of its weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating a 
 limit of moisture. No white or coloured powder should separate when the 
 Saffron is floated on the surface of some warm Distilled Water. It should 
 leave not more than 6* 5 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 It should yield no transparent greasy spot when pressed between folds of 
 pure white filter paper ; and the Petroleum-Ether extract should amount to 
 not more than 5 p.c, indicating a limit of fixed oils. It should not yield its 
 colouring matter to Petroleum Ether, indicating the absence of Coal-Tar 
 colouring matters. The infusion should not yield a greyish-green colour 
 on the addition of Ammonia Solution, nor a bright red on the addition of 
 Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of Safflower. No deflagration should 
 occur dm'ing ignition, and the ash obtained on gently igniting the sample, 
 when dissolved in Distilled Water, mixed with Sulphuric Acid, and cooled, 
 should yield no brown coloration when some Ferrous Sulphate Solution is 
 gently floated upon its surface, indicating the absence of colouring matters 
 derived from Nitro-Phenol or Nitro-Cresol. It should evolve no characteristic 
 odour of Ammonia, nor should the issuing gas turn moistened red Litmus 
 paper blue, when boiled with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Ammonium salts. The finest Saffron yields, when ignited with 
 free access of air, from 4 "4 to 5*5 p.c. of ash. The ash should be examined 
 for Barium. The colouring powers of different specimens of Saffron may 
 be judged by comparison with a standardised Potassium Bichromate Solution. 
 
 TINCTURA CROCI.— 1 of Saffron, macerated with 20 of Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Span., 1 in 5 ; Belg., Ital., Jap. 
 and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; all by weight. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Saffron has a specific gravity of 0-920 to 0*925; it 
 contains from 2*0 to 3-0 p.c. w/v of total soUds and from 57 to 58 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. A few drops of the Tincture evaporated to dryness in 
 a white porcelain dish on a water-bath leave a residue, which when cooled 
 yields an indigo-blue coloration with a drop of concentrated Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 GLYCERINUM CROCI {Squire). — Sa&ron, 1 ; Glycerin, 20; Alcohol 
 (60 p.c), 20 ; mix the Glycerin and the Alcohol, and digest in it the Safiron 
 for an hour at a gentle heat, and filter. 
 
 SYRUPUS CROCI {Squire).— G]ycevin of Saffron, 1 ; Syrup, 7. 
 
536 CRO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CROTONIS OLEUM. 
 
 CROTON OIL. 
 
 Fb., Huile de Croton ; Geb., Kbotonol ; Ital., Olio di Ceotontiglio ; 
 Span., Aceite de Croton Tiglio. 
 
 A yellow, brownish-yellow, or reddish-brown, somewhat viscid, 
 slightly fluorescent, oily liquid, possessing an unpleasant odour and 
 an acid and burning taste. It is the Oil expressed from the seeds of 
 Croton Tiglium, L. 
 
 It possesses distinct vesicating properties, and should therefore be tasted 
 and handled with great caution. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in Ether, Oil of Turpentine, and Olive Oil ; 
 partially soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The B.P. now substitutes ' miscible with half its volume of Absolute 
 Alcohol' for the B.P. 1898 statement ' entirely soluble in Absolute Alcohol.' 
 The incorrectness of the latter statement has been pointed out from time to 
 time in various editions of Squire's Companion. An Oil recently expressed 
 will dissolve the Absolute Alcohol up to equal parts, but when more than 1 
 volume of Alcohol is added to 1 of oil the mixture becomes turbid, and with 
 2 volumes of Alcohol the mixture separates into two layers on standing. 
 With a sample of oil 2 or 3 years old rather more Alcohol can be added without 
 the mixture becoming turbid, but it is only a question of degree. Tlie 
 SolubiUty of Croton Oil in Absolute Alcohol appears to depend in great 
 meastire on the age of the oil, and the greater or less freshness of the seeds 
 from which it is expressed, as oxidised or resinified oil dissolves more readily. 
 The Solubility of the oil as a whole depends upon the proportion of free acid, 
 which is very soluble in Alcohol and also carries the difficultly soluble neutral 
 glycerides into solution along with it. Croton Oil can be separated by 
 Alcohol into 2 parts. The non-vesicating portion insoluble in Alcohol 
 possesses the full purgative properties of the oil in a less irritating form ; 
 the Alcohol-soluble or vesicating portion had no purgative action in the 
 same doses, but causes irritation and nausea. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful drastic cathartic, acting 
 with great rapidity. Given in cases of obstinate constipation, in 
 dropsy, in apoplexy, in maniacal and unconscious patients, and 
 in eclampsia, its small dose being an advantage. Applied externally 
 as a powerful coimter-irritant in rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, and in 
 acute laryngeal and pidmonary diseases in the form of liniment. Its 
 external application is painful, and is often followed by an inflammatory 
 eruption which becomes pustular, and leaves unsightly scars. It is 
 therefore not often used externally, unless well diluted. 
 
 Croton Oil must be given with great care, and is inadmissible in feeble 
 subjects, in organic obstruction, and in inflammatory states of the stomach 
 and intestines. — Mitchell Bruce. 
 
 It should never be given to children, to pregnant women, to those with 
 haemorrhoids, nor to those suffering from peritonitis. — Hale White. 
 
 5 minims to 1 fl. oz. of Ohve Oil are used to promote the growth of hair. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 minim = 0-03 to 0-06 ml. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, ■ 05 gramme ; daily, • 1 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0'05 gramme ; daily, 0*15 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In pill with Soap and Liquorice Powder {se& 
 p. 1025), or in combination with Compound Extract oj Cotocynth. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] CRO 537 
 
 Official Preparation. — Linimentum Crotonis. 
 
 Not Official. — Croton Oil Pencils and CoUodium Tiglii. 
 
 Antidotes. — In case of an overdose an emetic should be at once adminis- 
 tered, the stomach should be washed out with Olive Oil or IVIilk, 4 fl. oz. to 
 pint of Water ; mucilaginous fluids and Opium or Morphine should then be 
 given to check the pain and enteritis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Aceite de Croton Tiglio), Norw., Port., 
 Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. (Oleum Tiglii). Swed. has also an 
 Oleum Crotonis Extractum. Croton Seeds are also official in Swed. 
 
 Tests. — Croton Oil has a specific gravity of 0'94:0 to 0'960, these 
 limits are given by both the B.P. and the P.G. ; the U.S. P. gives 
 0-935 to 0-950 at 25° C. (77° C). It should be slightly dextrogyrate. 
 It possesses an Acid Value of 21 to 31, a Saponification Value of 205 
 to 215, and an Iodine Value of not less than 105-0. The B.P. does 
 not include figures for the Acid Value, it requires a Saponification 
 Value of 210 to 215, and an Iodine Value of 102 to 106 ; the V.S.P. 
 does not include an Acid Value, requires the Saponification Value to 
 be from 203 to 215, and the Iodine Value to be not less than 103 nor 
 more than 109 ; the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the Saponification Value be changed to ' from 206 to 215,' and 
 the Iodine Value to ' from 104 to 110 ' ; the P.G. does not include 
 figures for any of these constants. A sample of the fresh oil examined 
 in the author's laboratory had an Acid Value of 24-36, an Ester Value 
 of 176-4, a Saponification Value of 200-76 ; a sample dated 1906 had 
 an Acid Value of 20-9, an Ester Value of 179*2, a Saponification Value 
 of 200-1, and an Iodine Value of 106-68 ; a sample dated 1900 had an 
 Acid Value of 48 '72, an Ester Value of 149-8, and a Saponification 
 Value of 198-52. The solidifying point of the fatty acids ranges from 
 16-5° to 16-8° C. (61-7° to 62-24° F.). It has a Refractive Index of 
 about 1 -480 at 20° C. (68° R). 
 
 Croton Oil may be detected in mixtures by shaking with an Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, separating the alcoholic layer, acidifying 
 with diluted acid and removing the spirit by distillation. The residue 
 is shaken with Ether, the ethereal solution separated, the Ether 
 distilled and the residue tested on the skin. A characteristic pustular 
 eruption should be produced if Croton Oil be present. 
 
 The more generally occm^ing impurities are ' other non-drying 
 oils.' 2 c.c. of the oil when vigorously shaken with a mixture of 1 c.c. 
 of fuming Nitric Acid and 1 c.c. of Water, after standing for one or 
 two days, should neither partially nor completely solidify, indicating 
 the absence of other non-drying oils. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LINIMENTUM CROTONIS. Liniment of Croton Oil. (Altered.) 
 
 Croton Oil, 12 ; Oil of Cajuput, 44 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 44. (1 in 8^) 
 
 It is now slightly weaker, B.P. 1898 was 1 in 8. 
 
 Brompton and St. Mary's have a diluted liniment made with equal paitg 
 of the Official Preparation and Ljniment of Soap. 
 
538 CUB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 CROTON OIL PENCILS.— Croton Oil, 2; Cacao Butter, 1; White 
 Beeswax, 1. Melt together the last two in a water-bath, add the Oil, and 
 when nearly cold pour into moulds. 
 
 COLLODIUM TiGLII {U.S.N.F.).— Croton Oil, 1 ; Flexible Collodion, 9. 
 
 CUBEBiE FRUCTUS. 
 
 CUBEBS. 
 
 Fe., Cubebe ; Ger., Kubeben ; Ital., Pepe Cubebe ; 
 Span., Ctjbeba. 
 
 Tlie dried, full-grown, unripe Fruits of Pifer Cubeha, L. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant and antiseptic diuretic, expec- 
 torant. Acts specially on the genito-urinary mucous membrane. 
 Given in all stages of gonorrhoea, gleet, cystitis, pyelitis, and 
 sometimes in chronic broncliitis. Frequently combined with Copaiba. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing JSTotes. — The Poivder is given in the above doses wrapped in 
 moistened wajer-paper, or in smaller doses in cachets. In mixture well rubbed 
 down tvilh Mucilage. A jjoptdar form of administration is the paste, made with 
 an equal quantity of Copaiba, which marj he taken in wafer-paper. It is also 
 made into a paste with Glycerin and various Syrups. For throat affections. 
 Lozenges, Compressed Tablets, and Cigarettes are made. It is also given in the 
 form of Vapour. 
 
 The Oil is given in Capsules or suspended in Water with Mucilage. 
 
 For Inhalation the Oil may be used with or without the vapour of Water, 
 
 Official Preparations. — Oleum Cubebae and Tinctura Cubebas. 
 
 Wot Official. — Extrait de Cubebe, Fluidextractum Cubebai, Oleo-resina 
 Cubebas, Trochiscus Cubebae, Vapor Cubebaa, and Vapor Cubebte cum Limone. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Cubebs vary much in quahty, and when 
 scarce and dear are often adulterated, or other species are substituted 
 for them. The official kind should be about 4 mm. in diameter and 
 vary from nearly black to greyish-brown in colour, the pericarp being 
 wrinkled, and furnished with a slender rounded pedicel about 1 J times 
 as long as the fruit and continuous with it (4 to D mm. broad, 5 to 10, 
 generally 6 to 8 mm. long, P.G.). 
 
 The pericarp contains a single seed attached to the base of the ovary. 
 The taste is warm and aromatic and slightly bitter. These characters 
 are, however, not sufficient to distinguish the genuine from the false 
 fruits frequently offered in commerce. The most reliable characters, 
 adopted in the B.P., are : (1) the crimson colour developed when a 
 crushed Fruit is covered with a drop or two of Sulphuric Acid, since 
 the spurious Cubebs hitherto met with apparently do not contain 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] CUB 639 
 
 Cubebin and Cubebic Acid, to which the reaction is due ; (2) in the 
 Powdered Fruit, the radially elongated cells of the inner surface of 
 the pericarp. Three varieties of the plant are cultivated in Java. 
 These bear in Java the name of Rinoe katoentjar, Rinoe tjaroeloek, 
 and Rinoe badak. The Fruit of the first two gives the crimson reaction 
 with Sulphuric Acid, but the Fruit Stalk of the second is longer than 
 that of the other ; the third kind has an odour recalling that of 
 Nutmegs, it does not give the crimson reaction, and has caused 
 symptoms of poisoning when administered, see P.J. (3), xxv. pp. 314, 
 757, 797, and xxxiv. pp. 604, 639, 640. 
 
 When Cubebs are scarce they are adulterated with Fruits similar 
 in form, such as Rhamnus species, which is a 3- to 4-celled Fruit ; 
 Briedelia montana, Willd., and Litsea citrata, Bl,, wliich have a large 
 exalbuminous embryo, whilst that of Piper Cubeha is minute and 
 embedded in the apex of a large oily albuminous perisperm. 
 
 Other species of Piper Fruits are sometimes substituted for Cubebs, 
 e.g., Piper ribesioides, Wall., P. crassipes, Korth., and P. Loivong, 
 BL, but these are either larger than Cubebs or are difierent in flavour, 
 and do not give the crimson reaction with Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The characteristic differences of these fruits, as seen under the 
 microscope, are given in P.J. (4) xxxiv., p. 609, 639. 
 
 The quality of genuine Cubebs depends upon freedom from stalks, 
 and from immature hollow Fruits, which are concave at the base, 
 since the stalks or rachis contain less Oil, and the Seed contains more 
 than the pericarp. Usually the stalks are sold separately, and 
 employed for the distillation of Oil of Cubebs. 
 
 Tests. — Cubebs when crushed and tested with Sulphuric Acid 
 impart a crimson colour to the Acid. The B.P. now requires that it 
 shall leave not more than 8 p.c. of ash. 
 
 An Oleo-resin extractable by Ether and by Alcohol (90 p.c.) is 
 present in the Fruits, to the extent of from 17 to 25 p.c. 
 
 Cubebs are now officially required to yield not less than 20 p.c. of 
 volatile Ether extract, as determined by exhausting 2 grammes of 
 the powdered Cubebs with 20 ml. of Ether for 24 hours, with intervals 
 of occasional shaking and evaporating 10 ml. of the clear ethereal 
 solution, and drying the residue during one hour in a desiccator over 
 Sulphuric Acid; it should weigh not less than 0"2 gramme. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend a standard of volatile 
 Ether extract of not less than 10 p.c. ; and that the total ash should 
 not exceed 8 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 OLEUM CUBEBJE. Oil of Cubebs. 
 
 A viscid, oily liquid, possessing a characteristic odour and a warm, 
 
 camphoraceous taste. 
 
 B.P. describes it as coloiirless, pale green, or greenish-yellow ; Schimmel, 
 as light green, or bluish-green ; it is colourless only when the last portions 
 of the distillation, which are blue, have not been added to the product. 
 
540 CUB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 It is distilled from Cubebs, the yield being from 10 to 18 p.C. It consists 
 almost entirely of Terpenes or Sesquiterpenes. It contains a Itevogyrate 
 Terpene, Pinene ; Dipentene ; a Isevogyrate Sesquiterpene, Cadinene ; and a 
 Isevogyrate Sesquiterpene Alcohol, Cubeb-Camphor, which is found only in 
 old Oil. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 18 of Alcohol (90 p.c), in all proportions of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 20 minims = 0' 3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., sp. gr. 0-929; U.S., 
 sp. gr. 0-905 to 0-925 at 25° C. (77° F.). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Cubebs has a specific gravity of from "OlS to '930 ; 
 the V.S.P. gives 0-905 to 0-925 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the B.P. 0-910 to 
 0-930. It has an optical rotation of — 25° to — 40° in a 100 mm. tube ; 
 and a Refractive Index of about 1-488 at 20° C. (68° F.), B.P. gives 
 1-48G to 1-500 at 25° C. (77° F.). The greater portion of the Oil 
 distils between 250° and 280° C. (482° and 536° F.), about 10 p.c. 
 passing over below 250° C. (482° F.). The Oil is stated to be soluble 
 in from 1 to 3 volumes of Alcohol (90 p.c), and to afford a solution 
 which is neutral to Litmus paper. The solubility in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 varies greatly according to the age of the sample, old Oils being 
 apparently more soluble than new Oils. The Oil is not often adul- 
 terated. Turpentine Oil if present would be detected by the behaviour 
 of the Oil on fractionation. 
 
 TINCTURA CUBEBS. Tincture of Cubebs, 
 4 of Cubebs, in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol (90 p.c), to 
 yield 20. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Mex., 1 in 5, by weight. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Cubebs has a specific gravity of about 0-838, 
 it contains about 2 -5 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 88 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRAIT DE CUBEBE (Fr.).—1 of Cubebs, in No. 22 powder, percolated 
 first with 2 of Ether, and subsequently with 2 of Alcohol (95 i).c.) ; evaporate 
 the two liquids separately and mix the resulting extracts. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM CUBEB>£ (C7.<S.).— Cubebs, in No. 40 powder, 
 100 grammes, percolated with Alcohol (95 p.c. by vol.) mitil the Cubebs are 
 exhausted, reserve the first 90 c.c. of percolate, and evaporate the remainder 
 to a soft extract ; dissolve this in the reserved portion, and add sufficient 
 Alcohol to make 100 c.c. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 30 minims = 0-3 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 OLEO-RESINA CUBEB/E. Syn. Extractum Cubebs. — Extracted 
 from Cubebs by Alcohol or Ether, which is subsequently evaporated or 
 recovered. The resulting Oleo-resin is decanted from the waxy or crystalline 
 matter which separates on standing. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims — 0-3 to 1-8 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] CUC 541 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Extrait de Cubebe) ; 
 Ger. (Extractum Cubebarum), prepared with Alcohol and Ether; also 
 in Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Extracto Alcoholico de Cubebas), Swiss 
 and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 TROCHISCUS CUBEB<€ {Throat). — Each lozenge contains about J grain 
 of Cubebs with Fruit Paste. 
 
 It is Official in U.S., each lozenge containing about } grain of Oleo-resin. 
 
 VAPOR CUBEB/E (Throat).— Oil of Cubebs, 40 minims ; Light Mag- 
 nesium Carbonate, 20 grains ; Water, to I fl. oz. Mix. A teaspoonful in a 
 pint of Water at 140° F. for each inhalation. 
 
 VAPOR CUBEB>!E CUM LIMONE (r7iroo«).— Oil of Cubebs, 30 minims ; 
 Oil of Lemon, 10 minims ; Light Magnesium Carbonate, 20 grains ; Water, 
 to 1 oz. 
 
 CUCURBITS SEMINA PRiEPARATA. 
 
 MELON PUMPKIN SEEDS. 
 [new.] 
 
 The prepared fresli ripe Seeds of Cucurhita maxima, Duch., not 
 more than one month old, from cultivated plants, were Official in 
 the Ind. and Col. Add. for the Mediterranean Colonies, and are now 
 included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 4 oz. = 85 -2 to 113 '6 grammes. 
 
 The seeds are bruised and rubbed to a cream, with a little milk, or water. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Melon Pumpkin Seeds are directed to be 
 used in the prepared state, i.e. freed from the seed coats, and in this 
 state consist of two flat white fleshy easily-separable cotyledons. The 
 entire seed measures about ^ to | in. (3 to 20 mm.) long and ^ to | in. 
 (8 to 12 mm.) wide. The outer seed coat is yellowish-white, and the 
 inner one brownish. The seeds are directed to be not more than one 
 month old, but how this is to be ascertained, or how the direction can 
 be carried out, at other times of the year, more than a month after 
 the fruit is ripe, is not explained. As the ripe fruit keeps a considerable 
 time, the directions would have been more intelligible if they had 
 read : ' not more than one month after removal from the fruit,' although 
 this would necessitate keeping a fruit, which is often of large size (up 
 to 2 cwt.), on the premises. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CUPRI SUBACETAS. 
 
 Syn. ^RXJGO. VERDIGRIS. 
 
 Pale green powder, or partly crystalMne masses. 
 
 According to Von Hager two varieties are recognised commercially : the 
 blue or French Verdigris, consisting chiefly of monobasic Copper Acetate, 
 CulCjHjO,,), -f Cu(OH)_, + 5iL.,0, and the green, or English, German, or 
 Swedish variety, consisting chiefly of semi-basic Copper Acetate [^^{CjHsO.,).,] 
 
542 CUP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 + Cu(HO)2 4- 5H,,0, as well as some dibasic Copper Acetate Cu(C.,H302), + 
 2Cu(HO), + H„0'. 
 
 Solubility. — When treated with Water about 50 p.c. dissolves as Copper 
 Acetate, leaving an insoluble Acetate ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; soluble 
 in diluted mineral acids and in Acetic Acid ; also soluble in Ammonia. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used as a stimulant to foul and indolent ulcers, 
 also as an escharotic. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias.^ — Official in Belg., Mex. (Acetato de Cobre 
 bibasico). Port. (Verdete), and Span. (Cardenillo). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Copper Subacetate answers the tests for Copper appearing under 
 Copper Sulphate. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid and a little Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), the distinctive odour of Ethyl Acetate is evolved; when warmed 
 with a minute amount of Arsenious Anhydride, the characteristic and highly- 
 23oisonous odour of Cacodyl Oxide is evolved. It should dissolve ahnost 
 completely in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 The more generally occiuring impurities are Arsenic, metallic Copper, 
 Aluminium, and Chalk. Arsenic may be detected by Bettendorf s test ; 
 metallic Copper and Aluminium frona the residue insoluble in Ammonia 
 Solution ; and Chalk by the effervescence on the addition of Hydrochloric 
 Acid. Copper Sulphate, if present, may be detected by the addition of 
 Barium Chloride Solution. 
 
 GARGARISMA i^RUGINIS (Loci-) -—Copper Acetate, 10 grains; Vinegar, 
 60 minims. Dissolve, strain, and add Glycerin, 2 fl. oz. ; Honey, 120 minims; 
 Solution of Lime, to 10 fl. oz. 
 
 LINIMENTUM >^RUGINIS {Ph. Lonrf.).— Made by dissolving Verdigris 1, 
 in Vinegar 7, adding Honey 14, and boiling down to a proper consistence. 
 
 OXYMEL DE VERDETE (Port.).— Verdigris, 2 ; Vinegar, 3 ; Honey, 5. 
 Boil down to a proper consistence. 
 
 CUPRI ACETAS. — Deep green or bluish-green, prismatic crystals. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 15 of Water, 1 in 300 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in 112 of 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to the Subacetate, but more definite 
 when required for solution in Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. 
 
 Tests. — Copper Acetate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a bluish-green 
 coloured solution which changes to a deep blue on the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution in excess. It should respond to the tests for Copper given under 
 Copper Sulphate. A small portion of the salt warmed with Sulphuric Acid 
 evolves a characteristic acetous odour. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid 
 and a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) the odour of Ethyl Acetate is evolved. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Iron, Zinc, alkalis 
 and alkaline earths. It should not respond to the Bettendorf 's test for Arsenic, 
 indicating a limit of this substance. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and treated with Hydrogen Sulphide until 
 the whole of the Copper has been precipitated, and filtered, then the filtrate 
 shall not become coloured or rendered turbid upon the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution, and a-separate portion of the filtrate, upon evaporation and ignition, 
 should leave no weighable residue, indicating a limit of Iron, Aluminium, 
 alkali and alkaline earth metals. 
 
 MELLITE CUIVREUX (Onguent ^gyptiac), (i^r.).— Copper Acetate, 1 ; 
 Water, 1 ; Honey, 2. Boil until it assumes a red colour, and is the consistence 
 of honey. 
 
 TOPIQUE A UACETATE DE CUIVRE (VET.) (Pr.).— Copper Acetate, 
 4 ; Treacle, 1 ; Vinegar, 1 ; mix. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CUP 543 
 
 CUPRI SULPHAS. 
 
 COPPER SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — CupRic Sulphate. 
 
 CUSO4, 5H2O, eq. 249-72. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate de Cuivre ; Ger., Kupfersulfat ; Ital., Solfato 
 Di Rame ; Span., Sulfato Cuprico. 
 
 Large, translucent, blue, triclinic crystals, possessing a metallic 
 and astringent taste. It slowly effloresces in dry air. 
 
 It may be obtained by the action of Water and Sulphuric Acid on 
 Copper, or by dissolving Copper Oxide in Sulphuric Acid and Water. 
 
 When rendered anhydrous by heating, the powder is white. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 3* of Water; 2 in 1 of Water (at 212^ F.) ; 
 insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 2i- of Glycerin. 
 
 Will not dissolve I in 2-79, as stated by some authorities. — P.J. '02, i. 552. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent, prompt emetic, escharotic. 
 Recommended in clironic diarrhoea, especially that of phthisis. 
 Externally, as a styptic for bleeding surfaces and a local stimulant to 
 ulcers, as an escharotic for warts, etc. As an astringent injection 
 to diminish excessive secretion from mucous membranes, especially in 
 leucorrhooa and gonorrha3a. 
 
 An antidote in Phosphorus poisoning ; 3 grains every few minutes till 
 vomiting is produced. — Mitchell Bruce. 
 
 Recommendation of the Departmental Committee : That the vise of 
 Copper salts in the so-called greening of preserved food be proliibited. — 
 L. '01, ii. 1683. 
 
 Still the most efficacious treatment of trachoma. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 327. 
 
 The best application in trachoma to stimulate the absorption of follicles 
 which cannot be removed by expression. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 975. 
 
 Dose. — As an astringent, J to 2 grains = 0'016 to 0"13 granmie ; 
 as an emetic, 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0" 64 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0*75 granmae ; daily, 0*75 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 • gramme ; daily, 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given in form of pill. A good pill is 
 prepared by adding } part of Pidvis Tragacanthce Coinpositiis, and Dispensing 
 Syrup, q.s. ; varnish if required. For lotions, M4 proportions from 2 to 4 
 grains to 1 oz. ; also 8 grains to 1 oz. for pruritus. For urethral injections, 
 \to 4: grains in an oz. of Water. It is also used 1 to 2 grains to 1 oz., in granular 
 conjunctivitis and various affections of the eyes when astringent applications 
 are required. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Alkalis and their Carbonates, Lime Water, Iodides, and 
 most vegetable astringents. 
 
 Not Official. — Gutta3 Cupri Sulphatis, Cupri Citras, Unguentum Cupri 
 Citratis, Cupri Oleas, Unguentum Cupri Oleatis, Lapis Divinus (Cuprum 
 Aluminatum), Pavy's Solution, Cuprargol, and Cupri Sulphocarbolas. 
 
 Antidotes. — Albumen or White of Egg is the best antidote. The stomach 
 should then be washed out, demulcent drinks given, followed by Laudanum 
 internally or Morphine hypodermically, and Linseed Meal poultices to the 
 abdomen. 
 
544 CUP [Solids by "Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcBias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Sulfate de Cobre), Norw., Port., Russ., 
 Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Ger. and Swiss have also a crude sulphate. Ital. has also Solfato di 
 Rame Ammoniacale. 
 
 Tests. — Copper Sulphate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, yielding a solution whicli has an acid reaction towards 
 Litmus paper, and which with Hydrogen Sulphide produces a brownish- 
 black precipitate, insoluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and in 
 Ammonium Hydrosulphide or Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, but soluble in Nitric Acid. A similar precipitate is yielded, 
 by Ammoniima Hydrosulphide Solution. Ammonia Solution added 
 drop by drop to an aqueous solution produces at first a pale greenish- 
 blue precipitate, which dissolves in an excess of the reagent, yielding 
 an intensely blue-coloured solution ; Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution gives a somewhat similar precipitate, which becomes brownish- 
 black on boiling. The light greenish-blue precipitate is soluble in a 
 large excess of concentrated Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 but the presence of a soluble Tartrate prevents the precipitation, a 
 deep blue liquid being produced which .readily undergoes reduction to 
 red Cuprous Oxide on boiling with Glucose and certain Sugars. 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution produces no precipitate, but only a 
 deep blue-coloured solution, when a fixed organic acid is present. 
 Ammonium Carbonate Solution yields a greenish-blue precipitate 
 soluble to a deep blue solution in an excess of Ammonia Solution. 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution yields a reddish-brown precipitate 
 insoluble in diluted mineral acids, but decomposed by Potassium or 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution. AVhen the solutions are very dilute this 
 reddish-brown precipitate is replaced by a reddish-brown coloration. 
 A strip of bright metallic Iron immersed in a solution acquires a 
 reddish coating of metallic Copper. A solution of Copper Sulphate 
 acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid yields, on the addition of 
 Barium Chloride Solution, a white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric 
 Acid. 
 
 The B.P. does not require it to contain any definite percentage of 
 Copper Sulphate ; the XJ.S.P. requires that it shall contain not less 
 than 99*5 p.c. of pure Copper Sulphate. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. reconmiend that the rubric 
 be changed from not less than 99 "5 p.c. of pure Copper Sulphate to not 
 less than 63 "61 p.c, nor more than 66 "79 p.c. by weight of Anhydrous 
 Copper Sulphate ; and the method of determination to be based upon 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiiun Thiosulphate Solution, 
 after the addition of Potassium Iodide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Aluminium, 
 Iron, Lead, and Zinc. An aqueous 5 p.c. w/v solution when heated 
 to boiling with an excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, until the whole 
 of the Copper has been converted into black Copper Oxide, yields a 
 colourless filtrate, which when acidified with Acetic Acid does not 
 respond to the time-limit test for heavy metals, indicating a limit of 
 Arsenic, Lead, and Zinc The B.P. fixes a limit of 10 parts of Ai-senic 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] CUP .5 J 5 
 
 per million us determined by the Arsenic-Test given raider the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing the 20 ml. distillate obtained by the 
 distillation of a solution prepared by dissolving 1 gramme of Copper 
 Sulphate in a mixture of 10 ml. of Distilled Water and 15 ml. of 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, together with 5 drops of 
 Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent ; any Sulphurous Acid in 
 the 20 ml. of distillate is oxidised by a sufficiency of Bromine 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, and the excess of Bromine is subsequently 
 removed by the addition of 1 or 2 drops of Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, the distillate being finally diluted with 40 ml. 
 of hot Distilled Water. It is officially required to contain not more 
 than O'l p.c. of Iron, calculated as Fe, as determined by precipitating 
 tlie Iron as Ferric Hydroxide by the addition of an excess of strong 
 Atmnonia Solution to a solution of 5 grammes of the salt in 25 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, the solution having been first heated to the boiling 
 point with 2 ml. of Nitric Acid to bring the Iron into the Ferric 
 condition, and cooled. The precipitate is filtered, washed thoroughly 
 with Distilled Water made alkaline with Ammonia Solution; it is 
 redissolved in Hydrochloric Acid and re-precipitated with Ammonia 
 Solution, filtered, washed, dried, ignited, and the residue weighed ; 
 it should weigh not more than 0'007 gramme. A 1 in 50 solution of 
 Copper Sulphate from which the whole of the Copper has been removed 
 by precipitation as Copper Sulphide by Hydrogen Sulphide after 
 acidification with 2 c.e. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, when filtered, 
 yields a colourless filtrate which shall not become coloured or become 
 turbid on the addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Iron and Zinc ; and on evaporation to dryness and ignition 
 it shall leave at the most 0*005 graumie of residue, indicating a limit 
 of Iron, alkali metals, and allcaline earth metals. 
 
 Heat. — ^When heated, Copper Sulphate loses its Water of crystallisation ; 
 two molecules are lost at 30° C. (86° F.) with the formation of a pale blue 
 amorphous powder, another two are lost at 100° C. (212° F.), and the last 
 molecule is given up at a temperature of 200° C. (392° F.), leaving an anhydrous 
 powder weighing 63 • 9 p.c. of its original weight. At a still higher teinperature 
 Sulphur Dioxide and Oxygen are given off, leaving a residue of black Cupric 
 Oxide, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT/E CUPRI SULPHATIS {London Ophthalmic).— Co^^er Sulphate, 
 2 grains ; Water, 1 fl. oz. The strength in use at the principal hospitals. 
 
 CUPRI CITRAS. Copper CiTKATE. Cu,C,H,0,.2|H20, eq. 360-212.— A 
 light green, odoui'less powder, slightly soluble in Water. It is employed as a 
 5 to 10 p.c. Ointment. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CUPRI C\TRKY\S {London Ophthalmic).— Co^^evCitvaie, 
 5 ; Soft Paraffin to 100. 
 
 CUPRI OLEAS. — Green, oleaginous solid, insoluble in Water, soluble in 
 Ether. An excellent antiseptic and antiparasitic agent. When diluted it is 
 especially useful in ringworm. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CUPRI OLEATIS.— Copper Oleate, 1; Lard, 4 ; melt 
 together, and stir till cold. Useful in ringworm, hard and horny warts and 
 corns. 
 
 1 to 7 of Soft Paraffin {London) ; 1 to 7 of Lard {University). 
 
 T 
 
546 CLTR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 LAPIS DiVlNUS. CUPRUM ALUMINATUM. — Copper Sulphate, 
 Potassium Nitrate, and Alum, of each equal parts, in powder, fused in a 
 glazed earthen crucible, powdered Camphor, to the extent of ^jjth part of 
 the whole, being added near the end of the process. When cold, break in 
 pieces and keep in a closely stoppered bottle, or it may be moulded into 
 sticks or points. An eye-wash, may be made by dissolving 2 grains 
 in 1 oz. of Distilled Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Pierre Divine), Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Russ. and Swiss. Not in the others. 
 
 PAVY'S SOLUTION.— Crystallised Copper Sulphate, 34-65 grammes; 
 Roehelle salt, 170 graixunes ; Potassivun Hydroxide, 170 grammes: Water, 
 to 1000 c.c. 
 
 When 120 c.c. of this Solution are mixed with 400 c.c. of Amm-Onia (sp. gr. 
 0*880) and diluted to 1000 c.c, then 10 c.c. may bo taken as equivalent to 
 • 00.5 gramme of Glucose. 
 
 The method is well adapted for the examination of Diabetic Urine and 
 Milk, also mixtures of Milk and Cane Sugars, and certainly has the advantage 
 over the ordinary Fehling method by its definite end reaction. 
 
 CUPRARGOL (Copper and Silver Albuminate). — A greyish-white powder, 
 soluble in Water. Has been used in 1 to 5 p.c. Solution in conjunctivitis. 
 
 CUPRI SULPHOCARBOLAS (Copper Aseptol).— Green rhombic prisms 
 or light green, needle-shaped crystals. Soluble in Water and in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Haemostatic As an antiseptic, ^ to 1 p.c. Solution. As an 
 injection in gonorrhoea, J to l^p.c Solution. 
 
 K"ot Official. 
 CURARA— WOORARA. 
 
 A powerful poison, stated to be obtained from various species of Strychnos 
 and other plants, and used by the Indians in the northern part of South 
 America for arming the points of their arrows. A brownish-black, shining, 
 brittle, resinous mass, almost wholly soluble in Water, sparingly soluble in 
 Absolute Alcohol. Different samples may vary very much in strength, and 
 no doubt also in general composition, so that the dose of every parcel has to 
 be arrived at by experiment. It is only used liypodermically, and the 
 Solution has generally been of the strength of 1 grain in 12 minims, the 
 dose being 1 to G minims. 
 
 An alkaloid Curarine has been obtained from Curara, and although 
 commercial, is somewhat difficult to obtain. 
 
 Arrow Poisons : Their liistory, sources, and constituents. — {Stockman) 
 P.J. '98, ii. 548, 585. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It has been used in the treatment of Stryclmine 
 poisoning, hydrophobia, chorea, and tetanus. 
 
 Dose. — ^., to J grain = 0-005 to 0-032 gramme, but should be used with 
 great care. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Max. (Curaro). Not in the 
 
 others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Curare is usually imported from Venezuela in the 
 form of a blackish extract contained in small gourds about 2| inches (6 cm.) 
 in diameter. A fragment of the extract placed in a drop of Alcohol on a 
 microscopic slide shows a brownish fluid copiously studded with quadrilateral 
 prisms (supposed to be Curarine, which forms four-sided prisms) and an 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CUS 547 
 
 abundance of minute particles of a yellowish tint which consist of Calcium 
 Oxalate. The principal ingredient in Curare is the bark of Strychnos toxifera, 
 but that of other species is also used in different districts, thus in British 
 Guiana the bark of S. toxifera, Schomb., S. Schomburgkii, Kl., and S. cogens, 
 Benth., are used in the Curare of the Macusi, Orecuna and Wapisiana tribes, 
 that of S. Gubleri, Planch., by the Moquitari and Puaroa Indians, between 
 the Orinoco and Rio Negro, and that of S. Castebioeana, Wedd., by the 
 Ticuna, Peba Yagua and Oregona Indians in the districts of the Upper 
 Amazon ; that of S. Crevauxii, Planch., by the Trio and Roucouyenne 
 Indians of French Guiana. It is obvious, therefore, that Cm'are is an extract 
 of uncertain composition as regards the species of Strychnos employed, and 
 the more so that difierent ingredients are added to the extract by different 
 tribes. A preparation made in this country from the bark of *S. toxifera 
 imported from British Guiana would, therefore, be far more reliable. Cm-are 
 is said to have been used successfully in hydrophobia. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CUSPARI^ CORTEX. 
 
 CUSPABIA BABK. 
 
 Fu., Angtjsture Vraie ; Ger., Angostubarinde ; Ital., Cokteccia de 
 AuGUSTURA ; Span., Cortezla de Angostura. 
 
 The dried Bark of Cusparia febrifuga, DC. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 The alkaloids are now said to be Cusparine, GaHpeine, and a Uttle 
 Galipoidine. GaUpidine and Cusparidine were probably mixtures of 
 Gahpeine and Cusparine, which can be separated by their Oxalates, for Cuspa- 
 rine is crystalUne and sparingly soluble in hot Water, and Gahjieine is very 
 soluble in Water and not crystalline. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An aromatic bitter tonic. In South America 
 it is given as an antiperiodio for malarial fever. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in the form of the Infusion generally combined 
 with Aromatics to prevent nausea. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Angostura Verdadora) 
 and Port. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The bark of Cusparia febrifuga varies somewhat 
 in appearance and size, the outer surface being in some pieces smooth and 
 hard, and in others soft and spongy. The pieces are usually curved, 2 to 
 4 (5 to 10 cm.) or more inches long, about -^^ inch (2 mm.) in thickness and 
 1 inch (2*5 cm.) or more in diameter. Its distinctive characters are the sliort, 
 resinous, brown fracture, laminated inner surface, characteristic odour and 
 flavour, in addition to its bitterness. 
 
 In powder Cusparia Bark may be recognised by the presence of numerous 
 oil cells, by the acicular as well as single, oblique prismatic crystals of Calcimn 
 Oxalate, and by having very thick-walled bast fibres, which are colom-ed 
 canary -yellow by Caustic Potash. 
 
 Tests. — Cusparia Bark yields about 8 p.c. of ash, and 10 p.c. is rarely 
 exceeded. 
 
 INFUSUM CUSPARl/E.— Cusparia Bark, in No. 20 powder, 1 ; Distilled 
 Water, boiling, 20 ; infuse for fifteen minutes ; strain. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28 • 4 to 56 • 8 ml. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Mineral Acids, Ferric Chloride, and other metallic salts, 
 
 T 2 
 
648 CUS LSolids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 cusso. 
 
 KOUSSO. 
 
 Fr., Cousso ; Ger., Kosobluten ; Ital., Kousso ; Span., Flor de Couso. 
 
 The dried panicles of pistillate Flowers of Brayera anthelmintica, 
 Knnth. 
 
 Obtained from Abyssinia. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Anthelmintic. Especially useful for the 
 different kinds of tapeworm. Should be followed by a purgative to 
 expel the dead worm. 
 
 Dose. — I to I oz. = 7'1 to 14 '2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Flowers, in coarse powder, are mixed with 
 half a pint of warm Water, allowed to stand for fifteen minutes, stirred up (not 
 strained), a7id taken in 2 or 3 draughts at short intervals. It should be taken 
 in the morning on an empty stomach, the bowels having previously acted. After 
 three or four hours a brisk purgative should be administered. On account of its 
 liability to produce nausea a little Lemonade may be taken afterwards. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Koso) ; Belg., 
 Fr. and Port. (Cousso) ; Ital. (Kousso) ; Ger., Jap. and Swiss (Flores 
 Koso) ; Mex. (Cuso) ; Swed. ; Russ. (Flores Kusso) ; Span. (Couso) ; 
 U.S. (Cusso.) 
 
 The Infusion is official in Belg. 2 in 15 ; Fr. (Apoz^me de Cousso) 
 about 1 in 8 ; Ital. and Span. (Inf. de Couso), 1 in about 16^. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Cusso is generally imported in rolls about 
 1^ to 2 feet (3 to 6 dcm.) long and 2-|- to 3 inches (6 to 7 cm.) in diameter, 
 each consisting of the large panicled inflorescence of female flowers. 
 The flowers are shortly stalked, pubescent, and consist of the two 
 rounded bracts, a calyx of 5 outer, rigid, purple-veined sepals, and 
 5 inner, smaller, incurved, shi'ivelled segments. The 5 caducous 
 white petals as well as the abortive stamens are usually absent in the 
 drug, there are two carpels, and the style with two broad hairy 
 stigmas is exserted. The large stems should be rejected {U.S. P.), 
 and also samples which have lost their reddish tint and become 
 brownish, indicating age and deterioration. The male flowers, which 
 are excluded by the B.P., U.S. P., and P.G., have a greenish tint, and 
 the outer sepals are not enlarged. The powder is characterised by 
 the thick-walled unicellular hairs, the munerous rosette crystals, as 
 well as simple and segmented capitulate short-stalked glands {Koch). 
 
 Not Official. 
 CYDONIUM. 
 
 QUINCE SEED. 
 
 The Seeds of Pyrus Cydonia. 
 
 Their coriaceous envelope abounds in Mucilage. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Demulcent. The decoction is used externally 
 for cracks in the skin. A nice adjunct to eye-lotions. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Port. (Marmelo), Mex. 
 (Membrillo), and Swiss. Not in the others. The fruit is official in Fr. 
 (Coing). 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] CYL 649 
 
 DECOCTUM CYDONII.— Quince Seed, 1 ; Distilled Water, 80. Boil 
 for ten minutes, and strain. 
 
 MUCILAGO CYDONII.— 1 of Quince Seed and 25 of Water; by cold 
 maceration. 
 
 Official in Fr., 1 in 10 ; Port., 1 in 100. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CYLLIN. 
 
 A homogeneous clear, dark fluid, wliich forms a milky emulsion when 
 diluted with Water, and is miscible with the latter in nearly all proportions, 
 hot or cold. A powerful bactericide. 
 
 It has a Rideal-Walker coefficient of 18 to 20 {B. typhosus). — L. '08, i. 33. 
 
 CylUn ceases to exert its full effect as a bactericide when salts or acids 
 are present, partial de-emulsification taking place with consequent loss of 
 activity. For these conditions 'Crude Cyllin' is suitable, which mixes 
 readily with hard, salt, or brackish Water. A more refined form, 'Cyllin 
 medical,' has a bactericidal co-efficient of 26 (B. typhosus). 
 
 Cyllin Medical is 10 times less toxic and irritant than pure Carbolic Acid, 
 and is compatible with soap. In obstetric practice a strength of 1 in 300 
 is recommended, but when used as a douche, etc., 1 in 600. 
 
 Preparations into wliich Cyllin enters as an internal antiseptic are 
 inhalant, for the disinfection of nose and larynx. Syrup, Pastilles, 
 and Capsules (3 minims). As many as 9 capsules daily have been adminis- 
 tered to a patient for 8 days without inconvenience, and the reduction in 
 tlie number of B. coli in the fa;ces was found to be 97-5 p.c. For external 
 use the Dusting Powder, Soap, Gauze, Lano-Cyllin, and Lubricant are 
 convenient. 
 
 As a bowel wash in amoebic dysentery Rogers recommends a further 
 trial.— L. '14, i. 554. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CYNOGLOSSUM. 
 
 The Root of Cynoglossum officinale, L. It contains an amorphous alkaloid 
 Cynoglossine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent and sedative. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Fr., Mex., Norw., Port, 
 and Span. Not in the others. 
 
 Pulvis Cynoglossi Compositus is official in Dan., Fr., and Norw. ; 
 Pilulas Cynoglossi in Dan. ; Pildoras de Cinoglosa in Mex. and 
 Span. 
 
 Fr., Pilules de Cynoglosse Opiac6es, each pill contains 0*02 gramme 
 (j grain) of Extract of Opium, and 0*02 gramme of Powdered Henbane 
 Seeds. 
 
 Not Official. 
 CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 The Rhizome and Roots of Cypripedium hirsutum. Mill., and of Cypri- 
 pedium parviflorum, Salisb., are Official in U.S. Commonly known as Lady's 
 Slipper. 
 
 Cypripedin is the dried extractive of the above j has been given in hypo- 
 chondriasis, chorea, and epilepsy. 
 
550 DAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The eclectic remedy ' Cypripedin,' which is stated to be prepared by 
 precipitating a concentrated tinctiire of the root with Water, is complex in 
 composition, and stated to have no claim to the name given it. 
 
 It may be used in doses of 1 to 5 grains — 0-065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 A 1 in 1 Fluid Extract (Alcohol 48-9 p.c.) is Official in the U.S., average 
 dose 15 minims = 0" 9 c.o. 
 
 Not Official. 
 DAMIANA. 
 
 The Leaves of one or more species of Turnera, from Mexico and California. 
 Contains a bitter substance, rosins, and a volatile Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Tonic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Frequently given in the Jorm oj pill ; the Hard 
 Extract makes a good pill with a small (juantity oj Alcohol (90 ^.c.) ; the Sojt 
 Extract is best hardened ivith the jMwdercd Leaves. The Liquid Extract is given, 
 in capsules. It is also given ivilh Phosphorus or the Hyj^ophosjjhites, and 
 Nux Vomica. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Damiana occurs in coinraerce in two or three 
 dil^erent varieties. The land which is considered the best is knoivn as 
 Helmick's Damiana, and is derived from Turnera a2jhrodisiaca, L. Ward 
 (nat. ord. Tumeracea;) and is a native of California and Mexico. The leaves, 
 of a light green colour, are wedge-shaped, usually less than an inch in length 
 (10 to 25 mm.) and about J inch (5 to 10 mm.) in diameter in the broadest 
 part, with about 3 to 6 coarsely crenate teeth on either side besides the 
 terminal one. The taste recalls that of figs, but is aromatic and slightly 
 bitter. The plant is considered by some botanists to be a variety of T. 
 diffusa, Willd. It has reddish stems and thinner, smoother and less hairy, 
 greener leaves, not greyish-green as in the type. The leaves of another 
 species, possibly T. microphylla, Desv., are sometimes substituted for it. 
 They are smaller, more hairy, with hairy stems which are not reddish. The 
 leaves of A2]lopappus discoideus, DC, nat. ord. Gompositcc, are occasionally 
 offered as Damiana. They have fewer, more distant, serrate teeth, usually 
 three on either side, and composite flowers with hairy pappus, usually mixed 
 with the leaves. 
 
 EXTRACTUM DAMIAN/^E LIQUIDUM.— Damiana leaves exhausted 
 with Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; 1 of fluid represents 1 of tlio drug. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 EXTRACTUM DAMlANiC— The above evaporated to a soft extract. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 DATURA FOLIA. 
 
 DATURA LEAVES. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Leaves of Datura fastuosa, L., var. alha, Nees, and also 
 Datura Metel, L. 
 
 They were official in Ind. and Col. Add., and are now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic and sedative. Similar to 
 those of Stramonium. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] DIA * 551 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — This drug must not be confounded witli 
 Stramonii folia which are also Official, but are derived from Datura 
 Stramonium, L. The Daturce folia of the B.P. include the leaves 
 both of Datura fastuosa, Linn. var. alha, Nees. and of D. Metel, Linn. 
 
 The leaves of D. alba are not separately described in the B.P., biit 
 they are subglabrous, whilst those of D. Metel are distinctly downy. 
 The DaturcB folia arc officially described collectively as brownish or 
 yellowish-green attaining 20cm. (Sin.) in length and 1.3cm. (about 
 5 in.) in breadth, ovate acuminate, with sinuate dentate margins, and 
 long petioles, bearing scattered glandular or simple hairs. Odour 
 characteristic. Taste bitter. Those characters except the brownish 
 and yellowish colour (dependent upon drying) offer no distinguishing 
 features from those given under Stramonii folia, nor are microscopical 
 characters given for Datura.' folia as they are under Stramonii folia. 
 
 DATURAS SEMINA. Datura Seeds. (New.) 
 
 The dried Seeds of Datura fastuosa, L., var. alha, Nees. 
 Both the Seeds and the Tincture were Official in Ind. and Col. Add., and 
 are now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — ^Datura Seeds, which are limited in the 
 B.P. to a single species. Datura fastuosa var. alba, are easily distin- 
 guished from those of D. Stramonium, both by their colour and shape 
 being light yellowish brown and somewhat wedge-shajied, more appro- 
 priately described by Dymock as ear-shaped, from 4 to 5 mm. long, 
 4 mm. broad and 1 mm. thick (^- in. long and j^ in. broad). The hilum 
 is large, the outer seed coat is wrinkled and spongy, extending from 
 near the middle to the pointed end of the seed. The ends of the 
 cotyledons are turned outwards, which form a distinctive feature. 
 The seeds have no odour but a slightly bitter taste. 
 
 TINCTURA DATURiS SEMINUM. Tincture of Datura Seeds. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 Datura Seeds, in No. 20 powder, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), q.s. to yield 4, 
 
 by percolation. (1 in 4.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = O'S to 0"9 ml. 
 
 DIAMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM. 
 
 diajmorphine hydrochloride. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — DiACETYL-MoRPHiNE Hydrochloride. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Heroin Hydrochloride. 
 
 CiHosNOg, HCl, H,0, eq. 423-678. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A white, odourless, crystalline powder, possessing a bitter taste. 
 It is described officially as the Hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtainable 
 by the action of Acetic Anhydride on Morphine. This substance was 
 
552 DIA [Solids by Weigtt; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 originally introduced into medicine under the name Heroin Hydro- 
 chloride, and was described in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's 
 Companion under the heading Diacetyl-Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 2 of Water; 1 in 11 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble 
 in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Introduced as a substitute for Morphine, 
 it being stated to possess the advantages of not causing constipation 
 and of being active in much smaller doses. Very useful in acute^and 
 chronic bronchitis, bronchial astluna, the cough of phthisis, in acute 
 pneumonia and in pertussis. 
 
 Has been recommended in the treatment of the Morphia habit, but its use 
 is deprecated on the ground that tlie craving following its use is infinitely 
 more unmanageable than is that of Morphine. — B.M.J.E. '07, i. 87. 
 
 Dose. — 2V to I grain = 0*0027 to 0"01 gramme. 
 
 It is advisable to commence with the smaller dose, as some persons are 
 easily affected by it, and repeated doses of j^j and j^, grain have produced 
 toxic symptoms. 
 
 Ph. Ger. and Swiss, maximum dose, single, 0-005 gramme; daily, 0-015 
 gramme. 
 
 Ital., maximum dose, single, O'Ol gramme ; daily, 0-03 gramme. 
 
 Not OfSeial. — Elixir Heroin cum Terpene, Glycerinum Heroinse Com- 
 positum, Linctus Heroin, Pastilli Heroin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. (Diacetylmorphinum 
 hydrochloricum) ; Ital. (Cloridrato di Diacetil-Morfina) ; Jap., 
 Swiss (Morphinum diacetylicum hydrochloricum); Russ. (Hero- 
 nium hydrochloricum). 
 
 Tests. — Diamorphine Hydrochloride has a melting point of about 
 230° C. (446° F.) ; the B.F. gives 231° to 232° C. (447-8° to 449*6° F.) ; 
 the P.G. gives about 230° C. (446° F.) ; the proposed changes in the 
 TJ.S.P. IX. recommend about 230° C. (446° F.), with partial decom- 
 position. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a clear colourless solution, which is neutral or at the most 
 but faintly acid to Litmus paper, and from whicli the free base is 
 liberated on the addition of Ammonia Solution or Sodiimi Bicarbonate 
 Solution. If this free base be separated, washed, and suitably dried, 
 it should possess a melting point of from 169° to 172° C. (336-2° to 
 341-6° F.). Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in Nitric Acid 
 with the production of a yellow colour, this colour gradually changing 
 to greenish-blue, and eventually again becoming yellow. A rose 
 coloration, quickly fading to reddish-violet and then to a full blue 
 colour, is produced when 1 decigramme of the salt is mixed with 2 c.c. 
 of a 1 -f 19 solution of Hexamethylenetetramine in Sulphuric Acid. 
 A bluish coloration followed by a separation of a blue precipitate is 
 produced when 1 decigramme of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride is 
 warmed on a water-bath with 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and the solution, 
 after cooling, diluted with 6 c.c. of Distilled Water, and a few drops of 
 Potassium Ferricyanide Solution (0*5 p.c. w/v) and 1 drop of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution are added. An odour of Ethyl Acetate is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] DIA 563 
 
 evolved when 1 decigramme of the salt is warmed with a mixture of 
 2 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The 1 in 50 aqueous solution, acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, 
 yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, a white ciu'dy pre- 
 cipitate, which when filtered and washed dissolves readily in Amm onia 
 Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not require the salt to yield a definite percentage of 
 Diacetylmorphine. A salt of the Ofiicial formula, containing 1 molecule 
 of water of crystallisation, should contain 87 * 1 p.c. The P.G. salt is 
 anhydrous, and should contain 91 "0 p.c. of Diacetylmorphine. The 
 percentage may be determined by titrating a weighed quantity of 
 the salt with Normal or Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiiun Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality, 
 adding sufficient Ether to retain the liberated alkaloid in solution ; 
 1 c.c. of Normal Voliunetric Sodiiun Hydroxide Solution = 0'3692 
 gramme of Diacetylmorphine, or 0*42368 gramme of Diacetylmorphine 
 Hydrochloride containing 1 molecule of Water of crystallisation, or 
 0" 40566 gramme of Anhydrous Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride. 
 Dott {CD. '05, i. 489) proposed the following test : — Dissolve a weighed 
 quantity of 0*4 gramme of the salt in 4 c.c. of Distilled Water, add 
 
 • 1 gramme of Sodimn Bicarbonate, allow to stand for several hours ; 
 the precipitate which is obtained, when collected on a small filter, 
 washed with 6 c.c. of Distilled Water, and dried in a water-bath, 
 should weigh 0'3 gramme. The majority of samples examined in the 
 iiuthor's laboratories, when assayed according to this test, showed a 
 higher yield of residue than 0*3 gramme. 
 
 The more generally occui'ring impurities are excess of Water, 
 Morphine, alkaloids other than Diacetylmorphine, Sulphates, Ammonivun 
 and Barium salts, and mineral residue. When carefully dried the 
 salt should lose not more than 4*5 p.c. of its weight, indicating the 
 absence of excess of Water. A greenish but no deep blue coloration 
 should be produced on adding 2 centigrammes of the salt to a solution 
 of 0'025 gramme of Potassium Ferricyanide in 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, containing 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Morphine. A white precipitate, which is quickly 
 redissolved, is produced when a weighed quantity of 0*2 gramme is 
 dissolved in 5 c.c. of Water, and the solution poiu'ed slowly into 5 c.c. 
 of Potassium Hydroxide Solution (5 p.c. w/v), shaking occasionally, 
 indicating the absence of alkaloids other than Diacetylmorphine. A 
 
 1 in 100 solution acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Bariiun Chloride Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphates. When warmed with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution no characteristic odour of Ammonia should be 
 evolved nor should the issuing gas turn moistened red Litmus paper 
 blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. A 1 in 100 solution 
 should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid," indicating the absence of Barium salts. It should 
 leave not more than 0*1 p.c. of ash on ignition, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. 
 
554 DIG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR HEROIN CUM TERRENE {Bournemouth Formulary).— Heroin, 
 J grain ; Terpene Hydrate, 8 grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 6 fl. drm. ; Syrup of 
 Virginian Prune Bark, 3 fl. drm. ; Glycerin, 3 fl. drm. Dose. — J to 2 drm. = 
 1-8 to 7-1 ml. (Each fl. drm. contains .^^ grain Heroin and f grain Terpene 
 Hydrate. ) 
 
 GLYCERiNUM HEROIN/E GOMPOSITUM. Syn. Glycaphorm {Pharm. 
 Form.). — Heroin Hydrochloride, 10 grains ; Chloroform, 20 minims ; Syrup 
 of Roses, 10 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, 2 fl. oz. ; Alcohol, 40 minims ; Glycerin, 
 q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Dissolve the Heroin in the Water and add the Syrup, gradually shaking 
 after each addition. Dissolve the Chloroform in the Alcohol, add the Syrup ; 
 then add Glycerin to 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Glyeerinum. Heroini Conipositum (Canadian Formulary 1908). — Heroin, 
 20 grains ; Ammonivim Hypophosphite, 640 grains ; Fluid Extract of 
 Hyoscyamus, 320 minims ; Fluid Extract of White Pine, 2'^ fl. oz. ; Soluble 
 Tincture of Tolu, 2 fl. oz. ; Glycerin, 10 fl. oz. ; Syrup of Wild Cherry Bark, 
 
 fl. oz. ; Cinnamon Water, q.s. to make 40 fl. oz. 
 
 LINCTUS HEROIN [Bournemouth Formulary). — Heroin Hydrochloride, 
 2 grains ; Tincture of Hyoscyamus, 4 fl. drm. ; Spirit of Chloroform, 4 fl. drm. ; 
 Syrup of Tolu, 1 fl. oz. ; Syrup of Virginian Prune Bark, 1 fl. oz. ; Glycerin, 
 q.s. to produce 6 fl. oz. 
 
 Mix. (Each fl. drm. contains .^f grain of Heroin Hydrochloride.) Dose. — 
 i to 2 fl. drm. == 1-8 to 7 • 1 ml. ' 
 
 PASTILLI HEROIN {Bournemouth Formulary). — -Heroin Hydrochloride, 
 
 1 grain ; Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin, 10 grains ; Pumilio Pine Oil, 8 minims ; 
 Glyco -gelatin, sufficient to make 32 pastilles. Each pastille contains ^l^ grain 
 of Heroin Hydrochloride. 
 
 DIGITALIS FOLIA. 
 
 DIGITALIS LEAVES. 
 
 Fr., DiGiTALE ; Ger., Fin gerhutb latter ; Ital., Dxuitale ; 
 Span., Hoja db Digital. 
 
 The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea, L. Collected from plants 
 commencing to flower, and thoroughly dried at a low temperature. 
 The U.S. P. specifies that the leaves should be collected from plants 
 of the second year's growth. 
 
 B.P. 1914 directs that when powdered no portion should be rejected, in 
 conformity with the Brussels Conference, Vv^hich agreed to use the leaf of the 
 second year, and the powdered drug to be used entire. 
 
 It should be stored in well-filled air-tight containers and kept dry. 
 
 Fr. and U.S. use the dried leaves of the second year, collected at the time 
 of flowering ; P.O. employs the dried leaves of wild growing plants, collected 
 at the time of flowermg. 
 
 Fr. reqviires that it should be preserved in a closed bottle in a dry place 
 and protected from the light, and should be renewed each yoar. P.O. 
 directs that for preservation the leaves should be dried over CttTifitic Lime. 
 The Powder is likewise to be di-ied over Caustic Lime, and also to be stored 
 in small glass vessels quite full, and protected from moisture and light, and 
 not to be kept over one year. U.S. P. gives no directions as to storing. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] DIG 555 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cardiac aud circulatory stimulant and 
 tonic, increases the strength and efficiency of the cardiac contractions, 
 and reduces the pulse rate without diminishing tension. Specially 
 useful in mitral and tricuspid lesions with loss of compensation ; 
 in cardiac insufficiency from whatever cause, with irregular and rapid 
 action and low arterial tension ; not indicated in purely aortic cases. 
 Of great value as a cardiac stimulant in acute pneumonia. Diuretic, 
 useful in cardiac dropsy ; also in renal dropsy when acute or when 
 due to failure of a hypertrophied heart ; the best diuretic in the anuria 
 secondary to circulatory disturbances. 
 
 It is cumulative in action, and requires watchfulness. Its continued 
 use deranges the alimentary system ; therefore, after it has been taken 
 for eight or ten days it should be discontinued for three or four days. 
 Dangerous in advanced fatty degeneration of the heart, and in extensive 
 arterial degeneration. For a comparison with Strophanthus see under 
 Strophanthi Semina. 
 
 According to Kiliani, the seeds of Digitalis purpurea contain Digitalinum 
 vcrum and Digitonin ; the leaves contain Digitoxin, but neither of the 
 other two. Preparation of Digitalin also described. — J.G.S. Abs. '96, i. 
 r)S, 59, 180 ; '97, i. 95 ; P.J. '95, ii. 29, 120 ; '96, ii. 289. 
 
 The B.P. tincture found very reliable ; the extractives which go under 
 such names as ' Digitalin ' and ' Digitoxin ' not used, because Professor 
 Cushny pointed out that none of these glucosides are sufficiently definite to 
 be recognised, that a preparation like the tincture contains the different 
 glucosides, and that there is no reason to suppose that the special preparations 
 have any distinctive advantage. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 1607. 
 
 Full doses are necessary to produce its effects, and unless it is pushed no 
 result may be obtained in cases which would at once react to large doses. 
 Raised blood pressure is no contra-indication to its use, except in gouty 
 kidney with high pressure. Out-patients given large doses and told to stop 
 if sickness or other unpleasant symptoms developed ; ill results never seen. — • 
 B.M.J. '10, ii. 1609. 
 
 The best way to avoid nausea is to give it after a meal and to ice the draught. 
 —B.M.J. '10, ii. 1610. 
 
 Often great timidity in giving full doses of the Tincture — 15 minims or 
 more 3 or even 4 times a day. Dr. Frederick Taylor has demonstrated 
 repeatedly how patients who require Digitalis need it in full doses, and that 
 it can then be given in perfect safety, as a rule, provided it is given by itself 
 without other remedies, such as Nux Vomica or Caffeine at the same time. — 
 M.P. '12, i. 488. 
 
 A valuable study, by Professor W. E. Dixon, of the various Digitalis prin- 
 ciples and preparations used in medicine concludes : — Pharmacological and 
 clinical investigations have not made a clear case for the substitution of 
 ' active principles ' for galenical preparations in the treatment of patients ; 
 these active principles are for the most part just as irritant as the infusion 
 or tincture ; they are neither more reliable and constant in action than a 
 properly standardised tinctirre, nor are they absorbed more rapidly ; they 
 have the same tendency to accumulate and are much more expensive ; one 
 advantage certain of them have is that they may be given intravenously 
 without ill-effects.— Q.J.M. '12, v. 297. 
 
 Summary of important contributions on its actions. — E.M.J. '11, ii. 68. 
 
 Dose. — In powder, \ to 2 grains = 0*032 to 0'13 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex, maximuin dose, single, • 2 gramme j daily, 1 • gramme of 
 the Powder. 
 ^ Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 2 granune ; daily, 1 • gramme. 
 
556 DIG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The fresh Infusion is preferred by some to the Tincture. 
 The powdered leaf is ordered in Pills with other ingredients. Ferrous Sulphate 
 is not uncommonly prescribed with the fluid preparation of Digitalis, with a 
 resulting blackening from the tannin of Digitalis ; where this is an objection it 
 can be prevented by the addition of Citric Acid : 6 grains of Citric Acid are 
 sufficient for 1 2 grains of Ferrous Sulphate ; or the powdered drugs can be given 
 in pills. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Ferrous Sulphate, Tincture of Ferric Chloride, prepara- 
 tions of Cinchona, and Lead Acetate. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Digitalis and Tinctura Digitalis. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractum Digitalis, Pilula Digitalis Composita, 
 Pilula Digitalis et Hydrargyri Composita, Pilula Digitalis et Opii Composita, 
 Succus Digitalis, Syi'upus Digitalis, Vinum Digitalis Compositmn, Digitalone, 
 Digalen, and Digitalin (various). 
 
 Antidotes. — -In case of an overdose, a recumbent posture is of paramount 
 importance ; and after the stomach has been emptied, 20 grains of Tannic 
 Acid in hot Water given frequently, or hot strong Tea or Coffee ; stimulants 
 and warmth. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port. (Dedaleira), Puss., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss, and tl.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Digitalis leaves of commerce are 
 probably collected, not only from plants in flower, but from plants of 
 the first year's growth and from shoots formed laterally from the 
 second year's plant after flowering. The leaves accordingly differ in 
 size and shape. The root leaves are broadly ovate, lanceolate, and 
 crenate-serrate, and much larger and wider at the base than the stem 
 leaves, which have shorter stalks and are gradually less ovate and 
 more lanceolate and smaller from the base to the top of the leafy 
 stem. The dimensions given in the B.P., Viz., 10 to 30 cm. long, 
 and 12 to 15 cm. broad, cover all the above forms of leaf. The leaves 
 have a bitter taste, but no distinct odour. The features that distinguish 
 Foxglove leaves from other similar leaves are the lower veins, which 
 are placed at a very acute angle to the base of the mid-rib and are 
 decurrent into the petiole, the faintly areolate (rugose, B.P.) upper 
 surface, and the paler under surface, densely pubescent with short 
 hairs, and reticulated with prominent small veins. Other leaves 
 occasionally found mixed with those of Foxglove differ in the venation 
 and in the character of the hairs, which in Digitalis are of two kinds, 
 viz., 1 to 5-celled simple hairs (mostly 3-5 celled, B.P., and bluntly 
 pointed), with occasionally a glandular head, and short 1 to 2-celled 
 hairs with a single or a twin gland at the apex. 
 
 Hirohashi states that the upper leaves are more active than the 
 lower when the flower buds are formed, and that the flower buds are 
 probably more active than the flowers and that the fruits are as active 
 as the flowers, but that the stem is less so. The cold infusion made 
 with plenty of water takes up the greater part of the active principle, 
 and loses very little of its activity, when evaporated {P.J. (4) xxxvi. 
 p. 557). Digitalis leaves chemically dried over lime retain their 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] DIG- 557 
 
 activity for ten years at least. The B.P. 1914 directs tliem ' to be 
 thoroughly dried at a low temperature, and kept diy, in well filled 
 airtight containers. No part of the leaf should be rejected "when 
 powdered.' 
 
 The powdered leaves are distinguished by the absence of raphides 
 and stone cells, by sinuous epidermal cells with small stomata, the 
 1-5-celled hairs with a more or less warty surface, and short glandular 
 hairs. 
 
 Digitalis leaves soon lose their activity unless kept quite dry ; they 
 can be obtained in commerce with the mid-rib removed and packed 
 dry in hermetically sealed bottles. The tincture would probably be 
 more effective if prepared from the fresh leaves with rectified spirit 
 and then heated to boiling point to prevent changes arising from the 
 action of natural ferments in the leaves, since this takes place in the 
 leaves in the presence of the 12 p.c. of moisture which they absorb 
 after drying, if not enclosed in airtight vessels as soon as dried. The 
 P.G. points out the triangular character of the petiole, and that the 
 upper stem leaves may be sessile. The leaves should be obtained 
 from wild plants. The U.S. P. directs leaves collected from the second 
 year growth at the commencement of flowering, and that stone cells, 
 star-shaped hairs, and Calcium Oxalate crystals should not be present. 
 Continental Digitalis leaves are liable to be adulterated with many 
 other leaves — see Apotheker Zeitung, xxi. pp. 242, 252, 267, 276, 
 where the distinctive features of the probable adulterants are 
 given. 
 
 Dr. Gordon Sharp foimd that leaves collected in November were 
 as active as those collected in August, and therefore plants that 
 had flowered were equally active {P.J. (4) xxxv. p. 132). The best 
 time to collect the leaves is in October and November, when the 
 growth is most active and the shoots from the plants that have flowered 
 and those that have not are both equally developed, and it would be 
 an advantage if this time of year were given in the B.P. as the period 
 for their collection. 
 
 Tests. — The ash of Digitahs varies from 7 to 10 p.c, and should 
 not exceed the latter figure. Neither the B.P., U.S. P. nor P.G. fixes 
 an ash limit ; the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the ash should not exceed 10 p.c. The following test is included 
 in the P.G. : — 10 c.c. of a cooled filtered aqueous extract obtained by 
 treating 1 part of the leaves with 20 parts of boiling Distilled Water, are 
 shaken in a separator during a few minutes with 10 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 5 c.c. each of Ether and Alcohol (90 p.c.) are added, the mixture 
 rotated and the Chloroform-Ether mixture run oft\ filtered through 
 a small filter paper moistened with Chloroform and the fluid evaporated. 
 The residue left on evaporation is dissolved in 3 c.c. of Glacial Acetic 
 Acid, the solution mixed with 1 drop of Diluted Ferric Chloride 
 Solution (1 in 20) and underlayed in a narrow test-tube with Sulphuric 
 Acid ; a brownish-red surmoimted by a bluish-green zone will form at 
 the junction between the two liquids. 
 
558 DIG [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The more or less definite principles contained in Digitalis may be arranged 
 as follows : — 
 
 (a) Digitonin. — A crystallisable body occurring as fine wliite needles 
 grouped in warts, and resembling Saponin, constituting the 
 larger part of the glucosidal constituents. It softens at 225° C. 
 (437-0° F.), and melts completely at 235° C. (455 •0°F.). The 
 aqueous solution is Isevorotatory and froths when shaken. It is 
 precipitated by Tannin, Ammoniacal Lead Acetate, and Barium 
 Hydroxide Solution. Sparingly soluble in Water, almost insoluble 
 in cold Alcohol, Ether, Benzol, or Chloroform. It yields no 
 coloration with cold concentrated Sulphuric Acid, nor with 
 concentrated Hydrochloric Acid. On warming with concen- 
 trated Sulphuric Acid it gives a pomegranate-red colour 
 changing to blue. It yields no coloration with the Sulphuric 
 Acid and Ferric Sulphate test. It has none of the physiological 
 action peculiar to Digitalis, and in other respects is directly 
 injurious. 
 
 (6) Digitalein. — An amorphous glucoside (possibly a mixture). Soluble 
 in Water and in Alcohol, insoluble in Ether or Chloroform. Its 
 action on the heart is non- cumulative, and it causes no irritation 
 when subcutaneously injected. 
 
 (c) Digitalin. — A white amorphous powder or soft white grains which 
 
 remains luiehanged when heated to 200° C. (392*0" F.), begins 
 to aggregate at 210° C. (410-0° F.), and melts about 217" C. 
 (422-0° F.). It is soluble in Alcohol, almost insoluble in Water, 
 sparingly soluble in Ether or Chloroform. It dissolves in concen- 
 trated Hydrochloric or Sulphuric Acid with golden yellow colour, 
 the colour in the latter instance changing rapidly to a blood-red. 
 On adding to the solution whilst still yellow a drop of either 
 Nitric Acid, Ferric Chloride, or Bromine Water, a brilliant purple 
 coloration is produced. Sulphioric Acid containing Ferric Sulphate 
 gives immediately a bluish tint, changing to a more or less intense 
 permanent red colom:. At first a bluish-violet colour changing 
 to brown is produced on adding a small particle of Digitalin to a 
 warm solution of - 5 gramme of Selenous Oxide in 100 grammes 
 of Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Possesses in a high degree the medicinal action of Digitalis. 
 
 (d) Digitoxin. — ^Pearly plates or needles melting when hydrated at 
 
 145° to 150° C. (293° to 302° F.); when anhydrous at 240° C. 
 "(464° F.). Fr. Codex (1908) gives 243° C, (469-4° F.). Insoluble 
 in Water, soluble in Absolute Alcohol, less readily in Alcohol 
 (90p.c.); soluble in Chloroform, very sparingly in Ether. It 
 does not give the colour reaction of Digitalin with strong Sulphuric 
 Acid. It yields a yellow or greenish coloration when warmed 
 with strong Hydrochloric Acid. If 0-001 gramme be dissolved 
 in 5 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid, and treated with a few drops of 
 a 1 in 20 Ferric Chloride Solution, and floated on an equal volume 
 of strong Sulphuric Acid, a dull green colour appears at first. 
 The upper layer soon acquires a brownish-red coloration, sur- 
 mounted by a broad deep brownish-green band, the colour quickly 
 changing to deep indigo -blue. This reaction is known as 
 Keller's reaction. The Fr. Codex gives the following test : If 
 weighed quantities of about 0-005 gramme of Ferric Sulphate be 
 dissolved separately in 2 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid and in 2 c.c. 
 of concentrated Sulphviric Acid, then if the Acetic Acid Solution 
 of the Iron salt, previously mixed with a trace of Digitoxin, be 
 poured gently on to the surface of the Sulphuric Acid containing 
 the Iron salt in such a manner that the two liquids do not mix, 
 at the point of contact of the two liquids there is developed a 
 brown-coloured zone, the colovu" changing to green and then to 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] DIG 559 
 
 indigo -blue, and after half an hour the Acetic Acid is coloui'ed 
 entirely blue. This characteristic reaction for Digitoxin was 
 given in the Seventeenth Edition of Squire's Companion as follows : 
 When dissolved in Acetic Acid to which has been added 1 p.c. 
 by volume of a solution containing 5 p.c. of Ferric Sulphate, and 
 Sulphuric Acid containing the sanae quantity of Ferric Sulphate is 
 poured into the tube so as to form a layer beneath it, a blue 
 coloiu- is gradually developed in the Acetic Acid, whilst the 
 Sulphiiric Acid remains colourless ; this coloration in the Acetic 
 Acid is not produced by any other of these compoxinds. This 
 test is loiown as ' Kiliani's.' 
 
 Digitoxin should suffer no appreciable loss in weight when 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating the absence of Water. It 
 should dissolve completely in Chloroform. It should leave no 
 appreciable residue on ignition, indicating the absence of mineral 
 matter. 
 
 The most toxic of all the constituents, but uncertain, cumulative, 
 and dangerous in its action. 
 
 (e) Digitin. — A crystalline body, physiologically inert, difficultly soluble 
 in Water, more readily in Alcohol, insoluble in Ether or Chloroform. 
 It dissolves in concentrated Sulphuric Acid with brownish- 
 yellow colour, which becomes pvu-ple-red on exposui'e to air, the 
 addition of V/ater tvu-ning the coloiu- to green. It is insoluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid, but dissolves in Nitric Acid without coloration. 
 It does not reduce Fehling's Solution until after boiling with 
 diluted acid. 
 
 (/) Gitalin. — A colourless, amorphous, neutral glucoside, isolated from 
 Digitalis leaves. It has a melting point of 150° to 155° C. (302° 
 to 311° F.). It dissolves 1 in 600 parts by weight of Water, but 
 less readily in hot Water. It dissolves in Alcohol, Ether and 
 Chloroform, but is insoluble in Petroleum Ether. It yields a 
 permanent violet colour with the Sulphuiic Acid and Ferric 
 Sulphate test. When dissolved at ordinary temperatures in 
 1 • 5 parts by weight of Alcohol it yields Gitalin Hydrate on the 
 addition of 0-75 part by weight of Water, and shaking the 
 mixture. Gitalin Hydrate is a ciystalline Hydrate, melting at 
 75° C. (167° F.), soluble in 3000 parts by weight of Water, and 
 is reconverted mto the anhydrous condition by drying over 
 Sulphuric Acid. With the Glacial Acetic Acid and Sulphuric Acid 
 test of Keller, Gitalin gives an indigo-blue coloLirwith the Glacial 
 Acetic Acid and a violet ring at the junction of the two fluids. 
 
 io) Gitin. — A crystalline glucoside obtained from Digitalis leaves. It 
 occurs as long coloiu'less needles, soluble in 250 parts by weight 
 of boiling Methyl Alcohol or 120 parts by weight of boiling 
 Alcohol, but insoluble in Water or Chloroform. It melts with 
 decomposition at 265° C. (509° F.). It is physiologically inactive. 
 
 (/;) Digitophyllin. — Occurs as pearly prismatic or tabular crystals, 
 having a melting point of 230° to 232° C. (446° to 449-6° F.) with 
 decomposition. A brown-colovured zone is developed at the point 
 of contact between the two liquids, the colour changing to green 
 and then to indigo -blue, and after half an hour the Acetic Acid 
 layer is coloured entirely blue, when tested by Kiliani's test. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM DIGITALIS. Infusion of Digitalis. 
 Digitalis Leaves, in No. 20 powder, 61J grains ; boiling Distilled 
 Water, 20 fl. oz. Infuse fifteen minutes ; strain. 
 The metric figures are 7 to 1000. 
 
560 DIG- [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 4fl. drm. = 7-1 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 1 fl. oz. represents 3 grains of Leaves. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Port, and Span., 1 in 200 ; 
 Ital. and Swed., 1 in 100 ; U.S., with Cinnamon, 3 in 200. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Infusum. Digitalis Concentratum. — ^Digitalis Leaves, in No. 20 powder, 
 5-5; Alcohol (OOp.c), 20; Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000), q.s. to 
 make 100. Prepare by macero -expression. Dose, 15 to 30 minims. — Farr 
 and Wright, P.J. '06, i. 165, and '07, i. 622 ; CD. '06, i. 252 ; Y.B.P. '07, 249. 
 
 TINCTURA DIGITALIS. Tincture of Digitalis. (Altered.) 
 
 2 of Digitalis Leaves, in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), to yield 20. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The proportions in B.P. 1898 were 1 in 8 ; they are now 1 in 10 ; the 
 Alcohol has been altered from Alcohol (60 p.c.) to Alcohol (70 p.c.) in agree- 
 ment with Brussels Conference. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0"3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Fr. Codex, maximum dose, single, 1 • 5 grammes ; daily, 5 grammes. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 • 5 grammes ; daily, 5 • grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10 ; Jap. and 
 Span., 1 and 10 ; Port., 1 in 5. Also Port, and Span., 1 fresh Leaves, 
 1 Spirit ; Span., with Ether, 1 dried Leaves in 5 ; Dan. and Port., with 
 Spirit of Ether, 1 dried Leaves in 10 ; Mex., Seeds 1 in 5 ; also Ethereal 
 Tincture 1 and 5. All by weight except U.S. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to a strength of 10 p.c. prepared by percola- 
 tion with Alcohol (70 p.c). Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw., 
 Russ., Swed. and Swiss adopt this. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Digitalis pos.sesses a specific gravity of about 
 0*896 ; it contains about 2 '5 2).c. w/v of total solids, and about 69 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 The following process has been suggested {P.J. '12, ii. 778 ; Y.B.P. 
 '13, 117) for the colorimetric determination of the Tincture : — A 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Tincture is mixed with 10 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, precipitated with a 10 p.c. neutral Lead Acetate 
 Solution (about 3 c.c), a little Kieselguhr added, the mixture allowed 
 to stand for a quarter of an hour, filtered off on the pump, and the 
 precipitate slightly washed. The excess of Lead is removed from 
 the filtrate with about 2 c.c. of a 10 p.c. Sodium Phosphate Solution, 
 and the precipitate filtered off. A little Calcimn Carbonate (about 
 0*2 gramme) is added to the filtrate, and evaporated to dryness on 
 a water-bath. About 2 grammes of dry washed sand is added to the 
 residue and extracted with Chloroform for five times, using about 
 10 c.c. on each occasion. The chloroformic solutions are separated, 
 filtered and evaporated, and the residue extracted with warm Distilled 
 Water on a water-bath, using 10 c.c. and 5 c.c, and again employing 
 sand. The solutions are filtered, evaporated to dryness in a porcelain 
 basin, the residue again extracted with cold Chloroform, using 3 or 
 4 quantities each of 5 c.c, employing dry sand and triturating thoroughly 
 with a small pestle, and filtered. The combined chloroformic solutions 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] DIG 561 
 
 arc evaporated, and tlie residue dissolved in 4 c.c. of Glacial Acetic 
 Acid. O'l c.c. of this Acetic Acid Solution is mixed with 1 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Ammonium Molybdate reagent in a (5 by 1 cm.) test-tube, 
 and after 5 minutes the depth of the colour is compared with the 
 scale. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS {U.S.).— A 1 in 1 fluid extract 
 prepared by exhausting the Leaves with Alcohol (49 p. c). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 minims = 0-06 to 0- 12 ml. 
 
 Official in Dan. and Mex. 
 
 Extractum Digitalis {U.S.) is the Fluid Extract evaporated (not 
 exceeding 50° C.) to a pill consistence. Extrait de Digitale {Fr.), the 
 dried leaves treated with Alcohol (70 p.c.) and evaporated. 
 
 PILULA DIGITALIS COMPOSITA {St. Thomas's).— DigitaUs Leaves, 
 in powder, 1 grain ; Squill, in powder, 1 grain ; Mercury Pill, 1 grain. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.G., with the syn. Guy's Pills, 
 and a note that Baillie's or Gilmour's Pills contain twice as mucii 
 Squill. 
 
 PILULA DIGITALIS COMPOSITA (Baillie's Pill) {St. George's).— 
 Digitalis Powder, J grain ; Squill, 1 grain ; Mercury Pill, 2 grains ; in one 
 pill. 
 
 PILULA DIGITALIS ET HYDRARGYRI COMPOSITA {St. Bartholo- 
 mew's). — Mercurial Pill, 1 grain ; Powdered Digitahs, 1 grain ; Powdered 
 Squill, 1 grain ; Extract of Henbane, 2 grains. 
 
 PILULA DIGITALIS ET OPIl COMPOSITA (Heim's Pill) {Pharm. 
 Form.). — Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Digitalis, in powder, J grain ; Opium, 
 in powder, J grain ; Ipecacuanha, in powder, ■} grain ; Glycerin of Traga- 
 canth, q.s. 
 
 SUCCUS DIGITALIS.— The Expressed Juice, 3; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1. 
 This preparation may be given for a longer period than the Tincture 
 without causing nausea. 
 
 Dose. — ^5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 0-6 ml. 
 
 SYRUPUS DIGITALIS (Be^g-. and Fr.).— Tincture of Digitalis, 1 ; Simple 
 Syrup, 19 ; by weight. 
 
 VINUM DIGITALIS COMPOSITUM (Vin de IHotelDieu; Vin de 
 Trousseau). — Digitalis Leaves, in No. 40 powder, 5 ; Squill, 7 • 5 ; Juniper 
 Fruit, 75 ; Alcohol, 100 ; White Wine, 900 ; Potassium Acetate, 50. — Belg. 
 and Fr. 
 
 Ital. the same except Juniper Fruit, 7 "5. 
 
 Alcoholic Extract, 2 ; Water, 360 ; Sugar, 640. — Span. 
 
 DIGITALONE. — A physiologically standardised Solution of Digitalis, 
 containing Chloretone as a preservative. 
 
 Dose. — By hypodermic injection 8 to 15 minims = 0*5 to 1 ml. ; 15 to 
 30 minims = 1 to 2 ml. by the mouth. 
 
 DIGALEN.— Stated {B.M.J. '09, i. 1243) to be a solution of an amorphous 
 soluble Digitoxin prepared from Digitalis, possessing the same elementary 
 composition as crystalline Digitoxin. Suitable for administration by the 
 mouth or )iy enema, as well as by hypodermic or iiitravenous injection. 
 
 DIGITAL! N. — Under this name four distinct varieties are known. All 
 four of them are soluble in Alcohol. 
 
562 DUB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 1. Digitalin Amoi'phous (Honiolle). — A white or yellowish-white 
 
 amorphous bitter powder. Soluble in Chloroform, sUghtly soluble 
 in Water. Stated to consist mainly of Digitalin with some Digitoxin. 
 Now omitted from Fr. Codex. 
 
 Dose.— 0-00065 to 0-0016 gramme = ^^ to ^V grain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Poi't. and Span. ; formerly in 
 Brit. 
 
 2. Digitalin Crystallised (Nativelle). — Fine wliite needles, insoluble 
 
 in Water, Ether, or Benzene; soluble in Alcohol (90p.c.) and in 
 Chloroform. It is stated to consist almost entirely of Digitoxin, 
 and is cumulative in its action. 
 
 Dose.— 0-00027 to 0-00065 gramme = ^|^ to j^^ grain. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and Span. 
 
 Fr. Codex, Digitaline Crystallisee. Digitoxine. — Anhydrous 
 crystals insoluble in Water, but soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), readily soluble 
 in Chloroform. 
 
 Maximum dose, single, 0-0003 gramme = i^hs grain ; daily, 0*001 gramme 
 = 5^ grain. 
 
 Granules de Digitaline Cristallisee {Fr. Codex) contains ^g milli- 
 gramme in each granule. Solute de Digitaline Cristallisee au Milli^me 
 contains one milligramme to each gramme. 
 
 Siviss, Digitoxinum, a white, crystalline, odourless powder with a 
 bitter taste, insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Chloro- 
 form. Stviss maximum dose same as Fr. Codex. 
 
 3. Digitalin German. — Amorphous ; consists principally of Digitalein 
 
 with some Digitonin and Digitalin. Readily soluble in Water, 
 almost insoluble in Chloroform. 
 
 Dose.— 0- 0032 to 0- 016 gramme = ^V to i grain. 
 •4. Digitalin Verum. — Kiliani stated that the DigitaUn of Schmiedeberg 
 is one of the best forms in which to administer DigitaUs, and to 
 distinguish it he applies the name Digitalin Verum. It possesses 
 all the medicinal activity in regard to the action of Digitalis upon 
 the heart ; it is non-cumulative in its action ; the dose is ^ nailli- 
 gramme (^^^ grain) every 2 or 3 hours ; it is soluble about 1 in 
 1000 of Water, about 1 in 100 of Alcohol (50 p.c). The aqueous 
 solution froths upon being shaken, and is remarkably prone to 
 become mouldy. 
 
 Not Official. 
 DUBOISIA MYOPOROIDES. 
 
 A plant indigenous to N.S. Wales and Queensland ; it has been classed 
 in the order Solanaccce. 
 
 Ringer's experiinents show that the physiological action of the extract 
 is apparently identical with that of Atropine. Tweedy has used it as an 
 application to the eye in all cases in which Atropine is indicated. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Span. 
 
 The name Duboisine represents a variable product obtained from this 
 plant. Pseudo-hyoscyamine from Duboisia myoporoides, R.Br., isomeric 
 with Atropine and Hyoscyamine, has been described by Merck. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 Duboisine Sulphate is an amorphous hygroscopic powder, soluble in 
 Water, consisting of an indefinite mixture of Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine 
 Sulphates, and the Sulphates of other bases. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] DUG 563 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 DUGONG OIL. 
 
 An Oil obtained in Australia from Halicorc Dugong, Daub., by boiling the 
 superficial fat. A substitute for Cod-Liver Oil, recommended at one time 
 {P.J. (3) iii. 3, 100) as not being disagreeable in taste, but it does not possess 
 this character now. 
 
 Not Official. 
 DULCAMARA. 
 
 The dried young Branches of Solanum Dulcamara (Bitter-sweet), from 
 indigenous plants wliich have shed their leaves. 
 
 Fresh specimens have been found (CD. '02, ii. 313 ; Y.B.P. '02, 491) to 
 contain two alkaloids (Solanine and Solanidine), a glucoside (Solanein), and 
 a bitter principle (Dulcamarin) of a glucosidal nature yielding on hydrolysis 
 Dulcamaretin and Glucose. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Alterative and sedative. Used in cutaneous 
 eruptions, chiefly of a scaly nature, as psoriasis and pityriasis, a decoction 
 being applied externally, at the same time tliat it is used internally. 
 
 An alkaloid Solanine obtained from Solanum nigrum, S. Dulcamara 
 and S. tuberosum (Potato plant), has been recommended as an analgesic. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Fr. (Douce-amere), 
 Mex., Port. (Doce-amarga) and Span. Not in the others. 
 
 EXTRACTUM DULCA!ViAR>E FLUIDUM {U.S.P. 1890).— 1 fl. oz. 
 equals 1 oz. Dulcamara. Prepared with diluted Alcohol. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-0 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 A solid Extractum Dulcamarse is official in Austr., Fr. and Mex. 
 
 INFUSUM DULCAMAR/E.— Dulcamara, 1 ; boiling Water, 10. Infuse 
 1 hour. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. 1 in 50. 
 
 Not Official. 
 E L A T E R I U M . 
 
 ELATERIUM. 
 
 Fr., Elaterion ; Ger., Elaterium ; Ital., Elaterio ; Span., Elaterio. 
 
 A sediment from the juice of the Fruit of Ecballium Elaterium 
 ' Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 " It contains from 20 to 40 p.c. of a mixture of Alpha-Elaterin and Beta- 
 Elaterin, to which the medicinal activity of the drug is due. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The most powerful hydragogue cathartic, only 
 used in special cases. Employed in cardiac or renal dropsy and in cerebral 
 congestion. 
 
 Dose. — j\f to i grain = • 006 to ■ 032 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — On account of the similarity in name to the active 
 principle, care m,ust be exercised to avoid confusion. 
 
 Antidotes. — The same as for Croton Oil (q.v. p. 537). 
 
564 KLA [Solids by V/eight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Elaterio; Porfc., Ex- 
 tracto do Pepinos de S. Gregorio. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes — ^Two forms of Elaterium are met with in commerce, 
 viz., English and Maltese. 
 
 The English form is very brittle, and consequently is usually met with 
 in thin flakes or fragments | inch to ^ inch in width ; the colour when fresh 
 is green, soon becoming gi-eyish, and when kept long or not kept dry it turns 
 yellowish-grey. The Maltese occurs in square cakes or tablets about 1 inch 
 in diameter and rather more than ^^^ inch in thickness, of a greenish-grey 
 colour ; it sometimes contains Starch and Calcium Carbonate, and yields 
 about 27 p.c. of Elaterin. 
 
 Tests. — Elaterium should yield no marked effervescence on the addition 
 of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of more than traces of Carbonates. 
 When boiled with Water, cooled, and tested with Iodine Solution no decided 
 blue coloration should be produced, indicating the absence of more than a 
 trace of Starch. It should yield 50 p.c. of its weight to boiling Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), and when exhausted successively with Chloroform and Ether and 
 the process repeated, should yield not less than 20 p.c. of Elaterin. Good 
 specimens of Elateriima yield from 30 to 40 p.c of Elaterin. 
 
 ELATERINUM.— Elaterin (C,(,H.,80J, eq. 348-224, occurs in small 
 hexagonal scales or tables. 
 
 It is the active principle of Elaterium, and consists of a mixture of Alpha- 
 and Beta-Elaterin. 
 
 The crystalline product known as Elaterin has been shown {J.G.S. Trans. 
 '09, 1985) to be a mixture of 60 to 80 p.c. of a substance which is completely 
 devoid of purgative action and which is Isevorotatory, and of a substance 
 possessing strong purgative properties and wliich is dextrorotatory. It 
 was proposed to designate the predominating constituent of crude Elaterin, 
 which is laevorotatory, as Alpha-Elaterin, and the physiologically active, 
 dextrorotatory constituent as Beta-Elaterin. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water ; sparingly in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 
 12 of Chloroform. 
 
 A recent figure obtained for Alcohol (90 p.c.) was 1 in 1100. 
 
 Dose.— Jjf to jij grain = 0-00 10 to 0' 0065 gramme. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Elaterin should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus. A 
 crimson colour rapidly changing to scarlet is produced on the addition of 
 Sulphuric Acid to a solution of Elaterin in melted Phenol. Sulphuric Acid 
 colours it yellow, the colour gradually changing to scarlet. A crystal evapo- 
 rated to dryness with a little Hydrochloric Acid leaves a residue, which, 
 when washed with hot Water and subsequently treated with Sulphuric Acid, 
 produces a brownish-red colour. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are alkaloids and mineral matter. 
 If 0"1 gramme of Elaterin be shaken with a mixture of 9 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and filtered, then separate 
 portions of the filtrate should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition 
 of either Potassio -Mercuric Iodide Solution or Iodine Test-Solution, indicating 
 the absence of alkaloids. It should leave no weighable residue on ignition, 
 indicating a hmit of mineral matter. 
 
 PULVIS ELATERINI COM POSIT US.— Elaterin, 1 ; Milk Sugar, 39. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = 0-06 to 0*24 gramme. 
 
 Trituratio Elaterini is Official in U.S. — Elaterin, 1 ; Milk Sugar, 9. 
 
 PILULA ELATERII COMPOSITA {St. Bartholomew'' s).—E\&tevixixa, \ 
 grain ; Compoimd Extract of Colocynth, 2 grains ; Calomel, 1 J grains ; 
 Capsicum, ^ grain ; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. 
 
 Dose. — 1 or 2 pills. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ELE 665 
 
 Not Official. 
 ELEML 
 
 A concrete, resinous exudation, the botanical source of which is undeter- 
 mined, but is sometimes referred to Canarium commune, L. It has later 
 been attributed to Canarium Luzonicum, Miq. 
 
 It is imported from Manila. When of good quality it is pale yellow of 
 the consistence of stiff Honey, and has a Fennel-like odour. 
 
 Solubility. — The greater part is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; wholly 
 soluble in Ether. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Max. 
 (Go ma de Limon), Port., Span, and Swiss. Not in the others. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ELEMI {B.P. 1885).— Elemi,* 1 ; Spermaceti Ointment, 
 4; melt, strain, and stir till cold. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Foreign Pharm.aeopceias. — Official in Mex., Span, and Swiss, 1 of 
 Elemi and 1 of Turpentine in 4 of Ointment ; Dutch, 3 of Elemi, 2 of Turpen- 
 tine, in 10 of Ointment ; Port., 2 of Elemi and 1 of Turpentine in 10. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 EMBELIA. 
 
 EMBELIA. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Friiit of Emhelia Rihes, Burm. 1, and of Emhelia rohusta, 
 Roxb. 
 
 They were Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern 
 Colonies, and are now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 The powdered Seeds are used in India for tapeworm. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 240 grains = 4 to 16 grammes, 
 
 Not Official. — Aciduni Embelicum, Ammonii Embelas. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Embelia fruits may consist of eitlier or both 
 of two species, viz., Embelia Rihes, Burm., or Embelia robusta, Roxb. 
 
 As a matter of fact, Embelia robusta is the species usually met 
 with in commerce. The fruit is globular of a dull reddish- 
 brown colour, often with the calyx and pedicel, about 3 mm. long, 
 attached to it. It is rather smaller than a peppercorn, being about 
 |- in. (4 mm.) in diameter. The outer shell is striated longitudinally 
 from base to apex, where there is a small beak. The seed is horny, 
 dark brown, concave below and dotted over with pale bufi-coloured 
 spots, which exhibit minute crystals when examined under a powerful 
 lens. The white compressed curved embryo enclosed in dark brown 
 horny albumen is visible in transverse section. The fruit of Embelia 
 Rihes more nearly resembles Black Pepper in appearance, and hence 
 is sometimes used in the Indian Bazaar to adulterate Black Pepper, 
 the surface of the shell being not striated but warty. The taste is 
 astringent and slightly aromatic. The description given of the fruit 
 of E. Rihes in works on Materia Medica is usually that belonging to 
 E. robusta ; this may be proved by reference to Herbarium specimens. 
 
566 EMB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACIDUM EMBELICUM.— Obtained from the Seeds. Insoluble in Water. 
 It forms salts with Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium. 
 
 AMMONil EM BEL AS. — A tasteless crystalline salt, in red needles. 
 Dose. — 3 to 6 grains = 0" 2 to 0-4 gramme, in Honey or Simple Syrup. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMBLICA. 
 
 The fruit of Phyllanthus Emblica, L. (Emblic Myrobalans), has been used 
 in Hindu medicine for a long time as a diuretic and laxative. The fresh 
 fruits preserved in Syrup are imported into this country. 
 
 EMPLASTRA. 
 
 PLASTERS. 
 
 The following eight plasters are now Official. — Emplastrura Bella- 
 donuBe,Emplastrum Calefaciens,Eniplastrum Cantliaridini, Emplastrum 
 Hydrargyri, Emplastrum Menthol, Emplastrum Plumbi, Emplastrum 
 Resinte, Emplastrum Saponis. 
 
 Emplastrum Cantharidis is replaced by Emplastrum Cantliaridini, 
 but the strength remains about the same ; Emplastrum Calefaciens 
 has been altered in composition ; Emplastrum Belladonna has been 
 altered in strength. 
 
 The following are now omitted, Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum 
 Hydrargyro, Emplastrum Opii, Emplastrum Plumbi lodidi. 
 
 The B.P. Appendix notifies that in tropical and subtropical parts of 
 the Empire, more or less Hard Soap, Resin, or Yellow Beeswax, may 
 be employed in the preparation of the Official Plasters when necessary, 
 to obtain the proper consistence, but the proportion of active ingredient 
 must remain the same. 
 
 The Appendix also notifies that in India, and in the Eastern, African, 
 Australasian and North American Divisions of the Empire, Arachis 
 Oil or Sesame Oil, but no other oil or fat, may be employed in making 
 the OiTjoial Plasters for which Olive Oil is ordered. 
 
 Not Official. 
 EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 
 The Hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtained from Ejihedra vulgaris, L., or 
 E. Helvetica, C. A. Mey. 
 
 Mydriatic in 5 p.c. Solution. 
 
 The addition to it of 1 p.c. of Homatropine Hydrochloride enhances its 
 action, and the mixture, which is supplied vmder the name ' Mydrine,' is 
 a white powder readily soluble in Water ; a 10 p.c. aqueous solution dilates 
 the pupil moderately within a few minutes, without affecting the accommoda- 
 tion, and its effects pass away in two to four hours. It is useful in diagnostic 
 examinations. 
 
[Solids by Weig-ht; Liquids by Measure.] ERG 567 
 
 ERGOTA. 
 
 ERGOT. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Ergot of Rye. 
 
 Fr., Ergot de Seigle ; Ger., Mutthrkorn ; Ital., Segala Cornuta ; 
 Span., Cornezuelo de Centeno. 
 
 Tlie sclerotiiim of Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne, originating in the 
 ovary of Secale cereale, L. 
 
 Ergot is common on grasses, and if it occurs in the pastures where 
 cattle feed, it is said to occasion dry gangrene, causing them to lose 
 their hoofs and horns. 
 
 The suggestion that in view of the present possibilities of testing 
 the therapeutic eflBiciency of the Ergots of other grasses it might be 
 advisable to make other alien Ergots Official has not been adopted by 
 the B.P. 
 
 The drug should be stored whole, should be well dried, and kept 
 in carefully dried airtight vessels, 
 
 Fr. orders it to be preserved in well-dried and well -stoppered bottles in 
 which are placed from time to time a few drops of Chloroform to prevent the 
 attack of insects. P.G. directs that Ergot should be dried over Caustic 
 Lime and kept in well-closed vessels, and should never be stored in the 
 powdered condition. U.S. P. Ergot should be moderately dried and not 
 exposed to a damp atmosphere. All three and B.P. 1914 agree, as does also 
 Fr. Codex, that it should not be kept longer than one year. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed that Ergot should not be more than one 
 year old, and kept whole. 
 
 The two principal varieties of Ergot are Spanish and Russian. 
 They contain respectively about 0*2 and 0*25 p.c. of Ergotinine, 
 and although the former contains somewhat less Ergotinine than 
 the latter, it is usually considered the best. Ergot yields its virtues 
 to Water and to Alcohol. 
 
 Ergot contains, in addition to the crystalhne alkaloid Ergotinine 
 discovered by Tanret, a second alkaloid Ergotoxine discovered by 
 Barger and Carr of the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories, 
 and described bv them at the British Association meeting at York 
 in 1906 {C.N. '06, 89 ; B.M.J. '06, ii. 1792). The latter alkaloid, 
 although itself amorphous, forms a number of crystalline salts. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Ecbolic ; used in obstetric practice te 
 contract the uterus, assist expulsion of placenta, and prevent 
 or stop post-partum haemorrhage. Employed in uterine haemor- 
 rhage from other causes, such as fibroid turnxour ; and in sub- 
 involution of the uterus. Efficacious in acute myelitis and in 
 paraplegia of inflammatory origin ; in night sweats of phthisis. 
 Deep intramuscular injection gives most rapid action in critical 
 cases. Injections are valuable in preventing and in treating surgical 
 shock. Should never be used for pulmonary or cerebral haemorrhage. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 grains = 1 to 4 grammes. 
 
668 ERG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — The unpleasant taste oj the preparations oj Ergot 
 is improved hy Tincture oj Orange and Chloroform Water, or better by Tincture 
 of Orange and Cinnamon Water. The Infusion and Hypodermic Injection 
 should be made fresh as required. When the extract is ordered in pills. Powdered 
 Liquorice Root added q.s. makes a good pill. 
 
 The prescriber has three fluid extracts to choose from : {\) B.P., which is 
 exhausted by cold Water ; (2) U.S. P., by diluted Alcohol mixed with Acetic 
 Acid ; (3) Liquor Ergotce Ammoniatus (not Official) by Ammoniated diluted 
 Alcohol. The Official Tinctura Ergotce Ammoniata is similar to the last, but 
 much weaker. 
 
 It is often desired to give Iron with Ergot, which produces an unsightly ink- 
 like mixture and a precipitate. This can be avoided by adding 6 grains of 
 Citric Acid to 1 fl. drm. of Tincture of Perchloride of Iron. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Astringents, metallic salts. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Ergotse, Extractvun Ergotae Liqui- 
 dum, Infusum Ergotse, Tinctura Ergotse Ammoniata. Injectio Ergotse 
 Hypodermica is made with Extractum Ergotse. 
 
 Not Official. — Discs of Ergotin, Extractum Ergotse (U.S.), Fluid- 
 extractum Ergotse (U.S.), Liquor Ergotse Ammoniatus, Mistvvra Ergotse, 
 Mistura Ergotse Ammoniata,. Mistiira Ergotae et Feri'i, Pilula Ergotini, 
 Tinctura Ergotse, Vinum Ergotse, Acidiun Scleroticum, Cornutine Citrate, 
 Ergotinine, Ergot Aseptic, Ergotoxine, Ernutin, Ergamine, and Tyramine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss (Secale Cornutum) ; Fr. 
 (Ergot de Seigle) ; Ital. (Segala Cornuta) ; Mex. (Cuernecillo de 
 Centeno) ; Port. (Cravagem de Centeio) ; Span. (Cornezuelo de 
 Centeno) ; U.S. (Ergota). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Ergot is tlie compact horny mycelimn or 
 spawn of the small fungus, Claviceps 'purpurea, Tulasne, and is deve- 
 loped on, and takes the place of, the growing ovary of the rye plant. 
 The fungus itself resembles a minute mushroom in shape, without 
 gills, but with cavities containing ascospores, in its cap or head. It 
 cannot be developed from the Ergot of commerce, the vitality of wliich 
 is destroyed by drying, but can readily be grown on damp sand in 
 spring from the mature but undried Ergot. As met with in commerce 
 Ergot may vary in size according to the variety, but averages about 
 i- to I of an inch (12 to 19 mm.) and 1 to 2 lines in diameter. The 
 official description limits it to 1 to 4 cm. in length, but does not give 
 the diameter, wliich varies fi'om ^ to 4 lines. There are three principal 
 varieties in commerce, viz., Spanish, German or Austrian, and Russian, 
 and occasionally a variety from the Canary Islands. The Spanish 
 is the largest and most highly priced, the German comes next in size, 
 and then the Russian, the Canary kind containing a larger number 
 of small specimens than the Russian. English Ergot is not known 
 in retail commerce ; it is probably mixed with the foreign drug in 
 this country, being separated from the cereal by millers. The activity 
 of Ergot appears to depend more upon the method of preservation 
 than upon the particular variety employed, although it is stated that 
 the Ergot from South Russia, which is rather small, is more active 
 than the larger kind from Siberia {P.J. (4) xxvi. p. 247). 
 
 It should be hard and dry. It is longitudinally furrowed on each 
 side, violet-black externally, and pinkish-white within, with a short 
 fracture often irregularly cracked. Specimens that are flexible have 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ERG- 569 
 
 a mouldy odour, and are mucli cracked, usually due to exposure to 
 damp before drying, or are infested with powder-like mites, should be 
 rejected. If dried over lime or in a current of warm air, and kept in 
 stoppered bottles from which air is excluded by Vaseline around the 
 stoppers, it will keep good for some months, but should only be 
 powdered when required for use. It should not be kept longer than 
 a year {P.G. and U.S. P.), and should not give off an ammoniacal or 
 rancid odour when boiling Water is pom'ed over it {P.G.). 
 
 Tests. — Ergot possesses a peculiar and disagreeable odour, and if 
 it be reduced to powder and the powder be moistened with Potassimn 
 Hydi-oxide Solution, this odour is intensified. Good Ergot leaves from 
 3 to 5 p.c. of ash. The B.P. does not fix an ash limit. Six samples 
 examined in the author's laboratory left from 2*15 to 2 '96 p.c, 
 with an average of 2 "75 p.c. of ash on incineration. The cold Water 
 extract varied from 11-04 to 13*4: p.c, with an average of 12*3 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM ERGOT^E. Extract op Ergot. (Altered.) 
 
 loo of crushed Ergot macerated with 500 of Water for 12 hours ; 
 
 strain ; repeat the maceration with 250 of Water, strain, press and 
 
 mix; evaporate to 50; add 65 of Alcohol (90 p.c), set aside for three 
 
 days with occasional stirring ; filter and evaporate to a soft extract. 
 
 This process approaches more nearlj^ to that of B.P. 1885, and Fr. and 
 Ger. It is very different to that of B.P. 189S. 
 
 It has been pointed out ( Y.B.P. '13, 510) that the ideal extract for obtaining 
 the full proportion of Ergotoxine from a given Ergot, and for retaining it in 
 solution, should be made with moderately dilute Alcohol, acidified with a 
 feebly dissociated acid, such as Acetic, Tartaric or Piiosphoric Acid. The 
 Fluidextractum Ergotae of the U.S. P. is prepared with a mixture of Diluted 
 Alcohol and Acetic Acid. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0-13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 The corresponding preparation to this in B.P. 1885 Ergotinum, was pre- 
 pared by evaporating 1 of Liquid Extract of Ergot to a Syrup, and when cold, 
 adding 1 of Rectified Spirit ; after half an hour it is filtered and evaporated 
 to a soft extract. 
 
 Extractum Ergotae {U.S.). — An alcoholic extract of Ergot treated 
 with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, neutralised with Monohydrated Sodium 
 Carbonate and evaporated, Glycerin being added towards the end of the 
 process. 
 
 Fr., Extrait d'Ergot de Seigle, and Ger., Extractum SecaUs Cornuti, are 
 aqueous extracts of Ergot, evaporated and mixed with Alcohol, allowed to 
 stand, filtered, and evaporated to a soft extract. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Ergotina de Bongean), Norw., Port., Russ., 
 Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 The Brussels Conjerence agreed to prepare a watery extract and make up 
 with Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Ergotinum Bonjean. — An aqueous reddish-brown Extract purified by 
 Alcohol, 1 part Extract = 5 to 6 parts Ergot. Dose. — • 1 to 0-3 gramme 
 = 1^ to 4 J grains. 
 
570 ERQ [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ^ EXTRACTUM ERGOTS LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract ov 
 
 Eruot. N.O.Syn. — Extractum Secalis Cornuti Fluidum. 
 
 Macerate 20 of crushed Ergot in 100 of Distilled Water for 12 hours, 
 strain ; repeat the maceration with a further 50 of Distilled Water and 
 strain, press the marc, strain the fluid, mix it with the other fluid 
 portion and evaporate to 14 ; when cold add 7|- of Alcohol (90 p.c) 
 and after one hour filter. (In practice it is better to allow it to stand 
 for several hoiu's.) (1 in 1.) 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 30 minims = O'G to TS ml. 
 
 60 minims =3*6 ml., is not infrequently prescribed. 
 
 Fluidextractum Ergotae (U.S. P.). — Percolate 100 of Ergot (in No. CO 
 powder) with 2 of Acetic Acid {U.S. P.) mixed with 98 of Alcohol (49 p.c.) ; 
 continue the percolation with Alcohol (49 p.c.) until exhausted ; reserve the 
 first 8.5, evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, dissolve this in the reserved 
 portion and make vip to 100 with Alcohol (49 p.c). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr. (Extractum Fungi Secalis 
 Fluidum) and Ital. The fat is extracted from 100 of Ergot with Petroleum 
 Ether, and after drying the marc, it is percolated with a mixture of Glycerin 
 5, Alcohol 20, Water 20, to produce 100 ; Belg., Dan., Ger., Swed. and 
 Russ., Extract with Hydrochloric Acid and dilute Alcohol; Dutch, with 
 dilute Alcohol and Tartaric Acid ; Fr., exhausted with Water, and Tartaric 
 Acid ; Hung., with Spirituous Cinnamon Water and Glycerin ; Jap., with a 
 m-ixture of Alcohol 2, Water 8.; Mex. (Extracto Fluido de Curnecillo 
 de Centeno), with Acetic Acid and dilute Alcohol; Norw., Swiss and U.S. 
 percolated with dilute Alcohol acidified with Acetic Acid. Not in the others. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agTeed that the strength should be 100 p.c 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Ergot has a specific gravity of about 
 1*023, it contains about 16 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 34 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 INFUSUM ERGOTiE. Infusion of Ergot. 
 
 Infuse 1 of freshly-crushed Ergot with 20 of boiling Distilled Water 
 for 15 minutes and strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Used also as an injection for gleet. 
 
 INJECTIO ERGOTiE HYPODERMIC A. Hypodermic Injection 
 OP Ergot. (Modified.) 
 
 Extract of Ergot, 33 ; Phenol, 1 ; recently boiled and cooled Distilled 
 V/ater, q.s. to yield 100. (1 in 3.) 
 
 Same strength as before, bvit the process has been modified as suggested 
 in previous editions of the Companion. 
 
 The Extract of Ergot and Phenol are now dissolved in the recently boiled 
 and cooled Distilled Water. 
 
 Dose, hy subcutaneous injection. — 5 to 10 minims = 0'3 to 0'6 ml. 
 
 This injection should be recently prepared. 3^ minims = 1 grain of 
 Extract of Ergot. 
 
 foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. (Soluto de Ergotino com 
 Glycerine), Ergotin 1, Glycerin 4, Water 5 ; all by weight ; Span. (Inyeccion 
 Hipodermica de Ergotin a), Ergotin 1 gramme. Glycerin 2 grammes. 
 Water, q.s. to 10 c.c. Mex. and Span, have Injection Ergotinine. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ERG 571 
 
 TINCTURA ERGOTS AMMONIATA. Ammoniated Tincture 
 OF Ergot. 
 
 Ergot, in No. 20 powder, 5 ; Solution of Ammonia, 2 ; Alcoliol 
 (60 p.c), q.s. to yield 20. (1 in 4.) 
 
 Mix the Solution of Ammonia with 18 of the Alcohol and with it 
 moisten the powder, percolate with the remainder, press and make up 
 with Alcohol (60 p.c.) to 20. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — A simple tincture is official in Dutch, 
 Mox. and Port., 1 in 5 ; all by weight. Not in the others; U.S. (Vinuiu 
 Ergota'), 1 in 5. 
 
 Tests. — Anmioniatcd Tincture of Ergot has a specific gravity of 
 about 0"932, it contains about 4 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 57 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 DISCS OF ERGOTIN J grain = 0-02 gramme, and J grain == 0-016 
 gramme are prepared for hypodermic use. 
 
 PILULA ERGOTINI. — Ergotin, 2 grains ; Liquorice Powder, 3 grains. 
 
 LIQUOR ERGOT>E AMMONIATUS.— A liquid Extract of Ergot (1 in 
 1), prepared with ammoniated diluted Alcohol. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 60 minims = 06 to 3-6 mL 
 
 MISTURA ERGOT>E.— Liquid Extract of Ergot, 30 minims; Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, 10 minims ; Chloroform Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Ergot, 30 minims ; Syrup of Ginger, 30 minims ; Infusion 
 of Orange Peel, to \ fl. oz. — London. 
 
 MISTURA ERGOT>E AMMONIATA (C/mwra%).— Liquid Extract of 
 Ergot, 20 minims ; Ammonium Cai'bonate, 3 grains ; Emulsion of Chloro- 
 form, 15 minims ; Camphor Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA ERGOT>^ ET FERRi «7iii/'s).— Liquid Extract of Ergot, 
 30 minims ; Solution of Ferric Chloride, 15 minims ; Citric Acid, 5 grains ; 
 Chloroform W^ater, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 TINCTURA ERGOT>C (B.P. 1885).— Ergot, 5 ; Proof Spirit, 20. 
 
 VINUM ERGOTS (t7.>S.).— Fluid Extract of Ergot, 20; Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 5 ; White Wine, 75. 
 
 Average Do.3e. — 2 fl. drm. ~ l-\ c.c. 
 
 ACIDUM SCLEROTICUM. — A weak acid principle obtained from Ergot 
 by Dragendorff . Used hypodermically J to f grain = • 021 to • 05 gramme, 
 dissolved in Distilled Water or Thymol Water. 
 
 CORNUTINE CITRATE. — A soluble salt of an alkaloid wliich is stated 
 by Robert t>o be the active principle of Ergot. A brown powder, which is 
 used in obstetric practice. 
 
 Dose. — /., to J- grain — 0'0054 to 0*01 gramme, or subcutaneously J^ to 
 I grain == 0"002 to 0-008 gramnae. 
 
 Given in -^i^f grain hypodermically to contract uterus in a case of eclampsia. 
 —L. '99, i. 1430. 
 
 A^soluble Cornutine Hydrocliloride has also been prepared. 
 
572 EJRG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ERGOTININE. C35H33N30,-,, eq. 609-362.— An alkaloid obtained from 
 Ergot. Long white crystals which have a tendency to darken on exposure 
 to light and air. Soluble 1 in 292 parts by weight of Absolute Alcohol, 1 in 
 26 parts by weight of Acetone. It is extremely soluble in cold Chloroform. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-001 to 0*002 gramme = g^ to ^^ grain. 
 
 Foreign FharmacopcEias. — Official in Fr. (Ergotinine Cristallisee), 
 Span, and Mex. 
 
 Tests. — Ergotinine melts according to Barger and Carr at 229° C. 
 (444-2° F.). Its solution in Ethyl Alcohol is strongly dextrogyrate, the 
 specific rotation of a saturated solution in this solvent at 10° C. (50° F.) 
 being + 338°, but the rotation is effected by prolonged boiling. 
 
 Ergotinine is precipitated by the usual alkaloidal reagents such as Potassio- 
 Merctiric Iodide Solution, lodo-Potassium Iodide Solution, Gold Chloride 
 Solution, Platinum Chloride Solution, Bromine Water, Tannic Acid Solution 
 and Picric Acid Solution. The addition of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to 
 a solution of Ergotinine in Ether or in Ethyl Acetate produces a transitory 
 orange coloration changing to blue. When the alkaloid is dissolved in con- 
 centrated Sulphuric Acid and a little anhydrous Ferric Chloride is added, a 
 pale yellow coloration passing through orange, crimson and green to a 
 permanent dark blue is produced. 
 
 A soluble Ergotinine Citrate has also been prepared. 
 
 ERGOTOXINE, C3,,H,iN,0,. eq. 627-378.— This alkaloid was discovered 
 by Barger and Carr, and is described by them as a light v/hite powder. 
 
 SoKibility. — It is more soluble than Ergotinine in cold Alcohol. Also 
 soluble in Sodium Hydroxide Solution. It is but slightly soluble in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — -fj-^ to gij grain = 0-00005 to 0-0013 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Ergotoxine, according to the above-named authors, begins to 
 soften about 155° C. (311° F.) and gradually melts at 162° to 164° C. (323-6° 
 to 327-2° F.). The rotation of an alcoholic solution varies with the method 
 of preparation. Ergotoxine is precipitated by the usual alkaloidal reagents, 
 <'-{1-, Potassio -Mercuric Iodide Solution, lodo-Potassium Iodide Solution, Auric 
 Chloride Solution, Platinic Chloride Solution, Picric Acid Solution, Phospho- 
 molybdic Acid, Bromine Water and Tannic Acid Solution. The addition of 
 concentrated Sulphuric Acid to a solution of Ergotoxine in Ethyl Acetate 
 or Ether gives rise to a ti'ansitory orange coloration, changing to blue. The 
 addition of anhydi'ous Ferric Chloride to a trace of the alkaloid dissolved in 
 concentrated Sulphuric Acid gives a pale yellow coloration changing tlirough 
 orange, crimson and green to a permanent dark blvie. 
 
 Ergotoxine Hydrochloride has been prepared, but is considered very 
 unstable. 
 
 Ergotoxine Phosphate. — Crystallises in needles, soluble 1 in 313 parts 
 by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Tests. — Ergotoxine Phosphate melts according to the above-named 
 authors at 186° to 187° C. (366-8° to 368- 6° F.). A 1 p.c. solution of the 
 salt in cold Distilled Water forms a typical colloidal solution. If an equal 
 volume of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric, Oxalic, Phosphoric, or Acetic 
 Acid Solutions are added to the solution, the degree of precipitation is in 
 the order named, the Hydrochloric Acid forms a thick jelly, so that the 
 tube can be inverted without the contents escaping, whilst in the C8.se of 
 the Acetic Acid, the solution remains fluid. 
 
 A normal and an acid Ergotoxine Oxalate have been prepared, the 
 former as elongated rectangular plates, the latter as minute prisms. 
 
 Ernutin. — Pale yellowish -brown liquid, containing the active thera- 
 peutical principles of Ergot, Ergotoxine, Tyramine, and Ergamine. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1 ■ 8 to 3 - 6 ml. Subcutaneously, 5 minims = 
 0-3 ml. ; intramuscularly, 5 to 10 minims — 0-3 to 0-6 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ERI 573 
 
 Ergamine. Beta-iminazolylethylamine. — It has an action of peculiar 
 intensity on plain muscle, and particularly so on that of the uterus. 
 
 Tyramine. Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine. — The chief water-soluble 
 active constituent of Ergot, forming the chief active principle of aqueous 
 extracts of Ergot. Causes a rise of blood pressure and contraction of the 
 uterus. 
 
 ERGOT ASEPTIC. — A sterilised concentrated preparation prepared from 
 physiologically standardised Ergot, put up in bulbs containing 1 c.c. repre- 
 senting 2 grammes or 30 grains of Ergot. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ERIGERONTIS CANADENSIS OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF CANADIAN FLEABANE. 
 
 A colourless, or pale yellow, mobile liquid, distilled from the fresh-flowering 
 Herb Erigeron Canadensis, L., which grows abmidantly in American Mint fields. 
 
 It has a tendency to darken in colour and to become viscid on exposure 
 to air, and rapidly becomes resinified. It should be kept in well-stoppered 
 glass bottles of a dark amber tint, in a cool atmosphere and protected as far 
 as possible from the light. 
 
 It consists almost entirely of Dextro-limonene. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diuretic, tonic, and astringent. Chiefly employed 
 for arresting internal haemorrhage. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims — 0"3 to 0*6 ml. every two or three hours. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Erigeron Oil has a specific gravity of 0-850 to 0-870, an optical 
 rotation of not below -f 45°, and the greater part of the oil distils about 
 1 75°C. (347°F.). It should be soluble in an equal volume of Alcohol (94-9 p.c), 
 which distinguishes it from Oil of Firweed and from Tui'pentine Oil. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 ERYTHROL TETRANITRATE. 
 
 TETRANITRIN. 
 
 A colourless, crystalline solid melting at 61° C. (141-8° F.), prepared from 
 Erythrol (a tetratomic Alcohol). When kept in a dark and moderately cool 
 place it is fau'ly stable, but if exposed to warmth, and especially sunlight, 
 it rapidly undergoes decomposition. It is liable to explode on percussion, 
 and shovild be handled with great care. 
 
 It is but slightly soluble in Water, but dissolves readily in Alcohol (90 p.c) 
 and in Ether. 
 
 It is a vaso -dilator, and belongs to the group of which Glycerol Trinitrate 
 (Nitroglycerin) may be regarded as the tyjoical representative. Has less 
 marked but more prolonged action than the latter. 
 
 The best vaso-dilator in intermittent closing of cerebral arteries, ^ to 
 ^ grain doses, repeated every 3, 4, or 6 hours. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 0-032 to 0-065 gramme; in alcoholic solution 
 or in tablets which are made containing I, |, ^ and 1 grain- 
 
574 ERY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not OflQcial. 
 ERYTHROPHLiSUM. 
 
 CASCA BARK. SASSY BABK. 
 
 The Bark of the Erythrophlceum quineen.se, Don. An Ordeal Bark used 
 in West Africa. Introduced as a cardiac tonic in 1877. 
 
 B.P.C. Formulary 1894 had a Tincture (1 in 10), dose 5 to 10 minims = 
 • 3 to • 6 ml., but it was omitted from the 1901 edition ; it was re-introduced 
 in B.P.C. 1907. 
 
 It yields an allialoid Erythrophlaeine, the Hydrochloride of which is 
 soluble in Water, and has been used to destroy the sensibility of tooth. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ETHYL BROMIDUM. 
 
 ETHYL BROMIDE. HYDROBBOMIC ETHER. 
 
 aH.Br, eq. 108-96. 
 
 Fr., Bromure d'Ethyle ; Ger., AETHYLBROjnD ; Ital., Bromuro di 
 Etile ; Span., Eteb Bkomhidrico. 
 
 A heavy, colourless, mobile, very volatile, and highly refractive liquid, 
 possessing a characteristic ethereal odour. It should be kept in well-stoppered 
 dark amber-tinted bottles, protected as far as possible from the light, and 
 in a cool place. 
 
 It is best prepared by the interaction of Potassium Bromide and Sulphuric 
 Acid in the presence of Alcohol. Its liability to decomposition may be 
 prevented by exclusion of light and air, and by the addition of Alcohol, 
 which lowers the specific gravity. The P.G. dilutes Ethyl Bromide with 
 sufficient Absolute Alcohol to produce a specific gravity of 1 'iSS to 1 "457. 
 
 Shown that the process recommended in Squire's Goni.panio7i (17th edit.) 
 is the correct one. 60 p.c. of the commercial samples stated to be quite 
 unfit for use.— P.J. '02, i. 491. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 120 of Water, but will vary with the specific gravity of 
 the sample ; it mixes in all propoi'tions with Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Local and general ansesthetic, more rapid than 
 Chloroform, and occasionally used in conjunction with it. Useful in minor 
 surgery ; also in obstetric practice. 
 
 Should be administered in the same manner as Ether ; very prompt in its 
 action. Should not be given in prolonged operations or in renal disease. 
 Has been used as a spray to produce local anaesthesia. 
 
 Strongly recommended in dental operations. 
 
 Recommended as a general anaesthetic in short operations, particularly on 
 children. Dangerous when administered with air, or if administration is 
 protracted. Amount required varies up to 3 fl. drm. = 10'6 ml. 
 
 More than one warning has been given that 30 grammes (6 fl. drm.) is 
 too large and may give rise to unpleasant symptoms. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmacopceias. — Fr. (Bromure d'Ethyle) ; Dutch, Norw. 
 and Swed. (Brometum Aethylicum) ; Belg., Ger., Hung, and Swiss 
 (iEther Bromatus) ; Ital. (Bromuro di etile) ; Mex. and Span. 
 (Eter Bromhidrico) ; Jap. and Russ. (^thylurn Bromatum). Not 
 in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weigjit; Liquids by Measure.] ETH 57-5 
 
 Tests. — Pure Ethyl Bromide has a specific gravity of 1-473, which is 
 required by the Fr. Codex. The specific gravity given in the P.O. is 1'453 
 to 1'457. A very pure sample sold as containing 1 p.c. of Alcohol had a 
 specific gravity of 1 "461, but ordinary samples may run as low as 1 '34. 
 
 The boiling point of p^u-e Ethyl Bromide is 38 -5° C. (101-3° F.), and this 
 boiling point is required by the Fr. Codex. The P.O. boiling point is 38° to 
 40° C. (100-4° to 104° F.). 
 
 Boiling point of a sample of specific gravity 1 '45 was 38 '5° C. (101 " 3° F.), 
 and it dissolved in 120 parts of Water. 
 
 The more generally occurring impra-ities are readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities, fixed residue, Alcohol, Hydrobromic Acid, Cliloroform, and 
 Phosphorus compounds. 
 
 It should give no reaction with pure Sulphuric Acid, or no more than a 
 yellow colour after an hour, indicating the absence of readily carbonisable 
 organic impurities, e.g., organic Sulphur compounds, Amyl and Ethylene 
 compounds. When evaporated it should leave no residue, indicating the 
 absence of fixed residue. When shaken with an equal volume of Water it 
 should be little, if anything, decreased in volume, indicating the absence 
 of more than a trace of Alcohol, and when the aqueous layer is separated 
 it should not be acid in reaction towards Litmus paper, nor should an 
 immediate turbidity be produced on the addition of a few drops of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Hydrobromic Acid, etc. When 
 1 c.c. of Ethyl Bromide is warmed with 3 drops of Aniline and 2 c.c. of 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, the characteristic odoiu* of Phenyl 
 Iso-nitrile should not be evolved, indicating the absence of Chloroform. Its 
 vapour should have a pleasant ethereal odour. 
 
 The P.O. includes a test for Phosphorus compounds requiring that if 
 5 c.c. of Ethyl Bromide be allowed to spontaneously evaporate in a porcelain 
 dish, an odour resembling Garlic shall not be observed either dui'ing the 
 evaporation or after the evaporation, indicating the absence of Phosphorus 
 compounds. 
 
 The P.O. tests for Hydrobromic Acid by shaking 5 c.c. of the Ethyl Bromide 
 with 5 c.c. of Water for a few seconds ; removing a measured quantity of 
 2-5 c.c. of the Water and adding 1 drop of Silver Nitrate Solution, requiring 
 that the mixture should remain clear for at least 5 minutes, indicating a 
 limit of Hydrobromic Acid. 
 
 The Fr. Codex requires that if 1 gramme of Ethyl Bromide be mixed with 
 30 c.c. of Alcohol (80 p.c.) and 2 grammes of Silver Nitrate be added to the 
 mixture, after several hours, a precipitate of Silver Bromide is obtained, 
 which when washed with Water and dried should weigh 1 • 72 grammes, if 
 the Ethyl Bromide be pure. 
 
 iCTHYLENE BROMIDE, C,H,Br„, eq. 187-872.— A heavy, colourless, 
 somewhat volatile liquid, obtained from the hydrocarbon Ethylene. Boils 
 at 204-2° F. (129° C), .specific gravity 2-17. Given in epilepsy. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 minims = 0-OG to 0-13 ml., dissolved in oil. 
 
 ETHYL CHLORIDUM. 
 
 ETHYL CHLORIDE. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 C2H5CI, eq. 64-50. 
 
 Fr., Chlortjre d'Ethyle ; Ger., Athylchlorid. ; Ital., Cloruro d'Etile. 
 
 A colourless, very volatile, mobile, inflammable liquid, wliich is 
 usually supplied in glass capsules closed by a screw or spring cap. It 
 is gaseous at ordinary temperatures. It possesses a characteristic 
 
576 ETH [Solids by Weiglxt; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 L'tliereal a.nd Komewliat agreeable but not alliaceous odour, ami a 
 yweetish bui'uing taste. 
 
 It may be produced by tlie interaction of Hydrochloric Acid gas 
 and Absolute Etliylic Alcohol, or Industrial Methylated Spirit, 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99 "S p.c. by weight 
 of Esters calculated as Ethyl Chloride. 
 
 On account of its highly inflammable and volatile nature it should 
 be preserved in hermetically-sealed glass tubes, or in glass tubes 
 fitted with closely fitting covers, and should not be opened when near 
 a naked flame. If kept in vessels with rubber attaclmients it may 
 develop the odoui' of the rubber with which it is in contact. 
 
 Solubility. — Slightly soluble in Water; soluble in all proportions 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c), Chloroform and in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used for producing local ansesthesia 
 in minor surgery and dentistry, and as a general anaesthetic. See 
 also Methyl Chloride. 
 
 For young children it is regarded as one of the best means of procuring 
 an anaesthesia of from 5 to 15 minutes. A celluloid inhaler is used. 
 
 It occupies a distinct place in the armamentarium of the anaesthetist ; 
 it conveniently and safely leads up to Ether narcosis and may take 
 the place of Nitrous Oxide when this is not available, not efficacious, 
 or unsatisfactory. The dose recommended is 2 or 3 c.c. for a child, 
 3 or 4 c.c. for a woman or weakly man, and 4 or 5 for a man. Minimal 
 dosage and not too great deprivation of air when anaesthesia is complete 
 are the safeguards. 
 
 It is an ideal preliminary to etherisation, and more especially for 
 great smokers, alcoholics, and nervous patients. Patients with 
 obstructed breathing are regarded as bad subjects for its administration. 
 
 Daily spraying has a valuable curative action on venereal sores. — B.M.J. 
 '12, i. 1126. 
 
 For the painless removal of warts take a pledget of sterile cotton, wet in 
 cold water and draw it out in a tape long enough to surround the wart and 
 broad enough to protect the skin for half an inch or more beyond the margin 
 of the wart. Then play a fine stream over the wart until it is covered with 
 frost. If the adjacent skin is frozen, with another pledget of cotton wrung 
 out of cold water rub the skin gently but vigorously about a minute. A 
 large wart may require two applications with a week's interval. Also success- 
 ful in moles and angiomas. — Boston M. <£; S. Jl. '11, ii. 351. 
 
 In rodent ulcer and other forms of well-delimited cutaneous carcinoma 
 freezing for from two to seven minutes at a time gives good results, and can 
 be used by one without special training and without special apparatus. ^ — L., 
 '13, i. 1663. 
 
 Treatment of dangerous symptoms during the administration of 
 Ethyl Chloride. — Same as for Purified Ether, q.v. p. 132. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr. (Aethyluna Chloratum) ; Belg., 
 Ger., Hung, and Swiss (^ther Chloratus) ; Dutch (Chloretum 
 Aethylicum) ; Fr., Ital. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Ethyl Chloride has a specific gravity of 0'921 at 0° C. 
 (32° F.). The B.P. allows a very wide range in the specific gravity, 
 stating that it should be between 0-920 to 0*960 at 0° C. (32° F.) ; 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ETH 577 
 
 the U.S.P. gives 0-911 to 0-916 at 8° C. (46-4° F.) ; the P.G. does 
 not give a specific gravity ; the Fr. Codex gives 0-9176 at 0° C. 
 (32° F.). It should possess a boiling point of 12-5° C. {54*5° F.). 
 The U.S.P. states that it boils at a temperature of 12-5° to 13° C. 
 (54-5° to 55-4° F.); the proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. 
 recommend that the U.S.P. boiling point be changed to ' from 
 12° to 13° C. (53-6° to 55-4° F.)'; the P.G. gives 12° to 12-5° C. 
 (53-6° to 54-5° F.); the Fr. Codex gives 12-5° C. (54-5° F.). It 
 is officially required to contain not less than 99-65 p.c. by weight 
 of Esters, calculated as Ethyl Chloride, as determined by saponifying 
 0-4 gramme with 10 ml. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, by heating in a water-bath in a stoppered 
 bottle. After saponification the mixture should require not more 
 than 38-2 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volmnetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to 
 neutralise. The niunber of ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution required should be divided by 10, the quotient subtracted 
 from 10, and the difference multiplied first by 0-0645 and then by 
 250 yields the percentage by weight of Esters present in the specimen ; 
 1 ml. of Normal Volmnetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 = 0-0645 gramme of Esters calculated as Ethyl Chloride. The 
 neutraUsed liquid when acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid yields on 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate, 
 insoluble in Diluted Nitric Acid, but readily soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 If to another portion of the neutralised liquid some Liquor Potassse 
 be added, followed by Iodine Solution until the latter is in excess, 
 the excess of Iodine be then decolorised by the further cautious 
 addition of 1 or 2 drops of the Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and the 
 liquid be gently warmed, a characteristic odour of Iodoform is 
 produced. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Sulphur Dioxide, 
 Hydrochloric Acid, Ether, empyreumatic matter, and certain other 
 substances, Alcohol, Phosphorus compounds, and fixed residue. The 
 B.P. includes tests for Sulphur Dioxide, Hydrochloric Acid, Ether, 
 empyreumatic matter, and certain other substances. If a measured 
 quantity of 5 c.c. of Ethyl Chloride be shaken with an equal volimie 
 of ice-cold Water, and allowed to separate, the aqueous solution should 
 be neutral in reaction to Litmus paper, and should give no opalescence 
 or precipitate with Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Sulphur Dioxide and Hydrochloric Acid. The P.P., U.S;P. and P.G. 
 all include a test for Hydrochloric Acid, using either an aqueous or an 
 alcoholic solution of Silver Nitrate ; the Fr. Codex requires that Chloride 
 of Ethyl should not immediately precipitate on the addition of either 
 an aqueous or an alcoholic solution of Silver Nitrate, indicating the 
 absence of Ethyl Bromide and Iodide. If 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid be 
 shaken with 10 c.c. of Ethyl Chloride, the acid should not develop 
 a colour, and, if the acid layer be separated, and diluted with an equal 
 volume of Water, no unpleasant odour and no odour of Ether should 
 develop, and Silver Nitrate Solution should produce no turbidity, 
 indicating the absence of Ether, empyreumatic matter, and certain 
 
 u 
 
578 ETH [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 other substances. Tlie U.S. P. requires that if Ethyl Chloride be 
 allowed to evaporate from clean, odourless blotting-paper, which has 
 been saturated with it, no unpleasant odour should remain upon the 
 paper, indicating the absence of Sulphur compounds. This Pharma- 
 copoeia also includes a test for the absence of Alcohol, requiring that 
 if 10 c.c. of Ethyl Chloride be agitated with 10 c.c. of cold Water, and 
 the supernatant stratum of Ethyl Chloride be evaporated spontaneously, 
 and if a few drops of Potassiiun Dicliromate Test-Solution be added 
 to the remaining aqueous liquid, followed by some Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, and the mixture be boiled, no odour of Aldehyde should be 
 developed, and a greenish or purplish colour should not be produced 
 in the liquid. This test has been given by Baskerville and Hamor 
 as follows : — When 10 c.c. of Ethyl Chloride is agitated in a glass- 
 stoppered tube with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, both of which are at 
 about 10° C. (50° F.), the supernatant layer is allowed to evaporate 
 spontaneously from the open tube at room temperature, and then 
 3 drops of Potassiiun Bichromate Solution are added to the remaining 
 Water, followed by 5 drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the mixture 
 is then boiled, no odour of Acetaldehyde should be apparent, and no 
 greenish or bluish colour should be produced in the liquid. They also 
 suggest a simple combination test for the purity of Ethyl Chloride, 
 which is performed by attaching a 30 c.c. Ethyl Chloride container 
 to a glass tube vial containing 35 c.c. of Water, kept at 40° C. (104° F.) 
 A slow stream of Ethyl Chloride is passed through the Water 
 until the container is emptied, and then 10 c.c. of the Water 
 are tested with Litmus paper, to which it should impart no acid 
 reaction ; 10 c.c. are tested with Silver Nitrate Solution, when 
 not even a faint tm'bidity and certainly no precipitate should be 
 produced ; and 10 c.c. are tested for Alcohol by the test described 
 above. 
 
 The P.G. includes a test for the absence of Phosphorus compounds,, 
 requiring that 5 c.c. of Ethyl Chloride when evaporated in a glass dish 
 should leave no residue, and during this evaporation, and after the 
 evaporation is completed no alliaceous odour should be recognisable, 
 indicating the absence of Phosphorus compounds. 60 c.c. of Ethyl 
 Chloride should volatilise completely at ordinary temperatures without 
 leaving a residue, indicating absence of fixed matter. 
 
 NARCOTILE (Methylene Bi-chloride). — A transparent, colourless, mobile, 
 highly volatile and inflammable liquid. Introduced as a new general anaes- 
 thetic— L. '03, i. 1091. 
 
 SOMNOFORM.— Stated to be a mixture of Ethyl Bromide 1, Ethyl 
 Chloride 12, and Methyl Chloride, 7 ; and to be a rapid, safe and easily 
 eliminated anaesthetic for vise in dentistry. 
 
 For treatment of dangerous symptoms see Aether Purificatus. 
 
 Kelene is a proprietary article stated to consist of pure Ethyl -Chloride, 
 and put up in tubes fitted with patented automatic stoppers. Useful for 
 producing local anaesthesia. For general anaesthesia it is put up in graduated 
 tubes. 
 
 Anaesthyl and Coryl are stated to be mixtitres of Ethyl and Methyl 
 Chlorides. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ETH 579 
 
 Not Official. 
 ETHYL lODIDUM. 
 
 ETHYL IODIDE. HYDRIODIC ETHER, 
 
 C^H^I, eq. 155-90. 
 
 • 
 
 A colourless, volatile, heavy and non-iiiflammable liquid, with an agreeable 
 ethereal odour and pungent taste. 
 
 It is produced by the action of resublimed Iodine on pure Ethylic Alcohol 
 in the presence of amorphous Phosphorus. The coloured product is freed 
 from uncombined Iodine by shaking with a Solution of Sodium Bisulphite 
 and purified by digestion over fused Calcium Chloride and redistillation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 in a cool place. 
 
 It soon acquires a reddish-brown colour on exposure to light ; but if no 
 deeper than a pale wine colour it may be disregarded. 
 
 The change of colour can be prevented by putting in the bottle a globule 
 of Merciiry. 
 
 Solutions which have already become discoloured may be shaken with 
 some fuiely -powdered Sodium Bisulphite, filtered and redistilled. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 440 of Water ; mixes in all proportions with Alcohol 
 (OOp.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic. Used as an inhalation in 
 asthma and chronic bronchitis. It is more accurate and economical to inhale 
 15 to 20 drops from a wide-mouthed bottle than from a handkerchief. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Can be obtained in glass capsules, 5 minims = 
 0"3 ml. in each ; also containing 5 minims of Ethyl Iodide and 10 minims of 
 Chloroform, in each capsule, and others containing 5 minims of Ethyl Iodide, 
 10 minim,s of Chloroform and ^ grain of Menthol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Eter Yodhidrico). Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ethyl Iodide has a specific gravitj^ of 1 • 943, and a boiling point of 
 71° to 72° C. (159-8° to 161-6° F.). When shaken with an equal volume of 
 Distilled Water and a little fuming Nitric Acid, free Iodine is liberated, 
 recognised by the reddish-brown coloitr which is produced, and by the blue 
 coloration yielded on the addition of Starch Mucilage. 
 
 The more generally-occurring iinpurities are free Iodine, Hydriodic Acid, 
 and fixed impm-ities. It should not be darker in colour than a pale brown, 
 and 10 c.c. should not require more than one or two drops of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution to discharge this colour, indicating 
 a limit of free Iodine. 
 
 If Ethyl Iodide be shaken with an equal volume of Distilled Water, the 
 separated and filtered aqueous liquid should be neutral in reaction to Litmus 
 paper and should yield no turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Hydriodic Acid. 
 
 Ethyl Iodide should volatilise completely, when heated, leaving no weigh- 
 able residue, indicating the absence of fixed impurities. 
 
 ETHYL NITRITIS LIQUOR. See imder SPIRITUS ^THERIS 
 
 NITROSI. 
 
 EUCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE. See Benzamin^ Lactas. 
 
 EUCALYPTI GUMMI. See kino eucalypti. 
 
 u 2 
 
680 EXJC [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 EUCALYPTI OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF EUCALYPTUS. 
 
 A colourless, or pale yellow, oily, limpid liquid, liaving a characteristic 
 aromatic odour. It should contain not less than*55 p.c. of Eucalyptol, 
 and but very little Phellandrene. It is the volatile Oil distilled from 
 the fresh Leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill., Eucalyptus dumosa, 
 A. Cunn., and other species of Eucalyptus, and rectified. 
 
 For many years the Oil from E. amygdalina was the inost esteemed variety, 
 and was included in B.P. 1885, but it is excluded by the tests given in B.P. 
 1898 and in B.P. 1914. 
 
 The chief constituent of the Oil is Eucalyptol (Cineol), which in good oils 
 amounts to from 50 to 70 p.c. B.P. 1914 requires not less than 55 p.c. by 
 volume. 
 
 Solubillty.^ — 3 in 1 (or le.ss) of Alcohol (90 p.c), in all proportions 
 of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 38 of Alcohol (60 p.c), (Amygdalina Oil, 
 1 in 175). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is a powerful antiseptic and deodoriser ; 
 antipyretic. It is used as an inhalation in pulmonary gangrene, 
 phthisis, influenza, and coryza ; and internally or by inhalation to 
 relieve the cough in chronic bronchitis, phthisis, and asthma. Mixed 
 with Iodoform as an application to hard and soft chancres, and as 
 urethral suppository in gonorrhoea. Given internally for chronic 
 inflammation of the bladder. 
 
 The following prescription of Sir R. Douglas Powell {Edin. Med. Jour. '05, 
 465) is of great service in relieving the troublesome cough of phthisis : Euca- 
 lyptus or Pine Oil, 3 drm. ; Oil of Bitter Almonds, 1 drm. ; Spirits of Chloro- 
 form (double strength), 1 oz. Ten to 15 drops to be inhaled after the first 
 morning coughing, in the middle of the day, and in the evening. 
 
 Summary of the literature of poisoning cases, with twenty references. — 
 B.M.J. '11, i. 359. 
 
 Thoroughly rubbed in all over the body, it is a most iiseful adjunct in the 
 treatment of measles, and decidedly lowers the case-mortality. — Pr. '12, ii. 688. 
 
 Dose.— J to 3 minims = 0-03 to O'lSml. 
 
 U.S. P. average dose 8 minims = 0'5 c.c. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in the form of emulsion with Mucilage of 
 Acacia and Water, or taken on sugar. Used as an inlialation or spray, 20 
 minims to an oz. of Liquid Paraffin, with or without 20 minims of Oil of Pine ; 
 as a pessary 15 minims to 120 grains of Oil of Theohroma. May be mixed 
 witli equal parts of Olive Oil for a liniment; 1 to 3 or 4 o/ Olive Oil as an 
 antiseptic ijiunction in scarlet fever. Eucalyptus Gauze contains about 6 p.c. 
 of the Oil; Eucalyptus Wool and Lint 5 p.c. and 10 p.c. ; Pastille of 
 Eucalyptus containing 1 minim of Oil is made, also Pastille of Eucalyptol 
 containing ^ minim of Eucalyptol, and both of these with Cocaine ^ij grain of 
 the Hydrochloride, also the above with ^^ grain of Menthol in each. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Eucalypti. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractmn EucalyjDti, Tinctura Eucalypti, Vapor 
 Eucalypti, Vasolimentum EucalyptoH, Eugol, Eucalypteol, Eucalyptol, 
 Phellandrene, Oleum Eucalypti Maculatse var. Citriodora, Eudesiiiol. See 
 Prescribing Notes. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] EUC 581 
 
 ]?oi'eigii Pharmacopoeias. — OlFicial in Fr. (Essence d' Eucalyptus), 
 sp. gr. 0-910 to 0-930 ; Hung., sp. gr. 0-850 to 0-866 ; Ital. (Essenza di 
 Eucalipto), sp. gr. 0-910 to 0-930 ; Jap., sp. gr. not given ; Mex. (Aceite 
 Volatil de Eucalipto), sp. gr. 0-905; Norw., sp.gr. 0-928 to 0-930; 
 U.S., sp.gr. 0-905 to 0925 at 25° C. (77° F.). Not in the others. The 
 Leaves are official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ital., Jap., Mex., Port., Span., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.- — The Eucalyptus Oil of Commerce is derived 
 chiefly from E. Globulus, LabilL, in Tasmania and California., etc., and 
 from E. aniygdalina, Labill., E. cneorifolia, DC, E. duntosa. A. Cunn.. 
 and E. oleosa, F.v.M., in South Australia, but officially it ' is the 
 oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eiicalyptus Globulus, Labill., 
 Eucalyptus dutnosa, A. Cunn., and other species of Eucalyptus, and 
 rectified.' 
 
 The oil of E. amygdalina was that originally used in medicine in 
 Australia. It has not the Cmiinun flavour and odour due to Aronui- 
 dendral which characterises that of E. cneorifolia. The oil of E. Globulus 
 unless rectified has an unpleasant odour. Most of the oils of commerce 
 have been rectified to free them from irritating Alcohols and Aldehydes 
 and colouring matter, but will, nevertheless, if kept with access of air 
 in bottles half full, in course of time resinify and thicken. Oil of 
 E. Globulus, adulterated with Castor Oil, has been met with in commerce. 
 In Australia the predominating species from which the oil has been 
 obtained must be stated on the label {P.J. (4) xxx. p. 264). 
 
 Tests. — Eucalyptus Oil has a specific gravity of 0'910 to 0"925 ; 
 the ofiicial figures are 0-910 to 0-930 ; the U.S. P.. gives 0-905 to 0-925 
 at 2.5° C. (77° F.). The optical rotation in a tube of 100 mm- is 
 officially required to be from — 10° to +10°. It has a Refractive Index 
 at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-460 to 1-465 ; the B.P. curiously enough does 
 not in this case give figures for the Refractive Index. It is oflicially 
 required to contain not less than 55 p.c. by volmne of Cineol, as 
 determined by measuring, at 15-5° C. (60° F.), the oily layer, which 
 separates on decomposing, by means of warm Distilled Water, the 
 cake of Eucalyptol Phosphate obtained by strongly pressing in a 
 piece of calico, the precipitate produced on adding 4 to 5 ml. of 
 Phosphoric Acid, specific gravity 1 • 750 to 10 ml. of the oil, the tempera- 
 ture being maintained at the freezing point ; it should measure not 
 less than 4-5 ml. It must be conceded that the methods available 
 for the quantitative determination of Eucalyptol in Eucalyptus Oils 
 are not stricth^ accurate. The Phosj)horic Acid method for all 
 practical purposes is sufficiently accurate to enable the comparative 
 values of oils to be judged. The method has been found most 
 useful in arranging the several members of the genus into groups. 
 
 The Phosphoric Acid method, originally introduced by L. R. 
 Scammell, of Adelaide, depended on the preparation of the Eucalyptol 
 Pho.sphate in a perfectly dry powdery condition by repeatedly pressing 
 it between fresh absorbent paper, well breaking up the cake between 
 each pressing, until finally no moisture could be detected. Eucalyptol 
 Phosphate thus prepared was weighed in the tared vessel in which it 
 
.')82 EUC [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 was to be decomposed, and from which evaporation of the Eucalyptol 
 was not possible. Cold Water was then added, and sufficient time 
 allowed for the Phosphate to be perfectly decomposed without heating, 
 usually over-night. The whole was then transferred to a narrow 
 burette, graduated in yV ^-c- The aqueous portion was then separated, 
 and this, together with the warm Water used in washing the Eucalyp- 
 tol, transferred to a 100 c.c. flask. When the Eucalyptol had cooled 
 down to the room temperature, it was measured, the remaining 
 Water run into the flask, the Eucalyptol passed through a dry filter, 
 and the specific gravit}^ taken, from which the weight of the Eucalyptol 
 was calculated. The dilute acid in the flask was then made up to 
 the mark, and 10 c.c. titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as indicator, and 
 checking the results by a Lead determination. 
 
 To obtain good results with the Phosphoric Acid method, it was 
 found necessary to keep the temperature of the bath as low as possible, 
 using iced Water if necessary, and to add the acid slowly by drops, 
 well incorporating it with the oil. As the compound became solid 
 it was well broken up with the rod, and ample time given for complete 
 crystallisation to take place. Excess of Phosphoric Acid was used 
 over that required theoretically, assmning the richest oil to contain 
 about 73 p.c. of Eucalyptol ; the determinations were made upon 
 10 grammes of oil. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires the oil to contain not less than 50 p.c. of Cineol 
 as determined by the Phosphoric Acid method described under 
 Cajuput Oil. 
 
 Resorcin has been suggested as a suitable substance for making the 
 determination. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the oil is mixed 
 in a Cassia flask with sufficient 50 p.c. Resorcin Solution to about 
 four-fifths fill the flask. After being thoroughly shaken for 5 minutes, 
 the vmcombined oily portions are brought into the neck of the flask 
 by adding a further quantity of the Resorcin Solution, and the volmne 
 read off. The figure multiplied by 10 yields the percentage by volmne 
 of oily constituents other than Eucalyptol (Cineol), the latter being 
 determined by difference. Oils very rich in Cineol require to be 
 diluted beforehand with an equal volume of Turpentine Oil in order to 
 prevent crystallisation of the Cineol-Resorcin. 
 
 It was pointed out {CD. '08, i. 55) that within certain limits the 
 Phosphoric Acid method proposed by Scammell gives very fair 
 results. It is that usually adopted for the determination of Cineol. 
 The Resorcin process is dealt with in the same reference, the opinion 
 expressed being that it gives very disappointing results, an oil showing 
 a Cineol content of 65 p.c. w/v by the Phosphoric Acid method 
 indicating 82 p.c. w/v by the Resorcin method, whilst samples of 
 Cajuput Oils showing 48 to 52 p.c. w/v by the Phosphoric Acid method 
 indicated 80 to 84 p.c. w/v by the Resorcin method. 
 
 The objections to the Resorcin process have been acknowledged, 
 {CD. '08, i. 265), and it is stated that the error is due to the influence 
 of the ternenes and other bodies in the oil which do not distil between 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] EUC 583 
 
 170° and 190° C. (338° and 374° F.). Tlie process originally recom- 
 mended has been modified so as to permit of its use for the determination 
 of Cineol. 100 c.c. of the oil are distilled from a Ladenburg 3-bulb 
 flask, in such a manner that approximately 1 drop passes over every 
 second. The Cineol content of the principal fraction boiling between 
 170° and 190° C. (338° and 374° F.) is then determined in the manner 
 described above in detail. The Cineol content ascertained in the 
 fraction is then re-calculated for the original oil, and the total content 
 in p.c. by volmne is thus obtained. 
 
 Oils containing much Phellandrene are excluded by the test with 
 saturated Sodium Nitrite Solution, Phellandrene forming a crystalline 
 Nitrite with this reagent. The B.P. requires that no crystalline deposit 
 should be produced when 2 ml. of a saturated aqueous Sodium Nitrite 
 Solution are added to a mixture of 1 ml. of Eucalyptus Oil, 2 ml. of 
 Glacial Acetic Acid and 5 ml. of Petroleum Spirit and the mixture is 
 gently shaken. The U.S. P. test recjuires that no crystals of Phellan- 
 drene Nitrite should be formed ^vhen 3 c.c. of a saturated aqueous 
 Sodium Nitrite Solution are gradually added to a mixture of 2 c.c. of 
 Eucalyptus Oil and 4 c.c, of Glacial Acetic Acid and the mixture is 
 gently stirred ; indicating the absence of Eucalyptus Oils containing 
 much Phellandrene. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM EUCALYPTI. Eucalyptus Ointment. 
 
 Oil of Eucalyptus (by weight), 1 ; Hard Paraffin, 4 ; Soft Paraffin, 
 White, 5. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Add the Oil to the melted Paraffins, and stir till cold. 
 
 The Leaves and Oil of E. amygdaU)ut are recommonded by Bosisto for 
 making the ointment. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI (C7.5.). — Eucalyptus (leaves), in 
 No. 40 powder, 100; percolate with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c), 75, 
 and Water, 25 ; reserve the first 90 and evaporate the remainder to a soft 
 extract, dissolve this in the reserved portion, and add enough menstruum 
 to produce 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 2 c.c. = 30 minims. 
 
 TINCTURA EUCALYPTI (F/-.). —Eucalyptus Leaves, 1; Alcohol 
 (80 p.c), 5. 
 
 Dose.— 15 to 120 minims = 0*9 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Be!g., Dutch, Fr., Ital., Mex., 
 Port., Span., and Swiss, 1 in 5 ; Dutch and Swiss with Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; 
 Belg. and Mex. with Alcohol (80 p.c). Not in the others. 
 
 VAPOR EUCALYPTI (Throat).— Oil of Eucalyptus, 20 minims ; Light 
 Magnesium Carbonate, 10 grains ; Water, to 1 fi. oz. Mix a teaspoonful in a 
 pint of Water at 140° F. for each inhalation. 
 
 EUCALYPTOL(Crystallisable)(Ci„H,80,eq.l54- 144).— A colourless mobile 
 optically inactive liquid possessing a characteristic camphoraceous odour. 
 It is an inner Ether Oxide occvirring in Eucalyptus Oil, of which it forms 
 the principal ingredient, and from which it is obtained by a freezing process, 
 pr by separation as Eucalyptol Phosphate and subsequent decomposition of 
 
584 ETJO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 this salt by hot Distilled Water. It is liquid at ordinary temperatures, but 
 crystallises about 0° C. (32° F.). 
 
 It should be kept in well -closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. It is identical with an oxidised 
 compound obtained from Oil of Cajuput and a number of other essential oils, 
 consequently the names Cineol and Cajuputol have also been applied to it. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 minims = 0-06 to 0" 18 ml. 
 
 Official in Fr., Belg., Ital., Port., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Eucalyptol has a specific gravity of 0-928 to 0- 930 ; U.S.P.0-921 
 to 0-923 at 2.5° C. (17° F.), Fr. Codex 0-940 at 0° C. (32° F.). It boils at 176° 
 to 177°C. (348-8'^ to 350-6° F.); Fr. Codex 176° C. (348-8° F.). The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the boiling point ])e changed to 
 about 177° C. (350-6° F.), and that the solidifying point be changed to not 
 below 0° C. (32° F. ). It is optically almost inactive, and has a Refractive Index 
 at 20'^ C. '68°F.)of 1-456 to 1-459. It is Hquid at ordinary temperatures, 
 but crystallises about 0° C. (32° F.), the crystals melting again at + 1° to 
 + 1-5°C. (33-8° to 34-7° F.). When placed in a freezing mixture and 
 gradually mixed with an equal volume of Phosphoric Acid (1-75 .specific 
 gravity) it sets to a solid white crystalline mass. No diminution in volume 
 should occur when 5 c.c. of Eucalyptol are shaken with 5 c.c. of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (5 p.c. w/w). It dissolves readily in Alcohol (90 p. c), 
 forming a solution which should be neutral in reaction to Litmus paper, 
 and which should yield no browniish or violet colour on the addition of a 
 drop of Ferric Chloride Test -Solution, indicating the absence of Phenols. 
 
 The percentage of Cineol (Eucalyptol) may be determined by the Phosphoric 
 Acid process given under Oil of Eucalyptus. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM EUCALYPTOLI (Hasrer).— Eucalyptol, 20 ; Liquid 
 Vasoliment, 80. 
 
 Eugol is a liquid containing Beta-naphthol, Boric Acid, Menthol, Thymol, 
 Eucalyptol, Gaultheria, and Hamamelis. 
 
 Eucalypteol (Eucalyptene Bichloride). — A crystalline substance, almost 
 insoluble in Water, melting at 50° C. (122° F.) and boiling at 115° C. (239° F.). 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0-32 gramme, as an internal antiseptic. 30 grains in 
 Olive Oil may be given as an enema in diarrhoea. 
 
 PHELLANDRENE. — A Isevogyrate terpene, occurring in the Oil from 
 E. amygdaliva. Its presence can readily be detected by the formation of a 
 crystalline Nitrite when the Oil is treated with Nitrous Acid. 
 
 OLEUM EUCALYPTI MACULAT>E VAR. CITRIODORA.— A pale 
 yellow, oily liquid with a pleasant citronella-like odour. Sp. gr. 0-870 to 
 0-905. It contains from 84 to 90 p.c. Citronellal, C,(,H,80. 
 
 EUDESMOL. — A crystalline Camphor from Eucalyptus Oil. 
 
 EUONYMI CORTEX. 
 
 EUONYMUS BARK. 
 
 Fb., FusAiN NoiB PouRPKE ; Ger., Spindlebaum ; Ital., Evonimus ; 
 Span., Bometeko. 
 
 The dried Root-bark of Euony)nus atro]mr'pureus. Jacq. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Tonic, cathartic, and diuretic. The dry 
 extract is a powerful cholagogue and purgative : useful in clironic 
 constipation and torpid liver. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] EtJO 585 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Dried Extract in one Jorm or another has been 
 hnown for many years as Euonymin ; usually given in the form of pills with 
 Extract of Henbane ; if prescribed alone, a little Soap or Light Magnesia, 
 \ grain in a 2 or 3 grain pill, and Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. makes a good mass. 
 Also prescribed with Iridin, the. dose of which is the same. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Extractum Euonymi. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractum Euonymini, Liquor Euonyroini, Liquor 
 Euonymini et Pepsini, Liquor Euonymini Bismuthi Pepsini cum Iridino, 
 Pilula Euonymini et Cascarae, Tinctura Euonymi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — It is j^robable that a part of the bark of 
 (•oinmerce is derived from E. americnnus, L.. which has warty fruits 
 and ahnost sessile, thick leaves. The root-bark usually occurs in 
 small curved or slightly quilled pieces H to 2 inches (37 to 50 nun.) 
 long and yV to ^ of an inch (2 to 4 mm.) thick and 12 to 15 mm. in 
 width, of an ashy or brownish-grey colour externally, with scattered 
 patches of soft cork, and occasional small transverse scars and darker 
 lines or patches. The inner surface is pale, of a light brown colour, 
 and the fracture is short and yellowish, with projecting silky threads, 
 more evident when the fractured edges are gently separated. The 
 taste is bitter, somewhat acrid, and mucilaginous. Although only 
 the root-bark is Official, both in the B.P. and the U.S. P., that of the 
 stem is also sold either separately or mixed with it. It can be distin- 
 guished by occurring in longer, thin quills, with a greenish cortical 
 portion, a fibrous bast, and more fibrous fracture. 
 
 The bark of Alstonia scholaris, R. Br., has been offered for Euonymus, 
 but it is twice as thick, and its transverse fracture does not show 
 cottony threads but small granular masses of stone cells. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EXTRACTUM EUONYMI. Extract op Euonymus. 
 
 Exhaust Euonymus Bark, in No. 20 powder, by percolation with 
 Alcohol (45 p.c.) ; evaporate the percolate to dryness, and to each 4 
 of product add 1 of Calciiun Phosphate ; powder. As it is hygroscopic, 
 it should be kept in stoppered bottles. 
 
 The same process as in B.P. 1898, but the name has been changed 
 from Extracta Euonymi Siccum. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 grains = 0*06 to O'lS gramme. 
 
 Fr. use Alcohol (60 p.c), and the extract is powdered with Sugar of Milk. 
 U.S. evaporates the Fluid Extract to dryness, powders, and mixes with 
 Powdered Liquorice. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM EUONYMINI (L .5.).— 100 of Euonymus in No. 40 
 powder is exhausted by a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c), 80 ; and Water, 20 ; 
 reserve the first 80 of percolate, evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, 
 which dissolve in the reserved portion, and make up to 100. 
 
 LIQUOR EUONYMINI {Bournemouth Formulary). — Euonymin, 32 
 grains ; Oil of Coriander, 2 minims ; Alcohol (45 p.c), 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 minims = 0-9 to LS ml. 
 
586 EUP tSolirts by Weight; Liquids by MeaSUl'e.] 
 
 LIQUOR EUONYMINI ET PEPSINI (Bournemouth Formulary).— Soluble 
 Scale Pepsin, 32 grains ; Dilute Hydrochloric Acid, 80 minims ; Solution of 
 Euonymin, 4 fl. drm. ; Alcohol (45 p.c), 4 fl. drm, ; Chloroform Water, q.s. 
 to make 2 fl. oz. 
 
 Average Dose. — ^60 minims == 3- 6 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR EUONYMINI CUM PEPSINO (.4.P/i.F.).— Tincture of Euony- 
 mus, 2h fl. oz. ; Pepsin, in scales, 240 grains ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 3 fl. drm. ; Glycerin, 3 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, to 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Average Dose. — 60 minims = 3- 6 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR PEPSINI BISMUTHI ET EUONYMI CUM IRIDINO 
 
 (Armour's Form). — Glycerole Pepsin (Armour), 2i fl. oz. ; Ammonio-Citrate 
 of Bismvith, 320 grains; Tinctui'e of Euonymus (B.P.C.), 400 minims; 
 Iridin, 16 grains; Tincture of Cochineal, q.s.; Simple Elixir, q.s. to make 
 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 PILUL/E EUONYMINI ET CASCAR>E (Pharm. Form. ).— Euonymin, 
 12 grains ; Extract of Cascara, 36 grains ; Green Extract of Hyoscyamus, 
 12 grains ; Iridin, 12 grains ; Extract of Nux Vomica, 1| grains. Divide in 
 24 pills. 
 
 TINCTURA EUONYMI (B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— Euonymus Bark, in 
 No. 20 powder, 4 ; Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; sufficient to percolate 20. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 40 minims ^ O'O to 2-4 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 EUPATORIUM. 
 
 THOROtrGHWORT. BONESET. 
 
 The dried leaves and flowering tops of Eupatorium perJoUatum, L. A 
 peremiial plant indigenous to the United States ; it is Official in U.S. P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A bitter tonic and diaphoretic. In large doses, 
 emetic and aperient. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM EUPATORII (U.S.).— A 1 in 1 fluid extract of 
 the above prepared by j^ercolation with Alcohol (49 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— 20 to 60 minims = 1 -2 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 EUPHORBIUM, 
 
 The concrete resinous Juice of Euphorbia reslnlfera, Beng. (a native of 
 Morocco), and other species. Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Mex:., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. It was formerly 
 Official in the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Pharmacopoeias. It contains 
 an acrid Resin. It is a powerful irritant and vesicant, and is used principally 
 in veterinary naedicine. It is noticed here because it is Official in most of 
 the Foreign Pharmacopoeias. A Tincture, 1 in 5, is Official in Port. 
 
 It must not be confoimded with the following : — 
 
 EUPHORBIA PILULIFERA. — A plant growing in Queensland and 
 tropical America. The herb is collected when in flower and carefully dried. 
 It yields its virtues to Alcohol and to Ether. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] EXA 587 
 
 Given in spasmodic asthma and bronchial affections ; in coryza and hay 
 fever ; and in spasmodic dyspnoea of whatever origin. 
 
 As a result of a chemical examination of the entire plant of Euphorbia 
 pilulifera. Power and B^o^vning conclude that among the constituents isolated, 
 there are none to which any specific physiological action may be ascribed. 
 Such therapeutic virtues as the plant has been presumed to possess would 
 therefore not appear to depend upon any single substance of a definite chemical 
 character. 
 
 EXTRACTUM EUPHORBI>E PILULIFER/C.— Obtained by the evapora- 
 tion of the following Tincture. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 1 grain =3 0-032 to 0-0G.5 gramme. 
 
 TINCTURA EUPHORBI>E PILULIFER/E {B.P.C. Formulary 1901.)— 
 Euphorbia, in No. 20 Powder, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), to percolate, 5. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 mininls = 0-6 to 1-8 ml., well diluted with Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 EXALGIN. 
 
 METHYLACETANILIDE. 
 
 C«H,Iir(CH3)CH3CO, eq. 149-098. 
 
 Long, colo-LU-less, prismatic needles, or in tabular crystals. 
 
 It may be prepared by the action of Acetyl Chloride on Monomethylaniline. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 50 of Water, 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in 4 of Alcohol 
 (60 p.c), 1 in 2 of Chloroform, 1 in 11 of Ether. 
 
 In hot Water Exalgin is very apt to forni supersaturated solutions, which, 
 when cold, will not separate even when stirred or scratched, but set solid at 
 once on the addition of a fragment of a crystal. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In small doses it acts as an analgesic without 
 producing ill-effects, giving the best results in neviralgia and toothache. 
 In large doses it possesses toxic properties. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 1 grain = 0-032 to 0-065 gramme, was found sufficient by 
 Eraser ; but larger doses, 4 to 8 grains — 0-26 to 0-52 gramme, have been 
 given in France. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — May he given in Mixture, see below. A nice 
 pill mass is made by adding Glucose, q.s., or h grain Compound Tragacanth 
 Powder to each 3 grains of Exalgin and Dispensing Syrup, q.s. It may also 
 be conveniently given in cachets. Compressed Tablets are also prepared. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Methylacetanilide), Mex. 
 and Span. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Exalgin has a melting point of 101° to 102° C. ^213-8=' to 
 215-6° F.) It boils at 245° C. (473° F.). When boiled with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution it is decomposed with difficulty, but is completely 
 decomposed by concentrated Hydrochloric Acid with formation of Acetic 
 Acid and Methylaniline. 
 
 If 0-5 gramme of Exalgin with 10 cc of concentrated Hydrochloric Acid 
 be brought to the boiling point, the liqviid cooled and neutralised with 
 Anamonia Solution, it yields no coloration on the addition of Chlorinated 
 Lime, indicating the absence of Acetanilide. When boiled with Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution and a few drops of Chloroform no odom- of 
 Phenyl -isonitrile is evolved. Exalgin dissolves readily in Chloroform, and 
 this fact enables it to be distinguished from Acetanilide and Phenacetin ; 
 when 1 gramme of the sample is treated with 2 cc. of Chloroform, the Exalgin 
 
588 FEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 is dissolved. A chloroformic solution of Exalgin remains clear when diluted 
 with 10 times its volume of Petroleum Ether, whereas solutions of Acetanilide 
 and Phenacetin become turbid. 0*5 gramme should leave no weighable 
 residue on ignition. 
 
 MISTURA METHYLACETANILIDI.—Methylacetanilide, 3 grains; Syrup 
 of Orange, 1 fl. drm. ; Chloroform Water ( I in 200), to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 FEL BOVINUM PURIFICATUM. 
 
 PURIFIED OX BILE. 
 
 A yellowisli-green, hygroscopic solid, possessing a distinctive odour 
 and a taste at first sweet and then bitter. 
 
 Evaporate 20 fl. oz. of fresh Ox Bile to 5 fl. oz., and mix it with 
 10 fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; separate the precipitate, and reduce 
 the clear fluid to a firm extract. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). Insoluble 
 in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Intestinal antiseptic and cholagogue, 
 purgative. Used where there is a deficiency of bile ; it assists the 
 emulsification and absorption of fats. See also Sodii Taurocliolas. 
 
 Ox Gall suppositories produce an easy, rapid, and effectvial movement of 
 the bowels in cases of constipation, their action being mollified by the addition 
 of 5 grains of Bismuth Oxide, and intensified if administered in conjunction 
 with the ordinary Glycerin svippository ; a suitable suppository could be 
 made with Cocoa Butter, each to contain, say, 5 grains of Fel Bovinum 
 Purificatum. — L. '14, i. 1131. 
 
 As it is desirable that it should pass into the small intestine unchanged, 
 pills should be coated with Keratin Solution, which protects them from the 
 action of the gastric juice. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch and Jap. (Fel Tauri 
 Inspissatum) ; Mex. (Hiel de tore); Port. (Extracto de Fel de 
 Boi), Gall 1, Alcohol 1, Animal Charcoal ^j^; U.S. (Fel Bo vis Puri- 
 ficatxim), Ox Gall 3, concentrated to 1, Alcohol 1. U.S. has also Fel 
 Bovis as well as the purified substance. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — A brownish-red colour changing gradually to a deep violet 
 is produced when 1 ml. of a 1 in 100 aqueous solution of Purified Ox 
 Bile containing also O'l p.c. of Refined Sugar is heated in a water- 
 bath with 10 ml. of Phosphoric Acid, specific gravity 1-750. The 
 U.S. P. employs a solution of 1 part of Purified Ox Gall in about 
 100 parts of Distilled Water, requiring that when treated, first with 
 a drop of freshly prepared solution of 1 part of Sugar in 4 parts of 
 Distilled Water, and afterwards with Sulphuric Acid, cautiously 
 added, imtil the precipitate first formed is redissolved, a brownish- 
 red colour changing successively to carmine, purple, and violet is 
 gradually acquired. The reaction is known as Pettenkofer's test, 
 and is the characteristic reaction of Cholalic Acid. Furfural or Glucose 
 as an alternative to the Cane Sugar has been suggested owing to the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 589 
 
 likelihood of the reaction being obscured by the cliarring of the Sugar 
 by the Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurity is unpurified Ox Bile. The 
 aqueous solution (strength not specified in the B.P.) should yield 
 no precipitate when diluted with twice its voliune of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 indicating the- absence of unpurified Ox Bile ; the U.S. P. requires 
 that an aqueous solution should be clear, and should remain transparent 
 upon the addition of an equal volume of Alcohol (94 '9 p.c.). 
 
 FERRUM, 
 
 IRON. 
 
 Fe, eq. 55-84. 
 
 Fr., Fer ; Ger., Gepulvertes Eisen ; Ital., Ferro ; Span., Hierro. 
 
 Annealed Iron wire, having a diameter about 0"005 inch = O'l mm. 
 (about No. 35 wire gauge), or wrought iron nails, free from Oxide. 
 
 The use of Iron in medicine is of great antiquity ; it is said to have been 
 the first mineral used internally, more than 3,000 years ago. 
 
 Iron salts naturally divide into two groups : the Ferrous or Protosalts, 
 based upon the Oxide FeO ; and the Ferric or Sesquisalts (Persalts), based 
 upon the Oxide FcoOj. Ferrous salts have a strong tendency to pass into 
 the Ferric condition by absorption of atmospheric Oxj^gen, a change which 
 takes place very rapidly in presence of oxidising agents, as Chlorine, Nitric 
 Acid, etc. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The Iron salts in general are ha:?matinic 
 and tonic ; the Perchloride and Sulpliate are also very astringent and 
 haemostatic, and are antiseptic. All the Iron salts are stated to be 
 converted into Chloride by the acid of the stomach. The Astringent 
 salts are the most powerful tonics, but as they frequently produce 
 gastric irritation, the Neutral salts are far more generally prescribed. 
 Of these Ferrous Carbonate in its various forms, and the Iron and 
 Ammoniiun Citrate, are in the greatest demand. The Phosphate 
 preparations are excellent haematinics, and are very popular with 
 children. Iron preparations are given after food. 
 
 The Iron and Quinine Citrate, Arsenate, and Iodide are given in 
 special cases calling for these combinations. 
 
 Iron is useful in most forms of an a? mi a, and in dyspepsia, debility, 
 clironic cachectic conditions, neuralgia, amenorrhoea and other con- 
 ditions which so often depend on ansemia ; also in convalescence. 
 It is contra-indicated in apoplectic persons and generally in fevers, 
 but has been given with benefit in erysipelas. 
 
 When constipation is a symptom the Iron is combined with some 
 aperient, such as Aloes and Nux Vomica or Cascara ; or a mixture 
 containing Magnesium or Sodium Sulphate may be taken separately 
 as required. 
 
 OflB^cial Preparations. — Of metallic Iron, Ferri Sulphas, Liquor Ferri 
 Perchloridi Fortis ; of Iron Wire, Syrupus Ferri lodidi, Syrupus Ferri 
 Phosphatis, Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychnina, Vinum 
 
590 FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Ferri ; of Ferrous Sulphate, Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, Ferri Phosphas 
 Saccharatus, Ferri Svilphas Exsiccatus, Liquor Ferri Persulphatis, Mistura 
 Ferri Composita ; of Strong Solution of Ferric Chloride, Liquor Ferri 
 Perchloridi, Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi ; of Solution of Ferric Sulphate, 
 Ferri et Aminoniae Citras, Ferri et Qviininae Citras, Ferri et Potassii Tartras ; 
 of Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, Pilula Ferri, Pilula Aloes et Ferri ; of 
 Reduced Iron, Trochiscus Ferri Redacti ; of Iron and Ammonium 
 Citrate, Vinum Ferri Citratis. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Ferri Aromatica, Extractum Ferri Pomati, Iron 
 Malate Wine, Sirupus Ferri Pomati Compositus, Tinctura Ferri Pomati, 
 Liquor Ferri Acetatis, TinctLtra Ferri Acetici Altherea. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Autsr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., 
 Jap., Norw., Swed. and Swiss (Ferrum Ptilveratum), Belg. (Ferri 
 Pulvis), Fr. (Fer), Ital. (Ferro Porf irizzato), Port. (Ferro), Mex. 
 (Fierro), Span. (Hierro), and U.S. (Ferrum). 
 
 Tests. — Iron when present iu solution in tlie Ferric condition 
 answers tlie following distinctive tests : — The addition of Ammonia 
 Solution produces a reddish-brown flocculent precipitate, insoluble in 
 excess of the reagent, soluble in Citric or Tartaric Acid ; Potassimn 
 or Sodium Hydroxide Solution produces a similar precipitate also 
 soluble in Citric or Tartaric Acid ; Potassimn Ferrocyanide Solution 
 produces a dark blue precipitate, insoluble in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, soluble in Oxalic Acid, decomposed by Potassimn or Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution ; Potassium Ferricyanide Solution produces a 
 brown or reddish-brown coloration but no precipitate ; Ammonium 
 Hydrosulphide Solution produces a black precipitate mixed with 
 Sulphur, on the addition of cold Diluted Hydrochloric Acid the black 
 precipitate dissolves, evolving Hydrogen Sulphide gas and leaving a 
 white insoluble precipitate of Sulphur ; Ammonium or Potassium 
 Thiocyanate Solution yields a blood-red coloration, readily destroyed 
 by Mercuric Chloride Test-Solution, also destroyed by Phosphoric 
 Acid ; Tannic Acid Solution produces a black or bluish-black coloration 
 in dilute solutions, a black or bluish-black precipitate in stronger 
 solutions ; a solution of the Ferric salt acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid liberates Iodine when added to a solution of Potassium Iodide ; 
 this reaction has been utilised in the U.S. P. as a general method for 
 the determination of Iron in the Ferric condition. 
 
 When present in the Ferrous condition its solution yields the 
 following reactions : — Ammonia Solution produces a white flocculent 
 precipitate, rapidly turning to a dull green colour and ultimately to 
 reddish-brown ; it is soluble in diluted mineral acid and in Citric or 
 Tartaric Acid, rapidly becoming brown on exposure to air ; Potassium 
 or Sodium Hydroxide Solution yields a similar precipitate, which 
 behaves similarly with the reagents mentioned ; Potassiimi Ferro- 
 cyanide Solution produces a white precipitate Avhich rapidly becomes 
 dark blue on exposure to air, and which is insoluble in Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid ; Potassium Ferricyanide Solution produces a dark blue 
 precipitate, insoluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and decomposed 
 by Potassiimi or Sodimn Hydroxide Solution ; Ammoniiun Hydro- 
 sulphide Solution yields a black precipitate, soluble in cold Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid with the evolution of Hydrogen Sulphide gas, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PER 591 
 
 but no precipitate of Sulphur remains ; Hydrogen Sulphide Solution 
 yields no precipitate in an acid solution of a Ferrous salt ; Ammonimn 
 or Potassium Thiocyanate Solution produces no reaction in solutions 
 containing a pure Ferrous salt. 
 
 The 5. P. fixes a limit of 200 parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing the 14 ml. distillate obtained by the distillation of a solution 
 prepared by dissolving 0*05 gramme of Iron and O'l graumae of 
 Potassium Chlorate Arsenic-Test reagent in a mixture of 7 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, and 11 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, 
 the Chlorine being dissipated by boiling, and sufficient Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent added to destroy the yellow colour of 
 the solution ; the 14 ml. distillate being diluted with 50 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water and a few drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent added. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 VINUM FERRI. Iron Wine. 
 
 Iron, in wire, 1 ; Sherry, 20. (Modified.) 
 
 Macerate the Iron in the Sherry in a closed vessel until the liquid, 
 when filtered, shall yield the requisite quantity of Iron. The Iron is 
 only pa]?tially submerged in the Sherry. 
 
 It is now standardised to contain 0- 125 to 0-3 p.c. w/v of Fe. 
 
 The quantity of Iron dissolved seems to depend almost wholly upon the 
 acidity of the Wine. We found that a good dinner Sherry, containing acids 
 equal to 0-396 p.c. of Acetic Acid, dissolved 0-14 p.c. of Iron, and had its 
 acidity reduced to 0- 09 p.c. It was treated as directed in the B.P., and 
 the bottle was about half full. 
 
 Of such a Vinum Ferri, 3 fl. drm. would represent the Iron contained in 
 5 minims of Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Prescribed for yoimg children and delicate females with irritable stomach. 
 
 Tests. — Iron Wine has a specific gravity of about 1 -000, it contains 
 about 4*5 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 18 p.c. v/v of Absolute 
 Alcohol. It is officially required to contain not less than "125 or more 
 than 0"3 p.c. w/v of Iron, as determined by igniting the residue left 
 after the evaporation of 50 ml. of the Wine, dissolving the residue, 
 when cold, in warm Hydrochloric Acid diluted with an equal volume 
 of Water, removing any insoluble matter by filtration, through a 
 small filter paper, which is thoroughly washed with Distilled Water. 
 The Iron is precipitated as Ferric Hydroxide from the combined 
 filtrate and washings by the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia 
 Solution, the precipitate is filtered off, washed, dried, ignited and 
 weighed as Ferric Oxide. It should weigh not less than "089 gramme 
 and not more than 0*215 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI AROMATICA.— Fine Iron Wire, 2; Red Cinchona 
 Bark, in powder, 4 ; Calumba, in coarse powder, 2 ; Cloves, bruised, 1 ; 
 Compound Tincture of Cardamoms, 12 ; Tincture of Orange Peel, 2 ; Pepper- 
 
592 PER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measirfe.] 
 
 mint AVater, 48. Macerate the first four ingredients in the last one for three 
 days in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally, filter, and make up with 
 Peppermint Water to 50 ; to this add the Tinctures, and preserve in a well- 
 stoppered bottle.— B.F. 1885. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28 • 4 to 56 • 8 ml. 
 
 Much valued, especially in Dublin, as a stomachic tonic and hcematinic. 
 
 EXTRACTUM FERRI POMATI. — Iron Wire treated with the expressed 
 juice of Sour Apples and evaporated to an extract, which should contain 
 abovxt 5 p.c. of Iron. 
 
 Dose.— 3 to 10 grains = 0-20 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias.^Official in Austr., Dan., Norw. and Swed. 
 (Ext. Pomi Ferratum) ; Belg. and Ger. (Ext. Ferri Pomati) ; Hung. 
 (Ext. Malatis Ferri), Jap., Russ. and Swiss (Ext. Ferri Pomatum). 
 Swiss is prepared by dissolving freshly precipitated Peroxide of Iron in 
 Apple Juice ; all the others are with metallic Iron and Apple Juice. 
 
 SIRUPUS FERRI POMATI COMPOSITUS. Sirupus Magistralis.— 
 Ferrated Extract of Apples, 1 ; Cinnamon Water, 4 ; Syrup of Orange 
 Peel, 20 ; Simple Syrup, 24 ; Syrup of Rhubarb, 50 ; Tincture of 
 Cinnamon, 1. — Swiss. 
 
 TINCTURA FERRI POMATI ((?er.).— Ferrated Extract of Apples, 1 ; 
 Cinnamon Water, 9. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 90 minims = 1 • 8 to 5 • 4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Phatmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Norw. and Swed., 
 1 and 5 ; Belg., Hung., Jap., Russ. and Swiss, 1 and 9 ; Dutch (Solutio 
 Ferri Pomata) ; and Ital. (Tinctura di Malato di Ferro). Not in 
 the others. 
 
 IRON MALATE WINE. — In Devonshire a quantity of Iron Wire or 
 Nails is digested in a bottle of Cider for a week ; a wineglassfvil three times 
 a day is the dose. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI ACETATIS.— A dark brownish-red liquid, sp. gr. 1-031, 
 
 formerly Official but now omitted. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims — 0-3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Russ. and Swiss, sp.gr. 1-087 
 to 1-091. Not in the others. 
 
 TINCTURA FERRI ACETICI /ETHEREA (Swiss).— Solution of Iron 
 Acetate (sp.gr. 1-087 to 1-091), 8; Alcohol, 1; Acetic Ether, 1. All by 
 weight. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 minims = 0-6 to 1 -2 ml. 
 
 Official in Russ., the proportions being 9, 2, and 1 respectively. 
 
 Not Official. 
 FERRI ALBUMINAS. 
 
 A liquor is Official in the Dutch PharmacopcBia containing • 25 p.c. of 
 Ferric Oxide, and several other formulas have been proposed, but it is more 
 convenient to use the commercial scale preparation, which is fairly soluble 
 in Water, and contains 5 p.c. of Ferric Oxide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hsematinic tonic. Given with success in 
 anfemia, and specially recommended in gastric ulcer. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0-2 to -05 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 593 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oflicial in Dan., Dutch, Gcr., Hung., Jap., 
 Norw., Russ. and Swiss (Liquor Ferri Albuminati) ; Swed. (Liquor 
 Oxydi Ferrici Albuminati). All containing 0-4 p.c. of Iron. Hung, has 
 also Liquor Ferri Albuminati Saccharatus. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI ALBUMINATI (C/.S-.A^.F.).— Dry Egg Albumen, 4 ; 
 Solution of Ferric Oxychloride, 13 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 12 ; Aromatic Elixir 
 (U.S. P.), 40 ; Solution of Sodium Hydroxide (U.S. P.) and Distilled Water, 
 q.'S. of each to produce 100. 
 
 FERRATIN.^ — A brown tasteless powder, containing 7 p.c. of Iron, 
 prepared from egg Albumen and Tartarated Iron in alkaline solution. Daily 
 dose for children, 5 to 15 grains, and for adults, 20 to 30 grains. 
 
 Official in Russ. 
 
 Alboferin (Iron Albuminate). — An almost odourless brown powder, 
 soluble in Water. 
 
 Carniferrin.— A compound of Iron with Phospho-carnic Acid. A brown 
 powder containing about 30 p.c. of Iron. 
 
 Fersan (Iron Paranucleo-proteid). — An Iron compound, obtained from 
 red blood corpuscles, soluble in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0-65 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Ovoferrin. — A clear, brownish-red liquid, consisting of a solution of Iron 
 Vitellin. Recommended in anaemia and chlorosis. One teaspoonful is stated 
 to be equivalent to 0'06 gramme of Iron. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls 3 times daily. 
 
 Hemaboloids.— A clear, dark brownish-red fluid possessing an aromatic 
 odour and an agreeable taste. Employed in anaemia. 
 
 Dose. — One tablespoonful after each meal. Children in proportion. A 
 tablespoonful dose is stated to contain an amount of Iron equal to that in 
 20 minims (1-2 ml.) of Tincture of Ferric Chloride. 
 
 Ferri Alginas (Alginoid Iron). — A tasteless brown powder, containing 
 about 10 p.c. of Iron. Insoluble in Water, soluble in Ammonia. 
 
 Claimed to have two advantages over other compounds of Iron : (1) it 
 does not derange digestion ; (2) it does not cause constipation. Alginic 
 Acid is a nitrogenous acid obtained from seaweed. It is best given in powder 
 or cachets. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 15 grains = 0*13 to 1 gramme. 
 
 FERRI PEPTON AS.— A brown or reddish-brown powder, having a meaty 
 and somewhat disagreeable odour. Readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI PEPTONATI (t7..S'.Ar.i^.)._Peptone, dry, 4 ; Solution 
 of Ferric Oxychloride, 20; Alcohol, 12; Aromatic Elixir (U.S. P.), 40; 
 Solution of Sodium Hydroxide (U.S. P.), q.s. ; Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 
 100. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI PEPTONATI CUM MANGANO (U.S.N.F.).—Femc 
 Peptonate, 4-5 ; Soluble Manganese Citrate, 0-8 ; Ammonia Water (U.S. P.), 
 1-3; Aromatic Elixir, 5-0; Alcohol (95 p.c), 15-00; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 to produce 100. 
 
 Not Official. 
 FERRI ARSENIO-CITRAS AMMONIATA. 
 
 Green or yellowish -green deliquescent scales, containing 1-4 p.c. Arsenious 
 Acid and 15 to 18 p.c. of Iron. Readily soluble in Water. A valuable 
 antiperiodic. Best administered by subcutaneous injection. 
 
/S94 PER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 INJECTIO FERRI ARSENATIS. — A neutral, sterilised solution, con- 
 taining 2-5 p.c. of the above salt, specially prepared for hypodermic admini- 
 stration. The dose, which is 1 c.c, contains 0-00035 gramme Arsenious Acid 
 and from 0- 00375 to 0045 gramme of Iron. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI ARSENICALIS. — Arsenical Solution, 2 minims ; 
 Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 5 grains ; Tincture of Calumba, 10 minims ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz.^ — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Citrate of Iron and Ammonium, 8 grains ; Arsenical Solution, 5 minims ; 
 Tinctiu-e of Calumba, 30 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — UniversUy. 
 
 Arsenical Solution, 5 minims ; Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 6 grains ; 
 Infusion of Quassia, to 1 fl. oz. — Guy's. 
 
 PILULA FERRI ARSENICALIS {University). — Avsemows Anhydride, 
 jfjy grain ; Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, 3 grains ; Excipient, q.s. for one pill. 
 
 FERRI ARSE N AS. — An olive-green, amorphous powder, formerly Official 
 but now omitted. 
 
 Dose. — yig to \ grain = 0-004 to 0-016 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Fr., Mex. (Arseniato de 
 Fierro) and Span. Not in the others. 
 
 FERRI CACODYLAS.— /See tmder SoDii Cacodylas. 
 
 Arsenferratin. — A brown tasteless powder, containing about 6 p.c. of 
 Iron and 0-06 p.c. of Arsenic. Recommended in anaemia and chlorosis. 
 Tablets containing 0-25 gramme, corresponding to 0-015 gramme of Iron 
 and 0-00015 gramme of Arsenic. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 tablets 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 Arsenferratose. — Liquor Ferratini Arseniati. — A brown or reddish- 
 brown liquid, consisting of a Solution of Arsenferratin. It is stated to contain 
 0- 3 p.c. of Iron and 0-03 p.c. of Arsenic. Recommended in anaemia. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 Not Oflacial. 
 PERRI BROMIDUM. 
 
 The commercial salt is in greyish-white crystalline masses, coated with red 
 insoluble Oxyliromide, which amounts to about ■ 5 p.c. 
 
 It generally contains abovit 18 p.c. of Water, corresponding nearly with the 
 formula FeBr„, 3H.,0, eq. 269-728. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI BROMIDI FORTIS.— A clear green hquid. Sp.gr. 
 1 - 554. 
 
 Each fl. drm. contains 36 grains of anhydrous Iron Bromide (FeBr„, eq. 
 215-68). 
 
 This solution keeps well in a corked bottle, with bright Iron Wire immersed 
 in it, and on filtration gives a clear green liquid. 
 
 With the addition of a small quantity of Hypophosphorous Acid, the 
 Liquor will keep very well. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopoBias. — Official in Mex. (Bromuro Ferroso) and 
 Port. (Brometo Ferroso), both solid, no solution.' 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI BROMIDI. — Strong Solution of Iron Bromide 
 (filtered), 1 ; Simple Syrup, 7 ; mix. 
 
 Contains 4J grains of Iron Bromide in each fl. drm. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1 • 8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 595 
 
 FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS. 
 
 SACCHARATED IRON CARBONATE. 
 
 [altered.] 
 
 Fr., Sacchartjre de Carbonate Ferreux ; Ger., Zuckerhaltiges Ferro 
 
 Carbonat. 
 
 Dull, greyish-brown, amorphous, odourless powder, having at first 
 a sweet and subsequently a ferruginous taste. It is now required 
 to contain not less than 50 p.c. of Ferrous salts, reckoned as 
 Ferrous Carbonate, PeCOg, eq. 115 •84. 
 
 It is now made with Glucose instead of Sugar, and this has been shown 
 to yield a higher proportion of Ferrous salt. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An excellent chalybeate ; readily taken 
 and well borne. Not astringent. Useful in anscmia, and in anaemic 
 forms of amenorrhoea, neuralgia and sciatica. Ferrous Carbonate, in 
 the form of ' B laud's Pills,' is a very popular medicine. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0'65 to 2 grammes. 
 
 The above dose is equivalent to 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1-0 gramme 
 of Ferrous Carbonate. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in cachets, lozenges, or pills. Sometimes 
 ordered in the form of Powders to be taken on bread and butter. A good pi/^ 
 can be made by adding Dispensing Syrup q.s. It can also be taken as an 
 effervescent granule. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Acids and acid salts ; all Vegetable astringents. 
 
 Of&cial Preparations. — Mistura Ferri Composita and pilula Ferri. 
 Although not actually prepared from the Saccharated Iron Carbonate, they 
 are here grouped for comparison. 
 
 Not Official. — Massa Ferri Carbonatis, Pilulse Ferri Carbonatis, Trochisci 
 Ferri Carbonatis Saccharati, Ferri Oxidum Saccharatum, Sirupus Ferri 
 Oxydati. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr. and Swiss (Ferrum 
 Carbonicum Saccharatum), contains about 20 p.c. of Carbonate ; Belg. 
 (Carbonas Ferri Saccharatus), 20 p.c; U.S. contains 1.5 p.c. ; Ger., 
 Jap., Norw. and Russ., 9-5 to 10 p.c. of Iron, equal to about 20 i^.c. of Car- 
 bonate ; Norw. (Hydratocarbonas Ferrosus Saccharatus). No 
 Sugar : Jap. (Ferrum Subcarbonicum) ; and Mex. (Carbonato de 
 Fierro). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Saccharated Iron Carbonate dissolves with effervescence 
 in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and the solution yields with Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide or Potassiimi Ferricyanide Solution, a dark blue pre- 
 cipitate. It is officially required to contain not less than 49-93 p.c. of 
 Ferrous salts, reckoned as Ferrous Carbonate, as determined by titrating 
 a solution of 1 gramme of Saccharated Iron Carbonate in excess of 
 warm Phosphoric Acid (sp. gr. 1'50) diluted with Distilled Water, 
 with Tenth-Normal Vokmietric Potassiiun Bichromate Solution, 
 employing Potassium Ferricyanide Solution as an indicator ; 43*1 ml. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Bicliromate Solution should 
 have to be added before a blue precipitate ceases to be produced with 
 this indicator. The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 15 p.c. 
 
606 FEB, [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of Ferrous Carbonate, as determined by titrating with Tenth- Normal 
 Vohmietric Potassimn Bichromate Solution, the solution obtained by 
 dissolving 1*15 grammes of the Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate in 
 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid (1 to 5) and diluting this solution 
 with Distilled Water to about 100 c.c. ; not less than 15 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassiimr Bichromate Solution should be required 
 for complete oxidation, Potassium Ferricyanide Test-Solution being 
 employed as an indicator ; corresponding to not less than 15 p.c. of 
 Ferrous Carbonate; the P.G. requires it to contain 9*5 to 10 p.c. 
 of Iron, Fe, as determined by dissolving 1 gramme of Saccharated 
 Ferrous Carbonate in 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, without the 
 use of heat, oxidising the solution with f p.c. w/w Potassiimi Per- 
 manganate Solution until of a faint reddish colour remaining permanent 
 for a short time, subsequently decolorising and adding 2 grammes of 
 Potassimn Iodide. The mixture is allowed to stand during one hour 
 in a stoppered glass bottle. The liberated Iodine should require 
 from 17*0 to 17*8 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimietric Sodium Thio- 
 sulphate Solution to decolorise it, representing a minimum content of 
 9*5 to 10 p.c. of Iron ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmiietric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution = 0*005585 gramme of Iron, Starch Solution 
 being used as an indicator. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by first drying and then gently igniting a paste 
 consisting of 2 grammes of Saccharated Iron Carbonate, 1 gramme of 
 Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent and 2 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 dissolving the residue in 20 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent and 10 ml. of Distilled Water, eliminating the 
 yellow colour of the solution by the addition of a suflSciency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent, and distilling 24 ml. ; the 24 ml. distil- 
 late is diluted with 35 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 3 drops of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent added. 
 
 A 2 p.c. solution of the Carbonate in sufficient Hydrochloric Acid 
 to effect solution and ensure a slight excess of acid, should yield no 
 pronoimced turbidity with Barimn Chloride Test-Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI COMPOSITA. Compound Mixture of Iron. 
 N.O.Sijn. — Griffith's Mixture. (Altered.) 
 
 Mix together 15 of powdered Myrrh, 8 of Potassium Carbonate, 
 15 of Glucose, and 15 of powdered Giun Acacia ; make them into a 
 thin paste with Rose Water, and add gradually more Rose Water, 
 together with 10 of Spirit of Nutmeg, until the mixture measures 1000 ; 
 in this dissolve 6 of Ferrous Sulphate. 
 
 The equivalent quantities for making 10 fl. oz. of the mixture are Myrrh, 
 Gum Acacia, and Glucose, of each GS^ grains. Potassium Carbonate 35 grains. 
 Spirit of Nutmeg 48 minims, and Ferrous Sulphate 26^ grains. 
 
 Differs in composition from B.P. 1898, in the quantities of the ingredients, 
 and by the substitution of Glucose and Gum Acacia for Sugar. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 507 
 
 It is convenient to keep the first part of the mixture ready made, and to 
 add the Ferrous Sulphate when required for use. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., similar to Brit., but with- 
 out Nutmeg ; Norw., with Peppermint Water in place of Rose Water, and 
 without Nutmeg ; Swed., Emul.sio Myrrhse Ferrata, with Peppermint Water 
 and Tincture of Lavender in the place of Rose Water and Nutmeg ; U.S. 
 similar to Brit., but with Spirit of Lavender in the place of Nutmeg. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 PILULA FERRI. Iron Pill. (Altered.) 
 
 Glucose, 31 ; Water, 2 ; Powdered Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, 
 33 ; mix and add powdered Exsiccated Sodium Carbonate, 21 ; mix 
 and allow it to remain for 10 minutes, or until the reaction is complete, 
 then incorporate 2 of Tragacanth and 8 of Gmn Acacia (both in powder). 
 
 The proportion of Iron to Soda is much the same as in B.P. 1898, but the 
 general composition of the mass has been altered considerably. 
 
 If divided into 5-grain pills, each pill will contain about 1 grain of Ferrous' 
 Carbonate. 
 
 B.P. states that it contains about 22-5p.c. of Ferrous Carbonate, which 
 is equal to about 1 in 4|. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Vallet's Mass is made by precipitating and washing the Iron Carbonate, 
 and mixing it with Honey and Milk Sugar to form a mass. See below. 
 
 Eland's Pills are made by mixing (in the pill mass) dried Ferrous Sulphate 
 and dried Potassium or Sodium Carbonate. See below. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^ — Official in Belg. and Dutch (Pilule 
 Blaud), Dan. and Norw. (Pilulse Blaudii) also (Pilulse Ferri Com- 
 positpe), Fr. (Pilules de Carbonate Ferreux, formule de Vallet, and 
 Pilules de Carbonate de Fer composees. Pilule de Blaud), Ger. and 
 Jap. (Pilulse Ferri Carbonici Blaudii), Austr. and Hung. (Pilulse 
 Ferri Carbonici), Ital. (Pillole di Carbonato Ferroso) (Pillole 
 di Blaud) also (Pillole di Vallet), Mex. (Pildoras de Blaud and 
 Pildoras de Vallet), Port. (Pilulas de Carbonato Ferroso), Span. 
 (Pildoras de Blaud), Swed. (Pilulae Ferrata3 Blaudii and Pilulse 
 Myrrhfe Ferratse), Swiss (Pilulfe Ferrata? Blaudii and Pilulae Ferri 
 Carbonici) (Pil. Valleti) ; LLS. (Pilul* Ferri Carbonatis) (Blaxid's 
 Pills), also (Massa Ferri Carbonatis) (Vallet's Mass). Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MASSA FERRI CARBONATIS (Vallet's Mass) (Cy-.S.).— Dissolve 
 100 of Ferrous Sulphate and 46 of Monohydrated Sodivim Carbonate, each 
 separately, in 200 of boiling Distilled Water, and, having added 20 of Syrup 
 to the Solution of the Iron salt, filter both Solutions and allow them to become 
 cold ; gradually add the Iron Solution to the Sodimn Solution in a bottle 
 holding 500, rotating it vmtil Carbonic Acid gas no longer escapes. Add 
 Distilled Water, q.s. to fill the bottle ; then cork it and set aside so that the 
 Ferrous Carbonate may subside. Pour off the supernatant liquid, and wash 
 the precipitate with a mixture of Syrup 1, Water 19, by decantation until the 
 washings no longer have a saline taste. Drain and press ; mix the precipitate 
 at once with 38 of Clarified Honey and 25 of Sugar, and evaporate the mixture 
 in a tared dish on a water-bath, with constant stirring, until it is reduced 
 to 100. 
 
 PILULA FERRI CARBONATIS (Blaud's Pills) (t/.<S.). — Rub 8 
 grammes of Potassium Carbonate in a mortar with about 10 drops each of 
 Glycerin and Water, then add 16 grammes of Ferrous Sulphate and 4 grammes 
 of Sugar, previously triturated together to a uniform powder, and rub the 
 
598 FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 mass thoroughly until it assumes a greenish colour. When the reaction has 
 terminated incorporate 1 gramme of Tragacanth and 1 gramme of Althsea, 
 and, if necessary, a little more Water, so as to obtain a mass of pilular con- 
 sistence. Divide this into 100 pills. 
 
 TROCHISCI FERRI CARBONATIS SACCHARAT!. — Containing 
 3 grains of Saccharated Iron Carbonate in each. 
 Dose.— 1 to 3 lozenges. 
 
 FERRUM OXIDUM SACCHARATUM (Austr., Ger., Norw. and S wed.). 
 — A reddish-brown powder, with a sweet, slightly ferruginous taste ; a 
 mixture of Hydrated Ferric Oxide and Sugar, containing the equivalent of 
 2-8 to 3 p.c. of Iron. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Sirupus Ferri Oxydati {Ger.). — Saccharated Iron Oxide, 1 ; Water,!; 
 Syrup, 1. 
 
 FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS. 
 
 IRON AND AMMONIUM CITRATE. 
 
 Thin, translucent, deep ruby-red, odourless, deliquescent scales, 
 possessing a ferruginous and somewhat astringent taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered dark amber tinted bottles, as 
 it has a tendency to become deliquescent in moist air. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 5 of Water, and measures 10^ ; 2 dissolved in 
 3 of Water measure 4 ; almost insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — As a haematinic it is a very effectual 
 salt, and it possesses scarcely any astringency or tendency to cause 
 gastric irritation or constipation ; it may often be given when tlie 
 stomach will not bear the more astringent preparations of Iron. It 
 becomes moist if kept in paper. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0" 65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing 'Note.— Generally prescribed in solution with Tincture oj 
 Orange, which covers the taste well. 
 
 An Aqueous Solution, 2 fl. oz. representing 480 grains of the scale pre- 
 paration ; is convenient for dispensing, and keeps well. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Mineral Acids, Vegetable Astringents, and fixed Alkalis. 
 OflBcial Preparation. — Vinum Ferri Citratis. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Ferri cum Ammonia, Ferri Citras, Ferri et 
 Ammonii Citras Viride, and Ferri et Manganesii Citras. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Ferrum Citricum), Fr. 
 (Citrate de Fer Ammoniacal), Ital. (Citrate di Ferro Ammo- 
 niacale), Mex. (Citrato de Fierro Amoniacal), Norw. (Citras 
 Ferrico- Ammonicus), Port. (Citrato de Ferro Ammoniacal), Swed. 
 (Citras Ferricus), Swiss (Ferrum Citricvim Ammoniatum), Span. 
 (Citrato Ferrico -Amonico) ; U.S., Jap. and Swiss (Ferrum Citricum 
 Ammoniatum). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Iron and Ammonium Citrate dissolves readily and com- 
 pletely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear solution which has a faintly 
 acid reaction towards blue Litmus paper. An aqueous solution when 
 heated with an excess of Potassium Hydroxide Solution evolves the 
 distinctive odour of Ammonia, and yields a brownish-red precipitate, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 599 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt, when freed from Iron by 
 boiling with an excess of Potassimn Hydroxide Solution, and filtering, 
 yields' a filtrate which, when neutrahsed with Acetic Acid, affords on 
 boiling with Calcium Chloride Solution, a white crystalline precipitate. 
 
 Over and above the statement that it should yield 31 or 32 p.c. of 
 Ash, presumably Ferric Oxide, the B.P. gives no method for the 
 determination of the Iron. The U.S. P. requires that it should contain 
 Iron and Ammoniimi Citrate corresponding in amount to not less 
 than 16 p.c. of metallic Iron, as determined by the process described 
 below under the heading of Vohmietric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, fixed alkalis, 
 Tartrates and Sulphates. The"5.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic 
 per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by first drying and 
 then gently igniting a paste consisting of 2 grammes of Iron and 
 Ammonium Citrate, 1 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test 
 reagent, and 2 ml. of Distilled Water, dissolving the residue in 20 ml. 
 of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, and 10 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, eliminating the yellow colour of the solution by the 
 addition of a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent 
 and distilling 24 ml. ; the 24 ml. distillate is diluted with 35 ml. of 
 hot Distilled Water and 3 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent added. The ash obtained on the ignition of the salt, when 
 moistened with Distilled Water, should not possess an alkaline 
 reaction towards red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of 
 fixed alkalis. If the Iron be completely removed from a solution of 
 1 gramme of the salt in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, by boiling with an 
 excess of Potassimn Hydroxide Solution, and filtering, the filtrate 
 shall yield no crystalline precipitate when acidified with Acetic Acid, 
 indicating the absence of Tartrates. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the 
 salt shall yield not more than the faintest turbidity on the addition 
 of Bariiun Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 It may be distinguished from Ferric Citrate by its solution in 
 Distilled Water not affording a blue colour or precipitate on the addition 
 of Potassimn Ferrocyanide Test-Solution, unless acidulated with 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If • 555 gramme of the salt be dissolved 
 in 15 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid in a glass -stoppered 
 flask having a capacity of about 100 c.c, and if, after the addition of 1 gramme 
 of Potassium Iodide, and securely closing the flask, the mixture be kept for 
 half an hour at 40° C. (104° F.), and then cooled, it should require not less 
 than 16 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimaetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution to 
 discharge the colour of the liquid, Starch Test-Solution being used as an 
 indicator ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 = 1 p.c. metallic Iron, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 VINUM FERRI CITRATIS. Wine op Iron Citrate. (Modified.) 
 Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 18 ; Orange Wine, q.s. to yield 1000. 
 It now contains 157-5 grains (instead of 160 grains) in 20 fl. oz., equal to 
 rather less than 1 grain in each fl- drm. 
 
fiOO FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 tl. dim. = 3-6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Official in Jap. (Vinum Ferri), 1 in 50 ; Mex. (Vino de Fierro), 1 in 
 150 ; Span. (Vino Calibeado), 1 and 200 of Malaga. 
 
 Vinum Ferri (U.S.). — Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 4 ; Tincture of 
 Sweet Orange Peel, 6 ; Syrup, 10 ; White Wine, q.s. to produce 100. 
 
 Vinum Ferri Am arum, see p. (i04. 
 
 Tests. — Wine of Iron Citrate lias a specific gravity of 1*0G3; it 
 contains about 18 p.c. \v/v of total solids, and about 16 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI CUM AMMONIA. — Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 
 10 grains ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 30 minims ; Infusion of Quassia, 
 to 1 fl. oz. — King's. 
 
 Iron and Ammonium Citrate, 5 grains ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 
 1 minims ; Spirit of Chloroform, 5 minims ; Infusion of Quassia, to 1 fi. oz. — 
 Royal Free. 
 
 FERRI CITRAS (Ferric Citrate). — Thin, transparent, ruby-red scales, 
 odoiirless and possessing a faintly ferruginous taste. Slowly but entirely 
 soluble in Water, readily soluble in hot Water; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Should be preserved in well -stoppered bottles, of a dark amber tint. It 
 contains Ferric Citrate corresponding to about 10 p.c. of metallic Iron. The 
 Ferric Citrate of P.G. IV. contained 19 to 20 p.c. of Iron. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS VIRIDE. Green Iron and Ammonium 
 Citrate. — Thin, transparent, odourless, pale-green scales possessing an acid 
 and chalybeate taste. Soluble in Water, yielding a solution, acid in reaction 
 to Litmus paper ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It contains about 15 p.c 
 of Ferric Oxide. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. A neutralised 2 -5 p.c. 
 Solution is employed as an intramuscular injection, in doses of 1 c.c. 
 (17 minims), corresponding to 0-025 gramme (^ grain). This dose is some- 
 times combined with J^ grain (0-002 gramme) of Arsenious Anhydride, or 
 gijj grain (0-0011 gramme) of Strychnine Hydrochloride. 
 
 FERRI ET MANGANESII CITRAS (Iron and Manganese Citrate).— 
 Thin, transparent, deep golden-yellow coloured, odourless and almost taste- 
 less scales. Soluble in Water. It should be kept in well -closed bottles of a 
 dark amber tint. It contains 7 p.c. of Manganese and 1-1 p.c. of Iron. 
 Employed in anaemia. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 FERRI ET POTASSII TARTRAS. 
 
 IRON AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Fereum Tartaratum ; Tartarated Iron. 
 
 Fr., Ferritartrate de Potassium ; Ger., Kaliumferritartrat ; Ital., 
 Tartrato Ferrico-Potassico ; Span., Tartrato Ferrico-Potasico. 
 
 Thin, deep ruby-red, translucent, slightly deliquescent scales, having 
 a sweetish, ferruginous and astringent taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels, of a dark amber tint, and 
 protected as far as possible from air and light. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 601 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1 of Water (slowlv) ; very sparingly in Alcohol 
 (90p.c.). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Chalybeate tonic, and slightly diuretic, 
 suitable in the anaemia of convalescence. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0".32 to 0'65 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Tartras Ferrico- 
 Potassicus) ; Fr. (Ferrit artrate de Potassium); Ital. (Tartrato 
 Ferrico-Potassico) ; Mex. (Tartrate de Potasio y Fierro); Port. 
 (Tartrate de Potassa e de Ferro) ; Russ. (Ferro-Kalium Tar- 
 taricum) ; Span. (Tartrate Ferrico-Potasico) ; U.S. (Ferri et 
 Potassii Tartras). Not in the others. 
 
 Feri'i et Ammonii Tartras is also official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Tartarated Iron dLssolves slowly but completely in Distilled 
 Water. The solution yields, after acidification with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, a deep blue precipitate on the addition of Potassimn Ferrocyanide 
 Solution. 
 
 If the precipitate produced on boihng a solution of 1 gramme of 
 the salt in 10 ml. of Distilled Water with a slight excess of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, be removed by filtration and the filtrate be slightly 
 acidulated with Acetic Acid, it yields, as it cools, a crystalline deposit, 
 more particularly if the filtrate is first mixed with a little Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). It is officially required to yield not less than 30*0 p.c. of 
 Ferric Oxide, as determined by incinerating a weighed quantity at 
 a red heat, cooling, and washing the residue till tree from Potassium 
 Carbonate, which operation is not always an easy matter to complete ; 
 and again incinerating. The U.S. P. preparation is required to contain 
 Iron and Potassium Tartrate corresponding in amount to not less 
 than 1-5 p.c. of metallic Iron, as determined by the lodometric 
 process described below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Zinc and Sulphates. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of a parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing a solution obtained by first drying and then gently igniting 
 a paste consisting of 2 grammes of Iron and Potassium Tartrate, 
 1 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent and 2 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, dissolving the residue in 20 ml. of Brominated Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 10 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 eliminating the yellow colour of the solution by the addition of a suffi- 
 ciency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent and distilling 24 ml. ; 
 the 24 ml. distillate is diluted with 35 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 3 
 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent added. If the Iron be 
 completely precipitated as Ferric Hydroxide from a 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution by the addition of a slight excess of Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution and boiling, the filtrate, when acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, shall yield no darkening in colour or precipitate on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Lead and 
 Copper; on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution 
 no alteration in colour should occur, indicating the absence of Zinc. 
 
602 PER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A portion of a similar filtrate when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid 
 should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. The B.P. 
 only includes a test for the limit of Arsenic. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 0-555 gramme of the dry salt be dis- 
 solved in 15 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, in a 
 glass-stoppered flask having a capacity of about 100 c.c, and if after the 
 addition of 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide, and securely closing the flask, 
 the mixture be kept for half an hour at 40° C. (104° F.) and then cooled, 
 it should require not less than 15 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution to discharge the colom* of the liquid, Starch Test- 
 Solution being used as indicator, 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution indicating 1 p.c. of metallic Iron, U.S. P. 
 
 FERRI ET QUININiE CITRAS. 
 
 IRON AND QUININE CITRATE. 
 
 Thin, transparent, pale yellowish-green, deliquescent scales possessing 
 a bitter and ferruginous taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well- closed vessels and protected as far as 
 possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter stomachic and tonic, combining 
 the properties of both Iron and Quinine. 
 6f grains contain 1 grain of Quinine. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given in Mixture with Tincture of 
 Orange and Spirit of Chloroform, or Syrup of Orange ; or in Pills made with 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) q.s. It is sometimes prescribed with Potassium Citrate or 
 Lithium Citrate, both of which have a tendency to throw out Quinine Citrate. It 
 can be given in the form of Effervescent Granules, dose one teaspoonful. 
 
 For dispensing purposes it is corivenient to keep an aqueous Solution 
 2 fl. oz. = 480 grains of the salt. 
 
 In compatibles. — Alkalis, their Carbonates and Citrates, Lithium Citrate, 
 Tannic Acid, and vegetable astringents. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Vinum Ferri Amarum, Forri Quininso et Strychinnae 
 Citras, Ferri et Strychninse Citras. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Ferrum Citric um 
 Chiniatum); Ger., Hung., Jap. and Russ. (Chininum Ferro-Citricum); 
 Dan. (Citras Ferricus cum Chinina) ; Norw. (Citras Ferricus cum 
 Chinino) ; Port. (Citrate de Ferro e de Quinina) ; Swed. (Citras 
 Ferrico-Chinicus) ; Swiss (Chinino-Ferrum Citricum) ; U.S. Not 
 in the others. U.S. has also Ferri et Quininse Citras Solubilis. 
 
 Tests. — Iron and Quinine Citrate dissolves readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which is very faintly acid in 
 reaction towards blue Litmus paper. The aqueous solution yields 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 603 
 
 with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, a reddish-brown precipitate, 
 and when heated evolves Ammonia (which fact is not noticed in B.P.) ; 
 with Ammonia Solution it yields a white curdy precipitate ; with 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide and with Potassimn Ferricyanide blue 
 precipitates, with Tannic Acid, a bluish-black precipitate. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt, when boiled with an excess 
 of Potassimn Hydroxide Test-Solution and filtered, yields a filtrate 
 which, when neutralised with Acetic Acid, aftords on boiling with 
 Calcium Chloride Solution, a white precipitate, soluble in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 It is officially required to contain 15 p.c. of alkaloid, which should 
 be almost entirely soluble in a small quantity of Ether, should leave 
 practically no residue on ignition, and which when neutralised with 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid should answer the tests for Quinine Sulphate. 
 No standard for the percentage of Iron is given. The U.S. P. requires 
 the salt to contain not less than 11*5 p.c. of dried Quinine, and Ferric 
 Citrate corresponding in amount to not less than 13 "5 p.c. of metallic 
 Iron. The P.G. requires it to contain from 9 to 10 p.c. of Quinine, 
 and 21 p.c. of Iron. A comparison of the processes ofiicial in the three 
 Pharmacopoeias is made in small tA'pe below imder the heading, 
 Gravimetric Determination. 
 
 Allen has pointed out that in shaking out with Chloroform or Ether 
 a considerable excess of Aimnonia should be present, and the 
 volmne of the solvent should equal that of the ammoniacal liquid. 
 The alkaloidal residue should be dried at 110° to 120° C. (230° to 
 248° F.), a constant weight being difficult to obtain at a water-bath 
 temperature. 
 
 The B.P. now employs Chloroform in place of Ether for the extraction 
 of the alkaloid, and dries the residue at 110° C. (230° F.) ; the U.S.P. 
 employs Chloroform but dries the residue at 100° C. (212° F.) : the 
 P.G. employs Ether and dries the residue at 100°. C. (212° F.). All 
 three Pharmacopa^ias require the alkaloid, which is extracted, to 
 answer the tests and respond to the characters of Quinine. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, fixed alkali, 
 Tartrates and Sulphates. The B.P. includes tests for Arsenic, and 
 fixed alkali, but curiously enough in this instance omits the test for 
 Sulphates. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, 
 as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution obtained by first drying and then gently 
 igniting a paste consisting of 2 grammes of Iron and Quinine Citrate, 
 1 gramme of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent, and 2 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, dissolving the residue in 20 ml. of Brominated Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, and 10 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 eliminating the yellow colour of the solution by the addition of a 
 sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent and distilling 
 24 ml. ; the 24 ml. distillate is diluted with 35 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water and 3 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent added. 
 The ash left on ignition should not exhibit an alkaline reaction to 
 moistened red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of fixed alkali. 
 
004 FEE. [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A 1 ill 10 aquoous solution of the salt wlieu boiled with an excess 
 of Potassium Hydroxide Solution, filtered, the filtrate rendered 
 acid with Acetic Acid, cooled, and allowed to stand for 24 
 hours, should yield no white crystalline precipitate, indicating 
 the absence of Tartrates. An aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt 
 acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should yield no pronounced 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Bariiun Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 The P.G. requires that Iron and Quinine Citrate should lose at the 
 most 10 p.c. in weight on drying at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating a limit 
 of moisture. 
 
 Gravimetric Determination — The white precipitate obtained on adding 
 an excess of Ammonia Solution to a solution of 5 grammes of the salt in 45 ml. 
 of Distilled Water, contained in a glass-stoppered separator, when extracted 
 by repeatedly shaking the liquid with Chlorofoi-m, the chloroformic layer 
 being in each instance separated, transferred to a tared flask or beaker, 
 mixed, and the Chloroform evaporated, shall leave a residue which when 
 dried at 110° C. (230° F.) shall weigh not less than 0*75 gramme, corre- 
 sponding to not less than 15 p.c. of Quinine, B.P. A weighed quantity of 
 1-11 grainine of the salt is dissolved, by the aid of a gentle heat, in 20 e.c. 
 of Distilled Water, transferred to a separator, rendered alkaline with 5 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution, and the mixture shaken out for 1 minute with 10 c.c. 
 of Chloroform. The chloroformic layer is separated and the agitation twice 
 repeated with successive quantities each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The 
 Chloroform solutions are mixed, transferred to a tared dish, the Chloroform 
 evaporated spontaneously, the residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant 
 in weight. It should weigh not less than ■ 1276 gramnrie, which is ec^uivalent 
 to at least 11-5 p.c. of Quinine. The aqueous liquid from the above deter- 
 mination is freed from Chloroform by heating on a water-bath until all 
 ammoniacal and chloroformic odours have disappeared, cooled, and diluted 
 with Distilled Water to 50 c.c. A measured c^uantity of 25 c.c. is transferred 
 to a glass-stoppered flask capable of holding about 100 c.c, 3 c.c. of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid and 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide added, the flask securely 
 stoppered, and the mixture allowed to stand half an \\o\vc at 40° C. (104° F.). 
 When cool not more than 13 -5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution shall be required to discharge the colovu*. Starch 
 Solution being employed as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodimn Thiosulphate Solution indicating 1 p.c. of metallic Iron, U.S. P. ; 
 a weighed quantity of 1 gramme of the salt dried at 100° C. (212° F.) is 
 dissolved in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, and sufficient Sodiuin Hydroxide 
 Solution (15 p.c. w/w) added to ensure a strongly alkaline reaction. The 
 mixture is then shaken out four times in succession, using each time 10 c.c. 
 of Ether. The separated ethereal layers are mixed, evaporated to dry- 
 ness, and the residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.). It should weigh at least 
 0-09 gramme, P.G. 1 gramme of Iron and Quinine Citrate when moistened 
 in a porcelain crucible with Nitric Acid, evaporated at a gentle heat, and 
 the residue ignited, until completely decarbonised, should leave at least 
 0-3 gramme of Iron Oxide, P.G. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 Perri, Quininse et Strychninse Citras, resembling the above but 
 containing in addition 1 p.c. of Strychnine, and Ferri et StrychninaB 
 Citras (U.S.), similar to the above but without Quinine, are both scale 
 preparations, the doses of which are 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 VINUM FERRI AMARUM ( C/./S. ).— Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate, 5 ; 
 Tinctm-e of Sweet Orange Peel, 6 ; Syrup, 30 ; White Wine, q.s. to produce 
 100. 
 
[SoUds by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PER r.05 
 
 Not Official. 
 FERRI HYPOPHOSPHIS. 
 
 There are two Iron Hypophosphites, the Ferrous and the Ferric. The 
 latter is used in most of the American and other proprietary Syrups of the 
 Hypophosphites. The Ferric salt has now replaced the Ferrous salt in the 
 B.P.C. preparations. 
 
 FERROUS HYPOPHOSPHITE, when freshly prepared, is a greenish 
 crystalline powder, sokible about 1 in 10 of Water, but the commercial salts 
 are so insoluble as to be practically useless for pharmaceutical pua'poses. 
 
 FERRIC HYPOPHOSPHITE.— This compound is obtained as a white 
 precipitate on adding a solution of a soluble Hypophosphite to one of Ferric 
 Chloride containing as little free acid as possible. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.- — Official in Norw. and U.S. 
 
 It is fairly insoluble in Water, but with the addition of Potassium Citrate 
 it dissolves readily to a green solution, which forms with Sugar a pale yellow 
 neutral Syrup, permanent and unalterable by exposure to air, which may be 
 combined with other soluble Hypophosphites, Qviinine Hydrochloride, and 
 Strychnine without the addition of acid, and is free from all the pharma- 
 ceutical objections attaching to Hypophosphite Syrups containing Iron in the 
 ferrous condition. It is usually sold as Compound Syrup of Hypo- 
 phosphites, and is also made without Quinine to suit those who are 
 peculiarly susceptible to that driig ; it is then prescribed ' sine Quinina.' 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI HYPOPHOSPHITIS FORTIS.— Solution of Ferric 
 Sulphate, 14-2; Solution of Ammonia, 23; Citric Acid, 7-6; Sodium 
 Hypophosphite, 9-6 ; Sodium Citrate, 6-6 ; Distilled Water q.s. and Chloro- 
 form Water (1 in 200) q.s. to produce 100.— B.P.C. 
 
 This formula was devised ( Y.B.P. '07, 265) as an improvement on the 
 old B.P.C. method. 
 
 The solution of Ferric Sulphate is diluted with an equal volume of Water 
 and added to the solution of Ammonia also diluted with an equal volume 
 of Water. After the precipitated Fei'ric Hydroxide has subsided sufficiently, 
 wash it by decantation with Distilled Water until free from Sulphates, collect 
 the precipitate and drain it ; dissolve it in the Citric Acid previously dissolved 
 in 20 of Distilled Water by the aid of a water -bath. When the solution is 
 clear add the Sodium Hypophosphite and continue the heat until a clear 
 greenish solution is produced ; add the Sodium Citrate, filter and pass 
 sufficient Chloroform Water through the filter to make \ip 100 of product. 
 
 LIQUOR HYPOPHOSPHITUM {U.S.N.F.).—Ca\ci\xm Hypophosphite, 
 3-5; Sodium Hypophosphite, 2; Potassium Hypophosphite, 1-75; Hypo- 
 phosphorous Acid {U.S. P.), OG ; Water, q.s. to produce 100 ; dissolve and 
 filter. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI HYPOPHOSPHITIS.— Strong Solution of Ferric 
 Hypophosphite, 1 ; Syrup, 4. — B.P.C. Formulary 1901. 
 Each fl. drm. = about 1 grain of Ferric Hypophosphite. 
 
 Dose. — J to 2 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM (C7.6'.).— Calcium Hypophosphite, 4-5 ; 
 Potassium Hypophosphite, 1 • 5 ; Sodium Hypophosphite, 1 • 5 ; Diluted 
 Hypophosphorous Acid, • 20 ; Tincture of Fresh Lemon Peel, • 5 ; Sugar, 
 ()5 ; Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Dissolve the Hypophosphites in 45 of the Water, add the Tincture and 
 the Acid ; filter, and in the filtrate dissolve the Sugar without heat ; make 
 up to 100 with Water. 
 
 This differs considerably from the preparation which follows. 
 
606 PER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM COMPOSITUM (t/..S.)— Rub2-25 of 
 
 Ferric Hypophosphite and 2-25 of Manganese Hypophosphite with 3-75 
 of Sodium Citrate, add 30 c.c. of Water and warm the mixture for a few 
 minutes, until a clear greenish solution is obtained. Dissolve 35 of Calcium 
 Hypophosphite, 17-5 of Potassium Hypophosphite in a mixture of 450 c.c. 
 of Water, and 5 c.c. of Dihated Hypophosphorous Acid ; then dissolve 1 • 10 
 of Quinine and 0*115 of Strychnine in a mixture of 30 c.c. of Water and 
 10 c.c. of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid ; mix the solutions and finally 
 dissolve in them 775 of Sugar. Strain the Syrup, if necessary, and add Water, 
 q.s. through the strainer, to produce lOOO c.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PERRI lODIDUM. 
 
 IRON IODIDE. 
 
 Fel.,, eq. 309-68. 
 
 In reddish -brown, deliquescent dense masses, easily soluble in Water, 
 leaving only a slight residue, and forming a reddish-yellow solution owing 
 to partial oxidation. The solution may be made green by either hot or cold 
 digestion over bright Iron Wire. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It combines the properties both of Iodine and 
 Iron, and is a most valual^le tonic and alterative in the treatment of tuber- 
 cular and syphilitic diseases. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given in the jorm oj the Official Syrup oj 
 Ferrous Iodide ; it is also give7i in the form of pills massed with poivdered 
 Gum Acacia and Dispensing Syrup, q.s. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Syrupus Ferri lodidi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Yoduro Ferroso) and 
 Port. Not in the others. Jap has Ferrum lodati Saccharatum. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI lODIDI FORTIS.— A clear, greenish liquid. 
 
 Each fi. drm. contains 37-5 grains of Ferrous Iodide (Fel,, eq. 309 -GS)- 
 It can be diluted 1 to 9 of Syrup to prepare a Syrup of Iron Iodide, or with 
 W^ater to make Liquor Ferri lodidi the same strength as the Syrup. 
 
 With the addition of a small quantity of Hypophosphorous Acid, the 
 Solution will keep well for a long time ; but in this case, when diluting with 
 Syrup, it must be remembered that the Official SyrujD does not contain 
 Hypophosphorous Acid. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Acids, Acid salts, Alkalis and their Carbonates, Lime 
 Water, vegetable astringents. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmacopceias. — Official in Belg., Ger. (Liquor Ferri 
 lodati), Russ. and Swiss (Ferrum lodatum Solutum) ; all contain 
 50 p. c. of Ferrous Iodide; Mex. (Solucion oficinal de Yoduro fer- 
 roso) 20 p.c. 
 
 PILUL/E FERRI lODIDI {U.S.).— Reduced Iron, 4 grammes ; Iodine, 
 5 grammes ; Glycyrrhiza, in No. 60 powder, 4 grammes ; Sugar, in fine 
 powder, 4 grammes ; Extract of Glycyrrliiza in fuie powder, I gramme ; 
 Acacia, in fine powder, 1 gramme ; Water, a sufficient quantity. Coat with 
 Balsam of Tolu dissolved in Ether. To make 100 pills. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Hung., 
 Ital., Mex., Norw., Port., Span., Swed. and Swiss, each pill contains about 
 f grain Iodide of Iron : Hung., about 1 grain ; and all coated with Balsam 
 of Tolu dissolved in Ether, except Dutch and Himg., which use Tolu in 
 Chloroform, and Swiss, not coated. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FEE. 607 
 
 Official Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI lODIDI. Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. (Altered.) 
 
 Shake together 15 of Iron Wire, 41 '4 of Iodine and 50 of Water, 
 cooling if necessary. When the reaction is over add 100 of Glucose 
 (by weight) and heat on a water-bath for 5 minutes. Mix and while 
 still hot, filter into a tared vessel containing some Syrup (about 600). 
 Kinse the flask and wash the filter with 25 of Water, heated to boiling, 
 and add Syrup q.s. to make the total weight up to 1000. 
 
 When 100 of Glucose is added the filtration is very slow ; it is more con- 
 venient to add 25 of Glucose before filtration and the remainder after. 
 
 The new Syrup is weaker, B.P. 1914 containing 5 p.c. of Ferrous Iodide, 
 and B.P. 1898 7 • 1 to 7-3 p.c. ; both by weight. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to a strength of 5 p.c. w/w of anhydrous 
 Ferrous Iodide. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 60 minims = 3 • 75 grains of Ferrous Iodide. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — See Liq. Ferri lodidi Fortis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 5 p.c. ; Fr. 
 and Port., 0-5 p.c. ; Mex., 1 p.c. ; all by weight. Ital. has also Sciroppo 
 lodoferrato (Ruspini), Tartarated Iron, 6; Potassium Iodide, 6; Syrup, 
 300 ; Orange Flower Water, 50. 
 
 Tests. — Svrup of Ferrous Iodide has a specific gravitvof about 1 • 373 ; 
 the V.S.P. syrup a specific gravity of about 1 • 349 at 25° C. (77° F.). When 
 diluted with Distilled Water it affords with Potassium Ferricyanide 
 Solution, a dark blue precipitate. The diluted syrup mixed with Starch 
 Solution yields on the addition of a little Chlorine Water, a deep blue 
 coloration. It is officially required to contain not less than 4'9 p.c. 
 w/w, and not more than 5*1 p.c. w/w of anhydrous Ferrous Iodide, as 
 volumetrically determined by adding a measured quantity of 20 ml. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to a mixture of 
 5 grammes of the syrup diluted with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, and 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, titrating the excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution, of which not less than 3 "5 or more 
 than 4' 2 ml. should be required to produce a permanent red coloration, 
 employing Ferric Sulphate Solution as an indicator ; showing that not 
 less than 15 "8 ml. or more than 16 "5 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution have been absorbed ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volmnetric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0*015484 gramme of anhydrous 
 Ferrous Iodide. 
 
 The U.S. P. syrup is required to contain about 5 p.c. w/w, equivalent 
 to 6*74 p.c. w/v of Ferrous Iodide as volumetrically determined by 
 indirect titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 titrating the excess with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulpho- 
 cyanate Solution. The P.G. Syrup is required to contain about 5 p.c. 
 w/w of Ferrous Iodide, representing about 4*1 p.c. w/w of Iodine, as 
 volumetrically determined by titration of the Iodine liberated on 
 the addition of Iron Chloride Solution, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 
608 FER [Solids by Weight Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Sodiuni Thiosulphate Solution. The processes are compared in the 
 small type below under the heading of Volmnetric Determination. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A measured quantity of 20 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution is added to a mixture of 5 grammes 
 of the Syrup diluted with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, and acidified with Nitric 
 Acid. The excess of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution is 
 titrated with Tenth-Norinal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution, of 
 which not less than 3-5 or more than 4-2 ml. should be required to produce 
 a permanent red coloration, employing Ferric Sulphate Solution as an 
 indicator, corresponding to not less than 4-9 and not more than 5-1 p.c. w/w 
 of anhydrous Ferrous Iodide, B.P. ; a weighed quantity of 10 grammes 
 should be diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. and 15 -4 c.c. of the solution 
 mixed with 15 c.c. of Distilled Water, 6 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Sohition and 2 c.c. each of Diluted Nitric Acid and Ferric 
 Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution added and the mixtm-e thoroughly 
 shaken. On titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulpho- 
 cyanatc Solution not more than 1 c.c. should be required to produce a 
 permanent reddish-brown tint ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution corresponds to 1 p.c. of Ferrous Iodide, U.S. P. 
 
 A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of Syrup of Ferrous Iodide is introduced 
 into a glass-stoppered flask of about 200 c.c. capacity, taking the precaution 
 that the neck and the sides of the flask are not moistened. Then 4 grammes 
 of Iron Chloride Solution are added, mixed by gently shaking, and the mixtm-e 
 allowed to remain in a well-closed condition 1 to li hours. The mixture 
 is then diluted with 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, 10 c.c. of Phosphoric Acid 
 added, and after shaking, 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide, and the mixture 
 immediately titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution. For the neutralisation of the separated Iodine, not less than 
 15-8 and not more than 16 -2 c.c. of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution should be necessary, representing a content of 4-01 to 
 4-11 p.c. of Iodine; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution = 0-01269 gramme of Iodine, Starch Solution being employed as 
 as indicator, P.G. 
 
 FERRI LACTAS. See under Acidum Lacticum. 
 
 Not Official. 
 FERRI PERCHLORIDUM. 
 
 FERRIC CHLORIDE. 
 
 N.O.Syii. — Chloretum Ferricum. 
 
 The commercial solid, or crystalline. Ferric Perchloride approximates to 
 the formvila FcClg. 12H„0, eq. 540*632 ; it occurs in yellow, or yellowish- 
 brown, crystalline masses, deliquescing in air. It is solulale in Water, Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Ether and Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful local styptic. 3 grains to a fl. oz. 
 of Water for a spray ; 60 to 120 grains to a fl. oz. of Water or Diluted Glycerin 
 (Glycerin 1 and Water 1) for a paint. 
 
 2i oz. dissolved in 1 fl. oz. of Water makes a Solution about the same 
 strength as Liquor Ferri Perchlor. Fort. 
 
 For Incompatibles, see Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi. 
 
 The Anhydrous Ferric Chloride (FeoClj, eq. 324-44), prepared by sublima- 
 tion, is in black metallic -looking plates. It deliquesces rapidly on exposure 
 to the air, and then solidifies again to a Hydrate (Fe^Clg. I2H2O), containing 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 609 
 
 almost 40 p.c. of Water. Another Hydrate (Fe„Clj.5H„0, eq. 414-52), 
 containing 21* 7 p.c. of Water (Official in the Portuguese PharmacopcEia), 
 can be obtained by evaporating an acid solution until syrupy, and then 
 cooling it. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Ferrum 
 Sesquichloratum Crystallisatum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. 
 (Chloretum Ferricum) ; Mex. (Cloruro Ferrico) ; Port. (Chloreto 
 FerricoAnhydro), also Cry stallisado; Jap. and Russ. (Ferrum Sesqui- 
 chloratum) ; Span. (Chlorviro Ferrico) (Anhydrous and the Hydrate) ; 
 Swiss (Ferrum Sesquichloratum) ; U.S. (Ferri Chloridum). 
 
 FERRI PERCHLORIDI LIQUOR FORTIS. 
 
 STRONG SOLUTION OF FERRIC CHLORIDE. 
 
 [altered.] 
 
 A dark reddisli-brown liquid, possessing a powerfully styptic taste ; 
 readily miscible with Water, and Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Contains 20 p.c. w/v of Iron. B.P. 1898 contained 22-5 p.c. w/v of Iron. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful local styptic and astrin- 
 gent ; escharotic. The more dilute forms are used internally to 
 arrest haemorrhage in the gastro-intestinal or urinary tracts. See 
 also ' Tinctura Ferri Perchloridi/ p. 612. 
 
 In ringworm of the scalp the results, after the free use of Liq. Ferri Perchlor. 
 Fort., were markedly superior to those obtained with any other application ; 
 the same results are not obtained with the weaker Liq. Ferri Perchlor. The 
 scalp can easily be freed from grease and scurf by motor petrol, and washed 
 well beforehand. The head should not be washed diu-ing the treatment. 
 The Solution should be dabbed on with a camel-hair brush until the scalp 
 is thoroughly stained ; the affected patches should be treated every second 
 day for three times, and then every third day for six times. The hair over 
 the affected patches should be cut close. The child may attend school 
 diu-ing treatment.— J5. M.J. '13, i. 390. 
 
 In ringworm of the scalp, if applied copiously with a camel-hair brush, it 
 appears specific. — P.H. '13, 309. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Liquor Ferri Perchloridi and Tinctvira Ferri 
 Perchloridi. 
 
 Not Official. — Glycerinum Ferri Perchloridi, Liquor Ferri Chloroxydi, 
 Liquor Ferri Dialysatus, Liquor Ferri Oxychlorati Dialysati, Liquor Ferri 
 Pernitratis, Mistvira Ferri Amara, Mistura Ferri Aromatica, Mistura Chaly- 
 beata, Mistura Ferri cum Magnesii Sulphatis, Mistura Ferri Salina, Nebula 
 Ferri Perchloridi, Syrupus Ferri Subchloridi, Tinctura Ferri Chlorati .^Etherea, 
 Tinctvu-a Ferri Sesquichloridi, and Tinctura Ferri Muriatis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 1-280 to 1-290 
 (10 p.c. of Iron); Belg., sp. gr. 1-28 (29 p.c. Iron Chloride); Dan. and 
 Swed., sp.gr. 1-298 to 1-302 (10 p.c. of Iron); Dutch, sp.gr. 1-470 to 
 1-482 (75 p.c. of Iron Chloride) ; Fr., Port, and Span., sp. gr. 1-260 (about 
 
 9 p.c. of Iron); Ger. and Russ., sp. gr. 1-280 to 1-282 (10 p.c. of Iron); 
 Himg., sp. gr. 1-280 to 1-283 (lOp.c. Iron); Ital., sp.gr. 1-28 to 1-29 
 (10 p.c. of Iron, 29 p.c. Iron Chloride) ; Jap., sp. gr. 1-280 to 1-282 (10 p.c. 
 of Iron) ; Mex., sp. gr. 1-260 (20 p.c. of anhydrous Iron Chloride) ; Norw., 
 sp. gr. 1-292 to 1-298 (10 p.c. of Iron) ; Swiss, sp. gr. 1-280 to 1-290 (about 
 
 10 p.c. of Iron) ; U.S., sp. gr. 1-31.5 at 25° C. (77° F.) (10 p.c. of Iron, 29 p.c. 
 Iron Chloride). 
 
 X 
 
610 FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Strong Solution of Ferric Cliloricle lias, according to the 
 B.P., a specific gravity of about 1 * 49. The U.S. P. Liquor has a specific 
 gravity of 1'280 to 1'290 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. Liquor, 1'280 to 
 1 • 282. The diluted solution answers the tests distinctive of Ferric salts 
 given under Ferrum. Silver Nitrate Solution produces in the diluted 
 solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, a white curdy precipitate, insoluble 
 in Nitric Acid, but readity soluble in Ammonia Solution. It is officially 
 required to indicate 28 '4 p.c. w/v of Iron Oxide, equivalent to 57 "7 p.c. 
 of anhydrous Ferric Chloride, as gravimetrically determined by pre- 
 cipitating the Iron as Ferric Hydroxide from a mixture of 5 ml. of 
 the Liquor diluted with 80 ml. of Distilled Water, by excess of Ammonia 
 Solution, the Ferric Hydroxide is filtered, well washed with Distilled 
 Water, dried and ignited ; it should weigh 1 ' 42 grammes. The U.S. P. 
 preparation is required to contain not less than 29 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Ferric Chloride, corresponding to 10 p.c. of metallic Iron, as volumetri- 
 cally determined by the process compared in small type below imder 
 Voliunetric Determination ; and the P.G. Liquor is also required to 
 contain 10 p.c. of metallic Iron as volmnetrically determined by the 
 process compared in small type below under the heading of Volumetric 
 Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ammoniiun, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Copper, Lead, Potassium, Sodium and Zinc ; Nitrates or 
 Nitrites, Ferrous salts, Sulphates, excess of free acid, free Chlorine 
 and Oxychloride. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 10 parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing the 20 ml. distillate from a solution prepared by first 
 eliminating the Perchloride by heating a mixture of 1 gramme of the 
 Liquor and 1 ml. of Sulphuric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent in a porcelain 
 crucible until the evolution of white fumes occurs, adding, when cold, 
 an equal volmne of Distilled Water, and repeating the process, finally 
 dissolving the residue, when cold, in a mixture of 10 ml. of Distilled 
 Water and 15 ml. of Hj^drochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, 
 sufiicient Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent to destroy the 
 yellow colour being added at the same time, and 20 ml. of the 
 liquid distilled. The oxidation of any Sulphurous Acid which 
 may be present in the distillate is effected by the addition of 
 Bromine Arsenic -Test reagent, the excess ^jeing removed by a 
 sufiiciency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent, and the 20 ml. 
 of distillate is finally diluted to 40 ml. with hot Distilled Water. The 
 P.G. employs the Bettendorf's test, requiring that a mixture of 1 c.c. 
 of Iron Chloride Solution and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution 
 should assume no dark colour within 1 hour, indicating the absence 
 of Arsenic Compounds. The B.P. includes also tests for Ammonium, 
 Calcium, Copper, Lead, Potassium, Sodiiun and Zinc, Nitrates and 
 Ferrous Salts, but no tests for Sulphates, excess of free acid, free 
 Chlorine, or Oxychlorides. If 5 c.c. of the Liquor be diluted with 
 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, excess of Ammonia Solution added and the 
 liquid filtered, it should yield a colourless filtrate which should yield 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 611 
 
 no coloration or precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Copper, Lead and Zinc. "When 
 diluted with an equal voliune of Distilled Water and boiled with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, it should yield no odour of 
 Ammonia, nor should the issuing gas turn moistened red Litmus 
 paper blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. If 5 c.c. of 
 the Licjuor be diluted with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and the Iron 
 precipitated by an excess of Ammonia Solution, the filtrate should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammoniiun 
 Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium, another portion 
 of this filtrate should leave no fixed residue on evaporation and ignition, 
 indicating the absence of Potassium and Sodiiun salts, and other 
 metals of the alkaline earths ; a further portion of the filtrate w^lien 
 acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Sulphates ; another portion of the filtrate when care- 
 fully cooled, and mixed with an equal volmne of Sulphuric Acid, 
 should yield no dark coloured zone at the jimction of the two liquids 
 when a solution of Ferrous Sulphate is poured gently upon its surface, 
 indicating the absence of Nitrates and Nitrites. The B.P. adopts 
 the U.S.P. test for Nitrates, requiring that a clear crystal of Ferrous 
 Sulphate should not become brown nor should a brownish-black colour 
 develop round the crystal, when it is added to a cooled mixture of 
 equal vokunes of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid and a 1 in 10 aqueous 
 dilution of the strong Ferric Chloride Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Nitrates. The test is much more easily carried out 
 and more delicate w^hen performed on the filtrate after removal of 
 the Iron. No white fimies should be evolved when a glass rod 
 moistened with Ammonia Solution is brought into proximity with 
 the Iron Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of free Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. No blue coloration should occur on the addition of 
 Potassium Ferricyanide Solution to a mixture of 1 c.c. of Ferric 
 Chloride Solution, 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and 5 drops of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, indicating the absence of Ferrous salts. No blue 
 coloration should be produced on the filter paper, when a piece of 
 this paper moistened with Zinc Iodide Starch Solution is brought 
 into the proximity of the Ferric Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of free Chlorine. No reddish-brown precipitate of Ferric Hydroxide 
 should be thrown down, when 3 drops of Ferric Chloride Solution and 
 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Sodiiun Thiosulphate Solution 
 are slowly heated to boiling, indicating the absence of Oxychlorides, 
 and incidentally indicating the absence of excess of free acid. The 
 U.S.P. does not include a test for Arsenic. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 10 grammes of the Solution are diluted 
 to measure 100 c.c. and 11-1 c.c. of this mixture are introduced into a glass- 
 stoppered bottle of 100 c.c. capacity, together with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 and 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid. 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide is then 
 added and the mixture kept at a temperature of 40° C. (104° F.) for half an 
 hour, then cooled and mixed with a few di'ops of Starch Test-Solution. The 
 mixture, when titrated with Tenth-Normal VolmTietric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 
 x 2 
 
612 FER [Solids by "Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solution, should require not less than 20c.c. of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Solution to discharge the blue or greenish colour ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution is equivalent to -5 p.c. of metallic 
 Iron, U.S. P. ; 5 grammes of Iron Chloride Solution are diluted with Distilled 
 Water to 100 c.c. A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of this mixture is mixed 
 ■with 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide, and 
 allowed to stand during 1 hour in a well -stoppered glass bottle. 18 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiiun Thiosulphate Solution should be necessary 
 to decolorise the liberated Iodine, which represents a content of 10 p.c. of 
 Iron ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution — 
 0' 005585 gramme Iron, Starch Solution being used as an indicator, P.Q. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI PERCHLORIDI. Solution of Ferric 
 Chloride. (Modified.) 
 
 Dilute 1 of Strong Solution of Ferric Chloride with Distilled Water 
 to make 4. (1 in 4.) 
 
 As the strength of the Strong Solution of Ferri Chloride has been reduced, 
 this will also be slightly weaker than in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 This Solution and the ' Tinctxrre of Ferric Chloride' contain identical 
 proportions of Ferric Chloride ; for ' Prescribing Notes ' see below. 
 
 TINCTURA FERRI PERCHLORIDI. Tincture of Ferric 
 Chloride. N.O.Syn. — Steel Drops. Tincture of Steel. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Mix 1 of Strong Solution of Ferric Chloride with 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and add Distilled Water to make 4. (1 in 4.) 
 
 As the strength of the Strong Solution of Ferri Chloride has been reduced, 
 this will also be slightly weaker than in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Tinctura Ferri Chloridi (U.S.). — Solution of Ferric Chloride, 35; 
 Alcohol (95 p.c.) to 100. 
 
 Tinetura Ferri Chlorati .SJtherea {Oer.). — ^Iron Chloride Solution, 1 ; 
 Ether, 2 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 7. All by weight. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent tonic, haemostatic. Given in 
 passive haemorrhage and to arrest haemorrhage in typhoid. As a 
 general tonic dming convalescence; highly useful in anaemia; 
 valuable in large doses for faucal and for erysipelatous inflammations. 
 A rectal injection of 60 minims of the Tincture in half a pint of Water 
 kills thread-worms. 
 
 Recommended not only in septicaemia, including puerperal, but also 
 in local and general septic infection occm'ring in gynaecological 
 practice. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Preparations of Iron can be given in Infusion of 
 Quassia, or Calumba, but they tinge Infusion of Chiretta and Hops, and change 
 to brown or black those of Cusparia, Gentian, Orange, Cascarilla, Cinchona, 
 Cloves, Digitalis, and all astringent infusions. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PER 613 
 
 Olycerin is better than an equal quantity oj Syrup for rnaskitig the unpleasant 
 astringe7it taste of Ferric Chloride Solutions. Chloroform Water is also useful. 
 
 Equal volumes of Liquor Ferri Perchloridi and Glycerin fortn a good paint 
 in faucal inflammation. 
 
 If Potassium Iodide be added to an aqueous solution of Potassium Citrate, 
 and Tincture of Ferric Chloride added, a yellowish -green solution is obtained, 
 containing no free Iodine, and remaining permanent for months at least. 
 This is suggested {CD. '05, ii. 971 ; P.J. '05, ii. 861) as a means of over- 
 coming the incompatibility of Potassium Iodide and Ferric Chloride Solutions. 
 
 Styptic Wool, containing Ferric Chloride, is useful for local applications. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^Alkalis and their Carbonates, Lime Water, Calcium 
 Carbonate, Magnesia and its Carbonate, Salicylates, Mucilage of Acacia. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Norw., and Swed. (Solutio 
 Chloreti Ferrici Spirituosa); Dan. and Swed., also (Solutio Chloreti 
 Ferrici Spirituoso-^therea) ; Ger. and Russ. (Tinct. Ferri Chlorati 
 yEtherea) ; U.S. (Tinctura Ferri Chloridi) ; Port., from the salt, with 
 Alcohol and Ether; Ital. (Soluzione Alcoolico-Eterea di Cloruro 
 Ferric o), from the Solution with Alcohol and Ether; Hung, and Swiss 
 (Spiritus .^thereus Ferratus). Not in the others. See also 'Tinctm'a 
 Ferri Chlorati ^therea.' 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Ferric Chloride has a specific gravity of about 
 I'llO ; it contains about 12 p.c, w/v of total solids and about 24 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It yields with Ammonia Solution a reddish 
 brown voluminous precipitate ; with Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution 
 a blue precipitate, and with Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy 
 precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 The U.S. P. Tincture has a specific gravity of about 1"005 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.), and contains not less than 13*28 p.c. of anhydrous Ferric 
 Chloride, corresponding to 4*6 p.c. of metallic Iron. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GLYCERINUM FERRI PERCHLORIDI.— Solution of Ferric Chloride, 
 1 fl. oz. ; Glycerin, 1 fl. oz. — -Middlesex and University. 
 Ferric Chloride, 1 ; Glycerin, 4. — Guy's. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI CHLOROXYDI.— A Solution in Water of a basic 
 Ferric Chloride, containing 0-8 p.c. of Chlorine for 5 p.c. of Ferric Oxide, 
 approximating to the formula Fe.jClg7Fe203. This is the ratio of the Solution 
 made by us many years previous to the use of ' Dialysed Iron.' It was and 
 is still made to contain 7 • 1 p.c. of Ferric Oxide to correspond with the 
 Official Tincture. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1 -8 ml. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Chloroxydi and Liquor Ferri Dialysatus have been 
 much used as palatable, non-astringent, and non-irritant hsematinics, given 
 in cases where the astringent salts would derange the stomach. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI DIALYSATUS (Dialysed Iron).— This was formerly 
 Official in B.P. but is now omitted. It contains 5 p.c. of Ferric Oxide, and 
 was dialysed until nearly tasteless. It is better to work to a definite per- 
 centage of Chlorine ; it may be reduced to 0-3 p.c. without interfering with 
 the stability of the Solution. It is very doubtful, however, whether there 
 is any advantage in reducing the Chlorine ratio below that of Liquor Ferri 
 Chloroxydi as described above. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 It mixes readily with Glycerin. 
 
614 PER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Liquor Ferri Oxychlorati Dialyspvti (Ger.). — 33 of Liquor Ammonii 
 CdUfetici is added iu sinuU portions to 50 of Liquor Ferri Sesquiehlorati vintil 
 the precipitate i'oriaed just redissolves and a perfectly clear solution is 
 obtained. This Solution is then dialysed, sp. gr. 1 • 043 to 1 • 047. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Ferrum Hydro- 
 oxydatuni Dialysatum Liciuidum) ; Hung, and Russ., when Licpior 
 Ferri Oxidati Diatysati is prescribed. Liquor Ferri Oxychlorati (sp. gr. 1 -050) 
 may be dispensed ; Belg. and Swiss (Ferrum Oxychloratuni Solution), 
 and Jap. (Liqvior Ferri Oxychlorati), sp.gr. 1-05; Mex. (Oxido de 
 Fierro Dialisado), sp. gT. 1 -040. Not in the others. 
 
 Liiqvior Ferri Oxyehloridi {U.S.N.F.). — Solution of Ferric Chloride 
 (U.S P.), Sr), by weight ; Annnonia Water (U.S. P.), 35, by weight ; Hydro- 
 chloric Acid {U.S. P.), 2-35, by weight ; Water, q.s. to produce lOO by 
 weight. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI PERNITRATIS. — A reddish-brown liquid readily 
 miscible with Water. It was official in B.P. 1898, but is now deleted. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI AROMATICA {St. Thotnas's).— Solution of Ferric 
 Chloride, 10 Minims ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 20 minims ; Syrup, 
 40 minims ; Water, to 1 11. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. oz. Mix with the Syrup the Iron Solution, and add the 
 Aromatic Spirit previously diluted with the Water. 
 
 MISTURA CHALYBEATA {St. T/iomas's).— Solution of Ferric Chloride, 
 15 minims ; Syrvip, 30 minims ; Infusion of Quassia, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Amara (Loclc).- — Solution of Perchloride of Iron, 20 
 minims ; Spirit of Cliloroform, 5 minims ; Infusion of Quassia, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI CUM MAGNESII SULPHATE (St. Thomas's).— 
 Solution of Ferric Chloride, 15 minims; Magnesium Sulphate, 20 grains; 
 Glycerin, 40 minims ; Infusion of Quassia, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Aperiens. See Ferri Sulphas. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI SALINA (C/muemt?/).— Potassium Citrate, 22 grains ; 
 Solution of Ferric Chloride, 24 minims ; Chloroform Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — h to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 NEBULA FERRI PERCHLORIDI (T/woaO- — Perchloride of Iron, 5 
 grains ; Glycerin, 15 minims ; Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI SUBCHLORIDI (B.P. '85).— Iron Wire, 300 grains ; 
 Hydrochloric Acid, 2 fl. oz. ; Citric Acid, 10 grains ; Distilled Water, 
 10 fl. drm. ; Syrup, q.s. to produce 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose.— J- to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA FERRI CHLORATI /ETHER EA.— Iron Chloride Solution, 
 1, ; Ether, 2 ; Alcohol (90id.c.), 7. All by weight. — Ger. and Jap. 
 
 Tinetura Ferri Sesquichloridi P.L. — Tinctura Ferri Muriatis P.E. 
 • — There is an idea, which periodically finds its way into print, that a Tincture 
 made according to the formula of the London and Edinburgh Pharma- 
 copoeias is more efficacious than the B.P., and can be given in cases where 
 the other is not tolerated. From a chemical point of view the only difference 
 is that P.L. is three-foitrths the strength of B.P., and when freshly made 
 contains one-fifteenth of the Iron in the Ferrous condition. Alcohol has no 
 reducing action on Ferric Chloride, even after years of contact. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 615 
 
 FERRI PHOSPHAS SACCHARATUS. 
 
 SACCHARATED IRON PHOSPHATE. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A dull, greyish-blue, amorphous, odourless powder, which is Officially 
 required to contain not less than 60 pc. of Ferrous salts calculated as 
 Hydrous Ferrous Phosphate Fe3(P04)28H20, eq. 501-728. 
 
 Glucose is used in its preparation, and retards oxidation of the 
 Ferrous salt. 
 
 It takes the place of Ferri Phosphas, B.P. 1898, which contained not less 
 than 47 p.c. of Hydrous Ferrous Phosphate. 
 
 Solubility.— Partially soluble in Water; soluble in Hydrochloric 
 Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A valuable h^ematinic tonic. Given in 
 anaemia, in amenorrhoea, some forms of dyspepsia, rachitis and tubercular 
 bone diseases ; in nervous depression and exhaustion with tendency to 
 phosphaturia, and during convalescence. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0'32 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in cachets, pills, or powders. A good 
 pill can be made by adding one-third of its weight of ' Diluted Glucose.^ 
 
 Official Preparations. — Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis, Syrupus Ferri 
 Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychnina. 
 
 Not Official. — Syrupus Triplex, Syrupus Tres, Elixir Ferri Quininse et 
 Strychninse Phosphatum, Glyceritum Ferri Quininaj et Strychninse Phos- 
 phatum, Liquor Ferri Phosphatis Fortis, Pilula Trium Phosphatum, Syrupus 
 Ferri Phosphatis Compositus, Squire's Chemical Food, SjTvipus Ferri Phos- 
 phatis c. Manganesio. Ferri Phosphas Solubilis, Ferri Pyrophosphas Solubilis. 
 
 Tests. — Saccharated Iron Phosphate dissolves to some extent in 
 Distilled Water, and is completely soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, yielding a solution which gives blue precipitates on the addition 
 of Potassimu Ferrocyanide Solution and Potassium Ferricyanide 
 Solution. A white granular precipitate is produced when it is dissolved 
 in Tartaric Acid, excess of Ammonia Solution added and finally 
 Magnesimn Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. When dissolved in Nitric 
 Acid, it yields on the addition of Ammonium Molybdate Solution a 
 yellow precipitate, this precipitate is soluble in Ammonia Solution and 
 is again precipitated as a white precipitate, on the addition of Magnesiima 
 Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. It is officially required to contain not 
 less than 60 p.c. of Ferrous salts, calculated as Hydrous Ferrous 
 Phosphate, as volumetrically determined by titrating with Tenth- 
 Normal Vohunetric Potassium Bichromate Solution, the solution 
 obtained by dissolving 1 gramme in excess of warm Concentrated 
 Phosphoric Acid ; a blue precipitate continues to be produced until 
 35 "9 ml. of the Tenth- Normal Volimietric Potassium Bicliromate 
 Solution have been added ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Vohimctrir, Potas- 
 sium Bichromate Solution = 0-016724 gramme of Hydrated Ferrous 
 Phosphate Fe^iVO^)^, 8H3O. 
 
616 FER [Solids by Weight; liquids hj Measure.] 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Carbonates 
 and Sulphates. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, 
 as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution obtained by first drying and then gently 
 igniting a paste of 2 grammes of Saccharated Iron Phosphate, 1 gramme 
 of Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent and 2 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, dissolving in a mixture of 20 ml. of Brominated Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 10 ml. of Distilled "Water, 
 eliminating the j^ellow colour of the solution by the addition of a 
 sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent, and distilling 
 24 ml. ; the 24 ml. distillate is diluted with 35 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water and 3 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent added. 
 No effervescence should occur when the powder is dissolved in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. When 
 dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, the Iron removed by pre- 
 cipitation with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, after first oxidising 
 with Nitric Acid, the filtrate, when acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. It should 
 be free also from the impurities mentioned under Ferri Carbonas 
 Saccharatus. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS. Syrup of Ferrous Phosphate. 
 
 Iron, in Wire, 75 grains ; Concentrated Phosphoric Acid, Ij fl. oz ; 
 Syrup, 14 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. of a pale green 
 syrupy liquid, containing 1 grain of anhydrous Ferrous Phosphate in 
 60 minims. 
 
 Dissolve the Iron in the concentrated Phosphoric Acid, diluted with an 
 equal volume of Distilled Water, in a small flask, by the aid of a gentle heat. 
 Filter into the syrup, and wash the filter with Distilled Water q.s. to yield 
 20 fl. oz. 
 
 The metric quantities are 8-6, 62-5, 700, Water to 1000. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 This Syrup can be conveniently made by adding 1 volume of Liquor Ferri 
 Phosphatis Fortis to 5 J vols, of Simple Syrup and 1| vols, of Distilled Water. 
 
 Ferrous Phosphate absorbs Oxygen with great rapidity on exposure to 
 air, and requires such a large excess of Acid to keep it in solution that in 
 framing a formula for Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis a compromise must be made 
 between liability to deposit on the one hand and acidity on the other. We 
 think it is better to use a comparatively small excess, and keep the Syrup 
 in small bottles lying down. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS CUM QUININA ET 
 STRYCHNINA. Syrup of Phosphate of Iron with Quinine 
 AND Strychnine. 
 
 Iron, in Wire, 8'6 ; Concentrated Phosphoric Acid, 62 '5 ; Strychnine, 
 in powder, 0'57 ; Quinine Sulphate, 14*8; Syrup, 700; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to make 1000 of a pale yellowish-green syrupy liquid, 
 possessing a very bitter taste, and having a strong fluorescence ; it 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] FER 617 
 
 contains 1 grain of anhydrous Ferrous Phosphate, f grain of Quinine 
 Sulphate, and ^V grain of Strychnine in 60 minims. 
 
 In the solution of Iron in Phosphoric Acid as described above for Syr. Ferri 
 Phosph. dissolve Strychnine in powder, 5 grains, Sulphate of Quinine, 
 130 grains. Filter the solution into syiup, 14 fl. oz., and wash the filter with 
 Distilled Water, q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose.— ^ to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 It resembles the compound known as Easton's Syrup. 
 
 It can be made extemporaneously by dissolving 2 grains of Strychnine and 
 51 grains of Quinine Sulphate in 24 minims of Concentrated Phosphoric 
 Acid and Distilled Water to 1 J fl. oz. ; Liquor Ferri Phosphatis Fortis, 
 1 fl. oz. ; Syrup, to make 8 fl. oz. 
 
 The corresponding Syrup in U.S. P. is made with Glycerite of the Phos- 
 phates of Iron, Quinine, and Strychnine, 25 ; Syrup to 100. See below. 
 
 A mixture of Easton's, Fellows' and Parrish's Syrups is sold as ' Triple 
 Syrup.' 
 
 Syrupus Triplex. — Syrupus Ferri Phosphatis Compositus, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 Syrupus Ferri Hypophosphitis Compositus, 1 fl. oz. ; Syrupus Eastoni, 1 fl. oz. 
 — Pharm. Form. The Sjrrupi Tres of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary is 
 the same. 
 
 Martindale gives the proportions as an equal volume of each. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR FERRI QUININ/E ET STRYCHNIN/E PHOSPHATUM 
 
 {U.S.). — Soluble Ferric Phosphate, 1'75; Quinine, 0-875; Strychnine, 
 0-0275; Phosphoric Acid, 0-20; Ammonium Carbonate, 0-90; Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), 6-00 ; Acetic Acid, 2*865 ; Ammonia Water, (/-s. ; Distilled Water, 
 q.s. ; AJ-omatic Elixir, q.s. of each to produce 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 fl. drm. = 3*6 c.c. 
 
 GLYCERITUM FERRI QUININ/t ET STRYCHNIN>E PHOS- 
 PHATUM (C/.6^.).— Soluble Ferric Phosphate, 8; Quinine, 10-4; Strych- 
 nine, 0-08 ; Phosphoric Acid, 20 ; Glycerin, 50 ; Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 The Average Dose, 15 minims, contains about 1^ grains of Ferric Phos- 
 phate, \h grains of Quinine, g^^ grain of Strychnine. 
 
 It is used for preparing Syrupus Ferri Quininas et Strychninse Phosphatum, 
 U.S. P., by mixing Glycerite 1 with Syrup 3, but the Syrup so produced is 
 very different from the corresponding preparation in the B.P. It contains 
 in each fl. drm. about 1^ grains of Ferric Phosphate, IJ grains of Quinine, 
 ^ij- grain of Strychnine. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI PHOSPHATIS FORTIS. — Containing 8 grains per 
 fl. rh-m. of the Anhydrous Phosphate ; is made by dissolving 360 grains of 
 Iron Wire in 6 fl. oz. of Concentrated Phosphoric Acid, with sufficient Water 
 to make 12 fl. oz. 
 
 PILULA TRIUM PHOSPHATUM. Easton's Pill (Guys). — Iron 
 Phosphate, 1 grain ; Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Strychnine, ^\ grain ; 
 Concentrated Phosphoric Acid, 1 J minims ; Liquorice Powder, to 4 grains. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS COMPOSITUS.— Each fl. drm. = i 
 grain Ferrous Phosphate and | grain Calciiun Phosphate with small quantities 
 of Potassium and Sodium Phosphates. It should be kept in bottles quite full. 
 
 Dose. — J to 2 fl. drm. = 1 - 8 to 7 - 1 ml. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS COMPOSITUS, SQUIRE (Squire's 
 Chemical Food. Ferocal). — The preparation, made for many years by 
 Parrish, was imported and subsequently purchased by Squire. 
 
618 ^E:8. [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It contains Ferrous Phosphate, Caleiuna Phosphate, Soditirn Phosphate ancl 
 Potassium Phosphate. 
 
 Dose. — i to 1 teaspoonful, in Water, with meals. 
 
 A formula was published many years ago, but how far this has been a 
 success is shown by comparing the Syrups commercially sold, all of them more 
 or less emphatically stated to be naade according to the published formula. 
 
 In nine samples analysed the Iron Phosphate ranged from 0'19 to 0*66, 
 the Calcium Phosphate from 0-5 to 1 • G, the total Phosphoric Acid from 
 1 • 5 to 4 • 7 ; these results are expressed in grains per fl. drm. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A tonic in debility, of whatever origin, and 
 during convalescence from acute diseases. Specially indicated in tuberculosis 
 and rickets, and during pregnancy. 
 
 SYRUPUS FERRI PHOSPHATIS C. MANGANESIO.— Dissolve 100 
 
 grains Manganese Phosphate in 1 j fl. oz. of Liquor Ferri Phosphatis Fortis 
 and 30 minims of Phosphoric Acid, then dilute to 20 fl. oz. with Simple Syrup. 
 This Syrup will contain in each fl. drm. I grain each of anhydrous Ferrous 
 Phosphate and anhydrous Manganese Phosphate. 
 
 Dose.— 1 fl. drm. = 3-6 ml. 
 
 This can sometimes be taken when Syrup of Ferrous Phosphate disagrees;, 
 
 FERRI PHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS. Solul)le Ferric Phosphate {U.S.).— 
 Prepared by dissolving Ferric Citrate and Sodium Phosphate in Distilled 
 Water, evaporating and scaling on plates of glass. The scales are transparent 
 and of a bright green colovu*, freely soluble in Water ; they, however, become 
 dark and discoloured on exposure to air. It is used in the preparation of 
 Elixir Ferri Quinin^e et Strychninse Phosphatum {U.S.), Glyceritum Ferri 
 Quininae et Strychninse Phosphatum {U.S.). 
 
 FERRI PYROPHOSPHAS SOLUBILIS. Soluble Ferric Pyrophosphate 
 {U.S.). — Prepared by dissolving Ferric Citrate and Sodium Pyrophosphate 
 in Distilled Water, evaporating and scaling on plates of glass. The scales 
 are transparent and of an apple-green colour, freely soluble in Water. 
 
 It should contain Feme Pyrophosphate corresponding to not less than 
 10 p.c. of metallic iron. 
 
 FERRI SULPHAS. 
 
 FEPvROUS SULPHATE. 
 
 PeSO^.TH^O, eq. 278-022. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate de Protoxide de Fer Officinal ; Ger., Ferrosulfat ; 
 Ital., Solfato Ferroso all' Alcool ; Span., Sulfato Ferroso. 
 
 Large, translucent, pale green, odourless, monoclinic prisms, or 
 crystalline powder, liaving a saline, styptic, ferruginous taste. 
 
 It may be prepared by the action of Diluted Sulphuric Acid upon 
 Iron. It should be kept in well-closed bottles j^rotected from the 
 air, as the crystals tend to effloresce in dry air and rapidly oxidise on 
 exposure to moist air. 
 
 It is required by the B.P. to contain not less than 97 • 5 p.c. of pure Ferrous 
 Sulphate. 
 
 It is Official in Fr. (Sulfate de Protoxyde de Fer Officinal), prismatic 
 rhombic prisms ; Ger. (Ferrum Sulfuricum), a crystalline bright green 
 powder ; U.S. (Fei-ri Sulphas), large monoclinic prisms, and (Ferri Sulphas 
 Granulatus), a very pale bluish-green crystalline powder. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 619 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in l-l of Water ; the solution rapidly oxidises on 
 exposure ; insoluble in Absolute Alcohol, or Alcohol (60 p.c), hence 
 it cannot be dissolved in Tinctures. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful astringent and a hsematinic 
 tonic, but is apt to irritate the stomach. Internally it is given in 
 anaemia, amenorrhcea, and debility ; along with Quinine it promotes 
 the appetite ; given with cathartics, such as Magnes. Sulph. and 
 Aloes, to increase their action, but at the same time reduce their dose ; 
 externally it is used as a lotion for ulceration and erysipelatous 
 surfaces, 3 to 5 grains in an oz. of Water ; also as an injection for 
 urethral and vaginal inflammations and prolapse of rectum. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0'06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in solution or more generally pill form, to 
 avoid gastric irritation. The Exsiccated Sulphate is best for pills ; Z\ grains, 
 which are equal to 5 of the crystallised salt, make a nice pill with ' Diluted 
 Glucose.^ 
 
 2 grains of Ferrous Sulphate, 30 grains of Magnesium Sulphate, 5 minims 
 of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, Chloroform Water or Peppermint Water to 1 oz. ; 
 occurs in Hospital forynulas as Mistura Ferri Aperiens. 
 
 Liquor Ferri Persulphatis is an excellent styptic. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatua and Liquor Ferri 
 Persulphatis. See also ' Ferrum.' 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis (Monsel's Solution), Mistura 
 Ferri et Magnesii Sulphatis, Mistura Ferri Aperiens, Mistiira Ferri Laxans, 
 Pilulaa Tonico-Nervinse, Monsel's Salt, Gossypium Ferratum, and Ferri et 
 Ammonii Sulphas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U S ; Mex. 
 (Sulfate Ferroso) ; Fr., Ger., Jap., Russ. and Swiss have a Crude Sul- 
 phate ; Austr. has a Precipitated Sulphate ; U.S. a Granulated Sulphate. 
 
 Tests. — Ferrous Sulphate should dissolve readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water to form a clear solution, which should answer 
 the tests distinctive of Ferrous salts given under the heading of 
 Ferrmn. Acidified with Hydrochloric Acid its aqueous solution 
 yields with Bariiun Chloride Solution, a white precipitate, insoluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 97*3 p.c. of pure 
 Ferrous Sulphate, as volmnetrically determined by titrating a solution 
 of 1 gramme in 20 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, of which not less than 
 35 ml. should be decolorised ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution = 0* 0278022 gramme of crystallised 
 Ferrous Sulphate. The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 
 99 '5 p.c. of pure Ferrous Sulphate, as volumetrically determined by 
 titrating a solution of 1"38 grammes of the salt in about 25 c.c* of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution, of which not less than 49-75 c.c. should be 
 required to impart to the liquid a permanent pink colour ; 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution = 2 p.c. 
 
620 FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of crystallised Ferrous Sulphate. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric be changed to ' not less than 
 54 '36 nor more than 57*07 p.c. of Anhydrous Ferrous Sulphate.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, 
 Potassimn, Sodimn and Zinc, Ferric salts and Oxysulphate. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing the 20 ml. distillate obtained by the distillation of a 
 liquid prepared by dissolving 5 grammes of the salt in a mixture 
 of 10 ml. of Distilled Water and 15 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, having added sufficient Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent to discharge the yellow colour of the solution. 
 Any Sulphurous Acid present in the distillate is oxidised by the 
 addition of Bromine Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of the latter 
 being removed by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent, the distillate being eventually diluted with 40 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water. If 1 gramnie of the salt be dissolved in 25 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, acidified with 1 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and 
 the solution completely oxidised with Nitric Acid, and the Iron be then 
 precipitated by an excess of Ammonia Solution, and the mixture filtered, 
 the filtrate should be colourless, and when acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid should yield no darkening in colour or precipitate on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Water, indicating the absence of Copper, and 
 should yield no precipitate on the subsequent addition of an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution, indicating the absence of Zinc. Another portion 
 of the salt when treated in a similar way should yield a filtrate, which 
 when evaporated to dryness and ignited should leave no weighable 
 residue, indicating a limit of Potassiimi and Sodium salts. An aqueous 
 solution of the salt should yield no pronounced red coloration on the 
 addition of Ammonimii Sulphocyanate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Ferric salts. It should dissolve readily and completely in less than 
 2 parts of previously well boiled and cooled Distilled Water yielding a 
 clear solution, indicating the absence of Oxysulphate. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS. Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 A greyish-white odourless powder, possessing a saline, strongly 
 styptic and ferruginous taste. It consists of Ferrous Sulphate, deprived 
 of part of its Water of crystallisation. It should be kept in dry well- 
 stoppered bottles. 
 
 Ifc is required, by the B.P. 1914 to contain not less than 77 p.c. of pure 
 Anhydrous Ferrous Sulphate. B.P. 1898 contained 82-7 p.c. 
 
 Dose.— I to 3 grains = 0-032 to 0-20 gramme. 
 
 3^ grains are equal to 5 grains of Ferrous Sulphate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan. and Swed., dried at 104° 
 to 122° F. (40° to 50° C.) ; Swiss and U.S., dried at 212° F. (100° C.) ; Dutch, 
 Fr., Ger., Norw., Russ. and Span., no temperature given. Not in theother^. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FER 621 
 
 Tests. — ^Dried Ferrous Sulphate dissolves slowly but completely in 
 Distilled Water, the solution answering the tests distinctive of Ferrous 
 salts given under Ferrum. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, yields with Barium Chloride Solution, a white 
 precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. It is oflacially required to 
 contain not less than 76-86 p.c. of pure anhydrous Ferrous Sulphate, 
 as determined by titrating a solution of 0*5 gramme of the salt in 
 Distilled Water, acidified with Sulphuric Acid, with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, of which it should 
 decolorise not less than 25-3 ml. ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassimn Permanganate Solution = 0* 015191 gramme of anhydrous 
 Ferrous Sulphate. 
 
 The P.G. dried Ferrous Sulphate is required to contain at least 
 30*2 p.c. of Iron, as voliunetrically determined by the process given 
 in small type under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the dried 
 Ferrous Sulphate of the new U.S. P. be required to contain not less 
 than 80 p.c. by weight of anhydrous Ferrous Sulphate. It should be 
 free from the impurities mentioned under Ferrous Sulphate, but 
 B.P. does not say so specifically. 
 
 The hmit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 
 796) has been modified in the light of later experience, and the B.P. 
 now fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing the 
 20 ml. distillate obtained by distilling a liquid prepared by dissolving 
 2 grammes of the salt in a mixture of 10 ml. of Distilled Water and 
 15 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, sufficient Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent being added to discharge the yellow 
 colour of the solution. Any Sulphurous Acid present in the distillate 
 is oxidised by the addition of Bromine Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess 
 of the latter being removed by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, the distillate being eventually diluted with 
 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A weighed quantity of 0-2 gramme of 
 the salt is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid and the solution mixed 
 with Potassium Permanganate Solution (0 • 5 p.c. w/w) until a faint reddening 
 occm-s. After the solution has been again decolorised by the addition of 
 Tartaric Acid Solution, 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide are added and the 
 mixtiu-e is allowed to stand for 1 hour at ordinary temperature in a stoppered 
 glass vessel. It is then titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution of 
 Sodium Thiosulphate, of which at least 10*8 c.c. should be necessary to 
 decolorise the liberated Iodine ; representing a minimum content of 30 -2 p.c. 
 of Iron ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 = 0-005585 gramme of Iron, Starch Solution being employed as an 
 indicator, P.G. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI PERSULPHATIS. Solution of Ferric Sul- 
 phate. 
 
 A deep reddish-brown odourless liquid, j)ossessing a strongly 
 astringent and ferruginous taste. 
 Ferroxis Sulphate, 16 ; Sulphuric Acid, 1| ; Nitric Acid, 1| ; 
 
622 PER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Watei'; q.s. to moke 22 of a recldisli-brown liquid miscible with Water 
 and Alcoliol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dissolve warm the Ferrous Sulphate in the Sulphui'ic Acid diluted with 
 20 of Distilled Water ; oxidise ^vith the Nitric Acid diluted with 4 of Distilled 
 Water ; boil until disengagement of red fumes ceases, and until the solution 
 acquires a red colovir ; when the solution is cold add Distilled Water, q.s. to 
 make 22. 
 
 Introduced for making several preparations of Iron, which are enumerated 
 under ' Ferrum,' p. 589. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. and Swiss, sp. gr. 1-428 
 to 1 -430 ; Russ., sp. gr. 1 -426 to 1 -420 ; U.S., sp. gr. 1 -430 to 1 -450 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ferric Sulphate Solution is officially required to possess 
 a specific gravity of about I'Ml ; the U.S. P. Liquor has a specific 
 gravity of 1-430 to 1'450 at 25° C. (77° F.). Its diluted aqueous 
 solution should answer the tests for Ferric salts given under Ferrum, 
 and affords, on the addition of Barivun Chloride Solution, a white 
 precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. It is officially required 
 to yield 1'04 grammes of Iron Oxide,, as gravimetrically determined 
 by precipitating the Iron, as Ferric Hydroxide, from a mixture of 
 5 ml. of the Liquor diluted with 80 ml. of Distilled Water, by the 
 addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, and boiling, the pre- 
 cipitated Hydroxide is filtered, washed thoroughly, dried and 
 ignited in a porcelain crucible. It should weigh 1*04 grammes. 
 The U.S. P. Liquor is required to contain about 36 p.c. of Normal 
 Ferric Sulphate [Fen(S04)3, ^q- 397*05], corresponding to not less 
 than 10 p.c. of metallic Iron, as volumetrically determined by the 
 process given below under the heading of Volmnetric Determination. 
 
 The B.P. fixes the limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as 
 determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing the 20 ml. distillate from a solution obtained, by 
 first heating a mixture of 2 grammes of the Liquor and 1 ml. of 
 Sulphuric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent in a porcelain crucible until 
 the evolution of white fimaes occurs, adding, when cold, an equal 
 volume of Distilled Water, and repeating the process, finally dissolving 
 the residue, when cold, in a mixture of 10 ml. of Distilled Water and 
 15 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, adding a sufficiency 
 of Staimous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent 'to destroy the yellow 
 colour ; any Sulphurous Acid appearing in the distillate is oxidised by 
 means of Bromine Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of the latter being 
 removed by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic Test-reagent, 
 and the distillate finally diluted with 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water. 
 The Liquor should be free from the impurities mentioned under 
 Ferrous Sulphate. When diluted with 10 times its volume of Distilled 
 Water a pure brown, but no pronounced blue coloration should be 
 produced on the addition of Potassium Ferricyanide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Ferrous salt. If the Iron be completely removed from a 
 portion of the Liquor diluted with an equal voliune of Distilled Water, 
 by precipitation with an excess of Ammonia Solution, and filtered, 
 the filtrate when kept cool and mi.';ed with an equal volmaie of con- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measitre.] FER 623 
 
 centrated Sulphuric Ac-id should yield no brown or brownish-black 
 coloration at the junction of the two liquids, when some Ferrous 
 Sulphate Solution is gently floated on to its surface, indicating the 
 absence of Nitric Acid. The B.P. does not include a test for the 
 absence of Nitric Acid. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A weighed quantity of 1-11 gramme is. 
 introduced into a glass-stoppered bottle of about 100 c.c. capacity together 
 with 15 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid. 1 gramme 
 of Potassium Iodide is added and the mixture kept at a temperature of 
 40° C. (104° F.) for half an hour, then cooled and titrated with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, using Starch Solution as an 
 indicator ; not less than 20 c.c. shall be required to discharge the blue or 
 greenish colour of the liquid ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution = 0-5p.c. w/w of metallic Iron, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA FERRI ET MAGNESII SULPHATIS.— Sulphate of Iron, 
 3 grains; Magnesimn Sulphate, 30 grains; Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 5 minims; 
 Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. — Royal Free. 
 
 Ferrous Sulphate, 2 grains ; Magnesium Sulphate, 20 grains ; Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, 10 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — King's. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Aperiens ( University).- — ^Ferrous Sulphate, 2 gi-aius ; 
 Magnesimn Sulphate, 30 grains ; Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 2 minims ; Pepper- 
 mint Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Mistura Ferri Laxans {St. Mary's). — Sulphate of Iron, 3 grains ; Sulphate 
 of Magnesium, GO grains; Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 5 minims; Peppermint 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PILUL>!E TONICO-NERVIN/E (A^orw.).— Ferrous Sulphate, 5 ; Asafetida, 
 5 ; Extract of Gentian, 5. 
 
 LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS (U.S.).— An aqueous Solution of 
 basic Ferric Sulphate, corresponding to not less than 13-57 p.c. of Iron. It 
 is known as Monsel's Solution. 
 
 Monsel's Salt is produced by evaporating and scaling the Solution. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM FERRATUM.— Moisten Cotton-Wool with Glycerin, then 
 express strongly ; steep the damp Wool in a Solution of Ferrous Sulphate, 
 1 part to 2 parts of Water, squeeze out as much as possible of the liquid, 
 and, without drying, pack the prepared wool into a bottle furnished with 
 a glass stopper. 
 
 FERRI ET AMMONII SULPHAS. Ferric Aminonium Sulphate. Am- 
 monio-Ferric Alum. Iron Alum. — It is an Alum in which Iron takes the 
 place of Aluminum. Pale violet, odourless, octahedral crystals, possessing 
 an acid, strongly styptic taste. It should be kept in well-stoppered glass 
 bottles, ])rotected from the light, as it has a tendency to effloresce on 
 exposure to the air. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble 1 in 3 of Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It arrests renal hajmorrhage and the anaemia that accompanies it ; it is 
 considered more astringent than Alum. The aqueovis solution will, even 
 after filtration, deposit unless slightly acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Ferric Ammoniuna Sulphate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, yielding a clear solution possessing an acid reaction towards 
 blue Litmus paper, and yielding a blue precipitate with Potassium Ferro- 
 cyanide Solution and a brownish-red precipitate with Potassium Hydroxide 
 
624 FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solution, followed by the evolution of Ammonia gas on warming. The 
 aqueous solution gives with Barium Chloride Solution, a white precipitate, 
 insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain in the uneffloreseed condition 99 • 5 p.c. 
 of pure Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, and not less than 11-5 p.c. of metallic 
 Iron, as volumetrically determined by dissolving 0"555 gramme of the 
 uneffloreseed crystals in 15c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 2 c.c. of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, and setting the mixtiu-e aside in a glass-stoppered flask, having 
 a capacity of about 100 c.c, after the addition of 1 gramme of Potassiuiu 
 Iodide, the mixture is kept for half an ho\ir at 40° C. (104° F.), cooled, and 
 titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of 
 which not less than 11-5 c.c. should be required to discharge the colour of 
 the liquid ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 = 1 p.c. of metallic Iron. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Akiminium and Chlorides. 
 The filtrate obtained on precipitating a solution of the salt in Distilled Water 
 by means of an excess of Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and filtering, should, 
 when neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid and then mixed with a slight 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, yield no white gelatinous precipitate, indicating 
 the absence of Aluminium. No t\arbidity should be produced on the addition 
 of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Solution to 30 c.c. of a 1 in 20 solution of the 
 salt mixed with 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 
 
 Ferric Ammonium Sulphate is not Official in the text of the B.P., but is 
 given in the Appendix 1 ; its solution is used in the U.S. P. as an indicator 
 in volumetric titrations involving indirect titration with Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate Solution ; the B.P. uses Solution of FeiTic Sulphate. 
 
 FERRUM REDACTUM. 
 
 REDUCED IRON. 
 
 Fr., Fer Rkduit par l'Hydrogene ; Ger., Reduzirtes Eisen ; Ital., 
 Ferro Ridotto call' Idrogeno ; Span., Hierro Rbducido por el 
 
 HiDROGENO. 
 
 A fine, tasteless powder, possessing a dull iron-grey metallic appear- 
 ance, and strongly attracted by a magnet. It is Officially required 
 to contain at least 80 p.c. of metallic Iron, with a variable amount 
 of Iron Oxide. It is prepared by the reduction of Ferric Hydroxide, 
 at a dull red heat, by dry Hydrogen. 
 
 With reference to the keeping qualities of Reduced Iron, it may be noted 
 that, under ordinary atmospheric conditions, a sample containing 91 '5 p.c. 
 of Iron, loosely covered with paper to keep out dust, lost only 1 p.c. of metallic 
 Iron in a month. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hsematinic. Given in chlorosis and 
 amenorrhcea. 
 
 As Hydrogen is evolved by its contact with the acid gastric secretion, 
 flatulence may result. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0'065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in powder, pill, or in lozenges. Pills containing 
 Reduced Iron have a tendency to crack. An excellent pill can be ynade by mixing 
 Reduced Iron, 24 grains ; Liquorice Powder, 6 grains ; Glycerin 6f Tragacanth, 
 6 grains ; and dividing into 12 or more pills as desired. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PEE, 625 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Organic and mineral acids, and mineral salts. 
 Official Preparation. — Trochiscus Ferri Redacti. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Reduced Iron dissolves in Hydrochloric Acid, and Hydrogen 
 gas is at the same time evolved. The solution thus yielded gives 
 the tests distinctive of Ferrous salts given under Ferrum, and on 
 oxidation with Nitric Acid the tests distinctive of Ferric salts also 
 given under Ferrum. 
 
 It is ofl&cially required to contain not less than 79-96 p.c. of metallic 
 Iron as volumetrically determined by titrating with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassimn Permanganate Solution, the Ferrous Sulphate 
 produced when a hot solution of 1'25 grammes of Copper Sulphate 
 in 20 ml. of Distilled Water is decomposed by 0"25 gramme of Reduced 
 Iron, the solutions being maintained hot during the operation, and 
 well shaken dm'ing 10 minutes, precaution being taken to expose 
 the solutions as little as possible to air during filtration ; not less than 
 35 "8 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution 
 should be required, 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution = •005584 gramme of Iron. The U.S. P. 
 requires it to contain not less than 90 p.c. of pure metallic Iron, as 
 volumetrically determined by the process given in small type below 
 under the heading of Volumetric Determination. The P.G. requires 
 it to contain at least 90 p.c. of metallic Iron, with a total Iron content 
 of at least 96 '6 p.c, as volmnetrically determined by the process 
 given under Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The following method of determination is suggested in the proposed 
 changes in the U.S.P. IX. : — 1 gramme of Reduced Iron is accurately- 
 weighed, introduced into a 100 c.c. measuring flask and 10 grammes 
 of finely powdered Mercuric Chloride, and 50 c.c. of boiling Distilled 
 Water added. The mixture is kept boiling on a wire gauze over a 
 small flame for 5 minutes, shaking frequently from time to time ; 
 the flask is then filled to the 100 c.c. mark with Distilled Water, 
 recently boiled and cooled, and the mixture cooled to the room 
 temperature. The flask is again filled to the mark, the contents well 
 shaken, stoppered and allowed to stand for a few minutes. The 
 contents of the flask are then filtered, and 10 c.c. of the filtrate are 
 immediately titrated, after the addition of 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, using Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution ; it should show not less than 90 p.c. of Reduced Iron when 
 calciilated to the original weight of Iron taken. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Silica, Sulphide, 
 alkali Carbonates, and water-soluble salts. 
 
 The limit of 200 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, 
 i. 796) is now officially fixed by the B.P., as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing the 
 14 ml. distillate obtained by the distillation of a solution prepared 
 by dissolving 0*05 gramme of Reduced Iron and 0*1 gramme of 
 
626 FER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Potassium Chlorate Arsenic-Test reagent in a mixture of 7 ml. 
 of Distilled Water, and 11 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 reagent, the Chlorine being dissipated by boiling, and sufficient 
 Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent added to destroy the yellow 
 colour of the sohition. The 14 ml. of distillate is diluted with 
 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and a few drops of Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent added. The U.S. P. employs the modified 
 Gutzeit's test, as described in the small type notes below under 
 the heading of Modified Gutzeit's test. The P.G. employs the 
 Bettendorf's test for Arsenic, requiring that if O'd gramme of Reduced 
 Iron and 0"4 gramme of Potassium Chlorate are mixed in a large 
 porcelain dish with 4 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid ; after the reaction is 
 finished, the mixture is warmed until the free Chlorine is driven off, 
 and then filtered, 1 c.c. of this filtrate and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride 
 Solution should not assume a dark coloration within 1 hour, indicating 
 a limit of Arsenic. The gas evolved when Reduced Iron is dissolved 
 in Hydrochloric Acid, shall not blacken Lead Aceta,te paper, within 
 5 minutes, indicating a limit of Sulphide. The B.F. simply requires 
 that it shall dissolve in Hydrochloric Acid without any odour of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. It should leave not more than 1 p.c. of residue 
 when dissolved in Hydrochloric Acid, indicating a limit of insoluble 
 residue. All three Pharmacopoeias agree in fixing the limit at 1 p.c. 
 The liquid obtained on shaking 1 gramme of Reduced Iron with 10 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, 
 indicating the absence of alkali carbonates ; and when filtered and 
 evaporated to dryness should leave at the most 0*003 granmae of 
 residue, indicating a limit of water-soluble salts. The B.P. only 
 includes tests for Sulphides, residue insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid 
 and Arsenic. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — To 0-5 gramme of Reduced Iron contained in 
 a small covered beaker, add 20 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. After the 
 reaction has somewhat subsided, warm the liqmd on a water-bath until the 
 reaction ceases, then collect any minute undissolved residue of impure Iron 
 Arsenide upon a very small filter, rinse the beaker with Water, add the 
 rinsings to the filter, and wash the residue with Distilled Water until free 
 from acid reaction. Transfer the residue to the beaker by rinsing it back, and 
 after adding about 0-25 gramme of Potassi^un Chlorate and 5 c.c. of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid evaporate the solution slowly to dryness on a water-bath. 
 Dissolve the residue in sufficient Distilled Water to measure 50 c.c, then add 
 5 c.c. of this solution to 5 c.c. of a saturated solution of Sulphurous Acid and 
 heat the liquid on a water-l^ath for fifteen minutes, until all traces of 
 Sulphurous Acid have been removed. The resulting solution should not 
 respond to the modified Gutzeit's test for Arsenic. 
 
 Volumetric Deterniination. — ^A weighed quantity of 0*555 grammo of 
 Reduced Iron is introduced into a 100 c.c. flask containing about 2 • G grammes 
 of Iodine, the weight of which is subsequently accurately recorded, 6 c.c. of 
 Water and 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide are added, the flask is securely 
 stoppered and, after thoroughly mixing the contents, it is set aside for one 
 hour, sufficient Distilled Water is added to measiu-e exactly 100 c.c, mixed 
 well, and 25 c.c. of this solution removed, and after the addition of a few 
 drops of Starch Test-Solution it is titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. The weight of Iodine taken is divided by 
 "02518, twice the number of c.c of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thio- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FIC 627 
 
 sulphate Solution used is subtracted from the quotient, and the remainder 
 represents the percentage of metallic Iron present in the sample ; it should 
 amount to not less than 90 p.c. Instead of employing the ofhcial Iodine 
 for the test the percentage purity of the Iodine may be ascertained by a 
 separate experiment, and the equivalent quantity of pure (100 p.c.) Iodine 
 may be used instead of the 2 • 6 grammes referred to above, U.iS.P. ; a weighed 
 quantity of 1 gramme of Reduced Iron is dissolved in about 50 c.c. of Diluted 
 Sulphiiric Acid, and the solution diluted to 100 c.c. A measui'ed quantity 
 of 10 c.c. of this solution is mixed with Potassium Permanganate Solution 
 (0"5 p.c. w/w) imtil of a faint red colour. After the liquid has been again 
 decolorised by the addition of Tartaric Acid Solution, 2 grammes of Potassium 
 Iodide are added and the mixture is allowed to stand in a stoppered glass 
 vessel for one hovir ; 17 -3 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thio- 
 sulphate Solution should be necessary to decolorise the separated Iodine, 
 which indicates a minimum content of 96 "6 p.c. of Iron ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = • 005585 gramme of 
 Iron, Starch Solution being employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 Preparation. 
 TROCHISCUS FERRI REDACTI. Reduced Iron Lozexnge. 
 
 Contains • 06 gramme (rather less than 1 grain) of Reduced Iron in each, 
 with Simple Basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 Not Official. 
 FICUS. 
 
 FIGS. 
 
 Fr., Figue ; Ger., Feigen ; Ital., Fichi ; Span., Higos. 
 
 The dried fleshy receptacles of Ficus Carica, L. 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Nutritious, laxative, and demulcent. Chiefly 
 used medicinally in constipation. Cut open and heated it forms a convenient 
 cataplasm. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Contained in Confectio Sennje. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. (Figos Parsados); 
 U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Dried Figs are usually imported in two forms, 
 natural and pulled figs. Natural figs are fruits that have not been made 
 supple by laieading and squeezing ; pulled figs are those so treated, and are 
 generally imported in small boxes, in which they have been packed by careful 
 pressure. They are flattened, translucent, and have the characteristic taste 
 of the fig. In dry weather they are covered with a saccharine efflorescence. 
 Greek figs are inferior in quality, containing less pulp, and are smaller. 
 
 The fruit is sometimes called a syconus ; it is a pyriform receptacle filled 
 with female flowers, each of which contains a minute ovary which, when ripe, 
 forms an achene, often erroneously called a seed. The male flowers are 
 developed sparingly amongst bracts surrounding the minute tubular orifice 
 at the apex. 
 
 Compound Syrup of Figs. — ^Under this title several preparations are 
 made, containing the soluble laxative constituents of Figs and Senna. 
 
628 FIL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 FILIX MAS. 
 
 MALE FERN. 
 
 The carefully dried Khizome of Dryo'pteris Filix-Mas, Schott., from 
 which the roots, leaves aud dead portions have been removed. It 
 should be collected late in the autumn, and should not be kept more 
 than a year. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The powder of the rhizome is slightly 
 tonic and astringent ; chiefly used in the form of Liquid Extract as 
 an anthelmintic for tapeworm. Inadvisable to give Castor Oil along 
 with or after it, for the drug may then dissolve, become absorbed, 
 and prove toxic. 
 
 Useless for ankylostoma. — L. '11, i. 859. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Liquid Extract, which is an Oleo-resin, can be 
 given in Milk, or made into an emulsion with 1 to 2fl. drm. of very fresh 
 Mucilage of Gum Acacia, or hto 1 drm. of powdered Acacia, and with Peppermint 
 Water or Milk to form a 2 oz. draught ; Syrup of Ginger is also sometimes 
 added ; or in capsules containing 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 minims. Best given in 
 the early morning fasting after a purge on the previoifs day, so that the worm- is 
 not protected by food. It is more effective if the dose of Male Fern be divided 
 into three portions and given at intervals of half an hour. It should be followed 
 12 hours afterwards by a brisk purgative {not Castor Oil) to clear away the dead 
 worm,. 
 
 Under the headings Haustus, and Mistura^ Filicis Maris, several formulas 
 are given in the Pharmacopoeias of the London Hospitals. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Extractum Filicis Liquidum. 
 
 Not Official. — Acidum Filicicum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias.- -Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr. 
 (Fougere), Ger., Htuig., Ital. (Felce Maschio), Jap., Mex., Norw., Port. 
 (Feto Macho), Russ., Span. (Helecho Macho), Swed., Swiss, U.S. 
 (Aspidium). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The rhizome, as met with in English 
 commerce, is sometimes entire and sometimes cut in half longitudinally 
 for facility in drying, and has the scaly bases of the leaf stalks or 
 stipes attached to it, these being angular and about 1 inch long and 
 about -^ inch in diameter. The official description limits the size 
 from 7 to 15 cm. (3 to 6 in.) in length, 2 cm. (| in.) in diameter. 
 It should not be kept more than one year. The B.P., P.G. 
 and U.S. P. require that the rhizome should not be kept more 
 than a year, as the medicinal activity is decreased on keeping. An 
 indication of its freshness when purchased is the yellowish-green tint 
 of the rhizome and stipes when cut transversely. The B.P. requires 
 that it should be collected late in the autumn, and divested of its 
 roots, leaves and dead portions. The U.S.P. states that the chafi 
 {i.e., scales), together with the dead portions of the rhizome and stipes, 
 'should be removed, and only such portions used as have retained 
 their internal green colour. The distinguishing feature of the rhizome 
 is the presence in the transverse section of 10 (about 8, B.P.) large 
 vascular bundles forming a circle, beyond which a number of small 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] FIL 629 
 
 ones are scattered, tlie leaf stalks showing eiglit only in an irregular 
 circle. In the intercellular spaces near the apex of the rhizome 
 globular stalked glands are found, which do not occur in most of the 
 allied ferns likely to be mistaken for it in this country, such as 
 A. Oreopteris, Sw., and Atliyrium Filix-foeniina, Roth., but do occur 
 in Dryopteris marginalis, which is Olficial in the U.S. P. The Rhizome 
 differs from that of Filix Mas in having only about 6 fibrovascular 
 bundles, and is rather less in diameter. The scales of the rhizome of 
 A. Filix-mas, Sw., have two glands at the base, but that of A. 
 spinulosum, Sw., which have been found frequently in Germany mixed 
 with the true rhizome, has them also on the margins of the scales. 
 In S. Africa the root of Aspidiwn athanianticwn, Kunze, is used as a 
 tffinicide under the name of ' Unkomokomo, ' and in Continental 
 commerce as ' Pannum,' 
 
 Tests. — The ash of Male Fern varies from 1*5 to 3*0 p.c, the 
 insoluble portion of the ash from O'l to 0*5 p.c. A standard of not 
 more than 5 p.c. has been suggested. The B.P. has not included a 
 limit of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EXTRACTUM FILICIS LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of Male 
 Fern. (Modified.) 
 
 Male Fern, in No. 20 powder, exhausted by percolation with Ether, 
 and subsequent evaporation of the Ether. 
 
 It is now standardised to contain 20 p.c. w/w of Filicin. 
 
 Dose. — 45 to 90 minims = 2'7 to 5 "4: ml. 
 
 U.S. states that the granular-crystalline substance, which deposits on 
 standing, should be thoroughly mixed with the liquid portion before use. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Russ. (Ext. Filicis 
 Maris); Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Jap., Norw., vSwed. and Swiss (Ext. 
 Filicis) ; Fr. (Extrait de Fougere Male) ; Hvmg. (Extract Filicis 
 Maris); Ital. (Estratto di Felce Maschio Etereo) ; Port. (Extracto 
 de Feto Macho Ethereo) ; Span. (Aceite de Helecho Macho); all 
 made with Ether. U.S. (Oleoresina Aspidii), made with Acetone. 
 
 Tests. — Fluid Extract of Male Fern has usually a specific gravity 
 of from 1*000 to 1*025, and occasionally as high as 1*050. The B.P. 
 states not below 1*000 ; the U.S. P. does not include a figure for specific 
 gravity. The Refractive Index at 40° C. (104° F.) varies from 1 *500 to 
 1*515, usually being about 1*500. The B.P. gives not less than 1*490. 
 It has a Saponification Value of 225 to 255, and occasionally as high 
 as 259, but usually between 230 and 250, the B.P. does not include a 
 Saponification Value. The unsaponifiable matter varies from 4 to 
 8 p.c. and occasionally as high as 11 p.c. ; the B.P. does not include a 
 determination of the unsaponifiable matter. The Iodine Value ranges 
 from 98 to 102 p.c, and is usually about 99, a figure is not included 
 in the B.P. It contains from 19*5 to 26 p.c. of Crude Filicin, and 
 occasionally as much as 28 p.c. ; it is ofl&cially required to contain 
 not less than 20 p.c, as determined by a process which is similar in 
 all its details to that given in the Swiss Pharmacopoeia. The Swiss 
 
630 FCB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Pharmacoposia process is as follows : — A weighed quantity of 5 grammes 
 of well shaken Fluid Extract of Male Fern is dissolved in 30 grammes 
 (40 ml.. B.P.) of Ether, in a flask of 200 c.c. capacity, transferred 
 to a separator and shaken vigorously during 5 minutes with 100 
 grammes of Barium Hydroxide Solution (3 p.c.) ; it is allowed to stand 
 at rest for 10 minutes, and then a weighed quantity of 86 grammes 
 of the aqueous layer is filtered ofi, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid 
 (of which about 3 c.c. should be required), and shaken with successive 
 quantities each of 30, 20 and 15 c.c. (ml., B.P.) of Ether. The mixed 
 ethereal extracts are filtered, the filter is washed with Ether and the 
 Ether removed from the filtrate by distillation in a weighed flask. The 
 residue is dried at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.) until of a constant 
 weight, and after cooling it is weighed. It should weigh not less than 
 0*8 gramme corresponding to not less than 20 p.c. of crude Filicin. 
 It should leave not more than 0*5 p.c. of ash ; the B.P. does not include 
 a figure for the ash. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants are Castor Oil, extracts 
 prepared from old and deteriorated Rhizomes, Chlorophyll and Copper 
 salts. The liquid extract should conform to th^ constants given above, 
 and should moreover be almost completely soluble in Petroleum Ether, 
 indicating the absence of Castor Oil. The colour of the extracts should 
 be a bright yellowish-green, or a pure green, and should be free from 
 brown colour, indicating the absence of extracts prepared from old 
 and deteriorated Rhizomes, which are also indicated by a lowering of 
 the Refractive Index. A deep green colour of the extract points to 
 the addition of Chlorophyll. If the residue left on ignition be dissolved 
 in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and mixed with a slight excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, no deep blue coloration should be developed, and 
 on adding Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution no reddish-brown pre- 
 cipitate should be produced, indicating the absence of Copper salts. 
 Fluid Extract of Male Fern should lose not more than 6 p.c. of its 
 weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating a limit of volatile 
 matter. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACIDUM Fl LI CI GUM. Filicic Acid. Isobutyi-yloxynaphthoquinone. 
 ■ — A white or yellowish-white amorphous powder, or as yellowish crystals. 
 Odourless and tasteless. Insoluble in Water ; soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 in Ether, Carbon Bisulphide, and in the fixed and volatile oils ; also soluble 
 in alkali solutions. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1-0 gramme. 
 
 FCENICULI FRUCTUS. 
 
 FENNEL FRUIT. 
 Fr., Fenouil Doux ; Ger., Fenchel ; Ital., Finocchio ; Span., Hinojo. 
 
 The dried ripe Fruit of Fceniculum vulgare, Mill., from cultivated 
 plants. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PCE 631 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant, aromatic and carminative. 
 In action similar to Anise. Antispasmodic in intestinal colic of children. 
 
 In infants an infusion ( 1 to GO) is employed as an enema for the expulsion 
 of flatus. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Aqua Fcenlculi. 
 
 Not Official. — Oleum Fceniculi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hvmg., Jap., Mex., Norw., Ital., Port. (Funcho), Russ., Span., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — A number of different varieties of Fennel 
 fruits are met with in commerce, varying from 3 to 4 mm. (^to^ inch), 
 (Japanese) to 8 to 10 mm. (-^ to nearly ^ inch) (Saxon) in length, and 
 from l'5mm. (^^ inch) (Russian) to 3 mm. (|^ inch) (French and 
 Saxon) in diameter. The larger fruits are usually slightly curved, 
 and greenish or greenish-brown in colour, according to age and 
 ripeness when collected. The mericarps are usually united, and 
 taper at the apex, and the longitudinal ridges are prominent with 
 six large vittse in each niericarp, two being on the flat, and four 
 on the convex side. The different kinds vary in the percentage of 
 Oil and in the relative percentage of Anethol and Fenchone that they 
 contain. The Indian fruit, which yields the smallest percentage of 
 oil, is referred to, F. qmnmorium, D.C, which, however, is regarded 
 by some botanists as only a variety of F. vulgare, Mill. 
 
 Fennel fruits, after distillation, are used in cattle foods, and to 
 adulterate powdered Fennel fruits. The directions given in the B.P. 
 limit the Fennel fruits to those 3 to 10 mm. long and 2 to 4 mm. in 
 diameter ; these include the Saxon and the cultivated French varieties, 
 Persian, Indian and Galician, which come within the limits. So far 
 as flavoiir is concerned the Saxon, French, Macedonian, Persian, and 
 Japanese are the best. Under the microscope the powder is charac- 
 terised by the spiral and reticulated thin-walled colourless parenchy- 
 matous cells of the mesocarp, and the obliquely arranged thin-walled 
 linear oblong cells, about 3 to 5 times as long as broad, of the inner 
 epidermis, and the absence of striation on the cells of the outer epidermis. 
 
 Fennel fruits after distillation have been sold cheaply on the 
 Continent, artificially coloured by green aniline dye to match the 
 fresh fruit, some of which was mixed with it to give the odour of fennel. 
 
 Tests. — The ash of Fennel Fruit should not amount to more 
 than 11 p.c. The ash of four samples determined in the author's 
 laboratory amounted to 8 '47, 8-93, 9-75 and 7-70 p.c. The ash of 
 six samples ofthePulvis to 10-85, 12*8, 9-90, 8*91, 13*0 and 9-89 p.c. 
 Good Fennel fruits yield from 3 to 5 p.c. of volatile oil. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 AQUA FGENICULI. Fennel Water. 
 
 Fennel Fruit, 1 ; Water, 20. Distil 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Aquae (group). 
 
632 FOR [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung., 1 in 20 ; 
 Ital., Mex. and Port., 1 in 4 ; Ger., Jap. and Russ., 1 in 30 ; Swed., 1 in 10 ; 
 Dutch and Swiss, I in 25 ; Belg., Oil 1, Alcohol 99, Water 3300 ; Dan., 
 with Oil, 1 in 2000 ; and U.S., with Oil, 1 in 500. Not in Fr. or Norw. 
 
 Not Official, 
 
 OLEUM FCENICULI. — A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, possessing 
 a peculiar, characteristic odovu* and taste. It is a volatile oil distilled from 
 Fennel Fruit. 
 
 The important constituent of this Oil is Anethol. A good oil contains 
 about 60 p.c. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Norw., Port., Russ., Swiss and U.S. Not in Fr., Ital. Mex. or 
 Swed. 
 
 Tests. — Fennel Oil has a specific gravity of 0-970 to 0-980. It is soluble 
 in an equal volume of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 1 in 10 of Alcohol (80 p.c). 
 It is dextrogyrate, the rotation being from + 6° to + 20° in a 100 mm. 
 tube. It has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-525 to 1-550. The 
 melting point should be between 5° and 10° C. (41° and 50° F.). 
 
 The more generally occvuring adulterations of Fennel Oil are oils from 
 which the Stearoptene has been removed. Alcohol, Volatile Oils containing 
 Phenols, and Oil of Turpentine. The addition of oils from which the Anethol 
 has been abstracted is rendered evident by the lowering of the solidifying 
 point. Alcohol by the lowering of the specific gravity, whilst Turpentine is 
 also detected by the reduction in the specific gravity, the Alcohol -solubility 
 and rotation. 
 
 The addition of a drop of Ferric Chloride Solution to an alcoholic solution 
 of the Oil should produce no coloration, indicating the absence of oils con- 
 taining Phenols. 
 
 FORMALDEHYDE. 
 
 METHANAL. METHYL ALDEHYDE. 
 
 7 ■ CH„0, eq. 30-010. 
 
 Produced by the limited oxidation of Methyl Alcohol. A gas condensable 
 by cold to a clear mobile liquid. The coixunercial article ' Formol ' or 
 ' Formalin ' is stated to be a 40 p.c. Solution. 
 
 LIQUOR FORMALDEHYDI. Solution of Formaldehyde. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 A clear, colourless fluid, with a cliaracteristic irritating odour, 
 containing not less than 36 nor more than 38 p.c. w/v of Formaldehyde. 
 
 Formaldehyde Solution was described in the 1899 Edition of Squire's 
 Companion and is now Official in the B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The strong Solution (35 to 40 p.c.) is 
 a powerful antiseptic, disinfectant and deodorant ; it is also a powerful 
 caustic, and shoidd be handled with care. The vapour is irritating to 
 the eyes and nose, probably due to traces of Formic Acid. Even in 
 very dilute Solution, 1 of Formic Aldehyde in 20,000, or 1 of Form- 
 aldehyde Solution in 8000, it possesses considerable antiseptic power, 
 and will preserve liquids otherwise liable to change. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FOS 633 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The 35 to 40 p.c. Solution diluted with 50 to 100 
 of Water may be used as a general antiseptic in the sick rooyn Jar washing 
 the hands, spray, etc., and with 400 to 500 of Water as an antiseptic mouth- 
 wash or gargle. Formaldehyde or Formic Aldehyde is understood to m,ean 
 Absolute Formaldehyde. ForinaUn is a 40 p.c. Solution of Formaldehyde, and 
 is the form, in which it occurs commercially. A 5 p.c. Solution of Formalin 
 contains 5 p.c. of Formalin, but only 2 p.c. of Formaldehyde. A 5 p.c. Solution 
 of Formaldehyde will of course contain 5 p.c. of Absolute Formaldehyde. 
 
 Formaldehyde Solution (40 p.c.) in 2000 to 3000 of Water used freely to 
 hypopyon ulcers, and septic abrasions of the cornea. 
 
 2 p.c. Solution in ringworm. 
 
 Small epitheliomata cured by placing on the growth and leaving for 3 
 or 4 days Cotton-Wool soaked in 40 i^.c. Formaldehyde. — B.M.J.E. '11, 
 i. 55. 
 
 Two cases of epithelioma on the face cured by application of a 40 p.c. 
 Solution, after cocainising. The treatment was repeated in 4 days : suitable 
 only for epithelioma not larger than a florin. A 2 p.c. Solution is valuable 
 in inoperable cases ; a saturated dressing is applied every 6 hours ; in 6 
 days the tumour is inodorous and the dead tissues detach themselves ; a 
 wet boracic dressing is then applied. Formaldehyde is valuable in hydatids, 
 carcinoma, erysipelas, ozoena, dental caries, and aphthous ulceration of 
 buccal cavity. The lesion is touched with a small tampon of Cotton-Wool 
 saturated with 40 p.c. Solution of Formic Aldehyde. The pain is acute liut 
 does not last long ; Cocaine may be apjjlied beforehand. The subseqvient 
 applications are painless. — B.M.J.E. '10, ii. SO. 
 
 In acute endometritis, 50 p.c. Solution injected into the uterus and quickly 
 washed out. Strongly recommended. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 1031. 
 
 For treatment of diphtheria the throat is sprayed with a J to 1 p.c. solution 
 of the 40 p.c. Formaldehyde Solution ; it is used three or four times a day, 
 warm and freshly made ; 3 to 6 days are required. — Pr. '15, i. 893. 
 
 As an inhalation it has been used with good results in phthisis and pertussis ; 
 2\ to 6 p.c. Solutions of Formalin in pure Water or in 10 to 20 p.c. Glycerin 
 Solution are convenient. 
 
 A Solution of Formalin 1, Chloroform 1, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 2, has also been 
 used ; or it may be used as a fine spray, a G to 10 p.c. Solution mixed with 
 Glycerin. 
 
 10 to 50 p.c. ointment in chilblains if skin bo not delicate. — Pr. '08, i. 251. 
 
 A teaspoonful of Formalin in a teacupful of Water put into a soup-plate 
 and sweetened with Sugar or mixed with Milk is used to kill flies. The ' Horse- 
 fly as a Danger to Health.' Ernest E. Austen, British Museum (N.H.) Series. 
 
 A few drops of Liquor Ammonise Fort, well diluted with Water, or still 
 Ijetter Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, given at frequent intervals as an antidote 
 in cases of Formalin poisoning. 
 
 As a Preservative of Foods. — It is generally condemned as a preservative 
 of foods on account of its action on the flesh-forming constituents, rendering 
 them insoluble. The proteids of Milk containing Formalin fail to yield to 
 the digestive action of Pepsin. 
 
 Recommendation of the Departmental Committee appointed to inquire into 
 the use of preservatives in food : that Formaldehyde or any of its prepara- 
 tions be absolutely prohibited in food or drinks. 
 
 As a Disinfectant. — There is no conflict of evidence as to Formaldehyde 
 being a reliable disinfectant when used in Solution, or used in the gaseous 
 state for room disinfection when all objects are freely exposed, but it seems 
 to be the general opinion that for the disinfection of heavy materials and 
 furnitiu-e, or where there are many cracks or fissures, or the sm-faces are not 
 freely exposed, on accomit of its non -penetrative properties it is not so 
 suitable as Sulphurous Acid Gas. It has the advantage, however, of being 
 non-injurious to delicate fabrics such as furs, silks, etc. 
 
 The Aldehyde vapours are non -poisonous, but very irritating to the eyes 
 and throat ; they are well suited for room disinfection, as they do not affect 
 
634 FOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 coloiira. They possess advantages over Sulphurous Acid, as they injure 
 nothing except Iron, diffuse better, and possess greater disinfectant power. 
 
 The 35 p.c. Solution is diluted with 10 to 50 of Water, for fixing and hardening 
 histological and pathological specimens, and for preserving them. 
 
 In room disinfection best results obtained when 60 granames of Potassium 
 Permanganate are added to 100 c.c. Formaldehj^le contained in a dish, or 
 mviltiples of these quantities, depending on the space to be disinfected. — • 
 T.G. '07, 460. 
 
 Value and selection of disinfectants. — Pr. '07, 269. 
 
 Muller's Fluid, containing 10 p.c. of Formol, has been recommended for 
 hardening pathological specimens, but it deposits in 5 days and must be 
 changed ; 60 p.c. Alcohol, to which I p.c. Formol has been added, is a good 
 preservative fluid after hardening in above. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hmag., Ital., Jap., Norw., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Formic Aldehyde Solution has a specific gravity of 1"079 
 to 1 • 081. The V.S.P. has a specific gravity of 1 • 075 to 1 • 081 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.); the P.G. solution, 1-079 to I'OSl. It should be neutral 
 or only faintly acid to Litmus paper. 
 
 Formaldehyde Solution, when evaporated to dryness, leaves a 
 white amorphous residue, which is insoluble in Water. 
 
 If the solution be made strongly alkaline with Ammonia Solution 
 and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, it leaves a white crystalline 
 residue, readily soluble in Distilled Water. Formaldehyde Solution 
 readily reduces Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution, and Potassio- 
 Cupric Tartrate Solution, the former yielding a greyish-black deposit 
 of metallic Silver, the latter a deposit of red Cuprous Oxide. 2 c.c. 
 of the Solution mixed with an equal volume of Potassiixm Hydroxide 
 Solution and about 0'5 gramme of Resorcin gradmdly yields, when the 
 mixture is heated to boiling, a bright red coloration. 2 drops added to 
 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid containing a little dissolved Salicylic Acid 
 yields, on gently warming, a permanent deep red colour. A brilliant 
 blue colour, varying in intensity with the amount of Formaldehyde 
 present, is produced, when about 0'05 gramme of Phenylhydrazine 
 Hydrochloride is added to 1 c.c. of the solution diluted to 5 c.c. with 
 Distilled Water, followed by the addition of 3 drops of a freshly- 
 prepared 5 p.c. Sodium Nitroprusside Solution, thorough agitation of 
 the liquid, then Sodium Hydroxide Solution drop by drop until an 
 excess has been added. 
 
 It is ofiicially required to contain not less than 36 p.c. w/v and not 
 more than 38 p.c. w/v of Formaldehyde, as determined by adding a 
 measured quantity of 3 ml. of Formaldehyde Solution and 50 ml . of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution to 50 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, warming on the water-liath. A blank experiment is 
 performed by mixing 50 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution with 50 ml. of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, and the mixture 
 is similarly warmed on the water-bath. After the completion of 
 the interaction, the excess of Normal Volumetric Sodium H^'^droxide 
 Solution in each experiment is titrated with Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphui'ic Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator 
 of neutralitv. The difference in the number of c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TOR 635 
 
 metric Sulphuric Acid Solution iu the two titrations shall be not 
 Jess than 36 and not more than 38 ml. This process is based upon that 
 of the U.IS.F., but the U.S. P. does not. employ a blank titration. 
 The U.S. P. requires that the solution should contain not less than 
 37 p.c. by Aveight of absolute Formaldehyde, {is deterinined by the 
 process described below in small type under the heading of Volumetric 
 Determination. The P.G. solution is required to contain 35 p.c. 
 of Formaldehyde, as determined volumetrically by the Sodium Sulphite 
 process described below luider the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The following process is also very generally used : — A weighed 
 quantity of 2 grammes of pure neutral Ammonium Chloride is dissolved 
 in 25 c.c. of Distilled Water and introduced into a flask provided with 
 a well-fitting stopper. A weighed quantity of 2'5 grammes of the 
 sample is carefully neutralised with Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution and added to the Ammonium Chloride Solution. 
 A measured quantity of 25 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution is then added, the flask secm'ely stoppered and 
 set aside for one hour. A few drops of Rosolic Acid Solution are added, 
 and the excess of Ammonia is titrated with Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution absorbed corresponds to 2 p.c. w/w of Form- 
 aldehyde. 
 
 Both methods have been tried in the author's laboratory. The 
 Hydrogen Peroxide method is the more accurate of the two and yields 
 higher results, but the ease of manipulation of the Ammonia process 
 and the fact that the results yielded are sufliciently accm'ate for most 
 practical purposes ensures its general application. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Methyl Alcohol, excess 
 of acid, e.g., Formic Acid, fixed impm-ities, Iron, Lead, Copper, and 
 Calcium, Chlorides, Sulphates and mineral matter. 
 
 No yellow crystalline precipitate of Iodoform should be produced 
 when 1 ml. of Formaldehyde Solution is mixed with 10 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, the excess of Iodine decolorised 
 with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and the mixture warmed, indi- 
 cating the absence of Methyl Alcohol and Acetone ; B.P. says 
 indicating the absence of Acetone. 
 
 A measiu-ed quantity of 20 c.c. of Formaldehyde Solution should 
 require for neutrahsation not more than 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, Phenolphthalein Solution being 
 employed as an indicator of neutrality, indicating the absence of excess 
 of acid, e.g., Formic and other acids. The B.P. does not include a 
 test for limit of acidity, the P.G. requires that 1 c.c. of Formaldehyde 
 Solution should not redden Litmus paper after the addition of 1 drop 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. A 1 to 5 
 dilution of Formaldehyde Solution with Distilled Water, when acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no pronounced turbidity or 
 precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Copper and Lead ; nor on the subsequent addition of an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution should the liquid materially deepen in 
 
636 FOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 colour, indicating a limit of Iron. A similar dilution of the Form- 
 aldehyde Solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Calcium. A 1 to 5 dilution of the Formaldehyde Solution with Distilled 
 Water, shall yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of either 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides ; nor 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Sulphates. The white amorphous residue left on evaporation of 
 Formaldehyde Solution, when ignited shall leave not more than 0*1 p.c. 
 of residue, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — Transfer 3 c.c. of Formaldehyde Solution 
 to a well -stoppered Erlenmeyer flask and weigh accurately. Add 50 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution and follow this immediately, 
 but slowly, through a small fmmel, with 50 c.c. of Hydrogen Dioxide Solution, 
 to which a drop of Litmus Test-Solution has been added, and which has been 
 neutralised with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. After the 
 reaction has ceased and the foaming has subsided, rinse the funnel and sides 
 of the vessel with Distilled Water, and, after allowing it to stand 30 minutes, 
 titrate back with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Litmus 
 Test-Solution as an indicator. The number of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sul- 
 phuric Acid Solution consumed, is subtracted from 50, the difference multi- 
 plied by 2-979, and the product divided by the weight of the solution taken, 
 the quotient represents the percentage, by weight, of absolute Formaldehyde, 
 U.S.P. At least 37-8 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 should be necessary for the complete decolorisation of a mixtiu-e of 3 c.c. of 
 Formaldehyde Solution, 50 c.c. of a freshly prepared Sodium Sulphite 
 Solution, containing 25 grammes of crystallised Sodium Sulphite in 100 c.c, 
 and 1 drop of Phenolphthalein Solution, after the deduction of the amount 
 of acid, which a mixture of 12 c.c. of Sodium Sulphite Solution, 80 c.c. of 
 Water and 1 drop of Phenolphthalein Solution reqmre for decolorisation, 
 which represents a content of 35 p.c. of Formaldehyde ; 1 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-03002 gramme of Formaldehyde, 
 Phenolphthalein being employed as an indicator, P.O. 
 
 LIQUOR FORMALDEHYDI SAPONATUS. Solution of Form- 
 aldehyde WITH Soap. (New.) 
 
 Dissolve 4 of Soft Soap in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; add 2 of Solution 
 of Formaldehyde and Water to yield 10. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw. and Swed. Formic Alde- 
 hyde Solution, 40 ; Soft soap, 40 ; Absolute Alcohol, 20. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AMYLOFORM. — A white, amorphous, odoiu-less powder, which is a com- 
 pound of Formaldehyde with Starch. Insoluble in Water, but when brought 
 in contact with moist surfaces it is slowly decomposed, giving off Formalde- 
 hyde. Recommended as a dressing or as a dusting powder. 
 
 Dextroform is a white powder, freely soluble in Water, slightly soluble in 
 cold Glycerin, but dissolves 1 in 10 when warmed. It is a compovmd of 
 Formaldehyde with Dextrine. It has been used internally in the form of a 
 5, 10, or even 20 p.c. Solution in gonorrhoea. 
 
 Glutol is a yellowish -white powder, insoluble in Water and Glycerin ; 
 it is a compound of Formaldehyde with Gelatin, used as an antiseptic dressing. 
 
 FORMICIN.— A syrupy liquid, sp.gr. 1-240 to 1-260. Miscible with 
 Water, Alcohol and Chloroform in all proportions. It is produced by the 
 action of Acetamide on Formaldehyde. A 2 p.c. tepid Solution as a surgical 
 disinfectant. 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PUC 637 
 
 INDOFORM. — A white powder, melting point 108^ to 109° C. (226-4° to 
 228-2° F.), produced by action of Formaldehyde on Acetyl-salicyUc Acid. 
 Sparingly soluble in cold Water, and has an acid, astringent taste. Anti- 
 rheumatic and anti-neuralgic. 
 
 Dose. — 7| grains = 0-5 gramme. 
 
 Igazol is a combination of Formic Aldehyde with Chloral, Terpene and 
 Iodoform ; used as an inhalation in phthisis. 
 
 Lysoform is a clear, coloiorless or pale yellowish, soapy liquid. Miscible 
 with Water. Antiseptic. A Solution 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls to the pint is 
 used to disinfect the hands. 
 
 Carbol Lysoform is stated to be a mixture of crude Carbolic Acid and 
 Lysoform, and to be a more active bactericide than either of its components. 
 
 Formidin. — ^Methylene Disalicylic Acid Iodide. A compomid of Salicylic 
 Acid, Formalin and Iodine, introduced as a substitute for Iodoform. A 
 Formidin gauze and a Formidin tape are also made. 
 
 PARAFORMIC ALDEHYDE (Paraform. Tri-oxymethylene).— A white, 
 micro-crystalline or amorphous powder, insoluble in Water. It is a polymer 
 of Formic Aldehyde ; it volatilises at 100° C. (212° F.), and is readily con- 
 vertible into that substance when heated to the above temperature in the 
 presence of Water. It is used for disinfecting rooms. It is supplied in 
 tablets with a lamp for volatilisation. 
 
 Official in Fr, Codex and Ital, 
 
 Sterilisol. — A Solution of Paraform, solution being effected at 40° to 45° C. 
 (104° to 113° F.) in vacuo.— L. '05, i. 1075. 
 
 Not Official. 
 FUCUS VESICULOSUS. 
 
 Bladder-wrack collected from rocks by the seaside and dried. 
 
 It yields on incineration about 15 p. c. of ash. It may contain 0-05 p.c. 
 to 0-2 p.c. of Iodine, bvit other species of sea-weed, the Laminaria, for 
 instance, contain much larger quantities of Iodine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given to reduce obesity. 
 
 Smelling fresh seaweed is said to relieve hay asthma. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Encina de Mar); Port. 
 (Bodelha). Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — This seaweed is of a blackish colour, fiat, forked, 
 about half an inch broad and a foot or more long. From other British species 
 it is distinguished by having a mid -rib, and oval air bladders in the frond, 
 usually in pairs, one on each side of the mid-rib. When dried it has often a 
 white efflorescence of Mannite on the surface. It is said to be most active 
 if collected in September and dried in the shade. 
 
 Tests. — Bladder-wrack leaves about 15 p.c. of ash when ignited with free 
 access of air. Two specimens examined in the author's laboratory showed 
 15-0 and 15-6 p.c. of ash. 
 
 EXTRACTUM FUCI VESICULOSI.— Prepared by percolating the dried 
 Fucus in No. 20 powder, with Alcohol (45 p.c), and evaporating to a stiff 
 extract. — B.P.C. Formulary '01. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0-65 gramme, in pills. 
 
 Test. — It leaves about 18 p.c. of ash on ignition. 
 
638 GAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 EXTRACTUM FUCI VESICULOSI LiQU I DUM.— Dissolve 1 of Extract 
 of Furus VpsioiilofiuR in Alcohol (45 p.c) to make 5. — B.P.C. Formulary '01. 
 
 The fliiid extract has been given in /Squirt's Cumpanion since 1807, and was 
 prepared with Alcohol (GO p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2fl. di-m. = •}•() to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 G ALB ANUM. 
 
 Fr., Galbanum ; Ger., Galbanum ; Ital., Galbano ; 
 Span., Galbano. 
 
 A Gum-resin obtained from Ferula galbaniflua, Boiss. and Buhse, and 
 probably from other species. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Galbanum contains about 9 -.5 p.c. of ethereal Oil, 63 '5 p.c. of Gum-resin 
 .soluble in Alcohol, and 27 p.c. of impurities. 
 
 Medicinal Pi'operties. — Internally similar to Asafetida, but less ener- 
 getic ; externally as a plaster in chronic inflammatory swellings. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. Not in 
 Hung, or U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Galbammi is much scarcer in commerce than 
 formerly. Two principal varieties of the drug are recognised in commerce, 
 which are called respectively Levant and Persian, although both are the 
 products of Persia. The Levant Galbanum, which comes by way of Egypt 
 and Turkey, occui's in two forms ; (1) small yellowish-brown tears, yellowish- 
 white and opaque internally, and possessing a musky odoiu* and bitter and 
 somewhat acrid taste, and jjrobably obtained from the stem ; (2) a tough, 
 pasty luass, consistmg of slices of root with bluish-green, almost translucent, 
 pieces, mixed with yellowish-brown pieces, and also possessing a musky 
 odom", and evidently obtained from the root. Both of these probably come 
 from near Shiraz, vid the Persian Gulf. The Persian Galbanum occurs 
 also in two forms : ( 1 ) a turpentiny, sticky mass, having a turpentiny rather 
 than a musky odour, and containing fruit stalks, but no slices of roots ; 
 (2) a treacly liquid, of a reddish colour, often containing fruits of the plant. 
 These apparently come from the Demawend mountains in the north of Persia, 
 by way of Astrakhan and Orenbiu"g, and are apparently the. produce not of 
 F. galbaniflua but another species. African Anunoniacum, the only Gum- 
 resin that at all resembles Galbaninn, does not yield Umbelliferone. Persian 
 GalbanuiTi gives a yellowish-red coloiu* with Hydrochloric Acid, whilst tlie 
 Levant gives different shades of violet. As the former possesses a musky 
 odoiu", and the latter a tiu-pentiny one, they are i^robably derived from 
 different species. The P.G. directs Galbanum to be dried over Quicklime 
 and submitted to a low teinperature in order to powder it. 
 
 Tests. — Galbanum yields about 50 p.c. of substances soluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). If a portion is heated to redness in a dry test-tube, the residue, 
 when cooled and boiled with Distilled Water, yields a solution wliich, when 
 largely diluted, produces a strong blue fluorescence when rendered alkaline 
 with Ammonia Solution. This test is known as the Umbelliferone test. The 
 ash should not exceed 10 p.c. The volatile Acid Value is 73-5 to 114-0 ; the 
 Acid Value, 21-2 to 63-5 ; the total Saponification Value, 116-2 to 135-8. 
 
 Residue from Alcohol (90 p.c ). — After completely exhausting 100 parts 
 of Galljanum with boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), a residue is obtained which, after 
 drying at 100° C. (212"^ F.), should amount to at most 50 p.c, P.G. 
 
'[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GAL 639 
 
 PILULA GALBANI COMPOSITA. Compound Pill of Galbanum, 
 Compound Pill of Asafetida {B.P. 1898). — Asafetida, 1 ; Galbanum, 1 ; 
 Myrrh, 1 : Syrup of Glucose, q.s. Mix together on a water-bath. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = • 26 to ■ 52 gramme. 
 
 The following modification will be found convenient for dispensmg ; powder 
 the Myrrh, mix it %vith the Asafetida and Galbanum melted on a water-bath, 
 allow the mixture to cool, and after chilling it by artificial means, reduce it 
 to powder with one-sixth of its weight of Light Magnesia. This powder will 
 keep well, and can be made into pills as required with the aid of Alcohol 
 {(lOp.c). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., similar to British. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM GALBANI. — Galbanum, 1; Ammoniacum, 1; melt 
 together and strain ; then add them to Yellow Beeswax, 1 ; Lead Plaster, 8 ; 
 previously melted together. Mix. 
 
 A plaster more or less resembling this is Official in many of the Foreign 
 Pharmacopoeias. Fr. has Emplatre diachylon gonune. 
 
 UNGUENTUM GALBANI COMPOSITUM.— Galbanum Plaster, 4 oz. ; 
 Lead Plaster, 4 oz. ; White Beeswax, 4 oz. ; soft Extract of Opium, 1 drm. ; 
 Olive Oil, 20 fl. oz. Melt together. 
 
 It is used for boils and carbuncles, and for sore nipples and inflamed breasts. 
 
 GALLA. 
 
 GALLS. 
 
 Fr., Galle d'Alep ; Ger., Gallapel ; Ital., Noci di Galla ; 
 Span., Agalla de Alepo. 
 
 Excrescences on Quercus infectoria, Oliv., resulting from punctures 
 and deposited eggs of Cynips GallcB tinctorice, Oliv. 
 
 Chiefly from Turkey, Persia, and Greece. 
 
 Galls contain 60 to 70 p.c. of Gallo-tannic Acid, and 3 to 5 p.c. of Gallic 
 Acid, to which their therapeutic qualities may be attributed. 
 
 Solubility. — All the soluble matter of Galls is taken up by forty 
 times tlieir weight of boiling Water, and the residue is tasteless. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent. Chiefly used locally in the 
 form of lotion or injection to suppress haamorrhage from the gtmis, nose, 
 etc. ; to lessen the discharge from mucous membranes, as in gleet, 
 leucorrlioea, etc. ; both Ointments are useful in painful haemorrhoids. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 20 grains = 0-6.5 to 1 '3 gramme. 
 
 Incompatibles. — The mineral Acids, Iron and Lead salts. Copper Sulphate, 
 Silver Nitrate, Potassium and Sodium Carbonates and Alkalis, Lime Water, 
 Tartar Emetic, Ipecacuanha and Opium ; Infusions of Cinchona, Calumlja 
 and Cusparia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — ^Unguentum Gallse and Unguentum Gallas cum 
 Opio. 
 
 Not Official. — Decoctum GalLr, Suppositoria Gallae and Tinctura Gallpc. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ausir., Dan., Dutch, Fr. (Gallo 
 d'Alep), Ger., Hmig., Jap., Mex. (Agallas de Levante), Port. 
 (Galha), Russ., Span. (Agalla de Alepo), Swiss and U.S. 
 
640 GAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Descriptive Notes- — The galls of Quercus infectoria are known 
 in commerce as Aleppo galls, and are met with in tliree varieties, 
 blue, green, and white. The blue-green are considered the best, the 
 dark green second, and the white galls are of very inferior quality. 
 The last named, besides the pale yellowish-brown colour, are noticeable 
 for the fact that each shows a perforation whence the gall insect has 
 escaped. They are also lighter in weight, and are excluded from use 
 by the official description, according to which Aleppo galls are spherical, 
 averaging 12 to 18 mm. (i to | in.) in diameter, and have a smooth 
 surface, are dark green or olive green externally, are furnished in the 
 upper half with small pointed tubercles, and ridges widely separated, 
 the lower half being usually smooth ; are yellowish or brownish Avhitc 
 internally, with a small central cavity, exliibit no perforation and sink 
 in water. They have an astringent and slightly acid taste, followed b}' 
 a slight sweetness. The characteristic features of powdered galls are 
 the raphides, angular fragments of Tannin, the parenchymatous cells, 
 with intercellular spaces, the sclerenchymatous cells with stratified 
 walls, and starch grains with a stellate hdlum. English oak galls, from 
 Quercus ijedunculat a, WiWd., resemble Aleppo galls in size, but have no 
 prominences, and contain less than a third of the amount of Gallo- 
 tannic acid (15 to 20 p.c.) contained in the Aleppo galls (70 p.c). 
 Other oak galls, under the name of Morea galls, are occasionally imported 
 from Greece. These are about ^ in. (8 "5 mm.) in diameter, and have 
 a crown of small tubercules. The Japanese and Chinese galls, from 
 Hiogo and Canton, which are largely imported, are irregularly fig- 
 shaped, hollow, and downy externally, from 1 to 2 in. (2*5 to 5 cm.) 
 long, f to 1 in. (18 to 25 mm.) broad, the shell being only -^ to tV ^^• 
 (1*5 to 2 mm.) in thickness. They are formed on Rhus semialata, 
 Murr., and other species by ApMs chinensis, Bell., the skeletons of 
 which are usually found within the galls. They yield up to 78 p.c. of 
 Gallo-tannic Acid, and are therefore of considerable technical value. 
 The plum-shaped Chinese galls are formed on Distylium racemosum, 
 S. et Z. Tamarisk galls, formed on Tamarix orientalis, L., and other 
 species, are from the size of a pea up to | in. (12 mm.) in diameter, 
 and are occasionally imported ; they contain about 40 p.c. of Tannin. 
 
 ACIDUM GALLICUM. See Acidtjm Gallicxjm. 
 ACIDUM TANNICUM. See Acidum Tannicum. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 UNGUENTUM GALLiE. Gall Ointment. 
 
 Galls in powder, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 4. (1 in 5.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in U.S. 1 in 5. Not in the others. 
 
 UNGUENTUM GALLiE CUM OPIO. Gall and Opium Oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Opium in powder, 7| grains ; Gall Ointment, 92| grains. 
 
 (about 1 in 13.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GAR 641 
 
 Alternative figures are 33 grains and 1 oz. 
 
 The ointment might be made direct by mixing 15 grains of Opium and 
 37 grains of Galls with 148 grains of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 DECOCTUM GALL>E.— Bruised Galls, 2J ; Distilled Water, 40 ; boil to 
 20, and strain. (I in 8.) 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA GALL/E. — 5 grains powdered Galls and 1 grain Opiimi 
 in each, with a basis of Cocoanut Stearin. 
 
 TINGTURA GALLi^.— 1 of Galls percolated with Alcohol (60p.c.) to 
 yield 8. (1 in 8.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. drm. = 1 • 8 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 roreign Pharm^aeopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Mex., Russ., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 5. All by weight, except U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 GARCINIA PURPUREA, Roxb. 
 
 KOKUM BUTTER TREE. 
 
 Grows in the forests of Malabar, the Concans, and other parts of the 
 Madras Peninsula. 
 
 The Oil of the seeds {Kokum Butter) is obtained by first exposing the seeds 
 for some days to the action of the sun to dry ; they are then bruised and 
 boiled in Water ; the Oil collects on the siu-face, and on cooling contracts 
 into a solid cake. It melts at 98° F. (36-6° C.). The seeds yield about 
 10 p.c. of Oil. 
 
 It is used in India in the preparation of ointments, suppositories, etc. 
 
 GAULTHERI^ OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF GAULTHERIA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Oil of Wintergreen. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A volatile Oil distilled from the Leaves of Gaultheria 'procunibens, L., 
 or from the Ba,rk of Betula lenta, L. A colourless or pale yellow liquid 
 with a strong characteristic odour, and a pungent taste. 
 
 It has been described in Squire's Companion since 1890. 
 
 U.S. P. describes Oil of Gaultheria and Volatile Oil of Betula under separate 
 headings. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint, in a cool 
 atmosphere, and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Three nearly allied substances have been sold as Oil of Wintergreen. 
 
 Oil of Gaviltheria (Wintergreen) consisting almost entirely of Methyl 
 Salicylate, and nearly identical with Volatile Oil of Betula. 
 
 y 
 
642 Gl-AtT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Volatile Oil of Betula (Sweet Birnh) identical with Methyl Salicylate, 
 and nearly identical with Oil of Gaultheria. 
 
 According to Power and Kleber, this Oil consists, to the extent of a])Out 
 99-8 p.c, of Methyl Salicylate. 
 
 Methyl Salicylas (CHjC-H^O;, eq. 152-064) is produced synthetically, g.v. 
 
 Solubility. — Eeadily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), Etiier, Chloroform 
 and Glacial Acetic Acid ; only slightly soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A valuable remedy in acute rheumatism, 
 internally ; also externally, 50 to 100 drops, applied on gauze directly 
 over joints and limbs and covered with oiled silk or gutta-percha 
 tissue, to prevent evaporation, twice every 24 hours ; thus applied 
 is specially useful in acute muscular rheumatism ; also mixed with 
 equal parts of Olive Oil. Used largely as a flavouring agent in 
 America, more particularly in dentifrices. It is a good antiseptic. 
 
 Very apt to irritate the gastric mucous membrane. Externally it is 
 unrivalled for its analgesic action in rheumatic conditions. — Pr. '12, i. 66. 
 
 The local application of a soluble Salicylate, more particularly the Salicylate 
 of Methyl, is more efficacious, especially in local rhemnatic disorders, than 
 administration by the mouth. The best form is an ointment composed of 
 2 drm. 01. Gaultheriae in Lanolin 1 oz., with the addition of 15 grains Menthol 
 where an anaesthetic effect is desired. — M.P. '10, ii. 506. 
 
 In nodular fibromyositis, nothing so efficient as rubbing in this oil. — L. 
 '11, i. 158. 
 
 Of local Salicylic applications to acutely inflamed joints and muscles, it is 
 the most used and the most efficient ; it is seldom irritating to the skin, 
 and can be rubbed in or applied as a dressing either undiluted or as 3 parts 
 to 1 part Olive Oil.— B.M.J. '13, i. 600. 
 
 To supplement internal Salicylate treatment of rheumatic pericarditis, 
 apply daily an ointment containing 2 drm. in Lanolin 1 oz. — M.A. '14, 429. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0'3 to 0'9 ml. every four hours, when 
 given as a substitute for Sodium Salicylate, but the taste is rather 
 pungent. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — When required to he made into an emulsion or 
 pills, the same general rules would apply asjor other Essential Oils, see ' Mucilago 
 Acacice ' and ' Pilulce,' or it may be given in Capsules, containing 5 or 10 minims 
 in each. It can he applied as a paint or liniment diluted with 2 to 5 times 
 its volume of Olive Oil, with or without the addition of 10 p.c. of Menthol. It 
 is also used as an ointment containing 10 p.c. made with Lanolin Ointment 
 with or ivithout the addition of 10 p.c. Menthol. 
 
 Wot Official. — Spiritus Gaultheriie. 
 
 Foreign Phai-macopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital. and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— -Oil of Gaultheria has a specific gravity of 1*175 to 1'1S5. 
 The i^.P. gives 1-180 to 1-187 ; the U.S.F., 1-172 to 1-180 at 25" ('. 
 (77" F.). It is slightly lajvogyrate, the optical rotation being not 
 below— 0-25° nor more than — 1° in a 100 mm. tube. The B.P. 
 gives the optical rotation at 25° C. (77° F.) as 0° to - 1° ; the U.S. P. 
 states that it is slightly Itevogyrate up to — 1° in a 100 mm. tube, at 
 25° C. (77° R). It has a Eefractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of about 
 1-535. The B.P. gives the Eefractive Index as 1-537 to 1-539. 
 It boils at 218° to 221° C. (424-4° to 429*8° F.). It should form a 
 perfectly clear solution at about 20° C. (68° F.) with 5 parts of Alcohol 
 (70 p.c). The B.P. says that it is soluble in 6 parts of Alcohol (70 p.c.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GEL 643 
 
 at 25° C. (77° R). It is officially required to contain not less than 
 99 p.c. of Esters, calculated as Methyl Salicylate, CH3C7H5O3, as 
 determined by the method for the determination of Esters in volatile 
 oils, given under the heading of Special Tests ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution = 0* 152064 
 gramme of Methyl SaUcylate. It should answer the tests and be 
 free from the imp mi ties mentioned under Methyl Salicylate. It 
 may be distinguished from Oil of Betula by its optical rotation, the 
 latter being optically inactive. Foreign oils or Petroleum, if present, 
 may be detected by their influence^ on the specific, gravity. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPIRITUS GAULTHERI/E (U.S.P.).— Oil of Gaultlieria, 6; Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), 95 ; both by measure. 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 miiiims (alioiit 2c.c.). 
 
 GELATINUM. 
 
 GELATIN. 
 
 The pm-ified air-dried product of the hydrolysis of certain animal 
 tissues as skin, hgaments and bones by the action of boiling Water. 
 
 Colourless, transparent, odourless, brittle sheets or in vitreous 
 slireds. 
 
 When kept in dry air it remains unaltered, but it putrefies rapidly on 
 exposure to moist air, or when in solution. It should be kept in a 
 dry place and well protected from moisture and dust. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in Acetic Acid. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and in Ether. It dissolves in hot Water (1 in 50), but solidifies to a 
 jelly on cooling. The aqueous solution should not have an unpleasant 
 odour. 
 
 Commercial Gelatin varies considerably in its gelatinising power,"and it is 
 advisable to keep to the same brand to avoid alteration in formulas. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hsemostatic. Has been used for in- 
 creasing the coagulabihty .of the blood in aneurism. 
 
 A sterilised 1 to 2 p.c. Solution in normal saline (Gelasepsin) 
 has been used with considerable success in the treatment of aortic 
 aneurism. 
 
 A method of preparing the sterilised Sohition in flasks, and a description 
 of a suitable apparatus for its use. — B.M.J. '01, 1415. 
 
 iSubcutaneous injection of a 1 p.c. Solution in secondary haemorrhage, also 
 in ruptured tubal pregnancy. — L. '08, ii. 1782. 
 
 Striking tribute paid to the value of Gelatin injections in aortic aneurism ; 
 better results than by any other treatment ; 30 to 40 injections are required 
 to produce a lasting and satisfactory effect. — B.M.J. '11, i. 561. 
 
 In thoracic aneurism, though benefit has resulted in a considerable number 
 of cases, the Gelatin plan has not justified the claims made on its behalf 
 when it was first introduced, as there is no definite evidence of a c\ae ; the 
 two classes of cases in which its Tise seems particularly indicated are those in 
 
 Y 2 
 
644 GEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measnre.] 
 
 which an aneurism has perforated the chest and in -which there is a danger 
 of external rupture, and those in which there is great pain. — L. '13, i. 948. 
 
 Not OflBcial. — Gelatin Basis for Pessaries and Suppositories, Glyco- 
 Gelatin, Gelato-Glycerin, Gelatinum Glycerinatum, Formalised Gelatin and 
 Vernisol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in 
 the others. Fr. has Gelatine, and Gelatine officinale. Swed. includes a 
 white and an ordinary Gelatin. 
 
 Tests. — Gelatin, when heated, softens without actually melting, 
 swells up, and decomposes with an odour resembling that of burning 
 hair or feathers ; when immersed in cold Distilled Water, it swells up 
 and softens, taking up from 5 to 10 times its weight of Water, without 
 undergoing solution to any appreciable extent. Gelatin dissolves 
 readily in boiling Distilled Water, forming a solution which is neutral 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper, and which when of a 1 p.c. strength 
 and upwards yields, on cooling, a jelly. It is officially stated to form, 
 in 50 parts of Distilled Water, a solution which is inodorous and 
 which sohdifies to a jelly on cooling ; the P.G. states that a 1 in 100 
 solution will form a jelly on cooling. A useful test for comparing 
 the gelatinising power of commercial Gelatins is to place 5 grains in 
 a test-tube (f inch in diameter) with 250 grains of Distilled Water 
 for half an hour, warm gently until dissolved, then place the test- 
 tube in Water at 15*5° C. (60° F.) and leave it undisturbed for 30 
 minutes, by which time a jelly should be formed, of such consistence 
 that it will remain in position if the test-tube be inverted. A white 
 or bufi-coloured precipitate is produced on the addition of Tannic 
 Acid Solution to an aqueous solution of Gelatin. It is precipitated 
 from its aqueous solution by an excess of Mercm'ic Chloride Solution. 
 No precipitate is produced in the aqueous solution by the addition of 
 dilute Alum Solution, Lead Acetate Solution, or Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution. Potassium Bichromate Solution added to an aqueous 
 solution of Gelatin in hot Distilled Water forms, on cooling, a jelly, 
 which becomes insoluble in warm Distilled Water after exposure to 
 light. This latter reaction is made use of in photo-lithography. If a 
 few drops of dilute Copper Sulphate Solution be added to a solution of 
 Gelatin, and this be followed by the addition of an excess of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, a fine violet coloration is produced. 
 
 The P.G. includes a test for the absence of Sulphurous Acid, requiring 
 that, when 5 grammes of Gelatin are allowed to soak with 30 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water in a wide-mouthed flask of about 150 c.c. capacity, 
 then dissolved by a gentle heat on the water-bath, 5 grammes of 
 Phosphoric Acid added, the flask closed loosely with a cork, to the 
 under side of which is fixed a piece of paper moistened at its lower 
 end with Potassium Iodide Starch Solution, the mixture warmed, and 
 frequently and carefully shaken, no transient or permanent blue 
 coloration should appear on the paper within a quarter of an hour ; 
 indicating the absence of Sulphurous Acid. The B.P., U.S. P., 
 and P.G. require that Gelatin shall leave at most 2 p.c. of ash, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GEL 645 
 
 indicating a limit of mineral matter. If the residue left on the 
 ignition of 10 grammes of Gelatin be dissolved in 3 c.c. of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, and an excess of Ammonia Solution be added 
 to tliis mixture, no blue coloration should result, indicating the absence 
 of Copper salts. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GELATIN BASIS FOR PESSARIES AND SUPPOSITORIES.— Soak 
 
 I oz. of Gelatin in 1 fl. oz. of Water until it is absorbed, then soften by the 
 heat of a water-bath and dissolve in 3| fl. oz. of Glycerin, and allow it to cool 
 and solidify. It can be medicated by melting it over a water-bath and 
 suspending or dissolving in it substances in fine powder, and then pouring 
 the mixtiu-e into moulds. 
 See also Glycerin. 
 
 GLYCO-GELATIN {Throat).— Reined Gelatin, 1 oz. ; Glycerin (by 
 weight), 2|- oz. ; Ammoniacal Solution of Carmine, a sufficiency ; Orange- 
 flower Water, 2^ fi. oz. 
 
 Soak the Gelatin in the Water for 2 horn's, then heat on a water -bath till 
 dissolved ; add the Glycerin and stir well together. Let the mixture cool, 
 and when nearly cold add the Carmine Solution ; mix till uniformly coloured 
 and set aside to solidify. 
 
 This mass is used for making the various medicated Pastils ; the various 
 substances are rubbed with an equal quantity of Glycerin, and added to the 
 mass when melted over a water-bath. 
 
 GELATO-GLYCERIN (T/iroa!).— Refined Gelatin (by weight), 5 oz. ; 
 Glycerin (by weight), 6 oz. ; Water (by weight), 6 oz. Soak the Gelatin 
 in the Water for 12 hours, with occasional stirring, add the Glycerin, dissolve 
 in a water-bath, and evaporate to produce 15 oz. by weight of the Gelato- 
 glycerin. 
 
 (For preparing Nasal Bougies.) 
 
 GELATINUM GLYCERINATUM (f/.S.P.).— Gelatin, 1; Glycerin, 1; 
 Water, quantity sufficient to make 2 (all by weight). 
 
 FORMALISED GELATIN.— A 10 p.c. Solution of Gelatin in Water, con- 
 taining approximately 1 p.c. of Formaldehyde, corresponding to approxi- 
 mately 2|- p.c. of Formalin. Used as an alternative to Collodions. 
 
 Vernisol. — A transparent gelatinous substance, which dries on the skin, 
 leaving a thin flexible coating. It is soluble in Water, and may be combined 
 with various medicaments. 
 
 GELSEMII RADIX. 
 
 GELSEMIUM ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Gelsemium ; Ger., GELSEMiUMwrrRZEL ; Ital., Gelsemio; 
 Span., Gelsemio. 
 
 The dried Rhizome and Root of Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux. 
 
 The plant, Carolina Jasmine, grows in the Southern States of North 
 America. 
 
 The dried rhizome and roots of Gelsemium sempervirens, Aiton, have been 
 shown {J.C.S.Trans. '10, 2232) to contain three alkaloids, one of which, 
 Gelsemine, has been obtained in a pure crystalline state. The other alka- 
 loidal products, one of which corresponded with the so-called " Gelseminine," 
 were amorphous, and no crystalline derivgitive could be obtained frpm them. 
 
646 GrEL [Solids by WeigM; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Scopoletin, a Moiio-niethyl Ester of ^seuletin, was present in fhe free state, 
 and also in the form of a Ghicoside, together with a quantity of Sugar. A 
 small amount of an essential oil was obtained, and also a brown Resin 
 insoluble in Water. The Resin yielded Pentatriacontane, traces of Emodin 
 Mono-methyl Ether; a Phytosterol, C„H^eO [m.p. 136° C. (276-8° F.); 
 optical rotation —40-4°]; a small amovmt of Ipm"anol, CjjHjgOo (0H)2 ; 
 and a mixture of fatty acids, consisting of Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic, and 
 Linolic Acids. 
 
 The existence of three alkaloidal principles is confirmed by Sayre in papers 
 conamunicated to the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association. 
 The name Serapervirene has been suggested for this third alkaloid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic and analgesic. Has been 
 used in dental neuralgia, migraine, and especially in tic-doulonrenx 
 (neuralgia of fiftlmerve) ; also in uterine and ovarian pain, spasmodic 
 and asthmatic cough, and in chorea. 
 
 Should be used with care. See Antidotes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctura Gelsemii. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractum Gelsemii Alcoholicum, Fluidextractum Gelsemii, 
 Gelsemin, Gelsemina, Gelseminse Hydrochloridum, Gelseminina, Serapervirene, 
 Serapervirene Hydrochloride, Serapervirene Nitrate, Gelseraic Acid. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetic of Mustard and Water, Atropine, Aromatic Spirit of 
 Ammonia, Brandy, Nitroglycerin, and Digitalis. Artificial respiration 
 should be kept up very .steadily for at least three hours. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopoBias. — Official in Jap., Mex., Swiss and U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Gelsemium Root consists mostly of the 
 underground stem or rhizome, with occasional pieces of the root. The 
 rhizome is easily distinguished by the presence of a small, usually 
 dark, pith ; it has a purj)lish-brown longitudinally-fissiu-ed bark, 
 which is thin (about 1 mm., U.S. P.) and shows when fractured a few 
 silky fibres. The root is yellowish-brown and tortuous, but has no 
 pith ; both root and stem have a radiate woody structure with 
 numerous medullary t?«js ; the bark has a bitter taste and a faint, 
 slightly aromatic, odour. The pieces vary in diameter from J to f of 
 an inch (6 to 18 mm.), and about 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm.) in length 
 (15 cm. or more long, B.P.). According to Sayre, the root contains 
 less of the active principle than the rhizome, but it resides almost 
 entirely in the bark, and the tincture is therefore likely to vary in 
 strength according to the proportion of bark present ; it also varies 
 in different samples, and a tincture made from the fresh rhizome is 
 more active as a heart depressant. Under the microscope the structure 
 of the root is remarkable for the thick medullary rays, which are about 
 6 to 8 cells in thickness, the cell walls being thick and jiitted, but as they 
 approach the cortical zone, the cells become larger, thinner walled, 
 and many of the cells contain octahedral prisms of Calcium Oxalate. 
 The cortical parenchyma has no stone cells nor laticiferous vessels ; 
 the liber has no lignified fibres ; and the numerous vessels in the 
 wood are isolated, not in groups. 
 
 Tests. — AlthoiTgh numerous processes have been published from 
 time to time for the assay of the preparations of Gelsemium, very 
 few give accurate or uniform results, and those which yield uniform 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GEL 647 
 
 rt^sults are too coiuplicated for ordinary usage. A process which 
 gives very satisfactory and concordant results, and which, when tried 
 in the author's laboratory, was found to justify the claims made for 
 it, is recorded, Proc. Amer. P/iarm. Assoc. Iv. (1907), 357. As carried 
 out on the Fluid Extract, the details are as follows : — A measured 
 quantity of 15 c.c. is evaporated at 60° C. (140^ F.) to a soft extract, 
 or sufficiently to dissipate the Alcohol. 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 .Sulphuric Acid Solution, wliich have been previously diluted with 
 an equal volume of Water, are added and the resulting mass allowed to 
 disintegrate; when this is accomplished, it is transferred to a 15 c.c. 
 graduated cylinder and diluted to 15 c.c, it is thoroughly mixed, the 
 precipitate allowed to settle and 10 c.c. are filtered or decanted off into a 
 separator, the acid solution is washed with Chloroform, using three 
 separate portions each of 10 c.c, 5 c.c, and 5 c.c The chloroformic 
 liquid is in each instance separated, mixed and in turn washed with 
 about 5 c.c. of slightly acidulated Water, the acid aqueous washings 
 being mixed with the main acid solution. The mixture is rendered 
 alkahne with Ammonia Solution and the liberated alkaloids are shaken 
 out with three successive quantities each of 15 c.c, 10 c.c, and 5 c.c. 
 of Chloroform. A further quantity of 10 c.c of Chloroform may 
 occasionally be necessary to extract the whole of the alkaloids ; their 
 complete extraction may be determined by allowing a few drops of the 
 chloroformic solution to evaporate, acidifying with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid and testing with a drop or two of Potassio-Mercuric Iodide 
 (Mayer's) Solution. The chloroformic hquid is in each instance 
 separated, mixed, transferred to a tared flask, the Chloroform is 
 evaporated and the residue dried until constant in weight ; the weight 
 of alkaloids multiplied by 20 and the product divided by 3 yields 
 the percentage w/v of Chloroform-soluble Gelsemium alkaloids present 
 in the specimen operated upon. The alkaloidal residues remaining 
 from the above process were of a bright yellow colour, and were 
 comparatively pure products. A sample of Fluid Extract of Gelsemium 
 prepared in the author's laboratory in 1885 by the then official process 
 of the U.S. P., when examined gave the following figures : specific 
 gravity, 0' 865 ; total solids, 8 * 74 p.c w/v : Absolute Alcohol, 81 "11 p.c. 
 v/v ; and when assayed according to the process described above 
 yielded 0*37 p.c. w/v of Chloroform-soluble Gelsemium alkaloids. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA GELSEMII. Tincture of Gelsemium. 
 1 of Gelsemium Koot in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (60 p.c) to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
 U.S.P. average dose, 0-5 c.c = 8 minima. 
 
 Swiss maximum close, single, 1 gramme ; daily, 5 grammes. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Jap., 1 in 8 ; Mex., 1 in 5 ; 
 Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10. All by weight except U.S. Not in tlie others. 
 
648 GEL [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Gelsemium has a specific gravity of 0*913 to 
 0*920; it contains about 1*5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 58 
 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. When assayed according to the process 
 described under Gelsemii Radix, the B.P. Tincture yielded 0*05 p.c. 
 w/v of Chloroform-soluble Gelsemium alkaloids. A specimen of 
 the U.S. P. Tincture prepared and examined in the author's laboratory 
 had a specific gravity of 0*913, it contained 1*8 p.c. w/v of total solids. 
 When assayed according to the process recommended under Gelsemii 
 Radix it yielded 0*04:8 p.c. w/v of Chloroform-soluble Gelsemium 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GELSEMII ALCOHOLICUM.— Gelsemium, in No. 60 
 powder, percolated with Alcohol (90 p.c.) and evapoi'ated to an extract. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 2 grains = 0"032 to 0*13 gramme. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM GELSEMII {U.S.).— I in 1 by percolation with 
 Alcohol (95 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 minim = 0-06 c.c. 
 
 The following constituents of Gelsemium have been described : — 
 GELSEMIN. — A name given to a resinoid and eclectic reinedy, re- 
 sembling the alcoholic extract. 
 
 Dose. — h to 2 grains — 0-032 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 GELSEMINA, Gelsemine.— C„„H„._,02N„, eq. 322-196.— A pale yellow 
 crystalUne solid, readily crystallising from Acetone in handsome glistening 
 prisms. 
 
 Solubility .^ — Only sparingly soluble in Water, more readily soluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), readily soluble in Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Dose.— il^j to 3\ grain = 0-0005 to 0-002 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Gelsemine, when recrystallised from Acetone, melts at 178° C. 
 (352-4° F.). It yields the general reactions characteristic of alkaloids. It 
 dissolves in strong Nitric Acid with little or no colour. When the liquid is 
 allowed to evaporate spontaneously in a porcelain vessel, a permanent 
 bluish-green coloxxr is produced. The pxire alkaloid dissolves without change 
 of colour in concentrated Sulphvu:-ic Acid, even on warming, but if not per- 
 fectly pure, a reddish or brownish colour is obtained, which gradually becomes 
 pinkish, and on heating becomes chocolate or purple. When treated with 
 strong Sulphuric Acid and an oxidising agent, e.g., Potassium Bichromate, or 
 Manganic Oxide, a fine reddish -purple or cherry-red coloration is produced, 
 rapidly changing to a bluish-green or blue tint, and finally to yellow. This 
 reaction serves to distinguish Gelsemine from Gelseminine and Sempervirene. 
 
 GELSEMIN>E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Gelsemine Hydrochloride. 
 CjjHojOoNsjHCl, eq. 358 - 664. — Small, glistening, odoiu-less prisms, readily 
 soluble in Water. Gelsemine Hydrochloride is known in Germany as 
 Gelseminine Hydrochloride Cryst. 
 
 Dose.— j^^ to gi^ grain = 0-0005 to 002 gramme. 
 
 Tests.^ — Gelsemine Hydrochloride dissolves readily and completely in 
 Water, yielding a solution which affords the reactions characteristic of 
 alkaloids. It has an optical rotation of -^ 2-6° in aqueous solution. 
 
 GELSEMININA. Gelseminine. — An amorphous, brownish-coloured solid, 
 insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.). Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by , Measure.] GEN 649 
 
 Tests.- — Gelseminine yields with Diluted Nitric Acid, a brown coloration, 
 with concentrated Nitric Acid, a green coloration, and with Sulphuric Acid, 
 a yellow coloration, changing on the addition of an oxidising agent, e.g. 
 Potassium Bichromate, or Manganic Oxide, to brownish-pink or violet, and 
 finally to a yellow colour. This reaction distinguishes Gelseminine from 
 Gelsemine and Sempervirene. It is intensely bitter and poisonous. 
 
 SEMPERVIRENE. — Pale yellow crystals, insoluble in Water, soluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Chloroform, the solution in the latter solvent being 
 of a yellow colour. 
 
 Tests. — Sempervirene yields, when dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 the reactions characteristic of alkaloids. 
 
 SEMPERVIRENE HYDROCHLORIDE. — Pale yellow crystals, readily 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Water. 
 
 Tests. — Sempervirene Hydrochloride dissolves in Water, forming a solution 
 which, on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, Sulphvu-ic Acid, or Nitric Acid, 
 precipitates the Hydrochloride, Sulphate, or Nitrate of the alkaloid. The 
 aqueous solution is not precipitated by Phosphoric Acid. The alkaloid 
 is so completely precipitated by the addition of Nitric Acid to the aqueous 
 solvition of the Hydrochloride, that only a faint opalescence is produced by 
 the addition of Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Meyer's) Solution to the filtrate. 
 
 SEMPERVIRENE NITRATE.— Well-defined, yellow, crystalline needles, 
 slightly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), from which it is readily crystallised. 
 
 Tests. — Sempervirene Nitrate begins to darken when heated to 210° C. 
 (410° F.) ; at 280° C. (536° F.) it forms a black partially fused mass. 
 
 GELSEMIC ACID. — Colourless, odourless, and nearly tasteless groups 
 or tufts of prismatic crystals, or in minute scales and plates. Soluble in hot 
 Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), in Ether, and in Chloroform. It 
 dissolves in solutions of the fixed alkalis, and in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 Gelsemic or Gelseminic Acid is chemically ^sculetin 4- (or 5-) Mono- 
 methyl Ether, and it is considered desirable (J.C.S.Trans., '10, 2224) to 
 retain for this substance the name ' Scopoletin.' 
 
 Gelsemic Acid is not known to have any medicinal properties, but affords 
 reactions, which, to some extent, serve as a test for Gelsemitun preparations. 
 
 Tests. — Gelsemic Acid is soluble in Potassiimi or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution and in Ammonia Solution, the solutions having an intensely yellow 
 colour by transmitted light, but which by reflected light exhibit a strong 
 green fluorescence, which is readily destroyed by free acids. It dissolves 
 in Nitric Acid with the production of a yellow or orange colour, changing, on 
 the addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, to a blood-red coloration. 
 
 GENTIANS RADIX. 
 
 GENTIAN ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Racine de Gentiane ; Geb., ENZiANwtrRZEL ; Ital., 
 Genziana ; Span., Gencianjt. 
 
 The dried Rhizome and Root of Gentiana lutea, L. 
 Collected in the mountainous districts of central and southern Europe. 
 The active principle Gentiopierin is a neutral crystalline body, soluble in 
 Water and diluted Alcohol, insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter tonic ; used in atonic dyspepsia ; 
 the infusion is recommended in the vomiting of pregnancy, along with 
 
650 GEN [Solids by "Weight; Liquids ty Measure.] 
 
 a mineral acid, or when a general tonic is required, as in convalescence 
 from acute diseases or in debility. 
 
 For the ordinary phthisical patient nothing is better in the way of drugs 
 to promote appetite and aid digestion than the tinae-honotired Mistura 
 Gentianae Alkalina of the Brompton Hospital Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Gentianse, Infvisum Gentianae Com- 
 positum, and Tinctvu'a Gentiansc Composita. 
 
 Wot Official. — Extractvim Gentiaurp, Fluidextractiim GentiansR, Infusmn 
 Gentianae Compositum Concentratum, Aromatic Infusion of Gentian, Mistura 
 Gentianse, Mistura Gentianae Alkalina, Mistm-a Gentianae cum Soda, Mistiu-a 
 Gentianje Acida, Tinctura Gentianae and Tinctura Amara. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Ferrous Sulphate, Silver Nitrate, and Lead salts. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Genciana), Norw., Port., Rviss., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The official Gentian Eoot is that of 
 Gentiana lutea. As met with in commerce, Gentian Root consists 
 of more or less rootstock continuous with the root ; the rootstock being 
 marked with crowded rings of leaf scars, but the root is longitudinally 
 wrinkled. It varies much in length and thickness, seldom exceeding 
 2J cm. (1 in.) in diameter, B.P. ; 5 to 35 mm, (^ to 1|- in.), 
 U.S. P. Gentian Root is usually somewhat flexible and tough, with 
 a soft fracture showing no woody tissue or medullary rays, but when 
 recently dried is harder and brittle. Externally it is of a yellowish- 
 brown colour, but internally more of an orange tint or reddish-yellow. 
 The reddish colour, wliich causes it to be distinguished on the Conti- 
 nent as Red Gentian Root, is partly the result of fermentation before 
 the root is dried, by which the characteristic odour is also more 
 developed. The taste is sweet at first, but soon afterwards bitter. 
 There is occasionally met with in English commerce a root with a 
 paler fractm'e, known as White Gentian, v/hich is disagreeably bitter, 
 and should therefore not be substituted for the Official kind. It is 
 imported from Bordeaux, and is j^robably derived from Gentiana 
 Burseri, Lapeyr., and is not fermented before drying. The root called 
 White Gentian on the Continent is that of Laserpitium latifolium, Linn. 
 Under the microscope the tissue of Gentian Root is seen to be devoid of 
 sclerenchymatous cells ; it contains minute Calcium Oxalate crystals, 
 small oil globules, and rarely a few simple starch grains. The wood 
 possesses sieve-tubes besides reticulated vessels, P.G. and P. Jap. It has 
 been found to be adulterated with 20 p.c. of ground olive stones, and a 
 conviction obtained, P.J. (4) xxiv. 339. The P.G. permits the use of 
 other species besides G. lutea, L., including G. Pannonica, Scop., 
 G. purpurea, L., and G. punctata, L. The root of Gentiana purpurea 
 has a branched appearance at the apes, due to several stems arising 
 from the crown of one root, but is even more bitter than that of 
 G. lutea. The roots of G. punctata have a similar appearance, biit 
 are a brighter reddish-brown internally. That of G. Pannonica is 
 more slender, rarely exceeding 10 mm. in diameter, and has few 
 slender branches. It is likely to occur in root imported from Austria, 
 
^Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.) GEN 661 
 
 since it occurs abundantly in tlie Austrian Alps, wliere G. lutea does 
 not occur. 
 
 Gentian root lias been found in Austria to be adulterated with tbat 
 of Rmnex alpinus, which may be distinguished by its astringent taste 
 and by the action of solution of caustic alkali, which gives it a deep 
 red colour due to the presence of Methyl-anthraquinone {P.J. (4) xxx. 
 p. 237). 
 
 Tests. — Gentian Root yields about 5 p.c. of ash. The B.P. states 
 not more than 6 p.c. Samples examined in the author's laboratory 
 gave from 2 '2 to 5 "6 p.c, with an average of 3 -5 p.c. It is officially 
 required to yield not less than 33 p.c. of Extractive to Water, as gravi- 
 metrically determined by macerating 5 grammes of Gentian Root with 
 100 ml. of Distilled Water during 21 hours with intervals of occasional 
 shaking, filtering ofi 10 ml., evaporating it to dryness in a porcelain 
 evaporating dish, drying at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant in weight, 
 and weighing. The weight should amount to not less than 0*165 
 gramme. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GENTIANS. Extract op Gentian. 
 
 An aqueous Extract of Gentian Root ; made by maceration with 
 cold Water for 2 hours, boiling for 15 minutes, and evaporation of the 
 strained liquid. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0"13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ital., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ., Span., Swed. and U.S., with cold Water ; 
 Hung., with hot Water ; Ger., H\ing., Norw. and Swiss, with cold Water, and 
 piu-ified with Alcohol ; Dan. and U.S., also Fluid Extract, 1 in 1. 
 
 INFUSUM GENTIANS COMPOSITUM. Compound Inpu.sion 
 OP Gentian. 
 
 Gentian Root, in thin slices, J ; Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, cut small, 
 \ ; Fresh Lemon Peel, cut small, i- ; boiling Distilled Water, 20. Infuse 
 15 minutes and strain. (1 in 80.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr. (Tisane), Gentian Root, 1 ; 
 Cold Water, 200 ; and Swed. similar to Brit. 
 
 TINCTURA GENTIANJE COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture of 
 Gentian. 
 
 Gentian Root, bruised, 2 ; Dried Bitter-Orange Peel, bruised, f ; 
 Cardamom Seeds, in coarse powder, J ; macerated with 20 of Alcohol 
 (15 p.c). . (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Jap., Mex. and U.S., similar to 
 Brit. ; Port., twice as strong as Brit. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Gentian has a specific gravity of 
 0*965 to 0*970; it contains about 5 p.c. w/v of total sohds and 
 about 13 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
652 GEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure*] 
 
 Tinctura Gentianae Composita (U.S.).— Gentian, 10; Bitter-Oi'aiige 
 Peel, 4; Cardamom, 1; Alcohol (95 p. c), 00 and 40 of Water (mixed). 
 Percolate slowly until exhaiisted and make up with menstrutun to 100. 
 
 Tinctura Amara. See below. 
 
 A simple tincture is Official in most Foreign Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GENTIAN/E (C/.5.).— Macerate 100 of Gentian in No. 20 
 powder with 40 of cold Water for 24 hours, exhaust by percolation with 
 more Water, reduce the liquid to three-fourths of its bulk by boiling, strain ; 
 then by means of a water-bath evaporate to a pilular consistence. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM GENTIAN/E (C7.5'.).— Exhaust 100 of Gentian 
 in No. 30 powder with Alcohol (49 p.c), reserve the first 80 of percolate, 
 and evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, which dissolve in the reserved 
 portion, and make up with Alcohol (49 p.c.) to 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — -If) minims (about 1 c.c). 
 
 INFUSUM GENTIAN>!E COMPOSITUM CONCENTRATUM (i^arr and 
 Wright). — Gentian Root in No. 10 powder, 10 ; Dried Bitter-Orange Peel 
 in No. 10 powder, 10 ; Tinctiu-e of Lemon, 10 ; Tinctvire of Orange, 5 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 17-5; Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000) sufficient to 
 make 100. Mix the tinctures with the Alcohol, and repercolate the drugs 
 with dilute Chloroform Water, adding the mixed tinctures to the reserved 
 portion. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 MISTURA GENTIAN/E.— Gentian Root, sliced, J oz. ; Bitter-Orange 
 Peel cut small, 30 grains ; Coriander Fruit, bruised, 30 grains ; Proof Spirit, 
 2 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, 8 fl. oz.—B.P. '67. 
 
 Macerate the ingredients first in the Proof Spirit for two hours, then add 
 the Water, macerate again for two hours, and strain through calico. 
 
 Dose.— J to Ifl. oz. = 14-2 to 28 -4 ml. 
 
 Mistura Amaro-alkalina (Gentian Mixture) is Official in Dan. 
 
 MISTURA GENTIAN/E ALKALI N A (Bramp/o/i).— Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 15 grains ; Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 3 minims ; Aromatic Infusion of 
 Gentian, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Aromatic Infusion of Gentian [Brompton). — Gentian, 2 oz. ; Lemon 
 Peel, 6 drm. ; Orange Peel, 3 drm. ; Boiling Water, 1 gallon. 
 
 MISTURA GENTIAN>E GUM SODA (St. Tho>nas's).— Sodium Bicar- 
 bonate, 15 grains ; Compound Infusion of Gentian, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA GENTIAN/E ACIDA (Royal i^ree).- Diluted Nitro-hydro- 
 ehloric Acid, 10 minims ; Spirit of Chloroform, 5 miiiims ; Compomid 
 Infusion of Gentian, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 TINCTURA GENTIAN/E (Ger.).— Gentian Root, 1; Alcohol (69 p.c), 5; 
 by weight. 
 
 This is also official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Hung., Ital., Jap., 
 Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span, and Swiss ; 1 in 5. All by weight. 
 
 TINCTURA AMARA.— Gentian, 3 ; Centaurium, 3; Orange Peel, 2; 
 Unripe Orange Fruit, 1 ; Zedoary, 1 ; Alcohol (09 p.c), 50. — Ger. 
 
 Trifolium Leaves, 50 ; Centaurium, 50 ; Gentian, 50 ; Orange Peel, 50 ; 
 Dried Sodium Carbonate, 10 ; Cmnamon Water, 1000. — Hung. 
 
 Unripe Orange Peel, 2 ; Centaurium, 2 ; Gentian, 2 ; Zedoary, 1 ; Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), 35.— Russ. 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] QLU 653 
 
 GLUCOSUM. 
 
 GLUCOSE. 
 [new.] 
 
 A clear, almost coloui'less, tMck viscid fluid, resembling in consistence 
 Canada Balsam, possessing a sweetish but not a Sulplim-ous taste. It 
 is described in B.P. 1914 as a mixture of Dextrose and other analogous 
 substances. It may be produced by the hydrolysis of Starch. 
 
 Was described in Squire's Companion, 1890. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In exhausting diseases by subcutaneous 
 injection. It forms an excellent excipient for pills, more particularly 
 when diluted with Syrup. 
 
 A saturated solution of Liquid Glucose containing sufficient Carbolic Acid 
 to have a strength of 1 in 80, is used for gun shot and shell wounds ; it is 
 applied on gauze soaked in it : the part should on no account be firmly 
 bandaged ; it gives better results than 5 p.c. Saline Solution, producing a 
 greater degree of lymph lavage ; at the front it may, in suppository form, be 
 inserted into a womid, and this is easier than to apply Tincture of Iodine 
 with a brush ; this would diminish the number of foul wounds arriving from 
 the dressing station. — L. '15, i. 851. 
 
 In cases which cannot be fed in usual way, 1 litre of a 2 to 5 p.c. Solution 
 of Grape Sugar subcutaneously, or preferably a 5 to 7 p.c. intravenously, is 
 injected. The Sugar must be dissolved in -9 p.c. Sodiima Chloride Solution, 
 filtered, and finally boiled ; for intravenous injections 4 to 8 minims of 1 in 
 1000 Adrenalin Solution are added. The worse the state of nutrition the 
 larger the quantity of Sugar tolerated. Cane Sugar is also tolerated. So 
 far only vised in surgical cases, but ought to be valuable in the hyperemesis 
 of hysteria and pregnancy, in gastro -intestinal diseases and in cholera. In 
 the latter cases it is more efficacious than Sodium Chloride. — L. '11, i. 199. 
 
 Delayed Chloroform poisoning and cyclical vomiting are practically 
 disorders of childhood. Such conditions are undoubted instances of acid 
 intoxication, and their correct treatment is by the administration of Glucose. 
 Further, it has been found that the amount of vomiting following an anaesthetic 
 in children is greatly diminished by giving a small quantity of Sugar before 
 the administration. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 505. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Syrupus Glucosi and Diluted Glucose. 
 
 Tests. — Glucose dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a solution which is dextrogyrate, and which is neutral 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper. A red precipitate is produced 
 when a few drops of the solution are boiled with Potassio-Cupric 
 Tartrate Solution. A brown coloration is produced when a portion 
 of its dilute aqueous solution is boiled with Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. A grey precipitate of metallic Silver is produced when an 
 aqueous solution is warmed with Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moisture. 
 Arsenic, free acid, Sulphurous Acid and Sulphites, Calcium, and 
 mineral matter. The B.P. includes tests for hmit of moisture. 
 Sulphites, Arsenic and Ash. It fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per 
 million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a solution of 5 grammes of Glucose in 
 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 0*5 ml. of Bromine Arsenic-Test 
 reagent, and 10 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic Test reagent, the 
 
654 GrLU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 excess of Bromine being removed by a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent, after the mixtui'e has been allowed 
 to stand during 5 minutes. The limit of moisture is fixed at 
 20 p.c, as determined by drying 2 grammes in a thin film at 
 100° C. (212° F.). The limit of Sulphites corresponds to not more 
 than 0* 13 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Sulphite, as determined by adding 
 10 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution to a solution of 
 10 grammes of Glucose in 100 ml. of Distilled Water, and after shaking 
 the mixture, titrating it immediately with Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of which not less than 6 ' 8 ml. should 
 be required to decolorise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution, showing that 3*2 c.c. have been absorbed ; 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution = 0*0041043 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Sulphite. A solution of 1 gramme of Glucose in 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water should be neutral or at the most but faintly acid to 
 Litmus paper ; and if a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution be 
 added, it should require not more than 1 or 2 drops of Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solution to produce a pink colour, indicating 
 a limit of free acid. The aqueous solution should yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Ammoiiium Oxalate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Calcium. It should leave not more than 0'5 p.c. of 
 ash on ignition, indicating a limit of mineral matter. Some commercial 
 Glucoses yield as much as 1*0 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS GLUCOSI. Syrup of Glucose. 
 
 Glucose, 1 ; Syrup, 2 ; both by weight. Mix at a gentle heat. 
 
 DILUTED GLUCOSE (Squire). — Glucose, 3 oz. ; Syrup, 1 fl. oz. ; mix. 
 A good escipient for pills. It is better than the above, which is not suffi- 
 ciently adhesive. 
 
 GLUSIDUM. 
 
 GLUSIDE. 
 C,H5NS03, eq. 183-12. 
 
 Fr., Saccharine ; Ger., Benzoesauresulfinid ; Ital., Saccarina ; 
 Span., Sacarina. 
 
 A white, crystalline powder, possessing an exceedingly sweet charac- 
 teristic taste. 
 
 Gluside or Benzoic Sulphinide is the anhydride of Ortho-sulphamido- 
 benzoic Acid. 
 
 Commercial Saccharin is not a pure product, but is ' standardised ' to 300 
 times the sweetening power of Cane Sugar, the pure chemical (Saccharin 
 puriss.) to 500 to 550 times its weight of Sugar. The proportion of impurity 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QLU 655 
 
 may be estimated by treatment with Acetone, in which the pure salt is com- 
 pletely soluble. 
 
 The Saccharin Corporation supplies Saccharin of the following strengths : — 
 330, 450, 500, 550. The last corresponds with Glusidum, B.P. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 400 of cold Water; 1 in 28 of boiling Water ; 
 1 in 38 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 100 of Ether ; 1 in 500 of Chloroform ; 
 1 in 48 of Glycerin. 
 
 It is also readily soluble in all alkaline solutions, either of Hydroxide, 
 Carbonate, or Bicarbonate, acting the part of an acid and displacing 
 Carbonic Acid when present. See * Soluble Saccharin.' 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is used as a substitute for Sugar in 
 diabetes, hepatic diseases and corpulence, and to cover the taste of 
 nauseous drugs. It is eliminated as Gluside in the urine and saliva. 
 
 Recent research at the McFadden laboratories of the Lister Institute has 
 shown that it is a powerful auxetic, like several other constituents and deriva- 
 tives of Coal Tar ; and there is now strong evidence that it is the auxetic in 
 Tar and Pitch that gives rise to the precUsposition to the epithelioma known 
 as Pitch and sweep's cancer. Saccharin, therefore, should be taken internally 
 with caution, and not for long periods, unless the patient is suffering from 
 diabetes or other really serious complaint. It appears justifiable to utter a 
 warning; against its indiscriminate use as a drug or substitute for Sugar. — ■ 
 B.M..h'\r>, ii. 553. 
 
 1 grain sweetens 6 to 8 oz. of fluid. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 grains = 0*032 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 ISot Official.— Saccharinum Solubile, Elixir Glusidi, Tabellse Saceharini 
 (Saccharin Discs), and Sucrol. 
 
 Foreign PharraacopcEias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw. (Saccharinum), Mex. (Sacarina), Russ., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. (Benzosulphinidum). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Benzoic Sulphinide, when pure, has a melting point of 
 224° C. (435-2° F.), 223*5° C. (434*3° F.) is given in the Fr Codex. The 
 B.P. does not now give a melting point ; the U.S. P. gives 219° to 220° C. 
 (426 * 2° to 428° F.). It pos.sesses an intensely sweet taste, which is per- 
 ceptible in solutions up to 1 in 100,000 of Water. When gently fused at a 
 low temperature with about 5 times its weight of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, Gluside evolves vapours of Ammonia : if the heating be 
 continued until evolution of Ammonia has ceased, the residue when 
 dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and the solution neutralised 
 with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and filtered, yields a filtrate which 
 develops a violet colour on the addition of a drop of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution. When fused with a mixture of Potassium and Sodium 
 Carbonates and Potassium Nitrate, the residue dissolved in Distilled 
 Water, and the solution filtered, the filtrate yields with Barium 
 Chloride Solution, after acidification with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 a copious white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 0*01 
 gramme, heated with an equal weight of Resorcin and a few drops of 
 Sidphuric Acid, yields a mixture at first yellowish-red and then 
 greenish-brown. If the residue is dissolved in cold Distilled Water 
 and an excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) added, 
 the mixture assumes a strong green fluorescence. It dissolves with 
 
656 GLU [Solids by Weight; Liquids hj Measure.] 
 
 effervescence in warm Sodium Bicarbonate Solution forming ' soluble 
 Gluside ' or ' soluble Saccharin/ 100 parts of Gluside yielding nearly 
 113 parts of neutral ' soluble Gluside.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are readily charred organic 
 impurities, Glucose (and other reducing Sugars, e.g. Milk Sugar), 
 Ammonium salts. Benzoic or Salicylic Acid, and inorganic impurities. 
 The B.P. requires that 1 part of Gluside should be completely soluble 
 in 12 parts of Acetone. When heated during 4 hours on a water-bath, 
 1 gramme of Gluside should be completely soluble in 10 ml. of a mixture 
 consisting of 4 volumes of Sulphuric Acid and 3 volumes of Distilled 
 Water ; if tliis solution be diluted with an equal volume of Distilled 
 Water it should not deposit any crystals after being allowed to stand 
 for 24 hours. 
 
 Gluside should dissolve without change of colour in Sulphuric Acid, 
 and even on gently warming at a temperature of about 50° C. (122° F.), 
 on a water-bath, it should not show a brown colour within 10 minutes, 
 indicating the absence of readily charred organic impurities. If 
 0*2 gramme of Gluside be dissolved in 5 c.c. of Potassimn Hydroxide 
 Solution, it should yield a clear, colourless solution, which does not become 
 coloured even on prolonged boiling, and when mixed with 5 c.c. of 
 Potassio-Cupric Tartrate Solution it should yield, on heating, no deposit 
 of red Cuprous Oxide, indicating the absence of Glucose or Milk Sugar. 
 If about 0'5 gramme of Gluside be warmed with about 1 gramme of 
 Magnesia and 10 c.c. of Distilled AVater, no odovu: of Ammonia should 
 be evolved, and the issuing gas should not turn blue a piece of moistened 
 red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. When 
 boiled with Water, cooled and filtered, it should yield a solution which 
 should afford no precipitate on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Benzoic Acid ; nor assume a violet 
 coloration, indicating the absence of SalicyHc Acid. It is officially 
 required to leave not more than 0*5 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of 
 inorganic impurities. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SACCHARINUM SOLUBILE ('SOLUBLE GLUSIDE'). — A soluble 
 Sodium Gluside, containing about 90 p.c. of Gluside. It is much more 
 palatable than ordinary Gluside, which leaves a disagreeable after -taste. 
 
 This powder is soluble 1 in 15 of Water. 
 
 ELIXIR GLUSIDI. Syn. Elixir Saccharini. — Dissolve .5 of Gluside 
 with 3 of Sodium Bicarbonate in 80 of Distilled Water, add 12|^ of Alcohol, 
 filter, and wash the filter with Distilled Water to produce 100. — B.P.C. 
 
 It is a modification of B.P.C. Formulary '01. 
 
 20 to 30 minims will sweeten 8 oz. of fluid. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = • 3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 TABELL/E SACCHARINI (SACCHARIN DISCS).— Contain i grain 
 = 0-032 gramme Saccharin in each. Should be readily soluble in Water, 
 and should not contain Starch or Sugar. 
 
 Sucrol (Dulcin). — ^Paraphenetol Carbonide is a powerful sweetening agent, 
 which occurs in small gUstening crystals ; it is said to possess about 200 
 times the sweetening power of Sugar. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GLY 657 
 
 GLYCERINUM. 
 
 GLYCERIN. GLYCEROL. 
 
 Fr., Glycerine OrnciNALE ; Ger., Glycerin ; Ital., Glicerixa ; Span., 
 
 Glycerina. 
 
 A clear, colourless and odourless, thick syrupy, liygroscopic liquid, 
 possessing a characteristically sweet taste and producing a sense of 
 warmth in the mouth. 
 
 It should be kept in v.'ell-closed vessels, and in a dry atmosphere, 
 as it has a tendency to absorb moisture on exposure to the air. It is 
 a Trihydric Alcohol, CgHgOgeq. 92 '064, containing a small percentage 
 of Water ; obtained during the saponification of fats and fixed oils by 
 the action of alkabs, or by their hydrolysis by means of superheated 
 steam. 
 
 Glycerin is always produced during the alcoholic fermentation of 
 Sugar to the extent of 3 p.c. of the Sugar employed, and consequently 
 is present in all fermented liquids. 
 
 Solubility. — Mixes in all proportions with Water and Alcohol, 
 but insoluble in Chloroform, Ether, and Oils. 
 
 It possesses great powers as a solvent, and is an excellent excipient 
 for many medicinal substances. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Undiluted it is an irritant, but diluted 
 with aqueous menstrua it is emolHent and antiphlogistic. Internally 
 it is given in irritating cough ; it is recommended as a rectal injection 
 for constipation, 1 to 2 drm., or the same diluted with an equal quantity 
 of Water, produces an evacuation very soon after the injection ; also 
 combined with Gelatin or Cocoa-nut Stearin to form a suppository 
 for the same purpose ; it is very convenient, but may aggravate 
 haemorrhoids if present. 
 
 Externally, a useful addition to lotions and other applications in 
 skin diseases, as pityriasis, eczema, psoriasis, prurigo and lichen. 
 Used for chilblains and chapped hands, and dryness of the skin or 
 mucous membranes, but it should be diluted with 3 parts of Water 
 for these purposes, or applied in the form of Glycerin of Starch. Used 
 in poultices {^^^ or ■^^), it keeps them soft. 
 
 It is useful in fermentative dyspepsia, when taken in 1 or 2 drm. doses, 
 and does not hinder digestion. 
 
 In duodenal perforation, plus acute peritonitis, the following was carried 
 out. A No. 16 rubber catheter was passed through the perforation down 
 the duodenum for about 6 inches and fixed in that position. The stomach 
 wall was sutured over it for about 2 inches. The extravasated contents 
 were washed out with sterile saline, three openings being made into the 
 lower abdomen, and finally about 1 pint of pure sterile Glycerin poured into 
 the peritoneal cavity for the purpose of extracting fluid plus toxins from the 
 peritoneum. The excess of Glycerin with its extracted matter drained freely 
 from the four openings left. Thus fluid was put into the bowel through the 
 tube, and extracted by the Glycerin, so establishing an excellent drainage. 
 
 In desperate cases of general peritonitis Glycerin in large quantities has 
 a most beneficial action, but it must not be forgotten that it is highly toxic. 
 
658 GLY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 In peritonitis of tubercular origin it must be used with the greatest care. — 
 B.M.J. '10, ii. 1894. 
 
 For sterilisation of Glycerin, Oil, Vaseline, etc., it is necessary to use a 
 temperature of not less than 170° C. for at least half an hoiir, or 180° C. for 
 not less than 10 to 15 minutes. — Journal oj State Medicine, '1.*}, 669. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-G to T'l ml. 
 
 Smaller closes are usually prescribed. 
 
 Prescribing iN'otes. — It is 7nuch employed as a sweetening agent in the place 
 of Syrup, and is better for covering the unpleasant astringent taste of Iron Per- 
 chloride ; it is largely used in pharmaceutical preparations as a solvent, anrl, 
 being an antiseptic, it also acts as a preservative. Mixed, with equal volumes of 
 Syrup, Alcohol and Mucilage (Dispensing Syrvip), it forms a good pill excipient. 
 It is too hygroscopic to be used alone. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Suppositoria Glycermi. 
 
 "Not Official. — Glycerin with Rose Water, Suppositoria Glycerini (U.S.), 
 Suppositoria Glycerini cum Stearino. 
 
 Foreign Pharma-copoeias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 1-250; Belg., 
 sp. gr. 1-240 ; Dan., Ger., Himg., Jap., Norw., Russ. and Swed., sp. gr. 1-225 
 to 1-235; Dutch, sp.gr. 1-230 to 1-235; Fr., sp.gr. 1-264; Ital., sp.gr. 
 1-226 to 1-260 ; Mex., Port, and Span., sp. gr. 1-260 ; Swiss, sp. gr. 1-224 
 to 1-235 ; U.S., not less than 1-246 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Glycerin has a specific gravity of 1 • 260, wliich figure is given 
 in the B.P. ; the U.S.P. gives not less than 1-246 at 25° C. (77°^r.) : 
 the P.G., 1-225 to 1-235. It mixes readily with Distilled Water, 
 producing a solution which is neutral in reaction to Litmus paper. 
 When strongly heated in an open capsule it yields irritating acrid 
 vapours of Acrolein. Dilute aqueous solutions are slowly volatilised 
 Avith the vapour of Water, whilst stronger solutions rapidly volatilise 
 at boiling temperatures. A loop of Platinum Wire, containing a fused 
 bead of Borax moistened with Glycerin, imparts to the edge of a non- 
 luminous flame a transient vivid green colour. When boiled with 
 Potassium or Sodiima Hydroxide, and Potassium Permanganate Solu- 
 tion, the latter is immediately reduced. The decolorised and filtered 
 liquid, when made faintly acid with Acetic Acid, yields with Calcium 
 Chloride Solution a white precipitate, insoluble in Acetic Acid, soluble 
 in Hydrochloric Acid. This reaction with alkaline Permanganate forms 
 the basis of a method for the determination of Glycerin which, in the 
 absence of foreign bodies yielding Oxalic Acid on oxidation, has been 
 proved to give very accurate results. 
 
 The more generally occurring impmnties are those of an inorganic 
 nature, e.g., Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, Calciimi, Ammonium, 
 Chlorides, Sulphates, and mineral impurities, those of an organic 
 nature, Sugars, e.g., Grape and Cane Sugar, foreign organic matter, 
 e.g., Acrolein, Formic Acid or Formates, Butyric Acid, Oxalic Acid 
 or Oxalates, and organic impurities readily charred by Sulphuric 
 Acid. 
 
 The limit of not less than 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested 
 {CD. '08, i. 796) has been modified in the light of later experience, 
 and a limit of 4 parts of Arsenic per million is now fixed ; by an over- 
 sight the 2 parts per million limit was printed in the first copies of the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GLY 659 
 
 Pharmacopoeia, but was subsequently corrected. It is determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employ- 
 ing a solution of 2 • 5 grammes of Glycerin in 50 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, to which 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Ai-senic-Test 
 reagent have been added ; the U.S.P. employs the modified Gutzeit's 
 test, requiring that 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution should not 
 respond to the modified Gutzeit's test ; the P.G. requires that a 
 mixture of 1 c.c. of Glycerin and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution 
 should assume no darkening in colom- within 1 hour, indicating a 
 limit of Arsenic compounds. 
 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution, when acidified with Hydi'ochloric Acid, 
 should yield no pronounced darkening in colour or turbidity on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Copper 
 and Lead ; nor should any distinct darkening in colour occiii- on 
 the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Iron. 
 
 The B.P. requires that it shall yield no reaction for Lead when 
 examined according to the Lead Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing 10 grammes in each Nessler glass. The 
 addition of Sodium Sulphide Solution should produce no alteration 
 in colour when added to one of the Sjolutions, indicating the absence 
 of Lead. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a hrnit of Iron, requii-ing that not more than a faint 
 transient pink or purple coloration should be produced on the addition 
 of 1 drop of Tannic Acid Solution to a mixture of 10 ml. of Glycerin, 
 40 ml. of Distilled Water and 1 drop of Ammonia Solution. 
 
 The B.P. requires Glycerin to be free from Copper, as determined by 
 a method similar to the special Lead Test, but employing in each 
 Nessler glass 10 grammes of Glycerin, no Ammonia Solution or 
 Potassium Cyanide Solution being added, but each solution being 
 acidified with 1 ml. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid ; no alteration in 
 colour should be produced on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution to one of these solutions, indicating the absence of Copper. 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Ammonimn Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Calcium salts. No odour of Ammonia should be evolved when 
 Glycerin is boiled with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, nor should the 
 issuing gas turn moistened red Litmus paper blue, indicating the absence 
 of Ammonium salts. An aqueous 1 in 10 solution, acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, should yield no pronoimced turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a hmit of Chlorides, 
 nor on the addition of Barium Chloride to another portion of the liquid 
 should it yield a turbidity or precipitate, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 It should leave no appreciable residue when carefully volatiUsed and 
 then ignited in a porcelain dish, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 The B.P. requires that it should leave no appreciable Ash ; the P.G. 
 that it should leave none or only an unweighable residue ; the U.S.P. 
 that under continued heat it is finally entirely decomposed and 
 dissipated. The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that 
 
660 G-LY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 not more tlian 0'015 p.c. of carbonaceous and mineral residue should 
 remain when 50 grammes of Glycerin are heated in an open shallow 
 100 c.c. porcelain or Platinum dish until it ignites, then allowing it to 
 burn without fm'ther application of heat in a place free fi'om draught ; 
 and not more than 0'007 p.c. of mineral residue should be left when tliis 
 residue is subjected to a low red heat, until combustion is complete ; 
 this residue, when dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and titrated 
 with Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using 
 Potassium Cliromate Test-Solution as an indicator, should indicate the 
 absence of Chlorides exceeding 0"001 p.c. calculated as Sodium 
 Chloride. At the most a faint yellow but no pink colour should be 
 produced when Glycerin is heated, and it should yield not more than 
 a very slight charred residue and no odour of burnt Sugar, indicating the 
 absence of Sugar ; the U.S. P. requires that if 5 c.c. of Glycerin be 
 mixed with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 10 drops of Hydrochloric Acid 
 in a small flask, and heated for half an hour on a water-bath, then 
 10 c.c. of the hot hquid, mixed with 2 c.c. of Sodium Hydi'oxide Test- 
 Solution and 1 c.c. of Alkahne Cupric Tartrate Volumetric Solution, 
 should show no yellowish-red cloudiness or precipitate within 6 homs. 
 indicating the absence of Sugars. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should 
 assume no darkening in colour when mixed with an equal volume of 
 Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution, care being taken to protect the 
 mixture from light, indicating the absence of Formic Acid and Acrolein. 
 Tliis testis common to the B.P., the U.S. P., and P.G. ; the B.P. requires 
 that the darkening in colour should not occm- during the lapse of 
 5 minutes, the U.S. P. specifies no time limit, the P.G. requires that 
 if a mixture of 1 c.c. of Glycerin and 1 c.c. of Ammonia Solution be 
 warmed to a temperatm-e of 60° C. (140° F.), it should not be coloured 
 yellow, indicating the absence of Acrolein ; if after removal from the 
 water-bath it be immediately mixed with 3 drops of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, it should within 5 minutes show neither a coloration nor a 
 brownish-black precipitate, indicating the absence of reducing sub- 
 stances. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend the 
 following test : — A mixtm-e of 5 c.c. of Glycerin and 5 c.c. of an 
 aqueous 1 in 10 Potassium Hydroxide Solution should not become 
 yellow when kept for 5 minutes ait 60° C. (140° F.), indicating the absence 
 of Acrolein and Glucose. 
 
 No rancid or disagreeable odour should be observed when Glycerin 
 is gently rubbed between the hands, indicating the absence of fatty 
 acids. The B.P. requires that not more than a faint odour should be 
 apparent when Glycerin is gently warmed with an equal volume of 
 Diluted Sulphnric Acid, the mixture being vigorously shaken. The 
 U.S. P. requires that no fruity odour should be recognisable when 5 c.c. 
 of Glycerin are mixed with an equal volume of a mixtm-e of equal parts 
 of Alcohol (94' 9 p.c.) and Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and gently heated, 
 indicating the absence of Butyric Acid. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend a volumetric test for fatty acids and Esters, 
 requiring that, if 100 grammes of Glycerin be mixed with 200 c.c. of 
 freshlv boiled Distilled Water and 5 c.c. of Normal Volmnetric Potas- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GLY 661 
 
 slum Hydroxide Solution, and the mixtuie be boiled for 5 minutes, 
 not less than 4 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 should be necessary to neutralise the excess of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, corresponding to a neutralisation of 
 1 c.c. of the Normal Volumetric Potassiimi Hydroxide Solution, Phenolph- 
 thalein Test-Solution being employed as an indicator, indicating a limit 
 of fatty acids and Esters. The P.G. requires that if a mixture of 50 c.c, 
 of Glycerin, 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution be warmed on a water- 
 bath during a quarter of an horn-, the cooled hquid should require 
 at least 4 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, showing that not more than 6 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Voliimetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution have been 
 absorbed, Phenolphthalein Solution being used as an indicator, indicating 
 a limit of fatty acid Esters. Not more than a faint yellow coloration 
 should be produced when 5 c.c. of Glycerin are mixed with an equal 
 volume of Sulphuric Acid, the mixtiu-e being well cooled, indicating 
 a limit of readily carbonisable organic impurities. The B.P. requires 
 that Glycerin when shaken with an equal volvune of Sulphuric Acid 
 should assimie not more than a very slight straw colour imder similar 
 conditions, indicating the absence of extraneous organic matter ; 
 the U.S. P. requires that the colour should not be darker than yellow, 
 indicating the absence of readily carbonisable impurities. A 1 in 10 
 aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Calcium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Oxalic 
 Acid and Oxalates. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI. Glycerin Suppositories. 
 
 14 of Gelatin cut small is covered with Water to thoroughly soften it. 
 Separate the Gelatin and dissolve it in 70 of Glycerin (by weight) on a 
 water-bath, and evaporate the excess of Water until the product 
 weighs 100. The Suppositories may be of any size required. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Suppositoria (group). 
 
 It is found better in practice to lieat the softened Gelatin on a water- 
 bath until semi-fluid, before adding the Glycerin. 
 
 A similar preparation has been in use for many years {Companion 1877) as 
 a basis for medicated Pessaries and Suppositories. It is easy by evaporation 
 to obtain a product containing 80 p.c. of Glycerin. The consistency of the 
 mass will vary somewhat with the quality of the Gelatin, q.v. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Hung., Jap., Norw. and 
 U.S., Glycerin, Sodiimi Carbonate and Stearin ; Belg., Fr., Mex. and Swiss. 
 
 Suppositoires de Glycerine (Fr.). — Glycerine, 1 ; Cocoa Butter, 2. 
 
 Suppositoria Glycerini (U.S.). — Dissolve 1 of Monohydrated Sodium 
 Carbonate in 10 of Water and add to it 60 of Glycerin (by weight) and 4 of 
 Stearic Acid, heat carefully on a water -bath until effervescence ceases and 
 the Uquid is clear. This quantity is for 20 rectal suppositories, which must 
 be kept in tightly-covered glass vessels. 
 
 Suppositoria Glycerini c. Stearino. — -Glycerin, 20 grains ; Cocoa-nut 
 Stearin, 20 grains ; Oil of Thcobroma, 20 grains ; melt the Stearin and Oil of 
 
662 GLY [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Theobroma, and when just fluid stir in tlie Glycerin and continue the stirring 
 until the mixture becomes solid. Melt the mass with the least possible heat, 
 and poLU" into moulds. 
 
 They can be used without any lubricant. 
 
 Glycerin 20 gTains, Oil of Theobroma iO grains, is useful in hot weather. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 GLYCERIN WITH ROSE WATER.— Glycerin, 1 ; Rose Water, 3 ; mix. 
 UNGUENTUM GLYCERINI.— >See Glyckrinxjm Amyli. 
 
 GLYCYRRHIZ^ RADIX. 
 
 LIQUORICE ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Reglissb ; Geb., SiissHOLZ ; Ital., Liqxjirizia ; 
 Span., Regaliz. 
 
 The Root aud subterranean Stem, both peeled, of Glijcyrrhiza glabra, 
 L., and other species. 
 
 In the U.S.P. the unpeeled Spanish and the peeled Russian root 
 are both Official; in the P.G. the Spanish peeled root is ordered. 
 Fr. use the unpeeled French and Spanish root and the peeled Russian 
 root. 
 
 The principle Glyeyrrhizin is comparatively tasteless, the characteristic 
 sweetness being only developed by combination with alkali. It exists in the 
 drug as a combination with Ammonium. 
 
 Liquorice Root varies greatly in quality and in price ; the preparations 
 containing it will also vary considerably in flavour. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A demulcent and expectorant in bronchial 
 catarrh and cough. The liquid extract helps to disguise the taste 
 of nauseous medicines, but many persons object to the taste of 
 Liquorice. In the form of extract and its solution it is a domestic 
 remedy for cough. The compound powder is chiefly valuable on 
 account of the Senna and Sulphur it contains, and is an agreeable and 
 mild pm-gative, well adapted for weak persons and for cases of 
 hfemorrhoids. 
 
 Official Preparations of Liquorice. — Of the Root, Extractum Gly- 
 cyrrhizae, Extractum Glycyrrhizse Liquidvma, and Pulvis Glycyrrhizse Com- 
 positus ; of the Liquid Extract, Mistm^a Sennse Composita. 
 
 Not Official. — Elixir Adjuvans, Elixir e Succo Glycyrrhizse seu Elixir 
 Pectorale, Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum, Linctus Peetoralis, Mixtm'a Gly- 
 cyrrhizge, Mistvira Glycyrrhizse Composita, Pulvis Pro Infantibus Hufelandi, 
 Pulvis Amygdalae Laxativus, Species ad Infusum Pectorale, Species Diureticoe, 
 Species Peetorales, Syrupvis Glycyrrhizae, and Trocliisci Glycyrrhizje, 
 Brompton Cough Lozenge. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all the Pharmacopoeias; Austr., 
 Belg.jDan., Dutch, Fr. (Reglisse), Hung., Ital. (Liquirizia), Jap. and Ger. 
 (Liquiritia), Mex. (Orozuz), Port. (Alcacus), Russ., Span. (Regaliz), 
 Swiss and U.S. ; all O. glabra. '■ 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GLY 663 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Liquorice Root of commerce exists in 
 several forms. The English root is never sold in the decorticated 
 form, but either fresh or dried. Some of the fresh Liquorice Root of 
 commerce also comes from France. The dried Liquorice Root con- 
 sists of the product of at least two plants. 
 
 That derived from France, Spain and Sicily is the product of 
 G. glabra : but that from Russia, Asia Minor and Persia is chieflv 
 the product of G. glandulifera, and is recognisable by its redder tint, 
 more scaly surface, and slight acridity and bitterness. As a rule 
 the Liquorice Root of commerce consists of a larger proportion of 
 underground stem than of root. As the root is sweeter than the 
 stem, samples richest in root are of greater value. The root of 
 G. glabra has a thin brown bark, marked here and there with short 
 transverse scars, is yellowish within and has a radiate and porous 
 woody structure and a fibrous fracture, a sweet taste and character- 
 istic odour and flavour when chewed. The underground stem does 
 not exhibit transverse scars, but at the cut ends shows a small central 
 depression caused by shrinkage of the pith. The parenchymatous 
 tissue contains numerous small starch grains not more than 20 microns 
 
 French Liquorice Root is usually of good quality, and is also sold 
 in the decorticated or peeled form. Spanish Liquorice Root from 
 Tortosa occurs in trimmed bundles of uniform size and length and of 
 fairly uniform pieces ; that from Alicante in loosely packed bales, 
 the root being of varying size and quantity. Sicilian Liquorice is 
 usually peeled and, like the French, often cut up into short pieces 
 1 inch or less in length. Russian Liquorice is sold both in the un- 
 peeled and in the peeled state. It is often in very large tapering 
 pieces, sometimes blackened and hollowed near the crown of the root. 
 It gives a paler powder than the French and Sicihan, and is some- 
 what acrid and bitter. Persian or Bussorah root is in long cylindrical 
 pieces, an inch or more in diameter, and is not sold in the peeled 
 state. The official root is limited to peeled root and peeled subter- 
 ranean stem of Ghjcyrrliiza glabra, Linn., jind other species. 
 The last three words seem superfluous, since the character given 
 evidently excludes that of G. glandulifera, Waldst. and Kit., which 
 affords the Liquorice Root of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, 
 some of the characters of the official drug being that it should be 
 free from bitterness, and that it should be dark brown in 
 colour, longitudinally wrinkled, but not scaly, which are the 
 distinctive characters of the root of G. glandulifera. It is not stated 
 how these characters are to be ascertained from the root which is 
 already peeled as purchased in commerce, and directions for 
 peeling the dried root are not given. The acridity of Eastern Liquorice 
 Root is due to a resin contained principally in the bark, and the 
 bitterness to a principle named Glycamarin ; the sweetness is due to 
 Grlycyrrhizic Acid which exists partly in combination with Ammonia 
 in the fresh root, in which state it is sweeter, since it is then more 
 soluble in Water. 
 
664 GLY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — The asli of Liquorice Root amounts to from 3 to 4 p.c, 
 and should not much exceed the latter figure. 
 
 Samples of fine English Root examined in the author's laboratory 
 yielded on an average 1'5 p.c. of ash; samples of the English 
 decorticated powdered root left from 3 '4 to 4 "95 p.c. of ash, with an 
 average of 3*76 p.c. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of ash of not more than 6 p.c. It is officially 
 required to yield not less than 20*0 p.c. of residue dried at 100° fi 
 (212° F.), as determined by macerating 5 grammes of the root with 
 50 ml. of Chloroform Water during 24 hours, the mixture being shaken 
 from time to time and finally filtered ; the residue left on the evaporation 
 of 10 ml. of the clear filtrate, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), should 
 not amount to less than 0'200 gramme. The first prints of the B.P. 
 stated tliat this residue should amount to not less than 0" 100 gramme, 
 but this was subsequently corrected in the list of corrigenda. A 
 similar test is recommended in the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 for inclusion in the new U.S. P., but in this instance the coagulable 
 albumens are separated. 10 grammes of the powdered Liquorice are 
 macerated for 15 minutes, with occasional stirring, with 100 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, it is then heated for half an hoiir on a water-batli 
 and the mixture filtered, suflicient Distilled Water being added to 
 produce a filtrate measuring 100 c.c. ; 10 c.c. of this filtrate, when 
 evaporated and dried at 100° C. (212° F.), should leave a residue of 
 not less than 0*2 gramme. It is also recommended that the ash should 
 not exceed 7 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZyE. Extract of Liquorice. 
 
 An aqueous extract, prepared by cold maceration in Chloroform 
 Water, of Liquorice Root in No. 20 Powder, coagulation of Albumen 
 at 212° F. (100° C), clarification, and the subsequent evaporation of 
 the strong liquid to a soft extract. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains =0*32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Aiistr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr. 
 (Ext. Reglisse), Hiing., Ital., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ. and Span., from root 
 with cold Water ; U.S. (Extractum Glycyrrhizse Purum), from root 
 with Water and Ammonia. The Crude ilxtract in sticks {Saccus Liqui- 
 ritice) is official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., Swed. 
 and Swiss; U.S. (Extractum Glycyrrhizee) ; Depurattim from Crude Extract 
 is official in Austr., Ger., Hung., Norw. and Swed. 
 
 Under the name Liquorice Juice an aqueous extract, prepared by boiling 
 the root with Water, is commercial in the form of sticks ; Solazzi Juice is 
 the best-known brand. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZ^ LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract 
 OF Liquorice. 
 
 An aqueous fluid extract, treated the same as for the extract, but 
 evaporated to specific gravity 1*2; to this is added | of its volume 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 To prevent fermentation in hot climates the proportion of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) may be increased, but must not exceed 25 p.c. by weight. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiire,] G-LY 0(55 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 The finished product is visually acid. 
 
 Ammonia preserves the sweet principle ; so long as the alkalinity is main- 
 tained there is no falling of the dirty-looking deposit which is often seen at 
 the bottom of the Fluid Extract of Liquorice bottle. (See below.) 
 
 Fluidextraetum Glycyrrhizae (U.S.). — 1 in 1 Fluid extract, 
 obtained by treating 100 of tlie Liquorice Root with boiling Water until 
 exhaustion, evaporating the liquid to 45. when cold adding 45 of Alcohol 
 (95 p. c); after 3 days filter, and evaporate to 50, and add Glycerin 25, 
 Ammonia Water 5, Alcohol (95 p.c.) 20, and Water q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceiaa. — Belg., with Alcohol (30 p.c); Mex., 
 Ammonia and Alcohol ; Swed., Annnonia and diluted Alcohol ; Swiss, with 
 Chloroform Water and Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Liquorice varies very considerably in 
 its character. Liquid extracts prepared from fresh English root have 
 specific gravities of 1*130 to 1*140; contain from 33 "6 to 42*7 p.c. 
 w/v of total solids and about 18 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 The palatability of commercial liquid extracts also manifests con- 
 siderable variation, some being almost bitter in taste, and few bearing 
 any comparison with a liquid extract made from fresh English root. 
 
 PULVIS GLYCYRRHIZ^ COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder 
 OF Liquorice. (Modified.) 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Pulvis Liqtjiriti^ Compositus, Pulvis Pectoralis Kurell^. 
 
 Senna, 2 ; Liquorice Root, 2 ; Fennel Fruit, 1 ; Sublimed Sulphm-, 1 ; 
 Refined Sugar, 6J. All in powder. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the figures were the same except for the Sugar, which was G. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 As a mild aperient a teaspoonful or more for adults, less in proportion for 
 children. 
 
 For diabetic patients the late Balmanno Squire suggested that the Sugar 
 and Liquorice should be replaced by Almond-meal and Powdered Gum 
 Acacia. It can be ordered as Pulvis Amygdalas Laxativus. See below. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Russ., formula the 
 same ; Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., 
 Swed. and U.S., almost the same. Span. Not in the others. 
 
 Fr., Sugar, 10 ; Liquorice Root, 3 ; Semia, 3 ; Fennel Fruit, 2 ; Sublimed 
 Sulphur, 2. Ger., Svigar, 10; Senna, 3 ; Lic[uorice Root, 3 ; Fennel Fruit, 2 ; 
 Sulphvir, 2. U.S., Senna, 18; Liquorice Root, 23-0; Washed Sulphm-, 8; 
 Oil of Fennel, 0-4; Sugar, 50. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Liquorice Powder usually contains from 3*0 to 
 8'0 p.c. of moisture. The ash ranges from 4 to 6 p.c, and the soluble 
 ash averages about 3*0 p.c, though, as is claimed {Analyst '14, 160), 
 figures for the soluble ash and alkalinity of the soluble ash are of 
 very little value, owing to the disturbing influence of the Sulphur. The 
 percentage of Sulphur may be determined by treating 1 gramme of 
 the Powder with Fuming Nitric Acid, and a little Potassium Nitrate, 
 removing the Nitric Acid by evaporating to a small bulk with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, moistening with Hydrochloric Acid, and again evaporating 
 to a small bulk. The Sulphur is oxidised to Sulphuric Acid, which may 
 be determined in the usual manner by precipitation with Barium 
 
6QQ GLY [Solids by Weigtt; Liquids by Measui-e,] 
 
 Chlorido Solution. It is generally jH-esent to the extent of about 8 p.e. 
 Ground Olive stones, Maize Starch, exhausted drugs, etc., have been 
 used in the adulteration of Liquorice Powder. Ground Olive stones 
 and Maize Starch may be detected by the microscopical appearance 
 of the specimen. A criterion of exhausted drugs is afforded by a joint 
 determination of the percentage w/v of the total Extractive Matter 
 yielded to Alcohol (70 p. c.) and the percentage of Sugar. The total 
 Extractive Matter yielded to Alcohol (70 p.c.) amounts to about 63 p.c, 
 and the percentage of Cane Sugar to about 52, indicating an Extractive 
 less Sugar of about 11 p.c. Two samples of Compound Liquorice 
 Powder prepared in the author's laboratory yielded the following 
 figures :— Moisture, 3 '45 and 3 -44 ; Ash, 4 -6 and 4 -7 ; Sulphur, 8 -62 
 and 8 -77 ; Alcohol (70 p.c.) Extract, 62 -3 and 63 ; Sugar, 51 '3 and 
 51 "5, Extract less Sugar, 11 -0 and 11 -5. 
 
 A qualitative test for the presence of Senna is suggested {Analyst '14, 
 161), depending upon the fine cherry-red colour produced upon 
 dissolving in Ammonia Solution the small amount of precipitate 
 thrown down together with Glycyrrhizin when an aqueous extractive 
 is acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR ADJUVANS {U.S.).— Fluid Extract of Liquorice, 12 ; Aromatic 
 Elixir, 88. 
 
 ELIXIR E SUCCO GLYCYRRHIZ/E, seu ELIXIR PECTORALE, 
 LIQUOR PECTORALIS {Dan., Norm., Russ., Swed. and Swiss).— Purified 
 Extract of Liciiiorice, 200 ; Fennel Water, 600 ; Oil of Anise, 3 ; Solution 
 of Ammonia (10 p.c), 35 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 102 ; (all by weight) ; mix. 
 
 Elixir e Succo Liquiritiae (Ger.).- — Purified Extract of Liquorice, 30; 
 Fennel Water, 90 ; Liquid Ammonia (10 p.c), 5 ; Anise Oil, 1 ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 24. 
 
 GLYCYRRHIZINUM AMMONIATUM {U.S.P.). —Bark brown or 
 brownish-red, odom'less scales, possessing a sweet taste. They are readily 
 soluble in Water, and are also soluble in Alcohol (90 jj-c). 
 
 An elegant substitute for Liquorice in mixtures which are neither acid nor 
 alkaline. 
 
 A scale preparation made by treating Liquorice Root with Water containing 
 5 p.c. of Ammonia Water, and adding Sulphuric Acid to the liquor so long 
 as a precipitate is produced ; collect this and wash it with cold Water until 
 free from acid; redissolve in dilute Ammonia Water and put it through the 
 precipitation process for a second time, wash it aiad redissolve in diluted 
 Ammonia Water and spread on glass plates to chy. 
 
 Tests. — Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum dissolves readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which, when boiled with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, evolves Ammonia. A piece of moistened red 
 Litmus paper held over the tube is immediately tiorned blue, and a glass 
 rod moistened with Hydrochloric Acid held in its vicinity yields dense white 
 fumes of Ammonium Chloride. The aqueous solution yields, on the addition 
 of an acid, a precipitate of Glycyrrhizin which, when washed with Diluted 
 Alcohol until free from acid and dried, forms an amorphous yellow powder. 
 Grlycyrrhizin Ammoniatmn should not leave more than a trace of ash. 
 
 LINCTUS PECTORALIS {Swed.).—Opiated Liquorice Wine, 14 ; Liquid 
 Extract of Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Syrup, 49 ; Distilled Water, 60 ; Mucilage of 
 Gum Arabic, 76. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GOS 667 
 
 MIXTURA GLYCYRRHIZ>e (^ora-.).— Ammonium Chloride, 3 ; Extract 
 of Liquorice, 5 ; Anise Water, 12 ; Distilled Water, 80. 
 
 MISTURA GLYCYRRHIZiC COMPOSITA {U.S.).—Pme Extract of 
 Glycyrrhiza, 3 ; Syrup, 5 ; Acacia, granulated, 3 ; Camphorated Tincture 
 of Opium, 12 ; Wine of Antimony, 6 ; Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 3 ; Water, 
 g.s. to make 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 2 fl. drm. = 7*1 c.c. 
 
 PULVIS PRO INFANTIBUS HUFELANDII (i??f.ss.).— Valerian, 28 ; Iridi, 
 24 ; Liquorice, 36 ; Anise, 8 ; Magnesium Carbonate, 16 ; Saffron, 1. 
 
 PULVIS AMYGDAL/E LAXATIVUS.— Senna, 2: Fennel, 1; Sulolimed 
 Sulphur, 1 ; Almond-meal, 7 ; Powdered Gum Acacia, 1. Mix. It is also 
 known as 'Bahnanno Squire's Powder.' 
 
 SPECIES AD INFUSUM PECTORALE (Swcd.).— Anise, 5; Liquorice, 
 15 ; Sambucus, 20 ; Althtea, 30 ; Hyssop, 30. 
 
 SPECIES DIURETiC/E (G'er.).— Levisticum, 1 ; Ononis, 1 ; Liquorice, 1 ; 
 Juniper, 1. 
 
 SPECIES PECTORALES (A^orw.).— Anise, 10 ; Sambucus, 15; Farfara, 
 15 ; Altha?a, 30 ; Liquorice, 30. 
 
 SYRUPUS GLYCYRRHIZ/E (ffer.).— Liquorice Koot 4 is extracted 
 with a mixture of Ammonia Solution 1, and Distilled Water 20, for twelve 
 hours, pressed, and the expressed liquid evaporated on the water-bath to 2, 
 mixed with Alcohol (90 p. c.) 2; and, after standing twelve hours, filtered, 
 and the filtrate inade up to 20 with simple Sja'up. (All parts by weight.) 
 
 Foreign Pharraacopoeias. — Official in Ger., Russ., Swed. and Swiss; 
 Dutch does not use Ammonia. 
 
 The U.S. National Formidary Syrrnp is prepared by dissolving piu-e Extract 
 of Liquorice 1 in Distilled Water 4, adding Sugar 5, straining, adding Glycerin 
 1 and sufficient Water to produce 8. 
 
 TROCHISCI GLYCYRRHIZ/E (Brompton and City CAesi). — Extract 
 of Liquorice, 18 ; Anise Oil, 3 ; Acacia Lozenge Mass, 60, to make six 
 lozenges. 
 
 It is known as the ' Brompton Cough Lozenge.' 
 
 U.S. P. has a Trochiscus Glycyrrhizse et Opii, containing 15 
 grammes of Extract of Glycvrrhiza, • 5 gramme of Powdered Opium, and 
 0-2 c.c. of Oil of Anise in 100. 
 
 Fr. has Pate de Reglisse officinale, containing about 0*02 p.c. of 
 Extract of Opium. 
 
 Swed. (Trochisci Glycyrrhizce opiati) contains 1 p.c. of Opium. 
 
 GO A POWDER. See araroba. 
 
 GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTEX. 
 
 COTTON ROOT BARK. 
 
 [new.] . 
 
 The Bark of tlie Eoot of Gossypium herhaceuiii, L., and of otlier 
 cultivated species of Gossypium. 
 
 AVas Official in Ind. and Col. Add. Now introduced into B.P. 1914. Has 
 been a ' Not Official ' in Squire^s Companion since 1886, 
 
668 GOS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Power and Browning {P.J. '14, ii. 423 ; J.C.S.Abs., '14, i. 1163) obtained 
 the folIo%\'ing results from a chemical examination of Cotton Root Bark : — - 
 A very small amount of a pale yellow essential oil was obtained from distilling 
 an alcoholic extract of the Bark in a current of steam, the oil giving the colour 
 reaction of Furfuraldehyde, and depositing on keeping a few crystals melting 
 at 112° to 114° C. (233-6° to 237-2° F.), which appeared to consist of 
 Acetovanillone. The other constituents of the Bark were found to com- 
 prise : — (1) A phenolic Acid, probably 2 : 3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid; (2) 
 Salicylic Acid ; (3) a new, colourless phenolic substance to which the formula 
 CgHjoO-j has been assigned, and which yielded an Acetyl derivative melting 
 at 152° C. (305-6° F.); (4) a new yellow phenolic substance (melting point 
 210° to 212° C. (410° to 413-6° F.)) appearing to possess the formula 
 CijHjgO,, and which yielded an Acetyl derivative melting at 147° to 149° C. 
 (296-6° to 300-2° F.) ; (5) Betaine, C,H,iO.,N ; (6) a fattv Alcohol, C.,„H,„0, 
 melting at 77-5° to 78-5°C. (171-5° to' 173-3° F.) ; "(7) a Phytosteiol, 
 C27H46O, melting point 130° C. (266° F. ) ; (8) a small amount of a Hydrocarbon 
 apparently Triacontane, G^^H^o ; (9) Ceryl Alcohol, C27H55O ; (10) a mixture 
 of fatty acids, consisting chiefly of Oleic and Palmitic Acids. The Bark also 
 was found to contain a considerable proportion of Sugar, yielding a D-Phenyl- 
 glucosazone, having a melting point of 212° to 214° C. (413-6° to 417-2° F.), 
 and yielding on acetylisation a small amount of Penta-acetyldextrose. 
 
 The Bark contains no alkaloid, and no evidence was obtained of the presence 
 of Tannin. The above named substances were isolated from the resinous 
 material, which was of a deep purplish colour, and which amounted to 
 10-6 p.c. of the weight of air-dried Bark. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been used as a substitute for Ergot 
 in labour, and to check metrorrhagia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Decoctvmi Gossypii Radicis Corticis, Extractum 
 Gossypii Radicis Corticis Liquidum. 
 
 Not Official. — Tinctura Gossypii, Lactagol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The bark of the root as met with in commerce 
 occurs in the form of thin, flat or slightly quilled strips more or less 
 curled in drying, dark brown externally, with a thin outer layer wliich, 
 when abraded, shows a reddish-brown coloured layer beneath. The 
 inner surface is of a yellowish-white colour when recently dried, but 
 darkens into brownish-red when the bark is kept ; it is finely striated 
 with projecting medullary rays. The transverse section shows the 
 bast in radiating lines which are broader at the base. The transverse 
 fracture is laminate and fibrous, and although the bark is easily split 
 longitudinally, it is only broken transversely with difficulty. It has 
 very little odour and an astringent and faintly acid taste. 
 
 A spurious cotton bark is sometimes met with wliich has a dark 
 brown inner surface and is more easily broken transversely. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 DECOCTUM GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTICIS. Decoction of 
 Cotton Root Bark. (New.) 
 
 Boil 4 of Cotton Root Bark, bruised, with 40 of Distilled Water uutil 
 reduced to 20, strain and make up to 20. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Wfts Official in Ind. and Col. 4c?(?i 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GOS 669 
 
 EXTRACTUM GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTICIS LIQUIDUM. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Cotton Koot Bark. (New.) 
 
 A 1 in 1 fluid extract of Cotton Eoot Bark prepared by percolation, 
 using as a menstruum first a mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 3 with 
 Glycerin 1, and finally Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. 
 
 Was also Official in U.S.P. 1893, but was omitted in 1905. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 TINCTURA GOSSYPII.— Dried Bark of the Root of the Cotton Plant 
 in powder, 1 ; percolate with sufficient Alcohol (60 p.c.) to produce 4. 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. drm. = 3-6 ml. 
 
 LACTAGOL. — A dry extract prepared from Cotton-seed. A pale yellowi,sh 
 or yellowish -brown powder. It is insoluble in Water but swells up in hot 
 Water. Introduced as a galactagogue. 
 
 Dose. — ^A teaspoonful 3 times a day. The dose may be increased or 
 diminished according to the results. May be given in milk, water, coffee, 
 cocoa, gruel, or soup. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM. 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — CoTTON-WooL. 
 Fr., Coton Hydeophile ; Ger., Gereinigte Baumwolle ; Ital., Cotone 
 
 ASSORBENTE ; SpAN., AlGODON HiDEOFILO. 
 
 The Hairs of the Seed Gossypium herhaceum, L., and of other 
 cultivated species of Gossypium, from which, by suitable treatment, 
 the fatty matter has been removed. This is commonly known as 
 Absorbent Cotton-Wool. 
 
 Commercial Cotton-Wool varies a good deal in quality. The best is softer, 
 whiter, and consists of longer filaments than the others, and there are several 
 gradations according to price. 
 
 Cotton-Wool is medicated with Carbolic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Boric Acid, 
 Eucalyptol, Thymol, Iron salts, Mercuric Chloride, Double Cyanide, Sal 
 Alembroth, Iodine, Iodoform, and other substances. 
 
 Official Preparation. — ^Used in the preparation of Pyroxylin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Austr., Dutch, Ger., Jap., Russ., Swed. 
 and Swiss (Gossypium Depuratum), Hung. (Lana Gossipii depurata), 
 Ital. (Cotone Assorbente), Max. (Algodon and Algodon hydrofilo). 
 Port. (Algodoeiro), Span. (Algodon), U.S. (Gossypium Purificatum), 
 Fr. (Coton Hydrophile), not washed, Belg. (Coton hydrophile). Not 
 in the others. Medicated Cottons have been inserted in Dutch and Mex. 
 
 Mouth and Nose Protector. — For use in poisonous and injurious trades. 
 Squire and Sons exhibited this respirator at the International Health Exhibi- 
 tion (1884) and obtained for it a bronze medal. It consists of layers of 
 washed and sterilised Cotton-Wool placed between layers of Perforated Zinc 
 and Perforated Cardboard, formed into a pliable respirator which covers the 
 rnouth and riose, 
 
670 GE,A [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Gamgee Tissue or Absorbent Gauze and Cotton-Wool Tissue, 
 which consists of layers of absorbent Cotton-Wool enclosed in absorbent 
 Gauze, is a favoiu-ite dressing, and is convenient for applying lotions. 
 
 Tela Depurata. Pitrified Mull (Ger.). — Tliis mull shoiild have a breadth 
 of 100 centimetres, and each square metre should weigh at least 30 grammes, 
 and each square centimetre should contain at least 24 threads, when not 
 otherwise ordered. 
 
 Also in Hung. (Tela Depurata) and Ital. (Garza Idrofila). 
 
 GRAMINIS CITRATI OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF. LEMON GRASS. 
 [new.] 
 
 The volatile Oil obtained from Cymhopogon Citratus, Stapf., and 
 Cymbopogon flexuosus, Stapf., by distillation. 
 
 A dark yellow or reddisli-yellow mobile oily liquid, possessing a 
 powerful characteristic Verbena-like odour and a sharp pimgent taste. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Carminative. It is mostly used in per- 
 fumery. 
 
 Dose.— I to 3 minims = O'OS to O'lSml. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Lemon Grass has a specific gravity of 0*895 to 
 0-905 ; the B.P. gives 0*880 to 0'905, It has an optical rotation in 
 a 100 mm. tube of —3° to + 3°, and a Refractive Index at 20° C. 
 (68° F.) of about 1 -485. The B.P. gives the optical rotation as -3° 
 to + 3°, but does not refer to the Refractive Index. It should dissolve 
 in from 1 to 3 to 1 to 5 times its volume of Alcohol (70 p.c), but the 
 solubility of the oil may be ali'ected by climatic conditions, and the 
 method of distillation. It is officially required to contain not less than 
 70 p.c. of Aldehydes, as determined by measuring, at 15 '5° C. (60° F.), 
 the unabsorbed oily portion after treating 10 ml. of the oil with 70 ml. 
 of an aqueous 20 p.c. w/v Sodium Sulphite Solution, adding sufficient 
 Phenolphthalein Solution to produce a pronounced pink coloration. 
 The mixture is heated on the water-bath and well shaken, the Sodium 
 Hydroxide which is liberated being neutralised by the addition of a 
 mixture of 1 part of Acetic Acid diluted with 2 i:)arts of Distilled 
 Water. The heating and neutralisation are continued until no fm'ther 
 pink coloration is developed, which usually occurs within fi'om ^ to 
 f of an hour. The volume of the unabsorbed oil measured at 15 -5° C. 
 (60° F.) should not amount to more than 3 ml. No diminution in 
 volume of the oily layer should occur when equal volumes of the oil 
 and Distilled Water are shaken together, and the separated aqueous 
 portion should yield no characteristic reaction for Iodoform when 
 mixed with Potassium Hydroxide Solution and a slight excess of 
 Iodine Solution, indicating the absence of Acetone which has been 
 known to be used as an adulterant of the oil. The Aldehyde content 
 and the solubility are diminished by the presence of fixed oils, and 
 also by Citronella Oil. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GBA 671 
 
 Not Official. 
 GRANATI CORTEX. 
 
 pomegranate bark. 
 
 Vr., Ecorce de Grenadier ; Ger., Granatrinde ; Ital., Melogranato ; 
 Span., Corteza de Granado. 
 
 The dried Bark of the Stem and Root of Punica Granatum, L. 
 
 Pomegranate Bark is now deleted from the B.P. and Pelletierme Tannate 
 introduced in its place. See Pelletierinae Tannas. 
 
 The percentage of aikaloids varies between 0-5 to 0'7 p.c, and may even 
 be as high as I'Op.c. The percentage of ash varies between 5"0 and 
 13-Op.c., and should not exceed 15'0p.c. 
 
 U.S. P. does not require the Bark to yield any defuiite percentage of 
 alkaloids. The P.G. requires it to yield 0-4 p.c. of alkaloids when 
 determined by the process given below. The Fr. Codex (1908) requires the 
 dried bark to yield not less than 0" 25 p.c. of alkaloids. 
 
 The Pomegranate-root alkaloids are Pelletierine (Punicine), Isopelletierine 
 (Isopvmicine), Methylpelletierine (Methylp\micine) and Pseudopelletierine 
 (Psuedopunicine, Granatonine). The first two constitute the Pelletierine 
 of medicine, the last two are inactive. Pelletierine is a volatile liquid, but 
 forms stable salts. 
 
 Medicinal Pi'operties. — Astringent and anthelmintic. It is considered 
 effective in lulling tapeworm ; the dose should be preceded and followed 
 by a purgative. Pelletierine Sulphate and Tamiate are used for the same 
 purpose. 
 
 Incompatibles. — AlkaUs, Lime Water, metallic salts. Gelatin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeia.s. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, 
 Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Port., (Romeira), Mex., Russ., Span., Swiss and 
 U.S. Not in Norw. or Swed. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The commercial article consists chiefly of the stem 
 bark, which can be distinguished by the presence of lichens and of a dark 
 green phelloderm layer from that of the root, which has conchoidal depressions 
 and is more or less cui'ved or twisted, that of the stem being straight. The 
 colour is yellowish-grey externally and brownish -yellow on the inner surface. 
 The fracture is short and of a pale yellow, and presents under a lens a tesse- 
 lated or latticed appearance, from the presence of numerous fine radial Hnes 
 crossed by fine tangential lines. It is 2 to 4 in. (J to 1 dcm.) in length, and 
 J to 1 in. (12 to 25 mm.) in width ; and about J^ in. (2 mm.) in thickness. The 
 taste is very astringent, Avith a slight bitterness, but it has no distinctive odoiu*. 
 As the root bark may contain six times as much alkaloid as the stem bark, 
 the drug is more valuable in proportion to the amoimt of root bark it contains. 
 
 When examined under the microscope the powdered bark should contain 
 no other ingredients except round, single starch grains with a diameter of 
 (►• 002-0' 008 mm., rarely compoiuid starch grains, characteristic cork cells, 
 selerenchymatous cells, cells containing single or clustered crystals of Calcium 
 Oxalate, parenchymatous cells and sieve tribes. — P.G. and Jap. 
 
 Tests. — Pomegranate Bark yields a yellowish-colom-ed solution when 
 allowed to macerate in Distilled Water slightly acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid. If 1 gramme of the Bark be allowed to macerate diiring 1 hour with 
 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, shalcing occasionally, it yields on filtration a 
 light yellow filtrate, which, upon the addition of a drop of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution to 10 c.c, yields a bluish-black precipitate. A further portioi^ 
 of 10 c.c. of this filtrate yields upon the adclition of 40 to 50 c.c. of Lime 
 Water an orange-brown flocculent precipitate. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recoinmend that the ash should 
 not exceed 16 p.c, and that Granatum should not be kept longer than one 
 year. 
 
672 GRA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The Cort. Granati of the P.G. is reqioired to contain at least O'ip.c. of 
 the alkaloids of Pomegranate Bark, calculated to the mean moleciilar weight 
 of 148. The following method is given for their determination : — A weighed 
 quantity of 120 grammes of Ether is poured upon 12 grammes of finely- 
 powdered Pomegranate Bark contained in a test-glass, and after vigorous 
 shaking 10 c.c. of a mixture of 1 part of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. 
 w/w) and 1 part of Distilled Water are added, and the mixture allowed to 
 stand during 3 hoiu's with frequent vigorous shaking. After the liquid has 
 completely cleared, a weighed quantity of 80 grammes of the ethereal solution 
 ( = 8 grammes of Pomegranate Root Bark) is filtered through a dry well- 
 covered filter into a flask, and about half of the Ether distilled off at as low 
 a temperature as possible. The cooled residue is introduced into a separator 
 (1), the flask washed three times using each time 5 c.c. of Ether, then once with 
 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid ( 1 + 99), and these fluids are poured into the 
 separator and the mixture then shaken vigorously during 2 minutes. After 
 complete clarification the Hydrochloric Acid Solution is drawn off into 
 another separator (2), and the extraction repeated twice in a similar manner, 
 using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), which, as before, 
 are used for the further washing out of the flask. 
 
 The united Hydrochloric Acid extracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 sufficient Sodium Carbonate Solution is added to produce an alkaline reaction, 
 and the mixture is then vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete 
 separation the chloroformic extract is run into a separator (3) and the extrac- 
 tion thrice repeated in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform. To the luiited chloroformic extractions 40 c.c. of Hundredth- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution are added and sufficient 
 Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether mixture to float upon the Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and the whole is vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete 
 separation, the acid liquid is filtered through a small filter, previously 
 moistened with Distilled Water, into a stoppered flask of white glass, having 
 a capacity of about 200 c.c, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is shaken three 
 times, using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and shaking during 2 minutes, 
 these extractions are filtered through the same filter, the filter washed with 
 Distilled Water, and the united fluids diluted with Distilled Water to about 
 100 c.c. After the addition of sufficient Ether to form a layer the height of 
 about 1 centimetre, and of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Hundredth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added, shaking vigorously after 
 each addition, until the lower aqueous layer assumes a pale red colour. At 
 the most 18 c.c. of Hundredth -Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution should be necessary to produce this result, so that at least 22 c.c. 
 of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have been 
 used for the neutraMsation of the contained alkaloids, which represents a 
 minimiim content of 0*4 p.c. of Pomegranate Root alkaloids; 1 c.c. of 
 Hundredth-Normal Volmuetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-00148 
 gramme of Pomegranate Root alkaloids, lodeosin being used as an 
 indicator. 
 
 The number of c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution required to neutralise the alkaloids is multiplied first by 0* 00148 and 
 then by 100 and the product divided by 8, which gives the percentage of 
 Pomegranate Root alkaloids present in the Bark. 
 
 The Fr. Codex (1908) process is a volumetric one, the result of the titration 
 being calculated from a factor based on the mean molecular weights of 
 Pelletierine and Methyl-pelletierine. The process is carried out on the bark 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.), which is required to yield not less than 0-25 p.c. 
 of alkaloids. 
 
 The process is as follows : — A representative sample of about 25 grammes 
 of the root is reduced to powder without leaving a residue, and the powder 
 is passed through a No. 37 sieve. The percentage of moistiwe is determined 
 on • 5 gramme of this powder by drying in the water-oven atl00° C. (212° F. ). 
 A weighed quantity of the powder corresponding to 15 grammes of the 
 product dried at 100° C. (212° F.) is triturated in a mortar with 5 grammes 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liqxiids by Measure.] GRA (373 
 
 of Calcined Magnesia, and 10 c.c. of Distilled AVater. The moist, and homo- 
 geneous imxtm'e is introduced into a flask of a capacity of 500 c.c. ; the flask 
 is corked and allowed to remain at rest during 2 hours. 150 c.c. of Chloro- 
 form are then added, and the flask and its contents weighed. It is attached 
 to a reflux condenser and heated on the water -bath until the Chloroform 
 boils ; the ebullition being maintained during an hour, then allowed to 
 cool. The original weight is restored by the addition of a necessary amovmt 
 of Chloroform. The whole is well mixed, and transferred to a plaited filter, 
 and the liquid filtered into a graduated flask. A measured quantity of 100 c.c. 
 of the chloroformic solution (corresponding to 10 grammes of powdered root) 
 is collected, the filter being covered during filtration by a glass plate. The 
 chloroformic solution is distilled in a flask of 125 c.c. capacity, until 
 80 c.c. of liquid have been collected. The residue from the distillation is 
 introduced into a glass-stoppered separator, the flask washed with 40 c.c. of 
 Ether, employed in two separate quantities, and the ethereal liqviids are 
 mixed and added to the chloroformic solution. 10 c.c. of Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution are added to the mixture, and 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water ; it is .shaken vigorously, and then allowed to separate. 
 The aqueous acid liquid is drawn of¥ into a wide -necked stoppered flask, 
 of 250 c.c. capacity. The Chloroform-Ether sohition is shaken twice with 
 30 c.c. of Distilled Water, these washings are added to the flask, a sufficient 
 quantity of Ether to form a layer of the height of about 1 centimetre, and 
 5 drops of an alcoholic lodeosin Solution are added, and then Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassimn Hydroxide Solution is run in from a graduated burette, 
 vintil after vigorous agitation the lower layer which was at first colourless 
 has assumed a pale rose coloration. The nuniber of cubic centimetres of 
 Tenth-Normal Vohimetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise 
 the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is deducted 
 from 10, the difference is multiphed by 0* 1475, yielding the percentage of 
 Pomegranate Root alkaloids present in the root ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution corresponds to 0-01475 gramme of 
 alkaloids. 
 
 DECOCTUM GRANATI CORTICIS. Decoction of Pomegranate 
 Bark. 
 
 Boil 4 oz. of Pomegranate Bark with 24 fl. oz. of Distilled Water for ten 
 minutes, strain and wash the residue with Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 
 20 fl. oz.— S.P. 1898. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 2fl. oz. = 14-2 to 56 -8 c.c. 
 
 An excellent remedy for tapeworm is as follows : — 
 
 Bruised Root-bark of Pomegranate, 2 oz. ; Boiling Water, 24 fl. oz. ; 
 macerate for 24 hours, and then boil till reduced to 18 fl. oz. A third part 
 early in the morning, a third part again in half an hovir, and the remainder 
 in another half-hour. A dose of Castor Oil should have been taken the pre- 
 vious morning, and solid food abstained from on that day. This rarely fails 
 to bring away the entire worm in two hovu-s, and the head (at the thinnest 
 end) should he diligently sought for. This formula was given in Squire's 
 Companion 1873. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 1 and 6, boil to 4 ; Fr. 
 (Apozeme), 1 and 12J, boil to 9 ; Ital., 1 in 50 ; Port., 1 and 7^, boil to 5 ; 
 Span., 1 in 10. Not In the others. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GRANATI. — Exhaust Pomegranate Root-bark with 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), distil off the Alcohol and evaporate to the consistence of an 
 Extract. 
 
 10 of Root-bark yield 3J of Extract. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ital., Port, and 
 Russ. 
 
674 GRI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM GRANATI (t^S.). — Prepared by percolating 
 100 grammes of Pomegranate in No. 30 powder -with a mixture of Glycerin 
 10 c.c. and Alcohol (49p.c.), q.s. to make 100 c.c. of Fluidextract. 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims (about 2 c.c). 
 
 Extraetum Ciranati Fluidum (ffe/.) is standardised to contain 0- 2 p. c. 
 of alkaloid. 
 
 GRINDELIA. 
 
 GRINDELIA. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Leaves and Flowering Tops of Grindelia camporum, 
 Greene. 
 
 Has appeared in Squire's Comjjnnion since 1880 and is now included in 
 B.P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic, expectorant, slightly 
 diuretic. Has been recommended in asthma, hay fever, bronchitis, 
 whooping-cough, laryngismus stridulus, and cystitis. 
 
 In laryngitis, laryngismus and stridulous laryngitis, and often in asthma, 
 its antispasmodic effect is prompt and decided. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 1008. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Extraetum Grindelia? Liquidum. 
 
 Not Official. — Extraetum Grindelise. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Liquid Extract, wJiether made by U.S. P. or 
 B.P., has a peculiar, hitler, persistent taste, tvhich requires a good deal of 
 covering. The addition of Spirit of Chlorofonn, Syrup of Orange and 
 Glycerin is useful for this purpose. The so-called Alkaline Fluid Extract of 
 Grindelia,'' introduced into the Ind. and Col. Add. as Extraetum Grindelice 
 Liquidium, mixes more readily with Water, and makes a better -looking and more 
 palatable draught. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Russ. and U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried Leaves of Grindelia camporum, 
 Greene, are now official. This is the new name for the plant formerly 
 known as Grindelia rohusta, Nuttall. The leaves of Grindelia camporum, 
 Greene, are officially described as three to five centimetres long, oblong 
 or spatulate, sessile or amplexicaul, pale green, rigid, brittle, smooth 
 or glabrous ; surface minutely dotted, margin coarsely serrate. Flower- 
 heads yellow, hard, resinous, with several rows of lanceolate acuminate 
 recurved bracts. Fruits bi-am'iculate or unidentate at the summit, 
 with pappus consisting of two thick stifE bristles. There is some 
 difficulty in distinguishing the two species, since both have reflexed 
 phyllaries, but as a rule the upper leaves of G. squarrosa taper 
 towards the base, whilst those of G. camporum are broader towards 
 the base and are somewhat shorter in proportion. The specific 
 distinction depends on the nature of the achenes, which in G. squarrosa 
 are 4-angled and without distinct auricular appendages, whilst those 
 of G. camporum are biauriculate. The species of the genus are very 
 variable, and it has been shown by Perredes {Ph. Jour. (4) 23, p. 433) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GUA G7o 
 
 that the plant recognised in commerce as G. rohusta, Nuttall, is really 
 the G. camporum of Greene. It is this species that is now almost 
 exclusively imported. When Grindelia was first introduced into this 
 country it consisted of G. squarrosa. In both species the reflexed 
 bracts of the involucre and the leaves are more or less covered with 
 glossy patches of exuded resin. The taste is pungently aromatic and 
 bitter, and the odour is balsamic. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GRINDELIA LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract op 
 Grindelia. (New.) 
 
 1 in 1 by percolation with Alcohol (90 p.c.) and subsequent treat- 
 ment with Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 10 of Grindelia in No. 40 powder is extracted by percolation with 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; the Alcohol distilled ; the residue dissolved in a 
 solution of 1 of Sodium Bicarbonate in 5 of Distilled Water. When 
 effervescence has subsided the solution is made up with Distilled 
 Water to 7 -5 and Alcohol (90 p.c.) added to yield 10. (1 in 1.) 
 
 To prevent fermentation in hot climates the proportion of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) may be increased, but must not exceed 25 p.c. by weight. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 20 minims = 0-6 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 U.S., Fluidextract (1 in 1 w/v) by percolation with a mixtm-e of 
 Alcohol (9.5 p.c), 3, Water 1; Fr., Fluid Extract (1 in 1 w/w) with 
 Alcohol (75 p.c). 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Grindelia has a specific gravity of about 
 1 '034, it contains about 24 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 32 p.c. 
 v/v of Aljsolute Alcohol. 
 
 ISTot Oflacial. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GRINDELI/E.— An Alcohol (90 p.c.) percolate, distilled 
 and evaporated to an Extract. 100 of Grmdelia yield 15 of Extract. 
 
 Dose. — 3 grains = 0-2 gramme, three times a day. 
 
 GUAIACI LIGNUM, 
 
 GUAIACUM WOOD. 
 
 Fr., Guajacum ; Ger., Guajakiiolz ; Ital., Guajaco ; 
 Span., Leno de Guayaco. 
 
 The Heart-wood of Guaiacum officinale, L., or of Guaiacum s(mctum,lj. 
 
 It yields about 26 p.c. of Resin, consisting of Guaiacic, Guaiaconic 
 and Guaiacinic Acids. It also contains two Saponins, a neutral Guaiac- 
 saponin and Guaiacsaponic Acid. 
 
 Imported from St. Domingo and Jamaica. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See ' Guaiaci Resina.' 
 
 Not Official. — Species Lignosum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Hung, and Swed. Ital. has also a decoction and an extract. 
 
 7. 9 
 
676 GUA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The official Guaiacum Wood consists of 
 tlie dark-coloured heart-wood only, but in commerce it is usually met 
 with in the form of turnings, containing more or less of the yellowish 
 sapwood, and sometimes of boxwood, or other woods used in turning. 
 The turnings often require sifting to free them from powder. As 
 Guaiacum Wood is heavier than Water and sinks in it, such admix- 
 tures can generally be separated by this means. The Wood is 
 distinguished from other similar heavy dark greenish-brown wood by 
 the medullary rays being one-cell broad, and four, or sometimes three 
 to six cells high (P.G.) ; by the usually solitary vessels with small 
 pits, the numerous sphserapliides of Calcium Oxalate, and the thick- 
 walled parenchyma with narrow lumen. It has a slightly acrid taste, 
 and when heated a faintly aromatic odour. Although the use of the 
 wood of G. sanctum is also permitted by the B.P., no distinctive 
 characters are given for it. 
 
 Tests. — Guaiacum Wood, when digested with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and filtered, yields a filtrate which gives, on the addition of diluted 
 Ferric Chloride Test- Solution, a blue coloration. The ash varies from 
 1 to 2 p.c. No limit is given in the B.P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPECIES LIGNOSUM (Ger.). — Guaiacviin Wood, 5 ; Onion, 3 ; Liquorice, 
 1 ; Sassafras, 1. 
 
 GUAIACI RESINA. 
 
 GUAIACUM RESIN. 
 
 Fk., Rksine de Gaiac; Ger., Guajakharz ; Ital., Resina de Guajaco ; 
 Span., Resina de Guayaco. 
 
 The Resin obtained from the Stem of Guaiacum officinale, L., or of 
 Guaiacum sanctum, L. 
 
 On dry distillation it yields Guaiacol similar to that found in 
 Creosote. 
 
 Solubility. — About 90 p.c. is soluble in Absolute Alcohol, Ether, 
 Chloroform, Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, and alkaline solutions ; 
 almost insoluble in Petroleum Spirit. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, and alterative. 
 Employed in chronic forms of rheumatism and gout, especially 
 in old people ; in acute tonsillitis, in dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, and 
 syphilitic affections. 
 
 Generally prescribed in combination with other medicines. 
 
 It is innocuous and might be taken for an indefinite period of time, and 
 looked upon as a condiment rather than as a drug ; against gouty attacks it 
 is a very powerful prophylactic, and does not appear to lose this power Ijy 
 long-continued use. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GUA 677 
 
 In sub-acute or chronic gout, in addition to Colchicum, 5 to 10 grains of 
 the Resin may very usefully be given in cachets two or three times daily. 
 The cachets are far preferable to the tincture in a mixture, as the latter is 
 nauseous and the precipitated Resin tends to cling obstinately to the tongue 
 and fauces.— (A. P. Luff) Pr. '07, i. 166. 
 
 No drug more useful in the preventive treatment of gout. — (Luff), Pr. '09, 
 ii. 32. 
 
 Cures some cases of dysmenorrhoea ; 10 grains of Resin three times a day 
 (B.M.J. '09, i. 939) ; to be commenced a week before menstruation is expected 
 and continued until the time at which the pain usually occurs is past. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Tragacanth is better for the powder of Guaiacum Resin 
 in Mixtures ; Mucilage of Acacia is best for the Ammoniated Tincture : — 
 Mucilage of Acacia, \fi. oz. ; Ammoniated Tincture, Q fl. drm. ; Water, to 
 iSfi. oz. It may also be given loith Milk, or with Malt Extract. The Powder 
 may be given in cachets. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Mineral Acids, Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 
 
 OflB.cial Preparations. — Mistura Guaiaci, Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata, 
 Trochiscus Guaiaci Resinae ; used in the preparation of Pilula Hydrargyri 
 Subchloridi Composita. 
 
 Wot Oflfieial. — Confectio Guaiaci Composita, Pulvis Guaiaci Composita, 
 Tinctura Guaiaci and Trochiscus Guaiaci (Throat). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Fr., Ital., Jap., Mex. 
 (Resina de Guayacan), Port., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Kesin occurs in commerce in irregular 
 masses, or in nearly globular tears varying in size from |^ to 1 inch 
 or more in diameter. The splinters of the resin should be transparent, 
 and of a yellowish-green or reddish-brown tint. The tear is the 
 purest form, the Guaiacum in mass varying considerably in purity, 
 the jjurest being obtained by heating the logs over a fire, and the 
 inferior by boiling the chips in a solution of salt ; some specimens of 
 Guaiacum Resin in mass contain much woody matter and other 
 impurities. 
 
 Tests. — Guaiacum Resin emits a balsamic odour when warmed, 
 and possesses a slightly acrid taste. A solution of the Resin in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) yields on the addition of diluted Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution a blue coloration, and if the mixture be shaken with Chloro- 
 form the blue colour passes into the chloroformic layer. Paper 
 moistened with the alcoholic solution becomes blue when exposed to 
 the fumes of Nitric Acid. The percentage of matter insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) should not amount to more than 10 p.c. The impurities 
 insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) of good block Resin vary from 2*9 to 
 10 p.c. The Acid Value of crude lump Guaiacum varies from 90 to 95, 
 the Alcohol-purified Resin from 90 to 100, the natural tears from 70 to 
 75. The U.S. P. gives the limits as not less than 70 nor more than 
 80. The B.P. has adopted a limit of matter insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) of not more than 10 p.c, and a limit of ash of not more than 
 4 p.c. The U.S. P. limit of matter insoluble in Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) is 
 15 p.c. and the ash not more thfin 4 p.c The ash of good commercial 
 
678 GUA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 samples of tlie Eesin varies from 1 to 4 p.c., and should average 
 about 3 p.c. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Colophony Resin, 
 the similar but yellowish-brown Peruvian Guaiacum, excess of woody 
 fibre and excess of mineral impurities. 
 
 No green colour should be produced when the colourless filtrate 
 obtained by macerating 1 gramme of the powdered resin during 
 5 minutes with 5 ml. of Petroleum Spirit and filtering, is shaken with an 
 equal volume of Diluted Copper Acetate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Colophony. The B.P. has adopted the U.S. P. test for this substance. 
 A blue, but no red coloration is obtained when Guaiacum Resin is 
 dissolved in Chloroform, and Bromine Solution added, indicating the 
 absence of Peruvian Guaiacum. No test for this impurity is given in 
 the B.P. Guaiacum Resin should be soluble in Alcoliol (90 p.c.) leaving 
 not more than 10 p.c. of insoluble nuitter, indicating the absence of 
 excess of woody matter. As above mentioned it should leave not more 
 than 4 p.c. of ash, indicating the absence of excess of mineral residue. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 MISTURA GUAIACI. Guaiacum Mixture. (Modified.) 
 
 Guaiacum Resin, h oz. ; Refined Sugar, | oz. ; Tragacanth, in 
 powder, 43|- grains ; mix these together intimately, then add graduall}^ 
 Cinnamon Water q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. (1 in 40.) 
 
 The quantity of Tragacanth is increased. As stated in previous editions 
 of Squire'' s Companion, not only does Tragacanth give a more diffusi))le mixture 
 but the colour does not change so rapidly, nor to the same extent as it does 
 when Acacia is used. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA GUAIACI AMMONIATA. Ammoniated Tincture 
 OF Guaiacum. 
 
 Add 4 oz. of Guaiacum Resin in powder to 11 fl. oz. of Strong 
 Solution of Ammonia, mixed with 14 fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c). After 
 48 hours, with occasional agitation, filter and add 30 minims of Oil of 
 Nutmeg and 20 minims of Oil of Lemon. Wash the filter with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) to make 20 fl. oz. of total product. (1 in 5.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 200, 75, 700, 3, 2, to make 1000. 
 
 Dose.— ?T to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., 1 in 5 of Aromatic Spirit of 
 Ammonia; Swed., Guaiacum Resin 3, Liquid Ammonia (10 p.c.) 5, and 
 Spirit 10; Port., Guaiacum Resin 3, Liquid Ammonia (sp. gr. 0-916) 3, 
 Spirit 14 ; by weight. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ammoniated Tincture of Guaiacum has a specific gravity 
 of 0"895 to 0'900; contains about 15 p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 70 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 10 c.c. of the Ammoniated 
 Tincture requires about 10 "6 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution for neutralisation, Methyl Orange Solution being 
 employed as an indicator. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GrITA 679 
 
 TROCHISCUS GUAIACI RESINiE. Guaiacum Resin Lozenge. 
 Contains 0*2 gramme = 3 grains of CTuaiaemn Resiu in each, with 
 Fruit Basis. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CONFECTIO GUAIACI COMPOSITA {Syn. ' Chelsea Pensioner ').— 
 Gviaiacum, in powder, 1 ; Pvhubarb, 2 ; Bitartrate of Potassium, 8 ; Sulphur, 
 1() ; one Nutmeg ; Honey, 9G or q.s. — Pharm. Form. 
 
 Guaiacum Resin, in powder, i oz. ; Mustard, 1 oz. ; Potassium Nitrate, 
 in powder, ^ oz. ; Hhvibarb Root, in powder, ^ oz. ; Sublimed Sulphur, 1 oz. ; 
 Treacle, to 16 oz. Dose. — 1 clnn. — London. 
 
 PULVIS GUAIACI COMPOSITUS ('Chelsea Pensioner ')(<§;■. Ocorge's).— 
 Powdered Guaiacum Resin, Precipitated Sulphur, Heavy Magnesium Car- 
 bonate, Gum Acacia, Potassium Bicarbonate, of each equal parts. Dose. — 
 20 to 40 grains. 
 
 TINCTURA GUAIACI.— Guaiacum Resin, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 5. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims =^ 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and U.S. (Resin), 1 in 5 ; 
 Jap., Port, and Swiss (Wood), 1 in 5 ; Fr., 1 in 10 (Resin) ; all by weight 
 except U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Along with Ozonic Ether it is employed as a test for the presence of 
 blood, but it is important for this purpose that the Gum should be un- 
 oxidised, and that the Solution should bo freshly prepared. 
 
 TROCHISCUS GUAIACI (Throat).— 2 grains of Guaiacmn Re.sin in each 
 with Black Currant Paste. 
 
 GUAIACOL. 
 
 GUAIACOL. , 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A colourless, highly refractive liquid obtained by fractional dis- 
 tillation of Beech Tar Creosote. It has a characteristic aromatic 
 odour. It forms the fraction of Beechwood Creosote distilling 
 between 200° and 205° C. (392° and 401° F.). 
 
 Synthetic Guaiacol (C.HsO.,, eq. 124-064) is also Official. It 
 is a crj^stalline substance which melts at about 28° C. (82 '4° ¥.), but 
 frequently remains liquid much below this temperature. It is said 
 to yield more uniform results than the ordinary medicinal liquid 
 Guaiacol, which is not so definite in composition. Soluble 1 in 50 
 of Water. 
 
 Guaiacol has been described in Squire's Com.panion since 1890. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Gaiacol of the Fr. Codex is in colourless rhomboid prisms, having an 
 aromatic odour, which points to synthetic Guaiacol being intended as the 
 Official variety. Guaiacol of the U.S. P. is a colourless, crystalline solid 
 melting at 28- 5° C. (83- 3° F.), or a colovu-less refractive liquid, boiling at 
 20.5° C. (401^ F.). 
 
 Solubility, — About 1 in 80 of Water; mixes in all proportions with 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), Ether, Glycerin, and the fixed Oils (Almond and 
 Olive). 
 
08O GUA [Solids by Weiglit; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic ; uaed iu yhne of Creosote 
 in the internal treatment of phthisis, in which it is better tolerated. 
 Also given in Olive Oil as an intralaryngeal injection. Has also been 
 used in erysipelas, neuralgia, painful rheumatic joint afltections, sciatica, 
 orchitis, and pleurisy. Disadvantages from continued use are great 
 exhaustion and profuse diaphoresis. Applied externally is antipyretic 
 and analgesic ; and profuse diaphoresis results in one hour. 
 
 A 10 to 20 p.c. Ointment in gonorrhceal epididymitis. 
 
 If given in sufficient quantity and for at least a year, it arrests rheumatoid 
 arthritis, and markedly relieves the pain ; the Carbonate in cachets is the 
 most convenient form ; 5 to 10 grains thrice daily increased by 1 or 2 grains 
 each week to 15 to 20 grains per dose. (Luff). — Pr. '12, i. 32. 
 
 It is a far more certain diaphoretic than Pilocarpine, and does not produce 
 the after-depression of the latter, while the results are equally good. The 
 following method gives most excellent results in irido-eycUtis, vitreous 
 opacities, interstitial keratitis, sympathetic ophthalmia and optic neuritis. 
 Patient is kept in bed between blankets, with hot bottles, and 1 drm. of a 
 mixture of equal parts of Olive Oil and Guaiacol is smeared, not rubbed, 
 in the axilla or over the epigastrium. More may be used, but 1 drm. is 
 generally sufficient. The part is covered with Oil Silk, and over that is placed 
 a pad of wool. A hot drink is given and profuse general perspiration begins 
 in IJ hom's and lasts 5 hours. In some a hot bath beforehand assists and 
 hastens diaphoresis. Generally 12 applications are made ; then after a few 
 days' interval treatment is recommenced if necessary. This treatment is 
 combined with Mercuric Chloride and Potassium Iodide internally. — B.M.J. 
 '09, ii. 202. 
 
 As it is insoluble in Water, has an objectionable taste, and is irritant to the 
 stomach, it is advisable to employ one of its Salts, of which the three best 
 known are the Carbonate, Cinnamate (Styracol), and the Potassium Sulphonate 
 (Thiocol) ; the Cinnamate is best because the greatest percentage of Guaiacol 
 is hberated, and Thiocol has the feeblest action, being excreted unchanged. — 
 Pr. '13, i. 112. 
 
 In phthisis, writer finds marked improvement by giving 5 minims 3 times 
 daily, and increasing the dose by 2 minims each week to a maximum of 12 
 to 15 minims thrice daily. — B.M.J. '14, i. 84. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 minims = 0-06 to 0' 3 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is generally given {mixed with Almond Oil) in 
 capsules, but it has also been given in Mixtures with Glycerin and Water, 
 and flavoured with either Compound Tincture of Lavender, Oil of Cinnamon, 
 or Compound Tincture of Gentian. But it can be treated in the same way 
 as Creosote both as regards Mixtures and Pills. As a pigment, equal parts 
 of Guaiacol and Olive Oil ; as an ointment, 1 to 4 of Lanolin Ointment ; 
 as a spray, 10 minims of Guaiacol in 1 oz. of Liquid Paraffin, ivith or without 
 60 grains of Menthol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr. (Gaiacol), Ital., 
 Jap., Russ., Span., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. — Vasolimentvun Guaiacoli, Guaiacol Benzoate, Guaiacol 
 Camphorate, Guaiacol Cinnamate, Guaiacol Phosphate, Guaiacol Valerianate, 
 Guaiaeetin, Guaiacyl, Guaiaform, Thiocol. 
 
 Tests — Guaiacol has a specific gravity of 1*116 to 1*120, but the 
 figures given in the B.P. are 1*16 to 1-20; the U.S. P. gives from 
 1 • 110 to 1 • 114 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the proposed changes in the U.S.P. 
 IX. recommend that these figures be changed to 'from 1*120 to 
 1 • 140.' It boils between 200° and 205° C. (392° to 401° F.), and distils 
 entirely between these temperatures. Fr. Codex gives the specific 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GUA 681 
 
 gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) as 1 • 143, and the boiling point 205° C. (401° F.). 
 It is optically inactive. A drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution added 
 to 25 ml. of a 1 in 100 solution in Alcohol (90 p.c.) produces a blue 
 colour changing to emerald-green and ultimately to yellow. 1 ml. 
 dissolves in twice its volume of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. 
 w/w) on heating, without material change in colour, and when cooled 
 the mixture sets to a nearly white mass, which forms a clear solution 
 with 25 ml. of Distilled Water. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are oily hydrocarbons, 
 Creosote and Phenol. As a general test for impurities, the sample 
 may be shaken with twice its volume of Petroleum Ether; the mixtiu-e 
 should separate into two clear layers, any turbidity or failure to 
 separate may be taken as an indication of the presence of impurities. 
 In the same way a coloured solution or failure to set to a solid mass 
 when examined by the Sodium Hydroxide Solution test described 
 above, also indicates the presence of impurities. The failure of the 
 solid mass to produce a clear solution with 25 times its volume of 
 Distilled Water indicates the presence of oily hydrocarbons. Creosote 
 may be detected by the reddish colour produced when the specimen 
 is treated with 10 times its volume of Sulphuric Acid. Guaiacol 
 develops a pure yellowish colour. It should leave no residue on 
 volatilisation. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the residue 
 left on volatilisation should amount to not more than " 1 p.c. ; the 
 B.P. does not include a limit of residue left on volatilisation. 
 
 Synthetic Guaiacol melts at about 28° C. (82-4° F.), and when 
 melted should answer the tests and be free from the impurities men- 
 tioned under Guaiacol. Fr. Codex gives the melting point as 32° C. 
 (89-6° F.). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ' VASOLIMENTUM GUAIACOLI (ffag-er).— Guaiacol, 20 ; Liquid Vasoli- 
 ment, 80. 
 
 GUAIACOL BENZOATE. Benzosol. C-H^OC^HjO^, eq. 228-096.— A 
 white crystalline powder, having an aromatic taste and odour. It contains 
 theoretically 54 -39 p.c. of Guaiacol. Almost insoluble in Water. A non- 
 irritating form of Guaiacol, recommended in phthisis and in diabetes. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme ; usually given in cachets 
 or tablets. 
 
 Tests. — Guaiacol Benzoate melts at about 56° C. (132-8° F.) and when 
 prepared from synthetic Guaiacol at 59° C. (138 • 2° F.). It is decomposed by 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution (Half-Normal) and may be volu- 
 metrically determined by means of this solution. A weighed quantity of 
 1 gramme is dissolved in 25 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mixed with 25 c.c. of 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Alcohohc Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and 
 saponified under a reflux condenser. The excess of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution is titrated with Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, and the amount absorbed is calculated 
 into Guaiacol Benzoate ; 1 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide Solution is equivalent to 0-11405 gramme of the pure salt. 
 A solution in Alcohol (90 p.c.) should yield no appreciable coloration with 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. The Benzoic Acid obtained from Guaiacol 
 
682 GUA [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Benzoate should possess the melting point, and respond to the characteristic 
 tests and tests for impurities given under Acidum Benzoicum. It leaves no 
 weighable residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 GUAIACOL CAMPHORATE (Guacamphol). — Coloiu-less needles, or a 
 white or nearly white powder, having an aromatic odour. Insoluljle in 
 Water; soluble in cold, readily soluble in hot Alcohol (OOp.c), and in 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Used with success in the night sweats of phthisis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0-32 gramme. 
 
 GUAIACOL CINNAMATE. Styracol. C.H^O-C^H^O,, eq. 254-112.— 
 Coloiu'less, crystalline needles, almost insoluble in Water ; soluljle in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and in Chloroform. It contains theoi'etically 48-8 p.c. of Guaiacol. 
 Recommended in phthisis, and also in cystitis and gonorrhoea. 
 
 It is tasteless, and does not split up into its constituents until it has passed 
 through the pylorus. Very useful where intestinal tubercle is suspected, or 
 where there is troublesome diaiThoea. Most serviceable in large cavities, 
 with offensive sputum and fetid breath. Appears to be more beneficial than 
 Guaiacol. Employed in form of powder or tablets, the latter to be bitten 
 into minute particles lest they pass through the intestine unchanged.- — F.T. 
 '07, 90. 
 
 L, Dose, — 6 grains = ' 32 gramme 3 times daily. 
 
 Tests. — Guaiacol Cimiamate melts at 130° C. (266° F.). It should yield 
 no weighable residue when heated with free access of air. 
 
 GUAIACOL PHOSPHATE. — A white crystalline powder, insoluble in 
 Water ; soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Chloroform. 
 
 Dose. — H to 3 grains = 0-1 to 0-2 gramme three or fovu' times daily. 
 
 There is also a crystalhne Guaiacol Phosphite, dose, 5 to 10 grains — 
 • 32 to • 35 gramme. 
 
 GUAIACOL VALERIANATE (Geosote). — A yellowish, oily hquid, almost 
 insoluble in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 3 minims = 0-12 to 0"18 ml. or more. 
 
 Tests. — Guaiacol Valerianate has a specific gravity of about 1-037. It 
 boils at 245° to 265° C. (473° to 509° F.). It should leave no weighable 
 residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 GUAIACETIN (Sodium Pyrocatechin-monoacetate). — A white crystalline 
 powder, having a faint odovxr and taste of Guaiacol. Soluble in Water ; 
 insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains — 0-25 to 0-5 gramme three or four times daily. 
 
 GUAIACYL (Calcium Ortho-guaiacol-sulphonate). — A greyish or greyish- 
 mauve powder. Readily soluble in Water and in Alcohol (OOp.c). A 5 to 
 10 p.c. Solution is useful as a local ansesthetic. 
 
 Dose. — 0-5 to 1-5 ml. of a 5 p.c. Solution; 1ml. of a 10 p.c. Solution. 
 
 GUAIAFORM (Geoform). — A yellow or brownish-yellow, tasteless powder, 
 insoluble in Water, sohible in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Ether. Stated to be 
 non-irritating, and of use in phthisis and typhoid. The Tannic Acid com- 
 pound is known as ' Tannoguaiafoi'm.' 
 
 THIOCOL (Potassium-Guaiacol-Sulphonate). — White, glistening crystals. 
 Readily soluble in Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 i^.c). Recommended in 
 phthisis ; stated not to irritate. 
 
 In phthisis it has all the good properties of Creosote, but without its evil 
 ones ; best results with 5 grains thrice daily ; tabella; or mixture ; it has no 
 incompatibles ; slight rash and diarrhoea may occur. — Pr. '11, ii. 705. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0-05 to 1'3 gramme three times a day. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GUA 683 
 
 The somewhat bitter taste of Thiocol may be cUsguised by Syrup of Orange. 
 A Syrup containing 5 grammes of Thiocol in each 100 grammes is known 
 under the name of ' Sirolin.' 
 
 Hung, has Kahxim Sulfoguaiacolicum and a Syrup. 
 
 Aphthisin is stated to be a mixture of Potassium-Guaiacol-Sulphonate and 
 Ammonium Sulphichthyolate. 
 
 Among the various other compounds containing Guaiacol which have 
 received attention in medical literature are : Eugufbrm (Acetyl-methylene- 
 diguaiacol), a greenish-white powder, insoluble in Water, antiseptic and 
 anaesthetic, recommended as a dusting powder ; also a 50 p.c. Solution in 
 Acetone ; Guaiacol Cacodylate, a dangerously unstable salt, recommended 
 svibcutaneously in ^ to | grain doses in tuberculosis ; Guaikinol (Quinine- 
 di-bromo-guaiacolate), yellow crystals, readily soluble in Water, recommended 
 for external use in erysipelas ; Quaiaquin (Quinine Guaiacol-bisulphonate), 
 a yellow powder, readily soluble in Water, introduced as a substitute for 
 Guaiacol ; Guaiamar (Glycerol-ester of Guaiacol), a white, non-hygroscopic 
 crystalline powder, used as an antiseptic (dose, 5 to 10 grains) ; Guaiasanol 
 (Diethylglycocoll-Guaiacol), a white crystalline powder, readily soluble in 
 Water, used as an antiseptic ; Guaiacol Salol (Guaiacol Salicylate), a white 
 crystalline powder, insohible in Water, sohible in Alcohol (90 p.c), recom- 
 mended in phthisis. 
 
 GUAIACOL CARBONAS. 
 
 GUAIACOL CARBONATE. 
 
 (C;HjO),,CO„ eq. 274-112. 
 
 [nkw.] 
 
 A white crystalline, odourless powder, practically tasteless. It lias 
 been described in earlier editions of Squire's Cowpanion, and is now 
 Official in the B.P. It is described as the Carbonic Ester of Guaiacol, 
 obtained by the action of Carbonyl Chloride on Sodium Guaiacolate ; 
 the U.S. P. describes it as a Guaiacol derivative obtained by the action 
 of Carbonyl Chloride upon Sodium Guaiacolate. It contains theoreti- 
 cally 90 "5 p.c. of Gvmiacol. 
 
 Solubility,— Insoluble in Water ; 1 in 200 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 
 soluble with difficulty in Ether, soluble 1 in 1*2 of Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A non-irritating form of Guaiacol in 
 phthisis, and in rheumatoid arthritis. 
 
 The most convenient form of administering Guaiacol is the Carbonate in 
 cachets. In rheumatoid arthritis, at first from 5 to 10 grains should bo 
 given three times a day, and the dose should be increased by 1 to 2 grains 
 each week until "from 15 to 20 grains are being taken in each dose. It is 
 essential that this treatment should be continued for at least twelve months. 
 The beneficial effects of the Guaiacol are very much increased by administering 
 at the same time a mixtvrre containing Potassium Iodide ; the depressing 
 effect of the Iodide should be counteracted by its combination with tonics. — ■ 
 (A. P. Luff) B.M.J. '07, ii. 1143. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0'32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
684 Q-IJA [Solids bjr Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Guaiacol Carbonate melts at about 84" C. (183"2'' F.) ; 
 the B.P. gives 85^^ to 88° C. (185° to 190-4° F.) ; the U.S.F. states that 
 it fuses between 84° and 87° C. (183-2° and 188-6° F.) ; the proposed 
 changes in the V.S.P. IX. suggest from 83° to 87° C. (181-4° to 
 188-6° F.) ; the P.G. gives 86° to 88° C. (186-8° to 190-4° F.). It is 
 insoluble in Water, but dissolves in Alcohol (90 p.c.) yielding a colourless 
 solution which should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 When heated with Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution it is decomposed, yielding Guaiacol, and an 
 evolution of Carbon Dioxide gas occurs when the liquid is acidified. 
 The B.P. uses Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium H3"droxide for 
 this test. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free Guaiacol, readily 
 charred organic impurities, and mineral residue. No bluish-green 
 colour should be produced when a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution are added to a saturated alcoholic solution, indicating the 
 absence of free Guaiacol. No more than a faint yellow colour should 
 be produced on dissolving 1 decigramme of Guaiacol Carbonate in 2 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily charred organic 
 impurities. If 0-5 gramme of Guaiacol Carbonate be heated for a 
 few minutes with 10 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution and the mixture cooled, a crystalline precipitate is 
 formed, which effervesces with acid ; if the Alcohol be evaporated 
 from the filtered liquid, the residue supersaturated with Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, and extracted with Ether, the separated Ether layer, 
 upon spontaneous evaporation of the Ether, should leave a residue 
 which affords the tests characteristic of Guaiacol, and should be free 
 from the impurities mentioned under that heading. It should leave 
 not more than 0*1 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 GUARANA. 
 
 The Seeds of Paullinia Cupana, H. B. and K., di'ied in the sun, and then 
 roasted and reduced to a fine powder ; this is moistened with a little Water, 
 exposed to the night dew, and when it has become a hard paste is rolled into 
 cylinders ; these are further dried in the sun or in the chimneys of the huts. 
 It is exported from Brazil. 
 
 True Guarana is very hard, heavy, and, when powdered, is reddish-grey, 
 whilst the sophisticated is much lighter in colour ; it contains about 4 p.c. 
 of an alkaloid Guaranine (dose, 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme), 
 generally considered to be identical with Caffeine. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall yield not less than 3* 5 p.c. of its alkaloidal 
 principles. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nervine tonic. It is used chiefly for sick head- 
 ache, but is also useful in diarrhoea, dysentery, and as a tonic and stomachic 
 in convalescence. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0*65 to 4 grammes infused in boiling Water and 
 sweetened, and repeated if necessary in two hours. 
 
(Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] GITA 685 
 
 Foreign Pliarniacopooias. — Olficial in Austr., Himg., Mex., Port., Span., 
 Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Guarana is required by the U.S. P. to yield a definite percentage 
 of alkaloidal principles. The following is an outline of the U.S. P. method of 
 determination : — A weighed quantity of 6 grammes of Guarana in No. 60 
 powder is shaken in an Erlenmeyer flask, at intervals, for half an hour, 
 with 120 c.c. of Chloroform and 6 c.c. of Ammonia Solution. The mixture 
 is allowed to stand for four hoiu-s, and is then filtered, a measured quantity 
 of 100 c.c. of the filtrate ( = 5 grammes Guarana) is collected, and the Chloro- 
 form distilled oi¥ in a water-bath. The residue is dissolved in a mixture of 
 2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution and 20 c.c. of warm 
 Distilled Water. The cooled liquid is filtered into a separator, the flask and 
 filter are washed with several small portions of Distilled Water, the washings 
 transferred to the separator, 2 c.c. of Ammonia Solution added, and the 
 alkaloids extracted by shaking the solution with 20 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 the extraction being repeated with two separate portions each of 10 c.c. of 
 Chloroform. The chloroformic solution is separated in each instance, 
 mixed, the Chloroform distilled off, 2 c.c. of Ether are added to the dry 
 residue, the Ether carefully evaporated on a water-bath, and the residue 
 dried at this temperature till constant in weight. The weight of residue 
 multiplied by 20 gives the percentage of alkaloidal principles. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ELIXIR GUARAN/E. — Guarana, in No. 60 powder, 4 oz. ; Light Magnesia, 
 i oz. ; Oil of Cinnamon, 6 minims; Syrup, 2 fl. oz. ; Alcohol (60 p. c), q.s. 
 to produce 20 fl. oz. — B.P.C. Formulary 1901. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 120 minims = 1-8 to 9- 1 ml. 
 
 Fluidextract of Guarana, 1 ; Aromatic Ehxir, 1 ; Compound Elixir of 
 Taraxacum, 2.— U.S.N. F. 
 
 Average Dose. — 4 c.c. (about 67 minims). 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM GUARAN/E (?7.<S.).— Guarana, in No. 60 powder, 
 100 grammes, percolated with Alcohol (49 p.c), and treated in the usual 
 manner to make 100 c.c. of Fluidextract. 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims (about 2 c.c). 
 
 It is required to contain 3- 5 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids from Guarana. 
 
 Tests. — The U.S. P. method of determining the alkaloids in this Fluid 
 Extract may be briefly outUned as follows : — A measured quantity of 5 c.c. 
 of the Fluid Extract is well shaken in a separator with 15 c.c. of Chloroform 
 and 1 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, the shaking being repeated with two separate 
 portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The chloroformic liqtiids are separated, 
 mixed, and evaporated to dryness. The residue is dissolved in a mixture 
 of 2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution and 20 c.c. of warm 
 Distilled Water. The cooled solution is filtered into a separator, the vessel 
 and filter washed with Distilled Water, and the alkaloids are extracted from 
 the mixed solution and washings by shaking for one minute with 20 c.c. of 
 Chloroform and 2 c.c. of Ammonia Water. The extraction is repeated with 
 two separate portions each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The chloroformic hquid 
 is separated in each instance, mixed, the Chloroform removed by evaporation, 
 the dry residue mixed with 2 c.c. of Ether, and this in turn carefully 
 removed by evaporation. The residue is dried till constant in weight at 
 the water -bath temperature, and weighed when cool. This weight, multipUed 
 by 20, yields the percentage w/v of alkaloids in the Fluid Extract. 
 
 TINCTURA GUARAN/E. — Guarana, in fine powder, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 
 q.s. to produce 4. 
 
 Dose. — .30 to 120 minims = 1-8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
686 GUM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 GUMMI INDICUM. 
 
 INDIAN GUM. ; 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Ghatti Gum. 
 [new.] 
 
 A gummy exudation from the stem of Anogeissus laiifolia, Wall. 
 
 It was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern 
 Colonies, and may be there used in making the official preparations 
 for which Gum Acacia is directed to be used, one part of the former 
 being taken for every two parts ordered of the latter. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Mucilago Gummi Indici. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — It occurs in vermicular or rounded nodules, 
 .'ilmost white if of good quality, translucent when fractured, but tough 
 rather than brittle, and often with small fragments of bark attached, a 
 characteristic feature which is not recognised in the Pharmacopoeia. 
 It is required, nevertheless, to yield not more than 4 p.c. of ash. The 
 mucilage differs from that of Gum Acacia in being proportionally twice 
 as viscid and in having a more pronounced taste. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 MUCILAGO GUMMI INDICI. Mucilage of Indian Gum. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 Indian Gum, 1 ; Distilled Water, 3. The Gum should be rapidly 
 rinsed in a little Water, before dissolving it to form the Mucilage, which 
 should alwa5^s be recently prepared. It may be used as a substitute 
 for Mucilage of Gum Acacia, in India. 
 
 GUMMI RUBRUM. See Kino Eucalypti. 
 
 Not Official. 
 GUTTA PERCHA. 
 
 Tough, somewhat flexible pieces, of a light brown or chocolate colour, 
 which become hard and brittle on keeping, but can be softened again in 
 warm Water. 
 
 The concrete Juice of Dichopsis Gutta, and of several other trees of the 
 natural order Sapotacese. 
 
 It was Official in the B.P. '85, and was replaced in the B.P. '98 by 
 Caoutchouc, which is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility. — Ahnost entirely soluble in Chloroform, yielding a more or less 
 turbid Solution. Entirely soluble in Oil of Tvu-pentine, Carbon Bisulphide, 
 and Benzol. Insoluble in Water, Alcohol, alkaline solutions, or dilute acids. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used for making splints ; as Gutta Percha 
 tissue for keeping surgical dressings moist ; as a Solution for mixing with 
 medicaments for clironic skin diseases, and applying like Collodion. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuic] H^ 687 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — -Official in Belg., Fr., Ger., Jap. (also 
 Gutta Percha Depurata), Port., Span., Swed. (also Gutta Percha 
 Laminata), and Swiss, which has also Percha Lamellata. 
 
 LIQUOR GUTTA PERCHA. TRAUMATICINE.— A sohition of 1 of 
 Purified Gutta Percha (Gutta Percha tissue) in 10 (by weight) of Chloroform. 
 It produces a thin delicate film when painted on the slcin, and causes neither 
 tension nor pain. It is used for medicated applications. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Mex., Span, and Swiss, Gutta Percha 1, Chloroform 9 (by weight) ; all have 
 Traumaticine either as a title or as a synonym. Jap. (Liquor Gutta- 
 percliEe) 1 and 10, with Lead Carbonate. 
 
 UNNA'S PLASTER MULLS consist of a very thin sheet of Gutta Percha 
 coated on one side with an adhesive substance (Aluminium Oleinicum) 
 containing one or more medicinal substances, and backed on the other side 
 with Mull (undressed muslin). 
 
 H^MATOXYLI LIGNUM. 
 
 LOGWOOD. 
 
 Fr., Bois de Cajvipeche; Ger., Blattholz ; Ital., Cajipeggio ; 
 Span., Palo de Campeche. 
 
 The Heart-wood of the trunk of HcBmatoxylon Campechianum, L. 
 
 Imported from Campeachy in Central America, from Honduras and 
 Jamaica, that from Campeachy being the most valuable. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent, without irritating properties, 
 useful in diarrhoea of phthisis and clu'onic diarrhoea and dysentery, 
 and in passive haemorrhages; in infantile diarrhoea; it does not 
 tend to cause subsequent constipation. Also as an injection for 
 leucorrha?.a. It colours the urine and fseces dark red. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Mineral Acids, metallic salts. Lime Water, Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Decoctum Haematoxyli. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractuin Haematoxyli, Extractum Hscmatoxyli Liqui- 
 duin, Haematoxylin, and Htematein. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Mex. (Palo da Campeche), 
 Port. (Campeche), U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Logwood consists of the heart-wood of the 
 trunk of Hccmatoxijkm Campechianion, a leguminous tree indigenous 
 in Central America. There are several varieties of the tree, four being 
 recognised in Honduras and three in Jamaica, the wood of which 
 varies in tinctorial power. The kinds imported fi'om Campeachy and 
 8an Domingo are considered the best. The heart-wood of the tree 
 only is used, the bark and sapwood being removed. It is imported in 
 logs about 3 feet long, externally often dark purplish-red, and reddish 
 or orange-brown internally. In retail commerce it is sold in chips or, 
 more rarely, in coarse powder, and for dyeing purposes is usually 
 fermented from four to six weeks by moistening it and exposing 
 it to the air. During this process the Hsematoxylin, wliich in the 
 pure state is colourless, becomes oxidised in the presence of atmo- 
 
688 H^ [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 splieric Ammonia to Heematein, tlie presence of which is recognised 
 by the bronzy-green iridescence observable on the surface of the 
 chips. The unfermented wood is official for use in medicine, and is 
 described as being purplish-red externally, and internally reddish- 
 brown. In transverse section alternating yellowish-brown and dark 
 brown wav}'- tangential lines, with medullary rays 4 cells wide {U.S. P.). 
 When chewed it colours the saliva pink. It should have a slight, 
 agreeable odour and a sweetish, astringent taste. The odour recalls 
 that of violets, and is perceptible in the decoction. The wood contains 
 about 9 to 12 p.c. of Hsematoxylin. An extract of Logwood is prepared 
 for technical purposes wliich resembles Kino in appearance, but is easily 
 distinguished by its sweet taste. The only wood with which it is likely 
 to be confounded is Brazil wood, which gives a red, not blue, colour with 
 alkalis, and gives Picric Acid when boiled with Nitric Acid, whilst 
 Logwood gives only Oxalic Acid. 
 See also P.J. (4) vi. 284. 
 
 Tests. — Logwood when ignited with free access of air should not 
 leave more than 2 p.c. of ash. A yellow colour is imparted by Logwood 
 to Distilled Water acidified with a diluted mineral acid ; Distilled 
 Water which has been made slightly alkaline with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution develops a reddish- violet colour with Logwood. The B.P, 
 does not include a limit of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 DECOCTUM HiEMATOXYLL Decoction of Logwood. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Boil 1 oz. of Logwood, in cliips, with 24 fl. oz. of Distilled Water 
 for 10 minutes, adding 87^ grains of bruised Cinnamon Bark towards 
 the end of the process ; strain, and wash with Distilled Water to make 
 20 fl. oz. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Iron vessels should not be used. The Cinnamon has been increased. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM H/EMATOXYLI (f7.6'.).— Logwood, rasped, 1 ; Distilled 
 Water, 10 ; macerate for 48 hours, then boil (avoiding the use of metallic 
 vessels) until one half of the water has evaporated ; strain the decoction, 
 while hot, and evaporate it to dryness. 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 grains (about 1 gramme). 
 
 EXTRACTUM H/EMATOXYLI LIQUIDUM.— Boil 20 of Unfermented 
 Logwood, in No. 16 powder, with 40 of Distilled Water for half an hour, 
 and strain ; repeat the process with 40 more of Water, and again for the 
 third time, and having mixed the strained liquors, evaporate over a water - 
 bath (or preferably in vacuo) to the measure of 17 and add 3 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; allow it to settle for a week, then draw off the clear liquor from 
 the sediment. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 120 minims = 1-8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 H/EMATOXYLIN. Ci„HnO„, eq. 302- 112.— Bright yellow prismatic or 
 granular crystals, sometimes brownish externally. It possesses a sweet taste 
 somewhat resembling Liquorice. The prismatic crystals contain 3 molecules 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] HJE 689 
 
 of Water of crystallisation, the granular crystals 1 molecule. Sparingly 
 soluble in cold Water, readily in Alcohol and Ether. It is also soluble in 
 solutions of the fixed and volatile alkalis with the production of solutions 
 which rapidly acquire a purple colour. It has the characters of a weak 
 acid, and unites with basic ions to form compounds, which are colourless 
 when perfectly pure, but soon pass into strongly coloured products owing 
 to the great avidity with which they absorb atmospheric Oxygen and 
 Ammonia. Used as a nuclear stain for histological and pathological sections. 
 Hematoxylin is employed as an indicator in the U.S. P. and P.G.,but is 
 not included in the B.P. The formula given in the Appendix II. of the P.G. 
 shows 3H„0 ; it is described in the Appendix to the U.S. P. as a crystalline 
 substance derived from Hiematoxyl on (U.S. P.). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. and Jap. 
 
 Tests. — Haematoxylin loses part of its Water of crystallisation at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), but the remainder only at a higher temperature. It fuses upon 
 further heating, about 110° to 120° C. (230° to 248° F.), and at a still higher 
 temperature decomposes, leaving a bulky carbonaceous residue. Its solution 
 yields with neutral or basic Lead Acetate Solution a bluish-white precipitate, 
 rapidly darkening when exposed to the air ; with Stannous Chloride Solution a 
 permanent rose-coloured precipitate is produced ; Solution of Alum yields a 
 bright red colour, but no immediate precipitate, and Aluminium Acetate 
 Solution yields a fine pvirple. Hematoxylin readily reduces Chromic Acid 
 and Potassium Bichromate, and its solution reduces both Potassio-Cupric 
 Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution and Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 H/EMATEIN. Ci^Hi.Og, eq. 300-096.— A brownish-red powder sparingly 
 soluble in cold Water ; produced by the atmospheric oxidation of an ammo- 
 niacal solution of Haematoxylin, the Ammoniiun salt of Hsematin being 
 decomposed by Acetic Acid. The Ammonium salt forms a deep violet crystal- 
 line powder exhibiting a metallic lustre. It is soluble in Water, the Solution 
 readily reducing Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 HAEMOGLOBIN. 
 
 The substance to which in one or other of its modifications the blood owes 
 its colour, and the chief solid constituent of the red blood corpuscles. Has 
 been given with considerable success in the treatment of anaemia. It readily 
 combines with free Oxygen to form Oxy haemoglobin or haemato-crystallin. 
 It has been prepared in the form of crystals, but its preparation in this form 
 is attended with some difficulty on account of its ready solubility in Water. 
 A colloidal form is also known as colloidal Hsemoglobin. 
 
 It occm"s in commerce as an Extract, in Scales, and as a dry powder, 
 Sangu.is Bovinus Exsiocatus, defibrinated and desiccated ox blood. 
 
 The Extract can be given in Capsules or in Solution ; the dry powder in 
 cachets. It is also included in many preparations in combination with Iron 
 salts and the Glycero-phosphates. 
 
 H>EMATOGEN. — An aromatic fluid preparation, stated to contain pure 
 Haemoglobin, the salts of the blood, the albuminous constituents of the servun, 
 and Glycerin. 
 
 Under the name of Sicco a solid preparation of Haematogen has been intro- 
 duced. It is a brownish -black powder, soluble in Water. 
 
 Liquor Haemoglobin Co. (Vinsip). — A fluid preparation, stated to contain 
 haemoglobin, and the albuminous constituents of the blood. 
 
 Hsemol. — A dark brown powder, slightly soluble in Water, produced by 
 the action of reducing svibstances, e.g.. Zinc dust, on the colovu'ing matter of 
 the blood. Dose. — 3 to 8 gr^jiis == 0-2 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
690 HAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Under the name of Ferrohaemol, Cuprohaemol and Zincoheemol, com- 
 pounds containing respectively Iron, Copper and Zinc with Hsemol have been 
 introduced ; Bromohsemol has been used in the treatment of epilepsy. 
 
 Haemogallol. — A dark brown or reddish-brown, amorphous powder, 
 slightly soluble in Water. Produced by the action of Pyrogallol on Ha;nao- 
 globin. Dose.— 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 HAMAMELIS. 
 
 HAMAMELIS. 
 
 Botli the dried Bark, and the fresh and dried Leaves of Hamamelis 
 Virginiana, L., are Official. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A local astringent and haemostatic. Used 
 in epistaxis, hsematemesis, bleeding piles, and other conditions in which 
 Tannin is used. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — For local application, 1 of the Tincture is diluted with 
 10 or 20 of Water or the Liquor -with 1 or 2 of Water. The ointment is used for 
 jnles, as is also a suppository. 
 
 When equal volumes of Tincture of Hamamelis and Tincture of Hydrastis 
 are mixed, a precipitation will occur unless each Tincture be mixed with an 
 equal volume of Glycerin. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of the Bark, Tinctura Hamamelidis ; of the 
 Dried. Leaves, Extractmn Hamamelidis Liquid lun ; of the Fresh Leaves, 
 Liquor Hamamelidis ; of the Liquid Extract, Unguentum Hamamelidis. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractum Hamamelidis, Gossypium Hamamelidis, 
 Suppositoriiun Hamamelidis, Hamamehn, and Witch Hazel Snow. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Hamamelis leaves are official in the B.P., 
 both fresh and dried, but in the U.S. P. only the dried leaves, collected 
 in autumn. The dried leaves are more or less broken in commerce, 
 but the fresh leaves are broadly oval, 3 to 6 inches (7 to 15 cm. long) 
 (10 cm., U.S. P.), shortly stalked, cordate and unequal at the base, and 
 sinuate at the margin, pinnately veined, paler below, with prominent 
 veins furnished with stellate hairs, and an astringent taste, with slight 
 bitterness. It has been found that the leaves contain more tannin 
 in the autumn, and that the cells of the hairs have tliicker walls, a 
 dark line often marking the lining of the cell in the autumn, the Avails 
 becoming yellow, and the granular and oily contents disappearing. 
 The odour of the distillate of the leaves is quite characteristic and is 
 apparently the result of decomposition of the volatile oil, and is not 
 perceptible in the dried leaves. 
 
 HAMAMELIDIS CORTEX. Hamamelis Bark. B.P.Sifn.—\Vncii 
 Hazel Bark. 
 
 The dried Bark of Hamamelis Virginiana. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. , Span, and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Hamamelis Bark occurs in commerce in 
 thin quilled pieces of pale brownish-biiff or fawn colour, the outer 
 surface or cork being thin, of a greyish tint, cracking and forming 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HAM 601 
 
 scales, and easily exfoliating, so tliut the inner bark, wliicli is Ciuna- 
 mon-coloured or reddisli-brown, often occurs free from it in commerce. 
 The inner surface is pale reddish-pink and finely striated longitudinally. 
 The transverse fracture is short externally, but laminated internally 
 with weak fibres. The taste is faintly astringent and somewhat mucil- 
 aginous. Its activity is apparently due chiefly to a volatile oil, as it 
 only contains 8 to 10 p.c. of Tannin and a small quantity of bitter 
 principle. Hamamelis Bark is 1"5 mm. (about yV ^^•) thick, B.P. 
 (1 to 2 mm. U.S. P.); 5 to 20 cm. (2 to 8 in.) long. The transverse 
 section exhibits a complete ring of sclerenchymatous cells near the 
 outer surface and numerous tangentially elongated bundles of bast 
 fibres. Willow Bark bears some resemblance to Hamamelis Bark. 
 It has a dull greyish-brown cork, is usually striated or wrinkled on 
 the oiiter surface and does not exhibit a line of sclerenchymatous 
 cells, and the bast fibres are much tougher than those in Hamamelis 
 Bark ; the taste also is more astringent. 
 
 Tests. — Hamamelis Bark yields about 5 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA HAMAMELIDIS. Tincture of Hamamelis. 
 2 of Hamamelis Bark, in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (45 p.c.) to yield 20. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Fr., 1 in 5 from Leaves prepared 
 with Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; Mex., 1 in 5, and Span., Bark 1 and Leaves, 1 in 20. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Hamamelis has a specific gravity of 0*950 
 to 0*955; contains about 2*0 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 45 '0 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 BTot Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM HAMAMELIDIS.— Hamamelis Bark in powder, perco- 
 lated with Alcohol (GOi).c.) and the percolate evaporated to the consistence 
 of an extract. 
 
 Yield of Extract, 20 to 25 p.c. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 grains = 0-032 to 0-13 gramme in pill. 
 
 1|- grains = 0-1 gramme, in suppositories; 1 drm. in 7 drm. of Soft 
 Paraffin or other diluent, for an ointment. 
 
 Fr. has an Extract from the leaves with Alcohol (60 p.c). Official in Mex. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM HAMAMELIDIS. —Tincture of Hamamelis, J fl. oz. ; 
 Cdycerin, 10 minims ; Cotton-Wool, in a thin sheet, 60 grains. Mix the 
 Tincture and Glycerin, and saturate the wool evenly with the mixture. Dry 
 by expositre to the air. Astringent and sedative. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIUM HAMAMELIDIS (Sawaj-*^/!).— Extract of Hamamelis, 
 IJ- grain; Oil of Theobroma, 15 grains. 
 
 H AM AM ELI N. — ^A powdered extractive prepared frona either the Leaves 
 or the Bark of Hamamelis Virginiana. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = O'OGS to 0-32 gramme. 
 
692 Ham [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Two forino of Hainameliri are known in roninierce, the green powder (noil- 
 liygroscopic) prepared from the Leaves, and a chocolate brown hygroscopic 
 amorphous powder prepared from the Bark. 
 
 Hamamelin prepared from the Leaves with strong Alcohol was far more 
 efficacious in suppositories than the resinoid from the Bark. — CD. '98, i. 86 
 P.J. '01, ii. 231. 
 
 HAMAMELIDIS FOLIA. Hamamelis Leaves. B.P.Syn.—'^iTCK 
 Hazel Leaves. 
 
 The Leaves, fresh and dried, of Hamamelis Virginiana. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Ital., Jap., 
 Mex., Norw., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Hamamelis Leaves yield from 5 to 8 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM HAMAMELIDIS LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract 
 OF Hamamelis. 
 
 20 of Hamamelis Leaves, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (45 p.c.) until exhausted, the first 17 reserved and the remainder 
 evaporated to an Extract, which is dissolved in the first portion, and 
 made up with Alcohol (45 p.c.) to 20. (1 in 1.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., to yield not less than 
 23 p.c. residue ; Belg., to yield 23 p.c. residue ; Fr., Ital., Jap., Norw., Span., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S., all 1 in 1. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Hamamelis has a specific gravity of 
 1*025 to 1*050 ; contains about 20 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 32 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 LIQUOR HAMAMELIDIS. Solution of Hamamelis. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 Fresh Hamamelis Leaves, 100 ; Distilled Water, 200 ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 16 ; macerate for 24 hours, then distil 100, 
 
 The quantity of Alcohol has been reduced from 20 to 16. 
 Official in U.S. (Aqua Hamamelidis). 
 
 It probably owes its virtues to the presence of a small quantity of essential 
 Oil. 
 
 Pond's Extract and Hazeline are products distilled from Hamamelis. 
 
 Tests. — Hamamelis Liquor has a specific gravity of about 0*980 ; 
 it contains about 18 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HAMAMELIDIS. Hamamelis Ointment. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Liquid Extract of Hamamelis, 1 ; Wool Fat, 6 ; Soft Parafl&n, 3 ; 
 
 mix in a warm mortar. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Wool Fat and Soft Paraffin are now used in place of Hydrous Wool Fat. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HiSL 693 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 WITCH HAZEL SNOW.— Melt 2 oz. of Stearic Acid and add it to a hot 
 Solution of Glycerin 2 fi. drm., Sodium Carbonate 180 grains, in Water 
 10 fl. oz. After heating the mixture for one hour on a water-bath, make up 
 the volume with Water to 10 fl. oz. and add Liquor Hamamelidis 10 fl. oz. 
 Transfer to a hot mortar and agitate very thoroughly with an egg -whisk. 
 Continue agitation till quite thick. Let stand 12 hours, stir well and bottle. 
 —P.J. '06, i. 337. 
 
 Not Official. 
 HELLEBORUS. 
 
 CHRISTMAS ROSE. 
 
 The Rhizome and Rootlets of Helleborus Niger, L. 
 
 It contains the glucosides Helleborein and Helleborin. — J.C.S. Abs. '98, 
 i. 39. 
 
 (It may be noted that ' White Hellebore ' is Veratruni Album, and ' Green 
 Hellebore ' is Veratrum Viride.) 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A hydragogue cathartic and emmenagogue. 
 Poisonous in large doses, producing gastro-intestinal inflammation. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Port. 
 
 TINCTURA HELLEBORI.— Hellebore Root, 1 ; percolated with Alcohol 
 (OOp.c.) to yield 8. (1 in 8.) 
 
 Dose.— 20 to 60 minims = 1- 2 to 3- 6 ml. in Water. 
 
 Official in Port. 1 in 5. 
 
 Not Official. 
 HEMIDESMI RADIX. 
 
 HEMIDESMXJS ROOT. 
 
 The dried Root of Hemidesmus Indicus, R. Brown. 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but now omitted. 
 Used chiefly as a flavouring agent. 
 
 SYRUPUS HEMIDESMI.— Infuse 4 of Hemidesmus Root in 20 of boiling 
 Distilled Water for 4 hours ; strain, and after standing, decant the clear 
 fluid, in which dissolve 28 of Refined Sugar with a gentle heat. It should 
 weigh 42. (about 1 in 8. ) 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. ^ 1-8 to 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Hemidesmus Root occurs in pieces about 6 inches 
 (15 cm.) or more in length and i to J inch (3 to 12 mm.) in thickness ; rarely 
 exceeding \ inch (6 mm.) in diameter. It is cylindrical, slightly tortuous, 
 and longitudinally furrowed, and has transverse fissvires, and is of a reddish 
 or dark brown colour, often with a violet-grey hue. On one side the cork 
 is frequently separated and raised above the cortex. The roots are furnished 
 with a few slender rootlets, and at the upper end with slender woody stems 
 ^ inch (7-5 mm.) or less thick, bearing opposite leaf scars. The root has a 
 characteristic odour resembling that of Coumarin. Laticiferous vessels are 
 found in the cortex, the wood is yellowish and porous, showing radiate 
 medullary rays only in the smaller pieces, in the larger pieces the rays are 
 visible only in the longitudinal or tangential section. 
 
 Tests.— Hemidesmus Root yields from 3 to 4 p.c. of ash. 
 
601 HEX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 HEXAMINA. 
 
 HEXAMINE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Hexamethylenetetramine. 
 C„Hi„W,. eq. 140- 13G. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Colourless and odourless lustrous crystals, or as a white crystalline 
 powder, possessing an alkaline reaction. 
 
 It is a condensation product, obtained by the action of Ammonia gas on 
 Formic Aldeiiyde. It should be preserved in well -stoppered bottles. 
 
 It should contain not less than 98 p.c. of Hexamethylenetetramine. 
 
 In fonner editions of Squire's Companion it appeared under Formic Alde- 
 hyde. 
 
 Was introduced into medicine under the trade name Urotropin. 
 
 Commercial varieties of this substance are known under the names of 
 Aminoform, Cystamine, Formin, and Urotropine. 
 
 It has been implied, if not actually stated, that all these products are 
 exactly the same and practically interchangeable. This is n6t borne ovit by 
 clinical experience, for the different preparations do not always produce the 
 same results in the same patient. This is what might be expected from a 
 body of which the stereographic formula presents so many different possi- 
 ))ilities. 
 
 Solubility.— Soluble 5 in G of Water, 1 in 8 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 sparingly in- Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Superior to any other urinary antiseptic ; 
 given in cystitis, bacteriuria, and phosphaturia. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme, dissolved in Water or 
 in aerated Water. 
 
 Marvellous effects in doses of 10 grains thrice daily in typhoid bacilluria 
 and cystitis, for which conditions it appears to be an almost specific remedy. 
 
 Of value as a prophylactic against the nephritis of scarlatina. 
 
 There is no evidence that Formaldehyde is liberated from it anywhere 
 except in acid urine, and there is equally little groimd for believing that 
 Urotropin is of benefit in injections of the gall-bladder, pancreas, or central 
 nervous system. — Cushney. 
 
 Is only effective as a urinary antiseptic if the urine be acid, rendered so, 
 if necessary, by Acid Sodium Phosphate. See also under Sodii Phosphas 
 Acidus. — Fr. '11, i. 367. Per contra, it should not be given with drugs, such 
 as Potassium Citrate, in sufficient quantitv to produce an alkaline urine.: — 
 L. '12, i. 1335. 
 
 The use of Urotropin (together with Acid Sodium Phosphate, which should 
 always be given with it) as a prophylactic before any operation or procedure 
 where the urine may become infected is of the utmost value, since if the 
 urine is clear and highly acid, and sufficient Urotropin is given in small 
 doses to keep it continually present, the urine will not support the life of 
 any organism, and becomes indeed a powerfvilly antiseptic fluid. 
 
 It should never be given with Potassium Citrate in B. coli. infections. If 
 it is desired to try the effect of making the tirine alkaline in these conditions 
 use Boric Acid and Uva Ursi infusion. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 654. 
 
 No real evidence of superiority, as urinary antiseptics, in any of the deriva- 
 tives (Hehnitol, Hetraline, Cystopurin, Citramine, etc.), over the original 
 substance. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 651. 
 
 The best of all drugs in phosphaturia. — B.M.J.E. '11, ii. 73. 
 
LSolids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] HEX 695 
 
 Combined with Sodium Benzoate it never fails in pyelitis due to B. coli 
 infection.— iV. F.ikf.i?. '10, i. 907. 
 
 Since 1908 it has been given by mouth or rectum as a routine measure at 
 the Johns Hopldns Hospital in all cases in which meningeal infection is a 
 possible or threatened complication, and its value seems definitely to be 
 established ; these include compoimd fractures of the skull, infections of the 
 ear and nasal sinuses, and acute poliomyehtis ; about 70 grains were given 
 daily ; for the past two years the Massachusetts Board of Health has recom- 
 mended it in an epidemic of poliomyelitis ; numerous cases of recovery 
 without paralysis have been reported and attributed to the treatment.— r 
 L. '12, ii. 123. 
 
 In gvm-shot wounds of the head to prevent or cut short cranial sepsi.?, 
 1 to 2 drachms a day are recommended ; also if a fracture of the skull is even 
 suspected. — B.M.J. '15, ii. .511. 
 
 Rapid improvement of phlebitis, 7i grains twice daily. — B.M.J.E. '13, i. 24. 
 20 to 30 grains a day in the prophylaxis of cerebro -spinal meningitis, 
 along with gargles and nose and throat sprays.^ — B.M.J. '13, ii. 553. 
 
 No reason why it should not be given in some good carbonated water ; 
 in this it is more easily dissolved and patients are unaware of its presence. 
 —B.M.J. '14, i. 1158. 
 
 A useful accessory in the treatment of general paralysis. — B.M.J. '14, 
 i. 956. 
 
 The most valuable remedy known in pellagra, 10 to 15 grains in Water 
 every 4 horn's ; it seems to act better when an alkali, as for instance 30 
 grains of Sodium Bicarbonate, is given with each dose. — M.A. '14, 427. 
 Effective in 10 grain doses in argyrism. — J. A. M.A. '14, i. 1394. 
 Internally in septic inflammations of cornea and conjunctiva. — I.M.G. 
 '15, 219. 
 
 Not Of&cial.- — Helmitol, Hetralin, Hexamethylenetetramine Camphorate, 
 Sodiuin Anhydromethylenecitrate, Uresin, Chinotropine, and Formamin-Ethyl 
 lodidum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Ger., Ital., Jap., Norw., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. \ 
 
 Tests. — Hexamethylenetetramine sublimes at a temperature of 
 263° C. (505*4^ F.), without melting, and partly undergoing decom- 
 position. A carmine-red coloration is developed when 1 decigrannne 
 of Hexamethylenetetramine is mixed with an equal weight of Salicylic 
 Acid and 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid. Hexamethylenetetramine dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which is 
 alkaline in reaction to Litmus paper. The characteristic irritating 
 odour of Formaldehyde is evolved when a solution of the salt is heated 
 with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and if a piece of filter paper, moistened 
 with Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution be held over the mouth of the 
 tube, it is immediately darkened ; if this Sulphuric Acid Solution be 
 cooled, mixed with a slight excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and 
 again boiled, the characteristic odour of Ammonia is evolved, and a 
 piece of moistened red Litmus paper held over the mouth of the tube 
 becomes blue. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution yields a brown crystalline 
 precipitate on the addition of lodo-Potassium Iodide Solution. It is 
 officially required to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Hexamethylene- 
 tetramine, as determined by adding a measured quantity of 35 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to a solution of 1 gramme 
 of Hexamethylenetetramine in Distilled Water, evaporating the solution 
 on a water-bath until the Formaldehyde is completely dissipated, 
 and titrating the excess of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 
696 HEX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not 
 more than 7 ml. should be required, indicating that 28 ml. have been 
 absorbed, Methyl Orange Solution being employed as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; 1 rnl. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 
 0*035034 gramme of pure Hexamethylenetetramine. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Clilorides, Sulphates, Ammonium salts, Paraformaldehyde, and 
 mineral residue. A 1 in 50 aqueous solution should not become 
 coloured or turbid on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Copper, Lead, and Iron. An aqueous 1 in 50 
 solution when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid should yield no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Sulphates. A solution of similar strength when acidified 
 with Nitric Acid should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should neither be coloured nor rendered 
 turbid by the addition of 1 c.c. of Alkaline Potassio-Mercuric Iodide 
 (Nessler's) Solution, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts and 
 Paraformaldehyde. Hexamethylenetetramine should volatilise com- 
 pletely when heated, leaving no weighable ash, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. The B.P. states that it should leave no appreciable 
 ash ; the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that it 
 should be required to leave not more than 0*05 p.c. ; the P.G. that it 
 shall leave not more than 0*1 p.c. of ash. With the exception of the 
 statement regarding the ash, the B.P. does not include tests for any 
 impurities. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HELMITOL (Hexamethylenetetramine Anhydromethylene Citrate). — • 
 Colourless crystals, or as a white crystalline powder, soluble 1 in 5 of Water ; 
 sparingly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c. ) ; insoluble in Ether. Has been recom- 
 mended in bacteriuria, chronic posterior urethritis, cystitis and prostatitis. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 15 grains = 0'65 to 1 gramme, three times daily. 
 
 HETRALIN (Dioxybenzolhexamethylenetetramine). — One of the many 
 derivatives of Hexamethylenetetramine ; it forms snow-white crystals, 
 soluble (according to our experiments, P.J. [4], xx. 784 ; CD. '05, i. 783) 
 1 in 9 of Water; 1 in 17^ of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 180 of Ether, sp. gr. 0-735 ; 
 insoluble in Chloroform. A urinary antiseptic. 
 
 HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE CAMPHORATE.— A white crystal- 
 line powder, soluble in Water, more readily in hot Water and in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Introduced as a urinary antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 SODIUM ANHYDROMETHYLENECITRATE (Citarin). — A white 
 granular, amorphous powder, soluble 1 in 1^ Water ; insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), and in Ether. Given in rheiomatism and gout, and as a solvent for 
 Uric Acid calculi. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 U RESIN (Hexamethylenetetramii 
 ne powder, readily soluble in Wat( 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0*32 gramme. 
 
 URESIN (Hexamethylenetetramine Di-lithium Citrate).- — A white pry.stal- 
 line powder, readily soluble in Water ; has been given in gout. 
 
(Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HIR 697 
 
 Chmotropine (Qiiiiiu(ropiii<>) is ;i wJiito powder, reavlily solulile in Water. 
 It is a combination of Quiiiio Acid and Hexamethylenetetraniine. la said to 
 lessen formation of Uric Acid. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 15 grains = 0-65 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Formamin-Ethyl lodidum. — White, odourless, crystalline scales or 
 needles, consisting of a combination of Hexamethylenetetraniine and Ethyl 
 Iodide. Readily soluble in Water; soluble in Alcohol (90p.c.). Introduced 
 as a urinary antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1-3 grammes. 
 
 HIRUDO. 
 
 THE LEECH. 
 
 Fr., Sangsue ; Ger., Blutegel ; Ital., Sanguisuga ; 
 Span., Sangxjijuela. 
 
 1. Hirudo medicinalis, L., tlie Speckled Leecli ; and 
 
 2. Hirudo quinquestriata, the Five-Striped or Australian Leecli, 
 wliicli was Official in tlie Ind. and Col. Add. for the Australian Colonies. 
 
 Leeches are imported chiefly from Hamburg. They are also collected in 
 large numbers in Spain, France, Italy and Hungary. 
 
 Used for the abstraction of blood from congested parts ; in pleuris)^ 
 appendicitis, pericarditis, and in cardiac distress. 
 
 When about to apply a Leech it should be handled as little as 
 possible, and the part of the body should be clean, and free from 
 grease or soap, and, if a hairy part, it should be first shaved. Several 
 suggestions have been made, in case the Leech should refuse to bite : 
 to smear the part with Milk, Cream, or Sugar ; to apply a sinapism 
 and thoroughly clean the part afterwards ; to scratch the part with 
 a needle. When the Leech is required to bite a particular spot it 
 is useful to cut a small hole in blotting paper, and place it on the part. 
 When applying a Leech to one of the orifices of the body the Leech 
 should be confined in a Leech glass. Should a Leech be swallowed 
 a strong solution of common salt (Sodium Chloride) should be drunk. 
 
 Bleeding from Leech bites is sometimes difficult to stop. The 
 following remedies have been applied with advantage : — Matico, 
 Solution of Ferric Cliloride, Silver Nitrate Point, saturated Solution of 
 Alum, and pressure on the part. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap. (Hirudines), Port. (Sanguesugas), Swed. and Swis-s. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.^There are two species met with in European 
 commerce, viz., the Speckled or German Leech {Hirudo medicinalis, 
 Linn.), and the Green or Hungarian Leech {H. officinalis, Linn.), 
 the former having the ventral surface greenish-yellow, spotted with 
 black, and the latter the ventral surface olive green and not spotted 
 with black. Leeches should weigh 1 to 5 grammes only. In the 
 Australian Colonies, the Five-Striped or Australian Leech, Hirudo 
 
698 HOM [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 quinquestriata, Sclimaixla, may be substituted for the European 
 Leeches. It has a greenish-yellow brown dorsal surface with five 
 longitudinal stripes, and a greenish-yellow ventral surface not spotted. 
 Leeches should be kept in Distilled Water with a piece of charcoal 
 in it and in the shade. After feeding, if placed in Camphor Water 
 they will vomit the blood they have sucked, and can then be placed 
 in clear Distilled Water, and will be ready for use again in about 
 10 days. The Water requires changing about once a week. 
 
 Hirudin. — A Leech extract which hinders the coagulation of the blood. 
 Its injection for eclampsia was of effect in 12 of 14 cases. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 31. 
 
 HOMATROPIN^ HYDROBROMIDUM. 
 
 HOMATROriNE HYDROBROMIDE. 
 CicH„iN03, HBr, eq. 356-106. 
 
 Fr., Bromhydrate D'HoMATRoriNE ; Ger., Homatropinhydrobromid ; 
 Ital., Bromidrato di Omatropina. 
 
 Colourless, small, rhombic prisms, or a white, crystalline, odourless 
 powder. It is the Hydrobromide of Tropine Mandelic Acid Ester, 
 which is a lower homologue of Atropine. 
 
 It possesses a bitter taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 jirotected as far as possil)le from the light. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 6 of Water; 1 in 18of Alcohol (90p.c.); insoluble 
 in Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Mydriatic. Dilates the pupil as rapidly, 
 though not so energetically, as Atropine, but its effects disappear 
 much sooner- — in about a quarter of the time. When used with 
 Cocaine the action is quicker and more powerful. 
 
 When an oily solution is required the alkaloid (not the salt) is 
 dissolved in Castor Oil. 
 
 For hypodermic injection 4 grains of Homatropine Hydrobromide 
 dissolved in I fl. oz. of sterilised Distilled Water, 6 minims = -}^^ grain. 
 1 to 2 drops of a 1 p.c. Solution in mviscular asthenopia. 
 
 Dose.— g-V to ^V gi'^'in = 0-001 to 0*002 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-001 gramme; daily, 0-003 gi'amme. 
 
 OfBcial Preparation. — Lamellae Homatropinse. 
 
 Not Official. — Gvittas Homatropinaj, Guttse Homatropinse cum Cocaina, 
 Lamellae Homatropinas cum Cocaina, Homatropina, Oleum Homatropinae 
 cum Cocaina. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Dutch, Ger., Ital., Jap., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Homatropine Hydrobromide melts, when perfectly pure, 
 at 217" to 218" C. (422-6° to 424-4° F.); as supplied commercially 
 it melts at about 213° to 214° C. (415-4° to 417-2° F.) ; the B.P. does 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HOM G'J9 
 
 not give a melting point; the U.S. P. gives 213-8° C. (417° R), tlie 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this melting 
 point be changed to about 212° C. (413-6° F.); the P.G. gives 
 the melting point as about 214° C. (417-2° F.). It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a colourless solution 
 which should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 
 1 p.c. aqueous solution exerts a pow^erful mydriatic action on 
 the pupil of the eye. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution yields with 
 Iodine Solution, a brown precipitate ; with Mercuric Chloride Test- 
 8 alution, a Avliite precipitate ; with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 a white jii'^'cipitate soluble in excess of the reagent. The aqueous 
 solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a yellowish curdy pre- 
 cipitate, readily soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution, practically 
 insoluble in Ammonia Solution, and insoluble in Nitric Acid. 1 c.c. 
 of a 10 p.c. solution when cautiously mixed Avith Chlorine Water 
 yields a brownish colour to Chloroform when shaken with twice its 
 volume of this liquid. 1 centigramme of the salt mixed with 5 drops 
 of Nitric Acid, and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, leaves 
 a yellowish residue, which, when cool, yields on the addition of a 
 freshly-prepared Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, a reddish- 
 yellow colour. This is the most characteristic test for Homatropinc, 
 and distinguishes it from Atropine, which gives a deep violet colora- 
 tion. Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine behave similarly, but the coloration 
 is less intense and more transient. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are alkaloids other than 
 Homatropinc (Atropine, Hyoscyamine, and Hj^oscine), moisture and 
 mineral matter. If 1 c.c. of a 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of 
 Homatropinc H3'drobromide be rendered alkaline with Ammonia 
 Solution, shaken with Cliloroform, the Chloroform Solution separated, 
 and evaporated to dryness, it should leave a residue which when 
 warmed with 1*5 c.c. of a 1 in 50 solution of Mercuric Chloride in 
 Alcohol (60 p.c.) should produce a yellow colour changing to brick-red. 
 indicating the absence of most other alkaloids except Atropine and 
 Hyoscyamine. The B.P. works in ml. in place of c.c. and offers no 
 explanation of the indications of the test. The U.S. P. employs c.c. 
 in the place of ml. and states that the test indicates the absence of 
 most other alkaloids except Atropine and Hyoscyamine. The 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution should yield no precipitate on the addition of Tannic 
 Acid Solution, and when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid shoidd 
 yield no precipitate with Platinum Chloride Solution, indicating the 
 absence of foreign alkaloids. A reddish-yellow but no violet coloration 
 should be produced, on moistening with Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, the scarcely yellowish coloured residue remaining after the 
 evaporation of a mixture of 1 centigramme of the salt and 5 drops of 
 Nitric Acid indicating the absence of Atropine, Hyoscyamine, or 
 Hyoscine. 
 
 Homatropinc Hydrobromide when dried over Sulphuric Acid 
 should not lose in weight, indicating the absence of moisture. It 
 should leave no weighable residue when ignited, indicating the absence 
 
700 HOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of mineral matter. The P.O. requires tliat it sliall leave at most 
 O'l p.c. of residue. 
 
 Nitric Acid and Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution. — A 
 scarcely yellow-coloured residue is left when O'Ol gramme of Homatropine 
 HydroferorQide is moistened with 5 drops of Nitric Acid, evaporated to dryness 
 on a water-bath ; this residvie, when cooled, and moistened with Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hych-oxide Solution, yields a reddish-yellow colour, not changing 
 to violet, distinction from Atropine, B.P. If 0-01 gramme of the salt be 
 added to 5 drops of Nitric Acid and evaporated to dryness in a porcelain dish, 
 the residue should not acquire a violet colour upon the addition of a few 
 drops of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Test-Solution, absence of Atropine, 
 Hyoscyamine, or Hyoscine, U.S.P. ; 0*01 gramme evaporated with 5 drops 
 of Fuming Nitric Acid in a porcelain dish on a water-bath leaves a faint 
 yellow residue which, after cooling and moistening with Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, assmnes a reddish-yellow, but no violet colour, indicating 
 the absence of Atropine, P.G. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LAMELLvE HOMATROPINiE. Discs op Homatropine. 
 Contain jI-q grain = • 00065 gramme of Homatropine Hydro- 
 bromide. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT/E HOMATROPiN>E (London Ophthalmic and Ouy's). — Homa- 
 tropine Hydrobromide, 4 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 GUTT>E HOMATROPIN/E CUM COCAIN A. — Homatropine Hydro- 
 bromide, 4 grains ; Cocaine Hydrochloride, 10 grains ; Distilled Water, 
 1 fl. oz. — London Ophthalmic. 
 
 Homatropine Hydrobromide, 7 grains ; Cocaine Hydrochloride, 10 grains ; 
 Boric Acid, 5 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. — Westminster Ophthalmic. 
 
 ^ LAMELL/E HOMATROPIN/E CUM COCAINA [London Ophthalmic).— 
 Each disc contains ^ij grain of Homatropine Hydrobromide, and ^q grain of 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 HOMATROPINA. — Colourless crystals, not deliquescent, nearly insoluble 
 in Water, but soluble 1 in 80 of Olive Oil, 1 in 20 of Castor Oil. It combines 
 readily with Oleic Acid. 
 
 Used when an oily preparation or an ointment is required. 
 
 Homatropine Hydrochloride and Salicylate form colourless crystals 
 or white crystalline powders. Both salts are readily soluble in Water and 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 OLEUM HOMATROPIN/E CUM COCAINA {London Ophthalmic).— 
 Homatropine, pure, 10 grains ; Cocaine (alkaloid), 10 grains ; Castor Oil, 
 1 fl. oz. Heat gently till dissolved. 
 
 Not Official. 
 HORDEUM DECORTIGATUM. 
 
 PEARL BARLEY. 
 
 The dried Seed of Hordeum distichum, L., divested of its early integuments ; 
 from plants cultivated in Britain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Orge Perl6), Port. (Cevada 
 Santa), Mex. and Span. (Cebada). Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] HYD 701 
 
 DECOCTUM HORDEI.— Pearl Barley, 1 ; wash the Barley with cold 
 Water and reject the washings ; boil the washed Barley with 15 of Distilled 
 Water for 20 minutes in a covered vessel, and strain. Product about 10. 
 
 (about 1 in 10.) 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nutritive and demulcent, used in catarrhal 
 conditions of the respiratory and lu-inary systems ; as a drink in febrile 
 diseases, and to dilute cow's Milk for feeding children, thus forming a more 
 easily digested curd. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4fl. oz. = 28-4 to 113-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Tisane d'Orge), 1 in 50. 
 Not in the others. Decoctum Hordei Compositmn, 1 in 50 is official in Span. 
 
 DECOCTUM HORDEI TARTARISATUM {St. George's).— Acid Potas- 
 siiun Tartrate, 80 grains ; the Peel of | Lemon ; Sugar, 2| oz. ; Decoction 
 of Barley, 40 oz. ; boil and strain. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM. 
 
 MERCURY. 
 Hg, eq. 200-6. 
 
 Fk., Mercuee PuRiFiE ; Ger., Quecksilber ; IxAL., Mercuric ; 
 Span., Mercurio. 
 
 A shilling, silver-white, metallic-looking fluid obtained from native 
 Mercuric Sulphide. 
 
 It should be kept in strong, well-closed bottles. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in the usual solvents ; insoluble in Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, insoluble in cold Sulphuric Acid, but dissolved by hot 
 Sulphuric Acid with evolution of Sulphur Dioxide. It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Nitric Acid, 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Mercury as a metal is seldom given alone. 
 In a state of minute sub-division with Chalk, or in pill form, however, 
 it has the effect of increasing the various secretions, and is itself 
 absorbed by all the tissues of the body. It is an alterative, indirect 
 cholagogue, purgative, diuretic, and a glandular stimulant. When 
 given as a purgative it is usually combined with other purgatives, 
 or followed by a purgative saline. 
 
 Of great use, internally or by intramuscular injection, in primary 
 and secondary, and with Iodides in tertiary syphilis, but the doses 
 should not be such as to cause salivation. 
 
 Externally, by means of the ointment, oleate or liniment, in 
 syphilis, in parasitic skin diseases, and as a stimulant in chronic 
 synovitis, peritonitis and other clironic inflammations, and glandular 
 enlargements. 
 
 See also under the various salts of Mercury. 
 
 Mercury continues to be largely used in syphiUs, attention seeming to 
 centre round inunction preparations. 
 
 Intramuscular or intravenous injections are unsuitable in infants, owing 
 to the pain and the risk of inflammation, 
 
702 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ' Official Preparations. — Emplastnim Hyclrargyri. Used in the preparation 
 of Pilula Hyclrargyri, Unguentum Hydrargyri, Ungiientum Hydrargyri Nitratis, 
 Hydrargyrum cum Creta, and Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis Acidus. From 
 Mercury Ointment, Linimentum Hydrargyri and Unguentum Hydrargyri 
 Compositum. 
 
 Wot Official. — Mercurial Cream (Squire), Grey Oil, Huile Grise, Oleum 
 Cinereum, Mercury Plaster Mull, Mercury and Carbolic Plaster Mull, Pilula 
 Hydrargyri cum Opio, Pilula Hydrargyri cuni Rheo, Suppositoria Hydrar- 
 gyri, Unguentum Hydrargyri Mitius, Unguentum Hych'argyri Vaseliuatuui, 
 Unguentmn Cinereum, Vasolimentvun Hydrargyri, Mercmy CoUosol, Hyr- 
 golum, Hydrargyri Benzoas, Hydrargyrum Carbolicimi, Hycb-argyrol, 
 Hermophenyl, Hydrargyri Cyanidum, Injectio Hydrargyri Cyanidi, Mer- 
 cviry Zinco-Cyanide, Unguentum Hydrargyri et Zinci Cyanidi, Hydi'argyri 
 Ethylenediamine Citras, Hydrargyri Gallas, Hydrargyri - Naphtholacetas, 
 Hydrargyri Salicylas, Hydrargyri Succinimidmn, Hydrargyri Sulphas, 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Sulphatis Flavsp, HydiargjTum Sulfuratum 
 Rubrum, Unguentum Cinnabar, Hydrargyri Tannas, Mercury Atoxylatc, 
 Mercury Salicylarsenate, Merjodin, Hydi'argyri Thymolacetas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in all. Russ. has also Hychar- 
 gyruin depuratum. 
 
 Tests. — Mercury lias a specific gravity of 13 "5. It solidifies at 
 -39-4°C. (-39°F.). It boils at 360° C. (680° R), and volatilises slightly 
 even at ordinary temperatures. Globules of Mercury dropped upon 
 white paper should roll about freely and leave no streaks or traces, and 
 should present a bright surface even after agitation in contact with air. 
 Mercury dissolves readily and completely in Nitric Acid, forming a 
 solution which, when fully-oxidised and freed from excess of Nitric 
 Acid, affords with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution a yellow 
 precipitate, with Potassium Iodide Solution a bright scarlet precipitate, 
 soluble in excess of the reagent and in a considerable excess of the 
 Mercuric salt ; excess of Hydrogen Sulphide yields a black precipitate 
 insoluble in Ammonium Hydrosulphide Solution, and in hot Diluted 
 Nitric Acid. A bright piece of Copper foil immersed in the solu- 
 tion is coated with a grey film which, on rubbing, shows a bright 
 silvery lustre. When the coated foil is heated in a dry clean test-tube 
 the Mercury condenses on the sides of the tube in minute globules. 
 The solution yields with Stannous Chloride Solution first a greyish- 
 white precipitate of Mercurous salt and subsequently a grey precipitate 
 of metallic Mercury. The B.P. does not require it to contain any 
 definite percentage of pure metallic Mercury ; the U.S. P. requires that 
 it shall contain not less than 99*9 p.c, but gives no method of deter- 
 mination. 
 
 The proposed clianges in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric 
 be changed to 'not less than 99 -5 p.c. by weight of pure metallic Mer- 
 cury,' and that the method of determination be by the titration of the 
 Nitric Acid Solution with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulpho- 
 cyanate Solution ; an alternative electrolytic method being also given. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are foreign metals and 
 mineral residue. If 5 grammes of Mercury be boiled with a mixture of 
 5c.c. of Distilled Water and 4*5 grammes of Sodium Thiosulphate, 
 for about 1 minute, the Mercury should not lose its lustre, and should 
 not acquire more than a faintly yellowish tint, indicating a limit of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 703 
 
 foreign metals. It ishould dissolve completely in Nitric Acid without 
 leaving any residue, indicating the absence of Antimony and Tin. 
 It should volatilise completely when heated, leaving no appreciable 
 residue, indicating the absence of mineral residue, and affording con- 
 firmation of the absence of foreign metals. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM HYDRARGYRI. Mercurial Plaster. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 3 oz. (by weight) of Mercury is rubbed with a heated mixture of 
 72 grains of Olive Oil, and 8 grains of Sublimed Sulphur ; and finally 
 incorporated with 6 oz. of melted Lead Plaster. (about 1 in 3.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 328, 18, 2, and G52. 
 The proportion of Olive Oil is increased. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Emplastra (group) ; see also 
 Oleum Olivao. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Russ. and Swiss, 1 in 5 ; Dan., Norw. and U.S., 3 in 10 ; Dutch, 
 1 in 4 ; Mex., 1 in 5-57 ; Span., 1 in 7-5 ; Svved., (i in 20. The ingredients 
 differ considerably. 
 
 LINIMENTUM HYDRARGYRI. Liniment of Mercury. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 Rub 5 of Mercury Ointment with a mixture of 8 of Lininient of 
 Camphor and 4 of Solution of Ammonia. 
 
 It now contains 1 of Mercury in 11^ in place of the 1 in G in B.P. 1898. 
 
 A stimulating Liniment, applied as an absor)ient to swollen joints, or 
 placed with Lint in the arm-pits, or rubbed into the abdominal wall in 
 tubercvilar peritonitis. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRL Mercury Pill. 5.P.>Syn. — Blue 
 Pill. 
 
 2 (by weight) of Mercury intimately mixed with 3 of Confection 
 of Roses, and finally with 1 of powdered Liquorice Root. (1 in 3.) 
 
 8 commercial samples examined contained 28 to 41 p.c. of Mercury, and 
 little or no Oxide ; 5 of the 8 samples were prepared with Confection of 
 Hips.— P.J. (3) XV. 230. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0"26 to 0'52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Pilules Mercurielles Simples ; 
 Jap., Mex., Pildoras Azules ; Port., Pilulas Mercurials ; U.S., Massa Hydrar- 
 gyri ; all 1 in 3. Swed., Pikilpe Hydrargyri ; each pill contains 5 eg. of 
 Mercury. Not in the others. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRL Mercury Ointment. (Altered.) 
 Mercury (by weight), 6 ; Benzoated Lard, 13 ; Prepared Suet, 1. 
 
 (3 in 10.) 
 In B.P. 1898 it was about 1 in 2, but has been altered to agree with the 
 Brussels Conference, which adopted a strength of 30 p.c. 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
7<^4 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Avistr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Cci'., 
 Hung., Ital. (Foiuata Mercuriale), Norw.,Russ.,Swed. and Span. (Pomada 
 Mercurial), 3 in 10 ; Fr. (Pommade Mercurielle a Parties Egales, 
 Onguent Napolitain), Mex. (Unguento de Mercurio Doble), Port, 
 and U.S., 1 in 2 ; Fr. has also Pommade Mercurielle Faible, 1 in 8 ; 
 Jap. and Swiss (Ung. Hydr. Ciner.), 1 in 3. Span, has also Pomada 
 Mercurial Simple, 3 in 20. 
 
 Mercury, 50 ; Oleate of Mercury, 2 ; Suet, 23 ; Benzoinated Lard, 25. 
 —U.S. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI COMPOSITUM. Compound 
 Mercury Ointment. (Altered.) 
 
 Mercury Ointment, 10 ; Yellow Beeswax, 6 ; Olive Oil (by weight), 
 6 ; Camphor, in flowers, 3. Mix the Beeswax, Olive Oil, and Mercmy 
 Ointment with the aid of heat, add the Camphor, triturate until cold. 
 
 (1 Mercury in 8;^-.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group) ; see also 
 Oleum Olivse. 
 
 The formula remains the same, but owing to the alteration in Mercury 
 Ointment, it now contains 1 in 8 J in place of the 1 in 5 of the B.P. 1898. 
 
 This is Scott's celebrated absorbent Ointment (Scott's dressing), the 
 Soap Cerate being replaced by the Oil and Beeswax. 
 
 It is an achnirable Ointment to apply to chronic joint enlargements. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MERCURIAL CREAM {Squire). — Pure re-distilled Mercury, by weight, 
 48 grains ; sterihsed anhydrous LanoUn, by weight, 240 grains ; pure sterilised 
 Olive Oil, q.s. to produce 1 fl. oz. 
 
 10 minims = 1 grain of pure metallic Mercury. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims once a week as an intramuscular injection. 
 
 The following formula was given (B.M.J. '03, i. 1258) by the late Colonel 
 F. J. Lambkin, R.A.M.C. — Mercm-y, 2 drm ; anhydrous Lanolin, 2 drm. by 
 weight ; Paroleine, 4 drm. ; Carbolic Acid, 2 p.c, by measure. 
 
 The two undermentioned formulas were given by the late Colonel F. J. 
 Lambkin, R.A.M.C, in L. '07, ii. 14. 
 
 Mercury, 10 grammes ; absolute Creosote and Camphoric Acid (Creo- 
 Camph.) of each equal parts, 20 c.c. ; Palmitin Basis, to 100 c.c. 
 
 Calomel, 5 grammes ; absolute Creosote and Camphoric Acid (Creo-Camph.) 
 of each equal i^arts, 20 c.c. ; Palmitin Basis, to 100 c.c. 
 
 Dose. — 10 minims — 0-6 ml. by intramuscular injection. 
 
 The special indications for intramuscular injection are : — (1) When a rapid 
 therapeutic effect is desired ; (2) in syphilis of the central nervous system ; 
 (3) in hot climates, when the gastro -intestinal system is more liable to be 
 upset by the oral administration of Mercury. Of much importance in using 
 Mercurial injections is free daily evacuation. 
 
 The preparation recommended by Dr. Julius Althaus, in his paper before 
 the International Medical Congress at its Berlin meeting in 1890, consisted 
 of 1 part of metallic Mercury, thoroughly rubbed up with 4 parts of pm-est 
 Lanolin, and then mixed with 5 parts of Carbolised Oil of 2 p.c. strength, 
 10 minims of the resultant grey cream contained 1 grain of metallic Mercury. 
 Lang's formula, published in 1888, suggested the original principle of the 
 process, namely, the minute sub-division of the metallic Mercury by means 
 of Lanolin, and the thinning of the emulsion with Olive Oil. 
 
 One of the most satisfactory creams of Mercury is that known as Adam's, 
 which contains 1 grain in 5 minims ; Mercurial Creams must never be heated, 
 for the metal is thus thrown out of suspension, and over or under doses may 
 consequently be given. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 1395. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 705 
 
 OLEUM CINEREUM (Grey Oil). — White Vaseline, 2-5; Mercury 
 Ointment, 1 ; Mercury, 19-5 ; triturate in a warm mortar until the Mercury 
 is incorporated ; then add White Vaseline, 7 ; Liquid Vasehne, 20. All by 
 weight. 
 
 This preparation contains 40 p.c. of Mercury. — P.J. (3) xix. 704. 
 
 For hypodermic injection in sjqihilis. Dose. — 1 to 2 minims. 
 
 A modification of ' Grey Oil ' is Merciu-y, 1 ; Lanolin anhydrous, 2 ; 
 Carbolic Oil (2 p.c), 1 ; all by weight. 10 minims used for each injection. 
 —B.M.J. '98, i. 485. 
 
 It is of the greatest importance to use a uniform Grey Oil, for some of the 
 recorded accidents have been the resvdt of using much too large doses in 
 error. An area roiuid a point midway between the gluteal cleft and the 
 anterior superior spine is the best for injection. In this paper, a critical 
 review of the intramuscular treatment of syphilis, the technique and the 
 syringes are also described. — L. '09, ii. 212. 
 
 Eight fatal cases of gangrenous stomatitis due to injections of Grey Oil. 
 Prof. Gaucher, of Paris, condemns Grey Oil injections as dangerous, and 
 insists they are in no way more efficacious than the giving of Mercvu-y by 
 the mouth. The late Sir Jonathan Hutchinson was of same opinion. — 
 L. '09, ii. 406. 
 
 The following formula appears in the Fr. Codex (1908) under the title of 
 
 Huile Grise. — Purified Mercury, 40 ; anliydrous Lanolin, 26 ; Vaseline 
 Oil (Huile de Vaseline medicinale), 60. The Lanolin and the Vaseline Oil 
 are sterilised separately in glass flasks in an autoclave at 120° C. (248° F.) 
 for 20 minutes. A pestle and mortar are steriUsed by means of burning 
 Alcohol, and placed therein are the Mercury, and then the Wool Fat. The 
 metallic particles are triturated until they are extinguished, and then the 
 Liquid Paraffin is added in small portions. The product should weigh 126 
 grammes, and measure 100 c.c, and therefore contains almost exactly 40 
 centigrammes of Mercury per c.c, or 40 p.c. w/v, and should be transferred 
 immediately to phials of 2, 5, and 10 c.c. capacity previously sterilised at 
 180° C. (356° F.). 
 
 MERCURY PLASTER MULL ( t/niia). — Containing I grain = 0-06 
 gramme of Mercury to the square inch. 
 
 MERCURY AND CARBOLIC PLASTER MULL ( C/nn«).— Containing 
 1 grain = 0'06 gramme of Mercury and f grain := 0*02 gramme of Carbolic 
 Acid to the square inch. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRI CUM OPIO. —Mercury Pill Mass, 5 grains ; 
 Opium, in powder, \ grain. — St. Tlwinas's. 
 
 Mercurial Pill, 3f grains. Opium, in powder, \ grain. — Guy's. 
 
 Mercury Pill, 5 grains ; Opium, in powder, \ grain. — University (No. 3) 
 and London Ophthalmic. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRI CUM RHEO [St. Thomas's, London Oph- 
 thalmic and King's). — Mercury Pill Mass, 2h grains ; Compovmd Rhubarb 
 Pill Mass, 2^ grains. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA HYDRARGYRI.— Mercury Ointment, 5 grains; Oil of 
 Theobroma, 10 grains, in each suppository. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI MITIUS.— Mercurial Ointment (50 p.c), 
 1 ; Lard, 2.—P.L. '36. 
 Mercurial Ointment {U.S. P.), 67 ; Petrolatum, 33.— U.S. P. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI VASELINATUM (xVorw;. ).— Mercury, 10 ; 
 Wool Fat, 5 ; Hard Paraffin, 10 ; Vaseline, 75. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CINEREUM (Loc;fc).—Mercui-y and Lanolin, of each 1 oz. ; 
 best Olive Oil, ^ fi. oz. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM HYDRARGYRI (Ho//e?).— Mercury, 40; Wool Fat, 20; 
 Thick Vasoliment, CO. 
 
 2 A 
 
706 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 MERCURY COLLOSOL. — A tasteless liquid of a reddish-brown colour, 
 containing 1 of metallic Mercury in 2000 of liquid. The solution is stated to 
 be of great Brownian and bactericidal activity. It may be applied topically, 
 hypodermically, intravenously, or by the mouth. Experimental injection 
 of 1 to 2 c.c. gave no local reactionary symptoms. Used in diseases of a 
 suppurative character.^ — L. '12, i. 322; B.M.J. '12, i. 521. 
 
 Has considerable antiseptic power, but is less powerful than the corre- 
 sjjonding Silver preparation. — B.M.J. '15, i. 102. 
 
 Hyrgolum. (Colloid Merciu-y). — Heavy black grains exhibiting a metallic 
 lustre, containing 73 to 80 p.c. of Mercury ; soluble in Water. On account 
 of its freedom from causticity and from irritating properties it has been 
 suggested as an anti-sypliilitic remedy in the form of a 10 p.c. ointment, or 
 internally in f grain dose in pill form. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI BENZOAS. HgiC.H.OJ^H.O, eq. 460-696.— A white 
 crystalhne salt, practically insoluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c), but 
 soluble in solutions of the Benzoates of the alkaU metals. Has been used in 
 syphilis. 
 
 Mercury Benzoate, Biniodide and Lactate are employed in syphilis in daily 
 doses of \ grain, and should be sufficiently diluted (2 c.c. of Water). Mercury 
 Salicylarsenate and Hermophenyl are generally but httle painful in injections 
 in syphilis, and are given in larger doses, e.g., J to 1 grain. Hermophenyl 
 may be employed in larger doses (IJ grains), but only as a weekly injection. 
 
 1 centigramme (\ grain) Benzoate is a small daily dose in syphilis, and 
 2 centigrammes daily for three weeks may be safely given. A good formula 
 is Mercury Benzoate, 1 gramme ; Sodium Chloride piu-e, f gramme ; Distilled 
 Water, 100 grammes. 
 
 A suitable Solution {Desesquelle and Breto7ineau) for hypodermic injection 
 in syphilis, Mercuric Benzoate, • 3 gramme ; Anmaonium Benzoate, 1 • 5 
 grammes ; Sterilised Distilled Water, to 30 c.c. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. 
 
 Tests. — Mercury Benzoate Solution yields the tests distinctive of Mercury 
 given tmder that substance. With Ferric Chloride Test-Solution it yields a 
 liirff -coloured precipitate. When shaken with Distilled Water and filtered, the 
 filtrate, when acidified with Nitric Acid, yields no precipitate or turbidity 
 with Silver Nitrate Solution. Another portion of the filtrate, when mixed 
 with an equal voliune of Sulphuric Acid, keeping the mixture cool, should 
 yield no brown ring at the junction of the two fluids when Ferrous Sulphate 
 Solution is carefully poured upon the surface of the mixture, indicating the 
 absence of Nitrates. The Benzoic Acid obtained from the salt should possess 
 the melting point, answer the tests characteristic of Benzoic Acid, and be 
 free from the impiu-ities mentioned under Acidum Benzoicum. ■ 5 gramme 
 ignited with free access of air should leave no weighable residue. It contains 
 theoretically 43-5 p.c. of metallic Merciu-y. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM CARBOLICUM (Mercury Carbolate, Merciu-y Phenate) 
 (Schadek). — Colourless crystals, or a white powder. Obtained by precipita- 
 ting an alcoholic Solution of Merciuric Chloride with an alcoholic Solution of 
 Phenol and Potassimn Hydroxide, and evaporating nearly to dryness, with 
 subsequent washings. 
 
 Nearly insoluble in Water, and soluble with difficulty in cold Alcohol. 
 
 Recommended in secondary syphilis. 
 
 Dose. — I to ^ grain = 0-02 to 0*032 gramme, three times a day in pill; 
 also hypodermically suspended in Mucilage, strength 2 p.c. 
 
 Pilula Hydrargyri Carboliei. — Mercury Carbolate, ^ grain ; Extract 
 of Liquorice, 1 grain ; Powdered Liquorice, 1 grain, in each pill. 
 
 Dose. — Two to four pills daily. 
 
 Hydrargyrol (Mercmy Phenol-para-sulphonate). — Brownish-red, crystal- 
 line scales or crusts. Decomposed by Water with the formation of basic 
 salts. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Antiseptic, 
 
[Solids By Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 707 
 
 A coiubiuatiou of the above salt with Ammonium Tartrate is known 
 under the name of ' Asterol,' a white or reddish -wliite, microcrystalline 
 powder, soluble in Water. Antiseptic, used in 2 to 5 p.c. Solution. 
 
 Hermophenyl (Soditun Mer euro -phenol Disulphonate). — A white amor- 
 phous powder, reacUly soluble in Water. It contains about 40 p.c. Mercury. 
 Antiseptic. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI CYANIDUM. Hg(CN),, eq. 252-62.— Colourless or white 
 prismatic crystals. 
 
 It contains theoretically 79*4 p.c. of metallic Mercury. It should be kept 
 in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a cool atmosphere 
 and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 13 of Water ; 1 in 20 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful antiseptic. Used as a local applica- 
 tion (5 to 15 grains in 1 fl. oz. of Water = 0*3 to 1 graname in 28*4 c.c.) 
 to syplxilitic rashes and sores of the throat, tongue, etc. 
 
 Subconjunctival and intravenous injections, in the treatment of tracho- 
 matous conditions. — I.M.O. '12, 102. 
 
 12 minims of 1 in 5000 solution were injected under the conjunctiva, partly 
 far back and partly near the cornea, in unilateral iridocyclitis (serous iritis) 
 with great success. — B.M.J. '13, i. 608. 
 
 Dose. — Internally ^^ to \ grain = • 004 to ■ 008 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Oer. maxin:ium dose, single, O'Ol gramme; daily, 0*03 gramme. 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, O'Ol gramiue ; daily, 0*04 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Cyanuretum Hydrar- 
 gyri) ; Fr. (Cyanure Mercurique) ; Ger. and Russ. (Hydrargyrum 
 Cyanatum) ; Port. (Cyaneto Mercurico) ; Mex. (Cianuro de Mer- 
 curio). 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Cyanide is decomposed on heating, into metallic Mercury 
 and Cyanogen gas, which burns with a piirple flame. The aqueous solution 
 is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper ; on the addition of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid it evolves the characteristic and highly poisonous odour of 
 Hydrogen Cyanide ; neither Potassium Hydroxide Solution nor Ammonia 
 Solution yields a precipitate ; Potassium lochde Solution yields no precipitate 
 until after the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, when the solution behaves in 
 a similar manner to Mercuric Chloride Solution ; Hydrogen Sulphide Solution 
 yields a black precipitate, insoluble in Ammonium Hydrosulphide Solution 
 and in hot Diluted Nitric Acid ; Stannous Chloride Solution yields at first a 
 whitish precipitate of Mercurous salt and subsequently a grey deposit of 
 metallic Mercury. Mlien gently heated with an equal weight of Iodine in a 
 dry test-tube it yields in the lower portion of the tube a yellow sublimate 
 subsequently becoming red, and in the upper portion a colourless needle- 
 shaped crystalline deposit. 
 
 The more generally occm*ring impurities are Merciiric Chloride, Copper, 
 Chlorides and mineral residue. 
 
 A 5 p.c. aqueous sohition should not be acid in reaction towards blue 
 Litmus paper, and when faintly acidified with Nitric Acid it should yield no 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of 1 or 2 drops of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Merciiric Chloride and Chlorides. The 
 aqueous solution should yield no blue coloration on the addition of Anunonia 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Copper. It should leave no weighable 
 residue when ignited, indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 
 Injectio Hydrargyri Cyanidi (Intravenous) (Lock). — Mercuric Cyanide, 
 1 p.c. ; inject 20 minims. 
 
 Mercury Oxycyanide as an antiseptic, in aqueous Solution, 1 in 200, 
 to 500 for instruments, 1 in 5000 as a Lotion. 
 
 MERCURY ZINCO-CYANIDE.— Foimd by the late Lord Lister to have 
 valuable antiseptic properties. There is a gavize prepared with it. 
 
708 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids liy Measure.] 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri et Zinei Cyanidi (London Ophthalmic). — Mer- 
 cury Zinc Cyanide, 2, 4 or 8 grains ; Soft Paraffin, 1 oz. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI ETHYLENEDiAIVilN>e CITRAS (Mercuramine). — A 
 clear, colourless liquid, stated to be a 10 p.c. aqueous Solution of Merciu-y 
 Citrate containing 4 p.c. Ethylenediamine. Antiseptic. 
 
 Under the title of Sublamin a combination of Mercury Sulphate and 
 Ethylenediamine has been introduced. A 3 p.c. Solution has been recom- 
 mended as a disinfectant for the hands. — B.M.J.E. '02, i. 56. 
 
 Stated not to injure the skin or discolour steel instruments in alcoholic 
 solution. As a 2 in 1000 alcoholic Solution it gave results in sterilisation 
 of the hands superior to any other methods, especially with regard to the 
 power of penetration. May be conveniently kept as a 10 p.c. Solution in 
 Alcohol (50 p.c). 
 
 HYDRARGYRI GALLAS (Mercury Gallate). — A dark grey or greyish- 
 green amorphous powder, insoluble in Water. Is stated to be a more stal^le 
 salt than the Tannate. Used in syphilis. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 0-016 to 0*06 gi-amme, in a pill. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI NAPHTHOLACETAS. — Colourless, needle - shaped 
 crystals, or as a white amorphous powder, insoluble in Water, has been 
 used in syphilis. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0*032 to 0-06 gramme. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI SALICYLAS (HgC^H^O,, eq. 836-632).— A white or 
 whitish amorphous odourless powder ; practically insoluble in Water, and 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). It contains theoretically 59-5 p.c. of metallic Mercury. 
 It is soluble in Potassiima or Sodium Hydroxide Solution with the production 
 of double salts. It is not dissolved in the cold by halogen compounds of 
 the alkali metals, but dissolves on warming, and when the solution cools 
 double salts crystallise out. 
 
 Employed internally and by hypodermic injection, also as a dusting 
 powder, in syphilis. Is stated to be as powerful an antiseptic as Corrosive 
 Sublimate. An injection of 0-05 gramme recommended in tabes. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum single dose, - 02 gramme. 
 
 In a large number of cases of syphilis intramuscular injections of 1 cc of 
 the following emulsion : — Merciory Salicylate, 1 ; Liquid Paraffin, 10. 
 Injections once a week, and not more than six injections, followed by an 
 interval of rest of about a couple of months. — B.M.J. '04, i. 609, 816. 
 
 A neutral Salicylate of Mercury is also prepared. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex., Norw., 
 Russ., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Salicylate does not answer the tests distinctive of 
 Mercuric salts. It yields no precipitate with Hydrogen Sulphide or Ammo- 
 niuna Hydrosulphide. It is decomposed by concentrated Hydrochloric, 
 Nitric, and Sulphuric Acids, the solutions then yielding the distinctive tests 
 given under Mercury. It yields a sublimate of metallic Mercury when heated 
 in a dry test-tube. A saturated aqueous solution yields with Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution a violet coloration. 
 
 If about 0-1 gramme of Mercuric Salicylate be heated in a narrow test- 
 tube after the addition of a particle of Iodine, a sublimate of Mercuric Iodide 
 is formed. • 1 gramme of Mercuric Salicylate should dissolve completely 
 in 1 cc of Sodimiti Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) ; it should be soluble, 
 leaving only a few undissolved flocks in 10 cc of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution. 
 
 The P.G. requires it to contain about 92 p.c. of Mercirrie Salicylate, corre- 
 sponding to 54-7 p.c. of Mercury, as determined by the following method : — 
 A weighed quantity of 0-3 gramme of Mercuric Salicylate is dissolved in 
 diluted Sodium Hydroxide Solution, the solution is acidified with Acetic 
 Acid and a measured quantity of 25 cc of Tenth -Normal Volimietric Iodine 
 Solution added. 
 
 I 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 709 
 
 The mixture is allowetl to stand in a stoppered glass vessel during .") hoiu's 
 at the temperature of the room, with intervals of shaking from time to time. 
 At the most 8'6c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimaetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution shall be necessary to decolorise the excess of Iodine, which represents 
 a minimum content of .Oi'Tp.c. of Mercury; 1 c.c. of Tenth-normal Volu- 
 nietric Iodine Solution = 0-0100 gramme of Mercury, Starch Solution being 
 employed as an indicator. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recom- 
 mend that a rubric requiring from 54 to 59-5p.c. of Mercury should be 
 adopted by the U.S. P., as determined by the following method of deter- 
 mination : — 0"5 gramme of Mercuric Salicylate is acciirately weighed, 
 digested in 15 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and 10 c.c. of Nitric Acid on a water- 
 bath until dissolved. The solution is cooled, diluted with 150 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, 30 c.c. of Hj'drogen Dioxide Solution added, and the whole well 
 mixed. A measured quantity of 5 c.c. of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid 
 is gradually added with constant stirring, then 5 grammes of Sodium 
 Chloride dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water ; the mixture is thoroughly 
 stirred, and allowed to stand until the precipitate has subsided. The preci- 
 pitate is filtered, well washed with Distilled Water, transferred to a flask, 
 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution added and 2 grammes 
 of Potassium Iodide, the mixture agitated until all the precipitate has been 
 dissolved. The excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution is then 
 titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution ; it 
 should show not less than 54 nor more than 59*5p.c. of Mercury. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free Salicylic Acid, other 
 Mercuric salts, and Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 The salt should not be acid in reaction towards moistened blue Litmus 
 paper, indicating the absence of free Salicylic Acid. It should not at once 
 develop a dark coloration when shaken with Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of other Mercuric salts. It should leave no weighable 
 residue when ignited, indicating the absence of Sodiuna Salicylate. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI SUCCINIMIDUM (Hg(C,H,0.,N)„, eq. 396 -084).— White 
 crystalUne powder, soluble 1 in 25 of Water. It should be kept in well- 
 closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far as possible 
 from the light. It contains theoretically 50-5 p. c. of metalhe Mercury. 
 Its solutions are stated not to precipitate albumen, and are therefore useful 
 for hypodermic use. Used as a Solution of Mercury Succinimide, 38J grains ; 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride, 15^ grains ; Distilled Water, 775 grains. — L. '02, 
 i. 1712. 
 
 The use of Cocaine Nitrate in place of the Hydrochloride would avoid the 
 precipitation of Calomel. 
 
 Intramuscular injection successful in gonorrhcsa ; 65 p.c. of cases cured 
 in less than a week. The dose is 40 mgm. in the earlier cases and 65 to 78 mgm. 
 in the later ; a second dose of 40 mgm. is reconunended if the gonococci do 
 not disappear in 6 days. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 303. 
 
 Dose. — I to ^ grain = 0*008 to O'OIO gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Ital. 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Succinimide dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a 
 solution which gives with Potassium Iodide Solution a bright scarlet precipitate 
 soluble in excess of the reagent ; when acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, Hydrogen Sulphide yields a black precipitate, insoluble in Ammonium 
 Hydrosulphide Solution, and in hot Diluted Nitric Acid ; a piece of bright 
 Copper foil inamersed in an acidified solution of the salt becomes coated 
 with a bright metallic film ; with Stannous Chloride Solution a greyish- 
 white precipitate is produced changing to grey ; with Albumen solution no 
 precipitate is produced. When ignited with free access of air no weighaljle 
 residue should remain. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI SULPHAS (Mercuric Sulphate). ^Si/n.— Hydrargyri 
 Persulphas ; Sulphate of Mercury. 
 
 A white, heavy, crystalline powder, HgSO^, eq. 296*67 ; prepared by 
 
710 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 dissolving Mercury in strong Sulj)liiiric Acid and evapoVHling to complete 
 dryness. It contains theoretically 67-6p.c. of metallic Merciuy. It is 
 decomposed by Water, forming a yellow oxysulphate called Turpeth 
 Mineral (HgS04-2HgO), and free Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Sulfate Mercurique 
 Basique); Mex., Port, and Span. (Sulfate Mercurico). Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri Sulphatis Flavse (Turpeth Mineral Oint- 
 ment. Bazin's Ointment). — Yellow Mercury Sulphate, 15 grains; Benzoated 
 Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 Useful in ringworm and seborrhoea. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM SULFURATUM RUBRUM (Ger.). HgS, eq. 232-67.— 
 A bright red powder insoluble in Water and Alcohol (OOp.c). It is also 
 known as Cinnabar and Vermilion. 
 
 Unguentum Cinnabar {St. George s). — Mercuric Sulphide, 10 grains ; 
 Lard, 8 drm. 
 
 Ung. Hyd. Persulph. {St. John's).— Mercury Persulphide, 15 grains ; 
 Precipitated Sulphur, 30 grains ; Soft Paraffin to 1 oz. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI TANNAS. — A greyish-green or blackish-grey powder, 
 containing 40 to 50 p.c. of Merciu-y. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 It is decomposed by Water and solutions of the alkalis. It is not 
 materially affected by Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Very useful in syphilis. It is decomposed by the alkah of the intestines, 
 and the Mercm-y rapidly passes into the system. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 grains = 0-06 to 0-13 gramme, in a pill, three times a 
 day, an hour before meals. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Hydrargyrum tanni- 
 eum oxydulatum), contains about 55 to 57 p.c. of Mercvu-y ; Mex. 
 (Tanato de Mercm-io). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Merciu-y Tamiate is not materially affected by Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, but the concentrated acid decomposes it with formation of Mercurous 
 Chloride and Tarmic Acid. It is decomposed by alkali Hydroxide solutions 
 and solutions of alkali Carbonates, the alkaline solution rapidly darkening 
 on exposure to air. It should be free from Nitrates as ascertained by rubbing 
 0-3 gramme of the salt with 3 c.c. of Water, filtering and adding two drops 
 of the filtrate to 5 c.c. of Diphenylamine Solution, when no blue colour 
 should be produced. When ignited with free access of air it leaves no 
 \\eighable residue. 
 
 Mercury Atoxylate. — A white powder, practically insoluble in Water. 
 It contains no Water of crystallisation, and shows only a slightly pinkish 
 tinge when heated to 100° C. (212° F.). Its solutions do not precipitate 
 Albumin as is usual with some other Merciory compounds. It contains 
 23*7 p.c. of Arsenic and 31-8 p.c. of Mercury. Used (L. '10, i. 23) with 
 much success in sj^hilis. It is given intramuscularly and in suspension in 
 either Olive Oil or Liquid Paraffin, or better still, in a basis composed of 
 Creosote, Camphoric Acid, and Palmitin. The preparation used for injection 
 consists of Mercury Atoxylate, 1 drm. ; Vehicle, 9 drm., and the injections 
 are given 7 minims = f grain the first day, after three days a second injection 
 of 7 minims = | grain, after another three days a third injection consisting 
 of 12 minims =1^ grains, and after seven days a fourth injection consisting 
 of 12 minims = li- grains, and so on until eight injections have been given. 
 One month's rest is allowed and the above course is repeated. 
 
 Mercury Salicylarsenate presents a useful method for the combined 
 administration of Mercury and Arsenic in syphilis. Employed as an intra- 
 muscular injection 1 c.c. (17 minims) — J gi'ain Mercury Salicylarsenate. 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure,] HYD 711 
 
 Merjodin. Mercury Di-iodo-paraphenolsulplionate. — Tablets containing 
 0-0033 gramme of Mercury and 0-0021 gramme of Iodine. Introduced as an 
 antisyphilitic, stated to be useful in both the secondary and tertiary stages. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 tablets daily. 
 
 Hydrargyri Thymolacetas. — A white microcrystalline powder, almost 
 insoluble in Water. Has been used in syphilis internally, or as an intra- 
 muscular injection (10 p.c. in Liquid Paraffin or Vaseline Oil). 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0-032 to 0-06 gramme. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM RUBRUM. 
 
 RED MERCURIC IODIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — BiNiODiDE of Mercury. Mercuric Iodide. 
 
 Hglo, eq. 454-44. 
 
 Fr., Bi iodure de Mercure ; Ger., Quecksilberjodid ; Ital., Joduro 
 Mercurico ; Span., Yoduro Mercurio. 
 
 Scarlet-red crystals, or a scarlet-red, crystalline powder. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint 
 and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 It contains theoretically 44 '1 p.c. of metallic Mercury. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Mercuric Chloride and 
 Potassium Iodide Solutions, taking care to avoid excess of either 
 solution. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost insoluble in Water; sparingly soluble in 
 Glycerin ; 1 in 300 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 125 of Ether ; 1 in 280 
 of Olive or Almond Oil or Lard ; 1 in 50 of Castor Oil ; insoluble in 
 Paraffinum Molle ; freely in an aqueous Solution of Potassium Iodide 
 or Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Alterative. A powerful irritant poison 
 in over-doses, similar to the Green Iodide, only much more active. 
 It is used internally in syphilis. 
 
 As an antiseptic lotion (1 in 5000) in surgical and obstetric 
 practice. 
 
 The Ointment is a most effective application for bronchocele, and a good 
 application for warts and syphilitic nodes and for lupus. If applied to the 
 eyelids, should be diluted to quarter the strength. 
 
 In syphihtic sciatica 60 grains of Potassium Iodide daily and injections 
 of Mercury Biniodide effected a cure in 18 days {L. '09, i. 1700). 
 
 Dose. — ^V to tV grain = 0-002 to 0'004 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex gives single, 0-02 gramme; daily, 0-08 gramme. Ph. Gcr. 
 maximiim dose, single, - 02 gramme ; daily, - 06 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in the form of Pilules well triturated 
 with Milk Sugar and ' Diluted Glucose.^ When prescribed in Solution it is 
 dissolved by the aid of Potassium Iodide. It can also he dissolved in Castor 
 Oil and given in Capsules. 
 
712 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Official Preparation." — Unguentum Hydrargyri lodidi Rubri. Used in 
 the preparation of Liquor Arsenii et Hydrargyri lodidi (p. 237). 
 
 Not Official. — Injectio Hydrargyri Biniodide, Injectio Hydrargyri lodidi 
 Rubri, Hiiile d'lodure Mercurique, Hydrargyri et Potassii lodidum, and 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri et Potassii lodidi (Lutz's Ointment). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap. (Hydrargyrum Biniodatum), Mex., Port., Russ., 
 Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Iodide becomes yellow when heated, but again 
 assumes its scarlet colour on cooling ; the U.S. P. specifies the 
 temperature, about 150° .C. (302° F.), and the B.P. now adopts the 
 same temperature. When heated with Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution and a little Milk Sugar it yields a greyish precipitate of 
 metallic Mercury. If this precipitate be well washed and dissolved 
 in a mixture of Nitric and Hydrochloric Acid, it yields, on neutralisation 
 of the excess of acid, the tests distinctive of Mercuric salts given 
 under Hydrargyri Perchloridum. A portion of the filtrate, when 
 slightly acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, yields with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution a yellow curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, almost 
 insoluble in Ammonia Solution, but soluble in Potassium Cyanide 
 Solution. Another portion of the filtrate acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid afiords, on the addition of Chlorine Water, or Sodium Nitrite 
 Solution, a reddish-yellow colour, soluble to a violet coloured solution 
 in Carbon Bisulphide. The B.P. does not require it to contain any 
 definite percentage of Mercuric Iodide. The U.S. P. states that it 
 should contain not less than 98 "5 p.c. of pure Mercuric Iodide, but 
 gives no method of determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this 
 rubric be changed to ' not less than 99 p.c. by weight of pure Mercuric 
 Iodide,' and recommends that the method of determination be 
 electrolytic. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Mercurous Iodide, 
 Mercuric Chloride, soluble Chlorides or Iodides, and mineral 
 matter. 
 
 Mercu.ric Iodide should dissolve readily and completely in Ether, 
 indicating the absence of Mercurous Iodide. The filtrate obtained on 
 well shaking • 5 gramme of the salt with 10 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 and filtering, should assume not more than a faint brown colour on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulpliide, indicating a limit of Mercuric Chloride ; 
 another portion of the filtrate should not be rendered more than 
 faintly opalescent on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 a limit of soluble Chlorides or Iodides. Confirmation of the absence 
 of Mercuric Chloride may be obtained by shaking an excess of the salt 
 with Alcohol (90 p.c.) and filtering. The cooled alcohohc filtrate should 
 be colourless, and on the evaporation of the Alcohol should not affect 
 Litmus paper. It should volatilise almost completely when heated, 
 indicating a limit of mineral matter. The B.P. states that it shall 
 leave not more than a trace of fixed residue, the U.S. P. that it shall 
 leave not more than 0'05 p.c. of residue. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 713 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI lODIDI RUBRI. Red Mercuric 
 Iodide Ointment. B.P.Syn. — Ointment of Mercuric Iodide. 
 
 Mix 1 of Red Mercuric Iodide, in fine powder, with 24 of Benzoated 
 Lard. (1 in 25.) 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mercuric Iodide I, Lard 8 
 Max., Pomada, 1 in 50. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INJECTIO HYDRARGYRI BINIODIDI (pro Vagina) (Locil-).— Mercuric 
 Chloride 8 grains. Potassium Iodide 5 grains, Water to 1 fl. oz. ; 1 fl. drm. to a 
 pint of Water = 1 in 10,000. 
 
 It requires about 22 grains of the Potassium Iodide to form a solution. 
 
 INJECTIO HYDRARGYRI lODIDI RUBRI {St. Bartholomew' s).~Red 
 Iodide of Mercmy, 5 grains ; Iodide of Potassium, 20 grains ; Water to 
 20fl. oz. (1 in 1750.) 
 
 HUILE DiODURE MERCURIQUE (if^r.).— Mercuric Iodide, 0-2gramme ; 
 Purified and Sterilised Olive Oil, 46, by weight. 1 c.c. = 4 milligrammes. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI ET POTASSII lODIDUM.— Yellow acicular crystals. 
 A powerful antiseptic. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI ET POTASSII lODIDI (Lutz's Oint- 
 ment). — Red Mercuric Iodide, 5 grains ; Potassium Iodide, 5 grains ; Water, 
 q.s. ; Prepared Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 University has a similar preparation containing Wool Fat. 
 
 Not Official. 
 HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM VIRIDE. 
 
 GREEN IODIDE OF MERCURY. GREEN MERCUROUS IODIDE. 
 
 Hgl, eq. 327-52. 
 
 A dull green powder, containing excess of Mercury, which decomposes 
 upon exposure to light. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 It has been shown (P.J. '00, ii. 87) that the intensity of the green 
 colour natui-ally depends upon the relative excess of Mercury employed. 
 The yellow Mercnrous Iodide of the U.S. P. is shown to be quite uniform 
 in composition and also sufficiently stable when properly protected. It is 
 naturally for the therapeutist to decide whether a Mercurous Iodide con- 
 taining more or less free Mercm-y is preferable to the pure salt for medicinal 
 use.— CD. '00, ii. 164 ; P.J. '00, ii. 86. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, Alcohol, and Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given in syphilis. Employed as an ointment 
 (1 part to 8 of Lard) for syphilitic eruptions, chronic sldn diseases, enlarged 
 glands, and bronchocele. 
 
 Dose. — It varies with different prescribers from ^ grain to 2 grains = 0*01 
 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-05 gramme j daily, 0-20 gramme. 
 
714 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It makes a good pill with Sugar oj Milk and ' Diluted 
 Glucose.^ 
 
 Incompatible with soluble Iodides. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Swiss and U.S. (Hydrar- 
 gyrum lodatum f lavum) ; Belg. (Proto loduretuni Hydrargyri) ; 
 Dutch and Swed. (lodetum Hydrargyrosuni) ; Fr. (Proto-Iodure 
 de Mercure); Ital. (Joduro Mercuroso) ; Jap. (Hydrargyrum 
 lodatum); Mex. (Yoduro Mercurioso) ; Port. (lodeto Mercuroso); 
 Swiss (Hydrargyrum lodatum) ; Span. (loduro Mercurioso). 
 
 Tests. — Mercurous Iodide melts when heated, and is entirely volatilised at 
 a red heat. Dissolved in Nitric Acid it yields a solution answering the tests 
 characteristic of Mercury given under Hydi'argyrum. Under the influence of 
 light it undergoes decomposition, with formation of Merctu"ic Iodide and 
 metallic Merciiry. Heated with Manganese Dioxide and Sulphvu-ic Acid it 
 evolves violet vapours of Iodine. When shaken in a dry test-tube with 
 purified Ether, filtered, and the Ether evaporated, no residue should remain, 
 indicating the absence of Merciuric Iodide. 
 
 The yellow Mercurous Iodide is official in the U.S. P. and is required to 
 contain not less than 99-5p.c. of piu'e Mercurous Iodide. The absence of 
 more than traces of Mercvu-ic Iodide is ensiu-ed by shaking 0*5 gi-amme of the 
 salt with 10 c.c. of Alcohol (94* 9 p.c. ), allowing to stand, and filtering ; portions 
 of the perfectly clear filtrate should be scarcely affected by Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, should yield only a faint opalescence when dropped into Distilled 
 Water, and only a faint red stain when evaporated in a white porcelain dish. 
 
 PILULES D'lODURE MERCUREUX OPIAC^ES. Pilules de Ricord 
 (Fr.). — Recently prepared Mercurous Iodide, 0*5 gramme ; Powdered Opium, 
 0-2 gramme; Liquorice Powder, 0-3 gramme; Honey, q.s. ; divide into 
 10 pills. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI lODIDI VIRIDIS CUM ATROPINA. 
 
 — Green Mercurous Iodide, 10 grains ; Atropine, 1 grain ; Lard, J oz. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS LIQUOR ACIDUS. 
 
 ACID SOLUTION OF MERCURIC NITRATE. 
 
 A heavy, colourless, strongly acid Solution, containing about 33 p.c. 
 w/w of Mercury, in the form of Mercuric Nitrate. It is obtained by 
 dissolving, in the cold, 4 (by weight) of Mercury in 5 of Nitric Acid 
 diluted with 1^ of Water. It should be preserved in well-stojjpered 
 amber -tinted glass bottles. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Caustic and antiseptic. Applied to 
 syphilitic warts, ulcers, etc. ; care should be taken that the surrounding 
 healthy parts are not touched. Used in cancerous growths and in 
 lupus. As a gargle, 1 or 2 minims to 1 fl. oz. Water. As an 
 injection in gonorrhoea, 1 minim to 2 fl. oz. Water. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis and Unguen- 
 tunx Hydrargyri Nitratis Dilutum contain Mercuric Nitrate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. (Liquor Hydrargyri 
 Nitratis) prepared from Mercuric Oxide,sp.gr. about 2-086 at 25° C. (77°F.) ; 
 Fr. (Azotate de Bioxyde de Mercure Dissous), sp. gr. 2-246; Ital. 
 (Nitrato Mercurico liquido), sp. gr. 2-250; Port. (Soluto de 
 Azotato Mercurico); Span. (Nitrato Mercurico Acido), sp. gr. 
 2-246; Mex. (Nitrato Mercurio). Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 715 
 
 Tests. — Acid Solution of Mercuric Nitrate lias a specific gravity of 
 about 2'0. It yields, when diluted, the tests distinctive of Mercuric 
 salts given under Hydrargyri Perchloridum. Ferrous Sulphate Solu- 
 tion carefully poured on to the surface of the solution yields a dark 
 brown ring at the point of contact of the two fluids. It should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Distilled Water, 
 nor on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Mercurous salts. When evaporated to dryness and ignited 
 with free access of air no weighable residue should remain. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS. Mercubic Nitrate 
 Ointment. B.P.Syn. — Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. N.O. 
 Syn. — Citrine Ointment. 
 
 Mercury (by weight), 1 ; Nitric Acid, 3 ; Prepared Lard, 4 ; Olive 
 Oil (by weight), 7. (about 1 in 16^.) 
 
 This formula is much the same as in B.P. 1898. The temperature of the 
 mixed Oil and Lard, when the Mercury Solution is added, is about 150° C. 
 in B.P. 1914 and about 143° C. in B.P. 1898. 
 
 As remarked in previous editions of Squire's Companion, the temperatxire is 
 much too high and yields varying results with different operators, and even 
 by the same operator at different times. The following method will yield a 
 more uniform product. 
 
 Dissolve the Mercury in the Nitric Acid without the aid of heat. Heat 
 the Lard and Oil on a water-bath, until the Lard is dissolved, and when at a 
 temperature of 82-2° to 87-8°C. (180° to 190° F.) add the Mercuric Solution 
 (cold) to the melted fats and stir continuously. AVhen brisk effervescence 
 has commenced continue the heat for 10 minutes, then remove from the 
 water-bath and stir till cold. The product should have a good consistence, 
 and if kept in covered pots should retain its pale lemon colour for several 
 months. 
 
 In the U.S. P. process the Lard is first treated with Nitric Acid, and subse- 
 quently, when cooled to 40° C. (104° F.), the Mercuric Nitrate Solution is 
 added. 
 
 For India Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group) ; see also 
 Olive Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Applied in diseases of the skin as a parasiticide ; 
 in blepharitis it is diluted with 7 parts of Vaseline and applied by means of a 
 camel's-hair pencil to the eyelids. Diluted with Glycerin and appUed by 
 a brush to the nostrils in ozoena. 
 
 This Ointment, when diluted with Lard, soon acquires a leaden colovu" ; 
 it changes less with Spermaceti Ointment, and least of all when diluted with 
 Soft Paraflfln. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^All reducing agents. Camphor, Essential Oils, Lard, etc. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratia Dilutmn. 
 
 Not Official. — Unguentum Metallormn, Unguentum Hydrargyri. Zinci 
 et Plumbi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Mercury 5, Nitric Acid 7, 
 Lard 45, Olive Oil 43 ; Fr., Mercm-y 1, Nitric Acid (sp. gr. 1-394) 2, Lard 10, 
 Olive Oil 10 ; Mex., Merciu-y 4, Nitric Acid 6, Lard 64 ; Port., Sol. Mercuric 
 Nitrate 2, Lard 9, Olive Oil 9 ; Swed., Mercury 1, Crude Nitric Acid (sp. gr. 
 1-4) 2, Lard 12 ; U.S., Mercui-y 7, Nitric Acid (sp. gr. 1-414) 17-5, Lard 76. 
 
716 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS DILUTUM. Diluted 
 Mercuric Nitrate Ointment. B.P.Syn. — Diluted Ointment of 
 Nitrate of Mercury. 
 
 Mix 1 of Mercuric Nitrate Ointment witli 4 of yellow Soft Paraffin. 
 
 (1 in 5.) 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUM METALLORUM {King's a.nd Great Northern).~lsleTc\Mlc 
 Nitrate Ointment, Lead Acetate Ointment, Zinc Ointment, equal parts. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI ZINCI ET PLUMBI. Syn. —Vs- 
 GUENTUM Metallorum (St. Thomas's). — Mercurous Chloride, 10 grains ; 
 Mercuric Nitrate Ointment, 20 grains ; Lead Acetate, 10 grains ; Zinc 
 Oxide, 20 grains ; Soft Parafifin (yellow), to 1 oz. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM. 
 
 YELLOW MERCURIC OXIDE. 
 
 HgO, eq. 216-60. 
 
 Fr., Oxyde de Mercure Jatjne ; Ger., Gelbes Quecksilberoxyd ; Ital., 
 OssiDO Mercurico Giallo ; Span., Oxido Mercurio Amarillo. 
 
 An orange-yellow, heavy, amorphous powder, being the precipitate 
 obtained from solutions of Mercuric Chloride and Sodium Hydroxide. 
 It is important that it should be protected from light ; and it should 
 therefore be kept in well-closed dark amber -tinted bottles, and in a 
 cool and dark place. 
 
 The B.P, requires it to contain not less than 99*3 p.c. of pure 
 Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 Solubility. — Practically insoluble in Water or Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Asparagin dissolves the freslily precipitated Oxide {see p. 153) to form 
 Mercury- Asparagin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Red Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximvim dose, single, • 02 gramme ; daily, • 06 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Hung., Jap. and Swiss 
 (Hydrargyrum Oxydatvtm Flavum) ; Belg. (Oxydum Hydrargyr 
 Flavum) ; Dan. and Dutch (Oxydum Hydrargyricum Flavum) ; Fr 
 (Oxyde de Mercure Jaune) ; Ger. and Russ. (Hydrargyrum Oxyda 
 tum via Humida Paratum); Ital. (Ossido Mercurico Giallo); Norvv 
 (Oxidum Hydrargyricum Flavum) ; Mex. and Span. (Oxido Mer 
 curico Amarillo); Swed. (Oxydum Hydrargyricum Prsecipitatum) ; 
 U.S. (Hyd. Oxid. Fl'av.). 
 
 Tests. — Yellow Mercuric Oxide when gently heated assumes a 
 red colour, and at a dull red heat it is completely decomposed into 
 metallic Mercury and Oxygen ; the presence of the latter can be 
 demonstrated by placing the glowing end of a match into the vessel 
 in wliich it is being heated, the match immediately igniting. The 
 Oxide is readily and completely soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, yielding 
 a solution which answers the tests distinctive of Mercuric salts given 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuie.] HYD 717 
 
 imder Hydxarayri Percliloridum. It is officially required to contain 
 not less than 99 "2 p.c. of pure Mercuric Oxide, as determined by dis- 
 solving 0*5 gramme of tlie salt in 2 ml. of Nitric Acid, diluting this 
 solution with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, and titrating with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution, employing 
 Ferric Sulphate Solution as an indicator, not less than 45*8 ml. of 
 the solution should be required to produce a permanent pink coloration ; 
 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution 
 = 0*01083 gramme of pure Mercuric Oxide. The U.S. P. states that 
 it should contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Yellow Mercuric Oxide, 
 but does not give a method of determination. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of determination be 
 by solution in Nitric Acid, and titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, with an alternative electrolytic 
 method. 
 
 It may be distinguished from the Red Oxide by digesting 0*5 gramme 
 for 15 minutes on a water-bath with twice its weight of Oxalic Acid 
 dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, when it will be converted into 
 white Mercuric Oxalate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are mineral residue and 
 Chlorides. The B.P. examines only for the neutrality of the Oxide 
 and for fixed residue. The solution in Diluted Nitric Acid should 
 yield only the slightest opalescence with Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. If 1 gramme of the Oxide be shaken 
 with 5 ml. of Distilled Water, it should yield a mixture which is 
 neutral in reaction to Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Mercuric 
 Cliloride on the one hand, or Sodium Hydroxide on the other. It is 
 required by the B.P. to leave not more than 0*5 p.c. of fixed 
 residue when heated to incipient redness, indicating a limit of mineral 
 matter. The U.S. P. and the P.G. require that it shall leave not more 
 than 0*1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that a moisture 
 limit of 1 p.c. together with a method for its determination be included. 
 
 Oxalic Acid. — When it is agitated with Oxalic Acid Solution (1-10) it is 
 gradually converted into a white crystalline powder, P.G. ; when 0* 5 gramme 
 of Oxide and 1 gramme of Oxalic Acid in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water are 
 digested on a water-bath for 15 minutes the Oxide is converted into white 
 Mercuric Oxalate (distinction from Red iNIercuric Oxide), U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI FLAVI. Yellow Mer- 
 curic Oxide Ointment. 
 
 Yellow Mercuric Oxide, in very fine powder, 10 grains ; Yellow 
 Soft Paraffin, 490 grains. Mix by trituration. (1 in 50.) 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in cases of chronic eczema, pityriasis, 
 ringworm, chronic lichen, and syphilitic eruptions. 
 
 Diluted with an equal or twice the quantity of Vaseline, is a most valuable 
 remedy for phlyctenular conjunctivitis, superficial keratitis, blepharitis, and 
 in clearing corneal opacities. 
 
718 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Belg., Yellow Oxide 1, Vaseline 
 49 ; Dutch, Yellow Oxide 1, White Vaseline 19 ; Fr. (Pommade d'Oxyde 
 de Mercure Jaune), Yellow Oxide 1, Vaseline 19; Mex. (Pomada de 
 Oxido Amarillo de Mercurio), Yellow Oxide 1, Vaseline 15; Ital. 
 (Pomata di ossido giallo di mercurio), Yellow Oxide 1, Vaseline 15-| ; 
 Jap., Yellow Oxide 1, VaseUne 9 ; Norw., Yellow Oxide 5, Distilled Water 5, 
 Hydrous Wool Fat 20, Vaseline 70; Russ., Yellow Oxide 1, Lard 49; Span., 
 Yellow Oxide 1, Vaseline 19; S-odss, Freshly precipitated Mercuric Oxide 5 
 in Water 15, Wool Fat 20, Vaseline CO ; U.S., Yellow Mercuric Oxide 1, 
 Water 1, Hydrous Wool Fat 4, Petrolatum 4. 
 
 Several formulas are given in the Pharmacopoeias of the London Hospitals 
 containing from 2 to 60 grains to the oz. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM. 
 
 RED MERCURIC OXIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Red Precipitate. 
 
 HgO, eq. 216-60. 
 
 Fr., Oxyde de Mercure Rouge ; Ger., Quecksilberoxyd ; Ital., Ossido 
 Mercurico Rosso ; Span., Oxido Mercurico Rojo. 
 
 Orange-red, crystalline scales, or heavy, crystalline, orange-red 
 powder, prepared from Mercurous Nitrate. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99*3p.c. of pure 
 Mercuric Oxide. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed^lass bottles of an amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in AVater and Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; readily 
 soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— A powerful irritant, rarely used internally. 
 Employed in form of ointment, q.v. 
 
 Ph. Ger. raiaximum dose, single, 0-02 gramme; daily, 0-06 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Oxydum Hydrargyri 
 Rubrum) ; Dan., Dutch and Norw. (Oxydum Hydrargyricum) ; Fr. 
 (Oxyde de Mercure Rouge) ; Ger. and Swiss (Hydrargyrum Oxy- 
 datum) ; Ital. (Ossido Mercurico Rosso); Jap. (Hydrargyrum 
 Oxydatum Rubrum); Mex. (Oxido Mercurico); Port. (Oxydo 
 Mercurico); Russ. (Hydrargyrum Oxydatum Levigatum) ; Span. 
 (Oxido Mercurico Rojo) ; U.S. Not in Austr. or Hung. 
 
 Tests. — Red Mercuric Oxide imdergoes change of colour when 
 heated, turning a dark violet or almost black, but regains its original 
 orange-red coloiir on cooling. The U.S. P. specifies a temperature, 
 about 400° C. (752° F.). At a red heat it is decomposed into metallic 
 Mercury and Oxygen ; the presence of the latter can be ascertained in 
 the same way as described under Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. It is 
 readily and completely soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, yielding a faintly 
 opalescent solution which answers the tests distinctive of Mercuric 
 salts given under Hydrargyri Perchloridum, It is officially required 
 
[Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 719 
 
 to contain not less than 99 '2 p.c. of pure Mercuric Oxide, as determined 
 by dissolving 0*5 gramme of tlie Oxide in 2 ml. of Nitric Acid, diluting 
 this solution with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, and titrating with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution, of wiiich not 
 less than 45 "8 ml. should be required to produce a permanent pink 
 coloration, Ferric Sulphate Solution being employed as an indicator ; 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution 
 = 0' 01083 gramme of pure Mercuric Oxide. The U.S.P, requires it 
 to contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Red Mercuric Oxide, but 
 gives no method of determination. It may be distinguished from 
 the Yellow Oxide by remaining unaltered when treated with Oxalic 
 Acid Solution. The U.S. P. digests 0'5 gramme of the Oxide with 
 a solution of 1 gramme of Oxalic Acid in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 performing the digestion on a water-bath, and requiring that it shall 
 und(H"go no change of colour in 2 hours. The P.G. repeatedly agitates 
 a mixture of 1 gramme of the Oxide, and 10 c.c. o[ a 10 p.c. w/w 
 Oxalic Acid Solution, when it should suffer no appreciable diminution 
 of colour witliin 1 hour. The B.P. does not include a similar test. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are fixed residue. 
 Chlorides, and Nitrates. The B.P. requires that it shall leave not 
 more than 0*3 p.c. of fixed residue when heated to incipient redness; 
 tlie U.S. P. that it leaves no appreciable residue at a red heat ; the 
 P.G. that it shall leave at the most 0*1 p.c. of residue when strongly 
 heated. Its solution in Diluted Nitric Acid should yield, at the most, 
 but a slight opalescence, with Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Chlorides. 
 
 No brown or blackish-brown zone should develop at the junction 
 of the two fluids, when 2 c.c. of a well-cooled solution of Ferrous 
 Sulphate is poured carefully on to the surface of a well-cooled mixture 
 of 1 gramme of the Red Oxide, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 2 c.c, of 
 Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Nitrates. The B.P. simply 
 requires that it should evolve no orange fumes when heated in a dry 
 test-tube. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI RUBRI. Red Mercuric 
 OxTDE Ointment. B.P.Syn. — Red Precipitate Ointment. 
 
 Red Mercuric Oxide, in powder, 1 ; Yellow Paraffin Ointment, 9. 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 
 Sift the Mercuric Oxide into the melted Paraffin Ointment, and 
 stir till cold. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant for chronic ulcers and caustic 
 for imhealthy granulations and soft warts ; skin parasiticide. Much 
 diluted, is used for ulcerations of the cornaeand ckronic ophthalmia, 
 but the Ointment of the Yellow Oxide is preferred by many. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Belg., 1 in 50; Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Norw., Port, and Swiss, 1 in 20 ; Mex. and Ital., 1 in 16|; Ger., Jap., Span., 
 and U.S., 1 in 10. Not in Austr., Hung, or Swed. 
 
720 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDUM. 
 
 MERCURIC CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Bichloride of Mercury ; Corrosive Sublimate ; Per- 
 CHLORIDE OP Mercury. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Chloretum Hydrargyricum, Hydrargyrum Bichloratum, Sub- 
 limatus Corrosivus. 
 
 HgCl,, eq. 271-52. 
 
 Fr., Bichlorure de Mercure ; Ger., Quecksilberchlorid ; Ital., 
 Cloruro di Mercurico ; Span., Cloruro Mercurio. 
 
 Heavy, colourless, rhombic crystals, or in crystalline masses, or 
 a heavy, white, crystalline powder. 
 
 Odoui-less, and possessing a particularly acrid and persistent metallic 
 taste, but should be tasted with extreme caution. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 98*6 p. c. of pure 
 Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 19 of Water ; 1 in 5 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 
 of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 11 of Ether (0-720) ; 1 in 6 of Ether (0-735) ; 
 8 in 13 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful antiseptic and very poisonous ; 
 disinfectant, escharotic, alterative ; given in very small doses in 
 syphilitic affections, and in syphilitic and non-syplulitic skindiseases. 
 For syphilis by hypodermic injection, ^V to yV grain (with Sodium 
 Chloride), in divided portions in the course of the day. As a local 
 application in diphtheria. 
 
 An aqueous Solution of 1 in 1000 is employed for disinfecting the 
 hands, towels, sponges, etc., in operative surgery ; it corrodes sm'gical 
 instruments. A Solution of the same strength is used for washing 
 infected rooms, furniture, and other articles, and for soaking infected 
 linen. The Solution is often coloured with Aniline Blue or Methyl Violet 
 to guard against its being mistaken for water or other harmless fluid. 
 
 The disadvantages of Mercuric Chloride as a disinfectant and 
 antiseptic are due (1) to its forming with albumen an inert and insoluble 
 compound, (2) to its corrosive action on metals, and (3) to its being a 
 powerful poison. 
 
 To prevent its antiseptic value being destroyed by the formation of 
 an albuminate, five parts of Hydrochloric Acid should be added to 
 each part of Mercuric Chloride. 
 
 As a disinfectant of enteric or other infectious stools and urine, an equal 
 quantity of a 1 in 500 acidulated Solution should be used. They should be 
 thoroughly mixed and left in contact for at least 2 hours before they are 
 finally disposed of. 
 
 Sterilisation of the hands for surgical operations. A preliminary wash 
 with soap and hot water, followed by rubbing the hands with Sublimate 
 Alcohol 1 in 1000, and then polishing with a dry sterile cloth shown to be the 
 most efficient. 
 
 Lotion, 1 in 2000 to 4000, sometimes rapidly stops pruritus. — B.M.J. '12, 
 i. 474. 
 
 Dose. — ^<r to tV grain = 0*002 to 0-004 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 721 
 
 i'V. Codex laaxiiuum dose, single 0-02 gramme; daily, 0-Oli graimno. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-02 gramme ; daily, 0-06 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Oenerally prescribed in the form of the Liquor or 
 given in pills well triturated with Milk Sugar and massed with ' Diluted 
 Glucose.^ 
 
 Externally as a lotion, 1 grain to the fl. oz., or ointment, 2 to 8 grains in 
 the oz., in chronic and parasitic skin diseases, and in acne and freckles ; a 
 Solution of 1 in 1000 is used for syphilitic ulcers ; as an ordinary surgical 
 dressing and in obstetric practice 1 in 2000 to 5000 is sufficient ; as an 
 injection, 1 grain to 8 fl. oz., for chronic discharges, such as leucorrhcea and 
 gonorrhoea ; and as a gargle, 1 grain in 4 fl. oz., for ulcerated and syphilitic 
 sore throat ; as a collyrium, 1 grain in 8 fl,. oz. 
 
 Compressed Discs are prepared for making an antiseptic Solution 1 in 
 1000, see Not Official. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^Alkalis and their Carbonates, Lime Water, Tartar 
 Emetic, Silver Nitrate, Lead Acetate, Albumen, Soaps, Decoction of 
 Cinchona, Tannin, Alkaline Sulphides. Potassium Iodide converts it into 
 Mercuric Iodide, soluble in excess. 
 
 Of&cial Preparations. — Liquor Hydrargyri Perchloridi, and Lotio 
 Hydrargyri Flava. 
 
 Not Official. — Corrosive Sublimate Discs, Poudre de Sublime Corrosif et 
 D'Acide Tartriqne, Injectio Hydi-argyri Hypodermica, Lotio Hydi'argyri 
 Perchloridi, Lotio Hydrargyri Perchloridi Acida, Preservative Solution, 
 Sublimate Gauze, Sublimate Wood Wool, Sublimate Wool, Unguentum 
 Chloreti Hydrargyrici Canthari datum, Sal Alembroth, Injectio Sal Alembroth 
 Hypodernaica. 
 
 Antidotes. — Raw eggs in large quantity ; flour with milk may also be 
 given ; the stomach should then be washed out or an emetic employed. 
 Recovery after taking 8| grains. — B.M.J. '13, i. 116, 220. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Hydrar- 
 gyrum Bichloratum Corrosivvim) ; Belg. (Sublimatus Corrosivus) ; 
 Dan., Norw., and Swed. (Chloretum Hydrargyricum Corrosivum) ; 
 Dutch (Chloretum Hydrargyricum); Fr. (Bichlorure de Mercure) ; 
 Ger., Jap., Russ. and Swiss (Hydrargyrum Bichloratum); Ital. 
 (Cloruro di Mercurico) ; Port. (Chloreto Mercurico); Mex. and 
 Span. (Cloruro Mercurico) ; U.S. (Hydrargyri Chloridum Cor- 
 rosivum). 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Chloride dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a 
 solution which yields with Ammonia Solution a wliite precipitate ; 
 with excess of Hydrogen Sulpliide Solution a black precipitate insoluble 
 ia Ammonium Hydrosulphide Solution, and in hot Diluted Nitric 
 Acid ; with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution a yellow 
 precipitate ; with Potassium Iodide Solution a briUiant scarlet pre- 
 cipitate, soluble in an excess of the reagent or in a considerable excess 
 of the Mercuric Chloride Solution. An aqueous solution, when boiled 
 with Copper foil, gives a grey deposit, which assumes a silvery lustre 
 on being rubbed. Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution does not 
 produce a precipitate in a Glycerin Solution ; in solutions containing 
 both Glycerin and Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide, Ammonium 
 Hydrosulphide Solution prodiices no precipitate. With Silver Nitrate 
 Solution it afiords a white precipitate, which, when filtered and washed, 
 is insoluble in Nitric Acid but dissolves readily in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 It is officially required to yield not less than 72* 8 or more than 
 73 "8 p.c. of metallic Mercury, corresponding to 98*54: to 99 '89 p.c. 
 
722 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.J 
 
 of pure Merciu'ic Chloride, as gravimetrically determined by precipita-' 
 ting tlie Mercury from a solution of 0*5 gramme of Mercuric Chloride 
 in 20 ml. of Distilled Water, by means of 10 ml. (or a sufficiency) of 
 Hypophosphorous Acid ; heating the mixture on a water-bath until 
 the precipitate aggregates, passing through a tared filter paper, washing 
 the flask and filter paper fu-st with Distilled Water, then with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), and finally with Ether, drying the precipitate over Sulphiuric 
 Acid, and weighing. The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain not 
 less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Mercuric Chloride, but gives no method for 
 its quantitative determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the method of determination be gravimetric as Sul- 
 phide, an alternative electrolytic method to be also given. Mercuric 
 Chloride contains theoretically 73*88 p.c. of metalhc Mercmy. 
 
 The more generally occui'ring impurities are fixed residue, foreign 
 salts, Arsenic, and metals other than Mercury. 
 
 It should be almost completely volatilised on heating, leaving a 
 quite inappreciable residue, indicating a limit of fixed residue. The 
 B.P. states that it leaves only a trace of fixed residue, the U.S. P. that 
 it should leave no appreciable residue, the P.G. requires that it should 
 be completely volatilised on heating. The B.P. does not include 
 tests for any other impurities. The U.S. P. includes tests for the 
 absence of foreign salts. Arsenic, and foreign metals ; these are described 
 in small type below under the headings of Hydrogen Sulphide, and 
 modified Gutzeit's test. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. — If to 0-5 gramme of the salt dissolved in 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, 5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid be added, and the solution 
 l^e completely saturated with Hydrogen Sulphide, allowed to stand for several 
 hours in a well-corked flask vmtil the precipitate has subsided, and then 
 filtered, the filtrate should be colourless, and leave no weighable residue 
 upon evaporation, indicating the absence of foreign salts, U.S. P. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test. — The precipitate obtained in the preceding 
 paragraph, after washing with about 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, and draining, 
 is rinsed into a beaker with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and then 6 c.c. of 
 stronger Ammonia Water (sp. gr. 0-897 at 25° C. (77° F.)) added. If, after 
 covering and digesting this mixture for about 15 minutes on a bath of boiling 
 Water, it be rinsed upon a filter, and washed with a little Distilled Water, 
 the filtrate and washings, after evaporating to dryness, moistening with 
 (5 drops of Nitric Acid, and again drying, should not respond to the Modified 
 Gutzeit's Test for Arsenic, indicating a limit of Arsenic, U.S. P. ; and if the 
 precipitated Sulphide remaining upon the filter be treated with Diluted 
 Nitric Acid (1 in 4), warmed, and then filtered, the filtrate should leave no 
 weighable residue upon evaporation and gentle ignition, indicating a hmit 
 of foreign metals, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDI. Solution op Mercuric 
 Chloride. (Altered.) 
 
 1 of Merciiric Chloride dissolved in Distilled Water, q.s. to make 
 1000. (1 in 1000.) 
 
 Rather weaker than in B.P. 1898, which was 1 in 873. 110 minima now 
 contain jig grain = about ^g grain in 1 fl. drm. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure! HYI> 723 
 
 Fr. rnaximum dose, single, 20 grammes ; daily, 60 grammea. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopcfeias. — Official in Belg. (Liquor Sublimati 
 Corrosivi (Van Swieten) ; Fr. (Solute de Chlorure Mercurique) ; 
 Ital. (Soluzione Idroalcoolica di Cloruro di Mercurico) ; Port. 
 (Soluto de Chloreto Mercurico); all 1 in 1000; Mex. (Solucion de 
 Van-Swieten), 1 in 1000, containing 10 p.c. of Alcohol (80°); Span. 
 (Solucion Hidro-Alcoholica de Cloruro Mercurico), 1 in 1000. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 LOTIO HYDRARGYRI FLAVA. Yellow Mercurial Lotion. 
 B.P.Syn. — Yellow Wash. 
 
 Mercuric CUoride, 4-6 ; Solution of Lime, 1000. (1 in 217.) 
 
 Practically 2 grains to the fl. oz. 
 
 This lotion owes its efficacy to the precipitated Mercuric Oxide, and is 
 used for the same purposes as Merciu-ic Oxide Ointment. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Agua Fagedenica 
 Roja), 1 in 600. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ■ CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE DISCS. — Compressed discs containing 8| 
 grains of Merciu"ic Chloride, with an equal weight of Sodiima Chloride, and 
 coloured with Methyl Violet. 
 
 One disc dissolved in a pint of Water forms a Solution containing 1 of 
 Mercuric Chloride in 1000. 
 
 1 pint of London Water with 10 grains of Mercm-ic Chloride makes a clear 
 solution, also with the addition of 10 grains of Sodiiun Chloride ; but with 
 10 grains of Ammonium Chloride it is very turbid. The latter, therefore, 
 should not be used in making the discs. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap. 
 and Sweden, 1 and 2 grammes, red. All made with a mixture of equal parts 
 of Mercuric and Sodii^im Chlorides. Dutch, 1 grannne, blue. 
 
 POUDRE DE SUBLIME CORROSIF ET D'ACIDE TARTRIQUE 
 
 (Fr.). — Powdered Mercm-ic Chloride, 2* 5 gi'ammes ; Powdered Tartaric Acid, 
 10 grammes ; Solution of Soluble Indigo (5 p.c), 10 drops. Mix to a uniform 
 tint, dry, and divide into ten packets. The contents of each packet, when 
 dissolved in a htre of Water, gives a Solution 1 in 4000. 
 
 INJECTIO HYDRARGYRI HYPODERMICA. — Mercuric Chloride, * 
 grain ; Sodium Chloride, pure, 5 grains ; Water to 1 clrm. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 12 minims = J^ to ^-^ grain in divided portions in the 
 cotirse of one day. 
 
 LOTIO HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDI (1 in 500).— Mercuric Chloride, 
 1 oz. ; Water to 500 fl. oz. To be diluted with one to ten parts of Water 
 as directed. Usually tinted with Fuchsin or Methylene Blue. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride, 1 ; Water, 500 ; colom-ed with Methyl Blue. — University. 
 
 Mercuric Chloride, | grain ; Water, 1 oz. — Charing Cross, London, Oph- 
 thalmic. 
 
 LOTIO HYDRARGYRI PERCHLORIDI AC! DA [St. Tho}nas's).—Mer. 
 curie Chloride, 1 oz. ; Hydrochloric Acid (strong), 25 fl. oz. ; Water to 500 
 fl. oz. This is used only as a disinfectant for excreta. 
 
 PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION (for Anatomical subjects). —Corrosive 
 Sublimate, 10 grains ; Glycerin, 21 fl. oz. ; Methylated Spirit, q.s. to make 
 80 fl. oz. For injection into the femoral artery. 
 
 SUBLIMATE GAUZE {Fr.). — Prepared Gauze containing 0- 1 to 05 p.o. 
 of Corrosive Sublimate. (Ital.) 0-25 p.c. 
 
 Hung., has Tela Hydrargyro bichlorato imprsegnata and Filum sericmn 
 Hydrargyro bichlorato imprasgnata. 
 
724 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SUBLIMATE WOOD WOOL.— Pinewood almost in a state of powder, 
 containing Jp.c. of Corrosive SubHmate. It is highly absorbent. 
 
 SUBLIMATE WOOL (7to?.).^Absorbent Wool containing 1 of Mercuric 
 Chloride in 400. 
 
 UNGUENTUM CHLORETI HYDRARGYRICI CANTHARIDATUM 
 [Swed.). — Merciiric Chloride, 1 ; Cantharides, 1 ; Lard, 8. 
 
 SAL ALEMBROTH.— Mercuric Ammonium Chloride, 2N-H,Cl-HgCL, 
 II2O, eq. 396 "54. Syn. Ammonio-Mercuric Chloride, Salt of Wisdom, Sel 
 de la Sagesse ou de la Science. 
 
 White rhombic prisms or tabular crystals, which readily part with their 
 Water of crystallisation when exposed to dry air. 
 
 It contains theoretically 50-5p.c. of metallic Mercury. 
 
 Solubility. — 2 in 1 of Water, 1 in 3| of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in 1 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful antiseptic, but it is not so irritating 
 as Corrosive Sublimate. Used in the antiseptic treatment of wounds. 
 
 Alembroth Gauze, 1 p.c. ; Wool, 2 p.c. ; they are tinted with Aniline 
 Blue, and as the colour is bleached by purulent discharge, soakage of the 
 dressing is readily noted. 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Ammonium Chloride volatilises when strongly heated. 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear, 
 colourless solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, whilst 
 an aqueous solution of Merciu-ic Chloride possesses a faintly acid reaction 
 towards that indicator. Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution produces 
 a white precipitate in the aqueous solution. It should leave no weighable 
 residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 Injeetio Sal Alembroth Hypodermica {Lock). — Mercuric Chloride, 
 32 grains; Ammonium Chloride, 16 grains; Distilled Water, 2 fl. oz. 
 
 Dose. — 10 minims = \ grain of Sal Alembroth to be used for an iniection. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI SUBCHLORIDUM. 
 
 MERCUROUS CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Calomel ; Hydrargyri Chloridtjm. Subchloride of 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 HgCl, eq. 236-06. 
 
 Fr., Protochlorure de Mercure ; Ger., Queoksilberchlorub ; Ital., 
 Cloruro Mercuroso ; Span., Cloruro Mercurioso. 
 
 A heavy, white or whitish, odourless, tasteless, impalpable powder 
 wliich should be protected from the light. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c), or Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Alterative, indirect cholagogue, purgative, 
 antiseptic, and diuretic. 
 
 As an alterative it is used in syphilitic afiections, chronic skin 
 diseases, and glandular enlargements. 
 
 Useful in chronic hepatitis, catarrhal jaundice, and in chronic 
 pharyngitis ; repeated small doses of great benefit in obstinate 
 vomiting ; alao, in the gastro-intestinal catarrh and diarrhoea of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 725 
 
 cliildrcn, for whom the absence of taste renders it convenient ; anthel- 
 mintic in ankylostomiasis. 
 
 As a purgative in biliousness, hepatic and cardiac dropsy, 
 apoplexy, gout, cirrhosis, and in congested and torpid liver due to 
 free living. In hiccough, one grain every hour is often successful. 
 
 In enteric fever, the stupor, tremor, headache and coma, all of which 
 may be due to intestinal sepsis and ptomaines, are removed, and the 
 entire aspect of the case changed, by 1 to 3 grains of Calomel. — The 
 late Sir W. Broadbent. 
 
 Its local uses are numerous : as an insufflation, or as a gargle 
 in syphilitic sore throat ; as an injection with or without Lime Water 
 in blenorrhagia. In a wide range of skin affections, but especially 
 syphilitic, it is invaluable as an ointment. 
 
 Should not be applied to the eye when a patient is taking Potassium 
 Iodide, for it will cause severe inflammation. 
 
 None of the new intestinal antiseptics enter into serious competition with 
 Calomel in small repeated doses. — F.T. '11, 20. 
 
 Along with the usual antispasmodic remedies, of great benefit in asthma. 
 —B.M.J. '09, ii. 882. 
 
 In peenash it acts rapidly, certainly, and without causing the slightest 
 pain or discomfort ; used by the writer in this condition for more than 25 
 years. The other drugs, such as Turpentine, which have been recommended 
 for destroying maggots, are uncertain and very painful. — B.M.J. '11, i. 596. 
 
 Infallible treatment of peenash by insufflation into the nose or ear attaclced 
 by the larvae. Next day the dead larvae are washed out with Boric Lotion. 
 —B.M.J. '11, i. 362. 
 
 ^ grain every half-hoiu* for 12-18 hours always aborts a quinsy. — B.M.J. 
 '12, ii. 1249. 
 
 Lanolin Ointment containing 30 to 33*3 p.c. of Calomel as a prophylactic 
 against syphilis, if used within an hour of inoculation. — L. '11, ii. 1386; B.M.J. 
 '08, ii. 394 ; L. '08, ii. 407 ; B.M.J. '07, ii. 1075. 
 
 By an ointment 1 drm. of Calomel to 1 oz. simple ointment, many cases 
 of obstinate pruritus ani, in which various ointments and lotions were tried 
 without success, were quickly relieved. — B.M.J. '14, i. 1104. 
 
 As an intramuscular injection in syphilis, an emulsion made by the following 
 formula is useful {M.P. '06, i. 149) : sublimed Calomel, 1 gramme ; pure 
 liquid Vaseline, 10 c.c. The average weekly dose is 10 c.c. 
 
 A proteid or colloidal form of Calomel is known under the name of 
 Calomelol. It forms a greyish -white, odourless and tasteless powder, 
 soluble in Water, but insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — I to 5 grains = 0*032 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Swiss maximum dose, single, • 5 graname ; daily, 2 • grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Calomel can be made into pills with Glucose, and if 
 the pills be too small, they can be mude larger by the addition of Milk Sugar. 
 It is frequently prescribed with Compound Rhubarb Pill or Compound Pill of 
 Colocynth and Henbane. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Bromides and Iodides, Mineral Acids, Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 Chlorides of the Alkalis. Soap, even when neutral. Solutions of Lime, 
 Potassium Hydroxide, or Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 Ofiacial Preparations. — Lotio Hydrargyri Nigra, Pilula Hydrargyri Sub- 
 chloridi Composita, and Unguentum Hydrargyri Subchloridi. 
 
 Not Official. — Calomel Cream {Squire), Emplastrum Calomelanos, 
 Pastilli Hydrargyri Chlorati cum Talco, Pilula Calomelanos cvim Coloc, 
 Pilula Hydrargyri Subchloridi et Jalapa?, Pilula Hydrargyri Subchloridi et 
 Scammonii, Pilula Zittmann, Pulvis Rhei cum Hydrargyro, Pulvis Calomelanos 
 
726 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 et Acidi Borici, Pulvis Calomelanos et Amyli, and Pulvia Calomelanos et 
 Zinci Oxidi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Hydrargyrum 
 Chloratum Mite), both the levigated and that sublimed by steam; Belg. 
 (Calomelas) ; Dan. and Norw. (Calomel); Dutch (Chloretum Hydrar- 
 gyrosum), also (Chloretum Hydrargyrosum ope Vaporis Aquin 
 paratum) ; Fr. (Protochlorure de Mercure par volatilisation), also 
 (Protochlorure de Mercure par Precipitation); Ger., Jap., and Swiss 
 (Hydrargyrum Chloratum), also (Hydrargyrum Chloratum Vapore 
 Paratum) ; Ital. (Cloruro Mercuroso) ; Mex. (Cloruro Mercurioso 
 al Vapor), also (Precipitado) ; Port. (Chloreto Mercuroso), also (Mer- 
 curio Doce); Russ. (Hydrargyrum Chloratum Levigatvim), also 
 (Hydrargyrum Chloratum Vapore Prajparatum) ; Span. (Cloruro 
 Mercurioso) (Sublimado, por el Vapor, and Precipitado) ; Swed. 
 (Chloretum Hydrargyrosum Precipitatum) ; U.S. (Hydrargyri 
 Chloridum Mite). 
 
 Tests. — Mercurous Cliloride volatilises when strongly heated. 
 With Calcium, Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution or with 
 Ammonia Solution it yields a black precipitate ; in the case of the 
 three former solutions the precipitate consists of Mercurous Oxide, 
 in the latter case it consists of a Mercurousamido salt. When heated 
 with alkali Carbonate in a dry test-tube it yields a sublimate of metallic 
 Mercury. If the alkaline residue be dissolved in Diluted Nitric Acid, 
 it affords with Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution. It is not now 
 officially required to yield any definite percentage of metallic Mercury. 
 The U.S. P. states that it should contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of 
 pure Mercurous Cliloride but gives no method of determination. It 
 contains theoretically 84 "97 p.c. by weight of metallic Mercury. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are fixed residue, Mercuric- 
 Ammonium Chloride, Mercuric Chloride, foreign salts, e.g., salts of 
 the alkaline earths. Arsenic, and foreign metals. The B.P. requires that 
 when volatilised it shall leave not more than a trace of fixed residue, 
 the U.S. P. no appreciable residue, the P.G. that it completely volatilises. 
 
 Mercurous Chloride blackens when warmed with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, but no characteristic odour of Ammonia is evolved, nor 
 should the colour of a piece of moistened red Litmus paper be changed 
 to blue when held in the neck of the tube, indicating the absence of 
 Merciuic -Ammonium Chloride. The B.P. requires that it should 
 become black, but not evolve Ammonia ; the test is supplemented in 
 the U.S. P. by the requirement that if another portion of Mercurous 
 Chloride be shaken with Acetic Acid, and filtered, the filtrate should 
 not be affected by Hydrogen Sulpliide Solution, nor by Silver Nitrate 
 Test- Solution, indicating a distinction from, and the absence of 
 Ammoniated Mercury. 
 
 The B.P. now uses an aqueous digestion of the salt in testing for the 
 presence of Mercuric Chloride, requiring that the filtrate from a mixture 
 of 1 gramme of the salt with 10 ml. of Distilled Water, after it has 
 been well shaken and filtered, should not be darkened by Hydrogen 
 Sulphide. The U.S. P. requires that if 2 grammes of the salt be shaken 
 with 20 c.c. of Ether, filtered, the filtrate evaporated, and 10 c.c. of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 727 
 
 Distilled Water added, not more than a slight opalescence should result 
 upon the addition of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution to 5 c.c. of the 
 filtrate, and no change in colour should be produced upon adding a 
 few drops of Ammonium Sulphide Test-Solution to the remainder, 
 indicating the absence of Mercuric Chloride. Foreign salts and metals 
 may be detected after the complete removal of the Mercury by 
 Hydrogen Sulpliide as described in small type below, imder the 
 headings of Hydrogen Sulphide and Modified Gutzeit's Test. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. — If to 0*5 gramme of Mercurous Chloride contained 
 in a small beaker, 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid be added, and the mixture evaporated 
 to dryness on a water-bath, and if, after dissolving the residue in about 
 25 c.c. of Distilled Water and 5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, the solution be 
 completely saturated with Hydrogen Sulphide and allowed to stand for several 
 hours in a well-corked flask, until the precipitate has subsided, and then 
 filtered, the filtrate should be colovu-less and leave no weighable residue upon 
 evaporation and gentle ignition, indicating the absence of many foreign salts, 
 U.S. P. 
 
 Modified Gutzeit's Test.^ — The precipitate obtained in the preceding 
 test should be washed with about 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, then drained 
 and rinsed into a beaker with about 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and then 
 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution [sp. gr. 0-897 at 25° C. (77° F.)] added. If after 
 covering this mixture and digesting it for 15 minutes on a water-bath, it 
 be rinsed upon a filter and washed wdth a little Distilled Water, the filtrate 
 and washings after evaporating to dryness, moistening with G drops of 
 Nitric Acid and again drying, should not respond to the Modified Gutzeit's 
 test for Arsenic, indicating a limit of Arsenic, U.S. P. ; if the precipitated 
 Sulphide remaining on the filter be treated with diluted Nitric Acid (1 in 4), 
 warmed and then filtered, the filtrate should leave no weighable residue upon 
 evaporation and gentle ignition, indicating a limit of foreign metals, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LOTIO HYDRARGYRI NIGRA. Black Mercurial Lotion. 
 B.P.Stjn.— Black Wash. (Modified.) 
 
 Triturate 30 grains of Mercurous Cliloride with J fl. oz. of Glycerin ; 
 add sufficient Solution of Lime to produce 10 fl. oz. of the Lotion. 
 
 (1 in 146.) 
 
 The Metric quantities are 6-85, 50, to make 1000. 
 
 Mucilage of Tragacanth is now omitted, but the strength remains the 
 same. 
 
 Useful application to sjrphilitic sores and to relieve pruritus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Agua Fagedenica 
 Negra), 1 in 600. Not in the others. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRI SUBCHLORIDI COMPOSITA. Com- 
 pound Pill of Mercurous Chloride. B.P.Syn. — Compound 
 Calomel Pill ; Plummer's Pill. (Modified.) 
 
 Mercurous Chloride, 20 ; Sulphurated Antimony, 20 ; Guaiacum 
 Resin, in powder, 40 ; Gum Acacia, 1 ; Tragacanth, 1 ; both in 
 powder ; Syrup of Glucose, 10 or q.s. (about 1 in 4J.) 
 
 Same strength as before, but excipient is altered and Castor Oil omitted. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains =; 0'26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
728 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI SUBCHLORIDI. Mercurous 
 Chloride Ointment. B.P.Syn. — Calomel Ointment. (Altered.) 
 Mercurous Chloride, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 4. (1 in 5.) 
 
 It is now 1 in 5 in place of the 1 in 10 of B.P. 1898. 
 For India Benzoated Suet replaces Benzoated Lard. 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Useful in the itching of skin afiections ; also in pruritus ani. A good 
 application to syphilitic sores. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Fr. (Pommade de Calomel), 
 ItaL (Pomato di Cloruro Mercuroso), 1 in 10 ; Port. (Pomada de 
 Mercurio Doce), 1 in 10 ; Mex. (Pomada de Cloruro Mercurioso), 
 1 and 20; Span. (Pomada de Cloruro Mercurioso Precipitado), 
 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CALOMEL CREAM (Squire). — Pure hydrosublimed Calomel, 48 grain.s ; 
 sterilised anhydrous Lanolin, by weight, 160 grains ; pure sterilised Olive Oil, 
 q.s. to produce 1 oz. 
 
 10 minims = 1 grain of pure hydrosublimed Calomel. 
 
 Dose. — 10 minims = 0-6 c.c. by intramuscular injection. 
 
 Calomel, 10 grains ; Vaseline to 1 oz. — Lock. 
 See also Mercurial Cream. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM CALOMELANOS. Syn. Empla-struivi Album.— Con- 
 tains 20 p.c. of Calomel, spread on Silk or other suitable material. 
 
 PASTILLI HYDRARGYRI CHLORATI CUM TALCO (Jap.).— E&ch 
 pastil contains 0-5 gramme of Mercurous Chloride. 
 
 PILULA CALOMELANOS C. COLOC. (Middlesex).— C&loir^el, 1 grain ; 
 Compound Extract of Colocynth, 3^ grains ; Ipecacuanha, \ grain. 
 
 Dose. — One or two pills. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRI SUBCHLORIDI ET JALAP/E (House Pill) 
 (St. Bartholomew's). — Calomel, 1 grain ; Jalap, 3 grains ; SjTup of Glucose, 
 q.s. ; in one pill. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRI SUBCHLORIDI ET SCAMMONII (St. Bar- 
 tholomew's). — Calomel, 1 grain ; Scammony, 3 grains ; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. ; 
 in one pill. 
 
 PILULA ZITTMANN (Loci).— Calomel, 2 grains; Compound Extract 
 of Colocynth, 5 grains ; Extract of Henbane, 2 grains. Make two pills. 
 
 PULVIS RHEI CUM HYDRARGYRO (St. rAorna-s's).— Rhubarb Root, 
 in powder, 2 grains ; Mercurous Chloride, i grain ; Ginger, in powder, | grain. 
 Dose for a child of twelve months. 
 
 This form is given in London Ophthalmic under the title Pulvis Calome- 
 lanos cum Rheo. 
 
 PULVIS CALOMELANOS ET ACIDI BORICI (St. Thomas's).— Mer- 
 curous Chloride, 1 ; Boric Acid, in powder, 3. Used as a dusting powder. 
 
 PULVIS CALOMELANOS ET AMYLI.— Mercurous Chloride, 1 ; Starch 
 Powder, 3. Used as a dusting powder. — St. Tlwmas's. 
 Mercurous Chloride, 1 ; Starch, 1. — Kirufs and Lock. 
 
 PULVIS CALOMELANOS ET ZINCI OXIDI (St. Thomas's and 
 London). — Mercurous Chloride, 1 ; Zinc Oxide, 3. Used as a dusting powder. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 729 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM. 
 
 AMMONIATED MERCURY. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — ^Ammonio -Chloride op Mercury ; Mercuric-Ammonium 
 Chloride ; White Precipitate. 
 
 NH^HgCl, eq. 252-086. 
 
 White, pulverulent masses or a wliite, odourless powder, possessing 
 a somewhat earthy and subsequently metallic taste. It is converted 
 into a yellow basic salt by prolonged contact with Water. 
 
 It is the precipitate obtained on pouring a solution of Mercuric 
 Chloride in Distilled Water into Ammonia Solution diluted with 
 Distilled Water, the precipitate being collected and dried at a tempera- 
 ture not exceeding 30° C. (86° F.). 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber 
 tint. 
 
 It is known as infusible white precipitate. 
 
 The fusible variety is obtained by adding a Solution of Mercuric Chloride 
 to a mixture of Ammonium Chloride and Ammoma till the precipitate ceases 
 to redissolve. It has the formula HgCL . 2NH3. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. Insoluble in Water, 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), and Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Never given internally. Used in the 
 form of ointment for chronic and parasitic skin diseases, impetigo, 
 herpes, ringworm, and scabies. The ointment is used for pediculi, 
 but the powder can be used alone or mixed with Rose Water, and the 
 implcasantness of greasing the linen avoided. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. 
 
 Not Official. — Lowndes' Cream. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube or an emetic, preceded by raw eggs and raw 
 flour and water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Hydrarg. 
 Bichloratum Ammoniatum) ; Belg. (Praecipitatum Album); Dan., 
 Norw., and Swed. (Chloretum Amido-Hydrargyricum) ; Dutch (Chlo- 
 retum Hydrargyrico-ammonicum) ; Ger. and Jap. (Hydrargyrum 
 Praecipitatum Album) ; Russ. and Swiss (Hydrargyrum Amidato- 
 bichloratum) ; U.S. (Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum); Ph. Lend. 1788 
 (Calx Hydrargyri Alba). Not in Fr., Ital., Port, or Span. 
 
 The synonyms, Fr., Preeipite Blanc ; Port, and Span., Precipitatuna Alb\un ; 
 apply to Calomel and not to Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. 
 
 Tests. — Ammoniated Mercury volatilises when heated at a 
 temperature below redness. When boiled with Stannous Chloride 
 Solution it is reduced and turns grey, and produces globules of 
 metalUc Mercury. It is completely soluble in warm Acetic Acid 
 and in Sodium Tliiosulphate Solution. The solution in the latter 
 reagent yields Ammonia gas, and a precipitate of Red Mercuric 
 Sulphide when boiled, which is converted into the black variety on 
 prolonged boihng. Dissolved in Diluted Nitric Acid it affords a scarlet 
 precipitate with Potassium Iodide Solution. When heated with 
 
730 HYD [Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, it assumes a yellow 
 colour and Ammonia gas is evolved. If the mixture be filtered, the 
 filtrate, when acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, yields with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, 
 readily soluble in Ammonia Solution. It is officially required to 
 contain not less than 94*5 p.c. of Mercuric- Ammonium Chloride, 
 corresponding to not less than 75*2 p.c. of pure metallic Mercury, 
 as volumetrically determined by triturating a weighed quantity of 
 0*3 gramme of the salt in a mortar with a few drops of Distilled Water, 
 wasliing the mixture into a flask by using first 40 ml. of Distilled Water 
 and then 10 ml. of Distilled Water containing 2 grammes of Potassium 
 Iodide in solution. The mixture is well shaken until complete solution 
 results, and is then titrated with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, of wliich not less than 22*5 ml. should be required for 
 neutralisation, Methyl Orange Solution being employed as an indicator 
 of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution = '012604 gi'amme of Mercuric-Ammonium Chloride. The 
 U.S. P. requires that it should contain not less than 78 p.c. nor more 
 than 80 p.c, of metallic Mercury, corresponding to not less than 
 98*0 p.c. nor more than 100 '6 p.c. of Mercuric- Ammonium Chloride, 
 but gives no method of determination. It contains theoretically 
 79*5 p.c. of metallic Mercury. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are fixed residue, Mercurous 
 salts. Carbonate, foreign salts, Arsenic, and other metals. 
 
 Ammoniated Mercury should volatilise almost conipletely when 
 heated at a temperature below redness, indicating the absence of fixed 
 residue. The B.P. requires that when sufficiently heated it should 
 volatilise, leaving no appreciable fixed residue, and with the exception 
 of this test no further tests for impurities are given ; the U.S. P. 
 requires that at a red heat it is wholly volatilised ; the P.G. requires 
 that it should be completely volatilised on heating. It should also 
 volatilise without fusing, indicating the absence of the fusible variety 
 of White Precipitate. It should dissolve completely without efierves- 
 cence in Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonate. 
 It should leave no residue when dissolved in Hydrochloric Acid, and 
 if 0*2 gramme be allowed to stand for about 10 minutes with 10 c.c. 
 of Acetic Acid, frequently shaking, and then warmed slowly to about 
 30° C. (86° F.), a clear solution should result, indicating the absence 
 of Mercurous salts. The U.S. P. tests for foreign salts. Arsenic and 
 other metals, by the tests described under the heading of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide and Gutzeit's test under Mercurous Chloride, using a solution 
 of 0*5 gramme of Ammoniated Mercury in 2 c.c. of Hydi'ochloric 
 Acid, diluted with Distilled Water to 25 c.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI AMMONIATI. Ammoniated 
 Mercury Ointment. B.P.Syn. — White Precipitate Ointment. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 Ammoniated Mercury in powder, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 19. (1 in 20.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] HYD 731 
 
 It in now I in 20 ill place of the 1 in 10 of B.P. 1898, and Benzoated Lard 
 is used in place of White Paraffin Ointment. 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet replaces Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other liot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch (Ung. Chloreti Hy- 
 drargyrico-ammonici), 1 in 10 ; Ger., Jap. and Swiss (Ung. Hydrar- 
 gyri Album) ; and Russ. (Ung. Hydrargyri Amidato-bichlorati), 
 1 in 10 ; U.S., 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LOWNDES' CREAM. — Ammoniated Mercm-y Ointment, 1 ; Zinc Oint- 
 ment, 3 ; Glycerin, 2 ; form a cream. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA. 
 
 MERCURY WITH CHALK. 
 P.B.Syn. — Grey Powder. 
 
 A dull grey powder, free from grittiness, made by tliorouglily mixing 
 1 of Mercury (by weight) with 2 of Prepared Chalk. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water; partially soluble in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, and in Diluted Acetic Acid ; lea^^ng a greyish 
 residue of finely-divided Mercury. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Chiefly given to children as a cathartic ; 
 suitable for the prolonged administration of Mercury in syphilis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0'06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.^ — Best given as a powder by itself, or with Rhubarb ; 
 sometimes in cachets ; but ivhen required in pill form, ' Diluted Glucose ' is the 
 best excipient. 
 
 Wot Official. — Pilula Hydrargjrri cum Creta et Opio, Pilulae Hydrargyri 
 cum Creta et Ipecacuanlia. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., same as Brit. ; Mex., Polvo 
 de Mercurio Calcareo, 1 in 2f ; Port., Mercurio com Carbonato de Cal, 3 in 
 10 ; Swed. 33 p.c. ; U.S., 3-8 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Mercury with Chalk, when mixed with Distilled Water, 
 acidified with Diluted Hydrocliloric Acid, and boiled with a bright 
 strip of Copper foil, gives a grey deposit, which assumes a silvery 
 lustre on being rubbed. It partially dissolves in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid with effervescence, and the evolved gas, if passed thi'ough Lime 
 Water, yields a white precipitate ; the resulting solution, when filtered 
 from the deposit of Mercury, should not afford any white or grey 
 precipitate on the addition of Stannous Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Mercuric salts. The U.S. P. requires that the solution 
 obtained by digesting 1 decigramme of the powder with 20 c.c. of warm 
 
732 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Diluted ITydrocliloric Acid .sliould yield a filtrate Avliich should be 
 unaffected by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution. A limit of Mercurous 
 Oxide is fixed in the U.S. P. by the requirement that the filtrate 
 obtained when the specimen is digested with warm Acetic Acid and 
 filtered should not become more than slightly opalescent on the 
 addition of one or two drops of Hydrochloric Acid. The B.P. does 
 not specify a necessary percentage of Mercury nor a method of 
 determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that it be 
 required to contain not less than 37 nor more than 39 p.c. by weight 
 of Mercmy, and that the method of determination be based upon 
 solution in Nitric Acid, and titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PILULA HYDRARGYRI CUM CRETA ET OPIO. -Syw. Hutchinson's 
 Pills (St. Thomas's). — Mercniry with Chalk, 1 grain ; Compound Powder of 
 Ipecacuanha, 1 grain. 
 
 PILUL/E HYDRARGYRI CUM CRETA ET IPECACUANH>E (No. 1, 
 University}. — Mercurj^ with Chalk, 1 grain ; Compound Ipecacuanha Powder, 
 1 grain. 
 
 HYDRARGYRUM OLEATUM. 
 
 OLEATED MERCURY. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Mercuric Oleate. 
 
 Fr., Oleate de Mercure ; Ger., Oelsatjres Quecksilber. 
 
 A brownish-yellow, semi-solid, oleaginous mass when fresh, but 
 becoming of a stiSer consistence and darker colour on keeping ; it 
 should therefore be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark 
 amber tint and exposed as little as possible. 
 
 The process differs materially from that in B.P. 1898, which was the pre- 
 cipitate obtained by mixing Solutions of Mercuric Chloride and Hard Soap. 
 B.P. 1914 reverts to the older method of B.P. 1885 and previously described 
 in Squire's Companion 1877, but introduces a small quantity of Liquid Paraffin 
 to distribute the Oxide. 
 
 It is made by tritiorating 20 of Yellow Mercuric Oxide with 5 of Liquid 
 Paraffin, and when smooth add 75 of Oleic Acid, all by weight ; mix thoroughly 
 and heat to 50° C. (122° F.) with occasional stirring until combined. 
 
 The Mercuric Oleate of the U.S. P. is prepared by the interaction of Yellow 
 Mercuric Oxide and Oleic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Mercury Ointment and 
 Liniment, but more easily absorbed. Used with great success in 
 tubercvdar peritonitis. Has been strongly recommended as an applica- 
 tion for persistent inflammation in the joints or other parts near the 
 surface, more particularly when combined with Morphine. It is 
 useful, spread on lint and placed in the axilla, for syphilis ; also as an 
 application for non-ulcerated syphilitic indurations. A good application 
 for pityriasis versicolor and for killing pediculi. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 733 
 
 Official Preparation. — ^Unguentum Hydi-argyri Oleati. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Hychargyri Qleas c. Morphina. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., Max. and U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Tests. — Mercuric Oleate heated with a piece of bright Copper 
 foil and a little Diluted Hydrochloric Acid deposits a film of metallic- 
 Mercury. When dissolved in Ether, shaken with Diluted Nitric 
 Acid, and the aqueous acid portion separated, the latter yields 
 the tests distinctive of Mercuric salts given under Hydrargyri 
 Perchloridum, The washed ethereal liquid transferred to a flask, 
 the Ether removed by distillation leaves a residue which consists 
 mainly of Oleic Acid. A method for the determination of the 
 Mercury is described Y.B.P. '01, 200. 2 grammes of the Oleate 
 are weighed into a small tared beaker and stirred with 10 c.c. of Ether 
 imtil completely disintegrated, 25 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 5 c.c. 
 of Hypophosphorous Acid (30 p.c.) are then added and the whole 
 retained on a water-bath until the reduced Mcrciuy completely subsides, 
 leaving the fatty matter in solution. The liquid is poured off, the 
 precipitate washed by decantation successively with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and Ether, the beaker and Mercury dried at 100° C. (212° F.), cooled 
 and weighed. The weight multiplied by 50 yields the percentage 
 of metalHc Mercury. The Oleate should leave no weighable residue 
 upon ignition. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OLEATI. Mercuric Oleate 
 Ointment. 
 
 Oleated Mercury, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 3. 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet replaces the Benzoated Latd. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI OLEAS C. MORPHINA is made by dissolving 1 grain of 
 Morphine alkaloid in each GO grains of Mercuric Oleate (10 p.c). 
 
 HYDRASTIS RHIZOMA. 
 
 HYDRASTIS RHIZOME. 
 
 Fr., Hydrastis ; Ger., Hydrastisrhizom ; Ital., Idraste ; 
 Span., Hidrastis del Canada. 
 
 The dried Rhizome and Roots of Hydrastis Canadensis, L. 
 
 Hydrastis contains the alkaloids — ^Berberine (3 to 4 p.c), Hydrastine 
 (2 to 3 p.c), and Canadine. 
 
 The Hydrastis of both the P.G. and the U.S. P. is required to yield not 
 less than 2- 5 p.c. of Hydrastine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Haemostatic, astringent. Useful in 
 clironic catarrhal conditions of the mucous membranes, such as the 
 
734 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 gastru-intestiual, but especially that of the uterus. Recommended 
 in menorrhagia. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Equal parts of the Tincture and Water, or 1 of the 
 Liquid Extract to 19 of Water forms a useful lotion. 
 
 OflBcial Preparations. — Extractum Hydrastis Liquidum and Tinctura 
 Hydi'astis. 
 
 Not Official. — Glyeeritum Hydrastis, Extrait Hydrastis, Hydrastin, 
 Hydrastina, Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, Hydrastinina, Hydrastininse 
 Hydroch] oridum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Eelg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Hydrastis Rliizome is of a yellowish-brown 
 colour, and the transverse fracture is hard and short, exliibiting a 
 greenish-yellow, resinous surface in which a row of bright yellow, 
 narrow, distant wood bundles form a ring. It has a characteristic 
 odour, and a bitter taste. It is tortuous, simple or branched, 
 J to 1^ inches (12 to 38 mm.), 10 to 40 mm. B.P., long, and ^ to J inch 
 (3 to 12 mm.), 3 to 10 mm. B.P., in thickness ; sub-cylindrical, oblique, 
 with thin brittle roots, 2 to 5 cm. long, and 3 to 6 mm. in diameter, 
 with short stem remnants, or stem scars, and slightly annulate, U.S. P. 
 It is furnished with numerous brittle slender rootlets, except on the 
 upper surface, wliich presents short, nearly erect branches, each with 
 terminal cup-shaped scars where a stem has been given ofE. 
 
 Tests. — A useful method for the separate determination of Berberine 
 and Hydrastine is given ( Y.B.P. '01, 408 ; CD. '01, ii. 235). 10 grammes 
 of the drug in a state of fine powder are exhausted with hot Alcohol, 
 either in a Soxhlet or in a flask fitted with a reflux condenser. The 
 liquid is cooled and the volume adjusted to 100 c.c. by the addition 
 of Alcohol. 25 c.c. of this liquid are placed in a flask of about 8 oz. 
 capacity mixed with 1| c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid (32 p.c), J c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid, and 125 c.c. of Sulphuric Ether, The mixture is 
 cooled, well shaken, allowed to stand 24 hours in a refrigerator for 
 the crystals of Berberine Hydrochloride to separate, and filtered 
 through a weighed filter paper, the filtrate being reserved. The crystals 
 are washed with a mixture of equal volumes of Alcohol and Ether 
 until the washings cease to give an acid reaction, the wasliings being 
 added to the main filtrate. The crystals are dried at 105° C. (221° F.) 
 and weighed. The weight multiplied by 0*9017 and then by 40 gives 
 the percentage of Berberine present in the sample operated on. 
 
 The filtrate and washings from the Berberine Hydrochloride crystals 
 are rendered very nearly neutral or only faintly acid, evaporated 
 nearly to dryness on a steam-bath, the residue treated with hot 
 Distilled Water in small quantities, filtering into a stoppered 
 separator, until the wasliings from the residue cease to give an 
 alkaloidal reaction with the ordinary test reagents. Sufficient 
 Ammonia Solution is added to the aqueous extract in the separator to 
 render it alkaline and the liberated alkaloid extracted by agitation 
 with Ether. The Ether extraction is repeated until the whole of the 
 Hy-drastine is removed, the excess of Ether is removed by evapora- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 735 
 
 tion and the alkaloid extracted from its ethereal solution by several 
 agitations with successive portions of a 5 p.c. Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 The separated acid liquids are mixed, sufficient Ammonia Solution 
 added to render them alkaline and the Hydrastine extracted by 
 repeated agitation with successive quantities of Ether. The Ether is 
 evaporated, the alkaloidal residue dissolved in an excess of Twentieth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and the excess of 
 Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution titrated with 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The 
 number of c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution used divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from the 
 number of c.c. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphm'ic Acid 
 Solution employed to dissolve the alkaloidal residue, the product 
 multiplied by 0'019159 and then by 40, gives the percentage of 
 Hydrastine present in the sample. 
 
 The above process has been tried in the author's laboratory and 
 found to work well. A sample of the Rhizome gave 3 "6 p.c. of 
 Berberine and 3*20 p.c. of Hydrastine. 
 
 The U.S. P. adopts the following method for the determination of 
 Hydrastine : — 15 grammes of Hydrastis in No. 60 powder are shaken 
 during 10 minutes, in an Erlenmeyer flask of 250 c.c. capacity, with 
 150 c.c. of Ether. 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution are added and the flask 
 again shaken at intervals during half an hour. After the addition of 
 15 c.c. of Distilled Water to cause the drug to agglomerate, 100 c.c. of 
 the clear Ether solution ( = 10 grammes of Hydrastis Rliizome) are 
 removed to a separator and shaken during 1 minute with 15 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The lower acid layer 
 is removed to a second separator, and the Ether Solution in the 
 first separator is again shaken during 1 minute with 5 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 the acid solution being again drawn ofi, when the Uquids have separated. 
 The Ether solution is then shaken with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, wliich 
 is in turn removed. The acid and aqueous Uquids are mixed with 
 sufficient Ammonia Water to render the liquid alkaline and the 
 liberated alkaloid shaken out with 25 c.c. of Ether. After separation 
 of the liquids, the lower alkaline portion is drawn off into another 
 separator and the Ether solution transferred to a tared flask. The 
 extraction is repeated with two successive portions of 20 c.c. and 
 15 c.c, of Ether, the alkaline liquid being removed in each case and 
 the ethereal solution transferred to the tared .flask. The Ether is 
 carefidly removed by evaporation, the alkaloidal residue dried till 
 constant in weight at 100° C. (212° F.), cooled and weighed. This 
 weight multiplied by 10 gives the percentage of Hydrastine. 
 
 The Rhizoma Hydrastis of the P.G. is required to contain at least 
 2 "5 p.c. of Hydrastine, as determined by the following process : — 
 6 grammes of Hydrastis Rhizome in middling-fine powder are 
 moistened in a test-glass with 60 grammes of Ether and after 
 vigorous shaking with 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, and the mixture 
 allowed to stand during 3 hours with frequent intervals of vigorous 
 
736 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 sliaking. After complete separation a weighed quantity of 40 grammes 
 of the Ether Solution (= 4 grammes of Hydrastis Ehizome) is filtered 
 through a dry well-covered filter into a flask, and the Ether is distilled 
 off. The residue is warmed with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 (1 -f 99), the solution filtered through a small filter paper moistened 
 with Distilled Water into a separator, the flask is Avaslied twice, using 
 each time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), and these 
 extractions are also filtered through the same filter into the separator, 
 and the filter is washed with a little Distilled Water. The united 
 Hydrochloric Acid extracts are mixed with 40 c.c. of Ether, the mixture 
 vigorously shaken, Ammonia Solution added imtil an alkaline reaction 
 results, and the mixture immediately vigorously shaken during 
 2 minutes. After complete clearing the aqueous fluid is drawn off, 
 the ethereal solution remaining in the separator is again shaken, and 
 after a second clearing 30 c.c. (= 3 grammes of Hydrastis Ehizome) 
 are measured off. Tliis solution is allowed to evaporate at a moderate 
 temperature in a Hght tared flask, and the residue is dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) until it remains constant in weight. The weight of the 
 residue shovdd amount to at least 0*075 gramme, representing a 
 minimum content of 2*5 p.c. of Hydrastine. 
 
 The ash of Hydrastis varies from 5 to 8 p.c, and should not exceed 
 11 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of 
 Hydrastis. (Altered.) 
 
 20 of Hydrastis Rhizome in No. 60 powder, exhausted by perco- 
 lation with Alcohol (60 p.c), reserving the first 17 and evaporating 
 the remainder to a soft Extract, wliich is dissolved in the first portion, 
 and the whole made up with Alcohol (60 p.c) to the standard strength 
 or q.s. (Standardised.) 
 
 Now made with Alcohol (60 p.c.) instead of Alcohol (45 p.c.) and stan- 
 dardised. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Hydrastis B.P. is required to contain 2 p.c. w/v of 
 Hydrastine ; and a similar percentage is required by the Fr. Codex and 
 U.S. P. ; the P.G. Fluid Extract is required to contain at least 2-2 p.c. w/w 
 of Hydi'astine. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 
 all 1 in 1 ; Fr. and Mex. have a solid extract. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Hydrastis B.P. has a specific gravity 
 of 0*990 to 1'012; contains about 19 p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 50 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Hydrastis B.P. is officially required to contain 
 2 p.c. w/v of Hydrastine. The method of determination of the B.P. 
 is essentially the same as the process of the U.S. P., as the following 
 comparison of the processes will show, except that the B.P. adopts 
 the new term ml. in the place of c.c and employs for the precipitation 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 737 
 
 of the alkaloid 20 ml. of Potassium Iodide Solution diluted witli 60 ml. 
 of Distilled Water in the place of 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide 
 dissolved in 85 c.c. of Distilled Water, as recommended by the U.S. P. 
 The B.P. extracts tliree times with Ether, whereas the U.S. P. only 
 extracts twice. The process is essentially as follows : — A measured 
 quantity of 10 ml. of the Liquid Extract is introduced into a measuring 
 flask of 100 ml. capacity, together with a mixture of 20 ml. of Potassium 
 Iodide Solution and 60 ml. of Distilled Water. After the addition of 
 sufficient Distilled Water to bring the volume of the liquids to 100 c.c. 
 they are shaken for several minutes. A filtered measured quantity 
 of 50 c.c. is then transferred to a separator, rendered alkaline with 
 Ammonia Solution and the liberated alkaloid shaken out with 30 ml. 
 of Ether, the'extraction being twice repeated, using each time a further 
 quantity of 20 ml. of Ether, and continuing the shaking during 
 1 minute. The lower alkaline liquid is in each case removed after 
 complete separation of the immiscible solvent, the Ether solution 
 transferred to a tared flask, or beaker, the mixed ethereal solutions 
 are evaporated at a gentle heat, the residue dried on the water-bath 
 until constant in weight, cooled and weighed. The weight multiplied 
 by 20 gives the percentage w/v of Hydrastine present in the Liquid 
 Extract. 100 ml. should yield 2 grammes of Hydrastine. The limit 
 of error fixed by the B.P. is plus or minus O'l gramme. 
 
 The fluid extract of the U.S. P. is required to contain 2 p.c. w/v of 
 Hydrastine. The method adopted by the U.S. P. for its determination 
 is essentially as follows : — A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the 
 Fluid Extract is introduced into a measuring fl^ask of 100 c.c. capacity, 
 together with 85 c.c. of Distilled Water containing in solution 2 grammes 
 of Potassium Iodide. After the addition of sufficient Distilled Water 
 to bring the volume of the liquids to 100 c.c, they are shaken for 
 several minutes. A filtered measured quantity of 50 c.c. is transferred 
 to a separator, rendered alkaline with Ammonia Water, and the 
 liberated alkaloid shaken out with 30 c.c. of Ether, repeating the 
 extraction with a further quantity of 20 c.c. of Ether. The lower 
 alkahne liquid is in each case removed after complete separation, 
 the Ether solution transferred to a tared beaker, the mixed ethereal 
 solutions evaporated at a gentle heat, the residue dried on the water- 
 bath till constant in weight, cooled and weighed. This weight 
 multiplied by 20 gives the percentage w/v of Hydrastine. The U.S. P. 
 process works satisfactorily, and the alkaloid is obtained in a condition 
 of purity. A sample of the B.P. Liquid Extract prepared and examined 
 in the author's laboratory had a specific gravity of 0*991 ; contained 
 19-0 p.c. w/v of total solids and 50 '0 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 When assayed by the U.S. P. process it yielded 2*0 p.c. w/v of 
 Hydrastine. 
 
 The P.G. requires that it shall contain at least 2*2 p.c. w/w of 
 Hydrastine, as determined by the following method : — 10 grammes 
 of Liquid Extract of Hydrastis are evaporated, after the addition of 
 20 grammes of Distilled Water, in a weighed porcelain dish, on a 
 water-bath, to about 8 grammes, 1*5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 
 2 B 
 
738 HYD [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.l 
 
 Acid added, and the mixture introduced into a weighed flask. The 
 dish is washed out carefully, each time using 1"5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, until the weight of the united liquids amounts to 20 grammes, 
 1 gramme of Talc is added, the mixture vigorously shaken, and filtered 
 through a dry filter paper of 8 cm. diameter, into a dry flask. 10 
 grammes of this filtrate ( = 5 grammes of Liquid Extract of Hydrastis) 
 are introduced into a test-glass of 100 c.c. capacity, 4 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution and 30 c.c. of Ether added, the mixture shaken vigorously 
 for a few minutes, then 30 c.c. of Petroleum Benzin are added, and 
 the mixture again shaken during a few minutes. After the addition 
 of 1'5 grammes of powdered Tragacanth it is vigorously shaken until 
 the ethereal layer is completely clear, and the ethereal solution is 
 then filtered through a dry well-covered filter into a dry flask, and 
 40 c.c. of the filtrate (= 3*33 grammes of Liquid Extract of Hydrastis) 
 are collected in this weighed flask. After the Ether has been spontane- 
 oiisly evaporated at 25° to 30° C. (77° to 86° F.), the residue is completely 
 dried at 100° G. (212° F.), and after cooling in the exsiccator, weighed. 
 The weight of the residue should amount at least to 0*073 gramme, 
 which represents a minimum content of 2*2 p.c. w/w of Hydrastine. 
 The P.G. requires that if this residue be dissolved by the addition of 
 1 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the 
 solution mixed with 5 c.c. of Potassium Permanganate Solution 
 (0*1 p.c. w/w) and shaken until decolorised, a bluish fluorescent fluid 
 results, especially after dilution with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 TINCTURA HYDRASTIS. Tincture of Hydrastis. (Altered.) 
 Liquid Extract of Hydrastis, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), to yield 10. 
 Now made with the standardised Liquid Extract. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Ital., 1 and 5 ; Span., 
 ] in 10 ; U.S., 1 in 5. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Hydrastis has a specific gravity of about 0*920 ; 
 contains about 1*8 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 58*0 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. The B.P. Tincture is prepared from the 
 standardised Liquid Extract but is not itself standardised ; the U.S. P. 
 1 in 5 Tincture is required to contain 0*40 p.c. w/v of Hydrastine. 
 The P.G. does not include a Tincture. The method for the determina- 
 tion of the Hydrastine adopted by the U.S. P. is essentially as follows : — 
 A measured quantity of 100 c.c. is concentrated by evaporation to 
 about one-tenth its volume, sufficient Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) being added 
 to dissolve any insoluble matter which may possibly have separated. 
 The same method of determination is adopted for the assay of the 
 resultant solution as for the assay of Fluidextractum Hydrastis. In 
 calculating the percentage of Hydrastine it must be taken into account 
 that the weight of residue represents that from 50 c.c. of the Tincture, 
 and must therefore be multiplied by 2 and not by 20 as in the case of 
 the Flmd Extract. 
 
 A specimen of B.P. Tincture prepared in the author's laboratory 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 739 
 
 yielded, when assayed by the U.S. P. process described above, 0*288 p.c. 
 w/v of Hydrastine. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS {U.S.). — 1 in 1 containing 50 p.c. of 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Percolate 10 Hydrastis, in No. GO powder, with Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) until 
 exhausted ; distil nearly all the Alcohol and pour the concentrated liquid 
 into 5 of ice-cold Water, and set aside for 24 hours. Filter and wash filter 
 to make fluid up to 5, add 5 of Glycerin. 
 
 Average Dose — 30 minims = 2 ml. 
 
 EXTRAIT D'HYDRASTIS {Fr.).—A soft extract prepared with Alcohol 
 (60 p.c). 
 
 An eclectic remedy has been sold under the name of Hydrastin for many 
 years. It is an extract in fine powder, prepared from Hydrastis Rhizome 
 with Alcohol (60 p.c). Care must be taken not to confound this with the 
 alkaloid Hydrastine. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 6 grains = • 13 to • 4 gramme. 
 
 HYDRASTINA. Hydrastine. a.H^iNOo, eq. 383- 178.— WTiite or ahnost 
 white, glistening prismatic crystals, possessing a bitter taste. It is a crystal- 
 line alkaloid obtained from the Rhizome and roots of Hydrastis Canadensis. 
 
 A close relationship exists between Hydrastine and Narcotine. Schmidt 
 considers that Narcotine contains 3 Methoxyl groups and Hydrastine only 2. 
 Both bases yield on oxidation Opianic Acid, which contains 2 Methoxyl 
 groups. Cotarnine contains only 1 such group ; it therefore follows that 
 Hydrastine contains no Methoxyl, and that Cotarnine has the constitution 
 of a Methyl -Hydrastinino. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 120 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 310 of Ether ; 1 in 2 of 
 Chloroform ; the last two solvents do not dissolve Berberine ; insoluble in 
 Water and Petroleinn Ether. 
 
 Dose. — J to J grain = 0'016 to 0-032 graname. 
 
 Fr. maximimi dose, single, • 1 ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Hydrastine melts at 132° C. (269- 6° F.). It possesses an alkahne 
 reaction towards moistened red Litmus paper. Its solution in Chloroform is 
 Ifevogyrate, whilst the solution in Diluted Sulphuric Acid is dextrogyrate. It 
 dissolves in Sulphuric Acid without change of colour in the cold, but on heating 
 a purple-violet colour is produced. Sulphuric Acid containing a trace of 
 Molybdic Acid (Frohde's reagent) produces at first a green coloration, subse- 
 quently changing to brown. Sulphuric Acid containing a trace of Selenous 
 Acid yields a yellowish-red colour, changing to a brow^l. Sulphuric Acid 
 containing a trace of Nitric Acid gives a yellow to orange-red colour. Pure 
 Nitric Acid yields an orange- coloured solution, depositing an insoluble sub- 
 stance on the addition of Distilled Water, the liquid exhibiting an intense 
 blue fluorescence. When dissolved in Sulphtiric Acid and brought into 
 contact with a clesu* crystal of Potassium Bichromate, a red colom* changing 
 to brown is produced. The solution obtained by dissolving a crystal of the 
 alkaloid in Diluted Sulphm-ic Acid instantly decolorises Potassium Perman- 
 ganate Solution, and an intense blue fluorescence is developed. An excess 
 of Potassium Permanganate Solution must be avoided. It may be distin- 
 guished from Hydrastinine by the Potassium Permanganate Test described 
 above. It may be distinguished from Berberine by giving no red coloration 
 with Chlorine Water. It may be distinguished from Strychnine and Gelse- 
 mine by the instantaneous appearance of a bright red colour when a small 
 portion of the precipitated Bichromate is touched with a drop of Svilphuric 
 Acid. It should leave no weighable residue when ignited with free access of 
 air, indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 
 2 B 2 
 
740 HYD [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 HYDRASTIN>!E HYDROCHLORIDUM, Hydrastine Hydrochloride. 
 CsjHojNOg.HCl, eq. 419*646. — Pale yellow semi -crystalline powder. 
 
 It is very hygroscopic and should, therefore, be kept in well-closed glass 
 bottles, preferably of an amber tint, in a cool atmosphere, and exposed as 
 httle as possible to contact with the air. 
 
 It contains theoretically 91'3 p.c. of Hydrastine. 
 
 Solubility. — About 1 in 1 of Water and about 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 0-032 to 0-065 gramme. 
 
 Has been used as an ecbolic to indvice premature labour ; maximum daily 
 dose, 7^ grains internally, 5 grains by hypodermic injection. 
 
 Tests. — Hydrastine Hydrochloride melts at about 116° C. (240-8° F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water yielding a solution 
 which is neutral or but faintly acid in reaction towards Litmus, and which 
 yields with Potassio -Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution an amorphous 
 yellowish -white precipitate ; with lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solu- 
 tion, a deep brown flocculent precipitate ; "wdth Picric Acid Solution, a yellow 
 amorphous precipitate ; with Potassium Bichromate Solution, a yellow pre- 
 cipitate, soluble in excess of the reagent ; with Potassium Ferrocyanide, a 
 yellow precipitate, soluble in excess of the reagent. Hydrastine may be 
 oJjtained by shaking out the aqueous solution with Ether after rendering it 
 alkaline with Ammonia Solution. The residue left on the evaporation of the 
 Ether should respond to the tests given under Hydrastina. Its aqueous 
 solution, when acidified with Nitric Acid, yields a white curdy precipitate, 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution. It should leave no 
 residue when ignited with free access of air, indicating the absence of mineral 
 residue. 
 
 HYDRASTININA. Hycbastinine. CnHnNO.-H^O, eq. 207-114.— An 
 oxidation product of the natural alkaloid Hydrastine. Colourless or light 
 yellow crystals. 
 
 Solubility. — It dissolves slightly in Water, in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in 
 Ether. It also dissolves in Benzene and in Petroleum Ether. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Mex. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-05 gramme ; daily, 0*]5 gramme. 
 
 Tests.— Hydrastinine has a melting point of 116° to 117° C. (240-8° to 
 242°- 6 F.). It dissolves slightly in Distilled Water forming a solution 
 which has a powerful alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, and which 
 possesses an intensely bitter taste. With the majority of the mineral acids 
 it forms salts soluble in Water. Its solution in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 is optically inactive ; it possesses a faint fluorescence. It may be distin- 
 guished from most other alkaloids by its powerful reducing action upon 
 Potassio-Mercviric Iodide (Nessler's) Solution, an immediate black precipitate 
 being thrown down. Among the alkaloids, Morphine and Apomorphine 
 appear to be the only ones acting in a similar manner, and among the gluco- 
 sides, Picrotoxin. It should leave no weighable residue when heated with 
 free access of air, indicating the absence of mineral matter. 
 
 HYDRASTININ/E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Hydrastinine Hydrochloride. 
 CiiHiiNOj-HCl, eq. 225*566. — Light yellow, odourless, needle-shaped crystals, 
 or a pale yellow, odourless, crystalline powder, possessing an intensely bitter 
 taste. 
 
 It is the Hydrochloride of Hydrastinine, an oxidation product derived from 
 the natural alkaloid, Hydrastine. The U.S. P. describes it as the Hydro- 
 chloride of an artificial alkaloid derived fiom Hydrastine. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber -tinted glass bottles. 
 
 It contains theoretically 83*8 p.c. of anhydrous Hydrastinine. 
 
 ' Solubility. — It dissolves in its own weight of Water : 1 in 3 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 741 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Useful in endometritis and uterine fibroid, in 
 which there is excessive bleeding. Valuable in menorrhagia. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 1| grains = 0-032 to 0-10 gramme, used hypodermically 
 
 in a 10 p. c. aqueous Solution. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maxinuun dose, single, • 03 gramme ; daily • 1 gramme. 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-05 gramme; daily, 0-15 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — ^ Official in Belg., Fr., Ger., Ital., Norw., 
 Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Hydrastinine Hydrochloride melts at about 212° C. (413-6° F.). 
 The U.S. P. gives the melting point as 212° C. (413- 6° F.), the proposed changes 
 in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this be changed to about 210° C. (410° F.), 
 which is the melting point given in the P.G. ; the Fr. Codex gives 212° C. 
 (413 ■ 6° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water forming 
 a clear colourless solvation which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper ; 
 it exhibits a strong blue fluorescence, especially when highly diluted. An 
 aqueous solution affords with Bromine Water a yellow precipitate soluble to 
 a colovu-less solution in Ammonia Solution ; with Potassium Bichromate a 
 yellow precipitate soluble on warming the solution, but again separating in 
 glistening crystals when the solution cools ; Ammonia Solution produces no 
 precipitate or turbidity in a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid produces a deep yellow colour. Sulphuric Acid with a trace 
 of Nitric Acid a reddish-brown colour, and Nitric Acid produces a deep yellow 
 colour with the salt. 
 
 The more generally occurring imptu-ities are Hydrastine, foreign alkaloids 
 other than Hydrastinine, and mineral residue. 
 
 The 1 in 20 aqueous solution should not be rendered turbid on the addition 
 of Ammonia Solution, indicating the absence of Hydrastine and other alka- 
 loids. A white tiurbidity which disappears again on shaldng, should be 
 produced after the addition of each drop of 4 to 5 drops of a solution of 
 Sodium Hydroxide (15 p.c. w/w) to a solution of 0-2 gramme of Hydrastinine 
 Hydrochloride in 3 c.c. of Distilled Water ; after standing for some time 
 pure white Hydrastinine should separate from this solution, leaving the 
 supernatant fluid clear, and only coloured faintly yellow, indicating the 
 absence of foreign alkaloids. It should leave no weighable residue when 
 ignited, indicating the absence of mineral residue. The P.G. requires that 
 it shall leave at the most 0- 1 p.c. of ash ; the U.S.P. that, on ignition, the 
 salt should be entirely consumed. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HYDROGENII PEROXIDUM. 
 
 H„0„, eq. 34-OlG. 
 
 Pure Hydrogen Peroxide forms a clear thick colourless liquid, having a 
 specific gravity of 1-4996, evolving when heated 475 times its volmne of 
 Oxygen gas. It may be obtained by decomposing Bariiun Peroxide with 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and concentrating the filtered liqmd in vacuo over 
 Sulphuric Acid. It is extremely explosive, and its preparation is accompanied 
 by considerable danger. Commercially Hydrogen Peroxide is sold containing 
 10 or 20 volumes of available Oxygen. It appears to form salts, which will 
 give off Oxygen. 
 
 Perhydrol (trade name) is stated to be a chemically pure Hydrogen 
 Peroxide which, although it reddens Litmus strongly, is free from Acids. 
 It will evolve 100 volumes of Oxygen,, 
 
742 HYD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Official Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR HYDROGENII PEROXIDI. Solution of Hydrogen 
 Peroxide. 
 
 A colovu'less, almost odourless liquid, possessing a slightly acidulous 
 taste, and producing a peculiar sensation and soapy froth in the mouth. 
 It is an aqueous Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide, containing about 
 10 volumes of available Ox}^gen, equivalent to about 3"0 p.c. by 
 weight. 
 
 It may be prepared by the interaction, at a temperature below 10° C. 
 (50° F.), of Barinm Peroxide, Water, and a dilute mineral acid. 
 It appears as Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi in the U.S. P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It parts with its Oxygen freely, and is a 
 most powerful oxidising agent and disinfectant. It is a non-poisonous 
 antiseptic. It does not precipitate albumen, and does not interfere 
 with the action of Pepsin, Pancreatin, or Malt Extract. Used locally 
 as a surgical dressing and for purulent discharges, and as a spray 
 or swab in diphtheria. A spray of 10 volume strength is a good 
 application to the throat in scarlet fever, and a 5 volume Solution as a 
 deodorising gargle. Diluted with 5 to 10 parts of Water, a 3 p.c. 
 Sokition is used as a mouth wash. It is used for bleaching hair and 
 delicate fabrics. It is not well adapted for hypodermic injection, 
 because of the gas it evolves, although in cases of Oj^anide poisoning 
 it is worth the risk of emboli. 
 
 A Solution of 10 volume strength diluted with an equal volume of previously- 
 boiled Water when used to bathe chilblains for 15 or 20 minutes daily, affords 
 almost unvarying success, even if they be cracked and ulcerated. — B.M.J. 
 '09, i. 276. 
 
 1 drm. in Water after each meal relieves hyperchlorhydria. — B.M. & S.J. 
 '11, i. 846. 
 
 Of great use in chronic middle-ear suppuration, especially loosening tough 
 discharge. In 5 to 10 volume strength, warm, it is used as an ear-bath for 
 6 minutes. This is followed by warm Boracic syringing and by drying. Addi- 
 tional discharge is got rid of by Valsalva's method. Essential that there be 
 adequate drainage. — B.M.J. '09, ii, 1323. 
 
 In 1 or 2 p.c. Solution, in cancerous stenosis of the oesophagus, is strongly 
 recommended. A mouthful is taken every hour, for weeks or months ; this 
 removes the decomposing carcinomatous products and stagnating food 
 remains, allows fluid nouri'sliment to pass, and so makes existence bearable. — 
 Munch. Med. Woch. '11, 2016. 
 
 To rapidly soften a plug of wax in the ear instil Peroxide cold for 20 minutes ; 
 then syringe. — Pr. '09, ii. 558. 
 
 In scarlatinal otitis, when the discharge is thick and offensive, nothing 
 equals the instillation of pure Hydrogen Peroxide (20 volume strength) 
 before and after each irrigation, or the tympanic cavity itself may be swabbed 
 with the drug. — Pr. '09, ii. 693. 
 
 May cause pain when injected into bladder and other cavities, and in 
 lacerated wounds may open up fresh routes for infection owing to the rapid 
 disengagement of relatively large volumes of Oxygen from the liquid. In 
 some cases the Oxygen liberated has been known to enter the vessels and 
 cause embolism. — L. '09, i. 562. 
 
 A 10 and 20 per cent. Ointment, made with Perhydrol, most satisfactory 
 in eczematous blepharitis, the removal of ciHa, rhinitis, and for cleansing 
 roof of nasopharynx. No water must bo used. — Pr. '12, i. 479. 
 
 As a warm douche, 40" C., in gonorrhceal conjunctivitis, it destroys the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 743 
 
 COCCI ; lachrymal obstructions that resist everything else will give way 
 before it. — Prescriber '13, 198. 
 
 Nothing is so toxic to the bacillus of gaseous gangrene ; a circular row of 
 subcutaneous injections is made above the affected part of the hmb ; a 
 second circle of injections is made an inch higher up the limb ; injections 
 can be repeated the same day or next day if necessary. — B.M.J. '14, 
 ii. 852. 
 
 Perhydrol pure, or diluted with an equal quantity of freshly -boiled Water, 
 gives excellent results when the conjunctival sac in ophthalrnia neonatorum 
 is filled with it, and the debris washed away with an ordinary lotion. — L. '12, 
 ii. 1360. 
 
 This is the only antiseptic which the writer would use in septic woiinds, 
 and that only in foul smelling ones ; though a feeble antiseptic, it certainly 
 overcomes the fetor and does not irritate the tissues to any marked degree. 
 (Watson Cheyne.)— B.M.J. '14, ii. 870 ; L. '14, ii. 1185. 
 
 All cases of gas gangrene were treated with injections of it ; being acid 
 in reaction it was made neutral or slightly alkaline by adding Sodium 
 Bicarbonate ; the needle was inserted through the crepitating area, and into 
 the subjacent muscles and fascia. — B.M.J. '15, i. 147. 
 
 Thorough irrigation of war wounds prevents further spread of acute 
 emphysematous gangrene. — L. '15, i. 592. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. drm. = 1-8 c.c. to 7'1 ml. 
 
 Should be well diluted. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Solution of Hydrogen Peroxide does not keep 
 well, but is liable to lose Oxygen even to the extent of half its strength in a year. 
 Phosphoric Acid is the best preservative, and is now generally added for that 
 purpose. When gently warmed it gives off Oxygen very readily. Alcohol and 
 Ether have been used to preserve it, and a Solution in Ether is sold under the 
 name Ozonie Ether, the usual strength of which is about equal to 4 volumes 
 of Oxygen. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Swiss (Hydrogenium 
 hyperoxydatum Solutum) ; Belg. and Mex. (Agua Oxigenada), 
 sp. gr. 1'452; Gcr. (Hydrogenium peroxydatum solutum); Hung. 
 (Liquor Hydrogenii hyperoxydati concentratissimus) ; Norw. 
 (Solutio Superoxydi Hydrogenici) ; Span. (Agua Oxigenada) ; 
 U.S. (Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi). All contain 10 volumes of available 
 Oxygen. Fr. (Solute Officinal d'Eau Oxygenee) ; Ital. (Acqua 
 Ossigenata), 12 vohunes. 
 
 Tests. — Hydrogen Peroxide Solution lias a specific gravity of about 
 1*014:. At the ordinary temperature or more quickly when heated it 
 evolves Oxygen. When mixed with an acidified Solution of Potassium 
 Iodide, Iodine is instantly liberated. When mixed with Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution, acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a brisk 
 evolution of Oxygen ensues, the Permanganate at the same time 
 being decolorised. A blue coloration appears at the junction of the 
 two fluids, when a few drops of the Peroxide Solution are agitated 
 with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water containing 10 drops of Diluted 
 Sidphuric Acid, a drop of Potassium Chromate Solution and 2 c.c. 
 of Ether, the Ether also, after shaking, assuming a blue colour. It 
 is officially required to afiord at 15 '5° C. (60° F.) and at normal pressure 
 not less than 9 and not more than 11 volumes of Oxygen, corresponding 
 to 10 volumes or about 3"0 p.c. w/w of absolute Hydrogen Peroxide, 
 as determined by vigorously shaking 2 ml. of the Hj^drogen Peroxide 
 Solution with 4 ml. of Copper Ammonio-Sulphate Solution in a brine- 
 
744 HYD [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measm'e.] 
 
 charged nitrometer, not less tlian 18 ml. and not more than 22 ml. of 
 Oxygen should be evolved. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain, when freshly prepared, about 
 3 p.c. by weight of absolute Hydrogen Dioxide, corresponding to about 
 10 volumes of available Oxygen, as volumetrically determined by 
 Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution ; the 
 P.G. requires it to contain at least 3 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen 
 Peroxide, as determined iodometrically. The processes are compared 
 in small type below imder the heading of Volumetric Determination, 
 A method simple, rapid and accurate, which has been used extensively 
 in the author's laboratory, is that of Kingzett. Its accm*acy is, 
 moreover, not lessened by the presence of the usual preservative 
 agents. A measiu'ed quantity of 10 c.c. of the Peroxide is mixed 
 with 40 c.c. of a diluted Sulphuric Acid (1*3 sp. gr.) and made up to 
 100 c.c. with Distilled Water. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of 
 this solution is then rim into 10 c.c. of a 10 p.c. Potassium Iodide 
 Solution ; the mixtui'e allowed to stand for 5 minutes and titrated 
 with Tenth - Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solvition ; 
 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution is 
 equivalent to 1-118 c.c. of Oxygen, but the figure must be divided 
 by 2 to ascertain the number of vohimes of available Oxygen. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Barium, solid residue, 
 excess of free acid, Arsenic, heavy metals, and Hydrofluoric Acid. 
 
 The B.P. requires that it should yield no characteristic reactions 
 with the tests for Barium, indicating the absence of Barium ; the 
 U.S. P. requires that no turbidity or precipitate should be produced on 
 the addition of a few drops of Diluted Sulphru-ic Acid to 10 c.c. of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, indicating the absence of Barium. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of acidity corresponding to 0*049 p.c. w/v, 
 calculated as Hydrogen Sulphate, requiring that not more than 2*5 ml. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution should be 
 required to neutralise 25 ml. of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, Methyl 
 Orange Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 The U.S. P. limit of free acid corresponds to 0'048 p.c. w/v calculated 
 as Sulphuric Acid, as determined by adding .5 c.c. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution to 25 c.c. of the Hydrogen 
 Dioxide Solution, evaporating the mixture to about 10 c.c, adding 
 3 drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, and titrating the excess of 
 Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphiuic Acid Solution, of which not less than 
 2*5 c.c. should be required to discharge the red colour of the solution 
 after continued boiling, indicating a limit of free acids. The P.G. 
 fixes a hmit of acidity corresponding to 0*024 p.c. w/v, calculated as 
 Hydrogen Sulphate, requiring that a measured quantity of 50 c.c. of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution should require at most 2*5 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution for neutralisation, 
 Phenolphthalein being employed as an indicator of neutrality, indicating 
 a limit of free acids. The choice of an indicator materially affects the 
 results of the determination. Phosphoric Acid is almost invariably 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYD 745 
 
 present in Hydrogen Peroxide Solution. When Plienolplitlialein 
 Solution is employed as an indicator for the titration, the end-reaction 
 occurs when f of the Hydrogen ion is replaced by alkali, whilst with 
 Methyl Orange Solution as the indicator, neutrality is reached with 
 half this quantity of alkali solution. It would have been better to have 
 specified Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator in the B.P. test, 
 requiring that not more than 2*5 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution should be required to neutralise 25 ml. of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, Phenolphthalein Solution being used as 
 an indicator. The B.P. does not include a test or a limit of Arsenic. 
 The U.S. P. requires that if 1 c.c. of Ammonia Solution be added to 
 1 c.c. of Hydrogen Dioxide Solution, and the liquid be evaporated to 
 dryness upon a water-bath, the residue should not respond to the 
 modified Gutzeit's test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. The B.P. does 
 not include a test for heavy metals, e.g., Lead and Copper, the U.S. P. 
 requires that if 1 c.c. of the solution be evaporated to dryness upon 
 a water-bath, the residue, when dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 containing 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrocliloric Acid, should not respond 
 to the time limit test, indicating a limit of heavj'' metals. If 50 c.c. 
 of Hydrogen Dioxide Solution be rendered alkaline by the addition 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, 
 the dry residiie transferred to a watch-glass, moistened with Sulphuric 
 Acid, and the glass be set aside in a moderately warm place for a few 
 hours, the surface of the glass, after being washed should exhibit no 
 sign of etching or corrosion, indicating the absence of Hydrofluoric 
 Acid. Hydrogen Dioxide Solution should leave not more than 1 '0 p.c. 
 of solid residue on evaporation to dryness on a water-bath, indicating 
 the absence of excess of fixed residue. The B.P. fixes the limit at not 
 more than 1 p.c, the U.S. P. at not more than 0'15 p.c. w/v as deter- 
 mined by evaporating 20 c.c. of the solution to dryness upon a water- 
 bath, and drying the residue at 120° C. (248° F.) ; the P.G. requires 
 that it should leave not more than O'lO p.c. w/v of residue. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — Not less than 18 and not more than 22 ml. 
 of Oxygen are evolved when 2 ml. of Hydrogen Peroxide are vigorously 
 shaken in a nitrometer charged with brine, with 4 ml. of Copper Ammonio- 
 Sulphate Solution, the gas being measured at 15-5° C. (60° F.) and at normal 
 pressure ; this corresponding to about 10 vokunes of available Oxygen, B.P. 
 10 c.c. of Hydrogen Dioxide Solution are diluted with sufficient Distilled 
 Water to measure 100 c.c. 16*9 c.c. of this liquid (containing 1*69 c.c. of 
 Hydrogen Dioxide Solution) are transferred to a beaker, mixed with 5 c.c. of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Perman- 
 ganate Solution slowly added from a burette with constant stirring until a 
 faint pink tint is just retained. 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Permanganate Solution represents O-l p.c. of absolute Hydrogen Dioxide or 
 0-329 volume of Oxygen. If the solution be of full strength, 30 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution will be required, 
 U.S. P. ; a weighed quantity of 10 grammes of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution 
 is diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. ; a measured quantity of 10 c.c. 
 of this solution is acidified mth 5 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid and mixed 
 with 10 c.c. of Potassium Iodide Solvition (1 + 9) and the mixture is allowed 
 to stand during half-an-hour in a closed glass vessel; at least 17- 7 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiiun Thiosulphate Solution should be necessary 
 to combine with the separated Iodine, which represents a minimum content 
 
746 HYO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of 3 p.c. by weight of Hydrogen Peroxide ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodiimi Thiosulphate Solution = 0-0017 gramme of Hydrogen Peroxide, 
 Starch Solution being employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT>E HYDROGENII PEROXIDI (T/iroai).— Hydrogen Peroxide 10 
 volumes. Two or three drops to be poured into the ear, for fetid discharges. 
 
 HYOSCIN^ HYDROBROMIDUM. 
 
 HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Scopolamine Hydrobromide. 
 
 CnH^iNO^, HBr, SH^O, eq. 438-154. 
 
 Fr., Bromhydrate d'Hysocine ; Ger., Scopolaminhydrobromid ; 
 Ital., Bromidrato de Scopolamina. 
 
 Colourless, transparent, rhombic crystals, permanent in the air. 
 
 It is the Hydrobromide of Hyoscino (Scopolamine), an alkaloid obtained 
 from Hyosci/amus, various species of Scopola and other plants of the Solanacece. 
 
 Hyoscine Hydrobromide contains theoretically 69 -2 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Hyoscine, corresponding to 73- 3 p.c. of Hyoscine containing 1 molecule of 
 Water of crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the hght. 
 
 Atroscine, the crystalline variety of Hyoscine, forms a crystalline Hydro- 
 bromide. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 4 of Water; 1 in 14 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; very 
 slightly soluble in Chloroform or Ether. 
 
 Hyoscine Hydrobromide was stated in the B.P. 1898 to be soluble in 1 part 
 of cold Water. The Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion to the B.P. 
 gave the figure as 1 in 4, and pointed out that the B.P. figure was incorrect. 
 The B.P. 1914 states that Hyoscine Hydrobromide is soluble in 4 parts of 
 Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic and sedative. Highly recom- 
 mended in all forms of violent mania and cerebral excitement. 
 
 The best of all sedatives in the vomiting of pregnancy. 
 
 In the palliative treatment of paralysis agitans it is probably the most 
 useful drug. 
 
 A case of morphinomania cured by the Hyoscine method. — Pr. '12, i. 881. 
 
 Certainly the best drvig for the restlessness and excitability of exophthalmic 
 goitre.— L. '10, ii. 1599. 
 
 Mitchell Bruce says kidney disease does not contra-indicate its use, and 
 that he has used it with benefit in exceedingly feeble states of the heart. — • 
 Pr. '10, ii. 733. 
 
 Hyoscine Poisoning. — Pilocarpine an efficient antidote. — L. '10, ii. 884. 
 
 Dose. — ^^ to y-oTj- grain = 0*0003 to 0*0006 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Qer. maximtmi dose, single, 0-0005 gramme ; daily, 0-0015 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given by hypodermic injection. When given, hy 
 the tnouth it may he conveniently dissolved in Chloroform. Water. 
 
 Morphine-Scopolamine Anaesthesia in Obstetrics. — It is not suited 
 for private practice unless medical attendant remains with patient throughout 
 labour, as undesirable symptoms may result ; the dose, j^^f grain Scopolamine, 
 
iSolids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu'e,] HYO 747 
 
 and ^ grain Morphine, is given towards end of first stage ; the child may 
 require some resuscitation ; tliere is a slightly increased risk of relaxation of 
 the uterus and consequent bleeding. 
 
 Hard Water must not be used in making the solution, as alkahs would 
 precipitate the alkaloids, and so reduce the dose. 
 
 In obstetric practice if the beneficial effect does not arrive with the first 
 injection, the dose must on no account be repeated. — Pr. '12, i. 326. 
 
 The object in obstetrics is not to produce complete unconsciousness, but 
 to produce twilight sleep ; the Morphine should never be repeated, only 
 Hyoscine, if necessary ; the solutions must be freshly prepared for each 
 patient. — Pr. '11, ii. 92. < 
 
 The first dose should be given when the pains become regular early iu 
 the second stage. — E.M.J. '15, ii. 107. 
 
 It is not clear that anything has been accomplished to warrant the extrava- 
 gant statements in the medical and lay press which have been so freely made, 
 and it is not conclusively demonstrated that the combination of Scopolamine 
 with Morphine successfiilly abrogates the dangers of these drugs when given 
 separately.^ — -E.M.J. '15, ii. 221. 
 
 Various observers' statistics tabulated ; in about 35 p.c. of the cases the 
 injections have not produced unconsciousness to pain, in some cases the 
 mother has suffered from toxic symptoms, and 20 p.c. of the children are 
 born with some respiratory depression. — F.2\ '11, 21. 
 
 On the use of Hyoscine, Morphine, and Atropine, as adjuvants to 
 general anaesthetics, see Morphinae Hydrochloridum. 
 
 Wot Official. — Guttae Hyoscinae, Guttse Hyoscirue et Cocainae, Hyoscine 
 Discs, Injectio Hyoscinae Hypodermica, Hyoscinae Hydrochloridum (Scopo- 
 lamine Hydrochloride), and Hyoscinae Hydriodidvun (Scopolamine 
 Hydriodide). 
 
 Antidotes. — Pilocarpine Nitrate, half a grain hypodermically, or \ grain 
 Morphine ; then stomach -tube or emetics, followed by stimulants and arti- 
 ficial respiration. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hvmg., Jap., 
 and Swiss (Scopolaminum Hydrobromicum) ; Ital. (Bromhidrato 
 di Scopolamina) ; Norw. (Brometum Scopolamicum) ; U.S. (Scopo- 
 laminse Hydrobromidum). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Hvoscine Hydrobromide when dried over Sulphuric Acid 
 melts at igS^'to 194° C. (379-4° to 381-2° F.) ; the V.S.P. gives 191° 
 to 192° C. (375-8° to 377-6° F.) ; the P.G. gives about 190° C. (374° F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a 
 clear, colom'less solution, wliicli is Isevorotatory, which should be 
 neutral or at the most but faintly acid towards Litmus paper, and 
 which, when slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid yields with 
 Potassio-Mercmic Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, a yellowish-white pre- 
 cipitate. Its aqueous solution yields with Mercuric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, a wliite precipitate ; with Phospho-tungstic Acid Solution a 
 wlute precipitate ; when in sufficiently concentrated solution it yields 
 with Picric Acid a yellow precipitate ; with Iodine Solution a brown 
 precipitate ; and with Platinum Chloride Solution a yellow precipitate. 
 The 1 in 20 aqueous solution yields with Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 a white precipitate soluble in excess of the precipitant. The 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution is not precipitated by Ammonia Solution. Hyoscine 
 Aurichloride melts sharply at 198° C. (388-4° F.). The B.P. requires 
 that if the aqueous solution be rendered alkaline with Ammonia 
 Solution, shaken with Chloroform, the chloroformic solution separated, 
 and evaporated to dryness, the residue, when dissolved in Diluted 
 
748 HYO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Hydroehloric Acid, yields on the addition of Auric Chloride Soliitioil a 
 yellow precipitate, which, when recrystallised from Water acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid and dried, possesses a melting point of 198° to 
 200° C. (388-4° to 392° R). When Hyoscine Hydrobromide is dissolved 
 in Water it yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish curdy 
 precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, and when washed, practically in- 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution. One or two drops of Chlorine Water 
 added to a small quantity of a 1 in 10 aqueous solution yield a reddish- 
 brown solution, and when shaken with Chloroform the brownish-red 
 colom' passes into the chloroformic layer. A small crystal of the salt 
 evaporated to dryness in a white porcelain dish on a water-bath 
 with a few drops of Nitric Acid, leaves a yellowish residue, which 
 upon the addition of an Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 yields a violet coloration. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of Water, 
 optically-inactive Hyoscine, Apoatropiue, readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities, and mineral residue. It should contain theoretically 
 12 "33 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. The B.P. states that it loses 
 about 12 p.c. of its weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) ; the 
 U.S. P. states that it loses its water of crystallisation at 110° C. 
 (230° F.), but does not state the percentage ; the P.G. states that on 
 drying over Sulphuric Acid, or at 100° C. (212° F.), it loses about 
 12-3 p.c. in weight. It should lose not more than 12*5 p.c. A 5 p.c. 
 aqueous solution of the anhydrous salt should possess a specific rota- 
 tion at 15^ C. (59° F.) of - 24° 45', indicating the absence of optically 
 inactive Hyoscine and of Apoatropine. Commercial samples may 
 contain this latter product which is a dangerous impurity, and one 
 which should be rigidly excluded. It has been proposed that the 
 description should require a rotatorv power of not less than that shown 
 by the pure salt, - 25*45° for a 6 •5"' p.c. solution at 15-8° C. (60*5° F.). 
 The absence of Apoatropine may be confirmed by the addition of 
 1 drop of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0*1 p.c. w/w) to 5 c.c. 
 of a 1 in 100 aqueous solution, the red coloration so produced should 
 not disappear witliin 5 minutes. Hyoscine Hydrobromide should 
 dissolve with but a faint yellow colour when mixed with Sulphuric 
 Acid, indicating the absence of readily carbonisable organic impurities, 
 and on the subsequent addition of Nitric Acid no further colour 
 should be developed, indicating the absence of Morphine. Hyoscine 
 Hydrobromide should leave no weighable ash, indicating the absence 
 of mineral residue ; the B.P. states that it should leave no ap- 
 preciable ash ; the U.S. P. that when ignited it leaves no residue ; 
 and the P.G. that it should leave at the highest 0*1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HYOSCINA. Scopolamine, Hyoscine. C„H„NO,H„0, eq. 321- 194.— -An 
 alkaloid which is found in Hyoscyamus niger, and various species of Scopola. 
 It now represents what was formerly used in medicine under the name 
 ' Amorphous Hyoscyamine.' It is iisually employed medicinally in the form 
 of Hydrobromide, Hydrochloride, and Hydriodide. 
 
 It forms transparent moderate-sized crystals or a colourless transparent 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYO 749 
 
 glassy mass. It is slightly soluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol 
 (90p.c. ), Ether, Chloroform and diluted acids. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oflficial in Mex. 
 
 Tests. — Crystalline Hyoscine, when dry, melts at 59° C. (138'2°F.). 
 When dried over Sulphiu-ic Acid the crystals lose in weight and change to a 
 colourless amorphous glassy-looking mass which will not recrystallise. Its 
 faintly acidified solution gives with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution a yellowish-white precipitate ; with Mercuric Chloride Solution a 
 white precipitate ; with Picric Acid a yellow crystalline precipitate. Tannic 
 Acid produces no precipitate. Auric Chloride Solution added to a solution of 
 Hyoscine faintly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid yields a yellow precipitate 
 which, recrystallised from Water, yields brilliant yellow, glistening needles, 
 which melt at 198° to 200° C. (388-4° to 392= F.). It leaves no weighable 
 residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 GUTT>E HYOSCINE. Syn. Guttae Scopolaminae. — Hyoscine Hydro- 
 bromide, 2 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. — London Ophthalmic and Charing 
 Cross. 
 
 Hyoscine Hydrobromide 0-5 or 1 p.c. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 GUTT/E HYOSCIN>E ET COCAIN/E (SL T/iomas's).— Hyoscine Hydro- 
 bromide, 0-5 p.c. ; Cocaine Hydrochloride, I'Op.c. 
 
 INJECTIO HYOSCIN/E HYPODERMICA.— A convenient solution is 
 made by dissolving Hyoscine Hydrobromide, 1 grain, in sterilised Distilled 
 Water, 500 minims, but the strength should always be indicated by the 
 prescriber. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = 0-12 to 0-3 ml. 
 
 Hyoscine Discs. — r^^ and ijJ^ grain, St. Bartholomew's ; j^to g''"^i'^» Guy's. 
 
 HYOSCIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Hyoscine Hycb-ochloride, Scope- 
 lamine Hydrochloride. — Large, coloui'less, prismatic crystals, or as a colour- 
 less crystalline powder, readily soluble in Water, and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— 2^ to ,-Lj grain = 0-0003 to 0-0006 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Hyoscine Hydrochloride answers to the tests distinctive of Hyos- 
 cine given under Hyoscina and Hyoscinse Hydrobromidum. The aqueous 
 solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a wliite curdy precipitate, which, 
 when filtered and washed, is insoluble in Nitric Acid, but readily dissolves 
 in Ammonia Solution. Tlxe salt, when ignited with free access of air, leaves 
 no weighable residue. 
 
 HYOSCIN>E HYDRIODIDUM. Hyoscine HydriocUde, Scopolamine 
 Hydriodide. — Colourless, transparent, prismatic crystals. Soluble in Water, 
 and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose, — 2^ to ^ grain = 0-0003 to 0-0006 gramme. 
 
 HYOSCYAMI FOLIA. 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS LEAVES. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Henbane Leaves. 
 
 [altered.] 
 
 Fr., JusQuiAME Noire ; Ger., Bilsenkrautblatter ; Ital., GrosQuiAMO ; 
 
 Span., Beleno. 
 
 The Leaves of Hyoscyamus niger, L., collected from the flowering 
 plants and carefiiUy dried. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the fresh leaves and flowers, with the branches to which 
 
750 HYO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 they were attached, were Official ; also f he leaves and the flowering 
 tops, separated from the branches and carefully dried. Collected 
 from the flowering biennial plants. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative, antispasmodic. Similar in 
 action to Belladonna and Stramonium, but milder. It is employed 
 to diminish vesical pain and irritability and to prevent the griping 
 of purgative medicines ; in visceral neuralgias and in asthma and all 
 spasmodic affections ; to allay the irritation of teething and prevent 
 convulsions. Children bear Hyoscyamus well, the aged not so. In 
 large doses it dilates the pupil. Hyoscine, q.v., is much employed in 
 maniacal delirium. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 4 gramime ; daily, 1 • 2 grammes. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Vegetable Acids, Silver Nitrate, Lead Acetate, Liquor 
 Potassse or Sodse. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Hyoscyami and Tinctura Hyoscyami. 
 The extract is contained in Pilula Colocynthidis et Hyoscyami. 
 
 Not Official. — Hyoscyami Radix, Chloroformum Hyoscyami, Huile de 
 Jusquiame Composee, Linimentum Hyoscyami, Olevmi Hyoscyami, Fluid- 
 extractum Hyoscyami, Constant Tincture of Hyoscyamus {Squire), and 
 Tinctura Hyoscyami Radicis. 
 
 Antidotes. — The same as for Belladonna. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Ital. 
 (Giusquiamo), Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S., Leaves; 
 i3elg., Dan., Fr. (Jusquiame noire). Port. (Meimendro), Mex. (Beleno 
 Negro), and Span. (Beleno), Leaves and Seeds. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to use only the leaf. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Henbane Leaves occur in commerce in 
 various forms. The dried flowering shoots are known as biennial 
 Henbane, and the first year's large autumnal leaves are sold as 
 annual Henbane. German Henbane may consist of the flowering 
 tops of the small annual form of the plant, which is usually pro- 
 duced from the last formed seeds, and a certain amount of it is 
 usually found in fields of the biennial form. These seeds produce 
 weak plants which flower the first year. It has small leaves, and 
 usually flowers are present, but the drug is less carefully dried 
 than the English plant. But all the continental samples with 
 flowers present are usually H. albus Linn., and not Hyoscyamus niger. 
 Formerly a very superior preparation of the dried flower and leaves 
 of the flowering shoots, with the stalks and mid-ribs removed, was 
 sold, but is not at present obtainable. The official drug consists of the 
 leaves collected from the flowering plants and carefully dried. The 
 directions in the B.P. 1914: for Henbane leaves are very unsatisfactory, 
 since either the annual jjlant can be used or the leaves of the second 
 year's biennial plant, excluding the first year's leaves of the biennial 
 plant. But the tincture of the annual plant gives with water a nearly 
 clear solution and that of the biennial plant a distinctly opalescent one, 
 which may lead to difficulties in dispensing, as to whether leaves of the 
 first or second years have been used in the Tincture, unless an equal 
 mixture of the annual and biennial leaves be always used. But the 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYO 751 
 
 annual plant is not cultivated in this country and the German annual 
 plant is not at present procurable. The leaves of the biennial plant 
 are sessile or nearly so, the stalked root leaves decaying as a rule 
 before the plant flowers. The sessile flowers are cup-shaped or 
 irregularly rotate, yellowish with purple veins, and are subtended by 
 large leafy bracts. The fruits open transversely and are two-celled, 
 with numerous seeds attached to axile placentse. The leaves are oblong 
 ovate or triangular ovate, and sinuate in the broad-leaved form of the 
 plant and oblong and pinnatifid in the narrow-leaved form. The 
 stout veins and the under surface are furnished with long, clammy, 
 glandular hairs, and the whole plant when fresh has a strong, somewhat 
 unpleasant, but characteristic odour and a slightly acrid taste. Recently 
 the leaves and stalks of Hyoscyamus muticus, L., have been imported 
 from Egypt. They contain more Hyoscyamine than those of H. niger, 
 for which they should therefore not be substituted, but the plant 
 will not flourish in this country. They are cliiefly used for the manu- 
 facture of the alkaloid Hyoscyamine. Henbane Leaves in fragments 
 or in powder may be recognised by the small prismatic crystals of 
 Calcium Oxalate (O'OlOmm. in diameter, U.S. P.), the 3 to 4 celled 
 hairs with a bicellular or pluri-cellular gland at the apex, and by the 
 stomata being surrounded by 3 to 4 cells, of which one is smaller than 
 the others. 
 
 Tests. — Hyoscyamus Leaves dried at 100° C. (212° F.) contain 
 from 0'06 to 0'15 p.c. of mydriatic alkaloids. The U.S. P. Leaves are 
 required to contain not less than 0*08 p.c, and the method of deter- 
 mination resembles that given under Belladonna Folia, except that 
 in the place of 10 grammes of the powdered Belladonna Leaves, 
 25 grammes of Hyoscyamus Leaves in No. 60 powder are employed, 
 and instead of 50 c.c. of a mixture containing 4 parts by volume of 
 Ether and 1 part by volume of Chloroform, a measured quantity of 
 100 c.c. of a mixture of similar composition is employed. The P.G. 
 process for the estimation of Hyoscyamus Leaves is essentially as 
 follows : — A weighed quantity of 20 grammes of the finely-powdered 
 Hyoscyamus Leaves is mixed in a test-glass with 120 grammes of 
 Ether, and, after vigorous shaking, also with 5 grammes of Sodium 
 Hj'droxide Solution and 5 grammes of Distilled Water, and the mixture 
 is allowed to stand during one hour with frequent intervals of vigorovis 
 shaking. After complete separation a weighed quantity of 60 grammes 
 of the ethereal solution (= 10 grammes of Hyoscyamus Leaves) is 
 filtered tlrrough a dry well-covered filter into a flask and about § of 
 the Ether distilled. The cooled residue is introduced into a separator 
 (1), the flask is washed three times using each time 5 c.c. of Ether, 
 then once with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 49), and 
 these hquids are also poured into the separator, which is then 
 shaken vigorously during 2 minutes. After complete separation the 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution is allowed to run into another separator 
 (2) and the extraction repeated twice in a similar manner, using each 
 time .5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -|- 49), which has been 
 previously used for the further washing out of the flask. The 
 
752 HYO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 united Hydrochloric Acid extractions are mixed witli 5 c.c. of 
 CUoroform, Sodium Carbonate Solution is added until an alkaline 
 reaction results, and the mixture is then immediately and vigorously 
 shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation the chloroformic 
 liquid is allowed to run into another separator (3) and the extractions 
 are repeated tlu^ee times in a similar manner, using each time 
 5 c.c. of Chloroform. To the imited chloroformic extracts 10 c.c. of 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution are added 
 and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether Solution to float 
 on the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid, and the mixture vigorously 
 shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation, the acid liquid 
 is filtered through a small filter paper previously moistened with. 
 Distilled Water into a stoppered flask of about 200 c.c. capacity, 
 and of white glass, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is shaken three 
 times using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and shaking during 
 2 minutes, these extractions are filtered through the same filter, the 
 filter is washed with Distilled Water and the united liquids are diluted 
 to about 100 c.c. After the addition of sufficient Ether to form a 
 layer of the height of about 1 centimetre, and of 10 drops of lodeosin 
 Solution, Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 is added until the lower aqueous laj^er has assumed a pale red coloration, 
 shaking the mixture vigorously after each addition. At most 7*6 c.c. 
 of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 should be necessary, so that at least 2 '4 c.c. of Himdredth- Normal 
 Volumetric HydrocUoric Acid Solution will have been used for the 
 neutralisation of the contained alkaloids, which indicates a minimum 
 content of 0*07 p.c. of Hyoscyamine ; 1 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0" 00289 gramme of 
 Hyoscyamine, lodeosin being used as an indicator of neutrality. 
 It is required that the residue remaining on the evaporation of a 
 chloroformic solution prepared as directed, should yield the character- 
 istic reactions of Atropine described under Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 The ash of the Leaves varies from 8 to 12 p.c, and should not exceed 
 the latter figure. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM HYOSCYAMI. Extract of Hyoscyamus. B.P. 
 Syn. — Extract of Henbane. (Altered.) 
 
 Hyoscyamus Leaves, in No. 40 powder, treated by percolation with 
 Alcohol (70 p.c.) so as to yield an extract containing 0*3 p.c. of 
 alkaloids. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the Extract was prepared from the juice expressed 
 from fresh Henbane, the albuminous matters being separated at 
 93-3° C. (200° F.) and rejected. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0*13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximvtm dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 It is generally used in smaller doses in pills to prevent the griping action 
 of aperients. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYO 753 
 
 Poreign PharmacopcBias.- — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 
 alcoholic from dried Leaves ; Jap., made with water and Spirit from fresh 
 Herb ; Port., aqueous from dried Leaves, also from fresh Leaves with Alcohol ; 
 Mex. and U.S. have also Fluid Extract. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to prepare a solid extract (containing about 
 10 p.c. of Water) by means of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 B.P. 1914 has a note that the B.P. Extract may be used when the Extract 
 of the International Agreement is required. 
 
 Tests. — Green Extract of Hyoscyamus B.P. is now standardised 
 to contain 0"3 gramme of alkaloids in 100 grammes of Leaves, 
 as determined by the process described under Dry Extract of Bella- 
 donna. The B.P. fixes a limit of error of plus or minus O'OIS gramme. 
 The U.S. P. Extract is required to contain not less than 0*3 p.c. of 
 mydriatic alkaloids, the Extract, if stronger than this, being diluted 
 with powdered Milk Sugar. The method adopted by the U.S. P. is 
 similar to the U.S. P. method for the determination of the alkaloids 
 in Extract of Belladonna given under Extractum Belladonnse Siccum, 
 with the exception that, in this instance, a weighed quantity of 10 
 grammes of the Extract is employed instead of the 5 grammes used in 
 the case of the Belladonna Extract. In calculating the percentage 
 of mydriatic alkaloids the result of the volumetric test is multiplied 
 by 10 instead of by 20. 
 
 The P.G. Extract is required to contain 0'5 p.c. of Hyoscyamine, 
 the method of determination being essentially as follows : — A weighed 
 quantity of 3 grammes of the Extract is dissolved in a test-glass in 
 5 grammes of Distilled Water and 5 grammes of Absolute Alcohol, 
 70 grammes of Ether are added, and also, after vigorous shaking, 5 c.c. 
 of Sodium Carbonate Solution, and the mixture is allowed to stand 
 during one hour with intervals of vigorous shaking. After complete 
 separation a weighed quantity of 50 grammes of the ethereal solution 
 ( = 2 grammes of Hyoscyamus Extract) is filtered through a dry well- 
 covered filter into a flask and about | of the Ether distilled. The 
 cooled residue is introduced into a separator (1), the flask is washed 
 three times, using each time 5 c.c. of Ether, then once with 10 c.c. 
 of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), these fluids are poured into 
 the separator, and the mixture is then shaken vigorously during 
 2 minutes. After complete separation, the Hydrochloric Acid Solu- 
 tion is allowed to run into another separator (2) and the extraction 
 twice repeated in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid (1 -f 99), wliicli have been previously used for the 
 further washing out of the flask. The united Hydrochloric Acid ex- 
 tracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of Chloroform, Sodium Carbonate Solution 
 added until an alkaline reaction results and the mixture immediately 
 shaken vigorously during 2 minutes. After complete clarification 
 the Chloroform Solution is run into another separator (3) and the 
 extractions repeated three times in a similar manner, using each time 
 5 c.c. of Chloroform. To the united chloroformic extracts are then 
 added 10 c.c. of Hundredth- Normal Volujnetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solutiori, and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether Solution 
 
754 HYO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 to float on the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid and the mixture 
 vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation the 
 acid liquid is filtered through a small filter paper, moistened with 
 Distilled Water, into a stoppered flask of white glass of a capacity of 
 about 200 c.c, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is vigorously shaken 
 3 times during 2 minutes, using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and these extractions are filtered through the same filter, the filter 
 washed with Distilled Water and the united liquids diluted with Distilled 
 Water to about 100 c.c. After the addition of sufficient Ether to 
 form a layer of the height of about 1 centimetre, and of 10 drops of 
 lodeosin Solution, Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution is added, shaking the mixture vigorously after each addition, 
 imtil the lower aqueous layer has assumed a pale red colour. From 
 the number of c.c. of Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution required to neutralise the Hyoscyamine, the content of 
 Hyoscyamine in 1 gramme of the Extract of Hyoscyamus can be 
 obtained by multiplication by the factor • 001445. The determination 
 of the quantity of alkaloid in the Extract of Hyoscyamus is arrived 
 at in the following manner: — 6 "5 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be necessary to neutralise the 
 excess of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, 
 so that 3*5 c.c. of Hundredth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution will have been used for the neutralisation of the contained 
 Hyoscyamine, which represents a content of 0*5 p.c. of Hyoscyamine; 
 1 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 
 "00289 gramme of Hyoscyamine, lodeosin being employed as an 
 indicator. It is required that the residue remaining on the evapora- 
 tion of a chloroformic extract so prepared should yield the reactions 
 characteristic of Atropine appearing under Atropine Sulphate. 
 
 TINCTURA HYOSCYAMI. Tincture of Hyoscyamus. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 1 of Hyoscyamus Leaves, in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The strength of Alcohol has been changed from 45 p.c. to 70 p.c, and the 
 flowering tops are not now permitted. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Span., and 
 U.S., 1 in 10 ; Port., 1 and 5, also fresh Herb and Alcohol, equal weights ; 
 Mex. , I in 5 from Leaves, also 1 in 5 from Seeds ; also Ethereal, 1 in 5. All 
 by weight except U.S. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to a strength of 10 p.c, prepared by percola- 
 tion with Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Hyoscyamus has a specific gravity of about 
 0*899, contains about 3*0 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 70 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The B.F. Tincture is not standardised. The 
 U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain 0*007 p.c. w/v of mydriatic 
 alkaloids. The method of determination adopted by the U.S. P. 
 is virtually that employed for the assay of the Fluid Extract of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] HYO 765 
 
 Belladonua. A measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the Tincture is 
 evaporated in an evaporating dish, on a water-bath to about one- 
 tenth its volume, sufficient Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) is added to dissolve any- 
 separated substance and the resulting liquid is assayed by the U.S. P. 
 process described under Extractum Belladonnse Liquidum. In 
 calculating the result of the volumetric determination the final 
 multiplication by 10 is unnecessary. 
 
 Constant Tincture of Hyoseyamus {Squire). — A Tincture of Hyoscyamua 
 standardised to contain 0*01 p.c. w/v of mydriatic alkaloids, and forming 
 one of the series of Constant Tinctures introduced by Squire in 1883. It 
 has a specific gravity of about 0*960, contains about 2-5p.c. w/v of total 
 solids, and about 44- 5 p.c. w/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Fluid extractum Hyoscyami (U.S.), 1 in 1 with a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 6 and Water 3, containing 0-075 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids from 
 Hyoseyamus. 
 
 HYOSCIN^ HYDROBROMIDUM and HYOSCYAMIN^ SUL- 
 PHAS. See separate headings. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HYOSCYAMI RADIX. — The dried Root of Hyoseyamus niger (biennial) 
 collected in the spring. Introduced by Peter Squire in 1878. Contains on 
 the average about 0-15 p.c. of total alkaloid. 
 
 Chloroformum Hyoscyami, Linimentum Hyoscyami, and Tinctura 
 Hyoscyami Radicis, are prepared on similar lines to the corresponding 
 preparations of Belladonna. 
 
 OLEUM HYOSCYAMI (Ger.).— Hyoseyamus Leaves, 4 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 3 ; Solution of Ammonia, ^ ; Arachis Oil, 40. The leaves are macerated 
 for 12 hours with the Alcohol and Ammonia, then mixed with the Arachis 
 Oil and warmed on a water-bath till the Alcohol and Ammonia are dissipated. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Oleum Hyoscyami 
 foliorura coctum), Leaves 100, Alcohol 75, Ammonia 2, Sesame Oil 1000 ; 
 Belg. (Hyoscyami Oleum), Leaves 100, Alcohol 200, Olemn Officinale 
 1000; also (Hyoscyami Oleum Compositum), Lavender Oil 1, Pepper- 
 mint Oil 1, Oil of Rosemary 1, Oil of Thyme 1, Hyoseyamus Oil, 996. Dutch 
 (Infusum Hyoscyanni Oleosum), Leaves 25, Alcohol 50, Ammonia 1, 
 Sesame Oil 250. Fr. (Huile de Jusquiame), dried Leaves 1, Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 1, Poppy Oil 10 ; Hung., Leaves 100, Alcohol (96 p.c.) 75, Ammonia 
 5, Sesame Oil 1000; Ital. (Olio de Giusquiamo), Leaves 100, Alcohol 10, 
 Ammonia 4, Ohve Oil 1000, Ether q.s. ; Jap. (Oleum Hyoscyami), 
 Leaves 4, Alcohol 3, Olive Oil 40. Norw. and Swed. (Oleum Hyoscyami 
 Infusum), Leaves 50, Alcohol 100, Ammonia 1, Olive Oil 250. Russ. 
 (Oleum Hyoscyami,) dried Leaves 4, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 3, Sesame Oil 24. 
 Span. (Aceite de Beleno), fresh Leaves 5, Olive Oil 10. Swiss (Oleum 
 Hyoscyami), Leaves 10, Alcohol 10, Ammonia 2, Sesame Oil 100 ; also 
 (Oleum Hyoscyami Compositum) {Syn. Balsammn Tranquilh) same as 
 Belg. 
 
 The majority of the above work out about 1 of Leaves in 10 of product. 
 
 HUILE DE JUSQUIAME COMPOSEE. (Baume Tranquille.) {Fr.).— 
 Dried Leaves of Belladonna, Henbane, Black Nightshade, Poppy and 
 Stramonium, of each 5 ; Oils of Lavender, Peppermint, Rosemary and 
 Thyme, of each 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 200 ; Poppy Oil, 5000. 
 
 Moisten the powdered leaves with the Alcohol, and digest on a water-bath 
 for 24 hours, add the Poppy Oil and heat for 6 hours at 60" to 70° C, stirring 
 occasionally ; express ; allow to settle, and decant ; add the Oils and filter. 
 
756 HYO [Solids by Weigbt; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 HYOSCYAMI SEMINA. — Henbane seed bears some resemblance to poppy 
 seed in size, but is distinctly reniform and compressed and of a greenish 
 grey colour with a finely reticulated testa, and an embryo cui'ved like the 
 figure 9, the radicle forming the tail. (iS'ee Greenish, Mat. Med. p. 154, fig. 72.) 
 The seed has been used from very ancient times to relieve toothache, the 
 smoke of the seeds thrown on burning charcoal being inhaled, or in this 
 country, the steam from hot water poured over the seeds. The embryo 
 set free by the heat in some of the more mature seeds were thought to be 
 worms fallen out of the teeth ! In India the powdered seeds mixed with 
 pitch are used to stop hollow teeth, and also as a pessary. The seeds so 
 used are probably derived from Hyoscyamus albus (Dymock). The seeds have 
 also been used in Europe as a source of Scopolamine. 
 
 HYOSCYAMINiE SULPHAS. 
 
 HYOSCYAMINE SULPHATE. 
 
 (CnH.,3N03)2,HoS04,2H20, eq. 712-506. 
 
 White, slender, crystalline, hygroscopic needles, or an odourless, 
 wliite, granular, hygroscopic powder. 
 
 It is the Sulphate of Hyoscyamine, an alkaloid occurring in Hyoscyamus 
 Leaves and other plants of the SolanacccB. The U.S. P. describes it 
 as the neutral sulphate of an alkaloid obtained from Hyoscyamus and 
 other plants of the Solanacece. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint and protected as far as possible from contact with air, especially 
 moist air. 
 
 Solubility. — 2 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 4i of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; very 
 slightly soluble in Chloroform or Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In small doses it is sedative ; in large 
 doses it has been used for calming the excitement of delirium tremens 
 and acute mania, but for this purpose it is superseded by the salts of 
 Hyoscine. 
 
 Dose. — 2017 to i-^o grain = • 0003 to • 0006 gramme. 
 
 Hager maximum dose, single, 0*005 gramme ; daily, 0*015 gramme. 
 
 Not OfiBcial. — Hyoscyamina, Hyoscyaminse Hydrobromidum, Hyoscya- 
 mine Discs. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Pure Hyoscyamine Sulphate melts at 204° to 206° C. 
 (399 "2° to 402*8° F.); commercial Hyoscyamine Sulphate melts at 
 about 200° C. (392° F.) ; the B.P. melting point is 203° to 204° C. 
 (397-4° to 399-2°F.) ; the U.S.P. melting point, 198-9° C. (390-l°F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear, 
 colourless solution, which should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper and which is Isevogyrate. A solution of 5 centigrammes of the 
 salt in 5 ml. of Distilled Water acidified with Hydrochloric Acid affords 
 a yellow precipitate with Auric Chloride Solution, and if tliis precipi- 
 tate be recrystallised from Distilled Water acidified with Hydrochloric 
 
[Solids hf Weight ; Liquids by MeaSvire.] HYO 75? 
 
 Acid, it yields brilliant golden-yellow crystalline scales, melting, when 
 dried, at 165° C. (329° F.j. The U.S. P. gives the melting p.oint of 
 Hyoscyamine Chloraurate as 160° C. (320° F.)- Both the B.P. and the 
 U.S. P. state that the yellow precipitate is soluble in boiling Distilled 
 Water acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, and again deposited in the form 
 of brilliant golden yellow scales on cooling the solution. A small crystal 
 evaporated to dryness in a porcelain dish on a water-bath, with 5 drops 
 of Nitric Acid, leaves a yellowish residue which, when moistened with 
 Alcohohc Potassium Hydroxide Solution, affords a violet coloration. 
 The aqueous solution of the salt yields with Barium Chloride Solution, 
 a white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occmring impurities are alkaloids other than 
 Hyoscyamine, readily carbonisable organic impurities, and fixed 
 residue. 
 
 The aqueous solution of the salt is not precipitated by the addition 
 of Platinum Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of most alka- 
 loids other than Hyoscyamine. No coloration should be produced on 
 the addition of Sulphuric Acid to Hyoscyamine Sulphate, indicating 
 the absence of readily carbonisable organic impurities. Hyoscyamine 
 Sulphate shoidd leave no residue after ignition, indicating the absence 
 of fixed residue. The B.P. states that it should leave no appreciable 
 ash ; the U.S. P. that upon ignition it is rapidly consumed without 
 residue. Hyoscyamine may be distinguished from Atropine by the 
 optical activity of its solutions and by its behaviour with Gold Chloride 
 Solution and the melting point of the Aurichloride. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 HYOSCYAMINA. Hyoscyamine. C,,H„3N03, eq. 289-194.— A crystal- 
 line alkaloid obtained from the Seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, the Root of 
 Scopola carniolica, and probably other alUed plants ; isomeric with Atropine 
 but not identical with it. 
 
 It occm-s as white needle-shaped crystals. Slightly sokible in Water, but 
 freely in Alcohol (90 p.c), in Chloroform, and in Ether. Probably constitvites 
 the greater portion of the crystalli sable alkaloid naturally existing in all the 
 mydriatic drugs, and best obtained from the Root of Scopola or Belladonna. 
 Most of the commercial ' Atropine ' consists principally of Hyoscyamine. 
 
 The salts used in medicine are the Hydrobromide and Sulphate, q.v. 
 
 Dose. — j^jf to ^ijy grain = 0-0005 to 0-001 gramme. 
 
 Hager maximum dose, single, 0-005 gramme ; daily, 0-015 gramme. 
 
 Tests.— Hyoscyamine melts at 108-5° C. (227- 3° F.). Its solutions in 
 neutral solvents are alkaline in reaction towards Litmus Solution and Isevo- 
 gyrate. It forms with Auric Chloride Solution a Gold double salt melting 
 at 164° to 165° C. (327-2° to 329° F.). It dissolves in Sulphuric Acid without 
 change of colour, and no alteration in colour should occur on the addition 
 of one or two drops of Nitric Acid. It should leave no residue when ignited 
 with free access of air. 
 
 HYOSCYAMIN/E HYDROBROMIDUM. — Short white or yellowish- 
 white, prismatic crystals, readily soluble in Water, and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It is the Hydrobromide of an alkaloid, Hyoscyamine, obtained from Hyos- 
 cyamus Leaves and other plants of the Solanacece. 
 
 On account of its deliquescent nature it should be kept in well-stoppered 
 
758 ICH [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 glass bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far as possible from 
 exposure to air. 
 
 Dose.— jij^ to j-l-^ grain = 0-0003 to 0-OOOG gramme. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide melts at about 152° C. (305- 6° F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear, colour- 
 less solution, which should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper and 
 is loevogyrate. It answers the tests distinctive of Hyoscyamine given under 
 Hyoscyaminai Sulphas. The aqueous solution yields with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution a yellowish-white curdy precipitate, which is insoluble in Nitric 
 Acid ; when filtered and washed it is practically insoluble in Ammonia 
 Solution, but readily soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. 
 
 The more generally occmring impurities are alkaloids other than Hyos- 
 cyamine, readily carbonisable organic impurities, and fixed residue. The 
 aqueous solution is not precipitated on the addition of Platinic Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the aljsence of most alkaloids other than Hyoscyamine. 
 5 centigrammes of the salt should dissolve in 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid with 
 not more than a faint yellow coloiu", indicating the absence of readily car- 
 bonisable organic impvirities ; the addition of a drop of Nitric Acid to this 
 mixture should produce not more than an orange colour, but no deep red 
 coloration should be noticed, indicating the absence of Morphine. It should 
 leave no weighable residue upon ignition, indicating the absence of fixed 
 residue. 
 
 Hyoscyamine Discs (for hypodermic injection) {St. Bartholomew's). — 
 gij and ^V grain of Hyoscyamine Sulphate. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ICHTHYOCOLLA. 
 
 isinglass. 
 
 Fr., Colle de Poisson ; Geh., Hattsenblase ; Ital., Colla 
 Di Pesce ; Span., Ictiocola. 
 
 The swimming bladder or sound of various species of Acipenser, prepared 
 and cut into fine shreds. 
 
 This well-known substance was in the early London Pharmacopoeias, and 
 called Ichthyocolla or Fish Glue ; it was used in medicine as a nutrient. It 
 is still to be found in most of the Continental Pharmacopoeias. It is used for 
 fining Wine, for which purpose Gelatin does not answer. Russian Isinglass 
 is reckoned the best quality. Isinglass is used for Court Plaster and Gold- 
 beater's Skin. 
 
 Isinglass, 15 grains to the fl. oz. of Glycerin, is useful in some skin diseases. 
 
 It is included in Appendix I. of the B.P., its Solution, which appears in 
 Appendix II., being used as a test for Tannic Acid, with which it forms an 
 insoluble compound. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Jap., Norw. 
 and Russ. (Colla Piscium) ; Ital. (Colla de Pesce); Mex. (Cola 
 de Pescada) ; Port. (Gelatina de Peixe) ; Span. (Ictiocola). Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — There are many varieties of Isinglass in commerce 
 differing in shape and quality. It consists of the swimming bladder of various 
 fishes washed and freed more or less from the lining membranes. The kind 
 preferred for use in medicine is derived from various species of Sturgeon 
 {Acipenser Huso, etc.) and is imported from Russia. It is prepared in the 
 form of leaf Isinglass, i.e., the swimming bladder ja cut open, cleaned and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ICH 759 
 
 pressed flat, or twisted when soft into various shapes or folded and known as 
 long and short staple or book Isinglass, but in retail commerce is offered cut 
 up into slender threads, which can be distinguished from Gelatin by its 
 laminated structure. 
 
 Tests. — Isinglass is not soluble in cold Distilled Water, but when immersed 
 thei-ein swells up but retains its organised structure. The best qualities 
 dissolve almost entirely in boiling Distilled Water, yielding a strong jelly 
 on cooling. On treating Russian Isinglass with hot Distilled Water the sub- 
 stance swells uniformly, producing a whitish opaline jelly which gradually 
 dissolves completely ; Gelatin, luider similar conditions, swells irregiilarly and 
 gives a nearly transparent solution. The best Russian Isinglass usually 
 leaves from 0-4 to 1-0 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Isinglass which has been bleached by Sulphurous Acid yields a solution 
 which on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution produces a white 
 precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 SERICUM ADH>ESIVUM {Norw. and i?tfss.).— Isinglass, 10; Distilled 
 Water, 120 ; Alcohol, 40 ; Glycerin, 1 ; Tincture of Benzoin, q.s. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ICHTHYOL. 
 
 AMMONIUM ICHTHYOLSULPHONATE. 
 
 A reddish-brown, syrupy liquid, with igneous bitum.inous odour and taste. 
 Obtained by the action of Sulphi^u-ic Acid on a Sulphur-containing mineral 
 oil distilled from peculiar fossil deposits, principally fish, and subsequent 
 neutrahsation with Ammonia. 
 
 Solubility. — Entirely soluble in Water, partly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c. ) 
 and Ether, entirely in a mixture of both. 
 
 It inixes readily with Glycerin, Fats, Oils, Soft Paraffin and Lanolin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used both internally and externally for chronic 
 eczema, psoriasis, and also for chronic rheumatisin ; as an application in 
 pruritus. Useful in chilblains, 10 to 20 p.c. in Lanolin. For uterine affec- 
 tions it is used with Glycerin as a tampon. As a gargle in acute pharyngitis. 
 As a paint (20 p.c. Solution) for foot blisters. 1 to 2 p.c. aqueous Solution 
 used as irrigations in gonorrhoea. In prm-itus vulvae, as a 15 p.c. Ointment. 
 Applied so as to cover the healthy skin beyond the affected part modifies 
 and distinctly shortens the diu-ation of erysipelas ; 30 to GO p.c. Ointment, 
 or 10 p.c. Collodion for sensitive skins. 
 
 Gave best results in burns of third degree. — M.P. '12, i. 114. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In pill 7nade with a mixture of Althaea 3, Liquorice 
 Powder 3, and Compound Tragacanth Powder 2 ; 4: of this powder to 2 of 
 Ammonium Ichthyol or to 4 of Sodium Ichthyol. Also given in capsules 
 1 to 5 grains, also "hand 10 grains, and Compressed Tablets 1, 2, 2^ and 5 grains. 
 
 The Oils of Citronella, Eucalyptus, and Pine have been suggested for disguising 
 the odour of Ichthyol in external applications. For internal use. Milk, Choco- 
 late, or Oil of Peppermint have been used. Essence of Almonds is also very 
 good. 
 
 When Ichthyol is ordered the Ammoyiium salt is generally understood ; the 
 Sodium salt has similar properties, is more of a solid, and makes a smaller pill. 
 
 Diluted with Vaseline or Lanolin to form a 10 to 50 p.c. Ointment; also 
 used as a 10 to 20 p.c. Collodion. 
 
760 ICH [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Lithium, Magnesium and Zinc Iclithyolsulphonates have been employed 
 medicinally. The Magnesium salt makes a suitable pill-mass, and may be 
 prepared by making 120 grains of the Ammonium salt and 15 grains of light 
 Calcined Magnesia into a paste with Water, and evaporating to dryness on a 
 water-bath. This brown powder, 2 parts oj which are equal to 3 of the Ammonium 
 salt, will make nice pills with a drop or two of Water. 
 
 When dispensed with Potassium Bromide a brown precipitate settling to a 
 sticky mass is thrown out, and adheres to the bottle ; the addition of Mucilage of 
 Acacia does not prevent this. 
 
 For pessaries a Gelatin basis with Ichthyol after a time becomes hard and 
 insoluble. They keep best when made with Cocoa-butter alone. 3 grains of 
 Ichthyol with 12 grains of Oil of Theobroma make a good suppository. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alcohol, Alkali Hydroxides and Carbonates, mineral 
 acids and Potassium Bromide. Alkaloids are incompatible with Ammonimn 
 Ichthyolsulphonate, and decompose it with formation of an Ichthyolsul- 
 phonate of the alkaloid, and liberation of Ammonia. With alkaloidal salts a 
 double decomposition takes place. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Belg., Hung. (Ammoniimi Sulfo-ichthyoli- 
 cum), Ital. (Ittiolo), Jap. (Ammonium Sulphoichthyolate), Russ. and Sp^n. 
 (Ictiol). 
 
 Tests. — Ammonimn Ichthyolsulphonate, when warmed with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, evolves Ammonia gas, readily recognised by its odour 
 and by its action upon moistened red Litmus paper ; if the mixtiure be 
 evaporated to dryness and ignited a carbonaceous mass is left, which evolves 
 an odour of Hydrogen Sulphide when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid. 
 ^\Tien evaporated on a water-bath it usually loses about 45 p.c. of its weight, 
 and should lose at the most not more than 50 p.c. The clear aqueous solution 
 is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus paper. A 10 p.c. aqueous solution, 
 when mixed with Hydrochloric Acid, throws down a dark resinous precipitate, 
 which is soluble in Ether and in Distilled Water, but is reprecipitated from 
 the latter liquid by Hydrochloric Acid or Sodium Chloride. When evaporated 
 and ignited with free access of air it should leave no weighable residue. 
 
 GELATUM ICHTHYOL (Pharm. Form.).— GeUtin, 1; Distilled Water, 
 2i- ; Ichthyol, 1 ; Glycerin, 6 ; all by weight. 
 
 INJECTIO ICHTHYOL (Lock).— 2 to 5 p.c. 
 
 PASTA ICHTHYOL (Unna) (Pharm. J'orm.).— Ammonium Ichthyolate, 
 2 scruples to 2 drm. ; Powdered Dextrin, 1 oz. ; Distilled Water, 1 oz. ; 
 Glycerin, 6 drm. Dissolve the Ichthyol in the Water and Glycerin, mix with 
 the Dextrin and heat on a water-bath until uniform. 
 
 Dr. Unna considers that for certain purposes Ichthyol varnish possesses 
 advantages over the usual preparations, and gives the following formula : 
 Ichthyol, 40 ; Starch, 40 ; Solution of Albumen, 1 to 1 J, Water, to 100. 
 The Starch is first moistened with the Water, then the Ichthyol well rubbed 
 up with it, and lastly the Solution of Albumen is added. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ICHTHYOL (King's).— lchthyo\, 1 ; Paraffin Ointment, 
 9; Mix. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ICHTHYOLIS (London).— Ichthyol, ^0 grains; Salicylic 
 Acid, 8 grains ; Soft Paraffin, to 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ICHTHYOLIS COMPOSITUM (G^i^y's).— Ichthyol, 1 ; 
 Solution of Lime, 9 ; Hydrous Wool Fat, 5 ; Soft Paraffin (yellow), 10 ; 
 Zinc Ointment, 5. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM ICHTHYOLI (Eager).- Ammonmm Ichthyol, 10; 
 Liquid Vasoliment, 90. 
 
 NATRIUM SULPHOICHTHYOLICUM (Sodium Ichthyolsulphonate. 
 Sodium Ichthyol). — A brownish-black tar-like mass, with a bituminous 
 odour. 
 
[Solids l)y Weight; Liquids by MeaSute.] ICH 761 
 
 Solubility.— It makes a somewhat turbid Solution with Water ; dissolves 
 in a mixture of equal weights of Alcohol and Ether. It is soluble in Benzol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^The same as the Ammonium salt. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Ichthyol dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a solution 
 which is only faintly alkaline in reaction towards red Litnaus paper. When 
 ignited it leaves a residue possessing an alkaline reaction, which colours a 
 non-luminous flame intensely yellow, and which, when dissolved in Distilled 
 Water and acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, yields, with Barium Chloride 
 Solution, a white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. The aqueous 
 solution, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, precipitates a dark resinous 
 mass which, when separated from the supernatant liquid, is soluble in Ether 
 and in Distilled Water, but is again precipitated from the latter fluid by the 
 addition of Hydrochloric Acid or Sodium Chloride. It contains from 25 to 
 30 p.c. of moisture, which may be determined by drying over Sulphuric 
 Acid, preferably in a vacumn desiccator. It should not evolve Anamonia 
 when heated with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Ammonium Ichthyolsulphonate. 
 
 ICHTHOFORM (Formaldehyde Ichthyolsulphonate). — A blackish-brown 
 powder, possessing a bituminous odour, insoluble in Water, and in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Introduced as an intestinal antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0-65 to 1*3 grammes. 
 
 FERRICHTHOL (Iron Ichthyolsulphonate). — A dark, blackish-brown, 
 non -hygroscopic, amorphous powder. Has been given in anapmia. 
 
 ANYTIN. — Under this title a 33 p.c. aqueous Solution of Ichthyolsulphonic 
 Acid has been introduced. It possesses the property of rendering soluble in 
 Water substances which are otherwise insoluble, or nearly so. The com- 
 pounds so produced are known as Anytols, and Meta-Cresol, Guaiacol, 
 Caraphor and Iodine- Anytols have received some attention as medicinal 
 agents, chiefly as antiseptics. 
 
 THIOL. — An artificial substitute for Ichthyol, prepared by the action of 
 Sulphur on gas oil, and subsequent treatment with Sulphuric Acid. It is 
 supplied in two forms, a powder and a liquid; it is soluble in Water and 
 almost odourless. 
 
 Useful in acute forms of erythema, in erysipelas, and in pruritvis in 20 to 
 40 p.c. Solution. 
 
 ICHTHALBIN (Albumen Ichthyolsulphonate). — A greyish-brown powder, 
 almost odourless and tasteless. Insoluble in Water, decomposed by alkalis. 
 
 Imost odourless and tasteless. Insoluble in Water, decc 
 Dose. — 7i to 30 grains = 0-5 to 2 grammes per diem. 
 
 Tumenol. — A similar body to Ichthyol, is a thick dark brown liquid. It 
 is a mixture of Tmnenolsulphone (Tumenol Oil) and Tumenolsul phonic 
 Acid (Tumenol Powder). 
 
 Tumenol Ammonium is a compound introduced to overcome the difficulty 
 with which ordinary Tumenol is miscible with various diluents. It contains 
 more Water than Tumenol. It is practically neutral, fairly soluble in Water, 
 is miscible with slight turbidity to the extent of 1 to 5 in mixtures of equal 
 parts of Alcohol, Water and Ether, and in Alcohol, Glycerin and Ether. The 
 formulas for various lotions and ointments are also given. — P.J. '05, ii. 399. 
 
 Petrosulfol. — A dark brown thick syrupy substance. Soluble in Water. 
 Similar in its therapeutic properties to Ichthyol. 
 
 Sphagnol. — A blackish bituminous mass of about the consistency of an 
 ointment, obtained by the destructive distillation of peat. Employed in the 
 form of a 10 p.c. ointment in eczema and similar skin diseases. A medicinal 
 soap containing 15 p.c. ; a toilet soap and a shaving soap containing 5 p.c. ; 
 and suppositories containing 10 p.c. are also made. 
 
762 IG-K" [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 IGNATIA AMARA. 
 
 St. Ignatius Beans. 
 
 The Seed of Strydinos Ignatii, Berg. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar in action to Nux Vomica. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — ^Official in Fr. (Feve de St. Ignace) ; 
 Mex. (Cabalonga); Port. (Fava de S. Ignacio) ; Span. (Haba de S. 
 Ignacio). 
 
 EXTRACTUM IGNATI/E AMAR/E.— Prepared by percolating Ignatia 
 Beans in powder with Alcohol (90 p.c), and evaporation. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0-008 to 0-065 gramme in a pill three times a day. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 TINCTURA IGNATI>E AMAR/E.— 1 of Ignatia Beans in powder, per- 
 colated with Alcohol (70 p.c.) to yield 10. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Tintura de Caba- 
 longas), 1 in 5. 
 
 Teinture de Feve de Saint-Ignace Compos^e. Gouttes Ameres de 
 Baume. (Fr.). — St. Ignatius Beans (rasjied), 100 ; Potassium Carbonate, 
 2-5; Prepared Soot, 0-5; Alcohol (70 p.c), 500; macerate for 10 days, 
 and filter. 
 
 INFUSA. 
 
 INFUSIONS. 
 
 Fr., Apozemes, Tisanks ; Ger., Aufgusse ; Ital., Infusi ; 
 Span., Infusiones. 
 
 Infusions, thougli generally made with boiling Water, are in some 
 cases ordered to be made at a lower temperature, as Infusum Calumbse, 
 the starch of which would be dissolved by boiling Water. The 
 mucilage and vegetable albumen present are, however, dissolved by 
 cold Water, and these render the Infusion liable to change. 
 
 When the Infusion is to be made with boiling Water the pot or 
 vessel should be first rinsed with boiling Water. The ingredients 
 should be suspended immediately under the surface of the Water, 
 or otherwise should be stirred from time to time during infusion. 
 
 All the Infusions are now directed to be strained while hot 
 except Calumba and Quassia which are both made with cold Water. 
 
 There is a very large demand for so-called Concentrated Infusions ; 
 but although very convenient and comparatively economical they have 
 not the same characters as the freshly-made Infusions. B.P. '98 
 included some Liquores Concentrati which were intended to represent 
 Concentrated Infusions ; they were fluid extracts, prepared with 
 weak spirit (Alcohol 20 p.c), but they are now omitted. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] INU 763 
 
 Directions in United States Pharmacopeia. — An ordinary Infusion, the 
 strength of which is not directed by the physician nor specified by the Pharma- 
 copoeia, shall be prepared as follows : Put 10 of the substance into a suitable 
 vessel, provided with a cover, pour upon it 200 of Boiling Water, cover the 
 vessel lightly, and let it stand half an hour in a warm place ; then strain and 
 pass enough Water through the strainer to make the Infusion measure 
 200 parts. The strength of Infusions of energetic or powerful substances 
 should be specially prescribed by the physician. 
 
 General Directions given in German Pharmacopoeia. — For the preparation 
 of Infusions, the P.G. gives the following directions : — Generally the portions 
 of comminuted plant are covered with boiling Water, heated in the water- 
 bath during 5 minutes, frequently shaken, and, when cooled, pressed. 1 part 
 of the drug to 10 parts of infusion is recommended as the quantity of the 
 drug to be employed, in infusions where the amoimt to be employed is not 
 indicated. Drugs included in a specified table (Table C), are excluded, and 
 infusions made therefrom are only to be supplied, when the amount of the 
 drug is specified. 
 
 Two general methods are rfecommended by E. H. Farr and R. Wriqht for 
 the preparation of Concentrated Infusions. They employ dilute Chloro- 
 form Water (1 in 1000) and Alcohol as a preservative, and the finished product 
 when diluted in the proportion of 1 part to 7 parts of Water is fairly approxi- 
 mate to the corresponding fresh Infusion. In the first process, Repercola- 
 tion, half the drug is moistened with the menstruiun and percolated, the 
 remainder is then moistened and percolated with the first percolate until 
 completely exhausted. The weak portions are evaporated and added to 
 the stronger and made up to volimae. By the second method, that of Maeero- 
 Expression, the quantity of drug ordered per 20 fl. oz. is macerated in 15 oz. 
 of the menstruum in a covered earthenware vessel for 24 hours, pressing 
 slightly when the drug is not completely covered with the menstruum, strain 
 and press the marc ; to the resulting hquid add any other ingredients specified, 
 and reserve ; repeat the maceration a second and third time for 6 hours each, 
 and evaporate the resulting mixed Uquors, add them to the reserved portion 
 and make up to 20 fl. oz. , set aside for 7 days and filter. When diluted 
 Alcohol is used the third maceration may be omitted, and only enough 
 menstruum used in the second to make the expressed united liquids measiu:e 
 20 fl. oz.— P. J. '00, i. 163, 166, 169, 226 ; CD. '06, i. 252, 253 ; P.J. '07, i. 
 621 ; Y.B.P. '07, 247. 
 
 Not Official. 
 INULA. 
 
 ELECAMPANE. 
 
 The Root of Inula Helenium, L. It contains large quantities of Inulin, a 
 body allied to Starch ; also a crystalline bitter substance, Helenin or Alant- 
 camphor. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Port. Not in the others. 
 
 HELENIN (CeHgO, eq. 96-064). — Colourless, acicular crystals, almost 
 insoluble in Water, but readily soluble in hot Absolute Alcohol, Ether, and 
 Volatile Oils. Has been fovmd to possess powerful antiseptic properties, and 
 has been given in broncho-pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diphtheria. 
 
 Dose. — J to 2 grains — 0-016 to 0- 13 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Fharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Mex» 
 
764: lOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 lODOFORMUM. 
 
 IODOFORM. 
 
 CHI3, eq. 393-768. 
 
 Fr., Iodoforme ; Ger., Iodoform ; Ital., Iodoformio ; Span., Yodo- 
 
 FORMO. 
 
 The sliining, lemon-yellow, small hexagonal crystals are Official ; 
 but for dispensing purposes it is supplied as a fine crystalline Powder. 
 There is also a Precipitated Iodoform, which, however, has a 
 tendency to agglomerate. Iodoform has an unpleasant characteristic 
 odour and taste, and is somewhat unctuous to the touch. 
 
 Chemically it is a Tri-iodomethane, and may be prepared by the 
 interaction of Iodine and Ethylic Alcohol in the presence of an alkali 
 or alkali Carbonate ; the B.P. states in the presence of Potassium 
 Carbonate Solution. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool atmosphere, and should be protected as far as possible 
 from the light. 
 
 It contains theoretically 96 '69 p.c. of locline. 
 
 Solubility. — Very sparingly soluble in Water; 1 in 8| of Ether; 
 1 in 14 of Chloroform ; 1 in 120 of Alcohol (90 p.c). It is also soluble 
 in the fixed and volatile Oils, and about 1 in 100 of Glycerin ; 1 in 30 
 of Olive Oil ; 1 in 3|^ of Carbon Bisulphide ; sparingly in Petroleum 
 Spirit. 
 
 Precipitated Iodoform frequently gives a turbid solution in Chloro- 
 form and Carbon Bisulphide, owing to the dampness of the powder, 
 the adhering Water being insoluble in those fluids. It rapidly dries 
 on free exposure to air, and will then form a clear solution. 
 
 The note respecting the Solubility of Precipitated Iodoform in Chloroform 
 and Carbon Bisulphide appeared in the 15th Edition of Squire's Companion, 
 and is aptly paraphrased in the B.P.C. as follows : — In the form of powder it 
 sometimes contains a trace of moisture, consequently the solutions in Chloro- 
 form and Carbon Bisulphide may be turbid ; a short exposure to the air, 
 however, will quickly free it from the adherent moisture, when bright solutions 
 may be obtained. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, deodorant, and local anses- 
 thetic. Useful in cleansing foul ulcers, buboes, soft chancres, or 
 syphilitic sores, the powder being applied, or an ointment (1 drm. to 
 1 oz.), or a Solution in Oil of Eucalyptus. Used as a deodorant, and 
 to relieve the pain of cancer and abate the progress of the disease ; 
 as a soothing application to burns ; also to relieve neiiralgia, goitre, 
 and glandular enlargements ; as a suppository in clironic prostatitis, 
 in haemorrhoids, and anal fissure. 
 
 A Solution of Iodoform in Ether, containing about 40 p.c. of Liquid 
 Paraffin in the proportion of ^ grain to 10 minims, is used as an intravenous 
 injection in pulmonary tuberculosis. 
 
 A mixture of : — Iodoform, 60 ; Spermaceti and Sesame Oil, of each, 40 ; 
 has been used as a filling for chronic bone cavities. 
 
 JodoforTO may produce toxaemia and death, jf used ejcceasively in surgical 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] lOD 765 
 
 work. The treatment consists in stopping the Iodoform and giving opiates, 
 bromides and diuretics, with a 5 to 10 p. c. Solution of Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 —L. '09, i. 562, 
 
 Success, in two cases of basic meningitis, believed to be largely due to 
 inunction of Ung. lodoformi (15 grains to oz. VaseUn) into the back of the 
 neck and posterior part of the scalp 2 to 4 times in the 24 hours. — L. '11, i. 24. 
 
 On absorbing surfaces it should be avoided, if there is any reason to suspect 
 a tendency to exophthalmic goitre. — M.P. '10, ii. 309. 
 
 Its use is suggested where plague is prevalent, for no flea will attack a 
 person who makes liberal use of it. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 1262. 
 
 Dissolved in Ether, and given intravenously, it is by far the most effective 
 method of treating phthisis ; half grain doses. — M.P. '13, i. 9. 
 
 In leprosy to begin with \ grain was given twice a week ; this was gradually 
 increased to 1 grain five times a week, by intravenous injections ; \ grain 
 tablet is thoroughly powdered and put into an all-glass hypodermic syringe, 
 3 minims of Liquid Paraffin and then 7 minims of Ether are drawn into the 
 syringe, the needle is sealed with Lanolin, and the syringe shaken. — L. '14, 
 i. 1806. 
 
 Dose. — J to 3 grains = 0-032 to 0*19 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 2 gramme ; daily, • 6 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Iodoform should be finely powdered, or 
 precipitated Iodoform shcmld be used, and suspended with Mucilage of Acacia 
 for a mixture or lotion : or it may be given in pills 7nade with Glucose or 
 one-sixth of its weight of Compound Powder of Tragacanth and Dispensing Syrup, 
 or Diluted Glucose, q.s. to mass. 
 
 The solubility in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and the Fixed Oils is markedly increased 
 by the presence of Camphor, which also masks the odour of the Iodoform. 
 
 Oil of Geranium (5 minims to 2 drm.) answers very well to cover the smell of 
 Iodoform, as does also Menthol, 2 to 98, arid Goumarin, 2 to 98. 
 
 The odour of Iodoform can be removed from the hands by rubbing them with 
 Oil of Turpentine ; rubbing loith Orange-flower Water is also useful. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Iodoform is incompatible with Calomel. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Suppositoria lodoformi and Unguentum lodo- 
 formi. 
 
 Not Official. — Iodoform Antiseptic Gauze, lodoformum Aromatisatum, 
 Iodoform Lint, Iodoform Ointment, Liquid Iodoform, Bougies of Iodoform 
 and Eucalyptus, Collodiuna lodoformi, Emulsio lodoformi, Glycerinmn 
 lodoformi, Gossypium lodoformi, Injectio lodoformi, Insufflatio lodoformi, 
 Insufflatio lodoformi et Morphinae Composita, Nebula lodoformi, Pasta 
 lodoformi, Pastillus lodofonni, Pigmentum lodoformi, Pulvis lodoformi 
 Compositus, Unguentum lodo-Paraffini, Unguentimi lodoformi cum Atro- 
 pina, Vasolimentum lodoformi, Vasolimentum lodoformi Desodoratmn, 
 Whitehead's Varnish, Eka-Iodoform, lodoformin, lodoformal, lodoformogen, 
 Di-iodoform, lodol, lodolene. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed , Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Iodoform Solution in Ether 1 in 20 by weight is official in Belg. 
 
 Tests.— Iodoform melts about 120° C. (248° F.) to a brown liquid, 
 which evolves at a higher temperature brown and violet vajjours of 
 Iodine, and leaves a black carbonaceous residue. The U.S. P. gives 
 the melting point as about 115° C. (239° F.) ; P.G. as about 120° C. 
 (248° F.). It is slowly volatile at the ordinary temperature of the 
 air, and distils slowly with the vapour of Water. When warmed 
 with an Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution it is decomposed 
 
766 lOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 into Potassium Formate and Potassium Iodide. If tlie Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution be evaporated to dryness and tlie residue 
 be dissolved in Distilled Water, the solution yields, on the addition of 
 an excess of Nitric Acid, a brown coloration, and if the mixture be 
 shaken with a little Carbon Bisulpliide Solution the latter assumes an 
 intense violet colour. The B.P. omits the evaporation to dryness, 
 acidifying the alcoholic solution with Nitric Acid and testing the 
 liquid for Iodine with Starch Mucilage, requiring that, when cold, 
 a blue coloration should be produced. Its solutions in neutral solvents 
 are neutral to Litmus. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are soluble yellow colouring 
 matters, e.g.. Picric Acid, free acid, free alkali, soluble Iodides, Hydri- 
 odic Acid, excess of moistiire, and fixed impurities. 
 
 A colourless filtrate free from bitter taste should be obtained when 
 1 part of Iodoform is shaken with 10 parts of Distilled Water, and 
 filtered, indicating the absence of soluble yellow colouring matters, 
 e.g., Picric Acid. A test for these impurities is common to the B.P., 
 U.S. P., and P.G. Another portion of tliis filtrate should be neutral 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper, indicating the absence of free acid 
 or free alkali. The B.P. requires that solutions of Iodoform should 
 be neutral to Litmus. A fturther portion of this aqueous filtrate should 
 not immediately be rendered more than faintly opalescent on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of soluble Iodides 
 and Hydriodic Acid. No similar test is included in the B.P. Iodoform 
 should lose at the most not more than 1 "0 p.c. after drying for 24 hours 
 over Sulphuric Acid, indicating freedom from excess of moisture. A 
 similar requirement is made in both U.S. P. and P.G., but not in the 
 B.P. Iodoform should leave no weighable residue when ignited, 
 indicating a limit of fixed impurities. The B.P. requires that it should 
 leave no appreciable ash, the U.S. P. that it should leave not more than 
 0*2 p.c. of residue iipon full combustion, and the P.G. that it should 
 leave on ashing at most 0*1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA lODOFORMI. Iodoform Suppositories. 
 
 Contain 0*2 gramme = 3 grains of Iodoform in each, with Oil of 
 Theobroma. Each suppository should weigh about 1 gramme 
 (I51 grains). _ 
 
 In warm climates part of the Oil of Theobroma may be replaced by 
 White Beeswax when necessary, see Suppositoria (group). 
 
 UNGUENTUM lODOFORMI. Iodoform Ointment. (Modified.) 
 Iodoform, in fine powder, 1 ; Prepared Lard, 9. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Same strength as before, but now made with Prepared Lard in place of 
 
 Yellow Paraffin Ointment. 
 
 For India Prepared Suet replaces Prepared Lard ; see also Unguenta 
 
 (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Fr. and U.S., 1 in 10 ; 
 Mex., Pornada do Yodoformo ; Iodoform 1, Ether 1, Vaseline 9. Not in 
 the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] lOD 767 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 lODOFORMUM AROMATISATUM (L^*S\xY.i^.).— Iodoform, 96; Cou- 
 marin, 4 ; Mix intimately. 
 
 Note. — Should Coumarin not be available, or should it be objectionable to 
 the patient, the odour of Iodoform may also be naore or less masked by 
 many essential oils ; for instance, those of Peppermint, Cloves, Cinnamon, 
 Citronella, Bergamot, Sassafras, Eucalyptus, etc., also by Camphor. Another 
 efficient covering agent is freshly roasted and powdered Coffee. 
 
 The odour of Iodoform may be removed from the hands, or any utensils 
 with which it has come in contact, by washing them with an aqueous solution 
 of Tannic Acid or by rubbing them \vith Crushed Linseed and Water. 
 
 •See also Prescribing Notes. 
 
 IODOFORM OINTMENT (Deodorised) (CD. '07, ii. 382).— Lanolin, 20; 
 Iodoform, 2-2; Roasted Coffee (powdered), 1*25; Lard, 2-5. 
 
 IODOFORM ANTISEPTIC GAUZE.— Containing 10 and 20 p.c, Fr. 
 (Gaze lodoformee). Hung, and Ital., 10 p.c, Jap. 5-5 p.c, and Mex. 11 p.c. 
 
 WHITEHEAD'S VARNISH.— Compound Tincture of Benzoin, in which 
 Ether (sp. gr. 0-735) has been substituted for Alcohol (90 p.c), and contains 
 10 p.c. of Iodoform. 
 
 BOUGIES OF IODOFORM AND EUCALYPTUS FOR GONORRHCEA 
 
 (Gheyne). — Iodoform, 5 grains ; Oil of EucaJyptus, 10 minims ; Oil of Theo- 
 i)roma, Z^ grains in each bougie, which should be 4 inches long and the 
 diameter of No. 10 catheter. 
 
 Candelettes di lodoformio {Ital.). — Isinglass, 6; Water, 20; Glycerin, 
 3 ; Iodoform, 11. 
 
 COLLODIUM lODOFORMI.— Iodoform, 1 ; Flexible Collodion, 9— Gw?/'*. 
 Official in Belg., Fr., Ital. and Jap., 1 in 10 by weight. 
 
 EMULSIO lODOFORMI. — Iodoform, in fine powder, 10 parts ; Glycerin, 
 70 parts ; Water, 20 parts. Rub the Iodoform to a smooth paste with the 
 Glycerin, then add the Water. — University. 
 
 Iodoform, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to moisten; Boiling Distilled Water, 
 2 ; Glycerin, 7. — Great Northern and Guy''s. 
 
 GLYCERINUM lODOFORMI {King's).— lodoiorm (washed with 1 in 20 
 Solution of Phenol to sterilise), 1 ; Glycerin, 9. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM lODOFORMI. — Iodoform, 70 grains ; Glycerin, 10 minims ; 
 Cotton-Wool, 60 grains ; Ether and Absolute Alcohol are used as solvents. 
 Contains about 50 p.c. of Iodoform. 
 
 Iodoform Wool can also be obtained containing 10 p.c. and 20 p.c. Iodo- 
 form Lint 10 p.c. Iodoform Gauze 5 p.c, 10 p.c, and 20 p.c. 
 
 Official in Austr., 10, 20 and 30 p.c, Belg., Dutch and Span., 10 p.c ; Jap., 
 5 p.c 
 
 INJECTIO lODOFORMI.— Iodoform, 1; Mucilage of Tragacanth, 2; 
 Water, 7. — University. 
 
 Saturated Solution of Iodoform in Ether, i S.. oz. ; Olive Oil, to 1 fl. oz. 
 — Central Throat. 
 
 INSUFFLATIO lODOFORMI.— (For throat) Iodoform, 2; Dried Starch, 
 1 ; both in fine powder. (Avu-al) Iodoform, 1 ; Boric Acid, 3 ; both in 
 fine powder. — Throat. 
 
 Iodoform, in fme powder, 1 ; Subnitrate of Bismuth, 1. — Throat (1894). 
 
 INSUFFLATIO lODOFORMI ET MORPHIN/E COMPOSITA (Gtiy's). 
 — Iodoform, 1 grain ; Boric Acid, 1 grain ; Morphine Acetate, \ grain ; Starch, 
 to make 5 grains. 
 
 NEBULA lODOFORMI.— Iodoform, 40 grains; Ether (sp. gr. 0-735), 
 1 fl. oz. ; dissolve. A strong antiseptic and detergent. 
 
768 lOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 LIQUID IODOFORM.— Caustic Potash, 35; Water, 25; dissolve, shake 
 well, and add Oleic Acid, 50 ; Alcohol (95 p.c. ), 30 ; then add with continuous 
 agitation Sublimed Iodine, 30 ; decolorise by the addition of a few drops of 
 Solution of Caustic Potash. Set aside for several days in the dark, and 
 decant the supernatant liquid. A yellowish hquid, with the odour of Iodo- 
 form, miscible with Water, Alcohol, Ether, and Chloroform, is thus obtained 
 (Blanchi).—P.J. '07, ii. 509 ; '06, i. 668 ; CD. '07, ii. 382 ; '06, i. 163. 
 
 PASTA lODOFORMI (i?.Z).7?.).— Iodoform, 60 grains; Tannic Acid, 
 10 grains ; Liquefied Carbolic Acid, q.s. 
 
 PASTILLUS lODOFORMI. — Iodoform, in fine powder, 1 grain ; Glycerin, 
 1 minim ; Glyco-gelatin, 18 grains. For one pastille. 
 
 PIGMENTUM lODOFORMI {Central Throat).— loAoiorm, I ; Ether, 8. 
 
 PULVIS lODOFORMI COMPOSITUS. Syn. Naphthalin Iodoform.— 
 Iodoform, 20; Boric Acid, 30; Naphthalene, 50; Oil of Bergamot, 2*5. 
 This powder is used in many cases where a diluted preparation of Iodoform, 
 for external purposes, is desired. — U.S.N.F. 
 
 Iodoform, in fine powder, 1 ; Boric Acid, 3. For external use only. — East 
 London for Children and St. Thomas's. 
 
 UNGUENTUM lODOFORMI CUM ATROPINA (London Ophthalmic 
 and St. -Marj/'s).— Precipitated Iodoform, 60 grains ; Atropine, 2 grains ; Soft 
 Paraffin, 1 oz. ; heat the Atropine and Paraffin till dissolved ; stir, and while 
 cooling add the Iodoform. 
 
 UNGUENTUM lODO-PARAFFINI (University (1899).— Iodoform, 1 ; 
 Eucalyptus Oil, 8 ; Soft Paraffin, 27 ; Hard Paraffin, 6. 
 
 Dissolve the Iodoform in the Oil at a slightly raised temperature, and mix 
 with the other ingredients previously melted together. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM lODOFORMI (f/og-er).— Iodoform, 1-5; Liquid Vaso- 
 liment, 98-5. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM lODOFORMI DESODORATUM (Ha^er).— Iodoform, 
 1 • 5 ; Eucalyptol, 1 • 5 ; Liquid Vasoliment, 97. 
 Dissolve the Iodoform by warming cautiously, and add the Eucalyptol. 
 
 EKA-IODOFORM.^A lemon-yellow crystalline, lustrous powder, insoluble 
 in Water. Soluble 1 in 75 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 8 of Ether ; 1 in 13^ of 
 Chloroform. Stated to be a mixture of Iodoform and Paraformaldehyde. 
 A substitute for Iodoform. 
 
 lodofan. — ^A reddish crystalline powder without taste or smell ; antiseptic. 
 
 IODOFORM IN. — A combination of Iodoform and Hexamethylenetetramine 
 containing about 75 p.c. of the former. A white or pale yellow powder, 
 insoluble in Water; soluble 1 in 170 of Alcohol (90 p.c); 1 in 360 of 
 Ether ; 1 in 72 of Chloroform ; also soluble in Acetone. Boiling Water, 
 Acids, and Alkalis decompose it. An Iodoform substitute. 
 
 lodoforraal (lodoformin Ethyl Iodide). — In yellow crystals or powder, 
 insoluble in Water. Antiseptic. 
 
 lODOFORMOGEN (Iodoform Albuminate). — A pale lemon-yellow powder, 
 possessing a faint odour of Iodoform. Insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90p.c. ), 
 Ether or Chloroform. Used as a dusting powder. An Iodoform substitute. 
 
 DI-IODOFORM (Ethylene Periodide). — Yellow prismatic needles. Insoluble 
 in Water, soluble in Chloroform. A substitute for Iodoform. 
 Official in Fr. Codex. 
 
 lODOL, Tetraiodpyrrol C,I,NH, eq. 570-698. — A light brown, micro- 
 crystalline powder, without taste, having a faint odour, and containing 90 p.c. 
 of Iodine. It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint 
 in a cool place and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] lOD 769 
 
 Solubility. — Nearly insoluble in Water ; 1 in 18 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 in 
 150 of Chloroform, 1 in 1|^ of Ether, 1 in 155 of Glycerin. It is stated to be 
 soluble 1 in 3 in Absolute Alcohol, but the sample we examined gave 1 in 6J. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — -Antiseptic ; used for the same purposes as 
 Iodoform, but it is free from the objectionable odour of the latter, and is 
 stated not to be so poisonous. 1 p.c. of Menthol is added in nasal diseases 
 to cover the odour of lodol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Ital., Mex., Russ., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Pomada de Yodol (Mex.), lodol, 1 ; Vaseline, 9. 
 
 Tests. — lodol does not undergo decomposition when heated to temperatures 
 up to 100° C. (212° F.), but at about 150° C. (302° F.) it is decomposed, yield- 
 ing violet-coloured vapours of Iodine. When warmed with Potassivun or 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution and Zinc foil, it evolves vapours of Pyrrol, which 
 impart a bright red to a deep carmine-red colour to a splinter of pine wood 
 moistened with Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are inorganic impurities, Hydriodic 
 Acid or soluble metallic Iodides, heavy metals, and free Iodine. 
 
 A weighed quantity of • 5 gramme should leave no weighable residue when 
 ignited with free access of air, indicating a limit of inorganic impurities. 
 The U.S. P. states that, when ignited, it should leave not more than 0- 1 p.c. 
 of residue, indicating a limit of inorganic impurities. When shaken with 
 Distilled Water and filtered the filtrate should yield not more than the 
 .slightest opalescence with Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Hydriodic Acid and soluble Iodides, nor any coloration with Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, indicating the absence of heavy metals, e.g.. Copper, and Lead. 
 When Distilled Water which has been shaken with lodol is in turn 
 shaken with Carbon Bisulphide, the latter should be coloured at the most a 
 pale yellow, but not a violet colour, indicating a limit of free Iodine. 
 
 lODOLENE (lodol Albuminate). — A light yellow powder, insoluble in 
 Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). It occurs in two forms, one for internal use 
 containing 10 p.c. lodol, the other for external use containing 36 p.c. Anti- 
 septic. An Iodoform substitute. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 lODUM. 
 
 IODINE. 
 
 I, eq. 126-92. 
 
 Fr., Iode Sublime ; Ger., Jod ; Ital., Jodo ; Span., Yodo. 
 
 Heavy, greyisli-black, rhombic plates or prisms, possessing a metallic 
 lustre, and a characteristic peculiar odour. Commercial resublimed 
 Iodine, if in large dry scales, may be reckoned at 100 p.c. It is prepared 
 from ' kelp ' (the ashes of sea-weeds), and also from naturally occurring 
 Iodides and lodates. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles and in a cool 
 atmosphere, as it volatilises considerably at ordinary temperatures. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 7000 of Water; 1 in 12 of Alcohol (90 p.c); 
 1 in 4 of Ether ; 1 in 30 of Chloroform ; 1 in 6 of Carbon Bisulpliide ; 
 1 in 6D of Glycerin ; soluble in an aqueous Solution of Potagsium Iodide. 
 
 3 o 
 
770 lOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, alterative, deodoriser, dis- 
 infectant ; locally it is irritant or vesicant according to tlie strength 
 employed. Internally, largely used in form of Iodide, seldom as 
 Iodine, in chronic rheumatism and in chronic inflammation of 
 various kinds ; to promote absorption in hepatic and splenic enlarge- 
 ments, and in dropsies (pleuritic efiusion, hydrocele, etc.). In the form 
 of Potassium Iodide (10 to 30 grains three times a day), it is specific 
 in the later stages of syphilis; and in 30-grain doses three times 
 a day it is very useful in aneurism, its most striking effect being the 
 relief of the anemismal pain ; valuable in actinomycosis. Caution, 
 however, is required, as it may, when given in very large doses, occasion- 
 ally cause wasting of healtliy glands, such as the mammge and testes. 
 1 of the Tincture with 50 of Water forms an antiseptic lotion for 
 washing out cysts. Externally the solution, ointment, and tincture 
 are applied in chronic and parasitic skin diseases, in phthisis, pleurisy, 
 pericarditis, and bronchitis as a co unter-irritant, and for cliilblains ; 
 the Tincture, either neat or diluted with an equal quantity of Water, is 
 injected into the scrotal sac to cure hydrocele ; Morton's Fluid is 
 injected into the sac of spina bifida. A few drops of the Tincture 
 in half a pint of hot Water may, along with Creosote or volatile Oils, 
 be inhaled in chronic broncliitis and phtliisis, and in the throat 
 affection of scarlatina and measles. It is employed as a gargle, 
 
 1 or 2 of Tincture in 32 of Water for ulceration of the throat. One or 
 two drops of the Tincture in a tablespoonful of Water every 30 minutes 
 are often successful in checking vomiting, inclndiug that of sea-sickness 
 and of pregnancy. See also under ' Potassii lodidum.' 
 
 For the relief of troublesome cough of plithisis, liy continuous antiseptic 
 inhalation, Dr. Coghill's famous formula is useful : — Tincture of Iodine 
 (Ethereal), 2 drm. ; Acid CarboUc, 2 drm. ; Creosote or Thymol, 1 drm. ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) to 1 oz. See also Acidum Carbolicum, p. 39. 
 
 In form of Tinctm-e, strongly recommended in CarboUc Acid poisoning ; 
 drm. doses in plenty tepid Water. 
 
 If employed from the beginning in typhoid, it acts almost like a specific, 
 shortening the duration. Given as B.P. Tincture 3 to 15 minims in 1 or 
 
 2 fl. drm. of Rum or Cognac in 1 or 2 oz. of Water with Sugar, 3 or 4 times in 
 24 hours.— B.M.J. '07, ii. 143. 
 
 An important antidote to the caustic action of CarboHc Acid. Great relief 
 is immediately obtained by soaking any external part injured by Carbolic Acid 
 in a basin of Water to which 1 fl. drm. Tincture of Iodine has been added. 
 
 In very severe external anthrax with oedema and severe erysipelas, one or 
 two drops of the Tincture are injected at different points on the border of the 
 erysipelas, about 5 to 10 cm. apart, using in all 8 to 17 minims. This may 
 be repeated if necessary the following days. It is excellent also in ordinary 
 erysipelas, especially of the wandering type.^ — B.M.J.E. '09, i. 40. 
 
 A case of hiccough which had lasted 2 years cured by a few doses of Tincture. 
 —B.M.J. '12, i. 1299. 
 
 All its compounds are harmful in leprosy. — Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyg. '12, 67. 
 
 In goitre the optimum therapeutic eflfects on the Thyroid Gland are only 
 obtained with doses of Iodine vastly smaller than those usually employed. — 
 B.M.J.E. '08, ii. 12. * 
 
 Local application warmly recommended in oropliaryngeal infections of 
 children ; the excellent results amply justify the pain and smarting ; for 
 young children diUite it with one volume Alcohol. — N. Y.M.J. '11, ii. 1179. 
 
 Very striking elfoct in corneal ulcer ; after 2 p.c. Cocaine Solution had been 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] lOD 771 
 
 dropped into eye, Tincture Iodine was applied to the vdcer by means of a 
 camel-hair brush ; this was continued twice daily for 5 days, after which the 
 inflammation soon cleared up ; Cocaine was required after instillation as well 
 as before.— B.M.J. '13, i. 169. 
 
 Iodine and Iodide do harm in Graves' disease. — E.M.J. '15, ii. 119. 
 
 A most valuable remedy in smallpox ; on the first appearance of the spots 
 they are painted, and this is repeated daily ; the vesicles collapse and shrivel, 
 the cuticle peels and leaves a clean white surface, free of scars. — I.M.G. '12, 
 435. 
 
 In brain abscess writer fills the cavity with the pure Tincture, and plugs 
 with gauze soaked in it ; he also uses it in all abscesses due to appendicitis, 
 in suppiiration of ovarian cysts, and in psoas and iliac abscess cavities. — 
 B.M.J. '13, i. 12. 
 
 Sporotrichosis is readily amenable to Iodine, which is a quasi-specific in 
 this class of diseases. — M.P. '14, ii. 378. 
 
 Of real and lasting benefit in pruritus ani ; the Tincture to be used thrice 
 weekly.— B.ilf. J. '14, i. 966. 
 
 In the treatment of venereal warts, the daily application of the Tincture 
 acts like a charm, and saves all cutting and burning treatment. — Jl.R.A.M.G., 
 '15, 63. 
 
 In the treatment of phthisis by intensive nascent Iodine, the adminis- 
 tration is as follows : — Strong Hydrochloric Acid, 2 drm., is allowed to act on 
 powdered Potassivun Chlorate, 1 drm., in a dry 24 oz. bottle. Chlorine is at once 
 evolved, and displaces the air in the bottle. When the coloured gas is seen 
 to reach the neck of the bottle it is tightly corked and the reaction allowed to 
 continue for 15 minutes. The cork is removed, 6 fl. oz. Water quickly added, 
 and the bottle well shaken. This is repeated till all the Water has been added. 
 30 grains of Potassimn Iodide are given in half a pint of Water at breakfast 
 time, i.e., 7 a.m. ; 4 hours later, 1 fl. oz. Chlorine Water is given in half-pint 
 Lemonade. This dose is repeated at 2 hourly intervals, till sufficient has 
 been given. In starting, 3 fl. oz. Chlorine are given daily. This produces 
 signs of iodism which pass off in 4 or 5 days. The symptoms appear towards 
 midnight, but the early morning dose of Iodide soon relieves them, and after 
 a week the patient feels no ill-effect. Some patients have no symptoms from 
 the beginning. At the end of three weeks the dose is increased to 4 fl. oz. 
 Chlorine Water, and later to 5. The Chlorine produces a bm-ning sensation 
 in the oesophagus, but this passes off. — Pr. '13, ii. 391. 
 
 No doubt that all the cases of phthisis in which it was tried have benefited ; 
 in spite of its comparative nastiness many patients ask its continuance ; leave 
 the stopper out for 24 hours after the Chlorine Water has been made ; start 
 with a teaspoonful or less, diluting it well to begin with.^ — M.P. '14. 87. 
 
 Iodine Skin Disinfection. — The tinctvu-e is of great value in the treat- 
 ment of dirty viounds. 
 
 Its use for disinfecting the skin before surgical operations tends to 
 l:)ecorae more and more general. Care must be taken not to use a Tincture 
 of greater strength than the B.P. tincture, on account of the liability to 
 produce a necrosive action ; the Tincture should be freshly made. 
 
 A preliminary scrubbing and washing are not only unnecessary, but 
 positively harmful, and the same applies to a wet compress applied before the 
 operation ; they both cause swelling of the epithelial cells, and thereby shut 
 in the germs and prevent the Tincture penetrating deeply; it does not 
 signify how dirty the skin appears ; if a bath is desired it should be given 
 24 hours before the operation ; shaving is quite unnecessary, if it is done it 
 should be done dry, or the swelling of the epithelial cells referred to will be 
 produced. — B.M.J. '15, i. 886. 
 
 After bullet wounds the swabbing with Iodine should be immediate, and 
 this ia possible only if the soldiers themselves have the necessary material, 
 in the shape, for example, of ampoules of the Tincture, made of hermetically- 
 sealed glass ; many thousands of these are being used in th3 present War ; 
 each includes a soft cotton brush. — L. '14, ii. 1115. 
 
 The idaal antiseptic for first aid work.— B.M.J. '12, ii. 43S. 
 
 2 c 3 
 
772 lOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 After a really huge trial, writer recommends the cleaning of the skin round 
 the wound, and even the wound itself, with a 1 p.c. solution of Iodine in 
 Benzene, as far and away the finest method. — L. '14, i. 76. 
 
 Dose. — iV to \ grain = 0"004 to 0'015 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Qer. maximum dose, single, 0*02 gramme; daily, 0*06 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Very rarely given internally in the solid form, 
 except when loosely combined as in the alkaloidal Periodides, see p. 335. Occa- 
 sionally administered as Tincture, which should be well diluted. The Pasta 
 lodi et Amyli is less irritating than many of the other Iodine preparations. 
 
 Iodine and Solutions containing free Iodine stain the skin a yellowish-brown ; 
 this can be removed by Caustic or Carbonated Alkali or Sodium Thiosulphate. 
 Several so-called colourless and non-staining preparations of Iodine Imve been 
 suggested, but their medicinal action cannot be due to free Iodine, but to the 
 compound of Iodine which is produced in each case, e.g., combinations of Iodine 
 and Oleic Acid and the fixed and volatile Oils ; also the Decolorised Tincture 
 of Iodine which is practically a Solution of Ammonium Iodide and lodate. 
 
 In all the galenical preparations containing Iodine, Potassium Iodide is a 
 constant iyigredient, presumably with the intention of assisting the Solution of 
 the Iodine. In the case of aqueous solutions this is necessary, and an excess 
 of Iodide is advantageous. In spirituous solutions, however, where the Iodide 
 is scarcely more soluble than the Iodine, a smaller quantity {if any) is required. 
 
 Tincture of Iodine is largely used for skin disinfection in surgical work, but a 
 Solution of the same strength, 1 in 40 of Dichlorethylene, is preferable because 
 during evaporation of the solvent no unpleasant lachrymation or nasal catarrh is 
 suffered by the surgeon or his assistants. 
 
 A Solution 1 in 40 of Chloroform is also employed for the same purpose. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis, Metallic salts. Alkaloids. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Tinctura lodi Fortis, Tinctura lodi Mitis, and 
 Unguentum lodi. Used in the preparation of Syrupus Ferri lodidi. Arsenic, 
 Mercury, Potassium, and Sodiima Iodides are Official. 
 
 Not Official. — Causticum lodi, Chloroformum lodi, Collodiiim lodatum, 
 Gossyijium lodatum, Inhalatio lodi cum Conio, Glycerinum lodi. Liquor 
 lodi Glycerinus, Injectio lodi, Lugol's Solution, Lugol's Caustic, Liquor 
 lodi. Liquor lodi Compositus, Liquor lodi Carbolatus, Nebula lodi Co., 
 Nebula lodi et MenthoUs, Radio-active Iodine and Menthol, Amylum 
 lodatum, Parogenum lodi, Pasta lodi et Amyli, Pigmentumi lodi, Pigmentima 
 lodi cvun Aconito Mite, Pigmentum lodi emu Aconito Forte, Pigmentiun 
 lodi OleatTom, Pigmentum lodi Carbolisatum, Pigmentum Mandl, Pigmentvun 
 Picis cum lodo, Sapo lodatus, SLrop lodotannique, Sirop lodotannique Phos- 
 phate, Tinctura lodi, Tinctura lodi Decolorata, Liquor Ammonii lodidi, 
 Unguentum lodi Denigrescens, Iodine Vasogen, Vapor lodi Compositus, Vapor 
 lodi et Acidi Carbolici, Coghill's Inhalation Fluid, VasoUmentum lodatvun. 
 Iodine Leaf, lodi Trichloridum, lodipin and lothion, lodival, lodogUdine, 
 Sabromin, Sajodin, lodalbin, lodex. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics aided by demulcent drinks. Starch, Flour, etc., 
 diffused in Water ; Hypodermic Injection of Morphine to relieve pain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.—Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Iodine when lieated evolves violet-colom-ed vapours, 
 particularly irritating to the throat and eyes, and which again condense 
 on cooling to crystals having a metallic lustre. 
 
 It has a specific gravity of about 4 '948 and a melting point of 
 114° to 115° C. (237-2° to 239° F.). Its aqueous solution affords 
 with Starch Mucilage a dark blue coloration, disappearing on 
 heating the solution and reappearing as the solution cools. It is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meaaure.] lOD 773 
 
 decolorised by Sodium Thiosulpliate Solution aud by Sulphurous 
 Acid. When a small quantity is dissolved in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 the solution is almost decolorised with Potassium or Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, leaving a sufficient quantity of Iodine to form 
 a slight but distinct excess, the mixture, when warmed to about 
 60° C. (140° F.), yields the characteristic penetrating odour and 
 a pale yellow precipitate of Iodoform. When boiled with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, cooled and acidified with Nitric Acid, it yields 
 with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellow curdy precipitate, insoluble in 
 Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution, soluble in 
 Potassium Cyanide Solutiou. The B.P. only includes the Starch 
 Mucilage test. It is officially required to contain not less than 99 p.c. 
 of pure Iodine as determined by titrating a solutiou of 0*5 gramme 
 in 50 ml. of Distilled Water containing 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide, 
 using Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of 
 which not less than 39 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution — "012692 gramme of pure 
 Iodine. Starch Mucilage may be employed as an indicator, although 
 not specifically mentioned by the B.P. The U.S. P. and the P.G. 
 both require that it shall contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Iodine, 
 as determined by the processes given below in small type under the 
 heading of Voliunetric Determination. It will be noticed that the 
 B.P. process now follows the lines of the U.S. P. process. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the U.S. P. 
 rubric be changed to not less than 99*5 p.c. by weight of pure Iodine. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moisture, 
 Iodine Cyanide, Chloride or Bromide, and fixed residue. 
 
 Iodine should dissolve readily aud completely in Clilorof orm, yielding 
 a perfectly clear and limpid solution, indicating the absence of excess 
 of moisture. It should also form a clear solution in Carbon Bisulphide. 
 Both the B.P. and U.S. P. require that it should yield a clear solution 
 in Chloroform. If about 0'5 gramme of Iodine be carefully triturated 
 with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, filtered, and the filtrate be divided into 
 two portions ; one portion when carefully decolorised with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, mixed first with a 
 few drops of Ferrous Sulphate Solution, then with a few drops of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and gently warmed, should yield no blue coloration 
 on the addition of a slight excess of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Iodine Cyanide. The remaining portion of the filtrate, 
 when mixed first with a slight excess of Silver Nitrate Solution, then 
 with an excess of Ammonia Solution, and filtered, should yield a 
 filtrate showing not more than a faint opalescence but no precipitate 
 when acidified with Nitric Acid, indicating a Umit of Chlorine or 
 Bromine. Both the U.S. P. and the P.G. include a similar test to 
 that given above, the U.S. P. employing Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution to decolorise the dissolved Iodine in 
 the first portion, whilst the P.G. employs Sulphurous Acid ; the U.S. P. 
 employs Ferrous Sulphate Solution, whilst the P.G. employs a crystal 
 of Ferrous Sulphate and 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution ; in 
 
TT-i lOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 performing the second portion oi! the lest the U.S. P. reqiures that 
 the precipitate produced by SOver Nitrate Test-Solution when separated 
 from the clear supernatant liquid, and shaken with a mixture of 1 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution and 9 c.c. of Distilled Water, and filtered, should 
 yield no more than a slight opalescence on the addition of a slight 
 excess of Nitric Acid to the filtrate. The B.P. requires that Iodine 
 should sublime without leaving an appreciable residue, and that no 
 slender colourless prisms possessing a pungent odour shall accompany 
 the first portions of the sublimate, indicating the absence of Iodine 
 Cyanide. Iodine should be almost completely volatilised, leaving no 
 weighable residue, when heated, indicating the absence of fixed residue. 
 The B.P. requires that it should yield no appreciable residue, the 
 U.S. P. that it should leave no residue, and the P.G. that it should be 
 completely volatilised. 
 
 Volumetric Deterraination. — A solution of 0-5 gramme of Iodine in 
 .'>0 ml. of Distilled Water containing 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide should 
 reqviire for decolorisation not less than 39 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, B.P. ; 0-2 gramme of Iodine and 1 gramme 
 of Potassium Iodide dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water should require for 
 decolorisation at least 15- 6 c.c. of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Solution of 
 Sodium Thiosulphate, which indicates a content of 99 p.c. of piu-e Iodine ; 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0-01269 
 gramme Iodine, Starch Solution being employed as an indicator, P. G. About 
 • 5 gramme of Iodine is accvu-ately weighed, dissolved with the aid of 1 granune 
 of Potassium Iodide in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and titrated with Tenth- 
 Normal Volmnetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution until the solution is 
 decolorised. The ntunber of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution required when multiplied by 1"259 and the product 
 divided by the weight of Iodine taken, gives the percentage of pure Iodine 
 present, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 TINCTURA lODI FORTIS. Strong Tincture op Iodine. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 
 Iodine, 10 ; Potassium Iodide, 6 ; Distilled Water, 10 ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), to yield 100. (1 of Iodine in 10.) 
 
 Strength is somewhat increased to approximate to the Tinctura lodi of 
 Brussels Conference, but which is 1 in 10 by weight. 
 
 The name is changed from Liquor lodi Fortisto Tinctura lodi Fortis. 
 
 Linimentum lodi, B.P. 1885, was about 1 in 9. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Dutch (Solutio Lugoli), Iodine 1, 
 Potassium Iodide 2, Water 497 ; Port. (Soluto lodo-iodetado), Tinctm-e 
 of Iodine 6, Potassium Iodide 1, Water 13 ; U.S. (Liquor lodi Co.), Iodine 1, 
 Potassiiim Iodide 2, Distilled Water 17. All by weight. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Strong Tincture of Iodine has a specific gravity of about 
 0*982 ; contains about 10 p.c. w/v of Iodine, as determined by titration 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiimi Thiosulphate Solution ; about 
 6 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 72 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol 
 as determined by the distillation method given under Tinctura lodi 
 Mitis. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 9*75 p.c. or more 
 than 10*0 p.c. of pure Iodine as determined by titrating a mixture of 
 5 ml. of the Tincture and 20 ml. of Distilled Water with Tenth-Normal 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meastd'e.] lOD 775 
 
 Volumetric Sodium Tliiosulphate Solution, of which not less than 
 38 '4 ml. or more than 39 '6 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = '012692 gramme 
 of pure Iodine. 
 
 TINCTURA lODI MITIS. Weak Tincture of Iodine. 
 
 Iodine, h ; Potassium Iodide, ^ ; Distilled Water, ^ ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), q^s. to yield 20. (1 of lo^dine in 40.) 
 
 The Iodine and Iodide are first dissolved in a small quantity of Water, as 
 suggested in previous editions of Squire's Companion. 
 
 The name is changed from Tinctura lodi to Tinctura lodi Mitis, but the 
 strength remains the same. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = 0'12 c.c. to 0*3 ml. 
 
 Ph. Qer. maximum dose, single, 0*2 gramme ; daily, 0-6 gramme of the 
 1 in 10 Tincture. 
 
 Tinctura lodinei {Ph. Edinburgh). — I of Iodine in 16 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 It resembles the Tinctures of the Foreign Pharmacopoeias in being without 
 Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Tinctura lodi ^therea (Sawyer). — 1 of Iodine in 40 of pure Ether. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan. (Solutio lodi 
 Spirituosa Concentrata), Dutch (Solutio lodii Spirituosa) , Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Russ., Port, and Swiss, 1 and 9 ; Jap. and Mex., 1 and 
 12 ; ^Mex. has also (Tintura de Yodo Yodurado), Potassimn Iodide 1, 
 Tincture of Iodine 9; Norw. and Swed. (Sol. lodi Spirituosa), 1 in 20 ; 
 Norw. and Swed. also include Solutio lodii Concentrata, 1 in 10; Span. 
 1 and 10 ; U.S., lodiue 7, Potassium Iodide 5, Alcohol to 100. 
 
 Tests. — Weak Tincture of Iodine has a specific gravity of about 
 0'875 ; it is officially required to contain not less than 2 •44 p.c. or more 
 than 2 "51 p.c. of pure Iodine as determined by titrating a measured 
 quantity of 10 ml. of the Tincture and 20 ml. of Distilled Water with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of which not 
 less than 19*2 ml. or more than 19 '8 ml. should be required; 1ml. 
 of Tenth- Normal Vohunetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0*012692 
 gramme of pure Iodine. It contains about 2'5 p.c. w/v of total 
 solids and about 82 *0 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. Before determining 
 the Alcohol by distillation it is necessary to fix the free Iodine. This 
 may be accomplished by the addition of Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 (50 p.c), the liquid being then neutrahsed with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution. 
 
 UNGUENTUM lODI. Iodine Ointment. 
 
 Iodine, 20 grains ; Potassium Iodide, 20 grains ; Glycerin, 60 grains ; 
 Prepared Lard, 400 grains. (1 of Iodine in 25.) 
 
 Kub the Iodine, Potassium Iodide, and Glycerin together, add the 
 Lard and mix. 
 
 For India, Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Dutch, Iodine 2, Potassimn Iodide 
 3, Water 5, Ointment 90; Fr. (Pommade d'lodure de Potassium 
 lodur^), Iodine I, Potassium Iodide 5, Benzoated Lard 40, Water 4 ; Mex. 
 
776 lOD [Solids hj WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 (Pomada de Yodo), Iodine 1, Lard 30; Port. (Pomada de lodeto de 
 Potassio lodada), Iodine 1, Potassium Iodide 4, Water 5, Lard 40; Span. 
 (Pomada de loduro Potasico lodado), Iodine 2, Potassium Iodide 2, 
 Glycerin 6, Lard 40 ; U.S., Iodine 4, Potassium Iodide 4, Glycerin 12, 
 Benzoinated Lard 80. Mix. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CAUSTICUM lODI. — Iodine, 180 grains; Potassivmi Iodide, 60 grains; 
 
 Alcohol (OOp.c), 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Used in cases of lupus and of indolent (i.e., non-phagedaenic) tertiary 
 syphilitic ulcers. 
 
 CHLOROFORMUM lOD!.— Iodine, 1 ; Chloroform, q.s. to yield 40. 
 Used in skin disinfection in place of the Official Tincture. 
 
 COLLODIUM lODATUM (U.S.N.F.).— Iodine, 1; Flexible Collodion, 19. 
 
 GOSSYPIUM lODATUM. — Dry white wool impregnated with Iodine, 
 and containing about 8 p.c. of the latter (Coton lode, Fr. Codex, at least 4 p.c). 
 
 INHALATIO lODI C. CONIO.— ^ to 1 fl. drm. of Succus Conii added to 
 Vapor lodi. 
 
 GLYCERINUM lODI (Morton's Fluid) (Guy's).— Iodine, 10 grains; Potas- 
 sium Iodide, 30 grains ; Glycerin, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 For spina bifida inject 30 minims, without allowing the fluid contents of 
 the tumour to escape. 
 
 Liquor lodi Glyeerinus (Morton's) (Pharm. Form.). — Iodine, 10 grains; 
 Potassium Iodide, 30 grains ; Glycerin, 1 oz. Dissolve. 
 
 Note. — It is advisable to dissolve the Iodine and Iodide in about i drm. 
 of Water before adding the 7^ drm. of Glycerin. — Pharm. Form. 
 
 INJECTiO lODI (Samaritan).— Solution of Iodine, 1 fl. drm. ; Water, to 
 20 fl. oz. 
 
 PHENOL lODATUM. See p. 46. 
 
 LUGOL'S CAUSTIC— Iodine, 1 ; Potassium Iodide, 1 ; Water, 2. 
 
 LUGOL'S SOLUTION.— Iodine, 20 grains; Potassium Iodide, 30 grains; 
 Water, 1 oz. Was Official as Liquor lodi in B.P. '85, but omitted in '98. 
 The proportions are about equal to 1, li, and 22. 
 
 LIQUOR lODI (B.P. '85).— Iodine, 20 ; Iodide of Potassium, 15 ; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to produce 200. 
 
 LIQUOR lODI COMPOSITUS (C/.-S.P. ).— Iodine, 5; Potassium Iodide, 
 10 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to make 100 by weight. 
 
 LIQUOR lODI CARBOLATUS. Syn. Boulton's Solution; French 
 Mixture (f7.<5.iV.^.).— Compound Solution of Iodine (U.S. P.), 15; Carbolic 
 Acid, liquefied by gentle heat, 5-5 ; Glycerin, 165; Water, q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 NEBULA lODI COMPOSITA (Bournemouth Formulary). — Iodine, 1 grain; 
 Carbolic Acid, 4 grains ; Spray Oil, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 NEBULA lODI ET MENTHOLIS (^.P/i.i^.).—Iodine, 1 grain ; Menthol, 
 1 drm. ; "White Petroleum Oil, q.s. to make 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Radio-active Iodine and Menthol. — Has been used in treating tuber- 
 culosis. Its composition is stated to be lodopeptone, 0-75 gr. ; Menthol, 
 OOG gr. ; Radium Barium Chloride, one-tenth of a drop of Ether Solution. 
 It is put up in 1 c.c. Sterilised Tubes, and is given by intramuscular gluteal 
 injection. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 67. 
 
 AMYLUM lODATUM.— Iodine, 6; Starch, 95; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 Triturate the Iodine with a little Distilled Water, add the Starch gradually, 
 and continue triturating until the compound assuines a uniforni blue colour 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] lOD 777 
 
 appl'oaching black. Dry at a temperature not exceeding 40° C. (104° F.), 
 and rub it to a fine powder. 
 
 A teaspoonful thrice daily for lupus erj-thematosus. 
 
 Iodide of Starch Paste is the most useful appUcation for all kinds of chronic 
 leg ulcers ; the formula is Starch, 10-5 ; Glycerin, 20 ; Water, 60 ; boil, and 
 when nearly cold add 5 of Liquor lodi {B.P. 1885) ; applied thickly spread 
 overlapping the ulcer and bandaged over. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 1015. 
 
 PASTA lODI ET AMYLI {University).— Starch, 1 oz. ; Glycerin, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 Water, 6 fl. oz. ; boil together, and when nearly cold add Solution of Iodine 
 {B.P. '85), 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PIGMENTUM lODI.— Iodine, 2; Potassimn Iodide, 1; Glycerin, 4, 
 Used to destroy vegetable parasites. 
 
 Tincture of Iodine, 1 ; Strong Solution of Iodine {B.P. '98), 1. — Great 
 Northern, Middlesex, University. 
 
 This is equivalent to 1 in 24 of Iodine ; most of the Hospitals have a Pig- 
 mentum, varying in strength from 1 in 3 to 1 in 34, some with Glycerin, others 
 without. Pigmentum Mandl is 1 in 73. 
 
 Iodine, 100 ; Potassium Iodide, 100 ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 PIGMENTUM lODI CUM ACONITO MITE (iJ.D.ff.).— Tincture of 
 Iodine, 1 ; Tincture of Aconite, 1. 
 
 PIGMENTUM lODI CUM ACONITO FORTE (i^.D.H.).— Strong Solution 
 of Iodine, 1 ; Liniment of Aconite, 1. 
 
 PIGMENTUM lODI CARBOLISATUM {Central Throat).— Iodine, 4 
 grains ; Iodide of Potassium, 4 grains ; Carbolic Acid, 4 grains ; Glycerin, 
 4 fl. drm. ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Dissolve the Iodine and the Iodide of Potassium in the Water, and then 
 add the Carbolic Acid dissolved in the Glycerin. 
 
 Note. — This is sometimes employed at half strength. 
 
 Pigmentum lodi Oleatum {Central Throat). — Iodine, 50 grains ; Oleic 
 Acid, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PIGMENTUM MANDL (T/iroai).— Iodine, 6 grains ; Potassium Iodide, 
 20 grains ; Oil of Peppermint, 5 minims ; Glycerin, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Used in granular pharyngitis. 
 
 In answer to an inquiry for the correct composition of Mandl's Solution, 
 several formulas were given. That given in Hager is Carbolic Acid and 
 Iodine, of each, 1 ; Potassimn Iodide, 2 ; Glycerin, 100, but all the formulas 
 sent in reply omitted the CarboHc Acid. — P.J. '02, i. 156, 181, 184, 200. 
 
 PIGMENTUM PICIS CUM lODO (Coster's Paste) {Middlesex).— Iodine, 
 120 grains ; Rectified Oil of Tar, 1 fl. oz. ; dissolve cautiously, applying a 
 gentle heat as required. The Oil of Tar is inflammable. 
 
 Specially recommended in ringworm. 
 
 SAPO lODATUS {Swed.).— Iodine, 7 ; Sapo Kalinis Vinalis, 93. 
 
 SIROP iODOTANNIQUE (J'r.).— Iodine, 2 ; Tannin, 4 ; Distilled Water, 
 
 360 ; Refined Sugar, 640 ; all by weight- 
 Powder the Iodine and introduce it, with the Tannin and Water, into a 
 
 flask, which heat on a water-bath at a temperature of 60° C. until a drop of 
 
 the solution ceases to give a blue colour with Starch paper ; then dissolve 
 
 the Sugar in the solution. 
 
 SIROP IODOTANNIQUE PHOSPHATE (Fr.).— Monocalcic Phosphate, 
 2 ; lodotannic Syrup, 98. 
 
 TINCT. lODI (P.^.).— Iodine, 2| ; Rectified Spirit, 40. Dissolve the 
 Iodine in the Spirit with the aid of a gentle heat and agitation. 
 
 TINCTURA lODI {Churchill).— {U.S.N. F.). — Iodine, 16-5; Potassium 
 Iodide, 3-3; Water, 25; Alcohol (95p.c.), q.s. to produce I'OO. 
 
778 lOB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 TINCTURA lODI DECOLORATA. — Iodine, 250 grains; Alcohol 
 (90p.c.), 5i fl. oz. ; dissolve with a gentle heat; when cold add Stronger 
 Solution of Ammonia, 10 fl. drm. ; keep the mixture in a warm place imtil 
 decolorised, after which dilute with Alcohol (90 p.c.) to make 20 fl. oz. — 
 B.P.G. Formulary 1901 incorporated in B.P.G. as follows: — Iodine, 2*50; 
 Strong Solution of Ammonia, 6-2.5; Alcohol, q.s. to produce 100. 
 
 Liquor Ammonii lodidi (Simpson). — Liq. Ammon. Fortis, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 Iodine, 10 grains ; Potassium Iodide, 20 grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 fl. oz. ; 
 dissolve. 
 
 Tinctura lodi Decolorata (U.S.N.F.). — Iodine, 83; Sodium Thio- 
 sulphate {U.S. P.), 83 ; Water, 100 ; Stronger Ammonia Water {U.S.P.), 65 ; 
 Alcohol (95 p.c), q.s. to produce 1000. 
 
 UNGUENTUM lODI DENIGRESCENS. Syn. Stainless Iodine Oint- 
 ment. — Iodine, 1 oz. ; Soft Paraffin, 19 oz. Powder the Iodine, melt the 
 Paraffin by heat, add the Iodine and continue to heat the mixture, stirring 
 until the Iodine is combined. Remove the heat and stir the preparation 
 until cold. — Canadian Formulary, also in Pharm. Form. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM lODATUM (Haryer).— Iodine, 6; Liquid Vasoliment, 
 94. 
 
 Parogenum lodi. Syn. locUne Vasoliment (J3. P.C). — Iodine, 10; Oleic 
 Acid, 40; Liquid Paraffin, 40; Ammoniated Alcohol (10 p.c), 10. 
 
 IODINE VASOGEN. — A few drops of Iodine Vasogen rubbed extensively 
 behind the ear twice daily in tinnitus. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 1131. See also p. 986. 
 
 COGHILL'S INHALATION FLUID (P7;arm. i^'orm.).— Iodine, 33 grains ; 
 Ether, 8 fl. drm. ; Carbolic Acid, 8 fl. drm. ; Creosote (or Thymol), 4 fl. drm. ; 
 Rectified Spirit, to 4 fl. oz. (1 in 53.) 
 
 VAPOR lODI ET ACIDI CARBOLICI (/vrngr's).— Tincture of Iodine, 
 2 fl. drm. ; CarboHc Acid, 2 clrm. ; Thymol, 1 drm. ; Chloroform, 30 minims ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), to produce 8 fl. drm. 10 to 20 drops twice or three times 
 daily on a (hry inhaler. 
 
 VAPOR lODI COMPOSITUS {Great Northern).— Tinctwre of Iodine, 
 ^ oz. ; Creosote, 1 fl. drm. ; Liquefied Phenol, 1 fl. drm. ; Rectified Spirit, 
 J fl. oz. For dry inhalation. 
 
 IODINE LEAF. — A method for the local application of Iodine as a 
 counter-irritant, being two sheets of filter paper, one saturated with a solution 
 of Potassium Iodide and lodate, and the other with Acid Potassium Sulphate. 
 Wlien the papers are moistened and brought together Iodine is liberated. 
 
 lODI TRICHLORIDUM. Iodine Trichloride ICI3, eq. 233- 30.— Orange- 
 yellow, crystalUne masses evolving a powerful penetrating chlorinous odour. 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Water; 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Powerful antiseptic and disinfectant. 
 
 Tests. — Iodine Trichloride melts at about 25° C. (77° F.). When heated 
 with Oxalic Acid it yields violet -colotu-ed vapovu-s of Iodine. 
 
 The 1 in 10 aqueous solution affords on the addition of a considerable excess 
 of Sulphm'ic Acid a whitish precipitate, changing to yellow. 
 
 It contains theoretically 54* 39 p.c of Iodine. A weighed quantity of 
 0-1 grarmne mixed with 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide, and dissolved in 
 30 c.c of Distilled Water, requires at least 42-8 cc. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution for decolorisation. A weighed quantity 
 of • 1 gramme should leave no weighable residue when ignited with free 
 access of air. 
 
 lODIPIN. — Under this title two Iodine addition-compounds of Sesame 
 Oil are known ; one containing 10 p.c. Iodine, a pale straw-coloured trans- 
 parent oily fluid; the other 25 p.c, a yellowish-brown viscid fluid. Both 
 
rSolicl3 by Weight; liquids by Measure.] lOD 779 
 
 possess an oleaginous odour and taste, are insoluble in Water and in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; soluble in all proportions of Ether and of Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Recommended in syphilis and arterio-sclerosis. 
 
 In secondary syphilis, in syphilis of the nose, except in very acute cases, 
 and in syphilis of the central nervous system, the intramuscular injection of 
 lodipin is usefxil {B.M.J. '09, i. 1229) ; also in the prevention and treatment 
 of syphiMtic arterial degeneration. 20 grammes of a 25 p.c. lodipin Solution 
 may be injected daily or every other day. It is best to begin with 10 grammes, 
 increasing to 15 and then to 20 grammes. A course of injections amounts to 
 200 or 300 grammes. 
 
 When given by the mouth lodipin may be administered in Capsules, or as 
 an emulsion with Tragacanth, or in milk or hot coffee. The dose is usually 
 J to 1 drm. of the 25 p.c. Solution, but larger doses may be given, 4 drm. or 
 more, three times a day. 
 
 In cases which are being treated with Mercury it is better to give the 
 lodipin either before or after the course of injections, but both injections 
 may be given during the same period ; in these cases one side of the buttock 
 should be reserved for the Mercm-y salts and the other for the lodipin. 
 
 Disadvantages of lodipin are slowness of absorption, and the small amount 
 absorbed per diem. 
 
 The most powerful of all Iodine preparations ; in sj'philis, if given sub- 
 cutaneously, is gradually absorbed and only gradually excreted ; 10 or 
 12 grammes of a 25 p.c. Solution twice a week..— B. 31. J. E. '11, i. 8. 
 
 In 7i grain doses after breakfast and after evening meal, in arterio-sclerosis. 
 —yi.A. '11, 190. 
 
 Cannot be used in asthma, as it brings on spasmodic cough. — 31. A. '12, 152. 
 
 In form of tablets extremely useful in fibrositis, and does not produce 
 iodism.— B. 31. J. '13, i. 758. 
 
 No case of tertiary ulceration should be despaired of until lodipin has been 
 tried ; its full therapeutic value can be secured by oral administration ; is 
 well borne ; produces no iochsm or depression. — F.T. '07, 45. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — 3iay be given in capsules, each capsule containing 
 2 grammes = 30 grains of the 25 p.c. preparation ; or in eraulsion, 7nade with 
 Glim Acacia and flavoured with Oil of Cinnamon or Peppermint. It may be 
 administered subcvitaneously, as in the treatment of syphilis, or by inunction. 
 It is also supplied in tablets equal to f grain of Iodine. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 fl. drm. =: 3-6 to 21-3 ml. of the 10 p.c. Solution adminis- 
 tered by the movith. 150 to 300 gi-ains == 10 to 20 grammes administered 
 daily subcutaneously. 
 
 lODIVAL. Alpha-monoiod-isovalerianyl-m'ea. — A wliite, microcrystallino 
 powder, insoluble in cold Water, soluble in hot Water, Ether and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). It possesses a sHghtly bitter taste. It is stated to contain 47 p.c. 
 of Iodine. Introduced as an alternative to Potassivim Iodide. It is stated 
 to pass through the stomach unchanged, and to disintegrate in the intestine. 
 It does not cause intestinal distiu-bance, or affect the appetite. 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0*32 gramme. 
 
 It is sold in the form of powder, or as tablets each containing 5 grains. 
 Most perfect of all newer combinations of Iodine for syphihs. — E.M.J. '12, 
 i. 172. 
 
 lodoglidine is an organic combination of Iodine -with GHdine, a pin-e 
 wheat Protein. It is stated to pass through the stomach unchanged and to 
 uiadergo absorption in the intestinal tract. 
 
 Supplied as tablets, one tablet containing J grain of Iodine. 
 
 lOTHION. CsHJ.OH, eq. 311-888.— A pale yellow, syrupy liquid, 
 insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Chloroform and Ether, and 
 mixes with most oils and fats. It contains about 80 p.c. of Iodine, and, 
 being absorbed with facility by the skin, it forms a ready means of adminis- 
 tering Iodine. Chemically it is Di-iodo-hydroxypropane. Used in periostitis 
 
780 IPE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 and in chronic inflammation of the joints. May be used in the form of an 
 ointment (2 to 25p.c.), more commonly lOp.c, or it may be dissolved in 
 Olive Oil. 
 
 Regarded (F.T. '09, 99) by many as the best means of ensuring the absorp- 
 tion of Iodine through the skin. When it is necessary to obtain rapidly the 
 specific effect of Iodine in tertiary syphilis, the vigorous inunction of lothion 
 is indicated. This should be appreciated by patients who do not readily 
 tolerate Iodides. In chronic and subacute prostatitis, a suppository made of 
 2 grains of lothion and 30 grains of 01. Theobrom. is retained without difficulty ; 
 diminution of the pain and swelling, and general softening of the parts, 
 follow with striking rapidity. 
 
 A 10 p. c. ointment, applied behind the auricle in the tinnitus of otosclerosis. 
 —B.M.J. '09, ii. 1131. 
 
 It possesses a sp. gr. of about 2 J, and consequently the strength of prepara- 
 tions would vary greatly, according to whether it is dispensed by weight or 
 by measure. It should always be dispensed by weight. 
 
 SABROMIN. Calcium Dibromobehenate. — A white, odourless, and taste- 
 less powder, insoluble in Water and Alcohol (90 p.c), soluble in Chloroform. 
 It contains approximately 3- 8 p.c. of Calcium and 29- 5 p.c. of Bromine. 
 Introduced as an alternative to the alkali Bromides. Used in epilepsy, and 
 is specially indicated in hysteria, neurasthenia, nervous excitation, palpitation 
 and nervous insomnia. It is stated to produce no gastro -intestinal 
 disturbance. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Sabromin is suppUed in the form of powder, or in tablets containing 7+ 
 grains (0'5 gramme). 
 
 SAJODI N. Calcium Mono-iodobehenate. — A white, odom-less, and tasteless 
 powder, insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether, or Acetone ; soluble in 
 Chloroform. It is stated to contain approximately 4' 1 p.c. of Calcium and 
 25 p.c. of Iodine. It should be preserved in dark amber -tinted bottles. 
 Introduced as a means of administering Iodine, particularly for the treatment 
 of nervous debilitated patients. Useful in tertiary syphilis. In arterio- 
 sclerosis, bronchial and cardiac asthma, angina pectoris, chronic bronchitis, 
 and in apoplexy. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0- 32 to 1-0 gramme. 
 
 Sajodin is supplied in the form of powder, also as tablets containing 7 J 
 grains (0-5 gramme). 
 
 lodalbin. — Iodine in combination with Albumen, stated to contain 
 21 "5 p.c. of lochne ; a reddish powder, insoluble in Water and Alcohol ; but 
 is dissolved by alkahne solutions. Dose. — 5 grains. 
 
 lodex. — An ointment containing about 5 p.c. of free re-sublimed Iodine in 
 a neutral base. Employed for the external application of Iodine, being stated 
 not to stain, irritate, bhster, or crack the sldn. It powerfully stimulates 
 mucous surfaces, increases gland secretion, and reduces inflammation. Also 
 used in rhevmaatism and rheumatoid arthritis. 
 
 IPECACUANHA RADIX. 
 
 IPECACUANHA ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Ipecacuanha Annele ; Ger., Brechwuezel ; Ital., Ipecacuana ; 
 Span., Ipecacuana. 
 
 The dried Root of Psychotria Ipecacuanha, Stokes. 
 Tlie description of the Root given in the B.P. excludes the Carthagena 
 variety, the U.S. P. includes both Rio and Carthagena Ipecacuanha, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] IPE 781 
 
 the P.G. only the Rio variety. The Root Official in the B.P. is required 
 to yield not less than 2 p.c, of alkaloids, that of the U.S. P. must 
 contain not less than 1 " 75 p.c. of Ipecacuanha alkaloids, whilst that 
 Official in the P.G. is required to indicate at least 1*99 p.c. of total 
 alkaloids reckoned as Emetine. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed that the powder should have an 
 alkaloidal strength of 2 p.c, which is adopted in B.P. 1914. 
 
 The examination of Johor Ipecacuanha, by Umney and Swinton 
 {CD. '99, ii. 203, 226), showed the total alkaloids to amount to I'T, 
 of which 1*24 p.c. represented Emetine, 0*39 p.c. Cephaehne, and 
 0*07 p.c. Psychotrine, the percentage proportion being 72*94 to 22 '94 
 to 4 "12. The results point to the conclusion that so far as the relative 
 proportion of alkaloids are concerned, this root is practically identical 
 with the Brazilian, but it contains a lower percentage of total alkaloids 
 than are found in the average Brazilian roots unmixed with stems. 
 
 The relative percentage composition of the alkaloids from Brazilian 
 and Columbian Ipecacuanha is given by Paul and Cownley {A.J. P. '01, 
 115) as follows: — Brazilian, Emetine, 72*14; Cephaehne, 25*87; 
 Psychotrine, 1*99. Columbian, Emetine, 40*5; Cephaehne, 56*8; 
 Psychotrine, 2*7. The paper also gives an exhaustive resume of the 
 chemistry of Ipecacuanha. 
 
 The active principle resides in the Bark ; the inner or woody part 
 contains but little. 
 
 From the experiments by Paul and Cownley it would appear (1) 
 that the percentage of total alkaloids in Brazilian Ipecacuanha Root 
 does not vary much from 2 p.c. (2) Rio Ipecacuanha Root contains the 
 three alkaloids in the following proportions as compared with Carthagena 
 and Indian Ipecacuanha : — 
 
 Brazilian (Root). — Emetine, 1*45 p.c. ; Cephaehne, 0*52 p.c. ; 
 Psychotrine, 0*04 p.c. Total, 2*01 p.c. 
 
 Brazilian (Stem). — Emetine, 1*18 p.c. ; Cephaehne, 0*59 p.c. ; 
 Psychotrine, 0*03 p.c. Total, 1*80 p.c. 
 
 Columbian. — Emetine, 0*89 p.c. ; Cephaehne, 1*25 p.c. ; Psychotrine, 
 0*06 p.c. Total, 2*20 p.c. 
 
 Indian. — Emetine, 1*39 p.c. ; Cephaehne, 0*5 p.c. ; Psvchotrine, 
 0*09 p.c. Total, 1-98 p.c. 
 
 Carr and Pyman {J.C.S. Trans. '14, 1591 et seq.) have exhaiistively 
 investigated the chemistry of the alkaloids of Ipecacuanha, and in the 
 course of their investigation have prepared Emetine, Cephaehne and 
 Psychotrine in a state of complete purity. They also prepared 
 crystalline salts of the three alkaloids, including, of Emetine, the 
 Hydrochloride, Hydrobromide, Hydriodide, Nitrate and Sulphate ; 
 of Cephaehne, the Hydrochloride and Hydrobromide ; and of 
 Psychotrine, the Hydriodide, Nitrate and Sulphate. The characters 
 they have attributed to these alkaloids and their salts are again referred 
 to under Emetine, Cephaehne and Psychotrine. 
 
 Hesse {J.C.S. Ahs. '14, i. 722) claims to have isolated, in addition 
 to the three alkaloids Emetine, Cephaeline and Psychotrine, two new 
 
7i52 :^'IFE LSolids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 alkaloids, Ipecamiue and Hydroipecamine, in Ipecacnanha Root. 
 Ipecamine is described as a wlute, crystalline powder, Laving an 
 intensely bitter taste, insoluble in dilute Sodium Hvdroxide Solution ; 
 melting point 89° to 90° C. (192-2° to 194° R) ; Hydroipecamine 
 as a white powder, wliich becomes tiiglily electrified by friction. It 
 has a melting point of 91° to 92° C. (195-8° to 197 -6° F.), and its 
 alcoholic solution is strongly laevorotatory. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Expectorant, diaphoretic, gastro- 
 intestinal stimulant, cholagogue. Emetic, slow in action (20 to 30 
 minutes), and depressant in large doses. Used in emetic doses in 
 whooping-cough and croup to expel exudation or membrane as well 
 as for its depressing efiects on the circulation. Used as an ex- 
 pectorant in acute and clironic bronchitis when the phlegm is tliick 
 and scanty, and in winter-cough and phthisis. Given in gouty 
 dyspepsia and biliousness. It relieves some forms of vomiting, such 
 as that of pregnancy or alcoholism, when given in small doses, 1 or 
 2 minims of the Vinum every half-hour. Applied to the bites and 
 stings of insects. The diaphoretic effect is best obtained when given 
 in the form of the Compound Powder. In small doses it is commonly 
 added to aperient pills for chronic constipation. A spray of the 
 Wine of Ipecacuanha has been strongly recommended for clironic 
 bronchitis and asthma. It is of signal value in amoebic dysentery, 
 hepatitis, and abscess, but in the treatment of these it has recently 
 been displaced by Emetine, q.v. 
 
 A trustworthy and efficient remedy in sprue, given as in dysentery. Ipeca- 
 cuanha sine Emetina seems wellnigh as efficacious as the ordinary drug. 
 By the third day there is marked improvement. — L. '07, ii. 708. 
 
 To abort enteric, in Salol-coated Capsules, beginning with 30 and gradually 
 reducing to 10 grains by the sixth day. — M.R. '11, ii. 923. 
 
 Ipecacuanha deprived of Emetine quickly cures chronic colitis. — B.M.J. 
 '13, ii. 1380. 
 
 Given in every rather serious case of diarrhoea in the French army, 15 grains 
 per day in 5 or 6 doses, in a warm infusion ; successful.— L. '15, ii. 363. 
 
 Dose. — As an expectorant, J to 2 grains = O'OIG to 0-13 gramme ; 
 as an emetic, 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Swiss maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme = 1 ^ grains ; daily, • 5 gramme 
 = 1\ grains ; maximvmi dose as an emetic, 5 grammes = 77 grains. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.- — Prescribed in small doses as an auxiliary in 
 alterative pills. The compound •powder is frequently given in the jorm, of a 
 pow^der, pill, cachet, or Compressed Tablet. A good pill can be made 
 by using Dispensing Syrup, q.s. Children tolerate large doses well. 
 
 Tablets of Compound Ipecacuanha Powder may be obtained containing 
 ^, 1, 2, 3 and 5 grains ; of Simple Ipecacuanha, ^ij, ^i^, ^^, Jjj, \ and 5 grains ; 
 De-emetinised, 5 grains ; Wine, 1 and 5 minims ; Ipecacuanha and Squill 
 {B.P. pills), 4 and 5 grains. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Lead and Mercury salts, vegetable Acids, astringent 
 Infusions. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of the Root, Extractum Ipecacuanhse Liquidum, 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanhae Compositus, Trochiscus Ipecacuanhse, Trochiscus Mor- 
 phiuB et Ipecacuanhae ; of the Liq.uid Extract, Vinvim Ipecacuanhae ; 
 of the Compound Powdsr, Pilula IpecacuauhB cum Scilla, Pilula Ipeca- 
 cuanhae cum Urginea. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] IPE 783 
 
 Not Official. — Acetum Ipecacuanha, Elixir Ipecacuanhse, Extractum 
 Ipecacuanhse Liquidum Miscibile, Glycerole of Ipecacuanha, Glycerinum 
 Ipecacuanhae, Infuso di Ipecacuana, Linctus Ipecacuanhse, Linctus GUycerini, 
 Mistura Ipecacuanhse Ammoniata, Mistura Ipecacuanhse Salina, Mistura 
 Ipecacuanhse cum Soda, Sjrrupus Ipecacuanhas, Tinctura Ipecacuanhse, 
 Tinctura Ipecacuanhse et Opii, Emetine, Emetine Hydrobromide, Emetine 
 Hydrochloride, Vinum Emetine, Cephaeline, Cephaehne Hydrochloride, 
 Cephaeline Hydrobromide, Psychotrine, Psychotrine Sulphate, Nitrate, and 
 Hydriodide. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Pr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Powder of Ipecacuanha in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. contains 2 p.c. of 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — In tlie B.P. the name of the Ipecacuanha 
 phmt is given as Psychotria Ipecacuanha, Stokes ; in the P.G. as 
 Uragoga Ipecacuanha, Baill., and in the U.S. P. as Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 
 A. Richard. The B.P. name is given on the ground that there is 
 no good reason for separating the plant from the genus Psychotria. 
 The German name is given apparently on a question of priority, if 
 kept distinct from Psychotria. Carthagena Ipecacuanha, official in 
 the U.S. P., is stated to be derived from Cephaelis acuminata, Karsten. 
 Carthagena Ipecacuanha is found on the clayey banks of the Sinu, 
 Esmaraldes, Verde and Manso Rivers, and from the district of San 
 Onafre near Cartagena, in Colimabia, but is not cultivated. — P.J. (4) 
 sxxiv. p. 305. 
 
 The Ipecacuanha Root of commerce is imported under the name 
 of Rio, Matto Grosso, or Minas Geraes Ipecacuanha, from Brazil, 
 where it is indigenous ; and under the name of Johor or Selangor 
 Ipecacuanha from the Federated Malay States, where it is cultivated. 
 Ipecacuanha imported from the United States of Colombia, and 
 known as Carthagena Ipecacuanha, is official in the U.S. P. but not 
 in the B.P. or P.G. These kinds may be distinguished as follows : — 
 The Brazilian Ipecacuanha is usually of a rusty dull brown colour 
 but varies somewhat in tint, for a good deal of the Root arrives in 
 a mouldy state, and after being washed it assumes a blackish-brown 
 colour. The Root is about -fo inch in diameter, and annulated or 
 ringed to the extent of about 20 rings to the inch, much broken and 
 rarely branched. It is officially described as occurring in tortuous 
 pieces, not often exceeding 15 cm. (6 inches) in length and 6 mm. ( j inch) 
 in thickness, of a dark brick-red to very dark brown colour. The 
 Selangor Root is similar, but as a rule there are more slender rootlets 
 present and the root is branched. The bark is thick in proportion 
 to the woody centre, horny and whitish in fracture (resinous but 
 sometimes starchy, B.P.), and forms about 75 to 80 p.c. of the Root. 
 Carthagena Ipecacuanha is larger, of a paler and more distinctly 
 reddish-brown tint, has more distant rings, which take the form of 
 thinner merging ridges, and the fractm'e of the bark is greyish. 
 Ipecacuanha Root varies much in quality, according to the amount of 
 woody rhizome or stem present. The latter is smooth, slender, 
 
784 IPE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 and cylindrical, with a very thin bark, and as the active principles 
 are chiefly contained in the bark, only a very small quantity (about 
 5 p.c. of the amount present) being contained in the woody centre, 
 the medicinal value of the Root is less in direct proportion to the 
 amount of stem present. Brazilian and Selangor Ipecacuanha contain 
 more Emetine than Cephaeline ; Carthagena Ipecacuanha contains 
 more Cephaeline than Emetine. 
 
 In powder, Ipecacuanha is distinguished by the absence of vessels, 
 sclerenchyma and bast fibres, and the presence of tracheids, porous 
 parenchymatous cells and acicular raphides, and by Starch grains 
 which do not exceed 10 microns in diameter {P.G.) and occur in groups 
 of 3 to 5 grains. Several other roots have been offered as substitutes 
 for Ipecacuanha, the histological distinctions of which are given in 
 the Pharm. Jour. (3) xxiv. 210. Powdered Ipecacuanha Root has 
 been found adulterated with Almond meal, which may be recognised 
 by the presence of the granular albuminous matter, some of which 
 exhibits a crystalloid aspect as seen under polarised light. 
 
 Tests. — Ipecacuanha Root is officially required to contain not less 
 than 2 p.c. of alkaloids, as determined by a process of which the following 
 are the essential details : — A weighed quantity of 7 grammes of the root 
 in No. 60 powder is shaken frequently during 5 minutes with 70 ml. 
 of a mixture of 1 volume of Chloroform and 3 volumes of Ether, and 
 after the addition of 5 ml. of Ammonia Solution the alkaloids are 
 extracted by shaking well and frequently during one hour ; the 
 powder is then caused to agglomerate by adding a measured quantity 
 of 5 ml. of Distilled Water (or a sufficiency), and after the Chloroform- 
 Ether mixture has separated, a measured quantity of 50 ml. (= 5 
 grammes of Ipecacuanha Root) is removed, and the alkaloids extracted 
 by shaking successively with 10 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, and three portions each of 3 ml. of 
 Distilled Water. The acid and acid aqueous solutions are separated 
 in each instance, mixed, sufficient Ammonia Solution added to render 
 them distinctly alkaline, and the alkaloids again extracted by shaking 
 with 10 ml. of a mixture of 6 volumes of Ether and 1 volimae of Chloro- 
 form, the extraction being repeated with three successive portions 
 each of 5 ml. of a similar mixture. The Ether-Chloroform Solution 
 is in each instance separated, mixed, transferred to a small beaker 
 or flask, the Ether-Chloroform evaporated and the residue dried at 
 80° C. (176° F.) till constant and weighed. The weight should amount 
 to not less than 0*100 gramme, corresponding to not less than 
 2 grammes of Ipecacuanha Root alkaloids in 100 grammes of the 
 Root. The B.P. fixes the limit of error at plus or minus 0*1 
 gramme. The U.S. P. requires the dried root to contain not less 
 than 1'75 p.c. of Ipecacuanha alkaloids, the method of determination 
 being essentially as follows : — 
 
 A weighed quantity of 15 grammes of the Root in No. 80 powder 
 is shaken during 5 minutes in an Erlenmeyer flask of 250 c.c. capacity, 
 with a mixture of 115 c.c. of Ether and 35 c.c. of Chloroform, and, 
 after the addition of 3 c.c. of Ammonia Water, is again shaken at 
 
[Solids by Weight ; liquids by Measure.^ IPE 785 
 
 intervals during half an liour. 10 c.c. of Distilled Water are added, 
 and the liquid shaken until the powder agglomerates, when a measured 
 quantity of 100 c.c. of the clear ethereal solution is transferred to a 
 separator and the alkaloids extracted by shaking moderately during 
 2 minutes with a mixture of 10 c.c. of Normal Voliimetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution and 10 c.c. of Distilled Water. The acid aqueous 
 liquid is separated, transferred to a second separator, and the extraction 
 of the ethereal solution repeated, first with a mixture of 3 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, and then with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the acid aqueous 
 and the aqueous shakings being in each case separated and transferred 
 to the second separator. The mixed liquids in the second separator 
 are now rendered alkaline by the addition of a sufficiency of Ammonia 
 Water, and the alkaloids extracted by shaking dming 1 minute, 
 first with 25 c.c, then with 20 c.c, and lastly with 10 c.c of Ether, 
 separating the ethereal liquid in each case from the lower alkaline 
 aqueous portion and transferring the ethereal solutions to a tared flask. 
 The Ether is distilled ofi on a water-bath, and the residue is dissolved 
 by gently warming it on a water-bath with 12 c.c of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, the excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Vol imie trie Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution being titrated with Fiftieth- Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 5 drops of Cochineal Test- 
 Solution being used as an indicator of neutrality. The number of c.c. 
 of Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution used is 
 divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from 12, and the difierence 
 multiplied first by 0"0238, and then by 10, the result being the 
 percentage of Ipecacuanha alkaloids present in the sample. It will 
 be noticed that the factor employed by the U.S. P. in calculating the 
 result of the Volumetric Test represents the mean combining weights 
 of Emetine and Cephaeline. The choice of Ether as a solvent is open 
 to question. Bird has shown that Ether alone is not entirely satisfactory 
 as a solvent, as it is very difficidt to remove the last traces of alkaloid 
 from an alkaline solution by this reagent. Psychotrine is, moreover, 
 according to Paul and Cownley, not extracted by Ether. 
 
 The U.S. P. employs 10 c.c of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution and 10 c.c of Distilled Water to remove the alkaloids from 
 the first Ether- Chloroform Solution. It would have been well if the 
 B.P., which usually so closely follows the methods of the U.S. P., 
 had in this instance also adopted the U.S. P. recommendation, as the 
 quantity, 10 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, mentioned in the B.P. is quite insufficient to neutralise 
 the alkalinity of the Ether- Chloroform mixture, with the result that 
 the whole of the subsequent portion of the process is negatived, the 
 whole of the alkaloids remaining in the first Ether- Chloroform extract. 
 It would also have been an advantage to have dissolved the final 
 alkaloidal residue in an excess of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, titrating the excess of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid with Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Cochineal Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
786 IPE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tlie P.G. requires it to contain at least 1"99 j)-C- of alkaloids, 
 reckoned as Emetine, C30H44O4N.J, eq. 496 '37, as determined by a 
 process of which the following are the essential details : — 
 
 A weighed quantity of 12 grammes of Ipecacuanha Koot in finely 
 powdered condition is mixed in a test-glass with 90 grammes of Ether 
 and 30 grammes of Cliloroform, and also, after vigorous shaking, 
 with 5 grammes of Sodium Carbonate Solution and 5 grammes of 
 Distilled Water, and the mixture is allowed to stand during 3 hours 
 with frequent intervals of vigorous shaking. After complete separation, 
 a weighed quantity of 60 grammes of the Chloroform-Ether mixture 
 (= 6 grammes of Ipecacuanha Root) is filtered through a dry well- 
 covered filter paper into a flask and the liquid distilled. The residue 
 is warmed with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrocliloric Acid (1 -J- 99), the 
 solution filtered tlirough a small filter paper moistened with Distilled 
 Water, into a separator (1), the extraction of the residue is repeated 
 twice in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid (1 -|- 99), and these extractions are filtered through the 
 same filter, the flask and the filter are washed with Distilled Water. 
 The united Hydrochloric Acid extracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of Chloro- 
 form, Sodium Carbonate Solution added until an alkaline reaction 
 results, and the mixture immediately shaken vigorously during 
 2 minutes. After complete separation, the chloroformic liquid is 
 allowed to run into another separator (2) and the extraction repeated 
 three times in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. 
 A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform- 
 Ether mixture to float on the surface of the Hydi'ochloric Acid are 
 added to the united Chloroform extracts, and the mixture vigorously 
 shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation, the acid liquid 
 is filtered through a small filter paper previously moistened with 
 Distilled Water into a graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the 
 Cliloroform-Ether mixture is shaken a further 3 times, using each time 
 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and continuing the shaking during 2 minutes, 
 these extracts are also filtered tlu'ough the same filter, the filter washed 
 with Distilled Water and the united fluids diluted with Distilled Water 
 to 100 c.c. A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of this solution ( = 3 
 grammes of Ipecacuanha Root) is measured into a flask, about 50 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water added, and also a freshly prepared solution of a 
 crystal of Haematoxylin in 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and then, with 
 frequent shaking, sufficient Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution is allowed to run in until the mixture passes 
 from a strong yellow to a bluish- violet colour, after vigorously shaking. 
 For this purpose at most 2 • 6 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution should be necessary, so that at least 2 '4 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have been 
 used for the neutralisation of the contained alkaloids, which represents 
 a minimum content of 1*99 p.c. of alkaloids ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = "02482 gramme of alkaloids, 
 reckoned as Emetine, Hsematoxylin being employed as an indicator. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids "by Measure.] IPE 787 
 
 The number of c.c. of Tentii- Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution is deducted from 5, the difference multiplied 
 first by •02482 and then by 100 and the product divided by 3 yields 
 the percentage of alkaloids reckoned as Emetine. 
 
 In the process given by Keller, Ammonia Solution is employed 
 ■for the liberation of the alkaloids. The detail of the method is as 
 follows : — A weighed quantity of 12 grammes of the powdered Root 
 is shaken in a glass-stoppered bottle with 90 grammes of Ether and 
 30 grammes of Chloroform. After an interval, 10 c.c. of Ammonia- 
 Solution are added, the mixture shaken at intervals during half an hour, 
 and, after the addition of 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, it is again shaken 
 for a short time until the powder agglomerates. The clear Ether- 
 Chloroform Solution is filtered through a small filter paper, which has 
 been moistened with Ether, and a weighed quantity of 100 grammes 
 is introduced into a separator and shaken with three successive 
 quantities, each of 25, 15, and 10 c.c, of a 1 p.c. Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, the shakings being repeated if necessary so long as a few 
 drops of the acid shakings yield a precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric 
 Iodide (Mayer's) Solution. The acid aqueous solutions are separated, 
 mixed, transferred to a separator, made alkaline with Ammonia 
 Solution, and shaken with three successive quantities, each of 50, 30, . 
 and 20 c.c, of a mixture of 2 parts by weight of Ether to 3 parts by 
 weight of Chloroform. The Ether-Chloroform solutions are separated 
 in each case, mixed, filtered tlu'ough a small filter paper moistened 
 with Ether, into a tared flask, the Ether-Chloroform distilled, the 
 residue dried on the water-bath till constant in weight, cooled and 
 weighed. In the event of the titration of the alkaloidal residue being 
 required, it may be dissolved in 5 c.c of neutral Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 Distilled Water added until the liquid becomes faintly opalescent, and 
 the titration efiected with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, using Haematoxylin Solution (1 in 500 of Alcohol, 
 90 p.c.) as an indicator. Keller states that each c.c of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Acid is equivalent to 0*0254 gramme of alkaloids, 
 which agrees with the C3oH4oN20g, 2HC1 formula of neutral Emetine 
 Hydrochloride. 
 
 The B.P. requires that the ash of Ipecacuanha Root should amount 
 to not more than 5 p.c. ; neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. includes an 
 ash limit. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 
 the ash be fixed at not less than 1 '8 p.c, nor more than 4*5 p.c 
 
 Allen has studied the comparative colour reactions of the 
 Ipecacuanha alkaloids and the Opium alkaloids {see also Tinctura 
 Camphorae Composita), and the results of his experiments are 
 recorded {Analyst, '02, 349). The colour tests were made by taking 
 up the alkaloidal solution in a pipette and allowing it to fall drop 
 by drop on to the concave side of a porcelain crucible lid placed on 
 a flask full of boiling Water. To the spot of alkaloidal residue thus 
 obtained a drop of reagent was added by means of a glass rod, and 
 the mixture cautiously stirred. With Ferric Chloride the Ipecacuanha 
 
788 IPE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 alkaloids gave a blue coloration changing to green, as against a greenist- 
 blue from a residue of Opium alkaloids ; Sulphuric Acid containing 
 0*5 p.c. of Molybdic Acid (Frobde's reagent) gave colours varying 
 from bluisb-purple to violet, the colour resembling tbat given by 
 Opium alkaloids, but not so bright as that yielded by pure Morphine ; 
 Starch and Iodic Acid gave, with some specimens of alkaloidal residue, 
 an immediate blue coloration, but a negative or tardy result in other 
 cases ; Opium alkaloids gave an immediate blue colour ; with Ferric 
 Chloride and Potassium Ferricyanide, both the Ipecacuanha alkaloids 
 ■and the Opium alkaloids gave an immediate Prussian blue coloration. 
 In some cases the alkaloidal residues were purified by treatment 
 with Lead Acetate. The isolated and purified alkaloids in some 
 instances gave reactions less striking than those obtained with the 
 mixed alkaloidal residue. 
 
 For a valuable means of detecting Ipecacuanha alkaloids, see 
 Psychotrine, p. 796. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM IPECACUANHA LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract 
 OF Ipecacuanha. (Modified.) 
 
 A Liquid Extract standardised to contain 2 grains of Ipecacuanha 
 alkaloids in 110 minims (2 grammes in 100 ml.) ; prepared from 
 Ipecacuanha Root with Alcohol (90 p.c), by percolation. 
 
 B.P. 1898 required 2 to 2 '25 p.c. of alkaloid and used Calcium 
 Hydroxide in the extraction. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 minims = 0'03 to 0-12 ml. 
 
 Swiss maxiniuin dose, single, • 05 gramme ; daily, • 25 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Swed., Swiss, and U.S., 1 
 in 1. Belg. (Ipecacuanha Extractuni Fluidum Compositum), 3 of 
 Tincture in 10. Fr., Mex. and Span, have solid extract. Swiss contains at 
 least 2 p.c. of alkaloids and U.S. 1'5 p.c. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Ipecacuanha has a specific gravity of 
 about 0"880 ; contains about 9-5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 78 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Ipecacuanha B.P. is required to contain not less 
 than 2 p.c. w/v of alkaloids, as determined by the following process : — 
 A measured quantity of 5 ml. of the Liquid Extract is introduced into 
 a stoppered glass separator, together with a mixture of 4 ml. of Distilled 
 Water and 1 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the resinous and other 
 Ether-soluble constituents are removed by shaking first with 10 ml. 
 of Ether and repeating the extraction with a further quantity of 
 5 ml. of Ether. The Ether Solution is in each instance separated, 
 transferred to another separator, mixed and washed with 5 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, this wasliing being mixed with the main aqueous 
 acid liquid, which is now made alkaline by the addition of an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution and the alkaloids extracted by shaking three 
 times in succession, using each time 10 ml. of Chloroform. The 
 chloroformic liquid is in each instance separated, filtered through a 
 small dry filter paper into a tared flask, the filter and filter paper 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] IPE 789 
 
 wafshed with a little Chloroform, the Chloroform evaporated to a 
 volume of about 2 ml., 5 ml. of Ether added, and the Ether again 
 removed by evaporation, the residue dried at a temperature not 
 exceeding 80° C. (176° E.), and weighed. 100 ml. of the Liquid 
 Extract should yield 2 grammes of Ipecacuanha Eoot alkaloids. The 
 B.P. fixes a limit of error of plus or minus 0*1 gramme. 
 
 The gravimetric determination could have been confirmed by 
 dissolving the alkaloidal residue in sufficient Tenth- Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution to form a distinct excess, and 
 titrating this excess with Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Cochineal Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality, and calculating the result into the mean molecular 
 equivalent of Emetine and Cephaehne. 
 
 The Fluid Extract of the U.S. P. is required to contain 1*5 p.c. of 
 the alkaloids from Ipecacuanha, as determined by a process of which 
 the following are the essential features : — A measured quantity of 10 c.c. 
 of the Fluid Extract is transferred to a porcelain evaporating dish, 
 and the Alcohol is removed by evaporation over a water-bath, when 
 almost cool 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 
 20 c.c. of Distilled Water are added, and the liquid stirred inter- 
 mittently for 3 minutes. It is filtered into a separator, the dish and 
 filter paper are washed with successive quantities of 10 c.c. and 5 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, the filtrate and washings are rendered alkaline with 
 Ammonia Solution and shaken for 1 minute with 20 c.c. of Ether. 
 The aqueous layer is separated, the Ether solution transferred to a 
 tared flask or beaker, and the extraction of the alkaloids twice repeated 
 by shaking the aqueous alkaline liquid with two successive quantities 
 each of 10 c.c. of Ether, the ethereal solution being in each case 
 separated and added to the first ethereal solution. The Ether is 
 evaporated, at a gentle heat, from the mixed ethereal liquids, and the 
 alkaloidal residue is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution. When completely dissolved, 5 drops of 
 Cochineal Solution are added, and the excess of Tenth- Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution is titrated with Fiftieth- Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution. The number of c.c. required divided 
 by 5, the quotient subtracted from 10, the difference multiplied first 
 by 0"0238, and then by 10, gives the percentage w/v of Ipecacuanha 
 alkaloids present in the sample. The process has been tried in the 
 author's laboratory, and works very satisfactorily. The separations 
 are clean and sharp, the extracted alkaloids are of good colour, and 
 in the volumetric determination no difl&culty exists in determining 
 the end-reaction. Ether being employed as a solvent, the residue 
 consists naturally of Ether-soluble alkaloids only, Psychotrine being 
 insoluble in Ether is not determined. In the case of an official 
 preparation of Eio Ipecacuanha, according to Paul and Cownley 
 the Psychotrine is hardly worth consideration. The process being 
 a volumetric one yields lower results than are obtained by a gravi- 
 metric process, but returns the true alkaloidal percentage and not a 
 percentage of alkaloids plus an indefinite amount of inert matter. 
 
790 IPE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 r The use of Ether, first, in a well-diluted decidedly acid solution of 
 the Liquid Extract, and then in ammoniacal solution, was suggested 
 by Paul and Cownley, Y.B.P. '03, 100. 
 
 PILULA IPECACUANHA CUM SCILLA. Pill of Ipecacuanha 
 WITH Squill. 
 
 Compound Powder of Ipecacuanha, 3 ; Squill, in powder, 1 ; 
 Ammoniacum, in powder, 1 ; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. 
 
 (about 1 of Opium in 20.) 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0*26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port, similar to Brit. Not in 
 
 the others. 
 
 PILULA IPECACUANHiE CUM URGINEA. Pill op Ipe- 
 cacuanha WITH Urginea. (New.) 
 
 Compound Powder of Ipecacuanha, 3 ; Urginea, 1 ; Ammoniacum, 
 1; both in powder ; Syrup of Glucose, (/.s. (about 1 of Opium in 20.) 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0*26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 PULVIS IPECACUANHiE COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder 
 ^p Ipecacuanha. B.P.Syn. — Dover's Powder. 
 
 Ipecacuanha Root, 1 ; Opium, 1 ; Potassium Sulphate, 8. All in 
 powder. (1 Opium, 1 Ipecac, in 10.) 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An admirable diaphoretic and anodyne ; 
 
 it is also most useful in gastric ulceration, dyspeptic vomiting, dysentery 
 and diarrhoea ; in the latter case it is combined with Calomel. In 
 doses of 3 or 4 grains it will often relieve heartburn. 
 
 Dose.- — 5 to 15 grains = 0"3 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 • 5 grammes ; daily, 5 ■ grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all, and is the well-known 
 Dover's Powder ; Austr., Belg., Ger., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss (Pulvis 
 Ipecacuanha; Opiatus) ; Hung. (Pulvis Doveri); Dan. (Pulv. Ipecac. 
 Thebaicus) ; Dutch (Pulvis Opii Conipositus) ; Fr. (Poudre d' 
 Ipecacuanha Opiac^e) ; Ital. (Polvero del Dower); Port. (Po de 
 Ipecacuanha Composto) ; Jap. (Pulvis Doveri); and U.S. (Pulvis 
 IpocacuanhiB et Opii) ; all same strength as Brit., Ger., Ital. and U.S. 
 made with Milk Sugar ; Span. (Polvo de Ipecacuana Opiado), 1 Opiimi, 
 1 Ipecacuanha, in 10; Mex. (Polvo de Dower), Opium 1, Ipecacuanha 1, 
 Nitre 4, Potassium Sulphate 4. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed for it to contain 10 p.c. of Pulvis Opii. 
 
 The original Powder of Dr. Dover was prepared by fusing together 4 parts 
 of Potassium Nitrate with 4 of Potassium Sulphate, and reducing the 
 product to fine powder ; to this was added 1 of Ipecacuanha, 1 of Opium, 
 and 1 of Liquorice. 
 
 TROCHISCUS IPECACUANH^ffi. Ipecacuanha Lozenge. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 Contains 0*015 gramme = about J grain of Ipecacuanha in each, 
 with Simple Basis. 
 
 Now made with Simple Basis instead of Fruit Basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 lozenges. 
 
[Solids by WeigM; liquids by Measttfd.! IPU 791 
 
 f*oreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg. (Tabellae), Dutch, 
 Pr., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ. and Swiss, O-OI gramme = about | grain ; Ital., 
 0-015 gramme = about J grain. Not in the others. 
 
 TROCHISCUS MORPHIN/E ET IPECACUANHA. See p. 900. 
 
 VINUM IPECACUANHA. Ipecacuanha Wine. 
 
 Liquid Extract of Ipecacuanlia, 1 ; Sherry, 19. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Mix, and after 48 lioiu's filter. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0*6 to 1*8 ml. ; as an emetic, 4 to 
 6fl. drm. = 14-2 to 21-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., Fluid Extract 1, Alcohol 
 (95p.c.) 1, White Wine 8 ; Dutch, Ipecacuanha 1, Diluted Spirit 1, Malaga 
 9 ; Jap., 1 of Ipecacuanha and 10 of Sherry ; Port., 1 of Ipecacuanlia in 20 
 of Port. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ipecacuanlia Wine has a specific gravity of about 0*995 ; 
 contains about 5'5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 23 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. It is prepared with the ofiicial Liquid Extract, which 
 is required to contain not less than 2*0 p.c. w/v of total alkaloids from 
 Ipecacuanha Root. The Wine should, therefore, contain not less 
 than 0" 1 p.c. w/v of these total alkaloids. No official method is given 
 for the determination of the alkaloids. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ACETUM IPECACUANH>E, Vinegar of Ipecacuanha {B.P. 1898).— 
 Liquid Extract of Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 2 ; Diluted Acetic Acid, 
 q.s. to make 20. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 ELIXIR IPECACUANH/E (P/wrrm. Form.).— Liquid Extract of Ipecac- 
 uanha, I ; Rectified Spirit, 1 ; Simple Elixir, 1 ; Glycerin, 6 ; Water, q.s. 
 to produce 20. 
 
 EXTRACTUM IPECAOUANH>C LIQUIDUM (MISCIBILE).— Liquid 
 Extract of Ipecacuanha, B.P., 100 ; Acetic Acid, q.s. ; Distilled Water, q.a. 
 to produce 100. 
 
 Mix the Liquid Extract of Ipecacuanha with 100 of Distilled Water, allow 
 to stand in a cool place for 24 hours, filter, washing the residue on the filter 
 paper until colourless, keeping the washings separate, acidify the filtrate with 
 Acetic Acid to a slight acid reaction. Distil on a water -bath until the 
 distillate (as shoAvn by volmne and sp. gr.) contains 40 Absolute Alcohol. 
 This will generally measure about 52. Reserve this portion of the distillate ; 
 continue distillation to recover remaining Alcohol. Evaporate the residue 
 on the water -bath to about 42, allow to cool, pour off the bright liquid, 
 add this to the reserve distillate. Rinse the dish with the washings obtained 
 in the first part of the process, filter, and evaporate to make the total volume 
 100.— (J?'. C. J. Bird) CD. '99, ii. 220. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.G. 
 
 Dose. — As an expectorant, J to 2 minima = 0-03 to 0-12 ml. ; as an 
 emetic, 15 to 20 minims = 0*9 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 GLYCEROLE OF IPECACUANHA.— Liquid Extract of Ipecacuanha, 
 100 ; Distilled Water, 100. Mix as in Miscible Extract, allow to stand, 
 filter, wash the residue, evaporate the washings separately, acidify the 
 filtrate with AceticAcidtoa very faint acid reaction, distil off the Alcohol 
 and evaporate on a water-bath (adding the evaporated washings towards 
 the end) to 50 ; add Glycerin, 50.— (^. C. J. Bird) CD. '99, ii. 220. (1 in 1.) 
 
792 IPE tSoiids by Weight; Liquids by MeaSul'C] 
 
 This forms a clear solution with detamiated wine, syrups, or aqueous 
 liquids. 
 
 Dose. — As an expectorant, | to 2 minims = 0-03 to 0-12ml. ; as an 
 emetic, 15 to 20 minima = 0-9 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Glycerinum Ipecacuanhse. Syn. Glycerol Ipecacuanha}. — Vinegar of 
 Ipecacuanha, 50 ; Glycerin, 50. — B.P.C. 
 
 This contains 2^ of Liquid Extract in 100, and is, therefore, only :^^J of the 
 strength of the above preparation. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3- G ml. 
 
 INFUSO Dl IPECACUANA (JtoZ. ).— Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Boiling Water, 100. 
 Norw. has a concentrated infusion 1 in 10. 
 
 LINCTUS IPECACUANH>E {St. Thomas's).— Yinegar of Ipecacuanha, 
 Syrup of Tolu, Glycerin, Mucilage of Tragacanth, of each equal parts. 
 
 Dose. — 60 minims = 3* 6 ml. 
 
 Linctus Glyeerini {St. Mary^s). — Ipecacuanha Wine, 5 minims ; Com- 
 pomid Tincture of Camphor, 15 minims ; Glyeerini, 30 minims ; Water to 
 60 minims. 
 
 MISTURA SCILL/E ET IPECACUANHA (see Scilla). 
 
 MISTURA IPECACUANH>E AMMONIATA (^-f. Mary's).— Ipecacuanha 
 Wine, 10 minims ; Ammonium Carbonate, 5 grains ; Peppermint Water, to 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA IPECACUANH/E SALINA {St. Mar?/'s).— Ipecacuanha Wine, 
 6 minims ; Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 20 minims ; Paregoric Elixir, 20 minims ; 
 Solution of Ammonivun Acetate, 1 drm. ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA IPECACUANH/E CUM SOD f< {St. Thomas' s).~^odmm. 
 Bicarbonate, 15 grains; Ipecacuanha Wine, 10 minims; Aromatic Spirit of 
 Ammonia, 15 minims ; Peppermint Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Syrupus Ipecacuannse {U.S.). — Flmd Extract of Ipecacuanha, 7; Acetic 
 Acid, 1 ; Glycerin, 10 ; Sugar, 70 ; Water, to 100. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 120 minims = 0-9 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Tincture of Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Simple Syrup, 9. — Austr., Dutch, Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Russ., Span., Swed., and Swiss. 
 
 Belg. — Tincture of Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Simple SjTup, 10 ; evaporated to 10 : 
 also Ipecacuanliae Syrupus Compositus. Compound Fluid Extract, 1 ; Simple 
 Syrup, 20. 
 
 Fr. — AlcohoUc Extract of Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Alcohol (70°), 3 ; Simple 
 Sja"up, 100. Fr. has also a Compoimd Syrup. 
 
 Mex. — Ipecacuanha, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 4 ; Simple Syrup, 95. 
 
 All by weight except U.S. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed that the Syrup should be prepared with 
 10 p.c. of the tincture. 
 
 TINCTURA IPECACUANH/C. —Bruised Ipecacuanha, 1; Alcohol 
 (60 p.c), 10. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hmig., Ital., Span., Swed. and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; Jap., 1 and 10 ; Mex. and 
 Port., 1 in 5. All by weight. Not in the others. 
 
 Austr., Belg., Hung., Ital., Jap. and Swiss at least 0*2 p.c. of alkaloids; 
 Ger., at least 0*194 p.c. of alkaloids. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to a strength of 10 p.c. for the Tincture 
 prepared by percolation with Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 TINCTURA IPECACUANH>E ET GPU. Syn. Fluid Dover's Powder 
 (U.S.P.). — Tincture of Deodorised Opiima, 100; Fluid Extract of Ipecac, 
 10; Alcohol (49 p.c), q.s. to produce 100. Evaporate the Tincture of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] IPE 793 
 
 Deodorised Opium in a tared dish on a water-bath vrntil it weighs 80 ; when 
 cold, add the Fluid Extract of Ipecac, filter, and pass enough Alcohol 
 (49 p.c.) through the filter to make 100. Average Dose. — 8 minims (0* 50 c.c). 
 
 EMETINA. Emetine. C,,oH4(,04N„, eq. 480-34. — A white amorphous 
 powder when prepared by precipitating an aqueous solution of its salt 
 ^vith dilute alkalis; as a pulverulent, colourless varnish when obtained by 
 the spontaneous evaporation of a solution in an immiscible solvent. It is 
 an amorphous base occurring in varying amounts in Brazilian, Columbian 
 and Indian Ipecacuanha Root. On exposure to light it rapidly acquires a 
 yellow colour changing finally to brown. 
 
 Emetine has been shown by Carr and Pyman to be a derivative of Iso- 
 quinoline. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, and exposed 
 as little as possible to the air or light. 
 
 Solubility. — It is readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), Ether, Chloroform, 
 Acetone, and Benzene ; but is sparingly sokible in Water. 
 
 It is Isevorotatory, the specific rotatory power of its solutions varying 
 according to their concentration. 
 
 The name 'Emetine' used to be applied to an impure extractive, con- 
 taining the mixed alkaloids of Ipecacuanha, which is now listed as Emetine 
 (impure) or Emetine (extract). 
 
 Tests. — Emetine melts at 74° C. ( 1 65- 2° F. ). It is strongly alkaline in reaction 
 towards Litmus, and neutralises acids completelj^, forming salts. It may 
 be readily determined by indirect titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, and Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using either Cochineal or Hsematoxyhn Solution as an indicator ; 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is equivalent 
 to 0' 02402 gramme of Emetine. When precipitated from the solution of 
 one of its salts by Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Emetine is 
 insoluble in an excess of the reagent. This test distinguishes Emetine from 
 Cephaeline. When dissolved in sufficient Hydrochloric Acid to effect solution 
 and to show a slight excess, it yields, with Platinum Chloride Solution, a 
 buff-coloured amorphous precipitate, almost insoluble in Water or Alcohol. 
 According to Allen {Analyst, xxvii. 349), it yields with Ferric Chloride an 
 indefinite colour reaction; with Sulphuric Acid containing 0*5 p.c. w/v of 
 Molybdic Acid (Frohde's reagent), a dirty green coloration if obtained from 
 Rio Ipecacuanlia, and a bluish coloration if obtained from Carthagena root ; 
 with Frohde's reagent and Hydrochloric Acid, a grass-green coloration ; with 
 Starch and Iodic Acid, a negative reaction; and with Ferric Chloride and 
 Potassium Ferricyanide, a gradual blue coloration. It should leave no 
 residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 EMETIN/E HYDROBROMIDUM. Emetine Hychobromide. C.gH.oO^Nj, 
 2HBr.4H„0, eq. 714-26. — Long, slender, colourless silky needles, which 
 are rendered anhydrous at 100° C. (212° F.). 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in cold Water, readily soluble in hot ; 
 less soluble in the presence of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, only slightly 
 soluble in Absolute Alcohol or in Chloroform. 
 
 Tests. — Emetine Hydrobromide dissolves sparingly in Water, yielding a 
 solution which is dextrorotatory. The solution yields on the addition of 
 Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution a precipitate insoluble in excess of 
 the reagent. Its aqueous solution, when faintly acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish curdy precipitate, which 
 when separated and washed is almost insoluble in Ammonia Water and in 
 Nitric Acid, but is readily dissolved by Potassiima Cyanide Solution ; on 
 the cautious addition of a drop or two of Chlorine Water to the aqueous 
 solution, it yields a yellowish coloration, and if the liquid be shaken with a 
 few c.c. of Chloroform the yellowish coloration passes into the ehloroformic 
 layer. The separated alkaloid should answer the tests distinctive of Emetine 
 
794 IPB [Solids by "Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 given under Emetina. It should leave no residue when ignited with free 
 access of air. 
 
 EIV!ETIN>E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Emetine Hydrochloride.— Colour- 
 less woolly needles, or in transparent prismatic crystals. Carr and Pyman 
 find that the salt crystalhsed from Water corresponds to the formula 
 C,s,H„0,Nj2HCl, 7H,0, eq. 679-388; and that the salt crystallised from 
 Methyl Alcohol corresponds to the formula C„9H4oOjN.„ 2HC1, 3JH..0, eq. 
 616-332. 
 
 Solubility. — It dissolves slowly in Water, and is much less soluble at 
 lower temperatures or in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid ; it is soluble in Alcohol 
 (90p.c.). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Specific in amcebicdysentery , and amoebic hepatitis 
 in ^ to f grain doses hypodermically. In amoebic liver abscess, after aspiration 
 of the pus, 1 grain dissolved in 1 to 2oz. sterile saline is injected into the 
 cavity before withdrawing the canula, to lull the amcebse. Valueless in 
 bacillary dysentery, cholera, or other intestinal diseases. 
 
 The salts can be safely boiled for a very short time, better to dissolve 
 them in sterile saline, or boil the water first. Keratin-coated tablets by the 
 mouth do not cure as speedily ; may safely be injected intravenously in 
 desperate cases. 
 
 Paper by Sandwith on treatment of dysentery by Emetine ; a cheaper 
 alternative consisting of the three known alkaloids of Ipecacuanha imseparated 
 from each other, and called Amebetine, was used by writer in a few mild 
 cases with good results. — L. '14, ii. 733. 
 
 Amazingly rapid recovery after treatment of hepato -pulmonary abscess 
 by daily 1 grain injections. — B.M.J. '14, i. 1122. 
 
 In patients who decline injections, the Keratin-coated pills of the Hycho- 
 chloride are often more effective and less distressing than powdered Ipecac- 
 uanha, though nausea and vomiting are not altogether eliminated by this 
 mode. In amcBbic hepatitis the drug should be persisted with for longer 
 periods (2 to 3 weeks) than is usually necessary in amoebic dysentery. — 
 I.M.G. '14, 86. 
 
 Yoimg children are extremely tolerant of it ; in severe cases of entamcebic 
 dysentery commence with ^ grain for a child of 2, and repeat this dose every 
 12 hoiu-s, till a total of J grain has been given. — Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyg. 
 '14, 161. 
 
 Efficient in sprue, hypodermically in i to 1 grain doses daily for 5 days. — 
 J. A.M.A. '15, i. 53. 
 
 A combination of this and autogenous vaccines, probably the best treatment 
 of pyorrhoea alveolaris (Sir Leonard Rogers).— /.M.G. '15, 121. 
 
 Dose. — 20Tr *o "sn grain = 0-0003 to 0-0013 gramme, as an expectorant ; 
 J_ to J grain = 0-0067 to 0-022 gramme, as an emetic. 
 
 Tests. — Emetine Hydrochloride dissolves slowly in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which is dextrorotatory. The solution yields the 
 distinctive tests with Potassimn or Sodiiun Hydroxide Solution given under 
 Emetinse Hydrobromidvim. The separated alkaloid should conform to the 
 distinctive tests given vmder Emetina. The aqueous solution faintly acidified 
 with Nitric Acid yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a white cm-dy precipitate, 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, but which, when separated and washed, is soluble in 
 Ammonia Solution and Potassium Cyanide Solution. The salt should leave 
 no weighable residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 Emetine Hydriodide, Emetine Nitrate, and Emetine Sulphate have 
 also been prepared as crystalline salts. Emetine Hydriodide crystallises 
 in colourless needles, .sparingly soluble in Water ; Emetine Witrate in 
 rosettes of fine silky colourless needles, sparingly soluble in Water ; Emetine 
 Sulphate in white, woolly needle-shaped crystals, extremely tsoluble iu 
 Water, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] IPE 795 
 
 VINUM ElViETIN/E. — This wine should contain 3| grains of Emetine 
 Hydi'ochloride in 8 fl. oz., about equal to Vinum Ipecacuanhse, B.P. 
 
 CEPHAELINA. Cephaeline. C.,8H3sO^N„, eq. 466-324. — Colourless 
 crvstalline needles, having a tendency to become colom-ed on exposure to 
 light. It is a crystalline alkaloid discovered by Paul and Cownley in both 
 Brazilian and Columbian Ij^ecacuanha. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, protected 
 as far as possible from air and Hght. 
 
 Solubility". — It dissolves readily in Alcohol {90 p.c. ) and in alkali Hydroxide ; 
 readily soluble in Chloroform and in Acetone, less so in Ether and in 
 
 Petroleum Ether. 
 
 Tests. — Cephaeline, according to Paul and Cownley, when crystallised 
 from its concentrated solution in Ether in the presence of Water, melts 
 at 96° to 98° C. (204-8° to 208 - 4° F.); when crystallised by the addition 
 of Ammonia to a salt in the presence of Ether, it melts at 102° C. (215- 6° F.) ; 
 according to Carr and Pyman, after being dried in the air, it sinters at 
 106° C. (222-8° F.) and melts at 115° to 116° C. (239° to 240-8° F.), but 
 after drying at 100° C. (212° F.) it melts gradually from 120° to 130° C. 
 (248° to 266° F.) ; Keller gives 104° to 105° C. (219-2° to 221° F.). 
 
 Its solutions in neutral solvents are laevorotatory. It neutralises acids 
 with the formation of salts, and may be determined by direct or indirect 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 
 either Methyl Orange, Hasmatoxylin or lodeosin Solution as an indicator. 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is equivalent 
 to 0-02332 gramme of Cephaeline. Allen {Analyst, xx\Ti. 345) gives the 
 following colour reactions for CephaeUne : — With Ferric Chloride, Cephaeline 
 from Rio Ipecacuanha gives a bluish-green coloration, the alkaloid from 
 Carthagena Ipecacuanha gives an indefinite reaction ; with Sulphuric Acid 
 containing 0-5 p.c. of Molj'bdic Acid (Frohde's reagent), CephaeUne from 
 the Rio root gives a pink coloiu- changing to green, that from the Carthagena 
 root a reddish-purple colour ; with Frohde's reagent and Hydrochloric Acid 
 a Prussian blue colour ; with Starch and Iodic Acid a negative reaction ; 
 with Ferric Chloride and Potassium Ferricyanide, Cephaeline from Rio root 
 gives an almost immediate blue coloration, whilst that from Carthagena 
 root yields an immediate blue. 
 
 It should leave no residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 C£PHAELIN>E HYDROCHLORIDUM. CephaeUne Hyckochloride. 
 C28H38O4N2.2HCI.7H0O, eq. 665-372. — Stout, granular, prismatic crystals, or 
 in fine powdery crystals. Both the salt itself and its solutions have a tendency 
 to become yellow on keeping, and should therefore be stored in well-stoppered 
 amber-tinted glass bottles, protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility.- — Readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — CephaeHno is more powerfully emetic than 
 Eroetine, and does not produce depressing effects in doses of ^^ *° « grain = 
 0-005 to 0-01 gramme", but is slow in action. As expectorants the alkaloids 
 rank with Senega and Squill. 
 
 Tests. — Cephaeline Hydrochloride dissolves readily in Distilled Water, 
 forming a solution which is dextrorotatory, and which becomes yellow on 
 keeping. The separated alkaloid should yield the distinctive tests given 
 under Cephaeline. The aqueous solution faintly acidified with Diluted 
 Nitric Acid yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy 
 precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, which, when separated and washed, 
 dissolves in Ammonia Solution and in Potassium Cyanide Solution. The 
 salt should leave no weighable residue when ignited -with free access of air. 
 
 Cephaeline also forma an Acid Hydrochloride, Cephaeliue Acid 
 Hydrochloride, which separates from strongly acid solutions in fine needle- 
 shaped crystals, soluble 1 in 20 of Water at 18° 0. (64-4° F.). 
 
796 IPE [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CEPHAELIN/E HYDROBROMIDUM. Cephaeline Hydrobroralde. 
 C28H380jN„.2HBr.7H20, eq. 754-292. — Colourless prismatic crystals, which 
 become brown on keeping. It should be stored in well-stoppered amber-tinted 
 glass bottles, protected from the air and light. It dissolves in Water, forming 
 a solution which is dextrorotatory. 
 
 Cephaeline Sulphate has also been prepared in the form of a white 
 powder, but attempts to obtain it in a crystalline condition were not 
 successful. 
 
 PSYCHOTRINA. Psychotrine. a8H3,0,]Sr,„ eq. 4G4-308; C,3H,„0,N2.4H,0, 
 eq. 536 • 372. — Large, yellow, elongated prismatic crystals, having a blue 
 fluorescence, and containing 4H..0. 
 
 It should be preserved in well -stoppered dark amber-tinted glass bottles, 
 protected from air and light. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in Water, more readily soluble in Acetone, 
 Chloroform, Alcohol (90 p.c), it dissolves sparingly in Benzene, Petroleum 
 Ether, and in Ether. It is also soluble in dilute aqueous Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution. It dissolves to form colourless solutions in Hydrochloric, Sulphuric 
 or Nitric Acids. 
 
 Tests. — Psychotrine melts at 138° C. (280-4° F.). Concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid to which a drop of Nitric Acid has been added gives a sherry colour. 
 Frohde's reagent yields a pale green solution. When dissolved in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid and digested on the water-bath it yields with Ferric 
 Chloride a turbid solution. Its aqueous solution yields an oily precipitate 
 with Picric Acid Solution. Its aqueous solution yields amorphous precipitates 
 with Auric Chloride Solution, Stannic Chloride Solution and with Bromine 
 Water. It combines with acids to form salts, and may be determined by 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 
 either Methyl Orange, Hsematoxylin or Cochineal Solution as an indicator ; 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-02322 
 gramme of anhydrous Psychotrine or 0-02682 granune of crystalline Psycho- 
 trine. Psychotrine should leave no weighable residue when ignited with free 
 access of air. 
 
 According to Allen {Analyst, xxvii. 349), Pyschotrine gives the following 
 colour reactions : — With Ferric Chloride the alkaloid from Rio root gives a pale 
 cherry -red coloration, that from Carthagena root an indefinite reaction ; with 
 Sulphuric Acid containing 05 p.c. of Molybdic Acid (Frohde's reagent), 
 Psychotrine froru Rio root gives a pale pink coloration, that from Carthagena 
 root a dull purple ; with Frohde's reagent and Hydrochloric Acid the alkaloid 
 from either varietj^ gives a pale pink changing to pale green ; \vith Starch and 
 Iodic Acid a blue coloration is produced, the colour being more marked in the 
 case of the alkaloid from Rio root than with that from Columbian root ; with 
 Ferric Chloride and Potassium Ferricyanide, the Psychotrine from either 
 variety of root gives an immediate blue coloration. The most valuable means 
 of detecting Ipecacuanha alkaloids consists in the production of Psychotrine 
 in a crystalEne form. It is readily obtained by shaking out an Amyl Alcohol or 
 Chloroform solution of the alkaloid with a little dilute Acetic Acid. The acid 
 liquids are separated, concentrated if necessary, and placed on a microscope 
 slide furnished with a cell. A watch-glass or small beaker moistened with 
 Ammonia Solution is inverted over the alkaloidal Acetate solution, when the 
 absorbed Anunonia vapour Uberates the alkaloid in characteristic crystals, 
 which can be observed under the microscope. 
 
 Psychotrine Sulphate, Psychotrine Nitrate and Psychotrine 
 Hydriodide have also been prepared as crystalline salts ; the Sulphate 
 crystallising in shining scales of a faint yellow coloitr, very readily soluble in 
 Water; the Witrate crystallising in silky needles, sparingly soluble in cold 
 Water, more readily in hot ; the Hydriodide crystallising in groups of 
 Sulphur-coloured, microscopic needles, sparingly soluble in cold Water. 
 
[Solids by Weight;; Liquids by Measure.] IPO 797 
 
 IPOmCEM RADIX. 
 
 ORIZABA JALAP ROOT. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Mexican Scammony Root. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried root of Ifomcea Orizahensis, Ledan. One of the sources 
 of Scammonise Resina. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The root is spindle-shaped and about 2 feet 
 long, but for commercial purposes it is cut up into irregularly rectangular 
 pieces, 1 to 2 inches (2 to 5 cm.) in diameter and 2 to 3 inches (5 to 
 7*5 cm.) long (3 to 5 cm. wide and 2 to 4 cm. tliick, B.P.), which are 
 externally dark grey and internally greyish brown. It exhibits a 
 somewhat radiate structure with numerous bundles of vessels projecting 
 in the form of stiff fibres from the surface. It has very little odour, 
 but a faintly acrid taste. 
 
 Power and Rogerson, as a result of an investigation of the root of 
 Ipomoea Orizahensis, Ledanois {J.C.S. Trans. '12, 25), have determined 
 the presence of the following substances : — From the alcoholic extract, 
 a pale yellow essential oil ; from the water-soluble portion of the alcoholic 
 extract, Scopoletin, 3 : i-Dihydroxycinnamic Acid, a Sugar yielding a 
 D-phenylglucosazone, melting point 205° to 206° C. (401° to 402-8° F.) ; 
 from the Water -insoluble portion of the alcoholic extract, a nearly 
 colourless resin melting at 125° to 130° C. (257° to 266° F.); from the 
 Petroleum Ether Extract of the resin, Hentriacontane, a Phytosterol, 
 Cetyl Alcohol, and a mixture of Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic and Linolenic 
 Acid ; from the ethereal extract of the resin, Ipuranol, D- Alpha- 
 Methyl Butyric Acid, Tiglic Acid, a product yielding Jalapinolic Acid 
 on hydrolysis, and a mixture of Sugars consisting of Dextrose and a 
 Methylpentose ; from the chloroformic extract, a dark resinous 
 product ; from the Ethyl Acetate extract, products which on hydrolysis 
 yielded the same substances as from the ethereal extract, except for 
 a small quantity of Ipuranol ; from the alcoholic extract of the resin, 
 an indefinite amorphous product of glucosidic nature. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 IRIS. 
 
 The Rhizome and Roots of Iris versicolor, L. Blue Flag. 
 
 It is Official in Ger., from Iris Germanica, I. Pallida and /. Florentina. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The preparations Iridin and Extractum Iridis 
 are purgative and diuretic. Emetic and cathartic in large doses. Used in 
 biliousness, torpid liver and duodenal dyspepsia. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The branched rhizome occurs in pieces varying 
 from 5 to 10 inches in length, and about J of an inch (2 cm.) broad, branched 
 at intervals of about 2 inches (5 cm.), each branch ending at the crown in a 
 circular scar, towards which it is somewhat enlarged, and bears on the under 
 
798 ISP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meastirs.] 
 
 surface numerous scars of rootlets, and on the vipper siurface has annular 
 markings due to the remains of leaf scars, the short loose fibres of which 
 give it a more or less bristly appearance. Externally it is of a dull brown, 
 and internally of a reddish or bright brown colour, porous, with niunerous 
 white vascular bundles, each with a dark central point, scattered throughout 
 the tissue. The odour is faint but characteristic, the taste is acrid, pungent, 
 and somewhat nauseous. The only N. American species bearing a silnilar 
 rhizome is that of Iris Missotiriensis. 
 
 IRIDIN.^ — -A dark brown powder, obtained from Iris. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 065 to 0'32 gi'amme. Given in pill with 
 Extract of Henbane, but more usually combined also with Euonymin and 
 other cholagogues. 
 
 ' Diluted Glucose ' is a good exeipient for Iridin. 
 
 It has been known for many years as an eclectic remedy, under the names 
 Iridin and Irisin. 
 
 Extractum Iridis of pilular consistence prepared with Alcohol (94 p.c.) 
 was Official in U.S. P. 1890, but was omitted in 1900, and a powdered extract 
 prepared with Alcohol (60 p.c.) was included in B.P.C. Formulary 1901, with 
 the synonym Iridin. 
 
 FLORENTINE ORRIS ROOT.— The rhizom.e of Iris Germanica, L., 
 Iris pallida, Lamarck, and Iris Florentina, L. White Flag. It is Official in 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Russ. and Swed. ; it was formerly in jPr. Codex, but it is 
 now omitted. 
 
 It has an odour resembling Violets and is used in perfvimes. The odour is 
 duo to Irone. A synthetic product, lonone, is used for the same purpose. 
 
 ISPAGHULA. 
 
 ISPAGHULA. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Seeds of PJantago ovata, Forsk. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies, 
 and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent, and mildly astringent. Tliey 
 are given (whole) in protracted diarrhoea in India. In their passage 
 tlirough the alimentary canal they absorb Water, swell np and yield 
 a bland demulcent mucilage. 
 
 Dose. — 50 to 150 grains = 3*2 to 10 grammes. 
 Official Preparation. — Decoctum Ispaghulse. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— These seeds, like those of several others of the 
 genus Plantago, are boat-shaped, about -jV of an inch (2*5 mm.) long, 
 and ^V inch (1 mm.) broad, of a light pinkish grey colour, having an 
 oblong brown spot visible on the centre of the outer or curved side, 
 due to the embryo being seen thi'ough the thin translucent seed coat, 
 the thick radicle running from it to the apex of the seed being likewise 
 visible on the outer surface. On the inner or concave surface the 
 brown embryo is also visible, and the margins of the seed are seen to 
 be distinctly inroUed, The all)amen consists of thick-walled cells 
 containing a granular matter, which is coloured orange by Iodine. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] IZA 799 
 
 The seeds are very light, 100 weighing barely 3 grains. When 
 immersed in water, the polyhedral epidermal cells instantly swell up, 
 elongate and bm'st, one part of seed giving a thick tasteless jelly with 
 20 parts of Water. The mucilage is formed from the secondary deposits 
 on the cell walls. It does not redden Litmus and is not aSected by 
 Iodine, nor precipitated by Borax, Ferric Chloride, nor by Alcohol. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 DECOCTUM ISPAGHULiE. Decoction of Ispaghula. (New.) 
 
 Boil 164 grains of bruised Ispaghula with 24 fl. oz. of DistUled Water 
 
 for 10 minutes, strain, and make up to 20 fl. oz. by rinsing contents 
 
 of strainer with more of the Water, if necessary, (15 in 1000.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 2fl. oz. = 14-2 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 IZAL. 
 
 A distilled product from coke, introduced as a non-poisonous disinfectant, 
 and sold in three forms : (1) medical Izal ; (2) an emulsion containing 40 p.c. 
 of the refined oil ; (3) ordinary Izal, an emulsion containing 40 p.c. of unrefined 
 oil. 
 
 In phthisis ; 10 minims = 0" 6 c.c, mixed with Cod-liver Oil given internally, 
 and as an itihalation by evaporation at the bedside, and as a solution in 
 Paroleine used as a spray. Intratracheal injection, 60 minims of a 10 p.c. 
 solution in Glycerin. 
 
 In ringworm, the pure Izal being well rubbed into the scalp ; in dysentery, 
 15 to 25 minims six or seven times a day. 
 
 Izal Oil as an intestinal disinfectant, given in doses of 1 to 3 capsules 
 containing 2 minims = 0"12 c.c. of Izal Oil in each. 
 
 Not Official. 
 JABORANDI FOLIA. 
 
 JABORANDI LEAVES. 
 
 The dried Leaflets of Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but now omitted. 
 
 The Leaflets of Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes, and of Pilocarpus micro- 
 phj/llus, Stapf, are Official in the U.S. P. 
 
 Pr., from Pilocarpus Jaborandi and P. Pennatifolius. 
 
 The Jaborandi Leaves of commerce have been very variable, and are the 
 produce of different varieties of Pilocarpus. 
 
 The principal alkaloid is Pilocarpine, a sjTupy liquid, forming crystalline 
 salts, the Hydrochloride and Nitrate are most used, see under Pilo- 
 
 CARPIN^E NiTRAS. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Powerful and prompt diaphoretic, sialagogue, 
 and galactagogue. Useful in the dropsy, uraemia, and thirst of Bright 's 
 disease. It is antagonistic in its action to Belladonna. The salts of Pilo- 
 carpine, owing to their more constant action, are more generally used than 
 the galenical preparations of Jaborandi- Sec also Pilocarpinse Nitrag. 
 
800 JAB [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Jap., Mex., 
 Port., Span., and Swiss; U.S. (Pilocarpus). Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Leaves of Pilocarpus Jaborandi, Holmes, are 
 no longer obtainable in commerce. They are dull green, oval oblong or 
 oblong lanceolate, from 2J to 4 in. (6 to 10 cm.) in length (12 cm. long and 
 .3 to 4 in. broad, U.S. P.), obtuse and emarginate at the apex, and imequal 
 and shortly petiolate at the base, with an entire, slightly revolute margin, 
 of a coriaceous texture, glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs on the 
 under surface, and with the lateral veinlets distinctly prominent on the upper 
 surface, containing nvunerous oil glands, and having an aromatic odour, 
 pungent taste, and increasing the flow of saliva when chewed. 
 
 The Leaves which are now in commerce are those of Pilocarpus pennati- 
 f otitis, Lem., from Paraguay, which are very similar in size and shape, but 
 have a greyish-green colour, the lateral veinlets are scarcely prominent on 
 the upper surface, and the base of the leaf is usually equal and tapering. 
 The leaves of P. trachylophus, Holmes, are similar in shape to those of 
 P. Jaborandi, but rather smaller, with prominent veins on the upper svirface 
 and revolute margins, but are of a brownish-green tint, and covered on the 
 under siu'face with cvirved simple hairs, and there are usually only two pairs 
 of leaflets on the leaves besides the terminal one, whereas in P. Jaborandi 
 and P. pennatifolius there are three or four pairs. The leaflets of Pilocarpus 
 microphyllus, Stapf., are very much smaller than those of other species (1*2 
 to 3" 7 cm. long, 0-8 to 1-6 cm. broad, U.S.P.), the lateral ones sessile, 
 rhomboid oval or obovate obtuse and emarginate, with pellucid glands, 
 veins coarsely reticulated, but not very prominent, almost odourless, but 
 resemble Jaborandi in taste. These leaves contain about the same quantity 
 of Pilocarpine as those of P. Jaborandi, and are largely used for 
 the preparation of the alkaloid. Unfortunately, there is a spurious 
 leaf very like it offered in the market at intervals, derived from Swartzia 
 decipiens, Hohnes, a leguminous plant, not possessing the properties 
 of Jaborandi. These may be distinguished by having very short hairy 
 stalks about 1 nun. long, by the veinlets being more or less translucent, and 
 by the presence of smaller roimded leaflets mixed with the ovate or oval 
 leaflets. See P.J. (4) iii. 2. Other varieties of Jaborandi which have 
 appeared in the market, but not regularly, are described in P.J. (4) i. 501, 
 (4) xvii. 713. The last, which comes from Guadaloupe, contains as much 
 Pilocarpine as the Paraguay Jaborandi. It is derived from Pilocarpus 
 racemosus, Vahl. It has larger, broader, and somewhat obovate leaves. 
 A distinguishing feature of Jaborandi Leaves is that the paUsade cells 
 should be about one-fifth of the thickness of the leaf. In powder, 
 Jaborandi may be recognised by polygonal epidermal cells with a strongly 
 striated cuticle, thick-walled bast fibres, one-celled hairs, seriate cluster 
 crystals and the palisade cells. The epidermal cells of Swartzia decipiens 
 are very sinuous, and there are pluri-cellular hairs, the terminal cells 
 being largest, on the nerves. Recently the leaves of a species of Casearia, 
 Nat. Ord. Samydaceae, have been offered as Jaborandi. They are oblong, 
 elliptic, tapering towards both ends, thinner, and have linear, as well as 
 round, oil receptacles in the leaves. 
 
 Tests. — Jaborandi Leaves should yield from 1 to 7 p.c. of Ash, and the 
 latter figure should not be exceeded. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend a limit not exceeding 7 p.c. The U.S. P. Leaves are required to 
 yield not less than 0-5 p.c. of alkaloids, as determined by the U.S. P. process. 
 This process is described in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion. 
 
 TINCTURA JABORANDI {P.P. 1898).— Jaborandi Leaves in No. 20 
 powder, 4, percolated with Alcohol (45 p.c.) to yield 20. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Teinture de Jaborandi (Fr.). — 1 in 5 with Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mey., 1 in 5 ; Span., 1 in 10, 
 Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] JAL 801 
 
 Tests.— Tincture of Jaborandi has a specific gravity of 0-050 to 0-960 ; 
 contains from 2-5 to 3-5 p. c. w/v of total solids ; and about 40 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM PILOCARPI (U.S.).— I in 1 made with Alcohol 
 (49 p.c.) and standardised to contain 0-4 p.c. w/v of the alkaloids of Pilo- 
 carpus. 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims ==1-8 c.c. 
 
 Tests. — -Liquid Extract of Jaborandi has a specific gravity of 1 • 010 to 1 • 040 ; 
 contains from 12-0 to 22-0 p.c. w/v of total solids; and about 34 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 JALAPA. 
 
 JALAP. 
 Fr., Jalap ; Ger., Jalapenwitrzel ; Ital., Gialappa ; Span., Jalapa. 
 
 The dried Tubercules of Ipomoea Purga, Hayne. 
 
 It has been shown (P.J. '09, ii. 8) that the Resin is of much more complex 
 composition than has hitherto been assumed, and that none of the amorphous 
 products obtained from it possess the attributes of a homogeneous substance. 
 
 The B.P. requires that Jalap should yield not less than 9'0 p.c, 
 nor more than 11*0 p.c. of Resin answering the Official requirements ; 
 the U.S. P. not less than 7 p.c. of total Resin, of which not more than 
 15 p.c. should be soluble in Ether ; the P.G. at least 10 p.c. of Jalap 
 Resin ; the Fr. Codex not less than 7 p.c. of Resin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A brisk cathartic, operating sometimes 
 painfully, producing copious watery discharges. From its hydragogue 
 powers it is especially serviceable in dropsy and cerebral congestion, 
 when it is usually prescribed in the form of the Compound Powder. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to 1"3 grammes. 
 
 Swiss maximum dose, single, 1 • gramme ; daily, 5 • grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The powder can be given in cachets, or mixed with 
 Confections. The Resin is given in pills made by adding ''Diluted Glucose,'' q.s. 
 
 Ofl&eial Preparations. — Pulvis Jalapse Compositus, Jalapse Resina, 
 Tinctura Jalapse, Tinctura Jalapse Composita ; used in the preparation of 
 Pulvis Scammonii Compositus. 
 
 Extractmn Jalapse B.P. 1898 has been omitted. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistiu-a Jalapse cuin Rheo, Pilula Jalapse, Sapo Jalapinus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger. and Swiss, at least 
 
 10 p.c. of Resin ; Belg., Dutch and Hung., 8 p.c. ; Dan., Fr., Norw. and 
 Swed., 7 p.c. ; Jap. and Russ., 9 p.c. ; Ital. (Gialappa), 12 p.c. ; Mex., 
 
 11 p.c. ; Span., 15 to 18 p.c. ; U.S., not less than 7 p.c. 
 
 The Fr. Codex (1884) fixed the standard at 15 to 18 p.c. of Resin, lowered 
 in 1908 to 7 p.c. ; U.S. (1880 and 1890) at 12 p.c. ; Ger. (1890) lowered the 
 figure to 7 p.c, but (1900) increased it again to ' at least 9 p.c' ; 1910 increased 
 to ' at least 10 p.c' 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Jalap of commerce is u.sually imported 
 from Vera Cruz, and consists of ovoid, or more or less broadly fusiform 
 or subspherical roots, averaging about 1| to 3 in. (3' 5 to 7" 5 cm.), 
 but is sometinjes 4 to 5 in. (10 to 12 cm.) or more in diameter (3 to 
 
 2 D 
 
802 JAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 8 cm. or more long, B.P.). The larger roots are often incised to 
 facilitate drying. Externally the roots are of a dark greyish-brown 
 colour, furrowed and wrinkled, and marked with numerous short 
 transverse paler scars or lenticels. A transverse section exhibits a 
 yellowish-grey or brown tint with irregular darker concentric rings, 
 consisting of Resin cells ; it has a smoky odour, and at first a sweetish, 
 then an acrid taste and a disagreeable flavour. There is considerable 
 difference in the density of the roots as met with in commerce, the 
 light pieces containing most Resin, the heavier pieces apparently owing 
 their weight to sugar, wliich is difficult to entirely separate from the 
 Resin. Jalap has been cultivated in India and Jamaica, and these 
 roots differ from the Mexican in their paler and more starchy appearance 
 internally. The Indian, which shows a tendency to a fusiform shape, 
 is sometimes unusually rich in Resin ; the Jamaica' Jalap more 
 frequently presents a sub-globvdar form ; it has sometimes been 
 imported in the form of transverse slices, but since the comparative 
 disuse of the drug of late years and the consequent fall in price, the 
 exportation from thence has apparently ceased. Powdered Jalap is 
 characterised by the Starch grains, often compound and sometimes 
 amorphous from the action of heat, by the laticiferous cells and globules 
 of resin escaped from them, the pitted vessels as well as tracheids, 
 sphsero -crystals of Calcium Oxalate often 2 to 5 in a parenchymatous 
 cell, and sclerenchymatous cells. A variety of Jalap known in commerce 
 as Tampico Jalap, derived from Iponioea simulans, Hanbury, is occasion- 
 ally imported. It is more fusiform, smaller, more sluimken, and does 
 not exhibit pale transverse lenticels. 
 
 Tests. — Jalap contains a mixture of Resins known as Jalap Resin, 
 which is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and this solvent is officially 
 employed for its determination. A weighed quantity of, say, 
 10 grammes of the Jalap in fine powder is exhausted with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), until nothing further is dissolved. The greater portion of 
 Alcohol is distilled and the concentrated alcoholic solution is pre- 
 cipitated by pouring it into eight times its volume of Distilled Water, 
 the residue is allowed to settle, the supernatant liquid poured off, 
 the Resin washed with Distilled Water, dried and weighed. It should 
 weigh not less than 0"9 nor more than I'l grammes. This weight 
 multiplied by 10 yields the p.c. of Resin present in the sample. 
 
 The U.S. P. distinguishes between the Ether-soluble and the Ether- 
 insoluble Resin. A weighed quantity of 10 grammes of Jalap in 
 No. 60 powder is percolated in a well-covered percolator, with Ether 
 until 50 c.c. of percolate have been obtained. The percolate is 
 transferred to a tared beaker, the Ether evaporated on a water-bath 
 and the residue weighed. The weight multiplied by 10 gives the 
 percentage of Ether-soluble Resin. The percolation is continued 
 with Alcohol (94' 9 p.c.) until 100 c.c. of percolate have been obtained. 
 A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of this percolate is transferred to a 
 separator, mixed with 20 c.c. of Chloroform, and shaken for 1 minute 
 with 20 c.c. of Water. The Chloroform layer is separated, transferred 
 to a tared beaker, the separator washed with 5 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] JAL 803 
 
 and the mixed ckloroformic liquids are evaporated to dryness on a 
 water- bath, the residue dried till constant in weight and weighed. 
 This weight multiplied by 50 gives the percentage of Resin insoluble 
 in Ether. The sum of the two weights represents the total Resin. 
 The P.G. adopts the following process : — A weighed quantity of 
 5 grammes of finely powdered Jalap is mixed in a test-glass with 
 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and allowed to stand during 24 hours at 
 about 30° C. (86° F.), with frequent shaking. A measured quantity 
 of 25 c.c. of the clear liquid is warmed on the water-bath until the 
 Alcohol has evaporated ; the residue is washed with warm Distilled 
 Water, so long as the wasliings remain coloured. The Resin is then 
 dried in the water-oven. Its weight should amount at least to 
 0*25 gramme, representing a minimum content of 10 p.c, of Jalap 
 Resin in the Root. The Fr. Codex 1908 adopts a standard of 7 p.c. 
 of Jalap Resin, which is lower than either the B.P. or P.G. ; the 
 U.S. P. standard of not less than 8 p.c. of total resin, of which not 
 more than 1*5 p.c. should be soluble in Ether, was altered by the 
 Additions and Corrections 1907 to not less than 7 p.c. of total resin, 
 of which not more than 15 p.c. should be soluble in Ether. 
 
 The ash of Jalap varies from 4 to 6*5 p.c. and should not exceed the 
 latter figure. The B.P. and P.G. give an Ash limit of not more than 
 G"5p.c., the U.S. P. does not include one. The proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the Ash should not exceed 6 '5 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PULVIS JALAPiE COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder of Jalap. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 Jalap, 3 ; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 6 ; Ginger, 1. (3 in 10.) 
 
 Now rather weaker. B.P. 1898 figures were 5, 9, 1 = 3 in 9. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0*65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Russ., Jalap 1, Potassium 
 Bitartrate 2 ; U.S., Jalap 35, Potassium Bitratrate 65 ; Mex. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 JALAPiE RESINA. Jalap Resin. 
 
 A mixture of Resins prepared from Jalap by exhausting the coarsely- 
 powdered tubercules with Alcohol (90 p.c), concentrating, precipitating 
 by pouring the concentrated solution into 8 times its volume of Distilled 
 Water, and purifying the Resin by washing it with Distilled Water, 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = • 13 to ' 32 gramme. 
 
 Ital. maximum dose, single, • 3 gramme ; daily, 1 • gramme. 
 
 It may be ordered in place of ' Jalapin,' which at one time was a good 
 deal prescribed. It appears that it has been customary in this country to 
 apply the term ' Jalapin ' to the true Jalap Resin, insoluble in Ether ; but 
 the article imported from Germany under that name is invariably the 
 Ether-soluble Resin from spurious Jalap or Scammony. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 2 D 2 
 
804 JAL [Solids by Weight; LiquidS-by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Jalap Rosin dissolves readily and completely in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), yielding a solution wliicli is slightly acid in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. The U.S. P. requires that it should be soluble in 
 Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) in all proportions, and that the alcoholic solution 
 should be only faintly acid to blue Litmus paper. The U.S. P. requires 
 that it shall possess an Acid Value of not more than 13 "93, and a 
 Saponification Value of at least 139 "35. The U.S. P. states that the 
 anhydrous Resin melts about 150° C. (302° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Scammony Resin and 
 the Resin of Tampico Jalap, Guaiacum Resin, Colophony, Water, 
 and soluble impurities. The filtrate obtained on triturating 1 gramme 
 of the powdered Resin with 20 ml. of Distilled Water and filtering, 
 should be practically colourless, indicating the absence of water-soluble 
 impurities. If the powdered Resin be exhausted with Ether, not 
 more than 15 p.c. should be dissolved, indicating the absence of 
 Scammony Resin. The B.P. now adopts the limit of the U.S. P., 
 namely, 15 p.c. The U.S. P. requires also that not more than 35 p.c. 
 should dissolve in Chloroform. The P.G. requires that at the most 
 10 p.c. should be soluble in Ether, indicating the absence of Mexican 
 Scammony Resin, Colophony, and other Resins. A 1 in 100 solution of 
 the Resin in Sodium Hydroxide Solution, when boiled for a few moments, 
 cooled, and made slightly acid with Hydrochloric Acid, should be at 
 the most opalescent, but not immediately turbid, indicating the 
 absence of certain other Resins. The U.S. P. requires that the Resin 
 should be slowly but completely soluble in five times its weight of 
 Ammonia Solution ; and when this solution is acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, only a slight turbidity should result, indicating the absence 
 of Rosin, Guaiacum, and other Resins. An alcoholic solution of 
 Jalap Resin should afford no greenish-blue colour on the addition of a 
 drop or two of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Guaiacum Resin. The B.P. does not include a test for Guaiacum 
 Resin, the U.S. P. adds Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to some of the 
 powder moistened with Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) ; the P.G. performs the 
 test by pouring some of the solution obtained in the Ether-Solubility 
 test on to some clean wliite filter paper, requiring that on evaporation 
 of the Ether no blue coloration should result on the addition of 1 drop 
 of Diluted Ferric Chloride Test-Solution (1 -f 9). It should suffer no 
 appreciable loss of weight when heated at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating 
 the absence of Water. The B.P. does not include a limit of 
 moisture. 
 
 Acid Value. — 1 ^amme of Jalap Resin dissolved in 50 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (94-9 p.c.) containing 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution should require 
 not more than 0-5 c.c. of Half -Normal Volmnetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution to produce a red colour (limit of acid resins), U.S. P. 
 
 Saponification Value. — If to 1 gramme of Jalap Resin dissolved in 50 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (94 • 9 p.c.) in a flask, 25 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassivim Hydroxide Solution be added and the mixture be heated on a 
 water-bath for one hour, and if the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution be titrated with Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using 5 drops of Phenolphthalein Test- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] JAL 806 
 
 Solution as intlicator, at leasfc 20 c.c. of Half -Normal Volimietric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution should be required, indicating a limit of saponifiable substances, 
 U.S. P. 
 
 TINCTURA JALAPiE. Tincture op Jalap. 
 
 A Tincture obtained by treating Jalap in No. 40 powder with 
 Alcohol (70 p.c), and standardising it to contain 1*5 grammes of the 
 Resin in 100 ml. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 1 in 50 from Resin ; Port., 
 1 and 5 by weight. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Jalap has a specific gravity of 0*905 to 0*910 ; 
 contains about 3 '5 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 68 "0 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 1*45 or more than 
 1 '55 p.c. w/v of Jalap Resin, as determined by evaporating a measured 
 quantity of 10 ml. of the Tincture until a concentrated solution is 
 produced, pouring this concentrated solution into 8 times its volume 
 of Distilled Water, collecting the Resin, washing it witli Distilled 
 Water and drying at a gentle heat ; the residue should weigh not less 
 than 0*145 or more than 0*155 gramme. 
 
 TINCTURA JALAPiE COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture of 
 Jalap. (New.) 
 
 Jalap, 8; Scammony Resin, 1*5; Turpeth, 1; all in powder; 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), to make 100, by percolation. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1*8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Fr., Mex., Port, and Span., similar to above ; Belg., Jalap 1, Scammony 
 1 • 5, Tincture of Ginger 2-5, Alcohol (80 p.c.) 950 ; Swiss, Jalap 10, Scammony 
 10, Diluted Spirit, to 100. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Jalap has a specific gravity of 
 about 0*924, it contains about 4 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 
 60 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA JALAP/E CUM RHEO (6'<. T/io?>ias's).— Jalap Resin, J grain ; 
 Compound Tincture of Rhubarb, 10 minims ; Tragacanth, ^ grain ; SjTup 
 of Ginger, 5 minims ; Glycerin, 10 minims ; Caraway Water, to 1 fl. di'm. 
 
 Powder the Resin, mix with the Tragacanth, add the Tinctvu-e and then 
 the other ingredients in the order given. Dose. — 1 fl. drm. for a child 1 year 
 old. 
 
 Note. — The Extract of Jalap (B.P. 1898) varied considerably in strength, 
 hence the Resin of Jalap is used, with Tragacanth to suspend it. 
 
 PILULA JALAP>!E. — Jalap Soap, 3; Powdered Jalap, 1. — Ger. 
 
 SAPO JALAPINUS. — Resin of Jalap, 1 ; Soap, 1. — Ger., Jap., Siviss. 
 Jalap, 1 ; Medicated Soap, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 2. — Russ. 
 
806 JAM [Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 JAMBUL. 
 
 The Seeds of Eugenia Jambolana, Lam., which have been used in India 
 and this coiuitry for reducing the amount of Sugar in diabetes. 
 
 The dose should be large, 1 drm. to 1 oz. or more daily. 
 
 It can also be given in the form of fluid extract (1 in 1). Dose, 10 to 
 GO minims = 0-6 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 JEQUIRITY. 
 
 The Seeds of Ahrus precatorius, L. 
 
 Infusum Abri, 8 of the seeds to 100 of Water at 120° F., has been used 
 in the treatment of granular lids ; it sets up a purulent conjunctivitis, varying 
 in intensity with the strength and frequency of the applications. A somewhat 
 dangerous remedy. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcBias. — ^Oflicial in Span. 
 
 Jequiritol. — A sul)stance allied to Abrin, supialied in sterile solution, 
 containing 50 p. c. of Glycerin; when controlled by Jequiritol Serum, it 
 is the best remedy for corneal opacity. 
 
 The root has been used in many hot countries for the same pvirpose as 
 Liquorice-root, hence it is called Indian Liquorice, but considering the luiown 
 poisonous character of the seed the title is dangerously misleading. 
 
 Not Official. 
 J U G L A N S. 
 
 The Root-bark of Juglans cinerea, Linn. (Butternut), collected in autumn. 
 
 A mild cathartic, vised in the form of Extractum Juglandis, prepared 
 with Dilute Alcohol, dose, 5 to 10 grains = 0'32 to 0*65 gramme, and Jug- 
 landin, an eclectic remedy, used in doses of 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 Not now Official in U.S. 
 
 FOLIA JUGLANDIS. — The Leaves of Juglans regia, L. (Walnut), are 
 Official in Austr., Belg., Gcr., Mex., and Span. (Hoja de Nogal) ; Belg. 
 has also a fluid extract. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM JUGLANDIS.— From the inner bark of the root. 
 Made with Alcohol (49 p. c), 1 c.c. of fluid extract represents 1 gramme of 
 drug. — U.S.N.F. Cathartic. Average Dose. — 1 fl. drm. = 3- 6 c.c. 
 
 SPIRITUS NUCIS JUGLANDIS.— A distilled preparation from the 
 Wahiut (Juglans Regia). 
 
 Aromatic bitter, astringent. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4fl. drm. := 3- 6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 JUNIPERI OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF JUNIPER. 
 
 Fn., Essence de Genievre ; Ger., Wacholderul ; Ital., Essenza 
 
 DI GiNEPRO. 
 
 A colourless, or pale yellow or yellowisli-green oily liquid, having 
 a characteristic odour, and balsamic, burning and somewhat bitter 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] JUN 807 
 
 taste. It is the volatile oil distilled from Frmt of Juniferus communis, 
 L., and rectified. The Fruits should be ripe. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint, 
 and protected as far as possible from air and light. The Oil has a 
 tendency to resinify on keeping, and old Oil is more viscid, has an acrid 
 reaction, and has a somewhat rancid odour. The solubility is also 
 affected, the Oil becoming less soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The Oil contains the terpene Pinene, boiling point 156° C. (312*8° F.), 
 the sesquiterpene, Cadinene, boiling point 274° C. (525 • 2° F.), and 
 Juniper Camphor, and an Ester, boiling point 180° C. (356° F.). 
 
 Empyreumatic Oil of Juniper is given under Cadini Oleum, p. 329. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 20 of Alcohol (90 p.c), but it does not become 
 quite clear ; it mixes with equal parts of Absolute Alcohol, but if 
 more Alcohol be added it becomes turbid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Carminative, antispasmodic, and a 
 stimulating diuretic, the latter property constituting its cliief medicinal 
 value. Used in cardiac and hepatic dropsical cases, either alone 
 or combined with other diuretics ; should not be used in acute Bright's 
 disease. 
 
 Dose.— I to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0*18 ml. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparation. — Spiritus Juniperi. 
 
 Not Official. — Species Juniperi, Spiritus Juniperi Conipositus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Jap., sp. gr. 0-865 
 to 0-880; Fr. (Genievre) and Ital. (Essenza di Ginepro), sp. gr. 
 0-865 to 0--885; Ger., sp. gr. 0-860 to 0-880; Hung., sp. gr. 0-60 to 0-70; 
 Port. (Essencia de Zimbro), sp.gr. 0-855 to 0-879; Norw. and Swiss, 
 sp. gr. 0-860 to 0-885 ; U.S., sp. gr. 0-860 to 0-880 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 The Fruit is official in Ger., Hung., Ital., Russ., Swed. and Norw. Ger. 
 has also Succus Juniperi inspissatus. Ital. has an extract. Swed. has a sj-^rup. 
 
 Tests. — Juniper Oil has a specific gravity of 0"865 to 0"890, but as 
 pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion, these 
 figures are increased by exposm'e to air or by age. The B.P. gives the 
 specific gravity as 0*862 to 0*890, and now officially recognises that 
 the gravity is increased with age. The U.S. P. gives 0*860 to 0-880 
 at 25°C.(77°F.); the P.G., 0*860 to 0*880. The influence of age on the 
 Solubility of the Oil was remarked upon in the Eighteenth Edition of 
 Squire's Companion, and is now officially recognised, the B.P. requiring 
 that the Oil should dissolve, when freshly distilled, in 4 volumes of a 
 mixture consisting of equal parts of Absolute Alcohol and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), but it becomes less soluble with age. It is Ijevogyrate, having 
 an optical rotation of — 3° to — 12° in a tube of 100 mm. ; B.P. gives 
 - 3° to - 15°. It has a Eefractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) of 1*471 
 to 1*480 ; the B.P. gives 1*472 to 1*488 at this temperature. 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are Turpentine Oil, 
 Juniper Wood Oil and Alcohol. Of these. Alcohol is the only one 
 readily detected. The first fraction of the oil when warmed with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution and sufficient Iodine Solution to ensure 
 a slight but distinct excess, should yield no yellow crystalline precipitate 
 
808 KAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] 
 
 or distinct odour of Iodoform, indicating the absence of Alcohol. 
 Turpentine Oil and Juniper Wood Oil are detected by the alteration 
 in the physical constants of the oil. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SPIRITUS JUNIPERI. Spirit of Juniper. (Altered.) 
 
 Oil of Juniper, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), qs. to yield 10. If not bright, 
 
 filter through Talc. (1 in 10.) 
 Now 1 in 10, was 1 in 20 in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., 1 in 50 ; by weight ; U.S., 
 1 in 20 ; Austr., Ger. and Swiss, 1 fruit in 4, bv distillation ; Port, and U.S. 
 have a compound spirit. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Juniper has a specific gravity of about 0*835 ; 
 it yields about 0*7 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 89 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPECIES JUNIPERI {Norw.).— Anise, 10; Liquorice, 10; Juniper, 80. 
 
 SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS (C/.5.).— Oil of Juniper, 0-4 ; Oil 
 of Caraway, 005; Oil of Fennel, 0-05; Alcohol (95 p.c), 70; Water, q.s. 
 to make 100. 
 
 KALADANA. 
 
 KALADANA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Pharbitis Seeds, 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried seeds of Ipomcea hederacea, Jacq. 
 
 It was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cathartic, resembling Jalap in action. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 45 grains = 2'0 to 3*0 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Pulvis Kaladanae Compositus, Tinctura Kala- 
 danfe, Kaladante Resina. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The plant that yields these seeds, Ipowoca 
 hederacea, Jacq., has as synonyms Ipomcea coerulea Kon and Pharbitis 
 Nil Choisy (the specific name being in allusion to the blue floAvers), hence 
 the B.P. synonym, Pharbitis seeds. The seed, like man)?- of those of the 
 ConvolvulacecB, resembles a segment of a sphere in form and is generally 
 about 5 mm. (1 inch) in length and nearly as much in breadth, and 
 has a black colour except at the hilum, where it is brown. When 
 soaked in water the testa bursts, and a thin layer of albumen con- 
 taining much mucilage is disclosed, surrounding the embryo, the 
 cotyledons of which are plaited, and contain minute dark cells 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] KAL 809 
 
 euclusiug II yellowish oil (dark resin cells, B.F.), but lias no dis- 
 tinct odour. The microscopic features of the testa of the seeds are : 
 epithelial cells with conical projections, a single layer of quadrangular 
 cells, a layer of radially elongated prismatic cells and a zone of irregu- 
 larly compressed parenchymatous cells. The cotyledons are formed 
 of polygonal cells, with oil cavities. The seeds imported into this 
 country are apparently of mixed character, which is to be expected 
 since the seeds of Ipomoea muricata Jacq. imported from Persia, are more 
 common than those of /. carulea Kon in Bombay, and are also called 
 Kaladana by the natives. The Leguminous purgative seeds of Clitorea 
 ternatea L., which are confounded in some native works on medicine, Avitli 
 kaladana have also appeared in some samples in this country. But 
 the Clitorea seeds are so different in shape and colour that they can 
 easily be distinguished by sight. They are rather more than \ inch 
 long and resemble vetch seeds, and are mottled with green and black. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PULVIS KALADANA COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder op 
 Kaladana. (New.) 
 
 Kaladana, 3 ; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 6 ; Ginger, 1 ; all in 
 powder. (3 in 10.) 
 
 i Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0*65 to i'O grammes. 
 
 TINCTURA KALADANA. Tincture of Kaladana. (New.) 
 
 Kaladana in No. 40 powder, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), q.s. to produce 
 5 ; by percolation. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1 -8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 KALADANiE RESINA. Kaladana Resin. B.P.Syn. Phar- 
 bitisin. • (New.) 
 
 The mixed Resins extracted from Kaladana, with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 concentrating the solution and pouring it into 8 times its volume of 
 Distilled Water and purifying the precipitated Resin by washing it 
 with Distilled Water. 
 
 Opaque brittle, readily pulverisable brownish fragments, translucent 
 at the edges, possessing at first a sweetish and then an acid taste and 
 a disagreeable odour. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0-13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Kaladana Resin should dissolve readily and completely in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). A 1 in 100 solution of the Resin in Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, when boiled for a few moments, cooled and acidified wnth 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should be at the most opalescent, but not imme- 
 diately turbid, indicating the absence of certain other Resins. The 
 filtrate obtained on triturating 1 gramme of the pow^dered Resin with 
 20 ml. of Distilled Water and filtering, should be practically colourless, 
 indicating the absence of Water-soluble impurities. 
 
810 KAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Wot Official. 
 KAMALA. 
 
 Byn. — Glandule Rottler^. 
 
 A fine, granular, mobile, brick-red powder, consisting of tlie minute glands 
 and hairs obtained from the surface of the Fruits of Mallotus Philippinensis, 
 Mull. Arg. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost insoluble in Water, but about 60 p.c. of a sample 
 (containing 6 p.c. of ash) was soluble in Absolute Alcohol, in Chloroform, and 
 in Ether ; and was for the most part soluble in Liquor Potassae. 
 
 Anthelmintic and pm"gative. Successfully given in tasnia, in doses of .30 
 to 120 grains = 2 to 8 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The powder is usually given suspended in Gruel, 
 Mucilage, Treacle, or Syrup ; or it may be prescribed along with Liq. Ext. of 
 Male Fern. A jjurgative should precede and, if need be, follotv. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (10 p.c. of 
 ash), Ger., Ital., Jap., Russ., Swed. and Swiss (6 p.c. of ash) ; Hung, has also 
 Kamala Depiu-atum ; Port. (8 p.c. of ash), Mex. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Kamala consists of the red glands coating the 
 fruits of Mallotus Phillipinensis, Mull. It forms a mobile, reddish powder 
 containing minute yellowi.sh fragments of the fruits, and stellate hairs. 
 
 The glands contain resinous matter and are therefore readily inflammable 
 like Lycopodium, and like it floats on water. This property can be taken 
 advantage of to detect adulterations with mineral matter, since it is often 
 heavily adulterated with sand, which, when the Kamala is stirred in a glass 
 of water, readily sinks to the bottom, leaving the pure Kamala floating. 
 
 Pure Kamala yields only l'37p.c. of ash, but samples have been met 
 with in commerce yielding from 10-60 p.c. of ash, on ignition. 
 
 Under the microscope, the structure of the glands is not visible until the 
 red resinous colouring matter has been dissolved out by alcohol, alkalies, or 
 solution of Chloral Hydrate. The gland is then seen to consist of a globular 
 but depressed membraiive containing from 20-60 club-shaped cells radiating, 
 with the thick end outwards, from a short not easily visible central cell. 
 Mixed with these glands are stellate hairs, the rays of which are one-celled 
 and thick-walled. Pure Kamala should yield to Ether Alcohol or Chloro- 
 form nearly 80 p.c. of Resin. The ethereal solution on spontaneous evaporation 
 yields Rottlerin in minute yellowish platy crystals with a satiny lusti'e, but 
 the resinous contents of the gland are not soluble in Petroleum Ether nor in 
 Water. 
 
 TINCTURA KAMAL/E.— Kamala, 1; Alcohol (60 p.c), .'>. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 KAOLINUM. 
 
 ICAOLIN. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — China Clay ; Porcelain Clay. 
 
 A native Aluminium Silicate, powdered, and from which the gritty 
 particles have been removed by elutriation. 
 
 A fine white clay, derived from the decomposition of the felspar of 
 granitic rocks ; extensive tracts of it occur in Cornwall. When finely 
 ground and washed it is used as a form of Fuller's Earth. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] KAO 811 
 
 Has been used in Germany for many years as an excipient for pills 
 of the easily reducible salts of metals, such as Gold Chloride, Silver Nitrate, 
 and Potassium Permanganate ; but a mixture of Paraffins answers better. 
 See Massa Paraffini, p. 985. It is also employed for clarifying Wine, 
 Beer, and Syrups. 
 
 Not Official. — Cataplasma Kaolini, Unguentum Kaolini, Massa Kaolini. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Ger., Hung., 
 Jap. and Swiss (Bolus Alba) ; Dan., Norw., Swed. and U.S. (Kaolinvim). 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Kaolin is insoluble in Distilled Water, or in diluted acids. 
 When fused with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide or Carbonate, and 
 the fused product, when cold treated with Distilled Water, it yields 
 a solution, which, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, affords a gelatinous 
 precipitate of Silica ; and if the liquid be evaporated to dryness, 
 redissolved in Distilled Water, and filtered, the filtered liquid yields 
 with Ammonia Solution a wliite gelatinous precipitate, insoluble in 
 excess of the reagent, soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. Another 
 portion of the filtrate yields with either Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, a white gelatinous precipitate, soluble in an excess of the 
 reagent. The U.S. P. mixes 1 gramme of Kaolin with 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water and 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, evaporates the mixture to 
 dryness, and heats the residue until fumes of Sulphuric Acid Anhydride 
 appear. When the residue is cooled, treated with 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, boiled for a few minutes and filtered, a grey insoluble deposit 
 of impure Silica remains on the filter. The addition of the Sulphuri'- 
 Acid to the mixture of Kaolin and Water should cause no effervescence, 
 indicating the absence of Carbonates. The U.S. P. includes a test 
 for the absence of more than traces of Iron by mixing 2 grammes 
 of the Kaolin with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 0* 5 gramme of Sodium 
 Salicylate, and requires that not more than a slight reddish tint shall 
 be produced. The non-volatile residue left on ignition at a red heat 
 should amount to not less than 85 p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CATAPLASMA KAOLINI. — Kaolin, in very fine powder, 577; Boric 
 Acid, 45 ; Thymol, | ; Methyl Salicylate, 2 ; Oil of Peppermint, i ; Glycerin, 
 375 ; all by weight, U.S. P. Heat the Kaolin in a suitable vessel at 100^ C. 
 (212° F.) with occasional stirring for one hour, well mix with the Boric 
 Acid, and then incorporate thoroughly with the Glycerin ; finally add 
 the Thymol which has been dissolved in the Methyl Salicylate and the Oil 
 of Peppermint, and make a homogeneoiis mass, which should be kept in an 
 air-tight container. 
 
 The U.S. Dispensatory states that the quantity of Glycerin will be found 
 insufficient for some kinds of Kaolin. 
 
 UNGUENTUM KAOLINI.— Soft Paraffin, 1 ; Hard Paraffin, 1 ; meh, 
 and add Kaolin, 1 ; stir till cold. 
 
 This has been proposed as a basis for pills containing Silver Nitrai^e or 
 Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 A very great improvement upon it is the following : — 
 
 MASSA KAOLINI.— Soft Paraffin, 2; Hard Paraffin (m. p. 120° F.), 1 : 
 Kaolin, 1. This will make a good mass with three times its weight of 
 Potassixun Permanganate. 
 
812 KAV [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A mixture of Hard Paraffin (melting point 120° F.), 1 ; with Soft Paraffin, 
 1 h ; answers even better, and will make a good mass with four times its weight 
 of Permanganate. See Massa Paraffini, p. 985. 
 
 KAV^ RHIZOMA. 
 
 KAVA RHIZOME. [ 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The decorticated, dried and divided Rhizome of Piper Metliysticum, 
 S'orst. fil. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for the Australian Colonies, and is 
 now included in B.P. 1914. It appeared as ' Not Official ' in Companion 1890. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Spinal depressant, causing loss of 
 muscular power ; diuretic ; used in chronic catarrhal conditions of 
 the urinary organs. Used by the inhabitants of the Polynesian Isles 
 in the preparation of an intoxicating liquor. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Extractum Kavse Liquidum. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The drug as met with in English commerce 
 consists of a large woody, starchy rhizome cut into irregular pieces 
 from 1 to 4 inches (2*5 to 10 cm.) in diameter. It is furnished with a 
 thin grey bark and sometimes has portions of the roots attached to it. 
 The transverse section is white, and exhibits, next to the bark, a deep 
 ring of narrow vascular bundles separated from each other by broad 
 medullary rays, surrounding a large spongy starchy pith in which 
 scattered vascular bundles are visible. It has a slightly pungent, 
 faintly bitter taste, and a characteristic flavour recalUng the odour 
 of lilac. It contains about 40 p.c. of Starch and yields about 2 to 5 p.c. 
 of ash. 
 
 The chief diagnostic characteristics are the scattered vascular 
 bundles in the pith and the lilac flavour. When roots are present the 
 thin vascular bundles become free, and form slender tough woody 
 laminae about y^ to -^q inch (2 to 2*5 mm.) in diameter, which gives 
 them quite a characteristic appearance. 
 
 Its ansesthetic properties are due to the resin Lewinin, which, if 
 placed upon the tongue, has the property of preventing the bitter 
 taste being perceived. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EXTRACTUM KAViE LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of Kava. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 Kava Bhizome, in No. 20 powder, 1 ; treated first with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and subsequently with Alcohol (45 p.c.) to yield 1 of Liquid 
 Extract (1 in 1). 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 An Extract, prepared with diluted Alcohol, has been used as a hypnotic, 
 dose 1 to 5 grains = 0*06 to 0'32 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] KER 813 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Kava has a specific gravity of about 
 0-861 ; it contains about 6 p.c, w/v of total solids, and about 80 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 KERATIN. 
 
 A substance introduced by Dr. Unna for coating pills which are intended 
 to pass the stomach and act in the small intestine. It is made by digestiiig 
 horn shavings, first in artificial gastric juice (acidified Pepsin Solution), until 
 all the albuminous substances have been dissolved, and treating the residue 
 with Ammonia Solution. The ammoniacal solution, when evaporated, yields 
 a gum-like liquid, which can be used for coating pills. The coating, although 
 unaffected by Hydrochloric Acid, is soluble to some extent in Acetic and 
 Citric Acids, which should therefore not be given at the same time. 
 
 LIQUOR KERATINI.— Prepared Keratin, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 5 ; Strong 
 Solution of Ammonia, 5 ; mix the Alcohol and Ammonia and dissolve the 
 Keratin. 
 
 This makes a good coating, and dries quickly. It is better to give the 
 pills a thin coating of Oil of Theobroma, two coatings of Keratin, and then 
 varnish. 
 
 KINO. 
 
 KINO. 
 
 The juice obtained from incisions in the trunk of Pterocarpus 
 Marsupiuni, Roxb., heated to boiling and evaporated to dryness. 
 
 It is known in commerce as East Indian, Malabar, IVIadras, or Cochin Kino. 
 
 B.P. states that in India and the Eastern Divisions of the Empire Butea 
 Gum may be used in the Official preparations in the place of Kino. 
 
 Solubility. — Gradually, but not entirely soluble in cold Waters 
 more readily in boiling Water, almost completely soluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful astringent. Employed in 
 obstinate diarrhoea and dysentery in the form of compound powder 
 or with chalk ; also in passive haemorrhage. Externally as a styptic. 
 
 Pyrosis rarely found to resist the action of 5 to 10 grains of the compound 
 powder several times a day. — B.M.J. '09, i. 264. 
 
 Dose, in powder, 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 "3 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given in the form of the compound 
 po"wder ; it may be administered in the form of cachets. The Tincture is 
 useful in gargles and tooth-washes, the Lozenge, containing 2 grains, for 
 throat affections. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Mineral Acids, Alkalis and Carbonates, metalUc salts and 
 Gelatin. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Pulvis Kino Compositus and Tinctura Kino. 
 Contained in Pulvis Catechu Compositus. 
 
 Kino Eucalyptus (see p. 815) and Butea Gum {see p. 325) have now 
 been included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Jap., Port., Swiss and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
814 KIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The official Kino is distinguislied in com- 
 merce as East Indian, Malabar, Madras, or Cochin Kino, it being often 
 shipped from the last named port. The official drug is in small 
 angular, glistening, reddish-black, brittle, opaque fragments, which in 
 thin splinters have transparent and ruby-red edges. It has no odour, 
 is very astringent, and when chewed tinges the saliva red. 
 
 Tests. — Kino is officially stated to be slowly but not completely 
 soluble in cold Water, and that not less than 75 p.c. should be soluble 
 in boiling Water. Only 88 grains out of 100 grains of Tellicherri Kino 
 are dissolved by cold Water, and 35 grains of Isinglass will precipitate 
 the whole of the astringent matter from the solution. Compared 
 with Pale Catechu it is more soluble in Water, and the solution is more 
 astringent. The U.S. P. says slowly soluble in cold Water. The 
 B.P. states that it is almost entirely soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and almost entirely insoluble in Ether ; the U.S. P. that it is soluble 
 in Alcohol (94 "9 p.c), and nearly insoluble in Ether. A very dilute 
 aqueous solution yields a greenish-black precipitate on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and a 5 p.c. aqueous solution yields 
 a bulky reddish precipitate on the addition of dilute mineral acids. 
 The ash varies from 1 to 2 p.c. ; and is officially required not to exceed 
 2-5 p.c 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PULVIS KINO COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder of Kino. 
 Kino, 15 ; Opium, 1 ; Cinnamon Bark, 4 ; all in powder. 
 Keep it in a well-closed vessel. (1 ^V'^^^ ^^ ^0.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to I'o grammes. 
 
 TINCTURA KINO. Tincture of Kino. 
 
 Kino, in powder, 2 ; Glycerin, 3 ; Distilled W^ater, 5 ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 20. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Mix the Glycerin and Water and add it gradually to the Ivino with tritura- 
 tion ; add half the Alcohol and shake at intervals for 12 hours, filter, and wash 
 the filter with the remainder of the Alcohol. 
 
 As gelatinisation is probably due to an enzjrme, the following formula 
 has been proposed : Kino, 2 oz. ; Boiling Water, 10 fl. oz. Add the Kino 
 to the Water in a suitable vessel, and maintain the whole at or near the 
 temperature of 100° C. for fifteen minutes, agitating frequently. Allow 
 to cool, replace the Water lost by evaporation, add Alcohol (90 p.c.) 10 fl. oz., 
 and set aside for twelve hours ; then strain. — P.J. '03, ii. 702. 
 
 Rub 5 of Kino and 1 of Purified Talc with 1.5 of Glycerin and 20 of Distilled 
 Water ; transfer to a flask and weigh ; heat it on a water-bath for one hour 
 and, after cooling, add Water to make up any loss ; then add 65 of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), mix and filter through Purified Cotton, and pass through the cotton 
 Alcohol (95 p.c.) q.s. to make 100.— U.S. P. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Swiss, 1 in 5, by weight ; U.S., 
 1 in 20, see below. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Kino has a specific gravity of • 988 to • 990 ; 
 contains from 22*0 to 25 '0 p.c. w/v of total solids ; and about 50 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] KIN 815 
 
 KINO EUCALYPTI. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS KINO, 
 B.P.Syn. Eucalyptus Gum ; Red Gom. 
 
 A ruby-coloured exudation, or so-called Red Gum, from the stem of 
 various species of Eucalyptus. Imported from Australia. 
 
 The name has been altered from Eucalypti Gummi to Kino Eucalypti. 
 
 Under the name of Gummi Rubruin this has been ' Not Official ' in Squire's 
 Companion since 1871. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent, principally used in 
 diarrhoea, dysentery, and relaxed throat. 
 
 This Gum adheres with great pertinacity to the mucous siu"faces, and it is 
 probably on this account that its astringency is more effective than that of 
 Catechu, I^no, etc., although it contains less astringent matter. 
 
 B.P. Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = O'S to 1'2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in the form of Tincture, Fluid Extract, or 
 Lozenges ; it may also he given in cachets or in pills massed with Dispensing 
 Syrup q.s. The Tincture mixes with Water and does not require Mucilage. 
 The Fluid Extract is an excellent styptic ; injected into the nostril, at once 
 stays bleeding of the nose ; a iablespoonful in a pint of Water forms an astringent 
 injection for the vagina or rectum ; it also forms an astringent lotion for 
 the eyes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Trochiscus Ivino Eucalypti. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractinn Gtunmi Rubri Liquidmn, Suppositoria Gummi 
 Rubri, Sjrrupus Gummi Rubri, Syrupus Eucalypti Rostratse, Tinctura Gummi 
 Rubri, Trochiscus Eucaljrpti Compositus, Trochiscus Gummi Rubri (Squire). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Although one variety of Eucalyptus Kino 
 is known as Red Gum in wholesale commerce, it is often called in 
 retail commerce by the more appropriate name of Eucalyptus Kino. 
 The B.P. states that it is obtained from the stem of various species 
 of Eucalyptus. According to Mr. H. G. Smith {P.J. (4), 23, p. 101) 
 Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Br., yields the best obtainable in commercial 
 quantities, the Kino of E. rostrata being not so astringent, and its 
 Tincture gelatinises. Eucalyptus Kinos contain two tannins, one 
 giving a green colour with Ferric Chloride, and not gelatinising, and 
 the other giving a purple colour and gelatinising when kept {see 
 Proc. Roy. Soc. N.S. Wales, June and Aug., 1904). The fragments 
 or grains are described in the B.P. as transparent and ruby red, some- 
 what tough, adhering to the teeth and tinging the saliva red. It 
 should be soluble to the extent of 80 to 90 p.c. in cold Water and 
 almost entirely in 90 p.c. Alcohol. The Eucalyptus Kino of commerce 
 is often blackish and opaque and consists of the natural product of 
 the trees, but there is a preparation obtainable which is made in 
 Australia by boiling down the fresh juice collected from incisions 
 made in the bark of the tree. This is usually distinguished under the 
 name of ' Red Gum ' in commerce and the B.P. characters apply to it. 
 The Tincture does not gelatinise. It is used especially in ' Red Gum * 
 lozenges on account of its purity and ready solubility. Euealyptus 
 
816 KOL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Gum or Kino that is allowed to dry on the tree or is picked out of 
 the wood is often largely insoluble in Water, owing apparently to the 
 action of an oxydase which is only destroyed by boiling. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TROCHISCUS KINO EUCALYPTI. Eucalyptus Kino Lozenge. 
 B.P.Syn. — Red Gum Lozenge, Eucalyptus Gum Lozenge. 
 
 Contains 0*06 gramme = rather less than 1 grain of Eucalyptus 
 Kino, in each, with Fruit basis. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GUMMI RUBRI LIQUIDUM.— Red Gum, 7; Water, 
 21 ; dissolve, strain, and add Alcohol (90 p. c), 2. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to .3- 6 ml., in a wineglassful of Water. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA GUMMI RUBRI.— Powdered Red Gum, 5 grains; 
 Extract Nux Vomica, 1 grain ; Cocoa-imt Stearin, q.s. to make one 
 suppository. 
 
 SYRUPUS GUMMI RUBRI.— Liquid Extract, 20 ; Sugar, 12 ; dissolve. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 SYRUPUS EUCALYPTI ROSTRAT/E (Pharmacy Board of Victoria 
 {CD. '06, i. 110)). — Red Gum of Eucalyptus rostrata, 800 grains; Boiling 
 Distilled Water, 9 J oz. ; Refined Sugar, 16 oz. ; Oil of Eucalyptus, 30 minims ; 
 Mucilage of Acacia, 4 fl. drm. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA GUMMI RUBRI.— Gum, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4; digest 
 and strain. Mixes with Water without becoming turbid. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 40 minims = 1-2 to 2-4 ml. 
 
 1 part of this with 6 or 8 parts of Water for a gargle. 
 
 TROCHISCUS EUCALYPTI COMPOSITUS {Throat). — 2 grains of 
 Potassium Chlorate, J grain of Powdered Cubebs and 1 grain of Red Gum 
 in each. 
 
 TROCHISCUS GUMMI RUBRI (-Sgwire).— Made with Rose Paste. This 
 lozenge, which has been in use for about forty years, differs in appearance 
 and flavour from that introduced into the B.P, 
 
 Useful for relaxed throat, also recommended as a preventive of sea-sickness. 
 
 Not Official. 
 KOLA. 
 
 Kola nuts are imported from West Africa, and to some extent from the 
 West Indies. The so-called nuts consist of seeds freed from the seed coats, 
 and are sometimes broken up into two cotyledons or into four. These are 
 derived, according to Schumann, from two different species, those having two 
 cotyledons, carmine red when fresh, from Cola vera, Schum., and those with 
 four cotyledons, sometimes red and sometimes white when fresh, from C. 
 acuminata. According to Chevalier the red Kola nut of Ashanti, Gold 
 Coast and Ivory Coast is yielded by Cola astrophora, the white Kola of 
 the Ngans l>y Cola alba. The ordinary Kola, which has red and white 
 seeds on the same tree and often in the same pod, is a hybrid of these two 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] KRA 817 
 
 species, but is the most widely sj^read and most largely cultivated. The 
 seeds of C. lejndota, Schum., are also used by the natives, but there is no 
 evidence that they are exported. 
 
 The Seeds contain 1 to 2-5 p.c. of Caffeine, to which it owes its virtues, 
 also a glucoside Kolanin. 
 
 Dose. — Of the seeds, 10 to 30 grains. 
 
 A proprietary article is also sold under this name. Various preparations 
 have been made, i.e., Kola-Chocolate, Kola Elixir, Kola Wafers, Kola 
 Wine, also Fluid Extract. 
 
 Kola is Official in the Fr. Codex (1908), and is required to contain at least 
 1-25 p.c. of Caffeine; an Extract which is required to contain at least 
 10 p.c. of Caffeine, and a Fluid Extract, which is required to contain at 
 least 1-25 p.c. w/w of Caffeine, are also Official. 
 
 In cases of fatigue in the natives of those parts of Africa where it is 
 indigenous it exerts an energetic action, whereas preparations of Kola made 
 in Eui'ope from the di'ied nuts are much less active. The fresh nuts and the 
 extract obtained therefrom contain a phenolic compound, Kolatine, which 
 exerts an action entirely different from that of Caffeine, to which the medicinal 
 properties of Kola in fatigue have hitherto been ascribed. 
 
 Teinture de Cola (1 to 5 of Alcohol 60 p.c), is Official in Fr. ; Swiss 
 (Extractum ColaB Fluidum), contains 1-5 p.c. of Caffeine and Theo- 
 bromine, also (Vinum Colae) 5 of Fluid Extract and 95 of Vinum 
 Meridianum Austermn ; Span., Alcoholic Extract, with Alcohol 70 p.c. 
 (Tintura Alcoholica de Kola), 1 Kola in 10 with Alcohol 70 p.c, and 
 (Vino de Kola) 1 of Kola in 10 of Sherry. All by weight. 
 
 KOUSSO. See CUSSO. 
 
 KRAMERIJE RADIX. 
 
 KRAMERIA ROOT. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Rhatany Root. 
 
 Fb., Ratanhia t)tr Perdu; Ger., Ratanhiawurzel ; Ital., Ratania ; 
 Span., Ratania. 
 
 The dried Root of Para Rhatany, a species of Krameria, attributed 
 to Krameria argentea, Mart., and of Peruvian Rhatany, Krameria 
 triandra, R. and P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful astringent ; tonic. Used 
 in chronic diarrhoea ; in passive haemorrhages and mucous discharges, 
 as menorrhagia and leucorrhoea ; and generally where Tannin and 
 Catechu are beneficial. The infusion is used as a gargle in relaxed 
 sore tliroat ; one teaspoonful of the tincture in a wineglassful of water 
 is an excellent wash for spongy and inflamed gums, or stomatitis 
 due to Mercury. Locally, in form of suppository with Opium or 
 Morphine, it is used in prolapsus ani, anal fissure, and bleeding piles. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 60 grains = 1'3 to 4 grammes, in powder, 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis, Lime Water, Iron and Lead salts. Gelatin. 
 
818 KRA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Kramerije, Infusuni l\jameriaE!, 
 Tinctura Krameriie, Trochiscus liramerise and Trochiscus Krameriae et 
 Cocaina?. Contained in Pulvis Catechu Compositus. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractum Krameriae, Goss5rpium Kjamerise, Infu- 
 suni Ivramerise Concentratum, Lotio lirameriae Composita, Suppositorium 
 Krameriffi and Syrupus Ivrameriae. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap. (Rhatany Root), Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss 
 (Ratanhia); Mex. (Crameria) ; Ital., Port, and Span. (Ratania) ; U.S. 
 (Krameria). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The roots of two species are Official in 
 the B.P. Peruvian Rhatany, the root of Krameria triandra, Ruiz 
 and Pavon, is distinguished by having a large woody crown, often 
 2 or more in. in diameter, giving oS several tapering cylindrical 
 roots. These are tough and not easily broken, of a dark brownish- 
 red colour, the rough bark having a splintery fracture, and readily 
 separating from the woody centre, which is of a yellowish colour. 
 Para Rhatany is derived (probably, B.P.) from Krameria argentea, 
 Martins ; it consists of cylindrical roots, 12 to 18 in. (30 to 45 cm.) 
 long and J to g in. (6 to 8 mm.) in diameter (thickness not exceeding 
 IT) mm., B.P.), has a i>urplish-brown colour, and smooth thick bark, 
 cracked transversely at intervals, with a short fracture, and adhering 
 closely to the reddish -brown wood. The bark of both kinds is very 
 astringent, and when chewed the root tinges the saliva red, but the 
 woody portion is almost tasteless. The powder of Peruvian Rhatany 
 is lighter in colour than that of the Para drug, and is characterised 
 by conical or pear-shaped Starch grains, often arranged in a stellate 
 form or in groups of tliree or four, by the flattened bast fibres, by the 
 prismatic crystals of Calcium Oxalate in the bast parenchyma, and 
 by the arrangement of bast fibres which, instead of forming extended 
 groups, are dispersed irregularly. Formerly a variety known as 
 Savanilla Rhatany was imported, resembling the Para in appearance, 
 but of a paler purplish tint, and thicker bark, being one-third to a 
 (juarter of the thickness of the wood. It can be distinguished by thin 
 sections of the root giving a violet colour when moistened with a Ferrous 
 salt, those of the Peruvian sort assuming a greyish hue, and those of 
 Para bluish-black. Savanilla Rhatany is derived from Krameria 
 totnentosa, St. Hil. A so-called Rhatany Root from Guayaquil was 
 offered in commerce a few years ago. It contains cluster crystals 
 of Calcium Oxalate, which do not occur in the other kinds of Rhatany 
 mentioned above. 
 
 Tests. — Elrameria Root yields from 1 to 2 p.c. of ash, and 4 p.c, 
 which is the official limit, should not be exceeded. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM KRAMERIA. Extract of Krameria. B.P.Syn. 
 
 ■ — Extract of Rhatany. 
 
 Prepared from Krameria Root, in No. 10 powder, by exhaustion with 
 Distilled Water and evaporation to dryness. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiire.] KRA 819 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Hung., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ., Span, and U.S. ; Ital. (aqueous) ; Swiss, 
 made with boiling Water ; Belg., Mex. and U.S. have also a Fluid Extract. 
 Not in Ger. or Norw. 
 
 INFUSUM KRAMERI^. Infusion of Krameria. B.P.Syn.— 
 Infusion of Rhatany. 
 
 Krameria Root, bruised, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20. Infuse 
 15 minutes. Strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 This Infusion should be freshly prepared, as it deposits when kept. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Mex., 1 in 50, by weight. 
 Ital., has a decoction. 
 
 TINCTURA KRAMERIiE. Tincture of Krameria. B.P.Sijn. 
 — Tincture of Rhatany. 
 
 4 Krameria Root, in No. 40 powder, percolated witli Alcoliol (60 p.c), 
 to yield 20. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Himg., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 
 1 in 5. All by weight except U.S. Not in Spain. 
 
 Tests. — Krameria Tincture lias a specific gravity of 0*930 to 0*940 ; 
 contains about 5 p.c. w/v of total solids ; and about 58 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 TROCHISCUS KRAMERI.^. Krameria Lozenge. B.P.Syn.— 
 Rhatany Lozenge. 
 
 Contains 0'06 gramme = rather less than 1 grain of Extract of 
 Krameria in each, with Fruit Basis. - 
 
 It is Official in U.S., containing about 1 grain of Extract in each, flavoured 
 with Orange Flower Water. 
 
 TROCHISCUS KRAMERI^E ET COCAIN/E. Krameria and 
 Cocaine Lozenge. B.P.Syn. — Rhatany and Cocaine Lozenge. 
 
 Contains 0*06 gramme = about 1 grain of Extract of Krameria 
 and 0'003 gramme = about -^^ grain of Cocaine Hydrochloride in 
 each, with Fruit Basis. 
 
 Wot Ofiacial. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM KRAMERIyC (C/.6'.). — Krameria, in No. 40 
 powder, 100 ; Diluted Alcohol (49 p.c), q.s. to. produce 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 c.c). 
 
 GOSSYPIUM KRAMERI/E.- Tincture of Rhatany, * fl. oz. ; Glycerin, 
 10 minims ; mix and with it saturate evenly Cotton-Wool, 60 grains, and rhy. 
 
 INFUSUM KRAMERI>e CONCENTRATUM (Farr and Wrighl).— 
 Kraineria, in No. 40 powder, 40; Alcohol (90 p.c), 25; Dilute Chloroform 
 Water (1 to 1000), q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1 • 8 to 3 ■ 6 ml. 
 
 LOTIO KRAMERI/E COMPOSiTA. (Dental.) (Miller's Tincture.) 
 {Oreat Northern). — Cinnamon Oil, 7 niin. ; Peppernaint Oil, 7 min. ; Saccharin, 
 40 gr. ; Benzoic Acid, 40 gr. ; Tincture of Rhatany, 1 oz. ; Alcohol, 3i oz. 
 
820 liAC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SUPPOSITORIUM KRAMERI>E. — Extract of Rhatany, 8 grains; 
 Morphine Hydrochloride, J^ grain ; Stearin, 1 grains. 
 
 Toreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Fr. and Span., 1 gramme of 
 Extract = 15-5 grains in each. 
 
 SYRUPUS KRAMERI/ECf/.^S.).— FIuidextractofKrameria,45; Syrup, 55. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fluid Extract 1, Syrup 9 ; 
 Fr., Extract 25, Water 50, Simple Syrup 975, concentrate to 1000 by weight; 
 Ital., Extract 2, Water 5, Syrup 98, concentrate to 100 by weight; Mex., 
 Extract 25, Syrup 975 ; Sw^ss, 1 of Extract in 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 fl. drm. (4 c.c). 
 
 Not Official. 
 LACCA. 
 
 LAC OR SHELLAC. 
 
 Lac is a Resin secreted by a minute insect of the Coccidce (Hemiptera), 
 formerly known as Coccus Lacca, Kerr and Carteria Lacca Sign., but is now 
 named Tachardia Lacca. The insect is found in the warm moist parts of 
 India, Assam, Sylhet, Burmah and Siam, and feeds gregariously on the twigs 
 and branches of several trees. As each insect secretes a resinous coat whilst 
 in a vertical position, the conglomerated coats of the insects form masses 
 on the branches known as ' stick ' lac. These, when broken up, and washed, 
 form ' seed ' lac. When melted in cylindrical bags over a charcoal fire and 
 dropped on large sections of bamboos ' button ' lac is formed, and when 
 the buttons are spread out on the bamboo with a fresh Aloe leaf ' Shellac ' 
 results. Lac varies in colour, apparently according to the tree on which 
 the insect feeds, and the varieties or ' bloods ' are known as orange, liver, 
 garnet, and ruby lac, orange lac being produced on Schleichera trijuga and 
 garnet lac on Butea Jrondosa and liver lac probably on Ficus reliyiosa. It 
 is not yet certain whether the insects feeding on the different trees are 
 varieties of Tachardia lacca, or rlifferent species. 
 
 White lac is lac bleached by Chlorine, and soon becoines insoluble unless 
 kept under Water. It is used for mending marble. Shellac is used for 
 varnishes, French polish, lacquer and liquid glvie. A solution of it in an 
 aqueous solution of Borax is employed in making liquid colours for artists, 
 and acid proof labels for laboratory bottles. Shellac is often adulterated 
 with Rosin, sometimes up to 25 p.c. Lac contains about 75 of a Resin, 
 6 p.c. of a hard Wax and about 10 p.c. of a red colouring matter called 
 Laccainic Acid, which is precipitated from the Water in which Stick Lao 
 is washed, in the form of a deposit or lake. This colour was formerly used 
 to dye soldiers' coats as the colour was not altered by perspiration. Lac 
 lake was formerly sold in small square cakes, but is no longer used in this 
 country. The red colouring matter is contained in the bodies of the insects 
 which are set free when the stick lac is broken up into seed lac. 
 
 Not OffieiaL 
 LACHNANTHES TINCTORIA. 
 
 A North American plant, known colloquially as Red Root or Spirit Weed, 
 a native of the United States. A homcepathic remedy for checking the cough 
 of phthisis, and for treating pneumonia. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 minims of a 1 to 10 Tincture made with Alcohol (45 p.c). 
 
 A solid and a fluid extract are also known commercially. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LAC 821 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LACTUCA. 
 
 Lettuce is the Flowering Herb of the wild indigenous plant, Lactuca virosa, I.. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A sedative in irritable cough. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 LACTUCARIUM. — The Juice from the incised flower-stalk of Lactuca 
 virosa and other species, collected and dried. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 6 grains = 0- 13 to 0*40 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Hung., Mex., Port., Span, 
 and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 SYRUPUS LACTUCARII (f/.S.). — Tincture of Lactucarium, 10; 
 Glycerin, 20; Citric Acid, 0-1; Orange-Flower Water (U.S. P.), 5; Syrup, 
 g.s. to produce 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 2 fl. drm. = 7-1 c.c. 
 
 TINCTURA LACTUCARII ([/.<§.).— Lactucarium, 50; Glycerin, 25; 
 Alcohol (95p.c.); Purified Petroleum Benzin, Diluted Alcohol (49p.c.), 
 Water, of each a sirfficient quantity. The final product measures 100. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 c.c. 
 
 TROCHISCI LACTUC>E. — Lozenges containing 1 grain Extract Lettuce 
 in each. 
 
 LAMELL.E. 
 
 DISCS. 
 
 B.P. 1914 includes the formulas for four Lamellae, Atropine, Cocaine, 
 Homatropine, and Physostigmine. They are prepared with a basis 
 obtained by first soaking and then dissolving at a gentle heat, 18 parts 
 of Gelatin in a mixture of 2 parts by weight of Glycerin and 88 parts 
 by weight of Distilled Water. 
 
 The required amount of medicament is incorporated with the indi- 
 cated quantity of the Glycogelatin basis by melting it at a gentle heat, 
 adding the necessary quantity of medicament, allowing it to dissolve, 
 and mixing. The melted mass is evenly distributed on a piece of plate 
 glass 10 cm. square, which has received a thin coating of White Beeswax, 
 dried at a temperature not higher than 36° C. (96*8° F.) and divided 
 into discs of about | in. (3 millimetres) diameter. 
 
 The following are the quantities of medicament and basis indicating 
 in the four Lamellae Official in the B.P. : — 
 
 Medicament. Basis. 
 
 Atropine Sxilphate . . . 0-016 gramme 8-8 grammes 
 
 Cocame Hydrochloride . 1-65 ,, 15-0 ,, 
 
 Homatropine . . . .\ , 
 
 Hydrobromide ..../" ^^^ " -^^ ^ 
 
 Physostigmine Sulphate .0-982 „ 8-45 „ 
 
 LANOHN, See ADEPS LAN^ HYDROSUS. 
 
823 LAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 LARICIS CORTEX. 
 
 LABCH BARK. 
 
 The Bark of Larix Europoea, "DC ; collected in the spring, deprived of its 
 outer portion and dried. It contains a volatile crystallisable acid, Larixinic 
 Acid, which sublimes in vapour of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Oil of Turpentine. Useful 
 in chronic bronchitis to diminish excessive secretion; the Tincture well 
 diluted forms an astringent injection. 
 
 TINCTURA LARICIS.— Larch Bark, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), g-.s. to make 8. 
 
 (1 in 8.) 
 Dose. — 20 to 30 minims = 1 • 2 to 1 • 8 ml. 
 
 TEREBINTHINA VENETA or T. LARICIS (Venice Turpentine).— A 
 viscid liquid of a yellowish or greenish-yellow colour, obtained from Larix 
 Europcea, DC. It does not readily harden on exposure to air, or when mixed 
 with yig of Magnesia. Soluble in Absolute Alcohol. It is much used on the 
 Continent and in veterinary practice in this country. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr. (T6rebinthine 
 du Melese), Ital. (Trementina di Venezia), Port., Span. (Trementina 
 de Alerce) and Swiss. Not in the others. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM TEREBINTHIN/E (i?«(7er).— Venice Turpentine, 20; 
 Liquid Vasoliment, 80. 
 
 LAUROCERASI FOLIA. 
 
 CHERRY-LAUREL LEAVES. 
 
 Fr., Laurier Cerise ; Ger., Kirschlorbeer ; Ital., Latjeoceraso ; 
 Span., Laxjrbl-Cerezo. 
 
 The fresh leaves of Prunus Laurocerasus, L. are Official. 
 Official Preparation. — ^Aqua Laurocerasi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr. (Laurier 
 Cerise), Ital. (Lauroceraso), Port. (Loureiro-Cerejeira), and Span. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Dutch has an Oleum Laurocerasi. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The fresh Leaves of Prunus Laurocerasus, 
 L., are Official. There are about six varieties of the plant in cultivation 
 in this country. The strongest and hardiest is the variety Caucasica, 
 which has darker green, thicker and less rounded leaves than the 
 variety Colchica, in which they are more obovate, more delicate and 
 paler : the variety Schiphaensis has smaller leaves, about the size of 
 those of the bay tree, and forms a small shrub only 3 to 5 feet high. 
 M. Perinelle is of opinion that the variety Caucasica should be Official, 
 P.J. (3) xviii. 170. The Leaves in all the varieties are coriaceous, 
 shining above, but paler beneath, where the midrib is prominent, and 
 at the base on each side of the midrib there aie one or two glandular 
 depressions. The Leaves are lanceolate oblong, or more or less obovate 
 oblong, 5 to 7 in. long (12 to 18 cm., and recurved at the apex, B.P.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.] LAU 823 
 
 and 1| to 2 ill. wi<le, attenuated towards either end, or rounded 
 in some varieties, with a slightly revolute margin, with short sharp 
 serratures, and glandular teeth, which are more distant towards the 
 base. The taste is astringent and bitterish. The Leaves are inodorous 
 until bruised, but then immediately emit an odour of Bitter Almonds 
 and Hydrocyanic Acid ; the Leaves can be dried whole and powdered, 
 and still yield Hydrocyanic Acid when the powder is moistened. The 
 glucoside yielding Laurocerasin occurs in the parenchyma of the leaf, 
 and the emulsin in the endodermis of the veins. The Leaves contain 
 the largest amount of Hydrocyanic Acid in July, and the least in 
 February, as much as 2^ p.c. having been found in June in young 
 leaves. Cherry-Laurel Water is liable to vary in percentage of Hydro- 
 cyanic Acid, according to the time of year that the Leaves are collected, 
 whether the Leaves are young or fully matured, and also according to 
 the variety employed ; the finely-chopped Leaves also yield more 
 Hydrocyanic Acid than if merely bruised. 
 
 Pi'eparatiou. 
 
 AQUA LAUROCERASL Chrrry-Laurel Water. 
 
 Fresh Cherry-Laurel Leaves, 16 ; Water, DO ; distil 20, and 
 standardise the distillate to contain y\j p.c. w/w of Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 HCN, either by the addition of Hj^drocyanic Acid or Distilled Water, 
 
 Brussels Conference agreed to a strength 1 per 1000. 
 
 Note. — To ascertain if it lost much of its strength by keeping, a sample 
 was taken which contained 0-104 p.c, and placed in a pint bottle about 
 three-quarters full for a month, it then gave 0-094 p.c. ; the bottle was then 
 kept for a week with only 3 oz. in it, and then gave 0-093 p.c. ; the same 
 was then kept three days with the cork out, and then gave 0-038 p.c. 
 
 It would appear, therefore, that when kept in a closed vessel the preparation 
 is stable ; but, notwithstanding the adoption of an Oflficial standard, com- 
 mercial samples will be found sometimes as low as half the Official strength. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nervine sedative. Similar to Hydro- 
 cyanic Acid, but without the nauseous odour of the Acid. Used as 
 a lotion to allay itching in cutaneous diseases ; also as an adjunct 
 to eye lotions (1 or 2 in 16). 
 
 Dose.— J to 2 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 20 minims = I minim Diluted Plydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 Incompatibles.-^Same as Hydrocyanic Acid. 
 
 Antidotes. — As directed under ' Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum,' p. 43. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Span, and 
 Swiss, 1-0 HCN per 1000 ; Fr., 0-55 to 0-7 per 1000 ; Port., Leaves, 1 in 2, 
 not standardised. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Cherry-Laurel Water is oflGlcially required to contain 0* 1 p.c. 
 by weight of Hydrocyanic Acid. It may be determined by titrating 
 a mixture of 50 ml. of Cherry-Laurel Water, 50 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 5 ml. of Ammonia Solution, and 3 drops of Potassium Iodide Solution, 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution of which not 
 less than 9' 3 ml. should be required to produce a permanent turbidity ; 
 1 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution =0*005404 
 
824 LAU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 gramme of Hydrocyanic Acid. The B.P. recjuires it to be tested as 
 described under Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, but it may be 
 assiimed that a quantity proportional to the difference in strengths 
 between the two preparations is intended to be employed, but no 
 statement to this effect appears in the B.P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 LAURI FRUCTUS. 
 
 The dried ripe fruit of Laurus Nobilis, L. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. and Russ. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Laurus nobilis, L., Nat. Ord. Lauracpce, is 
 an evergreen shrub or small tree, a native of Asia Minor, but cultivated 
 throughout Europe and growing wild in the Mediterranean region, is com- 
 monly known as the Bay tree in this countrj', but is the Laurel of the ancient 
 Romans, used for crowning victo^-s in athletic contests. The leaves are often 
 Tised for packing Solazzi juice or other brands of Liquorice, in order to prevent 
 the sticks adhering together. In this country the leaves are also used as a 
 flavouring agent for culinary purposes. 
 
 The fruit, commonly known as liay ' berries,' are oval, about \ inch long 
 and \ inch in diameter, with a thin wrinkled brittle husk, containing one 
 seed, composed of two large oily cotyledons, which readily separate, and have 
 an aromatic, oily and bitter taste. The oil of bay or Oleum laurinum, is 
 known as Green Oil of bay, and is a soft fattj^ solid of about the consistence 
 of Lard, obtained in the South of Europe by steeping the fresh fruit in hot 
 Water, and then expressing it between hot plates. It melts at about 40° C. 
 (104° F. ) and has the taste and odour of the seed. A fictitious oil, coloured 
 with Turmeric and Indigo, is sometimes sold, but if this oil is dissolved in 
 Ether these colouring matters are left behind. The green colouring matter 
 of the genuine oil is not soluble in Water, and the Oil is only partly soluble 
 in Alcohol. 
 
 In the West of England the berries are sometimes vised as an abortifacient. 
 The bayberry powder of commerce is that of the bark of Myrica cerijera, 
 L., a small North American evergreen shrub, Nat. Ord., Myricacece. The 
 volatile oil of bay used in making Bay Rum is derived from the leaves of 
 Pimenta acris, a small West Indian tree of the Nat. Ord. Myrtacece. 
 
 OLEUM LAURI. — A green crystalline mixture of fat and ethereal Oil, of 
 the consistence of butter. It melts abovit 36° to 40° C. (8(5° to 104° F.). 
 
 U.sed as an ingredient in Ointments for rheumatism, and in remedies for 
 keeping away insects. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^ — Official in Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw. and 
 Russ. 
 
 LAVANDULAE OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF LAVENDER. 
 
 Fr., Essence de Lavande ; Ger., Lavendelol; Ital., Essenza di 
 Lavauda; Span., Escencia de Espliego. 
 
 A pale yellow, or yellowish-green, oily liquid, having a pleasant 
 characteristic odour, and an aromatic and somewhat bitter taste. It 
 is the volatile Oil distilled from the Flowers of Lavandula vera, DC. 
 
 It should 1)0 kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint in 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] LAV 825 
 
 a cool atmosphere, and it should be protected as far as possible from 
 the light. 
 
 The principal constituents are an Alcohol Linalool, CjoHigO, eq. 
 154 '144, identical with that obtained from Lignum Aloes, and its 
 Acetic Ester (Linalyl Acetate), wliich also forms the principal con- 
 stituent of Oil of Bergamot, 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Alcohol (90 p. c.) and Absolute 
 Alcohol ; sparingly soluble in Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol 
 (70 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An aromatic gastric stimulant and 
 carminative. Useful in flatulence and colic. 
 
 Dose.— I to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0-18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The oil is rarely given alone; it is used as an 
 adjuvant to other medicines. Small doses of the spirit are given on Sugar. 
 The Compound Tincture is a favourite colouring for mixtures. 
 
 OflB.eial Preparations. — Spiritus Lavandulse, Tinctura Lavandulae Coin- 
 posita. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopCBias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Hung., Ital. 
 (Essenza di Lavanda), Russ. and Swed., sp. gr. 0"885 to 0'895; Dutch, 
 sp. gr. 0-880 to 0-890 ; Fr., sp. gr. 0-882 to 0-895; Ger., Norw. and Swiss, 
 sp.gr. 0-882 to 0-89.5; Jap., sp. gr. 0-885 to 0-900; Port. (Essencia 
 de Alfazema), sp. gr. 0-875 to 0940; Span. (Esencia de Espliego), 
 sp. gr. 0- 87 to 0- 94 ; U.S., sp. gr. 0-880 to 0-892 at 25° C. (77° F.). Lavender 
 Flowers are also Official in Ger., Russ. and Norw. 
 
 Tests. — Lavender Oil has a specific gravity of 0'885 to 0*895, the 
 Official requirement is 0'883 to 0-900, the U.S.P. 0-875 to 0-910 at 
 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. 0-S82 to 0-895. The optical rotation in a tube 
 of 100 mm. is from — 3° to — 10° and these figures have been adopted 
 by the B.P. It has a Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) of 1-463 to 
 1-467. No figure is given in the B.P. It is now officially required to 
 dissolve in 4 times its volume of Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; the U.S.P. says 
 soluble in 3 parts of Alcohol (70 p.c). The P.G. specifies Alcohol 
 (68 to 69 p.c) ; the parts (1 : 3) refer to parts by weight, and at a 
 temperature of 20° C. (68° F.). 
 
 English Lavender Oil is required to contain from 7 to 11 p.c. of Esters, 
 calculated as Linalyl Acetate, CmHi^CoHgOa, and the foreign Lavender 
 Oil to contain not less than 30 p.c. of such Esters, as determined by 
 the process given under the heading of Special Tests. 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution = 0-19616 
 gramme of Linalyl Acetate. 
 
 The Fr. Codex requires it to contain between 30 and 40 p.c. by 
 weight of Esters, calculated as Linalyl Acetate, as determined by the 
 process given in small type below under the heading of Volumetric 
 Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring sopliistications are Turpentine Oil, Spike 
 Oil, Spanish Lavender Oil, Rosemary Oil, and Alcohol. Turpentine 
 Oil lowers the specific gravity and affects the rotation according to 
 whether the Turpentine Oil used as the adulterant is dextrorotatory, 
 e.g., American Turpentine Oil, or Isevorotatory, e.g., French Turpentine 
 
826 LAV [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Oil. Spike Oil increases the specific gravity and lowers the rotation. 
 Spanish Lavender Oil behaves in a similar manner. Kosemary Oil 
 increases the specific gravity and lowers the rotation, but renders the 
 Oil less soluble. 
 
 Various substances, e.g., Eth}^ Succinate, Benzoic, Oxalic and 
 Salicylic Acid Esters, have from time to time been added to the Oil with 
 a view to masking adulteration by artificially raising the Ester-content. 
 The presence of Ethyl Succinate, Benzoic and Oxalic Acid Esters 
 may be determined by saponifying a weighed quantity of 2 grammes 
 of the Oil with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, neutralising with Acetic 
 Acid, diluting to 50 c.c. and adding 10 c.c. of saturated Barium 
 Chloride Solution. The mixture is warmed for 2 hours on the water- 
 bath and allowed to cool. The formation of a crystalline precipitate 
 indicates adulteration. Salicylic Acid Ester may be detected by the 
 purple-violet coloration produced on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution after saponification, and by the melting point of the 
 isolated acid. The presence of Benzoic Acid may be confirmed by 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution and the melting point of the isolated 
 acid. The presence of Alcohol may be determined by a diminution 
 in volume when the Oil is shaken with Water. 
 
 Adulteration with Glycerin Monacetate has also been noticed. 
 Such adulteration may be detected by shaking the suspected Oil with 
 4 to 5 volumes of Petroleum Ether, in which the Glycerin Ester is 
 insoluble, and Glycerin may be further identified by the Acrolein 
 reaction. 
 
 The volume of the Oil should not be diminished when shaken in a 
 narrow gi-aduated cylinder with an equal volume of Distilled Water, 
 indicating the absence of Alcohol. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — About 4 grammes of the Oil are intro- 
 duced into a conical glass flask of about 100 c.c. capacity and the weight 
 acciuately determined. 10 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution are added, and the flask closed by means of a cork, to 
 which is fitted a long glass tube to serve as a condenser. It is heated on the 
 water -bath during 30 minutes, allowed to cool, 50 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 added, and the excess of Normal Volvimetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution is titrated with Normal Vokunetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, after 
 the addition of a few drops of Phenol phthalein Solution. The number of 
 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required to neutralise 
 the excess of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 deducted from 10, the difference multiplied first by 0-19G and then by 100, 
 the product divided by the weight of the Volatile Oil used for the determina- 
 tion, gives a quotient representing the percentage of Esters present in the 
 Volatile Oil, Fr. Codex. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SPIRITUS LAVANDULA. Spirit of Lavender. 
 
 Oil of Lavender, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 If not bright, filter through Talc. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1 -2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan. and Swed., 2 in 100 ; Jap., 
 3 in 100 ; Russ., 1 in 100 ; U.S., 5 in 100 ; all with the Oil, and 'all by weight 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LEP 827 
 
 excei^L U.S. Austr., Dutch, Ger. and Swiss, all 1 in 4, Ital. 3 in 10, and 
 Port. 1 in 2, from the flowers. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Lavender has a specific gravity of 0'835 to 
 0*838, and contains about 77 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 TINCTURA LAVANDULAE COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture 
 OF Lavender. (Modified.) 
 
 Oil of Lavender, 48 minims ; Oil of Eosemary, 4 "8 minims ; Cinna- 
 mon Bark, bruised, 87J grains ; Nutmeg, bruised, 87| grains ; Red 
 Sanders Wood, 175 grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), to yield 20 ft. oz. By 
 maceration. 
 
 The metric figures are 5, 0-5, 10, 10, 20, to yield 1000. 
 
 The relative proportions of the ingredients are slightly different from 
 those of B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 ft. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Swed., Tinctura Lavandnlpe 
 aromatica, Oil of Lavender 2, Oil of Rosemary 1, Saigon Cinnamon 8, Red 
 Sanders Wood 8, Myristica 8, Alcohol (70 p.c. ) 800. U.S., Tinctura Lavan- 
 dulte Composita, Oil of Lavender Flowers 8, Oil of Rosemary 2, Saigon 
 Cinnamon 20, Cloves 5, Myristica 10, Red Sanders 10, Alcohol and Water, 
 each, a sufficient quantity to malje 1000. Jap., Tinctura Lavandulae Com- 
 positum similar to U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Lavender has a specific gravity of 
 about 0*835 ; it contains about 88 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 LEPTANDRA. 
 
 CULVERS ROOT. ] 
 
 The Rhizome and Rootlets of Veronica Virginica, L. 
 Official in U.S. 
 A cathartic and cholagogue. 
 
 An Alcoholic Extract, average dose, 0-25 gramme (4 grains), and Fluid 
 Extx'act (1 in 1), average dose, 1 c.c. (1.5 minims), are both Official in U.S. 
 
 Leptandrin. — An eclectic remedy, used as an alterative, |- to h grain 
 = 0-010 to 0-032 gramme;' as a pnrgative, 2 to 4 grains = 0*13 to 0-20 
 gramme. 
 
 LIMONIS CORTEX. 
 
 LEMON PEEL. 
 
 Fb., Ecorce de Citron; Ger., Citronenschale ; Ital., Cedro ; 
 Span., Limon. 
 
 The fresh outer part of the pericarp of the Fruit of Citrus Medica, L., 
 var. Limonum, Hook. f. 
 
 Commercially the peel is cut in December, and is more readily obtainable 
 at that time. 
 
 As in the Ind. and Col. Add., B.P. 1914 also authorises the use of Dried 
 Lemon Peel in India and the Colonies, when Fresh Lemon Peel is not obtain- 
 able. 
 
828 LIM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter atomaciiic and tunic. Added to 
 stomacliic medicines. Cliielly used, however, to impart flavour to 
 other medicines. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of the peel. Oleum Limonis, Syrupua Limonis 
 and Tinctura Limonis. Used in the preparation of Infusum Aurantii Coin- 
 positum and Infusum Gentianse Compositum. The oil is contained in 
 Linimentum Potassii lodidi cum Sapone, Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus, 
 Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata and Tinctura ValeriauEe Ammoniata. 
 
 Not Official. — Terpeneless Oil of Lemon, Citral, and Eau de Cologne. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Citron), Ger., Hung., Ital., 
 Jap., Port. (Limao), Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Only the fresh peel is Official. On its 
 inner surface there should be only a small amount of the white 
 spongy portion of the rind. In the P.G. the rind, separated in spiral 
 strips and dried, is Official. The larger rough, thick-skinned fruits 
 of Citrus Medica, L., the citron or cedrat of the French, are sometimes 
 sold as lemons, but are rather less fragrant and contain less juice. 
 These are usually imported in July and August. Lemons vary much 
 in flavour, the Messina lemons having the purest lemon flavour, 
 tliose of Palermo having a slight additional musk and verbena odour ; 
 these and the Murcia lemons, which have a particularly fine flavour 
 and are sometimes very large, weighing from 12 to 19| oz., a large 
 one yielding 2| oz. of peel, reach England from November to April. 
 A box of Messina lemons contains 300 to 360 fruits ; a box of 
 Murcia Lemons only 200. Naples lemons are imported from April 
 to August, but are inferior to the Sicilian kinds. Malaga lemons, 
 which have thick skins and numerous seeds, and proportionately 
 less juice, arrive in September and October. Lemons should be 
 chosen with a thin rind and of medium size, as they are richer in 
 juice and are likely to keep better, the rind having been reduced in 
 thickness by a process of curing or drying before packing, thus rendering 
 them less likely to become mouldy. 
 
 Tests. — Lemon Peel yields not more than 5 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 OLEUM LIMONIS. Oil op Lemon. 
 Fr., Essence de Citron; Ger., Citronenol ; Ital., Essenza di Cedro ; 
 Span., Esencia de Limon. 
 
 The volatile Oil obtained from fresh Lemon Peel. A light yellow 
 liquid with a pleasant odour and an aromatic, mild, somewhat bitter 
 after-taste. 
 
 The Oil consists of about 90 p.c. of the terpenes Dextro- and Lsevo- 
 Limonene, the Dextro-Limonene being the more important. 
 
 The odour and flavour of the Oil are dependent upon the oxygenated 
 bodies, and are due chiefly to the aldehyde of Geraniol, Geranaldehyde, 
 CiyHmO, eq. 152" 128, which is known commercially as Citral, and which 
 is present to the extent of 3 to 4 p.c. A second aldehyde, Citronellal, 
 is also present. See also Citral. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LIM 829 
 
 Its flavour unci aroma suffer niucli from keeping ; it keeps the aroma 
 mucli better if mixed (when fresh) with 10 p.c. (by measure) of Absolute 
 Alcohol. The presence of Ethylic Alcohol can readily be detected by the 
 diminution in volume of the Oil on shaking with Water. The Oil should 
 evaporate from paper without leaving a stain. 
 
 Solubility. ^ — In all proportions of Glacial Acetic Acid and Absolute 
 Alcohol ; 1 in 12 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — I to 3 minims = O'S to 0-18 ml. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Austr. and Hung., Oleum 
 Citri, Belg., Essentia Citri, Dan., ^theroleum Citri, Jap., Oleum 
 Citri (sp. gr. 0-858 to 0-861) ; Dutch (sp. gr. 0-850 to 0-860), Russ. (sp. gr. 
 0-855 to 0-865), Ger. and Swiss (sp. gr. 0-857 to 0-861), all Oleum Citri; 
 Ital., Essenza di Cedro (sp. gr. 0-857 to 0-860); Fr., Essence de 
 Citron (sp. gr. 0-857 to 0-862); Mex., Aceite Volatil de Limon 
 (sp. gr. 0-849) ; Norw. (sp. gr. 0-857 to 0-861) and Swed. (sp. gr. 0-855 to 
 0-861), ^theroleum Citri; Port., Essencia de Limao (sp. gr. 0-846 
 to 0-856); Span., Esencia de Limon (sp. gr. 0-852 to 0-856); U.S., 
 Oleum Limonis (sp. gr. 0-851 to 0-855 at 25° C. (77° F.)). 
 
 Tests. — Lemon Oil is officially required to possess a specific 
 gravity of 0-857 to 0-860; the U.S. P. requires 0-851 to 0-855 at 
 25° C."(77° F.), and the P.G. 0-857 to 0-861. The specific gravity, 
 of the Oil is usually 0-856 to 0*858 and occasionally 0-860. The 
 optical rotation, in a tube 100 mm. in length, is from + 57° to + 63°. 
 The Official figures are -f 58° to + 64°. The U.S. P. requires that 
 its optical rotation should not be less than -4- 58° at a temperature 
 of 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. gives + 58° to + 65°. The Kefractive 
 Index of the Oil at 20° C. (68° F.) is from 1-473 to 1-475 ; the B.P. 
 gives 1-473 to 1-476 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 4 p.c. \v/w of 
 Aldehydes, reckoned as Citral, CioHigO, eq. 152*128, as determined 
 by the Hydroxylamine process, originated by Walther and modified by 
 Bennett. It is one of the many processes which have been suggested 
 for the determination of the Aldehyde, and yields results of a fair 
 degree of accuracy, when applied to oils of low Citral content, but is 
 inapplicable to oils of liigh Citral content. The process is essentially 
 as follows : — A weighed quantity of 20 grammes of the Oil is introduced 
 into a flask of about 500 ml. capacity, together with 20 ml. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Hydroxylamine Hydrocliloride Solution, 
 8 ml. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 and 20 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c). The flask is connected with a reflux 
 condenser and boiled for half an hour, cooled and diluted with 250 ml. 
 of Distilled Water, employing a portion of tliis Distilled Water 
 for washing out the tube of the condenser. A few drops of Phenolph- 
 thalein Solution are added, and the Hydrochloric Acid in the excess 
 of Half-Normal Volumetric AlcohoUc Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride 
 Solution titrated with Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. The Hydroxylamine not in combination 
 with the Citral is then determined by titration with Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution 
 as an indicator of neutralitv. The value of the Half-Normal 
 
830 LIM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Vulumetriu Alcoliolic Hydroxylaniiue Hydrocliloricle Solution is deter- 
 mined by a blank experiment, using similar quantities of reagents 
 without the Oil of Lemon. The difference between the number of ml. 
 of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution used in the two 
 experiments, represents the number of ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Hydroxylamine Hydrocliloride Solution in combination with 
 the Citral, and when multiplied by 0*07606 and then by 5, gives the 
 percentage w/w of Citral present in the Oil of Lemon. The B.P. 
 requires that the number of ml. of Half- Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution required in the blank experiment should exceed that in 
 the experiment with the Lemon Oil by not less than 10" 5 ml., indicating 
 the presence of not less than 4 p.c. av/w of Aldehydes, reckoned as 
 Citral. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall yield not less than 4*0 p.c. of 
 Aldehyde calculated as Citral, when quantitatively determined by 
 means of the volmnetric process given in small type below under 
 the heading of Volumetric Determination, and which is based iipon 
 the interaction of the Aldehyde and a neutral 20 p.c. w/v Sodium 
 Sulphite Solution, whereby Citral Dihydrosulphonic Acid is produced 
 and a corresponding amoimt of Sodium Hydroxide is liberated, wliich 
 is determined by titration with Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, using Rosolic Acid Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 A control experiment with the reagents alone, without the Lemon 
 Oil, is carried out simultaneously, the number of c.c. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Acid required in tliis blank experiment being deducted 
 from the number obtained in the actual determination. 1 c.c. of 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution corresponds to 
 0-03802 gramme of Citral. 
 
 The more generally occurring adulterants of Lemon Oil are 
 Turpentine Oil, Lemon Oil terpenes. Turpentine Oil to which Lemon 
 Grass Oil Citral has been added. Turpentine Oils plus the addition 
 of a little inferior Orange Oil, and Cedarwood Oil. Turpentine Oil is 
 readily detected by distilling and examining the first 10 p.c. of 
 distillate. Lemon Oil terpenes are very difficult to detect. Their 
 presence may be ascertained by fractional distillation and the deter- 
 mination of the optical rotation and Refractive Index of fractions, and 
 also by the reduction in the Citral content. To meet the reduction in 
 Citral strength caused by the addition of Lemon Oil terpenes, Citral from 
 Lemon Grass Oil has been added. It may be detected by the marked 
 Verbena odour communicated to the residue after about 90 p.c. of the 
 Oil has been distilled off in vacuo. A method of fractional distillation, 
 which it is claimed will show any adulteration, is given {J. S.C.I. '01, 
 1179). A measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the Oil is put into a 
 distilling flask having three bulbs blown in the neck, and fitted with 
 a cork and thermometer. It is connected with a condenser, fitted with 
 a suitable receiver, having two vessels graduated at 10 c.c. and 80 c.c. 
 respectively. It is exhausted, a pressure of not more than 15 mm. 
 being maintained. The flask is gently heated by means of an oil-bath. 
 The first 10 c.c. should not take more than seven minutes to distil. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LIM 831 
 
 The next vessel is put into position, and the distillation continued until 
 80 CO. have distilled over. The pressure is then relieved, and the 
 residual oil in the flask is distilled over with steam, and the quantity 
 obtained carefully noted. The optical rotation and the Refractive 
 Indexes of the tliree fractions are determined, respectively, by the 
 polariscope and Zeiss refractometer. 
 
 Turpentine Oil may also be detected by the optical rotation, the 
 diminution in the percentage of Aldehydes, the effect upon the 
 solubility of the Oil in Alcohol, and an examination of the portion 
 unabsorbed by Sodium Bisulphite. The presence of Citral from 
 Lemon Grass Oil may be ascertained by a determination of the optical 
 rotation and the marked Verbena odour of the absorbed Aldehydes. 
 
 The method adopted by Burgess and Cliild for ascertaining tjie 
 solubility of a Terpeneless oil, and to wliicli they refer as the solubility 
 number, is to dissolve a measured quantity of 1 c.c. of the Oil in 
 20 c.c. of Alcohol (94 p.c), and then to add, from a burette. Distilled 
 Water until a permanent milkiness ensues ; the solubility number is 
 the number of c.c. of Water required to produce such turbidity. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A measured quantity of about 15 c.c. of 
 Oil of Lemon is introduced into a tared 150 c.c. flask, and the exact weight 
 is determined ; 5 c.c. of Distilled Water and a few drops of Rosolic Acid 
 Test-Solution are added and the liquid is exactly neutralised by the cautioi s 
 addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. A 
 measured quantity of 25 c.c. of neutral Sodium Sulphite Solution (1 in 5), is 
 added, and the flask immersed in a water -bath containing boiling Water. 
 Sufficient Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrocliloric Acid Solution is added from 
 time to time to maintain the neutrality of the mixture, the fiask being kept 
 continuously heated and frequently shaken, and a drop or two of Rosolic 
 Acid Test-Solution added from time to time. The number of cubic centi- 
 metres of Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution necessary to 
 produce a permanent condition of neutrality is noted. A blank tost is per- 
 formed, identical with the above-mentioned test, except that the Oil of 
 Lemon is omitted, the amoimt of Half-Normal Vohmietric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution required is recorded. The number of cubic centimetres of Half- 
 Normal Volmnetric Hj'drochloric Acid Solution required in the blank test is 
 subtracted from the number required in the original test with the Lemon 
 Oil ; each c.c. of the difference corresponds to 0' 03802 gramme of Citral. The 
 percentage is obtained by multiplying the difference between the number of 
 c.e. of Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution requiretl to 
 neutralise the blank test and that required for the test with the original 
 Lemon Oil, by 0-03802, multiplying this product then by 100, and dividing 
 the product by the weight of Lemon Oil taken, U.S. P. 
 
 SYRUPUS LIMONIS. Syrup of Lemon. 
 
 Fresh Lemon Peel, in tliin slices or grated, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 a sufficient quantity ; Lemon Juice, 25 ; Refined Sugar, 38. Macerate 
 the Lemon Peel in IJ of the Alcohol for seven days ; press ; filter ; 
 add sufficient of the Alcohol to produce 2. In the Lemon Juice, 
 when clarified (by subsidence or filtration), dissolve the Refined Sugar 
 by the aid of gentle heat. When the resulting syrup is cold, mix with 
 it the 2 of the alcoholic liquid. The product should weigh 65. 
 
 (1 of Peel and 25 of Juice in 65 by weight, or 50 by measure.) 
 
 Syrup of Lemons has a specific gravity of about 1"300. 
 
832 LIM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 This makes a tiirbid syrup. It is not possible to completely clarify the Juice 
 by subsidence. It has been suggested to filter the juice through Talc, but 
 this removes not only the turbidity but also some of the flavoiu*. It does 
 not filter readily through flannel or paper, but if the juice is heated nearly 
 to 212° F. (100° C.) and strained through flannel before dissolving the Sugar, 
 the resulting syrup is bright and clear. As explained under Syrupus Limonis, 
 it is difficult to clarify Lemon Juice either by filtration or subsidence, except 
 on a large scale. It is also manufactured by centrifugating the pulp. 
 
 1 fl. oz. of an average sample of Syrup of Lemons will neutralise about 
 24 grains of Potassium Bicarbonate or 20 grains of Sodium Bicarbonate ; 
 100 ml. will neutralise about 5| grains of Potassivun Bicarbonate or about 
 4h grains of Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 B.P. states that in tropical and sub -tropical parts of the Empire where 
 fresh Lemon Peel cannot be obtained, Dried Lemon Peel may be used in 
 preparing Syrup of Lemon, but Lemon Juice is defined as the freshly expressed 
 Juice of the ripe fruit, and one would expect Fresh Lemon Peel to be available 
 wherever Lemon Juice can be freshly expressed. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1 • 8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias — Official in Fr. (Sirop d'Acide Citrique) 
 Citric Acid, 1 ; Simple Syrup, 97 ; Alcoolature de citron, 2 ; Ital., Bruised 
 Peel 2, Sugar 19, Distilled Lemon Water 12; Mex. (Jarabe de Limon), 
 Lemon Juice 10, vSyrup 100 ; Port. (Xarope de Casca de Limao), Fresh 
 Lemon Peel 1, Boiling Water 35, Sugar 65 ; Span. (Jarabe de Limon), 
 Lemon Juice 5, Sugar 9; and Swiss, Citric Acid 2, Water 2-5, Syrup 94, 
 Spirit of Lemon 1 ■ 5. For other Pharmacopoeias, see Acidum Citricum. 
 
 TINCTURA LIMONIS. Tincture op Lemon. 
 
 Macerate 5 of Fresli Lemon Peel with 20 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 (1 in 4.) 
 In India and other hot climates Dried Lemon Peel may be used in 
 place of Fresh Lemon Peel when necessary. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Spirit us Citri), 1 Oil in 
 100; Dutch (SpiritusCitri), 4of Fresh Peel in 10 (distilled); Fr. (Alcoola- 
 ture de Citron), 1 Fresh Peel to 2 of Alcohol; Jap. (Spiritus Citri), 
 1 Oil in 10; Mex. (Alcoholato de Cortezas de Limon), Fresh Peel 2 
 Alcohol (80°) 10, Water 2, distil; Span. (Alcohol de Corteza de Limon), 
 Peel 1, and Alcohol (80 p.c.) 6, distil; Swiss (Spiritus Citri), 12 of Fresh 
 Peel in 100 (distilled); U.S. (Tinctura Limonis Cortex), Fresh Lemon 
 Peel 1, Alcohol (95 p.c), to produce 2. Ital. has Acqua distillatse di Pedro, 
 1 of Fresh Peel in 4. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Lemon has a specific gravity of 0* 875 to 0* 880 ; 
 contains from 1 to 2 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 77 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 TERPENELESS OIL OF LEMON.— A Terpeneless Oil of Lemon is 
 an Oil from which practically the whole of the terpenes have been removed. 
 When carefully prepared it is free from Limonene and contains very little 
 of the Stearoptene of the original Oil. The relative yield of the Terpeneless 
 Oil is about 4 to 6 p.c. The Oil contains about 50 p.c. of Geranaldehyde 
 (Citral), together with Citronellal, Geranyl Acetate, and Linalyl Acetate. 
 Octyl and Nonyl Aldehydes, which are important constituents of Lemon 
 Oil, acquire an additional importance in the Terpeneless Oil, on account of 
 the modification they effect in the aroma and flavour of the Oil. Anthranilic 
 Acid aiethyl-Ester also forms a constituent of the Oil. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] LIM 833 
 
 Tests. — Terpeaeles3 Lemon Oil has a specific gravity of 0-895 to 0'899, an 
 optical rotation in a 100 mni. tube of — 5° to — 8°, a Refractive Index in a Zeiss 
 refractometer at 20°C. (68° F.) of 1-481 to 1-482. 
 
 The percentage of Ger an aldehyde (Citral) should amount to not less than 
 40 p.c. nor more than 50 p.c. It may be determined by the Hyclroxylamine 
 process employing a corresponding quantity of Oil, or bj' the Sodium Sulphite 
 method. The processes are described under ' Oleum Limonis.' 
 
 The Oil may contain Terpenes, due to imperfect separation or intentional 
 adulteration, and Lemon Grass Oil Citral. 
 
 CITRAL. Geranial. Ci„H,sO, eq. 152-128.— A thin, pale yellow, mobile, 
 optically inactive Hquid, possessing a powerful penetrating odour of Lemon. 
 It consists of the high boihng point fraction from the distillation of Lemon 
 Oil, and has a flavouring power about 15 times as great as the original Oil. 
 
 Tests. — Citral has a specific gravity of 0-892 to 0-895 ; it boils imder atmo- 
 spheric pressure, with sHght decomposition, at 228° to 229'^ C. (442-4° to 
 444-2° F.); at 5 mm. pressure at 92° to 93° C. (197-6° to 199-4° F.); it 
 is optically inactive; it has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68 F.) of 1-488 
 to 1-489; it dissolves about 1 in 7 of Alcohol (60 p.c). It affords the 
 reactions characteristic of Aldehydes, yielding crystalline compounds with 
 Sodiiun Bisvilphite Solution, and on reduction yields the Alcohol, Geraniol. 
 It forms hquid derivatives with Hydroxylamine, Phenylhydrazine, and 
 Ammonia. 
 
 It may be vised to increase the flavour of Oil of Lemon by mixing it with 
 the latter in the proportion of 1 to 14. 
 
 Teinture d'Essence de Citron Composee (Eau de Cologne) {Fr.). — 
 Oil of Bergamot, 10 ; Oil of Orange, 10 ; Oil of Lemon, 10 ; Oil of Orange 
 Flower, 2 ; Oil of Rosemary, 2 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1000. 
 
 LIMONIS SUCCUS. 
 
 LEMON JUICE. 
 
 Fr., Sue DE Citron ; Ger., Citkonensaft ; Ital., Stjcco di Limone ; 
 Span., Zumo de Limon. 
 
 The freshly expressed Juice of tlie ripe Fruit of Citrus Medico, L. 
 var. ^ Linionum Hook. f. Contains about 30 to 40 grains of Citric 
 Acid to the fl. oz. It varies with the time of year. Tlie acidity 
 decreases as the season advances from November to April. 
 
 A faintly opalescent pale yellowish liquid, possessing a characteristic 
 sharp acid taste and refreshing lemon-like odour. 
 
 As explained under Syiupus Limonis, it is difficult to clarify Lemon Juice 
 either by filtration or subsidence, except on a large scale. It is also manu- 
 factured by centrifugating the pulp. 
 
 100ml. of average Lemon Juice will neutralise about ll'Dgrammes 
 of Potassium Bicarbonate, about 9* 5 grammes of Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 and about 16*5 grammes of Sodium Carbonate, or, if the Imperial 
 quantities are adopted, one fluid ounce will neutralise about 50 grains 
 of Potassium Bicarbonate, about 41 '5 grains of Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 and about 71 grains of Sodium Carbonate. 
 
 Lemon Juice is extremely liable to fermentation, and requires the adcUtion 
 of Alcohol to keep it ; aboiit 15 p.c of Proof Spirit is sufficient. 
 
 2 E 
 
834 LIM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Refrigerant ; when diluted, a particu- 
 larly useful beverage in prevention and treatment of scurvy (3 or 
 4 oz. daily) ; relieves thirst in febrile and inflammatory affections. 
 In acute rheumatism, i to 1 pint = 284 to 568 ml. daily. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56 -8 ml. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Syrupus Limonis, p. 831. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofllcial in Dutch (Succus Citri Arti- 
 ficialis). Citric Acid 1, Water 8, Spirit of Lemon 1; Fr. ; Mex. (Jugo de 
 Limones) ; Span. (Zumo de Limon) ; U.S., from 7 to 9 p.c. of Citric Acid ; 
 Swiss (Succus Citri facticius), Citric Acid 10, Water 89, Spirit of Lemon 1. 
 
 Tests. — ^Lemon Juice has a specific gravity of 1 • 030 to 1 * 040 ; 
 contains from 10 to 14 p.c. w/v of total solids and when evaporated 
 to dryness and ignited leaves not more than 3 p.c. w/v of Ash. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 7 and not more than 
 9 p.c. w/v of Citric Acid, equivalent to not less than 30' 6 and not more 
 than 39 '3 grains per fl. oz., as determined by titrating a measured 
 quantity of 20 ml. of the juice with Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, of which not less than 20 and not more than 
 25' 7 ml. should be required, Phenolphthalein Solution may be employed 
 as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0* 07003 gramme of Hydrogen Citrate. The 
 U.S. P. requires it to contain at least 6" 95 p.c. of Citric Acid, as deter- 
 mined by titrating a measured quantity of 10 c.c. of Lemon Juice 
 with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, of which 
 at least 10 c.c. should be required to neutralise, Phenolphthalein Test- 
 Solution being employed as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution = 0*0695 gramme of Citric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are preservative agents, 
 e.g., Sulphurous Acid, Salicylic Acid, Sulphuric Acid and Sulphates, 
 Acetic Acid, Tartaric Acid and mineral residue. With the excejjtion 
 of the B.P. requirement that the residue left on evaporation, when 
 dried at 110° C. (230° F.), should not yield more than 3 p.c. of ash, 
 which indicates a limit of mineral residue, no Ofiicial tests are given 
 for impurities. Lemon Juice should evolve no odour of Sulphurous 
 Acid when warmed, indicating the absence of Sulphurous Acid. It 
 should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of a few drops 
 of Barium Chloride Solution, after acidification with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, indicating the absence of Sulphuric Acid or Sulphates. When 
 neutralised with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, rendered faintly acid with 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and shaken with Ether, the ethereal solution, 
 when washed with a few c.c. of Distilled Water till free from mineral 
 acid, should yield no purple-violet coloration when shaken with 
 Di.stilled Water containing a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Salicylic Acid. 
 
 When warmed with an equal volume of Sulphuric Acid and a few 
 drops of Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) it should not evolve an odour of Ethyl 
 Acetate (Acetic Ether), indicating the absence of Acetic Acid. Upon 
 the addition of a 1 in 3 Potassium Acetate Solution, and Alcohol 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LIN 835 
 
 (94 "9 p.c.) in excess, it sliould not yield a white crystalline precipitate 
 of Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate within 15 minutes, indicating the 
 absence of Tartaric Acid. It should leave not more than 3 p.c. w/v 
 of Ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 LINI SEMINA. 
 
 LINSEED. 
 Fb., Lin ; Gku., Leinsamen ; Ital., Lino ; Span., Lino. 
 
 The dried ripe Seeds of Linum usilatissimum, L. 
 
 The envelope or testa abounds in a peculiar gummy matter or mucilage, 
 readily imparted to hot Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent. Employed in faucal, 
 pharyngeal and bronchial catarrh, dysentery, diarrhoea, and in- 
 flammatory afiections of the urinary passages. In the form of Linseed 
 Poultice it is applied to inflamed parts. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Lini Semina Contusa and Oleum Lini. 
 
 Not Official. — Cataplasma Lini. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr. (Lin), 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Linaza), Norw., Port. (Linho), Russ., Span. 
 (Lino), Swed., Swiss and U.S. Ger. has also Placenta Seminis Lini. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Linseed varies much in size, the varieties 
 imported from subtropical countries being distinctly larger than those 
 cultivated in temperate or cold climates. Thus, of Russian, Dutch, 
 English, and ordinary Calcutta Linseed, twelve or fourteen seeds, and 
 of Archangel Linseed even seventeen saeds, weigh one grain ; whilst 
 of Bombay, Sicilian, and Ionian Linseed six or seven only are equal 
 to a grain in weight ; in other words, the last three are almost twice 
 the size of the Linseed of temperate climates. For use in medicine 
 the English and Dutch Linseeds are to be preferred, since they 
 are usually most free from weed seeds, and from dirt. Most of 
 the different varieties contain weed seeds distinctive of the country 
 where they are produced, and can be recognised by these seeds, but 
 any samples of Linseed containing more than 4 p.c. of weed seeds may 
 be considered to be adulterated. Official Linseed is stated to be 
 4 to 6 mm. {\ to jin.) in length (3 to 5, U.S. P.), ovate and some- 
 what obliquely pointed, the surface glabrous and minutely pitted ; 
 of a brown colour, inodorous ; with a mucilaginous taste. The 
 mucilage exists in the epidermal cells, and is formed at the expense 
 of starch, wliich is found only in the young seed in these cells. The 
 seeds contain about one-tenth of their weight of mucilage (6 p.c. Vogl), 
 which can be precipitated in white flakes by Alcohol, but cannot be 
 filtered until after boiling. Russian Linseed is largely used for the 
 manufacture of Linseed Oil and for Linseed Cake, which is obtained by 
 expression of the fixed Oil, and is employed for feeding purposes, 
 eince it contains up to 25 p.c. of proteids, Russian Linseed is often 
 
 2 E 2 
 
836 lilN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 extensively adulterated with weed seeds, and even when sifted retains 
 sufficient dirt attached to the surface to prevent the hand readily 
 passing tlirough a parcel of it, whereas English and Dutch permits it 
 readily, and this test is used as a rough means of distinguishing these 
 Linseeds. The freedom from impurities can be judged by placing the 
 powder on 8 parts of Benzine or Petroleum Ether; when the Linseed 
 sinks the foreign matter rises to the surface {P.J. (4) xxx. p. 615). 
 As the mucilage is contained in the epidermal cells, the seed is used in 
 the whole state for making the decoction known as Linseed Tea. 
 The principal features of powdered Linseed are the thin-walled, 
 short prismatic cells, containing mucilage ; yellowish spindlc-shajied 
 sclerenchymatous cells, crossed at right angles with a layer of thin- 
 walled, elongated, compressed, colourless cells ; flattened polygonal 
 cells with porous walls, containing a brown pigment ; and endosperm 
 cells, containing characteristic aleurone grains and drops of oil. It 
 is best examined in strong Alcohol, and Water gradually added to show 
 the mucilage cells. 
 
 Preparations. 
 LINI SEMINA CONTUSA. Crushed Linseed. 
 
 Linseed recently reduced to a coarse powder. 
 
 A somewhat coarse brownish-yellow powder, possessing a charac- 
 teristic but not a rancid odour, taste bland and mucilaginous. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Belg., Fr. and U.S., should 
 contain 30 p.c. of Oil ; Port., not less than 25 p.c. of Oil. Not in the others. 
 Russ. has Mucilago Semiimm Lini. 
 
 Tests. — Crushed Linseed is officially required to yield, when 
 extracted with Carbon Bisulpliide, not less than 30 p.c. of Oil. The 
 recommendation made in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Comfanion 
 that the extracted oil might with advantage be required to answer 
 the tests for Oleum Lini is now officially adopted. This is also the 
 standard adopted by the U.S. P., which also adds ' all of which is 
 saponifiable.' Good commercial samples, examined in the author's 
 laboratory, yielded from 30 to 42 p.c. of oiL The B.P. now substitutes 
 microscopical examination of the residual powder left after the extrac- 
 tion of the oil by Carbon Bisulphide, for the chemical test for Starch. 
 If it is desired to carry out the Iodine Test, it is preferably applied 
 to the portion remaining after the extraction of the oil with Carbon 
 Bisulpliide, as Linseed contains a large proportion of oil possessing a 
 liigh Iodine absorption. The U.S. P. performs the test on the crushed 
 Linseed, but gives very explicit instructions for carrying it out. A 
 weighed quantity of 0-1 gramme is directed to be mixed with 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, the mixture heated to boiling, cooled, and diluted 
 with cold Distilled Water to 100 c.c. The addition of 0-5 c.c. of 
 Iodine Test-Solution (2-0 p.c. w/v) should not produce more than 
 a pale blue colour. The ash of crushed Linseed varies from 3 to 
 4 p.c, and should not exceed 5 p.c. It is officially required to leave 
 not more than 5*0 p.c. of ash. No ash limit appears in the U.S. P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LIN 837 
 
 OLEUM LINI. Linseed Oil. 
 
 A colourless, but more usually pale yellow, oily liquid, possessing 
 a characteristic odour and unpleasant taste. It is a drying Oil, and 
 tends to tliicken and darken in colour on exposure to liglit and air. It 
 is the fixed Oil expressed from Linseed. 
 
 B.P. 1914 describes it as yellowish -In-own. 
 
 For medicinal purposes it should bo procured as fresh as possible. It 
 should bo kept in well-closed bottles and protected, as far as possible, from 
 the air. 
 
 Solubility. — Of a freshly expressed sample, 1 in 40 of Absolute 
 Alcohol ; in all proportions of Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Laxative ; it also acts mechanically as 
 an enema for removing impacted faeces. A good a2)plication to burns 
 in the form of Carron Oil, see p. 350. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., sp. gr. 0-932 to 0-937; 
 Belg. and Russ., sp. gr. 0-936 to 0-9-10 ; Dan., Ger., Himg., Ital., Jap., Norw. 
 and Swed., sp.gr. 0-930 to 0-940; Dutch, sp.gr. 0-930 to 0-935; Port. 
 (Oleo de Linhaca), sp. gr. 0-930; Span. (Aceite do Linaza) ; Swiss, 
 sp. gr. 0-930 to 0-937 at 15° C. and 0-880 to 0-881 at 98° C. ; U.S., sp. gr. 
 0-925 to 0-935 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Linseed Oil has a specific gravity of 0*930 to 0* 936 ; the 
 B.P. states 0-930 to 0-940, the U.S.P., 0-925 to 0-935 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.); P.O., 0-930 to 0-940. The B.P. and the U.S.P. both state 
 that it does not congeal at temperatures higher than — 20° C. 
 (- 4° F.) ; the P.G. that it remains still fluid at - 16° C. (3-2° F.). 
 
 It has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-480 to 1-482 ; the 
 B.P. gives 1-4725 to 1-4748 at 40° C. (104° F.). 
 
 It forms a hard transparent varnish, when allowed to dry in the air, 
 in tliin layers. 
 
 The Saponification Value usually ranges from 190 to 195, and 
 should not be less than 187, and the Iodine Value from 170 to 188. 
 
 The B.P. now includes figures for both these constants, conforming 
 to the U.S.P. and P.G. requirements of a Saponification Value from 
 187 to 195, and to the U.S.P. requirement of an Iodine Value of not 
 less than 170 ; the P.G. gives the Iodine Value as 168 to 176. 
 
 The rise of temperature on treating the Oil with Sulphuric Acid 
 (Maumene's test) is a useful constant for the Oil, it shoulcl not be less 
 than 114° C. (237-2° F.). It is determined as described under the 
 heading of Special Tests. 
 
 The more generally occm-ring adulterations are free acid. Mineral 
 Oils, Resin, and Resin Oils. The Oil sliould possess an Acid Value of 
 from 0-5 to 3, and it is officially required that this latter figure be 
 not exceeded, indicating a limit of free acid. The Acid Value is 
 occasionally as high as 5, and specimens of oil which have been in stock 
 for some time may give figm-es as high as 7. It is officially required 
 to yield not more than 1-0 p.c. of Unsaponifiable Matter, as determined 
 by the process given under the heading of Special Tests. If a portion 
 of the Unsaponifiable Residue be dissolved in Carbon Bisulpliide, a 
 few drops of a Carbon Bisulphide Solution of Stannous Bromide 
 
838 LIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 containing an excess of Bromine be added, no violet or purple coloration 
 should be produced, indicating tlie absence of Resin Oil. The reagent 
 may be prepared by allowing Bromine to fall droj) by drop on some 
 granulated Tin, until the permanent coloration of the product shows 
 that the Bromine is in excess. A further moderate quantity of Bromine 
 is then added, and the mixture, when cold, diluted Avith 3 or 4 times its 
 measure of Carbon Bisulpliide. The B.P. adopts a somewhat similar 
 test to the U.S. P. for the detection of Resin and Resin Oils, requiring 
 that no violet colour should be produced on the addition of 2 drops of 
 a cooled mixture of 2 parts by weight of Sulphuric Acid, and 1 part 
 by weight of Distilled Water, to a mixture of 2 ml. of Linseed Oil and 
 2 ml. of Acetic Anhydride, the mixture lacing warmed and shaken and 
 finally cooled to ID'S'' C. (G0° F.), indicating the absence of Resin and 
 Resin Oils. The U.S. P. employs Glacial Acetic Acid in the place of 
 Acetic Anhydride and 1 drop of Sulphuric Acid in the place of a cooled 
 mixture of 2 parts by weight of Sulphuric Acid and 1 part by weight of 
 Distilled Water, and requires that a greenish colour should be produced, 
 but no violet colour. 
 
 . Linseed Oil, when issviing from the seed wliilst pressing, has scarcely 
 any of the odour or taste of the Linseed Oil of the shops, but acquires 
 it in a very short time on exposure to the air. For medicinal purposes 
 it should be procured as fresh as possible. Boiled Linseed Oil is used 
 in the arts as a drying Oil, and for certain purposes Litharge and 
 Manganese are added during the boiling. The boiled Oil may therefore 
 contain both Lead and Manganese. Boiled Oil may be detected by 
 the increased specific gravity and the great decrease in the Iodine 
 Value. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CATAPLASMA LIN I. —Linseed Meal, 4; Boiling Water, 10. Mix the 
 Linseed Meal with the Water gradually, with constant stirring. In cold 
 weather the basin should be previously rinsed with boiling Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Fr., Mex., Port, and Span. 
 
 Not Official. 
 LITHIUM. 
 
 lii, cq. 6-94. 
 
 A silver-white, brilliant, ductile metal, having the density of 0-59. 
 It is olitained from several minerals — Petalite, Lopidolite, Triphane, and 
 formerly from Triphylline. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Lithii Carljonas, Litliii Citras. 
 
 Not Official.^ — Lithii P>enzoas, Lithii ]3ronii(lum, Lithii Guaiaeas, Lithii 
 Hippuras, Lithii Quinas, Lithii Sahcylas, Lithii Theobromina^ Salicylas, Lithii 
 Bitartras (pp. 843 to 846). 
 
 Tests. — Lithium has a specific gravity of • 59. The characteristic test for 
 Lithium is the crimson colour which its salts, especially when moistened with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, communicate to a non-luminous flame. An aqueous 
 solution of a Lithjum salt affords a white precipitate with Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution. 
 
LSoiids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] LIT 839 
 
 LITHII CARBONAS. 
 
 ; LITHIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 LioCOa, eq. 73-88. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate de Lithine ; Ger., Lithiumcarbonat ; iTAt,., Carbonato 
 Di LiTio ; Span., Carbonato de Litina o Litico. 
 
 A liglit, white, odourless powder, possessing a faintly alkaline taste. 
 
 It may be obtained from Native Lithium Silicate. 
 
 The salts Official in the B.P. and the U.S. P. are required to contain 
 not less than 98-5 p.c. of pure Lithium Carbonate, the P.G. at least 
 99-2 p.c, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.). 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles. 
 
 Solubility.— About 1 in 70 of Water at 60° F. ; in hot Water it is 
 only soluble to about half this extent, a solution saturated in the cold 
 becoming quite tm-bid on boiling. It should be noticed that using 
 1 part of Lithium Carbonate to 70 parts of Water, solution is very 
 slow, and using these proportions in ounces it requires several weeks' 
 digestion, with frequent shaking, before complete solution is eifected. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diuretic. Combined with Carbonic Acid, 
 in a diluted solution, as in Lithia Water, it has been given in gout 
 with the view of increasing the alkalinity of the blood, and acting 
 as a solvent of the Sodium Biurate deposits, but its value is doubtful. 
 
 Cases of cardiac depression and even dilatation, as the result of the exces- 
 sive and continued consumption of Lithia tablets, which are so persistently- 
 vaunted as curative of gout. — Pr. '07, i. 1(3G. 
 
 Lithia salts upset the stomach very easily. — Pr. '09, ii. 130. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in aerated Water, cachets, or Compressed 
 Tablets. Varalettes arc ejfervescing tablets. 
 
 For the granular effervescent form, sec Lithii Citras. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Liquor Lithii Carbonatis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Austr., Bclg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. Span., also Carbanato de Litina efervescente. 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Carbonate dissolves slowly in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which has an alkahne reaction towards red Litmus 
 paper. It dissolves in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid with efEervescence, 
 producing a solution which affords the tests characteristic of Lithium 
 given under that heading, and a colourless gas which, passed into 
 Lime Water, affords a white precipitate, which again dissolves if a 
 sufficient excess of the gas be passed through the liquid, or which is 
 soluble with effervescence in Hydrochloric Acid. It is officially required 
 to contain not less than 98' 26 nor more than 100- 1 p.c. of pure Lithium 
 Carbonate, as volumetrically determined by titrating a mixture of 
 1 gramme of Lithium Carbonate and about 50 ml. of Distilled Water 
 with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less 
 than 26-6 or more than 27*1 ml. should be required, Methyl Orange 
 
84') LIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Solution being emjiloyed as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = • 03694 gramme of pure Lithium 
 Carbonate. The U.S. P. requires the salt to yield 98' 5 p.c. of pure 
 Lithium CiU'bonate as volumetrically determined by the process given 
 in the smaU type below. The P.G. requires the salt dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) to contain at least 99*2 p.c. of Lithium Carbonate, as volu- 
 metrically determined by the method given in small type below under 
 the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Aluminium, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc, 
 Chlorides, and Sulphates. The salt when dissolved in Diluted Acetic 
 Acid should leave no insoluble residue. 
 
 The limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, 
 i. 796) has been modified in the light of later experience, and a limit 
 of 5 j)arts per million is now fixed by the B.P., as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 solution of 2 grammes of Lithium Carbonate in a mixture of 16 ml. 
 of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 45 ml. 
 of hot -Distilled Water, the excess of Bromine being removed by the 
 addition of a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 
 The limit of 10 parts of Lead per million, which was also suggested 
 in this reference, has been confirmed, and is now officially fixed. 
 It is determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution corresponding to 7 grammes of 
 Lithium Carbonate, and an auxiliary solution corresponding to 2 
 grammes, and 5 c.c. of Dilute Lead-Test solution. As far as the 
 remainder of the impurities are concerned, officially, it is required to 
 yield the usual no characteristic reactions, except for Calcium and 
 Sulj)hates, of which it is officially required to yield not more 
 than the slightest reactions. The P.P. does not include tests 
 for Potassium or Sodium. A 1 in 20 solution of the salt in 
 Distilled Water, with the addition of sufficient Hydrochloric Acid 
 to effect solution, should yield no turbidity or precipitate either 
 before or after boiling, on the addition of excess of Ammonia Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Aluminium. A 1 in 150 solution in Distilled 
 Water containing sufficient Hydrochloric Acid to effect solution, 
 when made alkaline with Ammonia Solution should yield not more 
 than the faintest opalescence on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. A similarly prepared solution 
 should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, either before or after the addition of an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, indicating the absence of Copper, Iron and Zinc. 
 The solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of Lithium Carbonate in 
 Diluted Nitric Acid should, when neutralised with Ammonia Solution, 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Magnesium. A 1 in 50 aqueous 
 solution obtained by the aid of a sufficiency of Nitric Acid, should yield 
 only the faintest opalescence on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. A 1 in 50 aqueous solution obtained 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LIT 841 
 
 by the aid of a sufficiency of Hydrochloric Acid, should yield only the 
 faintest turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, in- 
 dicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 The P.G. requires that 0*2 gramme of Lithium Carbonate dissolved 
 in 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and evaporated to dryness, should leave 
 a residue which yields a clear solution in 3 c.c. of Alcohol, indicating a 
 limit of Potassium and Sodium salts. The U.S. P. uses the Amyl 
 Alcohol test, as described below, in fixing a limit of other alkalis. 
 
 Amyl Alcohol. — If to 0* 2 gramme of the salt contained in a flat-bottomed 
 flask of 50 c.c. capacity a slight excess of Hydrochloric Acid be added and the 
 mixture evaporated ahnost to dryness on a water-bath, and if 10 c.c. of Amyl 
 Alcohol [boiling point 132° C. (269* 6° F.)] be added and the mixture cautiously 
 heated until the lower aqueous layer has evaporated, then upon the addition 
 of 3 drops of Hydrochloric Acid and boiling for three minutes the resulting 
 insoluble residue should weigh not more than 0-003 gramme, indicating a 
 limit of other alkalis. The removal of the Water from the Amyl Alcohol 
 mixture is facilitated by passing a ciu"rent of air through the hot solution, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Volum.etric Determination. — A solution of 0-5 gramme of Lithium 
 Carbonate in 20 c.c. of Normal Volmnetric Sulphuric Acid Solution should 
 require not more than 6'Cc.c. of Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hychoxido 
 Solution for complete neutralisation, using Methyl Orange Solution as indi- 
 cator, showing that not less than 13" 4 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution has been neutralised and corresponding to 98*5 p. c. of pure 
 Lithium Carbonate, U.S.P. ; 0-5 gramme of Lithium Carbonate, dried at 
 100° C. (212° F.), should neutralise at least 13-4 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, representing a minimrun content of 99-2 p.c. of 
 Lithium Carbonate ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 = 0*037 gramme of Lithium Carbonate, Methyl Orange being employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality, P.G. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR LITHII CARBONATIS (Lithia Water).— 10 fl. oz. of aerated 
 Water contain 5 grains of Litliimn Carbonate. 
 
 LITHII CITRAS. 
 
 LITHIUM CITRATE. 
 LiaCeHaO,, 4H2O, eq. 281-924. 
 
 A white, crystalline powder, possessing a cool, slightly alkaline 
 taste. It may be prepared by neutralising Citric Acid with Lithium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 2 of Water ; almost insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The solubihty in Water is variously given as 1 in 5 to 1 in 25. 
 
 Medicinal Properties- — Similar to those of the Carbonate, 
 but the Citrate being more soluble, it is better adapted for fluid 
 administration. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0'65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given in solution, or in the form of 
 Lithii Citras Effervescens. 
 
 Official Px'eparation. — Lithii Citras EServescens. 
 
842 LIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. — Lithii Citras Laxativus Effervescens, Lithii Benzoas, 
 Lithii Bromidvim, Lithii Guaiacas, Lithii Hippuras, Lithii Quinas, Lithii 
 Salicylas, Litliii Theobrominaj Salicylas, Lithii Bitartras. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Mex. (Citrate de Litio); U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Litliiiim Citrate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, producing a clear, colourless solution, which is alkaline towards 
 Litmlis paper, and which affords the reactions characteristic of Lithium 
 given under that heading. A 5 p.c. aqueous solution of the salt, when 
 boiled with an excess of Calcium Chloride Solution, affords a white 
 precipitate insoluble in Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 soluble in Ammonium Chloride Solution. 
 
 When heated to redness it chars, emitting inflammable vapours 
 possessing a pungent odour and finally leaving a black residue of 
 Lithium Carbonate and Carbon. It is officially required to contain 
 not less than 98" 5 p.c. of pure Litliium Citrate of the Official formula, 
 as volumetrically determined by titrating the alkaline residue left when 
 1 gramme of the salt is heated to redness until gases cease to be evolved, 
 using Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less 
 than 10*5 ml. should be required; 1ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 •Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*093975 gramme of Lithium Citrate. 
 Methyl Orange Solution may be employed as an indicator of 
 neutrality, though no indicator is officially mentioned. It may also 
 be noted that the number of ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution mentioned in the B.P. corresponds to 98*67 p.c. and 
 not 98*5 p.c. of pure Litliium Citrate of the Official formula. * The 
 U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 98*44 p.c. nor more 
 than 100* 2 p.c. of pure Lithium Citrate, as gravimetrically determined 
 by the process given in small type below under the heading of 
 Gravimetric Determination. 
 
 Litliium Citrate is prepared from Litliium Carbonate, so that 
 naturally the impurities present in the latter are also liable to be present 
 in the former, and the methods adopted for their detection in the 
 Carbonate may also be employed here, see Lithii Carbonas. 
 
 The limit of 1 part of Arsenic per milhon suggested {CD. '08, 
 i. 796) has been modified in the light of later experience, and a limit 
 of 2 parts of Arsenic per million is noAv officially fixed, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 5 grammes of Litliium Citrate in a mixture of 45 ml. 
 of hot Distilled Water and 15 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. The hniit of 5 parts of Lead per million also 
 suggested in tliis reference has been ofl&cially adopted. It is determined 
 by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a primary solution containing 12 grammes of Litliium Citrate and an 
 auxihary solution containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test 
 Solution. The B.P. does not now refer to tlie percentage of Water 
 which it should lose at various temperatures. Theoretically it contains 
 25*5 p.c. of Water of crystallisation, and it should be required to 
 lose not more than 26 p.c, when dried at 150° C. (302° F.). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] L,1T 843 
 
 Amyl Alcohol. — Let the residue obtained by igniting • 2 gramme of the 
 salt at a red heat be treated with a slight excess of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 and the mixture filtered. Then if the filtrate and washings be evaporated 
 almost to dryness, and fm?ther treated as described luider the same heading 
 under Lithiiun Carbonate, the resulting insoluble residue should weigh no 
 more than 0-002 gramme, indicating a limit of other alkalis, U.S. P. 
 
 Qravimetric Determination. — • 5 gramme of Lithium Citrate, di-ied at 
 1.50° C. (302° F.), cautiously ignited in a porcelain crucible, the residue cooled, 
 then moistened with a few drops of Nitric and Sulphuric Acids and again 
 caxitiously ignited, repeating this operation until the residue of Lithium 
 Sulphate becomes white and of constant weight, it should weigh not less than 
 0*387 grannne nor more than 0-391 gramme, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LITHII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS. Effervescent Lithium 
 Citrate. 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, in powder, 58 ; Tartaric Acid, in powder, 31 ; 
 Citric Acid, in powder, 21 ; Litliium Citrate, 5 ; make into granules, 
 
 (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— GO to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LITHII CITRAS LAXATIVUS EFFERVESCENS (Bournemouth For- 
 mulary). — Lithium Citrate, 10; Sodium Phosphate, dried, 30; Sodium 
 Bicarbonate, 4i ; Tartaric Acid, 15; Citric Acid, 17-50. 
 
 LITHII BENZOAS (Li C^HA-. eq. 127-98).— A wliito powder, or small 
 shining scales, with a faintly acid reaction ; the taste is sweet and somewhat 
 saline. 
 
 It may bo prepared by boiling, in Distilled Water, 73-88 parts of Lithium 
 Carbonate with 244-090 parts of Benzoic Acid, and evaporating. 
 
 It should contain not less than 98-5 p.c. of pure Lithium Benzoate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stojjpered bottles and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2^ of Water; 1 in 15 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The solubility of the salt varies with the amount of micombined Benzoic 
 Acid which it contains. A pure salt prepared by exactly neutralising Lithium 
 Carbonate with its ascertained equivalent of Benzoic Acid gave the above 
 figure. The figure 1 in 14 recorded in Squire' s Pocket Companion was obtained 
 from a sample containing 8- p.c. of free Benzoic Acid. See also under Tests. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in gouty conditions. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital., Span. (Bonzoato 
 Litico), and U.S. ; Mex. (Benzoato do Litio). Span, has also Benzoato 
 Litico efervescente. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Lithiiun Benzoate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, producing a solution which is alkaline in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, and which yields the reactions characteristic of Lithium given under 
 that heacUng. It fuses when heated, and at a higher temperature chars, 
 evolving vapours having a Benzoin odour, and finally biu-ns away, leaving 
 a residue of Lithium Carbonate and unbiu-nt Carbon. The salt, if well 
 prepared, will yield an aqueous solution which is neutral in reaction towards 
 Pheiiolphthalein Solution, but commercial samples are frequently acid in 
 reaction towards Phenolphthalein Solution, requiring an appreciable quan- 
 tity of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiiuia Hychoxide Solution to restore 
 neutrality. 
 
844 LIT [Solids Tjy Weiglit; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Samples examined in the author's laboratory have contained from fi to 14 j).c'. 
 of uncombined Benzoic Acid. A 5 p.c. aqueous solution yields witli Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution a buff-coloiu'ed precipitate. A concentrated aqueous 
 solution affords with Hydrochloric Acid a white precipitate, soluble in Ether 
 and in Sodium Hydroxide Solution. If this precipitate be separated, washed 
 till free from mineral acid, and carefully dried it should possess the melting 
 point, respond to the tests for and be free from the impurities mentioned 
 under ' Acidum Benzoicum.' 
 
 The salt is Official in the U.S. P. and is required to contain not less than 
 97-G7p.c. nor more than 100- 4 p.c. of pure Lithium Benzoate as gravimetricalty 
 determined by cautiously igniting in a porcelain crucible a weighed quantity 
 of 0' 5 gramine of the salt with about twice its weight of powdered anhydrous 
 Ammonium Sulphate, the weight being recorded when con.stant. The U.S. P. 
 ' purity rubric ' says it shall contain not less than 98-5 p.c. of pure Lithium 
 Benzoate, which does not correspond with the above gravimetric determina- 
 tion. The percentage of Lithiiun Benzoate may also be determined from the 
 alkalinity of the re.sidvie left on ignition, and this naethod was adopted in 
 U.S. P. 1890. The process was not accurate, and was tedious, on account of 
 the difficulty of burning off the carbonaceous matter. The author has foiuid 
 the following method of direct titration both expeditious and accurate : — 
 Dissolve 1 gramme of the salt in 50 c.c. of pure Distilled Water, add about 
 10 c.c. of Ether and a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution, shake and 
 titrate with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; 1 c.c. of 
 the Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0-012205 gramme 
 Benzoic Acid. A few drops of Methyl Orange Solution are added and the 
 titration continued with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphvu'ic Acid Solution, 
 1 c.c. of which — 0-012798 gramme Lithium Benzoate. 
 
 It should be free from the impurities given under Lithii Carbonas. 
 
 LITHII BROMIDUM (Li Br, eq. 86-80).— A white, granular, dehquescent 
 salt, having a sharp and somewhat bitter saline taste. 
 
 It should contain not less than 97 p.c. of pure Lithium Bromide. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 in a cool place. 
 
 Solvibility.— 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Owing to the low atomic weight of Lithium, 
 this salt contains more Bromide than either Potassium or Sodium Bromide, 
 and consequently has been recommended as a hypnotic for gouty patients, in 
 epilepsy, and in the insomnia of neurasthenia (30 grains three times a day). 
 
 In epilepsy, for rapid action and for soothing purposes, it is the best of the 
 Bromides.— y^.G. '12, 153. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Russ. and U.S. ; Mcx., Bromuro 
 de Litio. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Bromide dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, producing a clear colourless solution having an alkaliiae reaction to 
 red liitmus paper. It fuses when heated at a low red heat, and is slowly 
 volatilised at a higher temperature. It responds to the tests distinctive of 
 Lithium given under that heading. Its aqueous solution, when acidulated 
 with Nitric Acid, affords with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish curdy pre- 
 cipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in Animonia Solution, 
 but soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. Chlorine Water added cautiously 
 to the aqueous solution affords a yellowish coloration, and if the liquid be 
 shaken with Chloroform the colovir passes into the Chloroform solution. The 
 .'salt is Official in the U.S. P., and is required to contain not less than 97- 13 p.c. 
 nor more than 103- 17 p.c. of pure Lithium Bromide as voluinetrically deter- 
 mined by dissolving a weighed quantity of I gramme of the dry salt in 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 c.c. and titrating 20 c.c. of this 
 solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using 2 drops 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LIT 845 
 
 of Potassium Chromato Solution as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0- 00863-1 gramme of pure Lithium 
 Bromide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those also mentioned under 
 Lithium Carbonate, and similar tests may be employed for their detection. 
 The U.S. P. includes a test for Potassium with Sodium Cobaltic Nitrite 
 Solution, prepared by dissolving 4 grammes of Cobaltous Nitrate and 10 
 grammes of Sodium Nitrite in about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 2 c.c. 
 of Acetic Acid and diluting with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 c.c. ; 
 0-5 c.c. of tliis solution added to 5 c.c. of a 5 p.c. aqueous Lithium Bromide 
 solution should not in 10 minutes produce either a turbidity or precipitate, 
 indicating a limit of Potassium. Iodine may be detected by a violet coloration 
 imparted to the chloroformic or Carbon Bisulphide solution of the Bromine 
 liberated when the aqueous solution of the salt is treated with Chlorine Water 
 and shaken with either of these solvents. 
 
 LITHII GUAIACAS. — Is prepared by digesting pvire Guaiacum Resin in 
 an aqueous solution of Lithium Oxide, decanting the clear solution, evapo- 
 rating and scaling it. Composed of Lithium Oxide, 1 ; Guaiacum Resin, 3. 
 
 Given for chronic gout and rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0-32 gramme, twice a day; made into a pill with 
 Dispensing Syrup. 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Guaiacate, when heated to redness, leaves a residue 
 which, when dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and filtered, yields a 
 filtrate giving the tests characteristic of Lithium given mider that heading. 
 The aqueous solution yields a blue coloration on the addition of a drop of 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 LITHII HIPPURAS.— A white microcrystalline powder, soluble 1 in 
 2^ of Water. Used as a solvent for Uric Acid deposits. 
 
 Dose, — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Hippurate, when heated to redness, leaves a residue which, 
 when dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and filtered, yields a filtrate giving 
 the tests characteristic of Lithium appearing under that heading. Its neutral 
 aqueous solution yields on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid an inmiediate 
 <;ry.stalline deposit, and with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a cream-coloured 
 precipitate, soluble in excess of the reagent. 
 
 LITHII QUINAS. (Litliium Kinate. Urosine).— A whitish or brownish- 
 white, granular, effervescent powder, or in the form of tablets. A 50 p.c. 
 solution is also supplied for dispensing. Employed as a solvent of Uric Acid 
 deposits. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Kinate, when heated to redness, leaves a residue which, 
 when dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and filtered, yields a filtrate 
 giving the tests characteristic of Lithium appearing imder that heading. 
 When boiled with Iodine and Solution of Potassium Hydi'oxido it yields 
 Iodoform. 
 
 LITHII SALICYLAS, LiC.H.O^, eq. 143- 98.— A deliquescent, wliite or 
 greyish-white powder, with a faintly acid reaction and a sweetish taste. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 98 -5 p.c. of pure Lithium 
 Salicylate, but this figure does not coincide with the gravimetric determina- 
 tion. See below. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 4 in 3 of Water ; 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— A remedy for gout and rhemnatism. Is much 
 better than Sodium Salicylate in chronic articular rheumatism. 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0-G5 to 2 grammes. 
 
846 LIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Mex. (Salicilato 
 de Litio), Span, and U.S. Span, has also Salicilato de litina efervescente. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.^ — Lithium Salicylate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, yielding a clear colourless solution which should be neutral or slightly 
 acid to Litmus paper. When strongly heated it is decomposed, leaving a 
 residue of Lithium Carbonate and unburnt Carbon, evolving an odour of 
 Phenol, and leaving a residue which, when dissolved in Hydrochloric Acid 
 and filtered, yields a solution giving the tests characteristic of liithium given 
 under that heading. The aqueous solution yields with Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution a violet coloration if not too concentrated, and in very strong solutions 
 a deep I'ed colour changing to a deep violet on dilution. A concentrated 
 aqueous solution yields on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid a white crystalline 
 precipitate which, when separated, washed free from mineral acid, and care- 
 fully dried, should possess the melting point, respond to the tests and be free 
 from the impurities mentioned under ' Acidum Salicylicum.' When warmed 
 with concentrated Sulphuric Acid and a few drops of Methyl Alcohol, the salt 
 evolves an odour of Wintergreen Oil. The salt is Official in the U.S. P. The 
 U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 98' 37 p.c, or more than 100*46 p.c, 
 of pure Lithium Salicylate as gravimetrically determined by cautiously 
 igniting a weighed quantity of 0*5 gramme of the dry salt in a porcelain 
 crucible with about 1 gramme of powdered anhydrous Ammonium Sulphate 
 and recording the weight of the residue when constant ; it should weigh 
 not less than 0*188 gramme, nor more than 0'192 gramme, corresponding 
 to not less than 98*37 p-c., nor more than 100*40 p.c. of pure Lithium 
 Salicylate. 
 
 It is liable to contain the impurities mentioned under Lithium Carbonate, 
 and the same methods as there described may be employed for their detection. 
 The Salicylic Acid should be separated before applying the tests, the tests 
 being carried out on the filtrate from the Salicylic Acid. In addition, the 
 aqueous solution of the salt should not effervesce on the addition of diluted 
 acids, and when shaken with 15 parts of concentrated Sulphuric Acid, it 
 should not impart any colom* to the acid in 15 minutes, indicating the absence 
 of Carbonates and foreign organic matters. The requirement that the 
 aqueous solution of the salt should be colourless, or almost colourle.ss, indicates 
 the absence of Iron salts. 
 
 LITHII THEOBROMIN/E SALICYLAS. (Lithium Diuretin, Uropherin, 
 Uropherin Salicylate). — A white, odourless powder, readily soluble in Water. 
 Used as a diiu-etic. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 20 grains = 1 to 1*3 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Lithium Theobromine Salicylate when strongly heated chars, 
 leaving a residue of Lithium Carbonate and unburnt Carbon, and if this 
 residue be dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and filtered, the filtrate 
 affords the tests characteristic of Lithium given under that heading. It 
 dissolves reachly in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which, when dilute, 
 affords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a violet colour. An aqueous 1 in 
 4 solution affords on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid a white precipitate 
 of Salicylic Acid, and also after some time a white precipitate of Theobromine, 
 soluble in an excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, insoluble in Ammonia. 
 If the precipitated Theobromine be filtered off, dissolved in Chloroform, 
 and a few drops of the chloroformic solution evaporated to dryness, it leaves 
 a residue which, when moistened with Hydrochloric Acid, a crystal of Potassium 
 Chlorate added and the mixture evaporated to dryness, yields a yellowish- 
 red residue. This residue when moistened with Ammonia Solution immediately 
 assumes a brilliant purple-red colour. 
 
 LITHII BITARTRAS (Lithimn Acid Tartrate). — A white, odourless, 
 crystalline jDowder, readily soluble in Water. Used in gouty affections. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains — 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LOB 847 
 
 Uricedin. — A yellowish -brown, granular powder, containing principally 
 Soilivun Citrate, Lithium Citrate and Sodimn Sulphate. Stated to afford 
 relief in gout more from the pleasant laxative action than from pain- 
 diminishing effects ; results in acute gout not satisfactory. 
 
 Dose. — CO to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 LOBELIA. 
 
 LOBELIA. 
 Fr., Lobelie Enflee ; Geb., Lobelienkraut ; Ital., Lobelia. 
 
 Tlie dried flowering Herb of Lobelia inflata, L. 
 
 Imported from North America. 
 
 It contains a non-volatile, poisonous alkaloid, Lobeline, a volatile Oil, a 
 fixed Oil, a neutral principle, ' Infiatine,' and a characteristic acid, Lobehc 
 Acid ; the alkaloid is a powerful emetic. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In small doses it is depressant, anti- 
 spasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic and expectorant. More freely used, 
 it is cathartic and emetic ; but as an emetic it is too distressing as 
 well as too hazardous for general use, as it has a powerful effect on 
 the resj^iration, and may cause death. It is chiefly used in spasmodic 
 asthma, also in laryngeal and bronchial catarrh with thick and scanty 
 secretion, severe croup, and for the paroxysmal dyspnoea of chronic 
 bronchitis and of whooping-cough. In some cases a useful adjunct to 
 diuretics. Its action in asthma is promoted by the addition of Bromide 
 or Iodide. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctura Lobelise -^therea. 
 
 Not Official. — Pulvis Lobelias Compositus, Tinctura Lobelite. 
 
 Antidotes. — The most active stimulants should be employed, as well as 
 the stomach-tube. Recumbent position imperative. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in 
 Span. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The usual form in which the drug is imported 
 consists of rectangular cakes of the chopped herb (1 to If in., 25 to 
 45 mm. thick), compressed and wrapped in paper, or more rarely in 
 the form of the entire herb dried. The official description directs the 
 flowering herb (collected after a portion of the capsules have become 
 inflated, U.S. P.). The harvest is collected in August and September, 
 about which time the new crop is obtainable. The stems are often 
 purplish, have alternate leaves, are obovate or oblong, irregularly toothed 
 (serrate-denticulate, U.S. P.), and have 1-celIed hairs. The capsules 
 are inflated and 2-celled, and contain, when ripe, minute oblong 
 reticulated brown seeds -^^ in. long (0*5 to 0'7mm. long, P.G.) by 
 
848 LOB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ^1^ in. in diameter. The transverse section of the stem contains 
 laticiferons vessels in the bast. It has a somewhat irritating odour, 
 and a burning acrid taste is slowly developed when the seeds are 
 chewed. The hairs are more frequent on the under surface of the 
 leaves and on the middle and lower portion of the stem. The edge 
 of the leaf bears small wliitish glands. According to Lloyd, pre- 
 jiarations of the seed are more uniform and reliable than those of 
 the herb. The distinctive microscopical features of Lobelia inflatn 
 are the whitish glands on the margin of the leaf, the 1 -celled hairs 
 with cuncate cells around their base, the large epidermal cells, the 
 laticiferons cells and the reticulated seed coats. As the seeds are 
 more expensive than the drug, mature capsules are rarely found in 
 the dried herb. 
 
 Tests. — Lobelia yields from 5 to 12 p.c. of ash, and it is oflScially 
 required that the latter figure should not be exceeded. 
 
 Prepai'ation. 
 
 TINCTURA LOBELIA .^THEREA. Ethereal Tincture op 
 Lobelia. (Modified.) 
 
 4 of Lobelia, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Spirit of Ether to 
 yield 20. (1 in [>.) 
 
 The Ether used in the Spirit of Ether has been changed. 
 
 Dose. — D to 15 minims = 0* 3 to 0* 9 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., 1 and 5. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Ethereal Tincture of Lobelia has a specific gravity of about 
 0"808 ; contains about 2*5 p.c. w/v of total sohds, and about 64 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol, A determination of the Alcohol may be 
 made by converting it into a crystalline Calcium Chloride product and 
 removing the Ether by a current of air. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PULVIS LGBELI/E COMPOSITUS.— Potassium Nitrate, 240; Lobelia, 
 in powder, 240 ; Stramonium Leaves, in powder, 240 ; Black Tea, in powder, 
 240 ; Oil of Anise, 1. 
 
 TINCTURA LOBELI/t.— 1 of Lobelia, percolated with Alcohol (70 p.c.), 
 to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minuns = 0-6 to 1-8 ml. ; but 1 fl. drm. = 3-6 ml. 
 may be given for asthmatic dyspnoea ; repeated every 15 minutes until 
 nausea is produced. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 gramme ; daily, 3 grammes of the 1 in 
 10 Tincture. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10 ; Mex. and 
 Port., 1 in .5 ; all by weight except U.S. U.S. has also Fluidextractum 
 Lobelias, 1 in 1, using diluted Acetic Acid as the menstruum. 
 
 The Brnsseh Conference agreed to a strength of 10 p.c, prepared by percolation 
 with Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] LUP 849 
 
 Wot Official. 
 LUPULUS. 
 
 HOPS. 
 
 Fr., Houblon ; Ger., IIopfen ; Ital., Luppolo ; Span., Ltjpulo. 
 
 The dried Strobiles of Humulus Lupulus, L., collected from cultivated 
 Plants. 
 
 Hops with the Infusion and Tincture, also Lupulin, were Oilicial in B.P. 
 1898, but are not included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Bitter stomachic, sedative. Has been recom- 
 mended in the treatment of alcoholism. It sometimes produces sleep when 
 opiates are objectionable. Hops may be used topically as fomentation or 
 ))oultice in painful inflammatory swellings ; and for colic and other internal 
 pains. Hop (which has been carefully di'ied and preserved) is made into a 
 pillow, to induce sleep. 
 
 A combination of the Tinctiu-e with Bromide more successful than any 
 other in simple insomnia of short dm-ation. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 15. 
 
 Inconipatibles. — Mineral acids, metallic salts. 
 
 Foreign Pliarraacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Iloublon), Mex. (Lupulo), 
 Port., Span, and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — In this country hops are cliielly cultivated in Kent, 
 Hertford, Su.ssox, Hants, Surrey and Worcester, and are imported occa- 
 sionally from Bavaria, Belgium, Holland, the United States and Canada. 
 Many varieties are in cultivation, differing chiefly in shape and .size, and 
 slightly in flavour and bitterness. Usually hops arc subjected to the vapour 
 of Sulphm-ous Acid to prevent the brownish coloration and the development 
 of the Valerianic Acid odour which takes place in old hops. The strobiles 
 in commerce vary in length from | to 1^ in. (19 to 37 mm.); the U.S. P. 
 states about 30 mm. They are oval or oblong-oval in outline, and consist 
 of imbricated membranous stipules and bracts, each bract having in its 
 axil a small rounded fruit or achene, which, as well as the bracts and stipules, 
 bear numerous yellow glands, in which the bitter taste and the odotu* princi- 
 pally reside. The best test of the freshness of hops is the odour, which 
 becomes distinctly valerianic in hops that have been kept long. The amount 
 of Lupulin present should be noted, especially if strobiles are much broken, 
 as it is said to be the practice in some places to sift out as much Lupulin 
 as jiossible for separate sale. The quality of hops has been judged by the 
 amount of extract jaelded to Benzol, which varies from 12 to 19 p.c. ; 
 Worcester hops yielded 17*lp.c. ; Sussex 16 p.c. ; Kent 14* 6 p.c. ; and 
 the highest percentage was obtained from Californian hops. From unsul- 
 phm-ed hojjs the extract is green, from sulphured hops bro^vn. On distillation 
 with Water, hops yield 0*9 p.c. of Volatile Oil. 
 
 Tests. — The ethereal extract obtained from Hops varies from 9 to 15 p.c. 
 and consists of oil, resin and bitter principle. The ash varies from 5 to 7 p.c. 
 and should not exceed the latter figure. 
 
 EXTRACTUM LUPULI. — Hops extracted with Alcohol and subsequently 
 with boiling Water by a process similar to that of Extractum Jalapse. 
 16 oz. Hops yield 4 to 5 oz. Extract. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pliarraacopoeias. — Mex. and Port, have alcoholic Extracts, 
 but not made the same way ; U.S. has a Fluidextraet from Lupulin. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM LUPULINI (C7./S.). — Prepared with Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.), so that 1 fl. oz. represents 1 oz. of Lupulin. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
850 LYC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 INFUSUM LUPULI.— Infusion OF Hops. 
 
 Hops, freshly broken, 1 ; Distilled Water, boiling, 20 ; infuse 15 minutes ; 
 strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56 -8 ml. 
 
 foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Mex., 1 in 100. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 TINCTURA LUPULI. Tincture of Hops. Syn. Tinctura Humuli.— 
 4 of Hops, macerated with 20 of Alcohol ((50 p.c). (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., 1 in 5. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Hops has a specific gravity of 0* 930 to 0' 935 ; contains 
 about 4 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 5G p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 LUPULINUM.— LupuLiN. 
 
 Glands obtained from the Strobiles of Humulus Lupulus. 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = • ] 3 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.- — Given in cachets or pills. A (jood inll can he 
 made by means of Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcEias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ital., Port., 
 Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Lupulin of commerce is obtained by stripping 
 the scales off the strobiles, and separating the powder by a sieve, or by 
 sifting the deposit of Lupulin tliat fori7is at the bottom of the hop kilns 
 and hop pockets. The grains of Lupulin are officially described as consisting 
 of a single layer of cells, the cuticle of which has been raised by the secretion 
 of oil or oleore.sin. The strobiles yield about 8 to 12 p.c. of Lupulin which, 
 when incinerated, leaves about 7- 3 p.c. of ash. It may contain, as impurities, 
 debris of the scales and sand or earthy matter, the amount of which can be 
 roughly estimated by floating the Lupulin on Water, when the heavier 
 matter will sink to the bottom. The contents of the glands (about 75 p.c.) 
 are liquid at first, concreting into a mass in the centre. When fresh it is of 
 a greenish or j^ellow colour from dried hops, but of brownish-yellow colour 
 from sulphured hops, and becomes darker on keeping and acquires a distinct 
 odour of Valerianic Acid. When triturated in a mortar the glands are 
 ruptured and can be worked into a plastic mass. 
 
 Tests. — Lupulin should contain not more than 40 p.c. of inatter insoluble 
 in Ether ; the U.S. P. requires that it shall contain not less than 60 p.c. of 
 matter soluble in Ether. The ash should bo not more than 12 p.c. ; the 
 U.S. P. requires not more than 10 p.c. Eight samples examined in the author's 
 laboratory gave 28-2, 33-8, 29-9, 27-9, 20-6, 12-1, 18-7, and 25-4 p.c. of ash. 
 
 OLEORESINA LUPULINI {U.S.).— Exhaust Lupulin with Acetone; 
 distil off most of the Acetone on a water -bath, and complete by exposure 
 to the air. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 TINCTURA LUPULINI.— Lupulin, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 8. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 00 minims =:= 0-9 to 3-0 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 The Spores of Lycopodiiim clavatum, L., and other species of Lycopodmm ; 
 a fine powder, pale yellowish, xery mobile, inodorous, tasteless, floating upon 
 Water, and not wetted by it, but sinking on being boiled with it, and burning 
 quickly when thrown into a flame. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAG 851 
 
 It, has been used in dispensing chiefly as powder to envelop hygroscopic 
 pills. 
 
 Recommended in incontinence of urine, and irritability of bladder, in the 
 form of Tinetura Lycopodii (1 in 10 of Alcohol 90 p.c). 
 
 In nocturnal enuresis 20 minims of Tincture, gradually increasing to 50 
 minims morning and evening for 10 days. — B.M.J. '11, i. 972. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to GO minims = 0-9 to 3- G ml. 
 
 Used as a dusting powder for eczema, and to prevent chafing of sldu ; also 
 as a basis for insufflations and snuffs. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital. (Licopodio), Jap., Mex. (Licopodio), Norw., Port., 
 Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Lycopodium, when examined under the microscope, should not 
 exhiliit Pollen or Starch grains, or particles of sand. It should not leave 
 more than 5 p.c. of ash when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MAGNESIUM. 
 
 MAGNESIUM. 
 
 Mg, cq. 24-32. 
 
 A brilliant silver-grey metallic solid, somewhat resembling Silver in appear- 
 ance, malleable, fuisiblo at a low temperature, and convertible into Magnesium 
 Oxide by the combined action of air and moisture. 
 
 It does not occur naj.urally ; it is a product of manufacture. 
 
 Tests. — Magnesium has a specific gravity of about 1 • 750 ; when strongly 
 heated it takes fire and biums, emitting a powerfully-actinic light and leaving 
 a residue of Magnesium Oxide. 
 
 It dissolves readily in Hydrochloric Acid, yielding a solution which, when 
 neutrahsed with Ammonia Solution, affords with Sodium Phosphate Solution 
 a white crystalline precipitate, insoluble in Ammonia Solution and in Solution 
 of Ammonimn salts, soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. Ammonia Solution, 
 Calcium, Potassium or Sodium Hych'oxide Solution, affords a white preci- 
 pitate, insoluble in excess of the reagent but soluble in excess of Ammonium 
 Chloride Solution. Ammonium Carbonate Solution affords no precipitate in 
 the presence of Ammonium Chloride Solution. 
 
 MAGNESIA LEVIS, 
 
 LIGHT MAGNESIA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Light Calcined Magnesia ; Light Magnesium Oxide. 
 
 MgO, eq. 40-32. 
 
 Fr., Oxyde de Magnesium; Ger., Gebrannte Magnesia; Ital., Ossido 
 Di Magnesio ; Span., Oxido Magnesico. 
 
 An extremely light, wliite, inodorous powder, possessing a faintly 
 alkaline taste ; prepared from light Magnesium Carbonate by ignition 
 at a dull red heat. 
 
 It differs from Heavy Magnesia in that it is about 3| times lighter. 
 
852 MAG [Solids fey Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It is liable to absorb both moisture and Carbonic Anhydride from 
 the air, and should therefore be kept in well-closed glass bottles or jars. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Same as Magnesia Ponderosa. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0"32 to 1*3 grammes, if repeated ; 30 to 
 60 grains = 2 to 4 grammes, for a single dose. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In cachets or mixtures, also taken in Milk. When 
 mixing it with Water it is desirable to add 5 or times its weight of Water all at 
 once, to prevent the format ion of lumps, ivhich would, be difficult to rub down. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Contained in Pulvis Rhei Compositus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Uuss., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. ; Fr. has also Hydroxide de Magnesium. 
 
 Tests. — Light Magnesia dissolves readily and completely in Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, yielding a solution which answers the tests characteristic 
 of Magnesium given under that heading. According to the U.S. P. 
 it may be distinguished from Heavy Magnesia by its power of forming 
 a gelatinous Hydroxide when 1 part of the Oxide is mixed with 15 parts 
 of Distilled Water. It is not officially required to contain any definite 
 percentage of pure Magnesium Oxide. The U.S. P. requires that the 
 recently ignited and cooled Oxide shall contain not less than 96*0 p.c. 
 of pure Magnesium Oxide, as volumetrically determined by the method 
 indicated below. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the rubric be changed to not less than 95 p.c. by weight after 
 ignition, and that the limit of Water of hydration be retained at 15 p.c, 
 with a method for its determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are foreign soluble salts, 
 excess of moisture, Aluminium, Arsenic, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, 
 Carbonates, Chlorides, and Sulphates. 
 
 The limit of 4 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, 
 i. 790) has been modified in the light of subsequent experience, and a 
 limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million is now fixed by the P.P., as 
 determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 using a solution of 2 grammes of Light Calcined Magnesia in a mixture 
 of 40 ml. of Distilled Water and 20 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of Bromine being removed by a 
 sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 
 20 parts of Lead per million suggested in the same reference has been 
 officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing as a primary solution a solution 
 representing 4 grammes of Light Magnesia, and an auxiliary solution 
 representing 2 grammes, using 4 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution obtained by the aid of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, when mixed with a slight excess of Ammonia Solution and boiled, 
 should yield no light flocculent precipitate, indicating the absence of 
 Aluminium and Iron. Another portion of a similar solution should 
 yield no distinct turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals. 10 c.c. of a 
 1 in 50 solution, obtained by the aid of Acetic Acid, should yield 
 
[Solids fey Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAG 853 
 
 Ho turbidity or precipitate on the additiou of Aminouium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. A solution of 1 gramme 
 of Magnesium Oxide in 50 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and 100 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water should be colourless and should yield no immediate 
 blue coloration on the addition of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Iron. The Oxide should dissolve completely in 
 Acetic Acid without effervescence, indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 The U.S. P. requires that if a mixture of 0" 1 gramme of Magnesium 
 Oxide with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water be heated to boiling, cooled, poured 
 into 5 c.c. of Acetic Acid, solution should take place without the 
 evolution of more than a few isolated gas bubbles, indicating a limit 
 of Carbonates. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution, obtained by the 
 aid of a sufficiency of Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no distinct 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 solution, obtained 
 by dissolving the Oxide in Nitric Acid, should yield not more than the 
 faintest opalescence on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Chlorides. The filtrate obtained on mixing 1 gramme of 
 Magnesium Oxide with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, boiling, cooling, 
 and filtering, should show not more than a faintly alkaline reaction 
 to red Litmus paper, and when evaporated to dryness should leave 
 not more than 0*04 gramme of residue, indicating a limit of foreign 
 soluble salts. The B.P. requires that it should lose not more than 1 p.c. 
 of its weight when heated to dull redness, indicating a limit of Water 
 of hydration. The U.S. P. requires that if Magnesium Oxide be exposed 
 to a low red heat in a porcelain crucible, it should lose not more than 
 15 p.c. of its weight. The B.P. does not include a test for Chlorides, 
 or foreign soluble salts. 
 
 VoluTnetric Determination. — If 0-400 gramme of recently ignitocl and 
 cooled Magnesimii Oxide bo dissolved in 25 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, not more than 5" 8 c.c. of Normal Vohmietric Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide Solution should bo required for neutralisation, xising Methyl 
 Orange Test-Solution as indicator. 1 c.c. of Normal Volmnetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution is equivalent to 5 p.c. of pure Magnesium Oxide, U.S. P. 
 
 MAGNESIA PONDEROSA, 
 
 HEAVY MAGNESIA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Heavy Calcined Magnesia ; Heavy Magnesium Oxide. 
 
 MgO, eq. 40-32. 
 
 Fr., MAGNE.giE Calcinee pesante ; Ger., Schwere gebrannte Magnesia. 
 
 A fine white powder, without odour, and having an earthy and 
 faintly alkaline taste, prepared by igniting heavy Magnesium Carbonate 
 at a dull red heat ; it is specifically heavier, than the above. 
 
 It is liable to absorb both moisture and Carbonic Anhydride from 
 the air, and should therefore be kept in well-closed glasi bottles or 
 jars. 
 
854 MAG- [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SoJubility.— 1 in about 6000 of cold Water, 1 in about 36,000 of 
 hot Water ; like Lime, it is more soluble in cold than in hot Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antacid, laxative. Much used in 
 dyspepsia, and to relieve vomiting, heartburn, sick headache, 
 rheumatic and gouty conditions, and other complaints attended with 
 acidity, and in larger doses for constipation. As a laxative, it may 
 often be used with advantage when other medicines occasion nausea ; 
 generally combined with other purgatives. It is an excellent and 
 mild purgative for children. 
 
 Much more powerful as an antacid than Sodiuni Bicarbonate, and is a 
 laxative at the same time. — B.M.J.E. '11, ii. 12. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It frequently becomes aggregated (on standing) into 
 a solid mass ivhen prescribed in mixtures, especially when given with the Sulphate. 
 Magnesium Carbonate is not open to the same objection. 
 
 Although the heavy powder is preferred by many for its smoothness, the light 
 powder is said to be quicker in its action. 
 
 It may be given in Water or in Milk ; about twice its ^oeight of either shoidd 
 be added all at once, so as to form a smooth paste, before adding the remainder. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1-3 grammes, for repeated 
 administration ; for a single administration, 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 
 4 grammes. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — All acids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. (Magnesia Usta 
 Pondorosa) ; Norw. and Swcd. (Oxydum Magnesicum Ponderosum) ; 
 U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Heavy Magnesium Oxide dissolves readily and completely 
 in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, forming a solution which answers the tests 
 distinctive of Magnesium given under that heading. It is distinguished 
 from Light Magnesium Oxide by not readily forming a gelatinous 
 Hydroxide when 1 part of the sample is mixed with 15 parts of Distilled 
 Water. It should otherwise conform to the tests given under ' Magnesia 
 Levis.' It is liable to contain the same impurities as Light Magnesia, 
 and the same methods may be employed for detecting their presence 
 as are described under Magnesia Levis. 
 
 MAGNESII CARBONAS LEVIS, 
 
 LIGHT MAGNESIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 Fb., Hydrocarbonate de Magnesium ; Ger., Basisches Magnesium- 
 
 CARBONAT ; Ital., Carbonato di Magnesio ; Span., Carbonato 
 
 Magnesico. 
 
 A very hght, white, odourless, microcrystalline powder. 
 1 oz. occupies about the space of 6 11. oz. of Water. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2500 of cold Water ; 1 in 9000 of hot Water. » 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Same as Magnesia Ponderosa. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Same as given under Magnesia Levis. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAG 855 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0' 32 to 1"3 grammes, for repeated 
 administration ; for u single administration, 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 
 4 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — ^Used to prepare Magnesia Levis. 
 
 Foreign Pharinaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., and Swiss, U.S., 
 Magnesii Carbonas. 
 
 Tests. — Light Magnesium Carbonate dissolves readily and com- 
 pletely in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, effervescing and yielding a solution 
 which affords the tests distinctive of Magnesium given under that 
 heading. The colourless gas which is evolved, when passed into Lime 
 Water, produces a white precipitate, redissolving with effervescence 
 in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and also soluble in a sufficient excess of 
 the gas. When strongly ignited it is decomposed, yielding Carbonic 
 Anhydride and Water and leaving a residue of Magnesium Oxide. 
 The B.P. requires that when calcinated at a red heat it should 
 lose from 56 to 58 p.c. of its weight, and consequently leaving from 
 42 to 44 p.c. of residue ; the U.S. P. that, when ignited, the residue 
 should amount to not less than 40 p.c, of which not less than 96 p.c. 
 should consist of pure Magnesium Oxide, as volumetrically determined 
 by the method given in the small type below under the heading of 
 Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are foreign soluble salts. 
 Aluminium, Ai'senic, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Chlorides, and 
 Sulphates. 
 
 If a mixture of 1 gramme of Light Magnesium Carbonate with 50c.c. 
 of Distilled Water be heated to boiling, cooled, and filtered, the filtrate 
 should be only faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper, and 
 on evaporation to dryness upon a water-bath should leave not more 
 than 0*005 gramme, indicating a limit of foreign soluble salts. The 
 limit of 4 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796) 
 has been modified in the light of later experience, and the B.P. now 
 fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by 
 the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Light Magnesium Carbonate in a mixture of 
 45 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 15 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of Bromine having been removed 
 by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit 
 of 20 parts of Lead per million suggested in the same reference has now 
 been officially fixed. It is determined by the Lead Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution representing 
 7 grammes of the salt and an auxiliary solution representing 2 grammes, 
 together with 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. When dissolved 
 in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and a sufficiency of Ammonium Chloride 
 is added, it should yield no flocculent precipitate on the addition of 
 Ammonia Solution in excess, indicating the absence of Aluminium. 
 A 1 in 20 solution obtained by the aid of Hydrochloric Acid should 
 afford no distinct darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals. 
 
856 MAG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 20 c.c, of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution obtained by the aid of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should afford no immediate blue coloration on the 
 addition of 0* 5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Iron. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solixtion of the salt obtained 
 by the aid of a sufficiency of Acetic Acid, should not be rendered more 
 tlian slightly opalescent within 5 minutes on the addition of Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. An aqueous 1 in 20 
 solution obtained by the aid of Nitric Acid, should not be rendered 
 more than opalescent within 5 minutes on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides, nor more tlian slightly turbid 
 witliin 5 minutes after the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, in- 
 dicating a limit of Sulphates. The B.P. does not include a test for 
 foreign soluble salts, but includes the rest, using the customary 
 expression, ' yields no characteristic reactions for, etc' 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 0-400 gramme of recently ignited and 
 cooled Magnesium Carbonate be dissolved in 25 c.c. of Normal Volvunetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, not more than 6-8 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide Solution should be required for neutralisation. Methyl 
 Orange Test-Solution being used as indicator. 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution is equivalent to 5 p.c. of joure Magnesium Oxide, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 MAGNESII CARBONAS PONDEROSUS. 
 
 HEAVY MAGNESIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate de Magnesium ; Ger., Weisse Magnesia ; Ital., Carbo- 
 NATO Di Magnesio ; Span., Carbonato Magnesico. 
 
 An odourless, white, granular powder. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Same as Magnesia Ponderosa. 
 
 Increases blood coagulability. — L. '08, i. 96. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1*3 grammes, for repeated 
 administration ; for a single administration, 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 
 4 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In cachets, lozenges, or mixture, or as Liquor 
 Magnesii Bicarbonatis. Also given with Magncsinm Sulphate as Mistura Alba. 
 When mixing it with Water add all at once about twice its weight oj Water. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Magnesii Bicarbonatis. Used in the pre- 
 paration of Magnesia Ponderosa and Trochiscus Bismuthi Compositus. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Alba, Mistura Magnesise c. Rheo, Magnesii 
 Bromidi Liquor, Magnesii Citratis Liquor, Pulvis Magnesias Tartaricus, and 
 Magnesium Lactate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. U.S. Magnesii Carbonas. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Heavy Magnesium Carbonate dissolves with effervescence 
 in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, yielding a solution which affords the tests 
 distinctive of Magnesium given under that lieading, and evolving a 
 colourless gas which produces, when passed into Lime Water, a 
 white precipitate soluble with effervescence in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAG 857 
 
 Acid, iiuJ iu a sullicieiit excess of the gas. It sliould unswer tlic tests 
 given under ' Magnesii Carbonas Levis,' and is liable to contain the 
 same impurities. The methods there given for their detection may 
 also be employed in this instance. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR MAGNESII BICARBONATIS. Solution of Magnesium 
 Bicarbonate. B.P.Syn. — Fluid Magnesia. 
 
 Contains about 2 p.c. w/v, or about 9 grains of Magnesium Carbonate 
 in 1 fl. oz. of. Carbonic Acid Water. 
 
 Tho title in B.P. 1898 was Liquor Magnesii Carbonatis. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. OZ. = 28- 4 to 56- 8 ml. 
 
 Swed., Solutio Sulfatis Magnesici Carbonica. 
 
 Tests. — Magnesium Carbonate Solution effervesces very slightly, 
 if at all, when the vessel containing it is first opened. It evolves 
 Carbonic Anhydride when gently warmed, and if the resulting gas be 
 passed into Lime Water it produces a white precipitate. It is officially 
 required to yield not less than 0*80 p.c. and not more than 0*95 p-c. 
 w/v of calcined residue, as determined by evaporating to dryness a 
 measured quantity of 20 ml. of the Liquor, and then calcining tlie residue, 
 which shoiild weigh not less than 0* 16 and not more than 0* 19 gramme. 
 If this residue be dissolved in Diluted Sulphuric Acid it should answer 
 the tests distinctive of Magnesium given under that heading, and should 
 be free from the impurities mentioned under ' Magnesii Sulphas.' 
 The latter requirement is not contained in the B.P., but it is required 
 to yield no characteristic reaction with the test for Sulphates ; when 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid it should yield no turbidity or pre- 
 cipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution. The alkalinity of 
 the liquor may be readily determined by direct titration with Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution 
 as an indicator of neutrality. 10 c.c. should require not less than 
 4'0 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, equivalent to 
 0*80 p.c. of MgO, equivalent to 3*5 grains of Magnesium Oxide to the 
 fl. oz. ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*02010 
 gramme MgO. 
 
 Commercial samples of the Liquor do not always answer to the 
 official requirements ; thus two commercial samples, obtained from 
 well-known makers, yielded the following figures when examined in 
 the author's laboratory: — Specific gravity, 1*022 and 1*024; total 
 solids, 2* 07 and 2* 34 ; residue after ignition, 0* 94 and 0* 93 ; alkalinity, 
 calculated as Magnesium Oxide, 1* 78 and 1* G4. Tlie residue from one 
 sample was white, but that from the second sample was distinctly 
 red in colour, due to the presence of Iron. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 0* 2 part of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing a mixture of 50 ml. of the Liquor and 13 ml. of Brominated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of Bromine being 
 
858 MAG [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measm'e.] 
 
 removed by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous CJiloiide Arsenic- 
 Test reagent. The Lead limit is officially fixed at 0- 5 part per million, 
 as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution obtained by adding an excess of 
 Acetic Acid to 200 ml. of the Liquor and so concentrating the solution 
 that after being made alkaline with the necessary amount of Ammonia 
 Solution and receiving the addition of Potassium Cyanide Lead-Test 
 Solution it shall measure 50 ml. ; the auxiliary solution being 
 prepared from 100 ml. treated in a similar manner, 13 ml. of Dilute 
 Lead-Test Solution being used. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA ALBA. — Magnosiura Carbonate, 10 grains; Magnosium Sul- 
 phate, 1 drni. ; Peppermint Water, to 1 il. oz. — Given in several Hospital 
 P/iarmacopceias. 
 
 MISTURA MAGNESI/E C. RHEO.— Rhubarb, 5 grains; Magnesium 
 Carbonate, 15 grains ; Pejipermint Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MAGNESil BROMIDI LIQUOR.— Neutralise 20 fl. oz. of Dihite Hydro- 
 bromic Acid (lOp.c.) with about 1 oz. of Magnesium Carbonate; iilter. 
 Each teaspoonful contains nearly 7 grains of Anliych'ous Magnesium Bromide. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3 • G to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 MAGNESil CITRATIS LIQUOR.— Solution of Magnesium Citrate. 
 Syn. LiMONADE Purgative. — Dissolve 200 grains of Citric Acid in 2 fl. oz. 
 of Water, and, having added 100 grains of Magnesium Carbonate, stir until 
 it is dissolved. Filter the Solution into a strong half -pint bottle, add J fl. oz. 
 of Syrup of Lemons and sufficient Distilled Water to nearly fill the bottle, 
 then introduce 40 grains of Potassium Bicarbonate in crystals, and imme- 
 diately close the bottle with a cork, which should be seciu-ed with string or 
 wire ; afterwards shake the bottle until the Potassium Bicarbonate is 
 dissolved. 
 
 A pleasant saline aperient and refrigerant draught. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 10 fl. oz. = 142 to 284 ml. 
 
 Magnesium Carbonate, 15 ; Citric Acid, 33 ; Syrup of Citric Acid,* GO ; 
 Potassium Bicarbonate, 2*5 ; Water, q.s. to make about 300.- — U.S. P. 
 
 * Syrup. Acidi Citriei. — Citric Acid, 1 ; Distilled Water, 1 ; Tincture of 
 Fresh Lemon Peel, 1 ; Syrup, q.s. to produce 100. — U.S. P. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in. the U.S. formula modified. 
 Austr. and Hung. (Potio Magnesia; Citrica^ Effervescens) ; Austr. has 
 also Magnesium Citricum Effervescens; Bclg. (Magnesii Citriei 
 Potio) ; Dutch (Solutio Citratis Magnesici) ; Fr. (Liiuonado 
 Citro-Magn6sienne) ; Ital. (Citrato di Magnesia Effcrvescente) ; 
 Mex. (Solucion de Citrato de Magnesia) ; Port. (Limonada Citro- 
 Magnesica) ; Russ. (Potio Magnesii Citriei Aerophora) ; Span. 
 (Pocion de Citrato Magnesico Gaseosa), also Pocion de Citrato 
 de Magnesia ; Ger., Jap., Russ. and Swiss (Magnesium Citricum 
 Effervescens). Swiss has also Limonata aorata laxans. Not in the 
 others. Fr. has also Citrate de Magnesie desseche. 
 
 PULVIS MAGNESI/E TARTARICUS (.S'M;e</.).—Ela;osaccharura Mentha? 
 PiperitjB, 1 ; Sugar, 3 ; Tartaric Acid, 1 ; Magnesium carbonate, 1. 
 
 MAGNESIUM LACTATE.— Valuable for combating the accidents of 
 haemophilia in cases where the Calciiun salts do not seem to act. Soluble 
 about 1 in 30 of Water. Dose, 20 to GO grains once or twice repeated. The 
 large dose unfits it for delivery in a luixturc ; it should be dissolved in hot 
 Water by the patient himself. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAG 859 
 
 MAGNESII SULPHAS. 
 
 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Epsom Salts. 
 
 MgSOi, 7H,0, eq. 246-502. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate i>e Magnesium ; Ger., Magnesiumsulfat ; Ital., Solfato 
 Di Magnesio ; Span., Sulfato Magnesico. 
 
 Small, colourless, odourless, translucent, rliombic prisms or acicular 
 crystals, having a bitter saline taste. 
 
 It is generally obtained by purification of native Magnesium Sulphate 
 (Kieserite) or from native Magnesium Carbonates (Magnesite or 
 Dolomite) by decomposition with Sulphuric Acid and recrystallisation. 
 
 It is liable to eilloresce on exposure to dry air, and should therefore 
 be kept in well-closed bottles or jars. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 97" 4 p.c. of pure 
 Magnesium Sulphate ; the U.S. P. requires that it should contain not 
 less than 99* 7 p.c. of pure Magnesium Sulphate. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 13 of Water, measures 18; 20 in 3 of boiling 
 Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— A mild and safe hydragogue purgative, 
 operating with little pain or nausea. Used in portal congestion and 
 chronic constipation and that of lead poisoning, in intlammatory 
 affections in robust peoj)le, in dropsies, and in congestion of brain ; 
 by reducing blood pressure it wards off apoplectic attacks ; along with 
 Ferrous Sulphate it is given in a n a)m i a . It is an imjiortaut ingredient 
 in Mistura Alba. Specific in bacillary dysentery, drm. doses are 
 given every two hours. 
 
 When given in conjunction with Diluted Sulphiu'ic Acid the dose 
 may be reduced ; the Acid also helps to cover the nauseous taste. 
 
 As an anti-convulsant in tetanus its use intraspinally is well known ; but 
 that the same result may be obtained with laiuch greater ease and safety 
 by employing dilute solutions in largo amounts hypodermically is not recog- 
 nised ; a 1 to 2 p.c. solution in quantities, and fit intervals depending upon 
 the severity of the symptoms, a pint to a quart every tlu-ee hours if necessary. 
 —L. '15, i. 99. 
 
 The benefits of intramuscular injections in acute rheumatic fever are 
 httle short of marvellous ; 4 c.c. of a 25 p.c. Sterilised Solution, daily for 
 3 days, then every other day or two.^ — Pr. '12, i. 179. 
 
 Saturated Solution, applied to the inflamed joints in acute articular rheu- 
 matism ; results excellent. — N.Y.3I.J. '11, i. 1223. 
 
 The deep subcutaneous injection of 4 c.c. daily of a 25 p.c. solution is of 
 considerable value in acute rheumatism ; not more than 4 injections are 
 required, as the pain, etc., rapidly disappears, but the Salicylates are also 
 needed for complete cure. — M.A. '15, 19. 
 
 External application of a saturated solution has a marked effect in lessening 
 the pain and preventing the extension of erysipelas and cellulitis ; it is 
 applied well beyond the inflamed area on 10-15 layers of gauze or a thin 
 layer of absorbent cotton or lint covered with oiled silk. The dressing should 
 be wetted about once in two hovirs ; it should be removed once in 1 2 hours 
 for inspection and immediately re-applied. The affected area should not be 
 washed during treatment.— i^. '11, j. 300; T.G. '07, 238; '08. 381. 
 
860 MAG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 1 drm. doses twice or thrice daily successful in removing warts. — L. '09, 
 i. 1417. 
 
 In a series of 24 cases of tetanus treated by this, mortality was 40 p.c. — 
 T.G. 1911, p. 731. 
 
 Intrathecal injections having proved useful in tetanus, there is no reason 
 wliy they should not prove of equal service in treating eclampsia. — B.M.J. 
 '11, i. 187. 
 
 In tetanus, in view of the possible effects on the respiratory centre, several 
 observers confirm the view as to the desirability of a sviitably diluted solution ; 
 tluis 8 c.c. injections of a 12- 5 p.c. solution are better than 4 c.c. injections 
 of a 2.5 p.c. solution ; should respiratory failure threaten, Oxygen inhalations 
 are helpful.— M. A. '14, 601. 
 
 In tetanus the suljcutaneous method promises to yield better results than 
 the lumbar, but the disadvantage lies in the painfulness of the injections. — 
 B.M.J.E. '14, i. G4. 
 
 Except in tetanus for the intravenous injection, a 25 p.c. solution is used ; 
 any case of tetanus, mild or severe, should iroiw the start to finish be treated 
 hy subcutaneous injections every 6 hours, 1-2 c.c. to 2 c.c. per kilogramme 
 of body weight ; cases having severe attacks should receive in addition an 
 intraspinal injection, 1 c.c. in the lumbar region for every 10 kilogrammes of 
 body weight ; this may be repeated if necessary ; if attack contains an 
 element of inimediato danger an intravenous injection is given, this being 
 3 p.c. (isotonic), and at the rate of not more than 5 c.c. per minute; when 
 intr,aspinal and intravenous injections are not practicable the intranmscular 
 plus Ether anaesthesia may be resorted to ; when treating tetanus by Mag- 
 nesium Sulphate, preparations for artificial respiration ought to be made in 
 order to use efficient doses of the salt ; this treatment does not include serum 
 treatment ; the paper concludes with a description and diagram of a simple 
 apparatus for pharyngeal insufflation as a method for artificial respiration in 
 cases of emergency. — L. '15, i. 1331. 
 
 Successful in chorea, by iaitrathecal injection, 1-5 to 3 c.c. of a 7 to 25 p.c. 
 solution; should be reserved for severe cases in which sleep is interfered with, 
 and in which other measures have failed ; 1 to 3 injections re'quired.— 
 E.M.J. '14, ii. 09. 
 
 Intraspinal injection of 2\ to 3| c.c. of a 25 p.c. solution in chorea, an 
 excellent measiu-e in both mild and severe cases.- — B.M.J.E. '09, i. 00. 
 
 In chorea, after withdrawal of 12 c.c. of ccrcl)ro-spinal fluid, 2 c.c. of a 
 25 p.c. solution in sterilised Water are injected into the spinal meninges ; a 
 second dose five or .six days later may l^e necessary ; four cases out of five 
 absolutely and rapidly cured. — M.A. '13, 175. 
 
 Hypodermically in obstinate constipation, 0" 5 to 5 c.c. of a 25 p.c. solution ; 
 best results from 0- 5 to 1 c.c. doses under skin of abdomen. — Prcscriber '13, 77. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 90 grains = 2 to 6 grammes, for repeated adminis- 
 tration ; for a single administration, ^ to J oz. = 7' 1 to H" 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in solution. It has a very unpleasant 
 bitter taste rvhich is difficult to mask ; Sodium Sidphalc is much more palatable. 
 It is usually 23rescribed with Cinnamon Water or Peppermint Water, and Sjnrit 
 of Chloroform. 
 
 Mixtvues containing Magnesimn Sulphate, Phenazone and a Salicylate 
 tlirow clown a bulky crystalline deposit, which has been stated to consist 
 of Phenazone Salicylate, but has also been shown to yield a fairly definite 
 percentage of Magnesium Oxide on ignition. — P.J. '99, ii. 332 ; '02, i. 22, 
 50, 143. 
 
 Incompatibles.- — Potassimn and Sodium Carbonates and Bicarbonates, 
 Lime Water, Lead Acetate. Magnesium Sulphate should not be prescribed 
 with Tartaratod Soda, for after some time Magnesiimi Tartrate will precipitate. 
 The following prescription is an example : K Soda3 Tartaratae, ^j ; Magnes. 
 Sulph., 5ij ; AquEe ad fl. ^iss. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAG 861 
 
 Official Preparation. — Magnesii Sulphas Effervescens. Contained in 
 Mistnra Sennae Composita. Used in the preparation of Magnesii Carbonas 
 Levis, Magnesii Carbonas Ponderosa, and Liquor Magnesii Bicarbonatis. 
 
 Not Official. — Eau SaHne Purgative, Eau Saline Purgative Gazeuse, 
 Enema Magnesii Sulphatis, Magma Magnesife, Mistin-a Salina Laxans, 
 Magnesii Benzoas, Magnesii Salicylas, and Magnesii Svilphis. 
 
 Foreign PharnTacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. Ger. and liuss. have Magnesium Sulfuricum Siccum. Norw. has 
 Sulfas Magnesicus Siccatus. 
 
 Tests. — Magnesium Sulphate vvlien exposed to warm dry air loses 
 a portion of its Water of crystallisation and is converted into a white 
 powder. At a temperature of W to 52° C. (122° to 125- 6° F.) it loses 
 one of its seven molecules of Water of crystallisation, equivalent to a 
 loss of weight of 7-3 p.c. At a temperature of 120° to 130° C. (248° 
 and 266° F.) it loses six molecules of Water, equivalent to a loss of 
 weight of 43- 8 p.c, and at a temperature of 200° to 230° C. (392° to 
 446° F.) it loses the remaining molecule of Water, equivalent to a total 
 loss of weight of 51' 1 p.c, the salt being rendered anhydrous. 246" 502 
 parts of crystallised Magnesium Sulphate yield 120* 39 parts of 
 anhydrous Magnesium Sulphate or 100 parts of the crystalline yield 
 48' 8 parts of the anhydrous salt. 
 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a 
 clear and colourless solution which is neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper, and which affords the tests distinctive of Magnesium 
 given under that heading. Its aqueous solution gives on the addition 
 of Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate insohihle in H3"dio- 
 chloric Acid. It is officially required to contain not less than 97 "4 
 and not more than lOO' p.c. of piire Magnesium Sulphate, as deter- 
 mined l)y precipitating with an excess of Sodium riios])hate Solution, 
 a solution of 0*5 gramme of the salt in 50 ml. of Distilled Water, to 
 which lias been added 20 ml. of Ammonium Chloride Solution and 
 20 ml. of Strong Ammonia Solution ; the precipitate is filtered, 
 after the mixture has been well stirred and allowed to stand 
 aside during 12 hours, the filter and precipitate are washed with a 
 mixture of 1 volume of Strong Ammonia Solution and 3 volumes of 
 Distilled Water, the precipitate dried and ignited ; it should weigh not 
 less than 0* 22 gramme and not more than 0* 226 gramme. The U.S. P. 
 requires that the salt shall contain not less than 99* 7 p.c. of pure 
 Magnesium Sulphate, but gives no method of determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric 
 be changed to not less than 48* 59 nor more than 51" 02 p.c. by weight 
 of Anhydrous Magnesium Sulphate, and that the method of determina- 
 tion be by precipitation, ignition and weighing as Magnesium Pyro- 
 phosphate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, Copper, 
 Iron, Lead, Zinc, and Chlorides. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, erajil ey- 
 ing a solution of 2 grammes of Magnesium Sulphate in 50 ml. of liot 
 
862 MAG [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Distilled Water, to wliicli lias been added 10 ml. of Stannated Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent ; the U.S. P. employs the Modified 
 Gutzeit's Test, requiring that 5 cc. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution of 
 the salt should not respond to the Modified Gutzeit's Test for Arsenic ; 
 the P.G. employs the Bettendorf's Test, requiring that a mixture of 
 1 gramme of powdered Magnesium Sulphate and 3 cc. of Stannous 
 Chloride Solution should assume no darkening in colour within 1 hour, 
 indicating a limit of Arsenic compounds. A limit of 5 parts of 
 Lead per million is also officially fixed, as determined by the Lead 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary 
 solution containing 12 grammes of the salt and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. A 
 1 in 10 aqueous solution, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should assume no distinct darkening in colour or turbidity on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Lead 
 and Copper. 
 
 20 cc. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution should not immediately assume 
 a blue colour on the addition of 0* 5 cc. of Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Iron salts. The B.P. requirement for 
 the absence of insoluble impurities and a limit of Iron is that 10 grammes 
 of the salt, when dissolved in 20 ml. of Distilled Water, should yield 
 a clear colourless solution, after heating on a water-bath during 1 hour 
 in a closed flask. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should afiord no turbidity 
 or white precipitate on the addition of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Zinc. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, when 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest 
 turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, within 5 minutes, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 MAGNESII SULPHAS EFFERVESCENS. Effervescent Mag- 
 nesium SuLriiATE. B.P.Syn. — Effervescent Epsom Salts. 
 
 Magnesium Sulphate, 100 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, in powder, 72 ; 
 Tartaric Acid, in powder, 38 ; Citric Acid, in powder, 2D ; Refined Sugar, 
 in powder, 21 ; make into granules. (about 1 in 2.) 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 180 grains = about 4 to 12 grammes, for repeated 
 administration ; for a single administration, 240 to 480 grains = about 
 16 to 32 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — U.S., Magnesium Sulphate, crystals, 50; 
 Dried Sodium Bicarlionato, 40*3; Dried Tartaric Acid, 21- 1 ; Citric Acid, 
 in crystals, 13-6. A granular, effervescent citrate ia OlHcial in Belg., Kuss. 
 and Span. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EAU SALINE PURGATIVE (i^r.).— Magnesium Sulphate, 1 ; Sodium 
 Sulphate, 1 ; Distilled Water, 65. Dissolve and filter. 
 
 EAU SALINE PURGATIVE GAZEUSE. Eau dite de Sedlitz (i^r.).— 
 Dissolve 30 of Magnesium Sulphate and 4 of Sodium Bicarbonate in 650 of 
 Water, filter the solution into a bottle, add 4 of Tartaric Acid iu crystals, 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] MAG 8G3 
 
 cork, and tie over. This preparation is also made with 45 and with 60 of 
 Magnesimn Sulphate, but when no quantity is indicated, the 30 as above 
 should be used. 
 
 ■ ENEMA MAGNESII SULPHATIS. —Magnesium Sulphate, 1; Olive 
 Oil, 1 ; Mucilage of Starch, 15. Dissolve the Magnesium Sulphate in the 
 Mucilage, add the Oil and mix. 
 
 MAGMA MAGNESI>E (t/.S.iV.F.).— Magnesium Sulphate, 25 ; Sodium 
 Hydroxide, 8-1; ' Water, q.s. to produce 100. Dissolve the Magncsivmi 
 Sulphate in 400 of Water and Sodium Hydroxide in another portion of 400 
 of Water, and filter the Solutions. Pour the Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 slowly, in a thin stream, into the Magnesiiun Sulphate Solution, with constant 
 stirring. Allow the precipitate to subside and decant the clear fluid. Wash 
 the Magma several times with Water by decantation until the washings are 
 free from saline taste. Transfer the Magma to a calico strainer and allow 
 to strain without pressing. Then re-transfer it to suitable vessels and add 
 sufficient Water to make 100 of fluid, and mix thoroughly by stirring. One 
 toaspoonful contains about 3 grains of Magnesium Hydroxide. Average 
 Dose. — 2 fl. drm. = ?• 1 c.c. 
 
 Note. — The Water used in preparing this must be free from organic matter 
 or the Magma will become chscoloured. 
 
 MISTURA SALINA LAXANS (St. Thomas's).— Magnesium Sulphate, 
 30 grains ; Potassium Citrate, 20 grains ; Tincture of Hyoscyamus, 15 
 minims ; Chloroform Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MAGNESII BENZOAS. Mg(C.H,0,)2. 3H,0, eq. 320-448.— A white 
 crystalline powder, soluble 1 in 30 of Water ; sparingly in Alcohol (OOp.c). 
 Introduced as an antipyretic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Magnesium Benzoate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a solu- 
 tion which is neutral or only faintly acid towards Litmus paper. It yields 
 on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a buff-coloured precipitate. 
 The concentrated aqueous solution affords when acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid a white crystalline precipitate, which, when separated, washed free from 
 mineral acid and carefully dried, should possess the melting point and answer 
 the tests given lender ' Acidum Benzoicum.' The filtrate after the removal 
 of the Benzoic Acid should respond to the tests for Magnesium given under 
 that heading and should be free from the impurities given under ' Magnesia 
 Levis.' 
 
 MAGNESII SALICYLAS. Mg(C,H,03)„, 4H,0, eq. 370 •4G4.— Colourless, 
 silky needles, or as a white crystalline powder, Soluble 1 in 6 of Water ; 1 
 in 167 of Alcohol (OOp.c). 
 
 It should be kept in well -closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 50 to 100 grains = 3-24 to G-48 grammes daily have been given with 
 advantage in typhoid fever. 
 
 Frequently of a pink colom', due to a trace of Iron, which may be removed 
 by the previous treatment of the Magnesiuna Sulphate, as described. — P.J. 
 '95, ii. 178 ; CD. '95, ii. 356. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 Tests. — Magnesimn Salicylate dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a solu- 
 tion which is acid in reaction towards blue Litmus paper. The dilute aqueous 
 solution of the salt yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a 
 deep violet coloration. A sufficiently concentrated solution yields on the addi- 
 tion of Hydrochloric or Sulphuric Acid a white crystalline precipitate, which, 
 when separated, washed free from mineral acid and carefully dried, possesses 
 the melting point and answers the tests given under ' Acidum Salicylicum.' 
 The filtrate after the removal of the Salicylic Acid should answer the tests 
 characteristic of Magnesium given under that hcadiiig ; it should also be 
 
8fi4 MAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 free from tlio impurities given under 'Magucsii Sulphas.' Wlieii a measured 
 quantity of 10 c.c. of a 10 p.c. aqueous solution of the salt is shaken with an 
 equal quantity of Ether, and the ethereal solution is separated and allowed 
 to evaporate spontaneously, only an infinitesimal residue should remain, 
 indicating the absence of free Salicylic Acid. 
 
 MAGNESII SULPHIS. MgSOj, 6H,0, eq. 212-486.— A white, crystalline 
 powder. 
 
 As it is liable to become oxidised on exposure to the air it should be kept 
 in well-stoppered bottles. It should also be kept in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 100 of Water; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Given in 
 the place of Sodium Sulphite. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 30 grains = 1 • 3 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Magnesimn Sulphite loses its Water of crystallisation when 
 heated to a temperature of 200° C. (392° F.), and when more strongly heated 
 it is converted into a mixture of Magnesium Sulphate and Oxide. The 
 aqueous solution yields^ on the addition of Barium Chloride Sohition a white 
 precipitate partially soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, with evolution of the 
 characteristic odotu* of Sulphvu^ Dioxide, and leaving a small quantity of 
 white deposit quite insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. It should answer the 
 tests distinctive of Magnesium given under that heading. The aqueous 
 solution readily decolorises Iodine Solution. If 1 gramme of the salt dissolved 
 in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water be mixed with 1 gramme of Iodine dissolved 
 in Potassium Iodide Solution, and 5 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid be gradually 
 added, shaking after each addition, the liquid obtained on filtration should 
 1)0 free from yellow colour. 
 
 It should be free from the impurities mentioned xmder ' Magnesii Carbonas 
 Levis,' and when dissolved in foiu- times its volume of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid it should form a clear solution not becoming turbid for some time, 
 indicating the absence of Thiosulphato. 
 
 Not Oflieial. 
 MALLOW. 
 
 The dried flowers of Malva sUvcstris, L. 
 
 Emollient and demulcent. It yields a mucilaginous infusion ; 1 in 100 of 
 boiling water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Mauve Sauvage), Ger., 
 Hung., Norw. and Russ. 
 
 MALT. See Bvne. 
 
 Not Offleial. 
 MANGANESII OXIDUM PR^PARATUM 
 
 PREPARED MANGANESE DIOXIDE. 
 
 Digest finely-powdered commercial Black Oxide of Manganese in Diluted 
 Hych'ochloric Acid for 24 hours, frequently shaldng the bottle containing 
 them ; then pour off the Acid ; wash the Oxide thoroughly with Water, 
 pouring off the lighter portions each tinae for use, and rejecting the heavier 
 and coarser particles ; finally dry on a water-bath. 
 
 Precipitated Manganese Dioxide is Official in the 8th Decennial Revision 
 of the U.S. P., replacing the native Black Manganese Oxide of tlie U.S. P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAN 865 
 
 1890. It is stated to consist mainly of Manganese Dioxide, with small 
 amounts of other Manganese Oxides, and corresponding to not less than 
 80 p.c. of Manganese Dioxide. It forms a fine, heavy, black, odourless, and 
 tasteless powder, insoluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c); insoluble in 
 cold Sulphuric Acid, but undergoing conversion into Manganous Sulphate 
 when heated, with simultaneous evolution of Oxygen. 
 Used for gastrodynia, pyrosis, and as an emmenagogue. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0-05 to 2 granunes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Bioxyde de Mangen6se) ; 
 Mex. (Manganesa) ; Norw. (Superoxydum Manganicum) ; Span. 
 (Manganesa) ; Swiss (Manganum Hyperoxydatum) ; and U.S. 
 (Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum). Fr. and Mex. have also Car- 
 bonato de Manganeso. 
 
 Tests. — Manganese Dioxide, when heated with Hydrochloric Acid, evolves 
 a greenish -yellow gas, wliieh first reddens, and then bleaches, blue Litmus 
 paper, and which immediately Uberates Iodine from Potassimn Iodide 
 Solution. When heated to a strong red heat it evolves Oxygen, which may 
 be recognised by its rekindling the glowing end of a strip of wood when 
 inserted in the containing vessel. When fused with a mixture of Potassium 
 Hydroxide and Chlorate it yields a dark green mass which affords a green 
 solution in Distilled Water ; this solution changes to purphsh-red on boiling 
 or on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. The U.S. P. requires that it 
 shall indicate not less than 80 p.c. of pure Manganese Dioxide as volumetri- 
 cally determined by dissolving a weighed quantity of 0-2 gramme of the 
 Oxide in a mixture of 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid 
 Solution and 3 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid. When this solution is diluted with 
 wai'm Distilled Water to 100 c.c. it should require not more than 13 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution to produce a 
 pink tint. 
 
 It should not evolve an odour of Hydrogen Sulphide when mixed with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, nor should filter paper moistened with Lead Acetate 
 Solution be blackened when held over the tube in which the mixture is con- 
 tained. If a small quantity of the Oxide be boiled with a sufficiency of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, cooled and filtered, the filtrate should yield no orange-coloured 
 precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide. 
 
 MANGANESII HYPOPHOSPHIS. (MnP„H,0„ H,0, eq. 203058).— A 
 pale pink granular powder, soluble 1 in 7 of Water. 
 
 The salt is Official in the U.S. P., and is required to contain not less than 
 97 p.c. of pure Manganous Hypophosphite. 
 
 Average Dose. — 3 grains = 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Used in the preparation of SjTupus Hypophosphitum Compo.situs. . 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Norw. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Manganese Hypophosphite, when strongly heated, evolves spon- 
 taneously inflammable Hydrogen Phosphide gas, and leaves a residue of 
 Manganous Pyrophosphate. The salt dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a solution which is acid in reaction towards blue 
 Litmus paper, and which affords the tests distinctive of Manganese given 
 under ' Manganesii Sulphas.' A 6 p.c. aqueous solution of the salt acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid yields, on the addition of Mercuric Chloride Solution, 
 first a white precipitate of Mercurous Chloride, changing on further addition 
 to a greyish precipitate of metallic Mercury. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, Carbonate, 
 Phosphate and Sulphate. 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous solution of Manganese 
 Hypophosphite when poured into an evaporating dish containing 3 c.c. of 
 Nitric Acid, chluted with about 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and evaporated 
 to dryness on the water-bath, should yield a residue which should not respond 
 to the Modified Gutzeit's Test for Arsenic, indicating a limit of Arsenic. If, 
 after separation of the Manganese by boiling with Potassium Hydroxide 
 
866 MAN [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Solution, the filtered liquid be first acidified with Hydrochloric Acid and 
 then made alkaline by the addition of Ammonia Solution, it should afford no 
 precipitate with either Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution or with 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution indicating the absence of Phosphate and 
 Calcium. The aqueous solution should not effervesce on the addition of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonate ; and Barium 
 Chloride Solution should not cause more than a slight opalescence, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphate. 
 
 MANGANESII PHOSPHAS. (Mn3P.,0„, 7H,0, eq. 480-982).— A whitish 
 powder, prepared by precipitating a Manganous salt with Sodium Phosphate. 
 
 Used to replace part of the Iron of Ferrous Syrups to form a compound 
 Syrup. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Manganese Phosphate, when fused with a mixttu-e of Potassium 
 and Sodium Carbonates and some Potassium Nitrate, yields a dark green 
 residue, which gives a gi'een -coloured solution when dissolved in Distilled 
 Water. When dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid it answers the tests 
 distinctive of Manganese given under Manganesii Sulphas. When acidified 
 with Nitric Acid it yields, on the addition of Ammonium Molybdate Solution, 
 a yellow precipitate. 
 
 The freslily precipitated salt which has been dried without heat corresponds 
 with the formula given, which is equivalent to a theoretical loss on ignition 
 of 26-2p.c., but conuuercial samples seldom lose on ignition more than 
 20 p.o. 
 
 MANGANESII SULPHAS. (MnS0,-4H.,,0, eq. 22.3-064).— Colourless or 
 pale rose coloured, right rhombic prisms, possessing a somewhat bitter and 
 an astringent taste. 
 
 As it is slightly efflorescent it should be kept in well-closed glass bottles 
 and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — 7 in 10 of 'Water; insoluble in Alcohol (OOp.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Purgative ; it is, however, little used, being 
 uncertain in its action and apt to cause vomiting ; its ta.ste is disagreeably 
 styptic. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-065 to 0-32 gramme, as a tonic ; 30 to 60 grains 
 = 2 to 4 grammes, as a purgative. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Fr., Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. Fr. has also Protochlorure de Manganese. 
 
 Tests. — Manganese Sulphate when heated loses its Water of crystallisa- 
 tion and is converted into the anhydrous salt. When fused with a mixture 
 of Pofassium and Sodium Carbonates and some Potassium Nitrate it leaves 
 a dark green residue, which yields a green-colom-ed solution when dissolved 
 in Distilled Water. It dissolves readily in Distilled Water, yielding a solution 
 which is neutral or only faintly acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. This 
 solution affords with Ammoniiun Hydrosulphide Solution a pale pinkish- 
 colotued precipitate, soluble in diluted mineral acids with evolution of 
 Hydrogen Sxilphide ; with Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution it yields a 
 reddish-white precipitate ; and with Barium Chloride Solution a white pre- 
 cipitate insoluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. When gently ignited in a 
 porcelain crucible it should leave not less than 67- 7 p.c. of residue, indicating 
 not less than 99-5 p.c. of pure crystallised Manganous Sulphate. 
 
 The more generally occiu-ring impurities are Iron, Arsenic, Copper, Lead 
 and Zinc, salts of the alkali metals. Magnesium, and excess of Water. The 
 1 in 20 aqueous soltition acidified with Hydrochloric Acid should not be 
 coloured distinctly blue by Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Iron. The U.S. P. employs Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution as 
 a test for Iron, previously boiling with a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid and 
 a few drops of Chlorine Water. Hydrogen Sulphide should produce no dark 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAW 867 
 
 coloration nor a precipitate in the 1 in 20 aqueous solution acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of Arsenic, Copper, and Lead, nor 
 should the same reagent affect a solution of I gramme of the salt, 1 gramme 
 of Sodiiim Acetate and a few chops of Acetic Acid, indicating the absence 
 of Zinc. If an aqueous solution of 3 grammes of the salt be completely 
 precipitated by the addition of Ammonium Carbonate Solution and the 
 filtrate be carefully evaporated to dryness and ignited, no weighable residue 
 should remain, indicating the absence of Magnesium and salts of the alkaU 
 metals. The salt loses when gently ignited not more than 32-3 p.c, indicating 
 the absence of excess of moisture. 
 
 Manganesii et Sodii Citras and Manganesii et Ferri Citras are salts 
 readily soluble in Water, and have been used as tonics in doses of 1 to 5 
 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MANNA. 
 
 A concrete saccharine exudation, obtained by transverse incision from the 
 Stems of Fraxinus Ornus, L., and F. rotundijolia, Lam., and probably other 
 forms of this ; cultivated chiefly in Sicily. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 5 of Water ; 1 in 150 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild laxative ; in large doses apt to cause 
 flatulence and griping pain ; useful for children and delicate women, given in 
 hot Milk or in combination with other purgatives, such as Senna. 
 
 Dose. — As a laxative, 60 grains to 1 oz. = 4 to 28 • 4 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Mana), Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The best Manna is known as Flake Manna. It 
 occurs in pieces 3 inches (75 mm.) or more in length, about an inch (25 mm.) 
 in diameter and \ inch (6 mm.) or more in thickness, concave on the inner 
 side and rough or coarsely striated and tuberciilated on the outer surface ; 
 it is of a yellowish, pale brownish, or nearly white colour, of a sweet taste, 
 with a very faint acridity and bitterness, porous and crystalline in fracture. 
 Inferior qualities, known as ' Small flake ' or ' Sorts,' are much smaller, 
 darker in coloior, softer and more glutinous, especially if obtained from older 
 trees. 
 
 The larger and better kinds are called Flake Manna, and consist principally 
 (60 to 80 p.c.) of Mannite, CsH8(H0)e, eq. 182-112, together with Sugar and 
 extractive matter. Contains about 10 p.c. of moistiu'e. 
 
 Tests. — Manna, when boiled with 20 volumes of Alcohol (94- 9 p.c.) and 
 filtered, yields a filtrate which rapidly deposits crystals of Mannite on cooling. 
 The P.G. requires it to contain at least 75 p.c. of Mannite, as determined by 
 mixing 2 granunes of Manna with 2 c.c. of Distilled Water and 40 c.c. of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), boiling for 1 hour under a reflux condenser, filtering the 
 mixture whilst still hot through a pledget of Cotton-wool, washing this with 
 10 c.c. of hot Alcohol (90 p.c), and evaporating the alcoholic filtrate to dry- 
 ness ; the residue, after drying at 100° C. (212° F.), should amount at least 
 to 1-5 grammes, indicating a minimtun content of 75 p.c. of Mannite. 
 
 Pure Mannite is easily crystallised from an alcoholic solution. It cannot 
 be fermented by Yeast. It does not reduce Fehling's Solution, and gives no 
 brown colour with boiling Solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 Official in Dutch, Hiuig. and Ital. 
 
 MANNA DEPURATA. — Dissolve Manna, 10, in sufficient Water ; strain 
 and evaporate to 10. It is convenient for dispensing, and keeps good for a 
 long time. 
 
 2 F 2 
 
868 MAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SYRUPUS MANN>E. — Dissolve 10 of Manna in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 33 of Water previously mixed together ; filter, and to the filtrate add 55 of 
 Sugar to make 100 of Syrup ; all by weight. — Qer. and Jap. 
 
 Official Max. and Russ. with different proportions. 
 
 SYRUPUS MANN/E COMPOSITUS {Swiss).— \0 of Senna and 1 of 
 Fennel, macerate in 60 of Water for 24 hours ; strain and evaporate the fluid 
 to 40, and dissolve in it, whilst hot, 10 of Manna ; when cold add 6 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). After 24 hours pour off the clear fluid, add an equal weight of 
 Sugar, and boil to form a syrup. 
 
 MANNITOL HEXANITRATE (Hexanitrin). — Odourless, crystalline, 
 white needles, slightly soluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol and Ether. The 
 Nitrate of the hexatomic Alcohol, Mannite. It explodes violently on being 
 triturated or struck, and therefore requires great care in handhng. Intro- 
 duced as a vaso-dilator. 
 
 Dose. — H to 2 fl. drm. = 5-4 to 7-1 ml. of a 1 p.c. alcoholic Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MARANTA. 
 
 ARROW-ROOT. 
 
 The Starch obtained from the Roots of Maranta arundinacea, L., a native 
 of the tropical parts of America and the West Indies ; that from Bermuda 
 being considered the best. 
 
 A light, white powder, or small pulverulent masses, free from unpleasant 
 odovu" and taste. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nutrient and demulcent, frequently taken with 
 Milk. It should be first made into a thin paste with cold Milk, and boiling 
 Milk added to make a thick mucilage. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopoBias.— Official in Mex. ( A r r o r u ) and Port. ( A r a r u t a). 
 
 Descriptive Wotes. — The name Arrowroot is properly applied only to 
 tlae starch derived from the fleshy rhizome of Maranta arundinacea, but is 
 often loosely applied to starches derived from other plants, when used as 
 food for invalids. 
 
 Three varieties of arrowroot are distinguished in commerce, viz., Bermuda, 
 Natal, and St. Vincent, according to the locaUty in which it is prepared. 
 
 The Bermuda is the most esteemed kind, and obtains the highest price. 
 Apparently more care is taken in its preparation to prevent its absorbing 
 any characteristic odoiu', or flavour, from other substances. Starch being 
 peculiarly prone to absorb and retain odours of any description. 
 
 Arrowroot occvu-s in the form of a whitish powder with agglomerations or 
 nodules of the size of a small pea mixed up with it. Under the microscope, 
 the grains are seen to be irregular in shape, chiefly ovoid or rounded pear- 
 shaped, with fine concentric striations and a rounded, linear, or stellate 
 excentric hilum. The grains average 40-50;u in length, but may reach 
 75 j.1. as in the Bermuda kind. The smaller grains vary from 7-15 fx. The 
 varieties differ a little in their commercial value, that of St. Vincent ranking 
 lowest, and that of Natal next, that of Bermuda being three times as valuable 
 as that of Natal. 
 
 The varieties differ also somewhat in their microscopical characters and 
 also in their physical properties. In Natal Arrowi'oot the rounded form of 
 hilum predominates, the grains are often almost trigonous, and the concentric 
 striations are much more pronounced, approaching in this respect to Potato 
 Starch, of which it averages only f the size, but differing in the hilum being 
 either nearly in the middle, or near the larger end of the grains, not near the 
 smaller end as in the Potato. In the St. Vincent Arrowroot, the linear ov 
 stellate hihim predominate^ 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MAS 869 
 
 Experiments made by the late T. Greenish showed that the Natal Arrow- 
 root reqiiired only 65" C. to cause complete gelatinisation in 16 parts of 
 Water, Bermuda 70° C, and St. Vincent 75° C, but that the last-named 
 gave the most transparent jelly, the others being somewhat translucent only. 
 {P.J. (3) 01, p. 206.) (Their reactions with Diastase do not appear to have 
 been determined.) 
 
 Arrowroot is rarely adulterated, but inferior samples have been met with 
 containing Tapioca Starch, which differs in being muller-shaped with a truncate 
 base from double grains, and with a dihedral base from triple grains. 
 
 Not Official. 
 [ASTICHE. 
 
 A concrete, resinous exudation, obtained by incisions in the bai'k of the 
 stem and large branches of Pistacia Lentiscus, L., occurring as small, irregular, 
 pale yellow tears, brittle, and either opaque or, far more frequently, trans- 
 parent. Sp. gr. 1 • 06 to 1 • 07. Produced in the Island of Scio. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water; partly soluble in Alcohol (90p.c.) and 
 Oil of Turpentine ; 3 in 1 of Ether ; 2 in 1 of Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used in Solution as a temporary stopping for 
 teeth and for securing wound dressings. 
 
 A dressing used in war wounds consists of 2 single layers of gauze dra^vn 
 tightly across the wound area, after this has been painted ■with a varnish 
 containing 45 p.c. Mastic, 54 p.c. Benzol, and 1 p.c. Picric Acid. — B.M.J. '15, 
 i. 1521. 
 
 Mastic Varnish is used for securing dressings ; for use in the field it should 
 be supplied in collapsible metal tubes ; gross impurities are removed by 
 forceps and dry swabs, the surrounding skin is painted with 5 p.c. Tincture 
 of Iodine, the Mastic Solution is then applied with a small swab, and a sterile 
 gauze dressing laid over the area ; an inoculation of Anti.septic Vaccine 
 should be given. — B.M.J. '15, i. 441. 
 
 A 40 p.c. solution in Benzene is used for treatment of superficial wounds 
 and abrasion ; it is applied to the wound and then dabbed with a little 
 cotton-wool and allowed to clry ; no other covering is necessary. — B.M.J. '15, 
 ii. 355. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Norw., Swed. (Re sin a 
 Mastix), Dutch, Port., Mex. and Span. (Almaciga) and U.S. 
 
 ALCOHOL MASTICHI.— Mastich, 2; Alcohol (90 p.c), l.—R.D.H. 
 
 * MASTIC DENTAIRE.— Mastic, 2 ; Ether, 1. Dissolve. 
 
 Cotton saturated in this Solution is a good stopping for decayed teeth. 
 
 MASTIC AND CHLOROFORM.— Mastic, 2 ; Chloroform,!. Dissolve. 
 Used for the same pvupose as above. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 M ATIC O. 
 
 The dried Leaves of Piper qngustifolium, Ruiz and Pavon. Imported from 
 South America. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An agreeable aromatic astringent, used in all 
 forms of inflaromation of the urinary passages, and especially in catarrh of 
 
870 MED [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 the bladder of the aged. The volatile Oil has a powerful styptic property, 
 and a Solution of it is applied to leech-bites and other small bleeding wotuids. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, 30 to 120 grains = 2 to 8 grammes, three times 
 daily. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Mex., Port, and U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Descriptive HSTotes. — The dried leaves as imported from Panama are 
 usually much bent and broken, but in the perfect state are elongate-lanceolate, 
 with a rovmded, cordate, oblique base, 3| to 6 inches (9 to 15 cm.) long and 
 IJ to 1^ inches (31 to 37 mm.) broad, entire at the margins, with a short 
 leafstalk about ^ inch (12 mm.) long, brittle. The veins and veinlets are 
 deeply sunk on the upper surface so as to give a tesselated appearance, and 
 are prominent below, where they forra a reticulated network, and densely 
 hairy. The odour is faintly aromatic, and the taste gritty and bitterish. 
 A much larger and broader leaf is occasionally received from Colimibia, 
 which joossesses a similar surface, but the species that yields it has not been 
 determined. The microscopic features are the short rovigh hairs, the hypo- 
 dermal cells of the upper surface, the oil glands and the hypodermal coUen- 
 chyma above and below the nerve. 
 
 The leaves of other species of Piper {e.g. Piper aduncum, L., and P. anisatum, 
 H. B. and K.) are sometimes mixed with those of true Matico, but neither of 
 these possesses the tesselated nervation of the leaves. An accoiuit of these 
 by D. H. Thorns is given in P.J. (4) 28, p. 867. 
 
 INFUSUM MATICO.— Matico Leaves, cut small, 1; boiling Distilled 
 Water, 20. Infuse half an hour and strain. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4fl. oz. = 28-4 to 113- G ml. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM MATICO (U.S.).—\ in 1 with a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95p.c.) 75 and Water 25. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 fl. drm. (4 c.c). 
 
 Official in Mex., 1 in 1. 
 
 TINCTURA MATICO.— Matico Leaves, in coarse powder, 1; Alcohol 
 (OOp.c), 5. Macerate 14 daj'^s. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3- G to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.- Official in Mex., 1 in 5. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MEDULLA RUBRA. 
 
 RED BONE-THARROW. 
 
 The Marrow of ox-bones, being a seat of formation of blood corpuscles, 
 is given in jDernicious anaemia, chlorosis, splenic leucocythemia, and hsemo- 
 globinuria. It may be given fresh or raw, spread as a sandwich, also in the 
 form of ' Glycerin Extract,' in gelatin capsules, or as tablets. 
 
 Fr. has Moelle de Boeuf pm-ifi6e. Medulla Bovis depurata. 
 
 GLYCERIN EXTRACT OF RED BONE-MARROW.— Veal Marrow, 
 1 ; Chloroform Water, 2 ; Glycerin, 2. Beat up the Marrow with the Glycerin, 
 and add the Chloroform Water, beating the whole together frequently during 
 1 hoiu- ; then strain, and make up to 4 with a mixture of Chloroform Water 
 and Glycerin in equal parts. 4 fluid parts equal 1 part of Marrow. — P.J.F. 
 
 Virol is stated to be a preparation of Bone Marrow, 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui'S.] MEL 871 
 
 MEL DEPURATUM. 
 
 PURIFIED HONEY. 
 
 Fr., Miel BLANC ; Ger., Gereinigter Honiq ; Ital., Miele depueato ; 
 Span., Miel depurada. 
 
 A pale yellow, thick, syrupy, transparent fluid, possessing s, charac- 
 teristic agreeable odour, and a sweet taste. It has a tendency to 
 gradually become opaque and crystalline on keeping. 
 
 Honey of commerce, melted in a water-bath, and strained, while 
 hot, through flannel previously moistened with warm Water and now 
 adjusted to a specific gravity of 1' 36. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent, laxative, and nutritive, but 
 apt to gripe and occasion flatulence when given in large doses. In 
 the form of Oxymel it is a useful addition to gargles and cough- 
 mixtures, as it relieves the pain and dryness of the throat and also 
 dysphagia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Mel Boracis. Used in the preparation of Con- 
 fectio Piperis, Oxymel, Oxymel Scillse and Oxymel Urgineag. 
 
 Not Official.— Aqua Mellis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all ; Port., Mellito Simples ; 
 Span., Miel Depurada. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Honey is largely imported from California, 
 Chili and Jamaica, and to a less extent from France, Italy, New 
 Zealand, and other countries. Formerly the white, delicately-flavoured 
 Narbonne Honey imported from France was considered the best, but 
 very white and good-flavoured Honey is now imported from California 
 and Chili. The flavour depends largely upon the flowers from which 
 it is derived ; thus heather, linden and clover honey are prepared and 
 sold in Canada. Dark coloured Honey, although often highly flavoured, 
 as is the case with Jamaica Honey, obtains a lower price than paler 
 and weaker-flavoured kinds. During dry summers bees often feed 
 upon the honey-dew or aphis excrement on leaves, which gives it a 
 dark colour ; hence, perhaps, the popular prejudice against dark 
 Honey. Pure Honey will always become more or less solid when 
 kept and will contain numerous pollen grains, and by the character 
 of the pollen grains present it is possible to guess at the country from 
 which it was imported. Artificial Honey usually contains Glucose 
 prepared from Starch ; in the United States ' corn syrup,' prepared 
 from Maize Starch, is used, but such Honey usually contains traces of 
 Sulphuric Acid and of Starch ; hence the P.B. test for Sulphates and 
 Starch. Australian Honey, derived largely from species of Eucalypti, 
 has frequently a flavour objectionable to Europeans ; Trebizonde 
 Honey, and sometimes North American Honey, has proved to be 
 poisonous or intoxicating, due apparently to the presence of 
 Andromedotoxin derived from flowers of Rhododendron and Azalea, 
 but these kinds of Honey are rarely met with in English commerce. 
 The term ' Virgin ' Honey is applied to Honey of light colour produced 
 
872 MEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 by a new swarm, or to clear Honey that first runs from the comb of 
 older hives. 
 
 Purified Honey is alone official in the B.P. Honey derived from 
 ordinary bee-hives may contain debris of immature insects and other 
 impurities, but the Honey derived from frame hives is usually clean and 
 pure, except for pollen derived from bee-bread, which is deposited in 
 some of the cells. Vogl states that pure Honey should have a specific 
 gravity of l* 410 to 1' 445. 
 
 Tests. — ^Purified Honey is officially required to possess a specific 
 gravity of 1'36; the U.S. P. requires that Eecent Honey, when 
 diluted with twice its weight of Distilled Water, should yield a 
 liquid having a specific gravity not lower than 1'099, corresponding 
 to a specific gravity of 1'370 for the original Honey; the P.G. 
 requires that the specific gravity of an aqueous 1 -f 2 solution 
 should be at least I'll. It is presumed that the U.S. P. gravity 
 is taken at 25° C. (77° F.), though in this instance the U.S. P. does 
 not specifically state so. The B.P. requires the optical rotation 
 of a 25 p.c. w/v dilution in Distilled Water, after decolorisation by 
 Animal Charcoal, to be between 0° and — 5° at a temperature of 
 15- 5° C. (60° F.) and in a 200 mm. tube. Purified Honey is almost 
 invariably Isevogyrate. Purified Honey is soluble in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which is not completely clear, and which has a 
 faintly acid reaction upon Litmus paper. The B.P. makes no reference 
 to the acidity ; the U.S. P. states that the solution has a faintly acid 
 reaction upon Litmus paper, and is Isevogyrate ; the P.G. requires that 
 it shall contain at the most 0* 18 p.c. w/w reckoned as Formic Acid, as 
 determined by titrating 10 grammes of Purified Honey diluted with 5 
 times its weight of Distilled Water, with Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution of which at the most 0-4 c.c. should be required, 
 Phenolphthalein being employed as an indicator of neutrality. 5 ml. 
 of a 25 p.c. w/v solution which has been decolorised with Animal 
 Charcoal, should not become more than faintly opalescent when mixed 
 with 15 ml. of Absolute Alcohol, indicating the absence of Starch Sugar. 
 The U.S.P. requires that if 2 c.c. of a filtered 1 in 4 solution of the Honey 
 be placed in a test-tube 1 cm. in diameter, and 1 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol 
 be allowed to flow down the walls of the tube held in an inclined 
 position, so as to form an overlaying mixture, this should remain clear, 
 and the line of contact should not show more than a barely noticeable 
 opalescence, which soon disappears ; a permanent milky zone should 
 not be produced, indicating the absence of Starch Sugar. The P.G. 
 requires that if 15 c.c. of an aqueous 1 -f- 2 solution be warmed on a 
 water-bath with 0*5 c.c. of Tannic Acid Solution and after the solution 
 has cleared it be filtered, 1 c.c. of the cooled and clear filtrate after the 
 addition of 2 drops of Fuming Hydrochloric Acid should not be rendered 
 more than milky by the addition of 10 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol, indicat- 
 ing the absence of Starch Syrup and Dextrin. No blue coloration 
 should be produced when 1 drop of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine 
 Solution is added to a solution obtained by dissolving 2 grammes of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MEL 873 
 
 Purified Honey in 20 ml. of boiling Distilled "Water, and cooling, indicat- 
 ing the absence of Starch. The U.S. P. requires that if 1 part of Honey 
 and 5 parts of Distilled Water be boiled, the resulting solution, when 
 cold, should not be rendered blue or green on the addition of Iodine 
 Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Starch. The P.G. does not 
 include a test for Starch. In testing for Chlorides the B.P. employs 
 the solution of the ash in Distilled Water, requiring that when acidified 
 with Nitric Acid, it should afford not more than a very faint opalescence 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; 
 or on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Sulphates. The U.S. P. requires that if 5 grammes of Honey be 
 dissolved in 20 grammes of Distilled Water, a clear or nearly clear 
 solution should result, which should not be rendered more than faintly 
 opalescent on the addition of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides, or on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. The P.G. requires that the 
 aqueous 1 -f 2 solution should be rendered only faintly turbid on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. The 
 U.S. P. includes a test for Cane Sugar, requiring that if 2 c.c. of pure 
 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid be introduced into a test-tube of 1 cm. 
 diameter, and if 0* 5 c.c. of a 1 in 4 solution of Purified Honey be 
 allowed to flow upon it so as to form a distinct upper layer, no coloured 
 line of contact should show immediately, and at the end of one hour the 
 zone of contact should be at most yellowish or clear brown ; a brownish 
 colour becoming nearly black at the end of half-an-hour should not 
 develop, indicating the absence of Cane Sugar. The P.G. introduces 
 tests for foreign colouring matters, and for azo-colouring matters iu 
 Honey, requiring that an aqueous 1 + 2 solution of Honey should not 
 be immediately altered in colour when mixed with 1 part by weight of 
 Ammonia Solution, indicating the absence of foreign colouring matters ; 
 and that 5 c.c. of a 1 +2 solution of Honey should not immediately 
 assume a rose or red coloration on the addition of a few drops of Fuming 
 Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of azo-colouring matters. 
 No such tests appear in the B.P. They are recommended in the 
 proposed changes for inclusion in the U.S. P. IX., as well as the following 
 test : — On shaking 1 c.c. of Aniline with 1 c.c. of Distilled Water and 
 enough Glacial Acetic Acid to produce a clear liquid, and permitting this 
 to flow down the wall of a test-tube upon 5 c.c. of a solution of Purified 
 Honey in an equal weight of Distilled Water, so as to form a separate 
 layer, no red or pink zone should be produced within 15 minutes, in- 
 dicating the absence of invert Sugar, The B.P. requires that Purified 
 Honey should leave not more than 0" 25 p.c. of ash ; the U.S. P. requires 
 that it shall leave not more than 0* 3 p.c. of ash, but the proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this be changed to not less than 
 0- 1 nor more than 0* 8 p.c, which is the limit permitted by the P.G. 
 The B.P. requirement that the solution of the ash in Distilled Water 
 should not be alkaline to Litmus is evidently an error. Such a require- 
 ment would preclude genuine Honey and would mark a preference for 
 adulteration with Starch or Invert Sugar. 
 
874 MEN [Solids T)y WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Preparation. 
 OXYMEL. OxYMEL. ' (Altered.) 
 
 Purified Honey, 5 ; Acetic Acid, 1 ; Distilled Water, 1. 
 The Honey is now by measure instead of by weight, and the specific gravity 
 of Oxymel has been altered from 1 • 320 to 1 • 270. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OfBcial in Austr., Clarified Honey 99, 
 Acetic Acid (96 p.c.) 1 ; Dutch, Honey 19, Acetic Acid (SOp.c.) 1 ; Jap., 
 Refined Honey 8, Acetic Acid 1, Distilled Water 1 ; Port., Honey 197, Acetic 
 Acid (98 p.c.) 3 ; Russ., Honey 49, Acetic Acid (95 p.c.) 1 ; Span., Clarified 
 Honey 2, White Vinegar 7, evaporate to 2; Mex., Honey 100, Acetic Acid 6. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AQUA M ELLIS {Gray's Supplement). — Oil of Bergamot, 2 fl. oz. ; Oil of 
 Lavender, 4 fi. drm. ; Oil of Cloves, 4 fl. drm. ; Oil of Sandal Wood, 1 fl. drm. ; 
 Musk, 10 grains ; Tincture of Saffron, 1 fl. oz. (or q.s.) ; Rose Water, 2 pints ; 
 Orange Flower AVater, 2 pints ; Honey, 1 oz. ; Rectified Spirit, 8 pintf. 
 
 MENTHA PIPERITiE OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF PEPPERMINT. 
 
 Fr., Essence de Menthe poiveke ; Ger., Pfefeerminzol ; Ital., Essenza 
 Di Menta ; Span., Esencia de Menta Piperita. 
 
 A volatile oil distilled from fresh flowering Peppermint, Mentha 
 'piperita, Sm., and rectified if necessary. 
 
 A clear, colourless, pale yellow or greenisli-yellow, oily liquid, 
 possessing a peculiar refreshing odour and a characteristic taste, 
 subsequently producing a sensation of coldness in the mouth. 
 
 The Oil consists principally of Menthol, together with Acetic and 
 Valerianic Acid Esters of Menthol, Menthone, two Lasvogyrate Terpenes, 
 a Dextrogyrate Sesquiterpene, and Phellandrene. 
 
 The Oil Official in the U.S. P. is required to contain not less than 
 6 p.c. of Ester calculated as Menthyl Acetate and not less than 50 p.c. 
 of total Menthol, representing that both free and combined as Ester ; 
 B.P. not less than 5 p.c. of Esters and not less than 50 p.c. of Menthol. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint 
 in a cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 The variations in quality of the English oils depend (1) upon whether 
 they have been obtained from ' Black Mint ' (the ordinairy plant) or from 
 ' White Mint ' ; (2) upon the subsequent rectification ; so that from the 
 finest double-rectified White Mint to the first crude distilla^te from the Black 
 Mint there are all manner of gradations, each of them sold as ' 01. Menth. 
 Pip. Ang.' 
 
 Dementholised Oil of Peppermint is commonly known as ' Menthene,' and 
 is used for purpo-ses of adulteration. A pure Peppermint Oil, cooled in a 
 mixtiu-e of Ice and Salt, should, on the addition of one or two Menthol crystals, 
 set to a more or less solid crystalline mass. 
 
 American Oil of Peppermint is also the product of Mentha piperita^ 
 but contains less Menthol. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] MUH 875 
 
 Japanese Oil of Peppermint is obtained from Mentha arvensia var. 
 piperascens, and is rich in Menthol. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Absolute Alcohol ; 2 in 1 {or 
 less) of Alcohol (90 p.c), becomes turbid on adding more Alcohol ; 
 1 in 4 of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An aromatic stomachic and carmina- 
 tive ; antiseptic. Allays nausea, relieves spasmodic pains in the 
 stomach. Useful in the flatulent colic of children. Covers the taste 
 of nauseous medicines, such as Rhubarb, and mitigates the griping 
 effect of purgatives. Externally applied it acts as a local anaesthetic 
 and relieves neuralgic pain ; see also Menthol. 
 
 Dose. — -I to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0- 18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Oil is taken on sugar or in pill. See p. 1025. 
 
 OfiBcial Preparations. — ^Aqua Menthse Piperitae and Spiritua Menthae 
 Piperitae. Contained in Pilula Rhei Composita and Tinctura Chloroformi et 
 Morphinae Composita. 
 
 Wot 0£B.cial. — Essentia Menthae Piperitae, Syrupua Menthae Piperitae, 
 Species Aromaticas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital. (Essenza di Menta), Jap. (Oleum Menthae), Mex. 
 (Aceite Volatil de Menta Piperita), Norw., Port. (Essencia de 
 Hortela Pimenta), Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 The herb is Official in Dan., Fr., Ital., Norw., Swed. and U.S. Leaves 
 are official in Ger., Hung, and Russ. 
 
 Tests. — Peppermint Oil has a specific gravity of 0*900 to 0*920, which 
 have now been adopted as the Official figures ; the U.S. P., 0* 894 to 
 0* 914 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. gives 0* 900 to 0* 910. It is l»vo- 
 gyrate, the optical rotation being from — 20° to — 33° in a 100 mm. tube ; 
 the B.P. gives the optical rotation as — 20° to — 35° ; the U.S. P., 
 - 20° to - 33° in a 100 mm. tube at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.); 
 the P.G., - 25° to - 30° at a temperature of 20° C. (68° F.). It has a 
 Refractive Index of 1* 460 to 1* 466 at 20° C. (68° F.) ; the B.P. does 
 not in this instance give a figure for the Refractive Index. It is 
 officially required to dissolve in four times its volume of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 The U.S. P. adds ' the solution showing not more than a slight 
 opalescence.' The U.S. P. requires it to also form with an equal 
 volume of Alcohol (94* 9 p.c.) a clear solution neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 50 p.c. of total 
 Alcohols, both free and combined as Esters, calculated as Menthol, 
 CioHoqO, and not less than 5 p.c. of Esters, calculated as Menthyl 
 Acetate, C10H19C2H3O2, as determined by the processes given under the 
 heading of Special Tests. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that the Oil shall contain not less than 6 p.c. 
 of Ester calculated as Menthyl Acetate, and not less than 50 p.c. of 
 total Menthol (both free and combined as Ester), as determined by 
 weighing 10 c.c. of the oil in a flask and saponifying it by boiling 
 during one hour, under a reflux condenser with 25 c.c. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Alcohohc Potassiimi Hydroxide Solution, and titrating the 
 
876 MEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoliolic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution with Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The number 
 of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required, 
 subtracted from the 25 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution used, the difierence multiplied 
 by 9* 834 and the product then divided by the weight of the 
 Oilj gives the percentage w/w of Menthyl Acetate present in the 
 sample. The Oil remaining after saponification is then washed 
 repeatedly with Water and transferred to an acetylisation flask, and 
 the Menthol converted into an Acetyl derivative by boiling for one hour 
 with 10 c.c. of Acetic Acid Anhydride and about 1 gramme of anhydrous 
 Sodium Acetate. It is allowed to CQol, freed from excess of acid by 
 washing first with Distilled Water and then with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Test-Solution until the mixture is slightly alkaline in reaction towards 
 Phenolphthalein Solution and dried by fused Calcium Chloride. 
 
 A measured quantity of 5 c.c. of the acetylised product is transferred 
 to a flask of 100 c.c. capacity, and its weight accurately recorded. It 
 is then saponified by boiling for one hour under a reflux condenser, 
 with 50 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution being titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, Phenolphthalein Solution being employed 
 as an indicator of neutrality. The number of c.c. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required is subtracted from 
 50, the difierence is multiplied by 7' 749 and the product divided 
 by the weight of acetylised product employed for the determination 
 less the difference (between the number of c.c. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution employed for 
 the determination and the number of c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution required to neutralise the excess of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution multiplied 
 by 0*021), the quotient will represent the percentage of Menthol 
 present in the Oil of Peppermint. The percentage of combined 
 Menthol varies from 3 to 14 p.c, and the total Menthol from 30 to 
 70 p.c. In addition to a determination of the combined and total 
 Menthol, a determination of the amount of Menthone is often useful. 
 It may be carried out on a separate portion of the saponified Oil 
 by diluting it with twice its volume of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and boiling 
 it with metallic Sodium. The Menthone is reduced to Menthol, and 
 the amount of Menthol produced may be determined by acetylisation. 
 
 The Oil of Mentha piperita is, as a rule, distinguished from that 
 of Mentha arvensis by developing a blue colour or red fluorescence 
 when mixed with 4 volumes of Glacial Acetic Acid ; this colour is not 
 developed if air be excluded, and, depending as it does upon some 
 minor constituent destroyed by prolonged exposure to sunlight, it 
 may not be given by some old samples. Two varieties of Peppermint, 
 black and white respectively, are grown in and about Mitcham. It 
 is stated {P.J. '96, i. 125) that the white Oil of Peppermint may be 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MEN 877 
 
 distinguished from the black by its having greater optical activity, 
 not depositing Menthol at a low temperature, and containing a greater 
 proportion of Esters of Menthol, and in giving an intense blue coloration, 
 with red fluorescence, with Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring sophistications are abstraction of 
 Menthol, adulteration with Turpentine Oil, Cedar Wood Oil, and 
 the addition of other compound Esters. The presence of de mentho- 
 lated Oil is indicated by the decrease in the specific gravity and optical 
 rotation and by the diminution in the total Menthol content. Tur- 
 pentine Oil may be detected by its effect on the optical rotation, and 
 by the optical rotation of the various fractions obtained on distilling 
 the Oil. It may also be detected by its effect on the solubility of 
 the Oil in Alcohol (70 p.c). The figures given by Parry and Bennett 
 in an examination of some Peppermint Oils {CD. '04, i. 854) clearly 
 pointed to adulteration of the Oil with a substance having the nature 
 of a sesquiterpene, which led them to the opinion that the adulterant 
 was Cedar Wood Oil. The Oils were insoluble in Alcohol (70 p.c), 
 and the later fractions of the various distillates, in addition to being 
 much less soluble than the distillate from pure Peppermint Oil, had 
 in some cases a distinct taste of Cedar Wood Oil. 
 
 The presence of Acetin, a Glycerin Acetic Ester, has been detected 
 as an adulterant by Bennett {CD. '03, i. 591). Oils containing the 
 adulterant are distinguished by a higher specific gravity, the decrease in 
 the optical rotation, the insolubility in Alcohol (70 p.c), and the excep- 
 tionally high Ester value obtained in the determination of the combined 
 Menthol. A comparison of the distillates obtained on fractionating 
 the Oil also readily reveals the presence of the adulterant. The 
 production of the odour of Ethyl Acetate in the cold on the addition 
 of Potassium Hydroxide Solution is suggested as a characteristic, but 
 hardly conclusive, test. Parry and Bennett {CD. '03, ii. 154) have de- 
 tected the presence of African Copaiba Oil in some adulterated samples 
 of Peppermint Oil, by the isolation of a fraction of high boiling-point, 
 which contained a body having a specific gravity within the limits 
 of Peppermint Oil, but with a strongly positive optical rotation and 
 a high Refractive Index, which, from its physical characters and 
 chemical reactions, was a substance belonging to the sesquiterpene 
 series. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA MENTH/E PIPERITiE, Peppermint Water. 
 
 Oil of Peppermint, 1 ; Water, 1500 ; distil, 1000. (Oil 1 in 1000.) 
 
 Eor India and other hot climates, see Aquse (group). 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28- 4 to 56- 8 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharraaeopoeias. — Official in Austr., 1 of fresh leaves to 
 produce 5 of distillate ; Belg., Spirit of Peppenxiint, 30 in 1000 ; Dan. and 
 Russ., 1 of Oil in 2000; Dutch and Hung., 1 of^Oil in 1000 ; Gex., Swed. and 
 Swiss, 1 to produce 10 ; Fr., Port, and Span., 1 to produce 1 ; Ital., 1 to 
 produce 2 ; Jap., 1 to produce 30 ; Mex., 1 of fresh plant to produce 4; U.S., 
 1 of OU in 500. 
 
878 MEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SPIRITUS MENTHiE PIPERITA. Spirit of Peppermint. 
 Oil of Peppermint, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 10. 
 Filter if necessary with the aid of Powdered Talc. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0* 3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Oil 1, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 19 ; 
 Belg. (Spiritus Menthge), Oil 1, Alcohol 99; Fr. (Teinture d'Essence 
 de Menthe), Oil 2, Alcohol 98; Ger. and Jap. (Spiritus Menthas), 1 in 
 10; Mex. (Alcoholatura de Menta), 1 of fresh plant macerated in 3 
 of Alcohol (80 p.c.) for 8 days ; Span. (Alcohol de Menta Piperita), 
 10 of the fresh leaves and tops macerated in 20 of Alcohol (60 p.c.) for 2 
 days ; distil 10. Swiss, 3 Oil in 100 ; U.S., leaves 1, oil 10 in 100. Not in 
 the others. Russ. has Tinctux, Leaves 1, Oil 1, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 20. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ESSENTIA MENTH/E P!PERIT>E.— Oil of Peppermint, 1 ; Rectified 
 Spirit, 4. 
 
 SYRUPUS MENTHyC PIPERIT>E.— Spirit of Peppermint, 1 ; Simple 
 Syrup, q.s. to yield 8. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3 • 6 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 A good flavouring for nauseous medicines. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Peppermint Water 2, 
 Sugar 3 ; Belg., Spirit of Peppermint 3, Syrup 97 ; Ger. and Jap., Pepper- 
 mint Leaves 2, Alcohol 1, Distilled Water 10 ; macerate for 24 hours, press, 
 filter, and in 7 of the filtrate dissolve 13 of Sugar to make 20 of Syrup by 
 weight ; Hung., 10 di'ops of Oil in 100 grammes of Syrup. 
 
 SPECIES AROMATIOE.— Herba Origanum, 4; Peppermint Leaves, 4 ; 
 Thyme, 2 ; Lavender, 2 ; Cloves, 1. — Russ. 
 
 Peppermint, 2 ; Serpyjlum, 2 ; Thyme, 2 ; Lavender, 2 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cubebs, 
 1.— Ger. 
 
 Species Aromaticse pro Balneo (Russ.). — Chamomile, 1 ; Lavender, 1 ; 
 Spearmint, leaves 1 ; Rosemary, 1 ; Serpyllum, 1 ; Calamus, 1. 
 
 Trochisei Menthse Piperitae {Russ.). — Contain 1 p.c. of Peppermint Oil. 
 
 MENTHA VIRIDIS OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF SPEARMINT. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Mentha Crisp^e Oleum. 
 
 Fr., Hxhle Volatile de Menthe verte ; Ger., Romischminzol ; Ital., 
 EssENZA Di Menta ; Span., Esencla de Menta. 
 
 A colom-less, pale-yellow, or greenisli-yellow, limpid liquid, having 
 a characteristic odom: and taste. It is the Volatile Oil distilled from 
 fresh flowering Spearmint, Mentha viridis, L., or Mentha crispa, Eoth. 
 
 The principal constituent of the oil is Carvone, it also contains Linalool, 
 Livvo-Limonene and possibly Laevo-Pinene. It is hable to become darker in 
 colour with age and exposure to light and air, and should therefore be kept 
 in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a cool atmosphere, and 
 protected as much as possible from the light and from contact with the air. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Absolute Alcohol; 1 in 1 {or 
 less) of Alcohol (90 p.c.) becomes milky on adding more Alcohol. 
 
[Solids "by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MEN" 879 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Oleum Mentlise 
 Piperitse. 
 
 Dose.— * to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0* 18 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The oil is given on sugar, or made into pills with 
 Liquorice Powder and. Soap. See p. 1025. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Aqua MenthaB Viriclis. 
 
 Not Official. — Spiritus Menthre Viridis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. (Essencia de Hortela), 
 
 Russ. and U.S. (sp. gr. 0- 9U to 0-934 at 25° C. (77° F.)). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Spearmint lias a specific gravity of 0* 920 to 0* 940; 
 the B.P. gives 0* 925 to 0- 940; the U.S. P. says 0- 914 to 0- 934 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). It is laevogyrate, possessing an optical rotation from —35° 
 to - 48° in a tube of 100 mm. ; the B.P. gives - 30° to - 50° ; the 
 U.S. P., —35° to —48°. It should form a clear solution when mixed 
 with an equal volume of a mixture of equal volumes of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and Alcohol (70 p.c), the solution becoming turbid upon fm'ther 
 dilution. The U.S. P. states that it should form a clear solution 
 when mixed with an equal volume of Alcohol (80 p.c), the solution 
 becoming turbid upon further dilution. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 AQUA MENTHA VIRIDIS. Spearmint Water. 
 
 Oil of Spearmint, 1 ; Water, 1500 ; distil, 1000. (Oil 1 in 1000.) 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Aquse (group). 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28- 4 to 56- 8 ml. 
 
 Official in U.S., 1 in 500 ; and Port. (Aqua de Hortela). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPIRITUS MENTH/E VIRIDIS (O'.^.).— Spearmint, 1 ; Oil of Spear- 
 mint, 10 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), to yield 100 ; macerate for 24 hours and filter, j 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 c.c). 
 
 MENTHOL. 
 
 MENTHOL. 
 
 CioHoqO, eq. 154-16. 
 
 Fr., Menthol ; Gee., Menthol ; Ital., Mentolo ; Span., Mentol. 
 
 Large, colourless, acicular, or prismatic crystals. It is a satm-ated 
 secondary Alcohol obtained from the Volatile Oil distilled from the 
 fresh herb of Mentha arvensis, DC, vars. pipemscens et glahrata, 
 Holmes, and probably other species. 
 
 It possesses the strong characteristic odour and taste of Peppermint, 
 
880 MEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 subsequently producing a sensation of warmth on the tongue, and 
 upon inspiration of air a sensation of coldness. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost insoluble in Water and Glycerin; soluble 
 5 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 4 in 1 (nearly) of Chloroform ; 8 in 3 of 
 Ether ; 10 in 7 of Petroleum Spirit ; 1 in 4 of Olive Oil. 
 
 Menthol forms a liquid when rubbed with equal parts of either Carbolic 
 Acid, Chloral Hydrate, or Thymol ; 3 of Menthol and 2 Camphor form a 
 liquid at ordinary temperatiires, but when in equal parts is liquid only whilst 
 warm. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, local 
 anaesthetic. Applied externally as a local analgesic in some forms of 
 neujalgia and headache, also in rheumatism, in pruritus, and in 
 pleurodynia and toothache. 
 
 A 20 p.c. Solution in Olive Oil (with 3 p.c. Guaiacol) as an intra- 
 laryngeal injection (20 to 30 minims) in phthisis and bronchiectasis and 
 in gangrene of lung. 
 
 .5 to 10, or in severe cases 20 grains, to the oz. of Parolein rarely fails to 
 afford relief in prm'itus vulvae. — B.M.J. '12, i. 474. 
 
 Should not be used as a local application in the nasal catarrh of children 
 under 3 years of age, as it is often followed by alarming toxic symptoms. — 
 M.A. '13, 24. 
 
 Danger of poisoning in infants ; death followed application to the nostrils 
 of a Menthol Ointment. — Pr. '12, ii. 72. 
 
 The following method of treating a common cold gives exceedingly satis- 
 factory results ; as soon as irritation is experienced patient should inhale 
 the fumes given off by a few drops of an alcoholic solution, 30 grains to half 
 ounce Rectified Spirit, added to boiling Water ; the inhalation should be 
 repeated at least every second hour ; by night if the cold began in the morning 
 the cure will be complete. — I.M.G. '15, 73. 
 
 Dose. — I to 2 grains = 0-032 to 0* 13 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is best made into pills by the addition of Soap 
 and Dispensing Syrup. Usually employed externally. Largely used in the 
 form of cones and pencils ; also by insuflaation, or as an ointment, pig- 
 ment, or plaster. 
 
 Used as a snufF, along with Boric Acid 2 parts, and Ammonium Chloride 
 3 parts ; also dissolved in Oil as a spray for influenza, hay-fever, coryza and 
 ozosna. 
 
 Menthol and Eucalyptus Oil dissolved in Alcohol (90 p.c.) is used with an 
 oro-nasal inhaler for cold in the head. 
 
 Pastilles may be obtained containing Menthol, ^V or ^^ grain in each ; 
 also Menthol and Cocaine, ,f^ grain of each ; Menthol, ^jj ; Extract of Rhatany, 
 2 grains ; Menthol, ^t^ grain, and Bromide of Ammonium, 1 grain ; Menthol, 
 ^V grain, and Codeia, ^ grain ; Menthol, ^ grain, and Caffein, -J grain ; 
 Menthol, ^-^, Cocaine, piy grain, and Red Gum, 2 grains ; Menthol, ^^ grain, 
 Eucalyptus, 1 minim, and Cocaine, ^i^ grain ; Menthol, ^^, and Heroin, ^ij 
 grain: Menthol, ^^j, and Terpine, i grain. Tablets containing ^, ^^, I, \, 
 2 grain, also in combination with other drugs. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Emplastrum Menthol. 
 
 Not Oflacial. — Applicatio Menthol, Aqua Menthol, Gossypium Menthol, 
 Injectio Menthol, Injectio Menthol Fort., Insufflatio Menthol, Insufflatio 
 Menthol Composita, Nebula Menthol, Nebula Menthol Composita, Nebula 
 Menthol cmn Cocaina, Pastillus Menthol, Pigmentum Menthol, Pigmenttun 
 Menthohs Compositum, Mentholeate, Pigmentum Menthol cum Guaiacol, 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MEN 881 
 
 Pigmentum Menthol cuin Benzoino, Poucke Centre le Coryza, Tinctura 
 Antiodontalgica, Unguentum Menthol, Vasolimentura Mentholi, Menthyl 
 Valerianate, Validol, Menthosol, Menthoxol, and Coryfin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., Span, and Swiss (Mentholum), Ital, 
 (Mentolo), Mex. (Mentol), U.S. (Menthol). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Menthol when pure has a melting point from 43' 5° to44' 5° C. 
 (110- 3° to 112- r ¥.), the B.P. gives the melting point as 42° to 43° C. 
 (107- 6° to 109- 4° F.). 
 
 Tyrer has shown that commercial Menthol melts at 39*02° C. 
 (102- 23° F.), dried Menthol at 41-57°C. (106- 82° F.) and purified 
 Menthol, 42- 78° C. (109° F.), and was of opinion ( Y.B.P. '00, 453) that 
 only dried and purified Menthol agreed with the Pharmacopoeia 
 requirements; the U.S.P. gives 43° C. (109- 4° F.); the P.G., 44° C. 
 (111-2°F.). 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the U.S.P. 
 melting point be changed to ' from 42° to 44° C. (107- 6° to 111-2° F.),' 
 and also that the boiling point be omitted. 
 
 It dissolves readily in Alcohol (90 p.c), forming a clear solution which 
 should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, and which is 
 Igevogyrate. It volatilises at ordinary temperatures and rapidly on 
 heating. The B.P. states that when boiled with Sulphuric Acid 
 diluted with half its volume of Distilled Water it acquires an 
 indigo blue or ultramarine colour, the acid becoming brown. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Wax, Paraffin, or 
 inorganic substances. Menthol should volatilise entirely when heated, 
 and it should yield a clear solution with Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating 
 the absence of Wax, Parafiin or inorganic substances. 
 
 The B.P. requires that it should volatilise entirely by the heat of 
 a water-bath, the U.S.P. that it volatilises slowly at the ordinary 
 temperature, and that it should gradually volatilise without leaving 
 any residue when heated in an open dish, on a water-bath ; the 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this requirement 
 be altered to 'should leave a residue not exceeding 0*05 p.c' ; the 
 P.G. requires that when volatilised on a water-bath it shall leave at 
 the most 0* 1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM MENTHOL. Menthol Plaster. 
 
 Menthol, 1| ; Yellow Beeswax, 1 ; Resin, 7i. Mix in the Menthol 
 when the melted Resin and Beeswax have cooled to about 158° F. 
 (70° C). . 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Emplastra (group). 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 APPLICATIO MENTHOL.— Menthol, 2 ; Chloroform, 8 ; Pure Ether 
 (sp.gr. 0-720), 8; Eau de Cologne, 4. A good external application for 
 neuralgia. 
 
 AQUA MENTHOL {Bournemouth Formulary). — Menthol, 8 grains ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 2 fl. drm. ; Distilled Water, 20 fl. oz. 
 
882 MEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 GOSSYPIUM MENTHOL.— Menthol, 7 grains; White Adepsine Oil, 
 
 3 minims ; Pure Ether, 6 fi. drm. ; Cotton-Wool, in a thin sheet, 60 grains. 
 
 INJECTIO MENTHOL (Central Throat).— Mentho], 2J grains; Liquid 
 Paraffin, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Applied by means of tho Eustachian catheter to the middle ear. 
 
 INJECTIO MENTHOL FORT. (Central T/iroaO-— Menthol, 60 grains ; 
 Liquid Paraffin, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Introduced by means of an intralaryngeal syringe into the larynx and 
 trachea. 
 
 INSUFFLATIO MENTHOL (Nasal).— Menthol, in powder, 5 grains; 
 Bismiith Oxj'chloride, h oz. Dried Starch, in fine powder, to 1 oz. 
 
 INSUFFLATIO MENTHOL COMPOSITA.— Menthol, 2 drm. ; Ammo- 
 nium Chloride, 3 drm. ; Boric Acid, to 1 oz. — Central Throat. 
 
 Pulvis Menthol Compositus. — Menthol, 2 ; Boric Acid, in powder, 3 ; 
 Ammonium Chloride, in powder, 3. For insufflation. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Insufflatio Menthol Composita. — Arnmonium Chloride, 10 ; Camphor, 
 
 4 ; Cocaine Hydrochloride, J ; Lycopodium, 35 ; Menthol, 2 ; Oxychloride 
 of Bismuth, 10 ; Starch, in fine powder, q.s. to 100. — -Throat. 
 
 NEBULA MENTHOL.— Menthol, 4; Paraffinum Liquidmn, 100.— 
 Charing Cross. 
 
 Menthol, 5 grains ; Olive Oil, to 1 fl. oz.— -Central Throat. 
 Menthol, 10 to 30 grains ; Liquid Paraffin, to 1 fl. oz. — Throat. 
 
 NEBULA MENTHOLIS COMPOSITA (^.P;i.i?'.).—Menthol, 30 grains ; 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride, 5 grains ; Compound Tincture of Benzoin, 1 fi. oz. 
 Glycerin, to 2 fl. oz. 
 
 NEBULA MENTHOL CUM COCAINA (TZ/roaO.— Menthol, 10 grains ; 
 Cocaine, 5 grains ; Oleic Acid, 15 minims ; Liquid Paraffin, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PASTILLUS MENTHOL (Throat).— Menthol, J grain; Glyco -gelatin, 
 20 grains. 
 
 PiGMENTUM MENTHOL.— Menthol, 1 ; Olive Oil, i.— Guy's. 
 Menthol, 60 grains ; Liquid Paraffin, to 1 oz. — Throat. 
 
 PIGMENTUM MENTHOLIS COMPOSITUM. —Menthol, 1 grain; 
 Thymol, 1 grain ; Oil of Eucalyptus, 1 drm. ; Liquid Paraffin, q.s. to 
 produce 1 oz. 
 
 Mentholeate. — A name given to a Solution of Menthol in Oleic Acid. 
 Menthol, 200 grains. Oleic Acid, i fl. oz. ; heat gently in a test-tube till 
 dissolved. It is recommended as the best form for external application. 
 
 PIGMENTUM MENTHOL CUM GUAIACOL (Great Northern).— 
 Menthol, 1 grain ; Guaiacol, in crystals, 1 grain ; Oil of Sweet Almonds, to 
 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PIGMENTUM MENTHOL CUM BENZOINO (St. George's).— Menthol, 
 Tincturaj Benzoini Compositse, partes sequales. 
 
 POUDRE CONTRE LE COR YZ A (i^r.).—Beta-naphthol Salicylate, 30; 
 Phenjd SaLicjdate, 15; Menthol, 4; Cocaine Hydrochloride, 0-5; Boric 
 Acid, 50-5. 
 
 TINCTURA ANTIODONTALGICA (Swed.).— Menthol, 2; Carbolic Acid, 
 
 2 ; Eugenol, 1. 
 
 UNGUENTUM MENTHOL (T/iroaO-— Menthol, 5 grains; VaseUne, 1 oz. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM MENTHOLI (Hosrer).- Menthol, 2; Liquid VasoH- 
 ment, 98. 
 
 MENTHYL VALERIANATE. — A clear, colourless, oily hquid, having a 
 faint odour of Menthol. It is a Menthyl Ester of Valerianic Acid, insoluble 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liqtiids by Measure.] MEN 883 
 
 in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Ether. Useful as a stomachic 
 and carminative in the anorexia and vomiting of phthisis, and in the vomiting 
 of pregnancy. Also in hysteria and neuralgia. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 0-6inl. on Sugar. 
 
 Tests. — Menthyl Valerianate, when warmed with Liquor Potassae, is 
 decomposed, yielding an odour of Menthol, and Potassium Valerianate. If 
 the alkaline aqueous liquid be rendered acid with Sulphuric Acid, the charac- 
 teristic odour of Valerianic Acid is evolved. 
 
 VALIDOL. — A Solution of Menthol in Menthyl Valerianate, containing 
 about 30 p.c. of the former. 
 
 Efficacious in sea-sickness in doses of 8 to 20 drops. 
 
 Never fails to alleviate and altogether abolish sea-sickness, even during 
 the fiercest gales. In most cases one dose is sufficient, and 3 doses always 
 meet with signal success. — B.M.J. '11, i. 120. 
 
 Best to begin taking it 2 or 3 hours before sailing, and to continue its 
 use every hour till all sensation of nausea is completely abolished. Even 
 if retching be established, the hom-ly persistence will stop it. Preferable 
 in the liquid form and taken on lump sugar, 30 drops for the first dose, 25 
 for the second, and 15 for the third. More than 3 or 4 doses not generally 
 needed. It is agreeable to the palate, comforting to the stomach, harmless 
 and successful. — M.P. '11, i. 621. 
 
 Menthosol, a mixture of Menthol and Para-monochlorophenol, is applied 
 in 5, 10, or 15 p.c. Solution in laryngeal phthisis. 
 
 Menthoxol is stated to be an alcoholic Solution of Menthol, containing 
 Hydrogen Peroxide. Used in the treatment of abscesses and suppurating 
 wounds. 
 
 Coryfln. Ethyl-glycolic Ester of Menthol. — A colourless liquid possessing 
 a faint odour of Menthol. Insoluble in Water, soluble in Ether, Chloroform 
 and Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; and in fixed oils. Useful in nasal catarrh and for the 
 relief of neuralgic pains. Employed also as a carminative, and may prevent 
 vomiting in sea-sickness and pregnancy. It is obtainable in the liquid form 
 or as pastilles, ^ grain in each. Dose. — 2 to 5 drops on sugar ; or as an 
 inhalation or gargle. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MENYANTHES. 
 
 BUCKBEAK. 
 
 The Leaves of Menyanthes trijoliata, L., a gentianaceous plant. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^A bitter tonic and cathartic. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to Gfl. oz. = 56-8 to 170-4 ml. of 1 in 20 Infusion. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Himg., Jap. 
 and Swiss (Trifolium Fibrinum) ; Dan., Fr., Norw., Russ. and Swed. 
 (Menyanthes) ; Port. (Trifolio Fibrino). Not in the others. 
 
 EXTRACTUM MENYANTHIS. — Buckbean exhausted with boiling 
 Water, and the hquor evaporated to an Extract. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Hxmg., Port., 
 Russ. and Swed. Not in the othei-s. 
 
 Elixir Amarum. (Russ.). — Menyanthes, 2; Extract of Orange, 2; Pepper- 
 mint Water, 16 : Alcohol (70 p.c), 16 ; Spirit of Ether, 1. 
 
 Extractum Amarum (Russ.). — Extract Menyanthes, 1 ; Extract of 
 Absinthe, 1 ; Extract of Gentian, 1. 
 
884 MET [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 METHYL CHLORIDUM. 
 
 METHYL CHLORIDE. 
 
 CH,C1, eq. 50-484. 
 
 Methyl Chloride is a colourless gas, of an ethereal odour and a sweet taste, 
 soluble in Water to the extent of 2-8 volumes. It "burns with a greenish 
 flame. It is reduced to the liquid state by cold and pressure, and is supplied 
 in metal or glass cylinders, some of which are fitted with a valve and a tube 
 for producing a jet. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is used as a local anaesthetic for surgical 
 procedures of short duration, producing intense cold by its evaporation. It 
 is allowed to escape from the tube, forming a spray which should be applied 
 obliquely to the part, but only for a few seconds, as, if used incautiously, 
 it may produce blisters. 
 
 Used in lumbago, sciatica and neuralgia by stypage, i.e., laying on the 
 painful part a pledget of Cotton-Wool or Lint soaked in the remedy ; or 
 the spray can be played on to the Wool as it lies on the part. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Chlorure de Methyle). 
 
 Tests. — Methyl Chloride, when passed tlirough Water which has been 
 cooled down by Ice, yields a solution which should be neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, should yield no tiu-bidity or precipitate with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, and should not affect Starch Solution containing Potassiiun 
 Iodide. 
 
 METHYL SALIC YLAS. 
 
 METHYL SALICYLATE. 
 CHoC^HsOa, eq. 152-064. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A colourless mobile liquid with a characteristic aromatic odour 
 resembling Oil of Wintergreen, and a warm and sweetish taste. 
 
 It was described in Squire's Companion in 1894, and is now included in 
 B.P. 1914. 
 
 It has the same properties and uses as Gaultheria Oleum, q.v. It is also 
 known as Synthetic or Artificial Oil of Wintergreen. 
 
 It is a synthetic Ester which may be produced by the action of Salicylic 
 Acid on jMethyl Alcohol, and it also occurs naturally in Oils of Wintergreen, 
 and Sweet Birch. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See Gaultherise Oleum. 
 
 Not Official. — Unguentum Methyl Salicylatis Compositum, Sanoform, 
 Mesotan, Methylacetylsahcylate, Ulmarene, Amyl Salicylas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Methyl Salicylate has a specific giavity of l* 185 to 1* 190. 
 It has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of about 1- 535. B.P. gives 
 the specific gravity as 1-185 to 1-192; Fr. Codex, 1-1819 at 16° C. 
 (60- 8° F.) ; U.S.P., 1- 180 to 1- 185 at 25° C. (77° F.). It is optically 
 inactive. It has a boiling point of 219° to 221° C. (426- 2° to 429- 8° F.) ; 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MET 885 
 
 B.P. and U.S.P. give 219° to 221°C. ; Fr. Codex gives 224° C. (435- 2°F.). 
 It is readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), the solution being neutral or 
 only slightly acid to Litmus paper. 
 
 The saturated aqueous solution yields with Ferric Chloride Test -Solu- 
 tion a deep violet coloration. It should form a perfectly clear solution 
 at about 20° C. (68° F.) with 5 parts of Alcohol (70 p.c). If the Oil be 
 saponified with Sodium Hydroxide Solution and the alkaline liquid 
 be diluted with about tliree times its volume of Water, and acidified 
 with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a white crystalline precipitate is formed, 
 which, collected on a filter, washed with a little Water, and recrystallised 
 from hot Distilled Water, should possess a melting point of 156° to 
 157° C. (312- 8° to 314- 6° F.), and should otherwise answer the tests of 
 identity and be free from the impurities mentioned under Acidum Sali- 
 cylicum. It may be determined volumetrically with Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an 
 indicator. A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the Oil is dissolved in 
 25 c.c. of the Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution and the 
 mixture is boiled for five minutes to effect saponification. It is cooled, 
 and the excess of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 is titrated with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 1 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution corresponds to 
 0- 152064 gramme of Methyl Salicylate. The number of c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution absorbed multiplied 
 by 0* 152064 and the product multiplied by 20, gives the percentage 
 w/w of absolute Methyl Salicylate present in the sample. The per- 
 centage of Methyl Salicylate may also be determined by saponification 
 with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, adding suffi- 
 cient Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution to produce a faintly 
 acid reaction, removing the liberated Salicylic Acid by Ether, washing 
 till free from mineral acid and titrating the ethereal solution of Salicylic 
 Acid with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution corresponds to 0* 152064 gramme of 
 absolute Methyl Salicylate. A good specimen contains not less than 
 99 p.c. w/w of Methyl Salicylate. 
 
 The B.P. requires that it shall contain not less than 98 p.c. of 
 Methyl Salicylic Ester, as determined by the method for the deter- 
 mination of Esters in Volatile Oils given under the heading of Special 
 Tests. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Alcohol or Chloroform, 
 other Volatile Oils or Petroleum, and Methyl Benzoate. 
 
 When introduced into a flask, attached to a suitable condenser, 
 and then heated on a water-bath it should yield no distillate having 
 the characteristics of Alcohol or Chloroform, indicating the absence of 
 these substances. A clear, colourless or faintly yellow solution should 
 result when 1 c.c. of Methyl Salicylate contained in a capacious test-tube 
 is mixed with 10 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution and the mixture 
 well shaken, no separation of oily drops should occur, either on the 
 surface or at the bottom of the fluid, indicating the absence of Volatile 
 
886 MEl' [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Oils or of Petroleum. The acid obtained on the saponification and 
 subsequent acidification of the Methyl Salicylate should possess the 
 melting point given above, and respond to the test mentioned under 
 Acidum Salicylicum, indicating the absence of Methyl Benzoate. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUM METHYL SALICYLATIS COMPOSITUM (B.P.C.).— 
 Methyl Salicylate, 50; Menthol, 10; Eucalyptol, 2-5; Oil of Cajeput, 2-5; 
 White Beeswax, 17-5; Hydrous Wool Fat, 17 "5; all by weight. 
 
 SANOFORM (Di-iodomethylsalicylate). — A white, crystalline powder, 
 almost odourless and tasteless. It contains 62-7 p.c. of Iodine. 
 
 The melting point of the powder is 110-5° C. (230-9° F.), and therefore 
 may be sterilised at 100° C. (212° F.) without decomposition. It may be 
 employed in all cases where Iodoform is used, chiefly as a dressing in minor 
 surgical operations, in cases of senile and diabetic gangrene and in gynaecology. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water and Glycerin ; slightly soluble in cold 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), and readily in Ether. 
 
 MESOTAN (Salicylic Acid Methoxymethylester). — A yellow, oily liquid, 
 possessing a slight aromatic odoior. Insoluble in Water, readily soluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether and Chloroform. It is stated to be readily absorbed 
 by the skin, and to be useful as a local application in rheumatic and gouty 
 affections. It may be used as a 50 p.c. Solution in Olive Oil, or by itself. 
 Its use requires caution ; the skin should not be covered with any impervious 
 material afterwards. 
 
 Methyl-acetyl-salicylate is a crystalline powder, insoluble in Water, 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p-c) and in Chloroform. In rheumatic affections. 
 
 Ulmar^ne (Methyl Salicylate Salicylic Ester). — A yellow, heavy refractive 
 liquid, possessing an odour resembling Salol. Insoluble in Water ; soluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether and Chloroform. Introduced as a local application 
 to replace Methyl Salicylate. 
 
 Amyl Salicylas. — A colourless or slightly yellowish liquid, with a charac- 
 teristic odour and taste. It is not nearly so pungent as Oil of Gaultheria, 
 and therefore has been suggested as a substitute for the latter. 
 
 METHYLSULPHONAL. 
 
 METHYLSULPHONAL. 
 
 C«H,sS,04, eq. 242-284. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A white, odourless, crystalline powder possessing a faintly bitter 
 taste. 
 
 Methylsulphonal mider the name of Trional has been a ' Not Official ' in 
 Squire's Companion since 1899, and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Is analogous in composition to Sulphonal, but with a Methyl group replaced 
 by Ethyl. 
 
 Methylsulphonal is officially described as Diethyl-Sulphone-Methyl-Ethyl- 
 Methane, an oxidation product of Mercaptol, Mercaptol being in turn 
 obtained by the condensation of Ethyl-Methyl-Ketone and Ethyl-Mercaptan. 
 The B.P. 1914 description is essentially the same as the U.S. P. 1905. It is 
 official in Fr. Codex under the title of Diethylsulphone-Ethylmethylmethane^ 
 and in the P.O. under both the title of Methylsulfonalum and Trional. 
 
 It shovdd be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MET 887 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 320 of Water ; 1 in 11 of Alcohol (45 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A pure hypnotic like Sulphonal, but, 
 being more soluble, acts more rapidly. Useful in melancholia, mania, 
 and in many nervous afiections, in delirium tremens, in sleeplessness 
 of children ; it may induce constipation. 
 
 Has most powerful degenerative effect on nerve cells ; one must be chary 
 in ufsing it. Its combination with Paraldehyde has great advantages, for 
 the doses could be diminished. — B.M.J. '09, i. 555. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0* 65 to 1-3 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing ITotes. — Usually given in cachets followed by a hot drink, 
 or suspended with Tragacanth like Sulphonal. Tablets are supplied containing 
 5 grains. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 2 grammes ; daily, 2 grammes. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 2 grammes ; daily, 4 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Hvmg., Span, and Swed. 
 (Trional) ; Belg., Dutch, Ger., Jap. and Norw. (Methylsulfonalum) ; 
 Fr. (Diethylsulf oneethylmethylmethane) ; Ital. (Trionale); Swiss, 
 Diathylsulfonmethyliithyhnethanum ; U.S. (Sulphonethylmethanum). 
 
 Tests.— Methylsulphonal melts at 76- 5° C. (169- 7° F.) ; the B.P. 
 gives 76° to 76- -5° C. (168- 8° to 169- 7° F.); the U.S.P. gives 76° C. 
 (168' 8° F.), and this melting point is also given by the Fr. Codex ; the 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this melting point 
 be changed to^'from 74° to 76°C. (165-2°to 168- 8°F.)'; the P.G. gives 
 76° C. (168- 8°F.). At a red heat it evolves an odour of Sulphur Dioxide. 
 When a small quantity is heated with an equal weight of Powdered 
 Charcoal in a dry tube, or when a mixture of equal parts by weight of 
 Methylsulphonal and Potassium Cyanide are heated, the characteristic 
 and disagreeable odour of Mercaptol is evolved. The characteristic 
 and disagreeable odoiu' of Hydrogen Sulphide is evolved when Methyl- 
 sulphonal is heated with anhydrous Sodium Acetate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Sulphates, 
 readily oxidisable organic impurities, Mercaptol and mineral residue. 
 The clear filtrate obtained on dissohdng 1 gramme of Methylsulphonal 
 in 50 c.c. of boiling Distilled Water, cooling, and filtering, when 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield no turbidity upon the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides ; another 
 portion, when acidifiedwith Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no turbidity 
 upon the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Sulphates. During the solution of the Methylsulphonal in the hot 
 Distilled Water, no objectionable odour should be noticed, indicating the 
 absence of Mercaptol. The Fr. Codex test for the absence of Mercaptol 
 requires that if 10 grammes of Distilled Water containing 1 gramme 
 of Methylsulphonal be brought to the boiling point the evolved 
 vapours should be odourless. If 1 drop of Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution (0' 1 p.c. w/v) be added to 100 c.c. of a cold saturated aqueous 
 solution, no immediate decolorisation should occur, indicating a limit 
 of readily oxidisable organic impurities, and incidentally of Mercaptol. 
 Methylsulphonal should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. The B.P. states that it should leave no appreciable 
 
888 MET [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 asli ; the U.S. P. that it should leave no weighable residue ; the P.G. 
 requires that it should leave at the most 0* 1 p.c. of residue. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash be changed 
 to not exceeding 0* 05 p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 METHYLAL. 
 
 aHgOj, eq. 7G-064. 
 
 A col otrrless, volatile liquid, sp. gr. 0'855. Boils at 41-7° C. (107° F.). 
 Readily soluble in Water and Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been employed, but with little success, as 
 a hypnotic ; mixed with Oil or Glycerin, as a local anaesthetic. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 mimms (in Water) = 0-9 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Not Officical. 
 
 METHYLENE BLUE. 
 
 Ct,H„]Sr3SCl, eq. 319-704. 
 
 TETRAMETHYLTHIONINE HYDROCHLORIDE, METHYLTHIONIN^ HYDRO- 
 CHLORIDUM, METHYLTHIONINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 
 Prismatic crystals having a bronze -green fluorescence or as a dark green 
 rrystalline powder. It stains the skin an intense blue. It dissolves readily 
 in Water, forming an intensely blue-coloured solution. 
 
 It may be prepared by the action of Hydrogen Sulphide on an oxidation 
 product of Para-amido-djmethylaniline. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It has been employed as an analgesic in rheu- 
 matism and sciatica, also in migraine ; it may produce gastric irritation and 
 cystitis. 
 
 Is given in 1 to 3 gr. doses in chronic nephritis, cystitis, and gonorrhoea, 
 and in bilharzia haematobia infection ; ^ gr. twice daily imparts a pea-green 
 colour to the urine, whilst the same dose more frequently repeated turns it a 
 peacock-blue ; sometimes given surreptitiously as a practical joke, pink- 
 coated sweets being sold for the very purpose of producing a coloured urine. 
 —B.M.J. '12, i. 1216. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is conveniently given in pills, ' Diluted Glucose ' 
 being used as the excipient, or in capsules. Care must be taken to ensure purity 
 of the sample, and only Zinc-free Methylene Blue should be used for internal 
 administration. Methylene Blue is frequently prescribed in capsules with Oil 
 of Sandal Wood. 
 
 Poreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Fr. (Bleu de Methylene 
 officinale); Mex. (Azul de Metilena) ; Swiss (Methylenum coeru- 
 leum) ; U.S. (Methylthioninse Hydrochloridum). 
 
 Tests. — Methylene Blue yields, when dissolved in Distilled Water, a very 
 deep blue solution, changing on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid to a lighter 
 shade of blue, and on the addition of Sodiivm Hydroxide Solution to a purplish 
 shade. When the latter reagent is added in excess a dirty violet precipitate is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MEZ 889 
 
 produced. When treated with Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid it is decolorised. 
 The double Zinc salt {Tetramethylthionine Zinc Hydrochloride) is also known 
 commercially under the name of Methylene Blue, and it is necessaiy, therefore, 
 to distinguish between this and Methylene Blue for medicinal use. Medicinal 
 Methylene Blue should leave not more than 1*0 p.c. of ash. A weighed 
 quantity of 0-5 graixune, when intimately mixed with about 1 gramme each 
 of Potassivun Nitrate and Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, and the powdered 
 mixtiu-e heated in a crucible imtil the organic matter is completely oxidised, 
 leaves a residue which, when cooled, and dissolved in 15 c.c. of Diluted 
 Sulphui'ic Acid, the solution evaporated over a flame until the vapoui's of 
 Siilphiuic Acid conmience to be evolved, should leave a residue wliich should 
 not respond to the modified Gutzeit's Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. If 
 about 0-5 gramme of Methylene Blue be heated to a temperature below red 
 heat vmtil it is completely carbonised, the powdered residue be then boiled 
 with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid during 5 minutes, the liquid 
 filtered and the residue washed ^vith 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the com- 
 bined liquids when boiled with 1 c.c. of Nitric Acid and supersaturated with 
 Ammonia Solution, and filtered (if necessary), should remain clear and 
 colourless upon the addition of an equal volimae of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Zinc. 
 
 Antirheumatin, a mixture of Sodium Salicylate and Methylene Blue, 
 introduced as an anti-rhemnatic, and given internally in doses of 1 to 2 grains 
 = 0-06 to 0-12 gramme. It must not be confounded with Antirheumin, 
 which is a preparation containing Fluorine compounds. 
 
 METHYL VIOLET. — Under the fancy name Pyoctanin (blue) it has 
 been recommended in the internal and local treatment of maUgnant tumours, 
 and locally in corneal ulceration. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MEZEREI CORTEX. 
 
 mezereon bark. 
 
 Fr., Mezereon otj Bois Gentii, ; Ger., Seidelbastrinde ; 
 Ital., Mezereo ; Span., Mecereon. 
 
 The dried Bark of Daphne Mezereum, L., of Daphne Laureola, L., or of 
 Daphne Gnidium, L. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Externally, rubefacient and vesicant. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., Hex. (Mezereon), Port. 
 (Trovisco), Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Mezereon Bark as met with in commerce consists 
 of loose, more or less quilled, strips of thin bark about r}^ in. thick, finely 
 fibrous, and too tough to be broken ; the colour varies from pale, dull 
 greenish -brown in that of D. Laureola to reddish-brown in that of D. Mezereum 
 and dark purplish in that of D. Cfnidium. Mezereon Bark is chiefly imported 
 froBQ Germany, but the last-named from Algeria and the South of France. 
 In D. Laureola the leaf scars are crowded at intervals, but in the two latter 
 are irregularly scattered, and the bark of D. Onidium is hairy towards the 
 apex. The outer corky coat readily separates from the green fibrous layer, 
 which is white and satiny on the inner surface. The bark has an acrid taste 
 and but little odour. It apparently owes its activity to a resin. The official 
 bark is referred to the three species above named, but to D. Mezereum and 
 other European species in the U.S. P. and the distinguishing feature is there 
 
890 MOB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 mentioned that the transverse section exhibits numerous groups of bast 
 fibres in the secondary bast. Mezereon Bark is not used in powder, but the 
 principal microscopical features are the very long fibres, often 3 mm. long 
 and only 5 to 10 jj. in diameter; and the thin-walled tabular cells of the cork, 
 hexagonal in tangential section. 
 
 Tests. — Mezereon Bark contains from 3 to 4 p.c. of ash, and the latter 
 figure should not be exceeded. 
 
 EXTRACTUM MEZEREI >ETHEREUM (i3.P. '85).— The Ether-sohxble 
 portion of alcoholic extract of Mezereon Bark. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. (Extracto de Trovisco). 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM MEZEREI (C/.yS'.).—! in I, prepared with a Mixture 
 of Alcohol (95 p.c), 4, and Water, 1. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MORI SUCCUS. 
 
 MULBERRY JmCE. 
 
 The deep purple juice of the ripe Fruit of Moras nigra, L. Sp. gr. about 
 1-060. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Refrigerant and laxative ; serves to prepare a 
 grateful drink in febrile cases, and as a flavouring and colouring agent. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr., Sue de Mure ; Mex., Jugo 
 de Moras ; Port., Amoras ; Span., Zvimo de Moras. 
 
 SYRUPUS MORI.— Mulberry Juice, 20; Refined Sugar, 36; Alcohol 
 (GO p.c), 2^ ; heat the Juice to the boiling-point, and, when it has cooled, 
 filter it ; dissolve the Sugar in the filtered liquid by a gentle heat, and add 
 the Alcohol ; the product should weigh 54. Sp. gr. 1 • 330. 
 
 Dose. — ^1 fl. drm. = 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr. (Sirop de 
 Mures), Ital. and Swiss. Sot in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MORPHINA. 
 
 C,;H,,]Sr03, H,,0, eq. 303-178. 
 
 Colourless, shining, rhombic prisms, or as a white, odourless, crystalline 
 powder, having a bitter taste and an alkaline reaction. It is the principal 
 alkaloid obtained from Opimn. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1000 of cold Water ; 1 in 100 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 
 10 of Oleic Acid ; 1 in 125 of Glycerin ; but the solubiUties depend very 
 largely on the physical condition of the alkaloid. Insoluble in Ether (thus 
 differing from Narcotine). Aqueous alkalis, even Lime Water, dissolve it 
 readily when freshly precipitated ; Ammonia, however, but sparingly ; where 
 a very strong solution is required HyiJophosphorous Acid has been suggested 
 as a solvent. 
 
 Medicinal Properties {see Morphinse Hydrochloridum). — Owing to its 
 slight solubility in Water it is rarely given in its pm'ely alkaloidal form. A 
 Solution in Oleic Acid (about 1 in 60) forms a good application. 
 
 Dose. — jij to J grain = 0-0067 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MOR 891 
 
 Official Preparations. — Morpliine Acetate, Morphine Hydrochloride, 
 and Morphine Tartrate. 
 
 K"ot Official. — Benzyl-morphine Hydrochloride (Peronine), Mono-ethyl- 
 morphine Hydrochloride (Dionine), Morphine Hydrobromide, Morphine 
 Lactate, and Morphine Sulphate, Liquor Morphinge Sulphatis, Pulvis Morphinse 
 Compositus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. (Morfina), Port., 
 Span, and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Morphine, when heated to 100° C. (212° F.), loses its Water of 
 crystallisation slowly, equivalent to 5*94p.c., but when dried at 110° C. 
 (230° F.) the Water of crystalUsation is rapidly lost. It melts at about 
 230° C. (446° F.), and at a somewhat higher temperatiu-e the alkaloid turns 
 brown. It is only very slightly soluble in Water and the aqueous solution 
 has an alkaline reaction towards red Litmus paper. 
 
 A particle of soHd Morphine yields the following characteristic colour re- 
 actions : when treated with a drop of a perfectly neutral Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, or with Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Solution (10 p.c. w/v), it yields a 
 very characteristic deep greenish-blue colom*, changing to green on adding an 
 excess of the reagent ; with Sulphviric Acid it yields no coloration, or at the 
 most but a slight yellowish tint, but if heated on the water-bath it assumes 
 a brownish coloration. Dott has pointed out that solid Morphine yields a 
 distinct though faint pink coloiu- when treated with Sulphuric Acid ; if heated 
 with Sulphvu'ic Acid to 150° C. (302° F.) a dirty green or rose-red coloiu- is 
 produced, and if the temperature be still further raised the solution becomes 
 almost black ; when cooled and diluted with Distilled Water the solution 
 yields a greenish-blue colour, which, on the addition of Ammonia Solution, 
 changes to green ; when heated on a water-bath for 10 or 15 minutes with 
 Sulphuric Acid, cooled, and a few drops of Diluted Nitric Acid added, a Ariolet 
 coloration, changing rapidly to blood-red, is produced ; Sulphm-ic Acid, to 
 which a small quantity of Sodiiim Arsenate has been added, affords a bluish- 
 green coloration, which, on raising the temperature, passes from green to 
 deep blue and finally to a dark olive-green ; if a small quantity of Bismuth 
 Oxynitrate be added to a mixtvu-e of Sulphuric Acid and the alkaloid, a 
 purplish-bro-\vn coloration is yielded. Sulphimc Acid containing 0-5 p.c. of 
 Ammonium Molybdate (Frohde's) reagent yields with Morphine a violet-blue 
 coloration, changing to green and ultimately to deep blue. Sulphuric Acid 
 containing in each c.c. a drop of Formaldehyde Solution yields an intense 
 piu-ple coloration ; a similar purple coloration is produced if the alkaloid be 
 mixed with 2 j^arts of Cane Sugar, and if a drop of concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid be added, the colour changing gradually from blood-red to brownish- 
 red and becoming brown on dilution with Distilled Water. Nitric Acid 
 yields an orange-red colour changing to yellow. With Potassimn Ferricyanide 
 Solution containing a drop of neutral Ferric Chloride Test-Solution it yields a 
 deep blue coloration. It reduces Iodic Acid with Uberation of Iodine, and if 
 Solution of Starch be present a blue coloration of Iodide of Starch is imme- 
 diately produced. In employing this test it is essential that the reagent 
 itself should not give free Iodine on treatment with a drop of Diluted Sulphuric 
 or Acetic Acid. It dissolves readily in Diluted Hydrochloric or Sulphm-ic 
 Acid, and if the alkaloid be carefully and exactly neutrahsed and the solution 
 be of a sufficient degree of concentration, it will respond to the following tests. 
 Ammonia Solution prodvices a white precipitate soluble with difficulty in 
 excess of the reagent ; Ammonium Carbonate Solution and Solution of Lime 
 Water also produce a white precipitate speedily becoming crystalline. The 
 alkaU Carbonates in excess have a tendency to redissolve the precipitate, but 
 it is insoluble in excess of the Bicarbonates. Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution yields a white precipitate readily soluble in excess. Morphine is 
 alkaHne in reaction towards red Litmus, Methyl Orange, and lodeosin 
 Solutions ; it forms salts which are neutral in reaction towards these 
 indicators. It may therefore be titrated directly or indirectly with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using one or other of the 
 
892 MOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 above solutions as an indicator of neutrality. Methyl Orange or lodeosin 
 Solution is most suitable for the pixrpose ; a known weight of the 
 alkaloid may be dissolved in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, a few drops of Methyl Orange or lodeosin Solution 
 added and the excess of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution titrated with Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution. The number of c.c. of Twentieth -Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution required is divided by 2, the quotient subtracted from 
 the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 added to dissolve the alkaloid, the difference representing the number of c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution neutralised by the 
 alkaloid ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution repre- 
 sents • 03032 gramme of hydrated Morphine or • 02852 gramme of anhydrous 
 Morphine. If the niimber of c.c. be multiplied first by • 03032 and then by 100 
 and finally divided by the weight of alkaloid taken the quotient will be the 
 percentage of Morphine present. Morphine may be distinguished from Codeine 
 by the Nitric Acid Test, Codeine yielding a yellow coloration not changing 
 to red ; by Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, which produces a dull greenish-blue 
 coloration, but which does not affect Codeine'; by Sulphtiric Acid, containing 
 a trace of Selenous Acid, which gives with Morphine a blue coloration changing 
 to green and finally to brown, and with Codeine a green coloration changing 
 to blue and afterwards to a grass-green ; this test also serves to distinguish 
 JNIorphine from Narcotine, the latter giving a green coloration changing to 
 brown and ultimately to cherry-red. Morphine may be distinguished from 
 Quinine by the Nitric Acid colour test. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are other alkaloids, e.g., Narceine. 
 Narcotine, Thebaine, and Pseudomorphine, Ammonium salts, Meconic Acid 
 or Meconates, and mineral matter. 
 
 If 1 gramme of Morphine be dissolved in 10 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution, and the solution shaken out with tliree successive portions each of 
 15, 10 and 10 c.c. of Chloroform, the chloroformic solution separated in each 
 instance, passed through a small filter, previously moLstened with Chloro- 
 form, and the combined chloroformic extractions be evaporated to dryness, 
 and the residue be dissolved in 10 c.c. of Fiftieth -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution and the excess of Fiftieth-Normal Voltunetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution be titrated with Fiftieth-Normal Voliunetric Potassixmi Hydroxide 
 Solution, not less than 7 • 5 c.c. should be required, indicating a limit of foreign 
 alkaloids. The absence of other alkaloids is also shown by its insolubility 
 in Benzene. Morphine, when extracted with Benzene and filtered, should 
 yield a filtrate which on evaporation to dryness should leave no residue, 
 or at the most but mere traces. It should evolve no characteristic odour of 
 Ammonia when warmed with a slight excess of Potassiuin Hydroxide Solution, 
 nor should the vapour turn moistened red Litmus paper blue, indicating 
 the absence of Ammonimn salts. If a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution bo added to a solution of 0-1 gramme of Morphine in 10 c.c. of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid no red coloration should be produced, indicating 
 the absence of Meconic Acid or Meconates. Morphine should leave no weigh- 
 able ash upon ignition, indicating a limit of mineral matter. The U.S. P. 
 requires that it is slowly consumed without leaving a residue, the proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this should be modified so as to 
 read 'not exceeding O-lp.c' 
 
 A method for the determination of small quantities of Morphine in Tinc- 
 tm'es and such like substances is given under Tinctura Camphorse Compositus, 
 a reference is also made under the same heading to the association, in cough 
 mixtures, of Morphine with the alkaloids of Ipecacuanha ; the latter yield 
 somewhat similar colour reactions to those of Morphine, and these reactions 
 are described under Emetine, Cephaeline, and Psychotrine. 
 
 DIACETYL - MORPHINE. Heroin, the Hydrochloride of Diacetyl- 
 Morphine, is now Official, see Diamorphinte Hydrochloridum. 
 
 Official in Austr. (Morphinum diacetylicum), and Russ. (Heroinum)t 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MOR 893 
 
 BENZYL-MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE. Peronine, Ci.H^NO^. 
 CjH,.HCl, eq. 411 • 678. — It may be prepared by the action of Benzyl Chloride 
 on Morphine. 
 
 A bitter, odourless, -white, microcrystalline powder, soluble 1 in 200 of 
 Water, 1 in 160 of Alcohol (90 p. c.) ; insoluble in Chloroform and Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Narcotic and sedative, introduced as a sub- 
 stitute for Morphine and Codeine in the irritative cough of phthisis and 
 chronic bronchitis. 
 
 Instillation of 1 to 2 p.c. Solution into conjunctival sac induces anaesthesia 
 of the cornea. 
 
 Dose. — i to h grain = • 008 to • 032 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Benzyl-morphine Hydrochloride, when strongly heated, evolves 
 a powerful aromatic odour, the salt dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a 
 colourless solution neutral in reaction to Litmus, from which Ammonivun, 
 Potassiujn, or Sodium Hydroxide Solution precipitates the free base. It is 
 precipitated by the usual alkaloidal reagents, e.g., Potassio-Merctiric Iodide 
 (Mayer's) Solution, lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, Picric Acid, 
 etc. With Sulphuric Acid containing a trace of Nitric Acid it yields a dark 
 brownish-red coloration. It is distinguished from Morphine by yielding no 
 blue coloration with Potassimn Ferricyanide Solution containing a few drops 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and by its failure to liberate Iodine from Iodic 
 Acid. Its 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified w^th Nitric Acid, yields on 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, a white ciirdy precipitate, soluble in 
 Ammonia Solution. It contains theoretically 91 '1 p.c. of Benzyl-morphine, 
 which may be determined by titration in a similar manner to that described 
 under Diamorphine Hydrochloride. 1 c.c. of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution represents 0-04117 gramme of anhydrous Benzyl-morphine 
 Hyckochloride, Ci,H,8N03(C;H.)HCI. 
 
 MONO-ETHYL-MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE.— Dionin, C^jHjgNO,. 
 C„H.HC1.H„0, eq. 367*678. — An odourless, white, or almost white, micro- 
 crystalline powder, possessing a bitter taste. 
 
 It is the Hydrochloride of an alkaloid, Mono-Ethyl-morphine, prepared 
 from Morphine by ethylation. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 7 of Water; 1 in 5 of Alcohol (90 p.c); insoluble in 
 Ether. 
 
 The above figures were carefully determined in the author's laboratory, 
 and have been coniii'med on repetition. The solubility of the salt in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) varies greatly with the temperature, slight variations producing an 
 appreciable effect; the salt which had a solubility in Alcohol (90 p.c.) at 
 15-5° C. (60° F.) of 1 in 5, dissolved readily 1 in 1 of warm Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 The figures for the solubihty given by Dott (CD. '05, i. 489) are 1 in 14 of 
 Water, 1 in 29 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Ocular analgesic. 
 
 A 5 p.c. Solution is one of the most valuable agents we possess for the 
 relief of deep-seated ocular pain, e.g., in glaucoma, iritis, episcleritis, etc. 
 It neither dilates the pupil nor increases the tension of the eye. Drops of a 
 Solution (1 or 2 p.c) have given considerable relief in those cases of eye pain 
 where no abnormality is chscoverable. An ointment containing 4 grains to 
 the oz., gradually increasing to 12 grains to the oz., is the best of all methods 
 for clearing corneal opacities. 
 
 Useful in the cough of phthisis and bronchitis, and in the treatment of the 
 di"ug habit. 
 
 To abolish the after-pain of subconjunctival injections of Mercury Cyanide, 
 add 2 to 4 p.c. of Bionine.— I. M.G. '15, 156. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to ^ grain = 0-021 to 0-032 gramme, dissolved in Water ; or 
 in the form of a sjrrup. 
 
 Swiss maximvim dose, single, 0*05 granyne ; daily, 0-15 gramme. 
 
894 MOR [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Dutch (Hydrochloras .^Ethyl- 
 morphini), Ger. and Hung, (^thylmorphinum Hydrochloricum), 
 Swed. (Chloretum aethylo-morphicum), Swiss (Morphinum sethyla- 
 turn hydrochloricum). 
 
 Tests. — Mono-ethyl-morpliine Hj^drochloride sinters at 119° C. (246-2° F.~) 
 and melts at 122° to 123° C. (251-6° to 253-4° F.). It dissolves in Distilled 
 Water, forming a solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus and 
 which yields precipitates with the usual alkaloidal agents, e.g., Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, lodo -Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) 
 Solution, etc. 
 
 The aqueous solution, when acidified with Nitric Acid, yields on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy precipitate, insoluble in 
 Nitric Acid, readily soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid dissolves Mono-ethyl-morphine Hydrochloride, forming a 
 clear colourless solution, and evolves simultaneously Hydrochloric Acid gas ; the 
 addition of 1 or 2 drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution produces on warming 
 a violet coloration changing to a deep blue, which upon the further addition of 
 
 1 or 2 drops of Nitric Acid assumes a deep red coloration. With Sulphm-ic 
 Acid containing 0-5p.c. of Ammonium Molybdate it yields a similar violet 
 coloration to that of Morphine. If • 6 gramme of Dionine be dissolved in 5 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water it yields with Ammonia Solution (specific gravity 0-910) a 
 copious white precipitate which redissolves on the addition of about 5 c.c. 
 of the Ammonia Solution, but the free base again separates in the form of 
 crystals in a short time ; Codeine under similar circumstances yields a preci- 
 pitate which is permanently dissolved on the addition of 1 c.c. of the A m monia 
 Solution. 
 
 The anhydrous salt contains theoretically 85 p.c. of Mono-ethyl-morphine, 
 it is neutral in reaction towards Phenolphthalein and may be titrated in a 
 similar manner to Diacetyl-morphine Hydrochloride. 1 c.c. of Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution represents 0-03496 gramme of 
 anhydrous Mono-ethjd-morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Morphine, amorphous products 
 of the ethylation, and mineral residue. An immecUate blue coloration should 
 not be produced when 1 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 100 solution of Mono-ethyl- 
 morphine Hydrochloride is added to a solution of a crystal of Potassium 
 Ferricyanide in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water to which 1 drop of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution has been added, indicating the absence of unconverted Morphine. 
 
 2 c.c. of a 1 in 40 aqueous solution of the salt in Distilled Water should remain 
 clear after the addition of 3 drops of Ammonia Solution, distinct needle-shaped 
 crystals soon separate out, but the solution should not become milky nor 
 should the crystals fail to separate after some time, indicating the limit of 
 amorphous by-products of ethylation. Mono-ethyl-morphine Hydrochloride 
 shoiild lose at the most 5-0 p.c. of its weight when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), 
 indicating the absence of excess of Water of crystallisation. The formula for 
 the P.O. salt is given with two molecules of Water of crystallisation, which 
 would correspond with a loss of 9- 5 p.c. of its weight. It should leave at the 
 most 0- 1 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 MORPHINE ACETAS. 
 
 MORPHINE ACETATE. 
 CnHigNOg, C2H4O2, 3H2O, eq. 399-242. 
 
 Fr., Acktate de Morphine ; Ger., Morphinacetat ; Ital., Acetato di 
 MoRFiNA ; Span., Acetato Morfico. 
 
 A light, white, crystalline powder, possessing a faint acetous odour 
 and a bitter taste. It gradually loses Acetic Acid when exposed to 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MOR 895 
 
 the air, and should therefore be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles 
 of a dark amber tint and exposed as little as possible to the atmosphere. 
 It is the Acetate of Morphine, the principal alkaloid obtained from 
 Opium. 
 
 Solubility. — Theoretically 1 in 2| of Water, but most samples will 
 require the addition of Acid ; 1 in 100 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 5 of 
 Glycerin. 
 
 it has been stated {CD. '05, i. 282) that the solubility for Morphine 
 Acetate would be better described as 1 in 3 of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See Morphines Hydrochloridum. 
 
 Dose.— I to i grain = 0-008 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Presci'ibing Notes. — As it is practically impossible to dry the salt witlwut a 
 slight loss of Acetic Acid, the commercial Acetate generally requires a little added 
 Acetic Acid to make a clear solution. Aqueous solutions have a strong tendency 
 to deposit a basic Morphine Acetate, and to become acid. 
 
 The Injectio Morphince Hypoder mica formerly [B.P. 1885) contained 1 grain 
 of Morphine Acetate in 10 minims, in B.P. 1898 it contained 1 grain of Mor- 
 phine Tartrate in 22 minims, and in B.P. 1914 1 grain Tartrate in 44 minims. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and alkaline earths, astringent vegetable infusions 
 and decoctions. Ferric Chloride, Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Oificial Preparation. — Liquor Morphinse Acetatis. 
 
 Not Official. — Injectio Morphinse at Atropinae Hypodermica. 
 
 Antidotes.— /See Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopcsias. — Official in Belg., Mex., Port, and U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Morphine Acetate when heated loses Water and Acetic 
 Acid and melts, according to the XJ.S.P., at about 200° C. (392° F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a solution 
 which affords upon the addition of Ammonia Solution, in slight excess, 
 a white precipitate rapidly becoming crystalline, and if this precipitate 
 is separated, washed with a little cold Morphinated Water and dried, 
 it responds to the tests described under Morphine. A small quantity 
 of the salt warmed with a little Sulphuric Acid and 1 or 2 c.c. of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) yields a characteristic odour of Ethyl Acetate. The 
 test for Acetates with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution cannot be 
 employed unless the alkaloid is first removed, owing to the reaction 
 of the Morphine which produces a greenish-blue destroyed by acids 
 or by heat. Vv^hen warmed with Sulphuric Acid it evolves an odour 
 of Hydrogen Acetate. It is officially required to yield from 70-5 to 
 72 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine equivalent to 74-9 to 76*5 p.c. of 
 hydrated Morphine and to 98-7 to 100 '8 p.c. of a salt of the 
 pharmacopoeial formula, as gravimetrically determined by dissolving 
 2 grammes of the salt in a mixture of 5 ml. of warm Morphinated 
 Water and 0- 1 ml. of Acetic Acid and precipitating this solution, 
 which should be clear, with Ammonia Solution in slight excess, 
 the precipitate being filtered, washed with a little cold Morphinated 
 Water, dried fii'st at a temperature of 55° to 60° C. (131° to 140° F.), 
 and eventually for a quarter-of-an-hour at a temperature of 115° C 
 
896 MOR [Solids by Weigiit; Liquids by Measiire.] 
 
 (239° F.); the crystals should weigh from 1-41 to I'M grammes. 
 It should be free from the impurities mentioned under Morphine 
 Hydrochloride ; when ignited with free access of air the salt should 
 leave no weighable residue, indicating the absence of mineral impurity. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR MORPHINE ACETATIS. Solution of Morphine 
 Acetate. 
 
 Morphine Acetate, 17| grains ; Diluted Acetic Acid, 38| minims ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 4 fl. oz. 
 
 (1 in 100.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 1, 2, 25, to yield 100. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 60 minims = 0- 6 to 3- 6 ml. 
 11 minims contain J^ grain. 
 
 Wot Oflacial. 
 
 INJECTIO MORPHIN/E ET ATROPIN/E HYPODERMICA.— Morphine 
 
 Acetate, 10 grains ; Atropine Sulphate, \ grain ; Water, 120 minims ; dissolve, 
 i grain of Morphine Acetate and Jg grain of AtroiJine Sulphate in every 
 6 minims. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 6 minims for each injection = 0- 06 to 0- 36 ml. 
 
 Atropine when combined with Morphine increases the latter's analgesic 
 and hypnotic effects, whilst it lessens the tendency to sickness, dyspepsia, 
 depression and constipation. 
 
 Not Official. 
 MORPHIN.^ HYDROBROMIDUM. 
 
 MORPHINE HYDROBROMIDE. 
 
 CijHisNOj, HBr, 2H,,0, eq. 402-122. 
 
 Forms long, colourless needles, soluble 1 in 25 Water, 1 in 50 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). It is employed for similar piirposes to the Hydrochloride. 
 
 Dose. — I to i grain = 0-008 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Morphine Hydrobromide loses at a temperatiu'e of 100° to 110° C. 
 (212° to 230° F.) two molecules of Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 
 8-9 p.c. It dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which is neutral 
 or but faintly acid to Litmus paper ; on the addition of a slight excess of 
 Ammonia Solution it yields a precipitate rapidly becoming crystalline, 
 which, when separated, washed and dried, answers the tests characteristic 
 of Morphine given under that heading. The aqueous solution yields with 
 Silver Nitrate Solution a yellowish curdy precipitate which, when separated 
 and washed, dissolves readily in Potassivun Cyanide Solution, but which is 
 practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution and insoluble in Nitric Acid. 
 It contains theoretically 70- 9 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine, equivalent to 
 75 -4 p.c. of hydrated Morphine, which may be gravimetrically determined 
 by methods similar to those described under Morphine Acetate, Hydro- 
 chloride and Tartrate. It should be free from the impurities mentioned 
 under Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] MOR 897 
 
 MORPHINiE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 
 
 MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 Ci-HigNOs, HCl, 3H2O, eq. 375-678. 
 
 Fr., Chlorhydbate de Morphine ; Ger., Morphinhydrochlorid ; Ital., 
 Clortdrato di Morfina : Span., Clortjro Morfico. 
 
 White, odourless, lustrous, silky needles, or a wliite micro-crystalline 
 powder, possessing a bitter taste. 
 
 It is the Hydrochloride of Morphine, the principal alkaloid obtained 
 from Opium. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 24 of Water ; about 1 in 72 of Alcohol (90p.c.) ; 
 1 in 8 of Glycerin ; insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Morphine possesses in a marked degree 
 the analgesic and hypnotic effects of Opium, q.v. It has the advantage 
 over Opium of being less apt to disturb digestion and cause constipation, 
 more particularly when given by hypodermic injection ; it is also 
 less likely to cause headache and nausea. It is more readily absorbed 
 and acts quicker ; it is better adapted for hypodermic injection and 
 for suppositories. Opium, however, is better for relieving pain in 
 the alimentary tract, as in gastric ulcer and abdominal pain ; it is 
 also more useful as a diaphoretic and in diabetes. Children are very 
 susceptible to the action of Morphine. 
 
 Valuable papers on its use in cardiac diseases, L. '98. ii. 1393, and on 
 Opium in acute and chronic disease, Pr. '07, i. 625. 
 
 Along with a small dose of Atropine, nothing to equal it for a severe attack 
 of asthma.— M..4. '12, 152. 
 
 Hypodermically in hsematemesis. — L. '10, ii. 1263. 
 
 Injection of i to f grain, repeated in 2 hours if necessary when eclamptic 
 fits are frequent and severe ; in sufficientlv large doses it can cure the disease. 
 —M.P. '10, ii. 404. 
 
 Given immediately before the general anaesthetic or before the patient leaves 
 the table, prevents post-anaesthetic vomiting.— L. '08, i. 292. 
 
 A hypodermic injection given before the administration of a general 
 anapsthetic decreases susceptibility to shock during the operation ; given 
 during an asthma paroxysm often checks it. 
 
 ^- to -J grain hypodermically in haemoptysis, except -when the bleeding is so 
 profuse as to flood the air passages and threatens to suffocate. 
 
 Morphine, Scopolamine, and Atropine as adjuvants to 
 general anaesthetics. — The older method of employing Morphine and 
 Atropine before Chloroform or Ether is less safe than the combined use of 
 Scopolamine, Morjahine and Atropine. Some surgeons have extolled this 
 injection method as a preliminary to the continuous inhalation of Nitrous 
 Oxide-oxygon for even prolonged operations. The average doses are Scopola- 
 mine jl^ grain. Morphine ^ grain, and Atropine j|^ grain, given one hovir 
 before the general anaesthetic. Sometimes it is well to div-ide the dose, 
 giving half, an hour before, and half, just before the inhalation — (Dudley 
 Buxton). B.M.J. '11, ii. 1145. 
 
 All three alkaloids together form a most valued combination ; when any 
 one of the three is omitted the effects for good are lessened, while the power 
 for evil is increased. The B.M.A. discussion brought out the fact that 
 anapsthetists were on the right lines in using these preliminary injections ; 
 there was difference of opinion as to dosage. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 624. 
 
 2 G 
 
898 MOR [Solids l)y Weight ;. Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Uiscusaion on the hypodermic use of drugs before inhalation-anaesthesia. — 
 Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. iv. No. (!. 
 
 A full discussion of the alkaloids used as adjuvants to general anaesthetics. 
 ■ — Clin. Jl. xxxviii. 145. 
 
 Sir Frederick Hewitt said he had of late become rather shy of ScoiDolamine 
 except in cases where definite pre-anajsthetic stupor was indicated ; provided 
 there were no contra-indications he was inclined to use Morphine and Atropine, 
 \ grain for adult males, ^ grain for women, with ^-^ grain of Atropine — jjracti- 
 cally before every operation ; he preferred freshly-prepared solutions to 
 tabloids ; Morphine should not be given to those suffering from respiratory 
 difficulties, nor in throat, nose and mouth operations in which bleeding was 
 likely to occur, vmless a light anaesthesia was maintained. — B.M.J. '15, i. 705. 
 
 On Morphine-Scopolamine anaesthesia in Obstetrics see Hyoscinse Hydro- 
 bromidum. 
 
 Morphinomania treated successfully by Atropine and Strychnine. — B.M.J. 
 '07, i. 1173. 
 
 Dose. — I to \ grain = 0*008 to 0*032 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0'03 gramme ; daily, 0*1 gramme. 
 Fr., maximum dose, single, 0-02 gramme ; daily, 0-08 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The salts of Morphine are all readily soluble in Water, 
 the Acetate being the most soluble, but it is apt to deposit a basic salt ; the Tartrate 
 and. Lactate are next, being about 1 in 10 ; the Sulphate, Hydrobromide and 
 Hydrochloride are the least soluble, requiring rather more than 20 of Water to 
 1 of the salt. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are supplied containing ^, |, \, \ grain of Morphine 
 Hydrochloride. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — Alkalis and alkaline earths, astringent vegetable infusions 
 and decoctions, Ferric Chloride and salts of Lead and Silver and Potassium 
 Permanganate. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Liquor Morphinse Hydrochloridi, Suppositoria 
 MorphiuEe, Trochiscus Morphinse and Trochiscus Morphinse et Ipecacuanhae. 
 Contained in Tinctui-a Chloroformi et Morphinse Composita. 
 
 Not Official. — Insufflatio Morphinse, Linctus Morphinse [Squire), Linctus 
 Morphinse Acidus (Squire), Gelatinae Chloreti Morphici, Sciroppo di Morfina, 
 iSyrupus Pectoralis. 
 
 Antidotes. — If taken by the mouth, induce vomiting, and wash out the 
 stomach. Keep the patient walking about, and rouse him in every way. 
 Ammonia or Sjiirit of Sal Volatile to the nose, inject a pint of strong Coffee 
 into the bowel. Hypodermic injection of Atropine Sulphate ^^j grain, repeat- 
 ing in a quarter of an hour if necessary. Tincture of Belladonna, Ainyl Nitrite 
 inhalation, artificial respiration. — Murrell. -^^ grain Stryclmine acts as an 
 antidote to i grain Morphine. Potassium Permanganate is used to wash out 
 the stomach ; a Solution of 120 minims of Liq. Pot. Permang. in a pint of 
 Water is suitable. If quantity of Opimn or Morphine taken is unknown, 
 8 to 10 graiixs Potassiiun Permanganate in from 4 to 8 fl. oz. of Water should 
 be administered at once. The Solution may be acidulated with Acidum 
 Sulphuricum Dilutum with advantage, i grain doses of Cocaine at intervals 
 of half an hour until consciousness returns and breathing is normal, as an 
 antidote. 
 
 Oxygen is of value. 
 
 75 p.c. of so-called Opium cures contain a marked amount of Morphine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hmig., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Morphine Hydrochloride when heated to 100° C. (212° F.) 
 loses its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 14* 3 j).c., and when still 
 more stiongly heated chars without melting. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] MOR S99 
 
 It dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a clear, colourless solution 
 which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper ; when the solution 
 is treated with a slight excess of Ammonia Solution it yields a white 
 precipitate rapidly becoming crystalline, soluble in Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution. This precipitate, when separated, washed with Morphinated 
 Water and carefully dried, answers the tests characteristic of Morphine 
 given under that heading. An aqueous solution acidified with Nitric 
 Acid yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution a white curdy 
 precipitate, which when separated dissolves readily in Ammonia 
 Solution and in solution of Potassium Cyanide, but is insoluble in 
 Nitric Acid. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid it evolves Hydro- 
 chloric Acid gas. It is officially required to contain from 75 to 76 p.c. 
 of anhydrous Morpliine, equivalent to 79' 7 to 80*8 p.c. of hydrated 
 Morphine and to 98-8 to lOO'l p.c. of pure Morphine Hydrocliloride 
 of the pharmacopoeial formula, as gr a vi metrically determined by 
 dissolving 2 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of warm Morphinated Water, 
 precipitating the Morphine with a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, 
 filtering, washing the crystalline precipitate with a little cold 
 Morphinated Water, and drying first at a temperature of 55° to 60° C. 
 (131° to 140° F.) and finally for a quarter-of-an-hour at a temperature 
 of 115° C. (239° F.); the crystals should weigh from 1-5 to 1*52 
 grammes. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are certain other alkaloids, 
 e.g., Narceine, Narcotine, Thebaine and Pseudo-Morphine, Apomorphine, 
 Morphine Esters, excess of Water, and mineral residue. The white 
 crystalline precipitate obtained on adding a slight excess of Ammonia 
 Solution to an aqueous solution of Morphine Hydrochloride, when filtered 
 off, washed and dried, should yield no residue to Benzene, indicating the 
 absence of alkaloids other than Morphine, e.g., Narceine, Narcotine, 
 Thebaine and Pseudo-Morphine. A pure white crystalline precipitate, 
 which even on exposure to the air assumes no coloration, is produced on 
 the addition of 1 drop of Potassium Carbonate Solution to 5 c.c. of an 
 aqueous 1 in 30 solution of Morphine Hydrochloride ; Chloroform, 
 with which this precipitate has been shaken, should not become reddish 
 coloured, indicating the absence of Apomorphine. This test which is 
 based on the test appearing in the U.S. P. is now Official in the B.P. 
 An immediate blue coloration is produced on adding a solution of 
 0-005 gramme of Iodic Acid in 0*5 ml. of Starch Mucilage to 0'5 ml. 
 of an aqueous 1 in 100 solution of Morphine Hydrochloride, the experi- 
 ment being condu.oted on a white porcelain tile, indicating a distinction 
 from Morphine Esters. Morphine Hydrochloride should not lose more 
 than 14- 5 p.c. when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating the absence of 
 excess of Water. It should leave no weighable residue on ignition, 
 indicating the absence of mineral matter. The B.P. says it should leave 
 no appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. that on ignition it is slowly consumed, 
 leaving no residue ; the P.G. that at the most it shall leave 0*1 p.c. 
 of residue after ignition. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the test for foreign alkaloids described under the head- 
 ing of Morpliine should also be applied to Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 3 a 2 
 
900 MOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LIQUOR MORPHINiE HYDROCHLORIDI. Solution of Mor- 
 phine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Morpliine Hydrochloride, 17| grains ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 38J minims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 
 4 fl. oz. (1 in 100.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 1, 2, 25, to yield 100. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 60 minims = 0- 6 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 1 1 minims contain ^^j grain of Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.- — Official in Fr. (Solute de Morphine Chlor- 
 hydrate pour Injection Hyjjodermique), 1 in 50 ; Port. (Soluto de Chlor- 
 hydrato de Morphina), 1 in 20, for hypodermic injection. Not in the others. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA MORPHIN.ffi. Morphine Suppositories. 
 Contain 0*017 gramme = about j grain of Morphine Hydrochloride 
 in each, with Oil of Theobroma. 
 
 For India and other hot climates, see Suj)positoria (group). 
 
 TINCTURA CHLOROFORMI ET MORPHINE COMPOSITA, 
 
 The formula is given under Chloroform. It is the same strength of 
 Morphine Hydrochloride as in B.P. 1898, namely, 1 p.c. w/v or 1 grain 
 in 110 minims ; 10 minims contain I'l- grain. 
 
 TROCHISCUS MORPHINE. Morphine Lozenge. (Altered.) 
 Contains 0*002 gramme = -gV grain of Morphine Hydrochloride in 
 each lozenge, with Tolu Basis, 
 
 Strength altered from ^^ to ^^ grain. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. One occasionally for cough. 
 
 Official in Jap. (Pastilli Morphini Hydrochlorici), 0-005 gramme 
 in each pastille. 
 
 TROCHISCUS MORPHINE ET IPECACUANHA. Morphine 
 AND Ipecacuanha Lozenge. (Altered.) 
 
 Contains 0*002 gramme = -^^ grain of Morphine Hydrochloride, and 
 0*006 gramme = i\ grain of powdered Ipecacuanha Root in each, 
 with Tolu Basis. 
 
 B.P. 1898 contained ^V grain and ^V grain. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. One occasionally for cough. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. contains ^^y grain of Mor- 
 phine Sulphate, and ^-g grain of Ipecacuanha in each ; Swiss (Pastilli Ipeca- 
 cuanhse cum Opio), contains about 0-002 gramme = ^^^ grain of each. 
 Ipecac, and Opium. Jap. (Pastilli Opii et Ipecacuanha). Each pastille 
 contains - 025 gramme — about ^ grain of each, Opiima and Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INSUFFLATIO MORPHIN/E {City Chest). — Morphine Hydrochloride, 
 J grain ; Bismuth Oxychloride, 1 grain ; Starch, ^ grain. 
 
 The Morphine Insuffiations of Royal Chest are dilutions with Milk Sugar, 
 and those of Throat and CIreat Northern, with dried Starch. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MOR 901 
 
 LINCTUS MORPHIN>E (/Sg-mVe).— Solution of Morphine Hydrochloride, 
 3 minims ; Spirit of Chloroform, 3 minims ; Glycerin, 30 minims ; Syrup, to 
 1 fl. drm. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-5 to 7 ml. 
 
 LINCTUS MORPHIN/E ACIDUS (Squire). — Solution of Morphine 
 Hydrochloride, 3 minima ; Spirit of Chloroform, 3 minims ; Lemon Juice, 
 15 minims ; Glycerin, to 1 drm. 
 
 Both the above are very palatable. ! 
 
 GELATIN/E CHLORETI MORPHICI (5fiwd.).— Morphine Hydrochloride, 
 1 ; White Gelatine, 4 ; Glycerin, • 8 ; Distilled Water, 50. 
 
 SCIROPPO Dl MORFINA (7/aZ.).— Morphine Hydrochloride, 1 ; Water, 
 15 ; Syrup, 583. 
 
 SYRUPUS PECTORALIS (iVom.).— Morphine Hyckochloride, 1; Aqua 
 Amygdalie Amara;, 30 ; Syrup of Calciima Hydrochloride, 1969. 
 
 Not OfficiaL 
 MORPHINiE LACTAS. 
 
 Morphine Lactate, CijHigNOjCjHgOs, eq. 375-21, occurs in colourless, 
 prismatic crystals. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 8 of Water, 1 in 93 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — I to i grain = 0-008 to 0*032 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MORPHIN-aH SULPHAS. 
 
 Morphine Sulphate (CuHigNOa).,, H„SO„ 5 H,0, eq. 758-49, occurs in 
 colourless acicular crystals. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 21 of Water, freely in hot Water ; 1 in 700 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — I to |- grain = 0-008 to 0-032 granune. 
 
 Foreign Ph.arm.aeopoeias. — Official in Jap., Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Morphine Sulphate loses 3 molecules of Water of crystallisation, 
 equivalent to 7- 12 p.c. at 100° C. (212° F.). When strongly heated [about 
 250° C. (482° F.)] it changes to a brown colour and finally chars without 
 melting. It dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a clear solution which is 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper ; this solution affords with Ammonia 
 Solution a white crystalline precipitate, which, when separated, washed and 
 dried, should answer the tests characteristic of Morphine given under that 
 substance. Its aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 afford with Barium Chloride Test-Solution a white precipitate insoluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid. It contains theoretically 75-2 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine, 
 and may be gravimetrically determined by a similar process to that given 
 for Morphine Acetate, Hydrochloride, or Tartrate. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are supplied containing ^j, J, ^, J, ^, ^, 1 grain of 
 Morphine Sulphate. 
 
902 MOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 PULVIS MORPHIN>E COMPOSITUS (f/.S.)— Morphine Sulphate, 1-5; 
 Camphor, 32 ; Glycyrrhiza in No. 80 powder, 33 ; Precipitated Calcium 
 Carbonate, 33-5; Alcohol, q.s. Rub the Morphine Sulphate with the Pre- 
 cipitated Calcium Carbonate, added in portions of about 5 each, until it is 
 thoroughly mixed, then rub the Camphor with a little Alcohol and mix inti- 
 mately with the Glycyrrhiza and the other powders. Finally, pass the 
 powder through a No. 40 sieve, pulverise the residue if any should be left on 
 the sieve, add to the sifted powder, and mix thoroughly. Transfer it to well- 
 stoppered bottles. Average Dose, 7i grains = 0'5 gi-amme. 
 
 PIUUL/E ATROPIN/E ET MORPHIN/E.— 5ec p. 247. 
 
 MORPHINiE TARTRAS. 
 
 MORPHINE TARTRATE. 
 (CnHi9N03)oC,H60„ 3H,0, eq. 774-42. 
 
 Fr., Tartrate de Morphine ; Ger., Morphintartrat ; Itax., 
 Tartrato di Morfina ; Span., Tartrato Morfico. 
 
 Colourless, acicular crystals, or as a fine, white, crystalline powder. 
 
 It is the Tartrate of Morphine, the principal alkaloid obtained from 
 Opium. 
 
 It may be prepared by the combination of Morphine with its molecular 
 equivalent of Tartaric Acid. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered amber-tinted glass bottles, 
 protected from the air, and in a cool atmosphere, as it has a tendency 
 to effloresce at 20° C. (68° F.). 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 10 of Water ; sparingly in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The solubility of this salt is sometimes affected by the presence of a small 
 quantity of the Acid Tartrato ; the latter being much less soluble than the 
 Official salt. 
 
 Dose. — I to I grain = 0"008 to 0"032 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Injectio Morphinaj Hypodermica and Liquor 
 Morphinas Tartratis. 
 
 Tests. — Morphine Tartrate dissolves in Distilled Water, producing 
 a clear, colourless solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, and which yields, on the addition of Ammonia Solution in 
 slight excess, a white precipitate rapidly becoming crystalline, which 
 when separated and dried yields the tests distinctive of Morphine 
 described under that heading. The aqueous solution after the removal 
 of the alkaloid, when mixed with Calcium Chloride Solution in excess, 
 affords a white granular precipitate which, when separated and washed, 
 is soluble in concentrated Potassium Hydroxide Solution ; when a 
 sufficiently concentrated solution is mixed with concentrated Potassium 
 Acetate Solution it affords, when acidulated with Acetic Acid, a white 
 crystalline precipitate ; the precipitation being still more marked in 
 the presence of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; Ferrous Sulphate Solution added to 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e,] MOR 903 
 
 a soluliou aciduUited with Acetic Acid, followed by the addition of a 
 few drops of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, and finally with an excess 
 of Potassium Hydroxide Solution, gives a purple or violet coloration. 
 It is officially required to yield from 73' to 74*5 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Morphine, equivalent to 77*6 to 79*2 p.c. of hydrated Morphine, and 
 99" 1 to 101"1 p.c. of a salt of the official formula, as gravimetrically 
 determined by dissolving 2 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of warm 
 Morphinated Water, precipitating the alkaloid with a slight excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, wasliing the crystalline precipitate with cold 
 Morphinated Water, drying first at a temperature of 53° to 60° C. 
 (131° to 140° F.), and finally for a quarter-of-an-hour at a temperature 
 of 115° C. (2.39° F.); the crystals should weigh from 1-46 to 1'49 
 grammes. It should be free from the impurities mentioned under 
 Morphina and Morphinse Hydrochloridum, and when ignited with free 
 access of air the salt should leave no weighable residue. The B.P. 
 requires that it should leave no appreciable Ash. 
 
 It has a tendency, when kept for a lengthened period, to become 
 converted into the Acid Tartrate, which dissolves with less facility in 
 Distilled Water, and the presence of any appreciable proportion of 
 such a salt is at once manifest by the increased insolubility. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INJECTIO MORPHINE HYPODERMICA. Hypodermic In- 
 jection OP Morphine. (Altered.) 
 
 Dissolve 25 grains of Morphine Tartrate in recently boiled and cooled 
 Distilled Water to produce 1100 minims or 2*5 grammes in 100 ml. 
 
 (1 in 40.) 
 
 Dose. — By subcutaneous injection, 5 to 10 minims = 0*3 to 0* G ml. 
 
 Now contains 1 grain in 44 minims which is half the strength of 
 that in B.P. 1898. 
 
 On account of the great difference in strength of the various solutions of 
 Morphine salts, it is extremely important that they should be very plainly 
 labelled, and used with very great care. It is also desirable that prescribers 
 should clearly define the strength. 
 
 Tablets for making the injection are convenient and portable. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are supplied containing J grain of Morphine 
 Tartrate. 
 
 Atropine Sulphate, n^^ to ^1,^ grain is added to each dose of Morphine 
 Injection to increase its analgesic and hypnotic effects, and to lessen its 
 depressing and constipating effects. 
 
 LIQUOR MORPHINE TARTRATIS. Solution of Morphine 
 Tartrate. 
 
 Morphine Tartrate, 17| grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 fl. oz. ; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to yield 4 fl. oz. (1 in 100.) 
 
 The metric figures are 1, 25, to 100. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 60 minims = 0- C to 3- G ml. 
 
 II minims contain J^ gi'ain. 
 
n04 MOR [Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measurfr,] 
 
 MORRHUiE OLEUM. 
 
 COD-LIVER OIL. 
 
 If.O.Syn. — Oletjm Jecoris Aselli. '"5 
 
 Fr., Huile de Foie de Mortje ; Ger., Lebertran ; Ital., Olio di Fegato 
 Di Merluzzo ; Span., Aceite de Higado de Bacalao. 
 
 A pale yellow, or yellow oily fluid, possessing a characteristic fishy 
 but not rancid odour, and taste. It is the fixed oil extracted from 
 the fresh liver of the cod, Gadus Morrhua, L., at a temperature not 
 exceeding 85° C. (185° F.) ; subsequently removing solid fat by 
 filtration at about - 5° C. (23° F.). 
 
 The alkaloids Morrhuine and Aselline have been isolated. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Absolute Alcohol; soluble in all propor- 
 tions of Ether ; 1 in 3| to 4 of Acetic Ether. 
 
 A solvent of pure Quinine. 1 fl. oz. at 60° C. (140° F.) will dissolve 
 4 grains readily. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nutritive; nervine and hsematinic 
 tonic. Most efficient in all forms of tubercular disease and in rickets 
 and tertiary syphilis ; useful in the chronic eczema and chronic 
 bronchitis of children ; and generally in all cases of impaired nutrition 
 and debility due to over-work, acute disease, or under-feeding. In 
 pulmonaryconsumptionit deservedly possesses a high reputation : 
 given in emulsion, with or withovit Malt Extract. It is contra-indicated 
 in haemoptysis, diarrhoea, and dyspepsia. It is easily assimilated, 
 and is best given within half an hour after meals, but it may produce 
 indigestion and nausea ; sometimes administered by inunction, but 
 the odour is objectionable. 
 
 For children, Ferocal is a good vehicle for Cod Liver Oil ; they are 
 mixed immediately before administration. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3- 6 to 14- 2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Numerous and varied methods have been adopted 
 for covering the taste of the Oil. It has been given floating on Orange Wine, 
 Orange Juice, Milk, Coffee, also in a mixture of Tincture of Orange, diluted 
 mineral Acid and Syrup. A favourite form is that of the Emulsion, which 
 may be made with Gum Acacia, Tragacanth, or Yolk of Egg or any combination 
 of these ; another and very excellent method is that given under Malt Extract, 
 q.v. The Oil by itself may be given in capsules containing 30 or 60 minima 
 each. 
 
 Not OfBciaL — Emulsio Olei Morrhufe Composita, Emulsion d'Huile de 
 Foie de Morue, Emulsiim Olei Morrhuse, Emulsio Olei Morrhvue cum Hypo- 
 phosphitibus, Emulsum Olei Morrhuse cum Hypophosphitibus, Huile de Foie 
 de Morue Cr6osot6e, Huile de Foie de Morue Phosphoree, and Oletom Jecoris 
 lodatum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss (01. Jecoris Aselli); Fr. (Huile 
 de Foie de Morue); Ital. (Olio di Fegato di Merluzzo); Jap. (01. 
 Jecoris); Port. (Oleo de Bacalhau) ; Mex. and Span. (Aceite de 
 Higado de Bacalao) ; U.S. (Oleum Morrhuse). Dutch and Swed. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MOR 905 
 
 have also Oleum Jecoris Aselli Ferratuin. Dutch has also Oleum Jecoris 
 Aselli cum lodeto Ferroso ; Ital. has also Olio di Fegato di Merhuzzo 
 con loduro Ferroso ; Swiss has also Oleum Jecoris lodetum. 
 
 Tests. — Cod-Liver Oil is officially required to possess a specific gravity 
 of 0' 920 to 0* 930. Fifteen samples examined in the author's laboratory 
 had a specific gravity of 0" 922 to 0* 928, with an average of 0* 925. 
 The U.S.P. states 0-918 to 0-922 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., 0-924 
 to 0-932. It should have a Refractive Index of 1-480 to 1-485 at 
 20° C. (68° F.) ; the B.P. gives 1-4704 to 1-4745 at 40° C. (104° F.) ; 
 neither the U.S.P. nor the P.G. gives a figure for the Refractive Index 
 of the Oil. The Oil is readily soluble in Ether and in Chloroform and 
 is slightly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). A violet coloration is developed 
 when a drop of Sulphuric Acid is added to a few drops of Oil on a 
 white porcelain tile. The U.S.P. and P.G. include a test in which 
 1 drop of Sulphuric Acid is added to a solution of 1 drop of the Oil 
 in 20 drops of Chloroform, the U.S.P. requiring that the solution should 
 acquire a violet-red tint, rapidly changing to rose-red, and finally 
 to brownish-yellow ; the P.G. that it shall at first develop a beautiful 
 violet-red and then a brown colour. The B.P. now omits the Albumen 
 test. Neither the U.S.P. nor P.G. includes a test for Albumen with 
 Nitric Acid. Exposure of the Oil for three hours to a temperature of 
 0° C. (32° F.) should not result in the separation of solid fat. The 
 P.G. states that no solid fat, or only an insignificant amount, should 
 separate on prolonged standing at 0° C. (32° F.). The Saponification 
 Value, the Iodine Value, and a determination of the Acid 
 Value are important factors to be observed in judging the purity 
 of a specimen of Cod-Liver Oil. Cod-Liver Oil has a Saponification 
 Value of about 185, and an Iodine Value of about 160. Fifteen samples 
 examined in the author's laboratory had Saponification Values from 
 181-4 to 190-4, with an average of 186-8, and Iodine Values from 
 147-3 to 165-1, with an average of 155-7. The B.P. gives the 
 Saponification Value as 179 to 192, and an Iodine Value of 155 to 173. 
 The U.S.P. requires a Saponification Value of 175 to 185, and an 
 Iodine Value of not less than 140 nor more than 150 ; the proposed 
 changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the Saponification Value 
 be changed to ' from 180 to 190 ' ; and the Iodine Value to ' from 140 
 to 180 ' ; the P.G., a Saponification Value of 184 to 196- 6, and an 
 Iodine Value of 155 to 175. The Acid Value varies from 0- 25 to 2- 5, 
 and the latter figure should not be exceeded. Fifteen samples examined 
 in the author's laboratory showed from 0- 25 to 2. The B.P. states that 
 the Acid Value should not exceed 2*5; the P.G. requires that a mixture 
 of 5 grammes of Cod-Liver Oil dissolved in 10 c.c. of Ether and 5 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution should be 
 coloured a permanent red by the addition of 0- 5 c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, which corresponds 
 to an Acid Value of not more than 2- 8. The U.S.P. simply requires 
 that the Oil shall at the most have only a very slightly acid reaction 
 towards blue Litmus paper moistened with Alcohol (94-9 p.c). Upon 
 the acidity of the sample also depends the presence or absence of 
 
1)06 MOR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Albumen ; fine oils with little acid show an Albumen ring on being 
 floated upon Nitric Acid, specific gravity 1 • 400. 
 
 Cod-Liver Oil contains from 1 to 1*5 p.c. of unsaponifiable matter, 
 which may be determined by the process given under the heading of 
 Special Tests. The Unsaponifiable Residue, when dissolved in a little 
 Carbon Bisulphide and tested with Sulphuric Acid should give a well- 
 marked purple colorati-ou. The B.P. requires that it should not contain 
 more than 1'5 p.c. of Unsaponifiable Matter. 
 
 Cod-Liver Oil produces a great increase in temperature when mixed 
 with Sulphuric Acid (Maumene), which distinguishes it from most 
 other oils except liver oils. For the detection of Seal Oil and other 
 fish oils the Nitric Acid colour test may be employed. Vegetable oils 
 may be detected by the alteration in density and the reduction in the 
 Iodine Value. Refined Seal Oil, which has been frequently used as 
 an adulterant, may be detected by the determination of the Saponi- 
 fication Value, the Iodine Value and rise of temperature with Sulphuric 
 Acid. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMULSIO OLEI MORRHU>C COMPOSITA (^S^iwVe).— Cod-Liver Oil, 
 10 fl. oz. ; Yolk of Egg, H fl. oz. ; Tragacanth, in powder, 22 grains ; Syrup, 
 2 fl. oz. : Pancreatic Solution, 2 fl. clrm. ; Tinct. Benzoin, 4 fl. drm. ; Aq. 
 Aurant. Flor. Trip., 1 fl. oz. ; 01. Limonis, 45 minims ; Chloroform, 15 minims ; 
 Aq. Dest. ad 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Place the Tragacanth in a diy mortar, rub down with a sinall quantity of 
 the Oil, add the Yolk of Egg and mix well, add 3 fl. oz. of Water in small 
 quantities alternately with the remainder of the Oil, stirring constantly ; 
 add the Syrup, Orange Flower Water and Pancreatic Solution. Finally the 
 remaining ingredients are mixed together and added by degrees, mixing well 
 between each addition, and Water, q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Average Dose. — J fl. oz. = 14-2 ml. 
 
 Emulsum Olei Morrhuas {U.S. P.). — Cod-Liver Oil, 50; Acacia, in fine 
 powder, 12-5; Syrup, 10; Oil of Gaultheria, 0-4; Water, q.v. to produce 
 100. 
 
 The Oil of Gaultheria may be replaced if desired by a suitable quantity 
 of Oil of Bitter Almond or other suitable flavouring. — U.S. P. 
 
 Emulsion d'Huile de Foie de Morue {Fr. Codex). — Put into a bottle 
 140 of Cod-Liver Oil, 4 drops of Essence of Almonds, 60 of Syrup, and 40 
 of Orange Flower Water ; boil for 20 minutes 5 of Carrageen in sufficient 
 quantity of Water to obtain 220 of decoction. Strain with pressure through 
 a cloth, and reduce the liquid by means of water-bath to 1(30, and pour 
 the hot liquid into the bottle containing the other ingredients, agitate for 
 5 minutes, and then from time to time until cold ; all by weight except the 
 Essence of Almonds. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopojias. — Belg. (Jecoris Aselli Olei Emulsio), 
 Carrageen, 10 ; Water, 500 ; make 450 parts of decoction. Mix, Tragacanth, 
 1 ; Cod-Liver Oil, 500 ; Anethol, 2 ; Acetic Ether, 1 ; Oil of Bitter Almonds, 
 0-50. Add this mixttu-e to the decoction and 50 parts of Glycerin. Norw. 
 (Emulsio Olei Jecoris Aselli), Cod-Liver Oil, 400; Powdered Gum 
 Arabic, 4 ; Tragacanth, 4 ; Vv'hite Gelatin, 1 ; Peppermint Oil, 1 ; Aromatic 
 Tincture, 30; Syrup, 150; Distilled Water, q..s. to make 1000. Span. 
 (Emulsion de Aceite de Higado de Bacalao), Oil of Bitter Almonds, 
 0-25; Carrageen, 10; Glycerin, 120; Cod-Liver Oil, 500; Water, to 1000. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MOS 907 
 
 EMULSIO OLEI MORRHU/E CUM HYPOPHOSPHITIBUS (Squire). 
 — Dissolve ill the 3 fl. oz. of Water iu the formula above, Calcium Hypo- 
 phosphite, 40 grains ; Sodium Hypophosphite, 40 grains ; but otherwise 
 the manipulation is the same. 
 
 Emulsum Olei Morrhuae eum Hypophospliitibus {U.S. P.). — Cod- 
 Liver Oil, 50; Acacia, in fine powder, 12-5; Calcium Hypophosphite, 1; 
 Potassium Hypophosphite, 0*5; Sodium Hypophosphite, 0-5; Syrup, 10; 
 Oil of Gaultheria, 0-4 ; Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 The Oil of Gaultheria may be replaced if desired by a suitable quantity 
 of Oil of Bitter Almond or other suitable flavouring. — U.S. P. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ger. (Emulsio Olei Jecoris Aselli), 
 Cod-Liver Oil, 500 ; Gmii Arabic, 5 ; Tragacanth, 5 ; White Gelatin, 1 ; 
 Calcimn Hypophosphite, 5 ; Cinnamon Water, 100 grammes ; Benzaldehyde, 
 3 drops; Syrup, 84 grammes; Water, 300 grammes. Span. (Emulsion 
 de Aceite de Higado de Bacalao con Hipof osfitos). Oil of Bitter 
 Almonds, 0-25; Calciima Hypophosphite, 5; Sodii Hypophosphite, 5; 
 Carrageen, 10; Glycerin, 120; Cod-Liver Oil, 500 ; Water to 1000. Ital. 
 (Emulsione di Olio di Fegato di Merluzzo), and Swiss (Emulsio 
 Olei Jecoris), Cod-Liver Oil, 1000; Gum Arabic, 10; Tragacanth, 10 
 White Gelatin, 2 ; Calcium Hypophosphite, 5 ; Sodii Hypophosphite, 5 
 Sugar, 0-2 ; Cinnamon Oil, 4 drops ; Alcohol, 50 ; Orange Flower Water, 40 
 Water, 878. Ital. uses Isinglass instead of Gelatin. U.S. (Emulsio Olei 
 Morrhuae and Emulsum Olei Morrhuae cum Hypophosphites), see 
 above. Mex. (Emulsion de Aceite de Bacalao), Tragacanth, 4; 
 Glycerin, 50; Cod-Liver Oil, 250; Oil of Bitter Ahnonds, 0-25; Calcium 
 Hypophosphite, 5 ; Sodium Hypophosphite, 5 ; Water, 200. 
 
 Emulsio Olei Morrhuee cum Hypophospliitibus, Ovis et Vino. — 
 Cod-Liver Oil, 8 fl. oz. ; Yolks of Eggs, 2 ; Powdered Tragacanth, 8 grains ; 
 Solution of Saccharine (15 p.c), 1 fl. drm. ; Simple Tincture of Benzoin, 
 1 fl. drm. ; Spirit of Chloroform, 4 fl. drm. ; Essential Oil of Almonds, 
 8 minims ; Sodium Hypophosphite, 60 grains ^ Calcium Hypophosphite, 
 60 grains ; Sherry, q.s. to produce 10 fl. oz. Dissolve the Hypophosphites 
 in the W^ine, place the Tragacanth in a dry mortar, rub with a little Oil, then 
 add the yolks of Eggs (pre\dously beaten), stir briskly, add Wine and Oil 
 alternately luitil C[uantity is made up. — A.Ph.F. 
 
 HUILE DE FOIE DE MORUE CR^OSOTEE {Fr. CotZcr).— Creosote, 1; 
 Cod-Liver Oil, 99. 
 
 HUILE DE FOIE DE MORUE PHOSPHOREE [Fr. Codex).— Cod- 
 Liver Oil, 497-5 ; Phosphorated Oil (1 p.c), 2-5. 
 
 OLEUM JECORIS iODATUM {Swiss).— Iodine, 1 ; Cod-Liver Oil, 999. 
 
 Not Official. 
 M O S C H U S . 
 
 MUSK. 
 
 Fr., Mtrsc ; Ger., Bisam ; Ital., Muschio ; Span., Almizcle. 
 
 The dried secretion from the preputial Follicles of Moschus moschiferus, L. 
 Dark reddish-brown grains or masses of grains, somewhat unctuous to the 
 touch, and possessing a peculiar penetrating persistent odour and asomewhat 
 bitterish taste. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but now omitted. 
 
 Commercial samples contain large quantities of moisture (about 30 p.c). '1 
 
 The Musk-deer is a native of the mountainous regions of Central Asia. 
 Musk is imported from China and India. 
 
908 MOS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A diffusible stimulant and antispasmodic. XTsed 
 in hysteria and spasmodic asthma, and as a stimulant in the prostration of 
 diseases such as typhoid. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually prescribed in a mixture or in pills. 
 See formulas given below. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Austr., Belg., Dan., 
 Ger., Ital. and Norw. ; Fr. (Muse) ; Port. (Almiscar) ; Mex. and Span. 
 (Almizcle). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Music enters commerce in two forms, viz., either 
 in the original sacs or * pods,' or in a granular powder known as Grain Musk, 
 consisting of the dried contents of the sacs. The best land is that known 
 as Tonquin or China Musk ; it occiu-s in oval, plano-convex sacs, covered 
 on the convex side with long hairs, and has a small nearly central orifice 
 around which bristly hairs converge. A pod contains on the average about 
 40 to 45 grammes of Grain Musk. It is imported via Canton. Yunnan 
 Musk comes next in value, it comes via Shanghai ; the sacs are more rounded 
 and less oval, with crowded short hairs, and the orifice is usually stopped 
 with a plug of rice straw. The Assam or Nepaul Musk occurs in sacs that 
 have a rounder outline and a larger orifice, or are more spherical ('bally'), 
 •with the inner surface partly filled with a gristly substance and contains 
 proportionately less grain than the other kinds. Gabardine, Russian or 
 Siberian Musk, so called from the name Kabarga given to the animal in the 
 Altai Mountains, is of a narrower oval form than the Tonquin Musk, more 
 flattened, and the hairs are drier and the flat or ventral surface often has a 
 white efflorescence. Its odour is weaker and slightly ammoniacal, and it is 
 the least valuable kind. Musk is sometimes falsely packed, when stitches 
 can be seen round the margin, especially if placed in lukewarm Water ; or 
 adulterated by the insertion of particles of Lead, etc. If the hairs do not 
 converge to the orifice the sac is of artificial character. The sacs are usually 
 tested by probing with a long pin and the odour judged by the Musk attached 
 to the pin when withdrawn, but it is necessary to use a fresh pin for each 
 pod or the odour of a good pod or sac may be communicated to an adulterated 
 one. The grains are officially stated to be ' contained in an oval sac 1^ to 
 2 in. (,S7 to 50 mm.) in diameter, nearly smooth on one side and covered on 
 the oviter side with, hairs concentrically arranged around a nearly central 
 orifice,' this description applying to Tonquin or China Musk pods. Artificial 
 Musk that can be used as a perfume has recently been the subject of several 
 patents. 
 
 Tests.— Musk should be free from impvu-ities of an earthy nature, and 
 should not leave more than 8 p.c. of ash. Musk contains a considerable 
 proportion of moisture, amounting to about 30 p.c. ; the U.S. P. requires 
 that the moisture should not exceed 15 p.c. and that the ash should not 
 amount to more than 8 p.c. The moistme may be determined by drying 
 the Musk over Sulphuric Acid. The U.S. P. states that about 10 to 12 p.c. 
 of Miask is soluble in Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) and from 50 to 75 p.c. is soluble in 
 Water ; the Swiss Ph. states about 10 p.c. is soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 about 50 p.c. in Water. 
 
 MISTURA MOSCHI.— Musk, 3 ; Gum Acacia, 3 ; Sugar, 3 ; Rose Water, 
 160 ; triturate the Musk with the Sugar, then with the Gum Acacia ; add 
 the Rose Water gradually. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2fl. oz. = 28-4 to 50 -8 ml. 
 
 Emulsio Moschi (Swed.). — Musk, 1 ; Syrup, 5 ; Mucilage of Gum Acacia, 
 10 ; Rose Water, 84. 
 
 MOSCHUS EXSICCATUS. — Musk which has been dried over Strong 
 Sulphuric Acid. It keeps better than that which is usually suppUed aa 
 * grain Musk.' It is easily made into pills with Dispensing Syrup or ' Diluted 
 Glucose.' 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MYR 909 
 
 PILULA MOSCHI.— Musk, 12 ; Powdered Gum Acacia, 3 ; Powdered 
 Liquorice, 3. 
 
 Dried Musk, 12 ; Powdered Gum Acacia, 1 ; ' Diluted Glucose,' q.s. 
 
 Average Dose. — 4 grains. 
 
 TINCTURA MOSCHI (i7.5.).— Musk, 5 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 45 ; Water, 45 ; 
 Alcohol (49 p.c), q.s. to produce 100. Triturate the Musk with the Water a 
 little at a time until a smooth mixture is obtained, transfer to a bottle, and 
 allow it to stand for 24 hours ; add the Alcohol and macerate the mixture for 
 6 days, occasionally shaldng it, then filter through a plain paper filter and, 
 when the liquid has drained off completely, pass enough Alcohol (45 p.c.) 
 through the filter to make 100 of Tincture. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.G. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 fl. di-m. 
 
 Fr., Mex. and Port. — Musk, 1 ; Spirit, 10. 
 
 Dutch, Russ. and Swiss. — Musk, 1 ; Spirit, 25 ; Water, 25. 
 
 Span.— Musk, 1 ; Spirit, 25. 
 
 U.S. — Musk, 5 ; Water, 45 ; Alcohol, 45 ; Diluted Alcohol to measure 100. 
 
 All by weight except U.S. 
 
 MYRISTICA. 
 
 NUTMEG. 
 
 Fr., Muscade des Moluques ; Ger., Muskatnuss ; Ital., Noce Moscata; 
 Span., Nuez Moscada. 
 
 The dried Kernel of the Seed of Myristica fragrans, Houtt. 
 
 It is cultivated in the Banda Islands of the Malayan Archipelago and 
 imported from Sumatra and the Molucca Islands, and occasionally from the 
 West Indies and the Seychelles. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic, stimulant, and carminative. 
 Frequently used to cover the taste of Rhubarb and other medicines. 
 The expressed and volatile Oils have been much used in chronic 
 rheumatic pains and in lotions for the hair. In large and poisonous 
 doses it resembles the action of Cannabis Indica. 
 
 Paper on Nutmeg poisoning by Cushny ; he notes the scanty recognition 
 of this in English medical literatm-e, and narrates the death of a boy after 
 eating two nutmegs. — B.M.J. '08, i. 387 and L. '08, i. 495. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0* 32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Oil may be given on Sugar, or in pill with 
 Liquorice powder and Soap, see p. 1025. 
 
 Oflacial Preparation — Oleum Mjn:'istic£e ; of the Oil, Spiritus Myristicje. 
 
 Not OflBcial. — Ceratum Nucistse, Spiritvis Aromaticus, and Oleum 
 Myi'isticse Expressum (Myristicse Adeps). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Russ., Swed. 
 and Swiss (Semen Myristicse); Belg. and Hung. (Nux Moschata) ; 
 Fr. (Muscadedes Moluques); Ital. (Noce Moscata); Port. (Noz 
 Moschada); Mex. and Span. (Nuez Moscada); U.S. (Myristica). 
 Russ. has also Macis. Not in Dan., Jap. or Norw. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Nutmegs, freed from the endocarp or shell, 
 are imported into this country from Penang, Singapore, Bombay, 
 
910 MYR [SoUds by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 and the West Indies. Tlie Dutcli formerly treated the Nutmegs 
 with Milk of Lime with the view of preventing germination and so 
 securing a monopoly, but avowedly to protect them from the attack 
 of insects ; but exposure to the sun for a week effectually prevents 
 germination. The Chinese prefer to import them in the shell, dried 
 till they rattle inside, in spite of the increase of cost of freight ; the 
 aroma of the seed is best preserved in this manner. Nutmegs are 
 sorted according to size, and may vary from 66 to 132 to the lb., 
 those from 66 to 84 being of good size and fetching, if in good condition, 
 the highest price. The smaller and defective or irregularly formed 
 Nutmegs are used for distilling the Oil, and for expressing the fixed 
 Oil known as Nutmeg Butter, and erroneously as Oil of Mace ; Nutmeg 
 Butter is also imported from Singapore. Nutmegs are obtusely oval 
 or rounded, and vary very much in size, those of good quality are 
 1 to IJ in. long (25 to 31 mm.) and | in. (22 mm.) broad, (rarely 
 exceed 1 in. (25 cm.) in length, B.P.). The surface is furrowed 
 and veined (marked with reticulated furrows and minute black 
 points and lines, B.P.), with a circular scar at the broad end ; 
 the transverse section shows ruminated Albumen en used by the 
 infolding layer of the light brown perisperm ; it is easily cut, 
 and has a waxy lustre, a characteristic odour, and a slightly bitter, 
 aromatic taste. The microscopical characters of Nutmegs are the dark 
 brown tabular cells of the perisperm and the polyhedric cells of the 
 endosperm, some containing Starch grains with a central hilum, often in 
 groups of 4 to 8, others a large rhombic crystalloid, and others filled 
 with brown oleoresinous colouring matter. Malabar Nutmegs 
 {Myristica Maldbarica, Lam.) which are sometimes offered for sale 
 have practically no aroma. Macassar Nutmegs {Myristica argentea, 
 Warb.) imported from New Guinea via Macassar have a faint Nutmeg 
 flavour, but are much more acrid. Both of these are longer than true 
 Nutmegs, exceeding an inch and a half as a rule. 
 
 Mace, the arillus of Nutmegs, is sold separately. When fresh it is 
 of a bright crimson red colour, but fades to bright orange brown. The 
 distinctive microscopical characters of true Mace are the polymorphous 
 grains of Amylodextrin in the parenchymatous cells, which are coloured 
 brownish red by solution of Iodine in Iodide of Potassium, and the large 
 elongated thick-walled quadrangular, epidermal cells, often with 
 pointed ends. Powdered Mace is frequently adulterated with Bombay 
 Mace ; the latter can be detected by the rounded cells containing a 
 dark yellow colou^ring matter, often free, and by the red flocculent 
 precipitate given in an alcoholic extract of the Mace by Solution 
 of Lead Acetate ; if the Mace is genuine, only a milky white turbidity 
 is produced. Turmeric, which is not likely to be used, gives a similar 
 precipitate, but if present filtering paper dipped in the alcoholic 
 solution and dried gives with Boric Acid an orange red or red brown 
 colour, which Bombay Mace does not. Bombay Mace also contains 
 a fat which has different chemical characters from that of the true 
 Mace. Myristica fatua, Houtt., and M. cinnamomea, King, appear to 
 be the only species resembling in flavour the true Nutmeg. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MYB, 911 
 
 Tests. — Nutmeg when incinerated with free access of air yields 
 from 2 to 3 p.c. of ash, and the figure should not exceed 4 p.c. It 
 yields from 9 to 15 p.c. of Volatile Oil, which should answer the tests 
 given under Oleum Myristicse ; it also contains from 30 to 40 p.c. of 
 Fixed Oil. The B.P. does not give figures for Volatile or Fixed Oil, nor 
 even a limit of ash. 
 
 Preparation s. 
 
 OLEUM MYRISTICiE. Oil of Nutmeg. 
 
 A colourless, or pale yellow, mobile liquid, possessing a characteristic 
 odour and a spicy taste ; distilled from Nutmeg and rectified. 
 
 It darkens in colour and becomes viscid by oxidation on exposure 
 to air. It should therefore be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a 
 dark amber tint and protected as far as possible from exposure to the 
 air and light. 
 
 The Oil contains Dextro- and Laevo-Pinene, Dipentine, Myristicol, 
 Myristicin, Myristinic Acid, and a Phenol-like substance wliich yields 
 an emerald green with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 3 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; sparingly in Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— I to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0- 18 ml. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcEias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Russ. ami 
 Swiss (Oleum Macidis); Belg. (Essentia Myristica) ; Jap. (OJoum 
 Myristicpc ^^t her una); Port. (EssenciadeNozMoschada); U.S. (Oleum 
 Myristicae). 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Nutmeg has a specific gravity of 0*870 to 0*930. 
 The official figures are 0* 870 to 0* 925 ; the U.S.P., 0* 884 to 0* 924 at 
 25° C. (77° F.J ; the P.G., 0* 870 to 0* 930. It is ofiicially required to 
 dissolve 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; the U.S. P. states that it is soluble 
 in an equal volume of Alcohol (94* 9 p.c.) and also soluble in 3 volumes 
 of x4.1cohol (90 p.c.) ; the P.G. states that it dissolves in 3 parts by 
 weight of Alcohol (90 p.c). The Oil is optically dextrogyrate, the 
 rotation being from -f 8° to -f 30° in a 100 mm. tube. The B.P. 
 gives the optical rotation as -f 13° to -f 30° ; the U.S. P. simply 
 states that the Oil is dextrogyrate ; the P.G. gives the rotation as 
 + 7° to + 30°. It has a Refractive Index at 20' C. (68° F.) of 1*475 
 to 1*485; the B.P. gives the Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) as 
 1*474 to 1*484; neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. gives figures 
 for the Refractive Index. The B.P. requires that the Oil shall 
 not leave more than 5 p.c. of residue, when evaporated on a water- 
 bath. The U.S. P. states that when 2 or 3 c.c. of Oil are evaporated 
 on a water-bath no residue which crystallises on cooling should 
 be left. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurity is Concrete Oil of Nutmeg, 
 which may be detected by the residue left on evaporation, on a water- 
 bath. Tliis residue should not amount to more than 5 p.c, and should 
 not become crystalline on cooling. 
 
912 MYR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SPIRITUS MYRISTIC^. Spirit op Nutmeg. 
 
 Oil of Nutmeg* 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to produce 10. 
 
 Should be clarified, if necessary, by means of Talc. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1*2 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Nutmeg has a specific gravity of about 0" 833 ; it 
 contains about 0* 5 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 86" p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CERATUM NUCIST/E (Oer.).— Oil of Nutmeg, G; Yellow Wax, 2; Oil 
 of Arachis, 1. 
 
 SPIRITUS AROMATICUS(i2Mss.).— Oil of Nutmeg. 10; Oil of Lavender, 
 10 ; Oil of Lemon, 3 ; Oil of Cloves, 3 ; Oil of Fennel, 3 ; Oil of Spearmint, 3 ; 
 Oil of Cinnamon, 3; Oil of Melissa, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1800; Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), 5000. 
 
 OLEUM MYRISTIOE EXPRESSUM. Syn. Myristicje Adeps.— A 
 concrete Oil, of a firm consistence and orange colour, obtained from Nutmeg 
 by expression and heat. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (01. Myristicse Expres- 
 sum) ; Dutch and Swiss (Oleum Myristica>); Fr. (Beurre deMuscade); 
 Ger. (01. Nucistrp) ; Mex. (Manteca 'O Aceite concreto de Nuez 
 Moscada) ; Port. (Oleo de Noz Moschada). Not in the others. 
 
 MYROBALANUM. 
 
 MYROBALANS. 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried immature Fruits of Terminalia Chehula, Retz., commonly 
 known as Chebidic Myrohalans. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A local astringent. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Unguentum Myrobalani and Unguentum Myro- 
 balani cum Opio. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— Owing possibly to the somewhat faulty 
 description of that drug in the B.P., the article that has appeared in 
 commerce as the B.P. Myrobalans has consisted of the brown mature 
 fruits commonly known as Chebulic Myrobalans. The mature blackish 
 shrivelled fruits of the same tree are known in commerce as Black 
 Myrobalans, and in India as ' Halileh-i-Hindi.' The fruit is used in 
 several forms in India, and under different specific names. Thus, when 
 very young and of the size of cummin seeds, they are known as ' Halileh- 
 i-Zira,' and when fully mature ' Halileh-i-Kabuli.' These two with 
 the Halileh-i-Hindi are the three kinds commonly used in India. The 
 B.P. article is flattened, pear-shaped (irregularly ovoid or spindle- 
 shaped., B,P.), blackish, longitudinally wrinkledj 10to30mm. (fto 1^ in.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] MYR 913 
 
 long, and 5 to 15 mm. (-1 to f in.) wide ; in transverse section blackish, 
 hard, and tough, with a resinous appearance and sometimes a central 
 cavity. Taste very astringent. Odour none. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 UNGUENTUM MYROBALANI. Myrobalan Ointment. (New.) 
 Myrobalans, in powder, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 4. (1 in 5.) 
 
 For India, Benzoated Suet replaces Benzoated Lard. 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 UNGUENTUM MYROBALANI CUM OPIO. Myrobalan and 
 Opium Ointment. (New.) 
 
 Opium, in powder, 33 grains ; Myrobalan Ointment, 407 grains. 
 
 (1 in 13V.) 
 The metric quantities are 7 •.5 and 92-5. 
 
 MYRRHA. 
 
 MYRRH. 
 Fr., Myrrhe ;• Ger., Myrrhe ; Ital., Mirra ; Span., Mirra. 
 
 Small, irregular, brownish-yellow, reddish-brown or reddish-yellow, 
 rounded fragments, or tears, or masses of them, having a dusty appear- 
 ance on the surface, and possessing a strong characteristic aromatic 
 odour, and bitter acrid taste. It is an Oleo-Gum-Resin obtained 
 from the Stem of Commiphora Myrrka, Holmes, and probably other 
 species. 
 
 Collected in Somaliland and South-Eastern Arabia. 
 
 Myrrh contains from 57 to 59 p.c. of Gum, a neutral Resin, a soft 
 Resin and two acid Resins, and from 7 to 8 p.c. of an ethereal Oil. 
 
 Solubility. — Myrrh contains from 40 to 65 p.c. of Gum soluble in 
 Water ; the remainder, consisting of Resin, is mostly soluble in Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stomachic and carminative ; expec- 
 torant. Locally to aphthae of mouth and spongy gums. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Tincture mixed with Water (1 to 24) is used as 
 a gargle, but the addition of Mucilage of Gum Acacia is often necessary ; also 
 mixed with Solution of Borax as a mouth-wash. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 '0 gramme. 
 OfiBcial Preparation. — Tinctura Myrrhse. 
 Not Of&cial. — Gargarisma Myrrhse (Squire). 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Hung. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Myrrh as imported is usually mixed with 
 the Gum-Resins of allied species of Balsamodendron, which need to be 
 removed. None of these have the strong bitterness of Myrrh, but 
 most of them are acrid. Bissabol, the product of Balsaniodendron 
 
914 MYR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ErythroBum, var. glabrescens, Engl., has a distinct odour and taste, 
 but much resembles Myrrh in colour and in the presence of white 
 streaks of gum. It does not give the violet colour with the official test 
 for Myrrh {P.J. (4) xiii. 666-7). It is known in commerce as 
 ' Opopanax,' and is the source of the ' Oil of Opopanax ' used in per- 
 fumery. True Opopanax Oil has a strong flavour of Celery or Lovage, 
 and is the product of an umbelliferous Gum Resin imported from 
 Persia. Indian and African Bdelliums are acrid, but have neither the 
 taste nor odour of Myrrh, and have not white streaks of gum ; the 
 former has a taste like cedar ; they have a dull fracture and are 
 tougher and less easily broken than Myrrh. 
 
 Pure Myrrh is characterised by its distinctive odour and flavour 
 and its bitter taste, and by assuming a violet colour when moistened 
 with Nitric Acid, which the false Myrrhs do not present when so 
 treated. It varies much in size and form, but is usually reddish- 
 brown externally, with a powdery surface, and when broken either 
 presents a dull uniform resinous fracture, often somewhat translucent, 
 or in other pieces there occur distinct white streaks, indicating gum. 
 Crude or unjjicked Myrrh should not be used in pharmacy, as it contains 
 so much foreign matter that its price is only one-third of that of 
 selected Myrrh. Pieces in which coiled drops of thickened oil have 
 exuded on the surface will be richer in aroma and contain more oil. 
 Pieces containing white streaks are more suitable for emulsion, and 
 those with little gum are preferable for tincture, the gum being insoluble 
 in Alcohol. The gum left after making the tincture makes a good 
 adhesive mucilage when dissolved in water. 
 
 Tests. — Myrrh is partly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and if the 
 clear filtered alcoholic solution obtained by boiling a mixture of 
 1 decigramme of the coarsely powdered Oleo-Gum-Resin and 2 ml. 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and filtering, be evaporated to dryness in a white 
 porcelain evaporating basin, the remaining residue will assume a 
 violet colour on the addition of a mixture of equal parts of Nitric 
 Acid and Distilled Water. The corresponding P.G. test is carried 
 out by shaking 1 gramme of powdered Myrrh with 3 c.c. of Ether, 
 filtering, and passing the vapours of Fuming Nitric Acid over the 
 residue left on evaporation to dryness on a water-bath, the residue 
 should be coloured reddish-violet. The B.P. now includes a percentage 
 of matter insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) requiring it to be not more 
 than 70 p.c. The U.S. P. does not refer to the percentage of matter 
 soluble or insoluble in Alcohol (94- 9 p.c). The proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend that Myrrh be required to contain not 
 less than 35 p.c. of matter soluble in Alcohol (94' 9 p.c.) ; the P.G. 
 requires that if Myrrh be completely extracted with boiling Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) the residue which remains, after drying at 100° C. (212° F.), 
 shall amount at the liighest to 65 p.c. Myrrh should contain not 
 more than 5 p.c. of ash, which is also the Official requirement ; the 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash should 
 not exceed 8* 5 p.c. ; the P.G. allows at the most 7 p.c. of ash. 
 
 A test which is stated to distinguish between Heerabol and Bissabol 
 
t^olids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] MYR 915 
 
 Myrrh is as follows : — Mix 6 drops of a 1 in 1 5 Petroleum Ether extract 
 of the Myrrh with 3 c.c. of Glacial Acetic Acid, and float the mixture 
 carefully on the surface of 3 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, with Bisabol Myrrh, 
 a rose-red coloration forms at the point of contact of the two liquids ; 
 with Heerabol Myrrh only a very pale rose coloration shows in the 
 Acetic layer, the point of contact of the two liquids showing at first a 
 green colour, which turns brown, with a green fluorescence on standing. 
 
 Useful information is also afforded by a determination of the Acid 
 and Saponification Value of the Oleo-Gum-Resin, good samples possess 
 an Acid Value of from 19 to 45, an Ester Value of 86 to 120, and a 
 Saponification Value of 105 to 166. 
 
 A sample of Gum Myrrh Elect examined in the author's laboratory 
 gave 49*94: p.c. of matter insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 3*75 p.c. 
 of ash. It contained 50*06 p.c. of matter soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and possessed an Acid Value of 19* 6, an Ester Value of 118* 44 p.c. 
 and a Saponification Value of 138*04 p.c. Other samples of the 
 Oleo-Gum-Resin examined for percentage of ash only, gave from 
 3* 3 to 4* 6 p.c. Samples of powdered Myrrh gave from 4* 7 to 6* 2 p.c. 
 of ash. Two samples of the powder gave 45*92 and 45*69 for the 
 Acid Value, 86*24 and 91*51 for the Ester Value, and 132*16 and 
 137*20 for the Saponification Value. They contained respectively 
 6* 2 p.c. and 6*05 p.c. of ash. They were unfortimately not examined 
 for the percentage of matter soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). A sample 
 of powder yielded 4*5 p.c. of ash and 56*90 p.c. of matter soluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA MYRRHS. Tincture of Myrrh. 
 
 Myrrh, in coarse powder, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 5. 
 
 (1 in 5.) 
 Dose.— ^ to 1 fl. drm. = 1* 8 to 3* 6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 5. 
 All by weight except U.S. Not in Fr. or Hung. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Myrrh has a specific gravity of 0* 845 to 0* 855 ; 
 it contains from 4 to 6 p.c. w/v of total sohds, averaging about 5 p.c 
 w/v, but this figure must necessarily depend upon the amount of 
 matter soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) contained in the Oleo-Gum-Resin 
 used ; it also contains about 85 p.c v/v of Absolute Alcohol. A few 
 drops of the Tincture evaporated on a water-bath yield a residue 
 giving a violet coloration when moistened with a mixture of equal 
 parts of Nitric Acid and Distilled Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GARGARISMA MYRRH/E (Sgtwre).— Tincture of Myrrh, 1 ; Honey, 1 ; 
 Infusion of Roses, 18. 
 
 TINCTURE OF MYRRH AND BORAX.— /See Borax, 
 
916 NAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 NAPHTHALINUM. 
 
 NAPHTHALENE. 
 
 C.oHg, eq. 128-064. 
 
 Crude Naphthalene is a hydrocarbon, occurring in Coal-Tar. When purified 
 by sublimation it occurs in white micaceous scales, with a characteristic 
 odour, melting at 80° C. (176° F.). 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered, amber-tinted glass bottles, and in a 
 cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water; soluble 1 in 25 of Alcohol (90 p. c.); 
 1 in Ih of Chloroform ; 1 in 3 of Ether ; 1 in 7|- of Oil of Tm'pentine ; 1 in 8 
 of Olive Oil ; slightly soluble in Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic ; tho fine powder is dusted over 
 ulcers and wounds, and is useful for disinfecting cavities. Intestinal disin- 
 fectant. A parasiticide in scabies, as 10 p.c. Solution in Olive Oil, or as a 
 10 p.c. Ointment. As a dusting powder against vermin. — Naphthalene, 10; 
 Sulphur, 40 ; Talc, 50. 
 
 Crude Naphthalene in balls and other shapes is used to protect furs and 
 woollen articles from moths. 
 
 Dose. — Usual dose, 2 to 5 grains = 0"13 to 0'32 granune, every four or 
 six hours. Larger doses have been given, but are apt to upset digestion, and 
 in some cases to produce toxic symptoms. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It has a nauseous taste and odour ; when given 
 internally it may be enclosed in a cachet or capsule ; or made into pills with 1 of 
 Compound Tragacanth Powder to 12, arid massed with ' Diluted Glucose.'' 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Ital., Jap., 
 Mex., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Naphthalene melts at 80° C. (176° F.) and boils at 218° C. 
 (424-4° F.), it volatilises slowly at the ordinary temperatixre and completely 
 with fiu-ther heat, it biu-ns with a luminous smoky flame. It should not 
 possess an acid reaction to blue Litmus paper moistened with Water, indi- 
 cating the absence of free acids, e.g.. Sulphuric Acid. It should dissolve 
 colourless in warm concentrated Sulphuric Acid if quite pure, but a decided 
 pinkish tint is observed if the sample contains 1 p.c. of impurities derived 
 from Coal-Tar, the coloration becoming a deeper pink or even brown tho 
 larger the proportion of foreign matter present. 0-5 gramme, when ignited 
 with free access of air, should leave no weighable residue, indicating the 
 absence of mineral impurity. 
 
 NAPHTHALINUM PR/ECIPITATUM.— A fine powder, obtained by 
 dissolving the crystals in hot Alcohol, and pouring into a quantity of cold 
 Water. Recommended as less irritating than the powdered crystals. 
 
 N.I.C. POWDER.— Naphthalene, 96 ; Iodoform, 2 ; Creosote, 2. 
 Used as a dusting powder against vermin. 
 
 PULVIS NAPHTHALINI (iJossftac/t).— Purified Naphthalene, 75 grains ; 
 Sugar, 75 grains ; Oil of Bergamot, | minim ; divide into 20 powders. 
 
 NAFTALAN. — A dark, greenish -black, unctuous substance, insoluble in 
 Water, soluble in Ether and in Chloroform ; an extraction product of a 
 Naphtha from the Caucasus, containing about 96 p.c. Soap. Used in various 
 skin diseases as an ointment. 
 
 Naphthalini Tetrachloridum. — Glistening white crystals, insoluble in 
 Water. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 grains = 0- 13 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Used with success in lymphatic leukaemia and in pernicious anaemia, in the 
 latter particularly valuable in 5 to 15 grain doses thrice daily. — L. '10, ii. 1557. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] NAP 917 
 
 NAPHTHOL. 
 
 BETA-NAPHTHOL. 
 
 BETA -MONO -HYDROXY-NAPHTHALENE. 
 
 CioH^OH, eq. 144-064. 
 Fr., Naphthol ; Ger., Betanaphthol ; Ital., Naftolo. 
 
 White, or pale yellowish, lustrous, crystalline laminae, or as a white 
 or almost white crystalline powder, having a faint odour suggestive of 
 Phenol, and a sharp, biting, but not persistent taste. 
 
 The U.S. P. describes it as a Monatomic Phenol occurring in Coal- 
 Tar ; but usually prepared from Naphthalene. The B.P. states that 
 it may be obtained from Naphthalene-Sulphonic Acid. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the air. 
 
 There are two isomeric Naphthols, Alpha-Naphthol and Beta-Naphthol, 
 bearing the same relation to Naphthalene as Phenol does to Benzene. 
 
 Solubility. — Nearly insoluble in Water; soluble 1 in 2 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 3 in 4i of Ether ; 1 in 24 of Chloi-oform ; 1 in 12 of OUve 
 Oil ; 1 in 40 of Glycerin. 
 
 Aqueous Solution of Boric Acid will dissolve comparatively small quantities 
 of Naphthol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Disinfectant ; intestinal antiseptic. 
 Given in summer diarrhoea of children, and in typhoid and intestinal 
 dyspepsia ; prolonged administration, especially of large doses, may 
 lead to nephritis. Used in parasitic skin diseases and in chronic eczema 
 in form of ointment. 
 
 In hookworm a very safe and a very efficient anthelmintic ; 30 grains at 
 fi, 8, and 10 a.m., preceded and followed by Magnes. Sulph. iv drm., were 
 given to Indian emigrants under supervision, but these large doses are too 
 large in out-of-door or di.spensary practice. It keeps very badly and should 
 be used in a fresh condition ; it is very variable in quality, some samples 
 being inert. Should be guaranteed by first-class maker and stored in absence 
 of air and light. It should be well powdered, but should never be given in 
 Alcohol, in which it is soluble. In large doses it is a powerful circulatory 
 depressant. It is a very effective and inexpensive general anthelmintic, and 
 is almost a specific for threadworm. — Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyq. '11, 51. 
 
 After a lengthy trial in ankylostoma infection was discarded in favour of 
 Thymol, as it may set up a fatal acute nephritis in those whose kidneys are 
 somewhat diseased. — L. '11, i. 859. 
 
 For ankylostoma, after a purge give 45 grains on each of three successive 
 mornings ; it does not Idll the other parasites, but Santonin may be given 
 simultaneously ; the cost is small. — h. '14, j. 260. 
 
 In those with kidney disease it should be used with utmost caution, if at all. 
 —B.M.J. '15, ii. 177. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in cachets or pills. A good pill can he 
 made by adding a small quantify of Compound Powder of Tragacanth and 
 Dispensing Syrup, or ' Diluted Olucose,^ q.s. Also administered dissolved 
 in Oil, which is then emulsified. It can be made into an Ointment with Lard, 
 Soft Paraffin, or Lanolin Ointment ; for Kaposi's Ointments, see below. 
 
918 NAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 It liquefies ivith Camphor, Menthol, or Phenol. 
 
 When no jjrefix is attached to the name Beta-Naphtliol should he used. The 
 name is also written Napthol. 
 
 Should be kept in dark amber-tinted well-stoppered bottles. 
 
 Wot Official. — Lassar's Itch Remedy, Pommade Naphtholee, Unguentvtm 
 Naphtholi, Unguentum Naphtholi Compositum, Vasolimentum Naphtholi, 
 Asaprol, Benzonaphthol, Betol, Epicarin, Naphthol-Camphor, Quinaphthol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Beta-Napht hoi when pure melts at 122° C. (251- 6° F.) and 
 boils at 286° C. (546- 8° F.) ; the B.P. gives the above melting point 
 but not the boiling point ; the U.S. P. gives the above-mentioned 
 melting point and boiling point ; the P.G. gives the melting point 
 only. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the 
 melting point be changed to, ' from 120° to 122° C. (248° to 251-6° F.).' 
 
 A hot saturated aqueous solution yields a blue fluorescence with one 
 drop of Ammonia Solution ; if some Chlorine Solution be added to a 
 cold saturated aqueous solution a white turbidity is produced, and on the 
 addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution a green or brownish colora- 
 tion is produ-ced. In performing this test the U.S. P. uses Chlorinated 
 Lime in the place of Chlorine Water, and requires that a pale yellow 
 but not a dark violet colour should be produced. A white precipitate, 
 which gradually becomes brown, but not violet, is produced on the 
 addition of 10 drops of an aqueous 1 in 30 Ferric Chloride Solution to a 
 solution obtained by dissolving 1 decigramme of Beta-Naphthol in 
 10 ml. of boiling Distilled Water. A saturated aqueous solution yields no 
 colour upon the addition of a few drops of Iodine Test-Solution followed 
 by an excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution. It is distinguished from its 
 isomer Alpha-Naphthol by the melting point, Alpha-Naphthol melting 
 at 95° C. (203° F.) ; by the reaction with Chlorine or Chlorinated Lime, 
 Alpha-Naphthol giving a dark violet colour ; by the test with Ferric 
 Chloride Solution, Aljiha-NajDlithol giving a violet coloration with the 
 latter reagent ; and by the test with Iodine Solution and excess of 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, which produces an intense violet coloration 
 with Alpha-Naphthol. 
 
 The more generally occm-ring impurities are free acid, Naphthalene, 
 organic impurities, and mineral residue. It should possess a neutral 
 reaction towards Litmus paper previously moistened with Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), indicating the absence of free acids. 
 
 With the exception of the Ferric Chloride Test for the absence of 
 Alpha-Naphthol and the Offlcial requirement that it should leave no 
 appreciable ash, the B.P. does not include tests for any of these 
 impurities. Beta-Naphthol should dissolve completely in 50 parts 
 of Ammonia Solution, yielding a pale yellow-coloured fluid possessing 
 a bluish-violet fluorescence, indicating the absence of Naphthalene. 
 The colour of this solution should not be deeper than pale yellow, 
 indicating the absence of organic impurities. Beta-Naphthol should 
 leave at most 0- 1 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 The B.P. states tliat it should leave no appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] NAP 919 
 
 that it should leave no residue ; the P.G. that it should leave not more 
 than 0-1 p.c. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that a limit of ash be fixed at not exceeding 0'05 p.c. 
 
 Wot Official, 
 
 LASSAR'S ITCH REMEDY (ffcrrje/-). — Beta-Naphthol, 0-25; Peru 
 Balsam, 10 ; Spirit Soap, 25. 
 
 POMMADE NAPHTHOLE'e (i^r. ).—Beta-Naphtliol, 10; Vaseline, 90. 
 
 UNGUENTUM NAPHTHOL! (Kaposi^s Ointment). Beta-Naphthol, 60 
 grains ; Prepared Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM NAPHTHOLI COMPOSiTUM (Kaposi).— Naphthol,15 ; 
 
 Prepared Chalk, 10 ; Soft Soap, 50 ; Lard, 100. 
 
 Official in Austr., ;3-Naphthol, 10 ; Precipitated Chalk, 5 ; Soft Soap, 28 ; 
 Lard, 57. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM NAPHTHOLI (fffl|/e/).— Beta-Naphthol, 10 ; Vasoli- 
 ment Liquid, 90. 
 
 ASAPROL. ABRASTOL (Calciimi Beta-naphthol-alpha-mono-sulphon- 
 ate).— A white powder, soluble in Water. Recommended in sciatica, muscular 
 and chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 BENZONAPHTHOL. Cu,H,C,H,CO,, eq. 248-096.— It may be prepared 
 by the action of Benzoyl Chloride on Beta-Naphthol. A white, odom-less, 
 tasteless powder, almost insoluble in Water and Ether ; soluble in Chloroform. 
 
 Intestina.1 antiseptic. Useful in typhoid and tropical dysentery. 
 
 Dose, — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to I gramme. 
 
 It is given in cachets or tablets. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Fr., Ital., Mex., Span, and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Benzonaphthol melts at 107° to 108" C. (224-6° to 226-4° F.), the 
 Fr. Codex (1908) gives 110° C. (230° F.), it dissolves in Sulphuric Acid with the 
 production of a pale yellow colour ; if the Sulphuric Acid solution be diluted 
 with Distilled Water and rendered alkaline with an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution, a green fluorescence is produced. When warmed with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution it is decomposed; if the solution be exactly neutralised with 
 Diluted Sulphiiric Acid, it yields with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a buff 
 coloiired precipitate. The Benzoic Acid separated from the salt should 
 possess the melting point and answer the tests given under Acidum Benzoicum. 
 A small quantity warmed with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, cooled, 
 rendered faintlj'^ acid by the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid yields on 
 the addition of Chlorine Water a yellow coloiu' but no dark violet coloration. 
 
 The more generally occurring impui'ities are free Benzoic Acid, free Beta- 
 Naphthol, Chlorides, Sulphates, and mineral residue. The solution of 
 Benzonaphthol in neutral solvents should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper, indicating the absence of free Benzoic Acid. Tlie powder 
 should possess no odour of Phenol, indicating the absence of free Beta- 
 Naphthol. The aqueous liquid obtained by shaidng Benzonaphthol with 
 Distilled W^ater and filtering, when acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Bariimi Chloride Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphates, or on the adcUtion of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. Benzonaphthol should leave 
 no ash on ignition, indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 
 BETOL. NAPHTHALOL. )8-Naphthol Salicylic Ester. Beta-Naphthol 
 Salicylate, ;3-Naphthol Salicylic Acid Ester. CioHj-C^H^O,, eq. 264-096. — 
 In tasteless, small white crystals, or as a white, odom-less, tasteless and 
 
920 NAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 crystalline powder : insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol and in fixed Oils. 
 Recommended in rheumatism, cystitis and intestinal fermentation. 
 
 It may be prepared by the action of Phosphorus Oxychloride on a mixture 
 of Sodium Beta-Naphthol and Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0-13 to 0-52 gramme as a powder in cachets or 
 in pills with Glucose. 
 
 In pencils for gonorrhoea containing 20 p.c. of Betol with Oil of Theobroma. 
 Official in Fr. (Salicylate de Naphtyle-/3) and Ital. 
 
 Tests. — Beta-Naphthol Salicylate melts at 95° G. (203° F.), which figure 
 is also given in Fr. Codex (1908), when shaken with Distilled Water and 
 filtered, the filtrate should bo neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 When treated with Sulphuric Acid it yields a yellow coloration and in the 
 covirse of a few minutes a lemon-yellow coloured solution, which on the addition 
 of a drop of Nitric Acid changes to a brownish-green. When heated with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution it is decomposed, forming Potassium Beta- 
 Naphthol and Potassitma Salicylate. If the solution be carefully neutralised 
 with Hydrochloric Acid it yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution a violet coloration, the salt is also decomposed by concentrated 
 acids yielding Salicylic Acid and Beta-Naphthol ; the separated Salicylic 
 Acid should possess the melting point and answer the tests given under 
 Acidum Salicylicum. AVhen heated with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 cooled and slightly acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid it yields on the 
 addition of Ghlorine Water a yellow but not a dark violet coloration. 
 
 The more generally occurring impixrities are free Salicylic Acid, uncon- 
 verted Beta-Naphthol, Chlorides, Sulphates, and mineral residue. If 1 
 gramme of Betol be shaken with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and filtered, 
 the filtrate should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. When 
 shaken with Sodium Carbonate Solution, filtered and the filtrate acidified 
 with Sulphuric Acid no turbidity or precipitate should be produced, indicating 
 the absence of free Salicylic Acid. The salt should possess no odour resembling 
 Phenol, indicating the 'absence of free Beta-Naphthol. The aqueous liquid 
 with which a small quantity of the salt has been shaken, when filtered, should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Chlorides, nor on the addition of Barium Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. • 5 gramme of the salt should 
 leave no weighable residue when ignited, indicating a limit of mineral 
 matter. 
 
 Alphol is the Salicylate of a-Naphthol Ester. 
 
 EPICARIN (Beta-oxynaphthyl-orthoxy-meta-toluylic Acid). — Colourless 
 needle-shaped crystals, or a pale yellow powder, insoluble in Water, soluble 
 in Alcohol and Ether. Employed as a 10 to 20 p.c. Ointment in psoriasis, 
 eczema, etc., and as a 5 to 10 p.c. Alcoholic Solution for seborrhoea capitis and 
 lichen planus. 
 
 The Sodium salt of the above is also known commercially. 
 
 Tests. — Epicarin melts at 199° C. (390-2° F.), it dissolves readily in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), yielding a solution which gives on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test- Solution a deep blue colovu- ; it yields when treated with concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid a reddish -brown solution possessmg a strong green fluor- 
 escence ; when mixed with Potassium Hydroxide Solution and shaken with 
 Chloroform a yellowish turbidity is produced subsequently changing to a 
 yellowish-green. AVhen heated with free access of air it should leave no 
 weighable residue. 
 
 NAPHTHOL-CAMPHOR.— Mix 2 of Camphor with 1 of Beta,-Naphthol 
 to a viscous consistency, insoluble in Water, soluble in Oils ; it is strongly 
 antiseptic. — Hager. 
 
 A difference of opinion appears to exist as to its harmlessness in localised 
 tuberculous lesions. On the one hand, no grave sequelae followed 10,000 
 injections ; and on the other, 12 deaths were reported after its use. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] NIC 921 
 
 QUINAPHTHOL (Quinine Beta-naphthol-sulphonate). — A yellow crystal- 
 line powder, sparingly soluble in Water and in Alcohol. 
 Intestinal antiseptic. 
 Dose. — 8 to 10 grains = 0-52 to 0-65 gramme, tliree or four times a day. 
 
 Tests. — Quinaphthol fuses at 185° C. (365° F.). When ignited with free 
 access of air it leaves no weighable residue. 
 
 Sodixim-Naphthol (Mieroeidin) readily soluble in Water, and Hydro- 
 naphthol, Lactonaphthol (Lactol), have been introduced as possessing 
 properties similar to those of Naphthol : A-Oxynaphthole Acid forms 
 soluble salts with alkalis, which are antiseptics. 
 
 Not Official. 
 NICKEL. 
 
 A metal closely allied to Cobalt, with which it is generally associated in 
 minerals. Commercially it is largely contaminated with Copper, Iron, and 
 sometimes Cobalt. Alloyed with Copper and Zinc, it forms German Silver, 
 Easily soluble in mineral acids, forming salts of a characteristic green colour. 
 
 NICCOLI BROMIDUM. — Green, hygroscopic cry.stals, soluble in Water, 
 Alcohol, and Ether. 
 
 Sedative. Recommended in epilepsy. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0- 00 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 In Solution, or in pills. 
 
 SYRUPUS NICCOLI BROMIDI.— Granulated Nickel, 137 grains ; Bro- 
 mine, 377 grains ; Water, 12 fl. oz. ; digest them in a pint flask at a 
 gentle heat tmtil reaction ceases, filter, add Sugar, 24 oz., and sufficient Water 
 to make 32 fl. oz. 
 
 Each fl. drm. contains 5 grains of Nickel Bromide, which is an average 
 dose. 
 
 NICCOLI SULPHAS. — Greenish-blue crystals, readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 1 grain. Best given on a full stomach. 
 
 The toxicology of Nickel Carbonyl.— B.M.J. '07, ii. G87. 
 
 Not Official. 
 NITROGLYCERIN. 
 
 Syti. — Glyceryl Trinitrate ; Glonoin ; Trinitrin ; TRiNiTRO-GLYf-ERiN. 
 C3H,(N03)3, eq. 227-07. 
 
 Wlien pure it is a heavy, colourless, oily liquid. Explodes violently on 
 percussion, and vmder some circumstances spontaneously. 
 
 A 10 p.c. Solution in Alcohol is commercial, and is used in maldng the 
 Tabellaj. 
 
 Solubility. — ^Very slightly soluble in Water ; readily in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 
 mixes with Ether and with Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Chiefly given for angina pectoris associated 
 with aortic disease, spasmodic asthma and the dyspnoea of acute bronchitis ; 
 in hiccough, in haemoptysis, and in headache, neuralgia, or hemicrania if 
 associated with pallor. It reduces arterial tension in chronic Bright's disease. 
 
922 NIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 and acts as a diuretic and diuiiniahes tiie an>uniinuria. Clicmically, it is u 
 Nitrate, but its physiological action resembles the Nitrites. Its action is 
 similar to that of Amyl Nitrite, but is slower and more prolonged. 
 
 Of ser%ace in migraine, especially when C02nbined with Strychnine, but 
 not for the attack itself ; its service is obtained by continuous administration 
 between the attacks (Gowers). 
 
 Preferred to Amyl Nitrite by some in haemoptysis, because of its more 
 lasting effect. For ha?moptysis give two tabellae in the 24 hours, breaking 
 them up into small pieces, and letting the patient take a piece every hour. 
 
 Also given in neuralgia, in uremic dyspnoea, in arteriosclerosis, in warding 
 off, and (hypodermically) during paroxysm of epilepsy, and in gall-stone colic. 
 
 The tablets should be carried aboiit, and if any pain in the chest comes on 
 should be taken itmnediately, as they not only relieve pain, but lessen the 
 dangerous condition of which the pain is only a symptom. (Lauder Brunton 
 on ' Blood Pressure.').— B.ikf.J. '09, ii. 66. 
 
 Dose. — r.fij to 5L grain = 0-0003 to 0-0013 gramme, the average dose 
 being -^J^ grain = 0-0006 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Solulion may he given on Sugar, or in the 
 Jorm of Tablets, or dikited with Water. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Liquor Trinitrini and Tabellaj Trinitrini. 
 
 Not Official. — Haustus Trinitrini, Tabella Nitroglycerini Composita, and 
 Pastilli Nitroglycerini. 
 
 Antidotes. — Ergot, Atropine, Strychnine, cold applications to the head. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OfUcial in Jap., Mex., Pvuss. and Span. 
 
 Tests. — Nitroglj^ceriu has a specific gravity of 1 • 6 and, -when pure, is colour- 
 less, liut the commercial product generally has a yellow colour. It solidifies at 
 8° C. (40-4'' F.), and is then very dangerous to handle. When smartly struck 
 or compressed, or when dropped on an iron plate heated to 2.57° C. (494-6° F.), 
 it explodes with great violence. It is decomposed by AlcohoUc Potassitini 
 Hydroxide Solution, yielding a mixtiu-e of Potassiimi Nitrate and Nitrite, 
 Potassium Acetate and Formate. When treated with a solution of Ferrous 
 Siilphate acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, gives the brown coloration 
 characteristic of Nitrites and Nitrates. 
 
 Official Preparations. 
 
 LIQUOR TRINITRINI. Solution of Tkinitrin. B.P.Syn.— 
 Solution op Nitroglycerin. 
 
 Trinitroglycerin of commerce, 17i grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. 
 to yield 4 fl. oz. " (1 in 100.) 
 
 1 minim contains ■^\^ grain. 
 
 Dose.— J to 2 minims = 0-03 to Q- 12 ml. 
 
 In angina pectoris, asthma and chronic nephritis the dose is sometimes 
 gradually increased to 10 minims. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oflficial in Dutch (Solutio Nitro- 
 glycerin!), Dan., Hung., Jap., Mex. and Span., 1 in 100; U.S. (Spiritua 
 Glycerylis Nitratis), 1 in 100. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Solution of Nitroglycerin lias a specific gravityO-830 to 0-840. 
 Tlie official gravity is 0- 840. It is a clear, colourless liquid, possessing 
 a neutral reaction towards Litmus paper. The presence of a due 
 amount of Glyceryl-Trinitrate is officially ensured by a test of which the 
 following are the essential details : — A measured quantity of 10 ml. 
 of the solution when mixed with 10 ml. of Distilled Water yields a 
 
[SoUds by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] WUC 923 
 
 clear solution when cooled to 15- 5" C. (60° F.), but a turbidity is 
 produced in the mixture upon the further addition of 1 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, the Glyceryl Trinitrate separating out as an oily liquid when 
 the mixture is still more largely diluted. If only 1 drop of this oily 
 liquid be placed upon bibulous paper and sharply struck with a hammer 
 a violent explosion results. 
 
 TABELLJE TRINITRINI. Trinitrin Tablets. B.P.Syn.— 
 Tablets of Nitroglycerin. (Altered.) 
 
 These tablets, made of chocolate, weigh 0*3 gramme = rather 
 less than 5 grains and contain 0*0000 gramme = about y^^ grain 
 of Trinitroglycerin. In B.P. 1898 they contained y^^ grain. 
 
 Dose. — 1 or 2 tablets. 
 
 I^ot OfliciaL 
 
 HAUSTUS TRINITRINI.— Solution of Trinitrin, 1 minim; Spirit of 
 Chloroform, 5 minims ; Tincture of Capsicum, 2 minims ; Peppermint Water, 
 to ^ oz. — Westminster. 
 
 Solution of Trinitrin, 1 minim ; Compound Tincture of Chloroform, 10 
 minims ; Pimenta Water, to h fl. oz. — Victoria Park. 
 
 TABELLA NITROGLYCERIN! COMPOSITA {Gt. Northern and West- 
 minster). — Nitroglycerin, ^-l^, grain ; Menthol, ^ij grain ; Capsicin, ^^ grain ; 
 Tlieobroma Paste, q.s. 
 
 PASTILL! NITROGLYCERINI {Hung.).— Each, pastille contains 0-0005 
 gramme of Nitroglycerin. 
 
 Not Official. 
 NUCLEIN. NUCLEOL. 
 
 The nucleins are compounds of simple proteids with phosphorised bodies, 
 and occur in Yeast, Milk, Y'olk of Egg, Thyroid and Thymus glands, etc. 
 Numerous varieties are supposed to exist. Nuclein is extracted by digestion 
 with Pepsin and dihite Hydrochloric Acid, and purification of the residue by 
 repeated solution and precipitation in dilute alkali and dilute acid respectively. 
 
 Nuclein is the best known chemical constituent of the nucleus of the white 
 blood corpuscles. 
 
 NUCLEIC OR NUCLEINiC ACID.— A white or greyish-white amorphous 
 powder, slightly soluble in Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), aaad in Ether. 
 It is readily soluble in Solutions of Sodium or Potassium Hydroxides with 
 the formation of the corresponding N\icleinates, and it is in the forna of 
 5 p.c. aqueous Solutions of these salts that it is chiefly used medicinally. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stated to possess nutritive properties, and to 
 be useful in increasing resisting power to pathogenic germs. Employed in 
 tuberculosis, in anaemia, and in neurasthenia ; also in diphtheria, puerperal 
 and scarlet fevers. 
 
 1 p.c. Solution of Sodium Nucleinate, in Physiological Solution, sub- 
 cutaneously injected to moderate peritoneal inflammation after perforation 
 in typhoid, and thus to lessen the risks of subsequent surgical interference. 
 Within 3 days 3 doses are given.- — B.M.J. '07, i. 1515. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It may he administered hypodermically in sterilised 
 5 p.c. Solution, dose 17 minims — 1 ml., or by the mouth as a Solution of simAlar 
 strength, in doses of I to 2 fl. drm. = Z'Q to 7-1 w?. 
 
924 NUX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ARGENTI NUCLEINAS (Nargol).— A light brownish yellow powder, 
 containing about 10 p.c. Silver, soluble 1 in 4 of Water. An injection, J to 
 1 p.c. Solution in gonorrhoea. 
 
 CUPRI NUCLEINAS (Cuprol).— A green, odourless, impalpable powder, 
 soluble in Water. Its Solution is stated not to coagulate Albumen. Useful 
 in powder form in trachoma. Also as a 5 to 10 p.c. aqueous Solution in 
 conjunctivitis. Stated to be less irritating than the Sulphate. 
 
 FERRI NUCLEINAS (Triferrin. Ferrinol). — A brown, amorphous, odour- 
 less powder, soluble in Water. Used in ansomia. 
 Dose. — 5 grains =: 0-32 gramme. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI NUCLEINAS (Mercurol). — A pale, yellowish-brown, 
 amorphous powder, soluble 1 in 5 Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Its 
 Solution does not coagulate albtunen. Used as a 2 p.c. injection in urethritis. 
 As an antisej^tic in 2^ to 5 p.c. Solution in diseases of the nose and ear. With 
 success in syphilis, in average doses of 2 grains three times a day. 
 
 SODII NUCLEINAS. — A white, or greyish -white, amorphous powder, 
 soluble in Water. Employed medicinally, as above described, as a 5 p.c. 
 Solution. 
 
 In dementia paralytica, intramuscular injections of a 2 p.c. Solution in 
 fresh normal Saline. — M.A. '13, 192. 
 
 The results in paralysis agitans appear encouraging ; the preparation used 
 was Nucleinate of Soda 10 p.c. strength in physiological serum. By the 
 mouth no effects were observed. Hypodermically 40 centigrammes were 
 given, starting at a lower figure and increasing the amount by 5 centigrammes 
 every two days. 40 centigrammes were not exceeded and the treatment 
 lasted for a month. Much better results followed by the intravenous method. 
 —L. '14, i. 1632. 
 
 LIQUOR NUCLEINICUS (Squire).— A 5 p.c. w/v solution of pure Sodium 
 Nucleinate, which is prescribed in tuberculous glands, in indurated acne, and 
 in suppurative skin diseases, also in septicaemia. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3- G to 7-1 c.c. 
 
 NUX VOMICA, 
 
 NUX VOMICA. 
 
 Fe., Noix VoMiQUE ; Geb., Bbechnuss ; Ital., Nooe Vomica; 
 Span., Nuez Vomica. 
 
 The dried ripe Seeds of Stryclmos Nux-voniica, L. 
 Imported from India, Ceylon, and Cochin China. 
 The chief source of Strychnine and Brucine. 
 
 The total alkaloids have been found to vary between 1'25 and 
 3' 9 p.c. (some Ceylon Seeds gave i3*3 p.c), but the value of total 
 alkaloids as a medicinal standard is considerably reduced by the 
 fact that the ratio of Strychnine to Brucine may vary as much as 
 3 to 1 and 1 to 2. 
 
 The B.P. has now adopted the U.S. P. standard of not less than 
 1"25 p.c. of Strychnine; the P.G. not less than 2' 5 p.c. of total 
 alkaloids, of which a little more than half must be Strychnine. The 
 Fr. Codex requires not less than 2 nor more than 3 p.c. of total 
 alkaloids. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed upon a standard of 2*5 p.c. of total 
 alkaloids. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] NUX 925 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An excellent gastric and general tonic. 
 Recommended in atonic dyspepsia, in debility, and in convalescence. 
 It stimulates peristalsis, and therefore is a frequent and valuable 
 ingredient in medicines for chronic constipation. It is also a 
 cardiac and respiratory stimulant. Useful in paralysis of reflex 
 origin, in peripheral paralysis due to alcohol, lead, tobacco, or to 
 diphtheria ; in all chronic paralytic affections, except those in which 
 there is organic lesion of nerve-centres or inflammation of brain or 
 spinal cord. See also Strychnina. 
 
 Dose. — In poivder, 1 to 4 grains = 0-06 to 0*26 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximiim dose, single, • I gramme ; daily, • 30 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 2 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — ^^ grain Strychnine is contained in 1^ grains of 
 Extract, 5i minims of Fluid Extract, 66 minims of Tincture. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of the seeds, Extractmn Nucis Vomicae 
 Liqiiidmn and Skychnina ; of the Liquid Extract, Extractum Nucis 
 Vomicae Siccum ancl Tinctura Nucis Vomica;. 
 
 Not Official. — Brucine. 
 
 Antidotes.^ — Emetic of Zinc Sulphate, Mtistard, or Ipecacuanha, or 
 hypodermic injection of Apomorpliine ; Animal Charcoal ; Potassimu 
 Bromide or Chloral ; Amyl Nitrite inhalations ; Chloroform or Ether to relax 
 the muscles ; hypodermic injection of Curare. — Murrell. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Ger., Jap., 
 Russ. and Swiss, Semen Strychni ; Dan., Fr., Hung., Ital., Mex. and Span., 
 Norw., Port. (Noz Vomica), Swed. and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Nux Vomica Seeds are imported from Ceylon, 
 Bombay, Cochin, Madras, and Calcutta. They vary in size and in 
 alkaloidal content, the largest usually yielding most alkaloid ; the 
 Ceylon and Bombay Seeds are richer than those imported from Madras 
 and Cochin. The Seeds vary from f to 1 in. (19 to 25 mm.), 2 to 2i cm., 
 B.P., in diameter and from ^ to j in. (3 to 6 mm.), about 6 mm., B.P., 
 in thickness. They are circular, nearly flat or somewhat plano-convex, 
 and occasionally irregularly bent, greyish-green in colour, with a 
 satiny lustre from the appressed hairs, the margin rounded, or in some 
 kinds acute, with a protuberance at the edge indicating the position 
 of the radicle, internally consisting of hard, tough, and horny albumen, 
 in the centre of which is found a small embryo with thin, leafy, cordate, 
 palmately-veined cotyledons. The taste is intensely and persistently 
 bitter. B.P. gives the same measures as above for the Seeds, U.S. P. 
 diameter 15 to 30 mm., thickness 3 to 5 mm. The microscopical 
 characters qf the powder are the non-porous thick-walled endosperm 
 cells {P.G.), containing fixed Oil and alem'one grains {U.S. P.), the 
 hair bases with linear specially formed pits and the cylindrical fragments 
 of the upper part of the hairs, which have a striated appearance. 
 
 In France the powdered drug has been found adulterated Avith 
 equal parts of jjowdered olive stones, and also with the raspings of 
 vegetable ivory, P.J. (4) 28, p. 768. A spurious Nux Vomica containing 
 no Strychnine was imported into Britain a few years since from 
 Burmah, but it differed in the yellowish tint and in the sharper ridge 
 around the circumference of the seed, P.J. (4) 36, p. 510, 511. 
 
926 NUX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Nux Vomica Seeds are now officially required to yield 
 not less tlian 1"25 p.c. of Strychnine, as determined by a process of 
 which the following are the essential details : — The mixed alkaloids 
 are extracted from a weighed quantity of 7* 5 grammes of the Seeds 
 in No. 60 powder, by shaking well and frequently during 30 minutes 
 with a mixture of 25 ml. of Chloroform, 50 ml. of Ether, and 5 ml. of 
 Ammonia Solution. A measured quantity of 50 ml. of the ethereal 
 fluid ( = 5 grammes of Nux Vomica Seeds) is introduced into a separator, 
 and the alkaloids are extracted by shaking the Chloroform-Ether 
 Solution three times, in succession, using each time 10 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The acid liquid is transferred 
 in each instance, after separation is complete, to another separator, 
 mixed, the solutions rendered alkaline with Ammonia Solution, and 
 the mixed alkaloids extracted by shaking three times in succession, 
 using each time 10, 5, and 5 ml. of Chloroform. The chloroformic 
 liquid is in each instance allowed to separate, transferred to a small 
 flask, the Chloroform removed by distillation and the residue dissolved 
 in a mixture of 5 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid and 10 ml. of Distilled 
 Water. The separation of the Strychnine from the Brucine is then 
 accomplished by bringing the solution to a temperature of 50° C. 
 (122° F.), and oxidising the Brucine by acting upon it during 10 minutes 
 with 3 ml. of a mixture of equal volumes of Nitric Acid and Distilled 
 Water. At the end of tliis time the mixture is introduced into a 
 separator, the flask washed with Distilled Water, the mixed solutions 
 and washings rendered alkaline by the addition of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, and the Strychnine removed from the aqueous alkaline liquid 
 by shaking tliree times in succession, using each time 10, 5, and 5 ml. 
 of Chloroform. After separation is complete the chloroformic liquid 
 is in each instance separated, transferred to another separator, mixed, 
 washed with 5 ml. of Distilled Water, the chloroformic liquid again 
 separated, introduced into a tared flask or beaker, the Cliloroform 
 evaporated, and decrepitation of the residue prevented by the addition 
 of 5 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) at the completion of the evaporation. 
 The residue is then dried at 100° C. (212° F.), and when constant, 
 weighed. The percentage of Strychnine present in the seed may be de- 
 termined by multiplying the weight of the residue by 20. 100 grammes 
 of powdered Nux Vomica seeds should yield not less than 1 • 25 grammes 
 of Strychnine. The B.P. fixes a limit of error of plus or minus 
 0*05 gramme. 
 
 The choice of a temperature of 50° C. (122° F.) by the B.F. is not a 
 haj^py one, as it is generally conceded that the oxidation of the Brucine 
 is quite efficiently accomplished at the ordinary summer temperature, 
 and that if the oxidation of the Brucine is conducted at a higher 
 temperature an appreciable loss of Strychnine results. 
 
 The f/./S.P. requires the seeds to contain not less than 1' 25 p.c. of 
 Strychnine, as determined by a process which is essentially as follows : — 
 A weighed quantity of 20 grammes of the Seeds in No. 60 powder is 
 introduced into an Erlenmcyer flask of 250 c.c. capacity, and is first 
 macerated during 1 hour, with frequent intervals of shaking, with 200 c,c, 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] NUX 927 
 
 of ci mixture composed of 137 ',5 0.0. of Etlier, 44 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 13- 5 c.c. of Alcohol (94" 9 p.c.) and 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and 
 subsequently allowed to stand for 12 hours. A measured quantity 
 of 100 c.c. of the clear liquid (= 10 grammes of Nux Vomica Seeds) is 
 decanted into a glass separator, the measuring vessel washed out with 
 a little Chloroform and the washings added to the main quantity. 
 The alkaloids are then extracted from the chloroformic solution by 
 agitation with 15 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 care being taken to avoid the formation of emulsion during the shaking ; 
 after complete separation the lower acid layer is separated, the 
 Ether-Chloroform Solution is then fm'ther shaken with 2 successive 
 quantities each of 5 and 3 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution. The acid liquid is separated in each case and mixed 
 with the main acid quantity. The complete extraction of the alkaloids 
 from the Chloroform-Ether liquid is ensured by testing a drop of 
 the acid liquid with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, 
 and if a precipitate is produced the shaking is repeated with a further 
 quantity of 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution ; 
 the acid solutions are mixed and sufficient Ammonia Solution added 
 to render the solution alkaline, and the liberated alkaloids are extracted 
 by thoroughly shaking first with 25 c.c. of Chloroform and subsequently 
 repeating the extraction with two successive portions, each of 15 c.c. 
 of Chloroform. The chloroformic solution is in each case separated, 
 transferred to a tared flask, the mixed chloroformic solutions evaporated 
 to dryness on a water-bath and the residue dissolved in 15 c.c. of 
 3 p.c. Sulphuric Acid by warming it on the water-bath. The solution 
 is allowed to cool and 3 c.c. of a cooled mixture of equal volumes of 
 Nitric Acid (specific gravity 1* 42) and Distilled V/ater added; the liquid, 
 after it has been rotated a few times, is set aside for exactly 10 minutes, 
 with 3 intervals of gentle rotation ; the liquid is transferred to a 
 separator containing 25 c.c. of a 10 p.c. w/v Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, the flask being washed out with 3 successive small quantities 
 of Distilled Water and the washings added to the main quantity of 
 liquid, which, if not turbid, is mixed with a further measured quantity 
 of 2 c.c. of the Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The liberated alkaloids 
 are then extracted by well rotating the mixture for a few minutes 
 with 20 c.c. of Chloroform, the extraction being twice repeated using 
 each time 10 c.c. of Chloroform ; the Chloroform solution is separated 
 in each case, filtered through a small filter paper, previously moistened 
 with Chloroform, into a tared flask, the filter and funnel washed v/ith 
 5 c.c. of Chloroform and the mixed Cliloroform solutions evaporated 
 very carefully to dryness on a water-bath. The alkaloidal residue is 
 dissolved in 6 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 5 drops of lodeosin Test-Solution are added, about 80 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and 20 c.c. of Ether. When the whole of the alkaloid is 
 dissolved the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution is titrated with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. The number of c.c. of Fiftieth-Normal Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution required is divided by 5, the quotient subtracted 
 
928 NUX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 from 6, tlie dili'ercuce mulbiijlied first by 0-0332 and then by 10 
 yields the percentage of Strychnine present in the sample. The 
 above process for the separation of Strychnine and Brucine is that 
 originally suggested by Gordin, but, as originally introduced into 
 the U.S. P., it was modified in two essential particulars, such 
 modifications having been vigorously protested against by the author 
 of the process, who considered the modifications quite unwarranted. 
 The method originally suggested by Grordin {Proc. Amer. PJiartn. 
 Assoc. '02, 341) states, first, that the mixed alkaloids might be 
 dissolved in 15 c.c. of a 3 p.c. Sulphuric Acid Solutit>n by the aid of 
 the water-bath heat, and after the solution is cooled to the ordinary 
 temperature 3 c.c. of a specially prepared and cooled mixture of equal 
 parts of strong Nitric Acid (specific gravity 1* 420) and Water are to be 
 added. Secondly, the mixed Cliloroform solutions containing the residual 
 Strychnine are directed to be mixed with 2 or 3 c.c. of pure Amyl 
 Alcohol [boiling point 128° to 132° C. (262- 4° to 269- 6° F.)], previous 
 to evaporation to dryness. Nitric Acid of a specific gravity of 1*40 
 does not affect the oxidation of Brucine to the extent that an 
 acid of a specific gravity of 1*42 does, and requires the addition 
 of a small quantity of Sodium Nitrite to start the reaction. The 
 insufficiency of the original U.S. P. official Nitric Acid (specific 
 gravity 1*40) had been also pointed out {Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 
 '07, 513, 781) ; however carefully the evaporation of the Chloroform 
 solution is conducted, without the addition of the Amyl Alcohol tliere 
 is a considerable liability to a loss due to decrepitation, but with the 
 addition of 2 or 3 c.c. of pure Amyl Alcohol no decrepitation takes 
 place. It will be noted that the U.S. P. omits the use of Amyl 
 Alcohol. Farr and Wright {Y.B.P. '06, 226) have experimented with 
 the U.S. P. Nitric Acid process for the determination of Strychnine ; 
 they appear to be of the opinion that, notwithstanding the condemna- 
 tion of the process as contained therein, that process, with slight 
 modifications in the working details, gives perfectly satisfactory 
 results, and that subsequent work has thoroughly established its 
 reliability. The exact details of the process as they have applied it 
 are as follows : — The total alkaloids obtained in the Tisual way from 
 5 c.c. of the liquid extract or 25 cc. of the Tincture are dissolved by 
 the heat of a water-bath in 15 c.c. of 3 p.c. Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 the temperature of the solution adjusted to 50° C. (122° F.) ; 3 c.c. 
 of a mixture of equal volumes of Nitric Acid (specific gravity 1' 42) and 
 Distilled Water added and the mixture set aside for 10 minutes, it is 
 transferred to a separator, made alkaline, and shaken with Chloro- 
 form, the Chloroform solutions run into a tared dish containing 
 3 c.c. of Amyl Alcohol. It will be noticed that the above 
 modification by Farr and Wright of the U.S. P. process rectifies the 
 identical objections which were urged against the strictly U.S. P. 
 process, namely, the gravity of the Nitric Acid Solution used for 
 the oxidation of the Brucine and the addition of Am}^ Alcohol to 
 prevent loss by decrepitation of the Strychnine residue. The 
 original process of the U.S. P. recommended the use of Nitric Acid 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] NUX 929 
 
 of specific gravity 1 • 40, but the list of alterations and corrections 
 (1907) has altered the specific gravity of the acid to 1*42. 
 
 Another modification of the U.S. P. method of separating Brucine 
 and Strychnine is described {A.J. P. '07, 6). The alkaloidal residue 
 is dissolved in" 15 c.c. of 3 p.c. Sulphuric Acid ; to the solution are 
 added 3 c.c. of a mixture of equal volumes of Nitric Acid (sjiecific 
 gravity 1' 4) and Distilled Water. Then add 1 c.c. of a 5 p.c. Solution 
 of Sodium Nitrite in Distilled Water and, after rotating the liquid a 
 few times, set it aside for exactly 30 minutes, stirring it gently 3 
 times during the interval ; the solution is then made alkaline and 
 shaken out with Chloroform in the usual way. 
 
 The influence of Nitrous Acid in the oxidation of Brucine by Nitric 
 Acid has been closely studied by Reynolds and Sutcliffe {J. S.C.I. 
 '06, 512), and they conclude that Stoeder's and Gordin's addition 
 led to slightly more accurate results than Keller's original process ; 
 of the two, that of Gordin should have the preference, as it is more 
 expeditious. The short Nitric Acid process is generally capable of 
 accurate results if the following points are attended to : — (1) For the 
 amount of total alkaloids up to 0*4 gramme, the reacting solution 
 should contain at least 7 p.c. of Nitric Acid. (2) The reaction should 
 be stopped after 10 minutes, when the Brucine is entirely oxidised. 
 (3) The temperature should not exceed 25° C. (77° F.). (4) Excess 
 of Potassiimi or Sodium Hydroxide should be used to liberate the 
 Strychnine, and not Sodium Carbonate or Ammonia Solution. (5) 
 The Nitric Acid used should be added in the form of specific gravity 
 1*42 and not more diluted, otherwise it may be necessary to add a 
 trace of Nitrite to start the reaction. 
 
 The P.G. requires the Seeds to contain at least 2*5 p.c. of alkaloids, 
 calculated to the mean molecular equivalent of Strychnine and Brucine ; 
 of which a little more than half should consist of Strychnine ; as deter- 
 mined by the following process : — A weighed quantity of 15 grammes 
 of the Seeds in middling-fine powder is mixed in a test-glass with 50 
 grammes of Ether and 50 grammes of Chloroform, and also, after 
 vigorous shaking, with 5 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 and 5 grammes of Distilled Water, and the mixture is allowed to remain 
 at rest during three hours, with frequent intervals of vigorous shaking. 
 A weighed quantity of 50 grammes of Ether is then added, the 
 mixture vigorously shaken, and after complete clarification a weighed 
 quantity of 100 grammes of the Chloroform-Ether Solution (= 10 
 grammes of Nux Vomica Seeds) is filtered tlirough a dry well-covered 
 filter into a flask and about f distilled. The cooled residue is intro- 
 duced into a separator (1) the flask washed three times, using each 
 time 5 c.c. of a mixture of 2 parts of Chloroform and 5 parts of Ether, 
 then with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -f- 99), and these 
 fluids are also run into the separator (1) and then, on the addition of 
 sufficient Ether to cause the Cliloroform-Ether Solution to float on 
 the surface of the acid liquid, the mixture is vigorously shaken during 
 2 minutes. After complete separation the Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 is allowed to run into another separator (2) and the extraction 
 
930 NUX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 twice repeated in a similar manner, using each, time 5 c.c. of Diluted 
 Hydrocliloric Acid (1 + 99), whicli has been previously used for the 
 further washing out of the flask. The united Hydrochloric Acid 
 extractives are mixed with 5 c.c. of Chloroform, Sodium Carbonate 
 Solution added until an alkaline reaction results, and the mixture 
 then vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation 
 the chloroformic extractive is run ofi into another separator (3) 
 and the extraction of the alkaline aqueous liquid repeated three times 
 in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. To the 
 united chloroformic extracts 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution are added, and sufficient Ether to cause the 
 Chloroform-Ether mixture to float on the surface of the Hydrochloric 
 Acid and the whole vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete 
 clarification the acid liquid is filtered through a small filter paper 
 previously moistened Avith Distilled Water into a graduated flask 
 of 100 c.c. capacity, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is shaken three 
 times using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and continuing the 
 shaking during 2 minutes, these extractives are filtered through the 
 same filter, the filter washed with Distilled Water, and the united 
 liquids diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. A measured quantity 
 of 50 c.c. of this solution (= 5 grammes of Nux Vomica Seeds) is 
 introduced into a stoppered flask of white glass having a capacity 
 of about 200 c.c, and about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water added and 
 sufficient Ether to form a layer of the height of about 1 cm. After 
 the addition of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Hundredth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added until the lower aqueous 
 layer assumes a pale red coloration, the mixture being vigorously 
 shaken after each addition of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. At the most 15*6 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be necessary for this 
 purpose, so that at least 34* 4 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have been absorbed in neutralising 
 the contained alkaloids, which represents a minimum content of 2" 5 p.c. 
 of alkaloids in the seeds ; 1 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0*00364 gramme of Strychnine and 
 Brucine in equal proportions, lodeosin being employed as an indicator 
 of neutrality. The result may be calculated by dividing the number 
 of c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution by 10, subtracting the quotient from 5, multiplying 
 the difference first by 0- 0364 and then by 20, which yields the percentage 
 of alkaloids present in the Nux Vomica Seeds. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE SICCUM. Dry Extract op 
 
 Nux Vomica. B.P.Syn. — Extractum Nucis Vomica. (Modified.) 
 Prepared by evaporation of the Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica, 
 and readjusted by means of Calcium Phosphate to contain 5 p.c. 
 of Strychnine, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] NUX '.iSI 
 
 Calcium Phosphate is now used in place of Milk Sugar, but the powder 
 very readily absorbs moisture and becomes hard. To prevent this occurring 
 a mixture of Magnesia Levis 1 part, Calcium Phosphate 3 parts, is better 
 than the Calciuna Phosphate alone. 
 
 The standard of 5 p.c. of Strychnine is the same as in B.P. 1898 and agrees 
 with that of U.S. P. Fr. Codex and P.O. adopt that of the Brussels Agreement, 
 namely, 16 p.c. of total alkaloids. 
 
 The U.S. P. extract is prepared direct from the powdered Seeds, the 
 menstruiun being a mixture of Acetic Acid and Water ; it is required to 
 contain 5 p.c. of Strychnine. The P.G. (Extractum Strychni) is also 
 prepared from the powdered Seeds, using the menstrumn Alcohol (68 to 
 69 p.c), and is required to contain not less than 16 p.c. w/w of mixed 
 alkaloids. The Extract Official in the Fr. Codex (1908) is prepared irom 
 the Nux Vomica Seeds in No. 22 powder, the menstruum being Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), it is also required to contain, in conformity with the recommendation 
 of the Brussels Conference, 16 p.c. of total alkaloids. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = 0*016 to 0*065 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0*04 gramme ; daily, 0*10 gramme. 
 Ph. Qer. maximum dose, single, 0-05 gramme ; daily, 0-10 gramme. 
 Often prescribed with Aloes and Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hmig., Ital., Jap., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss, use 68 to 70 p.c. 
 Alcohol ; Mex., 80 p.c. ; Norw., 65 p.c. ; Port., 90 p.c. ; U.S. extract with 
 Acetic Acid and Water, and subsequently add Alcohol (95 p.c). All from 
 the Seeds. Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Russ., Span, and 
 Swiss adopt the International Standard, 16 p.c. of alkaloids ; Dan., Norw. 
 and Swed., 15 to 17 p.c. ; Mex., 15 p.c. ; U.S., 5 p.c. of Strychnine. Jap., 
 17-5 p.c 
 
 Tests. — Dry Extract of Nux Vomica B.P., is officially required 
 to contain 5 p.c. of Strychnine, as determined by the following process : — 
 The fluid obtained by the exhaustion of a weighed quantity of 3 grammes 
 of the Dry Extract with Alcohol (70 p.c.) is evaporated to the consistency 
 of a syrupy extract on a water-bath. The residue is dissolved in 10 ml. 
 of warm Distilled Water and the fluid transferred to a separator, 
 a further quantity of 10 ml. of Distilled Water being employed to 
 rinse out the porcelain dish in which the evaporation has been conducted. 
 The liquid in the separator is made alkaline by the addition of a solution 
 of 5 grammes of Sodium Carbonate in 25 ml. of Distilled Water, and 
 the liberated alkaloids extracted by vigorously shaking with three 
 separate quantities each of 10 ml. of Chloroform. The chloroformic 
 liquid is in each instance separated, transferred to another separator, 
 and the alkaloids extracted from the mixed chloroformic liquids by 
 three successive extractions each consisting of 10 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The acid liquid is in each 
 instance separated, mixed, and the mixed acid fluids rendered alkaline 
 with Ammonia Solution, and the alkaloids extracted by shaking 
 three times in succession, using each time 10, 5 and 5 ml. of Chloro- 
 form. The chloroformic solution is in each instance separated, 
 transferred to a flask or beaker, the Cliloroform removed by distillation 
 or evaporation, the residue dissolved in 15 ml. of Distilled Water 
 containing 3 p.c. by weight of Sulphuric Acid. The temperature of 
 this liquid is then raised to 50° C. (122° F.) and the Brucine is oxidised 
 by the addition of 3 ml. of a mixture of equal volumes of Nitric Acid 
 
 2 H 2 
 
982 NUX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 and Distilled Water, the mixture being allowed to react during 10 
 minutes. The liquid is then transferred to a separator, the flask 
 washed with Distilled Water, sufficient Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 added to render the mixture alkaline, and the alkaloid extracted by 
 shaking three times in succession with 10, 5, and 5 ml. of Chloroform. 
 The chloroformic liquid is in each instance separated, the chloroformic 
 solutions mixed, and washed with 5 ml. of 'Distilled Water, the chloro- 
 formic solution is then transferred to a tared flask or beaker, the 
 Chloroform evaporated, after the addition of [) ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 added towards the end of the evaporation, the evaporation com- 
 pleted, the residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.), and the residue 
 weighed when constant. It should weigh not less than 0* 15 gramme. 
 The weight of the residue multiplied by 100 and the product divided 
 by 3 yields the percentage of Strychnine present in the Dry Extract. 
 100 grammes of Dry Extract of Nux Vomica B.P. should yield 
 5 grammes of Strychnine. The B.P. fixes a limit of error of 
 plus or minus 0*2 gramme. The same remarks apply to the 
 temperature (50° C. (122° F.) ) at which the oxidation of the Brucine 
 is conducted as appear under Nux Vomica. The gravimetric 
 determination should be controlled volumetrically by dissolving the 
 alkaloidal residue in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, and titrating the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution with Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, emjjloying lodeosin Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality. 
 
 As stated under Nux Vomica, the addition of either Amyl Alcohol 
 or Alcohol (90 p.c.) is necessary towards the close of the evaporation 
 of the chloroformic liquid to avoid decrepitation of the residual 
 Strychnine. 
 
 The U.S. P. Extract is required to contain 5 p.c. of Strychnine as 
 determined by the following process : — A weighed quantity of 2 grammes 
 of the extract is dissolved, in a beaker, in 25 c.c. of a mixture of 16 c.c. 
 of Ether, 5 c.c. of Chloroform, and 4 c.c. of Ammonia Solution ; 
 transferring it when dissolved to a separator and washing the beaker 
 with a little Chloroform, transferring the washings also to the separator. 
 The alkaloids are extracted by agitating the mixture for a few minutes, 
 the aqueous layer is transferred to a second separator, the Ether 
 Chloroform Solution and the first separator being washed with a 
 little Distilled Water and the washings separated and added to the 
 second separator. The alkaloids remaining in the aqueous liquid 
 are extracted by agitation with 2 successive portions each of 15 and 
 10 c.c. of Chloroform, the Chloroform Solution is separated and added 
 to the Ether-Chloroform Solution contained in the first separator. 
 The complete extraction of the alkaloids from the aqueous liquid is 
 ensured by removing a few drops, rendering them acid and testing 
 with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, and if a reaction 
 is obtained repeating the shaking with a fresh quantity of 10 c.c. 
 of Chloroform. The alkaloids are extracted from the mixed Ether- 
 Chloroform Solutions contained in the first separator by agitation 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] NtTX 933 
 
 with o successive quautities each of 15, 10, autl 10 c.c. of 3 p.c. Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, the acid layer being in each case separated, transferred 
 to another separator and mixed ; sufficient Ammonia Solution to 
 render the mixture alkaline is added and the liberated alkaloids are 
 extracted by agitation with 3 successive quantities of 15 c.c, 10 c.c, 
 and 10 c.c. of Chloroform ; the Chloroform Solution is separated in 
 each case, transferred to a beaker, and evaporated on a water-bath. 
 The alkaloidal residue is dissolved in 15 c.c. of a 3 p.c. Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution whilst still on the water-bath, removed and allowed to cool. 
 A measured quantity of 3 c.c of a cooled mixture of equal volumes 
 of Nitric Acid (specific gravity 1-42) and Distilled Water is added, 
 the liquid rotated a few times, set aside for exactly 10 minutes, during 
 which it is gently stirred 3 times. The red liquid is transferred to a 
 separator containing 25 c.c. of a 10 p.c. w/v Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 the beaker washed with 3 successive very small amounts of Distilled 
 Water and the washings transferred to the separator, a further quantity 
 of 2 c.c. of the Sodium Hydroxide Solution being added, should the 
 liquid be not quite turbid. The liberated alkaloids are extracted 
 by agitation with 20 c.c of Chloroform, adopting a rotatory motion, 
 the complete extraction of the alkaloids being ensured by shaking 
 with 2 further successive quautities each of 10 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 the same rotatory method being adopted in the shaking ; the Chloro- 
 form Solution is separated in each case, filtered through a small 
 filter previously wetted with Chloroform into a tared flask ; the 
 filter and funnel are washed with 5 c.c. of Cliloroform. The mixed 
 chloroformic liquids are evaporated very carefully to dryness on a 
 water-bath, the alkaloidal residue is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, about 90 c.c of Distilled 
 Water and 20 c.c. of Ether and 5 drops of lodeosin Solution are added 
 and the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 is titrated with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution ; the number of c.c. used is divided by 5, the quotient is 
 subtracted from 10, the difference is multiplied first by 0*0332 and 
 then by 50, which gives the percentage of Strychnine present in the 
 extract. 
 
 The P.G. Extract is required to contain 16 p.c. of alkaloids, calculated 
 with the mean molecular equivalent of Strychnine and Brucine, 
 as determined by the following process : — A weighed quantity of 1*2 
 grammes of the extract is dissolved in a test-glass in 5 c.c of Distilled 
 Water, 5 c.c of Absolute Alcohol, and 1 c.c of Diluted Sulphuric Acid 
 (1 -f 4) employing a gentle heat, adding to tliis solution after cooling, 
 20 grammes of Chloroform, and also, after vigorous shaking, 2 c.c 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and 5 c.c of Sodium Carbonate Solution, 
 the mixture being then allowed to stand during 1 hour with frequent 
 intervals of vigorous shaking. A weighed quantity of 50 grammes 
 of Ether is added, the mixture vigorously shaken and after complete 
 separation, a weighed quantity of 50 grammes of the Chloroform- 
 Ether mixture (=0-8 gramme of Nux Vomica Extract) is filtered 
 through a dry well-covered filter into a flask, and about | of the liquid 
 
934 IsiJJX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 distilled. Tlie cooled residue is introduced into a separator (1) tiie 
 flask is waslied three times, using each time 5 c.c. of a mixture of 2 
 parts of Chloroform and 5 parts of Ether, then once with 10 c.c. of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 -\- 99) and these liquids are also poured 
 into the separator, which, after the addition of sufficient Ether to 
 cause the Chloroform-Ether mixture to float on the acid liquid, is 
 vigorously shaken during two minutes. After complete separation 
 the Hydrochloric Acid Solution is allowed to run into another separator 
 (2) and the extraction twice repeated in a similar manner using each 
 lime 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), which have been 
 previously used for the further washing out of the flask. 
 
 The united Hydrochloric Acid Extracts are mixed with 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, sufficient Sodium Carbonate Solution added to produce 
 un alkaline reaction, and the mixture is then shaken vigorously during 
 two minutes. After complete separation the chloroformic extractive 
 is introduced into another separator (3) and the extraction of the 
 aqueous alkaline liquid repeated three times in a similar manner, using 
 each time 5 c.c. of Chloroform. The united chloroformic extracts are 
 mixed with DO c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, and sufficient Ether added to cause the Chloroform- 
 Ether mixture to float upon the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid 
 mixture, and the whole is then shaken vigorously during 2 minutes. 
 After complete clarification the acid liquid is filtered through a small 
 filter paper previously moistened with Distilled Water into a stoppered 
 flask of about 200 c.c. capacity, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is 
 shaken 3 times, using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 
 continuing the shaking during 2 minutes, and these extractives are 
 filtered through the same filter, the filter is washed with Distilled 
 Water and the united fluids are diluted with Distilled Water to 
 about 100 c.c. 
 
 After the addition of efficient Ether to form a layer of the height 
 of about 1 cm., and of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Hundredth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added, shaking 
 tlie mixture vigorously after each addition, until the lower aqueous 
 layer has assumed a pale red colour. For this purpose 14- 8 c.c. 
 of Hundredth - Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 should be necessary, so that 35" 2 c.c. of Hundredth - Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid will have been neutralised by the 
 contained alkaloids, which represents an alkaloidal content of 
 16 p.c. ; 1 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution = 0*00364 gramme of Strychnine and Brucine in equal 
 proportions, lodeosin being employed as an indicator. The following 
 method may also be used for the calculation of the percentage of 
 alkaloids contained in the extract : — The number of c.c. of Hun- 
 dredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required 
 to neutralise the excess of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution is deducted from 50, the difference multiplied 
 first by 0-00364 and the product by 100 and divided by 0' 8 gives the 
 percentage of alkaloids present in the extract. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] NUX 935 
 
 EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract 
 OF Nux Vomica. 
 
 A fluid prepared by repercolation with Alcohol (70 p.c.) and also 
 treated with Hard Paraffin to remove the fat. It is standardised 
 to contain 1" 5 grammes of Strychnine in 100 ml. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 3 minims = 0-06 to 0* 18 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and U.S. The U.S. P. 
 extracts with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 3, Water 1, to which Acetic Acid 
 has been added ; it is standardised so that each 100 c.c. of finished Fluid 
 Extract shall contain 1 gramme of Strychnine. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to prepare the Extract by means of Alcohol 
 (70 p.c.) and to an alkaloidal strength of 16 p.c. 
 
 Tests. — Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica has a specific gravity of 0* 945 
 to 0- 965 ; it contains from 12 to 19 p.c. of total solids and about 60 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The proportion of total solids may amount 
 to as much as 20 p.c, but will largely depend upon the Strychnine 
 content of the Seeds used in preparing the liquid extract. Pointed 
 out [Y.B.P. '06, 236) that it is evident, in fixing the official standard 
 at 1-5 p.c, somebody has blundered, for it is palpably impossible to 
 produce from a drug which rarely contains as much as 1*5 p.c of 
 Strychnine, a 1 in 1 preparation standardised to contain that amount. 
 
 The B.P. method of determination is essentially as follows : — A 
 measured quantity of 10 ml. of the liquid extract is evaporated to the 
 consistency of a thick syrup by heating on a water-bath, and the result- 
 ing extract is dissolved in 10 ml. of Distilled Water, transferring the 
 mixture to a separator, rinsing the evaporating basin with an additional 
 10 ml. of Distilled Water and adding the washings to the separator. The 
 fluid in the separator is now made alkaline by the addition of a solution 
 of 5 grammes of Sodium Carbonate in 25 ml. of Distilled Water. The 
 liberated alkaloids are extracted by agitation with 3 successive 
 quantities each of 10 ml. of Chloroform, the Chloroform Solution being 
 in each instance separated and transferred to a second separator. The 
 alkaloids are in turn extracted from the mixed chloroformic liquids 
 by agitation with 3 successive quantities each of 10 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The acid solution is in each 
 instance separated, mixed, transferred to another separator, made 
 alkaline with Ammonia Solution and the liberated alkaloids extracted 
 by shaking 3 times in succession, using each time 10, 5, and 5 ml. 
 of Chloroform. The chloroformic liquid is in each instance separated, 
 transferred to a small flask, mixed, and evaporated to dryness, the 
 residue is dissolved in 15 ml. of Distilled Water containing 3 p.c. by 
 weight of Sulphuric Acid, the solution raised to a temperature of 50° C. 
 (122° F.), and the Brucine oxidised by the addition of 3 ml. of a mixttire 
 of equal volumes of Nitric Acid and Distilled Water, the reaction being 
 allowed to proceed during 10 minutes. At the end of the reaction 
 the red liquid is transferred to a separator, the flask washed with a 
 little Distilled Water, the mixed liquids made alkaline with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and the liberated alkaloids extracted by shaking 
 3 times in succession using each tim.e 10, 5, and 5 ml, of Chloroform. 
 
936 WUX [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The chloroformic liquid is in each instance separated, transferred to 
 a separator, mixed and the united chloroformic liquids shaken with 
 5 ml. of Distilled Water, the chloroformic liquid is again separated, 
 introduced into a tared flask or beaker, the Chloroform evaporated, 
 adding towards the end of the evaporation 5 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 or an equal quantity of Amyl Alcohol. The residue is dried at 
 100° C. (212° F.), till constant in weight, and weighed. The per- 
 centage w/v of Strychnine in the liquid extract may be obtained by 
 multiplying the weight of the residue by 10. The remarks appearing 
 imder the heading of Nux Vomica on the inadvisability of employing 
 a temperature of 50° C. (122° F.) for the oxidation of the mixture of 
 Strychnine and Brucine alkaloids, apply equally here. It may also 
 be noted that the addition of Alcohol (90 p.c.) towards the end of 
 the evaporation of the final chloroformic solution of the alkaloid is 
 officially adopted. 
 
 It would have been advisable to check the gravimetric determination 
 volumetrically, for this purpose the residue of Strychnine may be 
 dissolved in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, and the excess titrated with Twentieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using lodeosin Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality. The number of c.c. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution required should be divided by 2, the 
 quotient subtracted from the number of cubic centimetres of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution employed to dissolve the 
 alkaloidal residue, and the difference multiplied first by 0*03342 then 
 by 100 and the product divided by the weight of the alkaloidal residue 
 taken, yields the percentage of pure alkaloid present in the residue. 
 100 ml. of Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica, B.P. should yield 
 1'5 grammes of Strychnine. The B.P. allows a limit of error for 
 the assay of Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica of plus or minus 
 0*05 gramme. 
 
 An easy, expeditious and accurate method of separating Brucine 
 from Strychnine by oxidising it with Nitric Acid in the presence of 
 Sulphuric Acid, was worked out by Gordin and is given in extenso in 
 the Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association 1902, vol. 1., 
 p. 336. The residue of total alkaloids obtained in the assay of Nux 
 Vomica or its preparations is dissolved in 15 c.c. of 3 p.c. Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution by the aid of a water-bath heat, the solution is cooled 
 to ordinary temperature and 3 c.c. of a previously prepared and cooled 
 mixture of equal parts of strong Nitric Acid (specific gravity 1* 42) and 
 Distilled Water added to the alkaloidal solution ; the liquid is set aside 
 for exactly 10 minutes, shaking it gentl}^ 3 or 4 times during this time. 
 The red liquid is transferred to a separator containing 20 to 25 c.c. of 
 a 10 p.c. w/v Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and the vessel in which the 
 digestion of the alkaloids has taken place is washed 3 or 4 times with 
 very small amounts of Distilled Water, the washings being added to 
 the contents of the separator. In the event of the liquid not being 
 turbid a further addition of 1 or 2 c.c. of the Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution should be made ; the liberated alkaloids are shaken out with 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure. NUX 937 
 
 3 successive quantities of 20 c.c, 10 c.c. and 10 c.c. of Clilorofoiiu. 
 The cliloroformic liquids are separated, filtered through, a small filter 
 paper previously moistened with Chloroform into a tared flask, the 
 filter washed with Chloroform. To the mixed Chloroform solutions are 
 added 2 or 3 c.c. of pure Amyl Alcohol distilling between 128° and 
 132° C. (262-4° to 269- 6° F.), the mixed solutions are evaporated to 
 dryness, the residue dried for about 2 hours at a temperature of 135° 
 to 140° C. (275° to 284° F.), and when cold weighed. 
 
 The U.S. P. Fluid Extract is required to contain 1 p.c. w/v of Strych- 
 nine as determined by a process of which the following are the essential 
 details : — ^A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Fluid Extract is 
 transferred to a porcelain evaporating basin and evaporated on a 
 water-bath to dryness, the residue whilst warm being dissolved in a 
 mixture of 16 c.c. of Ether, 5 c.c. of Chloroform, and 4 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution, the solution being transferred to a separator, the dish rinsed 
 with a little Chloroform and the washings added to the separator, 
 which is carefully shaken for a few minutes. After the liquids have 
 separated the aqueous layer is removed to another separator, the Ether- 
 Chloroformic liquid is washed with a little Distilled Water and the 
 washings added to the second separator, and the aqueous liquid in the 
 second separator is shaken with 2 successive quantities each of 15 and 
 10 c.c. of Chloroform, which are added to the Chloroform Solution in the 
 first separator. Complete extraction of the alkaloids is ensured by 
 acidifying a few drops of the aqueous liquid remaining after Chloro- 
 form extraction and testing with Potassio-Mercm'ic Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution ; if a reaction is obtained, a further shaking with 10 c.c. of 
 Chloroform is carried out. The alkaloids are extracted from the mixed 
 Ether-Chloroformic and Cliloroformic liquids in the first separator by 
 shaking with 3 successive quantities each of 15, 10 and 10 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The acid solution is 
 separated in each case, transferred to a separator, and the mixed 
 acid solutions rendered alkaline with sufiicient Ammonia Solution, 
 and the liberated alkaloids shaken out with 3 successive quantities 
 respectively of 25, 10 and 10 c.c. of Chloroform. The Chloroformic 
 Solution is separated in each case, transferred to a beaker, and the 
 mixed chloroformic liquids evaporated to dryness on a water-bath. 
 The alkaloidal residue is dissolved in 15 c.c. of 3 p.c. Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution by the heat of the water-bath, allowed to cool, mixed with 
 3 c.c. of a cooled mixture of equal volumes of Nitric Acid (specific gravity 
 1" 42) and Distilled Water, and after rotating the liquid a few times, set 
 aside for exactly 10 minutes, during which interval it is gently stirred 
 on 3 successive occasions. The red liquid is transferred to a separator 
 containing 25 c.c. of 10 p.c. w/v Sodium Hydroxide Solution, the beaker 
 washed with 3 successive very small quantities of Distilled Water, and 
 the washings transferred to the separator ; a further quantity of 2 c.c. 
 of the Sodium Hydroxide Solution is added in the event of the liquid not 
 becoming turbid. The liberated alkaloids are extracted by shaking 
 well (adopting a rotatory motion) with 3 successive quantities of 20, 
 10 and 10 c.c. of Chloroform, the Chloroform Solution in each case being 
 
938 HSUX t^olids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 separated, filtered through a small filter previously moistened With 
 Chloroform, the filter and funnel washed with 5 c.c. of Chloroform ; 
 the mixed Chloroformic solutions and washings carefully evaporated 
 by means of the water-bath to avoid decrepitation, and the alkaloidal 
 residue is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, about 80 c.c. of Water, and 20 c.c. of Ether. As soon 
 as the alkaloidal residue is dissolved, the excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is titrated with Fiftieth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using 5 drops of lodeosin 
 Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The number of c.c. of 
 Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required 
 is divided by 5, the quotient subtracted from 10, the difference 
 multiplied first by 0- 0332 and then by 10 gives the percentage of 
 Strychnine present in the Fluid Extract. 
 
 TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICA, Tincture op Nux Vomica. 
 N.O.Si/n. — TiNCTURA Strychni. (Altered.) 
 
 Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica, 1 ; Distilled Water, 3 ; Alcoliol 
 (90p.c.), q.s. to yield 12. 
 
 11 minims = -^^ grain of Strychnine. 
 
 It is about half the strength of the B.P. 1898 Tincture. 
 
 The B.P. Tincture of Nux Vomica is required to contain not less than 
 0-125 p.c. w/v of Strychnine. The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain 
 0"1 p.c. w/v of Strychnine. The P.O. Tincture is required to contain 
 0-25 p.c. w/w of alkaloids, calculated with the mean molecular weight of 
 Strychnine and Brucine. 
 
 The B.P. Tincture is prepared from the standardised Liquid Extract. The 
 U.S. P. Tinctiu-e is prepared from the standardised Extract. The P.O. 
 Tincture is prepared from the powdered Seeds. The Tincture Official in 
 the Fr. Codex (1908) is prepared in accordance with the recommendations of 
 the Brussels Confereyice, namely, from the extract, using Alcohol (70 p.c), 
 and is required to contain 0-25 p.c. w/w of total alkaloids. 
 
 Dose. — to 15 minims = 0- 3 to 0* 9 ml. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 1 gramme ; daily, 5 grammes. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1-0 gramme ; daily, 2-0 gi'ammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; Mex. and 
 Port., 1 in 5 ; all prepared from the seeds. U.S., 1 Extract in 50. All by 
 weight, except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Nux Vomica, B.P., should have a specific gravity 
 of 0" 890 to 0" 915. It contains about 1* o p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 68 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It is ofiicially required to 
 yield 0- 125 p.c. w/v of Stryclmine, as determined by evaporating 100ml. 
 of the Tincture in a porcelain evaporating basin on a water-bath to 
 the consistency of a syrupy extract, dissolving this extract in 10 ml. of 
 warm Distilled Water, introducing the solution into a separator, rinsing 
 the dish with an additional quantity of 10 ml. of Distilled Water, and 
 determining the alkaloids in the mixed solution and washings by the 
 process indicated under Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica. 100 ml. 
 of the Tincture .should yield 0*125 gramme of Strychnine. The B.P. 
 fixes a limit of error of plus or minus 0* 005 gramme. The comments 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] WUX 939 
 
 on the process appearing under Liquid Extract of Nux Vomica are also 
 applicable to the process for the Tincture. 
 
 The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain 0- 1 p.c. w/v of Strychnine, 
 as determined by evaporating a measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the 
 Tincture to dryness in a porcelain evaporating basin on a water-bath, 
 and determining the amount of Strychnine present by the U.S. P. process 
 given under Extract of Nux Vomica. The final multiplication by 50 
 must in tliis' instance be omitted, as the result will represent the per- 
 centage w/v of Strychnine present in the Tincture. The remarks 
 regarding the Nitric Acid process for the separation of Brucine and 
 Strychnine apply here. 
 
 The P.G. Tincture is required to contain 0*25 p.c. w/w of alkaloids, 
 calculated with the mean molecular equivalent of Strychnine and 
 Brucine, as determined by a process of which the following are the 
 essential details : — A weighed quantity of 50 grammes of the Tincture 
 is evaporated in a weighed porcelain evaporating basin, after the 
 addition of 1 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid (1 -j- 4), to a weight of 10 
 grammes, the residue is washed into a test-glass with 5 grammes of 
 Absolute Alcohol, 20 grammes of Chloroform added, and after 
 vigorous shaking 2 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution and 5 c.c. of 
 Sodium Carbonate Solution, which have previously been used for the 
 further washing out of the porcelain dish, and the whole is then allowed 
 to stand during 1 hour with frequent intervals of vigorous shaking. 
 Then a weighed quantity of 50 grammes of Ether is added, the mixture 
 vigorously shaken, and after complete separation a weighed quantity 
 of 50 grammes of the Chloroform-Ether mixture (= 33* 33 grammes 
 of the Tincture of Nux Vomica) is filtered through a dry well-covered 
 filter into a flask and about f distilled. The cooled residue is introduced 
 into a separator (1), the flask is washed tlu'ee times using each time 
 5 c.c. of a mixture of 2 parts of Chloroform and 5 parts of Ether, then 
 once with 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 99), and these 
 fluids are also introduced into the separator and the whole shaken 
 vigorously after the addition of sufficient Ether to cause the Cliloroform- 
 Ether mixture to float on the acid liquid, the shaking being continued 
 during 2 minutes. After complete separation the Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution is allowed to run into another separator (2) and the extraction 
 twice repeated in a similar manner, using each time 5 c.c. of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution (1 -f 99), which have previously been 
 used for the further washing out of the flask. 
 
 The mixed Hydrocliloric Acid extractives are mixed with 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, sufficient Sodium Carbonate Solution added to produce an 
 alkaline reaction, and the mixture is then vigorously shaken during 
 2 minutes. After complete separation the chloroformic extractive is 
 allowed to run into another separator (3) and the extraction is 
 repeated three times in a similar manner using each time 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform. To the united Chloroformic liquids, a measured quantity 
 of 40 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 is added and sufficient Ether to cause the Chloroform-Ether mixture 
 to float on the surface of the Hydrochloric Acid liquid, and the whole 
 
940 NUX [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 vigorously shaken during 2 minutes. After complete separation the 
 acid liquid is filtered tlu'ough a small filter paper moistened with 
 Distilled Water into a stoppered flask of white glass of about 200 c.c. 
 capacity, the Chloroform-Ether mixture is shaken 3 times in a similar 
 manner, using each time 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and continuing the 
 shaking during 2 minutes, and these extractives are filtered through 
 the same filter, the filter is washed with Distilled Water and the united 
 fluids diluted with Distilled Water to about 100 c.c. 
 
 After the addition of sufficient Ether to form a layer of the height 
 of about 1 cm., and of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Hundredth -Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added until the lower 
 aqueous layer has assumed a pale red colour, the mixture being vigor- 
 ously shaken after each addition of the Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution. For this purpose at least 17" 1 c.c. of 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution must be 
 necessary, showing that 22" 9 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution have been neutralised by the contained 
 alkaloids, wliicli represents an alkaloidal content of 0" 25 p.c. ; 1 c.c. 
 of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 
 0' 00364 gramme of Strychnine and Brucine in equivalent proportions, 
 lodeosin Solution being employed as an indicator. If the number of 
 c.c. of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 required to neutralise the excess of Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution employed for the extraction of the alkaloids, 
 be deducted from 40, the product multiplied first by 0-00364 and then 
 by 100, and the result be divided by 33*33 the quotient gives the 
 percentage w/w of total alkaloids present in the Tincture. 
 
 STRYCHNINE. See strychnina. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 BRUCINE (C,3H25N„0,.4H,0, eq. 466-292).— Colourless, transparent, 
 monoolinic crystals, containing about 15 p.c. of Water. Its salts are bitter, 
 and most of them crystallisable. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with air, as the crystals quickly 
 effloresce when exposed to dry air. 
 
 Solubility. — But slightly soluble in Water ; 1 in 20 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 1 in 2 of Chloroform, with separation of the combined Water. 
 
 Brucine resembles Strychnine in its physiological action, but is weaker. 
 
 Dose. — jij to i grain = 0-006 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Analgesic in 5 p.c. Solution of the Sulphate or Nitrate applied locally. 
 
 Tests. — Brucine rapidly loses its Water of crystallisation when exposed 
 to dry air or over Sulphuric Acid ; at 100° C. (212° F.) it becomes anhydrous, 
 the anhydrous product melting at 178° C. (352-4° F.). It dissolves slightly 
 in Distilled Water, the aqueous solution being laevogyrate ; the alkaloid 
 dissolves in concentrated Sulphirric Acid without colour. Concentrated 
 Nitric Acid, or Sulphiu-ic Acid containing Nitric Acid, produces a blood-red 
 coloration, passing to orange and finally to yellow. The salts produced 
 when Brucine is neutralised with acid are neutral in reaction towards the 
 customary indicators of neutrality, and the alkaloid may therefore be deter- 
 mined by dissolving in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] OLE 941 
 
 Acid Solution, and titrating this excess with Twentieth -Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, the nvunber of c.c. required should be divided 
 by 2, subtracted from the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volvunetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution employed to dissolve the alkaloid, and the product multiplied 
 by 0' 04663 and then by 100 and divided by the weight of alkaloid taken, 
 yields the percentage of alkaloid present in the sample. 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is equivalent to • 039423 gramme 
 of anhydrous Brucine or 0-04663 gramme of hydrated Brucine. Brucine 
 should be free from Strychnine, its presence may be detected by oxidising 
 the Brucine with Nitric Acid, as described under Nux Vomica, shaking out 
 the Strychnine by an immiscible solvent and applying the Sulphuric Acid and 
 Potassium Bichromate test to the residue, when no violet or pui'ple-violet 
 coloration should be produced. 
 
 OLEA. 
 
 In the Britisli Pharmacopoeia the term Oleum is applied to au Oil 
 (whether expressed or distilled), as it is also in Austr., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Russ., and U.S. The other names for fixed and volatile 
 Oils respectively are : Belg., Oleum and Essentia ; Dan., Norw., and 
 Swed., Oleum, and wffiltheroleum ; Fr., Huile and Essence; ItaL, 
 Olio and Essenza ; Mex., Aceite and Aceite Volatil; Port., 
 Oleo and Essencia ; Span., Aceite and Esencia. 
 
 ElaBOsaeeharum. — A title used in the Foreign Pharmacopojias to denote 
 a trituration of an Essential Oil with Sugar. Austr., Dutch, Hung., Russ., and 
 Swiss use 1 drop of the Oil to 2 grammes of Sugar ; Belg., Dan., and Norw., 
 Oil 1, Sugar 49 ; Ger., Jap., and Swed., Oil 1 gramme, Sugar 50 grammes ; 
 they are all practically the same strength. Ital. (Oleosaccari), Oil 1 gramme, 
 and Sugar 20 grammes ; Span., Oil 1, Sugar 25. 
 
 Not Official. 
 OLEATES. 
 
 Some of these preparations have come into general use. They were 
 originally made by dissolving the oxide of the metal, or an alkaloid, in an 
 excess of Oleic Acid ; but later Dr. Shoemaker proposed the method of pre- 
 cipitation by double decomposition between a salt of the base and Solution 
 of Castile Soap (Sodium Oleate with a little Palmitate) ; Solution of Potassium 
 Oleate may be used with advantage in place of the Solution of Castile Soap, 
 when the pure Oleate is required. The Oleate can also be purified from 
 Palmitate by solution in Petroleum Spirit. 
 
 The various Oleates will be found imder their respective bases. 
 
 The Official Mercuric Oleate is made by rubbing Mercuric Oxide with ^ its 
 weight of Liquid Paraffin and 3| times its weight of Oleic Acid and heating 
 the mixture to 50° C. See Hydrargyii Oleatum. The Official Zinc Oleo- 
 stearate is made by precipitating a solution of Hard Soap and Curd Soap with 
 a solvition of Zinc Sulphate. See Zinci Oleo-stearas. 
 
 OLIBANUM. 
 
 TRUE FRANKINCENSE. 
 
 The oleo-gum-resin of one or more species of Boswellia, indigenous in 
 Somaliland and Southern Arabia, 
 
942 OIjI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Descriptive ITotes.^Olibanuin occurs in commerce chiefly in the form 
 of oval or irregiolar opaque yellowish -white tears, or irregular lumps formed 
 of agglomerated tears, often with pieces of papery bark attached, or more 
 or less soileil, in the inferior qualities, with earthy matter. It is the chief 
 ingredient in the incense used in all countries. It is principally collected 
 from Boswellia Cai-terii, Birdw. and B. Bhau-Dajiana, Birdw., but probably 
 mixed with the product of other species, growing on the limestone cliffs of 
 So\ithern Arabia and Somaliland. The Boswellias are small trees with 
 usually pinnate serrated leaves and thin papery bark. A distinct variety 
 in flattened rugose pieces obtained in Somaliland from Boswellia Frereana, 
 Birdw., is sometimes imported into this country, and is highly fragrant. 
 This in foriner times was sold as Elerai, and appears to be the oleo-gmn-resin 
 to which that name was first applied. 
 
 In medicine Olibanum has been used as an ingredient in stimulating and 
 porous plaisters. 
 
 Olibanum yields 3*8 p.c. of a volatile oil, having an agreeable lemon-like 
 odour and 21 to 35 p.c. of Gum, which has all the properties of Gum Arabic. 
 The Resin is soluble in Alcohol. 
 
 OLIV^ OLEUM, 
 
 OLIVE OIL. 
 
 Fr., Huile d' Olive ; Ger., Olivenol : Ital., Olio di Olive ; 
 Span., Aceite de Olivas. 
 
 A clear, pale yellow, or greenisli-yellow, oily fluid, possessing a faint 
 characteristic odour and bland oleaginous taste, with a slightly acrid 
 after-taste. 
 
 It is the fixed oil expressed from the ripe Fruit of Olea Europcea, 
 L., and refined. 
 
 In India and in the Eastern and African Divisions both Arachis Oil and 
 Sesame Oil may be used for the Official preparations in place of Olive Oil. 
 Australia may use Arachis Oil, and North America Sesame Oil. 
 
 Chiefly obtained from the south of Europe. 
 
 Adulteration of Olive Oil is very general, large quantities of Cottonseed and 
 other Oils being used for admixture. 
 
 On exposure to the air it is apt to become rancid, acquiring a disagreeable 
 smell. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Ether ; partially in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nutritious and mildly laxative, demul- 
 cent in the form of emulsion ; externally as a lubricant in massage, 
 also as an emollient and protective for burns and certain cutaneous 
 diseases. 4 to 8 fl. oz. daily, and also larger quantities, have been 
 given in gall-stones. Used as a laxative enema, especially for intestinal 
 obstruction (5 oz. warm Oil, with or without 8 oz. warm Starch Mucilage). 
 Given by the mouth in corrosive poisoning. Extensively employed in 
 the preparation of liniments, ointments, and plasters. 
 
 For gall-stones it is best given not after every meal, or frequently, but rather 
 once a day, or even every other day ; some can take as much as 1 oz. neat at 
 a dose.— M.P. '12, i. 488. 
 
 Fat given as Olive Oil before food is a most efficient remedy for hyper- 
 chlorhydria.— S.M.J. '11, i. 625. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 1 fl. oz. = 14- 2 to 28- 4 ml, or more. 
 
tSolids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] OLI 943 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It 7naij be given as capsules, or in emulsion : 
 1 03. of Olive Oil xoith 180 grains of powdered Gum Acacia and Water to 2 oz. 
 Olive Oil mixes well with Malt Extract. Heated to 120° to 140° C. in a flask 
 (plugged with Cotton-Wool) for half an hour, it forms Oleum Asepticum or 
 Sterilised Olive Oil. Abnond Oil and Liquid Paraffin can be sterilised in 
 a similar manner. 
 
 Wot OfBcial. — Emulsio Oleosa, Hiiile d'Olive Purifiee et Steriliseo. 
 
 Foreign Phaft-macopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Ita]., Jap., Mex. (Aceite de Olivo), Norw., Port. (Azeite), Russ., 
 Span. (Aceite), Swed., Swis.s and U.S. Russ. has also Oleuna Olivarum 
 Commune. Fr. has also Huile d'Olive purifiee et steriUsee. 
 
 Tests. — Olive Oil has a specific gravity of 0*915 to 0-918. Nine 
 samples examined in the author's laboratory had specific gravities 
 of 0-916 to 0-917, averaging 0-916. The B.P. now gives the above 
 figures; the V.S.P, 0-910 to 0-915 at 25° C. (77° F.), and the 
 P.G. 0- 915 to 0- 918. It is officially stated to be liable to a.ssume 
 a pasty consistency when kept for some time at 10° C. (50° F.) 
 and to form a soft granular mass when submitted to a lower 
 temperature. The U.S. P. states that when cooled from 8° to 10° C. 
 (46-4° to 50° F.) it becomes somewhat cloudy from separation of 
 crystalline particles, and at 0° C. (32° F.) it forms a whitish granular 
 mass. The P.G. states that at about 10° C. (50° F.) the oil commences 
 to become turbid owing to the separation of crystalline particles, and 
 at 0° C. (32° F.) it forms a mass of ointment-Hke consistency. The 
 congealing point depends greatly upon the length of time to which the 
 Oil is exposed to cold, for instance, the Oil cooled by Ether to — 12- 8° C. 
 (9°F.) remained unchanged, but when kept at 0° C. (32° F.) for 4 
 hours it partially solidified. Some samples of Oil pressed in the 
 author's laboratory from Olives grown in the south of France showed 
 no sign of congelation during 6 hours at 0° C. (32° F.) or 3 hours at 
 
 - 9-4° C. (15° F.). On the other hand, in the following year an Oil 
 from the same district (guaranteed pure) set at once when cooled to 
 
 - 10- 6° C. (13° F.) and within 2 hom-s at 0° C. (32° F.). It has since 
 been discovered that the non-freezing Oil is only produced when the 
 fruits have been allowed to over-ripen. The Saponification and Iodine 
 Values afford a useful means of judging the purity of an Olive Oil, and 
 figures for these constants are now included in the B.P. The Saponifi- 
 cation Value should be about 190, the Iodine Value not less than 80. 
 The B.P. gives the Saponification Value as 188 to 197, and the Iodine 
 Value as 79 to 87. The U.S. P. gives the Saponification Value as 191 
 to 195, and the Iodine Value not less than 80 nor more than 88. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the Saponification 
 Value be changed to ' from 190 to 195 ' ; and the Iodine Value to ' from 
 79 to 90.' The P.G. makes no reference to the Saponification Value, 
 but gives the Iodine Value as 80 to 88. Nine samples of genuine Oil 
 examined in the author's laboratory gave from 189-0 to 193- 2 for the 
 Saponification Value, with an average of 190-8 and 82-7 to 86-03, 
 with an average of 84-0 for the Iodine Value. Five other samples of 
 genuine Oil examined for their Iodine Vahie alone showed from 81 • 28 
 to 82- 82, with an average of 82. 
 
944 OLI [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Olive Oil has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1- 4G98 to l' 4716 ; 
 the B.P. gives the Refractive Index at 40° C. (104° F.) as r4605 to 
 1' 4631) ; neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. refer to the Refractive Index 
 of the Oil. 
 
 Olive Oil frequently contains an excessive amount of free acid. Its 
 proportion can be ascertained by a determination of the Acid Value by 
 the process described in the chapter on Special Tests. The Acid 
 Value varies from 1* 5 to 6, and the latter figui'e should not be exceeded, 
 although occasionally samples are found wliich give a higher figure 
 than 6. The nine samples examined in the author's laboratory gave 
 from 1*5 to 5*8, with an average of 3"0. The B.P. now includes an 
 Acid Value of not exceeding 6'0. Adulteration of Olive Oil is very 
 general, the more generally occurring adulterants being Cotton-Seed 
 and other Seed Oils, Sesame Oil, Arachis Oil, Rape, Linseed or Fish 
 Oils, and mineral oil. The B.P. includes tests for Cotton-Seed, Sesame 
 and Arachis Oils. 
 
 The B.P. has now discarded the Becchi's Silver Nitrate Test for 
 Cotton-Seed Oil and employs Halphen's test requiring that a red 
 colour shall not be assumed witliin 30 minutes when a mixture of 2 ml. 
 of Olive Oil, 1 ml. of Amylic Alcohol and 1 ml. of a 1 in 100 solution 
 of precipitated Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide, is heated in a test-tube 
 inserted in a beaker of boiling Water, indicating the absence of Cotton- 
 Seed Oil. An almost identical test appears in the U.S. P. which requires 
 that if 2 c.c. of the Oil be mixed in a test-tube with 2 c.c. of equal 
 volumes of Amyl Alcohol and Carbon Bisulphide containing 1 p.c. of 
 Sulphur in solution, and the test-tube be immersed to |^ or | its depth 
 in boiling Salt Water, no reddish colour should develop in from 10 to 
 15 minutes. The P.G. differs in the quantities of reagents employed. 
 It requires that if a mixture of 5 c.c. of Olive Oil, 5 c.c. of Amyl 
 Alcohol and 5 c.c. of a 1 p.c. w/w solution of Sulphur in Carbon 
 Bisulphide be heated on a water-bath, under a reflux condenser, in 
 a small flask, during 15 minutes, neither at once, nor after a further 
 addition of 5 c.c. of the solution of Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide 
 and a further heating for a quarter of an hour, shall a red , coloration 
 of the mixture result, indicating the absence of Cotton-Seed Oil. 
 This useful test for the detection of Cotton-Seed Oil was given in the 
 Seventeenth Edition of Squire s Companion, and was suggested to the 
 author by Mr. E. J. Bevan. It is described under Adeps. It required 
 that no reddish colour should be developed on heating a few c.c. of 
 Olive Oil with 1 c.c. of a 1 p.c. solution of Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide 
 in a salt bath for about half an hour. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that the Becchi's Silver Nitrate Test be omitted 
 from the new Pharmacopoeia. The U.S. P. employs an additional test 
 for Cotton-Seed Oil and most other Seed Oils, requiring that if 2 c.c. 
 of Olive Oil be vigorously shaken with an equal volume of Nitric Acid 
 (specific gravity, 1'37), the Oil should retain a light yellow colour, not 
 becoming orange or reddish-brown, and after standing for 6 hours 
 should change into a yellowish-white solid mass, and an almost colour- 
 less liquid. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OLI 945 
 
 the latter portion of tlie test referring to the changes occurring after 
 standing for 6 hours sliould be omitted. Tliis test is known as the 
 Elaidin Test. Both the B.P. and the V.S.P. employ the Sugar and 
 Hydrochloric Acid Test for the detection of Sesame Oil, the B.P. 
 requiring that the acid layer should not become pink when a mixture 
 of 2 ml. of Olive Oil and 1 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid containing 1 p.c. 
 of Refined Sugar is shaken during half a minute and allowed to remain 
 at rest for 5 minutes, indicating the absence of Sesame Oil ; the 
 U.S. P. requires that the acid layer should not show a pink coloration, 
 when 2 c.c. of Olive Oil are mixed with 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 (specific gravity 1- 18) containing 1 p.c. of Sugar, and the mixture shaken 
 during half a minute and allowed to remain at rest during 5 minutes, 
 and then 3 c.c. of Distilled Water added and the mixture again shaken. 
 The P.G. requires that no distinct red coloration should be produced 
 within 3 minutes, when a uniform mixture of 5 c.c. of Olive Oil, 10 c.c. 
 of Petroleum Ether and 2* 5 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution, produced 
 by vigorously shaking the mixture in a test-tube, is allowed to stand in 
 Water at 40° C. (104° F.) until the Stannous Chloride Solution is 
 separated, and the test-tube is then heated in Water at 80° C. (176° F.) 
 in such a manner that only the layer of Stannous Chloride Solution is 
 warmed. 
 
 It is shown {P.J. '15, i. 128) that the new B.P. test for Sesame Oil 
 is not always to be depended upon and that some Spanish, Timisian, 
 Algerian, and some Italian Oils give a very slight coloration when 
 tested with Hydrochloric Acid and Sugar, when examined by the 
 method of the new B.P. If it is admitted that the test is reliable, 
 many of the oils would be condemned as admixed with Sesame Oil, 
 whereas they are perfectly genuine oils. If applied in its present form 
 the test would exclude genuine samples of Olive Oil. 
 
 The B.P. requires that no crystalline deposit should be formed when 
 the solution produced by saponifying 1 ml. of the Oil by boiling it during 
 20 minutes in a flask under a reflux condenser with 15 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, is allowed to stand 
 during 24 hours at a temperature of 15' 5°C. (60°F.), subsequently heating 
 it for 3 minutes on a water-bath and then allowing it to stand during 
 a further 24 hours, indicating the absence of Arachis Oil. This is a 
 modification of the test appearing in the Fr. Codex, wliich requires that 
 the liquid produced by saponifying 1 c.c. of the Oil by boiling it in a 
 small flask under a reflux condenser with 15 c.c. of a 5 p.c. w/w alcoholic 
 solution of Potassium Hydroxide during 20 minutes, should preserve 
 its fluidity during 12 hours, indicating the absence of Arachis Oil. 
 
 The following useful modification of the test for Aracliis Oil in Olive 
 Oil, wliich obviates the necessity for the long-standing in cold Water, 
 is suggested {Analyst '12, 487) : — 1 c.c. of the Oil is saponified with 
 5 c.c. of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution (prepared by dis- 
 solving 80 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 80 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and diluting with Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 1000 c.c), by 
 boiling in a flask under a reflux condenser during 4 minutes. 1*5 c.c. 
 of Dilute Acetic Acid (1 volume of Glacial Acetic Acid to 2 volumes of 
 
946 OLI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Distilled Water) are added and 130 c.c. of Alcohol (70 p.c), tlie liquid 
 is cooled to li3* 5° C. (60° F.), and allowed to remain at this temperature 
 during 5 minutes. No distinct turbidity or precipitate will be produced 
 in the case of pure oils, whereas a distinct turbidity is produced by 
 5 p.c. of Arachis Oil, and a precipitate by 10 p.c. of Arachis Oil.' A 
 method for the determination of Arachis Oil in Olive Oil is given, 
 Analyst, '12, 491, see Gravimetric Determination in small type below. 
 
 The Oil should contain not more than a mere trace of unsaponifiable 
 matter, as determined by the process described under the heading of 
 Special Tests, indicating the absence of mineral oil. The presence of 
 mineral oil is also indicated by a fall in the Saponification Value and 
 a decrease in the Iodine Value, as well as by the reduction of the 
 Refractive Index. Cotton-Seed, Poppy Seed, Rape, Linseed, or Fish 
 Oils, increase the Iodine Value and Rape and Linseed Oil lower 
 the Saponification Value. Cotton Seed, Poppy Seed and Sesame Oils 
 increase the specific gravity, whilst Rape Oil lowers the specific 
 gravity. The melting point of the fatty acids obtained from the oil 
 affords a very useful indication of the nature of the adulteration, the 
 melting point of the fatty acids from the Cotton-Seed Oil being much 
 higher than any of the other likely adulterants. 
 
 Gravimetric Determination. — A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the 
 Oil is saponified for about 5 minutes in a sapojiifi cation flask under a reflux 
 condenser with 25 c.c. of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution (prepared 
 by dissolving 80 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 80 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and diluting with sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 1000 c.c). A 
 measured quantity of 7- 5 c.c. of Acetic Acid (1 volume of Glacial Acetic Acid 
 to 2 volumes of Distilled Water) is added to the hot Soap Solution and 
 100 c.c. of Alcohol (70 p-c.) containing 1 p.c. w/v of Hydrochloric Acid, 
 and the mixture cooled to 12° to 14° C. (53-6° to 57- 2° F.) for one hour. 
 The mixture is filtered, washed with Alcohol (70 p.c.) containing 1 p.c. of 
 Hydrochloric Acid at 17° to 19° C. (62-6° to 66- 2° F.), the precipitate being 
 ))roken up occasionally by means of a Platiniun wire bent into a loop. The 
 washing is continued until the filtrate gives no turbidity with Distilled Water, 
 the washings being measured. The precipitate is dissolved according to 
 its bulk, in 2.5 to 70 c.c. of hot Alcohol (90 p.c), and cooled to a fixed tempera- 
 ture between 15° and 20° C. (59° and 68° F.). If the crystals appear in any 
 quantity, the mixture is allowed to stand at this temperature for 1 to 3 
 hours, filtered, washed with a measured volume of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 finally with 50 c.c. of Alcohol (70 p.c). The crystals are washed with warm 
 Ether into a weighed fiask, the Ether distilled oft", the residue dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), and when constant, weighed. If the melting point is lower than 
 71° C. (159- 8° F.) they are recrystallised from Alcohol (90 p.c). A correction 
 is made for the solubility of Arachidic Acid in Alcohol (90 p.c.) as in Renard's 
 Process, and according to a table given in Allen's Commercial Organic 
 Analysis, Fourth Edition, Vol. 2, page 94, and also for the total volume 
 of Alcohol (70 p.c) used in precipitating and washing (including the 100 c.c. 
 added in the first instance). If there are no crystals from Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 or if they are only in very small amounts, a svifficient quantity of Distilled 
 Water to reduce the strength of the Alcohol to 70 p.c. is added. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CSEMULSIO OLEOSA.— Ohve Oil, 10; Gum Arabic, 5; Syrup, 10; Distilled 
 Water to make 100. — (A^orw.) 
 
 Gum Arabic, 10 ; Olive Oil, 30 ; Distilled Water, 38 ; Bitter Almond 
 Water, 2 ; Syrup, 20.— {Swed.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meastire.] OLI 947 
 
 Huile d'Olive Purifi^e et Sterilis^e. — Place 100 grammes of Olive 
 Oil in a flask of 250 c.e., add 30 grammes of Alcohol (95 p.c), agitate at 
 intervals for 3 days. Decant the Alcohol and agitate with a fresh 30 grammes 
 of Alcohol, then decant. Heat the purified Oil for 10 minutes in a porcelain 
 capsule on a sand-bath to a temperature not exceeding 115° C, and preserve 
 it in bottles of 50 c.c. — {Fr.) 
 
 OLIVERI CORTEX. 
 
 OLIVER'S BARK. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Black Sassafras. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The bark of Cinnamonium Oliveri, Bailey. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. for the Australian Colonies and now 
 included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 OflBcial Preparation. — Tinctura Oliveri Corticis. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — This Australian bark occurs in pieces 
 about 20 cm. (8 in.) long ; 4 cm. (about 1^ in.) wide, and 1 cm. (about 
 ^ in.) thick. The outer surface is rough and warty and of a greyish 
 brown colour ; the inner surface, dull brown and satiny. The trans- 
 verse fracture is short, and slightly fibrous, a pale line separating the 
 cork from the liber. Odour aromatic ; taste bitter, flavour recalling 
 camphor and sassafras. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA OLIVERI CORTICIS. Tincture of Oliver's Bark. 
 
 (New.) 
 Oliver's Bark, in No. 40 powder, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), q.s. to yield 
 10, by percolation. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 minims = 1* 8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 OPIUM. 
 
 Fr., Opium de Smyrne ; Ger., Opitjm ; Ital., Oppio ; Span., Opio. 
 
 The milky exudation of Papaver sommferum, L., obtained by incision 
 from the Unripe Capsules, and inspissated by spontaneous evaporation. 
 
 Opium in powder should contain between 9 J and lOf p.c. of anhydi-ous 
 Morphine. 
 
 The Extract and Tincture of Opium being standardised preparations, 
 any suitable variety of Opium may be used in their manufacture, 
 provided that when dry it shall yield when assayed by the Official 
 process not less than 7* 5 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine. With the 
 exception of the manufacture of the alkaloids or their salts, wheu 
 
948 OPI [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 used in the preparation of the remaining Official galenical preparations, 
 Opium is officially required to be of such a strength that the powder 
 obtained from the Opiumwhendriedat60°C. (140° F.) till constant 
 in weight shall yield not less than 9*5 and not more than 10"5p.c. 
 of anhydrous Morpliine. The B.P. also permits the dilution of an 
 Opium of greater alkaloidal strength than the Official requirement 
 with one containing, when dried, not less than 7*5 to 10 p. c, or with 
 Milk Sugar. The U.S. P. requires that Opium shall yield when in 
 its normal, moist condition, not less than 9 p.c. of crystallised 
 Morphine ; the P.G. requires that Opium dried at 60° C. (140° F.) 
 shall contain not less than 12 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine, and that 
 powdered Opium shall be diluted with Rice Starch until it contains 
 10 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine, and on drying at 100° C. (212° F.) 
 shall lose not more than 8 p.c. of its weight. The Opium of the Fr. 
 Codex (1908), when dried at 60° C. (140° F.), is required to contain at 
 least 10 p.c. of anhydrous Morphine. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed that Powdered Opium dried at 
 60° C. (140° F.) shall contain 10 p.c. of Anhydrous Morphine. 
 
 The U.S. P. Opium Granulatum (Opium dried and in coarse powder), 
 and Opium Deodoratum should yield not less than 12 p.c. nor more 
 than 12- 5 p.c. of crystallised Morphine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — As a hypnotic and sedative it is 
 used in insomnia, in excitement and delirium, including that of 
 typhoid ; as an analgesic in all forms of neuralgic and abdominal 
 pain, in pleurisy, gastric ulcer and in cancer, during the passage of 
 biliary and renal calculi, and in the after-pains of labour ; as a 
 h 86 most a tic in intestinal and pulmonary haemorrhage ; in diabetes ; 
 in full doses for acute peritonitis ; in small doses along with other 
 astringents in diarrhoea. 
 
 In aortic regurgitation it increases the peripheral blood supply, 
 especially to the brain, it reduces the tendency to syncope, it relieves 
 the angina, and the cardiac dyspnoea, but if the kidneys are affected 
 it should not be given. 
 
 As an expectorant it is used, guarded by Ammonia, only where 
 the secretion of mucus is abundant, and not thick and viscid or scanty. 
 
 As a diaphoretic, in form of Dover's Powder, it is valuable in 
 influenza and coryza. 
 
 As an antispasmodic, in puerperal convulsions, epilepsy, colic, 
 severe forms of chorea and spasmodic asthma ; in spasmodic urethral 
 stricture. 
 
 Locally in the form of liniment, plaster, or fomentation, it is used 
 in neuralgias, rheumatism, lumbago, and sciatica. 
 
 To avoid impairment of digestion, and to obtain rapid action, it is 
 given subcutaneously (as hypodermic injection of Morphine) in 
 neuralgia and sciatica, near the seat of pain, also in angina pectoris, 
 cardiac paroxysmal pain, and for the dyspnoea caused by intrathoracic 
 tumours. 
 
 In form of Morphine, or Lead and Opium, suppository it relieves 
 rectal and genito-urinary and other pelvic pains, and is useful after 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OPI 9-19 
 
 operations on these regions. Opium is preferable to Morphine in 
 peritonitis, enteritis, and other abdominal inflammations, on account 
 of its direct and more prolonged anodyne and astringent cfEect, and 
 because of its more continued action it is preferable in delirium and 
 other ' head symptoms.' 
 
 Its continued use impairs the appetite, digestion and intellect ; that 
 it is a cardiac depressant should always be borne in mind. Great 
 caution should be exercised in giving Opium to infants and young 
 children, as they are very susceptible to its action, and it is contra- 
 indicated in the pain of clironic dyspepsia, in coma with contracted 
 pupil, in kidney diseases, in nursing females and plethoric persons, in 
 cerebral hypersomia, in alcoholic intoxication, and for the control of 
 nausea and vomiting in uraemia ; in the advanced stages of bronchitis 
 and pneumonia, or whenever the respiration is seriously embarrassed, 
 it is a most dangerous remedy. 
 
 Valuable papers on Morphine in cardiac diseases. — L. '98, ii. 139.3 ; and by 
 Burney Yeo, Stockman, etc., on Opium in acute and chronic disease. — Pr. '07, 
 i. 625. 
 
 Of sugar -reducing drugs, the most to be relied upon. Most useful in severe 
 cases in which a rigid diet fails. — Pr. '07, ii. 148. 
 
 That very small doses have a stimulating effect is well seen in indolent 
 ulcers of the skin and mucous membrane. Such sores, which had previously 
 resisted treatment, show a surprising improvement after only a few doses. 
 One to 5 minims of tincture twice a day in children.- — (Eustace Smith) B.M.J. 
 '09, ii. 1606. 
 
 John Hunter disliked speaking in public so much that he nerved himself 
 for the effort by taking 30 drops of Laudanum before the first lecture of his 
 course.— B.M.J. '11, i. 381. 
 
 10 to 20 drops of tincture in a small cup of pure strong coi^ee 15 to 60 
 minutes before the effort of speechmaking, or of appearing on the stage, or of 
 undergoing examination. — B.M.J. '09, i. 1456; 
 
 Of all drugs used in pneumonia most good comes from Opium (Hale White) ; 
 the fear of it in pneumonia has been overdone ; sleep is obtained, restlessness 
 diminished and dilatation of right heart prevented. — M.A. '12, 449. 
 
 Strongly recommended in gangrene, and in the premonitory vascular 
 disturbance seen in the lower extremities of elderly people. — M.A. '14, 20. 
 
 Dose, — I to 2 grains = 0-032 to 0* 13 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0*lo gramme; daily, 0-5 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Powdered Opium can he made into pills with Alcohol 
 (60 p. c). 
 
 It is convenient to remember that ^^ grain Morphine is contained in 1 grain 
 of Powdered Opium, in ^ grain of Extract, in about 15 minims of Liquid Extract, 
 in 11 minims of Tincture, in 110 minims of Ammoniated Tincture of Opium, in 
 220 minims of Cojnpound Tincture of Camphor. 
 
 Opium is frequently ordered in lotions, 20 to 60 minims of Liquid Extract 
 or Tincture to the fl. oz. Jt is also prescribed with Lead Acetate and Lead Sub- 
 acetcete, but the result is a turbid liquid deficient in strength of Lead owing to the 
 precipitation of Lead Meconate ; Solution of Morphine Acetate being nearly the 
 same strength as the Tincture, and mixing readily with Lead Lotions without 
 precipitation, can advantageously be employed in its place. 
 
 Incompatibles. — The Alkaline Carbonates, Lime Water, salts of Lead, 
 Iron, Copper, Mercury, and Zinc, Liquor Arsenicalis, and vegetable astringents. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparations. — Extractiim Opii and Tinctura Opii ; used in 
 the preparation of Codeine and of Morphine ; of the Powdered Opium, Pilula 
 Plumbi cum Opio, Pulvis Cretse Aromaticus cum Opio, Pulvis Opii Comp. 
 
950 OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 XJng. Gallae cum Opio, Ung. Myrabolani cum Opio. In Pilula Saponis Com- 
 posita, Pulvis Kino Compositus, Pulvis Ipecacuanhse Compositus, and Sup- 
 positoria Plumbi Composita. Of the Extract, Extractum Opii Liquidum. Of 
 the Tincture, Linimentum Opii and Tinctm-a Opii Ammoniata ; contained 
 in Tinctura Camphors Composita. 
 
 Not Olficial. — Acetum, Aqua, Confectio, Emplastrum Opii, Enema, 
 Gelatina?, Trochiscus, Unguentum, and Vinum, Opii, Solution of Bimeconate 
 of Morphia (Squire), Syn. Liquor Meconicus, Meconii Periodidum, Liquor 
 Opii Sedativus, Nepenthe, Pihilse Styracis Opiate, Sciroppo di Oppio, 
 Linctus Opiatus, Linimentum Opii Ammoniatum, Omnopon, Sydenham's 
 Laudanum, Tinctura Opii Crocata, Tinctura Opii Deodorati, Narceina. 
 Narcotina, Papaverina, Cotarnine Hydrochloride, Stypticin, Cotarnine 
 Phthalate, and Styptol. 
 
 Antidotes. — An emetic of 10 grains of Copper Sulphate, the stomach - 
 tube, external stimulants, cold affusion, Ammonia to the nostrils, compelled 
 exertion, and artificial respiration. Belladonna or hypodermic injection of 
 Atropine should be used ; Strychnine ; Amyl Nitrite ; Gelsemium ; Potas- 
 sium Permanganate, See also Morphina> Hydrochloridum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. not less than 12 p.c. ; Belg., 
 Dan., Dutch, Hung., Ital., Norw., Port., Span, and Swed., not less than 10 p.c. ; 
 Fr. and Jap., 10 to 11 p.c. ; Ger., 12 p.c; Ital. (Oppio Polvere), 10 p.c. ; 
 Mex., 10 p.c. ; Swiss, 10 to 12 p.c. U.S., not less than 12 p.c. ; all calculated 
 on ch'ied Opium. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Opium cliiefly imported into this 
 country comes from Asia Minor, Grreece, and Persia. The Opium 
 from Turkey used in pharmacy is largely that from the districts 
 Karahissar, Boghaditz and Ghiveh, which latter is often called Con- 
 stantinople Opium. It occurs in more or less rounded pieces, averaging 
 from I to 21b. in weight, usually covered with Poppy leaves, with 
 Rumex capsules more or less adherent to the cakes. The Boghaditz 
 is richest in Morphine, but gummy and difficult to assay. The Yerli 
 Opium comes from the country surrounding Smyrna, it is soft and 
 unsightly, and chiefly used in the manufacture of Morphine. Natural 
 Karahissar Opium usually yields 11^ to 12 p.c. of Morphine, it is also 
 used for the manufacture of Morphine ; the inferior qualities are 
 known as Adet. Grecian or Salonica Opium, like the two following, 
 is sold as ' shipping ' Opium. The best is selected for Cuba, and soft 
 grades are shipped to the United States. It contains from 10 to 14 p.c. 
 of Morphine, and is sold at a high price for smoking. Tokat and 
 Malatia Opiums are produced in Armenia and go cliiefly to Cuba, 
 the West Indies, and Central and South America. They average from 
 7 to 14 p.c. of Morphine. These shipping Opiums are generally in 
 softer and flatter cakes and have, on arrival a greener leaf on their 
 surface. When purchased fresh on the Turkey market an allowance 
 is made for the moisture in Opium and a charge of 2d. per lb. is made 
 for drying it. It loses approximately 23 p.c. in the drying warehouses 
 before it is fit for sliipment. The Boghaditz, Karahissar and Yerli 
 Opiums vary much in size, shape, and weight, and the Poppy leaves 
 covering them are irregularly placed ; in the Gliiveh Opium, on the 
 contrary, two leaves are placed in opposite directions on either side 
 of the bun-shaped cakes. All Turkey Opiums have a granular fracture, 
 and consist of agglomerated tears. Persian Oi^iums, on the contrary 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] OPI 951 
 
 liave a uniform non-granular consistence. The Opiums used in 
 pharmacy, although averaging from 11 to 12 p.c. of Morphine, have 
 of late years, since a uniform standard has become Official (10 p.c, 
 B.P.), been purposely lowered in Morphine contents. Persian Opium 
 is chiefly re-exported, although it is also used for the manufacture of 
 Morphine, as it averages about 12 p.c. of that alkaloid, whereas that 
 exported direct from Turkey to China averages 9 to 10 p.c, consisting 
 of 80 p.c of pure juice and 20 p.c. of foreign substances. Persian Opium 
 is prepared in various forms, cones, loaves, rectangular blocks, sticks, 
 etc., and these are packed in coloured paper, vine, or fig leaves, some- 
 times in ' poppy trash,' but the pieces of each brand are usually of 
 uniform size and weight. The Opium in sticks is used for eating, and 
 contains rarely more than 3 p.c of Morphine, sometimes only traces. 
 In estimating the value of a chest of Opium, a small portion is taken 
 out of a third of the pieces in the chest, this is beaten into a uniform 
 mass and a small portion of the mass is analysed. The cakes of Opium 
 naturally vary in Morphine contents according to the amount of 
 adulteration with foreign matters and the conditions of collection. 
 
 Opium is sometimes adulterated with paste made of evaporated grape 
 juice and paste made of dried apricots and inferior gum tragacanth, 
 but such pieces are deficient in elasticity (or ' touch ' as the Chinese 
 call it) and break with a short fracture. Particles of Lead added to 
 increase weight have also been found in Opium. 
 
 Tests. — Opium is officially required to yield 10 p.c of Anlnxlrous 
 Morphine, as determined by the process described below. The B.P. 
 process is a combined gravimetric and volumetric one ; the U.S. P. 
 is a gravimetric process, the Morphine crystals being purified by 
 re-solution in Lime Water and the amount of insoluble matter deducted 
 from the weight of impure Morphine first obtained. The Morphine 
 crystals so obtained contain Water of crystallisation and are not 
 anhydrous ; the P.G. is a volumetric process. The Fr. Codex process 
 is tlie Lime and Ammonium Chloride method, somewhat similar to 
 the B.P., but the volumetric portion is omitted. The crystals are 
 dried at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.), and when completely dried 
 (which is stated to require about 2 hours), they are cooled and washed 
 with three successive quantities each of 8 cc of Benzene and again 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.) ; the yield should not be less than 10 nor 
 more than 11 p.c. The present Official process is a modification of that 
 of the B.P. 1898 ; it was originally devised by Portes and Langlois, 
 and with slight alterations was adopted by the Societe de Pharmacie 
 of Paris, and was the Official process of the U.S. P. 1880. It was 
 improved by Conroy {P.J. [3] xv. 473) and adopted as the Official 
 process in the B.P. 1885. It is a Lime process, and differs only in the 
 following essential points from that of the U.S. P. 1880 : (1) A slightly 
 larger quantity of Opium is used by the B.P. 1914, and smaller quan- 
 tities of Calcium Hydroxide and Ammonium Chloride ; (2) the 
 anhydrous and not the crystalline Morphine is weighed ; (3) a volu- 
 metric determination has been added by the B.P. for the purpose of 
 determining the quantity of piu:e alkaloid present. The process is 
 
952 OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 essentially as follows : — 8 grammes of Opium in No. 50 jJowder, and 
 dried at 6U° C. (140° F.), are well triturated with 2 grammes of freshly- 
 prepared Calcium Hydroxide, and 20 ml. of Distilled Water, in a 
 mortar until a uniform mixture results. 60 ml. of Distilled Water are 
 then added and the mixture stirred occasionally during 30 minutes, 
 it is filtered through a plaited filter into a graduated measure, and 
 51 ml. of the clear hltrate are collected, transferred to a wide-mouthed 
 stoppered bottle having a capacity of about 120 ml., 5 ml. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and 25 ml. of Ether are added, and the mixture well shaken ; a 
 weighed quantity of 2 grammes of Ammonium Chloride is then added and 
 the mixture well and frequently shaken during 30 minutes, and then set 
 aside during 12 hours to allow of the crystallisation of the Morphine. 
 Two small hlter papers are carefully counterbalanced, and inserted one 
 within the other in a small funnel, so that the triple fold of one filter 
 rests upon the single fold of the other, they are moistened with Ether 
 and the ethereal layer decanted as completely as practicable upon the 
 filter. A measured quantity of 10 ml. of Ether is added to the contents 
 of the bottle, which are rotated, and the ethereal layer is again decanted 
 upon the filter, the filter being then washed with 5 ml. of Ether added 
 slowly and in portions, the filter is allowed to dry in the air, and the 
 liquid in the bottle is then poured on to the filter in portions in such a 
 way as to transfer the greater part of the Morphine crystals to the 
 filter. The bottle is washed and the remaining crystals are transferred 
 with several small portions of Morphinated Water, prepared by satu- 
 rating Chloroform Water with Morpliine by digesting it with an excess of 
 pure Morphine for 7 days at a temperature of 15' 5° C. (60° F.). The 
 filter is washed until the washings are free from colour. The filter is then 
 allowed to drain and dried first at 60° C. (140° F.) and subsequently 
 at 115° C. (239° F.) till constant in weight, which removes the Water 
 of crystallisation. When constant the crystals are weighed, using the 
 outer filter paper as a counterbalance to the inner. The B.P. then 
 directs the determination of the amount of pure alkaloid present by 
 the following volumetric method : 0*2 gramme of the crystals is dis- 
 solved in 10ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and 
 the excess titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, employing Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of 
 neutraUty ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution = 0-02852 gramme of anhydrous Morphine. The number of 
 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution required 
 to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution is deducted from 10. The difference multiplied by 0-02852 
 gives the quantity of pure anhydrous Morphine present in the 
 0- 2 gramme of the crystals operated upon. 
 
 From this weight the amount of pure anhydrous Morphine 
 present in the total weight of crystals obtained in the gravimetric 
 process may be calculated, and the resultant weight of pure anhydrous 
 Morphine, to which is added a solubility allowance of 0-051 gramme, 
 indicates the amount of pure anhydrous Morphine yielded by 5 grammes 
 of Opium. It should amount to 0-5 gramme, corresponding to 10 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OPI 953 
 
 grammes of Morphine, reckoned as anhydrous, from 100 grammes of 
 dry powdered Opium. The B.P. fixes the limit of error at plus or minus 
 0-5 gramme. It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition oi Squire s 
 Companion that the volumetric portion of the B.P. 1898 process 
 was not very happy. It is better to dissolve a given weight of the 
 crystals in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution and to titrate the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator, in the place 
 of blue Litmus paper. It will be noted that this recommendation 
 has been officially adopted. The part of the test relating to the 
 titration is still not very clearly worded, and it would have been more 
 clearly expressed thus : — The weight of pure anhydrous Morphine in 
 the total weight of crystals, as calculated from the result of this titration, 
 plus 0*051 gramme, the average loss of Morphine during the process, 
 together amount to 0* 5 gramme. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires Opium to yield in its normal, moist condition, 
 not less than 9 p.c. of crystallised Morphine, as determined by the 
 following process : — 10 grammes of Opium, in any condition to be 
 valued, are introduced into an Erlenmeyer flask, having a capacity of 
 about 300 c.c, together with 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, the flask is 
 stoppered and the mixture shaken every 10 minutes during 3 hours, 
 the contents are poured on to a wetted filter and when the liquid has 
 drained oft', the residue is carefully washed with Distilled Water until 
 150 c.c. of the filtrate have been obtained, the Distilled Water being 
 dropped upon the edges of the filter and its contents. The residual 
 Opium is retransferred to the flask, 50 c.c. of Distilled Water added, 
 the agitation repeated during 15 minutes and again filtered. The 
 residue is washed as before until a second 150 c.c. have been collected, 
 and about 20 c.c. more of a third filtrate are also collected. The filtrates 
 are carefully evaporated down in a tared dish, evaporating first the 
 second filtrate to a small volume, then the first, finally rinsing the 
 vessels with the third filtrate, and the evaporation continued until the 
 residue is reduced to a weight of 14 grammes. After dissolving in 
 the fluid any extract which may have dried on the sides of the basin, 
 it is transferred to a tared Erlenmeyer flask of the capacity of about 
 100 c.c, the dish rinsed with a few drops of Distilled Water and the 
 washings transferred to the flask until the mixed solution and washings 
 weigh 20 grammes. 10 grammes of Alcohol (94- 9 p.c.) are added, the 
 flask well shaken and 25 c.c. of Ether added, the flask again shaken ; 
 3* 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution are now added from a graduated pipette 
 or burette, the flask stoppered and shaken thoroughly during 10 
 minutes and set aside in a moderately cool place for at least sixteen 
 hours. The ethereal solution is decanted as completely as possible on 
 to two small counterpoised filters of a diameter of 7 cm. contained in 
 a glass funnel in such a way that the triple fold of the inner filter is 
 laid against the single fold of the outer filter, both being previously 
 moistened with Ether. The contents of the flask are washed with 
 10 c,c. of Ether, which is also decanted on to the filter, the operation 
 
954 OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] 
 
 being completed with a further quantity of 10 c.c. of Ether ; the filter 
 paper is then dried, and the aqueous contents of the flask are then 
 transferred to the filter, in such a way as to also transfer the crystals 
 of Morphine, the remaining crystals being removed from the flask 
 with Distilled Water, using not more than 15 c.c. in all. The filter is 
 allowed to drain, washed with Distilled Water till free from mother- 
 liquor and then with Alcohol (94-9p.c.) previously saturated with 
 powdered Morphine, and finally with Ether, using about 10 c.c. or 
 more if necessary. The filter is allowed to dry at a temperature not 
 exceeding 60° C. (140° F.) until its weight remains constant, transferred 
 to a tared watch-glass and weighed. The crystals are jjlaced in an 
 Erlenmeyer flask together with 10 c.c. of Lime Water for each 0*1 
 gramme of Morphine and the mixture shaken at intervals during 30 
 minutes. The liquid is passed through two filter papers folded so that 
 the triple fold of the inner filter paper is superimposed against the single 
 fold of the outer filter paper, the flask rinsed with Lime Water and 
 the washings passed through the filter until the filtrate, after acidifica- 
 tion, no longer yields a precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide 
 (Mayer's) Solution ; the filters are pressed between folds of bibulous 
 paper until nearly dry, dried to a constant weight, and weighed, using 
 the outer paper as a counterpoise. The weight of the insoluble matter 
 on the filter deducted from the weight of Morphine crystals previously 
 found, and the dift'erence multiplied by 10, represents the percentage 
 of crystallised Morphine contained in the Opium. 
 
 The P.G. requires Opium to contain at least 12 p.c. of Morphine, as 
 determined by the following process : 7 grammes of Opium in middling- 
 fine powder, dried at 60° C. (140° F.), are triturated with 7 grammes 
 of Distilled Water, the mixture is washed into a flask, with Distilled 
 Water, and brought by the further addition of Distilled Water to a 
 weight of 63 grammes. After the mixture has been allowed to stand 
 during one hour, with intervals of frequent shaking, it is filtered through 
 a dry filter paper of 10 cm. diameter, and a weighed quantity of 
 42 grammes of the filtrate (= 4* 88 grammes of Opium), is mixed with 
 2 c.c. of a mixture of 17 grammes of Ammonia Solution and 83 grammes 
 of Distilled Water and frequently and vigorously shaken ; the mixture 
 is then immediately filtered through a dry folded filter paper of 10 cm. 
 diameter into a flask. 'A weighed quantity of 36 grammes of the 
 filtrate (= 4 grammes of Opium) is mixed, after vigorous shaking, 
 with 10 c.c. of Acetic Ether and also with 5 c.c. of a mixture of 17 
 grammes of Ammonia Solution and 83 grammes of Distilled Water. 
 The flask is then closed, the contents sliaken during 10 minutes, a 
 further quantity of 20 c.c. of Acetic Ether added, and the mixture 
 allowed to stand during a quarter of an hour with intervals of gentle 
 rotation from time to time. The Acetic Ether layer is then removed 
 as completely as possible on to a plaited filter of 8 cm. diameter, a 
 further 10c. c. of Acetic Ether are added to the aqueous liquid remaining 
 behind in the flask, the mixture gently rotated for a few seconds, 
 and the Acetic Ether layer is again brought on to the filter. After 
 separating the ethereal fluid the aqueous portion is poured ofE without 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measxire.] OPI 956 
 
 disturbing the crystals attaclied to the sides of the flask, Altered through 
 the same filter, and the filter and flask washed three times, using each 
 time 5 c.c. of Ether-saturated Water. After the flask has been well 
 washed out and the filter has completely drained, both are dried at 
 100'"' C. (212° F.), the Morphine crystals are then dissolved in 2i3 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, the solution 
 poured into a graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the filter, flask and 
 stopper washed carefully with Distilled Water and the solution finally 
 diluted to 100 c.c. A measured quantity of DO c.c. of this solution 
 (=2 grammes of Opium) is introduced into a stoppered flask of 
 white glass of a capacity of about 200 c.c, and about 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water added, and suflicient Ether to cause the ethereal 
 layer to reach a height of about 1 cm. After the addition of 10 
 drops of lodeosin Solution, Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution is run in, shaking the mixture vigorously after 
 each addition, until the lower aqueous layer has assumed a pale 
 red coloration. For this purpose at the most 4*1 c.c. of Tenth 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be 
 necessary, so that at least 8*4 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have been used for the neutralisa- 
 tion of the contained Morphine, which represents a minimum 
 content of 12 p.c. of Morphine ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric 'Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-02852 gramme of Morphine, 
 lodeosin Solution being employed as an indicator. In making the 
 calculation the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution is deducted from 12*5, the 
 difference multiplied first by 0" 02852 and then by 50 yields the 
 percentage of Morphine present in the Opium. The P.G. requires 
 that the portion of the aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solution which has 
 not been used for the titration should yield the characteristic reactions 
 of Morphine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM OPII SICCUM. Dry Extract of Opium. 
 B.P.Syn. — ExTRACTUM Opii. (Modified.) 
 
 An Aqueous Extract adjusted by the addition of Calcium Phosphate 
 so that when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), it shall contain 20 p.c. of 
 anhydrous Morphine. 
 
 The Extract in B.P. 1898 was adjusted with Milk Sugar. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 grain = O'OIG to 0-065 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Oer. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 The B.P. and the P.G. Dry Extracts of Opium are required to contain 
 20 p.c. of Morphine calculated as anhydrous ; the U.S. P. Dry Extract of 
 Opium is required to contain 20 p.c. of erystallisable Morphine. The 
 Fr. Codex Extract of Opium is required to contain exactly 20 p.c. of 
 Morphine cal ciliated as anhydrous, -^vhich is in accordance with the recom- 
 mendation of the Brussels Conference, which agreed to a content of 20 p.c. 
 of Morphine reckoned as anhydrous in the Extract. 
 
956 OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foi'eign Pharmacopoeias.— Oflicial in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Cor., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 Not in Dan. 
 
 The International Standard is 20 p.c. of Morphine. Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Mex., Rus., Span., Swiss and U.S. all 20 p.c. of Morphine. 
 Jap., l(i to 17 -5 p.c. Norw., 18 to 20 p.c. Swed., 19 to 20 p.c. The remainder 
 do not give percentage. 
 
 Tests. — Dry Extract of Opium, B.P., is officially required to 
 contain 20 grammes of Morphine, calculated as anhydrous, in 100 
 grammes of the dry Extract, as determined by the process described 
 under Oj)ium. The B.P. fixes the limit of error at plus or minus 
 1 gramme. If this method of assay be followed, 8 grammes of Dry 
 Extract of Opium should be employed, and the assay might have 
 been equally well and more economically conducted on half this 
 quantity of material. The U.S. P. Dry Extract of Opium is required 
 to contain 20 p.c. of crystallisable Morphine, as determined by the 
 following process : — 4 grammes of the Extract, dried at 100" C. 
 (212° F.), are dissolved in 30 c.c. of Distilled Water, the solution 
 liltered, the filter and residue washed with Distilled Water until all 
 soluble matters are extracted, the washings being separately collected. 
 They are evaporated in a tared dish on a water-bath to a weight of 
 10 grammes. When the Extract which has separated during the 
 evaporation is completely dissolved the solution is poured into a 
 tared Erlenmeyer flask of about 100 c.c. capacity, the dish rinsed 
 with a few drops of Distilled Water until the total weight of the solution 
 amounts to liJ grammes, a weighed quantity of 7 grammes of Alcohol 
 (94:"9p.c.) is added, the flask well shaken and 20 c.c. of Ether added, 
 the shaking being repeated. 2*2 c.c. of Ammonia Water are added from 
 a pipette, the flask stoppered and thoroughly shaken during 10 minutes 
 and set aside for 6 hours or over-night. The Ether solution is then 
 filtered through two counterpoised filter papers, the filter papers being 
 placed in the funnel in such a manner that the triple fold of the inner 
 filter is superposed on the single fold of the outer filter, and the papers 
 are previously moistened with Ether. The contents of the flask are 
 washed with 15 c.c. of Ether, this Ether solution is again decanted 
 on the filter, the washing is repeated with a further portion of ID c.c. 
 of Ether, the aqueous liquid in the flask is transferred to the filter 
 together with the crystals of Morphine, the crystals remaining in the 
 flask being transferred by washing with several portions of Distilled 
 Water, using a total quantity of not more than 10 c.c. The filter is 
 allowed to drain, the crystals being washed free from the mother liquor 
 first with Distilled Water and afterwards with Morphine-saturated 
 Alcohol (94' 9 p.c), and finally with Ether, using about 10 c.c. or more 
 if necessary. The filter is allowed to dry at a temperature not exceeding 
 60° C. (140° F.) until constant in weight, the crystals of Morphine care- 
 fully transferred to a watch-glass and weighed ; they are then trans- 
 ferred to an Erlenmeyer flask, and Lime Water in the proportion of 
 10 c.c. for each 0*1 gramme of Morphine, added, the flask being 
 shaken at intervals for 25 minutes, the solution is passed through 
 two counterpoised filter papers placed in a funnel in such a way that 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] OPI i>57 
 
 the triple fold of the inner filter is laid against the single fold of 
 the outer filter ; the flask is rinsed with Lime Water passing the 
 washings through the filter until the filtrate, after being acidified will 
 no longer yield a precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution. The filters are pressed between folds of bibulous paper, 
 dried to a constant weight and weighed. The weight of insoluble 
 matter on the filter is subtracted from the weight of the impure Morphine 
 crystals found above, the difference multiplied by 25 yields the per- 
 centage of pure crystalline Morphine present in the Extract of Opium. 
 The P.G. Dry Extract of Opium is required to contain 20 p.c. of 
 Morphine, as determined by the following process : — 3 grammes of 
 the Extract are dissolved in 40 grammes of Distilled Water, the solution 
 is mixed, avoiding much shaking, with 2 c.c. of a mixture of 17 grammes 
 of Ammonia Solution and 83 grammes of Distilled Water, and imme- 
 diately filtered through a dry plaited filter of 10 cm. diameter. A 
 weighed quantity of 30 grammes of the filtrate (= 2 grammes of 
 Extract of Opium) is mixed in a flask, by gently shaking, with 10 c.c. 
 of Acetic Ether and 5 c.c. of a mixture of 17 grammes of Ammonia 
 Solution and 83 grammes of Distilled Water, vigorously shaken during 
 10 minutes, and then a further measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Acetic 
 Ether added ; it is then allowed to stand during a quarter of an hour, 
 gently revolving the liquid from time to time. The Acetic Ether 
 layer is then separated as completely as possible and filtered through 
 a plaited filter of 8 cm. diameter, 10 c.c. of Acetic Ether are added to 
 the aqueous fluid still remaining in the flask, the mixture allowed to 
 remain at rest for a few seconds, and the Acetic Ether layer is again 
 brought on to the filter. After the ethereal liquid has been run through, 
 the aqueous solution is poured on to the filter, without disturbing 
 the crystalline residue attached to the sides of the flask, this is washed, 
 as is also the flask, three times, using each time 5 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 saturated with Ether. The flask and the filter are dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.). the crystals are then dissolved in 25 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, the solution is poured into a 
 graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, the filter and flask are carefully 
 washed with Distilled Water and the solution diluted with Distilled 
 Water to 100 c.c. 50 c.c. of this solution (= 1 gramme of Extract of 
 Opium) are mixed in a stoppered flask of about 200 c.c. capacity 
 and of white glass, and about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water added, together 
 with sufficient Ether to form a layer of the height of about 1 cm. 
 After the addition of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added, shaking the 
 mixture vigorously after each addition, until the lower aqueous 
 layer has assumed a pale red coloration. From the number 
 of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 required for the neutralisation of the Morphine, the quantity of 
 Morphine present in 1 gramme of the Extract of Opium is obtained 
 by multiplication by the factor 0-02852. The calculation of the 
 content of the alkaloid present in the Opium Extract is accomplished 
 in the following way: — Not more than 5" 5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 
058 OPI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be necessary to 
 neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, so that 7 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution will have been used for the neutralisation of the con- 
 tained Morphine, which indicates a content of 20 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Morphine ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution = 0'028[32 gramme of Morphine, lodeosin being used as an 
 Indicator. 
 
 EXTRACTUM OPII LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of Opium. 
 
 Dry Extract of Opium, f ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4 ; Distilled Water, 
 q.s. to yield 20. 
 
 To prevent fermentation in hot climates the proportion of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) may be increased, but must not exceed 25 p.c. by weight. 
 
 Contains 1 grain of Extract = ^ grain anhydrous Morphine in 29 minims. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims = 0-3 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 Not in the Foreign Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 The B.P. Liquid Extract of Opium is required to contain 0- 75 p.c. w/v of 
 Morphine calculated as anhydrous ; a Fluid Extract is not Official in either 
 the U.S. P., Fr. Codex, or PM. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Opium has a specific gravity of 0-985 
 to 0*990; it contains about 3 p.c. w/v of total solids; and about 
 18 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It is officially required to contain 
 0- 75 gramme of Morphine, calculated as anhydrous, in 100 ml. of the 
 Liquid Extract, as determined by the process described under the 
 Tincture {see Tinctura Opii). The B.P. fixes a. limit of error of plus 
 or minus 0*05 gramme. 
 
 LINIMENTUM OPII. Liniment of Opium. 
 
 Tincture of Opium, 1 ; Liniment of Soap, 1. (1 in 2.) 
 
 Mix, and after a few days, filter. 
 
 The addition of the Opium to the Soap Liniment renders it more useful 
 in many cases of rheumatism and local pains. 
 
 Official in Span., Tintura Alcoholica de Opio Jabonosa. 
 
 PILULA SAPONIS COMPOSITA. Compound Pill of Soap. 
 Opium, in powder, 1 ; Hard Soap, in powder, 3 ; Syrup of Glucose (by 
 weight), 1. (1 of Powdered Opium in 5.) 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 4 grains = 0- 13 to 0-26 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr., 1 Extract in 10 ; Dan. 
 (Pilulas Cynoglossi), about 1 in 7 ; Span., 1 Extract in 10; Port. 
 (Pilulas de Opio Comp.), 1 Extract in 10; U.S. (Pilula Opii), 
 Powdered Opium 6 J, Soap 2 ; Mex. has Pildoras pacificas, each contain- 
 ing • 02 gramme of Opiivm with other ingredients. Not in the others. 
 
 PULVIS OPII COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder of Opium. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Opium, 10 ; Black Pepper, 15 ; Ginger, 30 ; Caraway Fruit, 42 ; 
 
 Tragacanth, 3 ; all in powder. (1 of Powdered Opium in 10.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OPI 959 
 
 The relative quantities of the ingredients have been altered, but the pro- 
 portion of Opium remains the same. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 B.P. 1898 dose was 2 to 10 grains. 
 
 TINCTURA OPII. Tincture of Opium. B.P.Syn. Laudanum. 
 N.O.Syn. — Tinctura Thebaica. * (Altered.) 
 
 2 of Opium are rubbed with 5 of Distilled Water which has been heated 
 to 90° C. (194° F.) ; after 6 hours add 5 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; mix, and 
 after 24 hours, strain, press, and after another 24 hours filter. It is 
 then standardised to contain 1 gramme of Morphine (calculated a.s 
 anhydrous) in 100 ml. 
 
 The process is much the same as that in B.P. 1898, but the Tincture is now 
 J stronger. 
 
 Contains ^-^ grain Morphine in II minims. 
 
 It now contains 1 p.c. w/v of Morphine (anhydrous), in place of 0-75 p.c. 
 w/v in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 ml., for repeated administra- 
 tion ; for a single administration, 20 to 30 minims = 1-2 to 1*8 ml. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 2 grammes ; daily, 6 grammes. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1-5 gramme; daily, 5-0 grammes. 
 
 The B.P. Tinctiu-e of Opium is required to yield 1-0 p.c. w/v of Morphine 
 calculated as anhydrous. The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain not 
 less than 1 • 2 p.c. w/v nor more than 1 • 25 p.c. w/v of crystallisable Morphine. 
 The P.O. Tincture is required to yield 1 p.c. w/w of anhydrous Morphine. 
 
 The Brussels Conference fixed the strength of the Tincture at 10 p.c. of 
 Opium, and Alcohol (70 p.c.) as a menstrumn for the preparation of the 
 Tincture, that it shall be prepared by percolation, and that the strength in 
 Morphine should be 1 p.c. w/w. The Tincture of Opium Official in the 
 Fr. Codex conforms to these requirements ; but it is made from the stan- 
 dardised Extract of Opium. 
 
 Provided that the Opium (when dry) does not contain less than 7-5p>.c. 
 of Morphine calculated as anhydrous, any variety is officially allowed for 
 the preparation of the Tincture, it being also stipulated that the resultant 
 Tincture should correspond to the quantitative test given above. 
 
 New Regulations regarding its Retail Sale.— In both B.P. 1898 
 and B.P. 1914 the synonym I;audamun is adopted for Tincture of Opium, 
 although the Tinctures differ to the extent of 0-25 p.c. w/v of Morphine. 
 In order to regvilarise the retail sale of the Tinctui-es, it is enacted that on 
 and after March 11th, 1910, all preparations or admixtures of Opium con- 
 taining 0-75 p.c. of Morphine will automatically become Poisons within the 
 First Part of the Schedule, and will be subject to the conditions of retail 
 sale laid down in Section 17 of the Act of 1868. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger.' 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 (powder) in 10 ; 
 Mex., 1 in 8 ; Fr., Port, and Span., 1 Extract in 20. AU by weight, except 
 U.S. U.S. has also Tinctura Opii Deodorata. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Opium has a specific gravity of 0* 950 to 0- 960 ; 
 it contains about 4*0 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 43 to 45 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It is officially required to yield 1 p.c. w/v 
 of Morphine calculated as anhydrous as determined by evaporating a 
 measured quantity of 40 ml. of the Tincture to about ^ its volume, adding 
 Igrammeof freshly-prepared Calcium Hydroxide, and thoroughly mixing 
 and diluting the mixture with Distilled Water to 41 ml. It is then 
 
96<) OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 set aside, with intervals of occasional shaking, for 30 minutes. A 
 measured quantity of 25 ml. (= 25 ml. Tincture) is filtered into a 
 wide-mouthed, stoppered bottle, 2* 5 ml. of Alcohol (90 p. c.) and 15 ml. 
 of Ether added, and the mixture shaken ; 1 gramme of Ammonium 
 Chloride is then added, and the mixture frequently and vigorously 
 shaken during <30 minutes, and finally set aside for not less than 12 
 hours to allow the Morphine to crystallise. The ethereal liquid is then 
 suitably transferred to two small counterpoised filter papers contained 
 in a funnel in such a way that the triple fold of the one filter shall 
 be laid upon the single fold of the other filter paper, and previously 
 moistened with Ether. The transference is preferably not made in a 
 pipette as recommended in the B.P., which is clumsy and apt to 
 result in loss of alkaloid, but with a small apparatus resembling a 
 wash-bottle which can be attached to the neck of the containing 
 vessel, by means of a cork. The aqueous liquid in the bottle is washed 
 by shaking with 8 ml. of Ether, this ethereal solution is passed through 
 the same filter paper, and the filter is finally washed with a further 
 5 ml. of Ether. After the filter has been allowed to dry, the aqueous 
 liquid is filtered through the same filter paper, the crystals being 
 transferred to the filter, first by means of small successive quantities 
 of the filtrate, and the last traces of crystals are transferred from the 
 bottle by washing with Morphinated Water ; the crystals on the filter 
 are washed with Morphinated Water until the washings are colourless ; 
 dried first at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (140° F.), and finally 
 rendered anhydrous by drying at 115° C. (239° F.) for 2 hours, cooled, 
 and, using the outer filter paper as a counterpoise to the inner, weighed. 
 The solubility allowance recommended by the B.P. is of 0" 025 gramme 
 or O'l gramme for every 100 ml. of original filtrate, and this figure 
 must be added to the weight of pure anhj^drous Morphine as shown 
 by the Volumetric Determination ; the weight multiplied by 4 indicates 
 the percentage w/v of anhydrous Morphine present in the Tincture. 
 The volumetric determination of the pure anhydrous Morphine 
 present is carried out in the following manner : — 0'2 gramme of the 
 crystals is dissolved in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, and the excess titrated wath Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an 
 indicator of neutrality. The number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise the excess 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is deducted from 
 the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 employed to dissolve the alkaloid, and the difference multiplied 
 by 0' 02852 represents the amount of pure anhydrous Morphine 
 present in 0' 2 gramme of the crystals. 
 
 From this the weight of pure anhydrous Morphine present in the total 
 amount of crystals obtained in the gravimetric determination may 
 be calculated ; to the weight of pure anhydrous Morphine thus obtained, 
 is added 0*025 gramme or O'l gramme for every 100 ml. of original 
 filtrate and the product multiplied by 4 yields the percentage w/v of 
 pure anhydrous Morphine present in the Tincture. 100 ml. of the 
 
 rji! 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] OPI 961 
 
 Tincture should yield 1 griimme of Morphine, reckoned as anhydrous. 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of error of plus or minus 0'05 gramme. 
 
 The U.S. P. Tincture is required to contain not less than 1 • 2 p.c. 
 w/v or more than 1" 25 p.c. w/v of crystallisable Morphine, as deter- 
 mined by evaporating a measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the Tincture 
 to about 20 c.c, adding 40 c.c. of Distilled Water, mixing thoroughly, 
 setting aside the mixture during 1 hour, stirring occasionally during the 
 interval to disintegrate the resinous flakes adhering to the dish. The 
 liquid is then filtered, the residue washed with Distilled Water until 
 all the soluble matter is extracted, and the filtrate and washings 
 evaporated in a tared dish, evaporating first the washings and then 
 the filtrate, to a weight of 14 grammes, which is then assayed according 
 to the process described under Opium. In calculating the results the 
 final multiplication by 10 is omitted, as the 14 grammes worked upon 
 represents 100 c.c. of the Tincture. 
 
 The P.G. Simple Tincture of Opium is required to contain 1 p.c. w/w 
 of Morphine, calculated as anhydrous, as determined by the following 
 process : — A weighed quantity of 50 grammes of the Tincture is 
 evaporated in a weighed porcelain evaporating basin to 15 grammes, 
 diluted with Distilled Water to a weight of 38 grammes, and, whilst 
 shaking, 2 c.c. of a mixture of 17 grammes of Ammonia Solution and 
 83 grammes of Distilled Water are added. The mixture is then filtered 
 through a dry plaited filter of 10 cm. diameter into a flask and a 
 weighed quantity of 32 grammes of the filtrate (= 40 grammes of the 
 simple Tincture of Opium) is collected, and whilst shaking, 10 c.c. 
 of Acetic Ether and 5 c.c. of a mixture of 17 grammes of Ammonia 
 Solution and 83 grammes of Distilled Water are added, the flask is 
 stoppered and the contents are shaken during 10 minutes. 20 c.c. 
 of Acetic Ether are added and the whole is allowed to stand during a 
 quarter of an hour with gentle rotation from time to time. Then, 
 first of all, the Acetic Ether layer is transferred as completely as 
 possible to a plaited filter of 8 cm. diameter, 10 c.c. of Acetic Ether are 
 added to the aqueous solution remaining in the flask, the mixture is 
 rotated for a few seconds, and finally the Acetic Ether layer is trans- 
 ferred to the filter. After the separation of the ethereal fluid the aqueous 
 solution is poured on to the filter, without detaching the crystalline 
 residue adhering to the sides of the flask, the filter and flask are washed 
 three times using each time 5 c.c. of Ether-saturated Water. After 
 the flask has been well washed out and the filter has been allowed to 
 drain, both are dried at 100° C. (212° F.), the crystals of Morphine are 
 dissolved in 25 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, the solution poured into a graduated flask of 100 c.c. 
 capacity, the filter, flask and stopper carefully w^ashed with Distilled 
 Water, and the solution finally diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. 
 50 c.c. of this solution ( = 20 grammes of simple Tincture of Opium) 
 are measured out into a stoppered flask of white glass of about 200 c.c. 
 capacity, and about '50 c.c. of Distilled Water and sufficient Ether to 
 form an ethereal layer of the height of about 1 cm., added. After the 
 addition of 10 drops of lodeosin Solution, Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 
 2 I 
 
962 OPl [Solids by Weight; liquids by MeasUi'e.] 
 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added, the mixture being meuuwliile 
 vigorously shaken between each addition, until the lower aqueous 
 layer has assumed a pale red coloration. From the number of cubic 
 centimetres of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 absorbed in the neutralisation of the Morphine, the Morphine content 
 in 100 grammes of the simple Tincture of Opium is obtained by 
 multiplication by the factor 0"1425. The calculation may be made in 
 the following manner :— 5' 5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution should be necessary to neutralise the excess of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, so that 7 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution will have 
 been enij)loyed for the neutralisation of the contained Morphine, which 
 represents a content of 1 p.c. of Morphine ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0' 02852 gramme of Morphine, 
 lodeosin being employed as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 The calculation may also be made by the following method : — The 
 number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution is deducted from 12 "5, the product is 
 multiplied first by 0*02852 and then by 5, yielding the percentage w/w 
 of Morphine reckoned as anhydrous, present in the simple Tincture. 
 
 TINCTURA OPII AMMONIATA. Ammoniated Tincture op 
 Opium. Scotch Paregoric. (Modified.) 
 
 Tincture of Opium, 2 fl. oz. ; Benzoic Acid, 175 grains ; Oil of 
 Anise, 48 minims ; Solution of Ammonia, 4 fl. oz. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 q.s. to yield 20 fl. oz. (1 of Opium in 100.) 
 
 The metric figures are 100, 20, 5, 200, to yield 1,000. 
 
 Now contains 0-1 p.c. w/v of Morphine (anhydrous) in place of 0*11 p.c. 
 w/v in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Contains ^L grain Morphine in 56 minims. 
 
 Tests. — Ammoniated Tincture of Opium has a specific gravity of 
 about 0"889 ; it contains about 0"8p.c. w/v of total solids; and 
 about 70 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 5 c.c. requires for neutralisa- 
 tion about 4 "5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 corresponding to 1 '53 p.c. w/v of Ammonia ; Methyl Orange Solution 
 being employed as an indicator. 
 
 TINCTURA OPII BENZOICA. See Tinctura Camphors Composita. 
 
 Other preparations containing Opium : — '°0piuixi!^ ° 
 
 Pilula Ipecacuanhae cum Scilla . . . about 1 in 20 
 
 Pilula Ipecacuanhas cum Urginea 
 Pilula Plumbi cum Opio 
 Pulvis Cretse Aromaticus cum Opio 
 Pulvis Ipecacuanhse Compositus . 
 Pulvis Kino Compositus 
 Suppositoria Plumbi Composita . 
 Tinctura Camphorae Composita . about j*^ 
 Unguentum Gallae cmn Opio 
 Unguentum Myrobalani cum Opio 
 
 „ 1 in 20 
 1 in 8i 
 1 in 40" 
 1 in 10 
 1 in 20 
 1 grain in each 
 grain in 1 fl. drm. 
 1 in I3i 
 1 in lU 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OPI 963 
 
 Proportion of 
 Moiphiue salt. 
 Injectio Morphinaj Hypodermica . . « . 1 in 40 
 
 Liquor Morphinse Acetatis . . . . . 1 in 100 
 
 Liquor Morphinse Hydrochloridi . . . . 1 in 100 
 
 Liquor Morphinie Tartratis. . . . . 1 in 100 
 
 Suppositoria Morphinre . . . • i grain in each 
 
 Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphinae Composita . 1 in 100 
 Trochiacus Morphinae . . . . • 3*2 grain in each 
 
 Trochiscus Morphinae et Ipecacuanliae . . J^ grain in each 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 AQUA OPII. — Opium, in powder, 1 ; Water, 12 ; distil, 6. 
 Occasionally employed in eye lotions. Aqua Opii, 1 ; Aqua Sambuci, 7. 
 
 ACETUM OPII (t7.5.).— Powdered Opium, 10; Myristica, in No. 30 
 powder, 3 ; Sugar, 20 ; Diluted Acetic Acid, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 8 minims = 0-5c.c. 
 
 CONFECTIO OPII {B.P. 1885).— Compound Powder of Opium, 1 ; Syrup 
 (by weight), 3. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM OPII, Opium Plaster {B.P. 189S).— Opi\mi, in very 
 fine powder, 1 ; Resin Plaster, 9. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Anodyne to relieve local pain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., 1 Opium in 20; Fr., 1 
 Extract in 4 ; Port., 1 Extract in 10 ; U.S., 6 Extract in 100. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 ENEMA OPII. — Tincture of Opium, 30 minims; Mucilage of Starch, 
 2 fl. oz. — Charing Cross, Guy's and King's. 
 
 Tincture of Opium, 10 to 60 minims ; Enema of Starch, to 4 oz. — London. 
 
 GELATIN/E OPII (.Swed.).— White Gelatine, 3; Glycerin, 1-5; Mucilage 
 of Gum Arabic, 1 ; Distilled Water, 65 ; Opium, 3. 
 
 LINCTUS OPIATUS [St. Thomas's).— Tinctmo of Opium, 2 minims ; 
 Oxymel of Squill, 15 minims ; Mucilage of Tragacanth, 15 minims ; Glycerin, 
 15 minims ; Emulsion of Chloroform, 3 minims ; Syrup, to 1 fl. drm. 
 
 LINIMENTUM OPII AMIViONIATUM (B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— Lini- 
 ment of Soap, 6 ; Compound Camphor Liniment, 6 ; Tincture of Opiiun, G ; 
 Liniment of Belladonna, 1 ; Stronger Solution of Ammonia, 1 ; mix, and 
 after standing a week, filter quickly. 
 
 Now incorporated in the B.P.C. 
 
 LIQUOR MECONICUS. Liquor Morphinae Bimeconatis (Squire).— 
 A purified Solution of Opium (introduced by Peter Squire in 1839), containing 
 the whole of the alkaloids in their natural state of combination. It is 
 standardised to contain 1 p.c. w/v of Morphine. The volatile and extractive 
 matters, to which the unpleasant secondary effects of Opium have been 
 attributed, are removed in the process of its preparation. 
 
 The Solution of the same name inserted in the B.P. of 1885, thovigh 
 obviously intended to take its place, differed so widely from the original in 
 its properties and method of preparation that it proved to bo no substitute 
 for it, and was deleted in 1898. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims = • 3 to 1 • 8 ml. 
 
 Meconii Periodidum, — A preparation representing the alkaloids of the 
 above preparation in combination with excess of Iodine, on the lines of the 
 other Di-iodo-hydriodides. 
 
 Dose. — i to J grain = 0-008 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Omnopon. — A preparation stated to contain the alkaloids of Opimn in 
 tho form of soluble Hydrochlorides. 1 grain is stated to correspond to 
 
 3 I 2 
 
964 OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 6 grains of Opium, B.P. ; 75 minims of Tincture of Opium ; or 2| grains of 
 Extract of Opium. Employed- in similar conditions to Morphine. 
 
 It was originally introduced under the name Pantopon, which was sub- 
 seqviently changed to Omnopon. 
 
 It is prepared as a powder ; as tablets containing \ grain ; or as a sterilised 
 2 p.c. Solution in ampoules, holding 1* 1 c.c, and containing ^ grain in each 
 c.c. For Scopolamine-Omnopon aniip.sthesia, ampoules containing 0-04 
 gramme (| grain) Omnopon and 0*0004 gramme (^-Jj grain) Scopolamine 
 are prepared. 
 
 Its good qualities are greatly enhanced by combining it with Scopolamine, 
 and Oinnopon-ScoiDolamine is now preferred by many to the better known 
 Morphine-Scopolamine preparation ; the \A'riter uses Omnopon-Scopolamine 
 as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia in ophthalmic surgery, and finds it adds 
 greatly to the comfort of patients and operator. — L. '14, i. 1181. 
 
 A paper on Omnopon and Opium by Professor Sahli of Berne. Omnopon 
 has been used daily for a number of years in the Medical Clinic at Berne, 
 internally as well as subcutaneously. A 2 p.c. Solution can be used equally- 
 well for both purposes. Besides this we use it in the form of mixtures, 
 powders, pills and suppositories. The dose is roughly proportionate to the 
 Morphine content (50 p.c), about double that of Morphine. It is given 
 subcutaneously with excellent results as an analgesic and hypnotic in painful 
 conditions, also in insomnia as a result of psychic conditions of excitation 
 and fear. In dyspncea of cardiac or pulmonary origin, in bronchial asthma, 
 in tabetic crises. In facial neuralgia and sciatica its action frequently sur- 
 passes all others, even that of Morphine. Hsemoptysis in phthisical patients 
 is frequently quickly stopped by one injection of Omnopon, after which the 
 patient falls into a long deep sleep.-^U.M.J. '14, ii. 354. 
 
 f grain with ^\j^ grain of Scopolamine with 17 minims of Water forms the 
 best narcotic preliininary to operation, 1^ hours before. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 350. 
 
 Its value as a general sedative is strongly recommended in hopeless phthisis, 
 carcinoma, gastric ulcer, cardiac pain, asthmatic dyspnoea, and as a cure for 
 morphinomania ; the patient does not appear to become tolerant of its use, 
 and thus there is no need for increasing the dose. — M.P. '13, ii. 321. 
 
 LIQUOR OPIl SEDATIVUS {Battley) has enjoyed a reputation for a long 
 time as an anodyne and sedative superior to Tincture of Opium, but it is 
 somewhat stronger. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Liquor Opii Sedativus {A.Ph.F.).—Oi>iwm (10 p.c), 2 oz. ; Calcium 
 Hydrate, 2 drm. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4 oz. ; Sherry, 3 oz. ; Water, q.s. Boil 
 the Opium (broken into small pieces) and Lime in 15 oz. of Water 
 for half an hour, and allow to cool. Make up to 13 oz. with Water ; add the 
 Alcohol and Sherry. Filter, press the marc, add the expressed liquid filtered, 
 and to this add Proof Spirit to make 20 fi. oz. Set aside for 6 months to 
 inature ; filter. By allowing it to stand for the time mentioned the flavour 
 and aroma are greatly improved. 
 
 INepenthe. (Anodyne Tincture). — A reddish-brown liquid preparation 
 of Opium, possessing a spirituous odoui' and a specific gravity of 0'974 to 
 • 980. It is incompatible with alkalis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims =■ 0-3 to 0-9 c.c. 
 
 PILUL/E STYRACIS OPIAT/E {Swed.).—0^\uin, 2 ; Liquid Styrax, 4 ; 
 Liquorice, 6. Each pill contains 2 centigrammes of Opiiun. 
 
 SCIROPPO Dl OPPiO (/<aZ.).— Aqueous extract of Opium, 1 ; Water, 
 9 ; Simple Syrup, 1990. 
 
 TINCTURA OPII CROCATA (Sydenham's Laudanum). — Contains 
 Saffron, and occurs in the majority of the foreign Pharmacopoeias. The 
 Brussels Conference agi-eed to a strength of 1 p.c. w/w of Morphine. 
 
 Austr. — Orjium, lo"; Saffron, 2; Alcohol (68 p.c), 40; Cinnamon Water, 
 60. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OPI 965 
 
 Dutch. — Oi)ium, CO ; Saffron, 20 ; Cinnamon, 5 ; Cloves, 5 ; Alcohol, 250 ; 
 Water, 250. Macerate for 8 days, express, filter, and, if necessary, dilute 
 to contain 1 p.c. of Morphine. 
 
 Hung. — Opium, 50 ; Saffron, 25 ; Cinnamon Water, 250 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 
 250. Filter, 500. 
 
 Ger. — Opium, 15 ; Saffron, 5 ; Cloves, 1 ; Ciiinamon, 1 ; Alcohol (OS p.c), 
 70 ; Water, 70. 
 
 Russ. — Opium, 15 ; Saffron, 5 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cassia, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 75 ; 
 Water, 75. 
 
 Swi.ss. — Opium, 10 ; Saffron, 3 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cassia, 1 ; Alcohol (68 p.c), 94. 
 
 Norw. — Opium, 100 ; Saffron, 25 ; Cinnamon, 6 ; Cloves, 6 ; Distilled 
 Water, 310 ; Absolute Alcohol, 620. 
 
 Swed. — Same as Norw., but with Dilute Alcohol instead of Absolute 
 Alcohol and Water. All containing 1 p.c of Morphine. 
 
 Laudanum Sydenhami. 
 
 Belg. and Ital.- — Extract of Opium, 50 ; Tincture of Saffron, 150 ; Oil of 
 Cinnamon, 1 ; Eugenol, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 798. It is required to contain 
 1 p.c of Morphine. 
 
 Laudano de Sydenham. 
 
 Mex.- — Opium, 10 ; Saffron, 5 ; Oil of Cinnamon, 16 drops ; Oil of Cloves, 
 16 drops ; Crystallisable Acetic Acid, 0-8 ; Alcohol (30 p.c), 80. 
 
 Laudanum, de Sydenham. 
 
 Fr. — Opium, 100 ; Saffron, 50 ; Oil of Cloves, 1 ; Oil of Cinnamon, 1 ; 
 Alcohol (30 p.c), 1000. 
 
 It is required to contain 1 p.c. w/w of Morphine in conformity with the 
 recommendation of the Brussels Conference. 
 
 Vinum Opii. 
 
 U.S.— Opimn, 10 ; Cassia, 1 ; Cloves, 1 ; Alcohol, 15 ; AVhite Wine, to 
 measure 100. 
 
 Vinum Opii Aromaticum. 
 
 Jap. — Saffron, 1 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cinnamon, 1 ; Dilute Spirit, 7 ; Sherry, 85 ; 
 Opium, 1. 
 
 Vinho de Opio Composto. 
 
 Port. — Extract of Opium, 5 ; Saffron, 3 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cinnamon, 1 ; Madeira 
 Wine, 100. 
 
 Vino de Opio Compuesto. 
 
 Span. — Opium, 10 ; Saffron, 5 ; Cloves, 1 ; Cinnamon, 1 ; White Wine, to 
 100. 
 
 Tinctura Tliebaieum Crocatum. 
 
 Dan. — Opium, 100 ; Saffron, 25 ; Cloves, 6 ; Cinnamon, 6 ; Alcohol 
 (68 p.c), to 1000. Containing 1 p.c Morphine. 
 
 Tinctura Tbielmanni (SivecL). — Peppermint Oil, 3; Alcohol (90 p.c), 22 ; 
 Tinctm-a Opii Crocata, 10 ; Tincture of Ipecacuanha, 25 ; Tincture of 
 Valerian, 40. 
 
 TINCTURA OPII DEODORATI (C/.-S-P.).— Granulated Opium (containing 
 12 to 12-5 of Crystallisable Morphine), 10 ; Purified Petroleum Benzin, 7-5 ; 
 Alcohol (95 p.c), 20 ; Water, q.s. to produce 100. Heat 50 of Water to 
 boiling and pour it on the Granulated Opium contained in a suitable vessel, 
 stirring the mixture frequently during 24 hours. Transfer to a percolator, 
 return the first portion of the percolate until it runs through clear, and when 
 the liquid ceases to drop continue the percolation with Water until the Opium 
 is exhausted. Concentrate the percolate on a water-bath to 15, and when 
 cool shake it vigorously for 10 minutes with 6-5 of the Piu-ified Petroleum 
 Benzin, separate the Benzin, repeat the shalung out for a few minutes with 
 the remainder of the Benzin and, having carefully and completely separated 
 
966 OPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 this second portion of Benzin, evaporate the remaining liquid in a warm 
 place spontaneously until the odour of Benzin has disappeared, removing 
 the last traces by the heat of a water-bath. Mix the deodorised liquid so 
 obtained with 60 of Water, filter the mixture through a paper filter, and, 
 having mixed the Alcohol with the filtrate, wash the filter with sufficient 
 Water to make 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 8 minims = 0-5c.c. 
 
 It should contain 1-2 to 1-25 p.c. w/v of crystallised Morphine. 
 
 TROCHISCUS OPII. — ji(j grain of Extract of Opivun4n each. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 U.S., Powdered Opium Jj grain in each. 
 
 UNGUENTUM OPil. — Extract of Opivim, 1 ; Spermaceti Ointment, 9. 
 Rub the Extract with a small quantity of Water to a syrupy consistence, 
 and mix with the Ointment. (1 of Extract in 10.) 
 
 VINUIVI OPII (sine Aromat.). — Opimn, in powder, 1 ; Sherry, 10. 
 Macerate 7 days, and filter. (1 of powder in 10.) 
 
 Used as a coUyritira 1 to 16 of Water. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 40 minims = 0-6 to 2-4 ml. 
 
 Vinum Glyeyrrhizae Opiatum [Siocd.). — Opium, 2; Saffron, 2; Extract 
 of Liquorice, 2 ; Sugar, 10 ; Marsala, 90. 
 
 NARGEINA. Narceine, ajH^^NOg, 3H„0, eq. 499-274.— In white, silky, 
 acicular crystals ; neutral, with a slightly bitter taste. Soluble in 375 parts 
 of cold and in 220 of hot Water, also soluble in Alcohol ; insoluble in Ether, 
 and practically insoluble in Chloroform. 
 
 Narceine is an alkaloid obtained from Opium. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, and 
 protected as far as possililo from contact with air, as it is liable to absorb 
 both Carbon Dioxide and moisture. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0-032 to 0-065 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Mox. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Commercial Narceine should not melt under 165° C. (329° F.). 
 Pure Narceine should not fuse under 170° C. (328° F.). It contains three 
 molecules of Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 10-8 p.c, which are lost 
 at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.), and when heated to a still higher 
 temperature it evolves an odour resembling Triniethylamine. . The aqueous 
 solution should be faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. The 
 alkaloid dissolves completely in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and if this acid solution 
 be concentrated on a water-bath a beautiful violet coloration is produced, 
 which changes to cherry -red. On further heating, upon the introduction of 
 a trace of Nitric Acid, a bluish-violet streak is produced. It is precipitated 
 by the usual alkaloidal reagents, e.g., Potassio-Mercvu-ic Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution, lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution and Picric Acid Solution. 
 Diluted Iodine Solution produces a blue coloration. Narceine may be 
 distinguished from Morphine by not immediately yielding a blue coloration 
 with Potassium Ferricyanide containing a trace of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution. It should leave no wcighable residue when ignited with free access 
 of air. 
 
 Under the title Antispasmin, a comliination of Narceine-Sodium and 
 Sodium Salicylate has been introduced as a hypnotic and sedative. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 2 grains = 0*016 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Wareyl. — In chemical constitution it is an Ethyl -narceine Hydrochloride, 
 and forms fine silky needles sparingly soluble in Water. Useful in severo 
 cough of phthisis. 
 
 Pose. — 1 to H grain = 005 to 0- 1 gramme, in 24 hours. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] DPI 967 
 
 f NARCOTINA. Nareotino a2H,,3NO„ rq. 413- 194.— Trimctrlc prismatic 
 crystals, or in large, colourless, glistening needles. Insoluble in Water ; 
 moderately soluble in Ether, in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in diluted Acids • 
 insoluble in Potassium Hydi-oxide Solution. It has no narcotic properties, 
 and has therefore been called Anarcotina; has been given as an antiperiodic 
 in malaria. 
 
 It is an alkaloid obtained from Opium. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = • OG to 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — ^Narcotine melts at about 170° C. (338° F.), and when heated to a 
 somewhat higher temperature evolves an odour somewhat resembling Tri- 
 methylamine. It dissolves completely in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and on 
 evaporating this sokition an orange-red coloration is first produced, changing 
 to a bluish-violet and finally to a reddish-violet. Concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid dissolves Nareotine with the production of a greenish-yellow colour, 
 rapidly changing to a yellow and finally to a reddish -yellow colour. On the 
 addition of a trace of Nitric Acid to its solution in concentrated Sul[)huric 
 Acid a beautiful blood-red coloration is produced ; it is precipitated by the 
 usual alkaloidal reagents, e.g., Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, 
 lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, Picric Acid, etc. When heated 
 with Nitric Acid it is oxidised with the formation of Cot amine. 
 
 Nareotine may bo distinguished from the majority of other alkaloids by 
 shaking with Acetic Acid Solution (2 p.c.) and filtering, the filtrate, when 
 evaporated to dryness, should leave no weighable residue. It may be dis- 
 tinguished from Morphine ))y shaldng with Sodiimi Hydroxide Solution 
 (5 p.c), the filtrate should yield no crystalline precipitate in 24 hours when 
 treated with an excess of Anunonium Chloride Solution. It should leave no 
 weighable residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 COTARNIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Cotarnine Hydrochloride, Styp- 
 ticin, CpJIi^NO^H^O-HCl, eq. 273-598. — A pale yellow, crystalline powder, 
 soluble in Water and in Alcohol. Cotarnine is produced by the oxidation 
 of Nareotine, visually by means of Nitric Acid. Cotarnine Hydrochloride is 
 the Hydrochloride of this oxidation product. 
 
 Dose. — J- to I grain — 0-021 to 0-032 gramme, given in capsule, or by 
 hypodermic injection. 
 
 It may also be proscribed as a 1 in 10 Tincture, made with Tincture of 
 Cinnamon. Dose. — 10 minims. 
 
 Valuable in monorrhagia. Contra-indicated in threatened abortion. 
 
 Tablets, each containing ■ 05 gramme = f grain, are made. 
 
 Tests. — Cotarnine Hydrochloride dissolves readily in Distilled Water, 
 forming a yellowish solution, and should be neutral towards Litmus. A 
 6 p.c. aqueous solution of the salt, when treated with lodo-Potassium Iodide 
 Solution, yields a brownish precipitate, which, when re-crystallised from 
 Alcohol, melts at about 142° C. (287-6° F.). If 3 drops of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution (15 p.c. w/w), be added to a solution of 0-1 gramme of Cotarnine 
 Hydrochloride in 3 c.c. of Distilled Water, the addition of each drop produces a 
 milky turbidity which again disappeai's on shaking, the free base crystallising 
 from the clear solution. The precipitate should be white, and the super- 
 natant liquid clear and of a pale yellow colour. The crystalline base, when 
 separated, should po.ssess a m.p. of about 130° C. (266° F.), but the m.p. is 
 stated to depend largely upon the rapidity with which it is heated ; should 
 the above supernatant liquid be turbid or strongly coloured, it indicates the 
 presence of foreign impurities. The salt should leave no weighable residue 
 when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 COTARNIN/E PHTHALAS. Cotarnine Phthalate, Styptol (CioH^NOJ.,, 
 CgHj(COOH).., eq. 640-308. — A pale yellow, microcry.stalline powder, possess- 
 ing a styptic and somewhat bitter taste. It is readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Useful in uterine hfemorrhage. May be given in doses of | grain ^0-05 
 gramme, in powder or cachet. 
 
968 ORE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Three grains dissolved in 35 minims of Water used subcutaneously to 
 rapidly arrest haemorrhage. Stated to possess the advantage over Stypticin 
 of being less irritating. For extensive eczema a 1 to 2 p.c. Solution was 
 found be.st, while a 5 p.c. Solution was used for small furuncles. Internally 
 it may be given in the form of powder in doses of 0- 1 gramme (1^ grains) or 
 as a tablet 0-05 gramme (| grain), 4 to G a day. 
 
 Tests.— Cotarnine Phthalate melts at 105° to 110° C. (221° to 230° F.), 
 with slight decomposition. It dissolves readily in Distilled Water, yielding a 
 clear, almost colourless, solution, which is faintly alkaline towards red Litmus 
 paper. Its aqueous solution yields on the addition of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution a crystalline precipitate of Cotarnine, which, when separated, washed 
 and dried, should melt about 130° C. (206° F.), with decomposition. A 
 strong fluorescence is produced when the residue remaining after heating 
 0- 1 gramme of Cotarnine Phthalate with 0-5 gramme of Resorcin in a test- 
 tu])e until the mixture is melted, is cooled, and mixed with 5 c.c. of a 10 p.c. 
 w/v aqueous solution of Sodium Hydroxide. The precipitate produced by 
 the addition of 5 drops of a 10 p.c. w/v aqueous Sodiimi Hydroxide Solution 
 to a solution of 0*2 gramme of Cotarnine Phthalate in 2 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, after being allowed to stand during 1 to 2 hours, filtered on a weighed 
 filter, and washed with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, dried at 70° C. (158° F.), 
 and weighed, should weigh between 0-135 and 0-140 gramme, corresponding 
 to from 67-5 to 70-0 p.c. of Cotarnine. It should leave not more than 
 0-05 p.c. of Ash. 
 
 PAPAVERINA. Papaverine. CooH^iNO,, eq. 339- 178.— White, crystalline 
 needles, or colourless, trimetric prisms. Insoluble in Water ; sparingly 
 soluble in Alcohol and Ether. Strongly narcotic. 
 
 Dose. — ji^ to ^ grain = 0-0054 to 0-0216 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Papaverine melts at about 147° C. (296- 6° F.). It yields when 
 warmed with Sulphuric Acid a bluish-violet coloration ; in Nitric Acid it 
 di.ssolves with a dark red colour. Wlien treated with Chlorine Water it 
 dissolves with a production of a greenish coloration, which on the addition 
 of Ammonia Water changes after some time to a blackish -brown coloration. 
 It should yield no weighable residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 Not Official. 
 OREXIN. 
 
 CEDRARINE. PHENYL-DIHYDRO-QUIiJAZOLINE. 
 
 CnH,„K".,, eq. 208-116. 
 
 A whitish amorphous powder, having a pungent taste, and having an irri- 
 tating effect on the nostrils, inducing violent sneezing. Insoluble in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 OREXIN HYDROCHLORIDE (C„Hi„N.,HCl, 2H„0, cq. 280-616).— In 
 white needles, or as a white powder, soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 
 insoluble in Ether. Stated to stimulate appetite, and to be useful in nervous 
 dyspepsia. This salt is now entirely superseded by the Tannate. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0-13 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
 OREXIN TANNATE. — A pale yellow, amorphous, odourless and tasteless 
 powder, insoluble in Water; 1 in 50 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Gastric tonic. 
 Useful in the anorexia of phthisis. Recommended as a prophylactic against 
 sea-sickness, and also to control the obstinate vomiting following Chloroform 
 narcosis. It is contra-indicated in gastric hyperacidity. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] OVT 969 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0"fi5 gramme, in a cachet, 1 or 2 hours 
 before a meal. It should not be prescribed with solutions containing Iron 
 salts. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Jap. 
 
 Tests. — Orexin Tannate, when heated with Zinc dust or powdered Zinc, 
 evolves a strong odour resembling Iso-Nitrilo, and on treating this mixture 
 with very dilute Hydrochloric Acid the filtrate yields a blue coloration on 
 the addition of Chlorinated Lime Solution. It should leave no weighable 
 residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 Not Official. 
 OVI ALBUMEN. 
 
 The liquid white of the Egg, Gallus Bankiva var. domesticus, Tomm., was 
 Official in the B.P. '85, and it appears in the Appendix of the B.P. It is a 
 glairy, viscid, colourless, or pale yellowish liquid. It may be obtained in the 
 solid state by cautious evaporation at a temperature below 50° C. (122° F.). 
 It is employed as an antidote in poisoning by Copper, Mercury, or Silver salts, 
 and for certain purposes of clarification. 
 
 At 72° to 73° C. (161-6° to 163-4° F.) it is coagulated, and is then rendered 
 white, opaque and insoluble ; in this condition it is employed Officially as a 
 test for Pepsin. 
 
 By the action of the gastric juice or of Pepsin in weak Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution, or by Trypsin, Albtmien is first converted into Acid-Albumen or 
 Syntonin, and finally into Peptone. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — The dried white is Official in Dan., Dutch, 
 Ital., Norw., Swed. ; the liquid white in the Fr., Mex. and Port. 
 
 Commercial dried Albumen is in thin, transparent flakes, which should 
 be free from unpleasant taste or odour of putrefaction. 
 
 EiGONS. — Alpha and Beta-Eigons are stated to be stable combinations 
 of Iodine with Albumen and Peptone respectively, and the corresponding 
 Brom-Eigons are similar preparations containing Bromine. 
 
 a-Eigon is a light, yellowish grey powder, possessing a faint odour. 
 Insoluble in Water ; soluble in Solution of Sodium Hydroxide forming 
 Sodium a-Eigon. It contains about 20 p.c. Iodine. Employed internally 
 and iised as a dusting powder. Introduced as a substitute for Iodoform and 
 the Iodides ; also used in veterinary practice. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 j3-Eigon. — A light, yellowish-brown powder, possessing a faint Peptone 
 odour. Soluble in Water and readily assimilable ; given in stomach derange- 
 ments. 
 
 The Bromine compounds have been employed as sedatives, 10 to 15 grains = 
 • 65 to 1 gramme, 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 lODALBACID. — A yellowish, tasteless, odourless powder, soluble in 
 Water. It is a combination of Iodine and Albumen, and is stated to be 
 useful as a substitute for the alkali Iodides. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 OVI VITELLUS. — The yolk of the Egg of Gallus Bankiva var. domesticus 
 was Official in B.P. '85. It was officially used in the preparation of Mistura 
 Spiritus Vini Gallici, and is imofficially employed as an emulsifying agent. 
 
 GLYCERITUM VITELLI.— Fresh yolk of Egg 9, Glycerin 11 ; rub tho 
 yolk of Egg in a mortar with the Glycerin gradually added, and mix 
 thoroughly.— f7.*S.P. 1890. 
 
970 OXY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 LECITHIN (Choline Distearyl-glycerophosphate). — A translucent, yellow 
 or yellowish-wliite, hygroscopic, waxy solid, which should bo completely 
 soluble in Chloroforrii. It is a phosphorised organic constituent contained in 
 consideralile proportion in the yolk of Egg, from which it is chiefly prepared. 
 It has been employed in neurasthenia, in brain and nervous diseases, and in 
 tuberculosis. It may be injected hypodermically in doses of | to 2 grains 
 = 0-05 to 0- 13 gramme, tlissolvcd in sterilised oil. 
 
 In diabetes, after a short treatment, sufferers piit on flesh and experience 
 a fooling of well-being. The fluid form of this phosphorised fat is the best 
 for treatment, and to obtain the most successfvil results it should be taken in 
 a little Water half an hour before meals on an empty stomach, so that absorp- 
 tion may take place readily. No very hot fluids should bo drunk for some 
 time afterwards, so that the composition of Lecithin may remain unaltered. — 
 B.M.J. '09, ii. 1108. 
 
 Great improvement results from large intramuscular injections in locomotor 
 ataxia and general paresis ; dose 0-1 to 0- 2 gramme ; 10 grammes altogether. 
 —E.M.J. '09, i. 379. 
 
 1^- to 3 grains thrice daily in monorrhagia. — B.M.J.E. '09, ii. 51. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains. It may bo given as pill or granule, or as a Solution 
 in diluted Alcohol containing 1 grain in 60 minims. 
 
 Lecitogen. — A combination of Lecithin and Cocoa. It occurs as a powder 
 pleasant to the taste, is taken in doses of 3 or 4 teaspoonfuls daily in Milk or 
 Water, and is useful in secondary ana?mias. 
 
 Not Official. 
 OXYGEN. 
 
 O, eq. 16. 
 
 A colourless, odourless, tasteless gas, it has been condensed to a liquid at 
 a very low temperature and under great pressure ; but as supplied for medical 
 pvirposes it is in the form of compressed gas. It may be prepared in small 
 quantities by heating Potassium Chlorate mixed with half its weight of pure 
 dry black Manganese Oxide, and subsequent purification of the gas ; but on 
 the coinmercial scale it is generally prepared from pure clry air by absorption 
 with caustic Baryta. 
 
 When employed medicinally, it is generally inhaled from bags connected 
 with cast-iron cylinders, and furnished with gun-metal taps, containing 10, 20 
 and 40 cubic feet of compressed gas. 
 
 It is Official in Fr. Codex, which requires that it shall be free from Carbon 
 Monoxide. 
 
 In the suggestions for the Ninth Edition of the U.S. P. it is recommended 
 that Oxygen should be free from Carbon Dioxide and Chlorine. 
 
 It.al. requires that it .shall be free from Carbonic Acid gas, from Chlorine 
 compounds, and from Ozone. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Useful in pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, also 
 in poisoning by coal-gas, and Carbon Monoxide. In the forin of Hydrogen 
 Peroxide it has been used in Cyanide poisoning. 
 
 In pneumonia its value is .stated {L. '07, i. 80S) to be much over-estimated 
 and disappointing. 
 
 Hypodermic injections successful in seemingly hopeless cases of tetanus. — 
 B.M.J.E. '1.5, i. 27; L., '15 i. 752. 
 
 From the extensive experiences of nnmerous writers it appears that hypo- 
 derinic injections of Oxygen have proved either very benolicial or curative 
 in the following conditions : — Toxic dyspnoeas, diabetic coma, asthma, and 
 asthmatic dyspnoea of aortic disease, in poisoning by Carbon Monoxide and 
 Dioxide, deleterious gases and vapours, pneumonia, syncope, and tetanus ; 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] OXY 971 
 
 urgent dyspnoeic injections need fairly quick injection, each injection should 
 take frona 5 to 20 minutes ; the swelling produced may reach within a muiute 
 to half the size of a footl^all ; and the site of injection may be the inter- 
 scapular region, outer part of thigh or abdomen, bvittocks, lumbar region ; 
 for a general asphyxia 2 or 3 litres are used at each sitting, repeated several 
 times daily according to the needs of the case ; in nervous cases 300 to 500 c.c. 
 are given ; the method is free of risk and bad effect ; it seems worthy of trial 
 in apparent death by drownhio-, lightning stroke, all acute poisons that kill 
 by asphyxia or coma, the vomiting of pregnancy. — B.M.J. '15, i. 973. 
 
 In severe peritonitis a continuous current of warmed Oxygen is passed 
 through the pelvic drain, and with benefit.— J5.ikf. J. '12, ii. 74(5. 
 
 Injected into peritoneal cavity after certain abdominal operations with 
 very encouraging results : — ( 1 ) After removal of largo tumours to overcome 
 negative abdominal pressure ; (2) in tubercular peritonitis ; (3) in certain 
 cases to prevent adhesions ; (4) in general septic peritonitis ; the amount 
 must always obliterate the liver dulncss ; it lessens shock and stops nausea 
 and vomiting ; after this treatment the ascitic form of tubercular peritonitis 
 never recurs. — L. '12, ii. 828. 
 
 Foreign. Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Oxygene); Ital. (Ossigcno); 
 Mex and Span. (Oxygeno). 
 
 Tests. — Oxygen Gas should rekindle the glowing end of a splinter of 
 wood. When passed into a freshly prepared solution of alkaline Pyrogallol 
 it should produce an immediate darkening in colour, becoming more intense 
 the longer the Gas is passed through, the solution becoming ultimately almost 
 jet black. When mixed with twice its volunae of Hydrogen gas it forms an 
 explosive mixture. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities against which it is necessary to 
 guard from a medicinal point of view are Chlorine, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon 
 Monoxide, free acid or alkali. Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Oxygen Gas should 
 neither redden nor bleach moistened blue Litmus paper. No turbidity or 
 precipitate should be produced when 2000 c.c. of the Gas are allowed to 
 bubble slowly through 100 c.c. of Distilled Water containing 1 c.c. of Silver 
 Nitrate Test -Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorine and other Halogens. 
 No more than a faint turbidity should bo produced when 2000 c.c. of the 
 Gas are allowed to bubble slowly tlirough 100 c.c. of Barium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution, at ordinary atmospheric temperature and pressure, indicating a 
 limit of Carbon Dioxide. When either warm or cold. Silver Ammonio-Nitrate 
 Solution should remain clear and colourless when 2000 c.c. of the Gas are 
 allowed to bubljle slowly through it, no brown coloration or black precipitate 
 should be produced, indicating the absence of Carbon Monoxide. No change 
 in colour should be produced when 2000 c.c. of the Gas are allowed to bubble 
 slowly through 100 c.c. of Distilled Water coloured with Litmus Solution, 
 indicating, the absence of free acid and alkali. Oxygen Gas should be practi- 
 cally completely absorbed by alkaline Pyrogallol Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Hydrogen and Nitrogen. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend a purity rubric of 
 95 p.c. Ijy volume of Oxygen, as determined by absorption in alkaline Pyro- 
 gallol Test-Solution. 
 
 The Fr. Codex states that when an exactly measured quantity of 20 c.c. of 
 the Gas, contained in a graduated tulje inverted over Mercury, is shaken 
 with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, the diminution in volume represents 
 the Carbon Dioxide ; and if a concentrated solution of Pyrogallol be next 
 introduced into the tube and again .shaken, the diminution represents the 
 real volume of Oxygen. The gaseous residue should be nil or almost nil, indi- 
 cating the absence of Nitrogen and Hydrogen. Oxygen Gas should not 
 contain liquid or solid impurities. 
 
 OZONE. — Is an allotropic modification of Oxygen, produced by passing 
 a silent discharge of electricity through Oxygen Gas. This gas possesses 
 a peculiar odour, somewhat suggestive of dilute Chlorine. It is a powerful 
 oxidising agent. When present in the air in large quantities it frequently 
 
972 OXY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 produces irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane, and this property 
 precludes its use. 
 
 SODIUM PEROXIDE. — A white amorphous powder, which dissolves in 
 Water with a hissing noise, with evolution of heat and formation of Hydrogen 
 Peroxide. It is a powerful oxidising agent. 
 
 Under the names of Biogen and Hopogan, Manganese Peroxide and 
 Magnesimn Peroxide have been introduced into therapeutics ; they evolve 
 Oxygen on contact with a dilute Acid. 
 
 Most useful in treating hyperchlorhydria ; it gives immediate relief. As 
 an antiseptic it is most valualjle in gastric and intestinal feriuentations. A 
 white, tasteless powder, it is best given in a little milk, 20 to 30 grains 3 or 
 4 times daily, one hour after meals. If effect be too purgative, lessen the 
 dose. Very useful also in gouty pruritus. Of no value in ordinary neurotic 
 dyspepsia with flatulence. — Pr. '09, ii. 38. 
 
 BENZOYL PEROXI DE.— Well-formed white prisms, melting-point 103-5^C. 
 (218- 3° F.). Insoluble in Water ; soluble in Oil to the extent of 2 to 3 p.c. 
 Prepared Ijy the action of Sodium Peroxide on Benzoyl Chloride. It is a 
 powerful disinfectant, useful in burns, wounds and many skin diseases. It 
 may be prescriVjed in oily Solution or as the following ointment : Benzoyl 
 Peroxide, 1 ; Vaseline, 5 ; Lanolin, 5. 
 
 ACETOZONE.^ — A powder containing 50 p.c. of Benzoyl-acetylPeroxide 
 mixed with an inert absorbent substance. Antiseptic. It luay be given in 
 aqueous Solution, 1 in 1000 to 10,000, which must be freshly prepared. As 
 an Ointment, 1 in 100 to 1000 of Soft Parathn. It is decomposed by contact 
 with alkalis and organic matter of all kinds. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains diluted with Milk Sugar in cachet, immediately 
 followed by a draught of Water, or given in aqueous Solution. 
 
 Acetozone Inhalant is a 1 p.c. Solution in Liquid Paraffin with 0*5 p.c. of 
 Chloretone. 
 
 OXYMEL. See MEL DEPURATUM. 
 
 OXYMEL SCILLiE. See scilla. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PANCREATIC ENZYMES. 
 
 Pancreatic Juice, the fluid secreted by the fresh and healthy pancreas of 
 the pig, Sus scrofa, or of the ox. Bos taixrus, is known to possess four distinct 
 properties : (a) The conversion of proteids ; {b) the conversion of Starch and 
 Glycogen ; (c) the emulsification of fats, and (d) the curdling of Milk. Each 
 of these properties is attributable to a particular ferment or enzyme, which 
 us originally present in the pancreas is in an insoluble and inactive condition, 
 known as a Zymogen, the ultimate solution depending upon the conversion 
 of this insoluble and inactive Zymogen into a soluble and active enzyme 
 liy the aid probably of the digestive action of the intestinal ferment Entero- 
 kinase. The conversion may also be brovight about by the action of diluted 
 acids. The enzymes act only in neutral or alkaline solutions. Their action 
 is suspended in feebly acid solutions, and when digested at 40° C. (104° F.) 
 for an hour in a Solution of Pepsin of the normal acidity of the stomach (equal 
 to 0-2 p.c. Hydrochloric Acid), or when digested with gastric juice, they are 
 destroyed. They are also destroyed in solution by heating to 75° C. (107° F.). 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] PAN" 973 
 
 The juice la precipitated by mineral acids, metallic salts, and lay Tannic Acid. 
 When treated with an excess of Alcohol (90 p.c.) or stronger, it is precipitated. 
 It undergoes putrefactive change with great rapidity. The process of 
 isolating the ferments in an active condition from the fresh juice of the 
 pancreas gland is extremely complicated and involves much time and careful 
 work. The products usually obtainable commercially are of a widely 
 divergent character, and, considered from the point of view of their proteolytic 
 and amylolytic activity, some are quite inert. 
 
 An even greater divergence exists in solutions of the enzymes prepared for 
 hypodermic use, some solutions indicating the devotion of but little atten- 
 tion in their preparation to the purposes which they are intended to serve. 
 
 Official Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR PANCREATIS. Pancreatic Solution. 
 
 5 oz. of the fresh fat-free pancreas of the pig, from which the external 
 membrane has been removed, is finely divided by triturating it with 
 washed sand or powdered pumice-stone ; this is treated with a mixture 
 of Alcohol 5, Glycerin 4, and Distilled Water to make 20, by maceration 
 in a closed vessel for a week and filtered. 
 
 Dose.— 60 to 120 minims = 3 -6 to 7 -1 ml. 
 
 Tests. — A measured quantity of 3 ml. of Pancreatic Solution is 
 mixed with 0'2 gramme of Sodium Bicarbonate and 20 ml. of Dis- 
 tilled Water, and the mixture added to 80 ml. of fresh cow's Milk, 
 previously brought to a temperature of 45° C. (113° F.). The mixture 
 is kept at this temperature during 1 hour, at the end of this time the 
 milk should be so completely peptonised that no curdy precipitate 
 should be observed in the lower layer, when a measured quantity of 
 5 ml. of the mixture is removed and added to a mixture of 5 ml. of 
 Ether and 5 drops of Nitric Acid It was suggested in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squire's Companion that it would be preferable, in carrying 
 out this test, to add a little Ether to dissolve the fat, as otherwise the 
 fat may be mistaken for a coagulation. This has now been ofiicially 
 adopted. 
 
 Liquor Panereaticus (Benger) was introduced in 1879. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 The ferments which have been prepared from the juice, and regarding which 
 more or less definite knowledge exists, are Trypsin, Amylopsin, Lipase 
 (Steapsin) and Rennin (Chymosin). 
 
 PANCREATINUM (Pancreatin). — Commercial Pancreatin is a mixture 
 of the enzymes existing in the pancreas of the hog. It is Official in Fr. 
 and U.S., but not in B.P. or the P.G. The U.S. P. defines Pancreatin as 
 a mixture of the enzymes natvu-ally existing in the pancreas of warm-ljlooded 
 animals, usually obtained from the fresh pancreas of the hog (Sus scrofa var. 
 domosticus. Gray), or the ox (Bos taiu-us, Linne), and consisting principally 
 of Amylopsin, Myopsm, Trypsin and Steapsin, and proved to be capable, 
 when assayed by the tmder-mentioned method, of converting not less than 
 25 times its o\vn weight of Starch into substances soluble in Water. A method 
 is also given of ascertaining its power of digesting soluble proteids. 
 
 It is a yellowish, cream-coloured, or greyish-amorphous powder, possessing 
 a faint characteristic though not unpleasant odoui', and a taste somewhat 
 resembling meat. It dissolves slowly and almost completely in Water, but 
 is only iJnrtially soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It digests both soluble and 
 
974 PAN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 insoluble Albiimens, and when brought into contact with amylaceous material 
 rapidly induces hydrolysis, converting it into soluble products, e.g.. Sugar, 
 Dextrose, or Maltose. It exhibits those powers to the greatest advantage in 
 alkaline or in neutral solutions. The presence of mineral acids or an excess 
 of alkah has a retarding influence upon its digestive activity, whilst, similarly 
 to the juice, its activity is altogether destroyed by Pepsin in acid solution. 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0'32 to 0-G5 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — It is official in Fr. and Mex. (Pancreatin) ; 
 Ital. (Pancreatina Medicinale) ; Jap. (Pankreatinum) ; Span. (Pan- 
 creatina) ; and U.S. (Pancreatinum). 
 
 Tests. — Pancreatin may be assayed for its proteolytic and amylolytic 
 activity by its action upon the soluble Albumens of Milk and upon Starch. 
 The U.S. P. employs a process of which the following embraces the essential 
 features : — A weighed quantity of 0-28 gramme of Pancreatin is mixed 
 with 1-5 grammes of Sodiuin Bicarbonate and 100 c.c. of tepid Water. A 
 measured quantity of 400 c.c. of fresh Cow's Milk is raised to a temperature 
 of 38° C. (100-4" F.), and the Pancreatin mixture is added, the whole being 
 maintained at the above temperature for 30 minutes. At the end of this 
 time the Milk should be so completely peptonised that a small portion when 
 diluted with three times its volume of Distilled Water should produce no 
 coagulation when mixed with some Nitric Acid. 
 
 The U.S. P. method for the determination of the amylolytic activity is as 
 follows: — A weighed quantity of 7*5 grammes of Starch is mixed with 
 200 c.c. of Distilled Water and boiled until a translucent mixture results, 
 which is then cooled to 40-5° C. (105° F.). A weighed quantity of 0-3 
 gramme of Pancreatin, dissolved in about 10 c.c. of Distilled Water at 40- 5° C. 
 (105° F.), is then added, the flask well shaken, and the temperature of the 
 mixture maintained at 40* 5° C. (105° F.) during 5 minutes, at the end of 
 •which time the Starch should have been converted into substances soluble 
 in Water. 2 drops of Tenth-Normal Voltimetrie Iodine Solution are mixed 
 with 60 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 4 drops of the warm converted Starch 
 Solution are added to the mixtiu-e ; either no coloration or at most a wine-red 
 colour should result, showing the presence of Dextrin and Maltose. The 
 appearance of a blue or purple colour will indicate the presence of unconverted 
 Starch, and the Pancreatin is below the standard, namely, that of converting 
 not less than 25 times its oaati weight of Starch into substances soluble in 
 Water. 
 
 TRYPSIN.— Trypsin is not Official in the B.P., U.S.P., or P.O. It is 
 given as a synonym for Pancreatin in the Spanish Pharmacopoeia. It acts 
 slowly on solid albuminoid masses, e.g., boiled Egg Albmnen, but with great 
 rapidity on soluble Albumen, such as the Casein of Milk. It converts 
 Albumens into Peptones and subsequently into bodies which are not proteids, 
 Leucin, Tyrosin, etc. The activity gradually increases with the temperatm-e 
 up to 50° C. (122° F.), and rapidly diminishes up to 75° C. (167° F.) when the 
 ferment is destroyed. Although the activity of the ferment is thus manifest 
 with increasing temperature, solutions of the enzymes undergo rapid deteriora- 
 tion when subjected to prolonged warmth, and carefully prepared solutions, 
 which have been subjected to temperatures svich as those experienced in a 
 voyage through the tropics, have lost as much as 75 p.c. of their activity 
 during their passage out and home. 
 
 Trypsin forms a yellowish or yellowish-brown powder, possessing a meaty 
 odour. It occurs together with Amylopsin, Lipase (Steapsin), and Myopsin 
 in the fresh juice of the pancreas. It is partially soluble in Water ; insoluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). The commercial dried product varies enormously, some 
 specimens being exceedingly active proteolytically as well as amylolytically, 
 others only relatively proteolytically active, whilst again other preparations 
 possess neither a proteolytic nor an amylolytic action. 
 
 Although Trypsin acts best in alkaline Solution, e.g.. Sodium Bicarbonate 
 or Sodium Carbonate, when in solution with the latter it rapidly deteriorates 
 at a tempera*- re of (or above) 38° C. (100- 4° F.). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiire.] PAN" 975 
 
 It is regarded (J.C.S. Abs. '05, ii. 47) as possible that the pancreatic enzyme 
 Trypsin really consists of a number of specific ferments, each acting on different 
 proteids. No free Trypsin is present in the secretion of the pancreas (J.C.S. 
 Abs. '03, ii. 559), the hberation of that enzjmae is the work of the intestinal 
 juice, gastric juice not being able to affect it. 
 
 Tests. — Trypsin may be assayed for its proteolytic and amylolytic activity 
 by the methods described imder Pancreatinum, using either a proportionately 
 smaller quantity of the enzyme or correspondingly reducing the time allowed 
 for the reaction. The comparative strengths of the various Trypsin pre- 
 parations are referred to under the heading of Injectio Trypsini Co. (Squire). 
 
 AMYLOPSIN (Pancreatic Diastase). — It occurs together with Trypsin, 
 Lipase (Steapsin), and Myopsin in the fresh juice of the pancreas. The dried 
 ferment is not found in an active condition as a commercial article. Solutions 
 of the ferment are extremely difficult to prepare, and even the best known 
 products, although claiming to be free from the proteolytic ferment (Trypsin), 
 can only be considered relatively so, as will be seen from the results published 
 by Dr. P. Tetens Hald in his paper upon the comparative strengths of some 
 commercial Trypsin preparations, in the Lancet '07, ii. 1371. It possesses 
 great activity in digesting amylaceous material, and when carefully prepared 
 possesses but relatively little action on soluble or insoluble proteids. 
 
 Pancreatic Diastase converts Starch into Dextrin and Maltose. Its action 
 on Starch foods is very similar to or identical with that of Ptyalin, the salivary 
 ferment. It is usually stated to be identical with the Diastase of Malt, but 
 it is doubtful if it is so, as it is found to be affected quite differently to the 
 latter by acid or alkali. Diastase from either som-ce acts most rapidly in 
 solutions which are practically neutral. The Malt ferment is retarded by 
 acid, but almost stopped by a very small quantity (about O'l p.c.) of alkali. 
 The pancreatic ferment, on the contrary, is retarded by alkali and almost 
 stopped by a minute quantity of acid ; moreover, the activity of Malt Diastase 
 towards Starch Solution is inversely proportional to the quantity of the ferment 
 present, whilst the activity of the Amylopsin (Pancreatic Diastase) is inversely 
 proportional to the square root of the quantity of ferment present. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The various pancreatic solutions, powders and 
 tablets are used to peptonise foods before administration, but they are also 
 given with food at the beginning of a meal. Pancreatin in pills (Keratin 
 coated) has been given in diabetes. The enzymes of the pancreas have 
 been employed in the treatment of malignant growths. There can be little 
 doubt that failure has in some instances been due to the use of almost inert 
 preparations. 
 
 Injections in surgical tuberculosis, 1 to 2 c.c. of Trypsin Solution diluted 
 with Normal Saline ; some 2 or 3 suffice, sometimes they must be continued 
 for several months. An interval of 6 to 7 days is allowed between injections ; 
 in any case, all local reaction must have subsided before injections are repeated. 
 Sinuses and fistulce must not only bo filled with the Solution, but their walls 
 must be injected with it. Ulcers may be powdered with Trypsin Powder, 
 while injections are also made into the surrounding tissues. Joints are 
 treated by intra- and peri-articular injections. Pain is caused, but is brief 
 and never severe. This treatment is a notable advance on Iodoform injection, 
 and the results are most encouraging. — E.M.J. '11, ii. 74. 
 
 Injections strongly recommended in all cases of surgical tuberculosis with 
 sinuses. — Pr. '13, i. 218. 
 
 Pancreatic ferments lose very quickly all their original powers. — B.M.J. 
 '12, i. 810. 
 
 The writer doubts the infallibility of Quinine in relapsed malaria, and 
 believes in treatment by intramuscular injection of Trypsin and Amylopsin, 
 in combination.— JZ.i?..4.M.(7. '13, ii. 660. 
 
 Similar conclusion.— M.7i. '13, i. 553 ; B.M.J. '15, i. 449. 
 
 Tests. — The amylolytic activity of Amylopsin or solutions of Amylopsin 
 may be determined by the test with Starch Solution described under 
 Pancreatinum. 
 
976 PAN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 INJECTIO TRYPSINI COMP. (Squire). Squire's Compound Injection of 
 Trypsin. — A standardised .sterilised liquid, prepared direct from the fresh 
 and healthy pancreas of the pig. It is of maximum potency, containing a 
 definite nvunbor of units of the proteolytic enzyme (Trypsin), and of the 
 ainylolytic enzyme (Amylopsin). It is made in three strengths, known as 
 Standards I., II., and III., and is contained in hermetically-sealed glass 
 capsules of a dark amber tint holding 1 c.c. 
 
 Dose. — The average dose varies from 17 to 34 minims = l-O to 2-0 c.c, 
 injected deeply, not into the growth it.self, but into the healthy tissue in the 
 immediate neighbourhood, or into the back or buttock ; the injections are 
 made daily and the dose gradually increased. Small doses of Trypsin are 
 quite useless. 
 
 Method of Hypodermic Use. — When required for use the glass cap.sule 
 shovild lie rinsed first in 1 in 1000 Corrosive Sublimate Solution, then in 
 sterilised Distilled Water, broken at the file-mark on the neck, and the 
 contents drawn into the carefully sterilised all-glass hypodermic .syringe. 
 The injections should be carried ovit under the strictest aseptic precautions, 
 and the employment of heat avoided at all stages of the process. 
 
 Injectio Trypsini Com p. should be used in doses of 1 c.c. of Standard II., 
 and if no bad symptoms arise, continued daily for at least 6 weeks. If after 
 a few injections the patient becomes lethargic or depressed, with headache 
 and palpitation, give for a few days Standard I., then on alternate days 
 Standards I. and II., and subseq\iently, with careful watching, retiorn to 
 Standard II. every day. After 2 months' treatment the practitioner must 
 be guided by each individual case as to how much Trypsin and Amylopsin to 
 give. The method for the next month or so is to give about 5 Trypsins to 
 1 Amylopsin, with 1 day's rest to each week. After a long com-se of Trypsin, 
 or if septic symptoms arise, Amylopsin alone should be given for a period. 
 
 INJECTIO AMYLOPSINI {Squire). Squire's Injection of Amylopsin.— 
 A standardised sterilised liquid of maximum potency, prepared direct 
 from the fresh and healthy pancreas of the pig. It contains a high nvunber 
 of Amylopsin units, and is relatively free from the proteolytic enzyme (Trypsin). 
 
 It is contained in hermetically-sealed glass capsules of a dark amber tint 
 holding 1 c.c. 
 
 Dose.— The average dose varies from 17 to 34 minims = 1-0 to 2-0 c.c, 
 injected deeply, not into the growth itself, but into the healthy tissue in the 
 immediate neighbourhood of the growth, or into the back or buttock ; the 
 injections are made daily and the dose gradually increased. 
 
 Method of Hypodermic Use.- — See directions given under Injectio 
 Trypsini Comp. 
 
 The Amylopsin injection is meant to replace the Trypsin injection in the 
 later periods of the treatment, and to meet bad symptoms, such as nausea, 
 vomiting, pain in the back, drowsiness, albiuninuria, etc., which may arise. 
 
 LIQUOR PANCREATICUS FORT. (Squire). Squire's Strong Pancreatic 
 Solution. — A standardised solution of the enzymes prepared from the fresh 
 and healthy pancreas of the pig, for internal administration. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. ckm. = 3- 6 to 7- 1 c.c. 3 times daily half an hour before 
 food. 
 
 LIQUOR TRYPSINI COMP. (Squire). Squire's Compound Trypsin 
 Solution. — A solution prepared on somewhat similar lines to the above. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fi. drm. = 3- 6 to 7- 1 c.c. 3 times daily half an hour before 
 food. 
 
 LOTIO PANCREATICA FORT. (Squire). Squire's Strong rancreatic 
 Lotion. — A stanilardised limpid liquid, containing the digestive enzymes of 
 the fresh and healthy pancreas of the pig. It exerts a powerful solvent action 
 on animal proteids. For use as a pigment it may be applied locally with a 
 
[Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] PAN 977 
 
 brush undiluted ; when diluted 1 to 5 to 1 to 10 it is used as a rectal or 
 vaginal injection. 
 
 A corresponding Lotio Trypsini Comp. (Squire) is also made. 
 
 GLYCERINUM PANCREATIN. Syn. Glycerol of Pancreatin {P.J.F.). 
 — Pancreatin, 10 ; Glycerin, 50 ; Simple Elixir, 5 ; Distilled Water, q.s. to 
 produce 100. 
 
 PULVIS PANCREATICUS COMPOSITUS. Sijn. Peptonising Powder 
 (U.S. N.F.).—Fancreatm {U.S. P.), 20; Sodium Bicarbonate, 80. Mix them 
 by trituration. 
 
 Note. — 1'5 granunes of this powder are sufficient to peptonise 500 c.c. 
 of fresh cow's Milk, or 25 grains will peptonise 20 fl. oz. in the following 
 manner : — Add !• 5 grammes of the Compound Pancreatic Powder to 125 c.c. 
 of tepid Water contained in a suitable flask, and afterwards add 500 c.c. of 
 fresh cow's Milk previously heated to 38" C. (100-4° F.). Maintain the 
 mixture at this tempei-aturo for 30 minutes, then transfer to a cold place. 
 Milk thus peptonised should not be used after it has been kept for 24 hours 
 or when it has developed a ))itter taste. — U.S.N.F. 
 
 PULVIS PRO LACTE HUMANISATO. Syn. Hmnanising Milk Powder 
 (U.S.N.F.). — Compound Pancreatic Powder (N.F.), 35 ; Sugar of Milk, 965. 
 It is used for preparing Milk as follows : — -Triturate 6-5 grammes of the Milk 
 Powder with 62 c.c. of Water, transfer to a clean bottle containing 62 c.c. of 
 fresh cow's Milk, and 15 c.c. of Fresh Sweet Cream, and immerse the bottle 
 in Water heated to 38° C. (100° F.) for 15 minutes. Then pour the mixture 
 into a vessel and heat it quickly to boiling and immediately allow it to cool to 
 the body temperature. Humanised Milk should be prepared immediately 
 before use and the directions carefully followed. 
 
 PEPTONISED MILK.— A pint of Milk is diluted with 4 fl. oz. of Water 
 and heated to 140° F. (60° C.).* To this add 2 teaspoonfuls of Liquor 
 Pancreatis and 20 grains of Sodium Bicarbonate. Place in a jug and cover 
 with a ' cosey ' to keep it warm. At the end of an hour, or rather more, 
 boil the contents of the jug. The product oan be used like ordinary Milk. 
 
 Peptonised Milk can also be prepared at about 60° to 05° F. Dilute a 
 pint of Milk with half a pint of Lime Water, or with half a pint of Water 
 containing 20 grains of Sodium Bicarbonate in Solution ; to this add 3 tea- 
 spoonfuls of Liquor Pancreatis. The mixture is set aside in a jug for 3 or 
 4 hours, by which time the Milk will have developed a slightly bitter taste and 
 will be ready for use. 
 
 The bitter taste is well covered by Soda Water, or it may be warmed and 
 sweetened for infants. 
 
 If it is used as soon as ready it need not be boiled, but if not it must be 
 boiled to jorevent the change proceeding far enough to render it unpalatable. 
 
 Peptonising Powders and Tablets are also used in place of the Liquor 
 Pancreatis. The powders generally contain the Sodium Bicarbonate mixed 
 with the Pancreatin, ready for use. 
 
 PEPTONISED GRUEL. — Gruel from wheaten flour, oatmeal, arrowroot, 
 sago, pearl barley, pea or lentil flour should be very well boiled and made 
 thick and strong. It is then poured into a covered jug and allowed to cool to 
 a lukewarm temperature. Liquor Pancreatis is then added, 2 teaspoonfuls 
 to a pint of gruel. At the end of 3 hours the product is boiled and strained. 
 The starch of the meal is converted into sugar, and the albimainoid matters 
 are peptonised. 
 
 PEPTONISED MILK-GRUEL.— To a good thick Gruel, prepared from 
 any of the above-mentioned farinaceous articles, while still hot, add an equal 
 quantity of cold Milk ; the mixtvire will be about 125° F. (52° C.). To each 
 
 * If a thermometer is not at hand, the proper toinperatiu'e may be obtained 
 by boiling one-half of the mixture and adding it to the other half, which is 
 cold. 
 
978 PAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 pint of this mixture add 2 teaspoonfuls of Liquor Pancreatis and 20 grains of 
 Sodium Bicarbonate. Set aside in a warm place for 2 or 3 hours until a 
 perceptible bitterness is developed and not longer, then heat to the boiling 
 point and strain. 
 
 PEPTONISED BEEF-TEA.— Half a pound of finely minced lean beef is 
 mixed with a pint of Water and 20 grains of Sodium i?icarl)onato. This is 
 simmered for 2 hours in a covered saucepan ; the resulting Beef -tea is decanted 
 off into a covered jug, the undissolved beef residue is then beaten up with a 
 spoon into a pulp and added to the Beef -tea. When it has cooled down to 
 about 140° F. (60° C.) a tablespoonful of the Liquor Pancreatis is stirred in. 
 The mixture is kept warm for 2 or 3 hours and occasionally stirred. At the 
 end of this time the contents of the jug are boiled briskly for 2 or 3 minutes 
 and finally strained. Beef -tea jirepared in this way is rich in peptone, and 
 when seasoned with salt is scarcely distinguishable in taste from ordinary 
 Beef-tea. 
 
 A concentrated preparation is supplied as Peptonised. Beef Jelly. 
 
 PEPTONISED NUTRITIVE ENEMATA.— The enema may be prepared 
 in the usual way with milk-gruel and beef -tea, and a dessertspoonful of Liquor 
 Pancreatis should be added to it just before administration. 
 
 At the temperature of the bowel the ferments very readily act on the 
 nutritive materials with which they are mixed. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that peptonised foods are very liable to change 
 on keeping, and that fresh quantities should be prepared every 12 hours or 
 they must be re-boiled. 
 
 PANCREATISED FAT or PANCREATIC EMULSION. 
 
 Introduced in the treatment of consumption and other wasting diseases, 
 by Dobell. 
 
 Dose. — From 1 to 4 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 14-2 ml., mixed in Milk or Water, 
 from 1 to 4 times in 24 hours. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PAPAIN. 
 
 Syn. PAPAYOTIN. 
 
 A white, or whitish, amorphous powder, soluble in Glycerin. It is a 
 digestive fennent extracted from Papaw Juice (Carica Papaya, L.). 
 
 Papaw leaves contain an alkaloid Carpaine, the Hydrochloride of which 
 is readily soluble in Water ; it has been used as a heart tonic and febrifuge. 
 
 Papain possesses a solvent action on animal proteids, and acts best in 
 neutral or slightly alkaline solution. 
 
 Some commercial Papains possess such activity in acid solution that they 
 have been suspected of being admixtures containing Pepsin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Its Solution (5 p.c.) is stated to dissolve false 
 membrane in diphtheria, and to be a good application to warty epithelio- 
 matous growths. Internally in atonic dyspepsia. 
 
 Papain contains a fibrin -digesting but not peptolytic proteose of the nature 
 of Pepsin, as well as a peptolytic but not fibrin -digesting proteose of the 
 nature of an erepsin. 
 
 Injections of i grain and upwards into malignant growths with good results. 
 —B.M.J. '07, i." 135. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 grains = 0-13 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May be given in cachets, mixture, pills, or as a 
 hypodermic injection. A good pill ivay be made by using ' Dispensing 
 Syrup ' q.s. Given also in the forms oj Elixir a?itZ^ Glyeerole, in doses of 
 1 teaspoonful. 
 
tSolids fcy Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] PA^ 979 
 
 Poreign PharmacopcEias. — Official in Mex. 
 
 ELIXIR PAPAIN (Squire). — Glycerimim Papain {Squire), 8 fl. oz. ; 
 Carmine Solution, 2 fl. drm. ; Spiritus Nucis Juglandis, 2 fl. drm. ; Elixir 
 Aurant, sufficient to produce 10 fl. oz. 
 
 1 fl. drm. (3-Gc.c.) contains 2i grains (0-10 gramme) of the purified and 
 dried juice. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3- to 7- 1 ml. twice or thrice daily, half an hour 
 before food. 
 
 GLYCERINUM PAPAIN (Squire). — Papain, purified and dried, G40 grains ; 
 Sodium Bicarbonate powder, 40 grains ; Glycerin, 8 fl. oz. ; Aqua Dest. 
 sufficient to produce IG fl. oz. 
 
 Papain, 1 oz. ; Hydrochloric Acid, 40 minims ; Purified Talc, 120 grains ; 
 Glj^cerin, 8 fl. oz. ; Water, to 16 fl. oz. — Pharrn. Form. 
 
 INJECTIO PAPAIN FORT (Squire). — A sterilised limpid liquid possess- 
 ing the full digestive powers of the j)urified and dried juice. 1 c.c. (17 minims) 
 contains 2 grains (0-13 gramme) of the purified and dried juice. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 c.c. = 17 to 34 minims, hypodermically injected deeply 
 into the subcutaneous tissues. 
 
 The above injection is prepared in the form of hermetically sealed glass 
 capsules of a dark amber tint, each capsule containing sufficient for an average 
 hj^podermic dose. 
 
 LOTIO PAPAIN (Squire). — A clear permanent solution of the enzymes 
 in a Glycerin basis, prepared for use as a surgical solvent. It may be applied 
 locally undiluted, with a camcl's-hair brush. 
 
 Kot Official. 
 PAPAVERIS CAPSULE. 
 
 poppy capsules. 
 
 Fr., Pavot ; Ger., Unreife Mohnkopfe ; Ital., Papavero ; 
 Span., Adormidera. 
 
 The nearly ripe dried Fruits of the Opiinn Poppy, Papaver somniferum, L. 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but omitted in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Opium, but much weaker and of 
 uncertain strength. The Decoction is used as a soothing anodyne 
 fomentation. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Hung., Mex. (Adormideras), Port. (Dormideiras), Russ., Span, and Swiss. 
 Not in the others. The seeds only are Official in Ger. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Poppy capsules are usually dried gradually on the 
 plant, the stalk being bent downwards as soon as the poppy head has arrived 
 at its full size, and the capsule is thus allowed to become hard on the plant. 
 The first capsule formed is usually the largest ; the subsequent, smaller, 
 capsules are sorted out, and sold separately ; and the smallest are usually 
 broken up and sold at a lower price, for making fomentations, etc. There 
 are two forms of the capsules, viz. ( 1 ) nearly spherical, and depressed at base 
 and apex, and (2) oblong oval. The seeds are wliite when derived from 
 the white, flowered form, but are often greyish when derived from the 
 red, flowered variety of Papaver somniferum. The white-seeded form was 
 the one Official in the B.P. 1898. The capsule is described as being the 
 nearly ripe dried fruit usually 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7i cm.) in diameter, and sud- 
 denly contracted below into a neck, and covered above with stellately arranged 
 stigmas ; the pericarp being pale yellowish -brown externally, and frequently 
 
980 PAU [Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Measili-e.] 
 
 marked with dai'k spots, and havina; a bitter tasto but no odour. The seeds 
 are described as reniforni, 1 mm. long, with a network of six-sided meshes on 
 the surface. Neither the seeds nor the capsules nor the Oil are Official in 
 the U.S. P. 
 
 Tests. — Poppy capsules yield about 10 p.c. of ash. 
 
 DECOCTUM PAPAVERIS.— Poppy Capsules, bruised, 2 ; Distilled Water, 
 30; boil 10 minutes in a covered vessel, and strain; then pour over the 
 contents of the strainer as much Distilled Water as will make up the strained 
 product to 20. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Span., Infusion, 1 in 35. 
 
 SYRUPUS PAPAVERIS (B.P. '85).— 36 of Poppy Capsules is exhausted 
 with boiling Water, and the liquid evaporated to (JO ; this is treated with 16 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c), and suljsequently evaporated to 40, in which is dissolved 
 04 of Sugar. (1 in nearly 2J.) 
 
 Dose. — 1 fl. drm. = 3- 6 ml. 
 
 This Syrup can be made from the Liquid Extract (given below) by evaporat- 
 ing 80 of the Liquid Extract to 40, and dissolving in it 64 of Svigar. 
 
 Foreign Ph.armaeopa3ias. — -Official in Austr. (Syrujaus Opiatus.) — ■ 
 Extract Opium 1, Simple Syrup 999. Dutch, Ger., Hung, and Russ, 1 in 10 ; 
 Belg. (Syrupus Opii dilutus), Syrup of Opium 1, Simple Syrup 4. Dan., 
 about 1 in 12. Mex. (Jarabe diacodio), 1 of Ext. Opii in 2000; Port. 
 (Xarope de Dormideiras), 1 in 13^; Span. (Jarabe de Adormideras), 
 1 extract in 100 ; Swiss, Extract of Opium 1, Water 4, Simple Syrup 995. 
 Not in Fr., Ital., Jap., Norw., Swed. or U.S. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PAPAVERIS LIQUIDUM.— The liquid obtained by the 
 process for making the Syrup (previous to adding the Alcohol and the Svigar), 
 3; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 ; mix. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 00 minims = 1-8 to 3 • ml. 
 
 PARAFFINUM. 
 
 Petroleum Oil and Shale are mixtures of the hydrocarbons of the 
 Paraffin series, some of which are Official under the names Paraffinum 
 Durum, Paraffinum Liquidum, Paraffinum Molle. Hard Paraffin is 
 obtained chiefly from Shale, the Liquid and Soft Paraffins from 
 Petroleum. 
 
 PARAFFIN DURUM. Hard Paraffin. 
 
 Fb., Paraffine ; Ger., Ceresin ; Ital., Paraffina Solid a ; Span., 
 Parafina. 
 
 A colourless, almost odourless, crystalline, wax-like, more or less 
 translucent solid, greasy to the touch. 
 
 It is a mixture of solid Hydrocarbons of the Paraffin series. 
 
 The U.S. P. describes it as a mixture of solid Hydrocarbons, chiefly 
 of the Methane series ; usually obtained by chilling and pressing the 
 distillates from Petroleum having high boiling points, and purifying 
 the solid press cake so obtained. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, sparingly soluble in Absolute 
 Alcohol ; 1 in 80 of Ether, sp. gr. 0* 720 ; 1 in 140 of Ether, sp. gr. 
 0-735. 
 
[Solids by Weight ;i|l.iquids by Measure.] PAR 081 
 
 The solubility in Ether (sp. gr. 0- 720) depends upon the m.p. of the Paraffin, 
 a sample, in. p. 120° F., dissolved 1 in 40. 
 
 OfiBcial Preparation. — Unguentum Paraffini. Used in the preparation 
 of Unguentum Capsici, Unguentum Chaulmoogra;, Unguentum Creosoti, 
 Unguentum Eucalypti and Unguentum Plumbi Subacetatis. 
 
 Not Official. — Emulsio Paraffini and Massa Paraffini. 
 
 Paraffin Injections. — This method of correcting deformities is very little 
 used. 
 
 Some cases of bone cavities treated by stopping with Paraffin ; method 
 described ; Paraffin of a m.p. of 120° F. should be used. — L. '08, i. 155. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Ital., Jap. and Russ., all 
 Paraffinum Solidum (m.p. 74° to 80°) ; Dutch, m.p. 56° to G0° ; Fr., Paraffino 
 (distils between 375° and 435°), m.p. not given; Ger., m.p. 08° to 72°; 
 Hung., m.p. 70° to 80° ; Norw., m.p. 70° to 7G° ; Span., m.p. 44° to 05° ; Swiss, 
 m.p. 05° to 80° ; U.S., 51-6° to 57-2°). All the above are centigrade. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Hard Paraffin has a specific gravity according to the U.S. P. 
 of 0-890^to 0-905 at 25° C. (77° F.). The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that the specific gravity be changed to about 
 0-900, and the melting point to ' from 50° to 57° C. (122° to 134' 6° F.).' 
 It melts according to the B.P. at 50° to 60° C. (122° to 140° F.). The 
 U.S.P. melting point is 51-6° to 57-2° C. (125° to 135° F.) ; the P.G. 
 melting point is 68° to 72° C. (154- 4° to 161 - 6° F.). Tlie U.S.P. states 
 that if 0-5 gramme of Paraffin be heated in a dry test-tube with 
 0-5 gramme of Sulphur, Carbon is separated and the mixture becomes 
 black, Hydrogen Sulphide gas being simultaneously evolved ; no 
 similar test is given in the B.P. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid, Stearic Acid, 
 fixed Oils, and mineral residue. The alcoholic liquid obtained on 
 shaking 5 grammes of melted Paraffin with 5 ml. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) should not give an acid reaction to Litmus paper, indicating 
 the absence of free acid. This alcoholic solution should require 
 not more than 2 drops of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution to produce a pink coloration with Phenolph- 
 thalein Solution, indicating the absence of Stearic Acid. When mixed 
 with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, and the mixture heated to 
 boiling, cooled and filtered, the aqueous solution should yield no 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Sulphuric Acid Solution in 
 slight excess, indicating the absence of fixed oils. 5 grammes, when 
 carefully heated, burn with a luminous flame, leaving no appreciable 
 ash, indicating the absence of mineral residue. The U.S.P. states 
 that when strongly heated it ignites, burning with a luminous flame, 
 and depositing Carbon, but leaving no permanent residue. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid. — It should not be acted upon nor coloured by concen- 
 trated Sulphuric Acid in the cold, U.S.P. 3 grammes, with 3 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid, heated in a water-bath in a glass previously rinsed out with warm 
 Sulphuric Acid and carefully agitated for 10 minutes should not bo affected 
 and the acid should not be coloured more than faintly brown, indicarting the 
 absence of organic impurities, P.G. 
 
 Nitric Acid.— It should not be acted upon nor coloured by Nitric Acid 
 in the co\d,^jU.S.P. 
 
982 PAR [Solids by Weight; liquids hy Measure.] 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PARAFFINI. Paraffin Ointment. (Altered.) 
 
 Hard Paraffin, 27 ; Soft Paraffin, 70 ; White Beeswax, 3. 
 
 3 of Hard Paraffin is now replaced by 3 of White Beeswax. 
 
 At first sight this would appear to l)e a definite forniida, but Official 
 permission is given to use White or Yellow Soft Paraffin, to suit the 
 colour of the ingredients with which it may be mixed, and the propor- 
 tions of the Beeswax may be varied to suit climate and temperature, 
 
 B.P. states that when Paraffin Ointment is used as the basis of white 
 ointments, it should be prepared with the white variety of Soft Paraffin ; 
 and when used for coloured ointments it should be prepared with the yellow 
 variety of Soft Paraffin. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Official Preparations. — The White is used in the jireparation of 
 Unguentum Acidi Borici, Unguentum Acidi Carbolici, Unguentum Acidi 
 Salicylici. The Yellowr is used in Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. 
 Either is used in Unguentum Lana3 Compositum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Ger., Liquid Paraffin, 5 ; Solid 
 Paraffin, 4 ; Anhythous ^Vool Fat, 1. Jap., Solid Paraifin, 1 ; Liquid 
 Paraffin, 4. 
 
 PARAFFINUM LIQUIDUM. Liquid Paraffin. 
 
 A colourless, odourless and tasteless, transparent, oily fluid, which 
 is Officially required to be ' not fluorescent.' 
 
 The B.P. describes it as a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons ; the 
 U.S. P. as a mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the Methane 
 series, obtained by distilling ofi most of the lighter and more volatile 
 portions from Petroleum, and purifying the liquid residue. 
 
 Solubility. — It mixes with Chloroform, Ether, and the fixed and 
 volatile Oils. It dissolves Bromine, Iodine, Iodoform and Phosphorus. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Largely employed internally as a 
 lubricant in constipation in doses of one to two tablespoonfvds ; it is 
 also made into a Confection for the same purpose with Malt Extract 
 or a fruit Jelly. Alone or mixed with Castor or Olive Oil, as an 
 application in chronic eczema accompanied by desquamation. As a 
 solvent or emulsifier for substances to be given hypodermically or 
 used in sprays and atomisers. 
 
 Liquid Paraffin, when used for hypodermic injection, should be sterilised 
 by heating to about ISC C. for 30 minutes in a flask plugged with Cotton- 
 Wool. 
 
 Allowed to soak into the skin for several minutes daily, cures favus. — 
 B.M.J. '09, i. 1297. 
 
 A note to vu-ge the importance of adding this to mixtures, such as Bismuth 
 and Cerium Oxalate, in gastric ulcer. — M.P. '14, i. 200. 
 
 In enteric fever with constipation give 4 drm. at night ; and if this be not 
 sufficient, 4 drm. in the morning as well ; it is best taken floating on Soda- 
 water. — L. '14, ii. 231. 
 
 In enteric fever for its lubricant and protective action ; and for the septic 
 diarrha3a of enteric. — L. '14, ii. 421. 
 
 Than intestinal intoxication in children, with its peevishness and nervous 
 irritability, there is no class of case in which it proves so useful. — Pr. '15, i. 494. 
 
 Invaluable in thread-worm. — Pr. '15, i. 497. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PAR 983 
 
 Official Preparation. — Used in the preparation of Unguentum Cetacei. 
 
 Not Official. — Emulsio Petrolei et Glyccrophosphatis, Eniulsio Petrolei 
 cum Hypophosphitibus, Oleum pro Nel)ula. 
 
 Paroleine, Oleum Deelinnc, Adepsino Oil, G lymol, Vaseline Oil, 
 Chrismol, are forms of Liquid Paraffin. 
 
 Foreign. Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., .sp. gr. 0880 ; 
 Dutch, not less than 0-860 ; Fr. (Huile do Vaseline), sp. gr. about 0-875, 
 and Huile Loiu-des de Petrole, sp. gr. 0-880-0- 905 ; Ger., not less than 0- 885 ; 
 Hung., sp. gr. 0-88 to 0-89 ; Ital. (Olio de Vaselina) and Mex. (Vaselina 
 liquida), sp. gr. 0-875 to 0-890; Jap., sp. gr. 0-875 to 0-945; Norw., 
 sp. gr. not less than 0-880 ; Russ. and Swiss., sp. gr. 0-880 to 0.885 ; Span. 
 (Aceite do Parafina), sp.gr. 0-840; Swed., sp. gr. 0-88 to 0- 90 ; U.S., 
 about 0-870 to 0-940 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Paraffin lias a specific gravity from 0' 865 to 0* 890. 
 The B.P. gives the specific gravity from 0-860 to 0-890. The IJ.S.P. 
 gives the specific gravity of 0-870 to 0-940 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the 
 P.G. at least 0-885. 
 
 The specific gravity is not any guide to the viscosity, which to 
 the consumer is an important character. The most ready means of 
 comparative testing for the viscosity of Liquid Paraffin is to fill a 
 25 c.c. pipette with the sample and take the time that it requires to 
 run out. As temperature has an important influence the samples must 
 all be brought to 60° F. {15* 5° C). As 25 c.c. pipettes will vary in 
 diameter and length, the same pipette must be used in all the experi- 
 ments. Russian Liquid Paraffin has a greater viscosity than the 
 American. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are readily carbonisable 
 organic impurities, free acid. Sulphur compounds, Fixed Oils, Resin, 
 and mineral residue. The alcoholic liquid obtained by boiling together 
 a mixture of 5 ml. of Liquid Paraffin and 10 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 should not possess an acid reaction to Litmus paper, indicating the 
 absence of free acid. The presence of readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities is shown by Sulphuric Acid. A test for these impurities 
 appeared in the first prints of the U.S. P., and read as follows : — If 2 
 volumes of concentrated Sulphuric Acid be added to 1 volume of 
 Liquid Petrolatum in a test-tube placed in hot Water, and the contents 
 occasionally agitated during 15 minutes, the acid should not acquire 
 a deeper tint than brown, nor lose its transparency. The test was 
 evidently considered too stringent, and was deleted in the list of 
 Additions and Corrections (1907). The B.P. contains a Sulphuric Acid 
 test, and requires that when equal volumes (3 ml.) of the Liquid 
 Paraffin and Sulphuric Acid are heated together during 10 minutes 
 at a temperature of boiling Water, and agitated at frequent intervals 
 the lower acid layer should not acquire a deeper colour than a pale 
 brown, indicating the limit of readily carbonisable organic impurities. 
 The B.P. includes a test with Sodium Hydroxide Solution saturated 
 with Lead Oxide, and requires that when 2 drops of such a solution 
 are mixed with 4 ml. of Liquid Paraffin and 2 ml. of Absolute Alcohol, 
 the mixture should remain colourless when maintained at 70° C. 
 (158° F.) for 10 minutes, indicating the absence of Sulphur compounds. 
 
984 PAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 If a mixture of 5 grammes of Liquid Parafl&n, 5 c.c. of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution and 50 c.c. of Distilled Water be boiled thoroughly 
 during 15 minutes, the aqueous liquid should be clear, and should, 
 when separated from the oily layer, yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of a slight excess of Sulphuric Acid, indicating the 
 absence^ of fixed oils, fats, and Resin. The U.S. P. employs 10 
 grammes of the Liquid Paraffin for this test, and saponifies for half 
 an hour at a temperature of lOO*' C. (212° F.) with a solution of 10 
 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water. A portion 
 of the sample when carefully heated to remove the more volatile 
 portions and finally ignited with free access of air should leave no 
 weighable residue, indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMULSIO PETROLEI ET GLYCEROPHOSPHATIS (Bournemouth 
 Formulary). — Contains 33 p.c. of Liquid Petroleum, also Calcium Glycero- 
 phosphate, 4 grains ; Magnesium Glycerophosphate, 2 grains ; Sodium 
 Glycerophosphate, 2 grains ; Potassium Glycerophosphate, 2 grains in each 
 fl. oz. 
 
 EMULSIO PETROLEI CUM H\POPHOSPH\T\B\JS (B.P.G. Formulary 
 
 1901).- — Contains 33 p.c. of Liquid Paraffin, also Calcium Hypophosphite, 
 8 grains ; and Sodium Hypophosphite, 8 grains in each fl. oz. 
 
 OLEUM PRO NEBULA [Bournemouth Formulary). — Purified Wliite 
 Petroleum Oil, 4 fl. oz. ; Balsam of Peru, 40 grains. Digest in a bottle on 
 a water-bath for 10 minutes, and filter when cold. 
 
 PARAFFINUM MOLLE. Soft Paraffin. 
 
 A semi-solid, translucent, almost odourless and tasteless, white or 
 yellow substance, of about the consistency of an ointment, unctuous 
 to the touch. 
 
 The B.P. describes Soft Paraffin as a mixtm-e of semi-solid hydro- 
 carbons ; the U.S. P. describes the corresponding preparation 
 Petrolatum, as a mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the Methane 
 series, obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions 
 from Petroleum, and purifying the residue. 
 
 Either the white or the yellow variety may be used, according to circum- 
 stances. 
 
 Vaseline, Adepsine, Salvo Petrolia, Chrisma, and Cosmoline are 
 forms of Soft Paraffin. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, slightly soluble in Absolute Alcohol, 
 freely in Ether, Chloroform, Benzol, Oil of Turpentine, the fixed and 
 volatile Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is principally employed as an 
 Ointment base, but is also taken internally as a lubricant in constipation 
 in doses of one or two teaspoonfuls either alone, or in the form of 
 Confection. 
 
 From the. tlKMapoutic point of view, a table.spoonful of it is quite as efli- 
 cacious as the very best and most expensive variety of Liquid Paraffin. — 
 Pr. '15, i. 501. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PAR 985 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Paraffini. Used in the preparation 
 of Unguentum Capsici, Ung. Chauhnoograe, Ung. Chrysarobini, Ung. Creosoti, 
 Ung. Eucalypti, Ung. Hamamelidis, Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis Dilutum, Ung. 
 Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi, Ung. Plunibi Subacetatis. 
 
 Not Official. — Emulsio Paraffini, Massa Paraffini, Linogenum Spissum, 
 Parenols, Vasenol, Vasogen, and Vasoliinenta, Petroxolinum Liquidiun, 
 Petroxolinum Spissum, Petroleum Spirit (Petroleum Ether). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Jap., Norw., Russ., 
 Swed. and Swiss (Vaselinum) ; Belg. (Paraffina Mollis) ; Dutch and 
 Ger. (Vaselinum Album and V. Flavum) ; Fr. (Vaseline Officinale) ; 
 Hung. (Vaselinum Flavum) ; Ital. and Span. (Vaselina) ; Mex. 
 (Vaselina Soli da) ; U.S. (Petrolatum and Petrolatum Album). 
 
 Tests. — Soft Paraffin usually melts between 40° and 48° C. (104° 
 to 118-4°F.); the B.P. gives 42° to 46° C. (107-6° to 114-8° F.); 
 the V.S.P. gives between 45° and 48° C. (113° and 118-4° F.). The 
 B.P. does not now give a specific gravity; the U.S. P. gives a specific 
 gravity of 0-820 to 0-850 at a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid, readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities, fixed oils, fats, Eesin, and mineral 
 residue. When 5 grammes of Soft Paraffin are digested with 10 ml. 
 of Alcohol (90 p. c), and the insoluble oily matter separated, the 
 alcoholic solution should not be acid in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, indicating the absence of free acid. When mixed with twice 
 its volume of Sulphuric Acid and warmed in a water-bath for 15 minutes 
 the acid should not be coloured more than brown, indicating a limit of 
 readily carbonisable organic impurities. If a mixture of 10 grammes 
 of Soft Paraffin, and 20 ml. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, be boiled 
 during 10 minutes, and cooled, the aqueous layer when separated from 
 the oily layer should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition 
 of a slight excess of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 fixed oils, fats, and Resin. The U.S. P. requires that if 10 grammes 
 of Petrolatum be digested at 100° C. (212° F.) during half an hour with 
 10 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide and 50 c.c. of Uistilled Water, the 
 aqueous layer separated, and supersaturated with Sulphuric Acid, should 
 yield no oily or solid substance. It should evolve no unpleasant odour 
 when heated to 80° C. (176° F,), 5 grammes of Liquid Paraffin, when 
 carefully ignited with free access of air, should leave no weighable residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMULSIO PARAFFINI. Syn. Aseptic Shaving Creum {St. Thomas's).— 
 Hard ParatBn (m. p. 55° C. ), 22 ; Prepared Suet, 3 ; Soft Soap, 2 ; Tragacanth, 
 in powder, 2 ; Glycerin, 2 ; Oil of Lavender, 1 ; Boiling Water, OS. Place 
 the Hard Paraffin and Suet in a vessel surrounded by hot Water, add the 
 Soap and boiling Water, and vigorously beat the mixture until a smooth white 
 emulsion is obtained. Remove the surrounding hot Water, and gradually 
 add the Tragacanth, continuing the beating and stirring until the temperature 
 has fallen below 50° C. When nearly cold, add the Glycerin and Oil of 
 Lavender. This product should have the consistence of a soft paste, and is 
 used to facilitate the shaving of skin areas so as to obviate the use of a shaving 
 brush and soap. 
 
 MASSA PARAFFINI. —Hard Paraffin (m. p. 120° F.), 1 ; WTiite Soft 
 Paraffin, 1|- ; molt together. 
 
986 PAR [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 A good inuss for iiiuking Silver Nitrate and Potassium Permanganate into 
 Pills. 
 
 PARENOL. — It has been shown by A. Kopp (Apofheker Zeitung, 19, 786) 
 that Soft and Liquid Paraffin can be formed into stable emulsions with Water 
 by the addition of a small quantity of Wool Fat, Beeswax, Spermaceti or 
 other substances, consisting chiefly of the higher Alcohols or esters of those 
 Alcohols. The resulting emulsions are absorbed readily through the skin, 
 cause no irritation, and do not become rancid, while they serve a useful 
 purpose as vehicles for the application of various medicaments. 
 
 The following formulas are found to yield satisfactory products, the first 
 being somewhat better than the second and third : 
 
 Wool Fat Parenol.— Soft Paraffin, r.5 ; Wool Fat, 15 ; Distilled Water, 
 sufficient to produce 100. Warm the Water, and mix gradually with the 
 melted Soft Paraffin and Wool Fat in a warm mortar. 
 
 Beeswax Parenol. — Soft Paraffin, 70 ; white Beeswax, 5 ; Distilled 
 Water, sufficient to produce 100. Proceed as in the former case. 
 
 Spermaceti Parenol. — Soft Paraffin, 70 ; Spermaceti, 5 ; Distilled Water, 
 sufficient to jjroduce 100. Proceed as in the first case. 
 
 These solid Parenols are of ointment-like consistence, can be made to take 
 up more than their own weight of Water, mix with all fats, and can be used 
 alone or in combination with other substances. 
 
 Liquid Parenol. — Liquid Paraffin, 70 ; White Beeswax, 5 ; Distilled 
 Water, siifficient to produce 100. Proceed as in the ease of Wool Fat Parenol. 
 
 The Liqviid Parenol is neutral, possessing similar properties to the solid 
 preparations, and can be used in skin diseases, for lubricating catheters, 
 or as a vehicle for injections. 
 
 VASOGEN.^ — A yellov/, or dark brown, thick oily liquid, which forms with 
 Water a stal)le white emulsion. It has been introduced as a basis for various 
 medicated preparations, e.(/.,Creosote-Vasogen (5 and 20p.c.),Ichtyhol-Vasogen 
 (10 p.c), lodine-Vasogen (6 and 10 p.c), Iodoform- Vasogen (15 p.c), and 
 Menthol -Vasogen (2 p.c). 
 
 A mixture of Vaseline Oil and Oleic Acid, when saturated with Ammonia, 
 yields a similar preparation to Vasogen. — Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc, xliii. 
 632 ; P.J. '02, ii. 259. 
 
 A bro%vn fatty solid is also known under the name of Vasogenum Spissum. 
 
 VASENOL. — A yellow Vaseline preparation containing 25 p.c. Water, 
 introduced as an ointment basis ; and a Liquid Vasenol (white), which may 
 be medicated as desired, has also been introduced where a creamy application 
 is used. 
 
 A combination of a Liquid Paraffin with a small quantity of the higher 
 Alcohols obtained from Spermaceti, Wool Fat, etc. The product mixes 
 readily with aqueous liquids producing neutral emulsions. 
 
 VASOLIMENTA. — Under this name {Pharm. Centr., xli. 756) a combined 
 Soap Hydrocarbon basis for medical inunction has been introduced. Simple 
 Vasoliment, or Liquid Vasoliynent, is prepared by saponifying Oleic Acid, 50, 
 with Alcoholic Ammonia, 25, the soap being heated with Liquid Paraffin, 100, 
 until solution is effected. The weight is then made up to 175 with Alcohol. 
 Thdck Vasollme7it is prepared in a similar manner, but the Alcohol is evaporated 
 off. Medicated Vasoliments are prepared as solutions of the active ingredients 
 in simple Vasoliment in the following percentage proportions respectively : 
 Salicylic Acid, 2 p.c. ; Camphorated Chloroform, Camphor 30 p.c. and Chloro- 
 form 30 p.c. ; Iodine, 6 p.c. ; Ichihyol, 10 p.c. ; Creolin, 5 p.c. ; Menthol, 
 2 jD.c. ; Venice Turpentine, 20 p.c. ; Iodoform, 1'5 p.c. ; deodorised Iodoform, 
 Iodoform, 1 • 5 p.c, Eucalyptol, 1-5 p.c. ; Encalyptol, 20 p.c. ; Naphthol, 10 p.c. 
 Guaiacol, 20 p.c ; Thiol, 5 p.c— F.B.P. '01, 212 and Hager. 
 
 PAROGEN. — A name employed as a synonym for Vasoliments. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PAR 987 
 
 Mindes' Vasoliments. — No. 1 : Liquid Paraffin, 35 ; White Oloin, 35 ; 
 Alcoholic Solution of Ammonia, 25 ; strong Alcohol, 5. No. 2 t Liquid 
 Paraffin, 35 ; White Olein, 35 ; Alcoholic Solution of Ammonia, 30. The 
 No. 2 formula is recommended for the preparation of a Solution of Iodine, 
 or of any other medicament soluble in Ether. 
 
 Linogens are obtained by substituting Linseed Oil for Liquid Paraffin in 
 the two preceding formulae. 
 
 Linogenum Spissum. — Linseed Ointment (Linseed Oil, 3, Paraffin, 2), GO 
 White Olein, 30 ; Alcoholic Solution of Ammonia, 10. Mix intimately in 
 a mortar. The product, of a bright yellow colour, readily absorbs large 
 qviantities of water. 
 
 Linogens of Iodine, Creolin, Creosotal, Creosote, IchMiyol, Resorcin and 
 Veratrine are obtained by simple Solution of the prescribed quantities of the 
 active ingredient in liquid Linogen. Iodine Linogen containing 6 to 10 p.c. 
 of Iodine, although quite bright when first made, becomes cloudy on keeping, 
 especially if exposed to light. — P.J. '02, ii. 415. 
 
 PETROXOLIN UM LIQUIDUM. Liquid Petroxolin. Liquid Petrox.— 
 Liquid Petrolatum, 50 ; Oleic Acid, 28 ; Oil of Lavender Flowers, 2 ; Stronger 
 Ammonia Water (U.S. P.), 5; Alcohol (95 p.c), 15. All by weight. 
 
 Mix the Liquid Petrolatum, Oleic Acid and Oil of Lavender Flowers in a 
 flask, then add the Alcohol, and finally the Stronger Ammonia Water, and 
 agitate thoroughly until clear, warming the mixture slightly, on a water-bath 
 if necessary. 
 
 Slight warming may be required in cold weather, to promote the saponi- 
 fication. 
 
 A yellowish -browTi liquid, soluble in Ether, Chloroform, Benzine and 
 Acetone, produces an emulsion on agitation with twice its volume of Water. 
 
 Petroxolinum Spissuai. Solid Petroxolin. Solid Petrox. — Paraffin, 37 ; 
 Liquid Petrolatum, 20 ; Oleic Acid, 30 ; Oil of Lavender Flowers, 3 ; Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), 5; Stronger Ammonia Water (U.S. P.), 5. All by weight. 
 
 Melt the Paraffin with the Liquid Petrolatum, on a water-bath, add the 
 Oleic Acid, and transfer the mixture at once to a warm mortar ; immediately 
 atld the Oil of Lavender Flowers and the mixed Alcohol and Stronger 
 Ammonia Water and stir continuously until cool. 
 
 The paper on the above {A.J. P. '11, 213) also includes a long list of sub- 
 stances which can advantageously bo incorporated with these bases. 
 
 PETROLEUM SPIRIT. Syn. Petroleum Ether. — Appears in the 
 Appendix of B.P. 1898 and B.P. 1914, and is there doscriljod as a colourless, 
 very volatile and highly inflammable liquid. Sp. gr. 0-670 to 0-700, boiling 
 point 50° to G0° C. (122° to 140'^ F.), and is used as a solvent ; the Petroleum 
 Ether for use in conjunction with Methylated Ether (sp. gr. 0-717) for the 
 production of local anaesthesia, has a much lower sp. gr. (0 • (340), and boils 
 at a much lower temperature. 6ee also Benzin, p. 293. 
 
 PARALDEHYDUM. 
 
 PARALDEHYDE. 
 CjIioOa, cq. 132-096. 
 
 Fr., Paraldehyde ; Ger., Paraldehyd ; Ital., Paraldeide ; 
 Span., Paraldehido. 
 
 A colourless, transparent mobile liquid having a peculiar cliarac- 
 tcristic, not unpleasant ethereal odour, and a pungent and subsequently 
 a, cooling taste. A polymer of Acetaldeliyde, 
 
988 PAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 It .sliould ha kept in amber-coloured stoppered bottles, aud in a cool 
 atmosj)liere. 
 
 Paraldehyde not answering the Official requirements can generally be 
 brought vip to the standard by washing with Water containing an excess of 
 Sodium Bicarbonate to remove acidity, and then dehydrating over dried 
 Potassium Carbonate. If the melting point be very low it should first bo 
 redistilled and the first tenth rejected. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 8| of Water at 60° F., the solution becoming very 
 turbid on warming. It is miscible, in all proportions, with. Alcohol 
 (90p.c.) and with 'Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic ; is attended by fewer dis- 
 advantages and dangers than any of the stronger hypnotics. 
 Produces quiet and refreshing sleep more speedily than Chloral ; does 
 not depress the heart's action, and does not give rise to headache. Is 
 vahiable and safe, in the insomnia of cardiac disease, of chronic 
 alcoholism, of mania, melancholia, and of other mental diseases. In 
 
 1 to 1^ fl. drm. doses, one of the most potent remedies in spasmodic 
 asthma. 
 
 Of very great value in epilepsy, M. 20 in Syrup of Tolu emulsion thrice daily. 
 — Pn 'II, ii. 58G. 
 
 A most useful hypnotic in pneumonia in 2 drni. to 4 drm. doses per rectum, 
 but in pronounced alcoholics its use is frequently followed by marked excite- 
 ment ; one advantage is that a patient never acquires a taste for it ; after a 
 
 2 oz. dose by mistake patient not much the worse ; the most perfect com- 
 bination is this and bromide of potash, in the lesser cases of insomnia in 
 asylum worlc ; 1 drm. l:)romide at 7.30 p.m. and paraldehyde at 10 p.m. when 
 pa'tient is in Ised. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 9. 
 
 Used intravenously as a hypnotic in grave cardiac and pulmonary disease 
 with perfect success ; the most perfect results were seen in alcoholics, acute 
 and chronic ; 5 to 15 c.c. are mixed with an equal amount of Ether and dis- 
 solved in 150 c.c. of a cold 1 p.c. Solution of Sodium Chloride in sterile Dis- 
 tilled Water free from dead bacteria, or in default of this in ordinary boiled 
 tap Water ; the apparatus is that of Fildes and Mcintosh for Salvarsan ; it is 
 injected cold or not above 25° C. ; in 90 .seconds anrcsthesia is complete, up 
 to this point 5 to 10 c.c. of Paraldehyde will have been given, and operations 
 such as removing teeth or suturing wounds may be performed ; for a lasting 
 effect 15 c.c. are required ; with 5 c.c. a short period of aniesthesia passes into 
 an easy and natural sleep. Writer has never failed to induce under the 
 most trying circumstances and within GO seconds a condition closely resem- 
 bling normal sleep. — L. '12, ii. 818. 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 Ph. Gcr. maximvun dose, single, 5-0 grammes ; daily, 10-0 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May be taken dissolved in 1 to 2fl. oz. of Water. A 
 small dose repeated in an hour is more effective than one large dose. It is very 
 pimgent ; loh.en prescribed in mixture it should be diluted \ to \Q> of Water. The 
 flavour is disagreeable and difficult to cover ; Tincture of Orange and Cinnamon 
 Water are the best for this purpose. It 7nay also be given with Almond Mixture. 
 When larger doses than will dissolve are required in mixtures. Compound Traga^ 
 canth Powder should be ordered to diffuse it. It is also prescribed in capsules. 
 
 It has been stated (P.J. '01, i. 559) that ivhen Potassium Bromide and ParaldC' 
 hyde are prescribed together in Water, that Potassium Bromate is formed, but we 
 dissolved 3 grammes of Potassium Bromide and, 4 grammes of Paraldehyde in 
 150 grammes of Distilled Water, and on keeping over a month the Bromide 
 titrated its full strength. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] PAR 989 
 
 Not OfiBcial. — Metaldehyde, Aldehydum, Aldehydum Dilutum, and 
 Mistura Paraldehydi. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Dan., Hung., Ger., Ital., Jap., 
 Mex. (Paraldeida), Norw., Russ., Span., S%viss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Paraldehyde has a specific gravity of 0*998 to 0-999. 
 The B.P. gravity is 0-998 to 1-000. A carefully fractionated sample 
 of Paraldehyde may have a specific gravity of 0-999. The U.S. P. 
 specific gravity is 0-990 at 25° C. (77° F.). The P.G. states 0-998 
 to 1 - 000. A carefully fractionated sample boils at 125° to 126° C. 
 (257° to 258-8° F.). The B.P. requires that not more than 5 p.c. 
 should distil below 123° C. (253- 4° F.) and that 95 p.c. should distil 
 between 123° and 125° C. (253- 4° to 257° F.) ; the proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the boiling point be changed to 
 ' from 120° to 125° C. (248° to 257° F.).' The U.S.P. gives 121° to 
 125° C. (249-8° to 257° F.) and the P.G. gives 123° to 125° C. (253-4° 
 to 257° F.) as the boiling point. It solidifies to a crystalline mass 
 when cooled to a temperature of about 0° C. (32° F.) and melts again 
 at 10° C. (50° F.). The B.P. gives the melting point as not under 
 10° C. (50° F.), the U.S.P. as 10- 5° C. (51° F.). The P.G. gives the 
 solidifying point as 6° to 7° C. (42-8° to 44-6° F.), but does not 
 give the melting point. The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. 
 recommend that the congealing point be changed to ' not below 6° C. 
 (42-8° F.).' The melting point of a carefully fractionated sample is 
 from 12-2° to 12-8° C. (54° to 55° F.). 
 
 When warmed with Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution, the Silver is 
 reduced and on standing forms a metallic mirror on the sides of 
 the tube. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Acetaldehyde, 
 Sulphates, Chlorides, free acid, Aniyl compounds, and fixed 
 residue. 
 
 The aqueous solution of Paraldehyde should be neutral or at the 
 most but faintly acid to Litmus paper, and, if 10 c.c. of Paraldehyde 
 be mixed with an equal volume of neutral Alcohol (90 p.c), the mixture 
 should require not more than 0-2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution to produce a pink colour to Phenolphthalein Solu- 
 tion, corresponding to 0- 12 p.c. of Acetic Acid, and indicating a limit 
 of acidity. The U.S.P. requires that a mixture of 8 c.c. of Paraldehyde 
 and 8 c.c. of Alcohol (94- 9 p.c.) with 1 drop of Phenolijhthalein Test- 
 Solution, should acquire a pink colour upon the addition of 0*5 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, corresponding 
 to 0-37 p.c. w/v of Acetic Acid. The P.G. requires that a mixture 
 of 1 c.c. of Paraldehyde and 1 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should not redden 
 Litmus paper, after the addition of 1 drop of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, corresponding practically to 0-3 p.c. of 
 Acetic Acid. The B.P. does not include a limit of acidity, simply 
 requiring the neutrality or slight acidity of the aqueous solution to 
 Litmus. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion 
 that the Aldehyde reaction was an exceedingly delicate one, almost 
 
090 PAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 too delicate, and that very few samples remained quite uncoloiired for 
 two hours. The present test is not so severe. It requires that not 
 more than a faint yellow coloration should be developed within one hour, 
 when a mixture of equal parts (5 ml.) of Paraldehyde and Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution are shaken together and the mixture allowed to 
 separate, indicating a limit of Acetaldeliyde. The U.S. P. does not 
 include a test for Aldehyde ; it is curious that although the P.G. 
 describes Paraldehyde as a fluid containing 4 p.c. of Acetaldeliyde it 
 includes a test for the absence of Aldehyde, which requires that no 
 yellow or brown coloration should occur within one hour, when 6 c.c. 
 of Paraldehyde are shaken with a mixture of 2 c.c. of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution and 4 c.c. of Distilled Water, indicating the 
 absence of Acetaldeliyde. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should be clear 
 and entirely free, even on standing, from oily drops, indicating the 
 absence of Amyl compounds ; a portion of the aqueous solution when 
 acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should yield no turbidity or 
 precipitate on the addition of Barium Cliloride Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Sulphates ; and another portion of the aqueous solution, 
 when acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Chlorides. If 5 c.c. of Paraldehyde be gently warmed on a water- 
 bath, towards the end of the evaporation no foreign odour should be 
 observed, indicating and confirming the absence of Amyl compounds. 
 Paraldehyde should be readily and completely volatilised at the tem- 
 perature of the water-bath, leaving no weighable residue, indicating the 
 absence of fixed residue. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the residue left on evaporation be fixed at not exceeding 
 0' 05 p.c. The present U.S. P. states that it should be completely 
 volatilised on heating on a water-bath. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA PARALDEHYDI.— Paraldehyde, 1 fl. drm. ; Glycerin, 40 
 minims ; Rectified Spirit, 2 fl. drm. ; Cinnamon Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 ALDEHYDUM. Aldehyde, Acetaldehyde, C„H^O, eq. 44-032.— A clear 
 colourless mobile inflammable liquid, possessing a characteristic ethereal 
 pungent and suffocating odour, the disagreeable odour being much less 
 marked in pure samples than in impure ones. Sp.gr. 0'790. Miscible in 
 all proportions with Water, Alcohol, and Ether. It should be kept in 
 amber-tinted, well -stoppered bottles, in a cool place and protected as far 
 as possible from the light. It has a tendency to both oxidise and to become 
 converted into liquid or solid Polymers, such conversion taking place more 
 rapidly in the presence of traces of mineral acid. Undiluted it is seldom 
 used medicinally. 
 
 The term Aldehyde is a generic term for a whole class of chemical sub- 
 stances. When used without other qualiflcations it is generally assumed to 
 refer to Acetaldehyde. 
 
 ALDEHYDUM DILUTUM. Dilute Aldehyde. A Solution containing 
 15 p.c. of Acetaldehyde in Alcohol (90 p.c). When diluted with Water 1 to 
 1000 used as an antiseptic inhalation in catarrh and Ozoena. 
 
 Metaldehyde, which is also a polymer of Ethylic Aldehyde, occurs in 
 colourless acicular crystals, and was at one time said to be a hypnotic in 
 closes of 2 to 8 grains, but this is doubtful. 
 
LSolids by Weight; Liquids by Measttfe.] PAE 091 
 
 Not Official. 
 PAREIRJE RADIX. 
 
 PAREIRA ROOT. 
 
 The dried Root of Chondrodcndron tomentosum, Ruiz and Pavon. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898 but omitted in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Imported from Rio Janeiro in South Brazil. A spui'ious Pareira has been 
 imported from Bahia in North Brazil, much inferior in alkaloid and extractive. 
 The most marked chemical difference between the two is in the Petroleum 
 Ether Extractive. In the genuine drug this amounts to over 8 p.c, and in 
 the spurious to about 0-3 p.c. 
 
 A good deal of the stem, which closely resembles the root, is also imported, 
 and is said to be much less efficacious. Several drugs have been sold at 
 different times as Pareira Brava. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent and mild diuretic in catarrhal affec- 
 tions of the genito-urinary tract, such as gonorrhcea and cystitis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Port. (Butua) ; U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Although the Root is preferred for medicinal use, 
 the stem usually comes with it into commerce, often in the proportion of 
 3 parts to 1 of root. The root is of a black colour externally, longitudinally 
 furrowed, and marked with transverse ridges. The bark is thin. Internally 
 the root is broMmish or yellowish -grey, with several more or less concentric 
 zones having crenated edges, the porous woody wedges being separated by 
 broad medullary rays ; it has a waxy surface when cut. It has a bitter taste 
 but no odour. The root is in pieces | to 2 or more in. (2 to 5 cm.) in diameter. 
 The stem is similar internally, but externally is of a pale greyish colour, with 
 numerous warty, round lenticels. According to Moss the stem contains only 
 tliree-fourths of the amount of active principle yielded by the root. The 
 true Pareira comes into coinmerce with considerable irregularity, but its 
 place is taken by inert or false roots all of which have narrower and more 
 numerous zones, which have not, in any case, crenated edges. 
 
 Tests. — Pareira Root leaves from 3 to 4 p.c. of ash when ignited with 
 free access of air, and the latter figure should not be exceeded. It has been 
 stated to contain about 8 p.c. of fatty matter extractable by Petroleum Ether, 
 but genuine Pareira root and Bahia root obtained from an authoritative 
 source did not yield that amount of Petroleum Ether extract. Samples of 
 Pareira root examined in the author's laboratory yielded on an average 
 0-5 p.c. w/w of Petroleum Ether extract. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PAREIR/QE LIQUIDUM {B.P. 1898).— Pareira Root ex- 
 hausted with boiling Distilled Water, the liquid evaporated until it contains 
 33J p.c. by weight of solid extract, then mixed with one-third of its volume 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— I to 2 fl. ch-m. = 1 • 8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Ferric salts, Lead salts. Tincture of Iodine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., 1 in 1 with Glycerin. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Pareira has a specific gravity of 1 • 025 to 1 • 048 ; 
 it contains from 12 to 22 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 22 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Cissampelos, the di-ied Root of Cissamapelos Pareira, L., was Official in 
 the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonics ; also Decoctum 
 Cissampeli (1 in 8), dose i to 2 fl. oz. = 14- 2 to 5()- 8 c.c. ; and'Extraetura 
 Cissampeli Flnidum (1 in 1), dose 30 to 120 minims = 1-8 to 7-1 c.c. 
 
992 PEL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 PELLETIERINiE TANNAS. 
 
 PELLETIERINE TANNATE. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A yellowish, odourless, amorphous powder, possessing an astringent 
 taste. 
 
 The B.P. describes it as a mixture of the Tannates of the alkaloids 
 obtained from the bark of the root and stem of Punica Granatum, L. ; 
 the U.S. P. as a mixture in varying proportions of the Tannates of 
 four alkaloids (Punicine, Iso-Punicine, Methyl-Punicine, and Pseudo- 
 Punicine), obtained from Punica Granatum, L. 
 
 It was described in the previous editions of Squire'a Companion, and was 
 made Official in U.S.P. 1905. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in about 700 of Water ; 1 in 15 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.- — Anthelmintic. The dose should be 
 preceded and followed by a purgative. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = O'lS to 0*52 gramme. 
 Ineompatibles. — Alkalis, and Iron Salts . 
 Not Official. — Pelletierina, Pelletierina; Sulphas. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ital. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Pelietierine Tannate, when dried over Sulphuric Acid and 
 heated, turns brown at 150° C. (302° F.) and softens at about 165° C. 
 (329° F.). It dissolves sparingly in Distilled Water, yielding a solution 
 which is faintly acid in reaction towards blue Litmus paper, and which 
 yields a bluish-black colour on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution. The aqueous solution affords a precipitate with Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, the precipitate becoming granular 
 and yellow coloured. Ammonia Solution produces a white precipitate 
 soluble in Chloroform, or in excess of the reagent, the latter producing a 
 yellowish-red solution. The aqueous solution yields a black preci- 
 pitate of reduced metallic Silver when mixed with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution. With Auric Chloride Solution an aqueous solution of the 
 salt produces a deep purple coloration, metallic Gold being finally 
 precipitated. Sulphuric Acid produces a yellow colour, turning slowly 
 to green on warming, and finally to purple. Sulphuric Acid containing 
 a trace of Selenous Acid gives a light bluish-green coloration, gradually 
 becoming dark green. Sulphuric Acid and Potassium Bichromate 
 produce a green coloration. It should leave no weighable residue on 
 ignition, indicating the absence of mineral matter. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend the addition of 
 the following test : — Accurately weigh about 0* 5 gramme of Pelietierine 
 Tannate, dissolve it in D c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Test-Solution, 
 and shake the solution in a separator with 10 c.c. of Chloroform, then 
 with 2 further successive portions each of 5 c.c. The chloroformic 
 extract is acidified with 0' 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, evaporated to 
 apparent dryness, the residue dissolved in 5 c.c. of Alcohol (94* 9 p.c.) ; 
 again evaporated and dried for one hour at 60° C. (140° F.). The 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] PEP 993 
 
 weight of the residue so obtained should correspond to not less than 
 20 p.c. of the weight taken. The residue obtained by this process 
 should respond to the tests of identity and purity for Pelletierine. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PELLETIERINA. Pelletierine, CgHi.NO, eq. 141-13. —A colourle.ss, 
 volatile, oily liquid, having a characteristic aromatic odour, and becoming 
 bro\vn on exposure to the air. 
 
 It should he kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in Water ; readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), in 
 Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Tests. — Pelletierine dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a colourless 
 solution which has an alkaline reaction to liitmus paper, and which is dextro- 
 rotatory. If a glass rod be moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and brought 
 into proximity of Pelletierine, thick white fumes are evolved. The aqueous 
 solution when neutralised with Sulphuric Acid affords a white precipitate 
 with Potassio -Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, the precipitate becoming 
 granular and yellow coloured. It yields a white precipitate with Lead 
 Acetate Solution, Mercuric Chloride Solution and Zinc Chloride Solution, 
 but no precipitate wath Platinic Chloride Solution. A yellow colour turning 
 slowly to green, on warming, and finally to purple, is produced when Pel- 
 letierine is moistened with Sulphuric Acid. Sulphuric Acid containing a 
 trace of Selenons Acid, or Sulphuric Acid containing Potassium Bichromate, 
 produces a light bluish-green coloration, gradually becoming dark green. 
 It may be determined by titration with Tenth -Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution, using lodeosin Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The alkaloid should be dissolved in an excess of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, and this excess titrated with Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hj'^droxide Solution ; the difference between the number 
 of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution added and 
 the Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution employed to 
 neutralise the excess, represents the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution neutralised by the alkaloid ; 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-014113 gramme 
 of Pelletierine. It should volatilise completely when heated, without leaving 
 a residue. 
 
 PELLETIERIN>E SULPHAS. — A white, crystalline, non-hygroscopic 
 mass, which should be preserved from the light. Official in Fr. Codex. 
 
 Dose. — 6 grains = 0-4 gramme, prescribed with 7 grains = 0-46 gramme 
 of Tannic Acid. 
 
 The Pelletierine de Tanret has been improperly called Pelletierine 
 Taimate, on account of its being a mixture of Pelletierine Sulphate and 
 Tannin, but it is quite distinct from the true Tannate. 
 
 PEPSINUM, 
 
 PEPSIN. 
 
 Fr., Pepsine ; Ger., Pepsin ; Ital., Pepsina ; Span., Pepsina 
 medicinal. 
 
 A proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the mucous lining 
 of the glandular layer of the fresh and healthy stomach of the pig, 
 sheep, or calf. The U.S. P. admits only the fresh stomach of the hog. 
 
 2 K 
 
994 PEP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A fine white or yellowish-white amorphous powder, or thin pale 
 yellow or yellowish translucent grains or scales, without any offensive 
 odour, and having a slightly saline taste, followed by a suggestion of 
 bitterness. It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles, as it slowly 
 absorbs moisture when exposed to the air. 
 
 Pepsin is described by the B.P. as an enzyme obtained from the 
 fresh and healthy stomach of the pig, sheep, or calf ; the U.S. P. 
 describes it as a proteolytic ferment or enzyme, obtained from the 
 glandular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog {Sus scrofa, var. 
 Domesticus, Grey). 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble about 1 in 100 of Water, more soluble in 
 Water acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid. Insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A digestive adjuvant ; preferably given 
 with dilute Hydrochloric Acid ; used in chronic dyspepsia with 
 deficiency of gastric juice, and in irritability of stomach associated 
 with vomiting and gastralgia. It does not aid the digestion of carbo- 
 hydrates and fats. It ought to be taken immediately after meals. 
 
 Cushiiy says that in a number of forms of dyspepsia the acid secretion is 
 insufficient, but that as the ferment is almost always present in quantity, it 
 is entirely unnecessary to give it in the great majority of the cases in which 
 it is prescribed. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0*32 to 0'65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in powders, or in pills with 'Dispensing 
 Syrup,' also in cachets, capsules ; compressed tablets are supplied 
 cotitaining 1, 2, 2^, 3, 4, and 5 grains. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Glycerinum Pepsini. 
 
 Not Official. — Pepsinum Saccharatiim, Elixir de Pepsine, Elixir Pepsini et 
 Bismuthi, Elixir Pepsini et Bismiithi Compositum, Glycerinimi Pepsini Fortius, 
 Vinum Pepsini, Glyceritum Pepsini, Liquor Seriparus, Peptone, Ingluvin. 
 
 The usual solvent for making fluid preparations of Pepsin is a weak Alcohol 
 acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid, to which Glycerin is added. 
 
 Alcoholic media are stated to be unsuitable vehicles for pharmaceutical 
 preparations of Pepsin, as even dilute Alcohol in time destroys its activity. 
 
 Pepsin is one of the soluble ferments or enzymes of the gastric juice. It 
 dissolves natural proteids, albumens, and fibrin, and converts them into 
 syntonin and subsequently into albumose and Peptone. It is a conversion 
 of the less soluble proteids into those that are more so, Peptone being the 
 most soluble and diffusible of the proteids. Pepsin has no action on starch. 
 
 It acts only in acid Solution, 0* 2 p.c. of Hydrochloric Acid being the anost 
 favoiu-able. 
 
 The action of Pepsin will continue almost indefinitely if the products of 
 its action are removed bj- dialysis, or if the concentration of the products 
 is reduced by acidified Water. 
 
 Rennin is another enzyme contained in the gastric juice. It curdles milk. 
 The curd is formed in acid or neutral solutions in the presence of Calcium 
 Phosphate. The casein is split up into a soluble and an insoluble proteid, the 
 latter of which entangles the fat and forms a curd. For solution see below, 
 Liquor Seriparus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Gar., Hung., Ital., Jap. (Pepsinum Saccharatum), Mex., Norw., Russ. 
 (Pepsinum Saccharatum), Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PEP 995 
 
 Tests. — Pepsin B.P. is required to dissolve 2500 times its weight 
 of coagulated wliite of egg in 6 hours. The present B.P. process is 
 based upon that recommended (P.J. '04, ii. 376) and described in the 
 Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion. It removes several of the 
 more serious objections which were urged against the process Official 
 in B.P. 1898. An aliquot portion of a Pepsin Solution of known 
 strength is now substituted for the absurdly small quantity of 0*005 
 gramme previously directed to be weighed. The uniform disintegration 
 of the coagulated white of egg is required, and more specific instructions 
 are given with regard to the frequency of shaking and the conditions 
 under which solution is to proceed. The following reagents are required 
 for the determination : — (1) coagulated white of egg, prepared by 
 boiling fresh eggs in Water during a quarter of an hour, chilling them 
 in cold Water, separating and disintegrating the coagulated white by 
 rubbing it through a clean sieve containing 12 meshes to 1 cm., taking 
 care not to expose it to too long a contact with the atmosphere, so as 
 to avoid loss of moisture ; (2) a solution of Pepsin obtained by 
 thoroughly triturating in a small mortar, 25 centigrammes of Pepsin 
 with 1 gramme of Sodium Chloride, until a uniform mixture results, 
 and whilst continuing the trituration gradually and cautiously adding 
 the Diluted Hydrochloric Acid Solution, transferring the contents of 
 the mortar to a measuring flask graduated at 1000 ml., rinsing the 
 containing vessels with the Diluted Hydrochloric Acid Solution and 
 making up with sufficient Diluted Hj^drochloric Acid Solution to pro- 
 duce 1000 ml. The contents of the flask are then allowed to stand 
 during 6 hours shaking frequently, and before the quantity required 
 for the assay is removed the flask should be again immediately shaken ; 
 (3) diluted Hydrochloric Acid Solution prepared by diluting a measured 
 quantity of 6*5 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid B.P. with sufficient Distilled 
 Water to produce 1000 ml. A weighed quantity of 12 '5 grammes of 
 the freshly-prepared and coagulated white of egg, reduced to a uniform 
 condition by trituration in a small mortar with 50 ml. of the Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, is introduced into a small flask, the 
 containing vessels are rinsed with a further 50 ml. of the Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, the washings being mixed with the 
 contents of the flask. A measured quantity of 20 ml. of the Pepsin 
 Solution (= 0*005 gramme Pepsin), is added, and solution allov.'ed to 
 proceed by immersing the flask in a Vv'ater-bath in such, a manner that 
 the level of the Water in the water-bath is above that of the contents 
 of the flask, and solution is allowed to proceed at a temperature between 
 40° and 41° C. (104° to 105*8° F.), during 6 hours, the contents of the 
 flask being shaken every quarter of an hour. The U.S. P. allows the 
 digestion to proceed for 2J hours instead of for 6 hours, as in the 
 1890 edition, and gives exact directions as to the number of times 
 and the method by which the liquid is to be agitated, but neither the 
 B.P. nor the U.S. P. makes any allowance for the solvent action of the 
 acid on the albumen. Allen shows that by only requiring the Pepsin 
 to dissolve the albumen no distinction is drawn between its conversion 
 into Syntouin and true peptonisation. The real digestive power of a 
 
996 PEP [Solids by Weigiit; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Pepsin is measured by the amount of Peptone which it produces in a 
 given time under certain conditions. The conditions of the U.S. P. 
 method of experiment afford a determination of the solvent action of 
 the Pepsin on the albumin, although the U.S. P. description states 
 that when assayed by such process it shall be capable of digesting 
 the albumin. Allen worked out a process, which he claimed to be 
 an original one for the determination of the digestive power of 
 a Pepsin, whereby the actual amount of Peptone or of mixed Peptones 
 and Albumose produced by digestion is ascertained. The process may 
 be roughly outlined as follows : — About 1 gramme of scale Egg- Albumen 
 is powdered and treated with 20 c.c. of warm Distilled Water, and 
 when dissolved is heated in a water-bath to coagulate the albumen 
 and cooled to a temperature not exceeding 40° C. (104° F.) ; 0*1 
 gramme of a sample of Pepsin to be tested is added, followed by 
 25 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, the 
 mixture is warmed to 40° C. (104° F.) and maintained at this tempera- 
 ture for 3 hours. A volume of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Carbonate Solution exactly equivalent to the Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution previously used is then added and the 
 liquid heated on a water-bath to 90° C. (194° F.) for 10 minutes, it is 
 cooled, diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. and passed through a 
 dry filter ; the precipitate contains Syntonin and any unaltered 
 albumen, the filtrate containing the albumoses and peptones. A 
 measured quantity of 50 c.c. is saturated in the cold with Zinc Sulphate 
 (about 60 grammes being required for 50 c.c.) and the mixture is 
 allowed to stand for half an hour with intervals of occasional agitation 
 and filtered, the precipitate washed with cold saturated Zinc Sulphate 
 Solution, diluted with Distilled Water to 150 c.c, acidulated with 
 Hydrochloric Acid and treated with Bromine Water, the precipitate 
 is filtered and the Nitrogen determined by Kjeldahl's test, allowance 
 being made for the Nitrogen contained in the Pepsin employed. The 
 method is described {Analyst "97, 258). 
 
 The U.S. P. Pepsin is required to ' digest ' not less than 3000 times its 
 own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumin, and 
 a method of determination of which the following are the essential 
 features is employed : — The coagulated albumin is prepared on some- 
 what similar lines to the B.P., the coagulated egg albumin when 
 separated from the pellicle and yolk being rubbed through a clean 
 No. 40 sieve, the first portion passing through being rejected and a 
 weighed quantity of 10 grammes of the succeeding portion transferred 
 to a wide-mouthed bottle of 100 c.c. capacity, 9 c.c. of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid are mixed with 291 c.c. of Distilled Water, and in 
 150 c.c. of this acid liquid 1 dg. of Pepsin is dissolved. 20 c.c. of 
 the Diluted Plydrochloric Acid liquid are added to the 10 grammes 
 of albumin in the bottle and the albumin completely disintegrated 
 by rubbing with a rubber-tipped glass rod, the rod being rinsed with 
 a further quantity of 15 c.c. of acid liquid, and finally 5 c.c. of the 
 solution of Pepsin are added. After the bottle has been securely corked, 
 it is inverted three times and maintained at a temperature of 52° C. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PEP 997 
 
 (125" Q^F.) for 2| hours, the bottle being inverted once every 10 minutes. 
 At the end of this time the source of heat is removed, 50 c.c. of cold 
 Distilled Water added, the mixture transferred to a narrow graduated 
 cylinder and allowed to remain at rest for half an hour. The U.S. P. 
 requires that the precipitate of undissolved albumin should not 
 measure more than 1 c.c. The relative proteolytic power of a stronger 
 or weaker Pepsin may be determined by a series of experiments to 
 ascertain the exact quantity of a Pepsin solution required on the lines 
 prescribed above, to digest the 10 grammes of coagulated and 
 disintegrated egg albumin ; the quantity in c.c. of Pepsin Solution 
 required divided into 15,000 gives the number of parts of egg albumin 
 digested by one part of Pepsin. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the 
 method of determination be as follows : — 25 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution are mixed with 275 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and 0*2 gramme of Pepsin is dissolved in this liquid. A hen's egg, 
 which should not be less than 5 nor more than 12 days old, is immersed 
 in boiling Water during 15 minutes. As soon as the egg has sufficiently 
 cooled to handle it, the pellicle and all of the yolk are removed and the 
 albumin at once rubbed through a No. 40 sieve of silk or hair, rejecting 
 the first portion that passes through the sieve, and 10 grammes of the 
 succeeding portion are introduced into a wide-mouthed bottle of 100 c.c, 
 capacity. 2 c.c. of the Acid liquid are immediately added, and with the 
 aid of a rubber-tipped glass rod the albumin is uniformly moistened. 
 2 C-.C. of the Acid liquid are again added, the manipulation being 
 repeated with the glass rod, and with gradually increasing portions 
 of the Acid liquid until 20 c.c. have been added in all. The particles 
 of albumin are thoroughly separated from each other, the rod is rinsed 
 Avith a further 15 c.c. of the Acid liquid, and after warming the mixture 
 to 52° C. (125- 6° F.), 5 c.c. exactly of the Pepsin Solution are added. 
 The bottle is at once securely corked, inverted three times, and placed 
 in a water-bath that has previously been regulated to maintain a tem- 
 perature of 52° C. (125" 6° F.). It is maintained at this temperature 
 during two and a half hours, the contents being agitated every 10 
 minutes by inverting the bottle once. It is then removed from the 
 water-bath, the contents poured into a conical glass graduated measure 
 having a diameter not exceeding 1 cm. at the bottom, and the undigested 
 egg albumin which adheres to the sides of the bottle is transferred 
 to the measure with the aid of small portions (about 15 c.c. at a time) 
 of Distilled Water, until 50 c.c. have been used. The mixture is well 
 stirred and allowed to stand during half an hour. The deposit of 
 undissolved albumin should not measure more than 2 c.c. 
 
 The P.G. test is made on the following lines : — 10 grammes of 
 disintegrated egg albumen, prepared from an egg Avhich has been 
 boiled for 10 minutes, and after separation of the yolk, the white has 
 been reduced to a state of coarse powder by rubbing through a sieve, 
 are mixed with 100 c.c, of Distilled Water of a temperature of 50° C. 
 (122° F.), and 0*5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, and finally with 0*1 
 gramme of Pepsin, the mixture is allowed to Hand for 3 hours at 
 
998 PEP [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 45° C. (113° F.) with repeated intervals of shaking. The P.G. requires 
 that, with the exception of a few yellowish-v/hite particles, the albumen 
 shall be completely dissolved. 
 
 Preparation. 
 GLYCERINUM PEPSINI. Glycerin of Pepsin. (Modified.) 
 
 Dissolve 2 oz. of Pepsin in a mixture of 110 minims of Hydrochloric 
 -Acid, 12 fi. oz. of Glycerin, and 5*2fl. oz. of Water; add Distilled 
 Water q.s. to make 20 ; set aside for 20 minutes and filter. (1 in 10.) 
 The metric figures aa 100, 11* 5, 600, to yield 1,000. It is more convenient 
 to dissolve the Pepsin in the Water, add the Gh^cerin and the Acid, and 
 make up to volume ; also before filtering to let it stand for 2 days. 
 The quantity of Pepsin is rather more than in B.P. 1898. 
 
 Dose.- — 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3*6 to 7'1 ml., corresponding to about 
 5i to 11 grains = 0-36 to 0-72 gramme of Pepsin. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PEPSINUM SACCHARATUM (C/.S.P. 1890 and Ja;^.).— Pepsin, 1 ; Sugar 
 of Milk, recently dried and in No. 30 powder, 9. 
 
 ELIXIR DE PEPSINE (2^n).— Pepsin, 2; Distilled Water, 28; Vin de 
 Lunel, 50 ; Glycerin, 20. 
 
 ELIXIR PEPSINI ET BISMUTHI. Syn. Bismuth and Pepsin Mixture 
 (B.P.C.*). — Stronger Glycerin of Pepsin, 12-50; Bismuth and Ammonium 
 Citrate, 3- 50 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 5 ; Simple Elixir, q.s. to produce 100. Dose. 
 —J- to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 ELIXIR PEPSINI ET BISMUTHI COMPOSITUM (B.P.C.*).— Stronger 
 Glycerin of Pepsin, 12- 50 ; Bismuth and Ammonimn Citrate, 3- 50 ; Morphine 
 Acetate, 0-10; Diluted Acetic Acid, 0-20; Tinctiire of Nux Vomica, 4; 
 Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, 2 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), 5; Solution of Cochineal, 
 q.s. ; Simple Elixir, q.s. to produce 100. Dose. — i to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 
 3- ml. 
 
 Glycerinum Pepsini Fortius. Syn. Glycerol of Pepsin (B.P.C). — 
 Pepsin, 15 ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 5 ; Glycerin, 50 ; Simple Elixir, 5 ; 
 Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 100. 
 
 Elixir Simplex (B.P.C.).— Tincture of Orange, 7- 50 ; Syrup, 40 ; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to produce 100. Mix the Tincture with the Syi'up, add sufficient 
 Distilled Water to make up the reqiiired volmne, and filter through Kaolin. 
 
 VINUM PEPSINI (Ger.). — Pepsin, 24; Glycerin, 20; Hydrochloric Acid, 
 3 ; Water, 20 ; Simple Syrup, 92 ; Tinctm-e of Orange, 2 ; Sherry Wine, to 
 1000. All by weight. 
 
 Glycerite of Pepsin {N.F.), 200 ; Alcohol, 100 ; Sherry Wine, 700.— 
 U.S.N.F. 
 
 Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, about 1 in 40 : Hung., and Norw., 
 1 in 50 ; Jap., about 1 in 20 ; Mex., 1 in 30 ; Puss., 1 in 25 ; Span., 1 in 20. 
 
 GLYOERITUM PEPSINI. Glycerin of Pepsin (U.S.N.F.).— Pepsin 
 (U.S. P.), 85; Hydrochloric Acid (U.S. P.), 10; Purified Talc (U.S.P.), 15; 
 Glycerin, 500 ; Water, a sufficient quantity, to make 1000. 
 
 LIQUOR SERIPARUS. LiquidRennet(i7.<S'.iV^.P.).— Dissolve 40 grammes 
 of Sodium Chloride in 810 c.c. of Water, add 190 c.c. of Alcohol, and macerate 
 in this mixture 100 grammes of fresh Calves' Rennet (or the washed mucous 
 
 * Similar preparations are described in Armour^a Formulary. 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measui'e.] PHE 999 
 
 membrane of the fresh stomach of a sucking calf), during tliree days, with 
 frequent agitation. Then filter. 
 
 PEPTONE. — A hght brown or yellowish-brown powder, or white or yellow- 
 ish translucent friable scales possessing a characteristic meaty odovu-, and 
 a bitter taste. It is soluble in Water but insoluble iu strong Alcohol, Ether 
 and Chloroform. Peptones are distinguished from Albuminates by not 
 being coagulated on boiling. 
 
 Peptone is employed medicinally as a nutrient for persons whose digestive 
 organs are defective. It forms the basis of several proprietary foods. It 
 is also used in the form of nutrient enemata or suppositories for patients 
 who through operation or other causes are precluded from taking solid food. 
 The ' Medicinal Peptones ' of the Fr. Codex are described as a mixture of 
 soluble compounds obtained by the action of Pancreatin or of Pepsin on 
 Albuminoids. They are defined as solid products, spongy or granular, 
 according to the method of evaporation which has been employed. Their 
 colour is whitish-yellow, their odour characteristic, the taste is bitter when 
 prepared from Pancreatin, and always bitter and saline when prepared from 
 Pepsin. The medicinal Peptones are entirely soluble in cold Water and 
 insoluble in very concentrated Alcohol. They are readily alterable, and 
 should be preserved in well-stoppered vessels in a cool place and protected 
 from moistm-e. 
 
 Ingluvin. — An amorphous powder, prepared from the gizzard of the 
 domestic fowl. Introduced as a substitute for Pepsin. A stom.achic tonic, 
 and said to be of special use in the vomiting of pregnancy. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to -05 gramme. 
 
 PHENACETINUM. 
 
 PHENACETIN. 
 
 C10H13NO0, eq. 179-114. 
 
 Fr., Oxethylpara-Acetanilide ; Ger., Phenacetin; Ital., Fenacetina; 
 
 Spak., Fenacetina. 
 
 A white, odourless, almost tasteless, crystalline powder, or wliite 
 glistening crystalline scales. It may be produced by the action of 
 Glacial Acetic Acid upon Para-phenetidin. 
 
 Phenacetin is described in the U.S. P. under the title of Acetphenetidin, 
 and is stated to be a Phenol derivative, the product of the acetylisation 
 of Para-amidophenetol. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1700 of Water ; 1 in 50 of boiling Water ; 1 in 
 21 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 100 of Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Analgesic, antipyretic, and nervine 
 sedative. It does not produce nausea, and it depresses the heart very 
 little when used judiciously. It is an efl&cient synthetic analgesic for 
 the relief of neuralgic, rheumatic, locomotor ataxial and other pains ; 
 and is the safest of the synthetic antipyretics, being the most free from 
 toxic efiects. 
 
 Eight 9-grain Cachets taken within an hour ; recovery after whisky. 
 Strychnine hypodermically and Oxygen. — B.M.J. '11, i. 1313. 
 
1000 PHE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0* 32 to 1 ' gramme. 
 
 Ph. Get: maximum dose, single, I'O gramme; daily, 3-0 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is given in cachets, or suspended in Water with 
 Compound Powder of Tragacanth ; in migraine it is usually given iviih CaJJeine 
 in effervescent granules are itiade to contain 5 p.c. of Phenacetin and 2 j p.c. 
 of Caffeine ; also 5 gi'ains of Phenacetin and 1 grain of Caffeine in CO grains. 
 
 Not Official. — Eupyrine, Kryofin, Lactophenin, Para-phenetidin Cam- 
 phorate and Citrate, Phenosal, Triphenin, PhenoooU Hydrochloridiun and 
 Salocoll 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch., Ger., Hung., 
 Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed., and Swiss (Phenacetinunj) ; Austr. and U.S. 
 (Acetphenetidinum) ; Fr. (Oxethylpara-Acctanilide) ; Ital , Mex. 
 and Span. (Fenacetina). 
 
 Tests.— Commercial Phenacetin melts at 133- 79° C. (272-82° F.), 
 the dried product at 134-26° C. (273- 67° F.), and the purified product 
 at 134- 89° C. (274- 80° F.). The B.P. melting point is 135° C. (275° F.). 
 The V.S.P. and P.G. melting point is 134° to 135° C. (273-2° to 275° F.). 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the melting 
 point be changed to, 'from 133° to 135° C. (271-4° to 275° F.).' It 
 dissolves in Sulphuric Acid without change of colour. When O'l 
 gramme is boiled for from half a minute to 1 minute with 2 ml. of 
 Hydrochloric Acid it yields a fluid which, when diluted with 10 times 
 its volume of Distilled Water, cooled and filtered, yields on the 
 addition of 3 or 4 drops of Chromic Acid Solution a deep red 
 coloration. The U.S. P. and P.G. state that it is coloured yellow when 
 shaken with Nitric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid or alkali, 
 Acetanilide, unconverted Para-phenetidin, readily charred organic 
 impuritieS; and mineral matter. The B.P. includes tests for the absence 
 of Acetanilide and unconverted Paraphenetidin, for mineral residue, 
 and by inference tests for the absence of readily charred organic 
 impurities and free acid or alkali. A saturated alcoholic solution 
 of Phenacetin should be neutral in reaction to Litmus paper, 
 indicating the absence of free acid and alkali. If 0*1 gramme of 
 Phenacetin be dissolved in 10 c.c. of boiling Distilled Water, cooled, 
 and filtered, the clear filtrate should not be rendered turbid nor 
 yield a precipitate on the addition of sufficient Bromine Solution 
 to produce a yellow coloration, indicating the absence of 
 Acetanilide. The B.P. requires that the addition of Bromine 
 Solution to a cold saturated aqueous solution of Phenacetin should 
 produce no turbidity. Both the U.S. P. and the P.G. tests embody 
 similar requirements. The U.S. P. gives two additional tests for 
 Acetanilide : the Potassium Hydroxide test, and the Sodium Hydroxide 
 and Chlorinated Soda test, described in small type below. The Iso- 
 nitrile test is not included ; this latter test, when carried out according 
 to the modification described under Acetanilide, is capable of detecting 
 readily an addition of 2 p.c. of the latter substance. An admixture of 
 Acetanilide also affects the melting point ; pure Phenacetin and pure 
 Acetanilide did not begin to fuse at any temperature approaching 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PHE 1001 
 
 92° C. (197*6° F.), whereas mixtures containing from 1 to 95 p. c. of 
 Acetanilide all commenced to fuse at this temperature. 
 
 No red tint should be produced when a mixture of 0" 3 gramme of 
 Phenacetin, and 1 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) is diluted with three times 
 its volume of Distilled Water, and boiled with 1 drop of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Iodine Solution, indicating the absence of Paraphenetidin. 
 A similar test is included in all three Pharmacopoeias. A cold saturated 
 •aqueous solution of Phenacetin should yield no dark red coloration on 
 the addition of 1 or 2 drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, affording 
 confirmation of the absence of unconverted Paraphenetidin. O'l 
 gramme of Phenacetin should dissolve without coloration in 1 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily charred organic 
 impurities. The B.P. simply requires it to dissolve without coloration 
 in Sulphuric Acid, the P.G. gives quantities for the test. Phenacetin 
 should leave no weighable ash, indicating the absence of mineral 
 residue. The B.P. requires that it should leave no appreciable ash ; 
 the U.S. P. that it should leave no weighable residue ; the P.G. that it 
 should leave at the most 0* 1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash 
 be changed from non-weighable to not exceeding 0*05 p.c. 
 
 Potassium Hydroxide.- — 0-1 gramnio of Acetphenetidin heated with 
 5 c.c. of a concentrated aqueous solution of Potassium Hydroxide (1 in 4), 
 should not evolve an odour of Aniline, U.S. P. 
 
 Sodium Hydroxide and Chlorinated Soda. — Boil • 1 gramme of 
 Acetphenetidin for 1 minute with 3 c.c. of a sohition of Sodium Hydroxide 
 (1 in 2), cool, and agitate the solution with 5 c.c. of Solution of Chlorinated 
 Soda. A clear yellow liquid should be obtained, and not a purplish-red or 
 brownish-red cloudy liquid or precipitate, indicating the absence of Acetanilide, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CITROPHEN (Para-phenetidin Citrate). — A white powder, with an acid 
 reaction ; soluble 1 in 165 of Water ; 1 in 300 of Alcohol (00 p.c.) ; insoluble 
 in Ether and in Chloroform. Antipyretic and analgesic, sometimes causing 
 considerable sweating. 
 
 Dose. — "h to 15 grains = 0-5 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Citrophen possesses a melting point of about 181° C. (357- 8° F.). 
 A small quantity, when boiled with Hydrochloric Acid, cooled, and the 
 solution diluted with Distilled Water, yields a liquid which acquires a deep 
 reddish colour on the addition of Chromic Acid Solution. When ignited with 
 free access of air it should leave no weighable residue. 
 
 Citrophen is dibasic, and Apolysin is monobasic Paraphenetidin Citrate. 
 
 Apolysin forms yellowish -white crystals, or a crystal hne povi/der, with an 
 acid reaction ; readily soluble in Water. Antipyretic and analgesic. 
 
 EUPYRINE (Para-phenetidin-vanJllin-ethjd Carbonate).- — Pale, greenish- 
 yellow crystals, insoluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), in 
 Ether and in Chloroform. Antipyretic. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 20 grains = 1 to ] • 3 grammes. 
 
 Kryofin (Para-phenetidin Methylglycollate). — W^iite, odourless, tasteless, 
 crystals, sparingly soluble in cold Water. Antipyretic and analgesic in doses 
 of 8 to 15 grains = 0-52 to 1 gramme. 
 
1002 PHE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] 
 
 LACTOPHENIN. Lactophenin. Para-phenetidin Lactate. CuHi-NOj, eq. 
 209* 13. — A white, inodorous, crystalline powder, or colourless, transparent 
 crystalline needles, possessing a bitter taste. It is a Lactic Acid derivative 
 of Para-phenetidin. 
 
 Solubility.— Soluble 1 in 600 of Water, 1 in 30 of boiling Water ; 1 in 11 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 120 of Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antipyretic, analgesic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to'l gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. (Lactylphenetidinum). 
 
 Tests.— Lactophenin melts at 117° to 118" C. (242-0" to 244-4°F.). It 
 dissolves without change of colour in Sulphuric Acid. When shaken with 
 Nitric Acid it is coloured yellow. If 0*1 grannne of Lactophenin be boiled 
 for 1 minute with 1 or 2 c.c. of Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid, it yields a 
 fluid, which, when diluted with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, gradually acquires 
 a ruby-red colom- on the addition of 3 or 4 drops of Chromic Acid Solution. 
 An odour of Acetic Aldehyde is evolved on the addition of a little Potassium 
 Permanganate to a mixture of 0-2 gramme of Lactophenin and 2 c.c. of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the mixture warmed. 
 
 The more generally occm"ring impurities are free acid or alkali, Acetanilide, 
 unconverted Para-phenetidin, readily charred organic impurities, and mineral 
 matter. The solution of Lactophenin in neutral Alcohol (90 p.c.) should be 
 colourless and neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, indicating the 
 absence of free acid or alkali. If 0- 1 gramme of Lactophenin be well and 
 vigorously shaken with 10 c.c. of hot Distilled Water, thoroughly cooled 
 and filtered, it yields a filtrate which should afford no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of siifficient Bromine Solution to produce a yellow coloration, 
 indicating the absence of Acetanilide. If this mixttire be allowed to stand 
 for some time, the yellow coloration gradually disappears, and at the same 
 time a white, crystalline precipitate settles out, the fluid finally assuming a 
 reddish -brown colom-. A mixture of 0-3 gramme of Lactophenin with 1 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should not acquire a red tint when diluted with 3 times 
 its volume of Distilled Water and boiled with 1 drop of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Iodine Solution, indicating the absence of unconverted Para-phenetidin. 
 0*1 gramme of Lactophenin should dissolve without coloration in 1 c.c. of 
 Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily charred organic impurities. 
 Lactophenin should leave no appreciable ash or at the most but 0-1 p.c, 
 indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 PARA-PHENETIDIN CAMPHORATE. — A white, crystalline powder, 
 insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Introduced as an antipyretic. 
 
 Phenosal (Para-phenetidin Aceto -salicylate). — A white, odovu-less, crystal- 
 line powder, sparingly soluble in Water, in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Ether. 
 Antipyretic, antineuralgic in doses of 5 to 10 grains ~ 0- 32 to 0- 65 gramme. 
 
 Triphenin. — A derivative of Para-phenetidin and Propionic Acid; dose, 
 8 to 15 grains. Phesin, a sulpho -derivative of Para-phen6tidin, and 
 Pyrantin, a derivative of Para-phenetidin and Succinic Acid, dose 5 to 10 
 grains. Chinaphenin (Para-phenetidin-quinino-ethyl Carbonate), dose 5 to 
 1 5 grains, and Para-phenetidin Agarate ; antipyretics. 
 
 PHENOCOLL HYDROCHLORIDUM.— A white, crystalline powder, 
 soluble 1 in 16-of Water, sparingly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Obtained by 
 the action of Glycocoll on Phenetidin. Antipyretic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains =; 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 SalocoU (Phenocoll Salcylate), recommended in rheumatism in doses of 
 15 to 30 grams — 1 to 2 grammes. It is not so soluble in Water as the 
 Hydrochloride. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] PHE 1003 
 
 PHENAZONUM. 
 
 PHENAZONE. 
 CnHioNoO, eq. 188' 116. 
 
 Fb., Antipyrine, Analgesine ; Ger., Phenyldimethylpyrazolon ; 
 Ital., Antipirina ; Span., Antipirina. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, crystalline scales, or as a white, neutral, 
 odourless powder, possessing a somewhat bitter taste. 
 
 It appears in the U.S. P. under the title of Antipyrina. 
 
 It may be obtained by the condensation of Phenyl -hydrazine and 
 Aceto-Acetic Ether, the Phenyl-Methyl-Isopyrazolone which results 
 being subsequently methylated with Methyl Iodide. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1^ of Water ; 3 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p. c.) ; about 
 5 in 6 of Chloroform ; 1 in 102 of Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antipyretic and analgesic, nervine 
 sedative. It will reduce temperature in all forms of febrile disease, 
 but in weak subjects its depressant efiect should be borne in mind. 
 
 As an analgesic it is used with great success in neuralgia, migraine, 
 gout, rheumatism, locomotor ataxia and other painful affections, and 
 is frequently given with Sodium Salicylate and Caffeine. 
 
 It is a good uterine sedative ; it also relieves sea-sickness. 
 
 As a pain-relieving remedy Phenacetin is preferred by some, as it is 
 less likely to produce toxic effects. 
 
 10 or 15 grains one hour before bedtime effectually prevents attacks of 
 craiap.— B.M.J. '12, ii. 1428. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 15 grains = 0* 32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Siviss maximvun dose, single, 2 • grammes ; daily, 6 • grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in solution with Tincture of Orange and Spirit 
 of Chloroform or Chloroform Water ; or in powders, cachets, capsules, or in 
 the form of eflfervescent granules containing 5, 10, and 15 grains of 
 Phenazone in each 60 grains, also Phenazone vnth Caffein containing 5 grains of 
 Phenazone and 2J grains of Caffein. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi, Tannic Acid in aqueous solu- 
 tions, Extractum Cinchonas Liquidum, and other astringent decoctions and 
 infusions. Chloral Hydrate is not incompatible with Phenazone in moderately 
 dilute aqueous solution. SocUum Salicylate is not incompatible with Phena- 
 zone in aqueous solution, but forins an oily liquid if the solids be mixed and 
 exposed to the air. — P.J. (3) xx. 861. 
 
 The incompatibiUty of Antipyrine and Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi may be 
 overcome by prescribing them \vith Sodium Bicarbonate. — A.J.P. '94, 321 ; 
 CD. '98, i. 357. 
 
 Not Official. — Pulv. Phenobrom. Co., Acetopyrine, Ferripyrin, Hypnal, 
 Migrainine, Pyi-amidon, Pyramidon Camphorates and SaUcylate, Salipyrin, 
 TolypyTin, Tolysal, Tussol, and Cryogenin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Hvmg., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. (Anti- 
 pyrinum) ; Ger. (Pyrazolonum Phenyldimethylicum). 
 
1004 PHE [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Tests.— Commercial Plienazone melts at 109-12° C. (228-42* F.), 
 dried Plienazone melts at 110-01° C. (230-02° F.), and purified Pliena- 
 zone melts at 112-84° C. (235- 11° F.). The B.P. now gives 111° to 
 113° C. (231-8° to 235-4° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives 113° C. (235-4° F.) ; 
 the proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this melting 
 point be changed to, 'from 109° to 111° C. (228-2° to 231-8° F.)'; the 
 Fr. Codex gives 114° C. (237-2° F.). 2 c.c. of an aqueous 1 p.c. w/v 
 solution of Phenazone when mixed with 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid, develope 
 a yellow colour which, on warming, changes to crimson. 2 c.c. of a 
 solution of similar strength, when mixed with 2 drops of Fuming 
 Nitric Acid afford a deep green colour, and on the further addition of 
 3 or 4 drops of the Acid, and boiling, a deep red colour is produced. 
 
 An almost colourless solution results on the addition of 1 deci- 
 gramme of Sodium Nitrite to 12 ml. of a 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of 
 Plienazone, but on the addition of 10 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid 
 a deep green solution is produced. In the place of Sodium Nitrite, a 
 few drops of Spiritus iEtheris Nitrosi may be used, and will answer 
 the same purpose. A deep red coloration is produced on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to 10 ml. of a 1 in 1000 aqueous solution 
 of Phenazone, the colour being destroyed on the addition of an excess 
 of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The U.S.P. and P.G. recommend the use of 2 c.c. of a 1 in 1000 
 aqueous Phenazone solution and 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 The U.S.P. and P.G. state that the colour is changed to light yellow on 
 the addition of 10 drops of Sulphuric Acid. The 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solu- 
 tion affords with Tannic Acid Solution an abundant white precipitate ; 
 the B.P. states that a 5 p.c. aqueous solution affords with Mercuric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, a white precipitate, disappearing on boiling 
 but reappearing on cooling. An acidified aqueous solution of Phenazone 
 yields a precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, 
 and also with lodo-Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, in a similar 
 way to an alkaloid. It may be extracted from alkaline solution by 
 Chloroform, but is only imperfectly extracted from an acid solution. 
 The Fr. Codex (1908) gives a method by which Antipyrine may be 
 determined : — 0- 5 gramme of Antipyrine is dissolved in 50 grammes 
 of Distilled Water mixed with 1*5 grammes of Sodium Acetate, and 
 after having been brought to the boiling point is mixed with lodo- 
 Potassium Iodide Solution (4 grammes of Iodine and 2 grammes of 
 Potassium Iodide dissolved in 10 grammes of Distilled Water and 
 diluted with Distilled Water to 100 grammes), until the boiling liquid 
 just commences to become coloured ; the mixture is allowed to cool, the 
 crystallised Iodine compound is separated, dried and weighed ; 1 
 gramme represents 0-7 gramme of Antipyrine. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid or alkali, 
 heavy metallic salts, Acetanilide, and mineral residue. The B.P. 
 includes specific tests for heavy metals and ash, and by inference a 
 test for free acid or alkali. The U.S.P. includes a specific test for Ace- 
 tanilide. An aqueous solution of Phenazone should be neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, indicating the absence of free acid or alkali. Its 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] PHE 1005 
 
 aqueous solution should not be darkened or rendered turbid by Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of heavy metallic salts. The 
 disagreeable odour of Phenyl-Isocyanide should not be evolved when 
 0* 1 gramme of Phenazone is warmed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 a few drops of Chloroform added, and the liquid again warmed, 
 indicating the absence of Acetanilide. Phenazone should leave no 
 weighable ash, indicating the absence of mineral residue. The B.P. 
 requires that it should leave no appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. that it 
 should leave no weighable residue ; the P.G. that it should leave at the 
 most 0* 1 p.c. of residue. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash 
 be changed to, ' not exceeding 0' 1 p.c' 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PULV. PHENOBROM. CO. (Squire). — A granular effervescent prepara- 
 tion, containing 5 grains of Phenazone, with Sodium Salicylate, Potassium 
 Bromide, and Caffeine, in the tablespoonful dose. 
 
 ACETOPYRINE (Antipyrine Aceto-salicylate). — A white, crystalline 
 powder, sparingly soluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 possessing antipyretic and analgesic properties ; recommended in rheuma- 
 tism and neuralgia, and as a good antipyretic having no injurious action on 
 the heart. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 FERRIPYRIN. — A compound of Antipyrine and Ferric Chloride, con- 
 taining about 64 p.c. of Antipyrine. Occurring as an orange-red powder, 
 soluble in Water. In 20 p.c. Solution, useful as a styptic. Useful in 
 chlorosis. 
 
 Dose.^ — 5 grains = 0-32 gramme. 
 
 HYPNAL. — Is a crystalline compound of Antipyrine with Chloral Hydrate, 
 readily soluble in Water, has been recommended as a hypnotic. It possesses 
 depressing action on the heart. 
 
 Has no special advantages as a hypnotic, and is not recommended. — B.M.J 
 '13, ii. 662. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0-65 to 1-3 grammes. 
 
 MIGRAININE. — A registered name for a double Citrate of Caffeine and 
 Antipyrine. A white, odourless powder, soluble in Water. Useful in migraine 
 and in neuralgia. 
 
 Dose. — 7 J to 15 grains — 0*5 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Hung, and Swiss (Anti- 
 pyrinum Caffeina-citricjim). 
 
 PYRAMIDON. Dimethyl-amido-antipyrin. Pyrazolonum Dimethylamino- 
 phenyldimethyUcum. Dimethylaminophenyldimethylpyrazolon. CijHi^NjO, 
 eq. 231* 166. — Small colourless and odourless lamellar crystals, or as a white 
 or almost white crystalline powder, possessing a bitter taste. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 17* of Water ; 2 in 4^ of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 26 of 
 Ether ; almost insoluble in Petroleum Ether. 
 
 Dose. — As an antipyretic, 3 to 5 grains = 0-2 to 0-32 gramme. Given 
 in cachets. 
 
 Should be avoided in typhoid. — L. '12, ii. 121. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Dimethylamino-anti- 
 pyrine), Ger. and Ital. (Piramidone). 
 
 Tests. — Pyramidon melts at 108° C. (226-4° F.), and this melting point 
 is given in both Fr. C'ode.v and P.G. It dissolves readily and completely in 
 
1006 PHE [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear eoloui'less solution which should be faintly 
 alkaline towards Litmus paper. An aqueous solution saturated at 70° C. 
 (158° F.) separates out in oily drops when boiled. A 1 in 20 aqueovas solution, 
 slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, yields a bluish-violet coloration on 
 the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. A fugitive blue or bluish- 
 violet coloration is produced by either Nitrous Acid or Nitric Acid in an 
 aqueous 1 in 20 Pyramidon Solution. An intense violet coloration is at first 
 jDroduced on the addition of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Solution to an 
 aqueous 1 in 20 Pyramidon Solution, metallic Silver being thrown down after 
 a short time as a greyish-black precipitate. An aqueous 1 in 10 solution 
 affords, on the addition of a small quantity of Potassium Persulphate, dis- 
 solved in Distilled Water, a bluish-violet coloration, changing successively to 
 violet, reddish-violet, rose-pink, and finally to yellow. Towards Methyl 
 Orange Solution Pyramidon behaves as a mono-acid base, and it may be deter- 
 mined by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution, 
 using this indicator for the titration. Fr. Codex requires that 0-5 gramme 
 dissolved in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water should, if pure, neutralise 21-75c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, whilst a similar weight of 
 the official salt should neutralise more thaii 20 c.c. ; Methyl Orange Solution 
 being used as an indicator of neutrality. The solution intended is evidently 
 Tenth-normal. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metals, Chlorides or 
 Iodides, unconverted Antipyrine, and mineral residue. An aqueovis 1 in 20 
 solution should not be affected by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 the absence of heavy metals. A 1 in 50 alcoholic solution of Pyramidon, 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, .should afford no iminediate turbidity on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides and Iodides. 
 After the disappearance of the initial bluish-violet colour, produced on adding 
 2 drops of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, and 2 drops of Sodium Nitrite 
 Solution, to a solution of 0-02 gramme of Pyramidon in 6 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, the liquid should remain colourless, indicating the absence of Anti- 
 pyi'ine. The Fr. Codex includes the following test for the presence of Anti- 
 pyrine : 1 gramme of Pyramidon is introduced into a test-tube, together 
 with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, 5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and 2 c.8. of 
 Formaldehyde Solution. It is mixed and the tube closed and heated during 
 4 hours on a boiling water -bath, allowed to cool, and neutralised with Ammonia 
 Solution, the tube cooled in cold Water, the mixture should remain clear even 
 after 24 hours. In the presence of Antipyrine, a precipitate of Diantipyrine- 
 methane, crystallising in fine needles is thrown out, this precipitate melts at 
 178° C. (352- 4° F.). Pyramidon should leave at most 0-lp.c. of ash, indi- 
 cating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Pyramidon Mono- and Bi-Camphorate and Salicylate. — The two 
 former are antipyretics and anhidrotics in doses of 5 to 10 grains ; the 
 latter has been found useful in subacvite and chronic rheumatism, also in 
 doses of 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. All occm? as white 
 crystalline powders. 
 
 SALI PYRIN. Antipyrine Salicylate. Salicylate D'Analgesine. Pyra- 
 zolonmn Phenyldimethylicum Salicylicum. CiiHj„N„0 C7H8O3, eq. 326-164. 
 • — White hexagonal crystals, or as a white odourless crystalline powder, 
 possessing at first a bitter and then a somewhat sweetish taste. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 240 of Water ; soluble 1 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c.).' 
 
 Dose.- — 10 to 30 grains = 0-05 to 2 grammes. Given in cachets or 
 tablets. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests.— Antipyi-ine Salicylate melts at 92° C. (197- 6° F.) ; the Fr. Codex 
 gives 91° C. (195- 8° F.); the P.G. gives 91° to 92° C. (195-8° to 197- 6° F.). 
 An aqueous 1 in 250 solution affords, on the addition of a few ch-ops of 
 Fuming Nitric Acid, a green coloration, and with Tannic Acid Solution, a 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liq[uids by Measure.] PHE 1007 
 
 white precipitate ; with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a deep red coloration, 
 changing when largely diluted, to a redcUsh- violet colour. O'o gramme 
 heated with 15 c.c. of Distilled Water and 1 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid affords 
 a clear, icolourless solution, from which fine white needles separate on cooling, 
 when they are separated, washed with Distilled Water and caxefuUy dried, 
 they should possess a melting point of about 157° C. (314- 6° F.), and conform 
 to the tests given under Acidum Salicylicum. 
 
 It is officially required by the Swiss Pharmacojjceia to contain 42-3 p.c. 
 of SalicyUc Acid, as determined by titrating a solution of 1 gramme of 
 Antipyrine Sahcylate in a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Distilled Water, with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not more 
 than 30*7 c.c. should be required, Phenolphthalein Solution being employed 
 as an indicator of neutrality. The solution after titration when extracted 
 once with 20 c.c. and twice with 10 c.c. of Chloroform, the chloroformic 
 liquids separated, transferred to a tared flask, mixed and evaporated to 
 dryness, the residue moistened twice, using each time 5 c.c. of Ether, and 
 the Ether finally evaporated by heating on a water -bath at 100° C. (212° F.) 
 till constant in weight, should leave a residue consisting of a white crystalHne 
 mass and weighing at least 57 centigrammes, corresponding to 57 p.c. of 
 Antipyrine. It should possess a melting point of 112° C. (233- 6° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free Salicylic Acid, heavy 
 metals, Acetanilide, and mineral residue. The aqueous solution should be 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, indicating the absence of free 
 Salicylic Acid. A 1 in 250 aqueous solution should not be affected by 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of heavy metallic salts. 
 ■ 1 gramme of Salipyrin when warmed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 a few drops of Chloroform added and the solution again warmed, should 
 evolve no disagreeable odotu* of Phenyl-Isocyanide, inchoating the absence of 
 Acetanilide. Salipyrin should yield at most 0-1 p.c. of ash, indicating a 
 limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Tolypyrin. — A body allied to Antipyrine (Phenazone), readily soluble 
 in Water, and in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in Ether. Antipyretic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1-3 granomes. 
 
 Tolysal (Tolypyrin Salicylate), sparingly soluble in Water, has been given 
 in similar doses. 
 
 Tussol (Antipyrine Amygdalate). — In white granular crystals. Dose, 
 for whooping-cough in yotmg children, 1 to 2 grains ; older children may 
 take 7 grains. It should be taken with Milk. 
 
 CRYOGENIN. Metabenzamine-semicarbazide. — White odourless, crystal- 
 line powder, possessing a faintly bitter taste. Soluble 1 in 172 of 
 Water ; 1 in 34 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Antipyretic and analgesic. On accourit 
 of its constant action and freedom from unfavourable secondary effects, it 
 has given favourable results in phthisis. Stated to exercise a favourable 
 influence in reducing the temperatiire. Its simplest method of administration 
 is in the form of powder, wafer, or cachet. No ill-effects have been 
 found to attend the continuous administration of doses of 5 to 8 grains 
 twice daily for a fortnight or three weeks. Inadvisable to continue its use 
 too long, as constant use predisposes to ircimunity. The continental method 
 is to give larger doses, and to continue in decreasing doses at intervals 
 of 24, 36, or 48 hours. By giving smaller doses, 5 to 8 grains at 12 a.m. and 
 4 p.m. daily, and continuing these until the temperature appears settled, 
 the effect is to induce a steadier and more persistent fall. The object of the 
 12 and 4 o'clock administrations is to intercept the evening rise. Used also 
 as an antipyretic in enteric fever. It has no depressing action, but may 
 sometimes occasion a rash. 
 
 A valuable antipyretic, too little known and used in England. — L. '15, ii. 
 835. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 8 grains = 0-32 to 0-52^gramme. 
 
1008 PHE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 PHENOL. See ACIDUM CARBOLICUM. 
 
 PHENOLPHTHALEINUM. 
 
 PHENOLPHTHALEIN. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 di-hydroxy-diphenyl-phthalide. dihydroxy-phthalo-rhenone. 
 
 C00H14O4, eq. 318-112. 
 
 In small, odourless crystals, or as a pale yellowisli-wliite powder. 
 
 A Di-basic Phenol derivative, wliicli may be obtained by the 
 interaction of Phenol, Phthalic Anhydride and Sulphuric Acid, the 
 product being purified by filtration through Animal Charcoal, and 
 re-precipitation. 
 
 Has appeared as ' Not Official 'in Squire's Companion since 1904, and is 
 now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Solubility.^ — Almost insoluble in Water; 1 in 15 of Alcohol (OOp.c.) ; 
 1 in 141 of Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aperient. 
 
 If given to patients who suffer from haemorrhoids a few doses may produce 
 an attack. — B.M.J. '05, i. 302. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0'13 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 It may be administered in tablet form in doses of 1 to 5 grains, and as a 
 lozenge with chocolate basis containing 2 grains. 
 
 For a long time it has been used as an indicator of neutrality in volumetric 
 analysis, and is of interest from the magnificent pink coloration which its 
 solution acquires by the action of alkalis. The weakest acids, on the other 
 hand, destroy the colour. 
 
 Not Official. — Aperitol, Nosophen, Antinosin and Eudoxin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Phenolphthalein melts at ' from 250° to 253° C. (482° to 
 487*4° F.),' and these figures are now given by the B.P. The P.G. 
 gives about 260° C. (500° F.) ; the proposed changes in TJ.S.P. IX. 
 recommend 255° to 258° C. (491° to 496' 4° F.). It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Alcohol (90 p.c.) with the formation of a colourless 
 solution, which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. The 
 addition of Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution to an alcoholic 
 solution affords a magnificent pink coloration, which is destroyed on 
 the addition of the slightest excess of acid. The pink coloration produced 
 with Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide Solution is permanent until 
 the alkali Hydroxide is converted into a neutral salt and the neutralising 
 acid preponderates ; it is therefore employed largely as an indicator 
 of neutrality, and is the most trustworthy indicator for the deter- 
 mination of organic acids. The pink coloration produced by an alkali 
 Hydroxide is destroyed by boiling with powdered Zinc ; it is also 
 destroyed by moist Carbonic Anhydride. Ammonia affords at first a 
 pink coloration, but the colour is not permanent, and the substance 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PHE 1009 
 
 does not therefore accurately indicate the point of neutralisation of 
 Ammonia with an acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are resinous substances, 
 Fluorane, various organic impurities, heavy metals, Arsenic, and 
 mineral residue. 0" 5 gramme of Phenolphthalein should dissolve 
 readily and completely in 30 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to form a clear 
 colourless solution, indicating the absence of resinous substances. 
 0*5 gramme of Phenolphthalein should dissolve in a mixture of 1 c.c. 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 50 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, indicating the absence of Fluorane. A mixture of 250 c.c. of 
 cold recently boiled and cooled Distilled Water, and 0*5 c.c. of a 1 in 
 100 solution of Phenolphthalein in Alcohol (60 p.c.) should not require 
 more than 0' 05 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution to produce a pink colour, indicating the absence of various 
 organic impurities. 
 
 The B.P. in performing this test uses a solution of 250 ml. of recently 
 boiled and cooled Distilled Water and 0*5 ml. of a 1 in 100 solution 
 of Phenolphthalein in Alcohol (60 p.c), requiring that not more tlian 
 O'lml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 should be necessary to produce the red coloration, but does not explain 
 the reason of the test. If 1 gramme of Phenolphthalein be heated on 
 a water-bath during 5 minutes with 20 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, the liquid filtered and evaporated to dryness, the residue when 
 dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not be affected by the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals. If a mixture of 0" 5 
 gramme of Phenolphthalein, about 1 gramme of Potassium Nitrate 
 and about 0*5 gramme of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate be heated in 
 a crucible to redness, and maintained at this temperature until the 
 reaction ceases, the residue when cooled, boiled for 5 minutes, with 
 15 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, filtered, and the undissolved residue 
 washed with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the filtrate and washings when 
 evaporated to dr5mess until the vapours of Sulphuric Acid commence 
 to be evolved, this residue when cooled and dissolved in 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water should not respond to the Modified Gutzeit's Test 
 for Arsenic, indicating a limit of Arsenic. Phenolphthalein should 
 leave at most O'l p.c. of ash. The B.P. states that it should leave 
 no appreciable ash. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recom- 
 mend that the limit be fixed at 0*05 p.c. ; the P.G. states at the most 
 0-1 p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 APERITOL. — A white, tasteless, insoluble powder. Stated to be a 
 combination of Isovalerianic Acid M'ith Phenolphthalein. 
 
 Recommended as an aperient in temporary constipation and after operations 
 on the stom_ach and intestines ; also in cases requiring a course of purgation. 
 
 Dose.— 6 to 12 grains = 0-4 to 0-78 gramme. 
 
 NOSOPHEN (Tetra-iodophenolphthale'in). — A yellow, odourless powder, 
 insoluble in Water, soluble in Ether and in Chloroform. Intestinal antiseptic ; 
 also used as a substitute for Iodoform. 
 
 Pose. — 5 grains = 0-32 gramme. 
 
1010 PHL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-8.] 
 
 ANTI NOSI N (Sodium Tetra-iodophenolphthalein). — Blue prismatic crystals 
 or blue amorphous powder, soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Antiseptic. A substitute for Iodoform. 
 
 Dose. — 5 grains = 0"32 gramme. 
 
 EUDOXIN (Bismuth Tetra-iodophenolphthalein). — A reddish -brown, 
 odourless powder, insoluble in Water. Introduced as a gastric and intestinal 
 antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 8 grains = 0-2 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 PHLORIDZIN. 
 
 C„iH„,Oi„ 2H,0, eq. 472-224. 
 
 A glucoside, obtained from various Rosaceous trees. 
 
 A light, crystalline powder, whitish, or pale yellow, slightly soluble in 
 Water, 1 in 4 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 A crystalline principle obtained from the bark of the stem and the root of 
 the Cherry and some other allied trees. 
 
 It possesses the property of inducing artificial glycosuria in man and 
 animals, and is of value as a test of renal inadequacy. The test consists in 
 injecting subcutaneously 5 milligrammes of Phloridzin dissolved, by the aid 
 of Sodium Carbonate, in 20 to 80 minims of Water, immediately after the 
 patient has emptied the bladder. If the kidneys are adequate. Glucose 
 should appear in the urine in half an hour, when the amount may be estimated 
 by Fehling's or by Pavy's method. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme, in mixtures, or in pills with 
 ' Diluted Glucose.' 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Floridcina). 
 
 Tests. — Phloridzin loses at 100° C. (212° F.) its Water of crystallisation, 
 which is theoretically equivalent to 7-6 p.c. It melts at 107° C. (224- 6° F.), 
 again solidifies at 130° C. (266° F.), and again melts at 170° C. (338° F.), 
 assmning at 200° C. (392° F.) a red colour, being decomposed with the 
 formation of Rufin. When heated with dilute mineral acids it is decomposed 
 and the neutralised solution affords with Potassio-Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's) 
 Solution, a red precipitate. It dissolves in concentrated Sulphvuric Acid, 
 with the production of a yellow colour, changing to red at a temperature 
 between 25° and 50° C. (77° and 122° F.). When dissolved in an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution and kept in contact with the air it gradually develops 
 a violet or blue coloration. When heated with free access of air it should 
 leave no weighable residue. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 PHOSPHORUS. 
 
 P, eq. 31-04. 
 
 Fr., Phosphore BLANC ; Ger., Phosphor ; Ital.. Fosforo ; 
 Span., Fosforo. 
 
 A colourless, or pale yellowisli, almost translucent, waxy solid, 
 liaving a character istic disagreeable odour. It rapidly oxidises on 
 exposure to the air, and should be preserved under the surface of 
 Water in well-stoppered bottles, away from the light and in a cool 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measiire.] PHO 1011 
 
 place. In the air it is luminous in the dark. It is a non-metallic 
 element which may be obtained from Calcium Phosphate. 
 
 Solubility. — Slightly soluble in Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 150 of 
 Ether ; 1 in 25 of Chloroform ; 2 in 1 of Carbon Bisulphide ; about 
 1 in 60 of Olive Oil ; 1 in 60 of Oil of Turpentine ; also in melted 
 fats. Insoluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given, but with doubtful success, as 
 a nervine tonic, as an aphrodisiac, in rickets and in osteomalacia. Its 
 prolonged use affects the structure of bones, causing them to become 
 more dense ; it also affects the liver and kidneys, leading to fatty 
 degeneration. The prej^arations are Oleum and Pilula, and it has 
 been combined with Cod-Liver Oil and other menstrua ; should be 
 given with caution, as gastritis may be set up. 
 
 Sodium and Calcium Hypophosphites are forms of giving loosely- 
 combined Phosphorus. 
 
 Dose, in pill or solution, -y^g to 2^ grain = 0" 0006 to 0' 0027 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0-001 gramme; daily, 0-002 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-00 1 gramme ; daily, 0-003 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given in pill form, to tvhich may be added 
 other tonics, such as Iron, Quinine and Strychnine ; also dissolved in Almond 
 Oil and Cod-Liver Oil. 
 
 It should always be handled with caution, and be cut under Water. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Oleima Phosphoratum and Pilula Phosphori. 
 
 NTot Official. — Elixir Phosphori, Spiritus Phosphori, Pilula Phosphori cmn 
 Sevo, Tinctura Phosphori Composita, and Phytin. 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube, emetics. Copper Sulphate is both emetic 
 and antidote : 3 grains dissolved in Water every 5 minutes till vomiting 
 is induced, then continue it in 1 grain doses every quarter of an hoiir, with 
 10 chops of Solution of Morphine if rejected ; also 30 drops of old or French 
 Oil of Turpentine every half -hour. Half an oz. of Epsom Salts as a purgative. 
 Demulcent drinks, but avoid oils and fats. 
 
 In treating the secondary stage of acute phosphorus poisoning, the injection 
 of normal saline and the administration of alkalis should be commenced as 
 soon as the vomiting and purging of the primary stage subside. — L. '11, i. 19. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. (Fosforo), Norw., Port., Puss., Span., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Phosphorus melts under Water at 44° to 45° C. (111-2° to 
 113° F.) ; the B.P., U.S.P., Fr. Codex and P.G. give the melting point 
 of 44° C. (111-2° F.). Its specific gravity is given in the U.S.P. as 
 1-830 at 10° C. (50° F.) and 1-820 at 25° C. (77° F.), and the Fr. Codex 
 as 1-83. When warmed in the air to a temperature a little over its 
 melting point, it takes fire and burns with a luminous flame, producing 
 dense white fumes which, when dissolved in Distilled Water, afford a 
 solution possessing an acid reaction, yielding with Ammonium Molyb- 
 date Solution and Nitric Acid a lemon-yellow precipitate soluble in 
 Ammonia Solution, and reprecipitated as a white crystalline precipitate 
 on the addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. When 
 oxidised with Nitric Acid it produces a solution yielding a similar 
 
1012 PHO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 precipitate to the above with simihir reagents. Wlieii dissolved in 
 Carbon Bisulphide and poured on to a strip of filter j^ajjer, the latter, 
 on the spontaneous evaporation of the solvent, is instantly ignited. 
 It is required by the U.S. P. to contain not less than 99*5 p.c of pure 
 Phosphorus, but no method by which this percentage may be ensured 
 is given. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic and Sulphur, 
 which are tested for after the oxidation of the Phosphorus by means 
 of Nitric Acid. In this case the B.P. effects the oxidation by boiling 
 1 gramme of Phosphorus with 10 ml. of Nitric Acid, mixed with an 
 equal volume of Distilled Water, but now omits the test for Arsenic 
 and requires only that Phosphorus should not yield more than the 
 slightest reaction for Sulphates ; it requires the Phosphorus to be 
 slowly attacked and finally completely dissolved without leaving a 
 residue, and the solution to yield not more than the slightest reaction 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Sulphates. The U.S. P. employs 1 gramme of Phosphorus, and digests 
 it at a gentle heat on a water-bath in a small flask of a capacity of 
 DO c.c, with a mixture of 10 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, a current of Carbonic Acid gas being passed over the surface 
 of the liquid whilst solution is being effected ; the solution, after the 
 Phosphorus has completely dissolved, is evaporated until no further 
 nitrous vapours are evolved, and diluted with Distilled Water to 100 c.c, 
 1 c.c. of this solution should not respond to the Modified Gutzeit's Test 
 for Arsenic, the presence of the latter much in excess of 1 in 100,000 
 is manifested by the formation of a distinct yellow-orange spot. The 
 addition of Barium Chloride Test-Solution to the remainder of the 
 liquid is required to afiord not more than a slight opalescence, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphur. Phosphorus should dissolve readily and 
 completely in Carbon Bisulphide Solution to form a clear solution, but 
 the greatest caution is necessary in handling such solution, as the dissi- 
 pation of the solvent is followed by immediate ignition. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 OLEUM PHOSPHORATUM. Phosphorated Oil. (Modified.) 
 
 1 of drv Phosphorus dissolved in 98 (by weight) of Almond Oil at 
 80° C. (176° ¥.) ; cool, and add 1 (by weight) of Oil of Lemon. The 
 Almond Oil must first have been heated to 150° C. (302° F.), cooled 
 and filtered. (about 1 in 100.) 
 
 Should be freshly prepared. 
 
 1 of Almond Oil is now replaced by 1 of Oil of Lemon. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 minims = 0*06 to 0'3 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., 1 in 1000 Almond Oil ; 
 Belg. and Span., 1 in 100 Almond Oil ; Hung., 1 in 200 Almond Oil, Sodium 
 Sulphate and Alcohol ; Ital., 1 in 1000 Olive Oil ; Fr. and Swed., 1 in 100 
 Almond Oil and Ether ; Mex. (Aceite fosforado), 1 in 100 Sesame Oil ; Swiss, 
 Phosphorus 1, Almond Oil 96, Alcohol (99 p.c.) 3, Natrum Sulfuricum Siccum 
 5. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PHO lOlo 
 
 PILULA PHOSPHORI. Phosphorus Pill. (Altered.) 
 
 1 of Phosphorus and 20 of Oil of Theobroma arc dissolved in 20 of 
 Carbon Bisulphide. Place the Solution in a mortar, and allow the 
 Carbon Bisulphide to evaporate and leave a pasty mass ; with this 
 incorporate 20 of Oil of Theobroma, 11 of Wool Fat, 16 of Kaolin, and 
 32 of Briod Sodium Sulphate. (1 in 100.) 
 
 Should be freshly prepared. 
 
 Half the strength of B.P. 1898. The formula is much altered from that in 
 B.P. 1898. White Beeswax and Lard are now replaced by Oil of Theobroma 
 and Wool Fat, and part of the Kaolin by Dried Sodium Sulphate. The 
 mass now contains 1 p.c. of Phosphorus, as did also B.P. 1885, but B.P. 
 1898 contained 2 p.c. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = 0'06 to 0*26 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., about ^l^ grain of Phos- 
 pliorus in each pill. Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR PHOSPHORI [B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— Compound Tincture of 
 Phosphorus, 1 ; Glycerin, 4 ; should be preserved from the light. Each 
 fl. drm. contains -^-^ grain = 0-0013 gramme of Phosphorus. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 minims = 0-9 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 It should be freshly prepared as required. 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.C. 
 
 ELIXIR PHOSPHORI {U.S.N.F.).— Spirit of Phosphorus (N.F.), 21 ; 
 Oil of Anise, 0-2 ; Glycerin, 50 ; Aromatic Elixir {U.S. P.), q.s. to make 100. 
 
 Elixir Phosphori Composituni. Syn. Syrupus Phosphor! Composita 
 {B.P.C). — Compound Tincture of Phosphorus, 20; Oil of Anise, 0-20; 
 Glycerin, 50 ; Aromatic Elixir, q.s. to produce 100. 
 
 Spiritus Phosphori. Syn. Tincture of Phosphorus {U.S.N.F.}. — Phos- 
 phorus, 1-2 ; Absolute Alcohol {U.S. P.), q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 PILULA PHOSPHORI CUM SEVO. — (1) Phosphorus, 10 grains; 
 Mutton Suet, 90 grains ; Purified Carbon Bisulphide, 40 minims. Dissolve 
 the Phosphorus in the Carbon Bisulphide, and incorporate with the Suet, 
 previously rubbed into a smooth paste. (2) Starch, 60 grains ; Powdered 
 Liquorice Root, 60 grains ; Powdered Soap, 40 grains ; Powdered Traga- 
 canth, 12 grains ; Glycerin, 48 minims. Make into a pill mass. 
 
 No. 1 should be kept in a stoppered bottle, and incorporated with No. 2 
 as required for dispensing. 1 part of No. 1 with 8 parts of No. 2. 
 
 They should be freshly prepared as required. 
 
 Each 3-grain pill will contain ^ij grain of Phosphorus. 
 
 TINCTURA PHOSPHORI COMPOSITA {B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— 
 Dissolve 12 grains Phosphorus in 2| fl. oz. Chloroform by the aid of a gentle 
 heat ; add the Solution to 12| fl. oz. Ethylic Alcohol and shake well. Should 
 be preserved in well-stoppered bottles and kept from the light. 10 minims 
 contain ^^ grain of Phosphorus. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 12 minims = 0-18 to 0-71 ml. 
 
 Incorporated in the B.P.C. with a slight increase in strength, as follows : — 
 Phosphorus, 0-20; Chloroform, 17-5; Absolute Alcohol, q.s. to produce 
 100. 
 
 PHYTIN. — A substance obtained from plant seeds, containing 22- 8 p.c. 
 of organically combined Phosphorus. It is supplied in the form of powder, 
 and tablets containing 4-25 grains of Phytin. lb should be taken 1 to 2 
 hours before the chief daily meal. 
 
1014 PHY [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Wot Official. 
 PHYSOSTIGMATIS SEMINA. 
 
 calabar bean. 
 
 Fr., Fkve du Calabar ; Ger., Kalabarbohne ; Ital., Fava del Calabar ; 
 Span., Haba del Calabar. 
 
 The ripe Seeds of Physostigina venenosum, Balfour. 
 
 Was Ofificial in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Indigenous to Western Africa. 
 
 The chief constituent is a poisonous crystalline alkaloid, Pliysostigmine 
 or Eserine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Myotic, antispasmodic. It increases the flow 
 of saliva and most of the other secretions. Used in tetanus ; but its principal 
 vise is in ophthalmic work. See ' PhysostigminsD Sulphas.' 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Semen Calabariense) ; 
 Jap. (Semen Physostigmatis) ; Mex. (Haba de Calabar); Port. 
 (Favo do Calabar) ; Span. (Haba del Calabar) ; U.S. (Physostigina). 
 Not in the others. The U.S. P. Extract is required to contain 2 p.c. of 
 Ether-soluble alkaloids. An extract is also Official in Jap. and. Port. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Calabar Beans as recently imported are rather 
 smaller and browner in colour than formerly. Formerly the seeds were 
 almost black in colour and about 1^ in. (34 mm.) long, f in. (19 mm.) broad, 
 and h to | in. (12-5 to 15 mm.) in thickness. The hilum extends nearly the 
 whole length of the curved margin of the seed, which is elongate reniform in 
 outline. The seed coat is hard, dark reddish -brown, and slightly rough. 
 The two starchy cotyledons have a cavity between them. The seed has 
 neither taste nor odour. At one time a seed of a different species, nearly 
 cylindrical and scarcely curved, but about the same size, was offered in 
 London as Calabar Bean. It has been referred to Physostigma cylindro- 
 spermuin. Holmes. Other seeds quite different in shape and size from 
 Calabar Bean have been offered as substitutes in the drug market, but none 
 of these could be mistaken for the genuine drug. 
 
 Tests.— Calabar Bean is required by the U.S. P. to contain not less than 
 0-15 p.c. of Ether-soluble alkaloids, which may be determined by the U.S. P. 
 process described in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion. 
 
 TINCTURA PHYSOSTIGMATIS (U.S.). — Physostigma, in No. 50 
 powder (containing 0- 15 p.c. of Ether-soluble alkaloids), 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 q.s. to produce 10. 
 
 The U.S. P. tincture is required to contain 0*014 p.c. w/v of Ether-soluble 
 alkaloids, which may be determined by the U.S. P. process given in the 
 Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion. 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 minims = 0-9c.c. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMIN^ SULPHAS. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMINE SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Eserine Sulphate. 
 (OisHoiNaO,)^, H2SO4, eq. 648-482. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate d'Eserine ; Ger., Physostigminsulfat ; Ital., 
 Eserina Solfato ; Span., Sulpato de Eserina. 
 
 A white, odourless, very deliquescent, micro-crystalline powder, 
 possessing a bitter taste. It becomes yellow on exposure to air 
 and light and should therefore be carefully preserved in small, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PHY 1015 
 
 well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, or in sealed tubes 
 protected from the light and moisture. 
 
 It is the Sulphate of Physostigmine, an alkaloid obtained from Calabar 
 Bean, the seeds of Physostigtna venenosum, Balfour. The Sulphate 
 alone is Official in the B.P. The P.G. and the U.S.P. include both 
 the Sulphate and the Salicylate. The Fr. Codex only includes the 
 Salicylate. 
 
 It contains theoretically 84. S p.c. of PhysostignDine. 
 
 Solubility.— 4 in 1 of Water ; 24 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is used to contract the pupil 
 in ciliary paralysis due, e.g., to diphtheria ; to reduce intra- 
 ocular tension in glaucoma, etc.; to prevent or reduce prolapse 
 of the iris after corneal wounds ; to diminish the amount of light in 
 painful afiections of the eye ; to break down adhesions due to iritis, 
 its use being alternated with that of Atropine ; and to remove the 
 prolonged dilatation and paralysis produced by the latter. In tetanus 
 it is to be given fearlessly, ^V grain hypodermically frequently repeated, 
 the patient being carefully watched. An antidote in Strychnine 
 poisoning. 
 
 In exophthalmic goitre it controls the tachycardia better than any other 
 drug, and appears generally to benefit the patient. — 31. P. '14, ii. 358. 
 
 Dose. — ^V to z^^ grain = 0-001 to 0*002 gramme. 
 
 Dutch maximum dose, single, 0-001 gramme ; daily, 0-003 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The salts of Physostigmine as well as the solutions 
 are liable to become pink by oxidation. They should be Jcept in yellow non- 
 actinic glass bottles, and as much as possible preserved from the air. 
 
 If desirable the coloration of the solutions may be prevented by the addition of 
 a trace of Hypophosphorous Acid or Sulphurous Acid. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Lamellae Physostigminse. 
 
 Not Official. — Gutta3 Physostigminse, Guttae Physostigminse cvim Cocaina, 
 Physostigmina, Unguentum Physostigminse, Physostigminse Hydrobromidum, 
 and Physostigminse Salicylas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Ger., Jap., Mex. (Sulfate 
 de Eserina), Span., and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Physostigmine Sulphate, when pure and anhydrous, melts 
 at 145° to 146° C. (293° to 294*8° F.). It is stated by the V.S.P. to 
 soften at 130° C. (266° F.), and to melt about 140° C. (284° F.) ; neither 
 the B.P. nor the P.G. makes- any reference to the melting point. It 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear, 
 colourless solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 The U.S.P. states that it possesses an acid reaction towards blue 
 Litmus paper. The addition of diluted Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 to the aqueous solution of Physostigmine Sulphate causes a white 
 precipitate of the alkaloid which quickly turns pink, and the precipitate 
 itself dissolves in an excess of the Hydroxide Solution, with the produc- 
 tion of a pinkish or red coloured solution ; when evaporated to dryness 
 with Ammonia Solution a bluish-coloured residue remains, and if this 
 residue be dissolved in very dilute acid the solution assumes a red 
 
1016 PHY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 coloration by reflected light, and a blue coloration by transmitted 
 light. A crystal of the salt dissolved in Fuming Nitric Acid yields a 
 yellow solution, which, when warmed on a water-bath, affords a 
 residue of a green colour, which assumes a violet-blue colour on 
 exposure to the fumes of Nitric Acid, and on moistening with Nitric 
 Acid, a blood-red coloration, changing to greenish-yellow on the 
 addition of Distilled Water. The U.S. P. states that 5 mg. of the salt 
 yield a yellow-coloured solution when dissolved in Nitric Acid, on 
 heating this solution the colour changes from orange to blood-red, 
 and leaves on evaporation to dryness a green-coloured residue. The 
 residue on exposure to the fumes of Nitric Acid yields a violet-blue 
 colour, and on the ^addition of a drop of Nitric Acid a reddish-violet 
 coloured solution changing rapidly to blood-red, and on standing, or 
 on dilution, a greenish-yellow. The most distinctive test for Eserine 
 is the marked mydriasis which it produces on the pupil of the eye ; a 
 highly diluted aqueous solution applied to the conjunctiva causes 
 almost immediate contraction of the pupil. Sulphuric Acid yields only 
 a faint yellow colour with the salt. Sulphuric Acid containing a crystal 
 of Potassium lodate yields a pale purple coloration rapidly changing to 
 yellowish-red. The aqueous solution, with or without acidification 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, yields with Barium Chloride Solution a white 
 precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. Physostigmine Sulphate 
 may be distinguished from the Salicylate by yielding when dissolved 
 in Distilled Water a yellowish-white precipitate with Platinic Chloride 
 Solution, and by the non-production of a violet colour on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. It should leave not more than 0' 1 p.c. 
 of Ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LAMELLAE PHYSOSTIGMINE. Discs of Physostigmine. 
 B.P.Syn. — Discs of Eserine. 
 
 Gelatin discs, containing xoW gi'3.in = 0' 000065 gramme of Physo- 
 stigmine Sulphate. 
 
 Foreign Pharm^acopoeias. — Official in Ital., Dischi Oftalniici con 
 Esorina, each disc containing about 0-0001 gramme Eserine Salicylate. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Hypodermic lamels, containing ji^ grain. — Bartholomew's. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT>!E PHYSOSTIGMIN/E {London Op7)/7(a???iic). —Physostigmine 
 Sulphate, i, 1, 2, or 4 grains ; Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 GUTT>C PHYSOSTIGMIN>E CUM GOCAINA (London Ophthalmic).— 
 Phy.sostigmine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Cocaine Hydrochloride, 4 grains ; Water, 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMINA. Eserine. CisH^N^O.,, eq. 275- 198.— Colourless or 
 pale piiik glistening crystals, very slightly soluble in Water, readily soluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether and Chloroform. It should be kept in well- 
 stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far as possible 
 from contact with the air and light. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PHY 1017 
 
 Tests.— Physostigmine melts at 102° to 103° C. (215-6° to 217-4° F.). 
 Petit and Polonovski give 105° to 106° C. (221° to 222-8° F.). It dissolves 
 very slightly in Distilled Water ; it is readily soluble in Alcohol and Ether, 
 the solutions in these solvents being strongly laevogyrate. The aqueous 
 solution is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus paper, and precipitates 
 Ferric Hych-oxide from Ferric Chloride Solution, provided the latter is not 
 too acid ; it answers the tests characteristic of Eserine given under Physostig- 
 minse Sulphas. 
 
 Unguentum Physostigminae (Unguentum Eserince) (London Ophthalmic). 
 — Physostigmine, 1 grain ; Soft Paraffin, 1 oz. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMINiC HYDROBROMIDUM.— In colourless crystals, very 
 soluble in Water. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMINyC SALICYLAS. Syn. Eserin.e Salicylas. 
 CisHoiNaOoCjHiiOs, eq. 413-246. — Colourless or faintly yellowish, glistening, 
 odourless, aciciilar or prismatic crystals, possessing a slightly bitter taste, but 
 it should be tasted with extreme caution. 
 
 It contains theoretically 06-6 p.c. of Physostigmine. 
 
 It should be kept in well stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with the light and air, as it rapidly 
 acquires a reddish tint on exposure to their combined influence. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 130 of Water ; 1 in 15 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Swiss, maximum dose, single, 0-001 gramme; daily, 0-003 gramme. 
 Ph. Oer. maximum dose, single, 0-001 gramnie ; daily, 0-003 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Tests. — Physostigmine Salicylate, when pure, melts at 187° C. (368-6° F.). 
 The U.S. P. states that it softens and assumes a slightly yellow colour at 
 160° C. (320° F.) and melts at 178-9° C. (354° F.). Fr. Codex gives 182° C. 
 (359 • 6° F.). It dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution, which 
 is neutral or at the most but faintly acid in reaction towards blue Litmus paper. 
 It should answer the tests characteristic of Physostigmine given under Phy- 
 sostigmina? Sulphas. An aqueous solution of the salt affords with Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution a deep violet coloration. The addition of Bromine 
 Water, if present in excess, produces an intense red coloration in the salt or 
 its solution. It may be distinguished from the Sulphate by its solution 
 not yielding a precipitate on the addition of Platinic Chloride Solution, and 
 by the production of a violet coloration with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. 
 Physostigmine Salicylate, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), should suffer no 
 appreciable loss in weight, indicating a limit of moisture. It should leave 
 not more than 0-01 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PHYTOLACCA. 
 
 The Root (Poke root) of Phytolacca decandra, L., is Official in U.S. and Jap. 
 In large doses it is emetic, purgative, and slightly narcotic. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The di-ied root of Phytolacca decandra is usvially 
 imported from the United States. It occurs in transverse longitudinal slices 
 cut from a large cylindrical, tapering, more or less twisted root, the segments 
 varying from f to 2 inches or more in diameter, with a brownish-grey bark, 
 wrinkled spirally and longitudinally, and marked with low light -coloured 
 ridges. The transverse sections present a pale yellowish -grey colour internally 
 with several concentric rings of woody wedges, having shrunken medullary 
 rays between them. 
 
1018 PIC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Phytolacca root has of late years been imported from Austria, mixed with 
 Belladomia root, and the leaves have been offered as Belladonna leaves, but 
 the acicular raphides readily distinguish both the root and leaves from those 
 of Belladonna. 
 
 The diagnostic characters of the root are the concentric rings and the 
 sternutatory action of the powder. The taste of the root is at first sweetish, 
 then acrid ; it has no odour, but the powder is very irritating to the nostrils, 
 due to the presence of a saponin to which the emetic and purgative action of 
 the root appear to be due. 
 
 Microscopical characters : Acicular raphides are abundant in the powder 
 in bxzndles 50-75^ long and 25-40/^ broad. The starch grains are oval or 
 rounded 10-12^ long with an eccentric and slightly fissm-ed hilum. 
 
 The berries of Phytolacca decandra have also been used in medicine. The 
 fruits, which are purple, and about the size of a pea, consist of a ring of 
 drupelets which are confluent at the base ; the purplish juice they contain is 
 sweetish and acidulous, and only very slightly acrid. The poisonous effects 
 that have followed the eating of these berries in gardens by children are 
 probably due to crushing the seeds, since it has been found that 2| oz. of the 
 juice is required to produce a cathartic effect. 
 
 In conmaerce the fruits are met with in the form of a piu"plish black mass 
 in which the whitish endocarps appear as shining points. 
 
 The seeds contain an embryo curved around the mealy albumen. Formerly 
 these fruits were used in Bosnia for colouring wines, but when the Maqui berries 
 {Aristotelia Maqui) of ChiU were introduced as better for the purpose, the 
 Phytolacca plants were tlu?own on the market as a substitute for Belladonna, 
 the leaves having a very similar shape in the two plants and the roots resem- 
 bling each other in colour, though not in structm-e. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM PHYTOLACC/^ RADICIS {U.S.).--1 fl. oz. is 
 equal to 1 oz. of root. Alcohol (49 p.c.) is employed. 
 
 Dose. — ^A? an alterative, 1 to 5 minims = 0-06 to 0-3 ml. 
 
 Official in .Jap. 
 
 TINCTURA PHYTOLACOE.— Poke Root, 1; Alcohol (45 p.c), 10. 
 
 Dose, — 3 to 10 minims = 0- 18 to 0-6 ml. 
 
 PHYTOLACCIN. — ^An eclectic remedy used in rheum.Htic and .syphilitic 
 conditions. In pill as a cholagogue and altera.tive, ^ to i grain = 0010 to 
 0-032 gramme ; purgative, 2 to 4 grains = 0-13 to 0-20 "gramme. 
 
 PICRORHIZA. 
 
 PICRORHIZA. 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Rhizome of Picrorhiza Kurroa, Royle. 
 
 Was in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies, and is 
 now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Tonic and antiperiodic. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0*65 to 1* 3 grammes ; as an antiperiodic, 
 45 to 60 grains = 3"0 to 4*0 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Picrorhizas Liquidum, and Tinctura 
 Picrorhiza^. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The rhizome of Picrorhiza Kurroa is about 
 6 mm. (J in.) thick (4 to 8 mm., B.P.), and about 2 to 5 cm. (1 to 2 in.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIC 1019 
 
 long, cylindrical, with numerous transverse dark greyisli brown scales, 
 and small buds. The cork is thin and greyish, and inside this is a narrow 
 ring of tangentially elongated woody bundles, internally the rhizome 
 is black and somewhat spongy, with a broken ring of rather large 
 bundles of porous vessels. The taste is intensely bitter, but it has 
 no odour. 
 
 The only Indian root presenting a somewhat similar external appear- 
 ance is that of Gentiana Kurroo, which is also called Kutki, the root 
 of Picrorhiza being distinguished as Kali {i.e., black) Kutki. This 
 rhizome might easily be substituted for Picrorhiza, unless attention 
 were paid to the internal black and white structure of the latter ; the 
 fracture surface of Gentiana Kurroo being uniformly brown. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM PICRORHIZA LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of 
 Picrorhiza. (New.) 
 
 Picrorhiza, in No. 60 powder, 1 ; Alcohol (60 p.c), q.s. to yield 1 ; 
 by percolation. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 minims = 0*9 to 3" 6 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA PICRORHIZA. Tincture of Picrorhiza. (New.) 
 
 Picrorhiza, cut small and bruised, 1 ; Alcohol (45 p.c), 4 ; by 
 
 maceration. (1 in 4.) 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 This tincture is twice the strength of that in Ind. and Col. Add., which 
 was 1 iu 8. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PICROTOXINUM. 
 
 nCROTOXIN. 
 
 Colourless, shining, prismatic crystals, or niicrocrystalline powder permanent 
 in the air, possessing an intensely bitter taste. It is the neutral principle 
 obtained from ' Cocculus Indicns,' the Frnits of Anamirta panicvlata, Colebr. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 334 of Water ; 1 in 13i of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Anhidrotic ; g\y grain at bedtime for sweating 
 in phthisis. 
 
 Externally used with caution as an ointment (8 grains to 1 oz.) for pediculi. 
 
 Dose. — i^^j to ^.g grain = 0-0006 to 0-0024 gramme. 
 
 Fr., maximum dose, single, 0-002 gramme ; daily, 0-006 gramme. 
 
 Antidotes.— Stomach-tube, or emetic ; Chloral, and Potassium Bromide. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Fr. and Mex. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Pure Picrotoxin melts at 199° to 200° C. (390-2° to 392° F.) ; the Fr. 
 Codex gives 200° C. (392° F.). It is soluble in Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 the liquid so formed producing a red precipitate, when boiled with Potassio- 
 Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution. The test may also be appHed to a cold 
 
1020 ' PIL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 saturated aqueous solution, 5 c.c. of which will give a distinct reaction ; 
 if a similar quantity of Pavy's Solution be added and the liquid boiled the 
 blue colour will completely disappear. It dissolves in Suljihuric Acid with 
 the production of a bright yellow coloured solution, changing to orange-red 
 on warming, and very gradually to reddish-brown. It dissolves in Nitric 
 Acid, and the liquid on evaporation leaves a reddish -yellow residue, becoming 
 bright red when moistened with Potassium Hydroxide Solution. It may 
 be distinguished from alkaloids by the aqueous solution yielding no precipitate 
 with Platinic Chloride or Potassio-Mercuric Iodide Solutions. It should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 PILOCARPINE NITRAS. 
 
 PILOCAPvPINE NITRATE. 
 
 CuHisNaOa, HNO3, eq. 271-166. 
 
 Fr., Azotate de Pilocarpine; Ger., Pilocakpinitrat ; Ital., 
 
 PiLOCARPINA NiTRATO. 
 
 White, odourless, distinct crystals, or as a white, crystalline powder, 
 possessing a faintly bitter taste. It is the Nitrate of Pilocarpine, an 
 alkaloid obtained from Pilocarpus niicrophyllus, Stapf., and other 
 species. A synthetic Pilocarpine has also been produced. 
 
 Jowett states that tlie Nitrate is the most convenient to use in 
 medicine, on account of its stability in the air, the Hydrochloride being 
 hygroscopic in moist air. 
 
 Pilocarpine Nitrate is Official in the B.P. ; the Nitrate and the Hydro- 
 chloride are Official in the U.S. P. ; only Pilocarpine Hydrochloride is 
 Official in the P.G. ; the Fr. Codex contains Pilocarpine, Pilocarpine 
 Hydrochloride and Pilocarpine Nitrate. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles of a disik 
 amber tint and kept in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 8 of Water ; 1 in 50 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; almost 
 insoluble in Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful diaphoretic and sialagogue. 
 Is useful in the dropsy and thirst of B right's disease, in ursemia, 
 and to remove pleural and peritoneal effusion. It should be vised with 
 caution, if at all, in cardiac dropsy ; it tends to depress the heart. It 
 contracts the pupil, and has been used in detachment of the retina, 
 glaucoma and intra-ocular haemorrhage ; it has been given in bronchitis 
 and asthma ; and in chronic poisoning by Lead, Arsenic, or Mercury. 
 Useful in deafness due to disease of the auditory nerve. A good 
 antidote in Belladonna poisoning. 
 ■ It has been used to increase the grov/th of the hair as a Lotion 
 containing 1 or 2 grains to 1 fl. o/., and as an Ointment containing 4 
 to 8 grains to 1 fl. dz. 
 
 Objection has been taken to the B.P. 1898 dose, ^^.to A grain, when given 
 by the mouth as being too high; it is now lowered to tA^ to A grain. 
 
 Of gi-eat value in all forms of pruritus, but especially that of the vulva ; 
 J to J grain by mouth only when itching manifests itself. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] PIIi 1021 
 
 Apt to he overlooked that it can often be administered with equal benefit 
 and greater safety Ijy the mouth than hypodermically, and especially with 
 less risk of pulmonary oedema. — Pr. '11, ii. 524. 
 
 In tinnitus aurium with effusion into the labjTinth associated with vertigo 
 in Meniere's series of symptoms, the pilocarpine treatment, when cautiously 
 carried out and the patient's condition admits of its use, is imdoubtedly 
 indicated.— 5.M. J. '09, ii. 1131. 
 
 For uraemic or any other persistent hiccough 10 minims of a 1 p.c. Solution 
 of the hvdroehloride every 3 or 4 hours is one of the most useful remedies. 
 —Pr. '11, ii. 524. 
 
 Dose.— ^V to I grain = 0-0032 to 0-013 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes.- — Most frequently used by hypodermic injection ; 
 also given in solution, and in pills rvith Milk Sugar and Glucose. 
 Supplied also in hypodermic tablets, -^^, ^, ^, ^- and \ grain. 
 The nearly equal solubility of the Pilocarpine Nitrate and Pilocarpidine 
 Nitrate allows them to crystallise together. With the Hydrochlorides the 
 difference in solubility is much more marked, so that a Pilocarpine Hydro- 
 chloride can be obtained containing very little Pilocarpidine. 
 
 The Pilocarpine Hydrochloride is preferred in all other countries, sec 
 below, and in London is more frequently prescribed than the Nitrate ; but 
 it is incompatiljle with Silver salts, ^\^th which Pilocarpine is sometimes used. 
 
 Wot Official. — Guttae Pilocarpinse, Injectio Pilocarpinse Nitratis, Pilo- 
 carpine, Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum, Pilocarpinse Phenas, Pilocarpinaj 
 Salicylas, and Bromocarpine. 
 
 Antidote. — Belladonna by the mouth, or Atropine hypodermically. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and U.S. Not in the 
 others. Fr. and Mex. have Pilocarpine. 
 
 Tests. — Pilocarpine Nitrate melts, according to Jowett, at 173° to 
 178° C. (343-4° to 352- 4° F.) ; according to Petit and Polonovski at 
 177° to 178° C. (350-6° to 352- 4° F.); the Fr. Codex gives 177° 0. 
 (350- 6° F.). The B.P. gives about 176° C. (348- 8° F.); the V.S.F. 
 states that it melts at 170-9° C. (339-7° F.). The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this melting point be changed to 
 ' from 170° to 173° C. (338° to 343- 4° F.).' It has a specific rotation of 
 + 80° to 4- 83°. Fr. Codex + 82° 2' at 18° C. (64- 4° F.), for an 
 aqueous solution containing 2 grammes of Pilocarpine Nitrate in 
 100 c.c. 
 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, producing a 
 clear colourless solution which should be neutral or at the most but 
 slightly acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 1 in 100 aqueous 
 solution should not afford a precipitate on the addition of an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution, but concentrated aqueous solutions afford a 
 white turbidity on the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution. A 
 1 in 100 aqueous solution is precipitated by the addition of Iodine 
 Solution, Bromine Water, or Mercuric Chloride Solution. Pilocarpine 
 Nitrate should dissolve to form a colourless solution in Sulphuric 
 Acid, the solution gradually assuming a green colour on the addition 
 of Potassium Bichromate. Wlien warmed in a test-tube with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, an odour of Trimethyhimine is evolved, and if ;i 
 piece of moistened red Litmus paper be introduced into the tube it is 
 turned blue. A dark brown coloration is produced at the junction of 
 the two liquids, when Ferrous Sulphate Solution is carefully super- 
 
1022 Plli [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 imposed upon the surface of a well-cooled mixture of an aqueous 
 solution of the salt and Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The alkaloid, separated from the salt by suitable treatment, should 
 answer the tests distinctive of Pilocarpine given under that heading. 
 As an additional test Jowett has suggested the formation of a crystalline 
 Picrate which should melt sharply at 147° C. (296-6° F.). 
 
 Pilocarpine Nitrate may be distinguished from the Hydrochloride by 
 its aqueous solution yielding no turbidity or precipitate on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, after acidifying with Nitric Acid. 
 
 A characteristic reaction is the well-marked mydriasis, which is 
 produced when a drop of a very dilute aqueous solution is instilled 
 into the conjunctiva. Pilof^arpine may be distinguished from most 
 other alkaloids by the violet coloration imparted to the Benzene layer, 
 when a solution of O'Ol gramme of Pilocarpine Nitrate in 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, acidified with 1 drop of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, is 
 mixed with 1 c.c of diluted Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, 1 c.c . of 
 Benzene and 1 drop of Potassium Bichromate Solution, and the mixture 
 vigorously shaken. The B.P. requires that a bluish-violet colour 
 should be communicated to the Benzene, when a solution containing 
 
 1 centigramme of Pilocarpine Nitrate in 5 ml. of Distilled Water, 
 acidified with 2 drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, is mixed with 1 ml. of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Solution, 1 ml. of Benzene, and 1 drop of Potassium 
 Chromate Solution, the mixture being vigorously shaken and allowed 
 to separate. The U.S. P. dissolves 1 to 2 centigrammes of the salt in 
 
 2 c.c. of Distilled Water, adds 2 c.c. of a slightly acidified Hydrogen 
 Peroxide Solution, and pours upon the surface of the liquid a layer of 
 Benzene. On the addition of 3 or 4 drops of a 1 in 300 Potassium 
 Bichromate Solution, the Benzene layer will acquire a violet colour if 
 the mixture be gently shaken, the aqueous layer remaining yellow. 
 The U.S. P. states that if more than 2 centigrammes be taken the 
 Benzene turns blue, and the reaction is no longer characteristic. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are various foreign alkaloids. 
 Chlorides, and mineral residue. An aqueous 1 in 100 solution should 
 afford no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of either Ammonia 
 Solution or of Potassium Bichromate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of various foreign alkaloids. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified 
 with Nitric Acid, should produce at the most a faint opalescence on 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 It should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 The B.P. states that it should leave no appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. 
 that it should leave no residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT/E PiLOCARPIN>!E (London Ophthalmic). — Pilocarpine Nitrate, 
 2 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 INJECTIO PILOCARPIN>!E NITRATIS.— Pilocarpine Nitrate, 1 ; Water, 
 
 20. Dose, 2 to 6 minims. — London Ophthalmic. 
 
 Pilocarpine Nitrate, 1 grain ; Distilled Water, 12 minims. Dose, 1 to 4 
 minims. — Guy's. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIL 1023 
 
 To prepare the patient for the injection, remove the nightshirt, wrap him 
 closely in a warm blanket, and cover him with two more blankets. Put hot- 
 water bottles to his feet, and give him hot drinks freely. After the sweating 
 has ceased, remove the blankets gradually, dry the skin thorovighly, and leave 
 him between warm dry blankets. — Guy^s. 
 
 PILOCARPINE (C„Hi„N,0„, eq. 208-148).— It is the principal alkaloid 
 contained in Jaborandi Leaves, and may also be produced synthetically. 
 It forms a colourless and odourless thick sjTup, which becomes thinner 
 on warming. It is readily soluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 Chloroform. 
 
 Official in Fr. 
 
 Tests. — Pilocarpine dissolves in Water yielding a solution which is alkaline 
 in reaction towards red Litmus paper and wliich is dextrogyrate. It dissolves 
 in Sulphuric Acid to form an ♦almost colourless solution. With Sulphuric Acid 
 and Potassium Bichromate it yields a dark green coloration. When triturated 
 witli an excess of Calon:iel the latter is reduced to metallic Mercury, a darken- 
 ing in colour resulting. It is precipitated by the usual alkaloidal reagents, 
 e.g. Potassio-Mercnric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, lodo-Potassivmi Iodide 
 (Wagner's) Solution, Tannic Acid, Picric Acid, etc. A violet coloration is 
 imparted to the Ben/ene layer when a solution of O'Ol gramme of Pilocarpine 
 in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidified \Yith 1 drop of Diluted Suiphiiric Acid, 
 is mixed with 1 c.c. of diluted Hydi-ogon Peroxide Solution, 1 c.c. of Benzene, 
 and 1 drop of Potassium Bichromate Solution, and the mixture vigorously 
 shaken. It dissolves without change of colour in Nitric Acid. Pilocarpine 
 may be determined by dissolving it in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution, and titrating the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution with Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Cochineal Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution — 0-02082 gramme of 
 pure Pilocarpine. It should leave no weighable ash. 
 
 PILOCARPIN>E HYDROCHLORIDUM. Pilocarpine Hyckochloride. 
 CiiHigN.O.., HCl, eq. 244-616. — Colourless, transparent or white cubical 
 crystals, odourless and possessing a faintly bitter taste. It is the Hydrochloride 
 of Pilocarpine, an alkaloid obtained from Jaborandi Leaves. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 in a cool atmosphere ; it should also be kept as far as possible from contact 
 with a moist atmosphere, as it is deliquescent. 
 
 A more definite salt than the Nitrate, being more easily separated from 
 accompanying Hydrochlorides of the other bases, but it is deliquescent in 
 moist air. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in less than its own weight of Water ; 1 in 10 by 
 weight of Ethyl Alcohol ; almost insoluble in Ether or in Chloroform. 
 
 Dose.— 2\f to i grain = 0-0032 to 0-032 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximuna dose, single, 0-025 gramme ; daily, 0-05 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, - 02 gramme ; daily, • 04 gramme. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis, and Alkaline Carbonates, Lead, Mercurous and 
 Silver salts. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hrmg., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw. (Chloretum Pilocarpicum), Russ., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Pure Pilocarpine Hydrochloride melts when anhydrous, according 
 to Petit and Polonovski, at 200° C. (392° F.), and this melting point is that 
 officially adopted by the Fr. Codex. The U.S. P. gives the melting point of 
 the salt after drying for several hom-s at 100° C. (212° F.) as 195- 9° C. 
 (384- 5° F.). The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this 
 melting point be changed to ' about 195° to 198°C. (383° to 388-4°F.).' P.G. 
 
1024 PIL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 gives the melting point as about 200° C. (392° F.). Jowett states that when 
 the salt dried at 100° C. (212° F.) is heated in a capillary tube it melts at 
 200° to 20-i°C. (392° to 399- 2° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Watei% yielding a clear, colourless solution which should be at the 
 most but faintly acid in reaction to Litmus paper, and which is dextrogyrate, 
 the specific rotatory power of the 2 p.c. w/v aqueous solution being + 80° 
 to + 92°. Fr. Codex gives + 91° at 18° C. (64-4° F.) for the 2 p.c. w/v 
 aqueous solution. It should dissolve in Sulphuric Acid to form an almost 
 colourless liquid. Hydrochloric Acid gas being simultaneously evolved. On 
 the addition of a tiny crystal of Potassium Bichromate a bright emerald- 
 green coloration is produced. The alkaloid, when suitably separated, should 
 answer the tests characteristic of Pilocarpine given under that heading. 
 The aqueous sokition of Pilocarpine Hydrochloride, acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, a white curdy precipitate 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution or in Potassium Cyanide 
 Solution. This reaction distinguishes Pilocarpine Hydrochloride from the 
 Nitrate. 
 
 It may be distinguished froin most other alkaloids by the test with Benzene, 
 Hydrogen Peroxide and Potassiima Bichromate Solution given under Pilo- 
 carpine Nitrate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impiu-ities are various foreign alkaloids, 
 inoisture and mineral residue. An aqueous 1 in 100 solution should afford 
 no tm'bidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammonia Solution, or of 
 Potassium Bichromate Sokition, indicating the absence of various foreign 
 alkaloids. Pilocarpine Hydrochloride should suffer no appreciable diminution 
 in weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating a limit of moisture. It 
 should leave no weighable ash, indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 The Fr. Codex requires that it should be completely volatilised by heat, 
 the P.O. that it shall leave at most 0- 1 p.c. of residue ; the U.S. P. that upon 
 ignition it shall be entirely consmned. 
 
 PILOCARPIN/E PHENAS.— A coloiu-less, oily liquid, soluble in Water 
 and in Alcohol, has been recommended in phthisis, 1 fl. drm. of a Solution 
 of 1 grain in 10 fl. oz. of 2f p.c. Carbolic Acid Solution (Aseptoline) injected 
 into the abdominal wall. 
 
 PILOCARPIN/E SALICYLAS.— Colourless crystals, or as a white crystal- 
 line powder, soluble in Water, less soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Employed for 
 purposes similar to those of the Nitrate or Hydrochloride. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Tests. — Pilocarpine Salicylate melts at about 120° C. (248° F.) ; it dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a solution which is faintly 
 acid in reaction towards blue Litmus paper. It dissolves in concentrated 
 Sulphui'ic Acid without change of colour, but in Fuming Nitric Acid it forms 
 a yellowish -brown solution. The aqueous solution should yield a whitish 
 amorphous precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, 
 and with lodo -Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) reagent a brownish precipitate. 
 The addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution to a concentrated aqueous 
 solution of the salt causes a whitLsh turbidity settliiig out into oily drops, 
 soon dissolving in an excess of the Hydroxide Solution. The addition of 
 Ammonia Solution to the aqueous solution of the salt shoidd cause no pre- 
 cipitate. The dilute aqueous solution yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution a deep violet coloration ; the Salicylic Acid separated from the 
 salt shoiild possess the melting point and answer the tests characteristic of 
 Salicylic Acid given tinder that heading. It should be free from the impurities 
 given under Pilocarpine Nitrate and Pilocarpine Hydrochloride. It should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Bromoearpine consists of equal parts of Syrup of Orange and Glycerin, 
 containing about 8 grains of Bromide of Potassium, and ^Ju grain of Hydro- 
 bromate of Pilocarpine in each tea.spoonful. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIL 1025 
 
 PILULiE. 
 
 PILLS. 
 Fr., Pilules ; Ger., Pillen ; Ital., Pillole ; Span., Pildoras. 
 
 This class of medicine, so convenient and portable, was introduced 
 in the earliest Pharmacopoeias, and some of the formulas remain 
 almost unchanged. The Pilula Rufi (Pilula Aloes et Myrrhae) has for 
 at least two hundred years maintained practically the same com- 
 position, l)ut in B.P. '98 the Saffron was omitted. 
 
 Excipients for pills are of two kinds : (1) those which are more 
 or less fluid, and employed to bind together powders, or to impart the 
 necessary moisture to adhesive substances ; (2) those, generally in 
 powder, which are intended to absorb moisture and give solidity to 
 the mass. Of the former, ' Dispensing Syrup ' (equal volumes of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), Glycerin, Syrup, and Mucilage) and ' Diluted Glucose ' 
 (Glucose 3, Syrup 1), are most in request ; Alcohol (60 p.c.) also is 
 very useful. Glycerin by itself is distinctly inferior to the foregoing. 
 Glycerin of Tragacanth is much employed, but in the majority of 
 cases where it would be used Glucose or ' Diluted Glucose ' is preferable. 
 Of the powders, that of Liquorice root is most useful when moisture is 
 to be absorbed and no binding power is required. An unexpected 
 exception is the case of Carbolic Acid, which makes a very good plastic 
 mass with twice its weight of Liquorice powder (when well worked 
 together the result is very satisfactory). When more plasticity is 
 required the absorbent powder is supplemented by Compound Traga- 
 canth Powder or powdered Gum Acacia. For essential Oils, this 
 condition is best obtained by the use of powdered Curd Soap ; as a 
 rule, 1 minim of the Oil will require half a grain of the Soap and 2 
 grains of the Liquorice. A good powder to mix with small doses of 
 powerful medicines is the ' Diluting Mixture ' (Sugar of Milk 3 and 
 Compound Tragacanth Powder 1), which will make a good pill with 
 ' Diluted Glucose ' q.s. A mixture of Paraffins (Massa Paraffini), or 
 with Kaolin (Massa Kaolini), is used for substances which are readily 
 reduced by organic matter, such as the Permanganates and the salts 
 of Gold and Silver ; Anhydrous Lanolin is also used for the same 
 purpose. It ' goes without saying ' that an excipient must not be 
 chemically incompatible with the other ingredients, but there is not 
 much opportunity for such an occurrence with those above selected. 
 
 Coatings. — Pills have been finished in various ways : rolled in Flour, 
 Starch, Magnesia, French Chalk, Liquorice powder, and in Lycopodium, 
 or a mixture of these ; enveloped in Silver or Gold Leaf ; coated with 
 Ether-alcoholic Solution of Tolu, or, better, with Sandarach Varnish 
 (Ether 2, Absolute Alcohol 6, Sandarach 3), or with Gelatin or French 
 Chalk. A good mucilage for applying the white coating to pills is : 
 Powdered Tragacanth, 1 ; Powdered Gum Acacia, 4 ; Diluted Acetic 
 Acid, 8 ; Distilled Water, 40 ; or it can be made with Chloroform 
 Water in place of Distilled Water, omitting the Acetic Acid. Another 
 
 2 L 
 
1026 PIM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 protective coating is Salol Varnish (Salol 1, Sandarach Varnish 5). 
 Pills containing substances exceedingly soluble in Alcoliol should not be 
 varnished, as the varnish may dissolve some part of the pill. 
 
 When pills are intended to pass through the stomach, and to be 
 disintegrated in the intestine, they are coated with a Solution of 
 Keratin, see p. 813. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PIMENTA. 
 
 PIMENTO. 
 
 Fr., Piment de la Jamaique ; Ger., Englisches Gewcrz ; Ital., 
 PiMENTi ; Span., Pimienta de la Jamaica. 
 
 The dried, full-grown, unripe Fruit of Pimenta officinalis, Lindley. From 
 the West Indies. 
 
 Was Ofificial in B.P. 1898, Ijut is now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A warm, aromatic stimulant and carminative, 
 like Cloves ; used as an adjuvant to tonics and pm-gatives. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0-65 to 2 grammes, in powder. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Oil may he given on sugar, or in pill with 
 Liquorice Poioder and Soap, see p. 1025. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Pimienta Gorda); Port. 
 (Pimenta da Jamaica); Span (Pimienta de la Jamaica); U.S. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The fruit is known in commerce as Allspice or 
 Jamaica Pepper ; its resemblance in shape to Pepper is also indicated by 
 the German name. Clove Pepper (Nelkenpfeffer). Pimienta being the 
 SjDanish for Pepper, the corrupted name Pimento was apphed to it in the 
 West Indies, and the same application of the name is made in France, where 
 Allspice is tenned Piment des Anglais, and the Capsicum or Guinea Pepper, 
 Piment des Jardins. 
 
 The fruit is dried before it ripens, since it loses much of its essential Oil 
 when ripe. It varies in size from about J^ to -^ in. (2-5 to 7-5 mm.) in 
 diameter (5 to 7 mmi, U.S. P.). The remains of a four-toothed calyx crown 
 the apex of the frviit, which is two -celled, each cell containing a reniforna seed 
 with a large, spirally-coiled embryo. Both pericarp and seed contain oil 
 cells, but they are most munerous in the former. Pimento is produced by 
 Pimenta officinalis, Lindl. The fruit of the alUed P. acris, Wight {Myrcia 
 acris, DC), is similar in appearance and sometimes occurs in commerce, 
 but has five calyx teeth. The leaves of this species are used in the manu- 
 facture of Bay Rum, but have a flavour different from Allspice ; the leaves 
 are known in conmaerce as ' Bay Leaves.' A better term would be West 
 Indian Bay Leaves, since the term Bay Leaves properly pertains to those of 
 Laurits nobilis, L. The fruits of Tobago or Mexican Allspice {Eugenia 
 Tabasco, G. Don) are liable to be mistaken for the true Allspice. They are 
 but rarely met with, but are larger, paler brown and less aromatic. 
 
 The distinctive microscopical characters of the powdered fruit are the 
 cluster crystals and rhomboidal crystals of Calcium Oxalate ; small, thick- 
 walled cells containing Resin ; short, thick-walled, simple, tapering hairs ; 
 sclerenchymatous cells with branching pores ; compound small starch grains ; 
 and spherical oil cells. 
 
 Powdered Pimento is stated by Moller (Lehrb. Pharmacognosies p. 144) to 
 have been adulterated with Pear stalks and Clove staliis, and he gives tlio 
 methods for detecting these adulterations. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIIN 1027 
 
 Tests. — Pimento yields from 3 to 4 p.c. of ash, and 5 p.c. should not be 
 exceeded. It contains 3 to 4i p.c. of volatile Oil and some quantity of 
 Tannin. 
 
 AQUA PIMENT/E. Pimento Water. — Pimento, bruised, 4; Water, 160; 
 distil one half. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fi. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 OLEUM PIMENT/E.— Oil OF Pimento. 
 . A pale yellow, or yellowish-brown, oily liquid, heavier than Water, having 
 a pleasant clove-like odour and pungent spicy taste. It is a Volatile Oil 
 distilled from Pimento. Yield about 3 to 4f p.c. 
 
 On exposure to the air the coloiu- darkens and the oil becomes thicker. 
 It should therefore be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint 
 and protected from the light. It contains a large percentage of Eugenol and 
 a sesquiterpene. 
 
 Solubility.- — In all proportions of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; about 1 in 50 of 
 Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — J to 3 minims = 0-03 to 0- 18 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Pimento has a specific gravity of 1 • 030 to 1 • 050 ; the U.S.P. 
 gives from 1-028 to 1-048 at 25° C. (77° F.). It should have an optical 
 rotation in a 100 mm. tvibe of -f 0° to — 4° ; and a Refractive Index at 
 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-530 to 1-535. It forms a semi-solid mass when shaken 
 with an equal volume of strong Ammonia Solution. The U.S.P. requires 
 that it shall form a semi-solid mass when mixed with an equal volume of 
 concentrated Sodium Hydroxide Solution, that it shall be miscible in all 
 proportions with Alcohol (90 p.c.) and also soluble 1 in 2 of Alcohol (70 p.c). 
 1 minim dissolved in 00 minims of Alcohol (90 p.c) and treated with 1 minim 
 of very dilute Ferric Chloride Solution assumes a fine indigo colour. Oil of 
 Cloves, which Oil of Pimento very much resembles in chemical constitution, 
 also conforms to this test. It should contain not less than 65 p.c. of Eugenol. 
 The U.S.P. requires it to contain not less than 65 p.c. by volume of Eugenol 
 as determined by measuring the portion undissolved when 10 c.c. of the 
 Oil are shaken during 5 minutes with 100 c.c. of Potas.sium Hydroxide Test- 
 Solution the liquids being allowed to separate completely, sufficient Potassium 
 Hydroxide Test-Solution added to raise the lower Umit of the oily layer to 
 the zero mark on the scale ; a volume of not more than 3- 5 c.c. should remain 
 unabsorbed. 
 
 SPIRITUS MYRCi>E. Bay Rum {U.S.P. 1890).— Oil of Myrcia, 0-8; 
 Oil of Orange Peel, 0-05; Oil of Pimenta, 0-05; Alcohol (95 p.c), 61; 
 Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 PINI OLEUM. See ABIETIS OLEUM, p. 1. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PIPER LONGUM. 
 
 LONG PEPPER. 
 
 The dried spike of minute fruits of Piper ojficinarum, CDC, imported 
 from Penang and Singapore. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Long Pepper occurs in cylindrical spikes about 
 I inch (6 rnm.) thick, and i-J inch (38 mm.) long, supported by a stalk 
 h inch (12-5 mm.) long. A transverse section shows about 8 or 10 separate 
 
 2 L 2 
 
1028 PIP [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 fruits. Externally the spikes are g^eyish-^vhite, as if they had been washed 
 witli lime, bvit wlien washed are of a deep reddish-brown colour. It has 
 an agreeable but weak odour and a burning, slightly aromatic taste. The 
 pungoney is duo to piperin, and the pericarp contains resin and traces only 
 of volatile oil. The fruits of Piper lontjioit, Linn., cultivated in Bengal are 
 rarely met with in the London market, and are deep reddish-brown in 
 colour. 
 
 Not OffieiaL 
 PIPER NIGRUM. 
 
 BLACK PEPPER. 
 
 Fr., PoiVRE XoiR ; Ger., ScHWARZER Pfeffer ; Ital., Pepe Nf.ro ; Spax., 
 
 PlMIENTA NeGRA. 
 
 The dried unripo Fruit of Piper nigrxun, L. 
 Was Onicial in B.P. 1S98, but is now omitted. 
 Chiefly from the East Indies. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Carminative and Aromatic stomachic. Chiefly 
 used to assist gastric digestion and relieve colic and flatulence. Useful also 
 in haemorrhoids and in virethritis. 
 
 For the craving and dyspepsia of Alcoholism 5 to 20 minims of a strong 
 tincture (10 oz. powdered black pepper to 20 /I. oz. of rectified spirit). — - 
 Prescriber '11, 15. 
 
 Suggested in the prophylaxis and treatment of filariasis. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 
 535. "- 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Jap., Mex. 
 (Pimienta Negra), Port. (Pimenta), U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — ^Black Pepper consists of the dried imripo fruits 
 of Piper niiirum. The fruits are black, nearly spherical, about jt in. (5 mm.) 
 in diameter, wrinkled, sliglitly pointed below from the remains of a very 
 short pedicel, and showing traces at the apex of a 3 to 4 lobed stigma. The 
 single seed fills the fruit and contains a small cavity at the apex where 
 the embryo should be developed in the ripe fruit. The albumen is horny 
 externally and starchy inside. The taste is pungent and the flavour and 
 odour characteristic. It is largely imported from Singapore, Malal)ar 
 (Tellicherry and Aleppo), Ceylon, Siam, and Mangalore. The last named is 
 large and has a flavoiu* resembling Bay Leaves. Penang Pepper is preferred 
 for its strength and Sumatra Pepper (Acheen and Lampong) for its colour. 
 The hea\-y or shot Pepper of Tellicherry and Ceylon is preferred for grinding. 
 Black Pepper is collected as soon as the lowest fruits on the spikes turn red, 
 since it loses some of its pungency as it ripens, although it improves in flavour. 
 White Pepper consists of the ripe fruit ^vith the pericarp removed by soaking 
 in ^^'ate^ and rubbing. The Tellicherry and Ceylon lands of White Pepper 
 are considered to be the best. The Black Pepper of the U.S. P. is greyish- 
 black, and 4 to 5 mm. in diameter. 
 
 The distinctive microscopical characteristics of Black Pepper ai'e scleren- 
 chjanatous cells %vith bro\\ai contents more or less surrounded by thin- 
 walled parenchymatous cells, and the sclerenchymatous cells of the inner 
 layer of the pericarp, which have larger cavities that are clear, and unequally 
 thickened walls; the small starch grains (0-002 mm., U.S. P.), and the oil 
 cells. 
 
 ^^^lole Pepper is rarely adulterated. Grormd Pepper has been adulterated 
 with Rice, which has a distinctive Starch ; ground Olive stones, which become 
 yellow when boiled with Solution of Aniline in Acetic Acid ; and, according to 
 MoUer, with Paka kernels. Cake, Millet, and other farinaceous substances, 
 some illustrations of wliich are given in his Lehrbuch der Pliarm. 1889. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIP 1029 
 
 Tests. — Black Pepper leaves on ignition from 4 to 6 p.c. of ash, and should 
 not leave more than 7 p.c. Tlie U.S. P. ash hmit is 7 p.c. 
 
 The matter sohible in hot Alcohol (90 p.c.) amounts to about 7 p.c. 
 
 Official Preparation. 
 
 CONFECTIO PIPERIS. Confection op Pepper. 
 Black Pepper of commerce, 2 ; Caruway fruit, 3, both in powder ; 
 Purified Honey (by weight), 15. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 OLEORESINA PIPERIS (C/./S'.).— Obtained from Pepper by exhaustion 
 with Acetone, evaporation of the solution, and finally .separation of the 
 cry.stals of Piperine by straining the Oleo-resin through Cotton-Wool. 
 
 Average Dose. — ^ grain = 0-032 gramme. 
 
 PIPERINA. Piperino C.^HibNOj, eq. 28.'>- 1G2.— It is described in the 
 U.S. P. as a feebly basic s\ibstance obtained from Pepper and other plants 
 of the Piperacese. Allen describes it as an alkaloid existing in various plants 
 belonging to the Piperaceae, and is the characteristic principle of both Ij^ck 
 and long Pepper. It forms colourless or pale-yellow four-sided monocmiic 
 prisms, odourless, and at first tasteless, but sub.sequently developing a sharp 
 biting taste. InsoluVjlc in cold \\'ater, very slightly soluble in Ijoiling Water, 
 is sparingly soluble in Ether, but dissolves readily in Chloroform and Benzene. 
 
 It posses.ses antipyretic properties. 
 
 Average Dose. — 3 grains = 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Piperine molts at 128° to 129° C. (262-4° to 264-2° F.). The 
 U.S.P. states at 130'^ C. (206° F.). It dis.solves in Alcohol (90 p.c), the 
 alcoholic solution being neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper and optically 
 inactive. It dissolves in Sulphuric Acid with the formation of an orange-red 
 coloration, becoming brown on warming or standing and di.sappearing on 
 dilution with Distilled Water, On the addition of Nitric Acid it acquires an 
 orange-red coloration, which is ttuned to a blood-red colour by the addition of 
 an excess of Potassium Hydroxide Solution. Sulphuric Acid containing 
 about half its volume of Formaldehyde Solution produces a permanent green 
 solution. When mixed with Sulphuric Acid containing a crystal of Potassium 
 Bichromate a purple coloration is immediately developed, changing on stirring 
 to a reddish-brown solution, which becomes greenish on the addition of Dis- 
 tilled Water. On the addition of lodo-Potassium Iodide Solution to a hot 
 alcoholic solution acidified with Hydrochloric Acid an lodo-compound is 
 formed which separates on cooling in fine steel-blue needles. When boiled 
 with Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, Piperine undergoes saponifi- 
 cation, being converted into Potassium Piperate and Piperidine. Piperic Acid 
 melts at about 215° C. (419° F.). It should leave no weighable ash, indicating 
 a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 PIPERIDINE (C-Hi,N, eq. 85-098). — A colourless limpid liquid, possessing 
 a strongly alkaline reaction and a strong odour resembling Pepper. It is a 
 powerful base, produced by the hydrolysis of Piperine, the alkaloid occurring 
 in Pepper, or synthetically by the reduction of Pyridine by nascent Hydrogen. 
 
 Tests. — Piperidine boils at 106° C. (222- 8° F.), and distils unchanged at 
 that temperature. It dissolves readily in Distilled Water and in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), the solution possessing a strongly alkaline reaction towards Litmus 
 paper. It may be determined by titration with Tenth-Normal Voliunetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality. 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is equivalent 
 to 0-00851 gramme of Piperidine. It absorbs Carbon Dioxide from the air. 
 
1030 PIP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 PIPERIDINE GUAIACOLATE (Guaiaperol). — A compound of Piperidine 
 and Guaiacol. A yellowish-white, crystalline body, having a faint odour of 
 Guaiacol. Soluble in Water. Mineral acids and alkalis decompose it into 
 its constituents. Recommended in phthisis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = • 32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 PIPERIDINE ACID TARTRATE. — A white.crystaUine powder possessing 
 a faint odour. Readily soluble in Water. Introduced as a solvent for gouty 
 deposits, uric acid deposits and calculi. It increases the solvent power of 
 serum for Sodium Bim-ate to a nauch larger extent than Piperazine, Lysidine, 
 or Urotropine. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 15 grains = 0-G5 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Calcusol is stated to be a mixture of Piperidine Para-Sulphamine Bcnzoate 
 and Potassium Bicarbonate. 
 
 Not Of&cial. 
 PIPERAZINE. 
 
 1^ HEXAHYDROPYRAZINE. 
 
 (aH.NH),, eq. 8G-10. 
 
 Colourless deliquescent crystals, readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Piperazine (Diethylene-diamine) is produced by action of Ammonia on 
 Ethylene Bromide or Chloride. Or by reducing Ethyleneoxamide by Zinc 
 dust or metallic Sodium. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Recommended for gouty conditions, but high 
 authorities say it has httle or no effect. In no way promotes the elimination 
 of uric acid. — (Fannel and Luff) Pr. '09, ii. 130. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Given in mixture, also in aerated Water, or as 
 a granular effervescent preparation, containing 2h, 5, and 10 grains 
 respectively in each GO grains. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr. 
 
 Tests. — Piperazine melts when anliydrous at 104° to 107° C. (219-2° to 
 224- 6° F.); Fr. Codex gives 104° C. (219- 2° F.). It boils at 145° C. (293° F.) ; 
 Fr. Codex gives between 145° and 146° C. (293° and 294-8° F.). It dissolves 
 readily in Distilled Water, the aqueous solution having a strongly alkaline 
 reaction towards red Litmus paper. On the addition of Potassium Bismvith 
 Iodide Solution to a dilute solution of Piperazine sHghtly acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, a pomegranate-red precipitate is thrown do-\\ai. On 
 the addition of Picric Acid Solution a yellow crystalline precipitate exhibiting 
 a characteristic microscopical appearance is thromi down. A glass rod 
 moistened with Hydrochloric Acid gives off dense white clouds when held 
 over a crystal of Piperazine. The aqueous solution affords with Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution a white precipitate ; with Mercvu-ic 
 Chloride Solution a white precipitate ; with Tannic Acid Solution an amor- 
 phous precipitate soluble in hot Distilled Water. The aqueous solution 
 when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid yields with Platinic Chloride Solution 
 a reddish-yellow precipitate, and if the solution be not too dilute Gold Chloride 
 Solution throws down a crystalline double salt soluble in hot Water. Piper- 
 azine is not altered by aqueous Clu-omic Acid Solution, but Potassimn 
 Permanganate oxidises it quickly in the cold. Piperazine absorbs Carbonic 
 Acid rapidly from the air, being converted into the Carbonate which melts at 
 162° to 165° C. (323-6° to 329° F.). The more generally occxirring impurities 
 are Ammonium salts. Chlorides, Sulphates, and mineral residue. It should 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] PIS 1031 
 
 yield no brown or reddish -brown coloration with Alkaline Potassio-Merciu-ic 
 Iodide (Nessler's) Solution, indicating the absence of Ammoniuin salts. 
 When acidified with Nitric Acid, the aqueous solution should yield neither a 
 turbidity nor precipitate ^vith either Silver Nitrate Solution or Barium Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides and Sulphates. When strongly 
 heated it should completely subUme without leaving a weighable residue, 
 indicating the absence of mineral residue. 
 
 LYCETOL (Dimethylpiperazine Tartrate). — ^A white powder, possessing an 
 acid taste ; readily soluble in Water. Kocommended in clironic gout and 
 rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to O-Go gramme. 
 
 LYSIDINE (Ethylene-ethenyl-diamine). — A reddish-white, very hygro- 
 scopic, crystalline substance, with a peculiar odour. Commercially it is sold 
 in the form of a 50 p.c. Solution. 
 
 Recommended in gout and as a solvent of uratic deposit. 
 
 Dose (of the liquid). — 30 to GO minims = 1*8 to 3-Gml., well diluted 
 with Water or aerated Water. 
 
 Lysidine Acid Tartrate. — A white powder soluble in Water. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grams — 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Piperazine Citrate. — A white granular powder, soluble in Water. 
 
 Average Dose. — G grains (0-4 gramme). 
 
 Piperazine Quinate or Kinate (Sidonal). — A white granular powder, 
 readily soluble in Water, the solution having a pleasant slightly acid taste. 
 Recommended as a solvent of gouty deposits. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 New Sidonal (Quinic Anhydride). — ^A wliite, crystalline powder, readily 
 soluble in Water. Introduced for the treatment of gout. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 PISCIDIA. 
 
 Syn. JAM^VICA DOGWOOD. 
 
 The Root-bark of Piscidia erytkrina. Lam. 
 
 The shrub is a native of South America and the West Indies, where it has 
 been used for stupefying fish. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^A sedative in nervous irritability and in irritant 
 cough ; an antispasmodic in asthma ; anti-neiu-algic. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Mex. (Colorin de peces). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried root-bark occurs in commerce, in curved 
 or fiattish pieces, varying in length and width, but usually from Jj to J inch 
 in thickness. The outer surface is of a dull brown colour, or pale brownish 
 white when recently dried, faintly striated longitudinally, and marked with 
 irregularly discoid, and transversely linear, scars. It is occasionally covered 
 with patches of the bright brown epidermal layer, which is wrinkled coarsely, 
 and transversely fissiu'ed. The inner surface of the bark is finely striated, 
 and under a powerful lens is seen to be minutely reticulated and crossed with 
 very fine lines. The transverse fracture exhibits a laminated structure in 
 the inner half of the bark, the projecting laminae having short fine silky fibres 
 projecting from their apices, but the outer half of the bark has a very short 
 almost horny, appearance. Most of the pieces exhibit a dull dark bluish line 
 
1032 PIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 at the broken surfaces. The taste is shghtly bitter and acrid and the odour 
 recalls that of Opium and Gentian mixed. 
 
 Under the microscope it is characterised by a zone in the oviter portion of 
 the cortical parenchyma of cells containing single prismatic crystals. Crystal 
 fibres containing similar crystals accompany the vascular bundles. The 
 medullary rays consist of 2 or 3 series of cells (Planchon, Drogues Simples, ii. 
 p. 531). 
 
 The properties of the bark appear to be due to the crystalline principle, 
 Piscidin, C._>;,K,.,Og, which has a melting point of 192° C. (377- G° F.). But in 
 the pure state the crystals are insoluble in water and only slightly soluble in 
 cold alcohol. However, about 15 grains are present, in 16 fi. oz. of the fluid 
 extract of the bark. {Y.B.Pharm. 1883, p. 242.) 
 
 EXTRACTUM PiSCIDI>C LIQUIDUM.— 1 fl. oz. is equal to 1 oz. of the 
 root. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 120 minims = 1-8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 Extractum. Piscidise. — The above evaporated to an extract for pills. 
 Dose, 1 to 5 grains := 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PITUITARY GLAND. 
 
 The Pituitary Gland is a small roiuided organ situated at the base of the 
 brain in the depression of the sphenoid bone known as the Sella Turcica. It 
 consists of two lobes, an anterior lobe (Hypophysis), which is the larger, and 
 more or less encloses the posterior or infundibvilar lobe. A stalk which is 
 known as the infundibulum connects the postei'ior lobe of the Pituitary gland 
 with the outer aspect of the third ventricle. It has been suggested that the 
 infundibulum and posterior lobe should be called by an inclusive name 
 ' infundibular body.' The anterior lobe resembles somewhat in structure 
 the foetal thyi'oid. It consists of an irregular glandular organ composed of 
 cubical or polygonal epithelial cells, separated by connective tissue richly 
 supplied with blood vessels. The epithelial cells of the pars intermedia 
 divide the posterior lobe from the anterior. The posterior lobe is of a totally 
 different composition from the anterior, and consists of a ground-work of 
 ependyma and neuroglia cells and fibres containing islets of epithelial cells. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Some eighteen years ago experiments with an 
 extract prepared from the Pituitary body showed that its administration 
 caused a rise in blood pressure, but this rise in blood pressure was not con- 
 sidered so powerful as that following the administration of Adrenalin extract, 
 and it was chiefly employed as a diuretic. Since that time continuous 
 research has materially broadened the sphere of its usefulness. There 
 appears to be a difference of opinion as to whether it is preferable to use an 
 extract of the whole gland, or of the infundibular portion only, some authori- 
 ties holding to the former and others to the latter. The experiments which 
 demonstrated the blood pressure raising principle of the Pituitary body were 
 apparently made with an extract of the whole gland. 
 
 Its use is incUcated in the cardiac debility of acute disease, also in the rapid 
 heart of influenza and other febrile conditions, in the treatment of Graves's 
 disease, paralysis agitans, and in paralytic distention of the bowel. Its marked 
 diuretic effect renders it useful in kidney disease, Bright's disease, etc. It is 
 a powerful remedy for surgical shock. 
 
 In obstetric practice: — - 
 
 General verdict is that it is the sovereign remedy for secondary wealoiess 
 of the uterine contractions, and that its action is most inarked the later it is 
 given and the more the lower segment of the viterus is dilated ; given when 
 the cervix is fully dilated the action is very striking ; within 3 or 4 minutes 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIT 1033 
 
 the uterus contracts powerfully and child is born in a few minutes ; in caesarean 
 section and in controlling post-partum haemorrhage it is inferior to Ergot ; 
 when given during the second stage, however, there is no tendency to exces- 
 sive loss of blood in third stage ; the expulsion of the placenta is, if anj^thing, 
 hastened.— il/.^. '13, 31. 
 
 Most useful when employed to stimulate pains following secondary uterine 
 inertia ; less useful in primary inertia ; will not induce labour ; not to be 
 expected to prove an infallible remedy in placenta praevia, where symptoms 
 occur usually before labour has begun.— B.M.J. E. '13, i. 51. 
 
 In no case did it succeed when tried to induce abortion. — B.M.J.E. '12, 
 ii. 15. 
 
 An excellent oxytoxic, but caution is necessary in the earliest stage of 
 labom- and in rigid os, independently of pelvic contraction or impediments 
 due to the icBtns.— B.M.J.E. '13, i. 11. 
 
 Anaesthesia does not hinder its action as an ecbolic ; indicated in every 
 form of insufficieiit uterine action in placenta prasvia, in face and breech 
 presentation and in pelvic contraction ; a useful remedy against hoemorrhage 
 during caesarean section ; no injurious action on foetus ; shortens duration 
 of child-birth.— L. '12, ii. 857. 
 
 The most reliable means we possess for strengthening the uterine contrac- 
 tions during labour ; appears to act best in the latter part of the second 
 stage, but is also effective in first stage if there is some dilatation of cervix ; 
 has been used successfully in inducing premature labour ; no danger to mother 
 or child unless given in too large doses ; its use will certainly lessen the number 
 of forceps cases. — L. '12, ii. 544. 
 
 Exceedingly useful in full-time pregnancies as a means of inducing strong 
 labour pains, especially w'here pains have ceased or become weak ; not suited 
 for inducing abortion. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 19. 
 
 In labour the effect in exciting pains apparent within 5 ininutes ; the most 
 reliable agency for strengthening labour pains which we possess ; iiot harmful 
 to child ; lessens chance of post-partum atony ; very unreliable when atony 
 is developed ; is non-poisonous ; results not specially good when given only 
 after delivery. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 34. 
 
 Valuable in haemorrhage, intestinal paresis and shock. Like other powerful 
 pressor substances, produces arterial degeneration if administration is long 
 continued. Essentially a remedy for emergencies, and only to be used, in a 
 routine method with the greatest possible caution. In normal labour the 
 uterus contracts better and more quickly, and the contraction remains for a 
 longer time than after Ergot or the other preparations. With the possible 
 exception of placenta praevia, it should not be used till the third stage is 
 complete. — L. '10, u. 1828. 
 
 The extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body exerts a powerful 
 galactagogue action. — M.A. '13, 33. 
 
 In labour never give more than 4 c.c. to one case, and give it at intervals 
 of one hour in doses of 1 c.c. — B.M.J. '14, ii. 420. 
 
 Writer warmly recommends a trial of the injections in metritis, salpingo- 
 ovaritis, metrorrhagia, hremorrhage from malignant disease ; as a rule 
 1 injection every 5 or 6 days. — M.A. '15, 27. 
 
 In various other conditions: — - 
 
 In many instances the symptoms of hypopituitarism can be ameliorated 
 by giving dry powdered extracts of the whole gland. — E.M.J. '13, i. 63. 
 
 A powerful remedy for surgical shock ; it acts like Suprarenin, but its 
 effect lasts much longer ; given subcutaneously it takes 5 to 30 minutes to 
 act ; in lu-gent cases, therefore, it is best given intravenously. — Pr. '12, ii. 139. 
 
 In heart failure after diphtheria, superior to Adrenalin, Camphor, or Caffeine. 
 —B.M.J.E. '13, i. 39. 
 
 Invaluable in cholera. See reference under Adrenin. — I.M.O. '10, 439. 
 
 Given after operation for septic peritonitis, to increase the blood pressure 
 in the abdominal organs, and so promote increased peristalsis ; 1 c.c. every 
 4 hours for the first 2 or 3 days.— 5.iV/.J. '11, ii. 1073. 
 
 Of great value in exophthalmic goitre ; checks the tremor in paralysis 
 
1034 PIT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Meafsure.j 
 
 agitans, preferably given by intramuscular injection ; contra-indicated in 
 sustained high blood pressure. — Clin. Jl. '10, xxxvi. 92. 
 
 A trial is warranted in such conditions as Graves's disease, paralysis agitans, 
 and some conditions of physical and mental backwardness. The daily dose 
 should not exceed a quantity corresponding to half a fresh gland of the ox.— 
 L. '10, i. 381. 
 
 Daily subcutaneous injections for six months, in osteomalacia ; a harmless 
 remedy compared with the dangerous Adrenin. — La Scmaine Midicale, '11, 324. 
 
 Successful in osteomalacia, by injection. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 699. 
 
 A bladder tornc— -B.M.J. E. '12, i. 51. 
 
 Useful in a fair proportion of cases of acromegaly.— L. '09, i. 28. 
 
 The drug of the future in anaesthesia shock. — B.M.J. '09, i. 722. 
 
 The injection should be given intramuscularly to avoid sloughing from the 
 local vaso-contraction. The dose may be repeated with one hour's interval. 
 Its activity is not destroyed by boiling. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 1613. 
 
 To prevent surgica,l shock the writer has used pituitrin successfully in 800 
 abdominal operations ; 15 minims are given hypodermically before the 
 patient leaves the operating room, and afterwards the same is given every 
 three hours for four doses. — B.M.J.E. '13, ii. 38. 
 
 An ideal drug in snake poisoning, hypodermically in 1 c.c. doses. — I.M.G. 
 '13, 430. 
 
 Several writers consider heart disease, arterio-sclerosis, and Iddney disease 
 contra-indications to its use ; in arterial disease in the aged a sudden increase 
 in blood pressure produced by the drug might cause apoplexy. — L. '15, i. 289. 
 
 Where there has been mvich loss of blood, with or without shock, its use 
 seems to the writer hazardous. — Pr. '15, i. 871. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — For oral administration it may be prescribed in the 
 jorm of an Elixir, or as an Extract. For intramuscular or intravenous injection 
 it may be employed in the form of ampoules. When used intravenously it should 
 be well diluted with freshly prepared and sterilised O-Sp.c. prire Physiological 
 Salt Solution. It is absolutely necessary that solutions for injection, and the 
 syringe, should be sterilised by boiling. Alcohol is incompatible with Pituitary 
 Extract. 
 
 ELIXIR HYPOPHYSIS CEREB {Squire). — An aromatic elixir prepared 
 from the whole gland. It contains, in 1 fl. dr., the equivalent of J grain of 
 the dried and powdered extract, which is equivalent to about 3 grains of the 
 fresh Pituitary gland substance. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3- 6 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 AMPOULES HYPOPHYSIS CEREB.— Small glass capsules containing a 
 sterilised solution prepared from the infimdibular portion of the Pituitary 
 gland. 1 c.c. (17 minims) = 0*13 gramme (2 grains) of the infundibular 
 portion of the Pituitary gland. For intravenous use they should be well 
 diluted with pure freshly prepared and sterilised 0-8p.c. Physiological Salt 
 Solution. 
 
 TABLET PITUITARY GLAND.— Contains 2 grains (0- 13 gramme) of 
 Pituitary Extract. 
 
 HYPOLOID INFUNDIN.— A sterilised solution of the infimdibular 
 portion of the posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland. Supplied in glass capsules 
 holding 0- 5 or 1 c.c. 1 c.c. containing 0- 13 gramme (2 grains) of the infimdi- 
 bular portion of the Pituitary gland. 
 
 Dose. — ^Adult dose 0-5 to 1 ml. (8-5 to 17 minims). 
 
 PITUITRIN. — ^An extract of the infundibular portion of the Pituitary 
 gland. It may be obtained in bottles holding 1 fl. oz. ; or for intramuscular 
 or intravenous injection in glass ampoules containing 0-5 or 1-0 ml. (8-5 to 
 17 minims). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FIX 1035 
 
 Not Official. 
 FIX BURGUNDICA. 
 
 burgundy pitch. 
 
 Fk., Poix de Bourgogne ; Ger., Fichtenharz ; Ital., Pece di Borgogna ; 
 Span., Pez de Borgona. 
 
 An opaque or translucent yellowish- or reddish-brown brittle solid, possess- 
 ing a terebinthinate odour. Imported from Germany. The prepared resinous 
 exudation obtained from the stem of Picea excelsa. Link. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 It is the Thus or Frankincense of Lond. and Dub. Pharmacopoeias. It 
 exudes from the spruce fir, and when melted and strained is called Burgundy- 
 Pitch. 
 
 Solubility. — Ahnost entirely dissolves 1 in 20 of Alcohol (90 p. c); the 
 greater part dissolves 1 in 1| of Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^ — The plaster is applied to the chest in chronic 
 pulmonary complaints, to the loins in lumbago, to the joints in chronic 
 articular affections, and to other parts to relieve local pain of a rheumatic 
 character. It acts as a counter-irritant. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Pix Burgundica); Fr. 
 (Poix de Bourgogne); Hung. (Resina Pini Burgundica); Ital. 
 (Pece di Borgogna); Mex. and Span. (Pez de Borgona) ; Norw. and 
 Swed. (Pix Pini); Port. (Pez do Borgonha) ; Russ. and Swiss (Resina 
 Pini). Not in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., or Jap. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— True Burgundy Pitch is rarely met with in English 
 commerce, its place being taken by a factitious article made with ordinary 
 Resin, Tiu-pentine, and Palm Oil, and sold in bladders. The genuine article 
 is produced in Finland and the Black Forest and, as described by Hanbury, 
 has an agreeable aromatic odour, but when old it recalls that of Castoreum. 
 It is opaque, yellowish-browni, brittle and hard, but gradually takes the form 
 of the vessel in which it is kept ; has a clean conchoidal fracture and gives 
 oif an aromatic odour when heated ; it does not exhibit a crystalline structiire. 
 The fat present in the factitious article will not dissolve in Glacial Acetic Acid ; 
 the taste should be sweet, aromatic and without bitterness. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM PICIS. Pitch Plaster.— Bm-gundy Pitch, 26 ; Frank- 
 incense, 13 ; Resin, 4^ ; Yellow Beeswax, 4 J ; Olive Oil (by weight), 2 ; 
 Distilled Water, 2 ; melt and evaporate to the consistence of a plaster. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Port, and Span. Yellow 
 Wax 1, Burgundy Pitch 3; Ital. (Empiastro Adesivo), Yellow Wax 3, 
 Burgundy Pitch 7, Diachylon Plaster 40 ; Mex. (Emplasto Aglutinante), 
 Pitch 74, Elemi 10, Sesame Oil 6, Yellow Wax 10; Swed. (Emplastrum 
 Picis), Venetian Turpentine 1, Yellow Wax 2, Pitch 4, Colophonium 0. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 PIX CARBONIS PR^PARATA. 
 
 PREPARED COAL TAR. 
 
 Prepared from commercial Coal Tar by dissipating all constituents 
 volatile below 122° F. (50° C), by keeping it at that temperature for 
 1 hour in a shallow vessel. 
 
 The solution is used in chronic eczema as a Lotion, 1 to 20 or more of 
 Water, or as an Ointment 1 to 8. It is frequently prescribed with the Liquor 
 or the Glj^cerole of Lead. 
 
 Its wholesale appUcation may produce dermatitis. — B.M.J. E. '13, ii. 44. 
 
1036 FIX [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Of&cial Preparation. — Liquor Picis Carbonis. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Carbonis Detergens, Lotio Plumbi et Picis, Platre 
 coaltare (Vet.), Unguentiun Picis Carbonis, Unguentum Picis Carbonis Com- 
 posituni, Unguentum Petrolati Compositum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.^ — Official in Dutch and Swiss (Pix Lithan- 
 thrasis) ; Fr. (Goudron deHouille). Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Prepared Coal Tar should dissolve almost entirely in 
 Benzene and in Chloroform. It should be only slightly soluble in 
 Distilled Water, and should be partly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 in Ether. The Fr. Codex states that it is insoluble in Water, but 
 communicates to this liquid its odour ; it is soluble in the usual organic 
 solvents. The Fr. Codex determines the Phenols distilling between 
 160° and 220° C. (320° and 428° F.) by fractional distillation^ 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR PICIS CARBONIS. Solution of Coal Tar. 
 
 Digest for 2 days at 122° F. (50° C.) 1 (by weight) of Prepared Coal 
 Tar in 5 of a Tincture of Quillaia (1 in 10, Alcohol 90 p.c.) ; decant or 
 filter when cold. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Liquor Picis Lithanthracis : — Pix Lithan- 
 thracis 1, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 1.— Dutch. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR CARBONIS DETERGENS.— An Alcoholic Solution of Coal 
 Tar. It is ahnost black, smells strongly of Naphthalene, and is of light specific 
 gravity. Used externally in chronic scaly skin diseases diluted about 1 in 20 
 of Water. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI ET PICIS (Londwt).— Strong Solution of Lead Acetate, 
 10 minims ; Solution of Coal Tar, 20 minims; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PLATRE COALTARE (Vet.) (i^r.).— Coal Tar, 1 ; Calcium Sulphate 
 (Moulder's Plaster), 20. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PICIS CARBONIS (St. Thomas's].— Solution of Coal Tar, 
 i fl. drm. ; Soft Paraffin, yellow, to 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PICIS CARBONIS COMPOSITUM (St. Thomas's).— 
 Solution of Coal Tar, i fl. drm. ; Ammoniated Mercury, 15 grains ; Soft 
 Paraffin, yellow, to 1 oz. 
 
 Unguentum Petrolati Compositum (St. John's). — Solution of Coal Tar, 
 I di'in. ; Ammoniated Mercury, 10 grains ; Soft Paraffin, to 1 oz. 
 
 PIX LIQUIDA. 
 
 TAR. 
 
 Fr., Goudkon Vegetal ; Gee., Holzteer ; Ital., Catrame Vegjetale ; 
 
 Span., Brea. 
 
 A thick, dark brown or brownish-black, bituminous fluid or semi- 
 fluid, having a strong, peculiar, empyreumatic terebinthinate odour. 
 Obtained by destructive distillation from the wood of Pinus sylveslris L. 
 and other species of Pinus ; U.S. P. says Pinus fcdustris and other 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIX 1037 
 
 species. P.(t. says principally from Pinus silvestris and Larix Sibirica. 
 Known commercially as Stockholm Tar. 
 
 Wood Tar contains Guaiacol and Creosol. Coal Tar yields Phenol and 
 Cresol. 
 
 Solubility. — In less than its own bulk of Alcohol (90 p.c.) or 
 Chloroform, and separates on the addition of Water ; soluble 1 in 3 
 of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide (4 p.c.) ; slightly soluble in Olive 
 Oil or Oil of Turpentine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Turpentine, May be used 
 as a disinfectant expectorant in chronic bronchitis and winter cough, 
 taken internally or inhaled from steaming Water. The ointment is 
 used in leprosy, pruritus, and also for some chronic skin diseases, 
 such as eczema and psoriasis. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0*3 to 0* 6 ml. ; but the dose may be 
 increased gradually. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given in capsules. Tar varies slightly in con- 
 sistence, and is very difficult to form into pills of a convenient size ; it requires 
 so much excipient that a 5-grain pill will contain very little Tar. Powdered 
 Liquorice Root and Lycop)odiu'm have been recommended for the purpose, but 
 neither of them alone yields a satisfactory nuiss. Equal weights of Tar, Curd 
 Soap, Powdered Liquorice Root, and Powdered Gum Acacia make a good plastic 
 pill ; the quantity of Tar which can be worked up with this mixture will vary 
 according to the consistence of the Tar. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Picis Liquidse. 
 
 Not Official. — Unguentum Picis MoUe, Aqua Picis, Capsular Picis, Oleum 
 Picis Liquidse, Olemn Picis Rectificatum, Pigmentum Picis Liquidse, Pilulse 
 Picis, Sapo Picius, Syrupus Picis Liquidae, Sirop de Goudron, Sirupus Picis 
 cum Codeino, Vasolimentiun Picis, Black Pitch. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all ; Dan., Norw. and Swed. 
 (Pyroleum Pini) ; Fr. (Goudron vegetal), obtained from Pimis mari- 
 tima ; Ital. (Catrame vegetale) ; Mex. (Alquitran) ; Port. (Alcatrao) ; 
 Span. (Brea) ; Russ. has Pix Solida also. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Official Tar is commonly known in com- 
 merce as Wood Tar, Archangel or Stockholm Tar, to distinguish it from 
 Coal Tar. It is obtained by destructive distillation of the stumps 
 and roots, chiefly of Pinus sylvestris, L., and Abies Sibirica, Ledeb., 
 in Northern Europe. Some varieties exhibit colourless crystals of 
 Pyrocatechin, to which it owes its occasionally granular appearance. 
 The Pix Liquida of the U.S. P. is derived from Pinus jxdustris, Miller, 
 and other species. 
 
 Tests. — Tar is officially stated to be heavier than Water ; the 
 P.O. and U.S. P. also state that it is heavier than Water. When 
 shaken with Distilled Water the aqueous solution acquires a light 
 brown colour and a sharp and empyreumatic taste. The aqueous 
 liquid has also an acid reaction towards Litmus paper and affords, with 
 dilute Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, a red coloration. According to 
 the P.O., the aqueous liquid obtained on shaking 1 part by weight of 
 T-ar with 10 parts by weight of Distilled Water is of a yellowish colour, 
 smells and tastes of Tar and is acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 If 10 c.c. of this aqueous solution be mixed with 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 
1038 PIX [Solids hy Weight; Liqiiids by Measure.] 
 
 Water and 2 drops of Ferric Chloride Test- Solution, a greenish-brown 
 coloured liquid results. A mixture of equal parts by volume of the 
 aqueous solution and Lime Water is coloured dark brown. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDS. Tar Ointment. (Modified.) 
 
 Tar (by weight), 14 ; Yellow Beeswax, 5 ; Prepared Lard, 1. 
 
 Melt together and stir till cold. 
 
 The strenp;th is much the same as before, but part of the Beeswax is replaced 
 by Lard. The B.P. 1898 Ointment was too hard ; for a softer Ointment see 
 below, Unguentum Picis Mollo. 
 
 For India, Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared 
 Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dan., Pitch 9, Lard 6, Potassium 
 Carbonate 3, Water 2; Dutch (Ung. Picis), Pix Solida 3, Colophonium 3, 
 Yellow Wax 2, Sesame Oil 12 ; also Ung. IPicis Co. ; Fr. (Pommade de 
 Goudron), and Port., Tar 1, Lard 9 ; Jap., Wood Tar 10, Yellow Wax 4 ; 
 Span., Tar 3, Lard 17 ; U.S., Tar 50, Yellow Wax 15, Lard 35. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 TTot Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PICIS MOLLE.— Tar (by weight), 5; Yellow Beeswax, 1 ; 
 Almond Oil, 1 ; melt together and stir till cold. 
 
 AQUA PICIS (Tar Water, Aqua Pyrolei Pini, Acqua di Catrame, 
 Eau de Goudron). — Tar, 1 ; Calcined Sand, washed and dried, 3 ; Distilled 
 Water, 200 ; agitate for 15 minutes, and filter. 
 
 Dose. — From 1 to 2 pints daily, or may be used as a wash for ulcers and 
 wounds. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Tar 1, Pumice 3, Water 
 20; Fr. (Eau de Goudron), Tar 1, Calcined Sand 3 ; "Water 200 ; Jap. and 
 Swiss, Tar 1, Pumice 3, Water 10 ; Norw. (Aqua Pyrolei Pini), 1 in 10 ; 
 Mex. (Aqua de Alquitran), Tar 5, Pumice 15, Water 1000 ; Port, (Agua de 
 Alcatrao), and Ital. (Acqua di Catrame), 1 in 40 ; Span. (Agua de 
 Brea), 1 in 33, also (Solucion de Brea Alcalina). Bicarbonate of Soda 
 20, Tar 40, Distilled Water 85 ; Russ., Bhch Tar 1, Water 30. 
 
 CAPSUL/E PICIS. — Capsules containing 5 minims = 0-3c.c. 
 Dose. — -1 or 2 capsules. 
 
 OLEUM PICIS LIQUID^E (Oil of Tar).— This volatile Oil, distilled from 
 Tar, is Official in U.S. as an ahnost colourless liquid when first distilled, but 
 becoming dark reddish-brown on keeping; sp.gr. about 0-892 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). 
 
 OLEUM PICIS RECTIFICATUM (Light Oil of Tar).— Colourless when 
 first distilled, becoming brown on keeping ; sp. gr. 0-840 to 0-870. 
 
 PIGMENTUM PICIS LIQUIDiC.— Tar, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1. 
 
 Used in iDSoriasis and chronic dry eczema. Its use in eczema demands 
 caution. 
 
 PILUL/E PICIS. — Tar, Curd Soap, powdered Liquorice Root, and powdered 
 Gum Acacia, equal weights mixed, and made into 5-grain pills. 
 
 Dose, — 2 to 3 pills thrice daily. 
 
 They are sometimes made of Black Pitch. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PLU 1039 
 
 SAPO PICIUS {Biis.9.). — Pix Liquida, 5; Pix Solida, 5; Potassium 
 Hydroxide, 2 ; Water, 8 ; Curd Soap, 42 ; Water, 42. 
 
 SYRUPUS PICIS LIQUID/E (U.S.).— Tar, 0-5 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 5; 
 Magnesium Carbonate, 1 ; Sugar, 85 ; Water, q.s. to produce 100. 
 
 Mix t\ie tar intimately in a mortar with 1 oJ; clean white Sand, add 10 of 
 Water, and after kneacUng the mass thoroughly with the pestle pour off the 
 Water and throw it away. Treat the residue with the Alcohol, and when the 
 Tar is dissolved add the Magnesium Carbonate and 5 of Sugar, and after 
 thorough trituration add 40 of Water, stir occasionally during 2 hours and 
 filter, dissolve the remainder of the Sugar in the clear filtrate by gentle heat, 
 strain and add sufficient Water to make the product 100. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.C. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Sometimes prescribed with Syrup of Wild Cherry Bark, and also with 
 Codeine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Sirop de GovTdron), Tar 
 10, Calcined and washed Sandstone 15, Distilled Water 1000 ; Sugar in 
 proportion of 18 to 10 of the liquid ; Span., Solucion de Brea Alcalina 12, 
 Tar Water 24, Saccharum 64. 
 
 SIRUPUS PICIS CUM CODEINA.— Codeine, 0-1; Proof Spirit, q.s.; 
 Syrup Picis Liquidae, to make 100. Dose. — i to 2 fl. drm. — Swiss 1893. 
 
 Tar Water, 324 ; Sugar, 505 ; Glycerin, 150 ; Codeia, 1 ; Diluted Spirit 
 (Alcohol, GO p.c), 20.— Swiss 1907. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM PICIS.— Tar, 25; dissolved in Alcoholic Ammonia, 
 25 ; Simple Vasoliment. 75 ; mixed, evaporated on a water -bath to 100, and 
 filtered.— y.B.P. '01, 212, and Hager. 
 
 BLACK PITCH. — There are three kinds, Archangel, Swedish, and that 
 obtained from Gas Tar ; the latter is without odour. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PLUMBUM. 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Pb, eq. 207-10. 
 
 Lead occurs in nature as an Oxide, and as a Sulphide called Galena ; also 
 in saline combination, forming the native Lead Sulphate, Phosphate, Carbonate, 
 Chromate, Molybdate, Tungstate, and Arsenate. The native Oxide is rare, 
 but Galena, the ore from which nearly all the Lead of commerce is extracted, 
 is exceedingly abundant. 
 
 Fr., Plomb ; Ital., Piombi ; Mex. and Span., Plomo ; Port., Chumbo. 
 
 Incompatibles. \ Are given under Plimabi Subacetatis Liquor Fortis, 
 Antidotes. ) pp. 1049,1050. 
 
 Tests. — Lead has a specific gravity of 11-3, it fuses at 325° C. (617° F.). 
 It is not affected in the cold by Sulphuric Acid, but, when heated, it dissolves 
 with the evolution of Sulphur Dioxide. When heated in the air it is converted 
 into Lead Oxide. It dissolves readily in Diluted Nitric Acid, forming a 
 solution which affords, with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a white precipitate, 
 almost insoluble in cold Distilled Water, insoluble in Diluted Sulphuric Acid 
 or in Alcohol (90 p.c), soluble in Ammonium Acetate Solution. The almost 
 neutralised solution affords, with Hydrogen Sulphide, a black precipitate, 
 insoluble in Dilvited Hydrochloric Acid, insoluble in Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, and in Solution of Ammonimn Hydrosulphide, soluble in hot Diluted 
 
1040 PLtr [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Nitric Acid. Potassium Chromate Solution affords a yellow precipitate 
 readily soluble in Sodiuin Hydroxide Solution, and in strong, hot Nitric 
 Acid, sparingly soluble in Diluted Nitric Acid, insoluble in Acetic Acid. 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution yields a white precipitate, soluble in excess 
 of the reagent, insoluble in Ammonia. Solution. • A neutral solution affords, 
 with Potassium Iodide Solution, a brilliant yellow crystalline precipitate, 
 soluble on boiling, and depositing again in brilliant golden crystals as the 
 solution cools. 
 
 Lead salts are distinguished when in solution from those of any other 
 metals by giving white precipitates with soluble Chlorides and Sulphates, 
 insoluble in any dilute acid ; yellow precipitates with Chromates and Iodides ; 
 a black precipitate with Hydrogen Sulphide from an acid solution. All these 
 precipitates (except the Sulphides) are soluble in excess of hot Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 PLUMBI ACETAS. 
 
 LEAD ACETATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Sugar of Lead. 
 
 Pb(C2H30o)2, SH.O, eq. 379-196. 
 
 Fr., Acetate Neutre de Plomb ; Ger., Bleiacetat ; Ital., Acetato 
 Di PioMBO ; Span., Acetato Plumbico. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, prismatic crystals, or as masses of white 
 monoclinic prismS possessing a faint odour of Acetic Acid and a sweet 
 metallic and astringent taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Lead Oxide or Carbonate 
 and Acetic Acid. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Lead 
 Acetate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles and in a cool atmosphere, as 
 it is slightly efflorescent and liable to absorb Carbon Dioxide on 
 exposure to the air. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 of Water ; 6 in 1 of boiling Water ; 1 in 20 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 2 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^ — In small doses it is sedative and 
 astringent, lessening morbid mucous discharges and luemorrhages in 
 the gastro-intestinal and genito-urinary tracts, and even diminishing 
 natural secretions ; hence it is useful in gastric ulcer, diarrhoea, 
 dysentery, cholera, and in tubercular and typhoid ulceration. Used in 
 phthisis to check excessive expectoration and to allay haemorrhage, 
 in bronchitis to abate profuse secretion. Its prolonged use requires 
 caution, otherwise chronic Lead poisoning may be induced. It is often 
 accompanied or followed by a small dose of Acetic Acid, as excess of 
 Acid makes it less injurious to the system. Externally it is sedative, 
 desiccant, and astringent, diminishing profuse discharges of ulcers ; 
 used for injection in gonorrhoea and other chronic inflammatory 
 discharges. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] FLU 1041 
 
 Along witli Opium, or better, as Lotio Plumbi Evaporans cum 
 Morphiua {see p. 1052), it is a favourite application for sprains and 
 bruises. The compound Lead suppositories are used for painful and 
 bleeding Piles. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0*06 to 0"32 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum close, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May be given in pills mth ^ to ^ of its weight 
 of Compound Tragacanth Powder, and massing with ' Diluted Glucose ' or 
 Dispensing Syrup, q.s. ; in solution, ivith excess of Acetic Acid ; ivith Opium 
 in the Official Pill, and Suppository. 
 
 In compatibles. — Sulphuric and Tannic Acids, and their salts ; Carbonates, 
 Chlorides, Iodides, and Phosphates. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Pilula Plumhi cum Opio and Siippositoria 
 Plumbi Composita. Used in the preparation of Liquor Phimbi Subacetatis 
 Fortis. 
 
 Not Official. — Lotio Plumbi Acetatis, Unguentum Plumbi Acotatis. 
 
 Antidotes. — Same as under Plumbi Subacetatis Liquor. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all; Austr., Ger. and Swiss 
 (Plumbum Aceticuin) ; Belg. (Acetas Plumbi); Dan., Dutch, Norw. 
 and Swed. (Acetas Plumbicus) ; Fr. (Acetate Neutre de Plomb) ; 
 Hung. (Plumbum Aeeticum Crystallisatum) ; Ital. (Acetato di 
 Piombo Neutro) ; Mex. (Acetato de Plomo) ; Port. (Acetato de 
 Chumbo) ; Russ. (Plumbum Aeeticum Depuratum) ; Span. (Acetato 
 Plumbico). 
 
 Tests. — Lead Acetate loses its Water of crystallisation when 
 heated to 40° C. (104° F.), sufiering a loss of weight of 14' 26 p.c. It 
 dissolves readily in Distilled Water yielding a solution, which should 
 be only slightly acid in reaction towards blue Litmus paper, or 
 which should only be slightly opalescent, the opalescence disappearing 
 on the addition of a drop or two of Acetic Acid. The U.S. P. states 
 that the aqueous solution has a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction, 
 the P.G. states that the cold saturated aqueous solution of the salt has 
 an alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper. The aqueous solution 
 should answer the tests distinctive of Lead given under Plumbum. 
 When mixed with Sulphuric Acid it evolves a strong acetous odour ; 
 when mixed with Sulphuric Acid and warmed with a small quantity 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) it evolves the distinctive odour of Ethyl Acetate. 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 99 "35 p.c. of pure Lead 
 Acetate, as volumetrically determined by precipitating an aqueous 
 solution of 0" 5 gramme of Lead Acetate, acidified with Acetic Acid, 
 with an excess of Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution, filtering 
 and washing the precipitate, introducing it into a glass flask or beaker, 
 decomposing it with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, raising the temperature of 
 the liquid to 60° C. (140° F.) and titrating with Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Permanganate Solution, of which not less than 
 26*2 ml. should be required; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution = 0*01896 gramme of crystallised 
 Lead Acetate. The use of Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution 
 and the determination of the excess of Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid 
 
1042 PLU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solution by means of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Per- 
 manganate Solution, were suggested in the Eighteenth Edition oi Squire's 
 Companion. The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 99' 5 p.c. 
 of pure Lead Acetate, but does not give a method of determination. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric 
 be changed to ' not less than 85* 31 nor more than 89' 57 p.c. by weight of 
 anhydrous Lead Acetate,' as determined by the following process : — 
 About 5 grammes of Lead Acetate are accurately weighed, dissolved in 
 sufficient recently-boiled Distilled Water to make exactly 100 c.c. of 
 solution. 10 c.c. of this solution are mixed with 50 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution in a 200 c.c. graduated 
 measuring flask, the mixture is shaken thoroughly for 5 minutes, the 
 flask filled to the mark with Distilled Water and the liquid filtered. 
 On the subsequent titration of 100 c.c. of the filtrate (= ^\j- of the 
 amount of Lead Acetate originally taken) with Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Permanganate Solution, the filtrate being previously 
 acidulated with 10 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and warmed to 80° C. (176° F.), 
 the results should indicate not less than 85" 31 p.c. of anhydrous Lead 
 Acetate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Iron, 
 Silver, Zinc, Calcium, Chlorides, Nitrates, and Carbonates. 
 
 If the precipitate produced by adding an excess of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide to an aqueous solution be treated with Ammonium Carbonate 
 Solution and filtered, the filtrate should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of a slight excess of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Arsenic. If the Lead be precipitated from an aqueous 
 solution, by an excess of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the liquid filtered, 
 the filtrate should not be coloured blue on the addition of an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, indicating the absence of Copper ; and it should yield 
 no reddish-yellow precipitate when boiled, indicating the absence of Iron. 
 The precipitate produced on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution in slight excess to a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt should 
 be completely soluble in boiling Distilled Water, indicating the absence 
 of Silver. If the Lead be removed from an aqueous 1 in 10 solution 
 of the salt by the addition first of Hydrochloric Acid, and then by 
 Hydrogen Sulphide, the liquid filtered, then a portion of the filtrate 
 should yield not more than a faint precipitate on the addition of 
 Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Zinc. If the Hydrogen 
 Sulphide be removed from another portion of this filtrate, by boiling, 
 no turbidity or precipitate should be produced on the addition of a 
 slight excess of Ammonia Solution and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium. Lead Acetate should yield with 
 5 parts of freshly-boiled and cooled Distilled Water, a clear, or at the 
 most only faintly opalescent solution, indicating the absence of 
 Chlorides and Carbonates. No brown or brownish ring should be 
 produced at the junction of the two fluids, when a solution of Ferrous 
 Sulphate is poured carefully on to the surface of a well-cooled mixture 
 of Lead Acetate Solution and Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 Nitrates. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PIiU 1043 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PILULA PLUMBI CUM OPIO. Pill of Lead with Opium. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 Lead Acetate, 10 ; Opium, 1| ; Syrup of Glucose, q.s. about 1. 
 The proportions are altered from 12, 2, 1, to 10, 1| and 1. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 4 grains = 0' 13 to 0* 26 gramme. 
 
 A 4-grain pill contains about 3 grains of Plumbi Acetas and i grain of 
 Pulvis Opii. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., Lead Acetate, 5 ; Extract 
 of Opium, 1 ; Extract of Liquorice, 14. Not in the others. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA PLUMBI COMPOSITA. Compound Lead 
 Suppositories. 
 
 Contains 0*2 gramme (3 grains) of Lead Acetate and 0*067 gramme 
 (1 grain) of Opium in each, with Oil of Theobroma. Each suppository 
 should weigh 1 gramme (about 15 grains). 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Suppositoria (group). 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI ACETATIS (/vonc^ow OjoM^a/mic 1887, omitted in 1901). 
 — Lead Acetate, in powder, 2 grains ; Diluted Acetic Acid, 2 minims ; Dis- 
 tilled Water, up to 1 Q. oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PLUMBI ACETATIS (B.P. 1898).— Lead Acetate, in fine 
 powder, 20 grains ; Paraffin Ointment, white, 480 grains. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Lead Acetate 1, Water 
 9, Wool Fat 45, Vaseline 45 ; Dan., Lead Acetate 1, Benzoated Lard, 9. Not 
 in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PLUMBI CARBONAS. 
 
 LEAD CARBONATE. 
 
 2PbCO„ Pb(OH),, eq. 775-31(3. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate de Plomb ; Ger., Bleiweiss ; Ital., Certjssa ; 
 Span., Albayalde o Certjsa. 
 
 An odourless and tasteless heavy white opaque powder, or in readily 
 pulverisable masses. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water ; soluble, with effervescence, in Diluted 
 Nitric Acid and in Diluted Acetic Acid. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Employed externally as an astringent and 
 sedative, or as an ointment for ulcers and inflamed and excoriated surfaces. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Jap. (Plumbum Car- 
 bonicum) ; Dan., Norw. and Swed. (Hydratocarbonas Plumbicus) ; 
 Dutch (Carbonas Plumbicus) ; Ger. and Swiss (Cerussa) ; Hvmg. 
 (Plumbum Carbonicum hydroxydatum) ; Mex. (Carbonato do 
 Plomo); Port. (Alvaiade); Russ. (Plumbum Carbonicum Basicum); 
 Span. (Albayalde Cerusa). Not in the others. 
 
1044 PLU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Lead Carl:)onate should be completely soluble in Diluted Acetic 
 Acid, Carbon Di-oxide gas being siniultaneouslj'- evolved. This gas when 
 passed into Lime Water affords a precipitate soluble in a sufficient excess 
 of the gas, and also redissolving in dilute mineral acid. The solution answers 
 the tests distinctive of Lead given under Plumbum. It is official in the 
 P.G., being required to contain at least 78-9 p.c. of Lead, but is not in the 
 U.S. P. The more generally occurring impurities are Copper, Iron and 
 Zinc, matter insoluble in Diluted Nitric Acid, e.g., siliceous material, Barium 
 Sulphate, etc., Calciuin and Magnesium. Calcium and Magnesium may be 
 detected, if present, by applying the usual tests for these metals after the 
 separation of the Lead from the acidified solution by Hydrogen Sulphide. 
 Copper, Iron and Zinc may be detected by the Potassium Ferrocyanide test 
 described below. Siliceous matter may be detected by the residue remaining 
 insoluble in a mixture of Nitric Acid and Distilled Water as described below. 
 
 Residue. — The solution of 1 gramme of the salt in Acetic Acid, after removal 
 of the Lead by Hydrogen Sulphide, gives a filtrate which, on evaporation to 
 dryness, should not leave more than • 005 gramme of residue, indicating the 
 absence of alkali and alkaline earth salts, P.G. 
 
 If 1 gramme of the salt be dissolved in a mixture of 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid 
 and 4 c.c. of Distilled Water, not more than O-OI gramme should remain 
 insoluble, indicating a limit of foreign impurities, P.G. 
 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide. — Sodium Hydroxide Test-Solution prodvices 
 in the above solution a precipitate soluble in excess of the reagent. This 
 alkaline solution, when mixed with an excess of Sulphuric Acid and filtered, 
 gives a filtrate which should not be immediately affected by Test -Solution of 
 Potassium Ferrocyanide, indicating a limit of Copper, Iron and Zinc 
 salts, P.G. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PLUMBI CARBONATIS (fi.P. 1898).— Lead Carbonate, 
 1 ; Paraffin Ointment, white, 9. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger. and Hung., 3 in 10 ; 
 Norw., Russ. and Swed., 1 in 3; Dutch (Unguentum Carbonatis Plumbici 
 Camphoratum), Camphor 5, Sesame Oil 5, Lead Carbonate 20, Lard 70; 
 Mex. (Unguento Blanco simple) and Port., 1 in 5 ; Ger. has also 
 Unguentum Cerussa; Camphor a turn. Camphor l,UnguentimxCerussse, 19. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM CERUSS/E (G'cr.).— Powdered Lead Carbonate, 7; 
 Arachis Oil, 2 ; Lead Plaster, 12. 
 
 PLUMBI lODIDUM. 
 
 LEAD IODIDE. 
 Pbl2, eq. 460-94. 
 
 Fb., Iodure de Plomb ; Ger., Bleijodid ; Ital., Joduro di Piombo ; 
 Span., Yoduro Plumbico. 
 
 A golden yellow, odourless, heavy crystalline powder. 
 
 It may be prepared by j)recipitating an aqueous solution of a soluble 
 Lead salt, e.g., Nitrate or Acetate, with Potassium Iodide Solution. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly soluble in cold Water; more soluble in 
 boiling Water ; soluble also in solutions of Acetates, and of Ammonium 
 Chloride. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PLU 1045 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used externally to reduce chronic 
 inflammatory gland and joint enlargements ; also in tlie form of 
 pessaries. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Plumbi lodidi. 
 
 Not Official. — Pessus Pkunbi lodidi, Pessus Plumbi lodidi et Atropinso, 
 and Pessus Plumbi lodidi et Opii. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Plumbum lodatum) ; 
 Fr. (lodure de Plomb) ; Ital. (Joduro di Piombo) ; Mex. (Yoduro de 
 Plombo); Port. (lodato de Chumbo) ; Swiss (Plumbvim lodatum); 
 Span. (loduro Plumbico), and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Lead Iodide dissolves in boiling Distilled Water, the Lead 
 Iodide being re-precipitated in brilliant glistening golden-yellow 
 crystalline scales as the solution cools. 
 
 Lead Iodide is soluble without colour, in solutions of fixed alkalis, 
 in concentrated solutions of Potassium Iodide, of Sodium Thiosulpliate, 
 and in a hot Ammonium Chloride Solution. It should answer the tests 
 distinctive of Lead given under Plumbum. When strongly heated it 
 evolves violet vapour. The hot aqueous solution acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, affords with Silver Nitrate Solution a curdy yellow precipitate 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, almost insoluble in Ammonia Solution, soluble 
 in Potassium Cyanide Solution. It is required by the U.S. P. to 
 contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Lead Iodide, but no method of 
 determination is given. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Lead Chromate and other 
 insoluble foreign salts. Acetate, Nitrate and soluble foreign salts. The 
 B.P. requires that it should yield no characteristic reactions for Nitrates 
 or Acetates. The U.S. P. includes a test for the absence of Acetate 
 as described below with Hydrogen Sulphide, Ammonia and Ferric 
 Chloride, and a test for the limit of Nitrate with Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution and Aluminium wire, which is also described in small type 
 below. Lead Chromate and insoluble foreign salts, if present, may 
 be detected by the Ammonium Chloride test. Soluble* foreign salts, if 
 present, may be detected by evaporating to dryness a portion of the 
 filtrate after separation of the Lead by Hydrogen Sulphide, no residue 
 should remain. 
 
 Ammonium Chloride. — On triturating 1 gramme of the salt with 
 2 grammes of Ammonium Chloride and 2 c.c. of Distilled Water, a nearly white 
 mixture will result, which, when heated in a test-tube in a water-bath for a 
 few minutes, should give a clear and almost colourless solution, and if the 
 above solution be cooled a soUd mass of nearly colovirless fine silky crystals 
 will be produced, and, on adding Distilled Water or Diluted Sulphm-ic Acid 
 to this mass. Yellow Lead Iodide will separate, indicating the absence of 
 Lead Chromate and other insoluble foreign salts, U.S. P. 
 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution and Aliiminium "Wire.— Add 0-1 
 gramme of the salt to 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, boil the mixtm-e, cool and 
 filter into a test-tube of about 40 c.c. capacity, then add 5 c.c. of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Test-Solution and about 0-2 gramme of Alimiiniimi wire, insert 
 in the upper portion of the test-tube a pledget of purified Cotton and over 
 the mouth place a piece of moistened red Litmus paper ; then, if the tube 
 be heated on a water -bath for 15 minutes, no blue coloration of the paper 
 should be discernible, indicating a limit of Nitrate, U.S. P. 
 
1046 PLU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide, Ammonia and. Ferric Chloride. — Boil 1 gramme 
 of the salt for a few minutes with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, cool and filter, 
 remove the Lead from the filtrate by Hydrogen Sulphide and again filter. 
 A portion of the second filtrate after boiling off the Hydrogen Sulphide 
 and carefully neutralising with Ammonia Water, should not be coloured red 
 by a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Acetate, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PLUMBI lODIDI. Lead Iodide Ointment. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 Lead Iodide, in fine powder, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 9. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Benzoated Lard is now used in place of Paraffin Ointment. 
 For India, Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated 
 Lard. 
 
 For India and otlier hot climates see Ungucnta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex., Port., Span, and Swiss, 
 1 in 10. Not in the others. 
 
 An Ointment of Cadmium Iodide of the same strength has been recom- 
 mended as a substitute ; it is said not to stain the skin. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 PESSUS PLUMBI lODiDI.— Lead Iodide, 5 grains ; Oil of Theobroma, 
 q.s. for one pessary. 
 
 PESSUS PLUMBI lODIDI ET ATROPIN/E.— Lead Iodide, 10 grains ; 
 
 Atropine Svilphate, ^^ grain ; (Gelatin) Basis, 00 grains. 
 
 PESSUS PLUMBI lODIDI ET OP!!.— Lead Iodide, .5 grains ; Opium, 
 in powder, 2 grains ; Oil of Theobroma, 12 grains, or q.s. to fill a 15 grain 
 mould. 
 
 PLUMBI OXIDUM, 
 
 LEAD OXIDE. 
 
 B.P. Syn. — LiTHAKGE. 
 
 PbO, eq. 223-10. 
 
 Fk., Oxyde de Plomb Fondu ; Gek., Bleiglatte ; Ital., 
 Protossido di Piombo ; Span., Litabgirio. 
 
 In odourless and tasteless, heavy yellow or reddish-yellow scales or 
 powder, prepared by the atmospheric oxidation of molten metallic 
 Lead. It should be kept in well-closed vessels. 
 
 Of&cial Preparation. — Emplastrum Plumbi. 
 
 TsTot Official. — Emplastrum Lithargyri Compositum, Ung. Diachylon 
 Hebrfe, Ung. Diachylon Carbolisatum, Dr. Pearson's Cerate, and Plumbi 
 Oleas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Hung., Russ. and Swiss 
 (Plumbum Oxydatum) ; Belg. and Ger. (Lythargyrum) ; Dan., Norw. 
 and Swed. (Oxydum Plumbicum) ; Dutch (Oyxduna Plumbicum 
 Semivitreum) ; Fr. (Oxyde de Plomb Fondu); Ital. (Protossido 
 di Piombo); Jap., Mex. (Oxido do Plomo) ; Port. (Oxydo de 
 Chumbo); Span. (Litargirio) ; U.S. (Plumbi Oxidum). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] PLU 1047 
 
 Tests. — Lead Oxide dissolves in Acetic Acid or in Diluted Nitric 
 Acid, and the resulting solution should answer the tests distinctive of 
 Lead given under Plumbum. When heated it becomes brownish-red 
 fusing at a red heat, and when heated with reducing substances 
 it leaves a residue of metallic Lead. The U.S. P. requires it to contain 
 not less than 96 p.c. of pure Lead Oxide, but gives no method of 
 determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX, recommend 
 that the rubric be changed to not less than 93 p.c. by weight of pure 
 Lead Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Copper, Iron and 
 metallic Lead, Carbonates, impurities insoluble and soluble in Acetic 
 and in Diluted Nitric Acids, and excess of moisture. If Lead Oxide 
 be dissolved in Diluted Nitric Acid, and the Lead be precipitated 
 from this solution by the addition of a slight excess of Sulphuric Acid, 
 the filtrate should yield not more than the faintest blue tint on the 
 addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Copper ; and if the solution be boiled not more than a trace of a 
 reddish-brown precipitate should be produced, indicating a limit of 
 Iron. No Nitrous fumes should be evolved Avhen the Oxide is dissolved 
 in Diluted Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of metallic Lead, and 
 during solution only slight effervescence should occur, indicating a 
 limit of Carbonates. No more than a trace of insoluble residue 
 should remain when the Oxide is dissolved in Acetic Acid or in Diluted 
 Nitric Acid, indicating a limit of matter insoluble in these acids. 
 
 In testing for impurities insoluble in Acetic Acid, both the U.S. P. 
 and P.G. treat 5 grammes of the Oxide with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 20 c.c. of Acetic Acid {U.S. P., 36 p.c. w/w, P.G., 30 p.c. w/w), boiling 
 the mixture for a few minutes and filtering from the insoluble residue, 
 which, when well washed and dried, should amount to not more than 
 4 p.c. according to the U.S. P., and not more than 1 p.c. according 
 to the P.G. In continuation the U.S. P. test requires that the mixed 
 filtrate and washings from the insok;ble matter, when mixed with 
 Hydrochloric Acid until a precipitate is no longer formed, the balance 
 of the Lead removed by Hydrogen Sulphide and the liquid filtered ; 
 the filtrate, when evaporated to dryness, should not leave more than 
 0*05 gramme, indicating not more than 1 p.c. of impurities soluble 
 in Acetic Acid. When heated to a dull red heat in a porcelain crucible 
 the sample, according to the U.S. P., should lose not more than 4 p.c. ; 
 according to the P.G. at the most 1 p.c, indicating a limit of moisture, 
 and also of basic Carbonate. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI. Lead Plaster. iV.O.AS>. — Di- 
 achylon Plaster. 
 
 Lead Oleate with mechanically included Glycerin, obtained by 
 boiling together Lead Oxide, Olive Oil, and Distilled Water. 
 
 Lead Oxide, 1 ; Olive Oil (by weight), 2 ; Distilled Water, 1 or q.s. 
 
 Boil together gently by the aid of a steam-bath and keep them 
 simmering, stirring constantly until combined and it acquires the 
 
1048 PLU [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 consistence of a plaster. The cooled mass is now directed to be 
 thoroughly kneaded with hot Water and then allowed to dry. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Emplastra (group). See also 
 Oleum Olivje. 
 
 Equal weights of Lead Plaster and Soap Plaster melted together form an 
 excellent plaster for corns. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Litharge 1, Sesame Oil 1, 
 Lard 1; Belg., Litharge 2, OUve Oil 2, Water 1, Lard 2 ; Dan., Litharge 5, 
 Olive Oil 10, Water 1 ; Dutch, Port, and Russ., Litharge 1, Lard 1, Ohve Oill, 
 Water q.s. ; Ft., Litharge 1, Lard 1, Olive Oil 1, Water 2; Ger., Litharge 1, 
 Arachis Oil 1, Lard 1 ; Hung., Litharge 500, Distilled Water 150, Lard 500, 
 Sesame Oil 500 ; Jap., Litharge 5, Olive Oil 5, Lard 5, Water 1 ; Ital., 
 Litharge 1, Water 1, Olive Oil 2 ; Mex. (Emplasto Simple), Litharge 2, 
 Lard 4, Water 3 ; Norw. and Swed., Litharge 1, Olive Oil 2, Water q.s. ; 
 Span., Litharge 1, Olive Oil 2, Water 2 ; Swiss, Litharge 16, Olive Oil 30, 
 Water q.s. ; U.S., Lead Acetate 60, Soap 100, Water q.s. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM LITHARGYRI COMPOSITUM (Ger.).— Lead Plaster, 
 12 ; Yellow Wax, li ; Gum Ammoniacum, 1 ; Galbanum, 1 ; Turpentine, 1. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Emplastrvim Diachy- 
 lon Gummosum), Lead Plaster 72, Yellow Wax 7, Giun Ammoniacum 7, 
 Galbanum 7, Turpentine 7 ; Fr. (Emplatre Brun), Olive Oil 10, Lard 5, 
 Butter 5, Yellow Wax 5, Litharge 5, Purified Mutton Suet 5, Purified Black- 
 Pitch 1 ; also Emplatre Diachylon Gomme, Litharge 62, Lard 62, 
 OUve Oil 62, Water 125, Yellow Wax 12, Purified Bm-gundy Pitch 12, Venice 
 Turpentine 12, Pm-ified Ammoniacum 10, Purified Galbanum 10, Oil of Tur- 
 pentine 6 ; Ger. (Emplastrum Fuscum Cainphoratum), Red Lead 
 or Vermilion 30, Arachis Oil 61, Yellow Wax 15, Camphor 1; Ital. (Empi astro 
 Diachilon Gommoresinoso), Lead Plaster 12, Yellow Wax 1, Gtun 
 Ammoniacum 1, Galbanum 1, Turpentine 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c.) q.s. ; Jap. and 
 Russ. Lead Plaster 12, Yellow Wax IJ, Gum Ammoniacum 1, Galbanum 1, 
 Turpentine 1 ; Span. (Emplasto de Plomo Gomado), Turpentine 60, 
 Yellow Wax 85, Galbanxim 85, Gum Ammoniacum 85, Lead Plaster 735 ; 
 Swed. (Emplastrum Hjaernei), Litharge 16, White Soap 7, Olive Oil 30, 
 Water 4, Turpentine 1 ; Swiss (Emplastrum Plumbi Compositum), 
 Lead Plaster 72, Yellow Wax 9, Ammoniacum 6, Galbanum 6, Turpentine 7, 
 Water q.s. 
 
 UNG. DIACHYLON HEBR/E (modified by Professor Kaposi).— Simple 
 Lead Plaster, 1 ; Soft Paraffin, 1. Melt with heat. 
 
 Unguentum Diachylon {Hebrce). — According to Hager, Hebra's original 
 formula for this ointment was equal parts of Lead Plaster and Linseed Oil, 
 and this formula is given in Charing Cross Hospital Pharm. (1884) ; but the 
 majority of the Hospital formulas, including Charing Cross (1904), are made 
 with Soft Paraffin or a mixture of Hard and Soft Paraffin, whilst some employ 
 Olive Oil. It is also known as Unguentum Plumbi Oleatis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Unguentum Plumbi 
 Oxydati), Litharge 20, Sesame Oil 40, Lard 40; to make Unguentuni 
 Diachylon Hebrse add 2 p.c. of Lavender Oil; Dan. (Unguentum 
 Oxydi Plumbici), and Swed. (Unguentum Diachylon), Lead Plaster 
 13, Liquid Paraffin 7; Dutch (Unguentum Diachylon), Lead Plaster 1, 
 Sesame Oil 1 ; Ger. (Unguentum Diachylon), Lead Plaster 1, Yellow 
 Vaseline 1 ; Hving. (Unguentum Diachylon, Dr. Hebrse), Litharge 50, 
 Distilled Water 20, Lard 100, Vaseline 100, Oil of Lavender 2-5; Jap. 
 (Unguentum Hebrse), Lead Plaster 1, Olive Oil 1 ; Mex. (Unguentum 
 Encarnativo), Red Oxide of Lead 6, Lard 50; Norw. (Unguentum 
 Oxydi Plumbici), Lead Plaster 40, Vaseline 60; Russ. (Unguentum 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] PLU 1049 
 
 Diachylon), Lead Plaster 1, Olive Oil 1 ; Swed. (Unguentum Plumbi- 
 cum), Litharge 5, Lard 5, Butyrum 5, Suet 5, Yellow Wax 5, Olive Oil 10, 
 Pix Pini 1 ; Swiss (Unguentum Hebrte), Lead Plaster 50, White Vaseline 
 43, Glycerin 7, Ethereal Tincture of Benzoin 5 ; U.S., Lead IPlaster 50, Olive 
 Oil 49, Lavender Oil 1. 
 
 UNGUENTUM DIACHYLON CARBOLISATUM.— Liquid Carbolic Acid, 
 1 ; Diachylon Ointment, 49. 
 
 DR. PEARSON'S CERATE.— Lead Plaster, 4 ; Yellow Beeswax, 1 ; Oil 
 of Almonds, 3. Melt and mix. 
 
 PLUMBI OLEAS.— Lead Acetate, 280 grains ; dissolve in Distilled Water, 
 40 fl. oz. ; add slowly Solution of Sodium Oleate (1 Castile Soap in 20), 
 20 fl. oz. ; warm gently, wash by decantation, collect and drJ^ 
 
 INIelted with equal parts of Lard, and Lard Oil or Olive Oil, to form an 
 ointment. 
 
 PLUMBI SUBACETATIS LIQUOR FORTIS. 
 
 STRONG SOLUTION OF LEAD SUBACETATE. 
 
 B.P.Syyi. — Goulard's Extract. 
 
 [modified.] 
 
 Fr., Acetate Basique de Plomb Dis.sous ; Ger., Bleiessig ; Ital., 
 AcETATO Basico di Piombo ; Span., Acetato Pluvibico Liqxjido. 
 
 A clear, colourless, heavy liquid, having a sweet astringent taste. 
 It is a Solution of Lead Subacetate, Pb.jO(C2H302)2> eq. 548' 248 in 
 Water, and is prepared by mixing 5 of Lead Acetate, and 3i of 
 powdered Lead Oxide in 20 of Distilled Water, shaking occasionally 
 during 48 hours, filtering and making up to 20 with Distilled Water. 
 
 This solution is now made without heat. 
 
 It becomes turbid on exposure to the air owing to the absorption 
 of Carbon Dioxide, and a white precipitate gradually forms, it should 
 therefore be kept in well-closed glass vessels and protected as far as 
 possible from contact with the air. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — When largely diluted, as in Lotio Plumbi 
 Evaporans or as Lotio Plumbi Evaporans cum Morphina, it is used 
 externally as an astringent and sedative for inflammation arising from 
 sprains, bruises, etc. Sometimes used as an astringent gargle (-| fl. 
 d;:m. to 6 fl. oz. of Rose Water). A good astringent application to 
 external piles is : — Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate, 2 to 3 fl. drm. ; 
 Solution of Morphine Acetate, 3 fl. drm. ; Distilled Water, to 6 fl. oz. 
 
 The Ointment is the most satisfactory for the dermatitis produced by 
 satinwood. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 789. 
 
 In compatibles. — Hard Water, mineral Acids, vegetable Acids, Alkalis, 
 Chlorides, Iodides, all astringents, preparations of Opium, and Mucilage of 
 Acacia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Glycerinum Plumbi Subacetatis, Liquor Plmnbi 
 Subacetatis Dilutus, and Unguentum Plumbi Subacetatis.- 
 
 Not Official. — Ceratura Plumbi Compositum, Creraor Lithargyri, Lotio 
 Plumbi, Lotio Plumbi cum Opio, Lotio Plumbi Evaporans, Lotio Plumbi 
 Evaporans eiun Morphina, Lotio Plumbi Lactatis, and Unguentum Plmnbi 
 Tannici. 
 
1050 PLU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Antidotes. — Wash out the stomach or give an emetic ; Sodium or Mag- 
 nesium Sulphate ; Hberal libations of Milk, or White of Egg mixed with 
 Water ; Opium or Belladonna in Lead coHc. 
 
 A course of Potassimn Iodide is useful in eliminating Lead frona the sj-stem. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all; U.S., sp. gr. about 1-235 at 
 25° C. (77° F.). (Plumbum Aceticum Basicum Solutum). — Austr. 
 and Hung., sp. gr. 1-2.30 to 1-240; Russ., sp. gr. 1-235 to 1-242; Belg. 
 (Subacetas Plumbi Liquidvis), sp. gr. 1-240; Dan. and Swed. (Solutio 
 Subacetatis Plumbici), sp. gr. 1-165 to 1-170; Dutch (Solutio 
 Acetatis Plumbici' Basici), sp. gr. 1-235 to 1-240; Fr. (Acetate 
 Basique de Plomb Dissous), sp. gr. 1-320; Ger. (Liquor Plumbi 
 Subacetici), sp. gr. 1- 235 to 1-240 ; Ital. (Acetato di Piombo Basico) 
 sp. gr. 1-32; Jap., sp. gr. 1-23 to 1-24; Mex. (Acetato de Plomo 
 Liquido), sp. gr. not given ; Norw., sp. gr. 1- 167 to 1- 175 ; Port. (Soluto 
 de Subacetato de Chumbo), sp. gr. 1-260; Span. (Acetato (siib) 
 Plumbico Liquido), sp.gr. 1-32; Swiss (Plvimbum Subaceticum 
 Solutum), sp.gr. 1-235 to 1-240. 
 
 Tests. — Strong Lead Subacetate Solution wlien freshly prepared 
 lias a specific gravity of 1'277. It is officially required to possess a 
 gravity of 1"275. The Liquor official in the P.G. has a specific 
 gravity from 1-235 to 1-240 that of the U.S. P. about 1-235 
 at 25° C. (77° F.). It possesses an alkaline reaction towards red 
 Litmus paper, but does not redden Phenol phthalein Solution. 
 The B.P. states that it forms an opaque white jelly with Gum 
 Acacia Mucilage ; the U.S. P. that it aftords a dense white 
 precipitate when added to Acacia Solution. It answers the tests 
 distinctive of Lead given under Plumbum. When warmed with 
 Sulphuric Acid it evolves a strong acetous odour, and when 
 warmed with Sulphuric Acid and Alcohol (90 p.c.) a characteristic 
 odour of Ethyl Acetate is evolved. It is -officially required to indicate 
 the equivalent of 23- 3 p.c. w/w of pure Lead Subacetate, as volu- 
 metrically determined by precipitating the Lead from a mixture of 
 1 gramme of the Liquor diluted with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, by 
 the addition of an excess of Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution, 
 filtering and washing the precipitate, introducing it into a small flask 
 or beaker and after decomposing it with an excess of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, titrating the mixture, at a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.), with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, of 
 which not less than 17 ml. should be required to produce a permanent 
 pink tint ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution = 0*0137 gramme of pure Lead Subacetate. The U.S. P. 
 requires ^liat it shall contain in solution not less than 25 p.c. w/w of 
 Lead Subacetate as volumetrically determined by the process given 
 below for comparison. The Liquor should naturally be free from 
 the impurities given under Lead Acetate and Lead Oxide. The Sub- 
 acetate may be distinguished from the Normal Acetate by the test 
 with Acacia Mucilage given above. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — ^Dilute 10 grammes of the Solution to 
 100 c.c. with previously boiled and cooled Distilled Water, take 13- 6 (13-594) 
 c.c. of this Solution and add it to 35 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic 
 Acid Solution in a graduated cylinder, shake thoroughly and dilute the mixture 
 to 50 c.c. with Distilled Water, and again shake. After the precipitate has 
 settled, 10 c.c. of the clear solution diluted with about 50 c.c. of Distilled 
 
[Solids Ijy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PLU 1051 
 
 Water and 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid added, should require not more than 
 2 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Sohition to 
 produce a permanent pink tint. Each c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Oxalic Acid Solution required for the precipitation of the 13- 6 c.c. of the 
 diluted Lead Subacetate Solution, corresponds to 1 p.c. of Lead Subacetate, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 GLYCERINUM PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. Glycerin op Lead 
 Subacetate. (Modified.) 
 
 Evaporate 1 of Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate to dryness on 
 a water-bath, and dissolve in 1 of Glycerin at a gentle heat ; cool 
 and add Distilled Water, q.s. to bring the sp. gr. to 1*48. 
 
 The method is different. 
 
 B.P. 189S made it direct from Lead Acetate and Lead Oxide. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port., |Solution 1, Glycerin 9. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS. Diluted So- 
 lution OF Lead Subacetate. B.P.Syn. — Goulard's Lotion ; 
 Goulard AVater. N.O.Syn. — Aqua Vegeto-Mineralis Goulardi, 
 Aqua Saturnina, Aqua de Vegeto. (Modified.) 
 
 Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate, 2 fl. drm. ; Distilled Water, 
 q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. (1 in 80.) 
 
 The metric figures are 12*5 to make 1,000. 
 Alcohol is now omitted. 
 
 As the diluted Liquor is liable to absorb Carbon Dioxide from the air, it 
 should be kept in well-closed bottles and exposed as little as possible. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr. (Aqua Goulardi), Solu- 
 tion 2, Spirit of Wine (00 p.c.) 5, Water 93, also (Aqua Plumbica). Solu- 
 tion 1, Water 49; Dan. and Norw. (Aqua Saturnin), Dutch (Aqua 
 Plumbi Goulardi) and Swed. (Solutio Subacetatis Plumbici 
 Diluta), Solution 2, Diluted Alcohol 8, Water 90; Fr. (Lotion a 
 I'Acetate de Plomb), Solution 1, Water 50; Ger. and Swiss (Aqua 
 Plumbi), Solution 1, Water 49; Ital. (Aqua Saturnina), Solution 1, 
 Water 40; Himg. (Aqua Goulardi), Solution 2, Alcohol (70 p.c.) 5, Water 
 93, also (Aqua Plumbica), Solution 1, Water 49; Jap. (Liquor 
 Plumbi Subacetici Dilut us), Solution 2, Water 96 ; Mex. (Agua de 
 Vegeto), Solution 3, Eau de Cologne 5, Water 92; Port. (Aqua Saturnina 
 Alcoolisida), Solution 2, Alcohol (85 p.c.) 8, Water 90, also (Aqua 
 Saturnina), Solution 1, Water 50 ; Russ. (Aqua Plumbi), Solution 2, 
 Water 98; Span. (Agua Vegeto-Mineral), Solution 1, Alcohol (95 p.c.) 2, 
 Distilled Water 97 ; U.S., Solution 4, Water to make 100. 
 
 Tests. — Diluted Solution of Lead Subacetate has a specific gravity 
 of 1 • 002. The Diluted Solution is prepared from the Strong Solution 
 by simple dilution and no official method is given for determining the 
 amount of Lead Subacetate *present. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PLUMBI SUBACETATIS. Lead Subacetate 
 Ointment. (New.) 
 
 Melt together Wool Fat, 2 ; Hard Paraffin, 1 ; Soft Paraffin, 4. 
 Stir until nearly cold, then add Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate 
 (by weight), 1 ; and stir until quite cold. (1 in 8.) 
 
 This replaces the Unguentum Glycerini Plumbi Subacetatis of B.P. 1898. 
 
1052 POD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Unguent. Subacetatis 
 Plumbi), 3 in 10; Dutch (Ung. Plumbici Basici), 1 in 4 ; Ital. 
 (Pomata con Acetate Basico di Piombe), Ger. and Swiss (Un- 
 guentum Plumbi), 1 in 10; Norw. (Unguentum Subacetatis 
 Plumbici), 1 in 5 ; also Unguentum Subacetatis Plumbici Compositum ; 
 Puss. (Ung. Plumbi Acetici), 1 in 12 ; Swed. (Ung. Subacetatis 
 Plumbici), 3 in 20 ; U.S. (Ceratuni Plumbi Svxbacetatis), 1 in 5. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CERATUM PLUMBI COMPOSITUM (P.L.).— Solution of Diacetate of 
 Lead, 6 fl. oz. ; Beeswax, 8 oz. ; Olive Oil, 20 fl. oz. ; Camphor, 1 drm. 
 
 CREMOR LITHARGYRI.— Solution of Lead Subacetate, 1 ; Cream, 7. 
 Mix. 
 
 Useful in eczema. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI {St. Thomas's).— Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate, 
 2 n. drm. ; Water, q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI CUM OPIO (Loci).— Tincture of Opium, 20 minims ; 
 Lead Lotion, to 1 oz. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI EVAPORANS.— Strong Solution of Lead Acetate, 
 2 fl. drm. ; Rectified Spirit, 1^ fl. oz. ; Rose Water, to 8 oz. — Squire. 
 
 Strong Solution of Lead Subacetate, 2 fl. drm. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4 fl. oz. ; 
 Water, q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. — St. IViomas's. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI EVAPORANS CUM MORPHINA (Squire).— The 
 Solution given above, 7 fl. oz. ; Solution of Morphine Acetate, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 This is an improvement on the old Lead and Opium Solution, with its 
 coloured deposit of Lead Meconate. 
 
 LOTIO PLUMBI LACTATIS (M^WZese.r).— Solution of Lead Subacetate, 
 1 fl. drm. ; Salicylic Acid, 2 grains ; Mili^, to 2 fl. oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM PLUMBI TANNICI ((?er.).— Tannic Acid, 1; Liquor 
 Plumbi, 2 ; Lard, 17. 
 
 Hung, and Siviss, Tannic Acid, 1 ; Liquor Plumbi, 2 ; Vaseline, 17. 
 
 Buss., Tannic Acid, 1 ; Glycerin, 3 ; Liquor Plumbi, ; Ung. Cerei, 24. 
 
 SwecL, Tannic Acid, 1; Subacetate of Lead Solution, 3.; Wool Fat, 3; 
 Vaseline, 3. 
 
 PODOPHYLLI RHIZOMA. 
 
 PODOPHYLLUM RHIZOME. 
 Fr., Podophylle ; Ger., Podophylltn ; Ital., PoDoriLLO ; Span., 
 
 PODOFILO. 
 
 Tlie dried Rhizome and Roots of Podophyllum 'peltatum, L. 
 Imported from North America. , 
 
 Official Preparations. — Podophylli Resina and Tinctura Podophylli. 
 
 Not Official.— Fluidextractiun Podophylli ; of the Resin, Pilula Podo- 
 phylli Composita, PiluliB Aloes et Podophylli Compositae, Pilulse Podophylli 
 Belladonna} et Capsici, Pilules de Podophylline Belladonee, Tinctura Podo- 
 phylli Ammoniata, Podophyllotoxin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Port., Span, and 
 
 U.S. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiure.] POD 1053 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Podophyllum Rhizome as met with in 
 commerce occurs in cylindrical pieces, 1 to 6 or 8 in. (2-5 to 20 cm.) 
 in length, and 2 to 4 lines in diameter (usually about 5 mm., B.P.) of 
 a chocolate or reddish-brown colour ; marked on the upper surface, 
 at intervals of 2 or 3 in. (5 to 7* 5 cm.), with the circular scars of former 
 stems, enlarged at intervals of about 5 cm. and on tJie under surface 
 near the nodes, with little rootlets about half a line thick, which are 
 frequently more or less broken off. If shrunken, wrinlded, and flattened 
 the rhizomes are of inferior quality. The fracture is short, normally 
 whitish and mealy, but yellowish and horny if overheated in drying ; 
 it exhibits a thin bark, a pith 2 lines in diameter in the larger pieces, 
 and a thin circle of 20-40 vascular bundles. It has an acrid, bitter 
 taste and a characteristic odour. 
 
 Tests. — Podophyllum Root contains from 3 to 4 p.c. of Ash, and 
 should not contain more than 5 p.c. A standard of not less than 5* p.c. 
 of Resin soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) has been suggested {Y.B.P. '03, 
 247 ; P.J. '02, ii. 496), but not adopted. American Podophyllum 
 Rhizome may contain from 4 to 6 p.c. of Podophyllum Resin, the 
 Indian Rhizome from 10 to 12 p.c. Seven samples of the root examined 
 {P.J. '03, i. 164) yielded percentages of Resin varying from 1* 6 to 3" 86, 
 an average of 2* 19 p.c. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that a standard 
 of not less than 3 p.c. of Resin should be required for Podophyllum, and 
 that this Resin should conform to the requirements and tests for Resin 
 of Podophyllum ; they also require that the Ash should not exceed 3 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 PODOPHYLLI RESINA. Podophyllum Resin. N.O.Stjn.— 
 
 PODOPHYLLIX. 
 
 The Resin is extracted by Alcohol (90 p.c), the Solution concentrated 
 in a still, and the residue poured into Water acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid (1 to 24), to precipitate the Resin, which is washed with 
 Distilled Water, and finally dried at a temperature not exceeding 
 104° F. (40° C). 
 
 A yellow, greenish-yellow, or yellowish-brown, amorphous powder, 
 or amorphous masses readily reduced to powder. It has a faint, 
 peculiar odour, and a bitter taste. 
 
 The B.P. Resin is obtained from the dried Rhizome and Roots of 
 Podophyllum peltatum ; the Indian Resin, obtained from the dried 
 Rhizome and Roots of Podophyllum Emodi, is now also Official. The 
 U.S. P. and the P.G. only admit the Resin obtained from Podophyllum 
 peltatum. 
 
 The variations in colour appear to depend upon the heat applied 
 during its preparation ; by distilling quickly and drying at a low 
 temperature the lightest tints are obtained. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass receptacles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible from contact 
 with the air and lioht. 
 
1054 POD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cholagogue and, in large doses, purga- 
 tive ; in doses of | to J grain it is a common ingredient of pills for 
 habitual constipation associated with liver disorder. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Resin is given in pills, combined generally 
 with Extract of Henbane or Belladonna to prevent griping, and associated vjith 
 a purgative such as Aloes or Colocynth ; sometimes J grain of Capsicum is 
 added to each pill. In mixtures, the addition of Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia 
 is useful, as in Tinctura Podophylli Ammoniata, since Water does not precipitate 
 the Resin from this, while it does so from the ordinary Tincture. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 1 grain 0*016 to 0*06 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0*05 gramme ; daily, 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-1 gramme ; daily, 0-3 gramme. 
 
 19'ot Official. — See Podophylli Rhizoma. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcBias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Ger., Hung., 
 Russ. and Swis.s (Podophyllinum) ; Dutch, Jap., Norw., Port., Swed. and 
 U.S. (Resina Podophylli); U.S. has also a Fkiid Extract; Fr. (Resine 
 de Podophylle) ; Ital. (Podofillina) ; Mex. and Span. (Podofilina). 
 
 Tests.— Podophyllum Resin darkens in colour when heated or 
 when exjDosed to the light. It is required by the B.P. to be entirely 
 or almost entirely soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), the solution being 
 reprecipitated on the addition of Distilled Water ; it is also required 
 to dissolve in Ammonia Solution, this solution is precipitated 
 on the addition of acids but not by Distilled Water. The 
 U.S. P. requires that not less than 99 p.c. should be soluble in 
 Alcohol (94 '9 p.c.) and that it should be soluble in Potassium or 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; it is reprecipitated from the latter 
 solutions on acidification. It is also officially required to be partly 
 soluble in Ether. It is difficult to find a commercial sample perfectly 
 soluble in cold Alcohol (90 p.c), and many will not give clear solutions 
 even with the addition of Ammonia ; the amount of matter insoluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c.) should, however, not exceed 5 p.c. The U.S. P. 
 requirement for its solubility in Alcohol (94* 9 p.c.) appears to be 
 based upon the results of some experiments by Gordin and Merrell 
 recorded {Proc. Amer. Phann. Assoc. '0^, 348). Clravell and Sage 
 [P.J. (3) xxiv. 421] also state that a good sample should dissolve 
 almost completely in Rectified Spirit, B.P. 1885. The P.G. states that 
 it is soluble in 10 parts by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to a brown fluid 
 which is precipitated by the addition of Distilled Water. A good 
 sample of the Peltatum Resin should dissolve almost completely in 
 Ammonia Solution, and not more than 5 p.c. should remain insoluble. 
 
 The Emodi Resin is stated to gelatinise with Ammonia Solution, the 
 gelatinisation being stated {CD. '03, i. 630) to be due to the fact that 
 Podophyllum Emodi contains from 1| to 3 times as much Podoj^hyllo- 
 toxin as the Podophyllum peltatum. 
 
 Dott {P.J. '06, ii. 431 ; Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. '07, 681) gives 
 an Ammonia test for Podophyllin, and he aj^plies the test by treating 
 0*5 gramme of the Resin with 30 c.c. of equal volumes of Liquor 
 Ammoniae and Distilled Water, stirring and bringing well into contact 
 for 5 minutes, filtering the liquor through a counterpoised filter, 
 washing with Distilled Water until the washings are practically colour- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POD 1055 
 
 less, drying till constant, then weighing. He finds the Emodi Eesin 
 remains practically insoluble, whilst the residue from Peltatum should 
 not amount to more than 15 p.c. of its original weight. The Report 
 of the Committee of Reference in Pharmacy states that the Committee 
 does not know a satisfactory test to distinguish the Podophylluin Emodi 
 from Podophyllum peltatum. The solubility in Ammonia Solution is 
 not considered {P.J. '02, ii. 368) of much value. The U.S. P. does not 
 include a statement relating to its solubility in Ammonia Solution. 
 The P.G. states that Podophyllin should dissolve in 100 parts by 
 weight of Ammonia Solution to a yellowish-brown fluid which is 
 miscible to a clear solution with Distilled Water, but which is again 
 precipitated as a brown flocculent precipitate on the neutralisation of 
 the Ammonia with Hydrochloric Acid. The U.S. P. states that not 
 less than 75 p.c. should be soluble in Ether, the B.P. and P.G. that it 
 is only partly soluble in Ether. The U.S. P. limit of 75 p.c. soluble in 
 Ether seems very high, the usual amount averaging about 60 p.c. 
 The B.P. makes no reference to the solubility in Chloroform. The 
 U.S. P. requires that not less than 65 p.c. should be soluble in Chloro- 
 form. The P.G. does not refer to the Chloroform solubility. More 
 than half the weight of the Resin should dissolve in cold Chloroform, 
 the residue being generally reckoned as medicinally inert ; if the 
 Chloroform solution be evaporated to a small bulk and poured into an 
 excess of Ether, another inert body (Podophyllic Acid) is precipitated. 
 If the Ether-chloroform Solution be now added to a large excess of 
 Petroleum Ether there is precipitated a compound called Podophyllo- 
 toxin, supposed to contain the whole medicinal elements of the Resin. 
 
 From the results recorded {P.J. '02, ii. 368) of the examination of a 
 number of specimens of the Resin it is concluded that the limit of 
 50 p.c. soluble in Chloroform given by Squire is a good criterion of the 
 quality of the sample. It is also suggested in the same reference 
 that at least 40 p.c. of the original Resin should be precipitated from 
 the chloroformic solution by Petroleum Ether. A method of deter- 
 mining the crude Picro-podophyllin has been suggested {Proc. Amer. 
 Pliarm. Assoc. '02, 346), it consists in treating 5 grammes of Podophyllum 
 Resin, in a strong round bottle holding about 200 c.c, with 10 grammes 
 of freshly prepared Calcium Hydrate, the bottle is closed with a good 
 cork and the whole weighed, it is uncorked, transferred to a water- 
 bath heated to 60° to 65° C. (140° to 149° F.) for a few minutes and 
 15 c.c. of Alcohol (94* 9 p.c.) poured in, the bottle stoppered, well 
 shaken, replaced in the water-bath and retained there stoppered for 
 8 hours, shaking at first every few minutes to prevent the formation 
 of a hard lump ; after half an hour it is only necessary to shake the 
 mixture about every quarter of an hour. The bottle is then cooled, 
 about 7 c.c. of Chloroform added, it is placed on the balance and 
 sufficient of a mixture of 2 parts by volume of Alcohol (94" 9 p.c.) and 
 1 part by volume of Chloroform poured into the bottle to make the 
 whole liquid added weigh 130 grammes. The bottle is shaken for a 
 few minutes, set aside until the supernatant liquid becomes perfectly 
 clear, and 65 grammes of the clear liquid are drawn ofi into a tared 
 
1056 POD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 vessel, evaporated to dryness, the residue dried till constant in weight 
 and weighed. The percentage of crude Picro-podophyllin found, varied 
 from 15 to 22 p.c, averaging 20 p.c. 
 
 The U.S. P. states that not more than 25 p.c. should be dissolved 
 in boiling Distilled Water. Neither the B.P. nor the P.G. makes any 
 reference to the Water solubility. The U.S. P. also states that the hot 
 aqueous solution deposits most of its contents on cooling, and after 
 the cooled liquid is filtered, the filtrate has a bitter taste and yields 
 on the addition of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a brown 
 coloration. The behaviour with Liquor Potassse is stated to form a useful 
 test for differentiating the Peltatum and Emodi Resin. 6 grains of the 
 Ptesin should be mixed with 1 fl. drm. of Diluted Alcohol and 8 or 10 
 drops of Liquor Potassaj. The Peltatum Resin should form a clear deep 
 yellow liquid on shaking ; the Emodi Resin becomes a semi-solid 
 gelatinous mass. The alcoholic solution of the Resin should be only 
 faintly acid in reaction towards blue Litmus paper. It is officially 
 required to yield not more than 1 p.c. of Ash, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. Badly adulterated specimens are frequently detected 
 by high percentage of ash, it may be as low as J p.c. and should not 
 exceed 1 p.c. The U.S. P. states that it should not yield more than 
 1 p.c. of Ash ; the P.G. not more than 0*5 p.c. 
 
 TINCTURA PODOPHYLLI. Tincture of Podophyllum. 
 Podophyllum Resin, 320 grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 
 20 fl. oz. of filtered product. 
 
 The metric figui-es are 36-5 to yield 1,000. 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 ml. 
 15 minims equal ^ grain of Podophyllum Rosin. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Podophyllum has a specific gravity of 0*840 
 to 0' 850 ; it contains about 3" 5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 87 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 I^ot Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRAOTUM PODOPHYLLI (U.S.).~1 in 1. The menstruum 
 is 4 of Alcohol (95 p.c), and 1 of Water. Average Dose. — 0- 5 c.c. (Sminims). 
 
 PILULA PODOPHYLLI COMPOSITA.— Podophyllum Resin, ^^^ grain ; 
 Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna, ^ grain ; 
 Extract of Socotrine Aloes, 1 grain. — Vniversily. 
 
 Podophyllum Resin, J grain ; Merciirous Chloride, 1 grain ; Alcoholic 
 Extract of Belladonna, \ grain. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 PILUL/E ALOES ET PODOPHYLLI COMPOSIT/E. Syn. Janeway's 
 Pills (U.S.N.F.). — Purified Aloes, 1 grain ; Resin of Podophyllum, J grain ; 
 Extract of Belladonna Leaves, ^ grain ; Extract of Nux Vomica, I grain in 
 each pill. 
 
 PILUL/E PODOPHYLLI, BELLADONN/E ET CAPSICI (U.S.P.).— 
 Resin of Podophyllum, 1-6 ; Extract of Belladonna Leaves, 0-8 ; Capsicum, 
 3-2; Sugar of Milk, 6' 5; Acacia, 1*6; Glycerin, Syrup, each a sufficient 
 quantity to make 100. 
 
 PILULES DE PODOPHYLLINE BELLADONNEE (i'V.).— Poduphyllin, 
 0-3 gramme; Extract of Belladonna, 0-1 gramme; Medicinal Soap, 0-3 
 gramme ; make into 10 pilules. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] POD 1057 
 
 TINCTURA PODOPHYLLI AMMONIAT A.— Podophyllum Resin, 24 
 grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 2 fl. oz. ; Solution of Ammonia, 1 fl. oz. ; dissolve. 
 
 This tinctvire is miscible with Water. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1*8 ml. 1 fl. drm. contains 1 grain of 
 the Resin. 
 
 Tests. — Ammoniated Tincture of Podophyllin has a specific gravity of 
 0-90() ; contains about 1'5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 56 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 PODOPHYLLOTOXIN. — A compound supposed to contain the whole 
 medicinal elements of the Resin. Prepared by precipitating an Ether- 
 Chloroform Solution of Podophyllmn Resin with a large excess of Petroleum 
 Ether. 
 
 Dose. — 5^2 to -^ grain — 0-005 to 0-01 gramme. 
 
 PODOPHYLLI INDICI RHIZOMA. 
 
 INDIAN PODOPHYLLUM RHIZOME. 
 B.P.Syn. — Podophyllum Emodi Rhizome. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The dried Rhizome and Roots of Podophyllum Emodi, Wall. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. as well as the Resin and Tincture of the 
 same. They are all now included in the B.P. 1914. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Podophylli Indici Resina and Tinctura Podophylli 
 Inchci. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The dried rhizome and roots of Podophyllum 
 Emodi are now official as a source of Indian Podophyllum Resin. 
 It is quite different in appearance from that of Podophyllum peltatum, 
 consisting of a compressed knotty rhizome about \ in. (8 mm.) (10 mm. 
 B.P.) thick, the upper surface covered with contiguous circular cup- 
 shaped stem scars, the whole under surface having brown or blackish 
 simple roots about yV *o \ in. (2 to 3 mm.) thick, with short branches. 
 The transverse section shows a ring of radiating wood-bundles. It 
 has only a slight odour, but the taste is bitter and acrid. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PODOPHYLLI INDICI RESINA. Indian Podophyllum Resin. 
 B.P.Syn. — Podophyllum Emodi Resin. (New.) 
 
 Prepared in the same manner as Podophyllum Resin. It also 
 responds to the same tests and has the same therapeutic efltect. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 grain = 0-016 to 0-06 gramme. 
 
 TINCTURA PODOPHYLLI INDICI. Tincture of Indian Podo- 
 phyllum. (New.) 
 
 Indian Podophyllum Resin, 320 grains; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to 
 yield 20 fl. oz. of filtered product. 
 
 The metric figures are .30 -.5 to yield 1,000. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
 15 nainims equal h grain of the Resin, 
 
1058 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 POTASSIUM. 
 
 POTASSIUM. 
 
 K, eq. 39-10. 
 
 Potassium was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. It is a soft 
 metal, cutting like Wax, of a silver-white colour, but tarnishes the instant 
 it is cut, and assumes a leaden colour. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium has a specific gravity of 0'865. When freshly cut 
 has a silver-white lustre, but rapidly absorbs Oxygen from the air and assumes 
 a leaden colour. When a pellet is thrown upon Water, Hydrogen is set free, 
 the heat developed during the action being so great that the evolved Hydrogen 
 is ignited. The resulting solution possesses a strongly alkaline reaction 
 towards red Litinus paper. A trace of a Potassium salt, when moistened 
 with Hydrochloric Acid and inserted on a Platinum wire into a non-luminous 
 flame, imparts to it a distinctive violet coloration, which has a. reddish-violet 
 tinge when viewed through blue glass ; the yellow colour imparted to the 
 flame by Sodium sa,lts is obscured by blue glass. A solution of a Potassium 
 salt, preferably a Chloride or one with which Hydrochloric Acid is present, 
 affords, if sufficiently concentrated, a yellow crystalline precipitate with 
 Platinic Chloride Solution, yielding upon ignition a residue of inetallic 
 Platimma and Potassium Chloride. If this residue be dissolved in a little 
 Distilled Water, acidified slightly with Nitric Acid the solution yields on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate a white curdj' precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution. The aqueous solution, if sufficiently concen- 
 trated, yields on the addition of Tartaric Acid a white crystalline precipitate 
 of Potassiuin Hydrogen Tartrate ; Acetic Acid or Sodium Acetate is added 
 when the Potassium is combined with a mineral acid. The best general 
 reagent for Potassium salts is probably a saturated solution of Picric Acid ; 
 a 1 p.c. solution of Potassiiun Nitrate yields a crystalline precipitate after a 
 few seconds' shaking, whereas with Tartaric Acid no reaction is obtainable iia 
 4 hotirs. Potassium salts may be distinguished from Ammonium salts by 
 their behavioiu" with Platinic Chloride Solution ; the precipitate from a 
 solution of a Potassium salt yielding on ignition, as above stated, a residue 
 of Potassium Chloride and metallic Platinum, a precipitate from an Ammonium 
 salt yielding on ignition a residue of metallic Platinum onlj'. Potassium salts 
 may be distinguished from Sodium salts by yielding a precipitate with Platinic 
 Chloride Solution, and by the violet colour imparted to a non-luminous 
 flame. Sodium salts impart a strong yellow colour ; and solutions of Sodium 
 salts yield no crystalline precipitate with Platinic Chloride Solution or with 
 Tartaric Acid. 
 
 POTASSA CAUSTICA. 
 
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Caustic Potash. 
 
 [altered.] 
 
 Fr., Hydroxyde de Potassium Officinal : Ger., Kaliumhydroxyd ; 
 Ital., Idrato Potassico ; Span., Hidrato Potasico. 
 
 White deliquescent sticks or pencils, or in hard, white, or nearly 
 white, deliquescent cakes, or in the form of a coarse white deliquescent 
 powder. It may be obtained by the action of Calcium Hydroxide 
 upon Potassium Carbonate. It should contain not less than 85 p.c. of 
 purc! Potassium Hydroxide, KOH, eq. 56-108, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1059 
 
 B.P. 1898 required it to contain S9"7p.c., but few commercial samples 
 attained tlus figure ; it is reduced in B.P. 1914 to 85 p.c. 
 
 On account of its intense causticity and strong action on organic tissues 
 great caution should be used in handling it. As it rapidlj^ absorbs both 
 Carbon Dioxide and moisture, it should be preserved from the air in well- 
 closed, hard glass bottles. 
 
 Commercial Caustic Potash as a rule contains 1 or 2 p.c. of Chloride derived 
 from the -Carbonate used in its preparation. When required pure it is dis- 
 solved in Absolute Alcohol, and the Solution evaporated as far as practicable 
 without access of air to avoid absorption of Carbonic Acid. No commercial 
 samples, however, are quite free from Carbonate. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water ; 1 in U of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 
 of Glycerin ; 1 in 4 of Alcohol (60 p.c.) (if stronger than this the Alcohol 
 separates). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful caustic. Has been used 
 for the destruction of tumours and to stimulate ulcers. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It has a great tendency to diffuse and. attach the 
 surrounding tissues ; its action should be carefully circumscribed by means of 
 Vaseline or Slicking Plaster. When mixed with Lime, as in ' Vienna Paste ' 
 (see J). 1063), it is more easily controlled. 
 
 Of&cial Preparation. — Liquor Potassa). 
 
 Not Official. — Brandish's Alkaline Solution and Potassa cum Calce 
 (Vienna Paste). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Kalium 
 Hydro-oxydatum) ; Belg. (Potassa Caustica Fusa) ; Dan., Dutch, 
 Norw. and Swed. (Hydras Kalicue) ; Fr. (Hydroxyde de Potassium 
 Officinal, also Hydroxyde de Potassium Ordinaire) ; Ger. and Russ. 
 (Kali Causticum Fusum) ; Ital., (Idrato Potassico) ; Jap. (Kali 
 Causticum); Mex. (Oxido de Potasio) ; Port. (Hydrato de Potassa) ; 
 Span. (Hidrato Potasico, also Potassa Caustica por la Cal) ; 
 Swiss (Kalium Hydricum) ; U.S. (Potasii Hydroxidum). 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Hydroxide fuses when strongly heated ; the 
 U.S. P. states when heated to a temperature of about 530° C. (986° F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water yielding a clear, 
 colourless solution, strongly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper, 
 which, when neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid, affords the tests 
 distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. Its aqueous 
 solution produces a fine pink tint with Phenolphthalein Solution, and 
 has an alkaline reaction towards Methyl Orange. It was pointed out 
 in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Comvanion that few com- 
 mercial samples approached the sta-ndard of the B.P. 1898 (89*7 p.c), 
 although this standard was easy of attainment, the general range 
 found in the author's laboratory being between 78 and 85 p.c. It is 
 now officially required to contain not less than 84*72 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Hydroxide, as determined by titrating 1 gramme dissolved 
 in Distilled Water or in Alcohol (90 p.c), with Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less than 15" 1ml. should be 
 required ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 
 0*05611 gramme of pure Potassium Hydroxide. Phenolphthalein 
 Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, though the 
 B.P. makes no specific reference to the inditator. The U.S. P. requires 
 
 2 M 2 
 
TOGO POT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 that it should contain not less than 85 p.c of pure anhydrous Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide, as volumetrically determined by titration with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using, as shown below, 
 Methyl Orange Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The P.G. 
 now requires that it shall contain at least 85 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Hydroxide, as determined by titrating an aliquot portion of a 
 solution containing a molecular equivalent of Potassium Hydroxide, 
 with Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution as described 
 below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Carbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, and Nitrate. It should not yield more 
 than the faintest reaction for Arsenic when examined by the Modified 
 Gutzeit's Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. An aqueous 1 in 20 
 solution slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid should not yield 
 more than the slightest darkening in colour on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Lead and Copper. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 10 solution should yield no distinct effervescence on 
 the addition of an excess of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating a limit 
 of Carbonate. A 1 in 50 aqueous solution should yield not more than 
 the faintest turbidity when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid and 
 tested with Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphate. 
 A 1 in 50 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not 
 more than a faint opalescence on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chloride. No brown ring should form at the 
 junction of the two fluids, when Ferrous Sulphate Solution is poured 
 carefully upon the surface of a well-cooled mixture of Concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid and a solution of Potassium Hydroxide, indicating the 
 absence of Nitrate. In addition to these impurities it may also contain 
 Aluminium, Calcium, and Silica. When neutralised with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid it should yield no more than a minute white flocculent 
 precipitate on the addition of Ammonia Solution, when the solution 
 is boiled, indicating a limit of Aluminium. If the liquid be filtered 
 it should yield no distinct turbidity or precipitate on the addition of 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium ; when 
 dissolved in Distilled Water, an excess of Hydrochloric Acid added, 
 and evaporated to dryness, the residue should be completely soluble in 
 Distilled Water, indicating the absence of Silica, A solution of 1 
 gramme of Potassium Hydroxide in 2 c.c, of Distilled Water should 
 yield at the most only a very small deposit within one hour, after 
 mixing with 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating a hmit of foreign 
 salts. Silicic Acid, and Alumina. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — About 1 gramme of Potassium Hydroxide 
 is introduced into a stoppered weighing bottle and weighed accurately. 
 It is dissolved in about 50 c.c. of Di=!tilled Water and the solution 
 titrated with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl 
 Orange Test-Solution as an indicator. The number of c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Sulphuric Acid Solution consumed, is multiplied by 5-574, and the 
 product divided by the weight of Potassium Hydroxide taken : the quotient, 
 which must be not less than 85, represents the percentage of Potassium 
 Hydroxide present, U.S. P.; 5-6 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide are 
 dissolved in sufficient Distilled Water to produce a solution measuring 100 c.c; 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] POT 1061 
 
 foi- tliv ncufralisaliun of 20 c.c. of tliis solution at least 17 c.c. of Nonual 
 Voluinetric Hydrocliloric Acid Solution should be necessary, which represents 
 a minimum content of 85 p.c. of Potassium Hydroxide ; 1 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-05611 gramme of Potassium 
 Hydroxide, Methyl Orange being employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the following 
 method of determination be substituted for that at present Official • — Weigh 
 accurately about 10 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in a glass-stoppered 
 weighing bottle, dissolve in 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, which has been 
 previously boiled and cooled, in a 500 c.c. graduated flask, and add 30 c.c. 
 of Barium Chloride Test-Solution. The flask is now filled to the mark with 
 Distilled Water, which has been previously boiled and cooled, and the liquid 
 thoroughly agitated. The liquid is then passed through a dry filter (rejecting 
 the first 20 c.c), and a measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the clear filtrate ia 
 then titrated with Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 
 Phenolphthalein Test-Solution as an indicator ; it should show not less than 
 85 p.c. of Potassium Hydroxide when calculated to the amount originally 
 taken. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR POTASS.^. Solution of Potash. (Altered.) 
 
 A clear, colourless, or almost colourless, strongly alkaline Solution. 
 
 Liquor Potassoe B.P. now contains 5 p.c. w/v of pure Potassium 
 Hydroxide, corresponding to 5 grains in 110 minims, or nearly 22 grains 
 inlfl. oz. TheSolutioninS.P. 1898 contained 6-19 p.c. w/v. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark 
 amber shade, and the stoppers may be smeared with mineral Oil to 
 prevent fixation. 
 
 The B.P. states that it should be preserved in green glass bottles 
 furnished with an air-tight stopper. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Caustic. When freely diluted it is antacid 
 and antilithic. Occasionally employed in acidity and gastralgia. It 
 is apt to irritate the stomach, and so, to obtain all the best internal 
 effects of Potash, the Bicarbonate and Citrate are much to be preferred. 
 Externally as an escharotic against the bite of rabid or venomous 
 animals ; diluted, it relieves itching. 
 
 The caustic alkalis have a more decided sedative action on the stomach 
 than the Bicarbonates, and the Licpior Potas.sa3 in 10 or 15 minim doses with 
 a few grains of Potassium Nitrate is a remedy of very definite value. The 
 Liquor Potas.sa? acts well also in combination with other stomachics. — - 
 (Eustace Smith) B.M.J. '09, i. 263. 
 
 In acute bronchitis, when secretion is viscid and thick and difficult to 
 expel. Liquor Potassa> is superior to Sodium Bicarbonate. — B.M.J. '09, i. 204. 
 
 It acts powerfully on all organic matter, converting flannel into a kind of 
 soft jelly after imniersion for 5 or G hours. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 minims = 0*6 to 1 '8 ml., well diluted. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^Acids, acid salts, metallic and alkaloidal salts, the pre- 
 parations of Ammonium, Belladonna, Henbane, and Stramonium. 
 
 Antidotes. — Diluted Acetic Acid, Citric Acid, Lemon Juice, or any 
 vegetable acids, fixed oils and demulcents ; stimulants ; Morphine for pain ; 
 neither stomach -tube nor emetics are to be used. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., sp. gr. about 1-046 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.) (5 p.c); Austr. (Kalium Hydroxydatum Solutum), sp. gr. 
 
1062 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 1-325 to 1-332; Dutch (Solutio Hyclratis Kalici), sp. gr. 1-180; Fr. 
 (Hydroxyde de Potassium dissous), sp. gr. 1-080; Ger. (Liquor 
 Kali Caiistici), sp. gr. 1- 138 to 1 • 140 (15 p.c.) ; Russ. (Kali Causticum 
 Solutum), sp. gr. 1-12G to 1-130 (15 p.c); Swed. (Solutio Hydratis 
 Kalici), sp. gr. 1-225 to 1-235 (25 p.c); Swiss (Kalium Hydricum 
 Solutum), sp. gr. 1-33. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Liquor Potassac is now officially required to have a specific 
 gravity of 1 -04.5. The U.S.P. gravity is 1 -046 at 2D° C. (77° F.). The 
 F.G. 1*138 to 1*140. It possesses a strong alkaline reaction towards 
 blue Litmus paper, towards Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange 
 Solutions. It answers the tests distinctive of Potassium given under 
 tiiat.heading. It is officially required to contain 4" 99 p.c. w/v equivalent 
 to 4 '78 p.c. w/w of pure Potassium Hydroxide, as volumetrica^Hy 
 determined by titrating 20 ml. of the Liquor with Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less than 17 -8 ml. shoidd be 
 ]"equired ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 
 •05611 gramme of pure Potassium Hydroxide. Phenolphthalein 
 Solution may be employed as an indicator, although not distinctly 
 specified in the B.P. The U.S.P. requires that it shall contain about 
 D p.c. w/w, equivalent to 5 '23 p.c. w/v of Potassium Hydroxide as 
 volumetrically determined by the process given below, using Methyl 
 Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The P.G. requires that 
 it shall contain about 15 p.c. w/w, equivalent to 17*1 p.c. w/v of 
 Potassium Hydroxide, as determined by the process given below under 
 the heading of Volumetric Determination. The Fr. Codex contains 
 about 10 p.c. w/w, equivalent to about 10 '8 p.c. w/v of Potassium 
 Hydroxide. 
 
 The Liquor should be free from the more generally occurring 
 impurities mentioned under Potassa Caustica. It is also officially re- 
 quired to yield no characteristic reactions for Ammonium, Aluminium, 
 Calcium, Magnesium, Iron or Sodium. It is not quite clear why 
 Potassium Hydroxide should be required to yield no characteristic 
 reaction with the tests for Arsenic, Copper and Lead only, whilst the 
 solution made therefrom should be required not to yield any charac- 
 teristic reaction with the tests for Aluminium, Ammonium, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium and Sodium, as well as to 
 be free from more than traces of Carbonates, Chlorides or Sulphates. 
 The U.S.P. more consistently remarks that it should conform to the 
 reactions and tests for an aqueous Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 given under Potassii Hydroxidum. The aqueous solution should not 
 evolve ammoniacal odours when boiled, nor should the issuing vapour 
 liave an alkaline reaction towards red Litmus paper, indicating the 
 absence of Ammonium salts. The aqueous solution acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, treated with Ammonium Chloride Solution and Ammonia 
 in slight excess, and boiled, should yield no flocculent precipitate, 
 indicating the absence of Aluminium and Iron. The subsequent 
 addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution should produce only the 
 faintest turbidity but no precipitate, indicating a limit of Calcium. 
 When this liquid is filtered, the filtrate should produce no distinct 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1063 
 
 indicating a limit of Magnesium. It should impart no persistent 
 yellow colour to a non-luminous flame, indicating a limit of Sodium. 
 When freshly made, Potassium Hydroxide Solution usually contains a 
 little Lime, but as it absorbs Carbon Dioxide the Lime is thrown out. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 25 e.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution should be necessary to neutralise 28 (27 • 87) grammes of Solution 
 of Potassium Hydi'oxide, using Methyl Orange Test-Solution as indicator, 
 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution indicating 0*2 p.c. of 
 absolute Potassium Hydroxide, U.S. P. 
 
 From 15-1 to 15* 3 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 should be necessary for the neutralisation of a mixture of 5 c.c. of Liquor 
 Potassse and 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, which represents a content of 14-8 
 to 15 p.c. w/w of Potassium Hydroxide ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution = 0-05611 gramme of Potassium Hydroxide, Methyl 
 Orange being employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BRANDISH'S ALKALINE SOLUTION.— American Pearl-ash, G lb. ; 
 freshly prepared Quicklime, 2 lb. ; Wood-ashes, 2 lb. ; boiling Water, 
 G gallons, or G, 2, 2, and GO parts ; add first the Lime, then the Pearl-ash, ancl 
 lastly the Wood-ashes, to the boiling Water, stir well together, let it stand 
 24 hours and decant the clear liquor. 
 
 Dose. — i to 2 fl. drm. — 1-8 to 7-1 ml. in Milk. Gi\-en for scrofulous 
 conditions. 
 
 POTASSA CUM CALCE (Vienna Paste).— Potassium Hych-oxide and 
 Calcium Oxide, equal weights ; powder and mix ; it is made into a paste 
 with Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The paste is spread on the part to be cauterised, and is allowed to remain 
 for 10 to 15 minutes, while the surrounding skin is protected by adhesive 
 plaster. It is also used in the treatment of lupus. It is not so likely to 
 diffuse as Caustic Potash alone. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Ital., Potas.sium 
 Hychoxide 5, Lime G; Mex. (Pasta de Viena), Potassium Hydroxide 1, 
 Lime 1; Span. (Caustico de Viena), Potassium Hydroxide 50, 
 Lime GO. 
 
 Potassa cum Calce in cylinders, consisting of 2 parts of Caustic Potash 
 and 1 of Lime for the use of gjaiajcologists. 
 
 POTASSA SULPHURATA. 
 
 SULPHURATED POTASH. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Liver of Sulphur. 
 
 N.O.Sijn. — Hepar Sulphuris. 
 
 Fb., Sulfure de Potasse ; Ger., Schwefelleber ; Ital., Solfuro di 
 PoTASsio ; Span., Sulfuro (tri) Potasico. 
 
 Liver-brown, deliquescent, irregular pieces, which gradually absorb 
 moisture and Carbon Dioxide, the colour changing to greenish-yellow. 
 It has a disagreeable odour of Hydrogen Sulphide when slightly moist, 
 and an alkaline reaction. 
 
 It is a mixture of various Potassium salts, chiefly Sulphides, 
 prepared by first gently heating a mixture of 1 part of Sublimed 
 
1064 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Sulpliur with 2 parts of Potassium Carbonate in a covered crucible, 
 increasing the heat to dull redness, and when effervescence has ceased, 
 pouring the molten mass on to a clean cold slab. When cold the mass 
 IS broken into small pieces. y 
 
 As it is deliquescent and liable to oxidation on exposure to the air, 
 it should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with the air ; it should also 
 be kept in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Sulphur, but more 
 energetic. Externally, as a bath or in ointment form, it is a good 
 remedy for scabies and other parasitic cutaneous diseases ; used 
 also for chronic eruptions, especially psoriasis and acne. Internally it 
 is occasionally used for chronic rheumatism and chronic skin diseases. 
 
 A hot bath of Sulphurated Potash relieves the itching of jaundice.' 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. — Unguentum Potassaj Sulphuratae, Pommade Sulfureuse, 
 Balnevim Sulphuretum, Bain Sulfure, Bain Sulfur6 Liquide. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Jap., Russ. and 
 Swiss (Kalium Sulf uratum) ; Austr. and Hung, have (Kalium Sul- 
 f uratuni pro Balneo) ; Belg. (Sulphuretum Potassii Officiale) ; 
 Dan., Norw., and Swed. (Hepar Sulphuris) ; Dutch (Trisulphuretum 
 Kalicum) ; Fr. (Sulfure de Potasse); Ital. (Solfuro di Potas.sio) ; 
 Mex. (Sulfuro de Potasio); Port. (Potassa Sulfurada) ; Span. 
 (Suifuro (tri) Potasico). Not in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sulphurated Potash dissolves readily in Distilled Water, 
 forming a yellow opalescent solution possessing an odour of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide and an alkaline reaction towards red Litmus paper. On the 
 addition of an excess of Hydrochloric Acid it evolves the distinctive 
 odour of Hydrogen Sulphide, and the issuing gas produces a black 
 stain on paper moistened with Lead Acetate Solution ; a deposit of 
 Sulphur simultaneously appears in the liquid. When freed from 
 Hydrogen Sulphide by boiling until the vapours no longer cause a 
 discoloration of Lead Acetate paper, and filtered, the filtrate yields the 
 tests distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. It is officially 
 required to contain not less than 42 and not more than 45 p.c. of 
 Sulphur, as gravimetrically determined by dissolving 0*2 gramme of 
 Sulphurated Potash in 10 ml. of Distilled Water, adding 5 ml. of 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and oxidising the Sulphur by bringing 
 the solution to the boiling point and adding Bromine Arsenic-Test 
 Solution drop by drop until the solution becomes clear and an excess 
 of Bromine has been added. The solution is then acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, the excess of Bromine dissipated by boiling, and 
 the Sulphate precipitated by the addition of an excess of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, the precipitate is filtered off, washed, dried, ignited 
 and weighed as Barium Sulphate. It is required to weigh not less 
 than 0-611 gramme nor more than 0'6r)5 gramme. Neither the Fr. 
 Codex nor the F.G. includes a method of quantitative determination. 
 When well made it contains from 50 to 60 p.c. of Potassium Sulphide, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1065 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 UNGUENTUM POTASS/E SULPHURAT>t {B.P. 1885).— Sulphvirated 
 Potash, 30 grain.s ; Hard Parafl&n, J oz. ; Soft Paraffin, | oz. Should be 
 freshly prepared. 
 
 POMMADE SULFUREUSE (Vet.) (jP?.).— Sulphurated Potash (powdered 
 very finely), 1 ; Vaseline, 30. Mix to form a homogeneous pomade. 
 
 BALNEUM SULPHURETUM.— Sulphiu-ated Potash, 4 oz. ; Water, 
 30 gallons ; dissolve. 
 
 Used in psoriasis, etc. 
 
 This is notquite so agreeable as the Bareges waters, which maybe made artifi- 
 cially as follows : — Sodium Sulphide, Sodium Carbonate, and Sodium Chloride, 
 of each 20 grains to 1 gallon. But a much stronger Solution is often used. 
 
 BAIN SULFURE {Fr.). — 100 grammes of Sulphurated Potash (broken up) 
 are placed in well-closed bottle. When required for use it is dissolved in 
 a litre of warm Water and the Solution is poured into the water -bath. The 
 bath should be non-metallic or made of zinc. 
 
 BAIN SULFURE LIQUIDE (2'V.).~Sulphurated Potash, 1 ; Water, 2. 
 Dissolve, filter and preserve in a well-closed bottle to be added to a bath 
 when required. 
 
 POTASSII ACETAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM ACETATE. 
 
 KC0H3O,, eq. 98-124. 
 
 Fr., Acetate de Potassium ; Ger., Kaltujiacetat ; Ital., Acetato di 
 PoTASSio ; Spats^., Acetato Potasico. 
 
 White, almost odourless, deliquescent satiny crystals, or crystalline 
 satin-like masses, or as a white, deliquescent, coarse granular powder, 
 possessing a sharp saline taste. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 90 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 It may be prepared by neutralising Potassium Carbonate with 
 Acetic Acid, evaporating and fusing the product. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and protected as far as 
 possible from contact with the air. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used as a diuretic in dropsy, chiefly 
 renal, and in febrile diseases ; as an antilithic in gout and the uric 
 acid diathesis ; valuable in sub-acute rheumatism. 
 
 In sufficient doses to keep the urine alkaline it prevents eclampsia, but is 
 of no use in cases in which convulsions have actually begun. — B.M.J. '09, 
 ii. 5.50. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 grains = 1 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best administered in simple solution, with a little 
 Syrup if necessary. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Avistr., Ger., Jap. and 
 Swiss ; Avistr., contains a solution, sp. gr. 1-200 ; Ger., Himg., Ital., Jap. and 
 PfcUss. have also a solution, sp. gr. 1- 176 to 1- 180 (about 33 p.c.) ; Norw. has 
 solution, sp. gr. 1 • 474 to 1 • 478 ; Swiss has Liquor, sp. gr. 1-17 to 1 • 18. 
 
1066 POT [Solids 1)7 Weight; tiqiiids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Acetate fuses when strongly lieated, tlie V.S.P. 
 states at a temperature of 292° C. (557-6° F.). At a still higher 
 temperature it chars, and wlien ignited it should leave a white residue 
 completely soluble in Distilled Water. The salt dissolves readily and 
 completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear colourless solution which 
 is alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper, but which does not 
 produce a pink coloration with Phenolphthalein Solution. It yields 
 the tests distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. The 
 aqueous solution when mixed with Sulphuric Acid and boiled evolves 
 a characteristic acetous odour. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid 
 and a few drops of Alcohol (90 p.c.) a distinctive odour of Ethyl Acetate 
 is evolved. An aqueous solution yields with Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution a deep red coloration, and on boiling a brown flocculent 
 precipitate. 
 
 It is officially required to contain not less than 89 • 78 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Acetate, as determined by igniting to redness 1 gramme 
 of the salt until gases cease to be evolved, dissolving the alkaline 
 residue in Distilled V/ater, filtering, washing, and titrating the 
 filtrate and washings with Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, of which not less than 18 "3 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. 
 of Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0-049062 
 gramme of pure Potassium Acetate. Methyl Orange Solution should 
 be employed as an indicator of neutrality, although not distinctly 
 specified in the B.P. The U.S. P. requires that it should contain when 
 thoroughly dried not less than 98 p.c. of pure Potassium Acetate as 
 volumetrically determined by the process given below under the heading 
 of Volumetric Determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. 
 IX. recommend that this rubric be changed to ' not less than 99 p.c. 
 by weight when thoroughly dried.' It is recommended that the method 
 of determination be changed to ' solution of the residue left on ignition, 
 in Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and titration of 
 the excess with Half-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Aluminium, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead and Magnesium ; the B.P. requiring that 
 the usual ' no characteristic reaction ' should be yielded with the tests 
 for these impurities, and also for Carbonates or Sulphides. Chlorides 
 and Sulphates may also be present ; the official directions are that 
 only the slightest reactions with the tests for these substances shall be 
 yielded. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution of 2 grammes of Potassium Acetate in 
 50 ml. of hot Distilled V/ater, and 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The U.S. P. employs the Modified Gutzeit's 
 Test, requiring that 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution should not 
 respond to this test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. An aqueous 1 in 20 
 solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no pronounced 
 turbidity or darkening in colour on the addition of Hydrogen Sul- 
 
[Solids by V/eight; Liquids by Measure,] POT 1067 
 
 phide Solution, indicating a limit of Copper and Lead ; on tlie 
 subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution it should yield 
 no material darkening in colour, indicating a limit of Iron. Tlio 
 B.P. fixes a limit of 10 parts of Lead per million, as determined by 
 the Lead Test, given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a primary solution containing 12 grammes of Potassium Acetate and 
 an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. of Dilute 
 Lead-Test Solution. An aqueous 1 in 20 Solution should yield no 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammonium Chloride Solution 
 and a slight excess of Ammonia, indicating the absence of Aluminium. 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 when warmed with Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Calcium. If this liquid be filtered and Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution be added no turbidity or precipitate should result, indicating 
 the absence of Magnesium. An aqueous 1 in 10 solution should afford 
 no bubbles of gas v/hen acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Carbonates ; and if this liquid be warmed and a strip 
 of Lead Acetate paper be introduced into the mouth of the tube no 
 darkening in colour should be noticed, indicating the absence of 
 Sulphides. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should afi'ord not more than a 
 faint opalescence on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, alter 
 acidification with Nitric Acid, indicating a limit of Chlorides. An 
 aqueous solution of similar strength should, when acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, yield only the faintest opalescence on the addition 
 of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 The B.P. requires that Potassium Acetate should not lose more 
 than 10 p.c. of its weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) indicating 
 a limit of moisture. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recom- 
 mend that a moisture limit of 5 p.c. be adopted together with a method 
 for its determination. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — Thoroughly carbonise 1 gramme of dry 
 Potassium Acetate at a temperature not exceeding red heat, extract the 
 residue with boihng Distilled Water until the washings cease to react with 
 Methyl Orange Test-Solution. The mixed filtrate and washings should 
 require for complete neutralisation not less than 20- 1 c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as 
 an indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 POTASSII BENZOAS. 
 KC,H,0,, 3H,0, eq. 214-188. 
 
 A white crystalline powder ; soluble 1 in H of Water ; 1 in 18 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Useful in cystitis of gouty or rheumatic origin. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 20 grains = 1 to 1-3 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Benzoate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, yielding a solution which is sHghtly alkaline in reaction towards red 
 
1068 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Litmus paper, and Avhich affords, if sufficiently concentrated, on the addition 
 of Diluted Suljjliuric Acid, a copious white cryptalliiiH precipitate. If this 
 precipitate be separated, washed and carefully dried, it should possess the 
 melting point and answer the tests distinctive of Benzoic Acid given under 
 Acidum Benzoicum. The filtrate from the precipitate yields the tests 
 distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. An aqueous solution of 
 the salt affords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a buff colovu-ed precipitate. 
 The percentage of pure Potassium Benzoate may be determined by dissolving 
 1 gramme in Distilled Water, adding sufficient Ether to dissolve the Benzoic 
 Acid and titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, 
 using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution corresponds to 0' 02142 
 gramme of pure Potassium Benzoate. 
 
 It may also be assayed by igniting the Benzoate and titrating the filtered 
 solution of the residual Potassium Carbonate, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality. 
 
 POTASSII BICARBONAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM BICARBONATE. 
 KHCO3, eq. 100-108. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate Acide de Pota.ssium ; Kalium-bicarbonat ; Ital., 
 bicarbonato di potassio ; span., bicarbonato potasico. 
 
 Colourless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or as a white crystalline 
 powder, odourless and having a saline and slightly alkaline taste. It 
 is permanent in the air. 
 
 It may be obtained by saturating a strong aqueous Potassium 
 Carbonate Solution with Carbon Dioxide. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Bicarbonate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 3-2 of Water. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.- — Antacid, alterative, antilithic, and 
 diuretic. Used in gout, rheumatism, and urinary acidity, and in 
 dyspepsia for its valued curative influence on catarrhal conditions of 
 the mucous membrane, in moderate dose (10 to 20 grains) before food, 
 with a freshly-made bitter infusion. To merely correct acidity, it 
 should be given two hours after food and without the bitter infusion. 
 In small but frequent dose, as in a course of alkaline Water, the action 
 is not so much antacid as alterative. In the acute or inflammatory 
 stage of gonorrhoea there is no better remedy, as it renders the urine 
 alkaline and unirritating. In bronchitis and pneumonia it renders 
 the secretion less tenacious ; in influenza it has been given with success. 
 See also Sodium Bicarbonate, which is generally preferred in dyspepsia. 
 
 20 grains are prescribed in effervescence with 15 grains of Citric Acid, which 
 gives a slight excess of Acid. 20 of Potassium Bicarbonate are neutraUsed 
 by 14 of Citric Acid, and by 15 of Tartaric Acid. 
 
 Closely resembles the Carbonate, but without its irritant qualities. 
 
 Given in gleet in order to artificially produce phosphaturia.^ — L. '08, i. 424. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0*32 to 2 grammes. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1069 
 
 Foreign Pliai-macopoeias, — Official in U.S. ; Belg. (Bicarb onas 
 Potassae) ; Fr. (Carbonate Acide de Potassium); Norw. and Swed. 
 (Bicarbonas Kalicus) ; Ger., Jap., Russ. and Swiss (Kalium Bicar- 
 iDonicum); Hung. (Kalium Hydrocarbonicum) ; Mex. (Carbonato 
 de Potasio acido) ; Port. (Bicarbonate de Potassa) ; Span. (Bicar- 
 bonato Potasico). Not in Austr., Dan., Dutch, or Ital. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Bicarbonate loses Carbonic Anhydride when 
 exposed to a temperature of about 100° C. (212° F.) and at a dull 
 red heat is completely converted into Potassium Carbonate. It 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear 
 colourless solution which is alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper, 
 but neutral in reaction towards Phenolphthalein Solution. It answers 
 the tests distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. It dissolves 
 with effervescence in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, the evolved gas yielding, 
 when passed into Lime Water, a white precipitate soluble in a sufficient 
 excess of gas. It is officially required to contain not less than 99*11 
 or more than 100*11 p.c. of pure Potassium Bicarbonate as deter- 
 mined, first, gravimetrically by the requirement that not less than 
 
 • 683 nor more than • 690 gramme of white residue should be left 
 when 1 gramme of Potassium Bicarbonate is ignited at a low red heat ; 
 and secondly volumetrically, by the requirement that this residue 
 should require for neutralisation not less than 19-8 or more than 
 20 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution for 
 neutralisation ; Methyl Orange Solution may be employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality, though not distinctly specified by the B.P. ; 
 
 1 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 
 0-050054 gramme of pure Potassium Bicarbonate. The U.S. P. 
 requires that it shall contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Bicarbonate, as volumetrically determined by direct titration with Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulj^huric Acid Solution. The P.G. requires that 
 it shall contain 100 p.c. of pure Potassium Bicarbonate, as volumetri- 
 cally determined by direct titration with Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution. Both the U.S. P. and the P.G. methods 
 are described in the small type below, under the heading of Volumetric 
 Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, 
 Copper, Iron, Lead and Sodium ; Carbonate, Chlorides, Nitrates and 
 Sulphates. The B.P. does not include Calcium, Carbonate, Nitrates, 
 or Sulphates as impurities. 
 
 The limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, 
 i. 796) has been modified in the light of later experience and a limit 
 of 5 parts of Arsenic per million is now adopted, as determined by 
 the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Potassium Bicarbonate in 50 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water, together with 12 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of Bromine being removed by 
 a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The standard 
 of 5 parts of Lead per million, suggested in the same reference, has 
 been now fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 
 
1070 POT [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 12 grammes of Potassium Bicarbonate, and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. An 
 aqueous 1 in 20 solution, sligiitly acidified witli Hydrocliloric Acid, 
 should not yield a pronounced darkening in colour on tlie addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Lead and Copper. 
 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not be immediately rendered blue on the addition of "5 c.c. 
 of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit of Iron salts. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should afford no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Ammonia and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium. Not more than a transient 
 yellow coloration should be produced, when a particle of the 
 salt is moistened with Hydrochloric Acid, and introduced in the 
 loop of a Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame, indicating a 
 limit of Sodium. If 1 gramme be dissolved without agitation 
 in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water at a temperature not above 15° C. 
 (59° F.), and 0'2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution and 2 drops of Phenolphthalein Solution be added, a red 
 tint should not immediately appear, indicating a limit of Carbonate. 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield 
 only the faintest turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides ; and a solution of similar strength, 
 when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield not more than 
 a faint opalescence on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. No brown colour should develop at 
 the line of contact of the two liquids, when Ferrous Sulphate Solution 
 is poured gently upon the surface of a well-cooled mixture of an 
 equal volume of Sulphuric Acid and a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of 
 Potassium Bicarbonate, indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 1 gramme should require for neutralisation 
 not less than 19-9 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Solution of Sulphuric Acid, 
 using Methyl Orange Test-Solution as indicator, U.S. P. If 2 grammes of 
 Potassium Bicarbonate, which have been dried over Sulphuric Acid, be dis- 
 solved in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, the solution so obtained should require 
 20 c.c. Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution to neutralise it. Methyl 
 Orange Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality, P.G. 
 
 POTASSII BICHROMAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Potassium Dichromate. 
 
 KSiroO^,, eq. 294-20. 
 
 Fe., Chromate Acide db Potassium ; Ger., Kaliumdichromat ; Ital., 
 
 BiCROMATO DI POTASSIO ; SpAN., BiCHROMATO PoTASICO. 
 
 Large, orange-red, odourless, translucent, prismatic crystals, having 
 a bitter taste. Permanent in the air. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less tlian 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Bichromate. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] POT 1071 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool place. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 10 of Water ; 5 in 6 of boiling Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful irritant poison in over- 
 doses, rarely used in medicine, but extensively in the arts. 
 
 In cancer the injection into the substance of the tumour of from 7 to 
 15 minims of a saturated solution proved successful. From 6 to 40 injections 
 were given. — B.M.J. '09, i. 589. 
 
 10 p.c. Sohition painted on a rodent ulcer night and morning followed by 
 cure.— J3.M.J. '09, ii. 1226. 
 
 Dose. — tV to i of a grain = 0*006 to 0-013 gramme, in pills with 
 ' Massa Kaolin.' 
 
 Antidotes. — Stomach-tube or emetics, Magnesium Carbonate or Chalk, 
 albuminous and demulcent drinks. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Hung., Port., Russ., 
 Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Bichromate fuses below a red heat, and at a 
 considerably higher temperature is decomposed, evolving Oxygen and 
 leaving a residue of neutral yellow Chromate and green Chromium 
 Oxide. The salt dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water 
 with the formation of a reddish-yellow solution, which has an acid 
 reaction towards Litmus paper. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid 
 and Ethylic Alcohol the yellow aqueous solution assumes a green colour, 
 at the same time evolving a characteristic odour of Acetaldehyde. 
 The experiment requires to be carefully conducted, as the reaction is 
 very energetic. An aqueous solution yields, with Barium Chloride, a 
 yellowish-white precipitate, soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. With Silver 
 Nitrate Solution it yields a dark purple-red precipitate, soluble in 
 Nitric Acid and in Ammonia Solution. If sufficient Barium Chloride 
 Solution or Silver Nitrate Solution be added to an aqueous solution of 
 the salt to precipitate the whole of the Chromium as Chromate, the 
 filtrate from these precipitates answers the test distinctive of Potassium 
 given under that heading. It is officially required to contain 98 -55 p.c. 
 of pure Potassium Bichromate, as volumetrically determined by 
 titrating a diluted mixture of 0*1 gramme of Potassium Bichromate, 
 20 ml. of Distilled Water, 5 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and 2 
 grammes of Potassium Iodide, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution, of which not less than 20-1 ml. should be 
 required to neutralise the liberated Iodine. Mucilage of Starch may 
 be used as an indicator, although not specifically mentioned in the 
 B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution =0-0049033 gramme of pure Potassium Bichromate. The 
 U.S. P. requires that it should contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Bichromate, but does not give a method of determination. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric 
 be changed to not less than 99-5 p.c by weight, as determined by the 
 following process : — About 1 gramme of the salt is accurately weighed, 
 dissolved in Distilled Water to make a volume of 100 c.c, 20 c.c. of 
 this solution are mixed with 3 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and about 
 
1072 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide in a 250 c.c. stoppered glass flask, and 
 the mixture agitated ; wlien it has stood 5 minutes, it is diluted with 
 100 c.c. of Distilled Water and the liberated Iodine is titrated with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, Starch Test- 
 Solution being used as an indicator. It should show not less than 
 99 • 5p.c. of pure Potassium Bichromate when calculated to the amount 
 originally taken. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Calcium, Chlorides and 
 Sulphates. The B.P. does not include tests for any of these impurities. 
 A 1 in 100 solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should afford no turbidity 
 or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorides. An aqueous solution of similar strength should 
 afford no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammonia and 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. A 
 1 in 100 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should not 
 yield a turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 POTASSII BROMIDUM. 
 
 POTASSIUM BROMIDE. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Bromubetum Kalici. 
 
 KBr, eq. 119-02. 
 
 Fr., Bromure de Potassium ; Ger., Kaliumbromid ; Ital., Bromtjro pi 
 PoTASsio ; Span., Bromuro Potasico. 
 
 Colourless or white, odourless, cubical crystals, possessing a strong, 
 characteristic, saline taste. They are permanent in the air. 
 
 It may be obtained by the action of Potassium Carbonate upon 
 Ferrous Bromide, and should contain, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) 
 not less than 98 p.c. of pure Potassium Bromide. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles and protected as far as 
 possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 17 of Water, and measures 20 ; 1 in 1 of boiling 
 Water ; 1 in 125 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 17 of boihng Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative, hypnotic, anaphrodisiac. 
 Very successful in epilepsy, in hysteria, and in convulsions generally. 
 Used in insomnia due not to pain but to worry or overwork or 
 the climacteric, in sea-sickness and the sickness of pregnancy, also in 
 nervous head-ache, nightmare, and the night-screaming of children, 
 in migraine and in neuralgia. Useful in spermatorrhoea and nympho- 
 mania, and with chloral in delirium tremens. Relieves in some cases 
 of whooping-cough and spasmodic asthma, both in children and adults. 
 In enormous doses sometimes successful in tetanus. 
 
 Bromide treatment should be commenced at the earliest possible time after 
 the onset of the fits, as there is a greater prospect of arrest or improvement 
 during the first five than during the second five years of the disease, though 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1078 
 
 arrest of the seizures may occur after a duration of twenty years. Tlio 
 administration of the bromides sliould not be less than a period of two years. 
 The dose usually given is too large. If benefit does not follow a daily dose of 
 45 to 90 grains, some other remedy should be sought. No lessening in the 
 number of fits occurs when the daily dose exceeds 75 grains. Of the bromides, 
 the sodium salt is the most efficacious. If the bromides are given in com- 
 bination the dose should not exceed 60 grains in the twenty-four hoiirs. 
 Chloral Hydrate may with great advantage be added in prolonged serial 
 epilepsy, or the status epilepticus. A combination of a bromide salt with 
 borax has been of service where bromides or borax separately have been of 
 little use.— B.M.J. '10, i. 866. 
 
 In bromide treatment of epilepsy sodium chloride ought to be deleted from 
 the dietary, as one-third of the chlorine of the blood serum has to be replaced 
 by an equivalent amount of bromine before any therapeutic result is obtained. 
 If this is done, and the dietary be purin-free, relatively small doses of Bromide 
 may be prescribed, and very substantial benefit derived. — L. '10, ii. 219. 
 
 In epilepsy Bromides and Iodides should always be taken very well diluted, 
 say in a tumberful of Water ; no salt should be taken except what has been 
 used in the cooking ; skin troubles may be prevented by adding 3 or 4 mmims 
 Liq. Arsenical, to each dose of Bromide. — Pr. '11, ii. 585. 
 
 Aldren Turner, as a result of extensive experience, states that unless benefit 
 follows a daily dose of 45 to 75 grains of one, or a combination of the Bromides, 
 some other remedy or method should be tried. — E.M.J. '12, i. 513. 
 
 By combining it with Arsenic in small doses the unpleasant effects known 
 as ' Bromism ' may be prevented or reduced. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains =0-32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Any oxidising agents are liable to set free the Bromine ; 
 Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi. 
 
 Not Official. — Sal Bromatum Effervescens and Calcium Bromide. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Hung., Jap., Russ. 
 and Swiss (Kaliuni Broinatum) : Belg. (Bromuretum Potasii) ; 
 Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. (Brometum Kalicum) ; Fr. (Bromure 
 de Potassium); Ital. (Bromuro di Potassio) ; Mex. (Bromuro de 
 Potasio); Port. (Brometo de Potassio); Span. (Bromuro Potasico); 
 U.S. (Potassii Bromidum). 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Bromide when heated decrepitates, and when 
 strongly heated fuses. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear colourless solution which should be neutral or 
 but faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. It answers 
 the tests distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. The 
 aqueous solution, when treated with a little Chlorine Water, assumes 
 a brown or reddish-brown coloration, and when shaken with Chloro- 
 form the colour passes into the chloroformic solution. On the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, the aqueous solution affords a yellowish, 
 curdy precipitate, practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution, insoluble 
 in Nitric Acid, readily soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. A 
 small quantity of the salt heated with Manganese Dioxide and Sulphuric 
 Acid evolves the characteristic irritating vapours of Bromine, which 
 communicate an orange-yellow colour to filter paper soaked in Starch 
 Mucilage. It is officially required to yield, when dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), not less than 98 or more than 101-1 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Bromide, as volumetrically determined by titrating a solution of 0*5 
 gramme of Potassium Bromide dried at 100° C. (212° F.), with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, of which not less than 
 
1074 POT [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 41-2 or more than 42 -5 ml. should be required for complete pre- 
 cipitation. Potassium Chromate Solution may be employed as an 
 indicator, altliougli this is not specifically directed by the B.P. 
 1ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution =0-0119 
 gramme of pure dry Potassium Bromide. The U.S. P. requires that 
 it should contain not less than 97 p.c. of pure Potassium Bromide, as 
 volumetrically determined by direct titration of the well-dried salt 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution as described 
 below, using Potassium Chromate Solution as an indicator. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the U.S. P. 
 method of determination be changed from direct titration with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to residual titration with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, after the 
 addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution in excess. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric 
 be changed to 'not less than 98 '5 p.c. by weight of pure Potassium 
 Bromide.' The P.G. requires that the dried salt shall contain not less 
 than 99-56 or more than 100-7 p.c. of pure Potassium Bromide, as 
 determined by titrating an aliquot portion of a solution of 3 grammes 
 of the salt, dried at 100° C. (212° F.), in 500 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 as described in small type below, using Potassium Chromate Solution 
 as an indicator. As 100 p.c. KBr requires 42 ml. ; the excess over 
 the theoretical figure would be due to KC1, which may be present 
 from 0-1 p.c. to 6 p.c. This cannot give a definite Chloride figure 
 unless all impurities unaffected by Silver Nitrate are known to be 
 absent ; the only interfering impurity, however, which may be expected 
 to be present is Water, so that as the B.P. now directs the dried salt to 
 be used for titration, the percentage of Chloride may be arrived at by 
 subtracting 42 from the number of ml. used and dividing the result 
 by 0-5. Some English samples of the salt contain less than j p.c. of 
 Chloride, but some American samples contain nearly 6 p.c. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Barium, Cal- 
 cium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Bromates, Carbonates, Iodides, 
 lodates. Chlorides, Sulphates and excess of moisture. The B.P. fixes 
 a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution 
 of 2 grammes of Potassium Bromide in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 to which has been added 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. A Lead limit of 10 parts of Lead per million 
 has also been Officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 12 grammes of Potassium Bromide and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes of Potassium Bromide, using 10 ml. of Dilute 
 Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield no distinct darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; nor 
 on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution should 
 any perceptible darkening in colour occur, indicating a limit of Iron. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1075 
 
 The presence of more than the faintest trace of Iron may also be 
 provided against by the requirement that 20 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution, acidified with a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, should not 
 immediately be coloured blue on the addition of 0-5 c.c. of Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should afford no 
 turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of Barium ; nor on the addition of Ammonia 
 and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium, 
 nor should a solution of similar strength afiord a turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Magnesium. An aqueous 1 in 10 solution should assume no yellow 
 coloration on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and Chloroform 
 with which this mixture is shaken should not assume a brownish- 
 yellow colour, indicating the absence of Bromates. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 
 20 aqueous solution, after the addition of 3 drops of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution and a little Starch Solution, should assume no blue 
 coloration within 10 minutes, indicating the absence of Iodides. The 
 most likely impurity, Chlorides, is not tested for in the B.P. If a 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution be acidified with Nitric Acid, and completely 
 precipitated by the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, the precipitate 
 filtered, washed and treated with Ammonia Solution, and again 
 filtered, the filtrate should show not more than a faint opalescence or 
 turbidity on the addition of a slight excess of Nitric Acid, indicating 
 a limit of Chlorides. Any excessive proportion of Chloride may also 
 be detected by the increase in the titration figure as indicated above. 
 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should be neutral or but very faintly 
 alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper, and, when acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no effervescence, indicating the absence 
 of Carbonates. If to the acidified solution, Barium Chloride Solution 
 be added, no more than a faint opalescence should be produced, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 The U.S. P. includes a test for limit of alkali, requiring that if 1 
 gramme of Potassium Bromide be dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and 0-1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 be added, no colour should be produced by the subsequent addition 
 of a drop of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, even after heating. The 
 B.P. has now discarded the test for Thiocyanates, but has introduced 
 a limit of moisture, requiring that the salt should lose not more than 
 1 p.c. of its weight, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.). The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend the adoption of a moisture 
 limit of 2 p.c, together with a method for its determination. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If • 3 gramme of the well-dried salt be 
 dissolved in about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2 or 3 drops of Potassium 
 Chromate Test-Solution added, the resulting solution should require not less 
 than 24-6 c.c. nor more than 25-85 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vokunetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent red colour, U.S. P. If 3 grammes of 
 the salt, di'ied at 100° C. (212° F.), be dissolved in sufficient Distilled Water to 
 produce 500 c.c, 50 c.c. of this solution, after the addition of a few drops of 
 Potassium Chromate Solution, should require not less than 25-1 and nob 
 more than 25-4 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to 
 produce a permanent red coloration, which represents a minimvun content of 
 
1076 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvue.] 
 
 98-7 p. c. of Potassium Bromide; 1 c.c. of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution = 0-0119 gramme of Potassium Bromide, Potassium 
 Chr ornate being employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 Not Of&cial. 
 
 SAL BROMATUM EFFERVESCENS. — An effervescent preparation 
 containing about 8 of Potassium Bromide, 8 of Sodivmi Bromide, and 4 of 
 Ammoniima Bromide in 60. 
 
 CALCIUM BROMIDE. — A white, very deliquescent salt, readily soluble 
 in Water and Alcohol (90 p.c), introduced as a substitute for Potassium 
 Bromide, but not much prescribed. 
 
 In epilepsy it is effective in half the doses of the Potassiimi salt ; niental 
 activity increases and general health improves. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 692. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to l-S grammes. 
 
 POTASSII CARBONAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 Fk., Carbonate Neutre de Potassium ; Ger., EIaliumcarbonat ; Ital., 
 Carbonato di Potassio ; Span., Carbonato Potasico. 
 
 A white, deliquescent, crystalline, or granular crystalline powder, 
 possessing a strongly alkaline taste. It may be obtained by the 
 action of Calcium Carbonate upon Potassium Sulphate, and is present 
 in the ashes of plants. 
 
 It should be joreserved in well-closed bottles, and in a dry atmosphere, 
 as it is very deliquescent. 
 
 It is required to contain not less than 81*5 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Carbonate, K2CO3, eq. 138-20; the U.S. P. requires it to contain not 
 less than 98 p.c, when thoroughly dried ; the P.G. about 95 p.c. of 
 pure Potassium Carbonate. 
 
 It has been stated that the article, as met with in commerce, is not 
 a definite crystalline compound, but a mixture containing about 16 p.c. 
 of combined Water. Six samples obtained from leading manufacturers 
 examined in the author's laboratory lost from 16*4 to 19-8 p.c. after 
 exposure to a red heat ; the loss averaged 17-4 p.c. 
 
 The percentage of Chlorides present varied between 0*052 and 
 0*3 p.c, with an average of 0*123 p.c. 
 
 Solubility. — 4 in 3 of Water, and measures 4^. Insoluble in 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of the Bicarbonate, 
 but rarely used internally on account of its irritant properties. Exter- 
 nally it is used as a lotion in eczema and urticaria. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 *3 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all ; Austr., Belg., Ger. and 
 Jap. (Kalium Carbonicum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. (Car- 
 bonas Kalicus); Fr. (Carbonate Neutre de Potassium); Ital. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1077 
 
 (Carbonato di Potassio) ; Mex. (Carbonato de Potasio Neutro) ; 
 Port. (Carbonato de Potassa) ; Span. (Carbonato Potasico) ; Hung., 
 Russ. and Swiss have (Kali um Carbonicum Depuratum) and (Kalium 
 Carbonicum Purum) ; U.S. (Potassii Carbonas) ; Austr., Dutch,' 
 Ger., Jap. and Swed., include a crude Carbonate ; Hung, and Ger., a 33-J p.c. 
 Liquor ; Norw. and Swed., a solution, 20 p.c. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Carbonate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear colourless solution wliicli lias a strongly 
 alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, and wliicli, when neutralised 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, yields the tests distinctive of Potassium given 
 under that heading. On the addition of diluted acids it efiervesces, 
 evolving a colourless and odourless gas, which, when passed into 
 Lime Water, yields a white precipitate, soluble in a sufficient excess of 
 the gas, and redissolving with effervescence in diluted acids. It is 
 officially required to contain 81 -5 p.c. of pure Potassium Carbonate as 
 volumetrically determined by titrating 1 gramme of the salt, prefer- 
 ably dissolved in Distilled Water, with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, of which not less than 11 -8 ml. should be required. 
 Methyl Orange Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, 
 although not specifically mentioned in the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0-0691 gramme of pure anhy- 
 drous Potassium Carbonate. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain, when thoroughly dried, not 
 less than 98 p.c, of pure Potassium Carbonate, as volumetrically deter- 
 mined by direct titration with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, using Methyl Orange Test-Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; the process is given below in small type under the heading 
 of Volumetric Determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the purity rubric be changed to 'not less than 99 p.c. 
 by weight of pure Potassium Carbonate.' The P.G. requires that it 
 shall contain about 95 p.c. of pure Potassium Carbonate, as volumetri- 
 cally determined by direct titration with Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality, by the process given below. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Aluminium, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Chlorides, Nitrates, 
 Sulphates and excess of moisture. The B.P. also includes Sodium, 
 Cyanides, Sulphides and Thiosulphates. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 5 grammes of Potassium Carbonate in 50 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water, to which 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent are added, the excess of Bromine being eliminated 
 by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit 
 of 5 parts of Lead per million is also officially fixed, as determined by 
 the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 primary solution containing 12 grammes of Potassium Carbonate and 
 an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute 
 Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 
1078 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 yield no distinct darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; 
 and on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution 
 it should not be distinctly darkened in colour, indicating a limit 
 of Iron. A test for a limit of Iron may also be embodied in the 
 requirement that 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should not immediately be rendered blue on 
 the addition of 0-5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution. 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 give neither a flocculent precipitate nor a turbidity when made slightly 
 alkaline with Ammonia Solution and boiled, indicating the absence 
 of Aluminium. The filtrate from this treatment should neither yield a 
 turbidity nor a precipitate with Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Calcium. If this liquid be again filtered it should neither 
 yield a turbidity nor a precipitate with Sodium Phosphate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Magnesium. The aqueous 1 in 20 solution, 
 when acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield, within 2 minutes, only 
 a slight turbidity, but no pronounced precipitate, with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of more than traces of Chlorides. No 
 brown or brownish-black ring should form at the junction of the two 
 fluids when Ferrous Sulphate Solution is poured gently and carefully 
 upon the surface of a cold mixture in equal parts of strong Sulphuric 
 Acid and a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of Potassium Carbonate, indicating 
 the absence of Nitrates. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Sulphates. When moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and inserted on 
 a Platinum loop into a non-luminous flame it should communicate 
 to the flame at most but a transient yellow coloration, indicating 
 a limit of Sodium salts. On the addition of Sulphuric Acid in 
 slight excess it should not evolve an odour of Hydrocyanic Acid, 
 nor should a blue coloration be produced when an aqueous 1 in 20 
 solution is mixed with a little Ferrous Sulphate Solution, a few 
 drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and some Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution ; gently warmed and a slight excess of Hydrochloric Acid 
 added, indicating the absence of Cyanides. The gas evolved on the 
 addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid in slight excess to an aqueous 1 in 
 20 solution should not cause a piece of filter paper moistened with 
 Lead Acetate Solution to darken in colour when suspended in it, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphides. Neither should the issuing gas 
 possess an odour of Sulphur Dioxide nor bleach a piece of blue Litmus 
 paper suspended therein ; the liquid, after the addition of slight excess 
 of Hydrochloric Acid, should remain clear, indicating the absence of 
 Thiosulphates. The U.S. P. gives a test for earthy impurities, requiring 
 that no residue should remain when 1 gramme of the salt is dissolved 
 in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 Potassium Carbonate should lose not more than 18-5 p.c of its 
 weight when exposed to a red heat, indicating a limit of moisture. 
 The U.S.P. states that when heated at 130° C. (266° F.) the salt loses 
 
[Bolids by Weight; Liqixids by Measiire.] POT' 1079 
 
 all the Water wliicli it may Iiave retained or absorbed ; tlie proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the moisture limit be fixed 
 at 5 p.c., together with a method of determination. 
 
 "Volumetric Determination. — A solution of 1 gramme of the salt in 
 50 c.c. of Distilled Water should require for neutralisation at least 13 'Tec. 
 of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, representing a minimum 
 content of 94- 7 p.c. of Potassium Carbonate; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution = 0-0691 gramme of Potassiujia Carbonate, 
 Methyl Orange Solution being employed as an indicator, P.G. ; 1 gramme of 
 the salt weighed after being thoroughly dried at 130° C. (266° F.), dissolved 
 in about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, should require not less than 14'3 (14- 28) c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution for neutralisation, using Methyl 
 Orange Test-Solution as indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 POTASSII CHLORAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM CHLORATE. 
 KCIO3, eq. 122-56. 
 
 Fr., CnLOR.\TE DE PoTASSiUM ; Ger., Kaliumchlorat ; Ital., Clorato di 
 PoTASSio ; Span., Clorato Potasico. 
 
 Colourless, glistening, monoclinic prisms or plates, or as a white, 
 odourless, crystalline jjowder, possessing a characteristic cooling and 
 saline taste. 
 
 It should })e kept in well-stoj)pered glass bottles or in well-closed 
 earthenware jars. 
 
 It may be prepared by acting upon Lime or Magnesia suspended in 
 Water, with Chlorine gas, the liquid after being allowed to clarify 
 being treated with Potassium Chloride, and the Potassium Chlorate 
 purified by recrystallisation. The B.P. does not require it to contain 
 any necessary percentage. 
 
 On account of the ready manner in which it evolves Oxygen it should be 
 handled with caution, great care being taken to avoid friction or any sudden 
 concussion when mixing it with readily oxidisable or inflammable substances. 
 When triturated with certain substances, e.g.. Sulphur, Sugar, Tannic Acid 
 and Antimony Sulphide, it forms mixtures which explode with great violence. 
 It has also been known to explode whilst being compressed into tablets. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 16 of cold Water ; 1 in 2 of boiling W^ater ; 1 in 
 1700 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 1p2 of Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; 1 in 35 of 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A local stimulant. A strong Solution, 
 1 or 2 in 40 of Water, is the best wash for the mouth when the gums 
 are spongy, inflamed and irritable, and for ulcerative stomatitis ; it 
 relieves the tenderness and induces a firmness of the gums ; it is also 
 an excellent gargle in tonsillitis. The powder is applied to aphthae 
 in the mouth. Internally it is successfully given, 5 grains 3 times 
 daily throughout pregnancy, to prevent the tendency to miscarriage 
 and to foetal death. In young people it should be used with great care 
 and in small doses, if given at all. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
lOPO POT [Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Incompatibles. — Charcoal, Sulphur and Ferrous salts. Hydrochloric Acid 
 causes the evolution of Chlorine ; other mineral acids, of various chlorous- 
 smelling oxy-compounds ; organic acids the same but much more slowly. 
 
 OfBcial Preparation. — Trochiscus Potassii Chloratis. 
 
 Not Official. — CoUunarium Potassii Chloratis Compositum, CoUunarium 
 Pot. Chlor. Co. c. Acid. Tannic, Gargarisma Potassii Chloratis, Gargarisme 
 au Chlorate de Potassium, Mistiu-a Potassii Chloratis, Pulvis Potassii Chloratis 
 Compositus and Sodii Chloras. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Puss, and Swiss (Kalicum Chloricum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. 
 (Chloras Kalicus) ; Fr. (Chlorate de Potassium) ; Ital. (Clorato 
 di Potassio); Mex. (Clorato de Potasio) ; Port. (Chlorate de 
 Potassa) ; Span. (Clorato Potasico) ; U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Chlorate fuses wlien strongly heated, evolving a 
 colourless and odourless gas ; if the glowing end of a splinter of 
 wood be inserted into the containing vessel, it is immediately ignited. 
 When heated till no further gas is evolved it leaves a white residue, 
 and if this residue be dissolved in Distilled Water a solution is yielded 
 which, on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, affords a white 
 precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, readily soluble in Ammonia 
 Solution and in Potassium Cyanide Solution. It also affords the tests 
 distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. The U.S. P. states 
 that it fuses at 334° C. (633 -2° F.) and decomposes above 3,52° C. 
 (665 -6° F.), the whole of the Oxygen being evolved above 400° C. 
 (752° F.). It also states that the amount of residue left amounts to 
 60-8p.c. of the pure Chlorate employed. The Fr. Codex states that 
 it melts at 334° C. (633-2° F.), finally decomposing, when the tempera- 
 ture is raised, into Oxv'gen and Potassium Chloride. The U.S. P. 
 requires that it should contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Chlorate, but gives no method of determination. The salt, when 
 treated with Hydrochloric Acid and w^armed, evolves a yellow gas 
 possessing a strong, characteristic chlorinous odour. Potassium 
 Chlorate dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a clear colourless solution 
 having a neutral reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ammonium, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorides, Nitrates 
 and Sulphates. The limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested 
 {CD. '08, i. 796) has been modified in the light of later experience, 
 and a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million is now officially 
 fixed, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a mixture of 2 grammes of Potassium 
 Chlorate, 10 ml. of Distilled Water, and 20 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, the mixture being warmed until the whole of 
 the Chlorine has been dissipated, finally adding a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test Solution and 30 ml. of hot Distilled Water. 
 The limit of 10 parts of Lead per million suggested in the same reference 
 has now been officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 7 grammes of Potassium Chlorate and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solulinn. 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1081 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution should not be distinctly darkened upon 
 the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, after acidification with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; nor on the 
 subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution should any 
 material darkening in colour result, indicating a limit of Iron. An 
 aqueous 1 in 20 solution should afford not more than the faintest 
 opalescence on the addition of Ammonia and Ammonium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. The clear filtrate should 
 yield not more than a faint turbidity on the addition of Sodium 
 Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of Magnesium. A crystal 
 of the salt, when moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and inserted 
 into a non-luminous flame on a loop of Platinum wire, should not afTord 
 a distinct or permanent yellow coloration to the flame, indicating a 
 limit of Sodium. The aqueous 1 in 20 solution should not afford 
 more than a faint turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate, indicating 
 a limit of Chlorides ; or on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. It is officially required to yield no 
 characteristic reaction with the tests for Nitrates ; but in this instance 
 the usual tests for Nitrates, unless carried out with considerable modi- 
 fication, are of no avail. In testing for Nitrates the U.S. P. employs 
 Potassium Hydroxide Test-Solution and Aluminium wire ; the P.G. 
 employs Solution of Sodium Hydroxide with a mixture of Zinc filings 
 and powdered Iron as described below under the headings of Sodium 
 Hydroxide, Zinc Filings and Iron ; and Potassium Hydroxide and 
 Aluminium Wire. The Fr. Codex requires that on heating a mixture 
 of 1 gramme of Potassium Chlorate with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution (30 p.c. w/w), 0*5 gramme of Powdered Iron and0"5 gramme 
 of Powdered Zinc, the mixture should not evolve Ammonia gas, 
 indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 
 Sodium Hydroxide, Zinc Filings and Iron. — 1 gramme of Potassium 
 Chlorate warmed with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (1.5 p.c. w/w) and 
 a mixture of 0-5 gramme each of Zinc filings and powdered Iron should not 
 evolve Ammonia, indicating the absence of Nitric Acid, P.G. 
 
 Potassium Hydroxide and Aluminium Wire.^ — If to 1 gramme of 
 the salt contained in a test-tube of about 40 c.c. capacity, 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, 5 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Test -Solution, and about 0-2 gramme 
 of Aluminimn wire be added, and if in the upper portion of the test-tube a 
 pledget of purified cotton be inserted, and over the mouth there be placed a 
 piece of moistened red Litmus paper, then if the tube be heated upon a water 
 liath for 15 minutes, no blue coloration of the paper should be discernible, 
 indicating a limit of Nitrates and Nitrites, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TROCHISCUS POTASSII CHLORATIS. Potassium Chlorate 
 Lozenge. 
 
 Contains 0-2 gramme = 3 grains of Potassium Chlorate in each, 
 with Rose Basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate is supplied in tablets or compressed discs, also 
 combined with Borax and with Cocaine, 
 
1082 POT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Tabella;), IJ grains; 
 Dutch, 1|^ grains; Fr. (Tablettes), 1|^ grains; Ital. (Pasfciglia), fi grains; 
 Jap. (Pastilli), li grains; Mex. (Pastillas), H grains ; Port. (Pastilhas), 
 1 J grains ; Span. (Table tas), Ingrains; Swiss (Pastilli), IJ grains ; U.S., 
 about 2.{- grains in each lozenge. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 COLLUNARIUM POTASSII CHLORATIS COMPOSITUM (Central 
 Throat). — Compound Powder of Chlorate of Potassium, 60 grains ; Water, 
 5 to 10 fl. oz. 
 
 COLLUNARIUM POT. CHLOR. CO. C. ACID. TANNIC {Central 
 Throat). — Tannic Acid, 5 grains ; Compound Powder of Chlorate of 
 Potassium, 60 grains ; Water, 5 to 10 fl. oz. 
 
 GARGARISMA POTASSII CHLORATIS.— Potassium Chlorate, 1 drm. ; 
 Glycerin, | fl. oz. ; Water, to fl. oz. 
 
 Potas-sium Chlorate, 200 grains ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 100 minims ; 
 Water, to 20 fl. oz.—St. Thomas's. 
 
 See also Gargarisma Chlori, p. 445. 
 
 GARGARISME AU CHLORATE DE POTASSIUM (Fr.).— Potassium 
 Chlorate, 1 ; Distilled Water, 25 ; Syrup of Mulberries, 5 ; all by weight. 
 
 GLYCEROLE DE CHLORATE DE POT ASSE.— Chlorate of Potash, 1 ; 
 
 Glycerin (by weight), 50. 
 
 MISTURA POTASSII CHLORATIS (*§/. T/(o??ias'.v).— Potassium Chlorate, 
 10 grains ; Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 5 miiiims ; Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PULVIS POTASSII CHLORATIS COMPOSITUS {Central Throat).-^ 
 Potassium Chlorate, 1 : Borax, 1 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 1 ; White Sugar, 2; 
 all in powder. Mix. A measured teaspoonful to be dissolved in half a 
 tumbler (5 fl. oz.) of tepid Water ; half the Solution to be injected with a 
 sj'ringe along the floor of each nostril night and morning. After use blow nose 
 freely. 
 
 SODII CHLORAS. — Colourless, translucent crystals, or a white crystalline 
 powder. Soluble in about its own weight of Water, and in 5 times its weight 
 of Glycerin. 
 
 The remarks on caution apply to this as to the Potassium salt. 
 
 Official in Fr., Mex., Span, and U.S. 
 
 POTASSII CITRAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM CITRATE. 
 K3C0H5O7, H2O, eq. 324-356. 
 
 Fr., Citrate de Potasse ; Ger., Kaliumcitkat ; Ital., Citrato di Potassio ; 
 Span., Citrato Potasico. 
 
 Translucent, prismatic crystals or as a white, granular, deliquescent 
 crystalline powder, possessing a cooling saline and slightly acidulous 
 taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by the neutralisation of Potassium Carbonate 
 with Citric Acid. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles, and in a dry 
 atmosphere, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT in8r> 
 
 The B.P. now gives (he forimila for this .salt with the molecule of Water 
 of crystallisation, as it has always appeared in the U.S. P., and rec[uires it to 
 contain not less than 99 p.c. of a salt of this formula. 
 
 The salt is not Official in the P.O. or the Fr. Codex. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 6 of Water, and measures 11 ; 1 in 2 of Glycerin ; 
 1 in 9 of Alcohol (60 p.c), but if more of the salt is added the Alcohol 
 separates from the watery solution. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antacid, mild diaphoretic and diuretic ; 
 in large doses it alkalises the urine, and so its free administration in 
 acute nephritis and pyelitis is strongly advocated. Useful in gout and 
 rheumatism, and in bronchitis with viscid, scanty expectoration. Given 
 as a drink in scurvy. May be taken for a much longer time than the 
 Bicarbonate without taxing the ga.stric energies. 
 
 Milder cases of bacterial cystitis, pyelitis, and incontinence of ui'ine in 
 children do well with full doses of this combined with sedatives of the Bella- 
 donna group. — L. '08, i. 79. 
 
 In 45-grain doses in diabetic acctonuria, because it is not neutralised by 
 the gastric juice and becomes Bicarbonate in the blood. — Pr. '07, ii. 120. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 grains = 1 to 4 grammes. 
 
 !Not Official. — Mistura Potassii Citras Effervescens, Liquor Potassii 
 Citratis, Potio Riverii, Potion Gazeuso. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmaeopoeias. — Official in Port, and U.S. U.S. has also 
 Potassii Citras Effervescens. Not in the others. 
 
 Various solutions of Potassium Citrate occur as follows: — Belg., Dutch, 
 Hung, and Russ. (Potio Riverii), Fr. (Potion Gazeuse), Ger. (Potio 
 Riverii made with Sodium Carbonate and Citric Acid), Dan. and 
 Norw. (Julapium Salinum), Ital. (Pozione Riverio), Port. (Soluto de 
 Citrato de Potassa), Swiss (Potio Effervescens), U.S. (Liquor 
 Potassae Citratis). 
 
 Tests.— Potassium Citrate when heated above 100° C. (212° F.) 
 loses AVater, and at 200° C. (392° F.), according to the U.S. P., the 
 Water of crystallisation is completely lost, the loss amounting to 
 5 • 55 p.c. When heated to a still higher temperature it chars, and 
 when ignited at a dull red heat leaves a mixture of Potassium Carbonate 
 and Carbon. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 forming a clear, colourless solution which has an alkaline reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, but is neutral to Phenolphthalein Solution. 
 The aqueous solution, when acidified with Hydrocliloric Acid, yields 
 the tests for Potassium given under that heading. It yields when 
 boiled with an excess of Calcium Chloride Solution, a white precipitate, 
 insoluble in Potassium Hydroxide Solution, but soluble in Ammonium 
 Chloride Solution and in solutions of alkali Citrates ; it yields with 
 Silver Nitrate Solution a white precipitate soluble in Ammonia 
 Solution, but in contradistinction to the precipitate yielded by Tartrates 
 does not yield a mirror when the ammoniacal solution is heated. It is 
 officially required to contain not less than 98 -93 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Citrate, as volumetrically determined by igniting 1 gramme of the 
 salt, dissolving the residue in Distilled Water, filtering, washing the 
 residiie on the filter till the filtrate is free from alkaline reaction, and 
 titrating the filtrate and washings with Half-Normal Volumetric 
 
109,4 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Sulp]iuri(^ Acid tSolulion, of wliicli not less than 18"oml. should be 
 required. Methyl Orange Solution may be employed as an indicator 
 of neutrality, although not expressly mentioned in the B.P. ; 1 ml, of 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0-05406 gramme 
 of pure Potassium Citrate containing 1 molecule of Water of crystallisa- 
 tion. The B.P. formula is now given with the 1 molecule of Water of 
 crystallisation, and the volumetric requirement is now in agreement 
 with the formula. The U.S. P. requires that it should contain not 
 less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium Citrate, as volumetrically determined 
 by titrating the solution of the residue left on ignition, with Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange 
 Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The method is given in 
 small type below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, Iron, 
 Lead, Magnesium, Sodium, Carbonates, Tartrates, Chlorides and 
 Sulphates. The limit of 1 part of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. 
 '08, i. 796) has been modified in the light of later experience and 
 a limit of 2 parts per million is now officially fixed, as determined by 
 the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a mixture of 5 grammes of Potassium Citrate, 45 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water and 15 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 The limit of 5 parts of Lead per million suggested in this same reference 
 has also been modified and a limit of 10 parts per million is now fixed by 
 the B.P., as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes 
 of Potassium Citrate and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not immediately assume a blue coloration on the addition 
 of 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Iron. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should not afford more than 
 the faintest turbidity on the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia 
 Solution and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Calcium. If this liquid be filtered, after having been allowed to stand 
 some time, the clear filtrate should afford no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Magnesium. If a Platinum wire be moistened with Hydrochloric 
 Acid and a particle of the salt be inserted in a non-luminous flame 
 it should not afford more than a transient yellow coloration, indicating 
 a limit of Sodium. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the salt should afford 
 no effervescence on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Carbonates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 
 Nitric Acid, should afford not more than the faintest opalescence on 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; 
 nn aqueous solution of corresponding strength, when acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid should yield not more than the faintest opalescence, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. A solution of 1 gramme of the salt 
 in 1 c.c. of Distilled Water should not afford any precipitate on the 
 addition of 1 c.c. of Acetic Acid, indicating the absence of Tartrates. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1085 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 1 grainmo bo thoroughly carbonised 
 at a temperature not exceeding red heat, and the residue, when cooled, 
 extracted with boiling Distilled Water, until the washings cease to react 
 with Methyl Orange Test-Solution, the mixed filtrate and washings should 
 require for complete neutralisation not less than 18-4 c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Test-Solution 
 as an indicator of neutrality, U.S. P. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of 
 determination be changed to solution of the carbonised residue in Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution and titration of the excess of 
 Half-Normal Vokunetric Sulphuric Acid Solution with Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA POTASSII CITRATIS EFFERVESCENS (St. Thomas's).— 
 Potassivim Bicarbonate, 20 grains ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. (Alkaline Solution). 
 Citric Acid, 15 grains ; Water, to h fl. oz. (Acid Solution). Mix the two 
 Solutions and drink during effervescence. 
 
 LIQUOR POTASSII CITRATIS. Solution of Potassium Citrate (CJ.S.).— 
 Dissolve 8 of Potassium Bicarbonate and 6 of Citric Acid, each in 40 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water. Filter the Solutions separately, and wash the filters with 
 enough Distilled Water to obtain, in each case, 50 c.c. Finally, mix the two 
 Solutions, and, when effervescence has nearly ceased, transfer the liquid 
 to a bottle. This preparation should be freshly made when wanted. 
 
 POTIO RIVERII ((?er.).— Dissolve 4 of Citric Acid in 190 of Water, and 
 add 9 of Sodium Carbonate in small crystals, then stopper the bottle when 
 dissolved. 
 
 POTION GAZE USE (i^r.).— No. 1, Potion Alkaline. Bicarbonate of 
 Soda, 3-5 ; Distilled Water, 100 ; Simple Svrup, 30. 
 
 No. 2, Potion Acid. Citric Acid, 4 ; Distilled Water, 100 ; Citric Acid 
 Syrup, 30. 
 
 Not Official. 
 POTASSII CYANIDUM. 
 
 KCN, eq. 65-11. 
 
 Fr., Cyanure de Potassium ; Ger., Kalitjmcyanid ; Ital., Cianuro r>i 
 PoTASSio ; Span., Cianuro Potasico. 
 
 White, opaque, deliquescent masses, or as a white granular, deliquescent 
 powder, having the characteristic highly poisonous odoiu' of Hydrocyanic 
 Acid. The pure salt can be obtained in white cubical crystals. It is intensely 
 poisonous. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-stoppered glass bottles, preferably of a dark- 
 amber tint, and in a dry atmosphere. 
 
 The salt is included in Appendix I. of the B.P., and is described as the 
 Potassimn Cyanide of commerce. It is required to contain not less than 
 90 p.c. of pure Potassivmi Cyanide. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 2\ of Water ; almost entirely 1 in 100 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Ordinary fused Cyanide only contains about 40 p.c. of real Cyanide, 
 but there is no difficulty in obtaining it from 95 to 99 p.c. 
 
 For killing the larv?e of mosquitoes Prof. Ronald Ross finds a 1 in 300,000 
 Solution by far the best poison. He suggests that \ grain be made into a 
 pill with aerated (that is, floating) and coloured soap. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 712. 
 
 The following is advised in poisoning by Potassium Cyanide. 3 drm. 
 (diluted) of the 1 in 1000 Adrenalin Solution is administered immediately by 
 
lOBCi POT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 the inovith, and after washing out the stomacli a further dose of lidrai. 
 (diluted).— B.M.J.E. '09, ii. G8. 
 
 It is useful to remove the black stains on the skin caused by Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Entomologists use it with gypsum to make poison bottles for killing insects 
 without injuring their delicate structure ; for this purpose dissolve 1 of the 
 Cyanide in li of Water, and add 2 of Plaster of Paris. This mixture stirred 
 and poured whilst liquid into a wide-mouthed bottle forms a hard floor, 
 which is constantly giving off vapour. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests.— Potassium Cyanide fuses at a low red heat ; it dissolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear, colourless solution, 
 which has a strongly alkaline reaction towards red Litmus paper. When 
 treated with a slight excess of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid it evolves a highly 
 poisonous and characteristic odour of Hyckocyanic Acid ; the resulting 
 solution affords the tests characteristic of Potassium given under that 
 heading. The aqueous solution yields with Silver Nitrate Test-Solution a 
 white, curdy precipitate soluble in excess of Potassium Cyanide Solution, 
 in Ammonia Solution and in concentrated Nitric Acid. When shaken 
 with a few drops of a mixture of Ferrous Sulphate Test-Solution and 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and a little Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 it yields, on the addition of a slight excess of Hydrochloric Acid, a blue 
 precipitate. Appendix I. of the B.P. requires it to contain not less than 
 90 p.c. of pure Potassium Cyanide, but no method is given for its deter- 
 mination. It may be determined by dissolving a weighed quantity of the 
 salt in Distilled Water, making up to a definite volume and titrating an aliquot 
 portion of the solution by the method described under Diluted Hydrocyanic 
 Acid. The U.S. P. requires that it shall yield not less than 95 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Cyanide, as volumetrically determined by dissolving 1 gramme of 
 the salt in sufficient Distilled Water to measure 100 c.c, inixing 64-7c.c. 
 of this solution with 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and 3 drops of 20 p.c. w/v 
 Potassium Iodide Solution and titrating the mixture with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, not less than 47-5 c.c. should be required 
 to produce a permanent precipitate ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution is equivalent to 2 p.c. of pure Potassium Cyanide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Carbonates, Ferrocyanides and 
 Sulphocyanates. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt should not afford more than a slight 
 effervescence on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating a limit of 
 Carbonates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, containing a slight 
 excess of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, should not afford a blue coloration on 
 the addition of 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Ferrocyanides. An aqueous I in 20 solution faintly acidified with Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should not afford a red coloration on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test -Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphocyanates. 
 
 Not Official. 
 POTASSn FERROGYANIDUM. 
 
 Syn. — Yellow Prussiate op Potash. 
 K^FeC„]Sr„ 3H.,0, eq. 422-348. 
 
 Large translucent, lemon-yellow, soft, table-shaped crystals, or groups of 
 crystals. Slightly efflorescent in dry air. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 exposed as little as possible to the air. 
 
 The Appendix I. of the B.P. describes it as the Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 of commerce, pure. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1087 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 4 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 7i grains (0-5 gramme). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Ferrocyanide loses its Water of crystallisation when 
 heated, and is converted into an anhydrous salt at a temperature of 100° C. 
 (212° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a 
 clear, yellow-coloured solution, which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper. A concentrated sohition yields with Sodium Bitartrate Solution a 
 white crystalline precipitate. Lead Acetate Solution, Zinc Sulphate Solution 
 and Silver Nitrate Solution yield white precipitates. Copper Sulphate 
 Solution yields a reddish-brown precipitate ; Ferric Chloride Test-Solution 
 produces a dark blue precipitate. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide, but gives no method of determination. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric be changed to ' not less than 
 8()-33 p.c. or more than 90- 0-4 p.c. by weight of anhydrous Potassium Ferro- 
 cyanide,' and that the following method of determination be given : — About 
 2 grammes of Potassium Ferrocyanide are accurately weighed, dissolved in 
 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, the solutioii acidified with 25 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid and titrated with Tenth -Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution, it should show not less than 86- 33 p.c. of anhydrous Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide. 
 
 The more generally occm'ring impurities are Carbonates and Ferricyanides. 
 A concentrated aqueous solution of the salt should afford no effervescence on 
 the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution should afford a white precipitate on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, and this precipitate should not be tinged with 
 red, indicating the absence of Ferricyanides. 
 
 Not Official. 
 POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS. 
 
 Potassium Hypophosphite. 
 KPH,0„, eq. 104- 156. 
 
 White, opaque crystals, or in crystalline masses, or as a white, granular, 
 deliquescent powder, possessing a pungent and saline taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles in a cool atmosphere and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with the air, as it is very deliquescent. 
 It should be handled with great caution, as it is readily oxidised, and when 
 Jjrought irjto contact with substances which readily part with Oxygen the 
 temperatm-e rises so rapidly that an explosion often results. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 6 of Water ; 1 in 7 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 3 in 1 of boihng 
 Water; 1 in 300 of Ether ; insoluble in Chloroform. 
 
 Average Dose. — 7| grains (0-5 gramme). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Hung., Norw. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Hypophosphite, when heated in a dry tube, loses 
 moisture, and when more strongly heated evolves spontaneoiisly inflammable 
 Hydrogen Phosphide gas, which bnrns with a bright yellow flame. It dis- 
 solves readily and completely in Distilled Water, jdelding a clear colovirless 
 solution, which is neutral or only faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper. It yields the tests distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. 
 The dihited aqueous solution slightly acidulated with Diluted Sulphuric Acid 
 yields, on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solutiou, a white precipitate rapidly 
 
1088 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 becoming brown or black, owing to its reduction to metallic Silver. The 
 aqueous solution, when gently warmed with Copper Sulphate Solution, yields 
 a reddish-brown precipitate. The aqueous solution of the salt, when acidu- 
 lated with Hydrochloric Acid, and added drop by drop to an excess of Mercuric 
 Chloride Solution, yields a white precipitate of Mercurous Chloride, and on 
 the further addition of an excess of the solution of the salt the white precipi- 
 tate becomes grey, owing to its reduction to metallic Mercury. Its aqueous 
 solution readily reduces Potassivnn Permanganate, the purple colour of a 
 Permanganate Solution being rapidly discharged. It is required by the 
 U.iS.P. to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Potassium Hypophosphite, but 
 no method of determination is given. The percentage of pure Potassium 
 Hypophosphite present may be determined by the method given under Calcii 
 Hypophosphis. 
 
 The more generally occurring impvirities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron 
 and Zinc, Calcium, Chlorides, Sulphates, Phosphates, Phosphites, and Car- 
 bonates. If 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the salt be mixed with 3 c.c. 
 of Nitric Acid diluted with about 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the mixture 
 evaporated to dryness on the water-bath, the residue should not respond 
 to the Modified Gutzeit's Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. A 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution, acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, should yield 
 no decided coloration on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Copper and Lead; if to this solution an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution be now added no material darkening in colour or 
 turbidity should occur, indicating a limit of Iron and Zinc. The aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution of the salt should not afford a distinct turbidity with 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution after the addition of a little Ammonium Chloride 
 Solution and Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. If the 
 mixture be allowed to stand for some time and filtered, it should yield little 
 or no turbidity with Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of Mag- 
 nesium. When acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid the aqueous 1 in 20 solution 
 should not afford a pronounced turbidity or precipitate with either Silver 
 Nitrate Solution or Bariuiii Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of more 
 than traces of Chlorides and Sulphates. It should not yield a very pro- 
 nounced turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Lead Acetate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Phosphates and Phosphites. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 of the salt should not effervesce on the addition of an acid, indicating the 
 absence of Carbonates. The U.S. P. requires that 1 gramme of the dried 
 salt, dissolved in about 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, should not require more 
 than l'5c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution for 
 neutralisation. Methyl Orange Test-Solution being employed as an indicator. 
 This is intended to indicate a limit of alkalinity. 
 
 POTASSII lODIDUM. 
 
 POTASSIUM IODIDE. 
 
 KI, eq. 166-02. 
 
 Fr., Iodure de Potassium ; Ger., Kalixjmjodid ; Ital., Joduro di 
 PoTASSio ; Span., Yoduro Potasico. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, or white opaque, cubical crystals, permanent 
 in the air. It lias a characteristic saline, subsequently somewhat 
 bitter, metallic taste, and possesses a characteristic faint odour 
 resembling Iodine. 
 
 It may be prepared by the interaction of an excess of Iodine on 
 concentrated Potassium Hydroxide Solution, the lodate being reduced 
 by fusing Avith Charcoal, and the Iodide purified by recrystallisation. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1089 
 
 It sliould be preserved in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint 
 or in well-closed earthenware jars. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), not 
 less than 99 p.c, of pure Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Solubility. — i in 3 of Water, and measures 4 ; 1 in 12| of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Alterative, diuretic, expectorant. It is 
 useful in cases where Iodine is indicated, and being less irritating is 
 much preferred for internal administration. Useful especially in 
 secondary and in tertiary syphilis and in all diseases associated 
 with syphilis, such, for example, as locomotor ataxy. For secondary 
 symptoms 60 grains in Solution may be given in the 24 hours. It 
 reduces chronic inflammatory swellings, effusions and glandular 
 enlargements, and is useful in goitre and obesity ; also in chronic 
 Bright's disease, bronchitis and bronchitic asthma, aortic disease, 
 endocarditis, internal aneurism, angina pectoris (the pain of which it 
 also relieves), and in established arterio-sclerosis ; chronic rheumatism 
 and gout ; lumbago, sciatica, psoriasis, and, in large doses {see below), 
 actinomycosis. May be given with Quinine dissolved by Sulphuric or 
 Phosphoric Acid, but not with Nitro-hydrochloric Acid, as the 
 eliminated Chlorine decomposes it and makes an unsightly mixture. 
 Combined with Nux Vomica the system bears it better. It is useful 
 in the elimination of Lead in cases of chronic lead poisoning ; also in 
 treating chronic mercurial poisoning. See also under ' lodum.' 
 
 Its use in actinomycosis yields little improvement under a dose of less 
 than 20 grains thrice daily ; and in some instances 1-drm. doses thrice daily 
 have been recommended, but these should be given with large quantities of 
 Water. Sodivun Iodide is preferable on account of depression caused by the 
 Potassium salt. It has been recommended in the internal treatment of non- 
 suppurative middle-ear disease, and in large doses to check the ossifying 
 process in the early stages of oto-sclerosis. 
 
 Should always be given in solution well diluted, and if possible never on 
 an empty stomach. Milk is the best cUIuent. Should never be given in 
 phthisis. 
 
 Cases where congenital goitre followed its administration to the mother 
 during pregnancy. — L. '07, i. 1714. 
 
 As a reducer of blood pressure it acts exactly like a nitrite but in hours 
 instead of minutes, and its action Avas prolonged after the drug was discon- 
 tinued. For this purpose it was important to give 10 grains of the Potash 
 salt, or 15 of the Sodium thrice daily. 2 or 3 grain doses were useless. 
 Organic preparations of Iodine are less efficacious than Potassium Iodide, 
 owing to their lower percentage of iodine. — M.P. '10, ii. 628. 
 
 Useless and even harmful in pre-sclerosis stage of arterio-sclerosis. — 
 (Huchard) E.M.J. '10, ii. 549. 
 
 Acute thyroiditis cured in a week by 30 grain doses thrice daily. — B.M.J. 
 ^09. i. 1064. 
 
 Adenoids successfully treated ; small doses twice daily for 3 months. — 
 B.M.J.E. '12, ii. 67. 
 
 The most valuable drug in fibrositis and muscvilar rheumatism. — (A. P. 
 Luff) B.M.J. '13, ii. 251. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1 -3 grammes ; this dose is oflen 
 greatly exceeded, especially in syphilis of the nervous svstem. ;. 
 
 2 N 
 
1090 POT [Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given vnth Tincture of Orange and Spirit of 
 Chloroform, in Water, or with Tincture of Cinchona. It is also given with 
 Fowler^s Solution to prevent the rash sometimes produced. Tablets cause gastric 
 pain. Solutions of Ferric salts, when acid, set free Iodine from. Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Incorapatibles. — Spiritus Athens Nitrosi, Potassiixm Chlorate, Bismuth, 
 Iron, Lead, Mercury, and Silver salts, alkaloidal salts, e.g., of Strychnine and 
 Quinine. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Linimentum Potassii lodidi cum Sapone and 
 Unguentum Potassii lodidi, contained in Tinctura lodi Fortis, Tinctura lodi 
 Mitis and Unguentum lodi. 
 
 Not Official. — Linimentum Potassii lodidi, Linimentum Potassii lodidi 
 cum Sapone {B.P. '67), Mistura Potassii lodidi, Mistura Potassii lodidi 
 Alkalina, Mistura Potassii lodidi et Stramonii, Pilulse Kalii lodati, Pomada 
 de Yoduro Potasico con Extracto de Cicuta. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Buss, and Swiss (Kalium lodatum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. 
 (lodetum Kalicum) ; Fr., (lodure de Potassium); Ital., (Joduro 
 di Potassio); Mex., (Yoduro de Potasio) ; Port., (lodeto de 
 Potassio) ; Span., (Yoduro Potasico) ; U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Iodide wlien heated decrepitates, and when 
 strongly heated fuses. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear colourless solution which possesses a faintly 
 alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, and which yields the tests 
 distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. The aqueous 
 solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellow, curdy precipitate 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, insoluble in Ammonia Solution, but soluble 
 in Potassium Cyanide Solution. With Mercuric Chloride Solution it 
 yields a brilliant scarlet precipitate slightly soluble in excess of the 
 reagent and readily soluble in Potassium Iodide Solution. With Lead 
 Acetate it yields a yellow crystalline precipitate soluble in Diluted Nitric 
 Acid and also in boiling Distilled Water ; it is deposited, as the solution 
 cools, in brilliant golden crystalline scales. When cautiously mixed 
 Avith a little Chlorine Water or Bromine Solution it yields a brown or 
 reddish-brown coloration, and on the addition of Starch Mucilage an 
 intense blue colour ; if the brown coloured solution be shaken with 
 Carbon Bisulphide, the Bisulphide Solution assumes a deep violet 
 colour. It is officially required to contain, when dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.), not less than 98'95p.c. nor more than 101*27p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Iodide, as volumetrically determined by titrating 0*5 
 gramme of the salt dried at 100° C. (212° F.), with Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate Solution, of which not less than 29*8 or more 
 than 30*5 ml. should be required for complete precipitation ; Potassium 
 Chxomate Solution may be employed as an indicator, although not 
 specifically mentioned by the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution = 0' 01 6602 gramme of pure Potassium Iodide. 
 The U.S. P. requires that the salt should contain not less than 99-0 p. c. 
 of pure Potassium Iodide, as volumetrically determined by direct 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, by 
 the method described below under the heading of Volumetric Deter- 
 mination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 
 
[Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1091 
 
 tlie metliod of determination be changed from direct titration to 
 residual titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulpho- 
 cyanate Solution, after the addition of an excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using Ferric Ammonium Sulphate 
 Solution as an indicator. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Aluminium, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Bromates, Bromides, Car- 
 bonates, Chlorides, Cyanides, lodates. Nitrates and Sulphates. The B.P. 
 does not include a test for Chlorides, but includes the rest. The U.S. P. 
 includes a test for limit of alkali, ' less soluble salts,' Barium and 
 Thiosulphates. The Fr. Codex also includes a test for limit of 
 alkalinity. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide in 50 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, to which has been added 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million has been 
 officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 12 
 grammes of Potassium Iodide, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 
 grammes, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield no decided darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; 
 on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution, it 
 should not yield a pronounced darkening in colour nor a turbidity, indi- 
 cating a limit of Iron. Neither a turbidity nor a flocculent precipitate 
 should be produced when an aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt is 
 boiled with Ammonia Water, indicating the absence of Aluminium. 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution should produce neither a turbidity nor a 
 precipitate, nor should the subsequent addition of Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution to the filtrate from the Ammonium Oxalate Solution cause any 
 alteration, indicating the absence of Calcium and Magnesium. The 
 aqueous solution should not afiord an immediate yellow coloration 
 when mixed with a little Diluted Sulphuric Acid ; when mixed with 
 Chlorine Water the aqueous solution should aSord when shaken with 
 Carbon Bisulphide a distinct violet and not a brown coloration, indica- 
 ting the absence of Bromates. 
 
 If from an aqueous 1 in 20 solution the Iodide be removed by boiling 
 with excess of Lead Peroxide, and filtering, the clear filtrate, when 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield at the most but a faint 
 opalescence on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Bromides. A concentrated solution of the salt should show 
 no eServescence on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Carbonates. If a 1 in 20 solution be completely precip- 
 itated by Silver Nitrate Solution, the precipitate filtered, washed, and 
 treated with Ammonia Solution, and again filtered, the filtrate should 
 afiord only the slightest turbidity but no decided precipitate on the 
 addition of a slight excess of Nitric Acid, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 2 N 2 
 
1092 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution, wlien gently warmed with 1 drop 
 of Ferrous Sulphate Test-Solution and 0'5 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no blue 
 coloration, indicating the absence of Cyanides. No distinct yellow 
 coloration should be yielded within half a minute, on the addition of 
 2 drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid (free from Sulphurous and Nitrous 
 Acids) to a solution of 0*5 gramme of Potassium Iodide in 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, which has previously been boiled and cooled in a 
 small flask, indicating a limit of lodates. No odour of Ammonia 
 should be evolved, nor should the issuing gas turn moistened red 
 Litmus paper blue, when 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide is heated 
 with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 0" 5 gramme 
 each of Zinc filings and Powdered Iron, indicating the absence of 
 Nitrates and Nitrites. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no distinct turbidity with Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 The U.S.P. requires that if to 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide con- 
 tained in a test-tube of about 40 c.c. capacity, 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 5 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Test-Solution, and about 0*2 gramme 
 of Aluminium wire be added, and if, in the upper portion of the 
 test-tube, a pledget of purified cotton be inserted, and over the 
 mouth there be placed a piece of moistened red Litmus paper, then if 
 the tube be heated upon a water-bath for 15 minutes, no blue coloration 
 of the paper should result, indicating a limit of Nitrates and Nitrites. 
 It also requires that a solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of 
 Potassium Iodide in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, to which 0*1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution has been added, 
 should not yield a coloration on the subsequent addition of a drop of 
 Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, even after heating, indicating a limit of 
 alkali. The Fr. Codex test for a limit of alkalinity requires that 1 
 gramme of Potassium Iodide, dissolved in Distilled Water, should 
 require for neutralisation not more than 1*5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, indicating a limit of alkalinity. 
 No residue should be left when 1 gramme of the salt is dissolved in 
 2 c.c. of Diluted Alcohol of specific gravity 0*928, indicating the 
 absence of less soluble salts. 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution is 
 required to yield, when acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid, no turbidity 
 on the addition of 1 c.c. of Potassium Sulphate Test-Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Barium. Not more than a slight turbidity, nor should 
 any darkening in colour appear within 10 minutes, when an excess of 
 Nitric Acid is added to the filtrate obtained on dissolving 0'2 gramme 
 of Potassium Iodide in 2 c.c. of Ammonia Water (10 p.c), adding 
 13 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, thoroughly 
 agitating and filtering, indicating a limit of Chlorides and Bromides, 
 and the absence of Thiosulphates. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — • 5 gramme of the well-dried salt dissolved 
 in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 3 di'ops of Potassium Chromate Test-Solution 
 added should i-equire not more than 30" 8 c.c. and not less than 30 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent 
 red coloiu", corresponding to at least 99 p.c. of pure Potassium Iodide, U.S.P. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1093 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LINIMENTUM POTASSII lODIDI CUM SAPONE. Liniment 
 
 OF Potassium Iodide with Soap. (Modified.) 
 
 Curd Soap, recently prepared and in shavings, 2 oz. ; Potassium 
 Iodide, 1 J oz. ; Glycerin, 1 fl. oz, ; Oil of Lemon, 48 minims ; Distilled 
 Water, 10 fl. oz. Dissolve tlio Soap and the Glycerin in the Water by 
 the heat of a water-bath, and make up to original weight ; pour the 
 Solution on to the powdered Potassium Iodide in a mortar, rub them 
 together until the mixture is cold ; after an hour thoroughly mix in 
 the Oil of Lemon. 
 
 The quantity of Oil of Lemon is reduced, and the process is modified. 
 There will be a variable loss of Water in dissoKing the Soap, and it is now 
 directed to be made up to a weight when taken off the water -bath as noted in 
 
 Squire's Companion, 190S. 
 
 When first prepared it is very bulky, but after it has been made some 
 time it occupies a much smaller space, and this is apt to cause trouble 
 with patients. The difference is due to the quantity of air incorporated 
 in it by the trituration, and is so great that it would be quite possible 
 at difierent times for the same weight of Liniment to fill a 1 oz. pot 
 and a 4 oz. pot. 
 
 The advantages of this Liniment are that it does not stain nor does it 
 irritate when rubbed on the skin ; it is employed in enlargement of 
 the joints, and in indurated glands, especially the cervical glands. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Swiss (Opodeldoc lodatum). 
 Lard or Butter, 50; Alcohol (95p.c.), 25; Solution of Caustic Soda, 25; 
 saponify and dissolve in Alcohol, 825 ; Sodium Iodide, 50 ; Water, 25 ; Oil 
 of Lemon, 10. Swiss has also Opodeldoc lodatum Liquidum. Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum cum Kalio lodato. — 
 Stearic Soap, 75 ; Venetian Soap, 75 ; Spirits of Wine, 600 ; Water, 98 ; 
 Glycerin, 50 ; Potassium Iodide, 100 ; Lavender Oil, 2. — Austr. 
 
 UNGUENTUM POTASSII lODIDI. Potassium Iodide Oint- 
 ment. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, 50 ; Potassium Carbonate, 3 ; Distilled Water 
 (by weight), 47 ; Benzoated Lard, 400. Mix the Solution with the 
 Lard slightly warmed. (1 in 10.) 
 
 For India, Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated 
 Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Pommade d'lodure de 
 . Potassium), Potassium Iodide, 10; Sodium Hyposulphite, 0-1 ; Distilled 
 Water, 10 ; Benzoated Lard, 80 ; Ger., Potassium Iodide, 20 ; Sodium Thio- 
 sulphate, 0-25; Water, 15; Lard, 165; and U.S., Potassium Iodide, 10; 
 Potassium Carbonate, 0-6; Water, 10; Benzoinated Lard, 80. Dutch, 
 Hung., Ital., Norw., Port., Russ., Span, and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; Austr., Ger., Jap., 
 and Russ., with Sodium Thiosulphate ; Mex. (Pomada de Yoduro de 
 Potasio) Potassium Iodide, 8 ; Benzoinated Lard, 60 ; Water, q.s. Hung. 
 (XJnguentum Kalii jodati cum Jodo), Potassium Iodide, .5 ; Distilled 
 Water, 5 ; Iodine, 0-50 ; Wool Fat Ointment, 40. Not in Belg. or Dan. 
 
1094 POT [Solids I>y Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LINIMENTUM POTASSil lODiDI. — Soft Soap, 2 oz. ; Potassium 
 Iodide, lit oz. ; Glycerin, 1 fl. oz. ; Oil of Lemon, 1 fl. drm. ; Alcoliol (60 p.c), 
 lOfi. oz.— F.B.P. '04, 510. 
 
 These quantities correspond to those of tlie Official Liniment, but Soft Soap 
 and Alcohol (00 p.c.) are used in place of Curd Soap and Distilled Water. 
 
 It contains twice as much Soap as Linimentum Saponis. 
 
 LINIMENTUM POTASSil lODIDI C. SAPONE (B.P. 1867).— Hard 
 Soap, li oz. ; Potassium Iodide, li oz._; Glycerin, 1 fl. oz. ; Oil of Lemon, 
 i fl. drm. ; Water, 10 fl. oz. ' Put the glycerin, Iodide, and 3 fl. oz. of Water 
 in a clean 20-oz. wide-mouthed bottle ; then dissolve the Soap (in shavings) 
 in the 7 fl. oz. of Water in a jar by the heat of a water-bath ; strain the 
 Solution whilst hot throvigh muslin into the bottle containing the Iodide, etc. ; 
 allow to stand for 2 or 3 minutes, until the bottom of the Soap Solution is a 
 little opaque, then mix by agitation ; lastly add the Oil of Lemon, shaking 
 briskly, and, after agitating at intervals for 2 hours or more, a liniment in the 
 form of a soft white jelly will result, and remain so ; if it .should not, a small 
 addition of Water will generally perfect it.' 
 
 This formula is that of B.P. '67, but the manipulation has been modified ; 
 when made properly it gives satisfaction. 
 
 MISTURA POTASS!! lODIDI (Brompfon). — Potassium Iodide, 10 grains ; 
 Potassium Bicarbonate, 5 grains ; Pimento Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA POTASSil lODIDI ALKALINA (St. TJiomas' s).— Potassium 
 Bicarbonate, 15 grains ; Ammonimn Carbonate, 3 grains ; Potassium Iodide, 
 3 grains ; Camphor Water to 1 fl. oz.- — Bromplon. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, 3 grains ; Potassium Bicarbonate, 10 grains ; Ammo- 
 nium Ctirbonate, 3 grains ; Cainphor Water, to 1 fl. oz.— St. Thomases. 
 
 MISTURA POTASSil lODiDI ET STRAMONIL— Extract of Stra- 
 monium, \ grain ; Extract of Liquorice, 2 grains ; Potassium Iodide. 3 grains ; 
 Chloric Ether, 5 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — Bronipton. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, 3 grains ; Tincture of Stramonium, 5 minims ; Liquid 
 Extract of Liquorice, 10 minims ; Emulsion of Chloroform, 10 minims ; Water, 
 to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 PILUL/E KALII lODATI (i?e?gr.). — Potassium Iodide, 20 grammes; 
 Powdered Starch, 5 grammes ; Simple Syrup, q.s. to make 100 pills. 
 
 POMADA DE YODURO POTASICO CON EXTR.ACTO DE CICUTA. 
 
 (Spa-ii.). — Potassium Iodide Ointment, SO ; Extract of Conium, 10 ; Distilled 
 \Vater, q.s. 
 
 POTASSil NITRAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM NITRATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Purified Nitek. 
 
 KNO3, eq. 101-11. 
 
 FU., AZOTATE DE POTASSIUM ; GeR., KaLIUMNITRAT ; TtAL., NiTRATO DI 
 
 PoTASSio ; Span., Nitkato Potasico. 
 
 Colourless transparent, rhombic prisms, white crystalline masses or 
 a white odourless, crystalline powder, haAnng a cooling saline taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by purifying Crude Nitre or by the interaction of 
 Sodium Nitrate and Potassium Chloride. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measm-e.] POT 1095 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles, as it lias a slight 
 tendency to deliquesce in moist air. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 4 of cold Water; 2^ in 1 of boiling Water; 
 sparingly in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sometimes given as a diuretic and 
 diaphoretic, but the Acetate and Citrate are much to be preferred. 
 Useful as a gargle in relaxed sore throat. Potassium Nitrate 5 
 grains, Potassium Bicarbonate 20 grains, taken, during efiervescence, 
 with Citric Acid 15 grains, in a small tumbler of cold Water, is a 
 pleasant cooling draught in febrile conditions, A common ingredient 
 of asthma inhalation powders. Charta Nitrata is used in spasmodic 
 asthma. 
 
 Used for ita slight antiseptic effect to assist in preserving canned meat, and 
 to give it a red colour. Amount should be restricted to 2 grains per pound. — 
 R.A.M.G.J. '08, i. 124. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 '3 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Contained in Argenti Nitras Induratus and 
 Argenti Nitras Mitigatus. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Salina, Mistura Salina Anodyna, Sal Prunella, 
 Charta Nitrata, Charta Nitrata et Chlorata. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all ; Anstr., Belg., Gcr., Hung., 
 Jap., Russ. and Swi.s3 (Kalium Nitricum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and 
 Swed. (Nitras Kalicus); Fr. (Azotate de Potassium); Ital. 
 (Nitrato di Potassio); Mex. (Nitrato de Potasio); Port. (Azotato 
 de Pofcassa); Span. (Nitrato Potasico); U.S. (Potassii Nitras). 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Nitrate vv^hen heated fuses. The U.S. P. states 
 at a temperature of 353° C. (667 '4° F.), when still more strongly heated 
 it is decomposed, giving off Oxygen and leaving a residue of Potassium 
 Nitrate, Nitrite and Oxide. It dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear colourless solution which should be 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, and which yields the tests 
 characteristic of Potassium given under that heading. An aqueous 
 solution, when cautiously mixed with Sulphuric Acid, keeping the 
 mixture cool, affords when a solution of Ferrous Sulphate is carefully 
 poured upon the surface of the mixture, a dark brown ring at the 
 junction of the two fluids. 1 or 2 drops of a Diplienylamine Solution 
 (prepared by dissolving O'l gramme of Diplienylamine in 50 c.c. of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid) when mixed with a dilute aqueous solution 
 affords a deep blue colour at the point of contact of the two liquids, 
 when Sulphuric Acid is carefully poured into the liquid, so as to form 
 a separate layer. An aqueous solution acidified with Sulphuric Acid 
 immediately discharges the colour of Indigo Sulphate Solution ; when 
 warmed with Sulphuric Acid and Copper foil an evolution of nitrous 
 fumes ensues. 
 
 The B.P. does not require it to contain any definite percentage 
 of pure Potassium Nitrate. The U.S. P. requires that the salt shall 
 contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium Nitrate, but gives no 
 method of determination, The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX, 
 
1096 POT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 recommend that tlie salt be required to indicate not less tlian 99 p.c. 
 of pure Potassium Nitrate, as determined by the following process : — 
 About 0"4 gramme of Potassium Nitrate is accurately weighed, dis- 
 solved in 10 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid in a small glass dish, and the 
 solution evaporated to dryness on a water-bath. The residue is 
 dissolved in 10 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, and again evaporated to 
 dryness on the water-bath. The residue is transferred with the aid of 
 Distilled Water to a flask, 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution added, the mixture well agitated, 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid 
 and 2 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution added, and the 
 excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution is titrated 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Aluminium, Ammonium, 
 Arsenic, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Sodium, Zinc, 
 Chlorides, Iodides and Sulphates. The U.S. P. includes tests for 
 Chlorate and Perchlorate. The aqueous solution of the salt should 
 afford neither a turbidity nor a precipitate when boiled with Ammonia 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Aluminium. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 decomposing a weighed quantity of 2 grammes of Potassium Nitrate 
 by heating it in a porcelain crucible with 2 ml. of Sulphuric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 ml. of Distilled Water, continuing the 
 heating until the evolution of white fumes occurs, cooling, adding a 
 further quantity of 3 ml. of Distilled Water and continuing the heat 
 xmtil white fumes are again evolved, the cooled residue being finally 
 dissolved in a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 10 ml. of 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 10 
 parts of Lead per million is also fixed by the B.P., as determined by 
 the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 primary solution containing 12 grammes of Potassium Nitrate, and an 
 auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead- 
 Test Solution. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield no decided darkening in colour or turbidity on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy 
 metals ; and on the addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution no 
 pronounced darkening in colour or turbidity should result, indicating 
 the absence of Iron and Zinc. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when 
 boiled with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, should not evolve a 
 characteristic odour of Ammonia, and a piece of moistened red Litmus 
 paper inserted in the mouth of the tube should not be turned blue, 
 indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 should afiord no more than the faintest opalescence on the addition of 
 Ammonia Solution and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Calcium. If this solution be allowed to stand for some time 
 and filtered, the clear filtrate should afi'ord no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Magnesium. If a small particle of the salt be moistened with 
 Hydrochloric Acid and inserted on a Platinum wire into a non-luminous 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POO? 1097 
 
 flame, it should yield only a transitory yellow colour, indicating a 
 limit of Sodium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution acidified with Nitric Acid 
 should yield not more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. A solution of 
 similar strength acidified with Hydrochloric Acid should yield not 
 more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. A violet colour should not 
 be imparted to the chloroformic liquid when Chlorine Water is added 
 drop by drop, with agitation, to 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution 
 of the salt, and the mixture shaken with 1 c.c. of Chloroform, indicating 
 the absence of Iodides. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA SALINA. — Potassium Nitrate, 5 grains; Spirit of Nitrous 
 Ether, 20 miiiims ; Burnt Sugar, 5 minims ; Camplior Water, to J fl. oz. — • 
 Central Throat. 
 
 Potassium Nitrate, 10 grains ; Solution of Ammonium Acetate, 3 fl. drm. ; 
 Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 30 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Potassium Citrate, i drm. ; Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 30 minims ; Solution 
 of Acetate of Ammonium, 1 fl. drm. ; Camphor Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Mari/s. 
 
 Potassium Nitrate, 10 grains ; Solution of Ammonium Acetate, 3 fl. drm. ; 
 Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 30 minims ; Water, to \ fl. oz. — London. 
 
 MISTURA SALINA ANODYNA {St. T/to?/ias's).— Tincture of Opium, 
 1 minims ; Saline Mixture, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 SAL PRUNELLA. — Potassium Nitrate fused and moulded into balls. 
 
 CHARTA NITRATA {Austr., Bal^t., Dan., Fr., Ger., Hal, Norw., Port, and 
 Swiss). — Soak porous paper in a saturated Solution of Nitre, and dry. 
 Roll it up and burn it in a candlestick. Used in asthma. 
 
 This paper is sometimes impregnated also with Compound Tincture of 
 Benzoin, Spirit of Camphor, Oils of Cassia, Cinnamon and Santal, and 
 Tincture of Sumbul. 
 
 CHARTA NITRATA ET CHLORATA.— Soak porous paper in a saturated 
 Solution of Potassium Nitrate and Potassimn Chlorate, and dry. Used in 
 astluna. 
 
 POTASSII PERMANGANAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Kalium Hypermanganictjm. 
 
 KMnO^, eq. 158 -03. 
 
 I'r., Permanganate de Potassium; Ger., I"Q.liumpermanganat ; Ital., 
 Permanganato di Potassio ; Span., Perjianganato Potasico. 
 
 Slender, dark, purple, odourless, prismatic crystals, possessing a 
 purplish-blue metallic lustre, and a peculiar characteristic taste, at first 
 sweet and afterwards unpleasant and somewhat astringent. 
 
 It may be prepared by the combined action of Potassium Chlorate 
 and Potassium Hydroxide upon Manganese Dioxide. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles and protected as far as 
 
1098 POT [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 possible from tlie liglit and from dust. When pure it is a permanent 
 salt. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potas- 
 sium Permanganate. 
 
 It should be handled with caution, as when brought into contact with easily 
 oxidisable substances, e.g.. Alcohol, Gallic and Tannic Acids, Glycerin, essential 
 Oils, etc., it readily parts with its Oxygen, the action being very violent and 
 frequently attended by explosion. Its solutions when mixed with Hydrogen 
 Peroxide evolve nascent Oxygen. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 18 of Water ; 1 in 3 of boiling Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful deodorant, a weak anti- 
 septic, haemostatic. Useful internally in amenorrhoea and in 
 menstrual sufiering. Externally, as a wash for foul ulcers and chancres 
 and in ozoena ; as an antiseptic gargle in throat affections. 
 
 In snake bites Lauder Brunton recommends that the wound be scraped 
 with a clean knife, and then powdered crystals of Potassium Permanganate 
 rubbed into the wound. 
 
 Weak solution (1 in 2000) injected in gonorrhoea. 
 
 As a toxin-destroying agent in cholera it is given in 2 gr. pill form, coated 
 po as to dissolve in the small intestine. Owing to the hygroscopic natiu'e of 
 the Calcium and Sodiinn salts the Potash .salt is more convenientlj' dispensed. 
 One pill is given every 15 minutes for 2 hours, then every i hour. They 
 are continued till the stools become green and less copious. Hypertonic 
 Saline treatment is given simultaneously. Sec- Sod. Glilorid., also, Rogers's 
 ' Cholera and its Treatment,' '11, 208, and I.M.O. (Rogers) '10, 350. 
 
 Owing to rapidly fated results of experiments on dogs the naedical profession 
 is urgently warned against treating snake-bite by intravenous injection of 
 this Salt ; local injection of a 5 p.c. solution likewise not a promising method. 
 — (Bannerman) I.M.G. '10, 201. 
 
 These experiments do not in the smallest degree affect the value of Sir 
 I^aiider Brunton's treatment by local incision and direct application of the 
 crystals, which prove efficacious in proportion to the rapidity after the bite 
 and the thoroughness of use. — (Leonard Rogers) I.M.O. '10, 235. 
 
 The local application of the crystals remains the only practical measure in 
 the vast number of instances of snake-bite f Rogers). — M.A. '14, 518. 
 
 Gives great relief in scorpion stings. — L. '15, ii. 781. 
 
 Attention called to the anaesthetising effect on the genlto -urinary mucous 
 membranes ; with solutions of 1 in 2500 to 1 in 5000 a transitory anaesthesia 
 of the urethral mucous membrane is produced, which permits the painless 
 passage of sounds. After irrigation with 1000 c.c. of a 1 in 5000 solution, 
 the ancesthesia commenced in 2 minutes, and lasted about 10 minutes. — 
 J. A. M.A. '13, i. 196. 
 
 Its local application in lupus, after scraping, gives good result''. — B.M.J. '14, 
 ii. 623. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0*06 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It can he made into a pill icitli, Massa Paraffini, 
 or with Kaolin and Anhydrous Lanoline. It is not given in solution on account 
 of its disagreeable taste. 
 
 It is the practice to coat Permanganate pills with Sandarach varnish, but the 
 Alcohol contained in the varnish is liable to be oxidised at the expense of the 
 Permanganate. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^Animal or vegetable organic matters, e.g.. Ethyl and 
 Methyl Alcohol, Glycerin, Sugars, Fats and Oils, etc., Ferrous salts, alkaloidal 
 salts. Ammonia and Anunonium salts, and any reducing agents. 
 
 It is an antidote to Morphine. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1099 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Potassii Permanganatia. 
 
 Not Official. — Gargaiisma Potassii Permanganatis, Calcii Permanganas, 
 Sodii Permanganas and Zinci Permanganas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in U.S. ; Austr. (Kalium Hyper- 
 manganicum crystallisatum) ; Belg. (Kalinin Permanganicum) ; 
 Dan., Norw. and Swed. (Hypermanganas Kalicus); Dutch (Perman- 
 ganas Kalicus) ; Fr. (Permanganate de Potassium) ; Ger. and Jajj. 
 (Kalium Permanganicum) ; Hung., Russ. and Swiss (Kalium Hyper- 
 manganicum) ; Ital. (Permanganato di Pota.ssio); Mox. (Perman- 
 ganato de Potasio) ; Port. (Permanganato de Potassa) ; Span. 
 (Permanganato Potasico). 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Permanganate when heated decrepitates, and 
 when more strongly heated it decomposes with the evolution of 
 Oxygen, leaving a black residue of Potassium Manganate and Man- 
 ganese Dioxide. It dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a deep purple- 
 coloured solution, which should bo neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper. The acpeous solution of the black residue remaining after 
 strongly heating the salt is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus 
 paper, and when neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid affords the 
 reactions characteristic of Potassium given under that heading. When 
 heated with a mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c), Distilled Water and Sulphuric 
 Acid it evolves an odour of Acetaldehyde, the purple-coloured solution 
 becoming colourless. The addition of Oxalic Acid Solution, Ferrous 
 Sulphate Solution or Hydrogen Dioxide Solution to an acidified 
 aqueous solution immediately decolorises it. It is officially required to 
 contain not less than 08 '93 p.c. of pure Potassium Permanganate, as 
 volumetrically determined by dissolving 1 gramme of Potassium 
 Permanganate in Distilled Water, adding 5 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, and titrating with Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution, of 
 v,-hich not less than 31 '3 ml. should be required to completely decolorise 
 it, the liquid being raised to a temperature of about 60^ C. (140° F.). 
 The U.S. P. requires that it should contain not less than 99 p.'c. of 
 pure Potassium Permanganate, as volumetrically determined by titra- 
 tion with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution as described 
 below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ammonium, Arsenic, 
 Iron, Lead, Sodium, Chlorides, Nitrates and Sulphates. In testing for 
 these impurities a solution of the salt should be treated with sufficient 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) to cause complete decolorisation and the liquid filtered. 
 A portion of the decolorised solution, when evaporated to dryness, 
 dissolved in Distilled Water, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Arsenic and Lead, and on the 
 subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution it should not be 
 appreciably darkened in colour, indicating a limit of Iron. When the 
 salt is boiled with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, no characteristic odour 
 of Ammonia should be evolved, nor should the issuing gas turn a piece of 
 moistened red Litmus paper blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium 
 salts. Not more than a transient yellow colour should be imparted 
 to a non-luminous flame, when a crystal of Potassium Permanganate, 
 
1100 POT [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 moistened with Hydrochloric Acid is introduced into it, on a Platinum 
 loop, indicating a limit of Sodium. 
 
 Another portion of the decolorised liquid when acidified with Nitric 
 Acid should yield no decided turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. Another portion of the de- 
 colorised liquid, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield not 
 more than the slightest turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. A blue coloration at the 
 point of contact between the two fluids should not be produced when 
 1 drop of Diphenylamine Solution and 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid are 
 added to 5 c.c. of the decolorised liquid in such a way that the two 
 fluids do not mix, indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 
 Volumetric Deterraination. — If 0-1 gramme of the salt be dissolved in 
 100 c.c. of Distilled Water to which 1 c.c. of Sulphiiric Acid and .S5 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution have been previously added, 
 then not more than 3*5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Perman- 
 ganate Solution should bo required to impart a permanent pink tint, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR POTASSII PERMANGANATIS. Solution of Potas- 
 sium Permanganate. 
 
 Dissolve 87^ grains of Potassium Permanganate in Distilled Water, 
 q.s. to yield 20 fl. oz. (1 in 100.) 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 4 fl. drm. = 7-1 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 110 minims contain 1 grain. 
 
 If it needs filtration, glass-wool is best for the purpose. 
 Diluted with 40 to SO parts of Water, is useful as a gargle, Iiotion, or 
 Vaginal Injection ; or as a cleansing v(?"ash for foul ulcers, etc. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in IMex., 1 in 500. Not in the 
 others. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GARGARISMA POTASSII PERMANGANATIS.— Solution of Potassium 
 Permanganate, 12 minims ; Watei', to 1 fl. oz. — St. Mary^s, University and 
 Westminster. 
 
 Solution of Potassium Permanganate, | fl. oz. ; Water, q.s. to make 20 fl. oz. 
 The deodorant and disinfectant properties of this gargle may be increased 
 by the addition of 2 minims of diluted Sulphuric Acid per fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 Solution of Potassium Permanganate, 10 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — 
 Londoii. 
 
 Potassium Permanganate, J grain ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — Throat. 
 
 CALCII PERMANGANAS. — Purplish-red, crystalUne masses, dehquescent 
 and very soluble in Water. Deodorant. It is stated to be less nauseous 
 than the Potassium salt, but there is not much difference between them in 
 this respect. 
 
 Strychnine Sulphate and Hydrochloride, Morphine, and Aconitine have 
 been shown to yield an innocuous product when treated with a 5 p.c. solution 
 of this SB\t.—J.G.S.Abs. '05, i. 107. 
 
 Sodii Permanganas is so soluble in Wa.ter that it is difficult to crvstalhse. 
 
 Zinei Permanganas. — Reddish-purple, crystalline, hygroscopic masses. 
 Soluble about 1 in 3 of Water, generally with a sHght residue. 
 
 As an injection in chronic lu-ethritis, 1 grain in 8 fl. oz. of Water. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1101 
 
 POTASSII SULPHAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 K2SO4, eq. 174-27. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate Neutbe de Potassium ; Ger., Kaliumsulfat ; Ital., 
 
 SOLFATO DI POTASSIO ; SpAN., SULFATO PoTASICO. 
 
 Hard, transparent, colourless, six-sided, rhombic prisms, terminated 
 by pyramids, or a white, odourless powder, having a somewhat bitter 
 saline taste. Permanent in the air. 
 
 It may be obtained by the decomposition of Potassium salts, pre- 
 ferably the Chloride, with Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Potassium Sulphate was long known as Sal Polyclirestuni, and the 
 Bisulphate (the residue from making Nitric Acid) as Sal Enixum. 
 
 In Scotland Sal Polychrestixm means Sulphas Potassae c. Sulphure. — 
 Ph. Edinburgh. 
 
 So I u b i I i ty . — 1 in 10 of cold Water, 1 in 4 of boiling Water. Insoluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Mild, saline cathartic, usually operating 
 without irritation if given well diluted. Generally given in combination 
 with Rhubarb. A useful purgative in hepatic sluggishness. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 45 grains = 1 to 3 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., Russ. and 
 Swiss (Kalium Sulfuricum); Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. (Sulphas 
 Kalicus); Fr. (Sulfate Neutre de Potassium); Ital. (Solfato di 
 Potassio); Mex. (Sulfate de Potasio); Port. (Sulfato de Po- 
 tassa); Span. (Sulfato Potasico); U.S. Not in Austr. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Sulphate when heated decrepitates and fuses 
 at a bright red heat. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear solution which should be neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, which should yield the tests distinctive of 
 Potassium given under that heading, and which should yield with 
 Barium Chloride Solution, a white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric 
 Acid. It is officially required to yield not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Sulphate, as gravimetrically determined by precipitating a 
 solution of 1 gramme of the salt dissolved in Distilled Water, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, with Barium Chloride Solution, filtering off 
 the precipitate, washing with Distilled Water, drying, and weighing, 
 when constant in weight ; it should weigh not less than 1 '326 grammes. 
 The U.S. P. states that it should contain not less than 99 p.c. of^pure 
 Potassium Sulphate, but gives no method of determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Ammonium, 
 Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorides, Nitrates, 
 and Acid Potassium Sulphate. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Potassium Sulphate in 50 ml. of hot Distilled 
 Water, and 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 
1102 POT [Solids ^ Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 reagent. A limit of 20 parts of Lead per million is also officially fixed, 
 as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes of Potassium 
 Sulphate and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. 
 of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. The JJ.S.P. employs the Modified 
 Gutzeit's Test, requiring that 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution of 
 the salt should not respond to this test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. 
 It employs the time-limit test for heavy metals, requiring that the 
 aqueous 1 in 20 solution, slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should not respond to this test, indicating a limit of Lead, Copper 
 and Iron. The salt when boiled with Potassium Hydroxide Solu- 
 tion should not evolve the characteristic odour of Ammonia, nor 
 should the issuing gas turn blue, a strip of moistened red Litmus 
 paper, indicating the absence of Ammonium. 20 c.c. of an aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution should not be immediately rendered blue on the 
 addition of 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Iron. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when mixed with 
 Ammonia Solution and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, should afiord 
 no distinct turbidity or precipitate, indicating a limit of Calcium. If 
 this liquid be allowed to stand for some time, and filtered, the filtrate 
 should afiord no decided turbidity or precipitate on the addition of 
 Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of Magnesium. If a 
 small crystal of the salt be moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and 
 inserted into a non-luminous flame on a loop of Platinum wire, only 
 a transient yellow coloration should be produced, indicating a limit of 
 Sodium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 should yield not more than a faint opalescence on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. No brown or 
 blackish-brown ring should be produced at the junction of the two 
 fluids when Ferrous Sulphate Solution is poured gently and carefully 
 upon the surface of a well-cooled mixture of equal parts of Sulphuric 
 Acid and a 1 in 20 aqueous Potassium Sulphate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Nitrates. The aqueous solution should be neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Acid Potassium 
 Sulphate. 
 
 POTASSII TARTRAS. 
 
 POTASSIUM TARTRATE. 
 {K^C^llS>^)^Ti^O, eq. 470-480. 
 
 Fb., Tartrate de Potasse Neutre ; Ger., IvAurrMTARTRAT ; Ital., 
 Tartbato Neutro di Potassio ; Span., Tartrato Potasico Neutro. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, prismatic crystals, or as a white, crystalline, 
 slightly deliquescent powder, having a saline and bitter taste. It 
 may be obtained by neutralising the Acid Tartrate with Potassium 
 Carbonate. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1103 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Tartrate. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 6 of Water. Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild, saline purgative, operating 
 without much pain, and producing watery stools. In smaller doses, 
 antacid, diuretic and alterative. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 240 grains = 2 to 16 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Dan. and Norw. (Tartras 
 Kalicus); Ger., Jap. and Russ. (Kalium Tartaricum) ; Ital. (Tar- 
 trate Neutro di Potassio); Mex. (Tartrate de Potasio Neu- 
 tro); Port. (Tartarato de Potassa) ; Span. (Tartrate Petasico 
 Neutre). Not in the ethers. 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Tartrate when heated decomposes, evolving an 
 odour of burnt sugar and leaving behind a black residue, the aqueous 
 solution of which possesses an alkaline reaction towards red Litmus 
 paper. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming 
 a solution which has a neutral or at the most but a slightly alkaline 
 reaction towards Litmus paper. When acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid it should yield the tests distinctive of Potassium given under that 
 heading. The aqueous solution yields on the addition of Calcium 
 Chloride Solution in excess, a white granular precipitate, soluble when 
 freshly precipitated in cold, moderately concentrated Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, reprecipitated on boiling ; it is soluble also in 
 diluted acids. Silver Nitrate Solution afiords a white precipitate, 
 soluble in Diluted Nitric Acid and in Ammonia Solution ; the solution 
 obtained by the use of the latter reagent, when heated in a perfectly 
 clean test-tube, deposits a brilliant mirror of metallic Silver on the 
 sides of the tube. When acidified with Acetic Acid, mixed with a drop 
 or two of Ferrous Sulphate Solution, a few drops of Hydrogen Peroxide 
 Solution and an excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a purple or 
 violet coloration is produced. It is officially required to contain not 
 less than 98*8 p.c. of pure Potassium Tartrate, as volumetrically 
 determined by heating 1 gramme of the salt to redness, dissolving the 
 residue, when cooled, in Distilled Water, filtering, washing till free from 
 alkaline reaction, and titrating the mixed filtrate and washings with 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less than 
 16 • 8 ml. should be required. Methyl Orange Solution may be employed 
 as the indicator of neutrality, although not specifically mentioned by 
 the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 
 0' 05881 gramme of pure Potassium Tartrate. The discrepancy 
 between the B.P. 1898 volumetric determination and the formula 
 was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion. 
 The B.P. has now given the correct formula, with the result that 
 the volumetric determination and the formula are now practically in 
 agreement. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Calcium, Copper, 
 Iron, Lead, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorides, Sulphates and Acid 
 Potassium Tartrate. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 
1104 POT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 5 grammes of Potassium Tartrate in a mixture of 50 ml. 
 of hot Distilled Water and 14 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. The B.P. also fixes a limit of 20 parts of Lead 
 per million, as determined by the Lead Test described under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 
 grammes of Potassium Tartrate and an auxiliary solution containing 
 2 grammes, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. An aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution should not be darkened in colour or yield a turbidity, 
 when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of heavy metals. A blue 
 coloration should not be immediately produced on the addition of 
 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution to 20 c.c. of an aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution, indicating a limit of Iron. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 should afford not more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of 
 Ammonia Solution and Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Calcium. If this liquid be allowed to remain for some time and then 
 filtered, the clear filtrate should afford only the faintest turbidity on 
 the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Magnesium. A small crystal of the salt, moistened with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and introduced on the loop of a Platinum wire into a non-luminous 
 flame, should afford at the most a transient yellow coloration, indicating 
 a limit of Sodium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, should yield not more than the slightest turbidity on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. A solution 
 of similar strength, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield not more than a faint opalescence on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution of the salt should be neutral, or at the most but faintly alkaline 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Acid 
 Potassium Tartrate. The presence of this latter impurity is also 
 indicated by a lowering of the alkalinity of the residue left on igniting 
 the sample, as determined by the volumetric process. 
 
 POTASSII TARTRAS ACIDUS. 
 
 ACID POTASSIUM TARTRATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Purified Cream of Tartar. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Tartarus Depuratus. I^alxum Hydrotartaricum. 
 
 KC4H5O6, eq. 188-140. 
 
 Fr., Tartrate Acide de Potassium ; Ger., Weinstein ; Ital., Tartrato 
 Di PoTASSio AciDO ; Span., Bitartrato Potasico. 
 
 Colourless or slightly opaque, rhombic crystals, or masses of crystals, 
 or as a white, crystalline, gritty powder, possessing a somewhat pleasant 
 acidulous taste. Permanent in the air. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1105 
 
 Its chief source is the crude Cream of Tartar or Argol, deposited during 
 vinous fermentation. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 Hydrogen Tartrate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles or in well-closed 
 earthenware jars. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 200 of cold Water, 1 in 16 of boiling Water. 
 Insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cathartic, diuretic and refrigerant. 
 Much used in febrile and dropsical afiections ; in chronic cardiac 
 and hepatic diseases ; combined with Sulphur it is a useful laxative 
 in haemorrhoids. 
 
 • Imperial Drink ' for patients siiffering from the thirst accompanying 
 chronic Bright's disease. Acid Potassium Tartrate, 1 drm. ; Saccharin, 1 
 grain ; Lemon Oil, 3 minims ; boiling Water, to 1 pint. 
 
 Most of the Ho.=ipital Pharmacopoeias contain a similar formula either 
 under the head of Haustus Imperialis or Potus Imperialis. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 60 grains = 1 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparations. — Contained in Confectio Sulphuris, Trochiscus 
 Sulphuris, and Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. 
 
 Not Official. — Soluble Cream of Tartar, Pulvis Pvefrigerans, and Acqua 
 Imperial e. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all ; Austr. and Hung. (Kalium 
 hydrotartaricum) ; Belg. (Bitartras Potassa; depuratus) ; Dan.. 
 Norw. and Swed. (Bitartras Kalicvis); Dutch (Tartras Kalicus 
 Acidus) ; Fr. (Tartrate Acide de Potassium); Ger. and Swiss (Tar- 
 tarus depuratus) ; Ital. (Tartrato di Potassio Acido) ; Jap. 
 (Kalium Bitartaricum) ; Mex. (Tartrato de Potasio Acido); Port. 
 (Bitartrato de Potassa); Russ. (Kalium Bitartaricum depuratum 
 and Purum) ; Span. (Bitartrato Potasico) ; U.S. (Potassii Bitartras). 
 
 Tests. — Potassium Acid Tartrate when strongly heated chars and 
 emits inflammable vapours, and an odour of burnt Sugar. When more 
 strongly heated it leaves a black or gTeyish-black residue, which, when 
 dissolved in Distilled Water, filtered and neutralised with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, affords the tests distinctive of Potassium given under that heading. 
 When neutralised with Sodium Hydroxide Solution it yields, on the 
 addition of Calcium Chloride Solution in excess, a white granular 
 precipitate, soluble when freshly precipitated, in cold moderately con- 
 centrated Potassium Hydroxide Solution, reprecipitated on boiling. 
 In a similar solution Silver Nitrate Solution yields a white precipitate, 
 soluble in Nitric Acid and in Ammonia Solution ; its solution in the 
 latter reagent, when heated in a perfectly clean test-tube, affords a 
 brilliant mirror of metallic Silver on the sides of the tube. It is 
 sparingly soluble in Distilled Water, the solution being acid in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. The aqueous solution, when acidified with 
 Acetic Acid, mixed with a drop or two of Ferrous Sulphate Solution, 
 a few drops of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution and an excess of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, yields a purple or violet coloration. It is officially 
 required to contain not less than 98 • 77 p.c. of pure Potassium Hydrogen 
 Tartrate, as volumetrically determined by the direct titration of 
 
1106 POT [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 1 gramme of tlie salt, presumably iu solution, with Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not less than 10 "5 ml. 
 should be required, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality, although this is not specifically mentioned by the B.F. ; 
 1 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 
 ()• 09407 gramme of pure Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate. The direct 
 titration of a sample should be supplemented by a determination of 
 the alkalinity of the soluble ash. A sample containing a judicious pro- 
 portion of Potassium Acid Sulphate might pass the direct titration 
 test, but would show a reduced alkalinity of the ash. In a pure sample 
 the amount of Half -Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 required for the direct titration should be equal to the amount of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required to neutralise the 
 soluble ash, working on the same weight of substance in each case. 
 The U.S. P. requires the salt to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Potassium Bitartrate, as volumetrically determined by titrating with 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, the solution obtained 
 by extracting the residue left after ignition, with Distilled Water, using 
 Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this 
 rubric be changed to ' not less than 99 '5 p.c. by weight of pure Potas- 
 sium Bitartrate,' as determined by the direct titration of a solution of 
 the salt with Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorides and Sulphates. The limit 
 of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, suggested {CD. '08, i. 796) is now 
 officially fixed by the B.P., as determined by the Arsenic Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 15 grammes 
 of the salt in a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 13 ml. of 
 Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of 
 Bromine being eliminated by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 5 parts of Lead per million, 
 suggested in the same reference, has been modified in the light of later 
 experience, and a limit of 20 parts of Lead per million is now fixed by 
 the B.P., as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a primary solution of 7 grammes of Potassium 
 Hydrogen Tartrate, obtained by the aid of Ammonia Solution, and an 
 auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes of the salt, obtained in a 
 similar manner, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. An aqueous 1 
 in 20 solution of the salt obtained by the aid of a sufficiency of Ammonia 
 Solution should not assume a noticeable darkening in colour on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy 
 metals. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution obtained by the aid of a sufiiciency 
 of Ammonia Solution should yield no more than the faintest turbidity 
 on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Calcium. If this liquid be allowed to stand for some time, and filtered, 
 the clear filtrate should yield only the faintest turbidity on the addition 
 of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of Magnesium. The 
 clear filtrate obtained on shaking 5 grammes of the salt with 100 c.c. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] POT 1107 
 
 of Distilled Water, and filtering, when acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 should yield not more than the faintest opalescence on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. Another 
 portion of this filtrate, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield only the faintest turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. A particle of the salt, when 
 moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced on a loop of Platinum 
 wire into a non-luminous flame, should yield at the most but a tran- 
 sient yellow colour, indicating a limit of Sodium. In addition to the 
 above-named impurities. Starch, Kaolin, Calcium Phosphate and other 
 insoluble matter. Ammonium salts. Aluminium and Phosphates may 
 be present, and the U.S. P. includes tests for these impurities. The 
 undermentioned test with Ammonia Water serves as a test for Starch, 
 Kaolin, Calcium Phosphate and other insoluble matter. The presence 
 of Ammonium salts is indicated by the behaviour of the solution when 
 examined by the tests with Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 Aluminium by the Potassium Hydroxide test after ignition, and 
 Phosphate by the Ammonium Molybdate Test given below. A method 
 for the exhaustive examination of Cream of Tartar is given {Analyst, 
 '96, 174). 
 
 Ammonia. — A solution of 0-5 gramme of the salt in 3 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution should leave no insoluble residue, indicating the absence ol Starch, 
 Kaolin, Calcium Phosphate, and other insoluble matter, U.S. P. 
 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution. — If the salt be warmed with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Test-Solution it should not evolve Ammonia, indicating the 
 absence of Anxmonium salts, U.S. P. 
 
 Potassium. Hydroxide Solution after Ignition. — If 1 gramme of 
 Potassium Bitartrate be well triturated with about 1 gramme of Potassium 
 Carbonate and • 5 gramme of Potassivim Nitrate, and the mixture heated 
 gradually to dull redness in a porcelain crucible, and if, upon cooling, the 
 resulting mass be treated with a slight excess of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 and filtered, the filtrate, upon being made slightly alkaline with Potassium 
 Hydroxide Test-Solution, should not jdeld a gelatinous precipitate soluble 
 in excess of the reagent, indicating tiie absence of Alum, Lf.S.P. 
 
 Am.niomuni Molybdate Solution. — If, in the above test, a precipitate 
 be produced which is insoluble it should be collected and thoroughly washed 
 with hot Distilled Water, and dissolved in hot Diluted Nitric Acid ; the 
 addition of an excess of Ammonium Molybdate Test-Solution to this solution 
 should not produce a yellow precipitate, indicating the absence of Phosphates, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 1 gramme of the salt be thoroughly 
 carbonised at a teinperatin-e not exceeding red heat, and the residue be 
 thoroughly extracted with boiling Distilled Water matil the washings cease 
 to react with Methyl Orange Test-Solution, the mixed filtrate and washings 
 should require for complete neutralisation not less than 10- 6 c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volvimetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, Methyl Orange Test-Solution 
 being used as indicator, U.S.P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 TARTARUS BORAXATUS. TARTRATE BORICO-POTASSIQUE, 
 SOLUBLE CREAM OF TARTAR.— Soluble Cream of Tartar is a white, 
 amorphous powder soluble in its owti weight of Water. The proportions 
 are : — Dan. and Swed., Potassium Tartrate 2, Borax 1 ; Dutch, Potassium 
 
1108 PRU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Acid Tartrate o, Borax 2 ; dissolve the Borax and the Acid Tartrate in 
 Water by the aid of heat, and evaporate to dryness; Ital. (Tartrate Borico- 
 Potassico), proportions not given ; Span., Potassium Acid Tartrate 4, 
 Boric Acid 1; Fr. (Borotart rate de Potassium), and Mex. (Tartrate 
 borieo-potasico), Potassium Bicarbonate 10, Tartaric Acid 10, Boric Acid 5; 
 Port., with Boric Acid and Potassium Acid Tartrate, but no quantities given. 
 
 PULVIS REFRIGERANS (i^ora'. ).—Elreosaccharimi Citri, 12 ; Potassium 
 Nitrate, 12 ; Potassium Acid Tartrate, 76. 
 
 ACQUA IMPERIALE (//oZ.).— Soluble Cream of Tartar, 10; Sugar, 30; 
 Water, .500. 
 
 PRUNI VIRGINIANS CORTEX. 
 
 WILD CHERRY BARK. 
 B.P.Syn. — Virginian Prune Bark. 
 
 The Bark of Prunus serotina, Ehrli. ; it is believed to be stronger 
 in the autumn than in the spring, and is required to be collected in 
 the autumn both by B.P. and U.S. P. 
 
 B.P. has adopted the name Wild Cherry Bark, used in U.S. P. 
 
 In addition to astringent Tannins, this bark contains Amygdalin and 
 Emulsin, which on treatment with Water develop Hydrocyanic Acid (in 
 a manner similar to the Cherry Laurel), to which the sedative effects of its 
 preparations are probably due. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative. Highly useful in full doses 
 for resultless hacking cough in phthisis and chronic bronchitis. The 
 Syrup is also useful as a flavouring vehicle for nauseous medicines. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Syrupus Pruni Virginianse and Tinctura Pruni 
 Virginianae. 
 
 IsTot Official. — Fluidextractum Pruni Virginianae, Infusum Pruni 
 
 Virginianse. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. Not in the others. U.S. 
 has also an Infusum and Fluid. Extract. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — This bark was formerly supposed to be 
 derived from Prunus Virginiana, Mill., whence the official name ; it 
 is now officially referred to Prunus serotina, Ehrh. The bark varies 
 much in appearance, according to the age of the tree, the young bark 
 being thin, with a reddish external thin papery layer ^^ to -^^ in. (1 "5 
 to 2*5 mm.) in thickness, with an underlying greenish layer marked 
 with transverse lenticular growths, but in older bark the surface is 
 rough and darker brown and thicker ; in both the fracture is short 
 and granular, and the under surface exhibits a minute porous network 
 with small fissures. It has an astringent, bitter taste, and a slight 
 almond flavour when chewed. The young bark is richer in Hydrocyanic 
 Acid; the B.P. now limits the thickness to not more than 3 mm., 
 which excludes old bark ; the U.S. P. describes the young bark, 
 in curved pieces 3 to 7 cm. long and 0'5 to 4*0 mm. in thickness. 
 Young bark about -^^ in. (2 mm.) is the best ; when -g- to |^ in. (3 to 
 4 mm.) in thickness it is likely to be less active. The bark is apt to 
 deteriorate if kept long. The bark of other species of Prunus is some- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PRU 1109 
 
 times substituted for that of Prunus serotina. One of these, described 
 by Finnemore, Prunus Padus, Linn., has a fibrous fracture and gives 
 a darker coloured syrup and is devoid of the characteristic odour and 
 taste. Under the microscope the leading features of the powder are 
 the irregularly-shaped stone cells, the brown medullary rays 4 cells 
 broad, large rhomboidal raphides near the stone cells, and smaller ones 
 in the pith ; sphseraphides occur in rows in the soft bast and are 
 coloured brown by solution of Caustic Potash. The tissue also contains 
 an abundance of small Starch grains and brown particles of a kind of 
 Tannin which turn black with Ferric salts. In the false bark long 
 bast fibres are present, but no stone cells of irregular shape. 
 
 Tests. — Virginian Prune Bark contains from 3 to 4 p.c. of ash, 
 and 6 p.c. should not be exceeded. The B.P. does not give a limit 
 of ash. A sample of the Bark examined by the process described 
 under Syrup of Wild Cherry yielded "091 p.c. of Hydrogen Cyanide. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SYRUPUS PRUNI VIRGINIANiE. Syrup of Wild Cherry. 
 B.P.Syn. — Syrup of Virginian Prune. 
 
 Percolate 3 of Wild Cherry Bark, in No. 20 powder, with Distilled 
 Water to yield 9 ; Dissolve 15 of Eefined Sugar in the liquid, by 
 agitation, without heat ; add 1'3 of Glycerin ; strain ; pour Distilled 
 Water over the strainer to make up to 20. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 2 fl. drm. are frequently given in irritable laryngeal cough. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., Wild Cherry, 15 ; Sugar, 
 70 ; Glycerin, 15 ; Water, to 100. 
 
 Tests. — Syrup of Virginian Prune has a specific gravity of about 
 1 • 303. A determination of the amount of Hydrocyanic Acid present 
 in the Syrup may be made by the following method : — 50 c.c, of the 
 Syrup, or 25 c.c. of the percolate before the Glycerin and Sugar are 
 added, are slowly distilled until 15 c.c. have been collected. An 
 adapter on the end of the condenser is necessary, and the end of the 
 adapter should dip under 10 c.c. of Distilled Water contained in a 
 125 c.c. measure, in order to obviate loss of Hydrocyanic Acid. A 
 measured quantity of at least 25 c.c. of Distilled Water and a little 
 Sodium Bicarbonate Solution are added to the 15 c.c. of distillate, 
 and the distillate is then titrated with Twentieth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution, until a faint permanent yellow tint is obtained ; 1 c.c. 
 of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution = 0*00067 gramme 
 of Hydrogen Cyanide. Samples of Syrup examined in the author's 
 laboratory yielded from • 001 to • 0037 p.c. of Hydrogen Cyanide 
 when examined according to this process. 
 
 TINCTURA PRUNI VIRGINIANiE. Tincture of Wild Cherry. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Tincture of Virginian Prune. (Altered.) 
 
 Macerate 40 of Virginian Prune Bark, in No. 20 powder, with 73 of 
 
1110 PBU [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Distilled Water for 24 hours ; add 113 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and continue 
 the maceration for 7 days ; then add 20 of Glycerin. 
 
 The process remains as before, except that Glycerin is now added to the 
 former finished product and the relative proportions of Water and Alcohol are 
 modified. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Virginian Prune has a specific gravity of about 
 0"977,, contains about 20 jj.c. w/v of total solids and about 48 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. A sample of the Tincture examined by 
 the process described under Syrup of Wild Cherry showed 0*004 p.c. 
 of Hydrogen Cyanide. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM PRUNI VIRGINIAN/^ {U.S.P.).—Wild Cherry, 
 in No. 30 powder, 100, is percolated with a mixtm'e of Glycerin 20, Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 20, and Water 60 ; and then percolation is contintied with a mixture 
 of 20 of Alcohol (95 p.c.) and 80 of Water, until the product measures 100. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. drm. (1-8 to 3-75 c.c). 
 
 INFUSUM PRUNI V!RGINIAN/E (U.S.P.).— Wild Cherry, in No. 20 
 powder, 4 ; Glycerin, 5 ; Water, q.s. to make 100. Moisten the powder 
 with 6 of Water, allow it to macerate for 1 hour, pack into a glass percolator, 
 and having put the Glycerin into the receiving bottle gradually pour Water 
 upon the powder, and continue percolation until the product measures 100, 
 and mix well. 
 
 Average Dose. — 2 fl. oz. (about 60 c.c). 
 
 Not Official. 
 PRUNUM. 
 
 The dried ripe Fruits of Primus domestica, var. Juliana. 
 Prunes are not now described in B.P. The Official Confectio Senna? is 
 made from ' Prunes of commerce.' 
 Imported from the South of France. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Mild laxative, nutritious and demulcent. Often 
 used in cUetetic treatment of constipation as a laxative. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch (Pruna) ; Hung. (Pulpa 
 Prunorum) ; Mex. (Ciruelode Espana); Port. (Ameixas Passadas); 
 U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Wotes. — The dried fruits of Prunus domestica, var. Juliana, 
 DC, are not now Official in the B.P., and no special variety of the species 
 is specified in the U.S.P. The size given in the U.S.P. is 3 to 4 cm. Plums 
 differ in size and shape and in the character of the stone. The stone of the 
 var. Juliana is described by Hanbury as --^^ to ^-^ inch long and ^ to ■,% inch 
 broad, broadly rounded at the upper end and slightly mucronulate, narrowed 
 and somewhat stalk-like at the lower end and truncate. The ventral suture 
 is broader and thicker than the dorsal. German prunes (Zwetschea or 
 Quetschen), derived from the var. Pruneauliana, DC, are sometimes imported. 
 These are rather larger and more elongated and have a thicker skin and a 
 flatter, narrower stone, pointed at either end, with the ventral suture more 
 strongly curved than the dorsal, and the fruits are more prone to become 
 covered with a saccharine efflorescence. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PSY 1111 
 
 Wot Official. 
 PSYLLII SEMEN. 
 
 Syn.- — -Flea Seed. 
 
 The seeds obtained from Plantago Psyllium, L. 
 
 They are closely allied to the Ispaghul Seeds so well known in India, and, 
 like them, are very mucilaginous. They have recently come into more 
 general use in this covmtry in some forms of habitual constipation. 
 
 Dose. — A teaspoonful to a tablospoonful of the seeds in half a tumbler 
 of Water at bedtime, or before the princi^jal meal. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The plant yielding these seeds, Plantago Psyllium, 
 is a native of the South of Europe, and is grown only to a limited extent in 
 this country. The seeds are boat-shaped, as in those of Plantago ovata, 
 but are dark bro\vn, shining, and aljout the size of an ordinary flea, whence 
 their name. They are convex on one side and concave on the other, about 
 ^2 inch long and about half as broad. They are a bright brown in colour, 
 without odour, but have a disagreeable, somewhat acrid taste when fresh. 
 
 When immersed in water the external layer of cells swells up, as in linseed, 
 and yields a large amount of mucilage. The seeds apparently contain a 
 slightly acrid principle, which can be removed by treatment with Alcohol. 
 
 A glucoside named Aucubin has been found in the seeds of Plantago Psyllium, 
 P. arenaria, and P. Cynops {Journ. de Pharm. et Chejuie, 26, 1907, p. 254), 
 and it is possibly to this that the acridity is due. The seeds of these species 
 are sometimes found mixed vdih. those of P. Psyllium., as they are used for 
 the same purposes. Those of P. arenaria are smaller and blacker, and those 
 of P. Cynops larger and more oval, and less shining. The former are used 
 in Italy, Spain, and the South of France, and the latter in Switzerland, 
 Germany, and Hungary. 
 
 In medicine the seeds are used in constipation. In the arts they are 
 employed in Southern Europe for dressing muslin, and in this coimtry as a 
 substitute for ox-gall in mixing the colom-s used for marbling the edges and 
 sides of books. One part of the seeds yields a jelly with 20 parts of Water. 
 
 PTEROCARPI LIGNUM. 
 
 RED SANDERS WOOD. 
 B.P.Syn. — Red Sandal Wood. 
 
 The Heart-Wood of Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn. f. 
 From Madras and Ceylon. Used solely as a colouring agent. 
 Used in the preparation of Tinctura Lavandulae Composita. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — ^ Official in Austr. and Jap. (Lignum 
 Santali Rubrum) ; Dutch (Lignum Santalinum) ; Port. (Sandalo 
 Rubro); Span. (Sandolo Roj o) ; LLS. fSantalum Rubrum). Not in 
 the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.- — Eed Sandal Wood being mucli valued for 
 turning purposes, the lo^s imported for medicinal use are chiefly- 
 derived from the tree stumps or roots. The wood is blackish-brown 
 externally, but of a deep red colour in transverse section, with lighter 
 zones. It is usually met with in retail commerce in the form of splintery 
 raspings of a purplish-red colour. The colouring matter is soluble in 
 90p.c. spirit and in caustic alkalis, but is precipitated by acids and 
 
1112 PTTIi [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 is almost insoluble in Water. The wood has only a faintly astringent 
 taste, and a slight aromatic odour when warmed. 
 
 Tests. — It contains about 1 p.c. of ash. It imparts a red colour 
 to Alcohol (90 p.c), but not to Distilled Water. The B.P. does not 
 give an ash limit. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PULSATILLA. 
 
 The Herb of Anemone Pulsatilla, L., and of Aneinone pratensis, L., collected 
 soon after flowering. 
 
 It should be carefully preserved, and not kept longer than one year. 
 
 It contams an unstable body, Anemone-Camphor, which occurs in trimetric 
 prisms. It splits xip into Anemonin and Anemonic Acid. 
 
 Used in dysmenorrhoea with various results. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. Not in the others. 
 
 ALCOOLATURE D'ANEMONE PULSATILLE (i^r.).— Bruised fresh 
 flowers and leaves of Pulsatilla, 1 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), by weight, 1. Macerate 
 for 8 days, press and filter. 
 
 TINCTURA PULSATILL/E.— Carefully cbied Herb, 1; Alcohol (60 p.c), 
 to percolate 10. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims = 0-3 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 Unless the Herb is very finely powdered it answers better to soak it in warm 
 Water for a day, and then add Alcohol to bring the mixture to the strength 
 of Alcohol (GO p.c). 
 
 It is best prepared from the fresh herb, as in Fr. Codex, see above. 
 
 LIQUOR CAULOPHYLLIN ET PULSATILL/E, *ee p. 421. 
 
 PYRETHRI RADIX. 
 
 PYRETHRUM ROOT. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Pellitory Root. 
 
 Fb., Pyrethre d Afeique ; Ger., Romische Bertramwurzel ; Ital., 
 PiRETRO ; Span., Raiz de Pelitre. 
 
 The dried Root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum, DC. 
 Collected cliiefly in Algeria. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is powerfully stimulant to the 
 salivary glands, causing a copious flow of saliva, and, on that account, 
 is used as a masticatory in dryness of the mouth and throat. The 
 Tincture is used on Cotton-Wool for relieving Toothache, or when 
 diluted, as a mouth-wash. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctura Pyrethri. 
 
 Not Official.— Trochisci Pyrethi-i. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. , Fr. (Pyrethre d'Afrique), 
 Mex. (Peritre de Africa), Port. (Pyrethro), Span. (Pelitre) and U.S. 
 Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PYR 1113 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Pyretlirum root, or Pellitory of Spain, 
 occurs in cylindrical pieces about 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm.) long and 
 about I inch (10-15 mm.) thick, tapering slightly towards either end, 
 unbranched, and having sometimes at the apex a short tuft of soft 
 woolly hairs. It is longitudinally furrowed, is of a dark brown colour 
 and has a short fracture, exhibiting in transverse section a radiate 
 structure, with dark resin cells in the cortex and medullary rays ; the 
 wood is porous and yellow, and the bark is dark brown. It has a 
 characteristic odour, and a slowly pungent and acrid taste, causing a 
 How of saliva. It has been adulterated with the root of Corrigiola 
 telephiifolia, Pourr., which, like Pyrethrum, is a product of Morocco. 
 The root is similar in size, but paler, and exhibits in transverse section 
 a series of horny concentric zones, but no resin ducts. 
 
 Tests. — It contains from 4 to 5 p.c. of ash, and the latter figure 
 should not be exceeded. The B.P. does not give an ash limit. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA PYRETHRI. Tincture of Pyrethrum. 
 Pyrethrum Eoot, in No. 40 powder, 4 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), q.s. to 
 yield 20 ; by percolation. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mes. and U.S., 1 in 5; by- 
 weight except U.S. Not in the others. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Pyrethrum has a specific gravity of 0*900 to 
 0*904 ; it contains from 1*5 to 3*5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 08 p.c v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 TROCHISCI PYRETHRI (Throat).— Contain 1 grain in each. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PYRETHRI FLORES. 
 
 Syn. INSECT POWDER. 
 
 The powder of the Flower -heads, obtained in the Caucasus, from Pyrethrum 
 roseum. Bleb., and P. carneum, Bieb., and in Dalmatia from Pyrethrum 
 cinerarioefoKum, Trev. 
 
 The active principle is an Ether-soluble Resin, not a volatile Oil. 
 
 By burning a little Pyrethrum powder all the flies in a room may be rapidly 
 slain.— ^.ilf.J. '13, ii. 245. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Max. (Peritre del Caucaso). 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Persian Insect powder of commerce is derived 
 from the flowers of Pyrethrum cineraricefoUum, of which three qualities are 
 sold, named respectively ' closed,' ' half -closed,' and ' open,' the closed being 
 the most effective, if gathered when full grown. In the closed flowers the 
 yellowish-wliite, lanceolate, acute, hairy phyllaries or outer bracts are 
 incurved ; in the half -closed the Flower-heads are frequently inore or less 
 
1114 PYK [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 deprived of the white ligulate florets ; and in the open flowers even the 
 tubular florets may be partially fallen away. The ovary has no pappus, but 
 the calyx forms a short membranous ring with 5 minute teeth, and the fruit 
 has 5 slender rib-hke wings. The powdered flowers are characterised by the 
 epidermal papillas of the ligulate florets being more conical and narrower, 
 and having a thinner apex than those of Pyrethrurn roscum, the Flower-heads 
 of which are now seldom used ; they are cUstinguished by the red ligulate 
 florets, and the phyllaries -with bro'WTiish-black margins. As a rule the 
 powder is more active the more abimdant the pollen and the smaller the 
 quantity of stem tissue. See also P.J. (4) iv. pp. 505-507. 
 
 This powder has been adulterated with the flowers of other species of 
 Chrysanthemum, with 'White Hellebore, and with chrome yellow and with 
 powdered Sumach leaves. See Vorjl, Pharmacoynosie, pp. 116, 117. 
 
 TINCTURA PYRETHRI FLORUM.— The Flower-heads, in powder, 1; 
 Alcohol (GO p.c), to percolate 4. 
 
 Diluted 1 to 10 of Water forms a lotion to keep away insects. 
 
 Not Official. 
 PYRIDINE. 
 
 C.H^W, oq. 79-050. 
 
 A colourless, volatile liquid, with a powerful and a peculiar odour. Its 
 aqueous solution has a strong alkaline reaction to Litmus. It yields a 
 crystalline deliquescent salt with Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 It is a tertiary monoacidic base obtained from the products of the destruc- 
 tive distillation of bone, or the fraction of Coal-Tar or Shale Oil boiling 
 between 80° C. and 250° C. (176° F. to 482° F.), or it may be prepared syn- 
 thetically by the interaction of Phosphorus Pentoxide and Amyl Nitrite, or 
 by heating Piperidine with Sulphuric Acid at 300° C. (572° F.). 
 
 Commercially it always contains PicoUne. In its cruder forms it is 
 employed in Germany for ' denaturating ' Alcohol, corresponding to ' Methy- 
 lating ' in this coimtry. 
 
 Solubility. — It is miscible with Water, Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether, and the 
 fixed Oils. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Useful in asthma; 4 or 5 grammes (62 to 
 77 grains) are allowed to evaporate from a flat dish in a small room, the 
 patient being exposed to its vapour for about half an hour 3 times a day. 
 Is most beneficial in cardiac dyspna?a, emphysema, and angina pectoris. 
 
 If the vapom" be inhaled in quantity it produces headache. 
 
 Like Nicotine it is a good insecticide. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and Span. 
 
 Tests. — Pyridine has a specific gravity of about 0- 980. It boils at about 
 116° C. (240*8° F.). When pure it has a strong alkaline reaction towards 
 red Litmus paper, but no reaction to Phenolphthalein Solution. When added 
 to Copper Sulphate Solution it gives a bluish-green precipitate, soluble in 
 excess to a dark blue liquid similar to that produced by Ammonia Solution. 
 If a drop of Pyridine be mixed in a watch-glass with a drop of Methyl Iodide, 
 Methyl -Pyridine Iodide is produced, and on introducing a fragment of Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide and a little Distilled Water, stirring and then heating gently, 
 a characteristic alUaceous odour of Methyl-Pyridine is developed. It may bo 
 titrated with Normal or Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, 
 using Methyl Orange Solution or Tincture of Cochineal as an indicator of 
 neutrality. 1 c.c. of PjTidine requires about 12-4 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid. Each c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution represents 0-07905 gramme of absolute Pyridine. The sample 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] PYR 1115 
 
 should not redden Phenolphthalein Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Ammonia. It should remain imaltered on exposure to the air, indicating the 
 absence of Furfurol. It should have little or no action on Potassium Perman- 
 ganate Solution, indicating the absence of readily oxidisable organic impuri- 
 ties ; a 0-5 p.c. solution of Pyridine should give a crystalhne precipitate, 
 becoming almost semi-solid when mixed with an equal volume of saturated 
 Picric Acid Solution. It should be completely volatilised by heat without 
 leaving any weighable residue. 
 
 The Fr. Codex gives the specific gravity at 15° C. (59° F.) as 0-9855, and a 
 boiling point of 116° C. (240-8° F.). It requires that Pyridine should conform 
 to these physical requirements, and that, when brought into contact with 
 a fragment of Potassium Hydroxide, it should not separate Water in any 
 notable quantity. 
 
 PYROXYLINUM. 
 
 PYROXYLIN. 
 
 N.O.Syn.- — Go.ssypium Fulminans ; Lana Collodii ; Colloxylintjm. 
 
 Fk., Fulmi-coton ; Ger., KoLLODruMWOLLE ; Ital., Cotone Collodio ; 
 Span., Piroxilina. 
 
 A white, fibrous substance, having very much the appearance of 
 ordinary cotton, but rapidly burning away with a flash when ignited. 
 It requires to be kept in small quantities in a cool dry place, and 
 away from lights. 
 
 Pyroxylin is Dinitrocellulose, CgHs(N0.J„05 ; Gmi Cotton is Trinitro- 
 cellulose, CgH.(N02)305, which is not soluble in any mixture of Alcohol and 
 Ether. 
 
 It sometimes decomposes on keeping, with disengagement of Nitrous 
 fumes, and becomes insoluble. 
 
 The safest and best plan for its preservation is to moisten the dry material 
 with an equal weight of Methylated Spirit, and preserve in a well-stoppered 
 jar ; when reqiiired for use it is quickly and easily dried. — P.J. 'OG, ii. 110 ; 
 CD. '96, ii. 207. 
 
 Pyroxylin is officially prepared by nitrating Cotton ; 1 of Cotton 
 being immersed in a mixture of 5 of Sulphuric Acid and 5 of Nitric 
 Acid, the mixture being stirred during 3 minutes and the free acid 
 separated by washing with Water till the washings no longer have an 
 acid reaction. The Pyroxylin is drained and dried at a low temperature. 
 
 Solubility. — Eeadily soluble in a mixture of equal volumes of Ether 
 and Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; also in Acetone. 
 
 Different samples of Pyroxylin vary considerably in the extent to which 
 they are sokible. 
 
 The use of Acetone as a cheap and efficient solvent for P3rroxy]in was sug- 
 gested in the Sixteenth Edition of Squire's Companion. A good Pyroxylin -will 
 dissolve readily to the extent of 10 p.c. A formula corresponding with the 
 B.P. Collodion is Pjrroxylin 1, Acetone 48 ; but this produces an inconveniently 
 thin Solution, and a preferable strength is Pyroxyhn 3-5, Acetone q.s. to 
 make 100. The suggestion for its use has been followed by the B.P.C. ; it 
 appears under the title Collodiuin Acetonum as follows : — Pyroxylin, 5 ; 
 Oil of Cloves, 2 ; Amjd Acetate, 25 ; Benzol, 20 ; Acetone, q.s. to jDroduce 100. 
 A more descriptive title for this would have been Collodimn Acetonmn Com- 
 positiim, a simple solution in Acetone having been used as Acetone Collodion. 
 
 A solution of PjToxylin in Acetone is also known under the name Filmogen. 
 
1116 PYR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Official Preparations. — Used in the preparation of Collodium, and 
 Collodivim Vesicans. Of Collodium, CoUodiuni Flexile. 
 
 Not Official. — Collodium Stypticuni, Haemostatic Collodion, Coliodivim 
 Anodynum, Celloidin, Photoxylin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Belg. (Pyroxylinum), Dutch, 
 Ger. and Jap., Nitric Acid 400, Sulphuric Acid 1000, Purified Cotton 55 ; 
 Russ. uses same formula, but Purified Cotton 50 ; Fr. (Fulmi-coton) ; Mex. 
 (Piroxilina), Cotton 1, Nitre 20, Sulphuric Acid 30; Port. (Algodao 
 ]?olvora), and Span. (Pyroxilina), Cotton 1, Nitre 20, Pure Sulphuric Acid 
 (sp. gr. 1'84) 30 ; Austr., Dan., Ital., Swiss and U.S., no formula given. 
 
 Tests. — Pyroxylin sliould be readily and completely soluble in a 
 mixture of equal volumes of Etiier and Alcohol (90p.c.); it should be 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. It should also be completely 
 soluble in Acetone. When ignited with free access of air it should 
 leave no mineral residue. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash 
 be changed to not exceeding 0*3 p.c, and that the following additional 
 test be added : — On stirring 1 gramme of Pyroxylin with 20 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, the latter should not acquire an acid reaction, and 
 on evaporating 10 c.c. of the filtered liquid to dryness on a water-bath, 
 not more than 0*0015 gramme of residue should be left, indicating a 
 limit of soluble impurities. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 COLLODIUM. Collodion. 
 
 Soak 1 of Pyroxyhn in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 12 ; and add Ether 36 ; dis- 
 solve, and after a few days decant. 
 
 The metric figures are 21, 250 and 750. 
 
 The Pyroxylin is nov/ soaked in the Alcohol previous to the addition of 
 the Ether, which facilitates solution, as noted in Squire's Companion 1908. 
 
 A colourless opalescent, readily inflammable syrupy liquid, possessing a 
 characteristic ethereal odovu-. It dries rapidly on the skin, leaving a thin 
 adhesive varnish. 
 
 Mixes with Ether; but when mixed with "Water or Alcohol (90 p.c.) the 
 Pyroxylin is thrown out. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool place and away from uncovered hghts or fire. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Pyroxylinum solutum), 
 Pyroxyhn 2, Alcohol 5, Ether 40, Castor Oil 3 ; Dan., Ger., Russ. and Span. 
 Collodium), Collodion Wool 4. Alcohol 12, Ether 84; Dutch, Collodion 
 Wool 3, Alcohol 17, Ether 80 ; Fr. and Mex., Cohodion Wool 1, Alcohol 4, 
 Ether 15; Ital. (Collodio), Collodion Wool 1, Alcohol 4, Ether 12; Jap., 
 Collodion Cotton 2, Alcohol 7, Ether 42; U.S., PjToxyhn 4, Alcohol 25, 
 Ether 75 ; Port., same as Collodio Elastico. All by weight except tf.S. 
 Austr., Himg., Norw., Swed. and Swiss, no formula given. 
 
 Tests. — Collodion has a specific gravity of 0"770 to 0-780. When 
 evaporated to dryness and ignited with free access of air it leaves no 
 weighable residue. 
 
 COLLODIUM FLEXILE. Flexible Collodion. N.O.Syn.— 
 Collodium Elasticum. (Modified.) 
 
 Collodion, 11| fl. oz. ; Canada Turpentine, ^ oz. (by weight) ; Castor 
 Oil, J oz. (by weight). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUA 1117 
 
 The quantity of Collodion is now reduced from 12 to 11|. The metric 
 figures being 94, 4, 2. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in 
 a cool place and away from uncovered light or fire. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Chiefly used for coating with a protec- 
 tive film, small clean cuts and abrasions, leech-bites, and fissure of 
 nipple ; it has been recommended as an application to erysipelatous 
 surfaces and to burns, and to prevent the pitting of smallpox. 
 
 A large number of substances can be dissolved in Collodion to form medi- 
 cated Collodions. See Acidum Salicylicum, Belladonna, Cantharis, Crotonia 
 Oleum, lodum, lodoformum. 
 
 It does not crack on di-ying and contracts but slightly. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Hung., Norw., 
 Russ. and Swed., Castor Oil 2, Collodion 98 ; Dan., Castor Oil 1, Collodion 99 ; 
 Fr., Castor Oil o. Collodion 95 ; Ger., Ital. and Swiss, Castor Oil 3, Collodion 
 97; Jap., Castor Oil 1, Turpentine 5, Collodion 94; Mex., Castor Oil 9, 
 Collodion 90 ; Port., Pjrroxylin 5, Castor Oil 5, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 20, Ether 70 ; 
 Span., Castor Oil 10, Collodion 90 ; U.S., Castor Oil 3, Canada Turpentine 5, 
 Collodion 92. Not in Belg. 
 
 Tests. — CoUodium Flexile has a specific gravity of 0*790 to 0"800. 
 When evaporated to dryness it leaves a thin transparent flexible film, 
 and when ignited with free access of air it should leave no weighable 
 residue. 
 
 Not Ofiaeial. 
 
 COLLODIUM STYPTICUM (t/.S.).— Tannic Acid, 20; Alcohol, 5; 
 Ether, 25 ; Collodion, to 100. 
 
 An adaptation of Dr. Richardson's Styptic Colloid. 
 
 H>!EMOSTATIC COLLODION (Dr. Pavesi's).— Collodion, 100 ; CarboHc 
 Acid, 10 ; Tannic Acid, 5 ; Benzoic Acid, 5 ; dissolve. Is appUed by means 
 of a camel-hair pencil, or by soaking strips of hnen in it. 
 
 COLLODIUM ANODYNUM (Anodyne Collodion). — Aconitine, 1 grain; 
 Veratrine, 6 grains ; Mthev Methylatus, 1 fl. oz. ; Flexible Collodion, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 CELLOIDIN. — A concentrated Collodion occurring in Hght, yellowish- 
 brown, brittle strips. Is reacUly soluble in a mixture of Absolute Alcohol 
 and Ether, and the Solution is used for embedding histological specimens 
 previous to cutting sections. 
 
 PHOTOXYLIN. — A nitrated wood pulp prepared in Petrograd. When 
 made into Collodion it is stated to give a tougher film than Pyroxylin on 
 evaporation. 
 
 QUASSIA LIGNUM. 
 
 QUASSIA WOOD. 
 
 Fr., Quassia de la Jamaique ; Ger., Quassiaholz ; Ital., Quassia; 
 Span., Leno de Cuasia. 
 
 The wood of the Trunk and Branches of Picrcena excelsa, Lindl. 
 
 Imported from Jamaica. 
 
 It contains a bitter principle, Quassin, sparingly soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^Possesses in a high degree the properties 
 of the simple bitters, without astringency. For contra-indications, and 
 
1118 QUA [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measuye.] 
 
 other notes, see Cahimba. Particularly valuable in dyspepsia due 
 to the debility which succeeds acute disease ; containing no Tannin ; 
 it is a compatible vehicle for Iron preparations. The infusion is also 
 used as an anthelmintic enema in thread-worm ; as is also a 
 suppository containing | grain of Extract of Quassia. 
 
 Finely-powdered Quassia mixed with chewing gum has been used as a 
 substitute for smoking by those who feel the deprivation of tobacco. — CD. 
 '09, i. 373. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Quassise, Tinctura Quassiae. 
 
 Wot Official. — Extractum Quassise, Fluidextractum Quassiae, Infusum 
 Ainariun Alkalinum, Infusum Quassias Concentratum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., same aa Brit ; Austr., 
 Belg., Span., Swed. and Swiss use Quassia amara ; Dutch, Fr., Ger., Ital., 
 Jap., Mex. (Cuasia), Norw., Port, and Russ. use both. Not in Hung, or 
 Dan. Fr. has also Quassin. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — In the B.P., only the wood of the trunk and 
 branches of PicrcBna excelsa, Lindl. {Picrasma excelsa, Planch.) is 
 Official, but in the P.G. and U.S. P. that of Quassia amara, L., is also 
 Official. The wood is met with in commerce in the form ol splintery 
 raspings or of coarse chips or transverse slices about an inch in width 
 and 1 to 4 in. (2 '5 to 10 cm.) long and a line or more in thickness, but 
 the official description refers only to imported billets. These are 
 usually 5 in. (12 cm.) or more in diameter. The wood should be nearly 
 white, but is often yellowish or pale bufi ; it is easily cleft, but not 
 hard. It has a bitter taste, but scarcely any odour. The medullary 
 rays are usually 2 to 3 cells in width, B.P. (2 to 5 cells, P.G., 3 to 
 to 5, U.S. P.), and 10 to 25 cells in height. In tangential section the 
 cells of the medullary rays are seen to contain a series of single prisms 
 of Calcium Oxalate. 
 
 The wood of Quassia amara (Surinam Quassia) has a deeper yellow 
 colour, is harder and heavier, and the medullary rays are only 1 to 2 
 cells broad, and 5 to 20 cells high. The P.G. states that the wood is 
 free from crystals of Calcium Oxalate, Vogl that there are no crystals 
 in the wood, but sphaeraphides in the middle bark. Quassia that has 
 been exhausted for the preparation of agricultural insecticide has been 
 offered in commerce ; in this case the chips have dark lines of fungal 
 hyphsD present, and possess hardly any bitterness. 
 
 Tests. — Quassia contains about 3 p.c. of ash, and 4 p.c. should 
 not be exceeded. The B.P. does not fix an ash limit. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM QUASSIiE. Infusion of Quassia. 
 Quassia Wood, finely rasped, 87| grains ; Distilled Water, cold, 
 20 fl. oz. Macerate 15 minutes, and strain. (about 1 in 100.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofificial in Fr. (Quassia Amara), 1 in 
 200; Ital., 1 in 20; Span. (Tinct. Acuosa de Quassia Amarga), 
 1 in 100. Not in the others. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUE 1119 
 
 A solid extract is Official in the following : Austr. and Jap., first with 
 cold Water, subsequently boiling ; Fr. (Quassia Amara), Belg., Mex., Port, 
 and U.S. use cold Water ; Swiss uses boiling Water ; Mex. and U.S. have 
 also a fluid extract. 
 
 TINCTURA QUASSIA. Tincture of Quassia. 
 
 1 of Quassia Wood, rasped, macerated with 10 of Alcohol (45 p.c.) 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ital. and Jap., 
 1 and 5 ; Mex., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 5. Not in the others. All by weight 
 except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Quassia has a specific gravity of 0*945 to 
 0*949 ; contains about 0*5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 45 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. * 016 p.c. w/v of Quassin has been suggested 
 as a standard, but not adopted. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM QUASSI/iE.— Quassia 16 is macerated with 8 of Water 
 for 12 hoiu-s, exhausted by percolation, partly evaporated, filtered, and 
 further evaporated until of a consistence for forming pills. — B.P. 1885. 
 
 Official in U.S. 10 of Quassia is exhausted with Water. The Solution is 
 evaporated to dryness and mixed with Milk Sugar sufficient to produce 1. 
 
 Average Dose.— 0-065 gramme — 65 milligrammes (1 grain). 
 
 Fr., an aqueous exhaustion of Quassia evaporated to dryness. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSI/E {U.S.).— I in 1. The menstruum is a 
 mixtm-e of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 30, and Water 60. 
 
 Average Dose. — 8 minims (0-5 c.c). 
 
 INFUSUM AMARUM ALKALINUM (SiteJ.).— Species ad Infusum 
 Amarum, 10 ; Potassium Bicarbonate, 3 ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 
 Species ad Infusum Amarum (Swed.). — Anise, 2; Quassia, 4; Cardui 
 Benedicti, 4. 
 
 INFUSUM QUASSliC CONCENTRATUM.— Quassia Wood, in No. 20 
 powder, 7-5; Alcohol (90 p.c), 20; Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 100), 
 q.s. to make 100. Prepare by repercolation. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. ch-m. = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 QUEBRACHO. 
 
 The Bark of Aspidosjj&rma Quebracho, Schlecht., obtained from the Argen- 
 tine Republic and Brazil {Quebracho bianco). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Was used rather extensively at one time for 
 asthma and cardiac dyspncea, but is now seldom prescribed. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in Austr., Mex., Span, and Swiss. 
 Not in the others. 
 
 Tinctura Quebracho, 1 in 5 of Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; dose, -^ to 1 fl. djrra. = 
 1-8 to 3-6 c.c. 
 
 Official in Mex., Span, and Swiss. 
 
1120 QUE [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Fluid Estract (1 in 1) is Official in Austr., and Extracto de Quebracho is 
 'Oificial in Mex. and Span. 
 
 The following alkaloids and salts can be obtained : Aspidosijermine Cryst. 
 and Sulphate (Fraude) ; Aspidosamine and Hydrochloride (Hesse) ; Que- 
 brachine Cryst. and Hydrochloride (Hesse); dose, f to IJ grains; Que- 
 brachamine and Sulphate (Hesse) ; Hypoquebrachine and Hydrochloride 
 (Hesse). 
 
 Quebrachine is more active and more poisonous than Aspidospermine. 
 
 Not Official. 
 QUERCUS CORTEX. 
 
 OAK BARK. 
 
 The dried Bark of the small Branches and young Stems of Quercus Robur, 
 L., collected in spring from trees growing in Britain. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A local astringent. May be used topically in 
 cases in which Taiuiic Acid is indicated, such as relaxed throat or tender- 
 ness of the gums, leucorrhoea, gonorrhcBa, etc. 
 
 Dose. — Of the powder, 30 to 120 grains = 2 to 8 grammes. Of a 
 Decoction (1 to 16), 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Fr. (Chene); Ger., 
 Hung.; Mex. (Encina); Norw. ; Port. (Corvalho) ; Russ., Swiss, U.S. 
 (Quercus alba). Russ. has also Decoctum Quercus Aluminatum. 
 
 U.S. P. has a fluid extract (1 in 1), with Diluted Alcohol and Glycerin. 
 Average Dose, 1.5 minims (about 1 c.c). 
 
 DECOCTUM QUERCUS {B.P. 1885).— Oak Bark, bruised, IJ ; Distilled 
 "Water, 20 ; boil ten minutes in a covered vessel, and strain ; wash the 
 marc with Water to make 20. (1 in 16.) 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28 to 50 ml. 
 
 QUILLAI^ CORTEX. 
 
 QUILLAIA BARK. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Panama Bark. — Soap Bare. 
 
 Fr., ficoRCE DE Panama ; Ger., Seifenrinde ; Ital., Quillaja ; 
 Span., Corteza de Quillaya. 
 
 Tlie inner part of the Bark of Quillaja Saponaria, Molina, dried. 
 Imported from Chili and Peru. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been strongly recommended as an 
 expectorant ; but its use requires caution, for it is a powerfid irritant. 
 The tincture, well diluted, is used as a hair-wash. 
 
 The powder is excessively irritating to the air passages. 
 
 It has been found to possess properties allied to Senega, but it contains 
 the two poisonous glucosides ' Quillaic Acid ' and ' Sapotoxin ' in much 
 greater quantity than they exist in Senega. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Tincture is used to emulsify oils and fats ; 
 it requires from 1 to 3 of Tincture for 2 of Oil, depending on the character of the 
 latter. Saponin is used for the same purpose. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1121 
 
 Official Preparation. — Tinctvira Qmllaise. Used in the preparation of 
 Liquor Picis Carbonis. 
 
 Not Official. — Saponin (Quillaic Acid). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan. (Quillaja); Fr. 
 (Ecorce de Panama); Ger. (Quillaia) ; Hung., Jap., Mex. (Q uillay a) ; 
 Swiss and U.S. (Quillaja). Not in the others. U.S. has a Fluid extract. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Quillaia or soap bark, sometimes also called 
 Panama bark, is imported in large flat pieces 2 it. (60 cm.) or more 
 long, 4 to 6 in. (10-15 cm.) broad, i to ^ in. (3-8 mm.) thick. The 
 outer surface is pale yellowish-white with more or less extensive 
 patches of reddish-brown tint, where the outer portion has been 
 imperfectly removed. The inner surface is smooth, and white or 
 yellowish-white. The fracture is splintery and laminated, the laminso 
 as well as the inner surface of the bark, showing under a lens, solitary 
 prismatic crystals of Calcium Oxalate. A clean transverse section, 
 shows a number of fine radial and tangential lines giving it a chequered 
 appearance. The radial lines consist of medullary rays, and the 
 tangential lines of bands of bast parenchyma, enclosing between them 
 darker bands of bast fibre. The taste is bitter and acrid. It is 
 inodorous, but the powder causes sneezing, due to the saponin, about 
 9 p.c, present in it. Under the microscope the characteristic features 
 of the powder are the large prismatic crystals, and the irregular form 
 of the large bast fibres. An inferior Quillaia bark, containing only 
 about half the percentage of saponin, has been imported of late years, 
 either alone or mixed with the genuine bark. It is recognisable by the 
 greater predominance of the reddish brown layer on the outer surface, 
 being disposed in oblique lines, also by the bark being thinner and 
 more easily broken, and less acrid and sternutatory, when powdered. 
 It is probably derived from an allied species. A third form of Quillaia 
 Bark, in small quilled pieces, has also been met with in commerce in 
 small quantities, possibly derived from a third species. It contains 
 even more saponin than the official kind. No bark is likely to be 
 confused with Quillaia Bark, the only one resembling it in appearance 
 being that of Ulmus fulva, which differs in having an odour like f oenu- 
 greek, and in its finely fibrous fracture, and its very mucilaginous taste. 
 
 Tests. — Quillaia Bark contains from 11 to 15 p.c. of ash. The 
 B.P. fixes a limit of not more than 15 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA QUILLAIA. Tincture of Quillaia. 
 1 of Quillaia Bark, in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol (60 p.c), 
 to yield 20. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fi. drm. = 1 '8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacoposias. — Official in Fr. (Teinture do Panama), 
 and Mex. 1 in 5 (Alcohol 80 p.c.) ; Swiss, Quillaia 1, Alcohol 5, Water 5; 
 U.S., boil 20 of Quillaja with 80 of Water for 15 minutes, strain and wash 
 the residue with boiling Water ; evaporate to GO, and when cold add 35 of 
 Alcohol (95 p.c), filter, and make up with Water to 100. 
 
 2 o 
 
1122 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Quillaia Bark Tincture has a specific gravity of 0*915 to 
 0*925 ; it contains about 1 "25 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 58 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SAPONIN (Quillain, Quillaic Acid). — A white, amorphous powder, soluble 
 in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in Ether and in Chloroform. 
 
 Not Official. 
 QUININA. 
 
 C.,,IL.,,'N^O.„ 3H.,0, eq. 378-260. 
 
 Fb., Hydrate de Quinine ; Gee., Chinin ; Ital., Chinina ; 
 Span., Quinina. 
 
 A white, soft, odourless, flaky or granular powder, slightly damp from 
 adhering moisture, possessing an intensely bitter taste. 
 
 It is the principal allialoid obtained from the bark of Cinchona Calisaya, 
 Weddell, and various other species of the natural order Rubiacece. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 When freshly precipitated from solutions of its salt it contains 3 molecules 
 of Water of crystallisation as a Trihydrate. 
 
 Solubility. — ^Very sparingly in Water, but readily soluble in diluted 
 mineral acids ; 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of Chloroform ; 1 in 54 
 of Ether. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Fr., Hung., Mex., Port,, 
 Span., Swed. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine loses 2 molecules of Water of crystalhsation, equi%'alent 
 to 9-5 p.c. when dried over Sulphuric Acid or heated at a temperature of 
 100° C. (212° F.), the remaining molecule of Water of crystallisation being- 
 driven off at 125° C. (257° F.), the total loss of Water being equivalent to 
 14-2 p.c. Quinine which has been rendered anhydi'ous by heating till 
 constant in weight at a temperature of 125° C. (257° F.), melts about 175° C. 
 (347° F.). The aqueous solution is alkaline in reaction towards moistened 
 red Litmus paper, but not to Phenolphthalein Solution, and is laevogyrate. The 
 alkaloid dissolves readily in diluted acids, its solution in Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid exhibiting a strong blue fluorescence, the Hydrochloride and other 
 haloid salts of Quinine exhibiting little fluorescence until excess of Sulphuric 
 Acid is added. The fluorescence of solutions of the Sulphate is to a large 
 extent destroyed by Hydrochloric Acid or by the presence of Chlorides. If 
 to 1 c.c. of an aqueous (1 in 100) solution prepared by the use of just sufficient 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid to effect solution, 2 or 3 drops of Chlorine Water 
 be added, the subsequent addition of Ammonia Solution produces an emerald- 
 green coloration. The acidified solution of the alkaloid is precipitated by 
 Potassio-Merciu-ic Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, and by lodo-Potassium Iodide 
 (Wagner's) Solution. When separated from its solutions by shaking out 
 with Ether or Chloroform and evaporated to dryness it still retains a httle 
 Water, which is dried off with difficulty on a water-bath. For determination 
 purposes it should be heated to 120°C. (248° F.) before weighing. Quinine 
 in the free state may be determined by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphviric Acid Solution, using Cochineal, Methyl Orange or Haamatoxyhn 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The beha\'iour of Quinine to these 
 indicators of neutrality is somewhat anomalous : the point of neutrality, 
 when Cochineal or Hsematoxylin is used as an indicator, is reached when 
 sufficient Acid has been added to convert the Quinine into the ordinary 
 Quinine Sulphate (C„oH„^N20„)oH,SOi. That is to say that 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1123 
 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphiiric Acid Solution is equivalent to 0- 037826 
 gramme of Quinine Trihydrate or 0-03242 gramme of anhydrous Quinine. 
 In the case of Methyl Orange the end reaction only occurs with the formation 
 of the readily soluble Acid Sulphate (aoH„,N„0„H,,SOJ, 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid corresponding" to 0- 01 8913 gramme of 
 Quinine Trihydrate or 0-01621 gramme of anhydrous Quinine. The use of 
 Hydrochloric Acid to a large extent prevents the troublesome fluorescence 
 yielded by Sulphiu-ic Acid. The absence of Cinchonine and Cinchonidine 
 is shown by the fact that a solution of 1 gramme of the alkaloid in a slightly 
 warm mixture of 6 c.c. of Absolute Alcohol and 3 c.c. of Ether remains clear 
 on cooling. "When treated with Sulphuric Acid it should not acquire more 
 than a faintly yellowish colotu-, indicating the absence or limit of readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities, nor should it produce a red colour on the 
 addition of Nitric Acid, indicating a distinction from Morphine. When heated 
 with Potassium Hydroxide Solution it should not evolve an odour of Ammonia, 
 nor should the issuing vapour have an alkaline reaction towards moiftened 
 red Litmus paper. When dried till constant in weight at 125° C. (257° F.), 
 it should lose not more than 15 p.c., indicating the absence of excess of Water. 
 When ignited with free access of air it should leave no weighable residue. 
 
 Quinine should be free from the other Cinchona alkaloids, and when 
 dissolved in Alcohol and carefully neutralised with Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Hsematoxylin Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrahty, and evaporated to dryness, the residue should respond to the 
 usual test for absence of Cinchonidine, Cinchonine, Quinidine, Cupreme 
 and amorphous alkaloids given under Quininge Svilphas. The U.S. P. states 
 that 2 grammes of Quinine, which have been previously dried at 60° C. 
 (122° F.) for 2 hours in a porcelain dish, dissolved in 20 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (94-9 p.c.) and neutralised exactly with Sulphuric Acid, using Hsematoxylin 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality, when evaporated to dryness on a water- 
 bath yield a residue which answers the U.S. P. test for absence of other 
 Cinchona alkaloids given under Quininae Sulphas. 
 
 The criticism of the Ammonia Test as applied to the detection of Cinchona 
 alkaloids other than Quinine in salts of Quinine other than the normal Sulphate 
 will be found under Quinine Hydrobromide. 
 
 The Official salts of Quinine (Hydrochloride, Acid Hydrochloride, and 
 Sulphate) are given under separate headings. 
 
 INJECTIO QUININ/E HYPODERMICA.— Quinine Hychate, 76 grains; 
 Lactic Acid, 27 minims, or a sufficiency ; Distilled Water, a sufficiency ; 
 rub the Quinine with 6 fl. drm. of the Water, and add the Lactic Acid so as 
 to dissolve the Quinine, and form a Solution neutral or only faintly acid to 
 Litmus paper, and make the measvtre up to 1 fl. oz. with Distilled Water. 
 
 More recently the Acid Hydrobromide has been used for this pvu-pose, 
 see p. 1128. 
 
 OLEATUM QUININyE (Z7.S.P.)— Quinine, 1 ; Oleic Acid (by weight), 3; 
 rub the Quinine with a small quantity of the Oleic Acid in a warmed mortar 
 to form a smooth paste, add the remainder of the Oleic Acid, previously 
 warmed, and stir frequently until the Quinine is dissolved. 
 
 QUININE ARSENATE (C,„H,,N„0.,-H3AsO,.2H„0, eq. 602-228).— Silky 
 needles, sparingly soluble in cold Water, soluble in boihng Water. It may 
 be prepared by the interaction of equivalent quantities of Quinine Hydro- 
 chloride and Mono-potassium Arsenate. It contains 64 -5 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Quinine, 28-3 p.c. of Arsenic Acid, and 7*2 p.c. of Water of crystaUisation. 
 
 Dose. — 3^ grain '= • 0065 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Arsenate dissolves sparingly in cold Distilled Water. 
 The solution affords on the addition of a small quantity of Bromine Water, 
 followed by a slight excess of Ammonia Solution an emerald-green coloration. 
 The saturated aqueous solution affords a reddish-brown precipitate on the 
 addition of Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution. 0- 5 gramme of the salt when 
 ignited with free access of air should leave no weighable residue. 
 
 2 o 2 
 
1124 QUI [Solids Toy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 QUININE ARSENATE BASIC (aoH,,N„0„)„H3A804. 8H„0, eq. 934-536). 
 — Colourless prismatic crystals, very slightly soluble in cold Water, more 
 readily soluble in hot Water. It contains 69-4 p.c. of anhydrous Quinine, 
 15-2 p.c. of Arsenic Acid, and IS- 4 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 Tests. — Basic Quinine Arsenate dissolves only sparingly in cold Distilled 
 Water. The solution yields with Silver Ammonio -Nitrate Solution a reddish- 
 brown precipitate, and when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid and warmed 
 to about 80° C. (176° F. ) it yields with Hydrogen Sulphide a yellow precipitate, 
 soluble in Ammonium Carbonate Solution or in Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 The saturated aqueous solution when treated with a small quantity of Bromine 
 Water yields on the addition of Ammonia Solution in slight excess an emerald- 
 green coloration. 0-5 gramme of the salt when igmted with free access of 
 air should leave no weigbable residue. 
 
 QUININyC CARBOLAS. — The crystalline salt contains 77 p.c. of anliydrous 
 Quinine. For extemporaneous preparations the alkaloid may be used, and 
 the best proportions are : Quinine, 4 ; Carbolic Acid, 1 ; melt, and cool. 
 
 Dose. — 2 grains = 0-13 gramme for diarrhoea. 
 
 Qiiininse Sulphocarbolas. — A yellowish-white powder, prepared by the 
 interaction of Quinine Sulphate and Barium Paraphenolsulphonate. Dose, 
 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 QUININ/E CITRAS.— Crystallises in delicate needles. 
 
 Various formulas are given for this salt, QCi ; Q..>Ci ; Q2Ci.7HaO ; but the 
 commercial salt corresponds more closely with (C2oH,iN„02)2H3CgH50j.3H20, 
 eq. 894-536, containing 72-5 p.c. of Quinine. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1200 of Water ; slightly in Chloroform. 
 
 QuininsB Citras EflFervescens. — This is supplied containing 1 grain, 
 and 3 grains, in 60 grains. 
 
 QU1NIN>E ETHYL CARBONAS. Quinine Ethylcarbonate. Euquinine, 
 Euchinine. C20H23N2O2, C3H5O2, eq. 396-244. — Light, white, odourless, 
 almost tasteless slender silky crystalline needles, sparingly soluble in Water ; 
 soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c. ), in Ether, and in Chloroform. It may be produced 
 by the interaction of Ethyl-Chlor-Carbonate on Quinine. 
 
 Antipyretic and analgesic. Recommended as a substitute for Quinine, 
 owing to its tastelessness. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0- 32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 It is supplied in Tablets containing 5 grains. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ital., Jap. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Ethylcarbonate melts at about 95° C. (203° F.). It 
 dissolves in a solution of Sulphuric or Nitric Acid, producing solutions having 
 a strong blue fluorescence. When treated with Sulphuric or Hydrochloric 
 Acid and a little Chlorine Water it yields on the addition of Ammonia Solution 
 in slight excess an emerald-green coloration. When wanned with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, cooled, and siifficient Iodine Solution added to form a 
 slight but distinct excess, and the solution is again warmed, it yields an 
 odour of Iodoform. When dissolved in Diluted Nitric Acid it should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate with Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of heavy metals ; nor with Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Sulphates. Another portion of a similar solution should 
 yield no turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorides. When ignited with free access of air it should leave 
 no weighable residue. 
 
 Under the name of Aristochin a Di- Quinine Carbonic Ester, in the form 
 of an odourless, almost tasteless powder, has been introduced. As an 
 analgesic ^ gramme = 3f grains, or more generally -| gramme = 7| grains, 
 given 3 times, 3, 2 and 1 hour before the pain is expected to begin. In 
 doses of J gramme =7^ grains as an antipyretic in malarig,. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1125 
 
 QUININ/E ET FERRI CHLORIDUM.— In brown scales or in a dark 
 brown powder, very soluble in Water. Used as a haemostatic. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 QUININ/E FLUORIDUM.— A white, or whitish, amorphous powder. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 grains = 0-06 to 0- 13 gramme. 
 
 QUININE FORMATES. — There are two Formates of Quinine, the neutral 
 Quinine Formate, prepared by dissolving the requisite amount of Quinine in 
 Solution of Formic Acid and allowing to crystallise, and the basic Quinine 
 Formate, prepared by neutralising Quinine with the calculated amount of 
 Formic Acid. 
 
 NEUTRAL QUININE FORMATE (C,„H,,N„02(H„C0„),, eq. 41G-244).— 
 WTiite, shining needles, readily soluble in Water. The salt is very unstable ; 
 it contains 77-88 p.c. of alkaloid. 
 
 Tests. — Neutral Quinine Formate melts at 05" C. (203'' F. ). It loses 
 Formic Acid at 50° C. (122° F.). It dissolves in Distilled Water and the 
 aqueoiis solution yields, when acidified with Diluted Sulphiu-ic Acid and 
 treated wth a small quantity of Chlorine or Bromine Water and an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution, an emerald-green coloration. The salt should leave 
 no weighable residue when ignited with free access of air. 
 
 BASIC QUININE FORMATE (aoHo^N,©,, H,CO„ H,0, eq. 388•244).— 
 '\^^lite, crystalline, silky needles, containing about 83- 5 p.c. of Quinine. Soluble 
 in Water, more readily in boiling Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and in Chloroform, sparingly soluble in Ether, insoluble in fixed oils. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Hydi-ous Basic Quinine Formate melts at about 126^ C. (258 • 8° F. ), 
 the anhydrous salt at about 148° C. (298- 4° F.). At 100° C. (212° F.) it 
 loses its molecule of Water of crystalhsation, equivalent to a loss of 4-64 p.c. 
 and becomes anhydrous. When dissolved in Distilled Water and acidified 
 with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, the solution yields, on the addition of a little 
 Chlorine or Bromine Water, and subsequent addition of a slight excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, an emerald-green coloration. Its aqueous solutions are 
 strongly Iffivorotatory. The optical rotation is — 144* 2°. Lacroix originally 
 gave the optical rotation as — 141-1°, but this figure was subsequently 
 altered to — 144-2°. It should leave no weighable residue when ignited 
 with free access of air. 
 
 QUININ^E GLYCEROPHOSPHAS.— There are two Quinine Glycero- 
 phosphates, one basic and one neutral. 
 
 The basic salt (C.,„H,,N„0„)j CpHjOjHjPO,, 5H„0, eq. 926-616 is the one 
 in general use. In slender, white, crystalline needles, slightly soluble in 
 Water, 1 in 200 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Useful chiefly in neuralgia and in convalescence. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0-13 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Fr. (Glj-cerophosphate 
 Basique de Quinine). 
 
 Tests. — Basic Quinine Glycerophosphate loses its Water of ci-ystallisation, 
 equivalent to 9- 7 p.c, at 100° C. (212° F.), and is converted into an anhydrous 
 salt. It melts at about 145° C. (293° F.). The aqueous solution affords with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution a white precipitate soluble in Ether. The 
 filtrate from the precipitate evaporated to dryness and ignited with the 
 addition of a little Potassium Carbonate and Potassium Nitrate yields a 
 residue, which, when dissolved in Distilled Water and acidified with. Nitric 
 Acid, affords with Ammonium Molybdate Solution a yellow precipitate 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution and reprecipitated as a white precipitate on the 
 addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. When dissolved in 
 Distilled Water and acicUfied Vvith Diluted Sulphuric Acid it affords, on the 
 
1126 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 addition of a Bmall quantity of Chlorine or Bromine Water and the sub- 
 sequent addition of Ammonia Solution in slight excess, an emerald -green 
 coloration. When shaken with Absolute Alcohol, filtered, and the alcoholic 
 solution evaporated to dryness it should leave no weighable residue, indi- 
 cating the absence of free Glycerin. When warmed with an excess of 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, it should not evolve a characteristic odour of 
 Ammonia, nor should the issuing vapour, tiu-n blue, a piece of moistened 
 red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Ammonium Salts. 
 
 It should be entirely soluble in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating absence 
 of insoluble salts. It should also be soluble in a mixture of 1 volume of 
 Alcohol (95 p. c.) and 2 volumes of Chloroform, indicating the absence of 
 mineral salts. An aqueous solution prepared by the aid of Diluted Acetic 
 Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. An aqueous solution 
 obtained by the use of Dilute Nitric Acid, should not be rendered more than 
 faintly opalescent on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Chlorides ; nor should a similar solution be rendered more than 
 faintly turbid on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Sulphates. If the aqueous solution be precipitated by the addition of an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, filtered, the filtrate should yield no white 
 precipitate on the addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Phosphoric Acid. It should lose not more than 10 p.c. 
 of its weight when dried in a water -bath at 100'^ C. (212° F.), indicating the 
 absence of excess of moistm-e. It should not leave a weighable residue when 
 ignited with free access of air, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Kineurine is stated to contain this salt. 
 
 QUININ/E HYDRIODIDUM (C.,„H„,N„0.,HI, oq. 452- 140).— The neutral 
 salt has about the same solubility in Water as the Sulphate, and dissolves 
 freely in Alcohol and Ether. It is generally found as a yellowish, amorphous 
 powder. 
 
 QUININ/E HYDRIODIDUM ACIDUM (C,„H„4N,02.2HI.5H.O, eq. 
 670- 148). — Crystallises in large laminas of a fine yellow colour and is soluble 
 1 in 20 of Water. 
 
 Both have been given in chronic rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 SYRUPUS QUININ/E HYDRIODIDI (Pharm. Form.).— Acid Ily- 
 driodide of Quinine. 80 grains ; Syrup, to 10 fl. oz. Triturate the Quinine 
 in a mortar and add the Syrup gradually, stirring constantly to dissolve the 
 salt. 
 
 Dose.— -1 to 2 fl. drm. ^ 3- 6 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 QUIN1N>5I HYDROBROMIDUM. Quinine Hydrobromide. C,„H,„N„0.,. 
 HBr.HoO, eq. 423' 156. — Light, white, odourless, silky crystalline needles, or 
 masses of radiating crystals, having a very bitter taste. It should be kept 
 in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, as it has a tendency to 
 slightly effloresce in dry air. 
 
 The formula for the salt is now generally given with one H^O. The Fr. 
 Codex gives the one H.O formula, and a Solubility of 1 in 44- 5. A sample 
 examined in the author's laboratory corresponded to the above formula, it 
 t-ontained 76 -5 p.c. of Quinine, and was soluble about 1 in 55 of Water; 
 after drying at 125° C. (257° F.), its original moi.sture is again absorbed rapidly 
 from the atmosphere. The U.S. P. (1882) gave the formida with 2H2O, and 
 the Solubility as I in 16 of Water ; the tf.S.P. now gives it with iL^O, and 
 soluble 1 in 40 of Water at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 It contains theoretically 76- 6 p.c. of anhydrous Quinine, 19" 1 p.c. of 
 Hydrobromic Acid, and 4-3 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 The most useful drug in exophthalmic goitre. — -B.M.and S.J. '10, ii. 419. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Official in Belg., Fr., Mex-, Port., Russ., Span., Swed-, Swiss and IJ.S. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] QUI 1127 
 
 Tests.— Quinine Hydrobroniido loses its Water of ci-ystallisation, equiva^ 
 lent to 4-3p.c.,when heated to 100" C. (212° F.). It dissolves in Distilled 
 Water, forming a solution which is neutral or but faintly alkaline in reaction 
 towards red Litmus paper. Tho aqueous solution is tevogyrate. Tho 
 Fr. Codex gives the specifio rotation of a 1 p.c. w/v sokition in Distilled 
 Water, at IG*" C. (60-8'' F.), as - 143". The aqueous solution when 
 acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid assumes a strong blue fluorescence, 
 and when treated with a small quantity of Bromine Water and an excess 
 of Ammonia Sohxtion aia emerald-green colour is prodviced. The aqueous 
 solution treated with Ammonia Solution affords a white precipitate soluble 
 in an excess of the reagent, and the precipitate is also soluble in Ether. 
 The addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution to an aqueovis solution of the 
 salt affords a white precipitate, and if this precipitate be removed by 
 shaking with Ether the aqueous liquid when acidified with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid and treated with a few drops of Chlorine Water assmnes a yellowish or 
 reddish colour, and when shaken with Chloroform the coloiu- passes into the 
 chloroformic solution. An aqueous solution, when acidified with Diluted 
 Nitric Acid affords with Silver Nitrate Solution a yello\vish curdy precipitate 
 insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution, reachly 
 soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moistiire, readily 
 charred organic impurities, Sulphates, Ammonium salts. Barium, other 
 Cinchona alkaloids and mineral residue. The salt should lose not more than 
 5 p.c. of moistvu-e when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), till constant in weight, 
 indicating the absence of excess of moisture. A solution of the salt in 
 concentrated Sulphuric Acid should not be colom:'ed more than a pale yellow, 
 indicating the absence of readily carbonisable organic impurities ; no red 
 coloration should be produced on treating the salt with Nitric Acid, distinction 
 from Morphine. An aqueous solution of the salt should not assume more 
 than a faint tm-bidity on the addition of Bariiun Chloride Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphates. No characteristic odour of Ammonia should be evolved 
 when the salt is warmed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution nor should the 
 issuing gas turn blue a piece of moistened red Litmus paper, indicating the 
 absence of Amixionium salts. 
 
 An aqueous solution should afford no turbidity on the addition of Diluted 
 Sulphiu-ic Acid, indicating the absence of Barium. It may be distinguished 
 ivora Morphine by the Nitric Acid test described above, Morphine producing 
 a red coloration with Nitric Acid. 
 
 The foUowng test may be employed for the determination of the absence 
 of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine: — 2 -OB grammes of Quinine 
 Hydrobromide are dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water at G5° C. (149" F. ), 
 in a test-tube of about 80 c.c. capacity, a solution of !• 5 grammes of crystal- 
 lised Sodium Sulphate in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water warmed to 65° C. (149° F. ) 
 added, and tho mixtm'e is maintained at this temperature during half an 
 hour, shaking frequently and thoroughly in a stoppered tube. It is then 
 cooled to 15° C. (59° F. ), and kept at this temperatm-e during 2 hours, shaking 
 it occasionally. The liquid is then filtered through a dry filter paper of 8 to 
 10 cm. diameter, and 5 c.c. of the filtrate are tested as described in the U.S. P. 
 Test under Quinine Sulphate. The Fr. Codex employs the following method 
 for the detection of alkaloids other than Quinine : — 0-95 granune of Quinine 
 Hydrobromide is dissolved by boiling in 50 grammes of Distilled Water and 
 to the boiling liquid 0-5 gramme of crystallised Sodium Sulphate is added ; 
 when solution is complete and the original weight has been restored, the 
 mixture is cooled to 15° C. (59° F.), and then the flask is immersed in a water- 
 bath at this temperature during half an hoior, shaldng frequently ; the 
 mixture is then filtered at 15° C. (59° F.), 5 c.c. of this limpid Uquid is 
 removed by means of a graduated pipette, and introduced into a test-glass 
 and an exactly measured quantity of 5 c.c. of 10 p.c. w/v Ammonia Solution 
 added, taking care to mix the liquids as little as possible ; the tube is stop- 
 pered, gently reversed several times, which should result in a limpid mixture 
 remaining clear even after 24 hours, indicating the absence of Cinchona 
 
1128 QUI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 alkaloids other than Quinine. It has been shown {P.J. '09, ii. 603) that 
 the presence of small amounts of inorganic salts exerts a profoimd influence 
 on the results obtained by the Ammonia test, which is therefore valueless 
 as a means of ascertaining the purity of any salt of Quinine other than the 
 nornaal Sulphate. Quinine Hydrobromido should leave not more than 
 0'05 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 SYRUP QUININ/E HYDROBROMIDI. — Quinine Hydrobromide, 80 
 grains ; Dilute Hydrobromic Acid, 3 fl. drm. ; Syrup of Orange {B.P. 1898), 
 to make 10 fl. oz. — A. Ph.F. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 QUININ/E HYDROBROMIDUM ACIDUM (C,„H,,N.,0,.2HBr.3H,0. 
 eq. 540- IIG). — "White or pale j'-ellowish, prismatic crystals possessing an 
 intensely bitter taste. 
 
 It contains theoretically GO-0 p.c. of anhydrous Quinine, 30 p.c. of Hj'^dro- 
 bromic Acid and 10 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 6 of Water. 
 
 3 grains dissolved in 20 minims of warm Distilled Water injected into the 
 carefully asepticised upper arm, in the treatment of chronic malarial fever. 
 6 injections on alternate days are usually required in a serious case. 
 
 Solutions of the Acid. Hydrobromide and Acid Hydrochloride are 
 put up in hermetically sealed glass capsules, and may be obtained in white 
 or in dark amber -tinted glass. Each c.c. contains 3 grains of the Acid 
 Hydrobromide or 7| grains of the Acid Hydrochloride. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. Best hypodermically. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Mex. (Bromhydrate 
 Neutre de Quinine). 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Acid Hydrobromide loses its Water of crystallisation, 
 equivalent to 10- p.c., when heated at 100° C. (212° F. ). It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution which possesses 
 an acid reaction towards blue Litmus paper, and which is Isevogyi-ate. The 
 Fr. Codex gives the specific rotation of a 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution as — 186° 
 at 17° C. (62*6° F.) in a 100 mm. tube. The aqiieous solution yields on 
 the addition of Ammonia Solution a white precipitate soluble in Ether. 
 When acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid and mixed with a small 
 quantity of Bromine Water it yields on the addition of Ammonia Solution 
 in slight excess an emerald-green coloration. Wlien acidified with Diluted 
 Nitric Acid Solution it yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a yellow curdy 
 precipitate insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insohiblo in Ammonia Solution, 
 readily soluble in Potassiiim Cyanide Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moisture, insoluble 
 impurities. Barium, Ammonium salts. Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine, 
 and mineral matter. Acid Quinine Hydrobromide should lose not more than 
 10 p.c. of its weight when dried till constant in weight at 100° C. (212° F.), 
 indicating the absence of excess of Water of crystallisation. The salt should 
 be completely soluble in Distilled Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating 
 the absence of insoluble impurities. An aqueous solution should not bo 
 rendered tui-bid by the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Barium. The salt should evolve no characteristic ammoniacal 
 odour when boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, nor should the issuing 
 vapour turn a strip of red Litmus paper moistened with Distilled Water, 
 blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. If a weighed quantity 
 of 1* 21 grammes of the salt be carefully and exactly neutraHsed with Diluted 
 Amnaonia Solution, after being dissolved in 50 grammes of Distilled Water, 
 and boiled, and if to the boiUng solution, 1 gramme of crystallised Sodium 
 Sulphate be added, and when solution is complete the mixture be made up 
 to its original weight, then cooled to a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.) and 
 maintained at this temperature during half an hour, the flask being immersed 
 in a water-bath at this temperature, and if it be then shaken frequently. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] QUI 1129 
 
 filtered at 15° C. (59° F. ) anJ 5 c.c. of the clear liquid be removed by means 
 of a gi'aduated pipette and introduced into a test-glass and an exactly measured 
 quantity of 5 c.c. of 10 p.c. w/w Ammonia Solution be added, taking care to 
 disturb the liquids as httle as possible, if the tube be then stoppered and 
 gently inverted several times, a clear mixture should result which should 
 remain clear even after 24 hours, indicating the absence of alkaloids other 
 than Quinine. This test, which is given in the Fr. Codex is open to the 
 criticism of the Ammonia Test as applied to salts of Quinine other than the 
 Sulphate, appearing under Quinine Hydrobromide. Acid Quinine Hydro- 
 bromide should leave not more than 0-05 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of 
 mineral matter. 
 
 QUININ/E HYDROCHLORIDUM and QUININ/E HYDROCHLO- 
 RiDUM ACIDUM are Official in B.P., and are given vmder separate 
 headings. 
 
 QUININ/E HYDROCHLORO-SULPHAS. — Gli.stening, white, sWhy, 
 crystalline needles, or as a white, or yellowish-white, amorphoixs powder. 
 Soluble 1 in 2 of Water; 1 in 7 of Alcohol (90 p.c). On account of it 
 greater solubility in Water it has been recommended for hypodermic use. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Official in Mex. and Span. ; Mex. has also solution for hypodermic 
 injection, 1 in 2. 
 
 QUININ/C HYPOPHOSPHIS {a„H„,N„O„.H3PO,,eq.390- 276).— Generally 
 supplied as an amorphous powder, but it can be obtained in light, colourless, 
 prismatic crystals. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 250 of Water ; 1 in 40 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0- 32 granune. 
 
 QUININ/E lODO-HYDRIODIDUM. — A reddish-brown, amorphous 
 powder, insoluble in Water and in Alcohol ; it is obtained by adding lodo- 
 Potassium Iodide Solution to a Solution of a Quinine salt. Has been employed 
 in syphilitic diseases. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 grains = 0-06 to 0-26 gramme. 
 
 QUININ/E LACTAS (aoH„,N.,0.,.C,H,03, eq. 414-260).— Colomless pris- 
 matic needles, or a wliite crystalline powder ; soluble about 1 in 6 of Water, 
 but there ia much doubt about its solubility. 
 
 Used chiefly by hypodermic injection in 10 p.c. Solution. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains — • 06 to • 32 gramme. 
 Official in Mex. 
 
 QUINiN/E PHOSPHAS.— In light, white, acicular crystals. It is stated 
 {P.J. (3) xxiii. 234) that the English-made salt has the formula 3a„H„,]Sr„0.,. 
 2H3P0,.6H,0, and the German salt 2C„„H„,N„0.,H3PO,.4H,0 ; the forme'r 
 containing 76 p.c. and the latter 79 p.c. of Quinine. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 420 of Water ; 1 in 110 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 QUININ/E SALICYLAS (aoH^.NoO^.C.HgOj),, H,0, eq. 942-536.— 
 White, crystalUne, silky needles, prepared by the interaction of Qmnine 
 Sulphate with Sodium Sahcylate. It is practically anhydrous, and contains 
 68 -8 p.c. of Qioinine. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 exposed as little as possible to the air. 
 
 The U.S. P. gives the formula of the salt -with half a molecule of Water of 
 crystalUsation. It should contain theoretically 68-8 p.c. of anhydrous 
 Quinine, 29-3 p.c. of SaUcylic Acid, and 1-9 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the formula for 
 the salt in the new U.S. P. should be changed from 1 to 2 molecules of Water 
 
1130 QUI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of crystallisation, and hence the loss on drying at 100° C (212° F.) is to be 
 changed from not more than 2 p.c. to not exceeding 5 p.c. of moisture. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 630 of Water; 1 in 24 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 25 of 
 Chloroform. 
 
 The Quinine part is inert in rheumatic fever, and the Salicylic portion is 
 quite insufficient in amount. — B.M.J. '13, i. 699. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0'06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Given in capsules, cachets, or pills. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., R,uss , Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Salicylate dissolves sparingly in Distilled Water, forming 
 a solution v/hich possesses an alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, and 
 Avhich yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a violet colora- 
 tion. 10 cc. of a 1 in 1000 a.qucous solution when naixed v/ith 0-.5c.c. of 
 Bromine Water yields on the addition of Ammonia Solution in slight excess, 
 an emerald -green coloration. 
 
 The more generally occiurring impurities are excess of moisture. Chlorides, 
 Sulphates, Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine, impiu-ities due to Salicylic 
 Acid, and mineral residue. When heated at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant 
 in v/eight the U.S. P. requires that the salt should lose not more than 2-0 p.c. 
 indicating the absence of an excess of Water. When about 0-4 gramme of 
 the salt is .shaken with 20 cc. of Distilled Water, and 1 cc. of Nitric Acid 
 and filtered frona the liberated Salicylic Acid, the filtrate should not be 
 rendered naore than slightly turbid on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides, nor on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. The alkaloid separated by mixing 2-21 
 grammes of the salt in a seiDarator with 10 cc of Distilled Water and 5 cc. 
 of Ammonia Solution, M'hen extracted by shaldng with 3 successive quantities 
 each of 25 cc, 20 cc. and 10 cc. of Ether, evaporating the ethereal solution 
 to dryness on a water -bath, and dissolving the residue in 20 cc Alcohol 
 (95 p.c) diluted with 50 cc of hot Distilled Water, neutralised with Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Litmus Solution as an indicator, 
 shall leave when evaporated to dryness a residue which, %vhen powdered 
 and mixed with 20 cc of Distilled Water in a test-tube, shall respond to the 
 U.S. P. test for absence of other Cinchona alkaloids given under Quininae 
 Sulphas, indicating a limit of alkaloids other than Quinine. This test is 
 recommended in the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. The criticism 
 of the Anamonia Test, as applied to salts of Quinine other than the Sulphate, 
 is given vmder Quinine Hydrobromide. The aqueous alkaline liquid 
 remaining after the extraction of the Quinine, is acidified -with Dikited 
 Sulphuric Acid, the liberated Salicylic Acid separated, carefully Avashed 
 till free from mineral acid, and dried; it should possess the melting point 
 and answer the characteristic tests given under Acidum Salicylicum, indicating 
 the absence of impurities due to Salicylic Acid. Quinine Salicji^late should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral matter. The projDOsed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the hmit of ash should be fixed 
 at not exceeding 0-05 p.c. 
 
 QUININ/E SALICYLAS EFFERVESCENS.— Can be obtained containing 
 1 and 5 grains of Quinine Salicylate in each 60 grains. 
 
 Saloquinine (Quinine Ester of Salicylic Acid).— Colourless crystals, or a 
 white amorphous powder; insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Antipyretic, antiseptic, and analgesic ; in typhoid fever and in neuralgia. 
 This tasteless substitute for Quinine is recommended in 15 to 20 grain doses 
 in malaria. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Rheumatine (Salicylquinine Salicylate). — Colom?less crystalline needles, 
 or as a white amorphous powder ; soluble about 1 in 2000 of Water ; 1 in 15 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Useful in acute articular rheumatism. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
[Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QtTl 1131 
 
 QUININE SULPHAS is Official in B.P., and is given under separate 
 heading. 
 
 QUININ>E SULPHAS ACIDUS (C,„H,,N20„.H„S0^.7H„0, eq. 548-41). 
 — Translucent, colourless, odourless, or white, odourless rhombic crystals, 
 possessing an intensely bitter taste. It was originally called the Neutral 
 Quinine Sulphate. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, as it 
 has a tendency to effloresce and to become yellow on exposure to air. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 10 of Water ; 1 in 45 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 12 grains = 0-13 to 0-78 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Chininum 
 bisulfuricum) ; Dutch (Chini num bisulphas) ; Fr. (Sulfate neutre 
 de Quinine); Ital. (Bisolfato di Chinina) ; Jap. and U.S. (Quininaj 
 Bisulphas); Mex. (Sulfata de Quinina neutro); Span. (Sulfate 
 Quinico neutro). 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Bisulphate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear solution which is acid in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, but which is neutral in reaction towards Methyl Orange Solution. 
 The solution exhibits a strong blue fluorescence. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 1000 aqueous 
 solution, when mixed with 0- 5 c.c. of Bromine Water, yields, on the addition 
 of Ammonia Solution in slight excess an emerald green coloration. An 
 aqueous 1 in 100 Solution, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, affords on 
 the addition of Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate insoluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of Water, insoluble 
 impvu-ities, readily carbonisable organic impm'ities. Cinchona alkaloids other 
 than Quinine, and mineral residue. It should lose not more than 23 -5 p.c. 
 when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating the absence of excess of Water. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this limit be fixed 
 at not exceeding 25 p.c. Quinine Bisulphate should dissolve with the pro- 
 duction of not more than a faint yellow colom* in Sulphuric Acid, indicating 
 a limit of readily charred organic impurities. It should be readily and com- 
 pletely soluble in Distilled Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c), forming a clear 
 solution, indicating a limit of insoluble impurities. If 2*52 grammes of 
 Quinine Bisulphate be dissolved in 50 c.c. of hot Distilled Water, and the 
 mixture neutralised with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Litmus Solution as an indicator of neutrality, and the solution be 
 evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, the residue powdered, and mixed in 
 a test-tube with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, it should conform to the tests for 
 limit of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine, described under QuininEe 
 Sulphas. The Fr. Codex requires that if 1 • 380 grammes of Quinine Bisulphate 
 be dissolved in 25 grammes of boiling Distilled Water and the solution be 
 exactly neutralised by the addition of Ammonia Solution, employing Litmus 
 Solution an an indicator, and if sufficient boiling Distilled Water be added 
 to bring the mixture to a weight of 31-5 grammes, then on cooling to 15° C. 
 (59° F.) and maintaining the mixture dm-ing half an hotu? in a flask immersed 
 in a water-bath at 15° C. (59° F.), shaking frequently, and the mixture be 
 filtered at 15° C. (59° F.), then if a measured quantity of 5 c.c. of the clear 
 liquid be introduced into a test-glass and mixed with 5 c.c. of an aqueous 
 10 p.c. w/w Ammonia Solution, taking caro to distmrb the liquids as little 
 as possible, if the tube be then gently inverted several times, the precipitated 
 Quinine should redissolve and a clear mixture should result, which remains 
 clear even after 24 hours, indicating a limit of Cinchona alkaloids other than 
 Quinine. The criticism of the Ammonia Test, as applied to salts of Quinine 
 other than Siilphate will be found tinder Quinine Hydrobromide. Quinine 
 Bisulphate should leave no weighable ash, indicating a hmit of mineral 
 residue. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the limit 
 •of mineral residue be fixed at 0-05 p.c. 
 
1132 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tabloids of Quinine and Rhubarb Compound (Tabloid Living- 
 stone Rouser). — Quinine Bisulphate, 1 grain; Powdered Rhubarb, IJ 
 grains ; Subchloride of Mercviry, 1 grain ; Powdered Jalap, 1| grains. 
 
 QUININ>E TAN N AS. Quinine Tannate. — An odoiu-less, yellowish-white, 
 amorphous powder, which possesses a very faint bitter and scarcely astringent 
 taste. It is sparingly sokible in Water, 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c. ). 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. It contains from 30 to 32 p.c. of 
 anhydrous Quinine. 
 
 Recommended because of its being tasteless. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 grains = 0'065 to 0'G5 gi-amme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Dutch, Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Tannate, when heated in a glass tube, melts, forming a 
 purplish-coloui'ed, tarry mass. A 1 in 1000 aqueous solution, when mixed 
 with 0-5c.c. of Bromine Water yields, on the addition of a slight excess of 
 Ammonia Solution, an emerald green coloration. An aqueous or an alcoholic 
 solution of the salt yields a bluish-black coloration on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test -Solution. 
 
 It should contain not less than 30 p.c. or more than 35 p.c. by weight of 
 anhydi'ous Quinine, as gravimetz'ically determined by mixing • 5 gramme of 
 Quinine Tannate in a separator with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 10 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Solution, shaking the inixti.ire with 20 c.c. of Ether, and then with 
 successive portions each of 10 c.c. of Ether until the Quinine is completely 
 extracted. The ethereal solution is in each instance separated, transferred 
 to a weighed flask or beaker, the filter washed with Ether and the mixed 
 ethereal hquids evaporated to dryness, the residue dried till constant in 
 weight at 110° C. (230° F.), and weighed. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moistvu-e, heavy 
 metals. Chlorides, Sulphates, uncombined Quinine, Cinchona alkaloids other 
 than Quinine, and mineral residue. Quinine Tannate should not lose more 
 than 10 p.c. of its weight when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating a limit 
 of moistui'e. If 0- 5 gramme of the salt be shaken with a mixture of 50 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water and 1 c.c. of Nitric Acid, and filtered, then 10 c.c. of the 
 filtrate should not become coloiu-ed on the addition of 1 c.c. of Hydrogen 
 Sulpliide Solution, indicating the absence of heavy metals. A fiu'ther portion 
 of 10 c.c. of the filtrate should yield not more than the faintest turbidity on 
 the addition of 1 c.c. of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 A further 10 c.c. of the clear filtrate should 5deld not more than the faintest 
 turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a hmit of 
 Sulphates. If an accurately weighed quantity of 2 grammes of Quinine 
 Tannate be shaken with three successive portions each of 25 c.c. of Anhydrous 
 Ether, the Ether filtered, and the filter washed with 10 c.c. of Anhydrous 
 Ether, the mixed filtrate and washings evaporated to diyness, and the residue 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.) the amount of residue should not exceed 0-25 p.c, 
 indicating a limit of uncombined Quinine. 1-49 grammes of the anhydrous 
 alkaloid obtained from a larger portion of the salt, when converted into the 
 Sulphate, should conform to the requirements regarding the limit of Cinchona 
 alkaloids other than Quinine described under Quinine Sulphate. Quinine 
 Tannate should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the ash should not 
 exceed 0-3 p.c. 
 
 QUININ>E TARTRAS (C,,oH„,N.,0,)2-C,H,0„.H,0, eq. 816-488).— A white, 
 crystalline powder. 
 
 Solubility. — ^Very sparingly in Water (about 1 in 1000). 
 
 Quinine Sulphate, 80 grains ; Tartaric Acid, 40 grains ; Distilled Water, to 
 measure 4 fl. drm., has been used in India for hypodermic injection. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1133 
 
 QUININ>C VALERIANAS {C,oB.o^'N.O^.C,B.,,0„, eq. 426-292).— White, 
 lustrous, pearly crystals, having an odour of Valerianic Acid. Can be pre- 
 pared by decomposing Quinine Hydrochloride with Sodimn Valerianate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 120 of cold Water ; 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 50 
 of Ether, 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0-06 to 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital., Mex., Port, and Span. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Valerianate melts when heated to about 90° C. (194° F.), 
 at 100° C. (212° F.) it loses Valerianic Acid pretty rapidly. It dissolves 
 slightly in cold Water, the solution being neutral or faintly acid in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. The aqueous solution affords with Ammonia Solution 
 a white precipitate soluble in excess of the reagent. A 1 in 1000 aqueous 
 solution, when mixed with 0- 5 c.c. of Bromine Water, yields on the addition 
 of Ammonia Solution in slight excess, an emerald green coloration. When 
 acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid Solution it evolves a characteristic 
 odour of Valerianic Acid, the solution exhibiting a blue fluorescence. The 
 alkaloid extracted from the salt by treatment with Ether, in alkaline solution, 
 when carefully neutralised with Sulphuric Acid, using Litmus Solution as an 
 indicator of neutraUty should respond to the test for freedom from other 
 Cinchona alkaloids given under Quininse Sulphas. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are insoluble salts. Chlorides, 
 Sulphates, readily charred organic impurities. Cinchona alkaloids other than 
 Quinine, Butyrates and mineral residue. Quinine Valerianate should be 
 entirely soluble in Alcohol (95 p.c), indicating the absence of insoluble salts. 
 An aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with Nitric Acid, should not be 
 rendered more than faintly opalescent by Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 a hmit of Chlorides ; nor by the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indi- 
 cating a limit of Sulphates. It should yield not more than a faint yellow 
 tint when mixed with Concentrated Sulijhuric Acid, indicating a limit of 
 readily charred organic impurities. 
 
 The distillate obtained by distilling a mixture of Quinine Valerianate and 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, should yield no immediate turbidity or opalescence 
 on the addition of Copper Acetate Solution ; after a short time, only a few 
 oily drops, which gradually pass into a bluish-white crystalline deposit, 
 should form, indicating the absence of Butyrates. It should leave no weigh- 
 able ash on ignition, indicating a limit of mineral matter. 
 
 Quininae Acetylsalicylas. Quinine Acetylsalicylate. — A white, bitter- 
 tasting salt, slightly soluble in Water, more readily soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.), 
 almost insoluble in Ether. Used as an antipyretic, and to replace Quinine 
 SaUcylate. Useful in peritonitis and pleurisy. 
 
 Dose. — 6 grains = 0-4 graname. 
 
 Quininse Nucleinas. Quinine Nucleinate. — A yellowish -white powder, 
 insoluble in Water, Employed as an intramuscular injection 10 c.c. of a 
 1 to 20 suspension in OUve Oil, accompanied by intravenous injection of the 
 Hydrochloride, in secondary syphilis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Quinine Camphorate, a white powder insoluble in Water, soluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), dose, 1 to 10 grains = 0-06 to 0-65 gramme; Qviinine 
 Saccharinate (Basic), crystalline' needles tinsoluble in Water; Quinine 
 Sulphocarbolate, a yellowish-white powder soluble in Alcohol, dose, 1 to 
 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme; Quinine Sulphoeresotate, yellow scales 
 soluble in Water, dose, 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme ; and Quinine 
 Vanadate are salts of Quinine which have received some attention in medical 
 literature. 
 
1134 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SYRUPUS QUININ/E DIKINATIS. 
 
 1 fl. drm. contains 2 grains of Quinine Dildnate. * 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 WARBURG'S TINCTURE FOR MALARIAL FEVER.— The original 
 formula is : Aloes Socotringe, 4 ; Rad. Rhei, 4 ; Sem. Angelicse, 4 ; Conf. 
 Damocratis, 4 ; Rad. Helenii, 2 ; Croci Sativi, 2 ; Sem. Fceniculi, 2 ; Cretse 
 PriBparatae, 2 ; Rad. Gentianae, 1 ; Rad. Zedoaria?, 1 ; Pip. Cubebae, 1 ; 
 Myrrh Elect., 1 ; Camphoras, 1 ; Bolet. Laricis, 1. Digest with 500 of Proof 
 Spirit on a water -bath for 12 hours, express, and add Quininaj Sulphatis, 10. 
 Continue heating on a water-bath till all the Quinine Sulphate is dissolved ; 
 filter when cold. 
 
 A somewhat similar preparation was included in the B.P.C. Formulary 1901 
 under the title Tinetura Antiperiodica as follows : — 
 
 Tinctura Antiperiodica. Syii. Warbm-g's Tincture. — Socotrine Aloes, 
 bruised, 240 grains ; Rhubarb, bruised, 80 grains ; Angelica Fruit, bruised, 
 80 grains ; Elecampane Root, bruised, 40 grains ; Saffron, 40 grains ; Fennel, 
 bruised, 40 grains ; Prepared Chalk, 40 grains ; Gentian, bruised, 20 grains ; 
 Zedoary Root, bruised, 20 grains ; Cubebs, bruised, 20 grains ; Myrrh, elect, 
 and bruised, 20 grains ; White Agaric, in powder, 20 grains ; Opium, in 
 powder, 2^ grains ; Black Pepper, bruised, 4 grains ; Cinnamon, bruised, 
 8 grains ; Ginger, brviised, 8 grains ; Alcohol (60 p.c. ), a sufficient quantity. 
 
 Macerate for 7 days in 1 pint of the Alcohol, press and filter. Dissolve in 
 the product: — Quinine Sulphate, 175 grains; Camphor, 20 grains. After 
 3 days filter, and add sufficient of the Alcohol to make 1 pint. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 fl. drm. 
 
 QUINETUM. — The mixed alkaloids from the E. I. Red Cinchona Bark. 
 The Sulphate resembles Quinine Sulphate. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Water ; 1 in 90 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — Of the Sulphate 1 to 10 grains = 0-06 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 QUINIDIN>E SULPHAS (C,„H,,N,0,),.H,S0,2H,0, eq. 782- 542.— White, 
 silky crystals. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 200 of Water; 1 in 24 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; about 1 in 
 100 of Glycerin. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0-65 to 1-3 grammes. 
 
 QU!NIN>E ET URE>E HYDROCHLORiDUM. Quinine and Urea 
 Hydrochloride. C.,„H,,N20„.HCl.(]SrH,,)XO.HC1.5 H„0, eq. 547-28.— White, 
 odourless, prismatic crystals or a white, odourless powder, possessing a bitter 
 taste. It contains theoretically 59-2 p.c. of anhydrous Quinine. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in IJ of Water ; 1 in 3-J- of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in 
 Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Local anaesthetic, analgesic, and haemostatic. 
 It is usually employed by hypodermic or intramuscular injection in the form 
 of a 1 p.c. solution. It has also been used in 10 p.c. solution, as a local 
 apphcation. 
 
 As a local anaesthetic in ano-rectal surgery, a 1 p.c. solution is employed. 
 The following advantages are claimed : — It is soluble in Water, it can be 
 sterilised, it is equivalent to Cocaine in anaesthetic power, it is non-toxic, 
 and has a pronounced haemostatic action, post-operative anaesthesia generally 
 last frona 4 hours to several days, it is inexpensive and nearly always avail- 
 able. The technique is the same as that used with a weak Cocaine Solution, 
 and it is considered perfectly satisfactory in all cases where suturing of the 
 skin is not required. — L. '10, ii. 576. 
 
 A valuable and safe local anaesthetic. — N. Y.M.J. '11, i. 885. 
 
 Preferred as a local anaesthetic in rectal cases, as it is not followed by toxic 
 symptoms, and after-pains, as in the case of Cocaine or Beta-Eucaine ; the 
 anaesthesia lasts for days, and thus helps the healing. — M.R. '14, i. 949. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1135 
 
 One more case of hj'^clrophobia which recovered after intravenous injection, 
 15 grains in 3 c.c. of Normal Saline, repeated at intervals of 2 hours for 3 
 injections ; 90 grains in all in 6 doses. — -J. A.M. A. '13, ii. 1511. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0*65 graotmne. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — As a hypodermic or intramuscular injection in 
 ampoules containing 5 c.c. of a 1 p.c. solution. Combined with Eucaine (J to 
 \ grain). Should not be tised in solutions stronger than 3 p.c, as it has a 
 tendency to produce sloughing and destruction of tissue. In 10 ^.c. solution 
 as a local application ; in suppository (5 grains) and as an ointment {20 p.c. 
 prepared vnth a Lanolin and soft Paraffin basis), in diseases of the rectal system. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride melts at 70° to 71° C. (158° 
 to 159-8° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in water forming a clear 
 colourless solution which is acid in reaction towards Litnu.is paper. A 1 in 
 20 aqueous solution yields on the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution a 
 white precipitate, which, when filtered, washed with cold Distilled Water 
 iintil the washings yield only a faint opalescence on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, and carefully dried at a low temperatm"e, should yield a 
 residue affording the tests characteristic of Quinine given under that heading. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution yields on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution 
 a white precipitate insoluble in Nitric Acid, soluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 A solution of 1 gramme of the salt in 2 c.c. of Distilled Water yields upon 
 the addition of 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid and when cooled in iced Water, a crystalline 
 deposit of Urea Nitrate. If the crystals be carefully separated, washed with 
 abovit 5 c.c. of a cold mixture of equal volumes of Nitric Acid and Distilled 
 Water, and drained, on the addition of a few drops of Mercuric Nitrate 
 Solution and a sufficiency of Soditun Hydroxide Solution luitil only a slight 
 acid reaction results, a white precipitate is produced. It should yield not 
 less than 58 p.c. of anhydrous Quinine, as quantitatively determined by 
 dissolving 0*5 gramme of the salt in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water in a separator, 
 adding 5 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution, shaking the mixture first 
 with 10 c.c. of Ether, and then with 2 or more successive portions each of 
 5 c.c, until the Quinine is completely extracted, separating in each case, the 
 ethereal hquid, transferring it to a tared flask, and evaporating the combined 
 Ether extracts to dryness, drying till constant in weight at 120° C (218° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moisture, readily 
 carbonisable organic impurities. Ammonium compounds, and mineral matter. 
 When dried at 120° to 125° C. (248° to 257° F.) it should lose not more than 
 16- 5 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of moisture. No more than a pale 
 yellow coloration should be produced when about 0-1 gramme of the salt 
 is dissolved in 2 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily 
 carbonisable organic impm-ities. No vapours possessing an ammoniacal 
 odour or which turn moistened red Litmus paper blue should be immediately 
 evolved when 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt are warmed 
 with 5 c.c. of Sodiima Hydroxide Solution to 50° C. (122° F.). indicating the 
 absence of Ammonium compounds. Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride should 
 leave not more than 0-05 p.c. of ash, indicating a hmit of mineral residue. 
 
 QUINOIDIN. Syn. Chinoidin. — A mixture of Alkaloids, mostly amor- 
 phous, obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of the crystal lisable 
 alkaloids from Cinchona. A brownish-black mass with alkaline reaction. 
 On ignition should not leave more than 0*7 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Official in Span. 
 
 QUI NOLI NE. ChinoUne. CgH.N, eq. 129-066.— It is formed by the 
 distillation of Quinine or Cinchonine with aqueous Potassium Hydroxide, or 
 synthetically from Anihne and Nitrobenzene. It is a colourless, mobile liquid, 
 having a faint aromatic odour and a peculiar penetrating taste, sparingly 
 soluble in Water, miscible with Alcohol, Ether, and Carbon Bisulphide. It 
 should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles of an amber tint. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
1136 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CHINOLINE PERIODIDE. — Chinoline may be produced synthetically 
 from Aniline and Nitrobenzene, or by the distillation of Quinine. The above 
 Iodide is one of the series of Iodides introduced by the author at the suggestion 
 of Dr. Mortimer Granville, and employed in the treatment of gout. The 
 Chinoline used in this preparation is not of synthetic production. An Iodide 
 miade with Chinoline, prepared from Cinchonine, is known as Cincho-quino- 
 line Periodide (Squire). 
 
 ANALGEN. — A white crystalline powder, inodorous and tasteless. Is 
 similar in chemical composition and properties to Phenacetin, but with the 
 Phenol ring replaced by the Quinohne ring. 
 
 Solubility.— Insoluble in Water ; sparingly soluble in cold, more so in hot 
 Alcohol ; fairly soluble in Chloroform ; almost insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Recommended in neuralgia, hemicrania, sciatica 
 and bronchitic asthma, but it is not without toxic action and dangers ; the 
 urine is frequently coloured red. 
 
 Dose. — 7J to 15 grains = 0-5 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in cachets, or Compressed Tablets. 
 
 Tests.— Analgen melts at a temperature of 208° C. (406-4° F.). The 
 cold saturated aqueous solution shoiild yield a yellow coloration with Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution. It dissolves in cold concentrated Sulph\iric Acid, 
 forming a bright yellow coloured liquid, and on dilution with Water a lemon 
 yellow coloured precipitate is thrown down. The cold saturated aqueous 
 solution reduces Silver Nitrate Solution in the cold or on warming. It 
 should leave no weighable residue on ignition, indicating absence of mineral 
 residue. 
 
 ATOPHAN. 2-Phenylchinolin-4-carbonic Acid. — A white, or almost white 
 powder, possessing an odour somewhat resembling Chinoline. Insoluble in 
 Water. Anti -rheumatic and antipyretic. Useful in muscular rheumatism 
 and gout, on account of the ease with which it affects the elimination of uric 
 acid. In the form of powder, or as tablets 0- 5 gramme (7^ grains). 
 
 Skin rashes, similar to those following the administration of Antipyrin, 
 are stated not to be uncommon after its use. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 75 grains = 1 to 5 grammes. 
 
 Tests.— Atophan melts at 208° to 209° C. (406-4° to 408-2° F.). It is 
 insoluble in Water, but dissolves in solutions of the alkali Hydroxides and 
 in mineral acids, when heated. It should leave no appreciable ash. 
 
 NOVATOPHAN. Ethyl Ester of Methyl Atophan. — A yellowish-white 
 tasteless and odourless powder. Insoluble in Water. 
 
 Introduced as a means of increasing the elimination of uric acid. It is 
 claimed that its clinical effect is similar to that of the parent substance, but 
 that it has the advantage of being tasteless. It is supplied in tablets contain- 
 ing 0-5 gramme (7 J grains). 
 
 Tests.— Novatophan melts at 75° to 76° C. (167° to 168-8° F.). It is 
 insoluble in Water, but dissolves in Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether and Benzol. An 
 alcoholic solution yields on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a 
 yellow coloration, which distinguishes it from Atophan, which yields, under 
 similar conditions, a brown coloration. 
 
 LORETiN (Meta-iod-orthoxychinolin-anasulphonic Acid). — A pale yel- 
 lowish powder, odourless and non-poisonous. Introduced as a substitute for 
 Iodoform. Used as a dusting powder, and in the form of Ointment. 
 
 CHINOSOL (Quinosol. Potassium OxychinoUne Sulphonate). — A bright, 
 lemon-yellow powder with a faint odoiu', soluble in Water. 
 
 A powerful antiseptic, disinfectant and deodorant. Action more marked 
 as a lotion than as a powder. When used as a powder should be diluted. 
 Solutions for disinfection of instruments should not be too concentrated. 
 Possesses toxic properties. Is not rapidly absorbed by the unbroken skin. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1137 
 
 In Filaria Medinensis, 15 minims of a 1 p.c. Solution are injected sub- 
 cutaneously into each of the four sides of the guinea-worna swelling. — I.M.G. 
 '10, 258. 
 
 Official in Russ. 
 
 ETHYLHYDROCUPREIN>E HYDROCHLORIDUM. (Ethylhydro- 
 
 cupreine Hydrochloride. Optochin Hydrochloride. C21H28N2O2HCI, eq. 
 376- 712). — A white, odourless, crystalhne powder, possessing a bitter taste. 
 It is the Hydrochloride of Ethylhydrocupreine, an alkaloid prepared sj^ntheti- 
 cally from Cupreine, obtained from Cuprea Bark. 
 
 It dissolves readily in Water and is also soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Employed in the chemotherapeutic treatment of pneumonia, being claimed 
 to exert a pronounced toxic action towards pneumococci. In ophthalmology, 
 especially in ulcus serpens, of pneumococcal origin. 
 
 Unfavourable symptoms, e.g. the appearance of amblyopia, sometimes 
 follow its employment. 
 
 In pneumonia, combined with servim, favourable results have followed its 
 intravenous employment. — B.M.J.E. '14, i. 31. 
 
 In pneimiococcal meningitis, by intra-lumbar and intraventricular injec- 
 tion ; 0*07 gramme intraventricularly ; 0-06 gramme by lumbar puncture, 
 and 1'12 grammes subcutaneously. — B.M.J.E. '14, i. 71. 
 
 Combined with Sodium Salicylate it is found to afford a useful adjuvant 
 to the Salvarsan treatment of frambcesia and trypanosomiasis. — Y.B.P. 
 '14, 169. 
 
 Dose. — 1^ to 7^ grains = O'l to 0*5 gramnae. 
 
 Tests. — Ethylhydrocupreine Hydrochloride melts at 242° C. (467-6° F.). 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a blue 
 fluorescent solution when acidified wth Sulphuric Acid. A dilute aqueous 
 solution, when mixed with a slight excess of Chlorine Water, and then made 
 alkaline with Ammonia Solution, exhibits the green coloration characteristic 
 of Quinine salts. The addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution causes a 
 precipitation of the free base, which dissolves in Chloroform. It yields no 
 appreciable ash. 
 
 METHYLHYDROCUPREIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM (Methylhydro- 
 cupreine Hydrochloride. Hydroquinine. CjoH^gN^Oo . HCl . 2H„0, eq. 398 • 728) . 
 — A white, odourless powder, possessing a bitter taste. It is readily soluble 
 in Water. 
 
 Useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. It is claimed to be 
 more efficacious than Quinine and at the same time to be less toxic. It may 
 be administered orally or intravenously in doses of 3 grains = 0*2 gramme. 
 
 In trypanosomiasis, its intravenous injection is claimed to result in the 
 disappearance of trypanosomes from the blood. 
 
 Aqueous solution of the Hydrochloride or an oily solution of the base gives 
 rise to powerful and lasting anaesthesia. 
 
 In whooping-cough, for children, a daily dose during 4 days of f to 3 grains 
 (0-05 to 0*2 gramme), according to age, administered by intravenous injec- 
 tion, and for adults 2- 5 c.c. of a 10 p.c. solution in Normal SaUne, completely 
 checked the attacks by the tenth day ; after the fourth day injections are 
 given on alternate days. In childi'en, where intravenous injection may 
 present difficulties, intram\iscular injection of 0- 2 gramme (3 grains) may be 
 given. 
 
 Dose. — IJ to 7 J grains = 0- 1 to 0-5 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — May be given in the form of powders or intravenously 
 in ampullce containing 7 J grains in solution. 
 
 Crurin (Quinoline Bismuth Sulphocyanide). — A yellowish -red powder, 
 insoluble in Water and Alcohol. As an injection in gonorrhoea : — 1 of Crurin 
 rubbed up with Gtycerin and Water, of each 5, and made up with Water 
 to 200. 
 
l]o8 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Vioform (lodochloroxychinoline ; lodochloroxyquinoline). — An almost 
 odourless, non-toxic powder, insoluble in Water. Antiseptic. Introduced as 
 a substitute for Iodoform. Useful in operations on tubercular joints. Most 
 conveniently used as an emulsion : — Vioform, 50 ; Glycerin, 200 ; Sterilised 
 Water, 200 ; Alcohol, 100. 
 
 Diaphthol (Quinaseptol) and Diaphtherin (Oxychinaseptol) have also 
 been used as antiseptics. 
 
 QUININtE hydrochloridum. 
 
 QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 C.oHo.N.OaHCl, 2H,0, eq. 396-712. 
 
 Fr., Chlorhydkate Basiqtje de Quinine ; Ger., Chininiiydrochlorid ; 
 Ital., Cloridbato di Chinina ; Span., Cloruro Quinico. 
 
 White, odourless, silky, needle-shaped crystals, 2>ossessing a very 
 bitter taste, and which have a tendency to lose V/ater in warm air. 
 
 It is the Hydrochloride of Quinine, an alkaloid occurring in various 
 species of Cinchona Bark. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint. 
 
 The salt contains theoretically 81-7p.c. of anhydrous Quinine, 9*2 p.c. 
 of Hydrochloric Acid, and 9*1 p.c. of Water of crystaUisation. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 37 of Water ; 1 in 1 of boiling Water ; 1 in 1 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). The anhydrous salt is very soluble in Chloroform. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Same as Quinine Sulphate. 
 
 This salt is preferred for the prevention of malaria for the f ollo^ving reasons : 
 (1) It is more readily soluble and very easily absorbed ; (2) it is less irritating 
 to the gastric mucous membrane ; (3) it contains relatively a greater pro- 
 portion of Quinine ; (4) it is the chief soluble salt of Quinine. It is alrnost 
 universally used in the malarial districts of Italy. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 grains = 0'06 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Tablets are made containing 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 grains 
 in each ; pessaries containing 3 grains or 5 grains in each. Lotion for the eyes, 
 the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital now make their Lotion from, Quinine 
 Hydrochloride 4 grains in 1 fl. oz. in place of the Sulphate. 
 
 0£B.cial Preparations. — Tinctura Quininae and Vinum Quininse. 
 
 Not Official. — Solut6 de Quinine pom* Injection Hypodermique. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Hung., Jap., Russ. 
 and Swiss (Chininum Hydrochloricum) ; Belg. (Chlorhydras 
 Quininae) ; Dan., Norw., Swed. (Chloretum Chinicum) ; Dutch 
 (Hydrochloras Chinini) ; Fr. (Chlorhydrate Basique de Qui- 
 nine) ; Ital. (Cloridrato di Chinina) ; Mex. (Clorhidrato de 
 Quinina basico); Port. (Chlorhydrato de Quinina); Span. (Cloruro 
 Quinico) ; U.S. (Quininse Hydrochloridum). 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Hydrochloride when heated to a temperature of 
 100° C. (212° F.) loses" 9-1 p.c. of Water equivalent to 2 molecules 
 of Water of crystallisation. The U.S. P. states it loses its Water of 
 crystallisation at a temperature of 120° C. (248° F.). It dissolves 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] Q,tJl 1139 
 
 in Distilled Water, forming a solution wliich is neutral or at the most 
 but faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. On tlie addition 
 of Sulphuric Acid the aqueous solution assumes a strong bluish-green 
 fluorescence, but the solution of the Hydrochloride itself is not 
 fluorescent. The alkaloid extracted from a solution of the Hydro- 
 chloride should answer the tests distinctive of Quinine given under 
 that substance. 10 ml. of a 1 in 1000 aqueous solution, when mixed 
 with • 5 ml. of Bromine Solution, yields on the addition of a slight 
 excess of Ammonia Solution an emerald-green coloration. The aqueous 
 solution when acidified with Nitric Acid yields with Silver Nitrate 
 Solution a white curdy precipitate, which, when washed, dissolves 
 readily and completely in Ammonia Solution. The percentage of 
 Quinine may be determined by the direct titration of a solution of 
 the Hydrochloride with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality, 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution being 
 equivalent to 0*03967 gramme of the crystallised Hydrochloride. The 
 alkaloidal content may be gravimetrically determined by dissolving the 
 salt in Distilled Water, adding sufficient Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 to render the liquid distinctly alkaline, and shaking out the alkaloid 
 with Ether or with Ether-Chloroform. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of moisture. 
 Barium, Sulphates, readily charred organic impurities. Cinchona 
 alkaloids other than Quinine, and mineral impurities. The B.P., the 
 U.S. P. and the P.G. require that the salt shall not lose more than 
 9*1 p.c. of its weight when dried at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.), 
 indicating a limit of Water. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt 
 obtained by the use of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid should yield no 
 turbidity on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of Barium. An aqueous solution of the salt should not be 
 rendered more than slightly turbid on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the limit of Sulphates. It should produce no 
 coloration on the addition of Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of 
 readily charred organic impurities. 
 
 The B.P. requires that a precipitate, which redissolves when the 
 tube is rotated, should be produced when a measured quantity of 
 6 ml. of Ammonia Solution at 15° C. (59° F.) is gradually added to 
 5 ml. of a filtrate cooled to 15° C. (59° F.), prepared by precipitating 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Quinine Hydrochloride in 20 ml. of Distilled 
 Water at 60° C. (140° F.) by triturating it in a warm mortar with 1 
 gramme of powdered uneffloresced Sodium Sulphate ; cooling, allowing 
 the mixture to remain at rest during exactly 30 minutes at a tem- 
 perature of 15° C. (59° F.), stirring from time to time, separating, 
 pressing the crystals, and filtering the fluid thus obtained. 
 
 The Fr. Codex requires that if 0*891 gramme of the salt be dissolved 
 in 50 grammes of Distilled Water, heated to the boiling point, and 
 0*5 gramme of crystallised official Sodium Sulphate be added to the 
 boiling liquid, the original weight being restored when solution is 
 complete by the addition of more Distilled Water, the mixture cooled 
 
1140 QUI [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 to a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.) and maintained during half an 
 liour at this temperature, the flask being immersed in a water-bath at 
 this temperature, the mixture frequently shaken, filtered at 15° C. 
 (59° F.), and 5 c.c. of the clear liquid removed by a graduated pipette, 
 introduced into a test-glass, and an exactly measured quantity of 5 c.c. 
 of an aqueous 10 p.c. w/w Ammonia Solution added, care being taken 
 to disturb the liquids as little as possible, then, when the tube is gently 
 inverted several times, a clear mixture should result, which will remain 
 clear even after 24 hours, indicating a limit of Cinchona alkaloids 
 other than Quinine. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that a weighed quantity of 3 grammes of the 
 salt, which has been previously dried for 2 hours at a temperature of 
 50° C. (122° F.), when dissolved in an evaporating dish in 30 c.c. of 
 hot Distilled Water, mixed with 1*5 grammes of crystallised Sodium 
 Sulphate, gradually and with constant stirring, and the liquid evaporated 
 to dryness on a water-bath, the residue macerated with 30 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water at 65° C. (149° F.) for half an hour, then allowed 
 to cool to 15° C. (59° F.) and macerated at this temperature during 
 2 hours with occasional shaking of the test-tube, the liquid, when 
 filtered through filter paper of 8 to 10 cm. diameter, and a measured 
 quantity of 5 c.c. of the clear filtrate transferred to a test-tube and 
 gently mixed (without shaking) with 7 c.c. of Ammonia Solution 
 (10 p.c. w/w), at a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), and added all at 
 once, shall yield a clear liqmd. If the temperature during the macera- 
 tion has been 16° C. (60*8° F.), 7*5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution may be 
 added. If 17° C. (62 "8° F.), 8 c.c. may be added, indicating a limit 
 of allowable foreign Cinchona alkaloids. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the U.S. P. 
 test for a limit of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine be modified 
 as follows : — 2 ' 75 grammes of the salt are dissolved in 20 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water at 65° C. (149° F.) in a test-tube of about 80 c.c. 
 capacity, a solution of 1 ' 5 grammes of crystallised Sodium Sulphate 
 in 10 c.c. of DistiUed Water warmed to 65° C. (149° F.) is added, 
 and the mixture is maintained at this temperature during half an 
 hour, shaking it frequently and thoroughly in the stoppered tube. 
 It is then cooled to 15° C. (59° F.) and maintained at this temperature 
 during 2 hours, shaking it occasionally. The liquid is then filtered 
 through a dry filter paper of 8 to 10 cm. diameter, and the test with 
 5 c.c. of the filtrate concluded as above. 
 
 The P.G. dissolves 2 grammes of the Hydrochloride in a warmed 
 mortar in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water at a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.). 
 To the solution is added 1 gramme of powdered unefiloresced Sodium 
 Sulphate, and the mixture thoroughly and uniformly incorporated. 
 It is cooled and allowed to stand for half an hour at a temperature 
 of 15° C. (59° F.), with repeated stirring, it is then pressed through a 
 dry piece of calico of about 100 square cm., and the expressed fluid 
 filtered through a filter of 7 cm. diameter prepared from the best 
 filter paper. 5 c.c. of this filtrate are introduced into a dry test-glass, 
 brought to a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), and gradually mixed with 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liqviids by Measure.] QUI 1141 
 
 4 c.c. of Ammonia Solution at a temperature of 15° C. (59" F.). The 
 precipitate, which at fii-st separates out, should on slowly shaking 
 again dissolve to form a clear solution, indicating a limit of foreign 
 Cinchona alkaloids. The criticism of the Ammonia Test as applied 
 to the detection of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine, in 
 Quinine salts other than the normal Sulphate, will be found under 
 Quinine Hydrobromide. 1 gramme of Quinine Hydrochloride should 
 dissolve in 7 c.c. of a mixture consisting of 2 parts by volume of 
 Chloroform and 1 part by volume of Absolute Alcohol, indicating a 
 limit of foreign alkaloids. The B.P. includes a similar test to the 
 above, but works in ml. instead of c.c. ; the P.G. employs c.c. 
 1 gramme of the salt when ignited with free access of air should 
 leave no weighable residue, indicating the absence of mineral im- 
 purities. 
 
 The B.P. requires that Quinine Hydrochloride shall leave no appreci- 
 able ash. The U.S. P. requires that it should leave no residue, the 
 P.G. that it shall leave at the most O'l p.c. of residue. 
 
 Preparations. 
 TINCTURA QUININE. Tincture of Quinine. 
 Quinine Hydrocldoride, 175 grains ; Tincture of Orange, 20 fl. oz. 
 
 (1 in 50.) 
 55 minims contain 1 grain. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3- G ml. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Quinine has a specific gravity of 0*880 to 
 0-890 ; it contains about 3 '8 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 78 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 VINUM QUININiE. Quinine Wine. 
 
 Quinine Hydrochloride, 20 grains ; Orange Wine, 20 fl. oz. 
 
 The metric figures are 2 and 875. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Wine has a specific gravity of 1*044 to 1*095; 
 it contains about 18 p.c. w/v of total solids and from 12 to 14 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. It should yield 0* 187 p.c. w/v of anhydrous 
 Quinine. 1 fl. oz. of the wine when made alkaline with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution and shaken with Ether, the aqueous alkaline layer 
 separated, and after acidification shaken with a further quantity of 
 Ether ; the ethereal solution when mixed with a little Distilled Water, 
 a drop or two of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution added and the mixture 
 well shaken, should yield no violet coloration, indicating the absence 
 of Salicylic Acid. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SOLUTE DE QUININE (CHLORHYDRATE BASIQUE) POUR INJEC- 
 TION HYPODERMIQUE (^r.). — Basic Hydrochloride of Quinine, 3 
 grammes ; Antipyrine, 2 grammes ; Distilled Water, boiled and cooled, q.s. 
 to obtain 10 c.c. of Solution. 
 
1142 QUI [Solids t)y ^Weight; Liquids by Measure.l 
 
 QUININE HYDROCHLORIDUM ACIDUM. 
 
 ACID QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 
 C.oHoiNaOo, 2HC1, eq. 397-148. 
 
 Fb., Chlorsydkate Neutre de Quinine ; Ger., Saures Chininhydro- 
 CHLORiD ; Ital., Bichloridrato di Chinina. 
 
 Small, colourless, glistening, odourless crystals, or as a white, odour- 
 less, crystalline powder, possessing an intensely bitter taste. 
 
 It is the Acid Hydrochloride of Quinine, an alkaloid obtained from 
 the bark of various species of Cinchona. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion 
 that the majority of commercial samples contain practically no Water 
 of crystallisation. The B.P. now gives the formula of the salt as 
 anhydrous. The Fr. Codex gives the formula with 2| molecules of 
 Water of crystallisation, and states, that from Absolute Ethylic Alcohol 
 the salt crystallises in acicular crystals containing 1 molecule of 
 Alcohol of crystallisation, which it readily loses. The dried salt when 
 exposed to air reabsorbs moisture, equivalent to 2^ molecules of Water 
 of crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint 
 and exposed as little as possible to the air. 
 
 Solubility.^ — 2 in 1|- of Water and measures 3 ; 1 in 5 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 7 of Chloroform. Insoluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Same as Quinine Sulphate and Hydro- 
 chloride. It is frequently employed by hypodermic injection. See 
 notes on the Acid Hydrobromide. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 grains = 0*06 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Wot Official. — Guttse Atropinse et Quinince. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Fr., Ital. and Mex. 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Bihydrochloride dissolves readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water forming a clear solution, which possesses a strong 
 acid reaction towards Litmus, and which yields, on the addition of 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a white precipitate ; if this precipitate 
 be separated and carefully washed it answers the tests distinctive 
 of Quinine given under that heading. 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 1000 
 solution, when mixed v/ith 0'5c.c. of Bromine Solution, yields on 
 the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, an emerald-green 
 coloration. An aqueous solution of the salt, when acidified with 
 Diluted Nitric Acid, yields, on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 a white curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, and which, when 
 separated and washed, dissolves readily and completely in Ammonia 
 Solution. It was pointed out in Squire's Companion (Eighteenth 
 Edition) that the total percentage of Hydrochloric Acid in the salt 
 could be readily determined by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] QUI 1143 
 
 indicator of neutrality. In conducting the titration, sufficient neutral 
 Ether may be added to hold the liberated alkaloid in solution, the end 
 reaction not being then masked by the precipitate. 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is equivalent to 
 0*003645 gramme of Hydrochloric Acid and to "01985 gramme of 
 anhydrous Acid Quinine Hydrochloride. 
 
 The B.P. has adopted titration with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 requiring that when an aqueous solution of 1 gTamme of the salt in 
 20 ml. of Distilled Water is titrated with Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality, not more than 5*0 ml. should be necessary, corresponding 
 to 99*3 p.c. of pure anhydrous Acid Quinine Hydrochloride ; 1 ml. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0*19857 gramme of 
 anhydrous Acid Quinine Hydrochloride. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Quinine Hydrochloride, 
 readily charred organic impurities, Sulphates, Cinchona alkaloids other 
 than Quinine, excess of moisture and mineral residue. 
 
 The presence of Quinine Hydrochloride may be determined by 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Hematoxylin Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 1 gramme 
 of Acid Quinine Hydrochloride, when dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, should require not less than 2 * 5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, H8ematox5''lin Solution being employed 
 as the indicator. The salt should dissolve with no more than a light 
 yellow colour in Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid gas 
 being simultaneously evolved, indicating the absence of readily charred 
 organic impurities. It may be distinguished from Morphine .by 
 yielding no red coloration when mixed with a few drops of Concentrated 
 Nitric Acid. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield not more than the slightest turbidity on the addition 
 of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. If a 
 solution of 2 grammes of the salt in 15 ml. of Distilled Water be 
 neutralised with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using 
 HEematoxylin Solution as an indicator, and the resultant solution be 
 thoroughly triturated at 60° C. (140° F.) with 1 gramme of uneffloresced 
 powdered Sodium Sulphate, cooled, allowed to stand during half an 
 hour at 15° C. (59° F.), stirring from time to time, the crystals of 
 Quinine Sulphate then removed, pressed, and the expressed liquid 
 filtered, then the precipitate which at first forms, when 5 ml. of the 
 filtrate, reduced to a temperature of exactly 15° C. (59° F.), is gradually 
 mixed with 6 ml. of Ammonia Solution (10 p.c. w/w) at a temperature 
 of exactly 15° C. (59° F.), again redissolves on gently inverting the 
 test-glass once or twice, yielding a clear limpid liquid, indicating a 
 limit of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine. The criticism of the 
 Ammonia Test as applied to the detection of Cinchona alkaloids 
 other than Quinine, in salts of Quinine other than the normal 
 Sulphate, is referred to under Quinine Hydrobromide. Quinine Acid 
 Hydrochloride should lose not more than 3 p.c. in weight when 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.), indicating a limit of moisture. It should 
 
1144 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. The 
 B.P. requires that it should leave no appreciable ash. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GUTT>!E ATROPIN>E ET QUININ/E {Liverpool Royal Infirmary). — 
 Atropine Sulphate, 4 grains ; Quinine Acid Hydrochloride, 4 grains ; Water, 
 to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 QUININiE SULPHAS. 
 
 QUININE SULPHATE. 
 (C2oH24N20,)2, H2SO4, 71H2O, eq. 881.630. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate Basique de Quinine ; Geb., Cheninsulfat ; Ital., Solfato 
 Di Chinina ; Span., Sulfato Quinico Basico. 
 
 Light, white, odourless, silky, needle-shaped crystals, possessing a 
 very persistent bitter taste. 
 
 The crystals effloresce on exposure to diy air, and yield a salt containing 
 about 2 molecules of Water of crystalUsation, these are in turn lost at a 
 temperatvu-e of 100° C. (212° F.), but again reabsorbed on exposvu-e of the 
 dry salt to the air. 
 
 It is the Sulphate of Quinine, an alkaloid obtained from the bark 
 of various species of Cinchona. 
 
 The Fr. Codex gives SH^O, the basic Quinine Sulphate being stated to 
 crystallise with 8 molecules of Water of crystallisation during the cooling of 
 its hot concentrated aqueous solution; it contains 72'81 p.c. of Quinine, 
 11-01 p.c. of Sulphuric Acid and 16- 18 p.c. of Water. 
 
 The Fr. Codex also states that from Absolute Ethylic Alcohol it forms 
 acicular crystals containing 1 molecule of Alcohol of crystalUsation, which 
 it loses readily. 
 
 The B.P. salt contains theoretically 73*5 p.c. of anhydrous Quinine, 
 11 "1 p.c. of Sulphuric Acid, and 15 '4 p.c. of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels, preferably in well-stoppered 
 glass bottles of a dark amber tint, or in tins, and protected as far as 
 possible from exposure to the light, as in addition to its efflorescent 
 nature in dry air the salt is liable to acquire a yellow or brownish 
 colour when exposed directly to the light. 
 
 Solubility.— About 1 in 800 of Water ; 1 in 25 of boiling Water ; 
 
 1 in 65 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 40 of Glycerin. 
 
 60 grains require 60 minims of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, or 100 minims 
 
 of Diluted Phosphoric Acid for Solution in 2 fl. oz. of Distilled Water. 
 
 66 grains require 60 minims of Diluted Nitric Acid for Solution in 
 
 2 fl. oz. of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In small doses it acts as a most valuable 
 tonic and bitter stomachic. In large doses it has a specific action 
 in malaria, both as a curative and as a prophylactic ; in moderate doses 
 it is an antipyretic in influenza and fevers, especially enteric (in which 
 it also acts as an antiseptic), and it is analgesic in supra-orbital and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1145 
 
 other forms of neuralgia. Used as a spray (2 grains to 1 tl. oz.) in 
 hay fever ; contra -indicated during advanced pregnancy and in acute 
 or subacute middle-ear disease ; in large doses, or if taken frequently, 
 produces temporary deafness. Rectal injections of a strong Solution 
 most satisfactory in amoebic dysentery. 
 
 The best remedy in influenza ; also, as a trustworthy prophj'^lactic, 2 grains 
 every morning. — (The late Sir W. Broadbent) Pr. '07, i. 13. 
 
 If quinine treatment in influenza is persevered with there will be much 
 less cardiac weakness and fewer seriovis sequelae. — Pr. '07, i. 153. 
 
 A 1 p.c. Solution in just sufficient Diluted Sulphtu-ic Acid to hold the salt 
 in solution has been used as a powerful curative agent in a variety of corneal 
 ulcers not amenable to the ordinary routine treatment, the eyes being bathed 
 in the Solution for 5 minutes 4 or 5 times a day. Two formulas taken from 
 the Pharmacopoeia of the Liverpool Eye and Ear Infirmary are : Atropine 
 Sulphate, 4 grains ; Quinine Sulphate (neutral), 4 grains ; Distilled Water, 
 1 oz. ; — and Eserine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Quinine Sulphate (neutral), 4 grains ; 
 Distilled Water, 1 oz. 
 
 In pneumonia in 2 or 3 grain doses every 2 or 3 hours, very closely approaches 
 a specific— B.M../. '13, ii. 102. 
 
 For preventing pain in the stump after amputation a 5 p.c. Solution is 
 used. ^^Tien the amputation is completed and the vessels tied it is injected 
 into the main nerves and around them, and after the wound is closed about 
 3 oz. of the Solution are injected into the tissues composing the stump. 
 The patient sirffers no post-operative pain, and there is no injury of the 
 tissues. In fractures the Solution is forced in between the fragments with a 
 strong gold-plated needle, and several syringefuls are also injected around 
 the fracture, and in 15 minutes reduction can be made without pain. Also 
 used as a local anoesthetic in operations for fistula, haemorrhoids, and fissures. 
 Advantatjes : it is non-toxic, it can be sterilised by boiUng, it is cheap. — 
 L. 'II, ir 457. 
 
 Its injection for prolapsus uteri more effective than any other treatment ; 
 12 grains are dissolved in 30 minims Acid. Sulph. Dil. and 30 minims Aq. 
 Dest. 40 to 80 minims are injected on each side of the uterus through the 
 vaginal w^all f inch from the cervix, a little below level of extei'nal os. The 
 needle is 1 inch long. The best time is a week after menstruation is over. 
 By irritating the cellular tissue with Quimne an effusion of lymph is produced 
 and this, by forming new comiective tissue, strengthens the uterine ligaments. 
 —Pr. '09, i. 354. 
 
 In Kala-azar 20 to 90 minims of the following Solution are injected into 
 the latissimus dorsi in adults, or in the gluteal region in chilch'en. Quinine 
 Sulph. grains 32, Ac. Sulph. Dil. 1 drm., Aq. Dest. 4 drm. The injection 
 may be given painlessly if preceded by 5 minims of a 2 p.c. Cocaine Solution. 
 The injections have to be repeated before the effusion from the first injection 
 has disappeared, and imtil the spleen and liver have entirely disappeared. 
 Cinchona by the mouth, not Quinine, is very effective supplementary treat- 
 ment.— J. M.(?. '11, 58. 
 
 Absorption of Quinine is retarded if given with or soon after food ; gastric 
 trouble may follow administration of Soluble Quinine Salts in Capsules ; 
 where Qviinine causes gastric irritation the least Soluble Salts, e.g., Tarmate, 
 should be given. For intravenous injections great cUlution (at least 1 in 150) 
 is necessary in order to avoid the dangers special to Quinine. Suppositories 
 are irritating and useless in the treatment of malaria ; Enemata are very 
 irritating, are generally quickly returned ; they are of little therapeutic 
 value in malaria even when retained. — hidian Medical Scientifio Memoirs, 
 No. 41. 
 
 Should be given 3 or 4 hours before the attack of malaria is anticipated, 
 as we Icnow that 3 or 4 hom-s after the ingestion of Quinine the blood contains 
 the maximum quantity. — Pr. '09, i. 246. 
 
 Acts most beneficially in any ' septicemic ' state with fever, whether such 
 be due to gonorrhoea, syphilis, or enteric. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 78. 
 
1146 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids hy Measure.] 
 
 Local medical opinion in Perak unanimously in favour of intramuscular 
 injections. — J I. Tro2J- Med. and Hyg. '14, 272. 
 
 Quinine and its salts are fundamentally unsuited for hypodermic use ; this 
 mode of Quinine administration should therefore be abandoned. — (Ronald 
 Ross) Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyg. '14, 288. 
 
 Intramuscular injections are likely to remain ruiabsorbed, and to cause 
 considerable local trouble ; as Quinine is generally absorbed readily by the 
 mouth, there seems to be therefore, absolutely no a priori argunaent in favour 
 of the injections, and one really wonders why they are given (Sir Ronald Ross). 
 ~Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyg. '14, 352. 
 
 In ointment form it prevents sunburn. — B.M.J.E. '14, i. 96. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 10 grains = O'OG to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Given in pills or cachets, also in aqueous solution 
 
 assisted by the addition of Diluted Sulphuric or Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 1 minim to each grain ; it also dissolves readily in Tincture of Ferric Chloride. 
 
 One of the most pleasant ways of giving Quinine is in a mixture with Citric 
 Acid, to be taken during effervescence with a Solution containing Potassium 
 Bicarbonate and Ammonium Carbonate. It is also given in Solution with 
 Hydrobromic Acid to diminish the tendency to cinclionism. Milk covers the 
 taste vjell. Effervescent Quinine Citrate is also a very palatable form. 
 
 For disguising the taste of Quinine, when administered to children. Chocolate 
 has been suggested. 
 
 When a large dose (say 10 grains) is given, it is best suspended in Water ; 
 the bitterness is not then so intense as when in solution. 
 
 It is best made into pills with ' Diluted Glucose.^ 
 
 As an Ointment 10 grains in 1 oz. of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For hypodermic injection see other salts of Quinine, under each of which 
 the solubilities are given. Of the neutral salts, the Lactate (1 in 4) is the most 
 soluble ; of the acid salts, the Acid Hydrochloride (1 in 1). 
 
 Quinine is precipitated from aqueous solutions of its salts by alkalis. In 
 the Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine the alkaloid is dissolved by the Alcohol. 
 
 Incompatibles. — All alkalis and their Carbonates, Benzoates, Iodides, and 
 Salicylates ; all infusions containing Tannin throw down a Quinine Taimate, 
 v/hich Sulphuric Acid, instead of dissolving, helps to precipitate. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Pilula Quininse Sulphatis and Tinctura Quinina? 
 Ammoniata. Used in the preparation of Ferri et Quininie Citras and Syrupus 
 Ferri Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychnina. 
 
 ISTot 0£B.cial. — Aminoniated Quinine Capsules, Gelatinae Sulfa.tis Chinici, 
 Mistura Quininte, Mistiu-a Quininte cum Ferro, Pilulse Metalloruni, Aitken's 
 Tonic Pill, Pilulse Ferratas cum Chinina, Pilula Quininse cum Ferro. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Ger., Hung., Jap., Russ. 
 and Swiss (Chininum Sulf uricum) ; Belg. (Sulphas Quininse); Dan., 
 Norw. and Swed. (Sulphas Chinicus) ; Dutch (Sulphas Chinini) ; 
 Fr. (Sulfate Basique de Quinine); Ital. (Solfato di Chinina); 
 Mex. and Port. (Sulfate de Quinina) ; Span. (Sulfato Quinico 
 basico); U.S. (Quinine Sulphas). 
 
 Tests. — Quinine Sulphate is officially required to lose oh molecules, 
 equivalent to 11 '2 p.c. of Water of crystallisation when exposed to 
 dry air. The U.S. P. requires that when exposed to dry air or when 
 heated to 60° C. (140° F.) it loses 5 molecules, equivalent to 10*3 p.c. 
 of Water of crystallisation ; the remaining number of molecules 
 equivalent to 4*1 p.c. being lost at a temperature of 115° C (239° F.) ; 
 indicating a total loss of 14*4 p.c. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that this latter temperature be changed to 
 110° C. (230° F.). The P.G. states that the salt shall lose at the most 
 16-2 p.c. when heated at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.). Fr. Codex 
 
[Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1147 
 
 states that wlien exposed to tlie air it rapidly effloresces, losing 
 almost 6 molecules of Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 12 '13 p.c, 
 leaving a salt containing 2 molecules of Water of crystallisation, 
 equivalent to 4*60 p.c. The salt loses tlie whole of its Water of 
 crystallisation only slowly at 100° C. (212° F.), but at 115° C. (239° F.) 
 it becomes rapidly anhydrous. Quinine Sulphate dissolves sparingly 
 in Distilled Water, forming a solution which is faintly alkaline 
 towards Litmus paper, and which possesses but a slight fluorescence, 
 immediately intensified by the addition of a few drops of Sulphuric 
 Acid. The B.P. states that the aqueous solution has a blue fluores- 
 cence ; the U.S. P. that the aqueous solution develops a vivid blue 
 fluorescence when acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid. A solution 
 of the salt affords with Ammonia Solution, a white precipitate, soluble 
 in excess of the reagent or in Ether. The separated alkaloid answers 
 the tests distinctive of Quinine given under Quinina. 10 c.c. of an 
 aqueous 1 in 1000 solution, when mixed with 0*5 c.c. of Bromine 
 Water, yields on the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, 
 a brilliant emerald green colour. When acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, the aqueous solution affords with Barium Chloride Solution, a 
 white precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess or deficiency of 
 Water of crystallisation, readily charred organic impurities. Ammonium 
 Sulphate and inorganic salts. Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine, 
 and mineral residue. Quinine Sulphate should lose not more than 
 16 p.c. of its weight when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), indicating the 
 absence of excess of Water. The U.S. P. requires that the residue 
 remaining on drying 1 gramme of the salt at a temperature of 115° C. 
 (239° F.) until it ceases to lose weight, should weigh not less than 
 0"838 gramme, indicating a loss of 16*2 p.c, equivalent to 8 molecules 
 of Water of crystallisation, although the formula given only shows 
 7HoO. The P.O. requires that when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) it shall 
 lose not more than 16 "2 p.c. by weight. The salt should not acquire 
 more than a faintly yellowish tint when mixed with Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of readily charred organic impurities. 1 gramme 
 of the salt should dissolve completely to form a clear mixture, when 
 heated to 50° C. (122° F.), in 7 c.c. of a mixture of 2 volumes of 
 Chloroform and 1 volume of Absolute Alcohol, and the mixture should 
 still remain clear on cooling, indicating the absence of Ammonium 
 Sulphate and inorganic salts. The B.P. simply requires that 1 gramme 
 should dissolve in a mixture of 7 ml. of a mixture of 2 volumes of 
 Chloroform and 1 volume of Absolute Alcohol, but does not warm the 
 solution. The U.S.P. effects solution at 50° C. (122° F.) ; the P.G. 
 at 40° to 50° C. (104° to 122° F.). Quinine Sulphate should dissolve 
 without change of colour in Concentrated Nitric Acid, indicating the 
 absence of and distinction from Morphine. 
 
 Most of the Pharmacopoeias now employ the Ammonia Test for 
 the determination of the Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine. 
 Tutin, as the result of an elaborate investigation of this process 
 concludes that the method, as described by the Fr, Codey: is to be 
 
1148 QUI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 preferred to tliat given by other Pharmacopoeias. He has shown 
 that the minimum amount of Ammonia Solution (10 p.c. w/w) 
 which will yield a clear solution at 15° C. (59° F.) with 5 c.c. 
 of a solution of pure Quinine Sulphate, saturated at 15° C. (59° F.), 
 is 4 '4: c.c, and that it is impossible to meet the requirements of 
 the P.G. A minimum of 6 c.c. of Ammonia Solution (10 p.c. w/w), 
 Avhen conducting the test according to the Fr. Codex method would 
 appear to be a reasonable requirement. He has also shown that the 
 Ammonia Test is a test not only for Cinchona alkaloids other than 
 Quinine, but is also a test of the basicity of the salt. 1 gramme of 
 Quinine Sulphate is dissolved at a boiling temperature in 30 grammes 
 of Distilled Water, cooled to 15° C. (59° F.), shaking.or stirring the 
 mixture continually during the initial cooling, the mixture is maintained 
 during one hour in a flask immersed in a water-bath at 15° C. (59° F.), 
 shaking frequently. It is filtered at 15° C. (59° F.) and 5 c.c. of the 
 clear liquid is introduced by means of a graduated pipette into an 
 assay-tube, and an exactly measured quantity of 5 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution (10 p.c. w/w) added, taking care to disturb the fluids as little 
 as possible ; the tube is stoppered and gently inverted several times ; 
 the Quinine which is at first precipitated should again dissolve to form 
 a clear mixture, which will remain clear even after 24 hours, indicating 
 a limit of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine. The B.P. follows 
 the general lines of the P.O., and requires that 2 grammes of Quinine 
 Sulphate dried at 50° C. (122° F.), digested during half an hour at 
 60° to 65° C. (140° to 149° F.), in a stoppered test-glass with 20 ml. 
 of Distilled Water, the mixture being repeatedly shaken from time to 
 time, cooled to 15° C. (59° F.), maintained at 15° C. (59° F.) during 
 30 minutes, and stirred occasionally, the crystals of Quinine Sulphate 
 removed, pressed, and the liquid so obtained filtered, then 5 ml. of 
 the clear filtrate, reduced to a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.) and 
 mixed gradually with 6 ml. of Ammonia Solution (10 p.c. w/w) at a 
 temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), shall produce, on gently rotating the 
 tube, a precipitate, which redissolves to form a clear liquid, indicating 
 a limit of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine. 
 
 The U.S. P. test is as follows : — 1*8 grammes of Quinine Sulphate, 
 which have been dried during 2 hours at 50° C. (122° F.), and which 
 should be neutral or slightly alkaline to test paper, are agitated with 
 20 c.c. of Distilled Water at 65° C. (149° F.) for half an hour, then 
 allowed to cool to 15° C. (59° F.) and macerated at this temperature 
 during 2 hours, with occasional shaking of the test-tube, the liquid 
 filtered through filter paper of 8 to 10 cm. diameter, then if 5 c.c. of 
 the filtrate be transferred to a test-tube, and gently mixed, without 
 shaking, with 7 c.c. of Ammonia Water which must be of official 
 strength and have a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), and be added all 
 at once, a clear liquid should be produced. If the temperature during 
 the maceration has been 16° C. (60 '8° F.), 7*5 c.c. of Ammonia Water 
 may be added. If 17° C. (62 -8° F.), 8 c.c. of Ammonia Water may 
 be added, indicating a limit of allowable foreign Cinchona alkaloids. 
 
 The B.P,, U.S. P. and P.G. tests depend upon the amount of Ammonia 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] QUI 1140 
 
 Solution required to redissolve the precipitate at fii'st formed in a 
 slightly alkaline aqueous solution of the salt, from which the greater 
 portion of the Quinine Sulphate has been removed by recrystallisation, 
 and to produce a clear liquid. The P.G. test which differs slightly 
 from the U.S.P. is virtually as follows : — 2 grammes of Quinine 
 Sulphate, which has been previously completely dried at a temperature 
 of 40° to 50° C. (104° to 122° F.) is mixed in a test-glass with 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water and allowed to remain during half an hour in a 
 water-bath at a temperature of 60° to 65° C. (140° to 149° F.) with 
 intervals of frequent shaking, it is then placed in Water at 15° C. 
 (59° F.), and allowed to stand for 2 hours with intervals of vigorous 
 shaking. The crystals are separated by filtration through a piece of 
 dry calico of a capacity of about 100 sq. cm., the expressed liquid 
 is filtered through a filter of about 7 cm. diameter, prepared fi-om 
 the best filter paper. 5 c.c. of the filtrate, having a temperature of 
 15° C. (59° F.), are transferred to a dry test-glass, and 4 c.c. of Ammonia 
 Solution having a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), gradually added. 
 The precipitate at first produced should redissolve on gently shaking, 
 so as to produce a clear solution, indicating the absence of an unper- 
 mitted amount of foreign Cinchona alkaloids. The Fr. Codex (1908) 
 also employs the Ammonia test for detecting the presence of Cinchona 
 alkaloids other than Quinine, and for their detection the following 
 method is given :— 1 gramme of the official basic Quinine Sulphate is 
 dissolved, at a boiling temperature, in 30 grammes of Distilled Water, 
 cooled to 15° C. (59° F.) and maintained at that temperature during 
 half an hour, the vessel being immersed in a water-bath maintained 
 at a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), and frequently shaken. The 
 liquid is filtered at this temperature, and the 2 following tests are 
 performed on the filtrate. (1) 5 c.c. of the limpid liquid are transferred, 
 by means of a graduated pipette, to an assay-tube, and exactly 5 c.c. 
 of a 10 p.c. w/w Ammonia Solution added, care being taken to disturb 
 the fluids as little as possible during the mixing. The tube is stoppered 
 and gently inverted several times, the Quinine at first precipitated is 
 redissolved, and a limpid mixture should be obtained, which should 
 remain in this condition during 24 hours. A permanent turbidity or 
 slow deposition of crystals in the previously clear liquid indicates 
 the presence of Cinchona alkaloids other than Quinine. (2) 5 c.c. of 
 the original limpid liquid is transferred to a small accurately tared 
 porcelain evaporating basin, evaporated on a water-bath at a tempera- 
 ture of 100° C. (212° F.) until the evaporating basin and its contents 
 no longer show a variation in weight, the residue left on evaporation 
 of the 5 c.c. of liquid should not weigh more than 0*008 gramme. 
 The presence of other soluble salts increases the weight of this residue. 
 Quinine Svdphate should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit 
 of mineral impurities. The B.P. states that it should leave no appreci- 
 able ash, the U.S.P, that it should be consumed without leaving a 
 residue, the P.G. that it shall leave at the most 0*1 p.c. of ash. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the ash should not 
 exceed 0*05 p-C 
 
1150 QUI [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 PILULA QUININE SULPHATIS. Pill of Quinine Sulphate- 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Triturate 27J grains of Quinine Sulpliate witli 1 grain of Tartaric 
 Acid, and add tliem to the previously mixed Glycerin, 4 grains, and 
 Tragacantli, 1 grain. 
 
 The metric figures are 82, 3, 12, 3. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 formula the Quinine Sulphate would have read 30 grains. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0*13 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Pilulae Sulfatis Chinici {Swed. ). — Quinine Sulphate, 5 ; Althaea, 2 ; 
 Extract of Liquorice, g.s. Each pill contains f gramme of Quinine Sulphate. 
 
 TINCTURA QUININE AMMONIATA. Ammoniated Tincture 
 OF Quinine. 
 
 Quinine Sulphate, 175 grains ; Solution of Ammonia, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), 18 fl. oz. (1 grain in 55 minims.) 
 
 The metric figures are 2, 10. 90. 
 
 Wlien first made the Tinctm-e usually deposits a little, so it is better to 
 allow a day or two to elapse before filtering, B.P. states 3 days. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3'6 ml. 
 
 "V^Tien mixed with Water the Quinine is precipitated in a fine state of 
 division, but the particles soon aggregate and adhere to the sides of the 
 glass ; therefore this preparation should not be prescribed in mixtiures unless 
 Mucilage of Acacia be used to suspend the Quinine. 
 
 When prepared with Ammonium Carbonate instead of Liquor the Tincture 
 does not precipitate so badly, and it may be diluted with Water saturated 
 with Carbonic Acid without any precipitation at all. 
 
 Tests. — Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine possesses a specific gravity 
 of 0*9225 to 0"9230 ; it contains about 1 "8 p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 58 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. IQ c.c. of the Tincture requires 
 for neutralisation about 5 "3 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, using Cochineal Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 
 corresponding to about 0*9 p.c. w/v of Absolute Ammonia; 1 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0*017034 gramme 
 of Absolute Ammonia. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 AMMONIATED QUININE CAPSULES.— Quinine Sulphate, 60 grains ; 
 Ammonimn Carbonate (powdered finely), 100 grains ; Soft Paraffin and 
 Liquid Paraffin, g.s. to make a thin paste and fill 100 capsules. Each capsule 
 represents about 30 minims of Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine. 
 
 GELATIN/E SULFATIS CHINICI (*S'wec?.).— White Gelatin, 2 ; Glycerin, 
 3 ; Mucilage of Gum Acacia, 2 ; Distilled Water, 65 ; Quinine Sulphate, 10. 
 
 MISTURA QUININ>E. — Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain; Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, q.s. ; Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. — London Ophthalmic. 
 
 Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; diluted Sulphuric Acid, 1 minim ; Tincture 
 of Orange, 10 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. — St. Thomas's. 
 
 MISTURA QUININ>!E CUM FERRO (-Sf. TAomas's).— Quinine Sulphate, 
 1 grain ; Solution of Ferric Chloride, 10 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] RAD 1151 
 
 PILUL/E METALLORUM {U.S.N.F.). — Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain; 
 Reduced Iron, 1 grain ; Strychnine (alkaloid), ^f^ grain ; Arsenic Trioxide, 
 ^ij grain ; in one pill. 
 
 Note. — A similar combination is known under the name of Aitken's 
 Tonic Pills; — 
 
 Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Reduced Iron, § grain ; Strychnine (alkaloid), 
 ^^ grain ; Arsenic Trioxide, -^^ grain ; in one pill. — U.S.N.F. 
 
 Aitken's Tonic Pill {Pharm. Form.). — Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; 
 Reduced Iron, f grain ; Arsenious Anhydride, ^ grain ; Strychnine, 
 -^y grain ; Extract of Gentian, q.s. 
 
 PILUL>E FERRAT>E CUM CHININA {S wed.).— Ferrous Sulphate, 5; 
 Quinine Sulphate, 3 ; Althaea, 2 ; Glycerin, 1 ; all in grammes ; Syrup q.s. to 
 make 100 pills. Each pill contains 1 e.g. of Iron and 3 e.g. of Quinine 
 Siilphate. 
 
 PILULA QUININ/E CUM FERRO.— Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Ferrous 
 Sulphate, 1 grain ; Extract of Gentian, 3 grains ; in each pill. — Brompton. 
 
 Quinine Sulphate, 1 grain ; Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, 1 grain ; in each 
 pill. — St. Thomases. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 RADIUM. 
 
 Ra, eq. 226. 
 
 Radium is an element which is extracted from Pitchblende residues. Pitch- 
 blende is obtained frona the mines of Joachimsthal, in Austria, and of St. Ives, 
 in Cornwall, as well as certain other mines. 
 
 Radium is closely alUed in chemical properties to Barium, and is extracted 
 from Pitchblende and other Uranium minerals by the same process. It i.s 
 separated in the form of Chloride or Bromide by fractional crystallisation. 
 It is one of the radio-active bodies wliich have distinctive chemical and physical 
 properties, emits radiations of a characteristic type, and loses its activity at 
 a distinctive rate. 
 
 Radium loses half its activity in about 2000 years. 
 
 Like other radio-active substances Radimri will act on the photographic 
 plate, will ionise gases, and will cause the discharge of an electroscope, 
 when brought near the charged plate. Radiimi during its successive trans- 
 formations gives out relatively an enormous amount of heat. 
 
 Radium was discovered by Madame Ciu'ie in 1898. Sufficient of it has 
 been isolated to enable the atomic weight to be determined ; it was at first 
 stated to be 225 and later 226. It is a transition element which is produced 
 by the transformation of Ionium, wliich in turn is derived from Uranimxi. 
 The quantity of Radium in radio-active minerals is proportionate to that of 
 the Uraniiim, being between 3 and 4 parts of Radiiun to ten million parts of 
 Uranium. 
 
 Both Uranium and Radiimi radiate energy spontaneously and continuously 
 at a constant rate. 
 
 Rutherford states * that the disintegrating theory, whether or not it may 
 ultimately be proved to be correct, has already been completely justified by its 
 results, and it is desirable to restrict the term ' radio-active ' to substances 
 which undergo spontaneous atomic transformation without regard to the 
 character of the radiation emitted. 
 
 RncHum itself emits only Alpha rays ; the penetrating Beta and Gamma 
 rays arise from the products of Radium, which arc associated with it. 
 
 Radium, in addition to giving off Alpha rays, simultaneously produces a 
 
 * ' Radio-active Substances and their Radiations,' by E. Rutherford, 1913. 
 
1152 RAD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 very heavy and intensely radio-active gas called the ' Emanation,' which 
 possesses the greater part of the activity of the Radium from which it was 
 derived. Tliis Emanation (Niton) can be separated from the Radium by 
 heat or solution. Tliis fact has been utilised to economise the use of Radium. 
 
 But the Emanation has only a short Ufe, it loses half its activity in about 
 4 days, and the whole in about a month. Radium from which the Emanation 
 has been removed, slowly produces and stores up more Emanation, and in 
 about a month it has regained its maximimi activity, and thus an equili- 
 brium is established between the quantity produced and the amount of 
 decay. The Emanation gives off Alpha rays and at the same time produces 
 Radium A, which, however, is very evanescent, it loses half its activity in 
 about 3 minutes. Radiiuii A gives off Alpha rays and produces Radiuna B. 
 This loses half its activity in about 27 minutes ; it gives off Beta and Ganama 
 rays and produces Radium C, which gives off Alpha, Beta, and Gamma rays, 
 and has a half-value period of about 20 minutes. It jjroduces Radium D, 
 which has a half -value period of 16 years.* 
 
 The Alpha rays are positively charged atoms of Helium, projected with a 
 very high velocity about ^^^ that of light. They are deflected by intense 
 electric and magnetic fields. They light up a screen of phosphorescent Zinc 
 Sulphide, or Willemite. 
 
 The Beta rays are negatively charged bodies with a very high velocity, 
 closely resembling the Cathode rays. They are more penetrating than the 
 Alpha rays. 
 
 The Gamma rays are extremely penetrating. They are not deviated by 
 an electric or magnetic field. They resemble the Rontgen i-ays. 
 
 Roughly the Gamma rays may be considered as 10 to 100 times as pene- 
 trating as the Beta rays, which are themselves about 100 times as penetrating 
 as the Alpha rays. 
 
 Radium treatment has been used in various fornas of cancer, naevi, lupus 
 and port-wine stain. 
 
 A lengthy and intricate process for the separation of this element has been 
 fulJy recorded by its discoverers in a thesis summarised. — L. '03, ii. 960. The 
 salt chiefly employed in medicine ia the Radiiuia Bromide, which is usually 
 suppUed in tubes, each containing 0-005 milligramme (about x^jJiny grain). 
 It is a white salt, biit gradually becomes coloured. 
 
 In all forms of vascular nsevi results are superior to those obtained by 
 any other means ; it is in ' pcrt-%\'ine stain ' that the most striking results 
 have been olitained.^ — Pr. '09, i. 001. 
 
 In five cases of syringomyelia applications of the /3 and y rays were made 
 daily to the vertebral column, at various levels, alternately to the right and 
 the left of the spinous processes. Each application lasted from 10 to 90 
 minutes. All five cases improved, three to a remarkable degree. — L. '10, 
 i. 254. 
 
 Is the treatment of choice for nsevi and for sldn diseases associated with 
 pain and itching ; for pruritus it is absolutely the very best remedy known ; 
 its great advantage over the knife lies in its producing its effects on growths 
 without opening l^lood vessels and lymph channels, and so previous removal 
 of a bit of growth for microscopic examination should not be made ; in 
 rodent ulcer in wliich bone and cartilage are affected chances of success are 
 .slight.— S.ilf. J. '11, ii. 893. 
 
 A valuable adjuvant in the treatment of the earlier stages of chronic 
 rheumatism and gout.^ — B.M.J. '11, i. 243. 
 
 Ten cases of uterine or vaginal cancer, in which there has been, clinically, 
 complete disappearance of the growth. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 1068. 
 
 Small rodent ulcers, and especially those which are freely movable, react 
 remarkably well to Radium. — B.M.J. '15, i. 366. 
 
 The effects of Radium treatment of operable cases of carcinoma uteri are 
 far in advance of those obtained by any other known medical or sm'gical 
 method.— J5.M.J. '1.5, i. 368. 
 
 * ' Radio-active Substances and their Radiations,' by E. Rutherford, 1913. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] REB 1153 
 
 Successful in an apparently hopeless case of recurrent carcinoma of the 
 vulva. — L. '15, i. 272. 
 
 In Graves's disease it has two distinct clinical advantages over the X-raya : 
 ( 1 ) A jjerf ectly definite dose of it can be given and repeated as often as may 
 be desired ; and (2) the Radiuni can be applied without noise or excitement 
 while the patient is in bed. — L. '13, ii. 924. 
 
 Sir W. Ramsay has always recommended its application in the form of 
 Niton (Radium eiuanation) rather than as a salt of Radium, on the ground 
 that in the latter case there is a considerable risk of loss of the precious 
 Radium, while this method does not ensure a continuous application, as, 
 for example, tlu"ough the night. The production of Niton from Radium is 
 continuous ; it goes on night and day, and the radiating power of Niton is 
 75 p.c. of that of the Radium from which it is derived. Niton can be used at 
 any moment when its ' strength ' is known accurately, and a curve can be 
 sent to the user which will enable him to know exactly what he is doing 
 when he applies the active material. Sir W. Ramsay described for this 
 piffpose the introduction of Niton into appropriate forms of apparatus, e.g., 
 tubes, bulbs, and hollow flat discs. The convenience and economy of the 
 method are obvious ; the Niton method provides for the supplj^ of a 
 standardised agent. — L. '14, i. 1474. 
 
 A report of the cases at the Radivun Institute during 1913. — B.M.J. '14, 
 i. 1107. 
 
 RESINA. 
 
 RESIN. 
 Fr., Colophane ; Gf.r., Kolophonium ; Ital., Colofonia ; Span., 
 
 COLOrONIA. 
 
 A translucent, pale amber-coloured, brittle solid, having a tere- 
 bintliinate odour. Readily reduced to powder. It is Officially 
 described as the residue from the crude Oleo-Resiu of various species 
 of Piniis, after the Oil of Turpentine has been removed by distillation. 
 
 Solubility. — In almost all proj)ortions of Alcohol (90 p.c). Ether, 
 and Oil of Turpentine ; also in hot Olive Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, and slightly stimulant. It 
 is an ingredient of plasters used for strapping wounds. The ointment 
 forms a stimulating dressing for indolent ulcers and sores. Never iised 
 internally. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Emplastrmn Resinao and Unguentmn Resinaj. 
 Used in the preparation of Emplastrura Menthol and Emplastrum Saponis. 
 
 Resin Plaster is contained in Emplastrum Belladonmr', Emplastrum Opii, 
 also in Emplastrum Calefaciens. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all as Colophonium ; Span. 
 (Colofonia and Resina commune) and U.S. (Resina). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Eesin of commerce is met with in 
 various grades, from the nearly black Colophony to the water-white, 
 or almost colourless, transparent kind. The Official variety apparently 
 agrees with the characters of the grade known in trade as Amber 
 Resin. It is transparent, amorphous and very brittle ; the freshly 
 fractured surface is shiny and slightly concave, with a faintly terebin- 
 thinate odour. The Resin of commerce varies in the amount of 
 
1154 RES [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Turpentine Oil that it retains. The ' water-white ' and ' window- 
 glass ' Resins are useful for colourless varnishes. The yellow opaque 
 Resin is made by stirring Water into the Resin after distillation of 
 the Oil of Turpentine, but it loses Water and becomes translucent 
 when heated. Powdered Resin should not cohere into masses at a 
 temperature of 80° F., or it becomes useless for vulnerary purposes. 
 
 Tests. — Resin has a specific gravity of 1*07 to 1*085; the U.S. P. 
 states 1 '070 to 1 "080, the B.P. does not give a specific gravity. 
 When heated it melts, when strongly heated it evolves heavy white 
 vapours possessing an aromatic odour, and when ignited burns readily 
 with a yellow flame, emitting a dense sooty smoke. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Alcohol (90 p.c). Benzene, Carbon Bisulphide 
 and Ether. The U.S. P. states that it is soluble in Acetic Acid (36 p.c. 
 w/w). Alcohol (94*9 p.c), Benzene, Carbon Bisulphide, Ether, fixed 
 or volatile Oils, and in Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solutions. 
 The P.G. states that it dissolves slowly in 1 part of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and in 1 part of Acetic Acid (96 p.c. w/w) ; completely in Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w). Ether, Chloroform, Carbon Bisulphide 
 and Benzol ; only partly soluble in Petroleum Benzin. The Acid Value 
 varies from 150 to 185, the Ester Value from to 12, the Saponification 
 Value from 179 to 193. The U.S. P. states the Acid Value should not 
 be less than 150, the P.G. 151*6 to 179*6. Neither the U.S. P. nor 
 the P.G. includes an Ester or Saponification Value. Neither an Acid, 
 Ester nor Saponification Value is included in the B.P. The presence 
 of Turpentine Oil may be detected by the solubility of the Resin in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). When ignited with free access of air it should 
 burn leaving no weighable residue, indicating the absence of mineral 
 impurities. 
 
 Acid Value. — 1 gramme of the powdered Resin is dissolved in 25 c.c. of 
 Half-Normal Volmnetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydi'oxide Solution, and 
 after the addition of 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution, the excess is titrated 
 immediately with Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution ; 
 from 18-6 to 19-6 c.c. should be necessary, P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM RESINJE. Resin Plaster. 5. P.%l— Adhesive 
 Plaster. (Modified.) 
 
 Resin, 4 ; Lead Plaster, 34 ; Hard Soap, 2. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The proportions in B.P. 1898 read 4, 32, 2. 
 For India and other hot climates see Emplastra (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oflficial in Austr., Lead Plaster 10, ^^'ool 
 Fat 1, Yellow Wax 1, Turpentine 1, Colophonium ], Dammar 1 ; Belg. and 
 Swiss, Lead Plaster 80, Elemi 5, Yellow Wax 5, Colophonium .'5, Turpentine 5 ; 
 Dan. and Swed., Lead Plaster 8, Colophoniuin 2 ; Dutch, Lead Plaster 70, 
 Gum PJlastic 10, Wool Fat 20 ; Ger., Lead Plaster 100, Yellow Wax 10, 
 Dammar 10, Colophonium 10, Terebinthina 1 ; Mex., Lead Plaster 100, 
 Yellow Wax 10, Dammar 10, Colophonium 10, Turpentine 10 ; Norw., Lead 
 Plaster 7, Wool Fat 1. Yellow Wax 1, Mastic 1 ; Russ., Litharge 11, Olive 
 Oil commune 10, Lard 10, Colophonimn 8-5; and U.S., Lead Plaster 96, 
 Rubber 2, Petrolatum 2; all (Emplastrum AdhjBsivum). Jap. (Empla- 
 strum Resina), Lead Plaster 80, Yellow Wax 6, Resin H; Span., 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] RES 1J55 
 
 Emplasto de R.esinas Aglutinante, Lead Plaster 60, Olive Oil 75, Turpentine 
 75, Yellow Wax 90, Elemi 180, Pine Resin 570. Svved. has also Tela 
 Adhaosiva, Pyroleum Colophoniuin 6, Caoutchouc 10, Petroleum Benzin 
 45, Copaiba 4, Colophonium Resin 4, Wool Fat 2, Yellow Wax 2, Sandarac 
 Resin 2, Orris 9, Ether IG. 
 
 UNGUENTUM RESIN.S:.— Re.sin Ointment. iV.O.%n.—BA sili- 
 con OiNTiyENT. (Modified.) 
 
 Resin, in powder, 13 ; Yellow Beeswax, 13 ; Olive Oil (by weight), 
 13 ; Prepared Lard, 11. (about 1 in 3|.) 
 
 The proportions in B.P. 1898 read 4, 4, 4, and 3. 
 
 For India, Prepared Suet should be used in place of Prepared Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). See also 
 Oleum 01ivi3e. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Unguent um Basili- 
 cum), Yellow Wax 16, Olive Oil 36, Colophonium 12, Suet 12, Turpentine 12, 
 Pitch 12; Dutch (Ungiientxim Resinosum Flavum), Yellow Wax 18, 
 Colophonium 8, Sesame Oil 70, Tiu-pentine 4 ; Fr. (Pommade de Styrax), 
 Purified Liquid Storax 16, Colophoniiun 29, Purified Elemi 16, Yellow Wax 16, 
 OHve Oil 23 ; Ger. (Unguentum Basilic um), Arachis Oil 9, Yellow Wax 
 3, Colophonium 3, Suet 3, Turpentine 2 ; Mex. (Unguento Amarilla), 
 Yellow AVax 6, Colophonium 5, Suet 4, Aceite 12; Norw. (Unguentum 
 Basilicum Nigrum), Colophonium 12, Yellow Wax 12, Pitch 12, Suet 
 12, Turpentine 12, Olive Oil 40; Port. (Unguento de Resina), Yellow 
 Wax 25, Resin 25, Oleo de Ameudoin 50; Span. (Unguento de Altea), 
 Turpentine 50, Althaea Root 100, Water 100, Yellow Wax 160, Pine Resin 
 160, Olive Oil 750 ; Swed. (Unguentum Terebinthinre Resinosum), 
 Colophonium 15, Suet 15, Tm-pentine 10, Yellow Wax 15, OHve Oil 45 ; 
 Swiss (Unguentum Resinosum), Colophonium 9, Turpentine 9, Yellow 
 Wax 17, Olive Oil 65; U.S. (Ceratum Resinte), Rosin 35, Yellow Wax 
 15, Lard 50; also (Ceratum Resinse Compositum), Rosin 225, Yellow 
 Wax 225, Prepared Suet 300, Turpentine 115, Linseed Oil 135. 
 
 RESORCINUM. 
 
 RESORCIN. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Resorcinol. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 C,H,(HO)2, eq. 110-048. 
 
 Fb., Resobcine ; Ger., Resobcin ; Ital., Resobcina ; Span., Resorcina. 
 
 White, or nearly white, ghstening needle-shaped crystals, or prismatic 
 crystals, having a peculiar characteristic odour and a sweetish pungent 
 and subsequently bitter taste. 
 
 It is a Di-atomic Phenol, which may be obtained by the destructive 
 distillation of Brazilin, or by fusing Sodium Metabenzene-Disulphonate 
 with Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint, and protected as far as possible from exposure to the light, as it 
 has a tendency to acquire a pinkish tint. 
 
 3 P 3 
 
U 56 RES [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Care should be taken not to confound it with the proi^netary pre- 
 paration known also under the name of Resorcinol, which is described 
 below, and which is a mixture of equal parts of Iodoform and Resorcin. 
 
 Resorcin has been described in Squire's Companion since 1886, and 
 is now Official in the B.P. 
 
 Solubility.— 4 in 3 of Water ; 4 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 1 of 
 Glycerin ; 1 in 1 "l of Ether ; 1 in 22 of Olive Oil. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful antiseptic. It is also anti- 
 pyretic, but it is very depressing to the heart, and is dangerous. 
 
 Used in skin diseases in the form of paste, ointment, etc. See 
 below under Not Official. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0*06 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is frequently prescribed in hair lotions ami washes 
 for removing dandruff, but vjhen mixed %vith. an alkali, e.g.. Potassium Carbonate, 
 the solutions rapidly darken in colour and acquire a strong green fluorescence, 
 and such lotions frequently produce an unpleasant colouring effect on the hair 
 which, once produced, is somewhat difficult to remove. It is also incompatible 
 tvith Spiritus Mtheris Nitrosi. 
 
 Antidotes. — White of Eg^ ; wash out the stomach with Soda or Pac- 
 charated Lime, well diluted ; stimulants ; Atropine ; Amyl Nitrite. 
 
 In lai'ge doses it produces profuse perspiration, flushing of the face, and 
 giddiness. 
 
 Not Official. — Gargarisma Resorcini, Glycerinum Resorcini, Lotio 
 Resorcini, Pasta Resorcini Fortior, Pasta Resorcini Mitis, Pasta Zinci c. 
 Resorcino, Pasta Resorcini et Zinci Oxidi, Pigmentum Resorcini, Resorcin 
 Plaster Mull, Spiritus Capillaris, Unguentum Resorcini, Unguentum Resorcini 
 Compositmn, Tribroino-Resorcin, Resorcini Monacetas, Resorcin Camphoi', 
 Resorcinol, Anusol Suppositories, Thio-resorcin, Fluorescein and Liquor 
 Fluorescein. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Resorcin melts, when pure, at 118° to 119° C. (244-4° 
 to 246-2° F.), the commercial product melts about 110° C. (230° F.), 
 volatilising almost completely at a higher temperature. The B.P. 
 has adopted the P.G. melting point, 110° to 111° C. (230° to 231-8° F.). 
 The U.S.P. gives 109° to 111° C. (228-2° to 231 -8° F.) ; the Fr. Codex, 
 119° C. (246-2° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear colourless solution, which is neutral, or at 
 most but faintly acid, in reaction towards Litmus paper, and which 
 yields, on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, a bluish-violet 
 colour, which changes to a brownish yellow on the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution. On the addition of an alkali, aqueous solutions of Resorcin 
 darken in colour, and acquire a strong greenish fluorescence. On 
 gently warming O-Op gramme with 0-1 gramme of Tartaric Acid and 
 10 drops of Sulphuric Acid a deep carmine-red liquid is obtained. 
 • 5 gramme, when mixed with 2 c.c. of Formaldehyde Solution and 
 2 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution (5 p.c), and the mixture 
 heated to boiling, a deep red coloration is gradually developed. The 
 B.P. works in ml. and uses for this test Sodium in the place of Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. If a mixture of Resorcin, with about 3 times 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] RES 1157 
 
 its weight of Phthalic Anhydride and Concentrated Sulphuric Acid, 
 be warmed during a few minutes to about the boiling point, and 
 allowed to cool, a yellowish-red mass is obtained, a small quantity of 
 which, when dissolved in Distilled Water, yields on the addition of 
 Ammonia Solution an intense green fluorescence. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Catechol, Quinol, 
 empyreumatic bodies. Phenol, and mineral impurities. Catechol gives, 
 with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, a dark green coloration changing 
 to violet-red on the addition of Ammonia Sqjution, which distinguishes 
 it from Resorcin. Quinol forms green crystals of Quinhydrone on 
 the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, changing to yellow, 
 sparingly soluble Quinone on the addition of an excess of the reagent. 
 Lead Acetate Solution should produce no precipitate when added to 
 an aqueous solution, indicating the absence of Catechol. Catechol 
 yields a white precipitate with neutral Lead Acetate Solution, whereas 
 a solution of Resorcin yields no precipitate ; Lead Subacetate Solution 
 produces, however, a white precipitate in an aqueous solution of 
 Resorcin. The concentrated aqueous solution should be colourless, 
 indicating the absence of empyreumatic bodies, and no odour of Phenol 
 should be emitted when the concentrated solution is gently heated, 
 indicating the absence of Phenol. It should leave no weighable ash, 
 indicating a limit of mineral residue. The B.P. requires that it should 
 sublime without residue and without evolving an odour of Phenol, the 
 U.S. P. that it should be completely volatilised, the Fr. Codex that it 
 should volatilise completely without residue. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GARGARISMA RESORCINI (Throat).— 20 grains to 1 fl. oz. Water. 
 
 GLYCERINUM RESORCINI (Guy' s).— Resorcin, 1; Distilled Water, 1; 
 Glycerin, 3. 
 
 LOTIO RESORCINI (Andeer's Lotion). — Resorcin, 4C grains; Water, 
 1 fl. oz. Used as an antiseptic and stimulant in foul and syphilitic ulcera- 
 tions, and to allay irritation in clu'onic eczema and psoriasis. 
 
 In the Hospital Pharmacopoeias the strength varies from 10 to 240 grains 
 to the fl. oz. 
 
 PASTA RESORCINI FORTIOR (L«.9sar).— Resorcin, 20 ; Zinc Oxide, 
 20 ; Powdered Starch, 20 ; Liquid Paraffin, 40. 
 
 PASTA RESORCINI MITIS (Lassar).— Resorcin, 10; Zinc Oxide, 25; 
 Powdered Starch, 25 ; Liquid Paraffin, 40. 
 
 PASTA ZINCI C. RESORCINO (Ihle's Paste) (Mi4dlese.v).—nesorcm, 
 10 grains ; Zinc Oxide, Powdered Starch, Soft Paraffin and Wool Fat, of 
 each, 120 grains. 
 
 PASTA RESORCINI ET ZINCI OXIDI (XmyV).— Resorcin, Zinc Oxide, 
 aa 60 grains ; Glycerin, 60 minims ; Paraffin Ointment (white), to 1 oz. 
 
 PIGMENTUM RESORCINI (Throat).— Resorcin, 96 grains; Glycerin of 
 Borax, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 RESORCIN PLASTER MULL (Unna). — Contains i grain to the square 
 inch. 
 
 SPIRITUS CAPILLARIS (L7nna).— Resorcin, 60 grains; Castor Oil, 
 i fl. drm. ; Eau de Cologne, 1| fl. oz. ; Rectified Spirit, to 6 fl. oz, 
 
1158 RHA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 UNGUENTUM RESORCINI. — Resorcin, 60 grains; Glycerin, 1 fl. dim. ; 
 Lanolin, 2 drm. ; Soft Paraffin, to 1 oz. — London. 
 
 Resorcin, 8 grains ; Soft Paraffin, 1 oz. — London Ophthalmic. 
 
 UNGUENTUM RESORCINI COMPOSITUM.— Resorcin, 8; Distilled 
 Water, 8 ; Oil of "WTiite Birch, 8 ; Oxide of Zinc, 8; Vaseline, 32 ; Anhydrous 
 Lanolin, 32. Dissolve the Resorcin in the Water and mix with the other 
 ingredients. — Bournemouth Formulary. 
 
 Resorcin, Zinc Oxide, Starch, aa 22 grains ; Soft Parafifin, to 1 oz.^ — 
 St. John's. 
 
 Tribromo-Ilesorein. — ^jMinute, white or whitish crystals. Antiseptic. 
 
 Resorcini Monacetas (Euresol). — A transparent yellow viscous mass, 
 readily soluble in Acetone. 
 
 Resorcin Camphor. — A liquid obtained by heating together equal parts 
 of Camphor and Resorcin. Is superior to Mercurial Ointment in destroying 
 pedicuU. 
 
 Resorcinol. — Obtained by melting together equal parts of Resorcin 
 and Iodoform. It is a red-brown powder, partially soluble in Water, soluble 
 in Ether. Introduced as a substitute for Iodoform. 
 
 Anusol Suppositories containing Bismuth lodo-resorcin-sulphonate are 
 used in haemorrhoids. 
 
 Thio-resorcin. — Yellowish -brown powder, insoluble in Water, slightly 
 soluble in Alcohol. Antiseptic. As a dusting powder or 5 p.c. ointment. 
 
 FLUORESCEIN (Resorcinol-Phthalein Anhydride). — An amorphous 
 yellowish-red powder; almost insoluble in Water, in Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 in Ether. Prepared lay the action of Phthalic Anhydride on Resorcin. It 
 dissolves readily in Solutions of the alkali Hydroxides, e.g.. Sodium Hydroxide, 
 forming Sodium Fluorescein, a yellowish or greyish-red powder readily 
 soluble in Water. In the form of a 2 p.c. Solution it has been vised for staining 
 the denuded spots of the cornea, and has thus been found useful in the 
 diagnosis of corneal \ilcers. 
 
 LIQUOR FLUORESCEIN {London Ophthalmic). — Fluorescein, 8 grains; 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 12 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Not Official. 
 RHAMNI PRANGULiE CORTEX. 
 
 Syn.- — coKTEX frangul-e. 
 
 The dried Bark of Rhamnus Framjula, L. Collected from the yoxmg Trunk 
 and from the larger Branches, and kept at least one year before being used. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^ — Similar to those of Rhamnus Purshianus. A 
 laxative for delicate constitutions and the aged. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Bourdaine), Ger., Norw., 
 Rnss. and Swed. 
 
 A sohd Extract, dose, 15 to 60 grains, was Official in B.P. '86, and is now 
 in Dutch, Russ. and Swed. ; a Fluid Extract, dose, 1 to 4 fl. drm., was 
 Official in B.P. '85, and is now in Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger.. Norw., Russ., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. ; Ger. and Swed. also have a Syrup. Fructus Rhanmi 
 Catharticse is Official in Belg., also the Syrup. 
 
 Descriptive iWotes.^ — The bark as found in commerce is a waste product, 
 being derived from the wood known in trade as ' dogwood,' which is imported 
 from Holland for use in the manufacture of gunpowder. The thin bark of 
 the younger trunks and branches is preferable for use in medicine, the thicker 
 bark of old trees being very bitter and nauseous. It reqviires to be kept a 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvire.] RHE 1159 
 
 year before being used, like that of R. Puraliianus, the recently collected bark 
 being liable to produce colic, nausea, and vomiting. The dried bark is in the 
 form of thin quill? of a dark greyish -bro%vn or greenish-black colour externally, 
 and has a browmish -yellow inner surface. It should not exceed ,h^ inch 
 (1 mm.) in thickness. The outer surface is covered with niimerous elongated, 
 transverse, wliitish marks (lenticels) ; when the epidermis is abraded \sith 
 the nail, a purplish-red or dull crimson layer is seen beneath, which forms a 
 characteristic feature of the bark. It does not contain stone cells. 
 
 EXTRACTUM RHAMNI FRANGUL/E (B.P. 188r>).— Rhanmus Frangula 
 Bark, in No. 40 powder, is percolated with Proof Spirit (Alcohol 57 p.c.) until 
 exhausted, the Hquor is evaporated by a water -bath to an extract. 
 
 Dose, — 15 to 60 gi-ains = 1 to 4 grammes. 
 
 EXTRACTUM RHAMNI FRANGULyflE LIQUIDUM (B.P. 1885).— Boil 
 16 of the Bark in successive quantities of Water ; evaporate the liquors to 
 12, and when cold add 4 of Rectified Spirit, filter, and add Water q.s. to 
 make 16. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4 fl. dim. = 3-6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM FRANGUL/E (C/.S.P.).— Percolate 100 of Bark 
 with a mixture of 50 of Alcohol (95 p.c), with 80 of Water^ reserve the fir.st 
 80, axid evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, Avhich dissolve in the 
 reserved portion and make up to 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — ^15 minims = OOc.c. 
 
 RHEI RHIZOMA. 
 
 RHUBARB. 
 
 Fr., Rhubaube de Chine : Ger., Rhabarber ; Ital., Rabarbaro ; 
 Span., Rctibarbo. 
 
 Though frequently called Rhubarb Root, it really consists chiefly 
 of the erect Rhizomes or rootstocks of Rheum officmale, Baill., and 
 other species, collected in China and Thibet, and from which most of 
 the cortex has been removed. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cathartic and astringent ; the purgative 
 effect precedes the astringent, and therefore Rhubarb is useful in 
 diarrhoea when an aperient is indicated. Stomachic tonic in small 
 doses. Given in dyspepsia, and in occasional but not in chronic 
 constipation. It is non-irritant, suitable for delicate constitutions, 
 and for increasing the effect of other cholagogues and cathartics ; 
 useful in haemorrhoids. It is frequently combined with an antacid 
 or carminative. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0*65 gramme, for repeated ad- 
 ministration ; for a single administration, 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 
 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May be given in cachets, pills, mixtures, or 
 Compressed Tablets. The compound po"wder is also prescribed in cachets, 
 capsules, etc. 
 
1]60 RHE [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 4 grains of Powdered Rhvbarb and 1 minim of ' Dispensimj Syrup ' make a 
 nice pill. Sodium Bicarbonate in equal weiqht with Powdered Rhubarb counter- 
 acts the astrimjency and covers the taste ; the addition of Peppermint Water still 
 further hides it ; or 1 drop of Oil of Peppermint, 30 grains of Sugar will disguise 
 the taste of 15 grains of Powdered Rhubarb ; or 1 drop of Oil of Caraway, 
 30 grains of Sugar, and 10 grains of Powdered Rhubarb make a good draught, 
 with Water to \\Jl.oz. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractuni Pv,hei, Infusuni Rhei, Pilula Rhei 
 Composita, Pulvis Rhei Compositus, Syrupus Rhei, Tinctura Rhei Composita. 
 
 Wot Official. — Elixir Rhei, Extractum Rhei Compositum, Fhiid- 
 extraotum Rhei, Infiisum Rhei Conecntratum, Mistm-a Aperiens, Mistura Rhei 
 cum Soda, Pilulae various, Pulveres various, Tinctura Rhei Aquosa, Vinum 
 Rhei, Purgatin and Rumicin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Official Rhubarb Root is attributed to 
 Rheum officinale, Baill., and probably other .species (Rheuin palmatum 
 var. Tamjuticum Max., U.S. P.), and is stated to be collected in China 
 and Thibet. The Official description covers several varieties. The 
 Chinese Rhubarb Root of commerce occurs either in transverse sec- 
 tions or split longitudinally, it varies in length and diameter, but 
 averages 3 to 4 in. (7*5 to 10 cm.) long and 2 to 3 in. (D to 7*5 cm.) 
 broad, although pieces are sometimes met with as much as 6 or 
 8 in. long and broad in proportion. The outer surface is convex 
 from having been scraped, or sometimes angular from having been 
 sliced, and presents here and there stellate marlcings, due to the trans- 
 versely cut medullary rays of lateral buds or of roots. The outer 
 surface is brownish-yellow, but the broken surface pinkish-brown 
 or greyish-brown ; the substance is tough and hard, and gritty 
 when chewed. The taste is bitter and astringent, and the flavour 
 disagreeable. Although the root of Rheum officinale is cultivated 
 in England, only that collected in China and Thibet is Official. 
 The Shensi Rhubarb is considered the best, that of Sechuen and 
 Kansuh are less valuable. The drug, which is produced chiefly in 
 the provinces of Shensi, Sechuen and Kansuh, finds its way to 
 Europe usually via Hankow, Shanghai and Canton, although the 
 drug is also produced in other provinces and in Manchuria. The 
 Shensi Rhubarb exhibits, mostly on the lighter and less compact 
 pieces, a rhomboidal network of whitish veins, but none of the known 
 species of Rheum possess this character, so that it is evidently derived 
 from an undescribed species. In commerce the pieces formed by 
 dividing the rootstock longitudinally are known as ' flats ' and 
 those cut transversely as ' rounds.' ' High dried ' Canton Rhubarb 
 has usually been dried by artificial heat, and when prepared in this 
 way the pieces are apt to become rotten in the centre, hence, as a 
 test of quality, transversely broken pieces are usually exhibited at 
 the drug sales. The hardest and heaviest pieces are usually selected 
 for trimming, which is done by filing. The English cultivated 
 Rhubarb, prepared from R. rhaponticum, L., is less gritty than the 
 Chinese and is less active as a purgative, but it gives a brighter 
 yellow powder. The R. officinale grown in England is distinguishable 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] RHE 1161 
 
 from that of R. rhafonticum by its larger size and by the dark 
 or blackish-red veins traversing it as compared with the reddish- 
 brown veins of the latter species, which usually form more or less 
 parallel lines on the longitudinal section, and radiate lines on the 
 transverse one. In the Chinese Rhubarb, except in the very inferior 
 kinds, the bark is entirely removed ; the holes, through which the 
 string is used for suspending the roots in drying, are dark coloured 
 and irregvilar, and the outer surface of the pieces is convex. In 
 English Rhubarb, which is always dried by stove heat, the outer 
 surface is denuded of the outer layer only, and is always more or less 
 shrunken and irregular, the internal portion is soft and can be easily 
 indented, and the holes, when present, are round and have fresh edges, 
 having been made with a rat-tail file to imitate the Chinese drug. The 
 larger pieces of the English Rhubarb are mostly exported to the 
 United States ; the lateral roots, known as ' stick Rhubarb,' are sold at 
 a cheap rate by herbalists. The powdered English Rhubarb, apparently 
 from containing or absorbing more moisture, is liable to turn pink 
 when mixed with Magnesia to form Gregory's Powder. In making 
 aqueous preparations of Rhubarb, the use of pieces cut small, rather 
 than coarsely powdered, gives brighter preparations, which are more 
 easily filtered. The raphides being more abundant in Chinese Rhubarb 
 than in English, the percentage of ash affords some indication of 
 the kind used for the powder, that of Chinese Rhubarb yielding, 
 according to Hanbury, 12 "9 to 13 "87 p.c. of ash, one sample, however, 
 yielding as much as 43 '27 p.c. English Rhubarb afforded 10 '90 p.c. 
 of ash. The B.P. limits the ash to 15 p.c. It should be free from 
 added starch and from sclerenchymatous cells and fibres. 
 
 U.S. P. mentions that the rosette-shaped crystals of Calcium Oxalate 
 are 0*05 to 0*1 mm. in diameter, and spherical starch grains 0*005 to 
 0'02mm. in diameter, either single or 2 to 4 compound. B.P. and 
 P.G. give the crystals as, often more than 100 microns in diameter, 
 and the starch, B.P., seldom exceeding 20 microns ; P. G^., 10 to 17 
 microns. 
 
 Tests. — Rhubarb Root yields from 7 to 15 p.c. of ash. The B.P. 
 fixes the limit at not more than 15 p.c. ; the proposed changes in 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend 13 p.c, and a limit of extractive to Alcohol 
 (48 "9 p.c.) of not less than 30 p.c. 12 samples of picked root examined 
 in the author's laboratory yielded from 4'1 to 21*5 p.c. of ash, with 
 an average of 9*85 ; 14 samples of the powder yielded from 6*7 to 
 12*1 p.c, with an average of 8*97. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. also recommend the inclusion 
 of the following test : — • 1 gramme of Powdered Rhubarb is boiled 
 with 10 c.c of an aqueous 1 in 100 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 allowed to cool, filtered, the filtrate acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 and shaken with 10 c.c. of Ether ; on standing, the ethereal layer 
 should be coloured yellow. On shaking this ethereal solution with 
 5 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, the latter should be coloured cherry-red, 
 indicating the presence of Emodin, and the ethereal layer should 
 remain yellow, indicating the presence of Chrysophanic Acid. 
 
1162 RHE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.^ 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTR ACTUM RHE I. Extract of Rhubarb. 
 Rhubarb Root, in No. 20 powder exhausted by percolation with 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), and the resulting liquor evaporated to dryness. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 grains = 0'13 to 0"52 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Norw., Swed., Svvdss and U.S., with Spirit and Water mixed; Belg., with 
 Alcohol (60 p.c.) ; Dan., with Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; Fr., Ital., Max., Port., Russ. 
 and Span., \vith Water. 
 
 Mex. and U.S. have also a Fluid Extract 1 in 1 ; Belg., Fluid Extract 
 containing 30 p.c. of dry residue. 
 
 INFUSUM RHEI. Infusion of Rhubarb. 
 
 Rhubarb Root, in thin slices, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20. Infuse 
 15 minutes ; strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fluid Extract 10, 
 Potassium Carbonate 1, Cinnamon Water 89 ; Dan., Rhubarb 125, Sodium 
 Carbonate 25, Distilled Water 2000, Concentrated Spirit 125, Cinnamon 
 Water 150 ; Ital., Rhubarb 3, Sodium Carbonate 1, Water 50 ; Norw., 
 Rhubarb 25, Sodium Carbonate 5, Distilled Water 170, Cinnamon Water .30 ; 
 Swed., Rhubarb 10, Sodium Carbonate 2, Dilute Alcohol q.s.. Distilled Water 
 q.s. to make 100; all Infusum Rhei Alcalinum. Fr. (Tisane de 
 Rhubarbe), Rhubarb 5, Distilled Water 1000; Hung. (Infusum Rhei), 
 Rhubarb 50, Potassium Carbonate 5, Borax 5, Boiling Distilled Water 450, 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) 50; Span. (Infusion de Ruibarbo), Rhubarb 2, 
 Water 50. See also Tinctura Rhei Aquosa, p. 1165. 
 
 PILULA RHEI COMPOSITA. Compound Rhubarb Pill. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Rhubarb Root, 5; Aloes, 4; Myrrh, 2*8; Hard Soap, 2 '8 ; all in 
 powder; Oil of Peppermint, 0*4; Syrup of Glucose (by weight), q.s. 
 about 5. 
 
 The proportions are altered slightlj'. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0*26 to 0'.52 gramme. 
 
 5 grains = about IJ grain of Rhubarb and 1 grain of Aloes. 
 
 It is Official in U.S., Rhubarb 13, Purified Aloes 10, Myrrh C, Oil 
 of Peppermint 0-5, Water q.s. Also in Jap., Norw. and Swiss. Pastiglie 
 di Rabarbero is Official in Ital., containing 5 eg. in each. 
 
 PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder of Rhubarb. 
 B.P.Syn. — Gregory's Powder. (Modified.) 
 
 Rhubarb Root, in powder, 2 ; Light Magnesia, 6 ; Ginger, in 
 powder, 1*1. (about 1 in 4-|.) 
 
 The metric figures are 22, 66 and 12. 
 
 The quantity of Ginger is slightly larger. The figures in B.P. 1898 were 2, 
 6, and 1. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0*65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Magnesium Carbonate 4, 
 Rhubarb 2, Elajosaccharum Foeniculi 4 ; Dan. and Norw., Magnesium 
 Carbonate 1, Rhubarb 1, Elseosaccharum Fceniculi 1 ; Ger. and Jap., 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] RHE 1163 
 
 Magnesium Carbonate 10, Rhubarb 3, Elseosaccharum Fosniculi 7 ; Russ. , 
 Magnesium Carbonate 4, Rhubarb 1, Elseosaceharum Foeniouli 2 ; Swed., 
 Magnesium Carbonate 1, Rhubarb 1, Elasosaccharum AnethoU 1 ; all Pulvis 
 Magnesise cum Rheo. Jap. has also Pulvis Rhei Compositus, Rhubarb 
 2, Burnt Magnesia 6, Ginger 1. Swiss (Pulvis Magnesias Compositus), 
 Magne.sium Carbonate 5, Rhvibarb 2, Elajosaccharum Foeniouli 3 ; U.S. 
 (Pulvis Rhei Compositus), Rhubarb 25, Magnesium Oxide 65, Ginger 10. 
 
 SYRUPUS RHEI. Syrup of Rhubarb. (Modified.) 
 
 Rhubarb Root, in No. 20 powder, 1 oz. ; Oil of Coriander, 3 minims ; 
 
 Refined Sugar, 12 oz. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4 fl. oz. ; Distilled Water, to 
 
 yield 14^ fl. oz. 
 
 B.P. 1914 emploj's Oil of Coriander in place of the Fruits, as recommended 
 in previous editions of the Companion. 
 
 The metric quantities are 70, 0*5, 840, to 1000. 
 
 70 of Rhubarb in No. 20 powder is first moistened for 24 hours with 70 of 
 a mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 1 and Water 3, and theia percolated with a 
 further 1000 of the same mixture ; the percolate is evaporated to a weight 
 of 475, and filtered. In this is dissolved by the aid of heat 840 of Sugar ; 
 when cool 0-5 of Oil of Coriander dissolved in 10 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) is added 
 and the whole made up to 1000 by volume. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the Rhubarb Root together with Coriander Frxiit were treated 
 in a similar maiuier and the percolate Vv^as evaporated to a voliime ; the 
 Sugar was dissolved in the filtered liquid and the product was made up to 
 weight. 
 
 Dose.-4 to 2 fl. drm. = I'S to T'l ml. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Rhubarb 10, Borax 2, 
 Spirits of Wine, diluted, 10, Water 90 ; after 24 hours filter, and to 10 of 
 filtrate add 16 of Sugar ; Belg., Fluid Extract of Rhubarb 50, Potassium 
 Carbonate 5, Cinnamon Water 30, Simple Syrup 915 ; Dutch, Rhiibarb 30, 
 Sodium Carbonate 3, Water 180 ; to 150 of liquid add 248 of Sugar ; 
 Jap. and Russ., Rhubarb 10, Potassium Carbonate 1, Borax 1, Water 80 ; 
 to 60 of filtrate add 20 of Cinnamon Water and 120 of Sugar ; Ger. same but 
 without Borax ; Ttal. (Sciroppo di Cicoria con Rabarbaro), Rhubarb 
 1, Juice of Chicory Leaves ] 2, Sugar 16; Mex. (Jarabe de Achicoria y 
 Ruibarbo), Rhvibarb 1, Taraxacum Leaves 1, Boiling Water 10, Sugar 15; 
 Port. (Xarope de Rhuibarbo), Rhubarb 5, Water 35, Sugar 65; Swed., 
 Rhubarb 5, Sodium Carbonate 1 , Water a sufficiency ; after filtration add 
 to 37 of filtrate 63 of Sugar ; Swiss, Rhubarb 10, Potassium Carbonate 1, 
 Borax 1, Tincture of Cinnamon 12, Simple Syrup 176 ; U.S., Fluid Extract 
 100, Spirit of Cinnamon 4, Potassium Carbonate 10, Water 50, SjTup to 
 make 1000. All by weight except U.S. 
 
 Fr. has a Compound Syrup, and U.S. has also Syrupus Rhei Aro- 
 maticus. 
 
 TINCTURA RHEI COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture of 
 Rhubarb. (Modified.) 
 
 Rhubarb Root, 2; Cardamom Seeds, :|: ; Coriander Fruit, \; 
 all in No. 20 powder ; Glycerin, 2 ; Alcohol (45 p.c), (i.s. to yield 20. 
 
 (1 in 10.) 
 
 The powders are percolated with Alcohol (45 p.c.) to jdeld 17, the Glycerin 
 is added and Alcohol (45 p.c.) q.s. to make 20. 
 
 The metric quantities are 100, 12-5, 12-5, 100, to 1000. 
 
 Alcohol (45 p.c.) is now used in place of Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. drm. = 1 "S to 3 "6 niLfor repeated administration ; 
 for a single administration, 2 to 4 fl. drm. = 7'1 to 14 "2 ml. 
 
116-t E,HE [Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Tinotnria Rhei 
 Vinosa), Rhubarb 10, Orange Peel 2, Cardamom Seeds 1, Malaga Wine 100; 
 in 100 of filtrate dissolve 15 of Sugar ; Dutch (Vinum Rhei), Rhubarb 9, 
 Cardamom 1, Malaga Wine 100; Ger. (Tinctura Rhei Vinosa), Rhubarb 
 8, Orange Peel 2, Cardamom 1, Sherry 100 ; filter, and in the filtrate dissolve 
 a seventh part of Sugar; Hung. (Tinctura Rhei Vino.sa), Rhubarb 
 200, Orange Peel 40, Cardamoms 10, Tokay Wine 1800 ; in 1800 of filtrate 
 dissolve 200 Sugar; Jap. (Tinctura Rhei), Rhubarb 10, Cassia 1, Carda- 
 mom 1, Alcohol 50, Distilled Water 50; Norw. and Swed. (Tinctura Rhei 
 Amara), Rhubarb 10, Gentian Root 4, Cardamom 1, Alcohol (70 p.c.), 
 100; Russ. (Tinctura Rhei Vinosa), Rhubarb 8, Orange Peel 2, Carda- 
 mom 1, Sherry 100, Sugar 12; Swiss (Vinum Rhei Compositum), 
 Rhubarb 8, Orange Peel 2, Cardamom 1, Vinum Meridiamma Dulce 100 ; 
 U.S. (Tinctura Rhei), Rhubarb 20, Cardamom, 4, Glycerin 10, Alcohol 
 and Water, each q.s. to make 100; also (Tinctura Rhei Aromatica), 
 Rhubarb 20, Saigon Cinnainon 4, Cloves 4, Nutmeg 2, Glycerin 10, Alcohol 
 and Water, each q.s. to make 100. All by weight except U.S. 
 
 Belg., Fr., Ital. and Mex. have a Simple Tincture, Rhubarb 1, Alcohol 
 (60 p.c.) 5; Port., Rhubarb 1, Alcohol (65 p.c.) 5. 
 
 See also Tinctura Rhei Aquosa, given under Infusum Rhei. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Ehubarb lias a specific gravity of 
 about 1"003 ; it contains about 17*5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 39 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR RHEI. (B.P.C. Formulary, 1901).— Rhubarb Root, in No. 12 
 powder, 5 ; Femiel Fruit, bruised, 2 ; Glycerin, 3 ; Refined Sagar, 4 ; a 
 mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c), 1, and Distilled Water, 3, q.s. to produce 20. 
 
 The B.P.C. have modified this as follows : — 
 
 Elixir Khei, B.P.C. Syn. Liquor Rhei Duleis. — Liquid Extract of 
 Rhubarb, 25; Svrup, 22-5; Glycerin, 15; Anethol, 0-05, dissolved in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), "2-5 ; Distilled Water to 100. The Liquid Extract of 
 Rhubarb is 1 in 1 by percolation with a mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 85 and 
 Water 15. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 10-0 ml. 
 
 Elixir Rhei (r/.»S.^'.JP.)_Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb, .50 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 G-5; Water, 18-5; Glycerin, 12-5; Syrup (U.S. P.), 12-5. 
 
 Tinctura Rhei Duleis {U.S.N.F.).—Rhxiharh, 10; Licorice Root, 4; 
 Anise, 4 ; Cardamoms, 1 ; percolated with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c) 50, 
 and Water 40 ; percolation to be completed with Diluted Alcohol to yield 100. 
 
 Liquor Rhei Duleis (Pharm. Form.). — Rhubarb, 8 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 10 ; 
 Gljfcerin, 1 ; Sugar, 6 ; Water, q.s. The product should be 24. 
 
 EXTRACTUM RHEI COMPOSITUM.— Ext. Rhei, 3; Ext. Aloes, 1; 
 Resina Jalapa% h ; Soap, 2. — Ger. 
 
 Extract of Rhubarb 6, Extract of Aloes 2, Jalap Re.sin 1, Soap 1. — Austr., 
 Dutch, Russ. and Swiss. 
 
 Extract of Rhubarb, 50 ; Extract of Aloes, 20 ; Jalap Resin, 15 ; Hard 
 Soap, 15. — Norw. and Swed. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI (U.S.). — 100 of Rhubarb, in No. 30 
 powder, macerated in and subsequentlj' percolated with a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 80, and Water 20 ; reserve the first 75 of the percolate, and evaporate 
 the remainder to a soft extract, which mix with the reserved portion and 
 make up with the menstruum to 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 minims = 0-9c.c. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] RHE 1165 
 
 INFUSUM RHEI CONCENTRATUM (Fair and Tr/i<//iO— Rhubarb, in 
 No. 10 pow.ler, 40; Alcohol (90 jt.c), 25; Dilnte Chloroform Water (1 in 
 1000), q.s. to make 100. Prepare by repercolation. 
 
 MISTURA APERIENS (ATorw;.). — Potassium Tartrate. 1.5; Alkaline 
 Infusion of Rhvibarb, 50 ; Distilled Water, 35. 
 
 MISTURA RHEI CUM SODA (St. Thomas's). —nhuharh Root, in 
 powder, 5 grains ; Sodium Bicar])onate, 10 grains ; Caraway Water, to 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Mistura Rhei et Sodas (U.S.). — Sodium Bicarbonate, 3-5; Fluid 
 Extract of Rhubarb, 1-5; Fluid Extract of Ipecac, 0-3; Glycerin, 35; 
 Spirit of Peppermint, 3 5; Water, q.s. to make 100. 
 
 PIL. HYDRARGYRI CUM RHEO (Kings and oi/iers).— Mercury Pill ; 
 Compound Rhubarb Pill, aa 2} grains. 
 
 St. Bartholomew's and o^/iers.— Mercury Pill, 2 grains ; Compoimd Rhubarb 
 Pill, 3 grains. 
 
 PILULA RHEI ET NUCIS VOMIC/E (St. Thomas's). —Compound 
 Rhubarb Pill, 3 grains ; Extract of Nux Vomica, ;[ grain ; Alcoholic Extract 
 of Belladonna, J grain in each pill. 
 
 PULVIS RHEI CUM HYDRARGYRO (Si. Thomas's).— Rhuharb Root, 
 in powder, 2 grains ; Merciu'ous Chloride, i grain ; Ginger, in powder, i 
 grain : dose for a child 12 months old. 
 
 PULVIS HYDRARGYRI ET RHEI (St. Manfs).—Jihnharh, in powder, 
 3 ; Mercury with Chalk, 1 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 3. 
 
 PULVIS RHEI CUM SODA (St. T/iomas's). — Rhubarb Root, in 
 powder, 1 grain ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 2 grains ; dose for a child 12 
 months old. 
 
 TINCTURA RHEI AQUOSA.— Rhubarb, 10 ; Potassium Carbonate, 1 ; 
 Boiling Distilled Water, 90 ; Alcohol, 9 ; after the lapse of an hour strain 
 the Solution by applying a slight pressure ; with every 85 parts of 
 the strained liquid mix Cinnamon Water, 15. Prepare freshly when 
 required. — Ger. 
 
 A'ustr., Rhubarb 10, Borax 3, Spirits of Wine Diluted 20, Cold Water 80. 
 
 Dutch, Rhubarb 10, Sodium Carbonate 2, Cinnamon Water to produce 
 100. 
 
 Ja]^., same as Ger. but with Borax, 1. 
 
 Russ., Rhubarb 10, Borax 1, Potassium Carbonate 1, Distilled Water 
 Ebullientis 85, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 10, Cinnamon Water 15. 
 
 Swiss, Liqiiid Extract 10, Borax 1, Potassium Carbonate 1, Alcohol 8, 
 Cinnamon Water 20, Water 60. 
 
 VINUM RHEI. (B.P. 1885, oinitted in 1898). — Rhubarb Root, in coarse 
 powder, 1^ oz. ; Canella Bark, 60 grains ; Sherrj', 20 fl. oz. 
 
 Official in Belg., 1 of fluid extract in 20 ; Ital., Rhubarb 8, Bitter Orange 
 Peel 3, Marsala Wine 100. Hung, has Vinum Rhei Amarum, Cardamoms 
 1, Gentian 2, Rhubarb 10, Marsala Wine 100. 
 
 Purgatin, Purgatol (Anthrapurpurin Diacetate). — A synthetic purgative 
 belonging to the series of oxyanthraqiiinones ; dose, 5 to 15 grains — 0-32 
 to 1 gramme. 
 
 E-umicin, a dried extract from the Root of Ramex crispus, has been used 
 as an eclectic preparation. It has properties similar to Rhubarb ; dose, 1 to 5 
 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 It must not be confounded with the crystalline substance Rumicin, which 
 is allied to Chrysophanic Acid. 
 
IIGG RHCE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] 
 
 RHCEADOS PETALA. 
 
 RED-POPPY PETALS. 
 
 Fr., Coquei.icot ; Ger., Klatschrosenblumen : Ital., Rosolacoio ; 
 
 Span., Amapola. 
 
 Tlie briglit, scarlet-coloured, fresh Petals of Pafaver Rhceas, L., 
 possessing a peculiar narcotic odour and a mucilaginous bitter taste. 
 
 Chiefly used as a colouring agent. 
 
 OflB.eial Preparation — Syrupus Rhceados. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcEias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch; Fr. 
 (Coquelicot) ; Mex. and Span. (Amapola) ; Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The fresh petals of Papaver Rhceas are 
 Official. There are several forms or allied species, all with red petals, 
 but differing in the size of the flower and the shape and hairiness of 
 the ovary, as well as in the shape of the leaf segments. One of these 
 has a purplish-black spot at the base of each petal, but the scarlet 
 colour of the petal is deeper than that of other forms, and this variety 
 gives a deeper coloured syrup. The petals of the typical plant are 
 (transversely elliptical, B.P.) crumpled when freshly unfolded, about 
 1| to 2 in. (4 to 5 cm.) broad, and of a bright red colour. They have 
 a slightly bitter taste and characteristic odour. 
 
 Tests. — Red-Poppy Petals contain about 16 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS RHCEADOS. Syrup of Red-Poppy. (Modified.) 
 
 Dissolve (with heat) 36 of Sugar in a strained infusion of Red-Poppy 
 Petals, 13, in Distilled Water, 20 ; preserve with 2| of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 (Nearly 1 in 4.) 
 
 The Petals are gradually added to the Water, kept hot on a water-bath, 
 stirring frequently ; remove the vessel and infuse for 12 hours ; press and 
 strain ; after dissolving the Sugar more Water should be added to yield 50 
 by volume. 
 
 The metric quantities are 20, 72, 5, to 100. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the Syrup was made up to weight, but the result is nearly 
 the same. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
 This syrup is particvilarly liable to fermentation, and is therefore preserved 
 by the addition of Alcohol (90 p.c). In India and other hot climates the 
 Alcohol may be increased up to twice the quantity ordered in the formula, 
 in place of an equal volume of water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch and Mex. 
 
 Not Oflacial. 
 RHUS TOXICODENDRON. 
 
 POISON IVY. 
 
 The fresh Leaves of Rhus radicans, I.., were Official in U.S. P. 1890 ; and 
 a Tincture from them is given in doses of 1 to 5 minims for rheumatism. 
 Fluid Extract (1 in 1) is also made. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] RIC 1167 
 
 This plant procUxces an eruption in persons handling it ; an alcohol 
 Solutiori of Lead Acetate applied to the rash affords speedy relief. 
 
 Rhus glabra, L., {U.S.) and Rhus aromatica. Ait., have been used as tonics 
 and a.stringents ; given tor nocturnal incontinence of \irint;. Both these can 
 be supplied as Fluid Extracts (1 in 1) ; doses 5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 
 0-6 ml. 
 
 RICINI OLEUM. 
 
 CASTOR OIL. 
 
 Fr., Huile de Ricin ; Geb., RiciNusot/ ; Ital., Olio di Ricino ; 
 Span., Aceite de Ricino. 
 
 A colourless, or pale yellow, thick viscid fluid, possessing a 
 characteristic odour and at first a mild and subsequently somewhat 
 nauseous taste. 
 
 It is the fixed oil expressed from the Seeds of Ricinus communis, L. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles and protected as far as 
 possible from exposure to the air, as it has a tendency to gradually 
 thicken. 
 
 It should also be kept at an equable temperature, as it tends to 
 solidify at low temperatures. 
 
 Ricinoleie Acid is stated to be the active principle. The Seeds contain 
 a toxic jDhytalbuinose, Ricin, which is extreinely poisonous ; it is not contained 
 in the Oil. 
 
 Solubility. — Entirely soluble in all proportions of Absolute Alcohol, 
 Ether, Oil of Turpentine and Glacial Acetic Acid ; 1 in 3J of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild and speedy cathartic. It is 
 the best purgative in constipation from indurated faeces, or after 
 swallowing acrid substances. Used in diseases attended with irritation 
 or inflammation of the bowels, as colic, and diarrhoea due to indigestible 
 food, dysentery and the constipation of typhoid fever ; the most 
 suitable purgative after parturition, during pregnancy, and after 
 abdominal operations. The safest cathartic for infants, to whom 
 a larger relative dose than to adults may be given ; relieves infantile 
 intestinal spasms. It may be administered in an enema with some 
 mucilaginous or oily fluid. 
 
 Dropped into the eye, it soothes the irritation caused by a foreign body. 
 The decoction of the leaves of Ricinus applied to the breast is said to 
 produce an abundant secretion of milk. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 8fl. drm. = 3-6 to 28 -4 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In draught suspoxded with mucilage of Gum 
 Acacia, or in capsules (see below). 
 
 One of the least disagreeable modes of takina Castor Oil is to pour it on to some 
 Milk or Cream contained in a wine-glass, the interior and edges of which have 
 been moistened with the latter. 
 
 It is used as a solvent for alkaloidal bases in ophthalmic practice. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Mistura Olei Ricini. 
 
1168 RIC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. — Capsules of Castor Oil, Emiilsio Olei Ricini, Enema Olei 
 Ricini, Oleum Ricini Aromatieum, Sodium Sulphoricinoleate, and Calcium 
 lodo-ricinoleate. 
 
 Foreign. Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Tests. — Castor Oil has a specific gravity of 0-960 to 0-968. The 
 B.P. states from 0*958 to 0-970. It was pointed out in Squires 
 Companion, Eighteenth Edition, that good medicinal samples of the 
 Oil never possessed so low a gravity as 0-950, which was the figure 
 Official in B.P. 1898. The lower B.P. limit has now been raised to 
 0-958. The U.S. P. gives the gravity of 0-945 to 0-965 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.) ; the P.G., 0-950 to 0-970. Ten good medicinal samples of 
 the Oil examined in the author's laboratorv had a specific gravity of 
 0-960 to 0-966 with an average of 0-963. When cooled to 0° C. 
 (32° F.) a crystalline flocculent deposit settles out, and when reduced 
 to a temperature of about — 18° C. (—0-4° F.) it forms a yellowish 
 buttery mass. When exposed to the air it gradually thickens and 
 dries, forming a varnish. The Oil contains a certain proportion of 
 free acid, which may be determined by the process for the determination 
 of Acid Value given under the heading of Special Tests. The 10 samples 
 referred to above showed Acid Values from 2 -1 to 7-0, with an average 
 of 4-0. The B.P. fixes a limit of not more than 4-0. The Saponifica- 
 tion Value of the Oil ranges from 176 to 188. The B.P. gives 177 to 
 187 ; the U.S. P. 179 to 183. The 10 samples referred to above, 
 showed from 176-4 to 187-6, with an average of 182*0. The Iodine 
 Value of the Oil varies from 85 to 90 ; the B.P. gives 83 to 90 ; the 
 U.S. P. states not less than 84 nor more than 89. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the figure for the lower 
 limit of Iodine Value to be changed from 84 to 83. The medicinal 
 samples referred to above showed from 85 "09 to 90-17, with an average 
 of 87-5. 
 
 A determination of the optical rotation of the specimen affords a 
 useful means of judging of its purity ; the Oil is dextrogyrate, the 
 optical rotation in a tube of 100 mm. being equal to -f- 4° to + 4-5°. 
 The Kefractive Index of the Oil at 20° C. (68° F.) is 1-479 to 1-480. 
 The B.P. does not refer to the optical rotation, but gives the Refractive 
 Index of the Oil at 40° C. (104° F.) as 1*4695 to 1-4730. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are fixed Oils other than 
 Castor, such as Cottonseed Oil, Lard Oil, etc. Castor Oil is an 
 exception to the usual characters of the fixed Oils in regard to its 
 solubility in Alcohol. It should dissolve completely in all proportions 
 of Absolute Alcohol, in Glacial Acetic Acid, and in 3| times its volume 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating the absence of more than about 5 p.c. 
 of fixed Oils other than Castor. A useful test for detecting the presence 
 of other fixed Oils is that with Petroleum Ether. A mixture of equal 
 volumes of Castor Oil and Petroleum Spirit forms a turbid mixture at 
 15'5°C. (60° F.), the mixture however becomes clear when kept for 
 a few minutes at 21° C. (69-8° F.), but turbid again at temperatures 
 below 18° C. (64*4° F.). The B.P. divides the test into two portions, 
 requiring first that at a temperature of 15 "5° C. (60° F.) a clear 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by-Measure.] ROS 1169 
 
 mixture sliall result, when 10 ml. of Castor Oil are shaken in a stoppered 
 test-glass with 7 ml. of Petroleum Spirit, and secondly that, on the 
 further addition of 3 ml. of Petroleum Spirit, a turbid mixture is 
 produced, which clarifies when kept for 5 minutes at 21° C. (69 '8° F.), 
 and becomes again turbid at temperatures below 18° C. (64 "4° F.). 
 The U.S. P. states that, when mixed wdth an equal volume of Petroleum 
 Benzin, the Oil yields at 17° C. (62 "6° F.) a clear solution, but that at 
 15° C. (59° F.) it forms a turbid mixture. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 MISTURA OLEI RICINI. Castor Oil Mixture. (Modified.) 
 
 Rub 3J of Castor Oil with 1 of powdered Gum Acacia in a dry 
 
 mortar, then add, all at once, 2 of Cinnamon Water, and rub until an 
 
 emulsion is formed ; continue the rubbing, and add H of undiluted 
 
 Orange-flower Water, and Cinnamon Water, q.s. to make 10. 
 
 The general method is given in ' Prescribing Notes ' under Acaciae Gummi. 
 B.P. 1898 employed Mucilage of Giun Acacia, and rather less Orange-flower 
 Water. 
 
 Dose. — As a draught, 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28*4 to 56-8 ml 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CAPSULES OF CASTOR OIL. — Flexible capsules containing 30 minims, 
 or 60 minims, in each. 
 
 EMULSIO OLEI RICINI.— Castor Oil, ^ fl. oz. ; Mucilage of Acacia, 
 I fl. oz. ; Syrup of Ginger, j fl. oz. ; Cinnamon Water, 1 fl. oz.^ — Squire. 
 
 Castor Oil, | fl. oz. ; Yolk of Egg, ^ fl. oz. ; Syrup, ^ fl. oz. ; Peppennint 
 Water, 1 fl. oz. — Squire. 
 
 Either of these formulas yields a good emulsion. 
 
 ENEMA OLEI RICINI.— Castor Oil, 2 fl. oz. ; Mucilage of Starch, 
 IS fl. oz. 
 
 Castor Oil, 1 fl. oz. ; OHve Oil, 5 fl. oz. 
 
 OLEUM RICINI AROMATICUM (Canadinn Formulary).— Glxxside, 1\ 
 grains; Sodium Bicarbonate. 7^ grains; Chloroform, 150 minims; Oil of 
 Pimenta, 75 minims ; Oil of Cassia, 75 minims ; Oil of Cloves, 75 minims ; 
 Castor Oil, q.s. to make 40 fl. oz. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHORICINOLEATE.— A transparent, gelatinous liquid 
 with an acrid taste. Soluble in Water, Alcohol, Chloroform, and essential 
 oils. It is a good solvent of Iodine and Phenol. 
 
 Calcium lodo-ricinoleate is supplied in 3 grain Capsules. 
 
 ROS^ GALLICS PETALA. 
 
 RED-ROSE PETALS. 
 
 Fr., Rose Rouge ; Ger., Essigrose ; Ital., Rosa Rossa ; 
 Span., Rosa Roja. 
 
 Dark, purplish-red, velvety, claw-shaped petals, possessing a 
 rosaceous odour, and a slightly acidulous, bitter, astringent taste. 
 They usually occur in small, crumpled, conical masses, and are Officially 
 described as the fresh and dried unexpanded Petals of Rosa Gallica, 
 L., from cultivated plants. 
 
1170 ROS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Used on account of their colouring 
 matter and mild astringency. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Acid Infusion is prescribed with Potassium 
 Chlorate as a gargle ; also with Glycerin of Tannin or Alum as an astringent 
 gargle ; it also Jorms a suitable vehicle for Magnesium Sulphate ; the Syrup 
 is used as a colouring agent, and the Confection as a pill excipient. The Nitric 
 Acid Infusion is given with Quinine. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Of the petals, Confectio Roste Gallicse, Infusum 
 Rosse Aciduni, and Syrupus Rosas. The confection is contained in Pilula 
 Hydrargyri. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextiactiim RosfB, Infusum Rosfp cum Acido Nitrico, 
 Infusum Roste Acidum Concentratum, Mel Ros?e, and Unguentum Rosatum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Ital., Jap., Port., Russ., Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — There are several varieties of Rosa Gallica 
 in cultivation, the flowers of which are met with in commerce. The 
 petals of those cultivated in England obtain a higher price than 
 ' Exotic petals,' i.e., those imported from France, Germany, Holland, 
 etc., having a brighter red colour, a greater fragrance, and being less 
 broken. The dried petals consist of the flower bud with the lower 
 or calycine portion removed, and the buds are more or less broken 
 up in drying ; they have a purplish-rose tint, but are yellowish towards 
 the base (deep purplish-red, passing into brownish-yellow at the base, 
 B.P.). The taste is feebly acid, astringent, and slightly bitter. The 
 fragrance depends upon the variety under cultivation, that known as 
 General Jacqueminot afiording a fragrant product of good colour, but 
 the colour depends partly also upon the maturity of the petal and the 
 care taken in drying. Inferior specimens coloured with aniline dyes 
 are sometimes ofiered, but these are readily detected by the absence of 
 the yellow base of the petal, as the whole becomes reddened by the dye. 
 
 Tests. — Eed-Rose Petals leave about 4 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 CONFECTIO ROS>S; GALLICS. Confection of Rose. 
 
 Fresh Red-Rose Petals, 1 ; Refined Sugar, 3. (1 in 4.) 
 
 Used as a pill basis. Also applied in aphthous conditions of the mouth. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., Red Rose, 8 ; Sugar, 64 ; 
 Clarified Honey, 12 ; Stronger Rose Water, 16. 
 
 INFUSUM ROS^ ACIDUM. Acid Infusion of Rose. 
 
 Red-Rose Petals, dried and broken, ^ oz. ; Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 2 fl. drm. ; Distilled Water, boiling, 20 fl. oz. ; infuse 15 minutes, 
 strain. (1 in 40.) 
 
 The metric figures are 2.5, 12-5, and 1000. 
 
 A similar infusion was in use in 1674. 
 
 Prescribed with Alum it forms a good gargle, l3ut Borax or alkalis change 
 the colour to green. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. OZ. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Port. (Infuso de Rosas Com- 
 posto), Red-Rose Petals, ^ ; Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 2; Boiling Water, 200. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui-e.] ROS 1171 
 
 SYRUPUS ROS^. Syrup of Rose. (Modified.) 
 
 Infuse 1 of dried Red-Rose petals in 10 of boiling Distilled Water 
 
 for 2 hours ; strain, press, heat the infusion to the boiling point, 
 
 filter, and in each 1 of filtrate dissolve 2 of Sugar with the aid of heat. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the process was much the same, except that a specified 
 
 quantity of Sugar was added to the filtered infusion. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fluid Extract 1, Simple 
 Syrup 9 ; Mex., made from Rosa Centifolia ; U.S., Fluid Extract 125, Dilute 
 Sulphuric Acid 10, Sugar 750, Water, q.s. to make 1000. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM ROS/E {U.S.). — 1 in 1 percolated with a mixture 
 of 100 c.c. Glycerin and 900 c.c. of Diluted Alcohol (Alcohol 49 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 c.c). 
 
 Also Official in Belg. 
 
 INFUSUM ROS>!E ACIDUM CONCENTRATUM [Farr and TT>«;//j<).— 
 Dried Red-Rose Petals, in No. 20 powder, 20 ; Diluted Svilphm-ic Acid and 
 Alcohol (20 p.c), of each sufficient to make 100. Moisten the powder with 
 some of the Alcohol containing one-fortieth its volume of Diluted Sulphm'ic 
 Acid, macerate for 2 hours, then pack in a glass percolator and percolate 
 slowly with more of the Acidulated Alcohol imtil 92J has been collected. 
 Add to this Ih of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, set aside for 7 days, filter. This 
 appears in the" J5. P.C. Dose. — \ to 1 fl. drm. — 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 INFUSUM ROS/E CUM ACIDO NITRICO.— Red-Rose Petals, broken 
 small, 2 ; Diluted Nitric Acid, i ; cold Distilled Water, 40 ; infuse 2 hours, 
 frequently stirring, strain, and add Powdered Sugar, 1. 
 
 MEL ROS/E (U.S.). — Fluid Extract of Roses, 12 c.c, Clarified Honey, a 
 sufficiency to make the product weigh 100 grammes. 
 
 Average Dose.— 4 c.c. (1 fl. drm.). 
 
 Fr. (Mellite de Rose Rouge). — Exhaust 50 of Rose Petals with 250 
 of Alcohol (50 p.c.) and evaporate to 80 ; add 300 of Honey and boil until 
 a density of 1-27 is obtained ; allow to cool in a closed vessel and filter 
 through paper. 
 
 Ger. (Mel Rosatum). — Macerate 1 of Rose Leaves with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 5 for 24 hours, express and filter, mix with the filtrate 9 of Clax'ifiecl Honey 
 and 1 of Glycerin, and evaporate to 10. Both Fr. and Ger. are by weight. 
 
 Mel Rosatum is also official in Austr., Dutch, Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex. 
 and Swiss, but the formulas differ a good deal from one another. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ROSATUM. -Alkanet Root, crushed, 13 grains; Otto of 
 Roses, 1 minim ; "WTiite Wax, 4 grains ; Prepared Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 ROSiE OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF ROSE. 
 
 B.P.Si/n. — Otto of Rose. 
 
 Fr., Essence de Rose ; Ger., Rosenol ; Ital., Essenza di Rose ; Span.. 
 
 esencia di ro.sa. 
 
 It is the volatile Oil distilled from the fresh flowers of Rosa 
 damascena, L. 
 
 At a temperature of about 30° C. (86° F.) it is a pale yellow, or 
 
1172 ROS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 greenisli-yellow, oily liquid, of about the consistency of Almond Oil. 
 It has a very powerful rosaceous odour and somewhat sharp taste. 
 At temperatures between 18° to 21° C. (64-4° to 69-8° F.) shining, 
 acicular crystals, or glistening crystalline laminae, separate out, and 
 when further cooled the Oil sets to a semi-solid crystalline mass, which 
 again melts when gently warmed. 
 
 It is Oflficially described as the Oil distilled from the fresh flowers of Rosa 
 damascena, L. The U.S. P. describes it as a volatile Oil distilled from 
 the fresh flowers of Rosa damascena, Mueller, and requires it to possess a 
 Saponification Value of not less than 10 nor more than 17. The P.G. describes 
 it as a volatile Oil from the fresh corolla leaves of various species of Rosa. 
 Fr. Codex, the essence distilled from the flowers of Rosa damascena. Mill. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool place and protected as far as possible from the light 
 and air. 
 
 The Oil should be completely Jiquefied by heat and well mixed 
 before being used for dispensing purposes. 
 
 The average composition of Otto of Rose is stated to be Geraniol, 
 40 p.c. ; Citronellol, 28 p.c. ; Phenyl-ethyl Alcohol, 1 p.c. ; Stearoptene, 
 18 to 19 p.c. ; and small quantities of Linalool, Citral, Normal Nonylic 
 Aldehyde, and other bodies. 
 
 The vehicle of the odour is the elseoptene (Rhodinol) alone, and the less 
 «tearoptene there is in an otto used for manufacturing purposes the better. 
 —CD. '96, ii. 349. 
 
 The principal use is as a perfimae in various preparations. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Contained in Unguentum Aquse Rosre and the 
 ' Rose Basis ' for Lozenges. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Rose Oil usually has a specific gravity at 30° C. (86° F.) 
 of • 834 to • 860 ; it is officially required to possess a specific 
 gravity of 0-854 to 0'862 at 30° C. (86° F.), and it is now definitely 
 stated by the B.P. that the figures refer to the specific gravity 
 of the Oil at 30° C. (86° F.) as compared with Distilled Water at 
 15-5° C. (60° F.). The U.S.P. gives a specific gravity of 0-855 to 
 0-865 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. gives 0-849 to 0-863 at 30° C. 
 (86° F.). The Fr. Codex gives 0-855 to 0-865 at 20°C. (68° F.). 
 The Oil is Isevogyrate ; the optical rotation of good specimens 
 being from - 1° 30' to - 3° ; the B.P. requires - 2° to - 4° ; the 
 U.S.P. does not include the optical rotation ; the P.G. gives — 1° to 
 - 3°. The melting point lies between 20° and 23° C. (68° and 73 -4° F.), 
 and the congealing point between 18° and 22° C. (64 -4° and 71-6°F.) ; 
 the B.P. gives the melting point between' 20° and 23° C. (68° and 
 73-4° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives the congealing point as between 18° and 
 22° C. (64*4° and 71-6°F.), and gives specific instructions as to the 
 method to be adopted in determining the congealing point, which 
 instructions appear below. The P.G. states that crystals commence 
 to separate out at 18° to 20° C. (64-4° to 68° F.), melting again at a 
 higher temperature. The Fr. Codex gives 23-5° C. (74-3° F.). The 
 Refractive Index of the Oil at 25° C. (77° F.) lies between 1-460 and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiure.] ROS 1173 
 
 1-464; the B.P. gives 1-45G to r465 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; neither the 
 U.S. P. nor P.G. give figures for the Refractive Index of the Oil. Useful 
 information is afforded of the genuineness of an Oil by a determination 
 of the Acid and Ester Values ; the Acid Value varies from 0*5 to 3, 
 and the Ester Value from 8 to 16 ; the B.P. makes no reference either 
 to the Acid or Ester Value. The U.S. P. does not include an Ester 
 Value, but requires the Saponification Value to be not less than 10 
 nor more than 17 as determined by the process given in small type 
 below. The Oil contains from 18 to 23 p.c. of Stearoptene, and when 
 the Stearoptene is carefully separated and purified it possesses a 
 melting point of from 33° to 35° C. (91-4° to 95° F.). The Iodine 
 Value has been suggested {Analyst '04, 175 ; CD. '04, i. 398 ; '04, ii. 
 703) as a means of detecting adulterated samples. The Iodine Value 
 of genuine Otto was found to range from 187 to 194, that of artificial 
 oil from 221 to 254 for oils containing Stearoptene, for those without 
 Stearoptene, 261 to 279. Further information concerning the genuine- 
 ness or otherwise of a specimen may be obtained by a determination 
 of the percentage of Geraniol by acetylation or Citronellol by formy- 
 lation. The percentage of Geraniol generally present in genuine 
 samples varies from 65 to 75 p.c, and occasionally may be as high as 
 76 p.c. Citronellol ranges from 30 to 35 jvc. 
 
 The chief and most commonly occurring adulterant of Otto of 
 Rose is Turkish Geranium Oil, the presence of which may be determined 
 by the alteration which it causes in one or more of the above constants 
 of the Oil. Geranium Oil lowers the specific gravity and increases 
 the Ester Value, it also lowers the congealing point. In addition to 
 Geranium Oil a specimen may contain Spermaceti, Paraffin Wax, Palma 
 Rosa Oil, Guaiacum Wood Oil and Alcohol. Spermaceti and Paraffin 
 Wax may be detected by a determination of the melting point of 
 the Stearoptene, and also the determination of its amount. Spermaceti, 
 if present, may be recognised by a determination of the Saponification 
 Value of the separated Stearoptene, Spermaceti absorbing an appreciable 
 amount of Potassium Hydroxide on saponification. Palma Rosa Oil, 
 if present, may be detected by its influence on the Saponification Value, 
 and also by its effect on the Alcohol-content as determined by acetyla- 
 tion. Guaiacum Wood Oil may be detected by the microscopical 
 appearance of the crystals separating from the Oil on cooling, and by 
 the isolation and a determination of the melting point of the Alcohol, 
 Guaiol ; the pure Alcohol melts at 91° C. (195-8° F.). Guaiacum 
 W^ood Oil tends to increase the specific gravity and the optical rotation 
 of the Oil, to raise the congealing point and to slightly lower the 
 Saponification Value. Guaiacum Wood Oil leaves on evaporation 
 a resinous mass amounting to about 16-2 p.c. Its presence is also 
 indicated by the melting point and by a determination of the Acetyl 
 Value of the Stearoptene. The Refractive Index at 25° C. (77° F.) 
 of the oily liquid which separates, when 5 c.c. of the Oil are shaken 
 with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and allowed to separate, should not 
 differ by more than 0-0015 from the Refractive Index of the original 
 Oil at this temperature, indicating the absence of Alcohol. 
 
1174 ROS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 The Oil of White Eose is stated to contain a large percentage of 
 Stearoptene, and has therefore been used to rectify the decrease in 
 Stearoptene-content caused by the addition of other adulterants. 
 
 Determination of the Congealing Point. — Introduce about 10 c.c. of 
 Oil into a test-tube of about 15 mm. diameter ; insert a thermometer in such 
 a manner that it touches neither the bottom nor the sides of the tube. Raise 
 the temperature of the Oil in the tube froin 4° to 5° above the saturation 
 point by grasping it in the hand, and shake the tube gently. Allow the 
 Oil to cool, and, when the first crystals appear, note the temperature. This 
 is regarded as the congealing point ; a second test should be made for con- 
 firmation, U.S. P. 
 
 Saponification Value. — A measured qviantity of about 2 c.c. of the Oil 
 is accurately weighed in a weighing bottle and trajisferred l>y means of a 
 little Alcohol (94-9 p. c.) to a fiask having a capacity of 100 c.c. ; 20 c.c. of 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hychoxide Solution added, 
 and after connecting with a reflux condenser, the mixture, boiled during half 
 an hour on a water -bath ; the mixture is then cooled, diluted with .'">0 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, a few drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Sohition added, and the 
 excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 titrated with Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. The number 
 of c.c. of Half-Normal Vohmietric Sulphuric Acid Solution required is sub- 
 tracted from 20, the difference is multiplied by 27-87, and the product divided 
 by the weight of Oil taken, the quotient being the Saponification Value of 
 the Oil— U.S. P. 
 
 ROSJE AQUA. 
 
 ROSE WATER. 
 
 Fb., Eaxj Distillee de Rose ; Ger., Rosenwasser ; 
 Ital., Acqxta Distillata di Rose ; Span., Agua Destilada de Rosas. 
 
 A clear, colourless liquid, possessing a strong rosaceous odour, 
 prepared by distillation from the flowers of Rosa damascena, L., and 
 diluted, immediately before use, 1 to 2 of Distilled Water. 
 
 The Rose Water of commerce is a saturated Solution of the essential Oil 
 of the Rose flowers. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An agreeable vehicle for medicines ; 
 employed in making lotions and eye-washes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Unguentum Aquaj Ros«. Contained in Mistura 
 Ferri Composita. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Oil 5 drops. Warm 
 Water 1000 grammes; Belg., Oil O-.*], Warm Water 1000; Dan., Oil 1, 
 Tepid Distilled Water 10,000 : Dutch, Oil 1, Water 5000 ; Fr., Mex., Port, 
 and Span., 1 of petals in 1 ; Ger. and Jap., Oil 4 drops. Tepid Distilled Water 
 1000 ; Hung., Oil 3 drops. Tepid Distilled Water 500 ; Ital., 1 of Rose petals 
 in 2 ; Norw., Oil 1, in 4000 Water ; Russ., Oil 1, Tepid Distilled Water, 4000; 
 Swed. and Swiss, the Rose Water of commerce, undiluted; U.S. (Aqua 
 Rosaj Fortior), the Rose Water of commerce (Aquaj Ros£e), diluted with 
 ecjual parts of Water. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM kQMIE RQ%M, Eose Water Ointment. N.O. 
 
 Syn. — Cold Cream. (Altered.) 
 
 Dissolve with heat 18 of White Beeswax in 61 of Almond Oil (by 
 
 \ 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] ROS 1175 
 
 weight) ; stir into this a solution of 1 of Purified Borax in 20 of Kose 
 Water ; add O'l of Oil of Rose, and stir till cold. 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 The Rose Water has been cut down to less than half. Spermaceti is replaced 
 by Wax, and Borax is added. 
 
 A similar formula occurs in several of the Foreign Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Cerat de Galien), White 
 Wax 10, Almond Oil 40, Rose Water 25, all by weight; also Cerat a la 
 Rose, White Wax 100 granunes. Vaseline 190 grammes, Carmine 1 gramme. 
 Vaseline Oil 4 grammes. Otto of Rose 20 drops ; Max., Rose Petals 1, Hog's 
 Fat 1 ; Span., Rose Petals digested with an equal weight of Hog's Fat at 
 a gentle heat for 3 days ; U.S., Spermaceti 125, White Wax 120, Expressed 
 Oil of Almond 580, Sodium Borate 5, Stronger Rose Water 190. 
 
 ROSMARINI OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF ROSEMARY. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Oleum Anthos. 
 
 Fb., Essence de Romarin ; Geu., Rosmarinol ; Ital., Essenza di 
 RosMABiNO ; Span., Esencia de Romero. 
 
 A colourless or pale yellow, limpid oily liquid, possessing a charac- 
 teristic aromatic odour, and a warm camphoraceous taste. 
 
 It is a volatile oil distilled from the flowering tops of Rosynarinus 
 officinalis, L. 
 
 The B.P. has now adopted the U.S. P. standard, and requires it to 
 contain not less than 10 p.c. of total Alcohols calculated as Borneol, 
 CioHigO, but whereas the U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 
 2*5 p.c. of Ester calculated as Bornyl Acetate, C10H1YC2H3O2, the- 
 B.P. requires it to contain not less than 1*8 p.c. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint 
 in a cool place and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 The Oil distilled in Britain is superior to the imported. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Absolute Alcohol ; 2 in 1 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; sparingly in Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic and carminative. It is used 
 in hair lotions and liniments as a stimulant ; also used for its odour, 
 which is disliked by insects. 
 
 Dose.— I to 3 minims = 0*03 to 0-18 ml. 
 
 GflBcial Preparation. — Spiritus Rosmarini. 
 
 Wot Official. — Unguentum Rosmarini Composittun, Unguentmn Aroma- 
 ticum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.- — Official in Austr., Dutch, Ger., Jap., Russ., 
 Swiss and U.S. (Oleum Rosmarini): Belg. (Rorismarini Essentia); 
 Dan., Norw. and Swed. (Aether-oleum Rosmarini); Fr. (Essence de 
 Romarin); Ital. (Essenza di Rosmarino); Port. (Essencia de 
 
1176 ROS [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Alecrim); Span. (Esencia de Romero). Not in Hung, or Mex. Rose- 
 mary leaves are official in Hung., Ital. and Russ. 
 
 Tests. — Rosemary Oil has a specific gravity of 0'900 to 0'920. 
 The B.P. states 0-895 to 0-920. The U.S. P. states 0-894 to 0*912 
 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the Fr. Codex and the P.O. 0*900 to 0-920. It is 
 generally dextrogyrate, but occasionally genuine oils are met with 
 having a Isevorotation ; the optical rotation ranges from — 1° to + 15°. 
 The B.P. gives the optical rotation as - 2° to + 15° ; the V.S.P. 
 states that the angle of rotation shall not be more than + 15° in a 
 100 mm. tube at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.) ; it has a Refractive 
 Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-466 to 1-475; the B.P. gives 1-463 to 
 1-473 at 25° C. (77° F.). It is soluble in all proportions of Absolute 
 Alcohol, and should dissolve in an equal volume of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 The U.S. P. states that it is soluble in about one-half volume or more of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), also in 2 to 10 volumes of Alcohol (80 p.c). The 
 P.G. that 1 cc of the Oil should afford a clear solution in 0-5 cc of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 10 p.c. of total 
 Alcohols, calculated as Borneol, CioHigO, and not less than 1-8 p.c of 
 Esters, calculated as Bornyl Acetate, C10H17C2H3O2, as determined by 
 the processes given under the heading of Special Tssts. The U.S. P. 
 requires it to contain not less than 10 p.c. of total Borneol, and not 
 less than 2*5 p.c. of Ester, calculated as Bornyl Acetate, as determined 
 by the processes described in small type below under the headings of 
 Volumetric Determination of Ester, and Volumetric Determination 
 of total Borneol. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Turpentine Oil, 
 Petroleum Oil, and Alcohol. Turpentine, if present in considerable 
 quantity, may be detected by the optical rotation of the sample, and 
 if present in small proportion, by the optical rotation of the first 
 10 p.c. of the distillate. It also causes a diminution in the specific 
 gravity. French Turpentine Oil is indicated by the Oil assuming a 
 laevorotation, or by the laevorotation of the first 10 p.c' yielded on 
 distillation. The U.S. P. requires the first 10 p.c. fraction to be dextro- 
 gyrate. Petroleum Oil is detected by the diminished solubility of the 
 Oil in Alcohol (90 p.c), and by the residue left on evaporating the Oil 
 on a water-bath. Pure Rosemary Oil leaves only a slight amount of 
 residue of a resinous character. The presence of Alcohol may be 
 detected by the addition of a little solid Magenta. Magenta imparts 
 no colour to the pure Oil, but the dye dissolves in the presence of 
 Alcohol. Fractions of Camphor Oil have also been met with as 
 adulterants of Oil of Rosemary, but their presence may be detected 
 by the influence on the rotatory power, their specific gravity, or their 
 effect on the solubility of the Oil in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Volumetric Determination of Ester. — 10 cc. of the Oil are introduced 
 into a tared flask, and the weight accurately determined. 25 cc. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution are added, the 
 flask connected with a reflux condenser, and the mixture boiled for 1 hour. 
 It is then allowed to cool, and the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution is titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ROS 1177 
 
 Sulphutic Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein Test-Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality. The number of c.c. of Half -Normal Vohimetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution required is subtracted from 25, the difference multiplied by 9-734, 
 and the product divided by the weight of Oil taken, the quotient representing 
 the percentage of Ester present in the Oil, expressed in terms of Bornyl 
 Acetate. The residual Oil from the saponification is washed repeatedly with 
 Distilled Water, transferred to an acetylisation flask, mixed with 10 c.c. of 
 Acetic Acid Anhydride and about 1 gramme of anhydrous Sodium Acetate, 
 and boiled gently for 1 hour. The mixture is allowed to cool, the acetylised 
 Oil is washed with Distilled Water and subsequently with Sodiirm Hydroxide 
 Test-Sokition, until it is slightly alkaline to Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, 
 and is then dried by means of fused Calcium Chloride and filtered, U.S. P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination of total Borneol.^ — 5 c.c. of the dry acety- 
 lised Oil, jirepared as above, are transferred to a tared flask of 100 c.c. capacity, 
 and the weight accvu-ately determined. 50 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution are added, the flask connected with 
 a reflux condenser, the mixture boiled during 1 hour ; cooled, the excess of 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution is titrated 
 with Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The number of c.c. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required, is subtracted from the number 
 of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiiun Hydroxide used 
 (50 c.c); the difference is multiplied by 7-649, and the product divided by 
 the weight of dry acetylised oil employed, less the product of the nciultiplication 
 of the difference between nmnber of c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassivun Hydroxide Solution and the number of c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphvu-ic Acid Solution used, by 0-021 ; the quotient represents 
 the percentage of total Boi-neol present in the Oil under examination, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SPIRITUS ROSMARINI. Spirit of Rosemary. 
 
 Oil of Rosemary, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims = 0*3 to 1 "8 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., from leaves; Ital. 
 (Spirito Aromatico Composto), W^ormwood 1, Lavender 1, Maggiorana 
 1, Melissa 1, Peppermint ], Rosemary 1, Sahia 1, Thyme 1, Camomile 2, 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) 24 ; Jap., 1 in 9 ; Port. (Espirito d'Alecrim), Rosemary 
 5, Water 2, Alcohol (85 p.c.) 10; Mex. (Alcoholato de Romero Com- 
 puesto), Dried leaves 1, Lavender 1, Alcohol (80 p.c.) 10, Water 2 ; Russ., 
 1 in 100; Span. (Alcohol de Romero), Rosemary 1, Alcohol (60 p.c.) 
 2; Swiss (Spiritus Rosmarini C om posit us), Lavender 1, Peppermint 1, 
 Rosemary 1, Salvia 1, Wormwood 1, Alcohol 20, Water 50. 
 
 Tests. — Spirit of Rosemary lias a specific gravity of about 0"835, 
 and contains about 88 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 Unguentum Rosmarini Compositum {Ger.). — Lard, 16; Mutton 
 Fat, 8 ; Yellow Wax, 2 ; Expressed Oil of Nutmeg, 2 ; Oil of Rosemary, 1 ; 
 Juniper Oil, 1. 
 
 Swiss. — Oil of Rosemary, 1 ; Oil of Tm-pentine, 3 ; Juniper Oil, 6 ; Oil of 
 Laurel, 10 ; Yellow Wax, 24 ; Lard, 56. 
 
 Unguentum Aromaticum (Nonv.). — Oil of Lavender, 1 ; Oil of Jimi- 
 per, 2 ; Oil of Rosemary, 2 ; Oleum Laui-i, 10 ; Yellow Wax, 10 ; Suet, 20 ; 
 Lard, 55. 
 
1178 RUT [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Wot Official. 
 RUTJE OLEUM. 
 
 oil of rue. 
 
 Fr., Essence de Rue ; Ger., Rautenol ; Ital., Essenza di Ruta ; 
 Span., Aceite de Ruda. 
 
 A colouiless, or pale yellow, oily liquid, possessing an intense, persistent, 
 characteristic odour. It is distilled from the fresh Herb of Ruta graveolens, L. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic. A topical stimulant and rube- 
 facient. Administered in the form of enema for flatulent colic in children. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 minims = 0-OG to 0-24 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Belg., Port, and Span. 
 
 French Oil of Rue is stated by Schimmel to differ from the Algerian Oil 
 in its congealing point ; both contain about 90 p.c. of ketones, but the French 
 Oil contains almost exclusively Methyl-nonyl-ketone, melting point 15° C. 
 (59° F.), the Algerian, Methyl-heptyl-ketone, melting point — 1G° C. 
 (3-2"F.). 
 
 Tests. — Oil of Rue has a specific gravity of 0-830 to 0-840, it is dextro- 
 gyi'ate, possessing an optical rotation in a 100 mm. tube of + 2°, it has a 
 Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-430 to 1-435; the solidifying point 
 is 8° to 10° C. (46-4° to 50° F.). It dissolves to form a clear solution in an 
 equal volume of Alcohol (90 p.c.) or in 2 to 3 parts of Alcohol (70 p.c). It 
 was official in the B.P. '85. 
 
 CONFECTIO RUT>E {P.L. 1851).— Fresh Rue, bruised, lioz. ; Caraway 
 Seeds, 1| oz. ; Bay Berries, IJ oz. ; Prepared Sagapenmn, i oz. ; Black 
 Pepper, 2 drm. ; Honey, 16 oz. ; Distilled Water, as much as may be 
 necessary. 
 
 ENEMA RUT>E. — Confection of Rue, 3 drm. ; Infusion of Chamomile, to 
 make 20 fl. oz. — St. George's. 
 
 Oil of Rue, 20 minims ; Starch Enema, 6 oz. — Westminster. 
 
 Not Official, 
 SABINE CACUMINA. 
 
 savin tops. 
 Fr., Sabine ; Ger., Sadebaumspitzen ; Ital.. Sabina ; Span., Sabina. 
 
 The fresh and dried Tops of Juniperus Sabina, collected in spring from 
 plants ciiltivated in Britain. The Savin Tops imported from France are not 
 always those of J. Sabina. 
 
 It was Official in B.P. 'So. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful local and general irritant. The 
 ointment is used for maintaining discharges from granulating or 
 blistered sm-faces. It is a powerfiil enunenagogue, but its use requires 
 caution, as it may cause inflammation of the abdominal and pelvic 
 viscera. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 10 grains = 0-26 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAB 1179 
 
 Antidotes.- — Stomach-tube, emetics ; Castor Oil, Linseed poultices to 
 the abdomen, opiates and demulcents. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Ger., Jap., Norw., 
 Russ., Span, and Swed. 
 
 Descriptive Wotes. — Savin Tops are usually supplied in this country 
 in the fresh state from the cultivated shrub, of which there exist two or 
 three varieties ; less frequently in the dried state, in the form of woody 
 twigs or branchlets, 6 to 9 inches (15 to 22- 5 cm) long or more ; or imported 
 from Italy and the south of France in the form of broken twigs freed from 
 the woody portion. In the Savin cultivated in England the leaves are 
 generally spreading, but in the exotic Savin thej' are closely imbricated so as 
 to form nearly cylindrical branchlets. The leaves are narrowly triangular 
 and concavo-convex, about ^ to" } inch {,3 to 4 nam. ) long and ^^ inch ( 1 • 5 mm. ) 
 in diameter, an oval oil gland being situated in the middle of the convex 
 back of the leaf. It has a characteristic taste, and a distinctive odour when 
 bruised, by which it can be recognised from other nearly allied species of 
 Juniperus. French Savin is sometimes derived from Junipcrus phcenicea, 
 L., and Juniperus thurifera, L., var. Gallica, Coincy. See P.J. (4) xxi. 
 829-831. 
 
 TINCTURA SABIN/E. — 1 of Savin Tops, dried and coarsely powdered, 
 percolated with Alcohol (60 p.c), to yield 8. 
 
 Dose.— 20 to 60 minims = 1-2 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Fluidextraetum Sabinse (U.S.). — 1 in 1, with Alcohol (95 p.c). 
 
 UNGUENTUM SABIN/E.— Fresh Savin Tops, bruised, 8; Yellow Bees- 
 wax, .3; Benzoated Lard, 16; melt the Lard and the Beeswax together 
 on a water -bath, add the Savin, digest 20 minutes, strain, and press through 
 calico. 
 
 OLEUM SABiN>E. — A colourless, or pale yellow, oily liquid, possessing 
 a peculiar, mipleasant, narcotic odoiu", and bitter, pimgent, camphoraceous 
 taste. It should be preserved in dark, amber-tinted, well-closed bottles. 
 It is liable to become darker in colour and to thicken on exposure to air. 
 It is a volatile Oil distilled in Britain from fresh Savin. 
 
 The principal constituent of the Oil is an Alcohol, Sabinol, which appears 
 in the Oil chiefly in the form of Sabinol Acetate, corresponding to a content 
 of about 40 to 44 p.c. 
 
 Solubility.— 4 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c), in all proportions of Absolute 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 4 minims = 0-06 to 0-24 ml.; in pill with Soap and 
 Liquorice Powder, see p. 1025. 
 
 Foreign Pharraacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Jap., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Savin Oil has a specific gravity of 0-910 to 0-930; the U.S.P. 
 gives 0-903 to 0-923 at 25° C. (77° F.). An optical rotation of 4-40° to 
 + 60°, a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68= F.) of 1-473 to 1-476, a Saponifica- 
 tion Value of 110 to 125. The U.S.P. gives the same figures for optical 
 rotation, but does not include figures for Refractive Index or Saponification 
 Value. It dissolves to form a clear solution in about half its volume or 
 more of Alcohol (90 p.c), but does not form a perfectly clear solution in from 
 15 to 20 volumes of Alcohol (80 p.c). 
 
 SACCHARINUM. See glusidum. 
 
1 1 80 SAC [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SACCHARUM LACTIS. 
 
 MILK SUGAR. 
 
 B. P. Syn. — Lactose. 
 
 C10H22O11, H.O, eq. 360-192. 
 
 Fr., Lactose ; Geb., Milchzucker ; Ital., Lattosio ; Span., Lactosa. 
 
 White, or almost white, odourless, prismatic crystals, or masses of 
 crystals ; or as a white, odourless powder, possessing a slightly sweet 
 taste. It is a crystallised Sugar which may be obtained by recrystal- 
 lisation from the Whey of milk. The U.S. P. restricts it to the Whey 
 of Cow's Milk. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 6 of cold Water ; 1 in 1 of boiling Water ; almost 
 insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nutrient in various cases of extreme 
 irritability of the stomach, as it does not ferment so readily as Cane 
 Sugar ; it is used to mix with the food of children. Added to diluted 
 cow's Milk a good substitute for human Milk is formed. Slightly 
 diuretic in cardiac dropsy. Useful for triturating with potent medicinal 
 powders, in order to equally distribute the dose. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes, or more in Water. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. Mex. (Azucar de Leche), 
 Port. (Assucar de Leite). 
 
 Tests. — Milk Sugar dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear, colourless and odourless solution, which is 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper and which is dextrogyrate. 
 A small quantity of the aqueous solution added to Potassio-Cupric 
 Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution, produces an immediate red precipitate 
 of Cuprous Oxide ; when boiled with an equal volume of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution the liquid turns yellowish-brown and finally 
 a brownish-red. Milk Sugar may be readily determined by titration 
 with Pavy's Copper Solution. When present together with Cane 
 Sugar the latter may be also determined by inverting with Citric 
 Acid and making a separate determination of the reducing power of the 
 inverted solution by Pavy's Solution. The difference between the 
 reducing power of the solution before and after inversion corresponds 
 to the amount of Cane Sugar present. 49 • 4 parts of Cane Sugar have 
 the same reducing power as 100 parts of Milk Sugar. Citric Acid 
 does not invert Milk Sugar but readily inverts Cane Sugar. Milk 
 Sugar when boiled with Sulphuric Acid undergoes hydrolysis, with the 
 formation of Dextrose and Galactose. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are heavy metals, e.g., 
 Copper and Lead, Cane Sugar, Dextrin, Starch, free Lactic Acid, organic 
 impurities, and mineral matter. The B.P. includes tests for limit of 
 acidity, Sucrose, and limit of ash. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAC 1181 
 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrocliloric Acid, should 
 yield no darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Copper and Lead. If 
 5 grammes be well shaken with 20 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and filtered, 
 the filtrate when evaporated to dryness on a water-batli should leave 
 no weighable residue, indicating the absence of Cane Sugar. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 2 grammes of 
 the Milk Sugar be shaken with 20 c.c. of Alcohol (70 p.c.) during half 
 an hour at 15° C. (59° F.) and filtered; 10 c.c. of the filtrate should 
 remain clear after the addition of an equal volume of Absolute Alcohol, 
 indicating the absence of Dextrin, and this liquid upon evaporation on 
 a water-bath should leave not more than 0*03 gramme of residue, 
 indicating a limit of Cane Sugar, Glucose, etc. No blue coloration 
 should be produced upon the addition of 1 drop of Iodine Test-Solution 
 to a solution obtained by boiling a mixture of 1 gramme of the powdered 
 Milk Sugar and 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, during 5 minutes, and cooling, 
 indicating the absence of Starch. Free Lactic Acid may be determined 
 by titrating a weighed quantity of the Milk Sugar with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The B.P. requires that 
 it shall indicate not more than 0*27 p.c. of Hydrogen Lactate, as 
 determined by titrating a solution of 5 grammes of Milk Sugar in 
 Distilled Water, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, of which not more than l'5ml. should be required; 
 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 
 0*009005 gramme of Hydrogen Lactate, indicating a limit of 
 acidity. The B.P. does not mention an indicator of neutrality, 
 but Phenolphthalein may be employed for the purpose. A hot 
 aqueous 1 in 2 solution should be clear, colourless, or at the most 
 faintly yellowish in colour, and odourless, indicating the absence 
 of organic impurities. Milk Sugar should leave not more than 
 0*25 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral matter. This is the 
 limit fixed by the B.P., the U.S.P., and P.G. 
 
 SACCHARUM PURIFICATUM. 
 
 REFINED SUGAR. 
 
 B. P.Syn. — Sucrose. 
 
 CioH,.,©!!, eq. 342-176. 
 
 Fr., Sucre Blanc Officinal; Ger., Zucker ; Ital., Zucchero ; Span., 
 
 AZUCAR. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, prismatic crystals, or a fine, white, crystalline 
 powder, possessing a sweet characteristic taste. Permanent in the air. 
 Obtained from the Juice of the Sugar-cane, Sugar-beet, and other 
 plants. 
 
1182 SAC [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solubility. — 100 in 45 of Water, measures 113 ; 1 in 100 of Alcohol 
 (20p.c.). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Nutrient, demulcent, used in catarrhal 
 affections in the form of Candy, Syrup, etc. ; also in irritant corrosive 
 poisoning. Employed almost entirely as a sweetening agent and 
 as a preservative, and to assist the suspension of powders. It assists 
 the solution of Lime in Water. 
 
 Tt is taken as a fuel by men about to undertake excessive physical exertion. 
 
 Beneficial in certain forms of heart disease, especially dilatation. — B.M.J. 
 '11, i. 615. 
 
 Continued ingestion markedly beneficial in wasting disorders, in anaemias, 
 in adynamic varieties of rheumatism, and especially in the neurasthenia of 
 neurotic persons ; |^ to i lb. of lump sugar to be slowly eaten daily, but not 
 just before meals. — B.M.J. '11, i. 753. 
 
 A hopeless case of cardiac failure, with ascites, successfully treated, 5 oz. 
 a day.— jB.M.J. '12, i. 66. 
 
 In a case of cardiac failure improvement simply miraculous ; 2 to 4 oz. 
 daily of Glebe Granulated Sugar.— B.M../. '11, ii. 1401 ; L. '13, i. 1092. 
 
 Two cases in which the heart failed directly the beet sugar was taken 
 instead of the Cane Sugar (West Indian), and rapidly improved when process 
 was reversed. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 694. 
 
 Official Preparation.— Syrupus. 
 
 Not Official — Lsevulose. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopceias. — Official in all except Norw. Mex. (Azucar 
 de Cana), Port. (Assucar). 
 
 Tests. — Kefined Sugar dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear, colourless, and odourless solution which is 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper ; the U.S. P. states that 
 the aqueous or alcoholic solution is neutral to Litmus paper, and the 
 P.G. that the aqueous solution is neutral to Litmus paper. The U.S. P. 
 states that an aqueous solution saturated at 25° C. (77° F.) should 
 possess a specific gravity of 1 • 340. The syrup obtained by dissolving 
 Sugar in half its weight of Distilled Water, when acidified with Hypo- 
 phosphorous Acid and allowed to stand during 24 hours, should not 
 develop an unpleasant odour. A crystal of Sugar, when moistened 
 with strong Sulphuric Acid, immediately chars and swells up, forming 
 a black mass. When a few crystals are mixed with a little powdered 
 Potassium Chlorate and touched with a drop of concentrated Sulphuric 
 Acid, the mixture instantly ignites. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are insoluble salts, foreign 
 colouring matters, etc., Glucose or Invert Sugar, Lead and Copper, 
 Barium, Calcium, Strontium, Chlorides, Sulphates, and mineral 
 matter. 
 
 The B.P. includes tests for absence of Glucose, Barium, Strontium, 
 Calcium, Chlorides, Sulphates, and a limit of ash. 1 part of Sugar 
 should dissolve in 0*5 part by weight of Water without yielding 
 a residue, forming a colourless and odourless syrup, which should not 
 deposit a sediment, even on prolonged standing, indicating the absence 
 of insoluble salts, foreign colouring matters, etc. ; and which should 
 form a clear solution in all proportions with Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e] SAC 1183 
 
 the absence of Dextrin, Calcium Sulphate, and other impurities. If 
 a portion of this syrup be heated to about 82° C. (179 " 6° F.) after 
 the addition of Potassio-Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution, at the 
 most but a trace of red or yellow precipitate should be produced, 
 indicating the absence of Glucose. 
 
 In testing for Glucose or Invert Sugar, the U.S. P. requires that if 
 
 1 gramme of Sugar be dissolved in 10 c.c. of boiling Water, the solution 
 mixed with 4 or 5 drops of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, then about 
 
 2 c.c. of Ammonia Solution added, and the liquid quickly brought 
 to the boiling point, not more than a slight coloration, and no black 
 precipitate, should appear in the liquid after standing at rest during 
 5 minutes. The P.G. requires that if a mixture of 6 c.c. of an aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution be heated once to the boiling point with 5 c.c. of 
 Alkaline Cupric Tartrate Solution, no yellow or reddish precipitate 
 should be immediately produced. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should not be altered by Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Lead and Copper. A 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution should yield not the slightest turbidity on the 
 addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Barium. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield no turbidity on the addition of 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. An 
 aqueous solution of similar strength, when acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 should yield no turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Chlorides ; nor should another portion of 
 the solution yield more than a faint turbidity on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. If a crystal of 
 Sugar be moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced into the 
 non-luminous portion of a Bunsen flame on a loop of Platinum wire, 
 no crimson coloration should be produced, indicating the absence of 
 Strontium. Refined Sugar should leave at the most 0*05 p.c. of ash, 
 indicating a limit of mineral matter. The B.P. fixes this limit of ash ; 
 the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. also recommend the adoption 
 of this limit ; the P.G. states at most 0*1 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SYRUPUS. Syrup. 
 
 Dissolve 10 of Sugar in 5 of boiling Distilled Water, and finally 
 make up the total weight to 15. 
 
 9 measures of Syrup contain 8 of Sugar. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. Fr., Sugar 165, Water 100 ; 
 Ger., Sugar 3, Water 2 ; and U.S., Sugar 850, Water to 1000. 
 
 Tests.- — Syrup has a specific gravity of 1*330. It should be 
 strongly dextrogyrate, and is Officially required to possess an optical 
 rotation of 4- 56° to -f 58°. A small quantity, when placed in a test- 
 tube with some Potassio-Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution, and 
 heated in a water-bath, should yield no decided red precipitate. The 
 Syrup should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 
1184 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 Lsevulose. — Fructose or Fruit Sugar is obtainable as a crystalline powder 
 soluble in Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SALEP. 
 
 The prepared tubers of Orchis Morio, L., and other species of Orchis. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent and nutrient. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Ger., Hung., 
 Itnl., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Salep consists of the dried tuberous roots of 
 various species of Orchis and the allied Orchidaceous genera. It was formerly 
 imported from Anatolia and Persia, but is now collected in France, Germany, 
 Austria and Turkey. The tubers are collected in autumn when the new 
 tuber is fully formed and the old one shrivflled after being exhausted by the 
 flowering stem. The tubers are cleansed, and then dipped in scalding water 
 to prevent sprouting, and di'ied. The tubers occur usually in two forms, 
 namely, ovoid, or palmate with 4-6 lobes. 
 
 The species employed in Europe to yield the ovoid tubers are Orchis 
 mascula, 0. morio, O. pyramidalis, Hahenaria bifolia, and less frequently 
 those of O. militaris, O. fusca, O. coriophora, Ophrj/s apifera and Aceras 
 anthropophora. 
 
 The palmate tubers are furnished chiefly by Orchis macnlata, 0. latifolia, 
 and Gymnadenia conopsea. In India the more cylindrical forked tubers of 
 Eulophia campestris and E. herbacea, Lindl., are sold under the name of 
 ' Salib misri,' and in Austraha the small ovoid tubers of Microtis media 
 are utilised. In Afghanistan the large corms of Allium Macleani are known 
 as Badshah or Royal Salep. 
 
 Microscopical characters : — Salep powder usually exhibits starch grains 
 that are more or less broken by the heat to which they have been subjected, 
 acicular raphides, and large mucilage cells. 
 
 Its medicinal use is due to the large quantity of mucilage (40 p. c.) that 
 it jnelds, and about 5 p.c. of proteids. The mucilage will form a jelly by 
 the addition of Magnesia or Borax, and this property has been used by Brande 
 to determine the purity of powdered Salep. On treatment with Nitric Acid 
 it yields Oxalic, not Mucic Acid. A mixture of Salep 0* 84, calcined Magnesia 
 0* 12, Water 150, when boiled together yields a hard jelly when cold, but not 
 if gum, starch or other adulterants are present. If pure, Salep yields about 
 2 p.c. of ash. 
 
 The ovoid tubers sold in Europe are yellowish or dirty-white in colour, 
 average about f inch (2 cm.) long and i-| inch (12 mm.) in diameter, or the 
 smaller specimens J inch (12 mm.) long by \ inch (fi mm.) broad. An inferior 
 quality, of a greyish tint with the tubers striated, f to 1^ inch long, and slightly 
 compressed, and about \ inch in diameter, are sometimes met with. The 
 palmate tubers average about 1^ inch long and 1-H inch broad, and about 
 \ inch in thickness. The tubers of Eidophia are dark coloured, forked at 
 the base with two cylindrical usually bent lobes 1-1 J inches long and J-J- inch 
 broad. On account of the horny tough character of the tubers, Salep is 
 usually sold in powder, which has a yellowish white colour. 
 
 MUCILAGO SALEP. — Powdered Salep, 1 ; agitate well with cold Water, 
 10 ; pour on this boiling Water, 90 ; and stir till cold. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Ger., Jap., Norw., Russ., 
 Swed. and Swiss, 1 in 100 ; Hung., 1 in 200. 
 
 Salib Misri, the Salep of the Indian Bazaars, is derived from a species of 
 Eidophia. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAL ' 1185 
 
 SALICINUM. 
 
 SALICIN. 
 
 C13H13OJ, eq. 286-144. 
 
 Fr., Salicine ; . Ger., Salicin ; Ital., Salicina. 
 
 Colourless, glistening, odourless, tabular crystals, or as slender, 
 white, shining, acicular crystals, possessing a very bitter taste. 
 
 It is a crystalline Glucoside occurring naturally in the bark of various 
 species of Salix and of Populus. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 28 of Water ; 1 in 82 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; in- 
 soluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antipyretic, antiperiodic, tonic, and 
 bitter stomachic ; has been specially recommended in acute rheuma- 
 tism. For the latter purpose it has been largely replaced by Sodium 
 Salicylate, the action of which is more powerful, though not so well 
 sustained as Salicin ; but the Salicylate has a greater tendency to 
 cause cardiac depression, and is not so well tolerated by the stomach 
 as Salicin ; recommended for the prevention and cure of influenza. 
 
 15 to 30 grains thrice daily give best results in. lupus erythematosus. — 
 B.M.J. '13, ii. 315. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 "3 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is given in cachets. A good pill can be, made 
 by addimj ' Diluted Glucose,' q.s. 
 
 Effervescent Granules can be obtained containing 5 grains in each drm. 
 
 Wot Official. — SaUgenin and Sa!ix Nigra. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Salicin melts, when pure, at 201 • 4° C. (394-5° F.). The 
 B.P. gives 200° to 201° C. (392° to 393-8° F.); the U.S.P. gives 
 201-4^ C. (394-5° F.); when still more strongly heated [240° C. 
 (464° F.)] it decomposes. The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. 
 recommend that the melting point be changed to ' from 198° to 202" C. 
 (388-4° to 395-6° F.).' When moistened with Sulphuric Acid it is 
 coloured red. When 1 decigramme is heated with twice its weight of 
 Potassium Bichromate and 2 ml. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, it evolves 
 an odour of Salicylic Aldehyde, recalling the odour of Meadow-sweet. 
 When warmed in a test-tube until it turns brown, the residue, when 
 mixed with Distilled Water, yields, on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution, a violet coloration. It dissolves in Distilled Water, 
 forming a solution which is colourless and neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus, and which is strongly leevogyrate. Salicin may be distin- 
 guished from alkaloids by yielding, when dissolved in Distilled Water, 
 no precipitate with Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, Tannic 
 or Picric Acid Solutions, or the other usual reagents for alkaloids. 
 
 2 Q 
 
1186 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measute.] 
 
 Tlie more geneivJly occurring impurities are heavy metals, free 
 Salicylic Acid, and mineral residue. A saturated aqueous solution, 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no darkening in colour 
 or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 the absence of heavy metals. A 1 in 50 aqueous solution should not 
 develop a violet coloration on the addition of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution, indicating the absence of free Salicylic Acid. Salicin should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. The 
 U.S. P. states that it should leave no residue ; the proposed changes 
 in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that this be changed to 'not exceeding 
 0-05p.c. of ash.' The B.P. requires that it shall leave no appreciable 
 ash, but does not test for other impurities. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SALIGENIN. — Small, tabular crystals, having a very faint, sweetish taste, 
 soluble in Water, readily soluble in Alcohol (90p.c.) and in Ether. It is 
 obtained by the action of Formic Aldehyde on Phenol in alkaline solution, 
 or by the action of Emulsin or of diluted mineral acids on Salicin. Recom- 
 mended in acute rheumatism and in gout. Dose. — 4 grains = 0* 2G gramme. 
 
 SALIX NIGRA. — Recommended as a sexual and general sedative. 
 The dose of the Fluid Extract (1 in 1) is 30 to CO minims = 1-8 to 
 3 • ml. 
 
 SALOL. 
 
 SALOL. 
 
 C13H10O3, eq. 214-08. 
 
 Fit., Salicylate de Phenyle ; Ger., Phenylsalicylat ; Itat.., Salolo ; 
 Span., Salicilato de Fenol. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, needle-shaped crystals, or a white crystalline 
 powder, possessing a peculiar and characteristic aromatic odour, and 
 but a slight taste. It is the Salicylic Ester of Phenyl. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Salicylic Acid and Phenol. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 15 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 2 in 1 of Ether ; 3 in 1 of 
 Chloroform ; 1 in 4 of Almond Oil ; 1 in 10 of Liquid Paraffin. In- 
 soluble in cold Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antipyretic, antiseptic, and intestinal 
 disinfectant. It passes through the stomach unchanged, and is de- 
 composed into Carbolic and Salicylic Acids by the alkalinity of the 
 small intestine. It has been recommended in acute and chronic 
 rheumatism, in cholera, in typhoid fever, in intestinal tuberculosis, 
 and in small-pox. One of the best antiseptics for intestinal dyspepsia 
 and fermentation. Useful also as a urinary antiseptic. When 
 given in excessive doses, or repeated frequently, has given rise to toxic 
 symptoms. Externally it is used for the same purposes as Iodoform. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAL 1187 
 
 Internally in pruritus. — B.M.J. '12, i. 473. 
 
 Its dose being limited by the poisonous action of Phenol, ib is quite impos- 
 sible to give enough to treat efficiently a case of rheimiatic fever. — B.M.J. 
 '13, i. 599. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0'32 to 1'3 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — It is fiiven in cachets, mixtures, powders, or 
 
 Compressed Tablets. In mixtures it should be suspended with Compound 
 'rragacanth Powder ; but it is best dissolved in a fixed Oil, and emulsified by 
 Gum Acacia (see below Emidsio Salol). Salol, with ^ of Compound TragacantJi 
 Powder, will make a good pill with ' Diluted Glucose.' 
 
 Not Of&eial. — Emulsio Salol, Pommade de Salicylate de Phenyle, Salol 
 Camphor, Salol Mouth-wash, and Salophen. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Commercial Salol melts at 41-37°C. (106-46° F.); dried 
 Salol melts at 42-53° C. (108-55° F.) ; purified Salol melts at 42-47° C. 
 (108-44° F.). The B.P. gives the melting point as 42° to 43° C. 
 (107-6° to 109-4° F.) ; the U.S.P., 42° C. (107-6° F.) ; the Fr. Codex, 
 42-5° C. (108-5° F.); and the P. 6^., about 42° C. (107-6° F.). The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the melting 
 point be changed to ' from 41° to 43° C. (105 "8° to 109 - 4° F.).' It dis- 
 solves readily and completely in Alcohol (90 p.c), the alcoholic solution 
 being neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, and yielding on the 
 addition of Bromine Solution a white precipitate, and on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a violet coloration. The U.S. P. and 
 the P.G. both employ diluted Ferric Ciiloride Solution in carrying out 
 this test. 
 
 AVhen dissolved in a little warm Sodium Hydroxide Solution, it 
 yields, when cooled and acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a white 
 crystalline precipitate, and on warming, an odour of Phenol. The 
 B.P. now carries out the test as recommended in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squires Companion, dispensing with the use of solid Sodium 
 Hydroxide, and using Sodium Hydroxide Solution, requiring that an 
 odour of Phenol is developed and a crystalline precipitate produced 
 when 2 decigrammes of the salt are boiled with 5 ml. of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and the cooled solution acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. The separated Salicylic Acid, when washed and carefully 
 dried, should possess the melting point and answer the tests distinctive 
 of Salicylic Acid given under Acidum Salicylicum. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities arc uncombined Salicylic 
 Acid, readily soluble Salicylates, Phenol, Sulphates, Chlorides, and 
 mineral matter. 
 
 A saturated aqueous solution of Salol should yield no coloration on 
 the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence 
 of free Salicylic Acid, readily soluble Salicylates or Phenol. The 
 saturated aqueous solution, w^hen acidified with Nitric Acid, should 
 yield no turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Chlorides ; nor on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. It should leave no 
 
 3 Q 2 
 
1188 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 weighable ash on ignition, indicating a limit of mineral matter. The 
 B.P. states that it should leave no appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. that is 
 should leave no weighable residue ; the P.G. that it should leave at 
 most 0*1 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 EMULSIO SALOL.— Sftlol, 40 grains; Almond Oil, 4 fl. drm. ; Powdered 
 Gum Acacia, 120 giains ; Syrup, 2 fl. drm. ; Pepipermint Water, to 2 fl. oz. 
 
 POM MADE DE SALICYLATE DE PHENYLE (i^r. ).— Phenyl Salicy- 
 late, 1 ; Vaseline, 9. 
 
 SALOL CAMPHOR. ^ — Prepared by moistening 1 of Camphor with Alcohol 
 and triturating it with IJ Salcl till a transparent liquid is obtained. Useful 
 in furuncles. 
 
 SALOL MOUTH-WASH.— Salol, 60 grains; Oil of Peppermint, 10 minims; 
 Oil of Anise, 5 minims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), to G fl. oz. It can, if desired, be 
 sweetened with yiy grain of Saccharin. 
 
 SALOPHEN. Acetylparamidophenyl Salicylate Cj^HijNO^, eq. 271-114. 
 — A white crystalline powder, insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and in Ether. 
 
 It appears in the Fr. Codex under the title of Acetylpara-aminosalol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Analgesic and antipyretic. Recommended in 
 acute and subacute rheumatism, and in nexiralgia. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0'65 to 2 grammes, usually given in cachets. 
 
 Incorapatibles. — Alkalis and their Carbonates. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Mex., Swed. and 
 Swiss. 
 
 Tests.— Salophen melts at 187° to 188° C. (368-6° to 370-4° F.); Fr. 
 Codex gives 188° C (370-4° F.). It dissolves in Alcohol (90 p.c), forming a 
 solution, which is faintly acid towards Litmus paper, and which is coloured 
 violet by the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, and which produces a 
 voluminous white precipitate with Bromine Solution. It dissolves without 
 change of colour in concentrated Sulphuric Acid. Potassiiun or Sodimn 
 Hydi'oxide Solution readily decomposes it into Salicylic Acid and Acetyl- 
 para-amidophenol. If 1 gramme of Salophen be mixed with 1 cc of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 10 cc of Distilled Water, a solution 
 results, which on warming gradually becomes blue, and on prolonged warming 
 the blue coloration disappears. On cooling, the liquid assumes a deep 
 blue coloration, which gradually becomes violet. If this solution be diluted 
 with an equal voiimie of Distilled Water and acidified with Hydi'ochloric 
 Acid, a red coloration is produced in the liquid, and crystalline needles 
 separate out. The Fr. Codex includes a test for the acetyl radical, requiring 
 that when moderately heated with a mixture of Alcohol and Sulphuric Acid 
 it shall evolve an odour of Acetic Ether. The liberated Salicylic Acid, when 
 separated, washed and carefully dried, should possess the melting point and 
 respond to the tests characteristic of Salicylic Acid given vmder Acidum 
 Salicylicum. 
 
 If 1 gramme of Salophen be shaken with 50 cc. of Distilled Water, and 
 filtered, the filtrate should yield no coloration on the addition of Ferric 
 Chloride Test- Solution, indicating the absence of free Salicylic Acid. Another 
 portion of the clear aqueous filtrate, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield 
 no turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Chlorides. Salophen should yield no weighable ash, indicating a hmit of 
 mineral matter. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAL 1189 
 
 Not Official. 
 SALVARSAN. 
 
 EHRLICH-HATA REMEDY 60G. 
 Dl-OXY-DlAMIDOARSENOBENZENE Bi-HyDROCHLORIDE. ArSENO- 
 
 benzosol-Arsabenzosol. 
 C„Hi2N20„As,.2HCl + 2H,0, eq. 475- 004. 
 
 Salvarsau occiu's as a pale yellow amorphous powder, having a tendency 
 to become greyish or brownish-yellow on exposure to the air. Its ac[ueous 
 Solution is strongly acid in reaction to blue Litmus paper. Salvarsan contains 
 about 34 p.c. of Arsenic. 
 
 Powder which has become altered in colour should on no account be used 
 for the preparation of Emulsions or Solutions for injection. 
 
 Under the trade-protected names of Kharsivan and Neo-Kharsivan, 
 Salvarsan and Neo-Salvarsan are now manufactured in England under 
 license from the Board of Trade. 
 
 They are claimed to be chemically, therapeutically, and physiologically 
 identical with Salvarsan and Neo-Salvarsan and can be used in the same 
 doses and for the same pmposes as Salvarsan and Neo-Salvarsan. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 3- 3 of Water ; 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c), but the Solution 
 is not permanent ; insoluble in Ether (B.P.) and in Chloroform. It is also 
 soluble in excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Salvarsan is a powerful anti-syphihtic, more 
 rapid and more effective than Mercury ; but the clinical experience of the 
 last few years is strongly in favom- of combined treatment by these two 
 remedies. 
 
 It is generally conceded to be a curative for other protozoal diseases, 
 e.g., recurrent fever, yaws, and sleeping sickness. It has also been success- 
 fully employed in pernicious anaemia, leukaemia, lymphadenoma, chorea, 
 lichen planus, leprosy, incipient tabes, early paralysis and epilepsy of syphilitic 
 origin, but in the latter conditions treatment should be commenced imme- 
 diately after the very earliest symptoms have been noticed. 
 
 In yaws and recurrent fever its use has been followed with svieh successful 
 results that in the Dutch West Indies and elsewhere the special hospitals for 
 yaws have been closed. In certain districts in Pi.ussia the mortality from 
 recurrent fever has been reduced from 5 p.c. to nil. 
 
 In malaria Salvarsan may cut short an attack, it may cause the disappear- 
 ance of a recurrence, and it may even very considerably lengthen the period 
 between the recurrences, but it cannot be said to cure the disease. 
 
 In pernicious anaemia and leukaemia Salvarsan is regarded as a remedy 
 of very great value. Its use in these conditions was originally advocated by 
 Dr. Byrom Bramwell, whose results are recorded in the Proceedings of the 
 Royal Society of Medicine (therapeutical and pharmacological section). 
 
 In trypanosomiasis it is stated that trypanosomes vanish from the blood 
 quicker after the administration of Salvarsan, and remain absent over a 
 longer period, than after any other cliug. 
 
 In chorea Salvarsan is spoken of very highly by some Continental 
 authorities. The usual method of administration is by intravenous injec- 
 tions, but the Solution prepared as for the intravenous method may be 
 administered rectally. In the latter case it is mixed with a few drops of 
 Tincture of Opium and the injections made by means of a long tube. The 
 fluid should be retained for at least four ho\irs. 
 
 In smallpox, if given before the rash is too pronounced, Salvarsan will 
 prevent its aggravation. But if given after the rash is well developed it 
 appears to have no influence. 
 
 Salvarsan has been employed with benefit in cases of Vincent's angina 
 and also in noina. It has also been tried in acute febrile infections. It haa 
 
1100 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 been stated to exercise some genuine specific action in scarlet fever. It is 
 recommended in every case of epithelioma of the tongue supervening on a 
 syphilitic glossitis, and in every case of syphilitic glossitis with suspicious 
 swellings and fissures. 
 
 Although Salvarsan is so extensively used and the nmnber of injections 
 which have been given is legion, it must be borne in mind that it is not 
 altogether free from danger, and several fatalities have followed its intravenous 
 injection. By a strict attention to the following precautions it is possible 
 to reduce the risks to a minimum. Care should be taken in the selection of 
 cases for treatment and the patient's susceptibility to Arsenic shoxild always 
 be tested prior to injections. The dose should not be repeated iintil it is 
 certain that the whole of the Arsenic from the previovis injection has been 
 eliminated from the system. Care should be taken that the patient is not 
 suffering from any of the conditions which constitute contra-indications. 
 The most important point of all is to be certain that only thoroughly rehable 
 Solutions are used for injection. Great stress has been laid on the fact by 
 more than one observer, that Solutions of the compound must be prepared 
 with absolutely fresh re-distilled Water. Many of the serious after-effects, 
 such as fever, rigors, vomiting, etc., have been proved to have a cormection 
 Avith the Distilled Water used in the preparation. The Water must be not 
 only germ-free, but it must also be free from dead bacteria, and from the 
 colloidal material given off by these dead bacteria, and which goes into 
 solution in the Water, and is not even removed on filtration tlu-ough a porous 
 filter cone. Another most important factor in the elimination of unpleasant 
 symptoms following the intravenous injection is the technique of adminis- 
 tration, and due care should also he taken in the preparation of the patient 
 before the injection. It appears to be the general opinion that the slight 
 risk of serious complications if the above precaiitions are borne in mind is 
 more than counterbalanced by the therapeutic results obtained, and that 
 all sufferers from syphilis, in whatever stage, and all cases of early para- 
 syphihs, should, as a matter of routine, be permitted the advantage of Salvarsan 
 treatment. 
 
 The method of administration of the drug is of importance. The general 
 consensus of opinion is that the intravenous method alone is trustworthy and 
 free from serious drawbacks. The subcutaneous injection is extremely 
 painful. Tue intramuscular is apt to be followed by abscess formation or 
 local necrosis. 
 
 The use of Salvarsan in sjrphilis is frequently alternated by the administra- 
 tion of Mercury. 
 
 One danger is the misconception that one or several doses can cvu-e syphilis ; 
 if the lay public gets the notion into its head, more cases of insufficiently 
 treated syphilis will be turned loose than under Mercury and Iodide. — 
 B.M.J.E. '11, ii. 24. 
 
 The intravenous injection is as well stood by pregnant as by non-pregnant 
 women, Avhilst its action on the lesions is as effective. There are no toxic 
 effects on the foetus, and in no case was there abortion. Its vise results in a 
 larger percentage of living children. — E.M.J. '11, ii. 78. 
 
 In the primary stage every day is of importance, therefore diagnose early 
 and treat early. The percentage of cases which fail to respond to Salvarsan 
 is greatest dm'ing the secondary stage. — B.M.J. '11, ii. G77. 
 
 Nearly all the deaths recorded after its use have been cases where the 
 technique was bad, or where there had been a gross disregard of the well- 
 known contra-indications. — B.M.J. '12, i. 243. 
 
 Mishaps might be avoided if patients with nervous symptoms were from 
 the beginmng treated by siuall but repeated doses ; absolute rest after the 
 injection is very important ; bilharziosis, Alejjpo boil, and glanders have also 
 been completely cured by one injection. — (Ehrlich) L. '11, ii. 1303. 
 
 No one suffering from any original auditory trouble ought to be treated 
 with it.S.M.J.E. '11, ii. 55. 
 
 In the early treatment of syphilis in Rochester Row Military Hospital a 
 course consists of 3 Salvarsan injections, between the first and second and 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measiu-e.] SAL 1191 
 
 second and third of which 5 weekly injections of Merciu'ial Cream are given, 
 10 in all. Unless otherwise indicated each Salvarsan injection consists of 
 0-6 gramme of Salvarsan (=0-9 gramme of Neo-Salvarsan), and each 
 injection of Mercurial Cream contains a grain of Mercniy. — B.M.J. '13, 
 ii. 1395. 
 
 In every case this remedy .should ))e supplemented by a course of Mercury. 
 —L. '13, ii. 1247. 
 
 In the past years it has become evident that the use of Salvarsan alone in 
 syphilitic conditions is already passing out of favour. In the practice of 
 many Continental experts it is now the rule to administer a course of Mercury 
 before using Salvarsan. — M.A. '14, 25. 
 
 Ehrlich remarked that it killed a great number of organisms besides those 
 of syphilis, that recurrence was the result of insufficient dosage, and that it 
 was harmless to the internal organs. — M.P. '13, ii. 309. 
 
 If Adrenin be injected before the Salvarsan injection, the occasional 
 dyspnoea, blue-red swelUng of the face, lips, etc., may be completely avoided ; 
 further, the severe diarrhoea and suppression of urine which sometimes oecvir 
 after Salvarsan injections are cured by an iiTjection of Adrenin. — B.M.J. 
 '14, i. 1044. 
 
 In cerebro-spinal syphilis salvarsanised serum is used. The Salvarsan is 
 first injected intravenously into the patient, and after an interval some 
 (jlood is withdrawn ; the serum is then separated and injected through a 
 jieedle by which an equal quantity of cerebro-spinal fluid haa just previously 
 been withdrawn by lumbar puncture. — L. '14, i. 1531, 1550. 
 
 The last phase in Salvarsan therapy is the endolumbar injection every 
 three weeks of G to 8 c.c. of a Solution of 0'15 gramme Neo-Salvarsan iu 
 300 c.c. of Sterile Normal Saline Solution, with equal parts of the liquor ; 
 in 67 cases considerable improvement. — B.M.J. '14, i. 732. 
 
 Has revolutionised the whole question of the treatment of yaws, and can 
 imdoubtedly be looked on as a specific remedy for it.^ — Jl. Trop. Med. and 
 Hyij. '14, 194. 
 
 Salvarsan and Neo-Salvarsan are the only drugs worth thinking of in the 
 treatment of yaws. — L. '14, ii. 371. 
 
 In pernicious anjemia it is, given intramuscularly, decidedly superior to 
 Fowler's Solution by the mouth (Byrom Bramwell). — B.M.J. '15, i. 400. 
 
 A consideration of the records of 180 injections of Kharsivan leads to the 
 conclusion that the immediate and remote effects differ in no way from 
 Salvarsan. It is subject to exactly the same limitations and risks, and is 
 equally beneficial in promoting the heahng of syphilitic lesions. — L. '15, 
 i. 935. 
 
 From an elaborate comparison and consideration of the clinical results of 
 Kharsivan, Arsenobenzol (Billon), and Neo-Kharsivan, it is concluded that 
 the results, although satisfactory, would have been even better if all the 
 Distilled Water used had been of assured puritj^. Granted that the Distilled 
 Water is satisfactory, with a good technique and appropriate dosage, it is 
 concluded that the British and French Chemists have overcome the main 
 difficulties and have produced di-ugs of equal utility. — L. '15, i. 992. 
 
 Dose. — 0'3 to 0*6 gramme = 4|- to 9 grains. 
 
 Michaelis calculates the average dose as 1 centigranmae (O'Ol granmie) per 
 kilogramme of body weight, or -^ grain per lb. 
 
 Methods of Employment. — Salvarsan may be administered by intra- 
 venous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection. It is now generally con- 
 ceded, however, that if the full therapeutic effects of the drug are to be 
 obtained, the naethod adopted should bo that of intravenous injection. 
 The intravenous injection may be repeated at a suitable interval, but care 
 should always be taken that the eUmination of the Arsenic of the first injection 
 is complete before a second injection is given. An intravenous injection of 
 Salvarsan may also be succeeded within a reasonable time by an intramuscular 
 injection. 
 
1192 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Melhod of Performing the Intravenous Injection. 
 
 If carried out with the necessary care tlie intravenous injection is unattended 
 with unpleasant consequences, and with no more discomfort than is occasioned 
 by the prick of the needle. 
 
 Intravenous injection may be carried out either under hydrostatic pressure 
 with an ordinary transfusion apparatus, or one of the special forms of appa- 
 ratus recommended. It may also be performed vnth an all glass hjrpodermic 
 syringe fitted with a three-way tap. A suitable apparatus for carrying 
 out the injection under hydrostatic pressure consists of two burettes of 100 c.c. 
 capacity graduated into 10 c.c. and subdivided into 1 c.c. ; it presents one 
 of the easiest methods of carrying out this operation. The burettes 
 are connected by means of a Y o'" T piece and rubber tubing with 
 a canula and intravenous needle. Where size is a consideration it may be 
 replaced by a smaller apparatus consisting of a 20 c.c. syringe connected by 
 means of a rubber tube with a three-way stop-cock, one valve of which carries 
 a rubber tube with a metal end for the delivery of the Salt Solution or the 
 Salvarsan Solution, the other being fitted with a rubber tube to which is 
 attached the intravenous needle. 
 
 Technique of the Intravenous Method. 
 
 The bui-ettes are thoroughly washed and cleaned, they are sterilised by 
 rinsing with 1 in 500 Hydrarg. Perchlor. Solution. The latter is carefully 
 removed by well washing with pure sterilised freshly prepared Distilled Water ; 
 the burettes are then rinsed fii'st with Absolute Alcohol and then with Ether 
 and dried over a naked flame. The india-rubber connections are sterilised 
 by boihng in Water for 20 minutes to half an hour and dried. The needle 
 and canula are sterilised separately by dipping in Alcohol and igniting the 
 Alcohol. The rubber connections are then attached to the burette, and 
 the sterilised canula and needle are attached by means of the Y piece to the 
 other rubber connections. The sterilised apparatus is then ready for use. 
 One of the burettes is filled with pure freshly prepared and sterilised 0"8 p.c. 
 Physiological Salt Solution, and the Salt Solution allowed to flow through 
 the rubber tubing and the needle and to fill the other limb of the rubber 
 tubing and the Salvarsan burette as far as the stop-cock. The second 
 burette is now filled with the Salvarsan Solution. Taking care that the 
 metal clip at the end of the rubber tubing attached to the intravenous 
 needle is firmly closed, both stop-cocks of the burettes are opened and the 
 rubber tube is gently tapped and pressed in order to ensure the escape of 
 all air bubbles. A few drops of the pure Physiological Salt Solution are then 
 allowed to issue from the point of the needle. 
 
 The patient is placed in a reclining position on a bed or couch, and the 
 apparatus on a table on a somewhat higher level ; the height above the 
 jiatient depending on the hydrostatic pressure necessary to allow the fluid 
 to flow easily into the vein. The injection is administered either through 
 the median cephalic or the median basilic vein. These veins are rendered 
 turgid by the application of a rubber band round the middle of the upper 
 arm. The patient should clinch a rolled-up paper in the hand and help the 
 filling of the vein by making some sort of movement with the fingers. \Vhen 
 the veins stand out blue and tense beneath the skin, the arm is laid upon a 
 low table brought to the patient's bedside. The most prominent vein is 
 selected for the puncture. It is fii'st washed with Ether soap and the site 
 of the puncture dabbed with a Solution of Iodine, either in the form of 
 Tincture of Iodine or in some neutral organic solvent. Whilst Physiological 
 Salt Solution is dripping from the end of the needle, the needle is now inserted 
 into the lumen of the vein. That the needle has penetrated and not trans- 
 fixed the vein is indicated by the Physiological Salt Solution flowing regularly 
 into the vein and not producing a swelling in the surrounding tissues. As 
 soon as it is ascertained that the needle is inserted into the Imnen of the vein 
 the supply of the Salt Solution is discontinued, and the stop-cock of the 
 burette containing the Salvarsan Solution opened and the Solution allowed 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAIi 1193 
 
 to flow slowly and regnlarh' into the vein until the required amount ha3 
 been administered. A further quantity of the Physiological Salt Solution is 
 now employed in ordei to wash out the remaining Salvarsan Solution from 
 the india-rubber connections, from the needle and from the vein. As soon 
 as this has been accompUshed the needle is then withdrawn and the punctiu-e 
 closed with a drop of Acetone Collodion and the wound covered with a strip 
 of plaster. In cases where the vein is not suflSciently prominent the skin in 
 the neighbourhood may be anaesthetised by an injection of Eueaine and 
 Adrenalin and the vein dissected ovit. After use the apparatus should be 
 thoroughly washed out with pure sterilised Distilled Water, and the needle 
 and the canula carefully dried and oiled. Both the Solution of Salvarsan 
 and the pure, freshly prepared and .sterilised Physiological Salt Solution 
 should bo heated to a temperature approximating that of the body by placing 
 the bottles containing them in hot Water mitil the requisite temperature ia 
 acquired. 
 
 The following Solutions may be used for intravenous injection : — • 
 Squire's Solution of Salvarsan for Intravenous Injection. — This 
 Solution is made with freshly prepared and sterihsed 0-8 p.c. apyrogenetic 
 Physiological Salt Solution and contains O'G gramme of Salvarsan in .300 c.c. 
 Each 50 c.c. of the fluid therefore contains 0*1 gramme of Salvarsan, and 
 the dose can be reckoned accordingly. 
 
 Freshly Prepared and Sterilised Pure Apyrogenetic 0-8 p.c. 
 Physiological Salt Solution.— A pure apyrogenetic Solution containing 
 0-8 p.c. of chemically piu-e Sodimn Chloride. It is prepared with pure 
 Distilled Water which has been freshly re-distilled in glass. It is free from 
 bacteria, living or dead, and also from colloid material. 
 
 These Solutions should be used within the shortest possible space of time 
 after their preparation. 
 
 Metliod of Usinff the Smaller or Syringe Apparatus. 
 
 In using this apparatus the patient should lie with his arm resting close 
 to the edge of the bed, with the solutions (which have been previously warmed 
 by standing in a basin of hot Water) placed on a table close to and slightly 
 higher than the couch on which the patient rechnes. The apparatus is com- 
 pletely sterilised and the india-ruljbcr tube with the metal end is inserted into 
 the bottle of Physiological Salt Solution. The Salt Solution is gently aspirated 
 into the syringe, the syringe is inverted and any air which rises to the top 
 of the barrel is expelled. Physiological Salt Solution is again aspirated 
 into the syringe, the three-way stop-cock is now turned so that the syringe 
 and the needle are in communication, and Physiological Salt Solution ia 
 forced through vmtil the air in the rubber tubing attached to the needle is 
 expelled and the Salt Solution flows gently from the end of the needle. 
 
 A tourniquet having been tightly appUed to the arm the part is painted 
 with Iodine Solution, and a stout elastic band, such as is used for holding 
 papers together, is slipped over the arm just above where it is intended to 
 introduce the needle. After it is certain that all air is out of the syringe 
 and the rubber connections, with the Salt Solution dripping from the eye of 
 the needle, the latter is introduced into the lumen of the vein, when blood 
 immediately appears at the glass window. The elastic band is now drawn 
 over the butt-end of the needle, holding it tightly in its place. A small 
 quantity of Salt Solution is injected and the metal tube is transferred to the 
 warm Salvarsan Solution, and the requisite quantity is then injected. The 
 operation is completed as in the previous instance, the remains of the Salvarsan 
 Solution being washed out of the tubing, needle and vein by a further quantity 
 of Physiological Salt Solution. 
 
 Method of Intramuscular Injection. 
 
 It ia now usual to employ for intramuscular injection an emulsion of 
 Salvarsan prepared with sterilised Oil. Such an emulsion is known under 
 the title of Emulsion of Salvarsan {Squire]. , 
 
1194 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Emulsion of Salvai^san {Squire). — A uniform emulsion, containing the 
 necessary dose of Salvarsan in pure sterilised vegetable Oil. 
 
 Method of Performing the Injection. 
 
 The site selected for the injection should be preferably a point a little 
 above the conjiuiction of the middle and outer third of a line di'awn from the 
 anterior superior iliac spine to the intergluteal furrow ; a point which is out 
 of the danger zone of important vessels or nerves. The part is carefully 
 washed with Ether soap and the skin sterilised with Solution of Iodine. It 
 is customary to employ a record syringe for performing the injection, and 
 both the syringe and needle should be carefully sterilised. 
 
 The Salvarsan emulsion is warmed to a temperature slightly exceeding that 
 of the body before injecting. The skin should be carefully sterilised by 
 washing with Ether soap and painting with Sohition of Iodine, the needle 
 should be inserted deeply and driven well home. The injection should be 
 done in two movements, the needle being first introduced and the Emulsion 
 injected by a second movement, as in the case of insoluble preparations of 
 Mercury. This is to avoid sending any of the Emulsion into a blood vessel, 
 and it also shows that no blood vessel has been entered. The sterilised syringe 
 is filled with the Salvarsan emulsion, it is attached to the needle, and the 
 injection slowly and cautiously made so as not to unduly distend the muscular 
 fibres. The parts should be gently massaged after the injection and the 
 patient may be kept in bed if necessary for the following two or three days. 
 Extreme care must be taken to ascertain that the needle is not in a blood 
 vessel before the syringe is fitted on, and it is essential, if desired to niinimise 
 the pain, that strict attention be shown to the slowness and carefulness of 
 the injection. The puncture may be closed by a drop of Acetone Collodion 
 and covered with a strip of siu-gical plaster. 
 
 If the sjrringe available for the injection be too small to allow of the injection 
 being made in one c^uantity, necessitating the barrel being disconnected from 
 the needle and the syringe refilled, then the site of the injection must be 
 lightly massaged before removing the nozzle of the syringe from the needle, 
 in order to disperse the fluid as much as possible ; otherwise, when the 
 nozzle of the syringe is removed there is a tendency for the Salvarsan emulsion 
 to regurgitate through the needle. 
 
 Method of Subcutaneous Injection. 
 
 This method of injection is now very seldom if ever used. If found necessary, 
 it may be made with a similar syringe to that used for the intramuscular 
 method, and a similar emulsion is suggested for use. The site chosen is 
 usually the interscapular region alongside the vertebral column, but the injec- 
 tion nuay also be made into the loose tissue over the breast, preferably below 
 the nipple in the male, or under the mammae in the female. The injection 
 should be made downwards and should not be intracutaneous, and it should 
 be carried out tmder the strictest aseptic precautions similar to those observed 
 in the intravenous and intramuscular methods. 
 
 Special Prescribing ITotes. — It is most highly important that no dis- 
 colou7-ed ])oivder should be used for preparing injections, and each tube should 
 be carefully examined before being opened to see that it is intact, and when opened 
 it should be carefully noted tJiat the powder has not changed in colour. The 
 contents of tubes ivhich have become discoloured, which have been opened a>ul 
 exposed to air for any length of time, should be discarded, and no residue 
 remaining over from previous injections should be used. For intravenous 
 injection strict attention to the technique is necessary. The strictest attention 
 should be paid to the Distilled Water used in preparing the Physiological Salt 
 Solution and the Salvarsan Solution. Only freshly re-distilled and sterilised 
 Water, which has been distilled in glass vessels, sJiould be employed. Great care 
 sliould be taken to ensure the absence of all air bubbles before commencing an 
 intravenous injection. It is highly necessary to use Physiological Salt Solution 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAL 1195 
 
 before and after the introduction of the Salvarsan, othenvise. Giving to the irritating 
 action of the Salvarsan on the tissues, a trouhlesome cellulitis may be set up. 
 
 As regards the intramuscular injection the chief points to be observed, as the 
 pain requires to be reduced to a minimum, are that the injection should be very 
 slowly and cautiously made, that the Salvarsan emulsion should be at the body 
 temperature, and that the needle of the syringe shoidd be inserted deeply into 
 the muscles, and great precaution taken to ascertain that it has not penetrated into 
 a blood vessel, or tJiat it has not transfixed a nerve. 
 
 Contra-Indioations. — -Opinions differ considerably as to what are to bo 
 considered contra-indications to the use of Salvarsan, but the use of the drug 
 appears indisputably to be contra-indicated in the following conditions : — 
 (1) In patients who evince marked idiosyncrasy to Arsenic. (2) In serious 
 non-sypliilitic retinal diseases and affections of the optic nerve. (3) In 
 serious cardiac and vascular lesions. (4) In severe organic affections of the 
 central nervous systen:i. (5) In serious lung diseases (except Tuberculosis), 
 fetid bronchiectasis and cachexia. (6) Advanced renal disease of non- 
 syphilitic origin. (7) Advanced cerebral mischief. (8) Temporary febrile 
 ailments. (9) In all persons having non-syphilitic visceral lesions. (10) In 
 patients suffering from severe syphilitic affection of the brain, such as recent 
 hemiplegia, acute or sub-acute meningo-encephalitis. 
 
 Special Caution. — ^The drug should not be given unless the eye has been 
 found to be ali.solutely intact. Oversensitiveness to Arsenic or anaphylaxis 
 may be tested either Jjy Calmette's conjunctival reaction, von Pirquet's 
 cutaneovis reaction, or by Wolff-Eisner's inter-dermal reaction. A solution 
 which has been recommended for testing for anaphylaxis, is Arsacetin 0"3 
 gramme in 3 c.c. of freshly prepared and sterilised re-distilled Water. In the 
 ev^ent of a positive reaction being obtained the patient should not receive an 
 injection. 
 
 NEO-SALVARSAN. EHRLICH-HATA REMEDY 914. (Sodium Dioxydia- 
 niidoarsenobenzene-mono-methane-siilphonate), C,.,HnO„As._>No . CH„0 . SONa, 
 eq. 466' 114. — A yellow amorphous powder possessing a distinctive and 
 peculiar odour. Chemically it is a Sodium Dioxydiamidoarsenobenzene- 
 mono-methane-sulplionate. It is produced by the interaction of Formalde- 
 hyde Sulphoxylate upon DioxycUamidoarsenobenzene. It contains a 
 Sulphoxyl radical attached to an Amido radical. It should be borne in 
 mind that owing to the introduction of the Formaldehyde Sulphoxyl radical 
 the corresponding ratio between the Salvarsan and Neo-Salvarsan is repre- 
 sented by 2 to 3, that is to say that the Neo-Salvarsan is one-third weaker 
 than Salvarsan as regards the actual Salvarsan content. A dose of Salvarsan 
 corresponding to ■ G gramme is represented by • 9 gramme of Neo-Salvarsan. 
 
 Neo-Salvarsan oxidises with even gxeater rapidity than does Salvarsan, 
 and the precautions to be observed in dealing with Salvarsan are more than 
 ever necessary in deaUng with the Neo-Salvarsan. 
 
 Solubility. — Neo-Salvarsan is readily soluble in Water. It also dissolves 
 readily in freshly prepared and sterihsed pure • 4 per cent. Physiological 
 Salt Solution, but forms a cloudy Solution with puie freshly prepared and 
 sterilised 0'8 per cent. Physiological Salt Solution. The solution in Water 
 possesses an absolutely neutral reaction, and it is this property of producing 
 a neutral solution, coupled with its ready solubility in \A'atci-, which is the 
 great advantage attaching to Neo-Salvarsan. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Salvarsan. 
 
 Dose. — O'G to I'u grammes = 9 to 22 1- grains. The usual dose is 0"9 
 gramme given by intravenous injection. 
 
 Preferable to Salvarsan, but its influence should be augmented by Mercury 
 given intramuscularly ; it should not bo kept at a temperatui'e higher than 
 80° F. ; in its case, and in that of ' 606 ' the higher the temperature of the 
 preparation the more toxic was the Solution.- — B.M.J. '12, i. 1426. 
 
 Should be given })y intravenous injection and followed at once by a 
 
1196 SAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 systematic course of Mercury ; it should be given on the clear understanding 
 that a single injection will not be sufficient except in very exceptional cases ; 
 the later it is given in the course of the disease the less marked are its effects, 
 and the more frequently must the injection be repeated ; for the present it 
 must always be associated with a regular covirse of Mercury. Controlled by 
 repeated Wassermann tests ; these tests should be made when Mercury is 
 not being taken, for the presence of Mercury may render the test negative, 
 though the spiroch^ete infection still persists. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 1607. 
 
 When a cure is aimed at, the injections are continued till the Wassermann 
 reaction is negative both before and after the last injection ; in secondary 
 cases at least seven injections are necessary. — L. '13, i. 687. 
 
 The flushing, conaa and collapse due to this drug can be controlled by giving 
 Adrenalin simultaneously or previously. — B.M.J. '14, i. 888. 
 
 The general verdict is that it causes less reaction and gastro-intestinal 
 digturbance than the old drug. — M.A. '14, 26. 
 
 Methods of Employment. — ^Neo-Salvarsan, like Salvarsan, is u?ually 
 administered by intravenous injection. Although from the point of view of 
 the ease and completeness of solubility, Neo -Salvarsan is more I'eadily adapted 
 to this method of injection than Salvarsan, it should be borne in mind that 
 solutions of Neo-Salvarsan oxidise with much greater rapidity than solutions 
 of Salvarsan. and should therefore be prepared only imme diately before 
 the injection is made, and each individual dose should be separately prepared. 
 The solution should be used immediately it is made, and portions of previous 
 solutions should bo rejected. It is highly important to observe that the 
 solutions should not be heated (as in the case of Salvarsan), as oxidation 
 proceeds at an even greater rate than at the ordinary teniperature. The 
 temperatm-e of the solutions should be from 20° to 22° C. (68° to 71-6° F.). 
 The solutions for intravenous injection should be made with a pure, freshly 
 prepared and sterilised 0-4p.c. Physiological Salt Solution, as Neo-Salvaisan 
 makes a cloudy Solution with 0-8p.c. Physiological Salt Solution. If pre- 
 ferred the solutions may be inade with pvu-e freshly prepared and sterilised 
 re-distilled Water, The same remarks which appear, under Salvarsan with 
 reference to the purity of the distilled Water applj?- with even greater force 
 to the Neo-Salvarsan Solution. It is recommended that 25 c.c. of freshly 
 prepared and sterilised pure re-distilled Water (or 0-4 p.c. Physiological Salt 
 Solution) should be used for each 0'15 gramme of Neo-Salvarsan. The 
 customary dose of 0"9 gramme will then require 150 c.c. of either the pure 
 re-distilled Water or 0'4 p.c. Physiological Salt Solution. 
 
 Method of Intravenous Injection. 
 
 The same apparatus which is employed for the injection of Salvarsan 
 Solution may be employed for the Neo-Salvarsan. The technique of the 
 injection is in all respects similar to that described under the method of 
 intravenously injecting Salvarsan, except that the Solution of Neo-Salvarsan 
 is not heated to blood temperature before performing the injection. 
 
 For intravenous injection the dose of Neo-Salvarsan recommended may 
 be supplied in a hermetically sealed ampoule, together with the necessary 
 amount of pure freshly prepared and sterilised re-distilled Water or the 
 necessary quantity of a pure freshly prepared and sterilised 0*4 p.c. Physio- 
 logical Salt Solution in a closely-stoppered sterilised bottle. At the same 
 time 300 c.c. of a pure freshly prepared and sterilised 0-4 p.c. Physiological 
 Salt Solution is also supplied. To prepare the solution all that is necessary 
 then is to file the ampoule on the neck, rinse in Alcohol and ignite so as to 
 sterilise the neck of the ampoule. 
 
 Break the ampoule at the file mark on the neck, taking special care that 
 no minute fragments of glass get into the tube, remove the stopper from the 
 bottle containing the required quantity of pure sterilised Distilled Water (or 
 Physiological Salt Solution), and shake the contents of the Neo-Salvarsan 
 ampovile into the bottle. Rapidly insert the stopper and shake, when solution 
 will be immediately effected and the liquid is ready for injection. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAL 1197 
 
 Method of Intramusctdar Injection. 
 
 An emulsion of Neo-Salvarsan in pure sterilised Oil is generally employed 
 for intramuscular injection. The ready solubility of Neo-Salvarsan and its 
 perfectly neutral character render it particularly adapted for intramuscular 
 work, but solutions of Neo-Salvarsan when injected give rise to very consider- 
 able pain, and in many instances are more painful than Salvarsan. The oily 
 suspension is comparatively free from painful after-effects. The intramuscular 
 injection may be conveniently carried out with a record sjTinge, fitted with 
 a specially wide-bore needle, as in the case of Salvarsan, and the instructions 
 given under the intramuscular injection of Salvarsan are equally applicable 
 here, with the exception that the emulsion should not be heated before 
 making the injection. With this exception, the technique of the injection is 
 similar to that of the intramuscular injection of Salvarsan. 
 
 Emulsion of Neo-Salvarsan {Squire). — A tmiform Emulsion of Neo- 
 Salvarsan containing the necessary dose in a pure sterilised vegetable Oil. 
 
 Subcutaneous Injection. 
 
 It is to be noted that subcutaneous injections of Neo-Salvarsan should not 
 be given, owing to the risk of formation of painful infiltrations. 
 
 Special Prescribing Notes. — It is highly important to notice that the 
 ampoule containing the Neo-Salvarsan is intact, and is not cracked or imperfect. 
 Its colour should be carefully noted, and any powder which has become discoloured 
 should be rigidly rejected. In the case of Neo-Salvarsan the process of oxidation 
 is not difficult to follow, as it is accompanied with a change in colour from orange- 
 yellow to a yellow ochre, and it can therefore at once be readily detected. It 
 should be borne in mind that Neo-Salvarsan oxidises ivith extreme rapidity and 
 that the products of its oxidation are toxic. Only solutions of Neo-Salvarsan 
 which have been absolutely freshly prepared should be employed for intravenous 
 injection. A separate solution containing the dose agreed upon should be prepared 
 for each individual patient, and the portion remaining over from any individual 
 injection, should be rejected. 
 
 Contra-Indications. — Neo-Salvarsan is contra-indicated in conditions 
 similar to those mentioned under Salvarsan. 
 
 Special Caution. — Neo-Salvarsan should not be given in any case unless 
 the eye has been found to be absolutely intact. Over-sensitiveness to Arsenic 
 may be tested for by the same method as that given under Salvarsan. 
 
 GALYL. (Tetroxy-Diphosphamino-diarsenobenzene). — A light yellow 
 powder, consisting of Galyl and an appropriate amomit of Sodium Carbonate 
 to make it easily soluble in Distilled Water to form an isotonic solution. It 
 contains about 35 • 3 p.c. of Arsenic and 7 • 2 p.c. of Phosphorus. The solution 
 is to be prepared immediately before use. The average dose for a male is 
 0*45 gramme for the first injection, 0-5 gramme for the second, and 0'55 
 gramme for the third injection; for a woman 0*4 gramme, 0-5 gramme, 
 and 0-5 gramme. The dose is calculated as being 8 to 8| milligrammes per 
 kilogramme of body weight in the adult male, and 7 to 7J milligrammes in 
 the female. For solution 30 c.c. of Distilled Water are used for each 
 0"1 gramme ; 150 c.c. for 0-5 gramme of Galyl. 
 
 In the opinion of J. E. R. McDonagh, it is the safest arsenical compound to 
 use in place of Salvarsan and Neo-Salvarsan. — Pr. '15, ii. 762. 
 
 HECTINE. (Sodium Benzosulpho-para-aminophenylarsonate, NaCijHio 
 NHAsOjSOj, eq. 379-128. — White crystalline needles, soluble in Water. 
 Employed as an intragluteal or local subcutaneous injection in doses of 0* I to 
 0-2 gramme = 1^ to 3 grains, in secondary and tertiary sypliilis and in 
 diseases of syphilitic origin. It is supplied in the form of Ampoules con- 
 taining 0-1 or 0-2 gramme in 1 c.c. ; in Pills containing 0-1 gramme 
 { = lit grains) ; or in Drops, 20 drops containing 0-05 gramme of Hectine. 
 
 Severe case of intractable sypliilis treated successfully. — L. '15, i. 1338. 
 
1198 SAM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 INTRAMINE. (Di-ortho-amino-thio-benzene). — A yellow, definitely 
 crystalline, stable substance, possessing a weakly basic reaction. Insoluble 
 in Water, soluble in Ether, Alcohol (90 ]p.c.), and Acetone. Recommended 
 in sj'philis, as an intramuscular injection, prepared with sterilised Olive Oil, 
 in doses of 2 to 3 grammes every third day. For intravenous injection a 
 Lecithin adsorption compound can be prepared. The intramuscular injection 
 is painful but it quickly passes off. — L. '16, i. 239. 
 
 It has proved in many respects more efficacious than Salvarsan, and is, 
 moreover, absolutely non-toxic (McDonagh). — B.M.J. 'Ifl, i. 202. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SAMBUCI FLORES. 
 
 ELDER riiOWERS. 
 
 Fb., Bureau; Ger., Holunderbluten ; Ital., Sambuco ; Span., Sauco. 
 
 The Flowers of Sambucus nigra, L., separated from the stalks. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except U.S. Mex. (Sauco) ; 
 Port. (Sabugueiro). 
 
 Descriptive Notes.^ — The flowers should be separated from the flower 
 stalks. In the West of England the dried flowers are commonly sold as a 
 remedy for catarrh, the whole inflorescence being dried. The flowers readily 
 blacken if left in heaps, and need to be quickly dried in a current of warm 
 air in order to keep their colour. The small rotate corolla is nearly white 
 when fresh, but dull yellowish-white when dried. The anthers are yellow ; 
 in the only other British species, S. Ehulus, they are pink. The fresh flowers 
 have a slightly bitter taste and a faint but characteristic odour. In the 
 United States the allied species S. Canadensis, L., w^as official, and is still in 
 use. It differs from the British species chiefly in the leaves ha%'ing 3 to 4 
 jiairs of leaflets and in being sometimes bipinnate, but the flowers present 
 no marked difference. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 AQUA SAMBUCI.— Elder-Flower Water. Fresh Elder Flowers, 1 (or 
 an equivalent quantitv of the Flowers preserved whilst fresh with Common 
 Salt) ; Water, 5 ; distil 1. (1 in 1.) 
 
 Chiefly used for lotions and eollyria. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SAMBUCI {P.L. 1851).— Elder Flowers, fresh; Lard, of 
 each, 1 6 oz. Boil the Elder Flowers in the Lard until they become crisp ; 
 then press through a linen cloth. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SAMBUCI (VIRIDE) {Dublin Pliarm.).— Elder Leaves, 
 fresh, 3 ; Prepared Lard, 4 ; Prepared Suet, 2 ; boil the leaves with the 
 Lard till they become crisp, strain, express, add the Suet and melt them 
 together. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Port., 1 in 4. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SANDARACA, 
 
 sandarac. 
 
 The resin of the small coniferous tree, Calliiris quaOrivnlvis, Vent., imported 
 from Morocco. 
 
 Official in Fr. (Sandaraque). 
 
[Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] SAN" 1 1 90 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Sandarac resin occurs in small tears closely resem- 
 bling mastich in colour and size, but the tears are cylindrical rather than oval, 
 and when masticated, remain powdery, instead of forming a plastic mass 
 like mastic. It differs also in being almost entirely soluble in Alcohol, whilst 
 10 p.c. of mastic is insolul>le in that solvent. Sandarac is chiefly used in 
 making colourless spirit varnish. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SANGUINARIJE RHIZOMA. 
 
 BLOODROOT. 
 
 The dried rhizome of Samiuinaria Canadensis, L., collected after the death 
 of the foliage ; imported from America. 
 
 Official in U.S., which has also a Fluidextract (I in 1), dose, 0-1 c.c. 
 (li minims) and a Tincture (1 in 10), dose, 1 c.c. (15 minims), both containing 
 Acetic Acid. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— Sanguinaria rhizome is met with in pieces about 
 1 to 2 inches (2-5 to 5 cm) long, and ^ to i inch (0 to 12 lum.) thick. Ex- 
 ternally it is dark reddish-bro\^n in colour, nearly cylincbical, and slightly 
 constricted at intervals with occasionally a short branch at right angles, but 
 only traces of scars of the leaves and aerial stems above, and the remains of 
 dark brittle thi'ead-like roots below ; sometimes pieces are found which ai'e 
 shrunken and shrivelled and contain less starch, having been collected at 
 the wrong time of year. * The transverse fracture is whitish and starchy with 
 dark red dots, or sometimes so suffused with colouring matter as to be deep 
 blood-red or redcUsh-black. It has little odour, but a disagreeably bitter 
 and acrid taste. Some of its active principles are identical with those 
 of Chelidonium ma jus, Linn., which belongs to the same Nat. Ord. These 
 are Chelerythrine, an alkaloid forming yellow salts, B. homochelidonine, a 
 colourless crystalline alkaloid, protopine, found also in Chelidoniutn majus, 
 Eschscholtzia CaUfornica and the opium poppy, and Sanguinarine, which 
 although colourless, forms deep-red crystalline .salts, and is found as yet 
 only in Sanguinaria. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SANGUIS DRACONIS. 
 
 dragon's blood. 
 
 A resin obtained fram various species of Daemonorops, Nat. Oixl. Palniacece, 
 imported from Bata\'ia, Singapore, and Bandj amassing in Borneo, and of 
 several s^jccies of Draceana, Nat. Ord. Llllacea:. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Dragon's blood of commerce is imported 
 chiefly in two forms kno^vn as lump or block, and reed Dragon's blood, and 
 is derived probably from at least four species of Daemonorops, viz. D. pro- 
 pinyuHS, Becc. in Malaya, Penang aird Sumatra, D. Motllcyi, Becc. in Borneo, 
 D. rubra. Mart, in Java, and D. didymorphyllus, and possibly also D. micran- 
 tlius, Becc. in Malaya. Some other species are known to yield a red resin in 
 Borneo and Laijuan, but then thei'e is at present no evidence that their resin 
 is collected. These are D. sparsijlorus, Becc, D. niattaniensis and D. dracnn- 
 odius, Becc The resin is secreted on the scales of the fruit, and is obtained 
 by shaking the fruits together in a sack or other form of container, and 
 sifting out the resin and melting it into lumps or slabs often covered with a 
 bright crimson powder. The best qualities of kimp Dragon's blood have a 
 vitreous fracture, the inferior are dull and often contain fragments of the 
 fruit scales. A line quality, evidently passed through a finer sieve, before 
 
1200 SAW [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 heating, till sufficiently soft to be moulded, is sold in the form of sticks, 
 usually about 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm.) long and 1 inch (25 mm.) thick, or 
 13 to li inches (33 to 35 cm.) long and f to 1 inch (19 to 25 mm.) in thick- 
 ness, wrapped in a palm leaf {Licuala sjnnosa) secured by 8 or 9 transverse 
 bands of some flexible grass. This is known as ' Reed ' Dragon's blood. 
 Both the ' lump ' and ' reed ' Dragon's blood vary in size and shape. The 
 shortest (3 to 4 inches long) and often compressed sticks of Dragon's blood 
 have usually the finest colour. 
 
 The inferior qualities, according to Blume, are made by boiling the fruits 
 in water and moulding the resin into a mass. In Pontianah (W. Sumatra), 
 the ixiilky juice of Garcimia parvifolia, Mig. is said to be added to add 
 weight, Ph. Jour. (4) xxi. p. 834. Dragon's blood is soluble in alcohol. 
 Its colorific value may be judged roughly by the colour of the streak when 
 rubbed on paper, or of the powder when scraped with a knife. The inferior 
 qualities of lump Dragon's blood sometimes leave nearly half their weight of 
 impurities, when dissolved in Alcohol, in which the pure resin is soluble. 
 All the varieties evolve irritating fume.^ of benzoic acid when heated. It is 
 chiefly used for colouring varnishes and French polish. Occasionally a 
 variety of Dragon's blood is imported froi^i Socotra, via Zanzibar, Bombay 
 and Aden, in the form of rounded tears or small globidar balls varying in 
 size from that of a pea to that of a small marble, P.J. (3) xiv. p. 3C1, 372. 
 This is known in commerce as Drop Dragon's blood. It does not give off 
 fumes of benzoic acid when heated. It is collected in Socotra from the 
 trvmks of Draccena, Cinnabari, the tears being knocked off into bags, and is 
 separated into three qualities. First, unbroken clean tears called ' Edah 
 ansello ' ; second, broken but clean tears, ' Edah dakkah ' ; third, the 
 refuse containing bits of bark and dirt. These last are made up in small balls 
 about \ to ^ inch (6 to 19 mm.) in diameter with a little rosin, and are known 
 simply as ' Edah.' The Arab name for the resin is Katir, or Khoheil (Well- 
 stedt), or according to Pharmacographia, Dam-ul-akliwain. The specific 
 name of the tree was given in the belief that the resin is the ' Cinnabari ' of 
 ancient writers (Bent., ' Southern Arabia,' p. 381, 2). The tree is about 
 20 to 30 feet high, and in shape is likened by M. Bent to an umbrella that is 
 being blown inside out. It is spread over the greater part of Socotra at an 
 elevation of about 1000 feet. In Somaliland a similar product is obtained 
 from Dracaena schizantha. Baker, the tree growing at an elevation of 2500 
 feet to 5500 feet and called Moli, but so far as is known neither it nor the 
 Dragon's blood of D. Ombet, Kotschy, form any part of the Drop Dragon's 
 blood of commerce. In the fifteenth century Dragon's blood was collected 
 on a commercial scale from D. Draco, Lirui., in Madeira. 
 
 SANTALI OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF SANDAL WOOD. 
 
 Fr., Essence de Santas ; Ger., Sakdelol ; Ital., Essenza di Sandalo ; 
 Span., Esencia de Sandalo. 
 
 A pale yellow, or yellow, somewhat viscid, oily liquid, having a 
 characteristic, persistent, aromatic odour, and unpleasant, nauseous 
 taste. 
 
 It is the volatile oil distilled from the Wood of Santalum album, L. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool atmosphere, and protected as far as possible from contact with 
 the light. 
 
 H The chief constituent of the Oil is an alcohol Santalol, which is capable 
 of^determination by acetylation. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAW 1201 
 
 Solubility. — lu less than its own weight of Alcohol (90 p.c.)- 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A stimulating disinfectant to the 
 mucous membranes of the bladder and urethra, and also of the 
 bronchial mucous membrane ; prescribed extensively for subacute 
 and chronic gonorrhoea ; it is best taken about an hour and a half 
 after meals. 
 
 I Always worth trying in a cystitis due to the staphylococcus alone. — ■ 
 B.M.J. '13, ii. 654. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 minims = 0"3 to 1*8 mL 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally given in capsules or in a mixture 
 
 suspended with Mucilage of Acacia, or Tragacanth. It is best taken in Capsules, 
 as the taste is nauseous. Sometimes prescribed with Buchu and Cubebs. 
 
 "Not Official. — Capsules of Sandal Oil, Liquor SantaU Compositus, 
 Mistura Olei Santali, Mistura Olei Santalis Flava?, Mistxira Olei Santali, Mis- 
 tura Santali Composita, Mistura Santali Composita cum Morphina, Santalo], 
 Gonal, Santyl, AUosan, Thyresol and Sabal. 
 
 Toreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. Swed. has also 
 liignum Santali Rubrum. 
 
 Tests. — Sandal Wood Oil has a specific gravity of 0"975 to 0*985. 
 The B.P. now states 0-973 to 0*985; the U.S. P., 0*965 to 0*980 
 at 2-5° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., 0*973 to 0*985. It was pointed out in 
 the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion that the temperature 
 at which solution of the Oil is required to be affected should have 
 been mentioned, as it makes a considerable difference whether the 
 Solubility figure is determined at 15*5^ C. (60° F.), at 20° C. (68° F.), or 
 at 25° C. (77° F.). The B.P. now requires the Oil to dissolve in 
 6 parts by volume of Alcohol (70 p.c.) at 20° C. (68° F.). The solubility 
 of the Oil decreases with age and an Oil which has been kept a 
 considerable time or which has been badly preserved may not give 
 a clear solution. The U.S. P. requires that it should dissolve in 
 5 volumes of Alcohol (70 p.c.) presumably at 25° C. (77° F.). The 
 P.6r. is more specific with regard to the temperature at which solution 
 in this volume of Alcohol is required to take place, and states that 
 it shall dissolve to form a clear solution in 5 to 7 parts, by weight, of 
 Alcohol (68 to 69 p.c.) at 20° C. (68° F.), and this solution should also 
 remain clear on the further addition of Alcohol (68 to 69 p.c). The 
 Oil is Isevogyrate, the optical rotation being from — 16° to — 20° in a 
 tube of 100 mm. length. The B.P. gives - 13° to - 21° ; the U.S.P. 
 requires that the optical rotation should be not less than — 16° nor 
 more than — 20° in a 100 mm. tube at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.). 
 The P.G. also gives — 16° to — 20°. Considerable controversy has 
 raged round the question of the optical rotation, it being contended 
 that specimens of undoubted purity (English distilled) are occasionally 
 outside these limits, and rotations of — 14° to — 22° have been 
 recorded. The majority of evidence appears to be in favour of the 
 — 16° to — 20° limit. The optical rotation has been considered 
 fallacious in judging the purity of an Oil, but it must be recollected 
 that it frequently supplies important information as to the nature 
 
1202 SAN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] 
 
 of the substance with which an Oil is adulterated. The Refractive 
 Index of the Oil at 20° C. (68° F.) is 1-503 to 1 '510. The B.P. gives 
 the Refractive Index of the Oil at 25° C. (77° F.) as 1-498 to 1-508; 
 neither the U.S. P. nor the P.O. gives figures for the Refractive Index. 
 The alcohol content of the Oil calculated in terms of Santalol should 
 not fall below 90 p.c. It is officially required to contain not less than 
 90 p.c. of total Alcohols, calculated as Santalol, C15H24O, as determined 
 by the process given under the heading of Special Tests. The U.S. P. 
 requires that it shall contain not less than 90 p.c. of Alcohols calculated 
 as Santalol ; the P.G. that it shall contain at least 90 p.c. of Santalol, 
 C15II24O, and the Fr. Codex that it shall contain from 90 to 98 p.c. by 
 weight of Santalol. The processes adopted by these various Pharma- 
 copoeias are compared below under the heading of Volumetric Deter- 
 mination of Santalol. Besides the alcohol, Santalol, the Oil also 
 contains Esters of that Alcohol present chiefly in the form of Acetate ; 
 their percentage varies from 2 to 6 p.c, and they may be determined 
 by saponifying a known weight of the Oil with Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, titrating the excess of the 
 latter solution with Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The 
 number of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution absorbed by the Oil, multiplied first by 0*1301 
 and then by 100, and the product divided by the. weight of Oil taken, 
 yields the percentage of Esters in terms of Santalol Acetate. Neither 
 the B.P., the U.S. P., nor the P.G. includes figures for an Ester 
 content. In carrying out the volumetric determination of the Santalol, 
 in the place of washing the acetylised Oil with Water, whereby, 
 owing to the formation of an emulsion, a fair quantity of the Oil is 
 lost, it has been suggested {Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. '06, 887) that 
 a 10 p.c. Sodium Chloride Solution should be used. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Oils derived from 
 other varieties of Sandal Wood, Cedar Wood Oil, Castor Oil, or other 
 fixed Oils and Rosin. The U.S. P. includes a test for chlorinated 
 products, which is described under Silver Nitrate. The solubility 
 of the Oil in Alcohol (70 p.c.) detects the presence of Castor Oil, 
 other fixed Oils or West Indian Sandal Wood Oil. Cedar Wood Oil, 
 Castor Oil or fixed Oils and Rosin may also be detected by the Acid 
 and Ester Values and the decrease in the optical rotation, as well as 
 by the diminution in the percentage of Santalol. 
 
 Silver Witrate. — If a, small strip of filter paper folded in the form of a 
 taper and saturated with Oil of Santal be placed in a small porcelain dish, 
 and a clean Ijeaker, moistened on the inner sui'face with Distilled Water, b.o 
 inverted over the small dish iinmediately after igniting the taper, a part of 
 the products of combustion will be absorbed l)y the Distilled Water ; if the 
 beaker be then rinsed with a little Distilled Water and the liquid filtered, 
 the filtrate should yield no tm'bidity upon the addition of a few drops of 
 Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of chlorinated compounds, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Volumetrie Determination of Santalol. — A measiu-ed c^uantity of 
 10 c.c. of the Oil is introduced into an acetylisation flask, 10 c.c. of Acetic 
 Acid Anhydi'ide, and about 2 grammes of anhydrous Sodium Acetate added, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAN 1203 
 
 and the mixture is boiled gently for H hours, when cool the acetylised Oil 
 is washed first with Distilled Water and subsequently with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Test-Solution, until the mixture is faintly alkaline to Phenolphthalein Test- 
 Solution, and it is then dried by means of fused Calcixma Chloride. Filter 
 and transfer 3 c.c. of the dried acetylised Oil into a flask having a capacity 
 of 100 c.c, and after having ascertained accurately the weight, saponify 
 by boiling gently for 1 hour under a reflux condenser with 50 c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volmnetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, titrating the 
 excess of the latter with Half-Normal Vohimetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 emplojang Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The 
 number of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution required 
 is subtracted from 50, the difference is multiplied by 11-026 and the product 
 divided by the weight of the dry acetylised Oil employed (minus the number 
 of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hychoxide Solution 
 absorbed by the acetylised Oil multiplied by 0-021), the quotient corresponds 
 to the p.c. of Santalol present in the sample. — U.S. P. 
 
 A weighed quantity of 5 grammes of Sandal Wood Oil is mixed with 5 
 grammes of Acetic Anhydride, after adding 2 grammes of Anhydrous Sodium 
 Acetate, and it is then boiled in a flask attached to a reflux condenser, 
 during 1 hour. After cooling 20 c.c. of Distilled Water are added and the 
 mixture is warmed on the water-bath during 15 minutes with frequent 
 intervals of vigorous shaking. It is then transferred to a separator and the 
 Oil separated from the aqueous fluid, washed with Distilled Water until the 
 washings no longer redden Litmus paper, chicd over anhydrous Sodiinn 
 Sulphate and filtered. 1 • 5 grammes of this Oil are mixed with 3 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution and Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution added, until a permanent 
 red coloration results. The mixture is then heated on a Avater-bath under 
 a reflux condenser, with 20 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, cooled and after the addition of 1 c.c. of 
 Phenolphthalein Solution, it is titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution imtil decolorised. For this purpose at the most 9-5 c.c. 
 of Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution should be necessarj-, 
 which represents a minimum content of 90 p.c. of Santalol, P.O. 
 
 A measured quantity of 15 c.c. of Sandal Wood Oil is introduced into a 
 flask, an equal volume of Acetic Anhydride added, and 2 gi-ammes of fused 
 Sodium Acetate, and the mixture is allowed to boil during 1| hours. After 
 cooling the product is washed first with Distilled Water, then with a 20 p.c. 
 w/w solution of Sodium Carbonate, which is in turn removed by Avashing with 
 Distilled Water and the acetylised Oil dried over anhydrous Sodium Sulphate. 
 5 grammes of this acetylised and dried Oil is mixed in a flask with 50 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, it is allowed 
 to boil during 1 hoiir, cooled, about 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution added 
 and the excess of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 is titrated with Normal Volmnetric Sulphvu-ic Acid Solution. If n = the 
 munber of cubic centimetres of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution employed, and q = the weight in grammes of the acety- 
 lised oil employed for the saponification, and P = the percentage of Santalol, 
 then P = n multiplied by 22-2 cUvided by q — {q multiplied by 0-042), 
 which should amount to not less than 90 p.c. — Fr. Codex. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CAPSULES OF SANDAL OIL.— Containing 10 and 20 minims in each. 
 
 The Oil used in these capsules is frequently adulterated. Castor Oil, 
 flavoured with Sandal Wood Oil, has been used for this purpose, but, of 
 course, is readily detected. The favourite adulteration is Oil of West Indian 
 Sandal Wood; this has been reported {CD. '06, i. 211) in specimens of 
 capsules manufactured in London ; it may be recognised by tests given 
 under Oleum Santali. 
 
 LIQUOR SANTALI COMPOSITUS {Pharm. Form.).— Sundal Wood 
 
3 204 SAN" [Solids by Weight; Liquids hy Measure.] 
 
 Oil, 1 ; Soluble Solution of Copaiba, 22 ; Spirit of Cinnamon, i ; Tincture 
 of Buchu (1 in 5 S.V.R.). H ', Tincture of Cubebs (1 in 5 S.V.R.), 3. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 fl. drm. - 3*6 to 7 ml. 
 
 MISTURA OLEI SANTALI (Squire).— Olenm Santali, 30 minims ; 
 Mucilage of Acacia, 1 fl. drm. ; Syrup, 1 fl. drm. ; Tinctvu-e of Orange, 30 
 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz., for a dose 3 tiines a day. 
 
 Mistura Olei Santalis Flavae (Lock). — Potassium Bicarbonate, 5 grains ; 
 Sandal Wood Oil, 15 minims ; Mucilage of Tragacanth, 60 minims ; Tincture 
 of Orange, 15 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Mistura Olei Santali {St. Thomas's). — Oil of Sandal Wood, 15 minims ; 
 Mucilage of Gum Acacia, 30 minims : Cinnamon Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA SANTALI COMPOSITA (Pharm. i^orm.).— Sandal Wood Oil, 
 12^ drm. ; Oil of Cassia, IJ drm. ; Oil of Pimento, 40 minims; Rectified 
 Spirit, 3| oz. (Nisbet's Specific). 
 
 MISTURA SANTALI COMPOSITA CUM MORPHINA [Pliarm. Form.). 
 — Sandal Wood Oil, 4 oz. ; Oil of Pimento, 4 drm. ; Oil of Cassia, 2 drm. ; 
 Morphine Muriate, 9 grains; Rectified Spirit, to produce 12 oz. (Nisbet's 
 Specific). 
 
 SANTALOL C,,H.,40, eq. 220-192.— A colourless, viscous, oily fluid, 
 possessing a characteristic Sandal Wood odour and a bitter, persistent and 
 nauseous taste. It is the principal constituent of East Indian Sandal Wood 
 Oil, and is a mixture of two primary unsaturated Alcohols, A- and B-Santalol. 
 It has been stated not to exercise the same disturbing effect on the stomach 
 and kidneys as Sandal Wood Oil. Indicated in gonorrhoea. It is supplied 
 in the form of capsules containing 5 minims = 0*3 ml. 
 
 Gonal. — A colourless, oily liquid, sp. gr. 0-978 to 0-980, containing the 
 alcohol constituents of Sandal Wood Oil. It has a faint odour of the latter. 
 An irritating, sesquiterpene Santalene is stated to be removed during its 
 preparation. Introduced as a purified Sandal Wood Oil. Gonoral was a 
 somewhat similar preparation. 
 
 Santyl. — A clear, yellow fluid of an oily consistency, possessing a faint 
 odour and taste of Sandal Wood. It is practically insoluble in Water, but 
 dissolves in Alcohol (90p.c.) and in Ether. It is stated to be a neutral 
 Santalol Salicylic Ester, and to contain 60 p.c. of Santalol. It was introduced 
 as a urinary antiseptic, and is stated to be of value in acute gonorrhoea and 
 its complications, being comparatively free from the somewhat objectionable 
 odom- and taste of Sandal Wood Oil. It is stated not to cause eructations, 
 nor to impart a Sandal Wood odour to the breath. It may be given in 
 doses of 30 drops 3 times daily, preferably in Milk or in Capsules, 2 being taken 
 4 times a day. 
 
 Absohitely non -irritant; in chronic purulent cystitis superior to Urotropin. 
 — B.M.J. E. '12, ii. 32. 
 
 Allosan. — A white powder possessing a mild aromatic odour, tasteless 
 and non -irritating to the mucous membranes of the mouth and oesophagus. 
 Chemically it is an Allophanic Ester of Santalol. It is stated to be a valuable 
 adjuvant to the local treatment of gonorrhoea. 15 grains given 3 times daily 
 is a suitable dose. 
 
 Thyresol. — A colourless fltiid possessing a weak aromatic odour, stated 
 to fee insoluble in Water, soluble in Absolute Alcohol, Ether, and Chloroform. 
 Chemically it is a Methyl Ester of Santalol. It does not give off Santalol, 
 and is well tolerated. It is sold in the form of drops, tablets, and capsules ; 
 the tablets are prepared with Magnesium Carbonate, each tablet containing 
 • 3 gramme of Thyresol. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0-3 to 0-6 ml. 
 
 Sabal {U.S.). — The partially dried ripe fruit of Serenoa Serrulata. It is 
 known also as Saw Palmetto. The dose of the Fluid Extract (1 in 1) 
 is 15 to 30 minims = 0-9 to 1-8 c.c. It is also given in conjunction with 
 Sandal Wood. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAN 1205 
 
 SANTONINUM. 
 
 SANTONIN. 
 
 C15H18O3, eq. 246-144. 
 
 Fr., Santonine ; Ger., Santonin ; Ital., Santonina ; Span., Santonina. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, flat, pearly, hexagonal prisms, possessing at 
 first scarcely any taste, but subsequently developing a faint bitter 
 taste. 
 
 It is officially described as a crystalline principle which may be 
 obtained from Santonica or Worm Seed, the dried unexpanded Capitula 
 or Flower-heads of Artemisia maritima, var. Stechmanniana, Besser. 
 The U.S. P. describes it as the inner anhydride or Lactone of Santonic 
 Acid, obtained from Santonica. The Fr. Codex describes it as the 
 Lactone of Santoninic Acid. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint, and 
 protected as far as possible from the light, as it acquires a yellow 
 colour when exposed to the light, more particularly to direct sunlight. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Water; 1 in 350 of boiling Water; 
 1 in 50 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 4 of boiling Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 310 
 of Ether ; 1 in 2 of Chloroform ; about 1 in 400 of Olive Oil ; slightly 
 in Glycerin and in Solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Anthelmintic. Useful both for round 
 worms and thread-worms. It frequently affects the vision, 
 causing all objects to appear yellow or green ; to avoid this unpleasant- 
 ness. Santonin is given at night, the disturbance of vision then remains 
 only for half an hour or so after the patient awakes in the morning. 
 
 Loss of vision following a half -grain dose in 01. Ricini, 2 drni., in girl aged 
 5 years.— L. '10, ii. 1693. 
 
 To exert its vermicidal action it is unnecessary for it to be absorbed from 
 the intestinal canal ; the soluble salts of Santonin are almost without effect 
 as vermicides, since they are absorbed and prove highly toxic ; best to give 
 it in insoluble form as a Powder, and follow with a sharp purgative like Jalap, 
 wliich will remove the Santonin from the intestine along with the poisoned 
 worms. — M.A. '12, 57. 
 
 Yellow Santonin (Chromosantonin or Photosantonin). — Said to be 
 specific in sprue, 5 grains night and morning for 6 days, well rubbed into 
 1 drm. Olive or Almond Oil ; when this is floated on a little milk it is easily 
 swallowed ; the Oil hinders its absorption before reaching the lower bowel ; 
 in chi'onic cases a second or even a third course of the treatment may be 
 required; no inconveniences. — L. '12, i. 1694. 
 
 This is ordinary Santonin exposed to the smi till it becomes yellow through- 
 out, a matter of some months in England, but only a few weeks in the tropics ; 
 5 grains twice a day for foiu* to seven days will cure most cases. — M.A. '13, 461. 
 
 It must again and again be insisted on that in sprue ordinary fresh white 
 Santonin is utterly useless ; the more golden yellow the better ; to get a 
 really good ' old yellow ' specimen requires six months' exposure to the sun 
 in subtropical regions ; Santonin is very frequently adulterated with Boric 
 Acid, and such would be xiseless. — I.M.O. '12, 322. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 3 grains = 0*06 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, • I gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 1 gramme ; daily, • 3 gramme. 
 
1206 SAW [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — About 3 doses are sufficient ; 1 every other night 
 followed by a brisk cathartic the morning after each dose. The suppository is 
 useful in thread-worms. 
 
 Not given in solution, for then it is absorbed and toxic ; dangerous to give 
 castor oil along with or after it. 
 
 On account of the sim,ilarity in crystalline form,, and in consequence of several 
 accidents due to the contamination of Santonin with Strychnine, Qer. and U.S. 
 include a test fur lite latter substance. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Trochiscus Santonini. 
 
 Not Official.- — Suppositoriura Santonini, Pulvis Santonini Compositus 
 Infantilis, Pulvi.s Santonini et Scammonii, Pulvis Santonini Compositus, and 
 Arteniisin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeiaa. — Official in all. 
 
 Tests.— Santonin melts at 170° C. (338° F.), and if cautionsly 
 heated it may be sublimed unchanged ; the B.P. now gives a melting 
 point, and has adopted 170° C. (338° F.) ; the V.S.P. gives the 
 melting point as 170*3° C. (338*5° F.) ; the proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that this melting point be changed to ' from 
 170° to 172° C. (338° to 341 * 6° F.)'; the Fr. Codex gives 170° C. 
 (338° F.) ; the P.G., 170° C. (338° F.). When more strongly heated it 
 acquires a reddish-brown colour, evolving white fumes. It is not 
 dissolved by diluted mineral acids, but is soluble in Potassium Hy- 
 droxide Solution, and when 0*5 gramme is added to D c.c. of a warm 
 alcoholic solution, it yields a violet-red coloration. It dissolves in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), the solution being lajvogyrate and neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. When moistened with Sulphuric Acid or 
 Nitric Acid no coloi'ation is produced. If 0*01 gramme be shaken 
 with a cold mixture of 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and 1 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, no coloration should be produced, but on raj)idly heating to 
 100° C. (212° F.), and on the addition of a drop of diluted Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, a violet coloration is produced, changing to 
 brown on long continued heating. Crystals of Santonin are somewhat 
 similar in appearance to Strj^chnine, and in fact have been mistaken 
 for that substance, and tests for Strychnine, Brucine, and alkaloids 
 have been inserted in the U.S. P. and P.G. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are readily charred organic 
 impurities, alkaloids. Strychnine and Brucine, and mineral residue. 
 No immediate alteration in colour should occur when Santonin is 
 moistened with Sulphuric Acid, which has been cooled to 0° C. (32° F.), 
 inidicating the absence of readily charred organic impurities. If 
 2 grammes of Santonin be boiled with 80 c.c. of Distilled Water and 
 [3 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the liquid, after frequent shaking, 
 be allowed to become cold and then filtered, Potassio-Mercuric Iodide 
 (Mayer's) Solution or Iodine Solution should produce no cloudiness 
 in 10 c.c. of the filtrate mixed with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, even 
 after standing 3 hours, indicating the absence of alkaloids. The 
 filtrate obtained by boiling Santonin with 100 j^arts of Distilled Water 
 and 5 parts of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, when cooled to the temperature 
 of the room and filtered, should not taste bitter and sliould yield no 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAP 1207 
 
 precipitate on tlie addition of a few drops of Potassium Bicliromate 
 Solution, indicating tlie absence of Strychnine. 
 
 With the exception of the limit of ash, the B.P. does not include 
 tests for any impurities. Santonin should leave no weighable ash, 
 indicating a limit of mineral matter. The B.P. states that it should 
 leave no appreciable ash ; the U.S. P. that it should leave no residue ; 
 the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. that this be changed to not 
 exceeding 0*1 p.c. of ash ; the P.G. that it shall leave at most O'l p.c. 
 of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TROCHISCUS SANTONINI. Santonin Lozenge. 
 Contains 0"06 gramme = rather less than 1 grain of Santonin in each 
 lozenge, with Simple Basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 lozenges. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Mex., Norw. and Swiss, each containing f grain ; Dan., Russ., Swed. 
 and U.S., ^ grain ; Fr. and Port., J- grain; Jap. and Span., ^ grain. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 SUPPOSITORIUM SANTONINI. — Santonin, 3 grains, with Oil of 
 Theobroma. 
 
 PULVIS SANTONINI COMPOSITUS INFANTILIS (LoncZon).— San- 
 tonin, 1 grain ; Calomel, |- grain ; Compound Powder of Scammony, 2h 
 grains. 
 
 PULVIS SANTONINI ET SCAMMONII ( F/c<oHa).— Santonin, 1 grain ; 
 Compound Powder of Scammony, 2 grains. 
 
 PULVIS SANTONINI COMPOSITUS {Children, G.0.6'.).— Santonin, 2^ 
 grains ; Compound Scammony Powder, 2 grains ; Calomel, j grain. 
 
 Artemisin (Oxysantonin) occm-s in coloui-less crystals, becoming yellow 
 on exposure to light, and is extracted from the mother hquors after separating 
 the Santonin. 
 
 15 grains given in 3 doses at intervals of 3 hours to relieve the lightning 
 pains of tabes. 
 
 SAPO ANIMALIS. 
 
 CURD SOAP. 
 
 Fb., Savon Aniaj:al ; Ger., Hausseife ; Ital., Sapone Animale ; Span., 
 
 Jat^on Animal. 
 
 A white or whitish solid, possessing a characteristic appearance, 
 dry and saponaceous to the touch. It is prepared by the saponification 
 of a purified animal fat with Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 It contains about 30 p.c. of Water. For the purpose of powdering it is not 
 affected injuriously by chying at a temperature of 212° F. (100'" C). 
 
 Solubility.— Sparingly in Water; 1 in 1^ of boiling Water; 
 partially in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; almost entirely, 1 in 2 of boiling Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
1208 SAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Official Preparations. — Used in the preparation of Extractum Colo- 
 cynthidis Compositiiin and Linimentmn Potassi lodidi cum Sapone. 
 
 Emplastrum Saponis. — Formerly made with Curd Soap ; now made with 
 Hard Soap. See Sapo Dtirus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr. (Sapo Medicinalis) ; 
 Belg. (Sapo Stearinicus) ; Fr. (Savon Animal); Ital. (Sapone 
 Animale) ; Norw., (Sapo Butyraceus) ; Port. (Sabao Animal); 
 Russ. (Sapo Sebacinus) ; Max. and Span. (Jabon Animal); Swiss 
 (Sapo Stearinicus); Ger., Jap. and Russ. Lard and Olive Oil (Sapo 
 Medicatus). 
 
 Tests. — Curd Soap dissolves sparingly in Distilled Water and readily 
 in boiling Water ; is sparingly soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). The B.F. 
 requires that it shall contain no free alkali Hydroxides and free fatty 
 acids, as determined by dissolving 5 grammes of the dried and powdered 
 Soap in 50 ml. of boihng Alcohol (90 p.c), filtering whilst hot and washing 
 the filter with boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), using Phenolphthalein Solution 
 as an indicator ; the filtrate should be neutral in reaction. It is 
 officially required to contain not more than • 53 p.c. of alkali Carbonates, 
 reckoned as anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, as determined by dissolving 
 in Distilled Water, the residue remaining on the filter after the filtration 
 of the boiling alcoholic solution of the Soap and washing with boiling 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). This aqueous solution is titrated with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not more than 
 5 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution is equivalent to 0*0053 gramme of anhydrous Sodium 
 Carbonate. The B.P. now employs Methyl Orange Solution in the 
 place of Phenolphthalein Solution, as recommended in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squire's Compmiion. If it is desired to ascertain the amount 
 of alkali combined with the fatty acids in the form of a Soap, a few 
 drops of Lacmoid Solution may be added and the titration continued 
 until a red coloration is produced. The number of c.c. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution used may be calculated into Sodium 
 Oxide. 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is 
 equivalent to 0*0031 gramme of Sodium Oxide. The P.G. requires that 
 a solution of 1 gramme of Soap in 10 c.c of Alcohol (90 p.c.) shall not 
 acquire a red coloration, on the addition of a few drops of Phenolphthalein 
 Solution, indicating the absence of free alkali. The fatty acids may 
 be obtained by decomposing a solution of the Soap in hot Distilled 
 Water by the addition of a slight excess of Hydrochloric Acid, heating 
 the mixture on a water-bath until the fatty acids are completely 
 liquefied, filtering through a filter-paper moistened with Distilled Water, 
 washing the acids with hot Distilled Water till free from mineral acid, 
 as indicated by their reaction to Methyl Orange Solution, and filtering 
 the acids by allowing the filter-paper to dry slowly in the water-oven. 
 They should possess the melting point of about 45° C, (113° E.), an 
 Iodine Value of about 40 to 45 and a combining weight of about 278 
 to 280. 
 
 The more generally occurring imi:)urities are excess of alkali 
 Hydroxides, an excessive amount of alkali Carbonates, unsaponified 
 oil or fat, Potassium Soap, and excess of moisture. The above Official 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] SAP ]2()1» 
 
 requirements with regard to the behaviour of the filtered sohition 
 in boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), towards Phenolphthalein Solution, and 
 the titration of the hot aqueous solution of the residue left on the 
 filter, ensure the absence respectively of free alkali Hydroxides, or 
 an excessive amount of alkali Carbonates. A greasy stain should not 
 be imparted by the Soap to white unglazed paper, indicating the absence 
 of unsaponified oils or fat. The ash left on igniting the soap should not 
 be deliquescent, indicating the absence of Potassium Soap. It should 
 lose not more than 30 p.c. of its weight, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), 
 indicating a limit of moisture. 
 
 SAPO DURUS. 
 
 HARD SOAP. 
 
 Fr., Savon Medicinal ; Ger., Medizinische Seife ; 
 Ital., Sapone Medicinale ; Span., Jabon de Aceite de Olivas. 
 
 A solid answering to the description given under ' Sapo Animalis,' 
 but made by saponifying Olive Oil with Sodium Hydroxide. It is 
 officially permitted to contain about 30 p.c. of Water. 
 
 See also Oleum Olivte. 
 
 Sapo Animalis is essentially Sodium Stearate, and Sapo Dm-us is essentially 
 Sodium Oleate. 
 
 Solubility. — The greater part is soluble 1 in 20 of Water ; entirely 
 1 in 1^ of boiling Water ; 1 in 2 of boiling Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 ,S0 grains of White Castile Soap digested for 4 days in 1 oz. of cold Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), only 24 grains were dissolved ; when heated it all dissolved. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Laxative and antacid. Combined with 
 Rhubarb, it is administered as an antacid in dyspepsia attended witii 
 constipation. Large and frequent doses are most effective in removing 
 gall-stones. Hard Soap, but more frequently Soft Soap, is made into 
 a lather with warm AVater, for use as an enema, -| to 1 oz. to a pint. 
 
 The Liniment, which is made with soft soap, is xised as a counter-irritant, 
 and is useful in sprains and rheumatic pains, and stiffness of joints. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Best given in wafer paper or in cachets, or in 
 hard gelatine capsules. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Emplastrum Saponis and Pilula Saponis Com- 
 posita. 
 
 Not Official. — Spiritus Saponatus, Soluzione Alcoolica di Sapone, and 
 Eunatrol. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Sapo Officinalis) ; Dan. 
 and Dutch (Sapo Medicatus) • Himg. (Sapo Durus) ; Norw. (Sapo 
 Albus Oleaceus) ; Russ. (Sapo Hispanicus Albus) ; Span. (Jabon 
 de Sosa) ; Swed. (Sapo Medicatus); Swiss (Sapo Oleaceus); U.S. 
 (Sapo). With Almond Oil — Fr. (Savon Medicinal); Ital. (Sapone 
 Medicinale); Mex. (Jabon Medicinal); Port. (Sabao Vegetal); 
 Span. (Jabon Amigdalino). With Lard and Olive Oil — Ger., Jap. 
 and Russ. (Sapo Medicatus). Hung. (Sapo Medicinalis), with 
 Sesame Oil. 
 
1210 SAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Hard Soap dissolves in Distilled Water, readily in 
 boiling Distilled Water, and in boiling Alcohol (90 p.c). The B.P. 
 requires that it shall not contain any free alkali Hydroxides, as deter- 
 mined by dissolving [) grammes of the dried and powdered Soap in 
 50 ml. of boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), and, whilst still hot, filtering the 
 solution through a filter and thoroughly washing it with boiling 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; the resultant filtrate should not produce a pink 
 coloration with Phenolphthalein Solution. It also requires that it 
 shall contain not more than 0"f)3 p.c. of alkali Carbonates, calculated 
 as anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, as determined by titrating the residue 
 remaining on the filter after the filtration of the above alcoholic 
 solution, using Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 not more than 5 ml. should be required, using Methyl Orange Solution 
 as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution is equivalent to 0*0053 gramme of anhydrous Sodium 
 Carbonate. The U.S. P. has a somewhat similar limit of alkalinity, 
 but determines it by dissolving 5 grammes of the Soap in 50 c.c. of 
 hot Water, and requires that when this solution is mixed with 3 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution, the subsequent 
 addition of a few drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution should 
 produce no pink or red tint. The alkali in combination with the 
 fatty acids in the form of Soap may be determined as described under 
 Sapo Animalis, by titrating the hot alcoholic solution used for the 
 determination of the free alkali Hydroxides and Carbonates with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Lacmoid 
 Solution as an indicator. The U.S. P. weighs the Sodium Carbonate 
 remaining insoluble when 20 grammes of Soap are dissolved in Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c), which should weigh not more than 0"8 gramme, indicating 
 a limit of Sodium Carbonate. It was pointed out in the Eighteenth 
 Edition of Squire s Companion that the B.P. 1898 made no reference 
 to the characters of the fatty acids obtained from the Soap. The 
 Cmnpanion stated that they should possess a melting point of about 
 26° C. (78 -8° F.), an Iodine Value of about 80, and a combining weight 
 of about 279 '5. The B.P. now gives the characters of the fatty 
 acids, requiring that they should possess a melting point of 21° to 
 28° C. (69-8° to 82-4° F.), a Kefractive Index at 40° C. (104° F.) of 
 1 • 454 to 1 ■ 458, an Iodine Value of 83 to 92, and an Acid Value of 
 195 to 205. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free alkali Hydroxides, 
 excess of alkali Carbonates, animal fats, and fatty acids from Oils 
 other than Olive, Silica, and other accidental impurities, unsaponified 
 oil, Potassium Soap, and excess of moisture. Free alkali Hydroxides 
 or excess of alkali Carbonates may be detected by the behaviour of 
 the solution towards Phenolphthalein Solution and by the results 
 yielded on titrating the hot aqueous solution of the residue remaining 
 after the filtration of the alcoholic solution, as referred to at the com- 
 mencement of the article. Animal fats may be determined by the 
 gelatinisation on cooling of the 25 p.c solution of the Soap in Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c) and by the melting point of the fatty acids ; fatty acids 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAP 1211 
 
 from Oils other tliau Olive may be detected by determinations of tlie 
 melting point, Iodine Value, Refractive Index, and Acid Value of the 
 separated fatty acids. Silica and other accidental impurities may be 
 detected by a residue insoluble in Alcohol (94 '9 p.c.) and in Distilled 
 Water. No greasy stain should be imparted to white unglazed paper 
 by the Soap, indicating the absence of unsaponified oils or fat. The 
 ash left on the ignition of the Soap should not be deliquescent, in- 
 dicating the absence of Potassium Soap. Hard Soap should lose not 
 more than 30 p.c. of its weight, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), in- 
 dicating a limit of moisture. The U.S. P. requires that it should 
 lose not more than 36 p.c. of its weight, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), 
 to a constant weight, indicating the absence of an undue amount of 
 Water. In determining the amount of moisture the U.S. P. places 
 0*5 gramme of Soap with 10 c.c. of Alcohol (94'9 p.c.) in a tared 
 beaker containing 1 gramme of clean dry sand, and evaporates to 
 dryness ; drying the residue at 110° C. (230° F.) until of a constant 
 weight. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM SAPONIS. Soap Plaster. (Modified.) 
 
 Hard Soap, 5 • G ; Lead Plaster, 33 "4 ; Resin, 1. Melt each ingredient 
 separately at a low temperature ; mix ; evaporate, with constant 
 stirring, to a jirojier consistence. (1 of Soap in 7y.) 
 
 Figuros in B.P. 1898 wore (5, 36, and 1. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Emplastra (group). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Austr. and Hung., about 1 in 14; 
 Dan., 1 in 10 ; Dutch and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; G!er., Jap., and Norw., about 
 1 in 17; Russ., 1 in 17^; all Emplastrum Saponatum; Mex. 
 (Emplasto de Jabon), 1 in 18; Port. (Emplastro de Sabao), 1 
 in 12.| ; Span. (Emplasto de Jabon), about 1 in 17; Swed. (Em- 
 plastrum Saponaceum), 1 and 9; U.S. (Emplastrum Saponis), 
 1 in 10. Belg. has Saponis Emplastrum Camphoratuin, Lead Plaster 
 75, Yellow Wax 10, Hard Soap 10, Olei Officinalis 3, Camphor 2. 
 
 LINIMENTUM SAPONIS. See Sapo Mollis. 
 PILULA SAPONIS COMPOSITA. See Opium. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPIRiTUS SAPONATUS (G^er.).— Made by saponifying Olive Oil 6 with 
 solution of Potassimn Hydroxide 7, and adcUng Alcohol 30, and Water 17, 
 all by weight. 
 
 SOLUZIONE ALCOOLICA Dl SAPONE (7<a?.).— Medicinal Soap, 1 ; 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), 9. 
 
 EUNATROL (Sodium Oleate). — Under tliis proprietary title has been 
 introduced a substance containing pm-e Sodium Oleate. Stated to be useful 
 as a cholagogue. Yellowish-white fatty solid, posses.sing a faint odour 
 of Oleic Acid. Best prescribed in pills or capsules. Dose, 10 to 15 
 grains = 0-65 to 1 gramme, tmce daily. 
 
 Of extraordinary value in all cases of chronic cholangitis, three 4 grain, 
 pills 3 times daily before meals, for 3 months or more, many apparently 
 hopeless cases regain their health thereby. — Pr. '11, ii. 518. 
 
1212 SAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measxire.] 
 
 SAPO MOLLIS. 
 
 SOFT SOAP. 
 
 A yellowish-wliite, or yellowish-green, unctuous semi-solid. 
 The B.P. Soft Soap is prepared with Potassium Hydroxide and Olive Oil ; 
 the U.S. P. and the P.O. with Potassium Hydroxide and Linf?eed Oil. 
 
 See also Oleum Olivse. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 4 of Water; 1 in 1 of boiling Water; almost 
 entirely 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 0£&cial Preparation. — Linimentum Saponis. Contained in Linimen- 
 tum Terebinthinae. Soap Liniment is contained in Linimentum Opii. 
 
 Not Official. — Sapo Kalinus Venalis, Solutio Saponis ^therea, Sapo 
 /Ethereus, Spiritus Saponis Kalini, Mollin. 
 
 Foreign Pliarmaeopceias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Jap., 
 Norw. and Russ. (Sapo Kalinus) ; Fr. (Savon Noir) ; Ger., Hung., 
 Swed. and Swiss (Sapo Kalinus and Sapo Kalinus Venalis) ; Ital. 
 (Sapone di Potassa) ; U.S. (Sapo Mollis); Dutch has also Sapo 
 Superadipatus, Wool Fat 4, Soft Soap 20, Hard Soap 76. Jap., Russ. 
 and Swiss have also Sapo Viridis. Swed. has Sapo Alba. 
 
 Tests. — Soft Soap dissolves in cold Alcohol (90 p.c), and readily 
 in hot Alcohol (90 p.c). It is officially required to yield no free alkali 
 Hydroxides, as determined by dissolving 15 grammes in 50 ml. of boiling 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), filtering, and adding a few drops of Phenolphthalein 
 Solution to the filtrate, which should not afford a red or a pink colora- 
 tion. The U.S. P. does not differentiate between the free alkali 
 Hydroxide or the Carbonated alkali, but requires it to conform to the 
 tests given below under the heading of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Oxalic Acid Solution. The P.G. requires that a solution of 10 grammes 
 of Soft Soap in 30 cc. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) shall remain clear after the 
 addition of 0"5 cc. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Silicic Acid and Resin ; and on the further 
 addition of 1 drop of PhenoliDhthalein shall not assume a red coloration, 
 indicating a limit of free alkali. The B.P. fixes the limit of alkali 
 Carbonates at 0* 69 p.c, calculated as anhydrous Potassium Carbonate, 
 as determined by titrating the solution in hot Distilled Water of the 
 residue insoluble in boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not more than 5 ml. 
 should be required, Methyl Orange Solution being employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality. Neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. includes a 
 volumetric test for limit of alkali Carbonates. The B.P. fixes the limit 
 of Potassium Carbonate, insoluble Soaps, etc., at 3 p.c, as determined 
 by the weight of residue insoluble in hot Alcohol (90 p.c) ; the U.S. P. 
 allows a similar limit for the amount of residue insoluble in hot Alcohol 
 (94-9 p.c). 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion 
 that the characters of the fatty acids from the Soap should be included 
 in the Official monograph, and the B.P. now includes physical constants 
 for the fatty acids. To obtain the fatty acids the Soap is dissolved in 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] SAP 1213 
 
 Distilled Water, the aqueous solution acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and the liberated fatty acids warmed on a water-bath until they 
 have completely liquefied, filtered through a filter-paper previously 
 moistened with Distilled Water, washed till free from mineral acid as 
 ascertained by their neutrality to Methyl Orange Solution, allowed 
 to filter through in a warm chamber, and carefully dried. They should 
 possess a melting point of about 26° C. (78 "8° F.), an Iodine Value of 
 about 85, and a combining weight of 275 to 285. The B.P. requires 
 that they should possess a melting point of 21° to 28° C. (69 '8° to 
 82-4° F.) and an Iodine Value of 83 to 92, a Refractive Index at 40° C. 
 (104° F.) of 1-454 to 1-458, and an Acid Value of 195 to 205. The 
 U.S. P. does not include any methods for the examination of the fatty 
 acids. The P.G. requires that the fatty acid content of Sapo Kalinus 
 shall amount to at least 40 p.c, as determined by the process given in 
 the small type below under the heading of Determination of the Fatty 
 Acids. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are residue insoluble in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), alkali Hydroxides, free fatty acids, alkali Carbonates, 
 unsaponified oil, Copper, and oils other than Olive Oil. The limits for 
 insoluble residue, alkali Hydroxides, free fatty acids, and alkali 
 Carbonates are fixed by the tests recorded above. No greasy or oily 
 stain should be imparted to a piece of white unglazed paper when the 
 soap is rubbed upon it, indicating the absence of unsaponified oils. 
 The ash left on igniting 5 grammes of the Soap in a porcelain crucible, 
 when dissolved in Distilled Water acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should afiord no turbidity or coloration on the addition of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Copper. The presence 
 of Oils other than Olive may be detected by the determination of 
 the melting point, the Iodine Value, and the combining weight of 
 the fatty acids, obtained as above. 
 
 Tenth-TsTormal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution. — A solution of 
 5 grammes of Soft Soap in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water with 2 drops of Phenol- 
 phthalein Test-Solution added, should require not less than 2- 3 c.c. nor more 
 than 4-5 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution to discharge 
 the red tint, indicating a limit of free alkali, U.S. P. 
 
 Determination of the Fatty Acids. — Dissolve 5 grammes of Soft Soap 
 in 100 c.c. of hot Distilled Water. Mix the solution with 10 c.c. of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid in a test-glass and warm the mixture on a water -bath until 
 the separated fatty acids form a clear layer on the top of the aqueous fluid. 
 Add 50 c.c. of Petroleum Benzin to the cooled liqmd, stopper the test-glass 
 and shake until solution of the fatty acids takes place, then allow 25 c.c. of 
 this solution to evaporate at a gentle heat in a beaker, and dry the residue at 
 a temperature not exceeding 75° C. (167° F.) tmtil it is of constant weight. 
 The residue should weigh at least 1 gramme, representing a minimum content 
 of about 40 p.c. of Fatty Acids, P.G. 
 
 Preparations. 
 LINIMENTUM SAPONIS. Liniment op Soap. (Modified.) 
 
 Soft Soap, 2 oz. ; Camphor, 1 oz. ; Oil of Rosemary, 3 fl. drm. ; 
 
 Distilled Water, 4J fl. oz. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 25 fl. oz. 
 
 Dissolve the Soap, Camphor, and Oil of Rosemary in 15 fl. oz. of the 
 
1214 SAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Alcoliol ; add the Water and remainder of the Alcohol ; after a week, 
 niter. 
 
 The Soap is now dissolved in the Alcohol instead of the Water. 
 
 Tests. — Soap Liniment has a specific gravity of about 0*890; it 
 contains about 5" 5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 68*5 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Linimentum. Saponis (U.S.). — Soap, 60 ; Camphor, 45; Oil of Rosenaary, 
 10 ; Alcohol, 725 ; Water, g.s. to make 1000. 
 
 Linimentura Saponis Mollis (U.S.). — Soft Soap, 650 ; Oil of Lavender, 
 20 ; Alcohol to make 1000. 
 
 The following are all by weight ; — - 
 
 Linimentum Saponis Rubefaciens — 
 
 Russ. — Cantharides, 1 ; Oil of Turpentine, 20 ; Spanish Soap, 24 ; Saponis 
 Sebacini, 16 ; Camphor, 8 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 240 ; Solution of Caustic 
 Ammonia, 12. 
 
 Linimentum Saponis Camphoratum. — 
 
 Swcd. — Linseed Oil, 10; Solution of Caustic Potash, 7; Camphor, 5; Oil 
 of Rosemary, 1 ; Distilled Water, 27 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 100. 
 
 Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum — 
 
 Aust. — Stearin, 22 ; Solution of Caustic Soda, 22 ; Glycerin, 20 ; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 90 ; saponify and mix with it Camphor, 20 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 790 
 add Ammonia, 26 ; Lavender Oil, 5 ; Oil of Rosemary, 5. 
 
 Ger. and Jap. — Sapo Medicatus, 40 ; Camphor, 10 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 420 
 Oil of Thyme, 2 ; Oil of Rosemary, 3 ; Liquid Ammonia, 25. 
 
 Hung.— Hard Soap, 50; Distilled Water, 70; Alcohol (95 p.c), 820 
 Camphor, 25 ; Oil of Lavender, 5 ; Oil of Rosemary, 5 ; Liquid Ammonia, 25. 
 
 Linimentum Saponato-Camphoratum Liquiclum — 
 Russ. — Spirit of Soap, 175 ; Spirit of Camphor, 60 ; Solution of Caustic 
 Ammonia, 12 ; Oil of Thyme, 1 ; Oil of Rosemary, 2. 
 
 Linimento di Sapone con Canfora — 
 
 Ital.— Curd Soap, 10 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 125 ; Camphor, 10 ; Oil of Rose- 
 mary, 5 ; Liquid Ammonia, 5. 
 
 Linimentum Opodeldoc — 
 
 Norw.^ — Saponis Butyracei, 8; Camphor, 2; Alcohol (90 p.c), 74; Liquid 
 Ammonia, 2 ; Oil of Rosemary, 1 ; Oil of Thyme, 1 ; Water, q.s. 
 
 Swed., Biityrmn, 10 ; Solution of Caustic Soda, 6 ; Camphor, 5 ; Oil of 
 Rosemary, 2 ; Oil of Thyme, 1 ; Liquid Ammonia, 10 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), q.s. 
 
 Balsamo Opodeldoch Liquido — 
 
 Span. — Soda Soap, 10 ; Camphor, 9 ; Oil of Rosemary, 2 ; Oil of Thyme, 
 1 ; Liquid Ammonia, 4 ; Alcohol (80 p.c), 100. 
 
 Balsamo Opodeldoch Solido — 
 
 Span. — Cvu'd Soap, 12 ; Camphor, 10 ; Liquid Ammonia, 4 ; Oil of Rose- 
 mary, 2 ; Oil of Thyme, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 100. 
 
 Balsamum de Opodeldoc Concrete — ■ 
 
 Mex. — Sapo Animalis, 30 ; Camphor, 24 ; Liquid Ammonia, 10 ; Oil of 
 Rosemary, 6 ; Oil of Thyme, 2 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 250. 
 
 Baume Opodeldoch — 
 
 Fr. — Sapo AnimaHs. 19; Camphor, 15; Alcohol (90 p.c), 155; Liqxiid 
 Ammonia, 6 ; Oil of Rosemary, 4 ; Oil of Thyme, 1. 
 
 Opodeldoc — 
 
 Dan.— Saponis Medicati, 80; Camphor, 20; Alcohol (90 p.c), 840; Oil of 
 Thyme, 4 ; Oil of Rosemary, G ; Liqviid Ammonia, 50. 
 
[Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAP 1216 
 
 Port. — Sapo Animalis, 16; Camphor, 16; Liquid Ammonia, 8; Lavender 
 Oil, 1 ; Oil of Rosemary, 1 ; Alcohol (85 p.c.) 158. 
 
 Swiss — Lard, 10; Alcohol (90 p.c), 5; Solution of Caustic Soda, 5; saponify 
 and add Alcohol (90 p.c), 102; Camphor, 5; Oil of Rosemary, 2; Oil of Thjnne, 
 1 ; Liquid Ammonia 10. 
 
 Opodeldoc Liquidum — 
 
 Swiss. — Spirit of Soap, 1.3G ; Spirit of Camphor, 48 ; Liquid Ammonia, 13 ; 
 Oil of Rosemary, 2; Oil of Thyme, 1. 
 
 Spiritus Saponis — 
 
 Austr.— Olive Oil, 100 ; Caustic Pota.sh, 60 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 100 ; Alcohol 
 (68 p.c), 738 : Lavender Oil, 2. 
 
 Belg.— Saponis Officinalis, 200 : Alcohol (60 p.c), 795 ; Lavender Oil, 5. 
 
 Swiss— Ohve Oil, 100; Solutionof Caustic Potash, 52; Alcohol (90 p.c), 500; 
 Water, 348. 
 
 Spiritus Saponatus — 
 
 Dutch — Solution of Caustic Potash, 75 ; Oil of Sesame, 195 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 350 ; Water, 378 ; Oil of Lavender, 2. 
 
 Ger. and Jap. — Olive Oil, G; Solution of Caustic Potash, 7; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 30; Water, 17. 
 
 Hung.— Hard Soap, 50; Water, 310; Alcohol (90 p.c), 638; Oil of Lavender, 2. 
 
 Russ. — Caustic Potash, 1; Distilled Water, 3; Olive Oil, 4; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 12. 
 
 Spiritus Saponato-Camphoratum — 
 
 Dan.— Caustic Potash. 4; Distilled Water, 67; Olive Oil, 20; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), 100; Camphor, 5 ; Oil of Rosemary, 2 ; Oil of Thyme, 2. 
 
 Ger. — Spirit of Camphor, GO; Spirit of Soap, 175; Liquid Ammonia, 12; 
 Oil of Thyme, 1 ; Oil of Rosemary, 2. 
 
 Norw. — Sapo Kalinus, 25; Camphor, 3; Dilute Alcohol, 70; Rosemary Oil, 
 1 ; Oil of Thyme, 1. 
 
 Swed. — Camphor, 4 ; Sapo Kalinus Venalis, 12; Alcohol, 84. 
 
 Tintura de Jabon Alcanforado — 
 
 Mex.— Soap, 12; Alcohol (80 p.c), 400 ; Camphor, 12; Oil of Rosemary, 3 ; 
 Oil of Thyme, 3 ; Liquid Ammonia, 12. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SAPO KALINUS VENALIS (Ger.).— A yellowish-brown, or greenish, 
 translucent soap, prepared from Linseed Oil with Potash. For use in skin 
 diseases. 
 
 SOLUTiO SAPONIS /ETHEREA. Syn. Ether 8oaf {St. Thomas's). —Oleic 
 Acid, 7 fl.oz. ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 3 fl. oz. Mix and neutrahse with about li fi. oz. 
 saturated Solution of Potassium Hydroxide (1 in 1 of Water); when cool 
 add Oil of Lavender, 20 minims ; Methylated Ether, sp. gr. 0-720, to 20 fl. oz. 
 
 SAPO /ETHEREUS (Evelina). — Oleic Acid, 2 ; Concentrated Solution of 
 Caustic Potash, q.s. ; Methylated Spirit, 1 ; Methylated Ether, 2. 
 
 SPIRITUS SAPONIS KALINI.— Soft Soap, 24; Alcohol (90 p.c), 12; 
 Spirit of Lavender, 1. — Hebra. 
 
 Linseed Oil, 35; Solution of Caxistic Potash, 20; Alcohol (68 p.c), 44; 
 Oil of Lavender, 1. — Ausir. 
 
 Potash Soap, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1. — Ger. 
 
 Sesame Oil, 200; Caustic Potash, 40; Alcohol (95 p.c), 480; Lavender 
 Oil, 2 ; Distilled Water, 218.— Hung. 
 
 Potash Soap, 66 ; Spirit of Lavender, 6 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 28. — Swed. 
 
 See also Spiritus Saponis above. 
 
 MOLLIN. — A Soft Soap containing 17 p.c of uncombined fat and 30 p.c. 
 of Glycerin. 
 
 Has been recommended as a basis for ointments. ' 
 
1216 SAP [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SAPPAN. 
 
 SAPPAN. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 The heart-wood of Ccesalpinia Sappan, L. It was Official in 
 Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies, and is now 
 mcluded in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent. Given for diarrlioja in 
 India. It is also used as a substitute for Logwood. 
 Official Preparation. — -Decoctum Sappan. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Sappan wood, so far as it lias appeared in 
 commerce in this country as an article of medicine, varies much in 
 appearance in different samples. According to the B.P. it should 
 occur in hard heavy pieces of variable size, or in orange red chips, 
 showing in transverse section well marked concentric rings, numerous 
 narrow medullary rays and large vessels. It gives to 90 p.c. Alcohol 
 and to Water a red colour which becomes carmine red, not purple, 
 upon the addition of solution of Sodium hydroxide. Dymock, however, 
 describes the wood as whitish when freshly cut, but becoming red on 
 exposure to the air, and remarks that alkalis increase the yield of 
 colouring matter and turn it to reddish violet. He also states that 
 there are two qualities found in the Bombay market, viz., Singapore 
 or Dhansari, and Ceylon, the latter being only three-quarters the 
 value of the former. It is necessary, therefore, to apply the B.P. tests 
 to specimens purchased in this country. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 DECOCTUM SAPPAN. Decoction of Sappan. (New.) 
 
 Boil 5 of Sappan, in chips, with 120 of Distilled Water for ten 
 
 minutes, adding 1 of bruised Cinnamon Bark towards the end of the 
 
 time ; strain, and make up the product to 100. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.—* to 2 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SARSiE RADIX. 
 
 sarsapabilla. 
 
 Fb., Salsepareille du Mexique ; Ger., Sarseparille ; 
 Ital., Salsapariglia ; Span., Zarzapabrilla. 
 
 The dried Root of Smilax ornata, Hook, f . 
 
 Several commercial varieties of the drug are known. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Alterative and tonic ; opinions differ as to its 
 efficacy. The Compound Decoction is given in secondary syphilis, chronic 
 rheumatism and skin diseases, but generally in combination with other 
 remedies such as Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis ; they accelerate its decomposition. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAR 1217 
 
 Foreign Piiannacopceias. — Official in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — There are several kinds of Sarsaparilla in conmierce, 
 the principal varieties being respectively known as Red Jamaica, Oj-ange or 
 native Jainaica, Lima, Honchiras, Mexican and Guayaquil. The Red Jamaica 
 kind is imported from Costa Rica, and occurs in oblong bundles about IJft. 
 (45 cm.) long and 5 to 6 in. (12 to 15 cm.) in diameter, wrapped round with 
 a few long roots. The roots are about Jin. (3mm.) in diameter, usually 
 furnished with many small rootlets, have a reddish-brown bark, and are 
 longitudinally fin-rowed and wrinkled. This Sarsaparilla is usually preferred, 
 as it gives more extract than the other kinds, but the Hondvu-as kind, which 
 is Official in the P.G. and the U.S. P., is more acrid, and has a mucilaginous 
 taste. It is a brownish-grey, and the roots are about ^ in. (4 mm.) thick. 
 The bundles are cylindrical, about 24 in. (60 cm.) long and 3i in. (9 cm.) in 
 diameter, or 27 in. (70 cm.) long and 2|- in. (6 cna.) broad, closely wrapped 
 round with a coil of the root. It is usually more starchy than the Jamaica 
 kind. Native Jamaica Sarsaparilla is grown in that island, and is imported 
 in limited quantity ; it is chiefly consumed in the North of England. It is 
 of a bright brown colour, plumper, \ in. (4 mm.) in diameter, and less shrivelled 
 than the Red Jamaica kind. 
 
 Lima Sarsaparilla resembles the Red Jamaica kind, but is rather paler 
 and occurs in cylindrical bundles about 2i in. (6 cm.) in diameter and 21 in. 
 (50 cm.) long, with a few roots coiled round them, the rootlets being about 
 ^ in. (3 mm.) in diameter. Guayaquil Sarsaparilla occurs in loose bundles 
 about 24 in. (60 cm.) long and 4 to 5 in. (10 to 12 cm.) Avide, the roots being 
 attached to the chump or rootstock ; the roots are browner and coarser 
 than the Jamaica kind, up to \ or ^ in. (4 or 5 mm.) and less fibrous. The 
 Mexican or Vera Cruz kind also is not packed in bundles ; it contains the 
 rootstock but the roots are slender, ^^ to j\j in. (2 to 2-5 mm.) in diameter, 
 and about 2 ft. long, nearly straight and with few rootlets. 
 
 It is stated that the different kinds of Sarsaparilla can he distinguished in 
 section by the character of the endodermis cells. Vogl, PJiarmacot/nosie, 
 pp. 313-315 (and others), represent the cells of the Hondiu-as Sarsaparilla as 
 square and equally thickened, and those of Red Jamaica Sarsaparilla as 
 radially rectangular and unequally thickened. 
 
 The roots contain acicular crystals of Calcium Oxalate, and numerous 
 starch grains, which are most abundant in the part farthest from the rhizome. 
 
 It may be noted that the U.S. P. attributes Honduras Sarsaparilla to 
 S. officinalis, Kunth., and also makes Official S. medica, Cham, and Schlecht. 
 (Mexican?), S. papyracea, Duham. (Para? Guatemala ?), *S'. ornata. Hook. f. 
 (Jamaica ?) ; but it does not state the commercial equivalents of these 
 species, and it is difficult to learn even from the 18th Ed. of the National 
 Dispensatory which conmaercial varieties are intended. For illustrations of 
 the different commercial kinds see Pereira Mat. Med., vol. ii. fol. i. pp. 278-284 
 (4th Ed.). 
 
 Tests. — Sarsaparilla Root yields from 5 to 7 p.c. of ash. 
 
 DECOCT UM SARS/E COMPOSITUM.— Jamaica Sarsaparilla, cut 
 transversely, 2^ ; Sassafras Root, in chips, \ ; Guaiaciun Wood turnings, \ ; 
 Dried Liquorice Root, bruised, \ ; Mezereon Bark, \ ; Boiling Distilled 
 Water, 30. Digest the solid ingredients in the Water for an hour, boil for 
 10 minute.^, cool, strain and make vij) to 20 fl. oz. — B.P. 1885. 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 10 fl. oz. = 56 to 280 ml. 
 
 EXTRACTUM SARS/E LIQUIDUM {B.P. 1898).— A Liquor obtained 
 by repercolation of Sarsaparilla with Alcohol (20 p.c), until 18 represents 20 
 of Root, then 2 of Glycerin is added. ( 1 root in 1 . ) 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 4 fl. drm. = 7-1 to 14 • 2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Mex. and U.S., 1 in 1. 
 Fr., Mex., Port, and Span, have a solid extract. Ital. has a strong 
 decoction 4 in 100 and a weak decoction 2 in 100. 
 
1218 SAR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Liquid Extract of Sarsaparilla has a specific gravity of 1*050 to 
 1-090 ; it contains abovit 28 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 19 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 riuidextraetum. Sarsaparillse Compositura {U.S.). — Moisten Sarsa- 
 parilla, in No. 30 powder, IT) ; Glycyn-hiza, in No. 30 powder, 12 ; Sassafras, 
 in No. 30 powder, 10 ; Mezereum, in No. 30 powder, 3, with 10 of Glycerin 
 mixed with 90 of Alcohol (49 p.c.) ; percolate with Alcohol (49 p.c). Reserve 
 the first 80 parts and evaporate the remainder to a soft extract, which dissolve 
 in reserved portion, and make up to 100 c.c. 
 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 c.c). 
 
 Oer. has Decoctum Sarsaparillao Compositum (Fortius and Mitius) ; and 
 Fr. has Tisano de Salsopareille. 
 
 LIQUOR SARSy€ COMPOSITUS CONCENTRATUS (B.P.) 1898.— 
 Sarsaparilla, cut transversely and bruised, 20 ; Sassafras Root, in shavings, 
 2 ; Guaiacum Wood, in shavings, 2 ; Dried Liquorice Root, bruised, 2 ; 
 Mezereon Bark, cut small, 1 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4|-. Infuse the Sarsaparilla 
 in 3 successive portions of 100 of Distilled Water, for 1 hovu* each, at 160° F. 
 (71-1°C.). Boil the other solid ingredients with Distilled Water until 
 exhausted. Rapidly concentrate the mixed infusion and decoction vmtil, 
 when cold, the liquid measures 16 ; add the Alcohol ; set aside for at least 
 14 days ; filter. The product should measiure 20. (1 in 1.) 
 
 Dose.— 2 to 8 fl. drm. = 7 • 1 to 28 • 4 ml. 
 
 This formula is practically the same as that which has been given in previous 
 editions of Squire's Companion, under the heading, ' Extractum Sarsse 
 Liquidum Compositum ' ; the ingredients are similar to those of Decoctum 
 Sarste Compositum, B.P. '85. 
 
 DECOCTUM ZITTMANNI FORTIUS. Zittmann's Decoction (Strong). 
 ■ — Sarsaparilla Root, 100 ; Water, 2600 ; Powdered Sugar, 6 ; Powdered 
 Aliuii, 6 ; Mild Mercm-ous Chloride, 4 ; Red Mercm*ic Sulphide, 1 ; Aniso 
 Fruit, crushed, 4 ; Fennel Fruit, crushed, 4 ; Senna Leaves, cut, 24 ; 
 Liquorice Root, cut, 12. The Sarsaparilla Root is digested for 24 hoiurs with 
 the Water, the powdered Sugar, powdered Alum, Mild Mercurous Chloride 
 and Red Mercuric Sulphide are then added, the mixtiu-e heated in a covered 
 vessel in a steam -bath for 3. hours, stirring frequently; the Anise Fruit, 
 Feimel Fruit, Senna Leaves and the Liquorice Root are added towards the 
 end of the boiHng ; the liquid strained by expression and set aside for a short 
 time. Decant 2500 parts of the clear liquid. 
 
 Dose.— 100 to 200 c.c (4 to 8 fl. oz.) 
 
 Official in Ger. Hung, has Decoctum Zittmanni Fortius and Mitius, but the 
 proportions differ from above. 
 
 DECOCTUM ZITTMANNI MITIUS. Zittmann's Decoction (Weak).— 
 The residue from the stronger decoction, and Sarsaparilla Root, cut, 50 ; 
 Water, 2600 ; Lemon Peel, cut and bruised, 3 ; Cassia Bark, crushed, 3 ; 
 small Cardamom Seeds, bruised, 3 ; Liquorice Root, cut and bruised, 3. 
 The residue of the stronger decoction and the Sarsaparilla Root are extracted 
 with Water by heating in a steam-bath for 3 hours in a covered vessel, stirring 
 frequently ; the Lemon Peel, Cassia Bark, small Cardamoms and Liquorice 
 Root are added towards the end of the operation ; the Hquid is strained by 
 expression and set aside for a short time. Decant 2500 of the clear liquid. 
 
 SYRUPUS SARSAPARILL/E COMPOSITUS.— Fluid Extract of Sarsa- 
 parilla, 2000 ; Fluid Extract of Glycyrrhiza, 150 ; Fluid Extract of Senna, 
 150 ; Sugar, 6500 ; Oil of Sassafras, 2 ; Oil of Anise, 2 ; Oil of Gaultheria, 2 ; 
 Water, q.s. to make 10,000. — U.S. 
 
 Average Dose. — 4 fl. drm. (16 c.c). 
 
 Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla 15, Fluid Extract of Glycyrrhiza 1, Fluid 
 Extract of Seima 3, Spirit of Anise 1, Simple Syrup 80. — Bd'rj. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SAS 1219 
 
 Percolate Sarsaparilla 100, Guaiacuni Wood 20, Senna Leaves 15, Sassafras 
 5, Anise 10, with a mixtvu-e of Alcohol (90 p. c.) and Water (equal weights) 
 imtil 600 is obtained ; to 300 add 50 of Glycerin, filter and continue the 
 evaporation to 100 ; to each 10 of this extract add 90 of Syrup. — Stviss. 
 
 SIROP DE SALSEPAREILLE COMPOSE.— Pour on to 1000 of Sarsa- 
 parilla (split and cut) sioificient Water at 80° C. to cover it, digest for 6 hours 
 and separate the liquid ; make a second digestion in a similar manner and 
 add the liquid to that of the first ; also a third, which you put aside ; heat 
 this to ebullition and throw in 60 of dried Borage flowers, 60 of dried petals 
 of Roses, 60 of Senna leaves, and 60 of Anise fruits, allow to infuse for 6 hours 
 and press ; evaporate the first liquors, and when they are reduced to 500 
 grammes add the third Hquid and continue the evaporation until the product 
 weighs 2000 grammes, clarify with white of egg and strain through a cloth ; 
 add to the hquid thus obtained 1000 of Sugar and 1000 of \Vhite Honey, and 
 make a syrup by boiling and clarification until it has a sp. gr. of 1 • 29. — Fr. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SASSAFRAS RADIX. 
 
 SASSAFRAS. 
 
 The dried Root of Sassafras officinale, T. Nees and Eberm. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Mex. and Port., the 
 Root ; Ger., Jap., Span., Swiss and U.S., the Root-bark. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The root met with in commerce is usually offered by 
 the wholesale houses in the form of chips, apparently of large roots, since very 
 little bark is present. The bark is rough, brown, with a whitish external 
 layer, but smooth, with a satiny lustre on the inner surface. It is slightly 
 astringent, and has a Safrol flavour. The chips of wood are greyish, with a 
 yellowish or often with a reddish tinge. In the U.S.P. the much more 
 aromatic bark, deprived of the periderm, is Official, as well as the pith of the 
 stem (Sassafras Medulla) ; see below. 
 
 The bark is characterised by large oil cells, pitted parenchymatous cells, 
 thick-walled bast fibres, and starch grains singly or in groups of 2 to 3 each, 
 with a well-marked hilum. The starch also occurs in the wood and 
 in the medullary rays. The bark contains a dark brown coloviring 
 matter soluble in Liquor Potassse. The stem is sometinaes substituted for 
 the root, but the bark and wood of the stem have not the odour or taste 
 of Safrol. 
 
 Tests. — Sassafras Root yields about 2 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Oil of Sassafras. — A yellowish, or reddish-yellow, volatile Oil, which is 
 largely distilled in America, and is Official in U.S. ; the yield is about 2 p.c. 
 The bulk of this Oil consists of Safrol, Cj^Hi^Oo, eq. 162-08, a compound also 
 extracted from Oil of Camphor. It is much used for scenting soaps. 
 
 Medicinal Properties,^ — Aromatic and carminative. Used as an ad- 
 juvant to other medicines. 
 
 The Oil strongly recommended for pedicuU ; the bi'ush is dipped in a 
 saucer full of the Oil, the whole head well brushed with it, and a close-fitting 
 linen cap put on for 24 hoiurs. — B.M.J. '07, ii. 64. 
 
 SASSAFRAS MEDULLA. Sassafras Pith (U.S.).— It abounds in a 
 gummy matter which forms a mucilage with Water. 
 
 Lignum Sassafras (the wood of the root) is Official in Ger. 
 
 Mucilago Sassafras Medullse. {U.S.). — Sassafras Pith, 2; macerated 
 with 100 of water for three horn's. 
 
 Average Dose. — 4 fl. drm. (16 c.c). 
 
1220 SCA [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SCAMMONI^ RADIX. 
 
 SCAMMONY ROOT. 
 
 The dried brownish, or yellowish-grey, perennial tapering Root of 
 Convolvulus Scammonia, L. 
 From Syria and Asia Minor. 
 
 OflBcial Preparation. — Used in the preparation of Scainmonise Resina. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Span, and Swiss. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Tlie root occurs in commerce in stout 
 hard, cylindrical pieces, often spirally twisted, and having a rough, 
 furrowed, greyish-brown bark, and it is often 2 to 3 in. (50 to 75 mm.) 
 in diameter. Internally it is greyish-yellow and fibrous, and in 
 transverse section exhibits irregularly arranged circles of woody 
 bundles. In the cortical region and around these circles dark resin 
 cells are frequent, and the softer tissues are full of a muller-shaped 
 starch, which is characteristic. For other microscopical characters 
 distinguishing this root from Ipomocoi radix, see Pharm.^ Journ. (4) 
 xxxiv. p. 285. In powdered Scammony root, cubical crystals occur ; 
 in Ipomoea radix, rosette crystals. The root has been scarce during 
 late years, its exportation having been prohibited. 
 
 Tests. — Scammony Root yields about 10 p.c. of ash. It is officially 
 stated to yield a resin possessing the properties of Scammony Resin, 
 when treated with Alcohol (90 p.c), but no indication as to the amount 
 expected to be yielded, is given. It yields about 9 p.c, if of Levantine 
 origin, the average yield being about 8 p.c. As the root is used only 
 for preparing the Resin it is considered that probably no standard 
 need be indicated. 
 
 SCAMMONIiE RESINA. 
 
 SCAMMONY RESIN. 
 
 Greenish-brown, or brownish, translucent, brittle lumps, with more 
 or less sharp edges, and breaking with a shining resinous fracture. 
 It has a peculiar, characteristic odour, and an acrid taste. It is readily 
 pulverisable. 
 
 Scammony Resin is Official in the B.P. and the U.S. P., but not 
 in P.G. It is identical with the Ether-soluble Resin of Jalap. It is 
 official in Fr. Codex. It is prepared by exhausting Scammony Root 
 in coarse powder, with Alcohol (90 p.c), recovering the greater 
 portion of the Alcohol by distillation, and pouring the concentrated 
 liquid into 8 times its volume of Distilled Water, which precipitates 
 the Resin. The Resin is allowed to settle, washed with Distilled 
 Water, and dried at a gentle heat. 
 
 ' Solubility. — It is soluble in almost all proportions of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) or Ether ; also soluble in Solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SCA 1221 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An energetic, liydragogue cathartic. 
 May be used when brisk action is needed, as in cerebral congestion 
 and severe dropsy; but on account of its griping properties it is 
 rarely used alone. In combination it promotes the action of other 
 medicines, whilst its own harshness is mitigated. It acts also as an 
 anthelmintic, to round-worms and tapeworms. 
 
 Dose. — i to 8 grains = 0'26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Pulvis Scammonii Compositus. Contained in 
 Extractiim Colocynthidis Compositmn, Pilula Colocynthidis Composita, and 
 Pilula Colocynthidis efc Hyoscyanii. 
 
 Not Official. — Confectio Scammonii, Pilula Scammonii Comp., Pulvis 
 Scammonii cum Hydrargyro, Pulvia Scammonii cum Calomelane, Tabellse 
 Scammoniae cum Chocolata. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Ital., Mex. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Scammony Resin is readily and almost completely soluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c), yielding a clear solution. It is officially required 
 to be soluble to the extent of not less than 75 p.c. in Ether. 
 
 The Ether Solubility may be determined by treating 5 grammes 
 of the powdered resin with 100 c.c. of Ether, allowing to stand in a 
 tightly-stoppered flask with occasional shaking until the Ether-soluble 
 resin is wholly dissolved, or preferably over-night, then filtering through 
 a tared filter, washing the filter and residue carefully with Ether, drying 
 at 100° C. (212° F.), and weighing the filter and the residue. 
 
 The Acid and Saponification Values afford a useful means of judging 
 the purity of the Resin, and distinguishing between true Scammony 
 and Mexican Scammony Resin. The Acid Value of Pure Virgin 
 Scammony Resin varies very little from 2"8 and the Saponification 
 Value from 240, consequently an Ester Value of 237*2. The Acid 
 Value of commercial true Scammony Resin ranges between 10*6 and 
 28, and the Saponification Value from 207 to 240 "5. Commercial 
 specimens of true Virgin Scammony, examined in the author's labora- 
 tory, gave Acid Values ranging from 19 to 24, and Saponification Values 
 from 215 to 271. Mexican Scammony Resin has an Acid Value from 
 8 to 15, and occasionally as high as 22, and a Saponification Value 
 from 175 to 198. Cowie {P.J. '09, ii. 803) has pointed out that the 
 Acid Value affords only a measure of the impurity in the Resin, and 
 complicates the valuation. He very appropriately suggests that the 
 Ester Value, which is the difference between the Acid and Saponification 
 Value, should form the proper basis for comparison. 
 
 It may be distinguished from Guaiacum Resin by the non-production 
 of a blue coloration, when Ferric Chloride Test-Solution is added to 
 its solution in Absolute Alcohol, and by the non-formation of a blue 
 colour on the addition of Hydrogen Peroxide Solution to its solution 
 in Absolute Alcohol. It may be distinguished from Jalap Resin by 
 the fact that it dissolves almost entirely in Ether. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Water-soluble impurities, 
 certain other Resins, and mineral matter. The filtrate obtained by 
 triturating 1 gramme of the powdered Resin with 20 ml. of Distilled 
 Water and filtering, should be clear and almost colourless, indicating 
 
1222 SCA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 the absence of Water-soluble impurities. If 0* 1 gramme of Scammony 
 Resin be dissolved in 10 ml. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, and the 
 mixture boiled during a few minutes, the cooled mixture, when acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should not develop an immediate turbidity, 
 but may become slightly opalescent, indicating the absence of certain 
 other Resins. Scammony Resin should not leave more than 1 p.c. 
 of ash, indicating a limit of mineral matter. The B.P. does not give 
 a limit of ash ; the U.S. P. states that the ash should not be more 
 than 1 p.c. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 PULVIS SCAMMONII COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder op 
 
 Scammony. (Modified.) 
 
 Scammony Resin, 10 ; Jalap, 7 ; Ginger, 3. (1 in 2.) 
 
 The strength of Scammony Resin remains the same, but the proportions 
 
 of Jalap and Ginger are altered. The proportions in B.P. 1 898 were 10, 7 ■ 5, 2*5. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0'65 to 1"3 grammes. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CONFECTIO SCAMMONII (B.P. 1885).— Resin of Scammony, in powder, 
 6 ; Ginger, 3 ; Oil of Caraway, ^ ; Oil of Cloves, ^ ; Syrup, 6 ; Clarified 
 Honey, 3. Rub the powder with the Syrup and Honey, then add the Oils, 
 and mix. Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0-(j5 to 2 grammes. 
 
 PILULA SCAMMONII COMPOSITA {B.P. 1898).— Scammony Resin, 
 1 ; Jalap Resin, 1 ; Curd Soap, in j)owder, 1 ; Tincture of Ginger, 3 ; dissolve, 
 and evaporate to pill consistence. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0-26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 PULVIS SCAMMONII CUM HYDRARGYRO (St. Thomas's).— Mer- 
 curous Chloride, 1 ; Scammony Resin, in powder, 4. 
 
 Pulvis Scammonii cum Calomelane (Middlesex). — Resin of Scammony, 
 3 grains ; Mercurous Chloride, 2 grains ; Sugar, 2 grains. 
 
 Tabellse Scammonniae cum Chocolata, Official in Belg., about 3 grains 
 in each. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SCARLET RED (MEDICINAL). 
 
 AMIDO-AZOTOLUOL-AZO-B-NAPHTHOL. 
 
 A scarlet-red powder, insoluble in Water, almost insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and in Ether. Employed as a cell proliferant, as an 8 p.c. ointment 
 for wounds, and as a 5 p.c. ointment for the eyes. 
 
 Used with success as an external apphcation where the growth of new 
 skin is desired, in place of skin grafting. In form of a 5 or 8 p.c. lanolin or 
 vaseline ointment it is apf)lied to the clean granulating skinless surface. It 
 is re-applied 24 to 48 hours later, the raw area being delicately cleaned before 
 the new dressing is applied. The quantity of ointment should not be great, 
 and a weaker one used after a few days if there be much irritation. The oint- 
 ment is painted on to the growing margin of the skin in a very thin layer, 
 and the raw area is covered with gutta-percha tissue pierced with small 
 holes to allow the escape of secretions, the whole being covered with a gauze 
 and wool dressing. — B.M.J.E. '09, ii. 12. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SCI 1223 
 
 Of the various scarlet-red dyes on the market, the best results are obtained 
 wth Toluene-azotoluene-azo-B-naphthol. Safe to use a 4 per cent. Ointment 
 on partial skin grafts of all kinds 48 hours after grafting ; even old age and 
 great debility have little deterrent effect on its stimulating power ; no danger 
 of producing malignant growths; in a girl of 11 toxic symptoms followed 
 application of an 8 per cent. Ointment to an extensive burn. — Ann. Surg. '11, 
 702. 
 
 A 4 to 8 p.c. Ointment as a stimulant to the epitheliation of granulating 
 surfaces. — L. '11, ii. 959. 
 
 In 80 cases of intertrigo of the ears or of the napkin area, it certainly 
 seemed to produce marked improvement in even 24 hoxu-s.- — L. '11, ii. 1043. 
 
 For ulcers it is advantageous to combine it with Balsam of Peru Ointment, 
 Blue Ointment, Iodoform Ointment, etc. — Johns Hop. Hosp. Bui. '11, 210. 
 
 Untoward effects such as giddiness, gastralgia and vomiting may follow 
 its application if it be frequently applied, or applied to a large area. — Jj. '12, 
 ii. 1678. 
 
 A case of poisoning from the use of 8 p.c. ointment in a woman of 50, 
 after using the ointment for a large biu-n. — M.R. '12, ii. 897. 
 
 Of value in ozcsna, in Acacia Mucilage suspension, 5 p.c. ; the nasal 
 cavities were first cleansed thoroughly with Dobell's Solution, and the 
 suspension was then rubbed vigorously over the mucous membrane of every 
 part of the nose. The treatment was carried out every second or third day 
 at first, and then at longer intervals as the condition improved ; of 20 cases 
 all were benefited.— lY. F.iVI. J. '13, i. 1143. 
 
 A 1 p.c. ointment useful in injuries and ulceration of the cornea. — M.A. 
 '14, 28. ' 
 
 PELLiDOL. Diacetyl-amido-azotoluol. — Rich red crystals, or masses of 
 crystals, insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Acetone, Chloroform, 
 Ether, Benzol, and in fixed and mineral oils. It is employed in the form of 
 ointment as a cell proliferant. It is stated to form a solution and not a 
 suspension with fatty bases, and being relatively non-staining to possess an 
 advantage over Scarlet Red. 
 
 SCILLA. 
 
 SQUILL. 
 
 Fb., Scillb ; Ger., Meerzwiebel ; Ital., Scilla ; Span., Escila. 
 
 The Bulb of Urginea Scilla, Steinh., divested of its dry membranous 
 outer scales, cut into slices, and dried. 
 
 The powder is hygroscopic, and is officially directed to be kept over 
 Quicklinie. 
 
 From the Mediterranean coasts. 
 
 Two active principles have been extracted from Squill, Scillitoxin 
 (Scillain) and Scillipicrin, both of wliich strongly affect the heart ; but 
 their actions are antagonistic. 
 
 Indian Squill was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern 
 Counties, and is now Official in B.P. 1914. See Urginea. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A stimulant expectorant, diuretic and 
 cardiac tonic, acting similarly to Digitalis, but is more irritating to 
 the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane. It increases the secretion 
 of the bronchial mucous membrane and aids the expectoration of 
 mucus. In chronic bronchitis with scanty secretion it is used 
 with other expectorants, such as Ipecacuanha and Ammonia. In acute 
 
1224 SCI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 bronchitis it is too irritating to the bronchial mucous membrane, 
 while in phthisis it may produce dyspepsia. In dropsy, especially 
 if cardiac in origin, it is combined with Blue Pill and Digitalis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0'065 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acetum Scillfe, Oxjonel Scillae, Pilula Scillse 
 Composita, and Tinctui-a Scillce. Contained in Pilula Ipecacuanhse cum 
 Scilla. The Vinegar is used in the preparation of Syrupus Scillse. 
 
 Not Official. — Fluidextractum Scillse, Mistiu-a Scillse Composita, Mistura 
 Scillse et Ipecacuanhse, Linctus, Linctus Simplex, Linctus Scillas Opiatus, 
 Species Diureticse, Dr. Abercombie's Cough Mixture, Dr. Milner Fothergill's 
 Mixture. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in all the Foreign Pharmacopoeias ; 
 Mex. (Escila). . Belg., Fr., Hung, and Ital. have Extractmn Scillse, and 
 U.S. has Fluidextractum Scillie. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Squill bulbs, which are often G in. 
 (15 cm.) in diameter, are offered in commerce in the form of small 
 curved dried strips about 1 to 5 cm. long, and f to ;;; in. (9 to 15 mm.) 
 broad in the middle, tapering to either end, usually of a yellowish- 
 white colour, tough and slightly flexible, but brittle when quite 
 recently dried. It has no odour, but a disagreeable bitter taste. 
 There are two varieties of the bulb, known respectively as the Red and 
 White Squill. When derived from the Red Squill the strips have a 
 pinkish colour. Occasionally an unusually bitter sample is met with, 
 but the cause of this has not been ascertained. Squills are very 
 hygroscopic, and to keep their medicinal activity unimpaired should 
 be thoroughly dried on arrival, and kept in an air-tight vessel. The 
 powder is best kept in a bottle with a hollow stopper containing 
 quicklime, or it readily cakes into a hard mass. The bulbs are 
 collected in August, and when fresh their handling causes considerable 
 irritation to the skin. Squill is characterised by the presence of long 
 prismatic cry.stals of Calcium Oxalate, often 1 mm. long, immersed in 
 a mucilage which contracts into a jelly on the addition of Alcohol. 
 Acicular raphides are also present. Large stomata also occur, and 
 small bundles of laticiferous vessels. Starch granules in small quantity 
 are present in elongated cells near the vascular bundles. The ash 
 is limited to 5 p.c. in the B.P. 
 
 Tests. — Squill yields from 2 to 5 p.c. of ash, and 5 p.c, which 
 is the B.P. limit, should not be exceeded. Determinations of the 
 ash made in the author's laboratory showed an average of 2 "4: p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ACETUM SCILL^. Vinegar of Squill. (Altered.) 
 
 10 of Squill, bruised, macerated for a week, with a mixture of 
 Acetic Acid, 10, and Water, 32. Press and filter. (about 1 in 4.) 
 
 It is conveniently filtered through Talc. 
 It is about twice the strength of B.P. 1898, both in Squill and Acetic Acid. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0'3 to 0'9 ml. 
 
 A corresponding preparation, Acetum Urginese, was official in Jnd, and 
 Col. Add., and is now included in B.P. 1914 (see Urginea). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SCI 1225 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Mex., Norw., Port., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10. AH by weight 
 except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Vinegar of Squill lias a specific gravity of about 1-070; 
 it contains about 19 p.c. w/v of total solids. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 6*48 p.c. w/v of 
 Hydrogen Acetate, as determined by titrating a measured quantity 
 of 10 ml. with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of 
 which not less than 10 "8 ml. should be required; 1ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0" 060032 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Acetate ; Phenolphthalein Solution may be employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality, although not specificallv mentioned by the 
 B.P. 
 
 OXYMEL SCILL^. Oxymel of Squill. (Modified.) 
 
 Vinegar of Squill, 4 ; Purified Honey, 10. 
 
 B.P. 1898 was made from Squill, but the strength remains about the same. 
 
 Dose.— A to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 A corresponding preparation, Oxymel Urgineae, w^as Official in Ind, and 
 Col. Add., and is now included in B.P. 1914 {see Urginea). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Extract of Squill 1, 
 Acetic Acid (96 p.c.) 1, Refined Honey 98 ; Dan., Vinegar of Squill 35, 
 Honey to make 100 ; Dutch, Vinegar of Squill 2, Refined Honey 1, Sugar 1 ; 
 Ger., Ital., Jap. and Span., Vinegar of Squill 1, Refined Honey 2 ; Hung., 
 Extract Scill:e cum Dextrino siccati 3, Refined Honey 86, Dilute Alcohol 
 10, Concentrated Acetic Acid 1 ; Port., Mex. and Fr., Vinegar of Sqixill 1, 
 Honey 4 ; Swed., Squill 1, Acetic Acid 2, Distilled Water 8, Refined Honey 
 30 ; Swiss, Vinegar of Squill 3, Sugar 3, Refined Honey 4. Not in Belg., 
 Russ. or U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Oxymel of Squill should have a specific gravity of 1*29. 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 1 • 43 p.c. of Hydrogen 
 Acetate, as volumetrically determined by titrating 25 grammes with 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not 
 less than 11 "9 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0*030016 gramme of Hydrogen Acetate ; 
 Phenolphthalein Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, 
 although not specifically mentioned in the B.P. The optical rotation, 
 at 15-5° C. (60° F.) in a 200 mm. tube, of the filtrate obtained by 
 precipitating a mixture of 25 grammes of the Oxymel, with ] ml. of 
 Lead Subacetate Solution, diluting to 100 ml. and filtering, after 
 decolorising by the addition of 1 gramme of Animal Charcoal, should 
 be not more than — 3 '9°. 
 
 PILULA SCILL.S: COMPOSITA. Compound Squill Pill. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Squill, 2*5 ; Ginger, 2 ; Ammoniacum, 2 ; Hard Soap, 1*5 ; all in 
 powder ; Syrup of Glucose (by weight), about 2. (about 1 in 4.) 
 
 B.P. 1898 contained rather more Hard Soap, but the strength remains 
 about the same. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0"26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
1226 SCI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 A corresponding preparation, Pilula Urgineae Composita, was Official 
 in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies, and is now 
 included in B.P. 1914 (see Urginea). 
 
 SYRUPUS SCILL^. Syrup of Squill. (Modified.) 
 
 Yinegar of Squill, 17-5; Eefined Sugar, 65; Distilled Water q.s. 
 
 to yield 100 by weight. (about 1 of Squill in 17 by measure.) 
 
 As the Vinegar of Squill is now twice the strength, only half the quantity- 
 is used, and therefore the Syrup of Squill remains about the same as in B.P. 
 1898. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1'8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 A corresponding preparation, Syrupus Urgineae, was Official in Ind. and 
 Col. Add., and is now included in B.P. 1914 {see Urginea). 
 
 Official in U.S., Vinegar of Squill 45, Sugar 80, Water to measure 100 ; 
 and Norw., Vinegar of Squill 35, Syrup 100. 
 
 Tests. — Syrup of Squill lias a specific gravity of about 1 • 344. 
 
 Syrupus Scillse Compositus {U.S.). — Fluid Extract of Squill, 8 ; Fluid 
 Extract of Senega, 8 ; Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, • 2 ; Purified 
 Talc, 2 ; Sugar, 75 ; Water, q.s. to make 100. Average Dose. — 2 c.c. (30 
 minims). 
 
 TINCTURA SCILL^. Tincture of Squill. 
 
 1 of bruised Squill, macerated witli 5 of Alcohol (60 p.c). (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 A corresponding preparation, Tinctura Urgineae, was Official in Indr 
 and Col. Add., and is now included in B.P. 1914 (see Urginea). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Fr., Ger., Ital., Jap., Max., 
 Port., Span, and Swss, 1 in 5 ; all by weight ; U.S., 1 in 10. Fr. has also 
 Vin de Scille Compose. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Squill has a specific gravity of 0*960 to 0*975 ; 
 it contains about 13 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 55 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Ifot Official. 
 
 FLU I DEXT PACTUM SCILL/E (t/.*S.).— Squill, in No. 20 powder, 100; 
 Acetic Acid and Water, q.s. Mix 27-5 of Acetic Acid with 72-5 of Water 
 and macerate the powder in 80 of the mixture for 48 hours, transfer to a 
 percolator and by slow percolation with the same menstrmun continue until 
 the product measures 100. Average Dose. — 1| minims (0-1 c.c). 
 
 This is an Acetic Acid extract. 
 
 MISTURA SCILL/E COMPOSITA {East London).— Oxymel of Squill, 
 40 minims ; Compound Tincture of Camphor, 20 minims ; Spirit of Nitrous 
 Ether, 20 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 MISTURA SCILL/E ET IPECACUANH/E {St. Thomas's}.— Vinegar of 
 Squill, 10 minims ; Vinegar of Ipecacuanha, 10 minims ; Potassium CitratCj 
 15 grains ; Solution of Ammonium Acetate, 2 fl. drm. ; Anise Water, to 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 LINCTUS {St. Thomas's). — ^Oxymel of Squill, 15 minims ; Mucilage of 
 Tragacanth, 15 minims ; Glycerin, 15 minims ; Emulsion of Chloroform, 
 3 minims ; SjTup, to 1 fl. drm. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SCO 1227 
 
 Linetus Simplex {Charing Cross). — Oxymel of Squill, Syrup of Lemon , 
 Syrup of Virginian Prune, Glycerin, of each equal parts. 
 
 LINCTUS SCILL/E OPiATUS {St. Bartliolomew's). — Compoimcl Tinctiire 
 of Camphor, Oxymel of Squill, Syrup of Tolu, of each equal parts. Dose. — 
 One teaspoonful. 
 
 SPECIES DIURETIC/E (Huh*/.).— Squill, 15 ; Juniper Fruit, 30 ; Ononis, 
 30 ; Couch Grass, 30 ; Senna, 15 ; Equiseti, 30 ; Leonuri lanati, 60. 
 
 DR. ABERCROMBIE'S COUGH MIXTURE {Pharm. i^orw. ).— Tincture 
 of Opium, 160 minims; Syrup of Sqviill, 2 H. oz. ; Cinnamon Water, 4 fl. oz. ; 
 Water, 4 fi. oz. One tablespoonful for a dose. 
 
 DR. MILNER FOTHERGILUS MIXTURE {Pharm. Porm.).— Syrup of 
 Squill, 1 ; Dilute Hydrobromic Acid, h ; Spirit of Chloroform, J ; Water 
 to 8. Dose. — ^ oz. 3 times a day, to be sipped slowly. 
 
 SCOPARII CACUMINA. 
 
 BROOM TOPS. 
 
 The fresh and the dried Tops of Cytisus scoparius, Link., a woody 
 shrub indigenous to England, and also found throughout the greater 
 part of Europe. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diuretic and in large doses cathartic. 
 Employed in dropsical complaints, especially if cardiac, and often 
 prescribed along with Potassium salts and Digitalis ; in renal dropsy 
 it is contra-indicated if there be acute nephritis. 
 
 OfRcial Preparations. — Infiosum Scoparii and Succus Scoparii. 
 
 Not Official. — Decoctum Scoparii, Infusum Scoparii Concentratum, 
 Sparteina, Sparteinse Periodidum, Sparteina? Sulphas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. (dried tops). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Both the fresh and dried tops are Official, 
 the former for the succus and the latter for the infusion. The wiry 
 dark green stem and branches are .5-angled, hairy on the young 
 twigs (glabrous, B.P.), flexible, and jV to -| in. (2 to 3 mm.) thick. 
 The branches are set at an acute angle to the stem, and in the upper 
 part have simple and nearly sessile leaves, but in the lower part 
 trifoliate leaves, which are obovate and are furnished with a petiole 
 about their own length. The fresh plant, when bruised, has a 
 characteristic odour, whicli is lost in drying. It has a faintly bitter 
 taste. The younger parts of the plant are hairy as well as the young 
 leaves, and the young branches are pubescent before the plant 
 flowers, but in the dried drug (probably collected after the fruit is 
 formed) the pubescence of the stem and the hairs of the leaves are 
 not usually visible, and the B.P. description evidently applies to 
 the plant collected in summer or early autumn. 
 
 Tests. — Broom Tops yield about 3 p.c. of ash. No ash limit is 
 given in the B.P. 
 
1228 SCO [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM SCOPARII. Infusion of Broom. 
 Broom Tops, dried and bruised, 2 ; boiling Distilled Wu.ter, 20 ; 
 infuse 15 minutes, and tlien strain. (1 in 10.)- 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to .56-8 ml. 
 
 SUCCUS SCOPARII. Juice of Broom. 
 
 To 3 of Juice from bruised Fresh Broom Tops, add 1 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; after 7 days, filter. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 DECOCTUM SCOPARII (B.P. 1885).— Broom Tops, dried, 1 ; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to make the final product after boiling for 10 minutes measure 
 20 fl. oz. 
 
 INFUSUM SCOPARII CONCENTRATUM {Farr and Wright).— Broom 
 Tops, in No. 20 powder, 80 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 25 ; Dilute Chloroform Water 
 (1 in 1000), g'.s. to make 100. Prepare by repercolation. Before the addition 
 of the Alcohol to the reserved portion this should be heated to a tempera- 
 ture of not less than 85° C. and maintained thereat for 5 minutes. Dose. — 1 
 to 2fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7-1. 
 
 SPARTEINA (CijH^uNo, eq. 234-228).— A clear, colourless, oily liquid, 
 heavier than Water, having an odour somewhat resembling Aniline, and an 
 intensely bitter taste. It is a liquid alkaloid, obtained from Broom. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, 
 and protected as far as possible from exposure to light and air, as it tends to 
 darken in colour and to become thick. 
 
 Practically insoluble in Water; soluble in Alcohol, Ether and in Chloro- 
 form. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Span. 
 
 Tests. — Sparteine boils at about 287° C. (548-6° F.). It dissolves in 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), the solution being Itevogyrate. It possesses a strongly 
 alkaline reaction towards the usual indicators of neutrality. A glass rod 
 moistened with Hydrochloric Acid, held over a watch-glass containing a drop 
 of Sparteine, evolves white fumes. It unites with acids to form crystallisable 
 salts. On gradually adding a solution containing 3 parts of Iodine dissolved 
 in Ether, to an ethereal solution of 1 part of Sparteine, a black precipitate 
 is formed, which when separated, washed with Ether and dissolved in boiling 
 Alcohol, crystallises on cooling in beautiful green needles. A solution of Spar- 
 teine gives with Cadmium Iodide Solution, a white cm-dy precipitate ; with 
 Sodium Phospho-Molybdate Solution, a white precipitate, redissolving on 
 heating the liquid. Platinmn Chloride Solution yields a yellow crystalline 
 precipitate, very insoluble in cold Water and Alcohol, but crystallising from 
 Hydrochloric Acid in rhombic prisms. It yields no coloration with Sulphuric 
 or Nitric Acid. It may be quantitatively determined by titration with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Cochineal Solution as an 
 indicator of neutrality. In a purely aqueous titration 1 cc. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution represents 0-11712 gramme of pure 
 Sparteine. In strong alcoholic solution (provided the Water introduced is 
 not sufficient to unduly reduce the alcoholic strength), 1 cc of the Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution represents 0-23423 granmae of pure 
 Sparteine. It should leave no weighable ash. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SCO 12L'0 
 
 SPARTEIN/E PERIODIDUM (Ci,H,sX,,.2HI.l3, eq. 870-844).— Small, 
 bronze-green crystals, or bronze-green amorphoua powder. Insoluble in 
 Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p. c). Diuretic. Prepared by the author for 
 the late Dr. Mortimer Granville, and forming one of the series of alkaloidal 
 periodides which evolve Iodine slowly, and which were used by him in gout. 
 
 Dose. — J to 4 grains = 0*032 to 0-26 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Sparteine Periodide dissolves in Alcohol (90 p.c). 1 gramme 
 when dissolved in 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and titrated with Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, requires about 33 • c.c. to discharge 
 the coloiu" produced on the addition of Starch Mucilage. This indicates 
 about 41-8 p.c. of Iodine. When treated with Sodivun Thiosulphate Solution 
 and made alkaline with Ammonia, shaken with Ether, and the ethereal solution 
 spontaneously evaporated, the separated alkaloid should answer the tests 
 given under Sparteine. When ignited with free access of air it should leave 
 no weighable ash, indicating a linoit of mineral matter. 
 
 SPARTEIN>E SULPHAS (Ci3H„eN.,.H,SO,..5H„0, eq. 422-394).— White, 
 odourless, prismatic crystals, or as a white, odourless crystalline powder, 
 possessing a faintly saline and somewhat bitter taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, and 
 protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 Soluble 2 in 1 of Water, 1 in 5 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cardiac tonic and diuretic. Useful in mitral 
 disease. Its action is more rapid and less persistent than that of Digitalis. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 2 grains — 0-016 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, • 05 ; daily, • 25 gramme = ^ to 3| grains. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets, J grain of Sparteine Sulphate in each. 
 
 Foi'eign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Fr., Mex., Norw., Span., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sparteine Sulphate, when heated to a temperature of llO"" C. 
 (230° F.), loses its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 21 -3 p.c. The 
 anhydrous salt melts at 130° to 138° C. (276-8° to 280-4° F.) ; the Ft: Codex. 
 gives 145° C. (293° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a clear solution possessing an acid reaction towards blue 
 Litmus paper. Its aqueous solvation is Isevogjrrate ; the Fr. Codex gives the 
 specific rotation at 18° C. (64-4° F.), for an aqueous solution containing 2 
 grammes of the salt in 100 c.c, as - 22°. When rendered alkaline with 
 Ammonia, shaken with Ether, and the ethereal solution evaporated spon- 
 taneously, the separated alkaloid answers the tests given under Sparteine. 
 A small quantity of the salt mixed in a porcelain capsule with one-third of its 
 weight of Chromic Acid, and gently ■warmed, gives a green coloration and 
 simultaneously emits a distinct odotu* of Coniine. If 25 c.c. of Ether be 
 added to about 0- 1 gramme of Sparteine Sulphate in a test-tube, followed by 
 a few drops of diluted Ammonia Solution, avoiding an excess, and if an 
 ethereal 1 in 50 Iodine Solution be afterwards added until the liquid, when 
 shaken, turns from an orange to a dark reddish-brown colour ; after a short 
 time the bottom and sides of the test-tube become coated with minute dark 
 greenish -brown crystals. An aqueous solution of the salt affords with 
 Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric 
 Acid. The percentage of Sparteine Sulphate present may be determined by 
 direct titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator. The choice of a solvent in 
 performing the process of titration is imp<?rtant, as although Sparteine is 
 di -basic only half the acid is indicated by titration under the above conditions 
 in aqueous solutions, but when Sparteine Sulphate is dissolved in Alcohol 
 (Absolute or 90 p.c.) the full quantity of acid is indicated. When Water is 
 used as a solvent., 1 c.c. of ^Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 
1230 SCO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] . 
 
 Solution is eqmvalent to 0-04224 gramme of pure crystallised Sparteine 
 Sulphate, but with Absolute Alcohol or Alcohol (90p.c.) as a solvent, 1 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponds to 
 0-02112 gramme of pure crystallised Sparteine Sulphate. The more generally 
 occtirring impurities are excess of Water, readily carbonisable organic 
 impurities. Aniline Sulphate, Ammonium salts, and mineral residue. It 
 should lose not more than 22 p.c. of its weight, when dried at a temperature 
 of 110° C. (230° F.), indicating the absence of excess of Water. The salt 
 itself should be white and its solution in Concentrated Sulphuric Acid should 
 be colourless, indicating the absence of readily carbonisable organic impurities. 
 It should yield no odour of Iso-phenylcyanide when 1 dgm. is heated Avith 
 5 drops of Chloroform and 1 c.c. of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Aniline Sulphate. It should yield no ammoniacal 
 odour when warmed with Potassium Hydroxide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Ammonium salts, although a piece of red Litmus paper suspended 
 in the mouth of the test-tube will gradually acquire a blue colour. It should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residvie. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the limit of ash be fixed at 0- 1 p.c. 
 
 Oxysparteina and Oxysparteinse Hydrochloridum and Sulphas have 
 been used in medicine, the dose being about the same as that of Sparteina. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 SCOPOLA. 
 
 The dried Rhizome of Scopola Camiolica, Jacq., loiown also on the Continent 
 as Scopolia afropoides. Link. 
 
 The dried Rhizome is Official in the U.S. P., and is required to yield not 
 less than 0-5 p.c. of mydriatic alkaloids. 
 
 It contains Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine (amorphous Hyoscine) and Atroscine 
 (crystalline Hyoscine). 
 
 Medicinal Properties.^ — Similar to Belladonna and Hyoscyamus. 
 
 This ch-ug has not ' taken ' in British practice, but it is used on an immense 
 scale in America for the preparation of what is termed ' Belladonna ' plaster. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. and U.S. Jap. has an 
 extract prepared with weak Alcohol ; a plaster. Extract 1, Resin Plaster 9 ; 
 a tincture. Root 1, Dilute Alcohol 5 ; and an ointment. Extract 1, Lard 9. 
 U.S. has extract and fluid extract {see below). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The rhizome of Scopola japonica, Nees., was first 
 offered in this country as Japanese Belladonna root, and was subsequently 
 used in the United States to a considerable extent in the preparation of 
 Belladonna pla,sters. Since its appearance in commerce, the European 
 species, S. Camiolica, has been offered in the drug markets of Europe, in the 
 form of both rhizome and leaf, as a substitute for Belladonna in non-Official 
 preparations. The dried rhizome varies in length from 2 to 5 inches (5 to 
 12-5 cm.) and averages about h inch (12-5 mm.) in diameter, and is nearly 
 cylindrical, or sUghtly compressed, seldom branched, knotty and more or 
 less bent, and furnished on the upper surface with circular disk-like scars 
 where the leafy stems have arisen, their alternate arrangements giving the 
 rhizome its knotty character ; the scars of rootlets are also present on each 
 node. Externally the rhizome is brown, not showdng white beneath when 
 abraded, as in Belladonna, but p^e brown and somewhat horny in appearance, 
 with the vascular bundles forming one or two concentric rings, but in the root 
 portion in which the rhizome terminates, they appear as scattered paler spots. 
 
 The Avistrian drug presents no good distinctive characters from the Japanese 
 one, and the latter cannot be regarded as more than a local form of S. Camiolica, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOU 1231 
 
 The leaves of S. Carniolica have also been offered as a substitute for 
 Belladonna, but are thinner, with the reticulate vessels more prominent, 
 and becoming more wrinkled and of a darker green coloiu- in drying, than 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Under the microscope the same sandy crystals are present as in Belladonna, 
 but the porous vessels have rather wider pores than in that root. In the 
 leaves the epidermal cells are polygonal rather than rounded and sinuous, 
 as in Belladonna, as seen in surface view. 
 
 Tests. — Scopola is required by the U.S. P. to yield not less than 0-5 p.c. 
 of mydriatic alkaloids, as determined by assaying a weighed quantity of 
 10 grammes of the dried rhizome in No. 60 powder by the U.S. P. process for 
 assay of Belladonna Leaves, given under Belladonna Folia. 
 
 EXTRACT SCOPOLA (U.S.). — Prepared by evaporating the Fluid 
 Extract to a pilular consistence in a porcelain dish at a temperature not 
 exceeding 50° C. (122° F.), constantly stirring dm-ing the evaporation. It is 
 required to contain 2 p.c. of mydriatic alkaloids. 
 
 Average Dose. — J grain (0-01 gramme). 
 
 Tests.— Extract of Scopola, U.S. P., is required to contain 2 p.c. of 
 mydriatic alkaloids. The U.S. P. method of assay is identical with that 
 described imder the U.S. P. process for the assay of Extract of Belladomia 
 Leaves described vinder Dry Extract of Belladonna. Inasmuch, however, as 
 2 grammes of the Scopola Extract are used in the place of 5 grammes of 
 the Extract of Belladonna Leaves, in calculating the result of the volumetric 
 test into terms of mydriatic alkaloids the product must be multiplied by 
 50 instead of 20. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM SCOPOLA ([/.»?.).— Prepared by exhausting dried 
 Scopola Rhizome in No. 40 powder mth a mixture of 4 volumes of Alcohol 
 (94 • 9 p.c.) and 1 volume of Water. It is required to contain • 5 of a gramme 
 of the mydriatic alkaloids from Scopola in 100 c.c. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 minim (0-05 c.c). 
 
 Tests. — Fluid Extract of Scopola, U.S. P., is required to contain 0-5 
 p.c. w/v of mydriatic alkaloids from Scopola. The Fluid Extract is assayed 
 by a process identical with that giyen by the U.S. P. for the assay of Fluid 
 Extract of Belladonna Pxoot, and the process is described vmder Extractiun 
 Belladoimge Liquidum. A meas\u:ed quantity (10 c.c.) of the Fluid Extract 
 is employed. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SCUTELLARIA. 
 
 The Herb of Scutellaria lateriflora, L., commonly known as Mad-dog 
 Skull-cap. Official in U.S. 
 
 Scutellarin is a dry, Ught, greenish-brown powder, not a pure, proximate 
 principle. It may be prepared by precipitating a concentrated Tincture with 
 Water. 
 
 Has been used in netu-algia, chorea, delirium tremens, and exhaustion from 
 fatigue or over-excitement. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-065 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 riuidextractum Scutellariae {U.S.). — 1 in 1 prepared with Alcohol 
 (49 p.c). 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 minims = 1 c.c. 
 
1232 SEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SENEGiE RADIX. 
 
 SENEGA ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Polyoala de Virginie ; Ger., Senegawurzel ; Ital., Poi.igala 
 ViRGiNiANA ; Span., Poligala de Virginia. 
 
 The dried Root of Polygala Senega, L. 
 
 Senega Root contains Saponin, and will therefore emulsify Oils ; it also 
 contains Methyl Salicylate. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A stimulating expectorant. Chiefly 
 used in chronic bronchitis, especially if secretion be scanty, 
 combined with Ammonium Carbonate, Ipecacuanha, and Squill. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Infusum Senegae and Tinctura Senegse. 
 
 Not Official. — Fhiidextractum Senegae, Iniusnm Senega; Concentratuni, 
 Syrupus Senega;. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Typical Senega Root of good quality is 
 yellowish-grey, curved irregularly ; keeled on the inner or concave 
 side, wrinkled longitudinally (sometimes transversely, B.P.), and 
 furnished with few branches. About 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm.) long. 
 At the crown it is enlarged and shows traces of the bases of numerous 
 slender stems. The fracture is short, and the horny translucent 
 cortex is free from starch, and has an irregularly one-sided develop- 
 ment of liber tissue which forms the keel ; the woody centre is white. 
 The taste is sweetish at first, then acrid, and the odour, especially in 
 decoction, recalls that of Oil of Wintergreen (Methyl Salicylate). At 
 intervals the root becomes scarce in commerce, and other varieties 
 are offered, and the root is sometimesadulterated. A large root with 
 a few principal branches at right angles, and with a crown sometimes 
 1 inch (25 mm.) across, with portions of the aerial stems attached, is 
 known as Northern Senega, and is referred to the var. latifolia, 
 T. and G. Another variety, known as Southern Senega, resembles 
 typical Senega, but has less cortex in proportion, and the keel is absent. 
 It is referred to Polygala BoyJcini, Nutt., or to P. alba, Nutt. Both 
 of these differ from the official description in the absence of the keel. 
 Occasionally other American medicinal roots have been found mixed 
 with Senega either accidentallj' or purposely, but the only adulterant 
 that might be confused with it is the rhizome of Asclepias Vince- 
 toxicuni, L., which closel}^ resembles it in colour, and is apparently 
 mixed with it in Europe. The distinct rhizomatous character of this 
 adulterant at once distinguishes it, and the roots are crowded together 
 and not contorted. 
 
 The distinctive features of the root under the microscope are the 
 absence of starch, raphides, sclerenchymatous cells, and bast fibres, 
 the presence of short tracheids, phloem parenchyma with oblique 
 pores, collenchyma and drops of Oil in the parenchyma. The powdered 
 root also readily gives a frothy solution when shaken with Water. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SEN 1233 
 
 Tests. — Senega Root yields from 2 to 5 p.c. of ash. The Siviss 
 Pharmacofoeia requires that if 10 grammes of Powdered Senega Root 
 be extracted twice in the cold with Ether in such a manner that 50 c.c. 
 of filtrate are obtained, and 2 drops of Hydrochloric Acid are added 
 to the second quantity of Ether, then if 2'b c.c. of the ethereal extract 
 be placed in a beaker-glass with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and the 
 Ether evaporated at a temperature of 40° to 50° C. (104° to 122° F.), 
 and filtered, the filtrate should yield a reddish-violet coloration on 
 the addition of 1 drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Sohition. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INFUSUM SENEGA. Infusion of Senega, 
 Senega Root, in No. 10 powder, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20. 
 Infuse half an hour, and strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., 3 of Fluid Extract in 100 ; 
 Fr., Tisane de Polygala, 1 of Root in 100. Ital., 3 of Root in 100. 
 
 TINCTURA SENEG7E. Tincture op Senega. 
 1 of Senega Root in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (GO p.c), to yield 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcEias.— Official in Belg., 1 and 5, jnelding 5 p.c. of 
 dry residue ; Mex., 1 in 5. Belg. has Polygalse Extractum Fluidum, 
 yielding 25 p.c. dry residue ; Dan. has Fluid Extract, I in 1. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Senega has a specific gravity of 0* 935 to 0' 940 ; 
 it contains from 3 to 6 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 59 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM SENEG/E {U.S.).— 100 of Senega Root in No. 40 
 powder macerated and percolated with a mixture of 60 of Alcohol (95 p.c), 
 30 of Water and 3 of Solution of Potassium Hydroxide ; continue the per- 
 colation with a mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 2, and Water 1, until drug is 
 exhausted ; reserve the first 85, evaporate remainder to a soft extract, which 
 dissolve in reserved portion, and make up to 100 ■ndth more of the mixtiu'e 
 of Alcohol (95 p.c.) and Water. 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 minims (1 c.c). 
 
 INFUSUM SENEG/E CONCENTRATUM.— Senega Root, in No. 20 
 powder, 40 ; Strong Solution of Ammonia, 0*5 ; Oil of Wintergreen, 0- 15 ; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 ; Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000), 3 ; q.s. to make 
 100. Mix the powder with the Strong Solution of Ammonia and sufficient 
 menstrutun to damp it evenly. Complete by repercolation. Dissolve the 
 Oil of Wintergreen in the product. Dose. — \ to 1 fl. drm. — Farr and Wright. 
 
 SYRUPUS SENEG/E (f7.5.).— Fluid Extract of Senega, U.S. as above, 
 20, Syrup 80. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 fl. drm. (4 c.c). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Senega Root 5, Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) 5, Water q.s. to yield 45, Sugar 75 ; Belg., Fluid Extract 5, Syrup 95 ; 
 Dan., Senega Root 4, Water q.s. to yield 37, Sugar 63 ; Dutch, Ger., Jap. and 
 Russ., Senega Root 5, Alcohol (90 p.c) 5, Water q.s. to yield 40, Sugar 60 ; 
 
1234 SEN" [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Fr., Senega Root 1, Boiling Water 15 ; decant and add to each 10 of liquor 
 18 of Sugar; Hung., Senega Root 20, Alcohol (90p.c.) 15, Distilled Water 
 135, Sugar 250, make Syrup 400 ; Ital., Senega Root 1, Water 12, Sugar 
 18 ; Mex., Extract • 5, Alcohol (60 p.c. ) 9 • 5, Syrup 90 ; Norw., Senega Root 4, 
 Alcohol (95 p.c.) 5, Sugar 60, Distilled Water q.s. to make 100; Span., 
 Senega Root 15, Water q.s. to yield 360, Sugar 640 ; Swed., Senega Root 5, 
 Water q.s. to yield 37, Sugar 63 ; Swiss, a Fluid Extract is made by percolating 
 50 of the root with a mixture of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 1, and Water 5 ; and after 
 the addition of Ammonium Hydricum Solutiim 5, evaporate to 50 and add 
 Glycerin 50. To each 10 of this Fluid Extract add 90 of Syi-up. 
 
 SENNiE FOLIA. 
 
 SENNA LEAVES. 
 Fr., Senk; Ger., Sennesblatter ; Ital., Sena; Span., Sen de Espana. 
 
 The Britisli Pharmacopoeia recognises two kinds : Alexandrian 
 Senna, the dried Leaflets of Cassia acutifolia, Delile, and Tinnevelly 
 or East Indian Senna, the dried Leaflets of Cassia angustifolia, 
 Vahl. 
 
 When Senna is ordered in an Official preparation either of the above may 
 be used. 
 
 Both are Official in Fr. and U.S. ; East Indian Senna only in Ger. 
 
 The different kinds of Senna, freed from stalks, are stated to be of nearly 
 equal mechcinal value, but the Alexandrian is very much more expensive. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — An efficient purgative in occasional or 
 habitual constipation. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — As it produces griping and nausea, it is given with 
 arornatics, such as Fennel in Compound Liquorice Powder, and Oil of Coriander 
 in Syrup of Senna. The infusion is a suitable vehicle for Magnesium Sulphate 
 and similar medicines. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0'65 to 2 grammes. 
 
 OflBcial Preparations. — Confectio Sennse, Infusum Senme, Syrupus 
 Senrue, and Tinctura Sennse Composita. Contained in Pulvis Glycyrrhizse 
 Compositus. The infusion is used in the preparation of Mistiu-a Sennse 
 Composita. 
 
 Wot Official. — Elixir Sennse, Hydromel Infantum, Infusum Sennse Concen- 
 tratvun, Infusum Sennse Compositum, Lavement Purgatif, Species Laxantes, 
 Species Amaras, Species Laxantes Hambvirgensis, Species Laxantes St. Ger- 
 mains, and Acidmn Catharticum. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Alexandrian Senna arrives in this 
 country in packages containing leaves roughly sorted into 1st and 2nd 
 qualities, and the pods. The leaves are sifted and picked over on 
 arrival in this country, in order to separate inferior leaves, broken 
 twigs, and various impurities, and to grade the leaves into different 
 sizes and qualities. The leaves, or more correctly leaflets, are opaque, 
 of a light yellowish-green tint, varying from f to IJ in. (19 to 30 mm.) 
 in length, lanceolate or oval, acute, mucronate, entire, unequal at 
 the base, usually covered with a short fine pubescence, densest on the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SEN 1235 
 
 mid-rib, and the veins are conspicuous, especially on the under surface. 
 The odour is tea-like but characteristic, and the taste mucilaginous, 
 nauseous in a watery infusion. The characteristic feature is that the 
 leaves are widest below the middle. 
 
 The leaves were formerly adulterated with Argel leaves, but these 
 are now rarely met with ; these are readily distinguished by their 
 equal base and minutely wrinkled surface. Alexandrian Senna 
 leaves, as imported, vary chiefly in size, amount of debris and dis- 
 coloured leaves present, the sifted and ' elect ' Senna being worth 
 about twice, and the hand-picked leaves three to four times, the value 
 of the crude drug as imported. The siftings, or small Senna, free from 
 dust and sand, but containing about one-third of the weight of stalks 
 and debris, are sold at about half the price of the crude drug. Occa- 
 sionally the leaves of Cassia ohovata, Collad., are found in Alexandrian 
 Senna, and they are also occasionally imported separately ; they are 
 obovate in shape, and therefore easily recognised, but are considered 
 to be less active than those of C. acutifolia. The pods of C. acutifolia 
 are imported separately ; the infusion is said to be milder in odour 
 and flavour and slower in its action than that of the leaves, although 
 equally effective. Powdered Senna is characterised by the 1 -celled 
 short hairs, slightly contracted below and tapering above, with thick 
 and minutely papillose walls, by the cluster crystals in the parenchy- 
 matous cells, and the seriate single prismatic crystals in the cells 
 near the fibres of the veins, the polygonal epidermal cells and the long 
 palisade cells. 
 
 Argel leaves have 3-celIed hairs, contain latex cells, and have short 
 palisade cells. 
 
 East Indian Senna leaflets are from 1 to 2 in. (25 to 50 mm. ) 
 in length, lanceolate and acute, with the greatest diameter near the 
 middle, and rather less hairy than the Alexandrian kind. But the 
 drug varies much in different samples, and like the Alexandrian 
 needs sifting and sorting on arrival in this country. The different 
 grades vary in size of the leaflets, freedom from discoloured leaflets 
 and stalks and in their colour, the cultivated or Tinnevelly leaflets 
 being usually greener, while those imported from Arabia, and known 
 as Mecca Senna, are smaller, contain more stalks, are of a more 
 faded or greyish-green tint, and often many discoloured leaflets are 
 present. 
 
 The Official description evidently indicates the better grades of 
 the drug. Under the microscope the powder of the leafl.ets offers 
 few distinguishing features from that of the Alexandrian kind. 
 
 According to Sayre {P.J. (4) iii. p. 458) the epidermal cells are 
 smaller and more uniform in size and shape, with sharper angles, the 
 cells of the Alexandrian being 40 /a and those of East Indian Senna 
 35 /x in diameter, and the hairs are shorter and less curved and less 
 numerous, but the stomata are less round and more elongated or oval 
 than the Alexandrian Senna, although they have also the appearance 
 of two parallel cells near the ostiole, due to the two guard cells being 
 below the epidermis. The pods of East Indian Senna are longer 
 
]2otj SEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 than those of Alexandrian Senna. Those of C. ohovata, Collad., differ 
 in having short transverse ridges in the centre of the pod. 
 
 Tests. — Senna contains from 8 to 12 p.c. of ash, and the latter 
 figure, which is the B.P. limit, should not be exceeded. Fourteen 
 samples examined in the author's laboratory gave from 10 to 11 " 5 p.c, 
 with an average of 10*7 p.c. The ash should be almost entirely 
 soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 CONFECTIO SENN.^. Confection of Senna. N.O.Syn.—LEm- 
 TivE Electuary. (Modified.) 
 
 Senna, 15 ; Coriander Fruit, 6, both in powder ; Figs, 24 ; Tamarinds, 
 18 ; Cassia Pulp, 18 ; Prunes, 12 ; Extract of Liquorice, 2 J ; Refined 
 Sugar, 60. Boil the Figs and Prunes in 52| of Distilled Water gently 
 for 4 hours ; make up to 88| by weight. Add the Tamarinds and 
 Cassia, digest for 2 hours and rub the pulp through a hair sieve. Dis- 
 solve the Sugar and Liquorice in the product at a gentle heat, and 
 while still warm mix in the Senna and Coriander. The product should 
 be made to weigh 150 either by evaporation or the addition of more 
 Water. (1 in 10.) 
 
 It is an advantage to cut or break the sldns of the Prunes before boiUng. 
 
 The Senna and Extract of Liquorice have been slightly increased in B.P. 
 1914 ; the ratio of Senna to finished product was 14 in 150. The process 
 is much the same as before. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Belg., Dan., Fr., Mex., 
 Span, and Swed., but differing in composition. 
 
 INFUSUM SENN^. Lnfusion of Senna. (Modified.) 
 
 Senna, 2 oz. ; Ginger, sliced, 44 grains ; Distilled Water, boiling, 
 20 fl. oz. Infuse 15 minutes, and strain. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 100, 5, and 1000. 
 In B.P. 1898 the quantity of Ginger was 6-5 in 1000. 
 From 20 fl. oz. of Infusion only about 14 fl. oz. drain out. 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. oz. = 14 "2 to 28*4 ml. if repeated ; as a draught, 
 2fl. oz. = 56-8 ml. 
 
 MISTURA SENN^ COMPOSITA. Compound Mixture of Senna. 
 B.P.Sijn. — Black Draught. 
 
 Magnesium Sulphate, 5 ; Liquid Extract of Liquorice, 1 ; Compound 
 Tincture of Cardamoms, 2 ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 1 ; Infusion 
 of Senna, q.s. to yield 20. (1 of Magnesium Sulphate in 4.) 
 
 Dose.— As a draught, 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharraacopoeias. — Infusum Sennse Compositum: — Dan., 
 Coriander 2, Fructus Vitis viniferae apyrenas 5, Senna 10, Manna 25, Potassium 
 Tartrate 3, boiling Water, q.s. to yield 720 : Dutch, Senna 10, Anise 3, Water 
 q.s. to yield 80, Sodium Potassiimi Tartrate 10, Glycerin 10 ; Belg., Fluid 
 Extract of Senna 10, Fluid Extract of Glycyrrhiza 5, Manna 20, Water 65 ; 
 Ger. and Jap., Senna 50, Boiling Water 450, Sodimn Potassium Tartrate 50, 
 Sodium Carbonate 1, Manna 100, Water, q.s. to yield 475, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SEN IL'oT 
 
 25 ; Norw., Seiiua 10, Coriander 2, Boiling Water, q.s. to yield 70, Manna 25, 
 Potassivun Tartrate 5 ; Russ., Senna 10, Boiling Water 60, Sodium Potassium 
 Tartrate 10, Manna 15, Alcohol (90p.c.) 3; Swed., Senna 10, Manna 20, 
 Sodivim Potassium Tartrate 10, Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 100 ; Swiss, 
 Fennel 5, Serma 10, Manna 10, Sodium Tartrate 10, Water, q.s. to yield 100 ; 
 U.S., Senna 6, Manna 12, Magnesivun Sulphate 12, Fennel 2, Boihng Water 80, 
 Cold Water, q.s. to yield 100; Austr. (Infusum Sennse cum Manna), 
 Senna 12, Water 100, Manna 15, Magnesium Carbonate 1 ; Fr. (Apozeme 
 Purgatif), Senna 2, Rhubarb 1, Sodium Sulphate 3, Manna 12, Boiling Dis- 
 tilled Water 20 ; Hung. (Infusum laxativum). Senna 100, Boiling Water 
 800, Manna 200 ; Ital. (Infuso di Sena con Manna), Senna 10, Water, ^.s. 
 to yield 150, Manna 25 ; Port. (Infuso de Senne Composto), Senna 10, 
 Anise 2, Manna 20, Sodium Potassium Tartrate 10, Boiling Water 100 ; Span. 
 (Infusion de Mana Laxante), Manna 60, Senna 20, Magnesium Sulphate 9, 
 Water, q.s. to yield 300; also Infusion de Mana Purgante, Manna 90, 
 Senna 12, Cinnamon Water 1, Water, q.s. to yield 300. Russ. has also 
 Infusum Sennse Salinum, Senna 10, Boiling Water 100, Sodium Sulphate 
 10, Refined Honey 10. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Mixture of Senna lias a specific gravity of 
 about 1 "125 ; it contains about 22 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 
 10 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 SYRUPUS SENN>E. Syrup of Senna. (Modified.) 
 
 440 of Senna Leaves are exhausted with Alcohol (20 p.c.) to form 
 440 (by measure) of Liquor, heat to 82° C. (179-6° F.) for a few 
 minutes ; after 24 hours filter and make up to 440 ; in this dissolve 
 540 of Sugar, and add 0*2 of Oil of Coriander dissolved in 2 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c). (about 1 in 1^) 
 
 The strength remains about the same, but the process is altered. 
 
 Dose.— J to 2 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Syr up us Sennse : — Dutch, Senna 10, 
 Water, q.s. to yield 38, Sugar 62 ; Ger. and Jap., Senna 10, Fennel 1, moisten 
 them with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 5, pour on them Distilled Water 60, and extract in 
 the cold for 12 hours, strain without pressing, boil the strained liquid, filter, 
 after cooling dissolve in 35 of the filtrate 65 of Sugar; U.S., Fluid Extract 
 of Senna 250, Coriander Oil 5, Syrup, q^.s. to make 1000. Syrupus Sennse 
 Compositus : — Austr., Senna 10, Anise 1, Water 100; strain, and to each 
 10 add Manna 2, Sugar 15 ; Belg., Fluid Extract of Senna 75, Fluid Extract 
 of Glycyrrhiza 15, Spirit of Anise 15, Syrup 900. Syrupus Sennse Man- 
 natus : — Dan., Manna 150, Semia 100, Fennel 5, Ginger 5, Distilled Water, 
 q.s. to yield 500, Sugar 500 ; Norw., Senna 400, Manna 600, White Sugar 1920, 
 Oil of Femiel 1, Distilled Water, q.s. to make 4000 ; Swed., Fennel 1, Senna 
 10, Manna 15. Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 50, Sugar 50. Hung., Syrupus 
 Mannatus, Sugar 500, Infusion of Senna with Manna 500, Anise 5, Distilled 
 Water 1000 ; Ital., Sciroppo di Sena e Manna, Senna 15, Anise 2, Water 
 q.s. to yield 130, in which dissolve Manna 60, Sugar 200 ; Max., Jarabe de 
 Sen, Extract of Senna 2-5, Water 7-5, SjTup 90; Jap. has also Sirupus 
 Sennte cum Manna, Senna 35, Fennel 2, poiu" on them boiling Water 350, 
 set aside for 12 hours ; express ; in the expressed Uquid 350, dissolve IManna 
 50, Sugar 400, allow to subside ; decant the upper clear liquid ; evaporate 
 till it attains a syrupy consistence and strain. 
 
 Tests. — Syrup of Senna has a specific gravity of 1 •290 to 1 "320. 
 
 TINCTURA SENN^ COMPOSITA. Compound Tincture of 
 
 Senna. (Modified.) 
 
 Senna, 4 ; Caraway Fruit, ^ ; Coriander Fruit, ^ ; all in No. 20 
 
1238 SEN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measvire.] 
 
 powder ; Glycerin, 2 ; Alcohol (45 p.c), to produce 20 ; by percola- 
 tion. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Raisins are omitted and Glycerin introduced. 
 
 Dose. — ^ to 1 fl. drm. = 1*8 to 3*6 ml., for repeated administra- 
 tion ; for a single administration, 2 to 4 fl. drm. = 7*1 to 14*2 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., 1 in 5. Fluid extract official 
 in U.S. 1 in 1 ; Belg., yielding 20 p.c. dry residue. Belg. and Dan. have an 
 alcohoUc extract. 
 
 Tests. — Compound Tincture of Senna lias a specific gravity of 
 about 1 '002 ; it contains about 18 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 
 36 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR SENN/E (B.P.C. Formulary 1901).— 16 fi. oz. ol a liquor obtained 
 from 16 oz. of Alexandrian Senna by two macerations with a mixture of 4 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 12 Distilled Water, is heated with 12 oz. of Sugar to 
 200° F. (93-3° C.) for 10 minutes. Mix Chloroform, 24 minims; Oil of 
 Coriander, 2i minims ; Tincttire of Capsicum, i fl. drm., and Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 3 fl. drm. Add them to the Syrup, and make up if necessary to 24 fl. oz. with 
 Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 10-6 ml. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.C. 
 
 HYDROMEL INFANTUM {Hung.).— Ininsion of Seima with Manna, 4; 
 SjTup of Orange, 1. 
 
 INFUSUM SENN/E CONCENTRATUM {Farr and Wright).— Senna 
 Leaves, broken small, 80; Strong Tincture of Ginger, 2-5; Dilute Chloro- 
 form Water (1 in 1000), sufficient to make 100. Prepare by macero-expression. 
 After completing the process, add the Strong Tincture of Ginger. Heat in a 
 closed vessel by means of a water-bath to a temperature of 85° C, and main- 
 tain thereat for 5 minutes. Dose. — ^ to 1 fl. drm. ; as a draught, 2 fl. drm. 
 diluted with Water. 
 
 INFUSUM SENN/E COMPOSITUM (C7.S.).— Senna, 6; Manna, 12; 
 Magnesiiun Sulphate, 12 ; Fennel, bruised, 2 ; Boiling Water, 80 ; Cold 
 Water, q.s. to make 100. Upon the Senna, Manna and Fennel pour the 
 boiling Water and macerate for half an hour ; strain with expression, dissolve 
 the Magnesium Sulphate in the infusion, and again strain and pass cold Water 
 through the strainer to make 100. 
 
 Dose. — 4 fl. oz. = 113-6 c.c 
 
 LAVEMENT PURGATIF (Fr.).— Pour 500 of boiling Water on to 15 of 
 Senna Leaves and infuse half an hour, strain through a cloth, press, and 
 dissolve in the Quid 15 of Sodium Sulphate. 
 
 SPECIES LAXANTES.— Senna, 160; Elder Flowers, 100; Fennel,. 50; 
 Anise, 50 ; Potassiima Tartrate, 25 ; Tartaric Acid, 15 ; Water, 65. — Ger. 
 
 Alcoholic Extract of Senna, 250 ; Potassium Acid Tartrate, 50 ; Fennel, 
 50 ; Elder Flowers, 150. — Hung. 
 
 Species AmaraB {Norw.). — Senna, 25; Guaiacum Wood, 25; Juniper, 25; 
 Menyanthes, 25. 
 
 Species Laxantes Hamburgensis {Norw.). — Senna, 60 ; Manna, 25 ; 
 Coriander, 8 ; Potassium Acid Tartrate, 7. 
 
 Species Laxantes St. Germains {Russ.). — Alcoholic Extract of Senna, 
 16 ; Elder Flowers, 10 ; Fennel, 5 ; Anise, 5 ; Sodium Potassium Tartrate, 3. 
 
 ACIDUM CATHARTICUM. — According to Stockman, Cathartic Acid is 
 a coloured glucoside. In the free state it is easily decomposed. It acta 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] SEN 1239 
 
 locally as an irritant, and hence as a purgative when introduced into the 
 alimentary canal. 
 
 Bourgoin and Bouchut, in a lengthy investigation on Cathartic Acid and 
 Senna, conclude : ' As a general result of this inquiry it appears that the 
 best preparation is the Infusion of Senna.' 
 
 SENN^ FRUCTUS. 
 
 SENNA PODS. 
 
 The dried ripe Fruits of Cassia acutifolia, Delile, and of Cassia 
 angustifolia, Valil. 
 
 There are no Official preparations of Senna Pods. 
 
 It is usual to make the Pods into an Infusion as required. 
 
 Not Ofl&cial. — Extractum Sennae Leguminorum Liquidum, and Extractima 
 Sennge Fructuum Fluidum. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The pods of the two species are included in 
 the monograph, although their pods differ in length and comparative 
 width, and are recognised in commerce as distinct articles. The pods 
 as they arrive in this country vary considerably in colour in different 
 samples, and to meet the B.P. requirements, need to be picked over, 
 as they are described as pale green, and brownish in the centre above 
 the seeds, and only picked samples will meet this description. The 
 other characters are common to both the Alexandrian and Tinnivelly 
 senna pods, viz., broadly oblong, somewhat reniform, flat, with a 
 papery pericarp, rounded at the base, and raucronate at the apex, 
 with obovate cuneate flattened seeds. The seeds are rough and 
 greyish-green in colour. The Tinnevelly pods are longer and narrower 
 in proportion than those of Alexandrian senna. 
 
 Not Oflacial. 
 
 EXTRACTUM SENN/E LEGUMINORUM LIQUIDUM {B.P.C. 
 Formulary 1901). — 20 fl. oz. of hquor obtained from 20 oz. of Senna Pods 
 by two macerations with a mixture of 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) with 2 of Distilled 
 Water. Heat to 200° F. (93-3° C.) for 10 minutes, and when cold add if 
 necessary more of the mixtvtte to make 20 ; filter. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.C. 
 
 Dose.— 1 fl. drm. ^ 3 • 6 ml. 
 
 EXTRACTUM SENN>E FRUCTUUM FLUIDUM (SgwiVe).— Exhaust 
 Senna Pods with cold Water and evaporate the resulting liquid in vacuo, 
 so that, after the adcUtion of 10 p.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) as a preservative, 
 3 of the product shall represent 2 of Senna Pods. 
 
 Dose.— 10 to 30 minims = 0-6 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 SERPENTARI^ RHIZOMA. 
 
 SERPENTARY RHIZOME. 
 
 The dried Rhizome and Roots oiAristolocJda Serpenfaria, L., Virginian 
 Snakeroot, or of Aristolochia reticulata, Nutt., Texan or Red River 
 Snakeroot. 
 
 From the Southern parts of North America. 
 
1240 SER [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A bitter stoniacliic. See Calumbn. 
 Dose. — 10 to 15 grains = 0*65 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Tinctura Serpentarise. Used in the preparation 
 of Tinc-tiira Cinchome Composita. 
 
 Not Official. — Iiifusum Serpentari.e and Fluidextractum Serpcntaria-. 
 
 Foreign Ph9,rniacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — In the B.P. 1864 and 1S67 tlie rhizome of 
 Aristolochia Serpentaria was alone Official, but the drug was rarely 
 met with in commerce, the rhizome of the Texan species,^, reticulata, 
 being the article representing it in this country. In the B.P. 1885 
 and 1898 the latter species was made Official, as well as the Virginian 
 {A. serpentaria), and both are now obtainable. The latter has much 
 more slender, matted, fibrous, furrowed roots, those of A. reticulata 
 being longer, thicker, straighter and smoother. The rhizome of 
 A. serpentaria is about 1 in. (25 mm.) long and | in. (3 mm.) in 
 diameter, bearing on its upper surface the remains of aerial stems, 
 and the numerous slender, very interlacing roots are about 3 in. 
 (75 mm.) long, yellowish-brown in colour, have a bitter taste, and 
 an odour recalling those of Camphor, Turpentine and Valerian. The 
 rhizome of Spigelia Marilandica, L., resembles that of A. Serpentaria 
 in size and appearance, but it is not aromatic. 
 
 The characteristic microscopic features of Serpentary Root are the 
 cuboid cells of the outer bark, the porous cuboid cells of the medullary 
 rays, the oil cells in the mesophloeum, and the abundance of starch. 
 
 Tests. — Serpentary Rhizome contains from 7 to 10 p.c. of ash, and 
 the latter figure, which is the B.P. limit, should not be exceeded. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA SERPENTARIA. Tincture of Serpentary. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 1 Serpentary Rhizome, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (60 p.c), to yield 5. (1 in 5.) 
 
 B.P. 1898 used Alcohol (70 p.c). • 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1 • 8 to 3' 6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and U.S., 1 in o, with a 
 mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c), 65, and Water, 35. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Serpentary has a specific gravity of about 
 0*920 ; it contains about 2 p.c. w/v of total solids, and about 60 p.c. 
 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INFUSUM SERPENTARI/E {B.P. 1898).— Serpentary Rhizome, 1 ; 
 boihng Water, 20. Infuse 15 minutes. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose. — i to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28 -4 ml. 
 
 Flviidextractum Serpentariae (U.S.). — 1 in 1, by percolation with a 
 mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c), 4, and Water, 1. 
 
 Average Dose.— 15 minims (1 cc). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SES J'J-il 
 
 SESAMI OLEUM. 
 
 SESAME OIL. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A clear, pale, yellow, oily fluid, posses.sing a faint odour and a bland 
 oily taste. 
 
 it is the fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Sesamum Indicum, L. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. and is now inckided in B.P. 1914. 
 
 It is Officially- permitted to be used in the place of Olive Oil in certain 
 Colonies ; see Olivse Oleiun. 
 
 Solubility. — In all proportions of Ether ; insoluble in Alcoliol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Au.str., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Russ. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Sesame Oil has a specific gravity of 0'920 to 0*923; 
 the B.P. gives the same figures as the P.G., 0-921 to 0-924. It has 
 an Acid Value of from 0-2 to 8, and the latter figure should not be 
 exceeded. The B.P. states that this value should not be more than 8 ; 
 the P.G. does not include an Acid Value. It should have a 
 Saponification Value of from 189 to 193, and an Iodine Value of 
 103 to 108 ; oils from the first expression have Iodine Values of 106 
 to 114. The B.P. gives the Saponification Value as 189 to 193, and 
 the Iodine Value as 103 to 114 ; the P.G. gives the Saponification 
 Value as 188 to 193, and the Iodine Value as 103 to 112. It has a 
 Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-475 to 1-4762; the B.P. 
 gives the Eefractive Index at 40° C. (104° F.) as 1-465 to 1-4675; 
 the P.G. does not record the Refractive Index. A pink coloration 
 is produced in the acid layer, when 2 ml. of Sesame Oil are shaken, 
 during half a minute, with 1 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid containing 
 1 p.c. of Refined Sugar, and the liquids allowed to separate. The 
 P.G. employs Furfural in performing this test, requiring that a 
 strong red colour should be produced in the acid layer, after the 
 separation of the oily fluid, when 5 c.c. of Sesame Oil are shaken 
 vigorously, during half a minute, with 0-1 c.c. of alcoholic Furfural 
 Solution and 10 c.c. of fuming Hydrochloric Acid, and allowed to 
 separate. The Indian and Colonial Addendum to the B.P. 1898 
 required that a colour, appearing purple by transmitted light and blue 
 by reflected light, should be gradually produced, when a measured 
 quantity of 10 c.c. of Sesame Oil is treated with 10 c.c. of Hydrochloric 
 Acid containing 0*6 gramme of Pyrogallic Acid, the mixture shaken 
 vigorously, allowed to remain at rest during one minute, and the acid 
 layer boiled during 5 minutes, after carefully removing the oily layer 
 with a pipette. 
 
 The more generally oci'urring adulterants are Arachis Oil and 
 Cotton-Seed Oil. The former, if present, may be detected by the 
 formation of a crystalline deposit of Potassium Arachidate, when 
 1 ml. of the oil is saponified by boiling during 20 minutes, in a flask 
 under a reflux condenser, with 15 ml. of Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 
1242 SEV [Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Hydroxide Solution, allowing the mixture to remain at rest during 
 24 hours at a temperature not above 15* 5° C. (60° F.), and subsequently 
 heating the mixture during 3 minutes on a water-bath ; no crystalline 
 deposit should form within 24 hours. The P.G. does not include a 
 test for Arachis Oil. No red coloration should be developed within 
 15 minutes, when a mixture of 2 ml. of Sesame Oil, 1 ml. of Amylic 
 Alcohol, and 1 ml. of a 1 p.c. w/v solution of Precipitated Suljihur in 
 Carbon Bisulphide is heated in a test-tube surrounded by boiling 
 Water, indicating the absence of Cotton-Seed Oil. The P.G. requires 
 that if a mixture of 5 c.c. of Sesame Oil, 5 c.c. of Amyl Alcohol, and 
 5 c.c. of a 1 p.c. w/w solution of Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide be 
 heated in a flask attached to a reflux condenser during 15 minutes in 
 a water-bath, neither immediately, nor on a further addition of 5 c.c. 
 of the solution of Sulphur in Carbon Bisulphide and a further quarter 
 of an hour's heating, should a red coloration of the mixture result, 
 indicating the absence of Cotton-Seed Oil. 
 
 SEVUM PR^PARATUM. 
 
 PREPARED SUET. 
 
 Fr., Suif de Moitton Ptjrifik ; Geb., Hammeltalo ; Ital., Grasso di 
 Mentone ; Span., Sebo de Carnero. 
 
 A firm, white, almost inodorous, fatty substance, having a bland 
 taste and unctuous to the touch. It is insoluble in Water. B.P. 
 describes it as the purified internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep, 
 Ovis aries, L. ; the (j.S.P. describes it as the internal fat of the abdomen 
 of the sheep, Ovis aries, Linne, purified by melting and straining. 
 
 The U.S. P. states that Prepared Suet should be kept in well-closed 
 vessels impervious to fat, and should not be used after it has become 
 rancid. The P.G. describes it as the fat obtained by melting the fat- 
 containing cellular tissues of healthy sheep. 
 
 It is Officially stated that in India Prepared Suet and Benzoated Suet 
 should be used in place of Prepared Lard and Benzoated Lard ; see p. 122. 
 
 OfBcial Preparation. — Sevum Benzoatum. Used in the preparation of 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofificial in all except Belg., Dutch, Ital. 
 and Russ. ; Mex., Port, and Span. (S-ebo). 
 
 Tests. — Prepared Suet possesses a melting point of from 45° to 
 50° C. (113° to 122° F.) ; the B.P. has now adopted these melting 
 points, which are also Official in the U.S. P. and the P.G. The solidi- 
 fying point is about 38° C. (100-4° F.) ; the B.P. now omits the solidi- 
 fying point ; the U.S.P. gives 37° to 40° C. (98-6° to 104° F.). The 
 Acid Value ranges from 0*8 to 2, the Saponification Value from 192 
 to 195, the Iodine Value from 33 to 46. The B.P. gives the Refractive 
 Index at 60° C. (140° F.) as 1-449 to 1-451. It was pointed out in 
 the Eighteenth Edition of Squires Companion that figures for the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SIM 1243 
 
 Acid, Saponification, and Iodine Values might with advantage be 
 included, and the above figures are now Official in the B.P. The P.G. 
 gives the Iodine Value as 33 to 42, and the Acid Value as not above 5. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SEVUM BENZOATUM. Benzoated Suet. (New.) 
 
 Digest 210 grains of Benzoin in coarse powder in 16 oz. melted Pre- 
 pared Suet at 60° C. (140° F.) for 1 hour, with frequent stirring ; strain, 
 and stir whilst cooling. (3 in 100.) 
 
 See note given above relating to India. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw. and Swiss. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SIMARUBA. 
 
 BITTER SIMARUBA, OR MOUNTAIN DAMSON. 
 
 The Root-bark of Simaruba officinalis, DC, from the West Indies. 
 Medicinal Properties. — A bitter tonic and astringent. In large doses 
 causes nausea. Used in chronic dysentery ; may be combined with Opium. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Ger., Mex., Port, and 
 Swiss. Ger. has also a fluid extract. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SINAPIS. 
 
 Fr., Moutarde ; Ger., Schwarzer Senf ; Ital., Senape Nera ; 
 Span., Mostaza. 
 
 The powdered and mixed dried ripe Seeds of Bmssica nigra, Black 
 Mustard Seed, and Brassica alba. White Mustard Seed. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1S98, l)ut is now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful stimvilant and sialagogue. The 
 powder is taken internally as a condiment ; a tablespoonful in a timiblerful 
 of warm Water acts as a prompt emetic ; used externally in form of poultice 
 or charta as a rubefacient and counter-irritant in pneumonia, pleurisy, 
 muscular rheumatism, pericarditis, bronchitis, colic, gastralgia, vomiting, 
 and neuralgia ; as a sitz-bath in amenorrhoea. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Htmg., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S., all Semen Sinapis Nigra. Belg., Fr., Mex., Swiss and U.S. have 
 also Semen Sinapis Alba. Charta Sinapis is Official in Austr., Belg., 
 Dutch, Norw.; Fr. (Sinapismes en Feuilles); Dan., Ger., Hung, and 
 Swed. (Charta Sinapisata); Ital. (Carta Senapata); Mex. (Sinapismos 
 de Papel); Span. (Papel Sinapico); Russ. (Charta Sinapina); Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
1244 SIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Descriptive Notes.— The White Mustard Seed of commerce is 
 often a mixed article, depending upon its geographical source, but the article 
 Official in B.P. 1898 was the seed of Brassica alba, Boiss. (Sinapis alba, L.). 
 The seed is yellowish, about ^^g in. (2 mm.) in diameter and ^^ of a grain in 
 weight (Pharmacographia, p. 69). The testa appears to be smooth, but 
 vinder a good lens is seen to be minutely and reticulately pitted. The 
 embryo is of a bright, pure yellow colour and oily. It has no pungent odour 
 until triturated with Water. The outer layer of epidermal cells contains 
 mucilage and swells up rapidly in Water, a property which is sometimes 
 taken advantage of for drying bottles intended to contain oily liquids, and 
 from which it is necessary to remove the last trace of moisture. This is 
 quickly effected by shaking a small quantity of White Mustard Seed in the 
 bottle. The seeds of a false White Mustard, named by Harz Brassica iberidi- 
 folia, have been svibstituted for those of B. alba, but they are slightly more 
 ochreous in colour, the hiluni is darker than the rest of the seed, and the 
 epidermal cells are not mucilaginous. 
 
 The pods containing White Mustard Seed are spreading, and have bristly 
 hairs, and half their length is occupied by a flat, veiny beak. In Black 
 Mustard the pods are erect and glabrous, and the short beak is slender and 
 qviadrangular. 
 
 The seeds of S. glauca, Roxb. (JS. campestris, L.), resemble those of B. alba 
 and probably form part of the White Mustard Seed of India. 
 
 The Black Mustard Seed of commerce is usually brown rather than 
 black, and often consists chiefly of the slightly larger and more oblong Indian 
 or Sarepta Mustard Seeds, which are the produce of Brassica juncea, Cass. 
 Tlie seeds of Brassica nigra, Koch, which were Official in B.P. 1898 under the 
 name of Sinapis Nigrje Semina, are .,V in- ( 1 mm. ) in diameter and jL of a 
 grain in weight, ancl of a dark reddish-brown or greyish-brown colour, and 
 have at first a bitter and quickly afterwards a very pungent taste. Although 
 reticulated with minute pits when dry, the siu-face of the seed appears smooth 
 when wetted, owing to the development of mucilage from the outer walls 
 of the epidermal cells. The whitish pellicle, which gives the greyish tint to 
 some of the seeds, is attributed to rain during the ripening, and depreciates 
 the value of the seed in the market ; this pelhcle is formed from hexagonal 
 tabular cells. The seed contains about 20 p.c. of fixed Oil, which is expressed 
 and sold separately as a remedy for rheumatism, although it is used in 
 Russia like the best Olive Oil (Pharmacographia). The ferment Myrosin is 
 coagulated at 140° F. (60'' C), so that boiling Water must not be used in 
 making Mustard plasters. The prepared Mustard leaves naust be kept quite 
 dry, or the ferment gradually acts in the presence of the moistvire attracted 
 from the air, and the Mustard leaves lose their efficacy. Powdered Mustard 
 that has become damp is liable to become attacked by the cheese mite 
 Tyroglyphus Siro, Gerv. The distinctive microscopic features of powdered 
 Mustard are the absence of Starch and raphides ; the mucilaginous epidermal 
 polygonal cells, appearing striated when wet, large coUenchymatous cells, 
 and the yellow sclerenchyma of S. alba, and the dark yellowish -brown 
 sclerenchymatous cells of S. nigra, some of which are rather longer and 
 form a hexagonal network, and the small, irregular aleurone grains (0"017 mm. 
 long and 0-008 mm. broad) containing minute globoids and drops of fixed oil. 
 
 Tests. — Mustard yields about 5 p.c. of ash. A cold decoction should 
 not be rendered browii by Boric Acid Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Turmeric, nor should it yield a distinctive reaction with the tests for Starch. 
 The test for Turmeric may be conveniently carried out with Methylated 
 Spirit as a solvent, instead of Distilled Water. About 1 gramme of the 
 specimen should be boiled with Methylated Spirit, filtered, the filtered 
 liquid concentrated and tested with Boric Acid Solution. The Iodine test 
 for the presence of Starch is rendered negative, owing to the ready absorption 
 of the Iodine by the volatile Oil, developed on the addition of Water. In 
 carrying out the Iodine test for Starch on the powdered seeds of the White 
 or Black Mustard, the U.S. P. directs that 1 gramme of the powdered Mustard 
 should be exhausted by slow percolation with Alcohol (94- 9 p.c), the marc 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SIN 1245 
 
 mixed with 200 c.c. of Distilled Water and heated to boiling, adding after 
 cooling, sufficient cold Distilled Water to make the mixture measvire 1000 c.c. ; 
 the addition of 4 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution should not 
 produce a dark blue colour. The P.G. requires that it should yield at least 
 0-7 p.c. of AUyl Iso-thiocyanate, as determined by the following process : — 
 5 grammes of the powdered Mustard is digested in a flask with 100 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water at a temperature of 20° to 25° C. (68° to 77° F.). The 
 stoppered flask is allowed to stand during 2 hours, with intervals of 
 shaldng ; to the contents are then added 20 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 2 c.c. of OUve Oil, the flask connected with a well-cooled condenser, and the 
 mixture is distilled. The first 40 to 50 c.c. of distillate is collected in a 
 graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, containing 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution, 
 and 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volvunetric Silver Nitrate Solution are added. 
 A small funnel is inserted in the flask, and the mixture is heated during one 
 hour in the water -bath. After cooUng it is then chluted -with Distilled Water 
 to 100 c.c. and filtered, 50 c.c. of the clear filtrate are then mixed with 6 c.c. 
 of Nitric Acid and 1 c.c. of Ferric Ammonimn Sulphate Solution, and the 
 mixture titrated with Tenth -Normal Volumetric Ammonivmi Thiocyanate 
 Solution imtil a red coloration appears. At most 6 • 5 c.c. should be required, 
 representing a minimimi content of 0-7 p.c. of AUyl Iso-thiocyanate; 1 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Silver Nitrate Solution absorbed, represents 
 0- 004956 gramme of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate. The amoimt of Water present 
 should not exceed 5 p.c. 
 
 SINAPIS OLEUM VOLATILE. 
 
 VOLATILE OIL OF MUSTARD. 
 
 An almost colourless, or pale yellow, highly refractive, limpid, oily 
 liquid, possessing a very characteristic, penetrating, pungent, and 
 excessively irritating odour. 
 
 It is the volatile oil distilled from Black Mustard Seeds after macerat- 
 ing during several hours with Water, the greater portion of the fixed 
 oil having been previously removed. The B.P. describes it as the 
 volatile oil obtained by distillation from Black Mustard Seeds, deprived 
 of most of their fixed oil and macerated in Water for several hours ; 
 the U.S. P. describes it as a volatile oil obtained from Black Mustard 
 (freed from its fatty oil) by maceration with Water and subsequent 
 distillation. The P.G. oil is synthetic Oil of Mustard. 
 
 The B.P. and the U.S. P. require it to contain not less than 92 p.c. 
 w/v of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate, C.3H5NCS eq. 99-12 ; the P.G. requires 
 that it shall contain at least 97 p.c. w/w. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool atmosphere, and protected as far as possible from contact 
 with the light. 
 
 The greatest caution should be exercised in handling the Oil, as its 
 vapour is intensely irritating, and produces intense lachrymation. It 
 immediately vesicates the skin. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in .50 of Water; readily in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 
 Ether. 
 
124G SIKT [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Applied to tlie skin, it produces almost 
 instant vesication, but wlien diluted it forms a useful counter-irritant 
 application. 
 
 Schwarz obtained excellent results in earache by inhalation ; 5 grammes 
 of Oil are placed in a 20 grammes bottle, the opening of which is held under 
 the nostril on the affected side ; patient closes mouth and eyes and other 
 nostril, and then takes a short strong sniff ; effect is immediate ; the cases 
 included acute otitis media, furunculosis, and tinnitus. — M.A. '15, 233. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Linimentum Sinapis. 
 
 Not Official. — ^Applicatio Sinapis, Cataplasma Sinapis, Infusum Sinapis, 
 Thiosinamin, Fibrolysin, and Tiodine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Dan. 
 
 Tests. — Volatile Oil of Mustard lias a specific gravity of 1'015 to 
 1-025. The B.P. states 1-014 to 1-025 ; the U.S.P., 1-013 to 1-020 
 at 2.5° C. (77° F.); the P.G., 1-022 to 1-025. It boils at 148° C. 
 (298-4° F.), and distils between this temperature and 156° C. (312 • 8° F.). 
 It is Officially stated to distil between 148° and 156° C. (298-4° and 
 312-8° F.) ; the U.S. P. states that, if a portion of the Oil be heated in 
 a flask connected with a well-cooled condenser, it should distil com- 
 pletely between 148° and 152° G. (298-4° and 305-6° F.). The U.S.P. 
 states that if to 3 grammes of the Oil, 6 grammes of Sulphuric Acid be 
 gradually added, keeping the liquid cool, the mixture upon subsequent 
 agitation will evolve Sulphur Dioxide gas, but it will remain of a light 
 yellow colour, and although at first clear, will afterwards become 
 thick and occasionally crystalline, and will lose its pungent odour. 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 92 • 18 p.c. w/v of Allyl 
 Iso-thiocyanate, as volumetrically determined by adding 30 ml. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution and 5 ml. of Ammonia 
 Solution to 5 ml. of a 2 p.c. w/v solution of the volatile Oil in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), contained in a 100 ml. graduated flask. The mixture is 
 maintained at a temperature of 80° C. (176° F.) during 30 minutes, 
 cooled to 15-5° C. (60° F.) and sufficient Distilled Water added to 
 bring the volume of the liquid to exactly 100 ml. It is filtered, and 
 50 ml. are mixed with 4 ml. of Nitric Acid, and the excess of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution is titrated with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution, of which not 
 more than 5 ' 7 ml. should be required to produce a permanent red 
 colour, a few drops of Ferric Sulphate Solution being employed as an 
 indicator ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution 
 = 0-004956 gramme of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate. In making the cal- 
 culation the number of ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium 
 Thiocyanate Solution required to neutralise the excess of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, is deducted from 15, the 
 difference is multiplied by 0-004956 and the product by 2000, yielding 
 the percentage w/v of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate. The U.S.P. requires 
 that it shall contain not less than 92 p.c. of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate as 
 determined by a process of which the following are the essential 
 details : — A quantity of about 2 grammes of the volatile Oil is accurately 
 weighed and diluted with suf&cient Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) to produce 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SIW 1247 
 
 a solution, 50 c.c. of whicli shall represent 1 gramme of the Oil. 5 c.c. 
 of this solution are transferred to a 100 c.c. measuring flask, and 30 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution and 5 c.c. of 
 Ammonia Solution added. After well stoppering the flask, the mixture 
 is set aside in a dark place for 24 hours, then heated in a water-bath 
 at a temperature of 80° C. (176° F.) for half an hour, with frequent 
 intervals of shaking, the contents of the flask are diluted with Distilled 
 Water to the 100 c.c. mark and filtered. 50 c.c. of the filtrate are mixed 
 with 4 c.c. of Nitric Acid and a few drops of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate 
 Test-Solution, and sufficient Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Sulphocyanate Solution to produce a permanent red colour, is added ; 
 not more than 5" 6 c.c. of such solution should be required. Each 
 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution absorbed, 
 corresponds to 0*00192 gramme of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate. The P.G. 
 requires it to contain at least 97 p.c. w/w of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate, as 
 determined by the following process : — 5 c.c. of a 1 in 50 w/w solution 
 of the Oil in Alcohol (90 p.c.) is transferred to a 100 c.c. stoppered 
 measuring flask, and mixed with 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and 
 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. A small 
 funnel is inserted in the neck of the flask and the mixture is heated in 
 the water-bath during one hour. It is then cooled, diluted with 
 Distilled Water to the 100 c.c. mark and filtered. 50 c.c. of the clear 
 filtrate are mixed with 6 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 1 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium 
 Sulphate Solution, and sufficient Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium 
 Thiocyanate Solution added to produce a red coloration ; at most 
 16 "8 c.c. shall be required, indicating a minimum content of 97 p.c. 
 w/w of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution = 0*004956 gramme of Allyl Iso-thiocyanate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ethyl Alcohol, Petroleum, 
 Chloroform, fatty oils, Carbon Bisulphide, and Phenols. The Oil should 
 distil completely between 148° and 156° C. (298*4° and 312*8° F.), 
 and the first and last portions of the distillate should have the same 
 specific gravity as the original Oil, indicating the absence of Ethyl 
 Alcohol, Petroleum, Chloroform, fatty oils, and Carbon Bisulphide. 
 For the actual determination of Carbon Bisulphide the following 
 process is recommended : — 20 to 25 grammes of the Oil are heated 
 on a water-bath, while a slow current of air is passed through the Oil ; 
 the vapour of Carbon Bisulphide which is thus carried off is cooled 
 by passing through a condenser, and conducted into an Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, where it is converted into Potassium 
 Ethyl Xanthate. After the neutralisation of the alkali solution, 
 sufficient Tenth-Normal Volumetric Copper Sulphate Solution is added 
 until a drop produces a reddish-browoi colour with Potassium Ferro- 
 cyanide Solution. From the amount of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Copper Sulphate Solution consumed the percentage of Carbon Bisul- 
 phide present can be ascertained. 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Copper Sulphate Solution corresponds to 0*0152 gramme of Carbon 
 Bisulphide. The volumetric process may be supplemented by a 
 gravimetric one, the precipitate of Cuprous Ethyl Xanthate may 
 
1248 SIK" [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 be collected on a filter, washed, dried and heated to a red heat in a 
 crucible, and the residue of Cupric Oxide weighed. 1 gramme of the 
 Oxide corresponds to 1 ' 198 grammes of Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 Preparation. 
 LINIMENTUM SINAPIS. Liniment op Mustard. (Modified.) 
 
 Volatile Oil of Mustard, 35 ; Camphor, 55 ; Castor Oil, 125; Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), q.s. to yield 1000. (about 1 in 28i.) 
 
 Alternative figures are 84 minims, 120 grains, 300 minims, and q.s. to yield 
 r> fl. oz. 
 
 About the same strength as in B.P. 1898, but the proportions are slightly 
 different. 
 
 As the volatile Oil quickly disappears on keeping, it is better to keep the 
 other ingredients ready mixed, and to add the Mustard Oil when required. 
 
 Spiritus Sinapis. — Austr., Oil 1, Spirit 50 ; Belg., Ger., Hung., Jap., 
 Russ., Swed. and Swiss, Oil 1, Spirit 49; Mex. (Linimento de Mostaza 
 Compuesto), 1 in 38. All by weight. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 APPLICATiO SINAPIS.— Volatile Oil of Mustard, 4 minims; Eau de 
 Cologne, 1 fl. oz. Mix. 
 
 A good application in acute catarrh of the middle-ear ; to be applied 
 behind the ear by means of a brush or absorbent Wool. 
 
 CATAPLASMA SINAPIS.— Mustard, in powder, 2J oz. or q.s. ; Linseed 
 Meal, 2h oz. ; boiling Water and Water, of each a sufficiency.- — B.P. '85. 
 
 Mix the Mustard with 2 or 3 oz. of luke\\arm Water ; mix the Linseed 
 Meal with 6 to 8 oz. of boihng Water ; add the former to the latter and stir 
 together. 
 
 INFUSUM SINAPIS.— Mustard, 2 drm. ; boiling Water, 4 11. oz. ; strain. 
 It relieves obstinate hiccough. 
 
 THiOSINAMIN (AUyl-thio-carbamide). — White, ghstening crystals, gene- 
 rally odoiu-less, but sometimes possessing a faint, garhc odour. 
 
 . Solubility. — 1 in 17 of Water, 1 in 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c), and soluble in 
 Ether. 
 
 It has been found useful for softening tear tissues and the removal of 
 fibrous stricture of the oesophagus, etc. 
 
 Employed in the form of a 15 to 20 p.c. alcoholic solution, I to 1 syringeful 
 being injected between the scapulae ; or as an 8 p.c. solution in Water con- 
 taining 20 p.c. Glycerin, 20 minims being injected, in divided portions, in the 
 neighbourhood of the growth. 
 
 Should be given a fair trial in all cases of tinnitus plus cicatricial adhesions 
 in the middle-ear. To commence with 10 minims of a 5 p.c. solution are 
 injected subcutaneously into the forearm twice a week, gradually increasing 
 to 35 minims twice a week. A 10 p.c. solution plus 20 p.c. Glycerin is 
 then substituted, and again the dose increased gradually to 35 minims. 
 Should only be used if there be no actual inflammation. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 
 1135. 
 
 Great improvement in chronic arthritis and arthritis deformans. — M.A. 
 '11, 54. 
 
 Recommended for uterine fibromata, but treatment must be persevered 
 with for weeks or even months. — Pr. '15, ii. 719. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SIN 1249 
 
 FIBROLYSIN. — A compound of Thiosinamine and Sodium Salicylate. 
 It is readily soluble in Water. It is supplied in ampoules containing 
 2-3 c.c, corresponding to 0-2 gramme (3 grains) of Thiosinamine. Mode of 
 Application. — The contents of one ampoule of Fibrolysin are injected into 
 the gluteal muscle daily, or every second or third day, according to the aspect 
 of the case. It is advisable to warm the contents of the ampoule before 
 injection to about body temperatxire by placing it for a few minutes in Water 
 at 113° F. The injection may also be performed near the seat of the affection 
 in the treatment of cutaneous scars. Used to soften fibrous tissue adhesions 
 and cicatricial contractions. It is not necessary to inject near the lesion. 
 Fibrolysin is almost exclusively employed, and not Thiosinamine, as the 
 former is much less Ukely to cause local irritation, and is more convenient. 
 Dose. — 0-5 to 2- 5 c.c. by intramuscular injection. 
 
 Should be tried wherever cicatricial or pathological fibrous tissue is to be 
 softened ; in scars from operation or injury ; in contractions following burns ; 
 in Dupuytren's contraction ; in corneal opacities ; in adhesions between iris 
 and lens ; in tinnitus aurium, in chronic middle-ear catarrh ; in pelvic 
 adhesions. But only to be regarded as an adjuvant to mechanical measures 
 for causing absorption and stretching; twenty -five to fifty injections maybe 
 required before much result is seen. — F.T. '09, 5. 
 
 15 parts with 1\ of Antipyrin and 100 of Water is superior to Fibrolysin 
 as an injection for causing the disappearance of scar tissue. — Formulaire des 
 Medicaments Nouveaux pour 1909. 
 
 In cicatricial pyloric obstruction. Essential that adhesions can be stretched. 
 In this case hand massage was used, the motor power of the stomach being 
 thereby encouraged, and stretching of the adhesions was effected by this 
 power being brought to bear on the contents of the stomach, forcing them 
 through the narrow but now dilatable pylorus. — B.M.J. '08, ii. 544. 
 
 In middle-ear deafness more successful in the non-suppvu-ative than in the 
 post-suppurative cases, but useless in the atrophic variety of non-suppurative 
 middle-ear catarrh ; in true oto-sclerosis results very poor. — L. '09, ii. 
 218. 
 
 Indicated in any pathological state having fibrosis at its basis, but 
 should be supplemented by massage and other physical measures. — L. '09, 
 ii. 530. 
 
 Arterio-sclerosis or recent suppuration are contra -indications for its use 
 in tinnitus.— B.M.J. '09, ii. 1135. 
 
 A remedy for obesity.— I. M.O. '10, 28. 
 
 Improvement in spondylitis deformans. — L. '12, i. 444. 
 
 Extended experience does not support the somewhat favourable opinion 
 the writer formerly expressed ; in 18 out of 83 cases of fibrositis its use had 
 to be discontinued, owing to its causing rise of temperature, malaise, nausea, 
 headache, and in some cases tendency to syncope ; of the remaining 65 cases, 
 in which a full course of 40 injections was given, no good whatever resulted 
 in 46 ; no reduction in fibrous thickening of rheumatoid arthritis ; no benefit 
 in Dupuytren's contraction ; it appears to wi'iter it has a very liinited use, 
 and that the claims put forward have been extravagant. — (Luff) B.M.J. '13, 
 i. 758. 
 
 Claimed that a single intramuscular injection cures tenosynovitis in 4 days ; 
 20 cases successfully treated. — M.A. '13, 14. 
 
 Dupuytren's contraction successfully treated by open incision and by 
 pouring Fibrolysin on the open wound and thoroughly rubbing it in for two 
 minutes.— B.M.J. '13, ii. 1203. 
 
 Successful treatment of Dupuytren's contraction by injections both before 
 and after operation. — B.M.J. '14, i. 479. 
 
 Fibrolysin Plaster Mull contains 10 grammes in | square metre. 
 
 TIODINE. Thiosinamine-ethyl -iodide. — In white crystals readily soluble 
 in Water. It is supplied in ampoules containing 0*2 gramme = 3 grains; 
 dose, one every other day ; also in pills containing 0-05 gramme — f grain ; 
 dose, 2 to 6 pills daily. 
 
 2 s 
 
1250 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODIUM. 
 
 Na, eq. 23. 
 
 A light, soft metal, exhibiting a silvery metallic lustre when freshly cut, but 
 which rapidly oxidises in contact with air. It should be preserved under 
 mineral Naphtha in well-stoppered glass bottles. 
 
 MetalUc Sodium is not Official in either the U.S. P. or the P.G. 
 
 Was Official in B P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Tests. — Sodiiun has a specific gravity of 0'97. It possesses a strong 
 affinity for Oxygen and rapidly oxidises in the air, when cut. When thrown 
 on cold Distilled Water it instantly fuses to a globule without combustion 
 and traverses the sui-f ace in all directions ; when thrown on to hot Distilled 
 Water, however, or if its movements be circumscriljed, combustion of the 
 evolved Hydrogen ensues. The Water acquires an alkaline reaction towards 
 red Litmus paper, and when evaporated to dryness, the residue yields a brilliant 
 yellow'coloration, when moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced in 
 the loop of a Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII ACETAS. 
 
 SODIUM ACETATE. 
 
 NaC^HjOj.SHoO, eq. 136-072. 
 
 Fr., Acetate de Sodium ; Ger., Natriumacetat ; Ital., Acetato di 
 SoDio ; Span., Acetato Sodico. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, monoclinic prisms, or as a white, granular, crystal- 
 line powder, possessing a saline, bitter taste. The crystals are efflorescent 
 in warm air, and should be kept in well-closed bottles in a cool place. 
 
 Both Sodium Acetate and anhydrous Sodiuin Acetate are described in the 
 Appendix I. of the B.P., the former as Sodiimi Acetate of commerce, pure, the 
 latter as the anhydrous Sodium Acetate of commerce, piu-e. The crystalline 
 salt is Official in the U.S.P., P.G. and Fr. Codex. The U.S. P. requires it to 
 contain not less than 99*6p.c. of pure Sodium Acetate. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that tliis rubric be changed to not less 
 than 59-97 or more than 62- 96 p. c. by weight of anhydrous Sodium Acetate, 
 and that the assay be changed to solution of the carbonised residue in Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphmric Acid Solution, and titration of the excess with 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 30 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It has been employed as a diiiretic in place of the Potassium salt, but is 
 rarely used medicinally. Used in the preparation of Acetic Ether. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Ital., Jap., Mex., Russ., 
 Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Acetate liquefies when heated and loses its V/ater of 
 crystalhsation, equivalent to 39-7 p.c. The U.S. P. gives the liquefying point 
 at 60° C. (140° F.), and states that at 123° C. (253-4° F.) it becomes dry and 
 anhydrous. When still more strongly heated it is decomposed, evolving 
 empyrevmiatic vapours and leaving a black residue, which, when dissolved in 
 Distilled Water, possesses a strong a.lkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1251 
 
 and which effervesces on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. The 
 salt dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a colourless 
 solution, which is alkaline in reaction towards red Litmus paper, but which 
 produces little or no coloration with Phenolphthalein Solution. The solution 
 answers the tests distinctive of Sodiimi given under that heading, and the 
 addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to an aqueous 1 in 20 solution 
 produces a deep red coloration, the solution on boihng yielding a brown 
 flocculent precipitate of basic Ferric Acetate. When warmed with Sulphuric 
 Acid it evolves a strong acetous odour, and when warmed with Sulphuric Acid 
 and a small quantity of Alcohol (90 p.c.) it yields the characteristic odour of 
 Ethyl Acetate (Acetic Ether) ; a minute quantity of the anhydrous salt 
 when heated with a correspondingly minute quantity of Arsenious Anhydride 
 yields a characteristic and highly poisonous odour of Cacodyl Oxide. 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain at least 99-5 p.c. of piu-e Sodium Acetate as 
 volumetrically determined by the process described below under the heading 
 of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring injpurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Calcium, Potassiiun, Chlorides, Sulphates, and excess of Water. 5 c.c. of a 
 1 in 10 aqueous solution should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's test, 
 indicating a limit of Arsenic. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should ^aeld no darkening in colour or turbidity on the 
 addition of Hydi'ogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Lead and 
 Copper. The addition of 0-5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution to an 
 aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt, should not unmediately prodvxce a blue 
 coloration, indicating a limit of Iron. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield 
 no turbidity on the addition of Ammonimu Oxalate Solution, indicating tho 
 absence of Calcium. A satirrated aqueous solution should not be rendered 
 turbid on tho addition of Sodimii Bitartrate Test-Solution, inrUcating a limit 
 of Potassimn. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should 
 yield not more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate 
 Test-Solution, iijdicating a limit of Chlorides ; nor more than the faintest 
 turbidity on the addition of Barimn Chloride Test-Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Stilphates. 
 
 Sodium Acetate should lose not more than 40 p.c. of its weight when dried 
 .at 120° C. (2-48° F.), indicating a limit of Water of crystalhsation. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — 1 gramme of the salt is thorouglily car- 
 bonised at a temperature not exceeding a red heat, the residue is treated with 
 boiling Distilled Water, the solution filtered, and the extraction of the residue 
 with boiling Distilled Water continued until the wasliings no longer produce 
 an alkaline reaction with Methyl Orange Test-Solution ; the mixed filtrate 
 and washings should reqivire for complete neutralisation not less than 14*7 
 (14-74) c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphxiric Acid Solution, Methyl 
 Orange Test-Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality, U.S. P. 
 
 SODil THEOBROMIN^E ACETAS (Agurin). C,H,N,0,Na, C.HjO.Na, 
 eq. 284 • 1 2. — A white, crystalline powder, possessing a somewhat bitter, sahne 
 taste. It is soluble in Water. Diuretic. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles and protected as far as pos- 
 sible from exposure to the air, as it has a tendency to absorb Carbonic 
 Anhydride. 
 
 It contains, theoretically, 63 -3 p.c. of pure Theobromine, and shows a 
 Theobromine content about 18 p.c. in excess of that contained in Tlieo- 
 bromine Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 8 grains = • 2 to 0-52 gramme, given in form of a cachet or 
 a suspension with mucilage. 
 
 Tests. — Theobromine Sodium Acetate dissolves in Distilled Water, 
 forming a solution which is slightly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 The aqueous solution, when neutralised with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 throws down a precipitate of Theobromine, which dissolves when shaken with 
 Chloroform. If the chloroformic solution be separated and a few drops be 
 
 2 s 2 
 
1252 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 evaporated to dryness on a water -bath or a watch-glass, the residue, when 
 treated with Chlorine Water and again evaporated to dryness on the water - 
 bath, leaves a reddish-brown residue which, when moistened with Ammonia 
 Solution, affords a purple-violet coloration. An aqueous solution of the salt 
 affords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a deep red coloration, which, when 
 boiled, affords a brownish-red precipitate of basic Ferric Acetate. WTien 
 heated with a small quantity of Sulphuric Acid and a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 it evolves a characteristic odour of Ethyl Acetate (Acetic Ether). 
 
 SODII ARSENAS ANHYDROSUS. 
 
 Anhydrous Sodium Arsenate. 
 NaoHAsO^, eq.' 185-968. 
 
 Fr., Arskniate de Sodium Officinal ; Ger., Natriumarseniat ; Ital., 
 Arseniato Bisodico ; Span., Arseniato Sodico. 
 
 The anhydrous salt, Di-sodium Hydrogen Arsenate. 
 
 Name has been altered from Sodii Arsenas, but the salt remains the same 
 as in B.P. 1898. 
 
 An odourless, white, granular, amorphous powder. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure anhydrous 
 Di-Sodium Hydrogen Arsenate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles, and protected as 
 far as possible from exposure to a moist atmosphere. 
 
 The crystallised salt, Na^HAsO^, 7H„0, eq. 312-08, occurs as colourless, 
 odourless, transparent, prismatic crystals, with a slightly alkaline reaction. 
 It may be produced by the interaction of Arseniovis Anhydride, Sodium 
 Nitrate, and Sodium Carbonate, the product being purified by crystallisation. 
 The anhydrous salt may be obtained by heating this crystallised salt to a 
 temperature of 150° C. (302° F.). 1 grain of the anhydrous salt= 1-07 grains 
 of the crystallised (7H._,0) salt. 
 
 The crystallised salt is Official in Fr. Codex (Arseniato de Sodium Officinal) 
 and U.S. (Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus) ; the U.S. P. also includes a Sodii 
 Arsenas containing 7H._,0. 
 
 The Brussels Conference has adopted the crystallised salt containing 
 7 molecules of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 4 of Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Liquor Arsenicalis. 
 See AciDUM Arseniosum, p. 22. 
 
 Dose. — 4V to tV grain = 0-0016 to 0*0065 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximvim dose of the crystals, single, 0-01 gramme; daily, 0-02 
 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Generally employed in the form of the Liquor ; 
 m.ay also be given in pills well triturated with Milk Sugar and massed 
 with ' Diluted Glucose,'' q.s. 
 
 Of&cial Preparation.— Liquor Sodii Arsenatis. 
 
 Antidotes. — See Acidum Arseniosum. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1263 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Bulg., dried salt ; Dutch, Fr., 
 Ital., Mex., Port., Span, and Swiss, crystallised ; Ital and U.S. both. 
 
 Tests. — iSodium Arsenate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear solution wliicli possesses an alkaline 
 reaction toward Litmus paper. It answers tlie tests distinctive of 
 Sodium given under that heading. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution affords 
 with Barium or Calcium Chloride Test-Solutions, a white precipitate, 
 soluble in Nitric Acid ; with Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution, a dark 
 reddish-brown precipitate, soluble in Nitric Acid ; with Magnesium 
 Ammonio-Sulphate Solution, a white crystalline precipitate, soluble 
 in a diluted mineral acid. It is Officially required to contain not less 
 than 97 '83 p.c. of pure anhydrous Di-Sodium Hydrogen Arsenate, as 
 volumetrically determined by dissolving 0'25 gramme of the salt 
 in 25 ml. of Distilled Water, adding 3 grammes of Potassium Iodide, 
 25 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid, and titrating the mixture with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of which not less 
 than 26*3 ml. should be required to decolorise the liberated Iodine; 
 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 
 0*0093 gramme of pure anhydrous Di-Sodium Hydrogen Arsenate. 
 Starch Mucilage may be employed as an indicator, although not 
 specifically mentioned in the B.P. The quantity of Distilled Water 
 used for solution of the anhydrous Sodium Arsenate might with 
 advantage have been increased from 25 ml. to 35 ml. The U.S. P. 
 requires that the salt should contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure 
 anhydrous Di-sodium-ortho-arsenate, but does not describe a method 
 of determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recom- 
 mend the following method of determination : — An accurately 
 weighed quantity of 0'5 gramme of anhydrous Sodium Arsenate is 
 dissolved in 25 c.c. of Distilled Water, the solution heated to 80° C. 
 (176° F.), 10 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and 3 grammes of Potassium 
 Iodide added, the mixture allowed to stand for 15 minutes at 80° C. 
 (176° F.), cooled, and titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution, Starch Test-Solution being employed as an 
 indicator. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Lead, Copper and 
 Iron, Aluminium, Calcium, Carbonates, Chlorides, Nitrates, Sulphates, 
 and excess of moisture. 5 c.c. of a 1 in 100 aqueous solution of the 
 salt, when mixed with 1 c.c. of Ammonium Hydrosulphide Test- 
 Solution should not afford a dark coloration, indicating the absence 
 of Lead, Copper and Iron. The aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when boiled 
 with Ammonia Solution should not afford a white flocculent precipitate, 
 indicating the absence of Aluminium ; nor should it yield, on the 
 addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, a white cloudiness or turbidity, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium. The salt should not effervesce 
 on the addition of a diluted mineral acid, indicating the absence of 
 Carbonates. The aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when rendered acid with 
 Nitric Acid, should yield no pronounced turbidity on the addition 
 of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides, or on the 
 addition, to another portion, of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a 
 
1254 SOD [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 limit of Sulphates. When an aqueous solution of the salt is treated 
 with Sulphuric Acid, the mixture being kept cool, it should yield no 
 brown ring at the point of junction of the two liquids when Ferrous 
 Sulphate Solution is poured carefully upon the surface, indicating the 
 absence of Nitrates. Arsenites are sometimes present as an impurity, 
 and may be detected by the Silver Nitrate test given below. It is 
 Officially required to lose not more than 2 p.c. of its weight when 
 dried at 150° C.(302° F.), indicating a limit of moisture. The U.S. P. 
 requires that it should not lose weight when heated to 150° C. (302° F.). 
 TJie proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the moisture 
 limit be fixed at 3 p.c, together with a method for its determination. 
 
 Silver Nit'rate. — If to 2 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution 5 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution be added, and the precipitate 
 redissolved by a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, no black precipitate of 
 reduced Silver should appear on boiling, indicating the absence of Arsenite, 
 U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR SODII ARSENATIS, Solution op Sodium Arsenate. 
 
 Sodium Arsenate, recently rendered anhydrous, 17 J grains ; Dis- 
 tilled Water, q.s. to yield 4 fl. oz. (1 in 100.) 
 
 After being made, this solution deposits a little Silica introduced in the 
 preparation of the Arsenate, but if filtered after a few days, remains clear. 
 
 It is about half the strength of Liquor Arsenicalis in Arsenic, as that 
 preparation contains 1 p.c. of Arsenious Acid, and this 1 p.c. of Sodium 
 Arsenate ; another difference is that Liquor Arsenicalis contains an Arsenite, 
 and this an Arsenate. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 minims = 0*12 to 0*5 ml. 
 
 11 minims contain Jjy gfain of the anhydrous salt. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, • 5 gramme ; daily, 1 • 5 gramme, of the 
 Potassium Arsenite Solution. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S., same as Brit., Dan., Port, 
 and Swiss, 1 in 500 ; Ital. and Mex. have Solucion Arsenical de Pearson, 
 1 in 600. 
 
 Tests. — Solution of Sodium Arsenate has a specific gravity of 
 I'OIO to 1*015. It is Oflicially required to contain the equivalent 
 of 1 p.c. w/v of anhydrous Sodium Arsenate, but no method of deter- 
 mination is given. It may be determined by mixing 25 c.c. of the 
 Liquor with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 3 grammes of Potassium 
 Iodide, and 25 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, and titrating the liberated 
 I )dine with Tenth- Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, 
 of which about 26 '5 ml. should be required, 1 ml. of Tenth- Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution = 0*0093 gramme of 
 anhydrous Sodium Arsenate. The U.S. P. requires that it shall 
 contain Sodium Arsenate corresponding in amount to not less than 
 1 p.c. of Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate, but like the B.P. gives no 
 method by which this percentage may be assured. It should respond 
 to the tests distinctive of Sodium Arsenate given under Sodii Arsenas 
 Anhydrosus, and should be free from the impurities there mentioned. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] SOD 1255 
 
 SODII BENZOAS. 
 
 SODIUM BENZOATE. 
 NaC^HgOo, eq. 144-040. 
 
 Fr., Benzoatb de Sodium ; Ger., Natriujibenzoat ; Ital., Benzoato dx 
 Socio ; Span., Benzoato Sodico. 
 
 A white, amorplious, or semi-crystalline powder ; odourless or having 
 a faint odour of Benzoin when made from the Resin-sublimed acid, 
 and possessmg a sweetish astringent and somewhat unpleasant taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by neutralising Benzoic Acid with Sodium 
 Carbonate. B.P. requires it to contain not less than 96 p.c. of pure 
 Sodium Benzoate ; the U.S. P. not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Benzoate ; the salt Official in the Fr. Codex contains 1 molecule of 
 Water of crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles and in a cool 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 of Water ; 1 in 25 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Benzoic Acid, but less 
 irritating; given in chronic cystitis in which there is alkaline 
 and decomposing urine. 
 
 Combined with Urotropin it never fails in pyelitis due to B. coli infection. 
 —N.Y.M.R. '10, i. 907. 
 
 Dose. — a to 30 grains = 0"32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Tfotes. — 3Iay be given in cachets, but (jencmlhj employed 
 in solution. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Ferric salts. Citric and Tartaric Acids, and Mineral 
 Acids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in all except Dan., Ger., Norw. 
 and Swed. Dutch has also Benzoas Natricus cum Coffeino, Sodium 
 Benzoate and Caffeine equal parts. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Benzoate when heated, melts, evolving an odour 
 of Benzoic Acid, finally charring when strongly heated and leaving a 
 residue which, when dissolved in Distilled Water, yields a solution 
 having a strongly alkaline reaction, towards Litmus ^^aper. The salt 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a colourless 
 solution which possesses a neutral or but faintly alkaline reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. The aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt 
 afiords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, a buff-coloured precipitate. 
 A concentrated aqueous solution of the salt yields on the addition 
 of sufficient Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, a bulky white crystalline 
 precipitate, which, when separated, washed till free from mineral acid 
 and carefully dried, should possess the melting point and answer the 
 tests distinctive of Benzoic Acid described under Acidum Benzoicum. 
 The filtrate should yield the tests characteristic of Sodium given under 
 that heading. When dried at 110° C. (230° F.), it is Officially required 
 to contain not less than 98 '66 or more than 100*1 p.c. of pure anhy- 
 drous Sodium BenFjoatc, corresponding to not less than 94 "7 or more 
 
125(3 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 than 96 "1 p.c. of Sodium Benzoate containing the official alhjwance of 
 4 p.c. of Water, as determined by igniting at a dull red heat, 1 gramme 
 of the salt, cooling, dissolving the residue in Distilled Water, filtering, 
 washing the residue on the filter with Distilled Water until the washings 
 no longer possess an alkaline reaction, and titrating the mixed washings 
 and hltrate with Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of 
 which not less than 13 "7 ml. or more than 13" 9 ml. should be required. 
 Methyl Orange Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, 
 although not specifically mentioned in the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0' 07202 gramme of anhydrous 
 Sodium Benzoate. It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of 
 Squire s Companion that commercial samples contained an average 
 of 4 p.c. of V\^ater, which the volumetric test of the B.P. 1898 did not 
 recognise, but the volumetric test is now done on the dried salt. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it should contain not less than 99 p.c. of 
 pure Sodium Benzoate, as volumetrically determined by the process 
 mentioned in small type under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 In carrying out the Pharmacopoeia process of igniting 1 gramme of 
 the salt, it will be foiind that considerable difficulty is experienced 
 in burning off the carbonaceous matter, and the result is liable to be 
 below the truth, owing to loss or incomplete washing of the partially 
 incinerated residue. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Ammonium, Arsenic, 
 Lead, Copper, Iron, Calcium, Potassium, Carbonates, Chlorides, Sul- 
 phates, and excess of Water. The B.P. fixes a lim.it of 2 parts of 
 Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under 
 the heading _ of Special Tests, employing a solution of the alkaline 
 residue left after igniting 5 grammes of Sodium Benzoate, dissolving it 
 in a mixture of 14 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 reagent, and 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, the excess of Bromine 
 being removed by a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million is also Officially 
 fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes 
 of Sodium Benzoate and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 using 5 ml. of Diluted Lead-Test Solution. If the 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution of the salt be slightly acidified with Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and if the precipitated Benzoic Acid be separated by filtration, 
 the filtrate should yield no darkening in colour when tested with 
 Hydrogen Sulphide, either in the acidified filtrate as it stands, or 
 after being rendered alkaline by the addition of Ammonia Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Copper and Iron. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 should afford no opalescence on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. If a particle of the salt 
 be moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced in a loop of 
 Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame, no more than a transient 
 violet coloration should be produced, indicating a limit of Potassium. 
 When boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution it should not yield an 
 ammoniacal odour, nor should the issuing vapour possess an alkaline 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measm-e.] SOD 1257 
 
 reaction towards moistened red Litmus paper, indicating the absence 
 of Ammonium salts. The aqueous solution should not yield an 
 efiervescence on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Carbonates. If the 1 in 20 aqueous solution be acidified 
 with Diluted Nitric Acid and filtered from the precipitate of Benzoic 
 Acid, the filtrate should yield only the faintest turbidity with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; and with Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. The B.P. now 
 requires that the salt should lose not more than 4 p.c. of its weight 
 when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 1 gramme of the dry salt be thoroughly 
 ignited at red heat, and the residue extracted with boiling Distilled Water, 
 until the washings cease to react with Methyl Orange Test-Solution, the inixed 
 filtrate and washings should require for complete neutralisation not less than 
 13-85 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, Methyl 
 Orange Test-Solution being used as indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of 
 determination be changed to solution of the carbonised residue in an excess of 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and determination of the 
 excess by titration with Half-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hj'-droxide 
 Solution. 
 
 SODII BICARBONAS. 
 
 SODIUM BICARBONATE. 
 NaHCOa, eq. 84-008. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate Acide de Sodium ; Ger., Natriitmbicarboxat ; 
 Ital., Bicarbonato di Sodio ; Span., Bicarbonato Sodico. 
 
 Small, opaque, prismatic crystals, or an odourless, white, micro- 
 crystalline powder, possessing a saline taste and alkaline reaction. 
 
 It may be obtained by the action of Carbon Dioxide gas upon 
 crystallised Sodium Carbonate, or by the interaction of Sodmm 
 Chloride and Ammonium Bicarbonate. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 98 • 5 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Hydrogen Carbonate ; the U.S. P. not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Bicarbonate ; the P.G. at least 98 p.c. of Sodium Bicarbonate, when 
 dried over Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 12 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Analogous to those of Potassium 
 Bicarbonate ; but it is much more frequently given, as it is only 
 feebly depressant and is more slowly absorbed than the Potassium 
 salt. Employed as a gastric sedative half an hour before food ; and 
 as an antacid in preventing the eructations and pain of hyperacidity 
 half an hour after food. In the uric acid diathesis the corresponding 
 salts of Potassium and Lithium are preferable, as they form more 
 soluble salts with uric acid. Very large doses are given in the acid 
 intoxication and coma of diabetes. Moistened with Water, it is an 
 
1268 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 excellent application to tlie stings of wasps and gnats ; a lotion 
 relieves itching. 
 
 A Solution of 15 to 20 grains to the oz. of Water kept applied to an intract- 
 able ulcer will be found to exercise a surprising influence in promoting healing. 
 In whitlow, after the escape of the pus by incision or otherwise, the Sodium 
 Bicarbonate Solution applied on lint mider oiled silk causes the pain and 
 suppiu-ation to disappear with remarkable quickness. The aching which 
 conies on suddenly in a decayed tooth from direct irritation of the dental 
 nerve by acid secretions in the mouth can be quickly relieved by washing out 
 the mouth with the Solution. — B.M.J. '09, i. 265. 
 
 In all cases of diabetes give first of all 1 drm., three times daily, usually 
 in milk.— L. '11, ii. 1185. 
 
 Large doses in diabetes and other diseases may lead to oedema. — L. '12, 
 i. 1706. 
 
 In diabetic coma, injection of 3 to 5 p.c. Solution intravenously ; about 
 a litre is run in slowly, in from a quarter to half an horn-. Enemata not so 
 efficient, as they are not retained sufficiently long. If patient shows any 
 sign of recovery, so that he can swallow, a teaspoonful dissolved in Water 
 is given every hour or half hour, plus large quantities of Milk or Soda-water. 
 The great diuresis thus produced helps to clear out the acid. — B.M.J. '09, 
 i. 667. 
 
 In fairly large doses to reduce urine acidity in diabetes mellitus. — F.T. '11, 0. 
 
 Widely used in diabetes mellitus. — B.M.J. '11, i. 86. 
 
 Long courses of Alkalis are rarely of service in ordinary flatulent dyspepsia. 
 Each dose should be combined with a few grains of Sodium Chloride, which 
 increases the vitaUty of the red corpuscles, but even with this safeguard the 
 protracted use of the carbonated Salt tends to weaken the digestive energy 
 and lead before long to ansemia and depression. When there is great acidity 
 of stomach towards the end of digestion from acid fermentation of food, 30 
 or 40 grains, or more, given in one dose 3 hours after a meal, will often quickly 
 allay the distress, especially if the draught be made stimulating with Spt. 
 Am. Arom. and Aromatics. The same remedy taken at bedtime will stop 
 the painful night cramps of the habitual dyspeptic. — (Eustace Smith) B.M.J. 
 '09, i. 264. 
 
 The Alkalis, either as Bicarbonates or Hydroxides, are given almost solelj' 
 to neutralise excess of acid in the stomach, and hence should be given either 
 just before meals or about 3 hours afterwards. — (F. J. Smith) Pr. '09, ii. 446. 
 
 The best Solution for stomach lavage was Water containing 1 drm. each 
 Sodium Bicarbonate and Chloride to the pint, two pints being used, the 
 lavage being done at night.^ — B.M.J. '09, i. 600. 
 
 By combining the Hydrochloride of any of the local anaesthetics with it, 
 ansesthesia is more intense and more rapid ; free alkali must not be used, as 
 that interferes with Adrenin, now universally added to anaesthetic Solutions. — 
 E.M.J. '11, i. 63. 
 
 2 to 10 oz. in an ordinary warm bath have a welcome soothing effect in 
 eczema, psoriasis, urticaria, Uchen, and prurigo. — B.M.J. '09, i. 265. 
 
 On the importance of the alkalis in the treatment of septic diseases. — M.P. 
 '12, ii. 464. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0*32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May he jjrescribed in cachets, powders, or in 
 solution. In mixtures it is given with Dill, Anise, or Peppermint Water. 
 
 20 of Sodium Bicarbonate are neutralised by 16-7 of Citric Acid, and by 
 17-8 of Tartaric Acid. 
 
 It is supplied in Com.pressed Tablets containing 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 grains 
 of Sodium Bicarbonate ; Tablets are also made containing Oiriger, and Ginger 
 and Peppermint. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Organic and mineral acids, acid salts, alkaloidal salts, 
 and salts of the heavy metals. 
 
 OflB-Cial Preparation. — Sodii Citro-Tartras Effervescens. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] SOD 1259 
 
 Not Official. — Sal Einsaniam Facticiura, Ti'ochisci Eicarbonatis Natrici 
 Compositi, Collunariiiin Alkaliniun, Colliinarium AlkaUnura Co., Mistura Sodne 
 Composita, Nebula Alkalina, Trochiscua Sodii Bicarbonatis, and Bain Dit 
 De Vichy. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Bicarbonate yields tlie tests distinctive of Sodium 
 given under that heading. When heated it loses Carbon Dioxido 
 and Water, being converted into Sodium Carbonate. The U.S. P. 
 states that, at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.) it loses about 36" 5 p.c. 
 of its weight. It effervesces strongly on the addition of a diluted 
 mineral acid, yielding a colourless and odourless gas which, when passed 
 into Lime Water, yields a white precipitate, soluble in a sufficient 
 excess of the gas or in diluted mineral acids. The salt is soluble in 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear and colourless solution which is 
 alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper ; it yields no precipitate 
 with Magnesium Sulphate Solution. It is officially required to indicate 
 not less than 98*29 or more than 99 • 97 p.c. of pure Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 as volumetrically determined by titrating 1 gramme of the salt with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less than 
 11 '7 or more than 11*9 ml. should be required; Methyl Orange 
 Solution may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, although not 
 specifically mentioned by the B.P., the choice of an indicator being 
 left by the B.P. to the operator ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution = 0' 084008 gramme of pure Sodium Bicarbonate. The 
 U.S. P. requires that it should contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, as volumetrically determined by titrating 2 
 grammes of the salt with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 by the method indicated in small type below under the heading of 
 Volumetric Determination. The U.S. P. directs the use of Methyl 
 Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The P.G. requires 
 that it should contain at least 98 p.c. of Sodium Bicarbonate, reckoned 
 on the dried salt, as determined by drying Sodium Bicarbonate over 
 Sulphuric Acid, then igniting, when at the most 63*8 p.c. of residue 
 should remain behind. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Lead, Copper, 
 Iron, Aluminium, Calcium, Ammonium, Chlorides, Sulphates, Sulphites 
 and Thiosulphates, Thiocyanates and Sodium Carbonate. The limit 
 of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796), has 
 now been fixed by the B.P., as determined by the Arsenic Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 
 5 grammes of the salt m a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water 
 and 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, the 
 excess of Bromine being eliminated by the addition of a sufficiency 
 of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 5 parts of 
 Lead per million, also suggested in this reference, has been Officially 
 fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes 
 of Sodium Bicarbonate, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 solution being effected by boiling; using 2*5 ml. of Diluted Lead- 
 
1260 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Test Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should afford no distinct darkening in colour on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; 
 and on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution no 
 pronounced darkening in colour or turbidity should occur, indicating a 
 limit of Iron. A standard suggested for Chloride is 0* 1 p.c, calculated 
 as Sodium Chloride. When dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 Ammonium Chloride added, and Ammonia Solution in faint excess 
 and boiled, it shall yield no flocculent precipitate, indicating the 
 absence of Aluminium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 
 Acetic Acid, should yield no opalescence on the addition of Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. When heated in 
 a dry test-tube it should not evolve a distinct ammoniacal odour, 
 nor should the vapour emitted possess a perceptible alkaline reatition 
 towards moistened red Litmus paper, indicating a limit of Ammonium. 
 A 1 in 50 aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with Nitric Acid, 
 should at the most show only a faint opalescence within 10 minutes, 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 An aqueous 1 in 50 solution, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should yield not more than a faint opalescence on the addition of 
 Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. No odour 
 of Sulphur Dioxide should be evolved on the addition of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid to Sodium Bicarbonate, nor should the issuing gas 
 bleach a piece of moistened blue Litmus paper, indicating a limit of 
 Sulphites. 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution, slightly acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should not be coloured red on the addition of 
 a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Thiocyanates. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt should not 
 decolorise 1 or 2 drops of Iodine Solution, indicating the absence of 
 Thiosulphates, and incidentally of Sulphites. 
 
 Traces of Sodium Carbonate, and also of Water, are probably present 
 in all commercial Sodium Bicarbonates, but it may still pass the B.P. 
 titration test, owing to the counter-balancing influence of the two 
 impurities. The actual Carbonate may be estimated by adding an 
 excess of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution free from 
 Carbonate, then an excess of Barium Chloride Solution, and titrating 
 with Normal Volumetric SulphuricAcid Solution, using Phenolphthalein 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 It was suggested in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion 
 that the test for Carbonate in the B.P. 1898 should be replaced by 
 one on the lines of the U.S. P. The B.P. has now modified its test in 
 accordance with the U.S. P., but works in ml. instead of c.c, and uses 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution instead of Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, requiring that no red colour 
 should be immediately developed when 2 drops of Phenolphthalein 
 Solution are added to a cold solution of 1 gramme of Sodium Bi- 
 carbonate in 20 ml. of cold Distilled Water, to which 0*2 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution has been added, indicating a limit 
 of Carbonate. The U.S. P. requires that if 1 gramme of the salt 
 
[Solids by Weiglit ; Liqii^ by Measure.] SOD 1261 
 
 be dissolved without agitation in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, at a tem- 
 perature not exceeding 15° C. (59° F.), and 0"2c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Hydrochloric Acid Solution and 2 drops of Phenolphtlialein 
 Test-Solution be added, a red tint should not immediately appear, 
 indicating a limit of Carbonate. The P.G. requires that a solution 
 of 1 gramme of Sodium Bicarbonate in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 prepared at a temperature not exceeding 15° C. (59° F.), and with 
 the avoidance of vigorous shaking, should at the most be coloured only 
 faintly red on the addition of 3 drops of Phenolphthalein Solution. 
 
 Volumetric Determination.— 23 • 7 (23' 74) c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution should be necessary to completely neutralise 2 
 grammes of the salt. Methyl Orange Test-Solution being used as indicator, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SODII CITRO-TARTRAS EFFERVESCENS. Effervescent 
 Sodium Citro-Tartrate. 
 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 51 ; Tartaric Acid, 27 ; Citric Acid, 18 ; 
 Kefined Sugar, 15 ; all in powder ; made into granules, the yield 
 of which is about 100. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes, as a mild, saline 
 purgative. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SAL EMSANUM FACTICIUM (Z)ti«c/i)- —Dried Sodium Sulphate, 7; 
 Potassium Sulphate, 13 ; Sodium Chloride, 325 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 655. 
 
 TROCHISCI BICARBONATIS NATRICI COMPOSITI (Z)w<c/»).— Salis 
 Emsani Facticii, 25 ; Sugar, 75. 
 
 COLLUNARIUM ALKALINUM (T/troaO.— Sodium Bicarbonate and 
 Borax, of each 3 grains ; Phenol, 1 grain ; White Sugar, 5 grains ; Water, 
 to 1 oz. 
 
 COLLUNARIUM ALKALINUM CO. (T/iroa<)— Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 Borax, Sodiiun Chloride, of each 2 grains ; White Sugar, 5 grains ; Water, 
 to 1 oz. 
 
 MISTURA SOD>C COMPOSITA {St. T/iomas's).— Gentian Root, 5 grains; 
 Rhubarb Root, 2 grains ; Ginger, 1 grain ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 10 grains ; 
 Peppermint Water, to 1 fl. oz. Macerate the Gentian, Rhubarb and Ginger 
 sliced, with the Sodium Bicarbonate in the Peppermint Water for 24 hours, 
 then press out the liquor, strain, and pour Peppermint Water over the strainer 
 until the product measures 1 fl. oz. 
 
 This has been incorporated in the B.P.C. with the syn. Peacock's Stomachic 
 Mixtiu'e. 
 
 NEBULA ALKALINA (Throat). — Sodiimi Bicarbonate, 15 grains ; Borax, 
 15 grains ; Carbolic Acid, 4 grains ; Glycerin, 45 minims ; Water, to 1 oz. 
 
 Pulvis Aerophorus (Ger.). — Sodiimi Bicarbonate, 13; Tartaric Acid, 12 ; 
 Sugar, 25 ; all in powder. 
 
 Pulvis Aerophorus Anglicus (Ger.). — Sodium Bicarbonate, 2 ; Tartaric 
 Acid, 1 • 5 ; both in powder. 
 
 TROCHISCUS SODII BICARBONATIS (jS.P. 1898).— Contains 3 grains 
 \n each, with Rose basis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
1262 SOD [Solids by Wei^Jit; Liquids by Measm-e.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ital., 
 Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 BAIN DIT DE VICHY (Fr.). — Sodium Bicarbonate, 500 grammes, in 
 each bath of 250 to 300 htres, immediately before use. 
 
 SODII BROMIDUM. 
 
 SODIUM BROMIDE. 
 NaBr, eq. 102-92. 
 
 Fr., Bromube de Sodium ; Geb., Natriumbbomid ; Ital., Bromuro di 
 SoDio ; Span., Bromuro Sodico. 
 
 Minute white - crystals, or a white crystalline powder, possessing a 
 saline, slightly bitter taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Ferrous Bromide and 
 Sodium Carbonate. 
 
 The B.P. salt, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), is required to contain 
 not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium Bromide ; the U.S. P. requires 
 it to contain, when dried, not less than 97 p.c. of pure Sodium Bromide ; 
 the Fr. Codex dried salt is required to contain 98 p.c. ; and the P.G. to 
 contain 94*3 p.c, representing 73*2 p.c. of Bromine. 
 
 As this salt is very deliquescent it should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. 
 It can be prepared either anhydrous or containing 2H„0. 
 
 Solubility. — 5 in 6 of Water, and measures 7h ; 1 in 16 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Potassium Bromide, but less 
 depressant, and more easily tolerated by the stomach. 
 
 Deprivation of salt and substitution of Bromide, about ^ oz. per week, 
 are recommended in epilepsy. 
 
 Given in the treatment of the Morphine, Chloral and Cocaine habits ; 
 30 grains twice daily, increasing to 40, 50, 60, and even 120 if required. 
 
 In delirium tremerfs 50 to 60 c.c. of cerebro -spinal fluid are withdrawn, 
 and a similar amoimt of sterile 1 p.c. Sodium Bromide Solution is injected 
 into the spinal canal with a syringe ; Potassium Bromide, having irritant 
 properties, is misuitable ; 20 patients have been treated with brilliant results ; 
 12 hours after injection the delirium disappears permanently ; a relapse 
 may be controlled by a second injection. — L. '13, ii. 1562. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0*32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Wotes. — Generally given in solution ; it may be prescribed 
 in powders if carefully wrapped in Tin foil. It is also givenin Compressed 
 Tablets and Eflfervescent Granules. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Himg., Ital., Jap., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Bromide when heated melts, and when strongly 
 heated volatilises slowly without decomposition. It answers the 
 tests distinctive of Sodium given under that heading. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear, colourless 
 solution, which is neutral or but faintly alkaline in reaction towards 
 
[Solids by Weight; Litiuids by Measm'e.] SOD 1263 
 
 Litmus paper. The aqueous solution yields, on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, a yellowish curdy precipitate, practically insoluble 
 in Ammonia Solution, insoluble in Nitric Acid, readily soluble in 
 Potassium Cyanide Solution. With Chlorine Solution it affords a 
 reddish coloration, which passes into the Chloroform solution when 
 shaken with that menstruum. A small portion of the salt, heated with 
 Sulphuric Acid and a little Manganese Dioxide, evolves reddish vapours 
 of Bromine, which impart an orange-yellow colour to Starch paper. It 
 is Officially required, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), to contain not 
 less than 99'0 or more than 100" 65 p.c. of pure Sodium Bromide, as 
 volumetrically determined by titrating a solution of 0'5 gramme 
 of the dried salt in Distilled Water, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, of which not less than 48*1 or more than 
 48 '9 ml. should be required for complete precipitation, 1 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0*010292 gramme of 
 pure Sodium Bromide ; Potassium Chromate Solution may be employed 
 as an indicator, though not specificially mentioned in the B.F. The 
 U.S. P. requires that it shall contain, when dried, not less than 97*12 
 and not more than 102*24 p.c. of pure Sodium Bromide, as volu- 
 metrically determined by the method given in small type below under 
 the heading of Volumetric Determination. The P.G. requires that 
 the salt dried at 100° C. (212° F.) shall contain not less than 99*5 
 and not more than 100 * 5 of pure Sodium Bromide, as volumetrically 
 determined by the process given below under the same heading. 
 
 The Fr. Codex requires it to contain at least 98 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Bromide. 
 
 The more generally occurring imiDurities are Arsenic, Lead, Copper, 
 Iron, Aluminium, Zinc, Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, 
 Ammonium, Carbonates, Cyanides, Bromates, lodates, Chlorides, 
 Iodides, Sulphates, Thiocyanates and excess of Water. The B.P. 
 omits tests for Barium and Thiocyanates, otherwise it includes tests 
 for all the impurities above-mentioned. A limit of 5 parts of Arsenic 
 per million is fixed by the B.P., as determined by the Arsenic Test 
 described under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution 
 of 2 grammes of Sodium Bromide in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 and 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 A limit of 10 parts of Lead per million is also Officially fixed, as deter- 
 mined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes of Sodium 
 Bromide and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. 
 of Diluted Lead-Test Solution. An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no distinct darkening in colour or 
 turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of heavy metals ; on the subsequent addition of an excess of 
 Ammonia Solution no perceptible darkening in colour or turbidity should 
 result, indicating a limit of Iron and Zinc. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 when mixed with Ammonium Chloride Solution and boiled with a slight 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, should yield no turbidity or precipitate, 
 indicating the absence of Aluminium. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueoua 
 
J2G4 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no oi>alesceuce 
 or turbidity on the addition of 1 c.c. of Potassium Sulphate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Barium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should 
 afford no opalescence on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solutiou, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, after 
 the addition of Ammonium Chloride Solutiou and Ammonia, should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Magnesium. If a small crystal 
 of the salt be moistened with Hydrochloric Acid, and inserted in a 
 loop of Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame, no more than a 
 transient violet coloration should be produced, indicating a limit of 
 Potassium. When boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution it should 
 afford no ammoniacal odour, nor should the evolved vapours exhibit 
 an alkaline reaction towards moistened red Litmus paper, indicating 
 the absence of Ammonium. An aqueous solution of the salt should 
 yield no effervescence on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 nor should the powdered salt exhibit an alkaline reaction to moistened 
 Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Carbonates, nor should an 
 odour of Hydrocyanic Acid be noticeable when the acidified solution 
 is gently warmed, indicating the absence of Cyanides. A 1 in 10 
 aqueous solution should yield no. coloration on the addition of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, and if the mixture be shaken with Chloroform the 
 chloroformic solution should not be coloured yellow, indicating the 
 absence of Bromates. The 1 in 10 aqueous solution, when mixed 
 with Potassium Iodide Solution and Tartaric Acid, should not yield 
 a blue coloration on the addition of Starch Mucilage, indicating the 
 absence of lodates. If a 1 in 20 aqueous solution be completely pre- 
 cipitated wuth Silver Nitrate Solution and the precipitate be treated 
 with Ammonia Solution and filtered, the filtrate shall yield only a faint 
 turbidity, when acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, indicating the absence 
 of more than a trace of Chlorides. A yellow to orange colour, free 
 from violet tint, should be produced in the chloroformic solution, when 
 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt is mixed cautiously 
 drop by drop with Chlorine Water diluted with an equal volume of 
 Distilled Water, and the mixture is shaken with 1 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 indicating the absence of Iodides. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should afford at the most but a faint 
 turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Sulphates. 1 gramme of the salt dissolved in 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water should give a yellow and not a red or reddish-brown 
 coloration on the addition of 2 drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Thiocyanates. The B.P. now omits the test for 
 Thiocyanates. 
 
 The U.S. P. includes a test for limit of alkali, requiring that if 1 
 gramme of the salt be dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and 0" 1 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution be added, no 
 colour should be produced by the subsequent addition of 1 drop of 
 Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, even after boiling, indicating a limit 
 pf tilkali. Sodium Bromide should lose not more than f) p-c. of its 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 12G5 
 
 weight when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), indicating a limit of Water. 
 Both the B.P. and the P.G. adopt a limit of 5 p.c. of Water. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A solution of 0-3 gramme of the well- 
 dried salt in about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water with 2 drops of Potassium Chro- 
 mate Test-Solution, should require not less than 28-5 nor more than 30 c.c. 
 of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent 
 red colour, U.S. P. 
 
 3 grammes of Sodium Bromide, dried at 100° C. (212° F.), are dissolved in 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce a solution of 500 c.c. 50 c.c. of this 
 solution, after the addition of a few drops of Potassium Chromate Solution, 
 should require not less than 29-0 and not more than 29 -3 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent red 
 coloration, corresponding to a minimum content of 99 "3 p.c. of Sodium 
 Bromide in the dried salt; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate 
 Solution = 0-01029 gramme of Sodixun Bromide, Potassium Chromate being 
 employed as an indicator, P.G. 
 
 Rubidium Bromide in dcses of 5 to 30 grains = 0- 32 to 2 grammes ; and 
 Rubidium Ammonium Bromide, in doses of 10 to 40 grains, have been 
 introduced as substitutes for the alkaline Bromides in epilepsy. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII CACODYLAS. 
 
 M"aAs(CH3),0,, eq. 160-008. 
 
 White, odourless crj'stals, or as a white, amorphous, deliquescent powder. 
 
 It may be prepared anhydrous, but the anhydrous salt is very deliquescent ; 
 as it usually exists commercially it contains 2 to 3 molecules of Water of 
 crystalUsation. 
 
 Anhydrous Sodium Cacodylate contains 46- 84 p.c. of Arsenic, equivalent 
 to 61 -84 p.c. of Arsenious Anhydride; Sodium Cacodylate containing 3 
 molecules of Water of crystallisation contains 35-0 p.c. of Arsenic, equivalent 
 to 46 -2 p.c. of Arsenious Anhydride. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles and exposed as little as 
 possible to the air. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water; 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It is used on account of its lesser toxicity in cases where Arsenic is usually 
 employed. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Ital. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Cacodylate melts at a moderately low temperature. It 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution 
 possessing a faintly alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper. It yields no 
 precipitate with Hydrogen Sulphide. It may be quantitatively determined by 
 titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 
 Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. Cacodylic Acid is 
 itself neutral in reaction towards Methyl Orange Solution, whilst the 
 Sodium Cacodylate is readily decomposed by Tenth-Normal Volmnetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution corresponds to 0-0160 gramme of anhydrous Sodium 
 Cacodylate, or to 0-0214 gramme of Sodium Cacodylate containing 3 molecules 
 of Water of crystallisation. Occasionally commercial samples are found 
 which contain free Cacodylic Acid, although there is no reason why, if carefully 
 prepared, the resulting Cacodylate should not be neutral. In these cases 
 the free Cacodyhc Acid may be determined by titration with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as 
 an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 
1266 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Hydroxide Solution is equivalent to 0-0138 gramme of pure Cacodylic Acid. 
 The titration may then be continued with Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality. The number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution required to neutrahse the free Cacodylic Acid should 
 be deducted from the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution required for the total titration with Methyl Orange 
 Solution, the difference being calculated into anhydrous Sodium Cacodylate. 
 
 The Fr. Codex requires that if 1-6 grammes of Sodium Cacodylate be 
 dissolved in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, 10 c.c. of this solution when titrated 
 with Tenth -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality, should require 10 c.c. of this solution, 
 indicating 100-0 p.c. of anhydrous Sodium Cacodylate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are excess of alkali, Arsenious Acid, 
 Chlorides, Siilphates, and Di-Sodium Methylarsenate. An aqueous solution of 
 Sodium Cacodylate should not be alkaline in reaction towards Phenolphthalein 
 Solution, indicating the absence of excess of alkali. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution should not be precipitated by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Arsenious Acid. An aqueous solution of the salt when acidified 
 with Nitric Acid should yield no distinct turbidity on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution or of Barimn Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides 
 or Sulphates. Cacodylates may be distinguished from Methylarsenates and 
 the presence of traces of the former in the latter detected by the reaction with 
 an acid solution of Hypophosphorous Acid, prepared by dissolving 20 granunes 
 of Sodium Hypophosphite in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and adding 200 c.c. 
 of pure Hydrochloric Acid ; a Uttle Sodiiim Chloride crystallises out and may 
 be separated by straining through absorbent Cotton- Wool. In applying the 
 test 1 c.c. of a solution containing a trace of Cacodylate is added to 10 c.c. 
 of the Acid Hyj^ophosphite reagent, and the tube corked and allowed to 
 remain at rest ; an odour of Cacodyl will be developed after a time, even 
 0-5 mg. of Sodium Cacodylate giving a perfectly distinct odour m 12 hours, 
 but no precipitate of Arsenic. In solutions containing larger quantities of 
 Cacodylate a deposit of Arsenic is slowly formed on the sides of the tube. 
 In the case of Methylarsenates no odour is evolved, the whole of the Arsenic 
 in coraVjination is precipitated at once. 
 
 INJECTIO SODI! CACODYLATIS.— A sterilised Solution, containing 
 J grain of pure Sodium Cacodylate in 17 minims. Also obtainable in glass 
 capsules, each containing 1 c.c. 
 
 Elixir Sodii Cacodylatis. — An elixir, each fl. drm. of which contains 
 f grain pure Sodium Cacodylate. 
 
 Globules Sodii Cacodylatis. — Globules containing ^ grain pure Sodium 
 Cacodylate ; also globules containing \ grain. 
 
 ACIDUM CACODYLICUM. Cacodylic Acid. Dimethyl-arsinic Acid. 
 HAs(CH3).,0., eq. 138-016. — Colovu-less and odourless crystals, which are 
 slightly hygroscopic in a moist atmosphere. 
 
 Cacodyhc Acid contains 54- 31 p.c. of Arsenic, equivalent to 71 -7 p.c. of 
 Arsenious Anhydride. 
 
 Tests. — Cacodylic Acid or Di-methyl Arsinic Acid melts at about 200° C. 
 (392° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a 
 clear solution which possesses an acid reaction towards Litmus paper and 
 towards Phenolphthalein Solution. The acid is reduced to Cacodyl Oxide 
 by Phosphoroiis Acid, and is converted into Cacodyl Sulphide by Hydrogen 
 Sulphide in the presence of Water, but by dry Hydrogen S\ilphide it is con- 
 verted mto Thio-cacodyUc Acid. The alcoholic solution gives a precipitate 
 with alcohoUc Mercvu-ic Chloride Solution. It may be determined volu- 
 metrically by titration with Normal Volumetric Sodivim Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is eqviivalent to 0*138 
 gramme of pure Cacodylic Acid. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1267 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides and Sulphates, 
 Arsenious and Arsenic Acids, Oxalates, and mineral residue. The 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution, when acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not more than a 
 faint tiu-bidity with Silver Nitrate Solution, or with Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides or Sulphates. When rendered faintly alkaline 
 with Lime Water it should yield no decided turbidity or precipitate, incUcating 
 the absence of Arsenious and Ai'senic Acids and Oxalates. It should leave no 
 weighable ash, indicating a hmit of mineral matter. 
 
 FERRI CACODYLAS (Iron Cacodylate). — A yellow, or reddish -yellow, 
 amorphous powder, soluble 1 in 15 of Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p. c). 
 Successful in anaemia. 
 
 Dose. — f to 5 grains by the mouth. 17 minims = 1 c.c. of the luider- 
 mentioned Solution hypodermically. 
 
 Tests. — Iron Cacodylate dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a clear 
 solution which possesses an acid reaction towards blue Litmus paper. When 
 ignited it leaves a residue consisting of Ferric Oxide, which, when dissolved in 
 Hydrochloric Acid containing a trace of Nitric Acid, yields the tests distinctive 
 of Ferric salts given under Ferrum. Commercial samples yield about 28 • 9 p.c. 
 of Ferric Oxide on ignition. An alcohohc solution of Mercuric Chloride 
 yields a yellow precipitate. The Iron Oxide should be also free from the 
 impm-ities mentioned under Liquor Ferri Perchloridi Fortis, with the exception 
 of Arsenic. 
 
 Injectio Ferri Caeodylatis. — A sterilised Solution containing J grain 
 of Iron Cacodylate in 17 minims of Solution. Also a double strength Solution 
 containing Ih grains in 17 minims. Used with success in anaemia. 
 
 Magnesii Cacodylas (Magnesium Cacodylate). — A white, amorphous 
 powder, readily soluble in Water. Employed for the same purpose as the 
 Sodium compound. 
 
 DI-SODII METHYLARSENAS. Di-socUum Methylarsenate Na._,CH3AsO„ 
 5H„0, eq. 274- 064.- — Colourless, odourless, translucent crystals, or masses of 
 crystals, or as a white granular powder. 
 
 The salt is also known under the conunercial names of Arrhenal and 
 Arsinyl. 
 
 Solubility. — ^1 in H of Water, insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It contains 27 -35 p.c. of Arsenic, equivalent to 36-0 p.c. of Arsenious 
 Anhydride. 
 
 Antiperiodic. Introduced as a comparatively non-toxic preparation of 
 Arsenic. 
 
 Dose. — i to I grain = ■ 03 to • 06 gramme in Solution, hypodermically, 
 or in pill form. 
 
 Tests. — Di -sodium Methylarsenate dissolves readily and completety in 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear solution possessing a strongly alkaline 
 reaction towards red Litmus paper. The aqueous solution is not precipitated 
 by Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, nor by Bariiun Hydroxide Solution. An 
 aqueous solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution a white precipitate, which 
 becomes crystalline in the presence of an excess of the reagent ; with Mercuric 
 Acetate Solution it yields a white precipitate ; and with Mercuric Chloride 
 Solution a brick-red precipitate. The aqueous solution yields no precipitate on 
 the addition of Calcivun Chloride in the cold; but on boiling, a white precipitate 
 of Calcium Methylarsenate is thrown down. It may be determined quantita- 
 tively by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 xising Rosohc Acid Solution as an indicator ; in the event of free Methyl - 
 arsenic Acid being present, it may be determined by first titrating with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using the same 
 indicator ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Norinal Volumetric SocUum Hydroxide Solution 
 represents 0-0140 gramme of Methylarsenic Acid; the titration may then 
 be continued with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution as 
 
1268 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 above, deducting the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise any free acid, the difference is 
 calculated into terms of Di-sodium Methylarsenate ; 1 c.c. of Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution represents 0-0274 gramme of Di-sodiuni 
 Methylarsenate. It may also be determined as in the Fr. Codex by indirect 
 Silver titration according to the method of Volhard. The Fr. Codex reqviires 
 that if 0-3 gramme of Di-sodium Methylarsenate be dissolved in 20 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, in a graduated flask of 100 c.c. capacity, and 50 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution be added to the solution, 
 and the volume be then made up to 100 c.c. and mixed, on allowing the 
 mixture to deposit and decanting 50 c.c. of the liquid, on adding 2 c.c. of 
 a 10 p.c. solution of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, and acidifying with Nitric 
 ■Acid, about 15 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate 
 Solution should be necessary to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volmnctric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic Acid, Arsenious Acid, 
 Cacodylates, and excess of Water. An aqvieous 1 in 20 solution should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Arsenious and Arsenic Acids. Di-sodil^m Methyl- 
 arsenate may be distinguished from Sodium Cacodylate and the presence of 
 a trace of the latter in an excess of the former detected by the Acid Hypo- 
 phosphite reagent mentioned under Sodium Cacodylate. In performing the 
 test it is only necessary to dissolve 0*2 gramme of the salt in 10 c.c. of the 
 reagent, cork the tube and allow the mixture to stand for 12 hours ; no odour 
 of Cacodyl should be observed, indicating the absence of Cacodylates. 
 
 Di-sodium Methylarsenate should lose when dried at 120° C. (248° F.) not 
 more than 33 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 Injectio Arsinyl. — A sterilised Solution containing J grain of the pure 
 salt in 17 minims = 1 ml. 
 
 Elixir Arsinyl. — An elixir containing h grain of the pure salt in 1 fl. drm. 
 = 3-6 ml. 
 
 SODIUM PARA-AMINOPHENYLARSONATE. NaNHAH,As03.4H,,0, 
 eq. 311*09. — A wliite, odourless, crystalline powder, containing about 24 p.c. 
 of Arsenic. 
 
 It is also known under the commercial names of Atoxyl and Soamin, and 
 is Official in P.O. under the title of Sodium Arsanilate. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 5 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Owing to toxic action Atoxyl and other Arylarsonates are now regarded 
 as too dangerous for therapeutic purposes, though for treatment of sleeping 
 sickness they .still hold a place. 
 
 In sleeping sickness a combination of Arsanilate and Tartar Emetic seems 
 to be the best treatment at present ; the former is injected under the skin 
 once a week, the latter into a vein once or twice a week ; they act on different 
 parts of the trypanosome.— ilf.^. '11, 638. 
 
 Dissolved in not less than 2 drm. Water and injected subcutaneously, of 
 great benefit in locomotor ataxy. — B.M.J. '11, 204. 
 
 In malarial cachexia every case in the first and second stage of splenic 
 enlargement will yield in 40 to 60 days to a treatment with 60 grains Soamin. 
 Give 5 grains every second day, six intramuscular injections in all. An 
 interval of 10 days then elapses, and other injections are given. As a total 
 100 grains should not be exceeded. — I.M.G. '11, 126. 
 
 Of some benefit in yaws. — B.M.J. '11, i. 618. 
 
 Intramuscularly in 5 grain doses successful in epideinics of cerebro-spinal 
 meningitis. — B.M.J. '15, i. 376. 
 
 Dose. — f to 3 grains = 05 to 0-2 gramme. Globules = ^ grain 
 (0-032 gramme) in each ; Elixir = h gx'ain (0-032 gramme) in each fl. drm. 
 (3-6 ml.) ; Injection = ^ grain (0-032 gramme) in 17 minims (1-0 ml.). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 12 GO 
 
 Tests. — Sodiviin Para-aniinophenylarsonate, when carefully heate'^l in a 
 test-tube, chars, evolving an alliaceous odour, and depositing a dark glistening 
 sublimate on the sides of the tube. It dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a clear solution which possesses a neutral reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution affords a bright green 
 precipitate on the addition of Copper Sulphate Solution ; a white preci- 
 pitate on the addition of Mercuric Chloride Solution or on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, both precipitates being soluble in Nitric Acid. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution affords on the addition of a slight excess of Bromine 
 Water a white precipitate, which dissolves in Ether. The P.O. requires 
 that it should contain not less than 24*1 and not more than 24-6 p.c. of 
 Arsenic, as determined by introducing 0-2 gramme of the salt into a long- 
 necked flask of Jena glass of about 100 c.c. capacity, together with 10 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid and 1 c.c. of Fimaing Nitric Acid. The mixture is heated 
 to the boiUng point and maintained at this temperatvire during one hour. 
 After cooling, two separate quantities of 50 c.c. of Distilled Water are added 
 and each time evaporated. The liquid is cooled, diluted with 10 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water and mixed with a solution of 2 grammes of Potassium 
 Iodide in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, sufficient Distilled Water being added to 
 dissolve the precipitate which is at first thrown out. After being allowed 
 to stand half an hour, the mixtiire is titrated with Tenth-Normal Vohmietric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, without the addition of an indicator, until 
 the liquid is colourless. For the neutralisation of the separated Iodine not 
 less than 12*9 or more than 13 •! c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volvunetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution should be necessary, which represents a content of 
 24' 1 to 24-6 p.c. of Arsenic. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Sulphates, inorganic 
 Arsenic compounds, and excess of Water. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, should not yield more than the faintest ttrrbidity 
 on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution to an aqueous solution of similar 
 strength, no turbidity should be produced, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield 
 no darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of inorganic Arsenic compovmds. When 
 dried at 105° to 110° C. (221° to 230° F.) till constant in weight, it should 
 lose not less than 21 "6 and not more than 23-2 p.c. of its weight, indicating 
 a limit of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 NATRIUM ACETYLPARAMINOPHENYLARSONATE. NaNCgHgAsO,. 
 4HoO, eq. 353- 106. — A light, white, odourless, crystalline powder, containing 
 from 21*2 to 21* 7 p.c. of Arsenic- 
 
 It is known under the commercial names of Arsacetin and Orsudan, and 
 is Official in the P.O. iinder the title of Natrium Acetylarsanilicum. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 8 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Ger. maximum single dose, • 2 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Acetylparaminophenylarsonate dissolves readily and 
 completely in Distilled Water, yielduig a clear colourless solution which 
 hag a faint acid reaction towards Litmus paper. An aqueous 1 in 10 solution 
 affords, on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, a white precipitate, soluble 
 in Nitric Acid. If a mixtiire of • 1 gramme of the salt, • 5 gramme of dry 
 Sodiiim Carbonate, and 0*5 gramme of Potassium Nitrate be gently fused 
 in a porcelain crucible, the white mass dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and the solution neutralised with Diluted Nitric Acid, a portion of the liquid 
 yields a white crystalline precipitate on the addition of an equal volume 
 of Magnesium Arnmonio-Sulphate Solution. Another portion of the neutral 
 solution affords, on the addition of a few drops of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 a brown precipitate, soluble in Ammonia Solution and in Nitric Acid. • 2 
 gramme of the salt, heated with 5 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 5 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid, evolves the characteristic odour of Ethyl Acetate (Acetic Ether). .v 
 
 The P.O. requires it to contain from 21-2 to 21 -7 p.c. of Arsenic, as' 
 
1270 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 determined by introducing 0'2 gramme of the salt into a long-necked flask 
 of Jena glass of about 100 c.c. capacity, together with 10 c.c. of Sulphuric 
 Acid and 1 c.c. of fuming Nitric Acid. The mixture is heated to the boiling 
 point and maintained at this temperature during 1 hom\ After cooling, two 
 separate c[uantities of 50 c.c. of Distilled Water are added and each time 
 removed by evaporation. The cooled Uquid is diluted with 10 c.c. of Dis- 
 tilled Water, mixed with a solution of 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide in 
 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, and sufficient Distilled Water added to redissolve 
 the precipitate at first produced. The solution, after being allowed to stand 
 during half an hovrr, is titrated with Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution, without the addition of an indicator, until the liqviid 
 is colourless ; for the neutralisation of the separated Iodine from 11-3 to 
 11-6 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volimietric Sodimn Thiosulphate Solution should 
 be necessary ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution = 0-003748 gramme of Arsenic. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Arsenious Acid, 
 heavy metals. Arsenic Acid, and excess of Water. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution, 
 after the addition of 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and filtering, should 
 yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Arsenious Acid and heavy metals. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution, to which 20 c.c. of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate 
 Solution has been added, should yield no turbidity or precipitate within 2 hours, 
 indicating the absence of Arsenic Acid. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid, should yield a filtrate which gives at the most 
 only a faint turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Chlorides. Soditira Acetylparaminophenylarsonate, when dried at 
 105° to 110° C. (221° to 230° F.), should lose not more than 20-5 p.c. of its 
 weight, indicating a Umit of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 SODII CARBONAS. 
 
 SODIUM CARBONATE. 
 NaaCOg, lOHoO, eq. 286-16. 
 
 Fb., Carbonate Neutre de Sodium Cristallise Officinal ; Ger., 
 Natritjmcarbonat ; Ital., Cabbonato di Socio ; Span., Cabbonato 
 SoDico Cristalizado. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, eflflorescent, monoclinic crystals, possessing 
 a somewhat caustic taste and an alkaline reaction. Sodium Carbonate 
 {B.P.) is required to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Carbonate, and contains 10 molecules of Water of crystallisation. The 
 Sodium Carbonate Official in the U.S. P. is mono-hydrated Sodium 
 Carbonate containing 1 molecule of Water of crystallisation. The 
 Sodium Carbonate oi the Fr. Codex and the P.G. are similar to the 
 British and contain 10 molecules of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels, as it has a tendency to 
 ef&oresce on exposure to dry air. 
 
 Solubility. — 5 in 8 of Water at 60° F., and measures 11 ; 12 in 1 
 of Water at 100° F. ; almost insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antacid ; but it is so apt to irritate 
 that the Bicarbonate is almost invariably preferred. Externally, as 
 a lotion (30 grains to a pint) in eczema. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0*32 to 2 grammes. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measm-e.] SOD 1271 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — The Exsiccated Salt may be given in the form 
 of pills massed with ' Diluted Glucose.' 
 
 143 grains of the crystallised salt are equal to nearly 53 grains of the Exsiccated 
 salt. 
 
 20 of Sodium Carbonate are neutralised by 9-8 of Citric Acid, and by 10-5 
 of Tartaric Acid. 
 
 Official Preparation.— Sodii Carbonas is used in the preparation of many 
 Sodium salts ; also Liquor Magnesii Bicarbonatis and various Carbonates, 
 etc. The Exsiccated Carbonate is used in the preparation of Pilula Ferri. 
 
 Not Official.— Balneum Alkalinum, Bain Alcahn. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias, — Official in all. Fr., Ger. and Swed. have also 
 a crude Carbonate. U.S. has only Sodii Carbonas Mbnohydratus- 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Carbonate wlien heated liquefies, loses its Water of 
 crystallisation, amounting to 62 '95 p. c, and leaves a wliite anhydrous 
 salt. The U.S.P. salt when heated to 100° C. (212° F.) loses its"Water 
 of crystallisation, equivalent to 14 •52 p.c. The P.G. requires that 
 it should yield at least 37 "1 p.c. of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate. 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear, 
 colourless solution possessing a strongly alkaline reaction towards 
 Litmus, and which, on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 effervesces, giving ofi a colourless gas, which, when passed into Lime 
 Water, yields a white precipitate, soluble in a sufficient excess of the 
 gas, and also soluble in a diluted mineral acid with efiervescence. 
 The resulting solution answers the tests distinctive of Sodium given 
 under that heading. It is Officially required to contain not less than 
 98 • 72 p.c. of pure Sodium Carbonate, as volumetrically determined by 
 titrating 1 gramme with Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, of which not less than 13*8 ml. should be required ; Methyl 
 Orange Solution may be employed as an indicator, though not specifically 
 mentioned by the B.P. ; 1 nil. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution = 0" 07154 gramme of pure crystallised Sodium Carbonate. 
 The mono-hydrated Sodium Carbonate of the U.S.P. is required to 
 contain not less than 8-5 p.c. of pure anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, 
 corresponding to not less than 99*5 p.c. of the crystallised mono- 
 hydrated salt. The methods of determination will be found in the 
 small type below under the heading of Volumetric Determination. The 
 U.S.P. and the P.G. require that Methyl Orange Solution shall be 
 used as an indicator. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are such as are also found 
 in the Bicarbonate, and the tests given under that heading may be 
 employed for their detection. 
 
 The limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796) 
 is now Ofiicially fixed, as determined by the Arsenic Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 5 grammes 
 of the salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, to which 14 ml. of Brominated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent have been added and the excess 
 of Bromine eliminated by a sufiiciency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic- 
 Test reagent. The limit of 10 parts of Lead per million suggested 
 in the same reference has also been fixed by the B.P., as determined 
 by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 
1272 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 primary solution couiuiuiug 12 gnimmes of Sodium Carbonuie, and 
 an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. of Dilute 
 Lead-Test Solutiqn. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — Not less than 32 -Sec. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution should be required to neutralise a solution 
 of 1 gramme of the Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, or • 855 gramme of 
 the anhydrous salt, in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 3 drops of Methyl Orange 
 Test-Solution being enaployed as an indicator of neutrality, U.S. P. At 
 least 14 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution should be 
 necessary to neutralise a solution of 2 grammes of Sodium Carbonate in 50 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, which represents a minimum content of 37 • 1 p.c. of Sodium 
 Carbonate ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution = ■ 053 
 gramme of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, Methyl Orange being employed as 
 an incUcator of neutrality, P.G. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SODII CARBONAS EXSICCATUS. Exsiccated Sodium Car- 
 bonate. NaoCOg, eq. 106 '00. 
 
 A wliite, odourless, amorphous powder, possessing a strongly alkaline 
 taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by heating crystallised Sodium Carbonate until 
 it loses nearly 63 p.c. of its weight. 
 
 53 grains are equal to nearly 143 grains of crystallised salt. 
 
 The B.P. Exsiccated Sodium Carbonate is required to contain 
 not less than 95 p.c. of pure anhydrous Sodium Carbonate ; the Fr. 
 Codex (Carbonate neutre de Sodium Sec) is required to contain 98 p.c. 
 of Sodium Carbonate. The Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate alone 
 is Official in the U.S. P. The dried Sodium Carbonate of the P.G. does 
 not correspond to the almost completely dehydrated salt of the P.P., 
 as it is prepared by drying coarsely powdered Sodium Carbonate, 
 protected from the dust, at a temperature not exceeding 25° C. (77° F.) 
 until completely effloresced, then at a temperature from 40° to 50° C. 
 (104° to 122° F.) until it has lost half of its original weight ; it is 
 required to contain at least 74" 2 p.c. of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0'2 to 0"65 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dan., Fr., Ger., Hung., 
 Jap., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Dried Sodium Carbonate dissolves in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which is strongly alkaline in reaction to Litmus 
 paper, and which effervesces on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, evolving a gas which when passed into Lime Water yields a 
 white precipitate. The solution affords the tests distinctive of Sodium 
 given under that heading. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 94*87 p.c. of pure 
 anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, as determined by titrating 1 gramme 
 of the salt, presumably in solution, with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, of which not less than 17*9 ml. should be required, 
 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0"053 gramme 
 of pure anhydrous Sodium Carbonate ; Methyl Orange Solution may 
 be employed as an indicator, although not specifically mentioned 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1273 
 
 by the B.P. The P.G. requires that it shall contain at least 74:"2 p.c. 
 of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, as determined by titrating a solution 
 of 1 gramme of dried Sodium Carbonate in 25 c.c. of Distilled AVater, 
 with Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, of which at 
 least 14 c.c. should be required, 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution = 0*053 gramme of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate, 
 Methyl Orange being employed as an indicator of neutrality. It 
 should be free from the impurities mentioned under Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of Exsiccated Sodium Carbonate in 50 ml. 
 of hot Distilled Water, and 14 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, the excess of Bromine being removed from the 
 solution by the addition of a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic- 
 Test reagent. A limit of 25 parts of Lead per million is also Officially 
 fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes of 
 Exsiccated Sodium Carbonate and an auxiliary solution containing 2 
 grammes, using 12*5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BALNEUM ALKALINUiVI.— Crystals of Sodium Carbonate, 8 or 10 oz. to 
 60 gallons of Water. 
 
 Used in scaly skin diseases. 
 
 BAIN ALCALIN {Fr.). — Crystallised Sodium Carbonate of commerce, 250 
 grammes dissolved in 1000 c.c. of Water and added to a bath. 
 
 SODII CHLORIDUM. 
 
 SODIUM CHLORIDE. 
 NaCl, eq. 58-46. 
 
 Fb., Chlorube de Sodium Officinal ; Geb., Natbiumchlobid ; 
 Ital., Clobubo di Socio ; Span., Clobubo Sodico. 
 
 White, cubical crystals, or a white odourless, crystalline, granular 
 powder, possessing a strongly saline taste, and neutral reaction. 
 It may be prepared by the purification of common salt. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2| of Water ; 1 in 2| of boiling Water ; 1 in 200 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — In small doses, stimulant and tonic ; 
 in larger doses, purgative and emetic ; in the form of enema, anthel- 
 mintic for thread- worm. A pint or more of Normal Saline Solution 
 is injected intravenously, subcutaneously, or into the rectum, according 
 to urgency, in shock, or collapse due to haemorrhage, and in uraemia, 
 eclampsia, and cholera. Locally, as a fomentation to sprains and 
 bruises. Salt water baths (1 lb. to 4 gallons) are tonic and stimulant, 
 especially in children, and are useful in chronic rheumatism and gout. 
 
1274 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Nasal injection of a saturated solution is useful in ozoena. A recent 
 cold is greatly relieved by douching the nostrils and gargling the throat 
 with a weak solution of Salt ; gargling is also serviceable in tonsillitis 
 and chronic throat catarrh. In case of a leech being swallowed a 
 strong solution of Salt should be drunk ; it is also a valuable antidote in 
 poisoning by Silver Nitrate. 
 
 Its value as an article of diet is well known. Soldiers are supplied with it : 
 oxiT army, 0-5 oz. daily; the French, 0-.5; Prussian, 0*87; Russian, l-8fi ; 
 for a long time the Russian soldiers had salt-money given, and it was only 
 when scurvy attacked them that the money was stopped and the salt given 
 i nstead. 
 
 All the Salt the body requires daily is 30 to 40 grains, and much more 
 than this is contained in otir food withoiit any artificial addition. An excess 
 continued for years harms the kidneys. Cases qiioted of people with eczema, 
 morning diarrhoea and various ' gouty conditions ' who were excessive Salt 
 eaters. Excess also tends to increase body weight. — Proceedings Royal Society 
 of Medicine, iii., Jan. 27, '10, .59. 
 
 In oedema of kidney or cardiac origin, a ' salt-free ' diet is reconamended. 
 In infants with chronic nutrition distiu^bance excess of salt may cause oedema, 
 even when there is no evidence of kidney or heart disease. — L. '11, ii. 1648. 
 
 An enema of a nearly saturated Solution, containing nearly 9 oz. Sodium 
 Chloride, given by mistake to a young woman, caused death. — Arcldves of 
 Internal Medicine, vi., '10, .577. 
 
 Five years' experience of salt deprivation method of treating epilepsy ; 
 result, complete stoppage of fits or a 50 p.c. reduction of their number. — 
 E.M.J. '12, ii. 451. 
 
 Hypertonic Saline in "War Wounds. — In this War a 5 p.c. solution with 
 or without i p.c. Sodium Citrate, has proved itself pre-eminently useful ; it 
 cleans a foul wound in a way that no other agent does ; it acts by promoting 
 the outflow of lymph fiom the walls of the wound (Sir A. E. Wright). — L. '15, 
 i. 847; B.M.J. '15, i. 736. 
 
 The War Office recommends that the substitution of Wright's hypertonic 
 saline for all antiseptic media in military hospitals caimot be considered safe 
 or advisable ; the hypertonic solution may form the basis, to which 2 p.c. 
 Phenol is added.— B.M.J. '15, ii. 305. 
 
 Hypertonic Saline Solution in Cholera. — For general adoption in 
 cholera for subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous mjections Rogers 
 advises the following : — 
 
 Sodium Chloride, 120 grains ; Calcium Chloride, 4 grains ; Potassium 
 Chloride, 6 grains ; Sterile Water, 1 pint. Any pure Water which has been 
 filtered thi'ough cotton-wool and boiled for 15 minvites suffices in an emergency. 
 2 ch'm. Sodium Chloride alone are also quite satisfactory, but the addition 
 of the other two Salts furnishes the three Chlorides in the same proportion as 
 Ringer's Fluid, by means of perfusion with which a mammalian heart can 
 be kept beating for several hom-s, though with Sodium Chloride alone it 
 will soon cease to act. It is convenient to have the Calcium and Potassium 
 Chloride made up in a separate Solution containing 4 grains of the former 
 and 6 grains of the latter in 1 drm., which can be added to each pint of Hyper- 
 tonic Sodium Chloride. To allow for cooling as it passes along the tubing 
 the temperatiire of the fluid in the flask should be 100° F. as a rule, but if the 
 rectal temperature is over 100^ F. the Solution should be run in at several degrees 
 below normal. If the specific gravity of the blood is over 1-063, 4 pints naay 
 always be given in an adult, and as a rule, at the rate of 4 oz. per minute, 
 watch being kept for signs of distress, when the rate should be slowed. Best 
 results when Permanganates are at the same time given internally. — Rogers's 
 Cholera and Its Treatment, '11, 189. See also Potassium Permang., Calcium 
 Permang., and B.M.J. , '10, ii. 835; '15, ii. 425; L. '15, ii. 219. 
 
 It is particularly important to use a Hypertonic Solution, since normal 
 Saline, containing less? Sodii-im Chloride, would tend to lower the percentage 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1275 
 
 of Salts in the blood, leading to a further escape of liquid and the immediate 
 reappearance of copious evacuations and renewed collapse. — B.M.J. '11, 
 i. 760. 
 
 Rogers's Hypertonic Saline injection in cholera is providing a most 
 valuable remedy and a certain means of-tiding over the collapse stage. In 
 the issue for November 1909, is a detailed statement of the method ; a very 
 real advance in treatment. — I.M.G. '10, 21. 
 
 80 oz. in adults and 40 oz. in children, are injected directly into the peri- 
 toneal cavity for cholera with success. — B.M.J. '14 i. 310. 
 
 The secret of success lies in the early performance of the operation. — I.M.G. 
 '10, 498. 
 
 The solution advised for intravenous injection in cholera in the last edition 
 of AUbuU's System of Medicine, 0-4 p.c. Sod. Chlorid. and 0-2 p.c. Sod. Carb., 
 is dangerously hypotonic, so that its use in large quantities would probably 
 have most disastrous consequences ; the intravenous method is eminently 
 satisfactory in children ; from further experience at Palermo in 1911 Rogers 
 advises still earlier and more freqvient intravenous injections, recommending 
 them as soon as the specific gravity of the blood has risen to 1 • 063 or over in 
 the stage of acute copious diarrhoea to avert the nearly inevitable collapse if 
 they be withheld.— B.M.J. .'11, ii. 1342. 
 
 A modification of Rogers's apparatus. — I.M.G. '11, 214. 
 
 Hypotonic Saline. — For the past two years Rogers has been showing the 
 value of Hypertonic Saline Solution in Cholera. In severe malarial conditions 
 we desire to produce an effect of another kind, though also by a temporary 
 alteration in the Sahne content of the plasma. It is one in which the plasma 
 is more diluted, giving infected red corpuscles a greater opportunity of dis- 
 integrating and allowing Quinine to act more immediately on the parasite. 
 This is done by transfusion of a ' Hypotonic ' SaUne Solution (30 grains to 
 1 pint), at the rate of qviite 20 oz. in 10 minutes. It is, of course, necessary 
 that the circulation contain an effective amount of Quinine. — B.M.J. '11, i. 197. 
 
 Saline Injections. — A paper on the dangers of Saline injections concludes 
 as follows :— (1) That Saline injections as at present administered are by no 
 means free from risk, especially when they are large. (2) That the cause of 
 the toxicity of Distilled Water that is allowed to stand in sealed sterile vessels 
 is not yet explained. (3) That neither centrifuging, filtration through cotton- 
 wool or bacterial filters, nor boiling, is sufficient to prevent the fever that 
 follows SaUne injections. (4) That distillation in a sterile Jena retort of all 
 Water used in the preparation of Saline solutions, followed by immediate 
 injection, is at present the only reliable method of ensuring that no fever 
 follows the injections. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 1589. 
 
 In chronic sciatica a modification of Lange's infiltration of the nerve very 
 successful. Sometimes two or even three injections are needed, at intervals 
 of a week, if the sciatica has lasted six or more months. Lange's method was 
 to find the nerve with a long needle near the notch, and inject into it 100 c.c. 
 of 1 in 1000 Eucaine (B) in normal Saline. This being very painful, it is better, 
 after finding the nerve, to anaesthetise it by injecting it with 2 c.c. of 15 p.c. 
 Eucaine, and then, after 15 seconds, to continue the injection of 100 c.c. of 
 normal Saline into the nerve, which is then quite painless. The technique 
 for the insertion of the needle is described. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 1051. 
 
 In gastric ulcer the method most likely to be followed by permanent cure 
 is daily rectal injection of 3 or 4 pints containing Sugar, till deep tenderness 
 over the stomach has disappeared, nutrient enemas being given in special 
 circumstances only. Not even Water is given by the mouth. In preventing 
 the parotitis which occasionally follows oral starvation in hospital practice 
 where the mouth is foul, and which is not prevented by mouth-washes, sucldng 
 a large india-rubber teat for hours at a time is effectual. — B.M.J. '09, i. 1296, 
 1297. 
 
 Eclampsia treated successfully by infusion into subcutaneous tissue of 
 axillae and thighs of 4 pints, at the rate of 2 pints per horn-. — B.M.J. '11, i. 82. 
 
 The use of Saline injections in epidemic summer diarrhoea and vomiting. — • 
 B.M.J. '11, ii. 594. 
 
127(3 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Ill iufaiitile cliarrhcBa, if iionnal Salino be pushed the cliarrhcoa iucreasos, 
 l)ut this is not the case with the Hypertonic Solution.- — B.M.J. '11, ii. 1404. 
 
 A description of a method of delivering the Solution hot, a most important 
 point.— B.M.J. '11, ii. 725. 
 
 For sciatica, 70 to 100 c.c. plus 1 .per 1000 B. Eucanie, are injected into the 
 •sciatic nerve at its point of exit from the foramen, under considerable 
 presstire ; technique described. — Pr. '12, i. 145. 
 
 A simple and rapid method for the administration of subcutaneous Salines. 
 —B.M.J. '13, i. 250. 
 
 80 to 120 c.c. of Sterile warm Normal Saline are injected into sheath of 
 sciatic nerve in sub-acute and chronic intractable cases of sciatica. Writer 
 has used it with success in 160 cases. — L. '15, i. 871. 
 
 Excellent results as a vaginal douche in all inflammatory and septic cases 
 where a douche is required ; in puerperal cases with sloughing the effect is 
 extraordinary, and better than that of antiseptic douches ; the formula is 
 Sodium Chloride, 4 drachms ; Sodium Citrate, ^ drachm ; Water, 1 pint. — 
 L. '15, ii. 976. 
 
 Normal Saline should be injected in large quantity for sciatica, 100 to 
 200 c.G.—M.A. '15, 525. 
 
 Truneeek's Serura. — Sodium Chloride, 4-92; Sodivim Sulphate, 0-44; 
 Sodium Phosphate, 0-15; Sodium Carbonate, 0-21; Potassium Sulphate, 
 0'40; Water, to 100. Injections to be made under the skin, preferably 
 under the skin of the forearm, at intervals of from four to seven days, begin- 
 ning with a dose of 1 c.c, and increasing each time by from 0-2 to 0-5 c.c. — 
 B.M.J. '02, ii. 149. 
 
 Recovery from apparent arterial sclerosis after taking two tablets of the 
 salts of Truneeek's serum, slightly modified, three times a day. Each tablet 
 represented about 8 c.c. of the serum. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 311. 
 
 In arterio-sclerosis 2 tablets in half a tumbler of Water thrice daily 1 hour 
 before food, for 1 month at a time, followed by 2 weeks' interval. They take 
 one or two hours to dissolve. — M.A. '11, 190. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grairivS = 0-65 to 4 grammes, as a tonic; as an 
 emetic, i to 1 oz. = 14 '2 to 28 "4 grammes. 
 
 Not Ofl&cial. — Normal Saline Solution, Pulvis Salinus Anticholeraicua 
 and Nebula Sodii Chloridi Composita. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Chloride when heated decrepitates and at a red 
 heat fuses. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 forming a clear solution, which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper and which yields the tests distinctive of Sodium given under 
 that heading. The aqueous solution also yields on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, a white curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric 
 Acid, readily soluble in Ammonia Solution and reprecipitated on 
 acidification with Nitric Acid. When mixed with Sulphuric Acid it 
 evolves Hydrochloric Acid gas, which immediately reddens a piece of 
 moistened blue Litmus paper. When heated with Manganese Dioxide 
 and Sulphuric Acid it evolves a yellowish gas, which first reddens 
 and then bleaches a piece of moistened blue Litmus paper, and which 
 instantly liberates Iodine from Potassium Iodide Solution, recognisable 
 by the blue colour which it produces with Mucilage of Starch. The 
 B.P. does not require it to contain any definite percentage of pure 
 Sodium Chloride. The U.S. P. requires that the salt when dried 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Mcasiu-e.] SOD 1277 
 
 should coutiiin not less tlia.ii 99 ]).c. of pure Sodium Chloride, as volu- 
 raetrically determined by the method given in small type below under 
 the heading of Volumetric Determination. The Fr. Codex requires 
 that it should contain 99-95 p.c. of pure Sodium Chloride, as volu- 
 metrically determined by titrating 0'2 gramme, dissolved in Distilled 
 Water, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, of 
 which 34:"17c.c. should be required; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0" 00585 gramme of pure Sodium 
 Chloride. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Lead, Iron, 
 Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Bromides, Iodides, Sulphates, and 
 excess of Water. 
 
 The limit of 1 part of Arsenic per million suggested [CD. '08, i. 796) 
 has been modified in the light of later experience, and a limit of 
 2 parts per million is now Officially fixed, as determined by the Arsenic 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 
 5 grammes of the salt in a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 
 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit 
 of 10 parts of Lead per million suggested in the same reference is now 
 Officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes 
 of Sodium Chloride, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. Working in ml., the B.P. 
 has adopted the P.G. test for Iron, requiring that 20 ml. of an aqueous 
 1 in 20 solution should not acquire an immediate blue coloration on 
 the addition of 0*5 ml. of Potassium Ferrocyauide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Iron. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should not be rendered 
 more than faintly turbid by the addition of Ammonia Solution and 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. If this 
 solution be allowed to stand some time, and filtered, the clear filtrate 
 should yield only the faintest turbidity on the addition of Sodium 
 Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of Magnesium. When viewed 
 through a blue glass, no more than a transient violet coloration should 
 be produced when a small crystal of the salt moistened with Hydrochloric 
 Acid is introduced on a loop of Platinum wire into a non-luminous 
 flame, indicating a limit of Potassium. If 2 grammes of the finely 
 powdered salt be digested for some hours with 25 c.c. of warm Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), and, after cooling, the undissolved salt be removed by filtration, 
 the filtrate evaporated to dryness, and the residue dissolved in 5 ex. 
 of Distilled Water, and if 1 c.c. of Chloroform be added, and Chlorine 
 Water which has been diluted with twice its volume of Distilled Water 
 be cautiously introduced, drop by drop, with constant agitation, the 
 Chloroform should not acquire a yellow, orange or violet colour, 
 indicating the absence of Bromides and Iodides. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution of the salt, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield 
 not more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. Sodium Chloride, when 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.), should not lose materially in weight, indicating 
 a limit of Water. The B.P. requires that the crystals should be free 
 
1278 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 from moisture ; the proposed changes iu the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 the introduction of a water-limit of 3 p.c, together with a method for 
 its determination. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 1 gramme of well-dried Sodmm Chloride 
 be dissolved in suiScient Distilled Water to measure 100 c.c. and 10 c.c. of 
 the solution be mixed with a few drops of Potassium Chromate Test-Solution, 
 it should require not less than 17 (17-05) c.c. of Tenth-Normal A^olumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent red colom-, U.S. P. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of deter- 
 mination be changed from direct titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution to residual titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, after the addition of an excess of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 NORMAL SALINE SOLUTION.— Sodium Chloride, 78-75 grains ; boiled 
 and cooled Water, to 20 fl. oz. (or in any case sterihsed). Its strength is 
 thus 0- 9 p.c, the percentage of Sodium Chloride in human blood. A Sodivun 
 Chloride solution of this strength possesses the same osmotic pressvu-e as 
 blood plasma, and is said to be isotonic with the blood ; if containing a higher 
 percentage of salt than normal human blood, and therefore of higher osmotic 
 pressure, hypertonic ; if containing a lower percentage of salt, and therefore 
 of lower osmotic pressure, hypotonic. 
 
 If a markedly hjrpotonic sokition be used, many of the red cells may be 
 destroyed. Sodium Chloride is generally used in making these injection 
 solutions as it is the salt present in greatest amount in the plasma. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. (Solutio Chloreti 
 Natrici physiologica), Sodiiun Chloride, 8; Sodium Carbonate, 0-15; 
 Water, 991-85 ; Norw., Sodium Chloride, 9 ; Distilled Water, 991. 
 
 PULVIS SALINUS ANTICHOLERAICUS {Stevens). — Sodium Biear- 
 bonate, 30 grains ; Sodiinn Chloride. 20 grains ; Potassium Chlorate, 7 grains ; 
 for 1 dose. 
 
 Given frequently in a small tumbler of Water in diarrhcBa and cholera. 
 
 NEBULA SODil CHLORIDI COMPOSITA (Universitij). — Sodium 
 Chloride, 1 ; Sodimn Bicarbonate, I ; Borax, 1. 
 
 1 teaspoonful to be dissolved in a pint of warm Water, and used as a 
 spraying solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII CINNAMAS. 
 
 SODIUM CINNAMATE. 
 
 NaCgH-O,, eq. 170-056. 
 
 A white, granular, amorphous powder, having a faint cinnamon-like odour 
 and a faintly alkaline reaction. Soluble 1 in 11 of Water ; 1 in 160 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Although the correct figure for the solubility of this salt is 1 in II, a clear 
 solution may be prepared by the aid of heat of a strength of 1 in 10, but it 
 requires very careful handling, and the friction of the stopper of the bottle is 
 very often sufficient to cause the salt to crystallise out. For hypodermic 
 use the solution should be a Mttle weaker than 10 p.c. Some authorities 
 have claimed that a clear permanent 10 p.c. solution may be prepared in 
 absolute Glycerin, but this is contrary to our experience. The solution, 
 though clear when first prepared, develops crystals in the course of a few 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1279 
 
 days, and the specimens very soon form practically a solid mass of crystals. 
 The salt has assumed importance owing to its hypodermic employment in 
 pulmonary tuberculosis and cancer. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0*32 gramme. 
 
 It has been used in phthisis and in cancer, as an intramuscular or intra- 
 venous injection (15 to 30 minims of a 10 or 20 p.c. aqueous or Glycerin 
 solution), once or twice a week. 
 
 An interesting record of cases treated by the combined injection of Soluble 
 Iron Arsenate, lodipin, and Sodiiun Cinnamate, appears in Cancer, the Relief 
 of Pain and Possible Cure, by Dr. Skene Keith and Dr. George E. Keith. 
 The Solvations employed by them are : — Injectio Sodii Cinnamatis {Squire), 
 Sterilette Sodium Cinnamate, Injection of Iron Arsenate Soluble (Squire), 
 and Sterilette Iron Arsenate Soluble (Squire). 
 
 It was introduced commercially as Hetol. 
 
 Tests.^ — Sodium Cinnamate, when heated, yields an aromatic odour some- 
 what resembling Bitter Ahnonds, and when ignited with free access of air 
 leaves a more or less blackish residue, which, when dissolved in Distilled 
 Water, possesses a strong alkaline reaction towards red Litmus paper, and 
 which effervesces on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, yielding a 
 solution which answers the tests characteristic of Sodium given under that 
 heading. 
 
 The salt dissolves in Distilled Water, yielding a clear solution which is 
 neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. An aqueous solution yields with 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a yellow precipitate, and a white precipitate 
 with Manganese Chloride Solution, which soon becomes crystalline. If the 
 aqueous solution be sufficiently concentrated it yields, on acidification with 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a white crystalline precipitate, soluble in Ether. If 
 the ethereal solution be separated, washed till free from mineral acid and 
 evaporated spontaneously, it yields a crystalline residue which should possess 
 a melting point of about 132° C. (21)9 -6" F.). When oxidised with Potassium 
 Permanganate it yields an odour of Benzaldehyde. The amoiuit of pure 
 Sodiuna Cinnamate contained in a specimen may be quantitatively determined 
 by the titration of the solution of a weighed quantity of the salt with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphimc Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution 
 as an indicator of neutrality, sufficient Ether should be added to hold the 
 liberated Cinnamic Acid in solution diu-ing the titration, and to prevent it 
 masking the end reaction ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Voliimetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution corresponds to 0-0170 gramme of pm-e anhydrous Sodium 
 Cinnamate. Free Cinnamic Acid, if present, may be determined, previous 
 to the above volumetric determination, by titrating with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as 
 an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0-0148 gramme of pure Cinnamic Acid. In the event 
 of free Cinnamic Acid being present, the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Sohition required to neutralise this free 
 Cinnamic Acid must be deducted from the total number of c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required to complete the titra- 
 tion with Methyl Orange Solution, before the result is calculated into terms 
 of Sodium Cinnamate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Carbonates, Chlorides, 
 Sulphates, and Water. The aqueous solution, when acidified with diluted 
 mineral acids, though affording a white crystalline precipitate, should yield 
 no effervescence, indicating the absence of Carbonates. If the aqueous 
 solution be acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, and the liberated Cinnamic 
 Acid be separated by filtration, the filtrate shovild yield at the most but a 
 slight turbidity with either Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Chlorides ; or with Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 When dried at 105° to 110° C. (221° to 230° F.), it should lose not more 
 than 5 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 Hetol-Caffeine (Caffeine Sodium Cinnamate). — An amorphous, bitter 
 
1280 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 powder ; Heto-Cresol (Mota-cresolic Ester of Cinnamic Acid) and Hetoforni 
 (Bismuth Cinnamate) are compounds which have received notice in medical 
 literature. 
 
 INJECTIO SODII CINNAMATIS.— A sterihsed 10 p.c. aqueous Solution 
 of Sodium Cinnamate. 
 
 Dose. — 16 minims — 1 ml., hypodermically. 
 
 Glycerin has been reconmiended as a solvent for Sodium Cinnamate. The 
 solution can be readily sterilised, but a 10 p.c. solution, though bright when 
 first made, soon crystallises. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII CITRAS. 
 
 SODIUM CITRATE. 
 
 NajCgHsO, 6iH„0, eq. 357 • 128. 
 
 A white, granular powder, possessing a cool, saline taste and a faint, 
 caramel-like odour. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles, as it has a tendency to slowly 
 effloresce on exposiu-e to dry air. 
 
 Solubility.— It dissolves 5 in 9 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and in Ether. 
 
 Its addition in the proportion of 1 grain to the oz., or, if necessary, 1| to 
 2 grains, renders the curd of Milk more easily digestible, but tends to produce 
 constipation. 
 
 Sir Almroth Wright has shown that a flocculent curd can be produced if 
 the excess of Calciiim Salts be thrown down by adding 2 grains to the oz. of 
 Milk. This obviates the necessity of ddution and of adding cream and 
 sugar. The milk is first brought to the boil. Infants fed on this undiluted 
 citrated milk gained steadily in weight. It was not suited for acute epidemic 
 diarrhoea.— L. '09, i. 763 ; B.M.J. '09, i. 724. 
 
 A specific in all cases of vomiting in infants, whether it be due to over- 
 feeding or underfeeding. Effect generally very prompt. Added to sterilised 
 or humanised milk it is a preventive of infantile scurvy. It merits an 
 important place in infant therapeutics.- — B.M.J.E. '11, i. 12. 
 
 Immediate relief in gastric pain of whatever origin ; large doses ; 3 or 
 4 weeks' treatment. — M.P. '12, i. 175. 
 
 Promptly relieves all cases of gastric suffering coming on 3 or 4 hours 
 after meals ; on the morning vomiting of habitual drinkers it has a remark- 
 ably curative effect ; the efficient dose is 1 drm. to 1 oz. ; the solution should 
 be freshly made, as it loses its properties after a few days. — M.P. '12, ii. 464. 
 
 Is the medicine which does the greatest good in the greatest number of 
 cases of vomiting in children.— M.yl. '13, 571. 
 
 2 grains are added to the oz. of Milk, thereby rendering its curd soft and 
 flocculent, like that of human milk, and avoiding the chief cause of digestive 
 disturbance in infants. — M.A. '13, 296. 
 
 Its chief value is its power of acting as an anti-emetic in the digestive 
 troubles of bottle-fed infants, or in those who, although suckled, vomit for 
 no definite reason. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It can he given in solution 20 grains to the oz., 
 using Chloroform Water, with or without Elixir of Orange. 
 Tablets are supplied containing 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 grains in each. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Citrate when heated loses its Water of crystallisation ; 
 when heated to dull redness it is decomposed, and on ignition leaves a carbon- 
 aceous residue which, when dissolved in Distilled Water, yields a solution 
 possessing a strongly alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper and which 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure] SOU IL'81 
 
 ei'lervesces on the addition of Diluted Ilydi'ocliloric Acid, yielding a solution 
 giving the tests characteristic of Sodium mentioned vmder that heading. 
 The salt dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, fonning a clear 
 solution slightly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. The aqueous 
 solution affords, upon boiling \^dth Calciimi Chloride Solution, a white granxiiar 
 precipitate, insoluble in Potassium Hydroxide Solution, but soluble in Ammo- 
 nium Chloride Solution. The U.S. P. requires the salt to contain not less 
 than 97 p.c. of piore Sodium Citrate, as vohunetrically determined by the 
 titration of the solution of the alkaline residue left on ignition. 1 gramme of 
 the salt is thoroughly charred at a dull red heat, the residue extracted with 
 boiling Distilled Water till the washings fail to react with Methyl Orange 
 Test-Solution, and the mixed filtrate and washings are titrated with Plalf- 
 Normal Volimaetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution, employing the above indicator 
 to ascertain the point of neutrality; not less than 16 -4 c.c. should be required, 
 1 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution = 0-0592 gramme 
 of pure Sodium Citrate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Zinc and Carbonates. 10 c.c. of a 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the salt, 
 acidified with Diluted Hychochloric Acid should yaeld neither a coloration 
 nor turbidity on the adcUtion of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Arsenic, Copper and Lead ; nor an appreciable coloration or 
 turbidity when the solution is subsequently made alkaline v\ith Ammonia 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Iron and Zinc. A 1 in 20 acj[ueous solution 
 of the salt should not yield a pink coloration on the addition of a drop of 
 Phenolphthalein Solution nor an effervescence on the addition of a mineral 
 acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 
 SODIUM COUMARATE. — There are three isomeric Coumaric acida 
 (ortho-, meta-, and para-), forming salts with a Sodiimi base, known as 
 Sodium Ortho-covimarate, Sodium Meta-coumarate, and Sodium Para- 
 coumarate. The employment of the Sodium salt of Cinnamic Acid in the 
 treatment of cancer led to a search for a similar substance possessing an 
 increased physiological action. This has been found in Coumaric Acid, a 
 substance having the structure of Cinnamic Acid with a hydroxyl substituent. 
 A 22 p.c. aqueous solution of the Sodium Ortbo-coumarate containing a 
 slight excess of the free Ortho-coumaric Acid was tried. The solution induced 
 a rapid physiological action, the leucocytosis being well marked and resembling 
 that effected by the Cinnamate. An 8 p.c. solution of the less soluble 
 Sodium. Para-coumarate was eiuployed, the results tending to show the 
 action was of a similar nature, but rather less intense than that produced 
 by the ortho-salt. 
 
 A 20 p.c. aq^ieous solution of the Sodium Meta-coumarate was used, 
 and showed a very marked physiological action, being apparently even more 
 active than the ortho -compoimd. The three acids are certainly physio- 
 logically active, but it must be left for further experiments to decide which 
 of these is likely to prove to be the most serviceable therapeutic agent. 
 
 Beneficial in cancer, even in cases of worst possible type. — L. '07, ii. 690. 
 
 Coumarin or Coumaric Anhydride is a crystallisable odorous substance 
 which exists in Tonka Beans and in other plants. It is also prepared syn- 
 thetically from Salicylic Aldehyde. 
 
 Not OfficiaL 
 SODII ETHYLATIS LIQUOR. 
 
 SOLUTION OF SODIUM ETHYLATE. 
 
 A pale yellow, viscid, alcoholic liquid, prepared by dissolving 22 grains of 
 clean, bright, metallic Sodium in 1 fl. oz. of Absolute Alcohol, care being 
 taken to keep the contents of the flask cool during the reaction. It is of a 
 pale straw-colour, becoming yellowish -brown on keeping. 
 
 2 T 
 
1282 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui'e.] 
 
 This solution should be recently pi'eparect, and shoiild be preserved in well- 
 stoppered bottles of a dp^rk amber tint. It contains 18 p.c. of the solid 
 substance, CJijONa, eq. G8*04. 
 
 If the Sodivun be not bright, it is advisable to wash it with a little Absolute 
 Alcohol before conimencing to make the liquor. 
 
 Was OfTicial in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties.— Caustic ; used in the treatment of n ae v u s , nasal 
 polypus, ozoena, warts, and lupus. 
 
 Successful in multiple circumscribed lipomata. — L. '07, i. 943. 
 
 It may be applied by means of a glass rod, eamel's-hair brush, or a quill 
 pen. Tincture of Opium may be added to relieve the pain, but not Chloro- 
 form, as it makes an explosive mixture. 
 
 SODII ET POTASSil TARTRAS. 
 
 SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Soda Tartarata; Tartarated Soda ; Tartrate of Potassium 
 AND Sodium ; Rochellb Salt. N.O.Syn. — Tartarus Natronatus ; 
 Sal Polychrestum Seignette. 
 
 NaKCiH^Og, 4H,0, eq. 282-196. 
 Fr., Tartrate Droit de Sodium et de Potassium ; Ger., Kaliumnatbium- 
 
 TARTBAT ; ItAL., TaRTRATO SoDICO-PoTASSICO ; SpAN., TaRTBATO 
 
 SodicoPotasico. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, rliombic prisms, or a white, odourless 
 powder, having a saline taste. It may be prepared by neutralising the 
 acid radicle of Acid Potassium Tartrate with Sodium Carbonate and 
 recrystallisation. 
 
 The Official name in B.P. 1898 was Soda Tartarata. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and exposed as little as 
 j:)ossible to the air, as it has a slight tendency to effloresce. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1| of Water ; soluble in its own Water of crystal- 
 lisation when hot ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild purgative, well suited for 
 constipation associated with gout and hepatic dyspepsia. It is not 
 aperient in small doses, its action then being diuretic, antilithic, and 
 to render the urine alkaline. 
 
 Dose. — 120 to 240 grains = 8 to 16 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Pulvis Sodse Tartarataj Efferveseens. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Kalium 
 Natrio-tartariciim) ; Belg. (Kalium Natrium Tartaricum) ; Dan., 
 Norw. and Swed. (Tartras Natrico-kalicus); Dutch (Tartras Kalico- 
 natricus) ; Fr. (Tartrate Droit de Potassium et de Sodium); 
 Ger. and Swiss (Tartarus Natronatus); Ital. (Tartrate Sodico- 
 Potassico) ; Jap. and Russ. (Natrio-Kalium Tartaricum); Mex. (Tar- 
 trate de Potasio y Sodio); Port. (Tartrate de Potassas de Soda); 
 Span. (Tartrate Sodi co-Potasico); U.S. (Potassii et Sodii Tartras). 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1283 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Potassium Tartrate when heated fuses to a more 
 or less colourless liquid and loses its Water of crystallisation, equivalent 
 to 25 '5 p.c. At a higher temperature it gradually becomes brown, and 
 when still more strongly heated evolves an odour of burnt Sugar and 
 leaves a black residue possessing a strong alkaline reaction. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear, colourless 
 solution possessing a neutral reaction towards Litmus paper. The 
 U.S. P. states that the aqueous solution does not affect Phenolphthalein 
 Solution. When incinerated and the residue is dissolved in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid it yields a solution which answers the distinctive tests 
 of Potassium and Sodium given under those headings. The aqueous 
 solution affords, with Caldium Chloride Solution, a white granular 
 precipitate, soluble in a cold, moderately concentrated Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, being again reprecipitated on boiling ; with Silver 
 Nitrate Solution it yields a white precipitate soluble in Nitric Acid and 
 in Ammonia Solution, and if just sufficient Ammonia Solution be added 
 the precipitate redissolves and the mixture yields, when heated in a 
 perfectly clean test-tube, a mirror of metallic Silver. When a 
 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the salt is acidified with 5 c.c. of Acetic 
 Acid it affords, when well stirred, a white precipitate, the precipita- 
 tion being more pronounced on the addition of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 When acidified with Acetic Acid it yields, on the addition of a drop of 
 Ferrous Sulphate Solution, a few drops of Hydrogen Peroxide Solu- 
 tion, and an excess of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, a purple or violet 
 coloration. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 98 '0 p.c. of pure 
 Sodium Potassium Tartrate, as volumetrically determined by 
 igniting 1 gramme of the salt, dissolving the residue in Distilled Water, 
 filtering, washing the residue on the filter, with Distilled Water till free 
 from alkaline reaction, and titrating the filtrate and washings with 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less 
 than 13*9 ml. should be required; Methyl Orange Solution may be 
 used as an indicator of neutrality, although not specifically mentioned 
 in the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 = 0*07055 gramme of pure Sodium Potassium Tartrate. The U.S. P. 
 requires the salt to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Potassium 
 and Sodium Tartrate, the process of determination being also a 
 volumetric one and appearing below in small type under the heading 
 of Volumetric Determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that this rubric be changed to not less than 73 '71 or 
 more than 77*39 p.c. by weight of anhydrous Sodium Potassium 
 Tartrate, and that the assay process be changed to solution of the 
 carbonised residue in an excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, and titration of this excess by Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Lead, Copper, 
 Iron, Calcium, Ammonium, Sulphates, Chlorides, and excess of Water. 
 
 The B.P. has rectified its previous omission of tests for impurities, 
 and now includes tests for all these substances, The limit of 2 
 
 3 T 2 
 
1284 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796) has now been 
 Officially fixed, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by dissolving 
 grammes in a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 14 ml. 
 of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 
 10 parts of Lead per million, suggested in the same reference, has been 
 modified in the light of later experience and a limit of 20 parts of Lead 
 per million is now Officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution 
 containing 7 grammes of Sodium Potassium Tartrate and an auxiliary 
 solution containing 2 grammes of the salt, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead- 
 Test Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous solutioil, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield no distinct darkening in colour or turbidity on the 
 addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy 
 metals ; and on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution no pronounced darkening in colour should occur, indicating a 
 limit of Iron. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or 
 precipitate on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Calcium. No characteristic ammoniacal odour should 
 be evolved when the salt is boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 nor should the issuing gas turn a strip of moistened red Litmus paper 
 blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should neither yield a marked 
 turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Sulphates, nor more than the faintest opalescence on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 Sodium Potassium Tartrate, when dried at 120° C. (248° F.) should 
 "lose not more than 26 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water of 
 crystallisation. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 1 gramme of the salt be thoroughly 
 ignited at red heat, and the residue extracted with boiling Distilled Water 
 until the washings cease to react with Methyl Orange Test-Solution, the mixed 
 filtrate and washings should require for complete neutralisation not less 
 than 14-1 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, 
 Methyl Orange Test-Solution being used as indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 Pi-eparation. 
 
 PULVIS SOD^ TARTARATiE EFFERVESCENS. Effer- 
 vescent Tartarated Soda Powder. B.P.Syn. — Seidlitz Powder. 
 N.O.Syn. — Pulvis Aerophorus Laxans; Pulvis Effervescens 
 Laxans. (Modified.) 
 
 Sodium Potassium Tartrate, in dry powder, 7*5 grammes (116 
 grains) ; Sodium Bicarbonate, in dry powder, 2*5 grammes (38^ grains). 
 Mix. Wrap in blue paper. Tartaric Acid, in dry powder, 2 * 5 grammes 
 (38J grains). Wrap in white paper. 
 
 The figures given in B.P. 1898 were 120 grains {I'll grammes), 40 grains 
 (2 -59 grammes), and 38 gi'ains (2-46 grairmies). 
 
 Dose. — The quantities given above are intended for one dose. 
 The powder in blue paper is first dissolved in cold or warm Water, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1285 
 
 and the powder in white paper added to it and the whole taken during 
 effervescence. 
 
 It is Official in Ger. (Pulvis Aerophorus Laxans), Sodiiini Potassium 
 Tartrate, 7-5 granuues ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 2-5 gramxnes, in a blue 
 paper ; with Tartaric Acid, 2 grammes, in a white paper ; and U.S. (Pulvis 
 Effervescens Compositus), Sodiiun Bicarbonate, 31 grammes ; Sodimn 
 Potassium Tartrate, 93 grammes ; divide in 12 powders and wrap in blue 
 papers ; and Tartaric Acid, 27 grammes ; divide in 12 powders and wrap 
 in white papers. Not in Fr. 
 
 The chief Continental Pharmacopoeias have a simple Effervescent Powder, 
 made with Sodimn Bicarbonate and Tartaric Acid, and also a compound 
 powder containing similar ingredients to the above. 
 
 Fr. has Eau Saline Purgative gazeuse (Eau dite de Seidlitz), see p. 862. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII HYDROXIDUM. 
 
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SODA CAtTSTICA, CAUSTIC SODA. 
 
 K"aHO, eq. 40-008. 
 
 Sodium Hydi-oxide is described in Appendix I. of the B.P. as the Sodium 
 Hydroxide of commerce, purified by means of Alcohol ; the U.S. P. requires 
 that it shall contain not less than 90 p.c. of pm-e anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide, 
 and not more than 2 p.c. of other inorganic substances, with the exception of 
 Water. It is not Official in the P.G. 
 
 White, hygroscopic pencils, or sticks, possessing a crystalline structure, or 
 as a white, crystalline, deliquescent powder, or in fused masses. It should 
 be kept in well-closed hard glass bottles and exposed as little as possible to 
 the air, as it readily absorbs moistm-e and Carbonic Anhydride. It is 
 necessary, when handling it, to exercise very great caution, as it has a strong 
 action on the skin, and the dust from the powder is very irritating to the 
 eyes and nose. 
 
 Antidotes. — Same as Liquor Potassfe. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Hung. (Natrium 
 hydroxydatum) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. (Hydras Natricus) ; 
 Ital. (Idonto Sodico) ; Jap. (Natrum Causticum) ; Port. (Hydrato 
 de Soda); Span. (Hidrato Sodico); Swiss (Natrium Hydricum) ; 
 U.S. (Sodii Hydroxidum). 
 
 The Solution is Official in Austr. (Natrium Hydroxydatum Solu- 
 tum) (15 p.c), sp. gr. 1-169 to 1-172 ; Dutch (Solutio Hydratis Natrici) 
 (13J p.c), sp. gr. 1- 155 ; Fr. (Soude Caustique Liquide) (about 30 p.c), 
 sp.gr. 1-332; Ger. (Liquor Natri Caustici) (15 p.c), sp.gr. 1-168 to 
 1-172; Port. (Hydrato de Soda Liquido), sp. gr. 1-33; Span. (Solu- 
 cion de Sosa Caustica) (30p.c.), sp. gr. 1-33; Swed. (Solutio Hydratis 
 Natrici) (25 p.c.) sp.gr. 1-275 to 1-285; Swiss (Natrium Hydricum 
 Solutum) (30 p.c), sp. gr. 1-33; U.S. (Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi (about 
 5 p.c), sp.gr. 1-056 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Hydroxide dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water ; the solution, even when highly diluted, has a strong alkaline reaction 
 towards Litmus paper. Sodimn Hydroxide may be readily determined by 
 direct titration with Normal Volumetric Svdphurie Acid Solution, using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The quantity of 
 Carbonate present in conunercial samples is scarcely sufficient to vitiate the 
 results, when working on the small quantities required for the titration. 
 When Methyl Orange Solution is employed as an indicator of neutrality, the 
 
1286 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Carbonate present is also estimated. 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution is equivalent to 0* 04001 gramme of pure anhydrous Sodium 
 Hydroxide. The B.P. gives no requisite percentage of Sodium Hydroxide. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain not less than 90 p.c. of pure anhy- 
 drous Sodium Hydroxide, as determined by introducing about 1 gramme of the 
 salt into a stoppered weighing bottle and accurately ascertaining its weight, 
 dissolving in about 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, and titrating the solution with 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution 
 as an indicator of neutrality; the nmnber of c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution required, multiplied by 3* 976, the product divided by 
 the weight of Sodium Hydroxide taken, gives a quotient representing the 
 percentage of piu"e anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide. The proposed changes in 
 the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the following method of assay be adopted : — 
 An accurately weighed quantity of 10 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide is 
 dissolved in 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, which has been previously boiled and 
 cooled, in a. 500 c.c. graduated flask, and 30 c.c. of Bariiun Chloride Test- 
 Solution added. The flask is then filled to the mark with Distilled Water, 
 which also has been previously boiled and cooled, and the liquid is thoroughly 
 agitated. It is filtered through a dry filter, rejecting the first 20 c.c. of the 
 filtrate, and a measured quantity of 100 c.c. is then collected and titrated 
 with Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein 
 Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality. When neutralised with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, the product when introduced on a loop of Platinum wire into a 
 non-luminous flame affords a brilUant yellow coloration. The U.S.P. states 
 that when heated to about 525° C. (977° F.) it melts to a clear oily liquid and 
 is slowly volatilised unchanged at a bright red heat. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are organic matter, and insoluble 
 impurities, heavy metals such as Arsenic, Copper, Lead and Iron, Potassium, 
 Carbonate, Silicate, Chlorides, Sulphates and Phosphates. The 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution should be perfectly clear and coloiorless, indicating the 
 absence of organic matter and insoluble impurities. When acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, it should yield no coloration or turbidity with Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, indicating the absence of Arsenic, Copper and Lead ; nor should 
 any appreciable coloration or turbidity ensue upon the subsequent addition 
 of Ammonia Solution, indicating a limit of Iron. A 5 p.c. aqueous solution, 
 after acidification with Acetic Acid, should yield no precipitate on the addi- 
 tion of Tartaric Acid, indicating the absence of Potassium. It should not 
 yield more than a faint effervescence when a slight excess of Dilated 
 Sulphiiric Acid is added to 10 c.c. of a 10 p.c. solution, indicating a limit of 
 Carbonate. When 0-7 gramme of Sodium Hydroxide is dissolved in 1-5 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, this solution should yield not more than a slight white 
 precipitate, within 10 minutes, when added to 10 c.c. of Alcohol (94- 9 p.c.) 
 indicating a limit of Silicate. A 5 p.c. solution, when acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, should yield not more than a faint tvu'bidity with Silver Nitrate or 
 with Barium Chloride Solutions, indicating a limit of Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 A 5 p.c. aqueous solution should not afford a yellow precipitate when acidified 
 with Nitric Acid and warmed with Ammonimn Molybdate Test -Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Phosphates. 
 
 Pasta Iiondinensis. — Caustic Soda, Unslaked Lime, equal parts, reduced 
 to a fine powder, and kept in a well-closed bottle. To be made into a paste 
 with Water when required. 
 
 LIQUOR SODII HYDROXIDI.— Solution of Sodiiun Hydroxide. Purified 
 Sodivim Hydroxide, 200 grammes ; Distilled Water, sufficient to produce 
 1000 c.c. The purified Sodimn Hydroxide is dissolved in a portion of the 
 Distilled Water, the solution made up to 1000 c.c. and filtered. 
 
 Tests. — Solution of Sodium Hydroxide has a specific gravity of about 
 1-175. It contains about 18 '0 p.c. w/v of piu-e anhydrous Sodium 
 Hydroxide, as determined by titrating a measured quantity of the Liquor 
 with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, iising Phenolphthalein 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. U.S.P. Liquor ha.s a specific gravity 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1287 
 
 of about 1-056 at 25° C. (77° F.) and is required to contain about 5 p.c. w/w 
 of pure anhydrous Sodium Hydroxide. About 25 c.c. of Normal Voliuiietric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution are stated to be necessary to neutralise 20(19-9) 
 grammes of the solution, using Methyl Orange Test-Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality. 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution indicates 
 0-2 p.c. of pure Sodium Hydroxide. The P.O. Liquor has a specific gravity 
 of 1-168 to 1-172; it is required to contain about 15 p.c. w/w of Sodivun 
 Hydroxide. The solution naturally should be free from such impurities as 
 are precluded from Sodium Hydi'oxide or pui'ified Sodium Hydroxide. The 
 U.S. P. Liquor is required to answer the same reactions and tests as an 
 aqueous solution of Sodium Hydroxide. The P.O. Liquor is required to be 
 free from Carbonates and heavj'^ metak, to contain only traces of Chlorides 
 and Sulphates, to be free from Nitrates, and to contain only traces of 
 Aluminium and Silicic Acid. 
 
 SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS. 
 
 SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE. 
 NaPH,0,, oq. 88 -050. 
 
 Fb. Hypophosphite de Sodium ; Ger., NATRruMHYPOPHOsriiiT ; 
 Ital., Ipofosfito di Socio ; Span., Hipofosfito Sodico. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, deliquescent, prismatic crystals, or as a 
 white, granular j)owder, possessing a slightly bitterish, saline taste. 
 
 The B.P. salt is required, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), to contain 
 not less than 97 p.c. of pure Sodium Hypophosphite ; the U.S. P. 
 requires it to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Sodium Hypo- 
 phosphite ; the anhydrous salt is Official in the B.P. and Fr. Codex ; 
 the U.S. P. shows 1 molecule of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 It may be prepared by the interaction of solutions of Calcium 
 Hypophosphite and Sodium Carbonate, the resulting solution being 
 filtered and purified by recrystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels in a cool atmosphere and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with the air, as it is stated 
 to be of a deliquescent nature. The crystals or powder deliquesce 
 slowly in very hot weather, but as soon as it cools [say to 18*3° C. 
 (65° F.)] the salt dries up again. It should be handled with caution, 
 as it is readily oxidised, and when brought into contact with powerful 
 oxidising agents the temperature rises so rapidly that an explosion is 
 liable to result. 
 
 Sodium Hypophosphite, when mixed with an equal quantity of Sodimn 
 Nitrate, forms a highly explosive mixture. — Y.B.P. '87, 21. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 2 of Glycerin ; almost entirely 
 1 in 20 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Calcii Hypophosphis. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0'2 to 0*65 gramme. 
 
 Ifot OfBcial. — Syrupus Sodii Hypophosphitis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Hung., Ital., 
 Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 
1288 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Hypopliospliilc wiien lieated evolves spontaue- 
 oiisly inflammable Hydrogen Phosphide gas and Hydrogen ; the 
 U.S. P. states that when heated in a test-tube the salt first loses its 
 Water of crystallisation, and at about 200° C. (392° F.) it is decom- 
 posed, evolving Hydrogen and Hydrogen Phosphide gas, which burns 
 spontaneously with a bright yellow flame. The salt answers the tests 
 distinctive of Sodium given under that heading. It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution which is 
 neutral or only faintly alkaline to Litmus paper. The solution yields 
 with warm Copper Sulphate Solution, a reddish-brown precipitate of 
 Cuprous Hydride, and on boiling evolves Hydrogen. It rapidly 
 decolorises Potassium Permanganate Solution. The diluted aqueous 
 solution acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid yields, on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, a white precipitate rapidly turning from brown 
 to black, owing to its reduction to metallic Silver. On the addition 
 of Mercuric Chloride Solution to a 5 p.c. aqueous solution of the salt 
 acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid, a white precipitate is produced, 
 changing rapidly to grey, owing to its reduction to metallic Mercury. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain, when dried at 110° C. (230° P.), 
 not less than 96*86 p.c. of pure Sodium Hypophosphite, as determined 
 by first removing interfering impurities, e.g. Phosphites, by precipitating 
 a solution of 2*5 grammes of Sodium Hypophosphite in 40 ml. of 
 Distilled Water, by the addition of 5 ml. of Lead Acetate Solution, 
 adding a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to bring the volume 
 of the mixed liquids to 50 ml. After the mixture has been allowed 
 to stand during one hour, a measured quantity of 10 ml. of the clear 
 fluid is mixed with 50 ml. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Bichromate 
 Solution and 10 ml., of Sulphuric Acid, and after heating on a water- 
 bath during one hour, cooled, and diluted with Distilled Water so as 
 to measure 250 ml. A measured quantity of 25 ml. of this solution 
 is mixed with 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide, and the mixture 
 titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, 
 of which not less than 28 ml. should be required to decolorise the 
 liberated Iodine, using Starch Mucilage as an indicator; 1 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Solution = 0*002202 
 gramme of pure Sodium Hypophosphite. The number of ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution required to decolorise 
 the liberated Iodine is deducted from 50 ; the difference, multiplied 
 first by 0*0022 and then by 2000, yields the percentage of pure Sodium 
 Hypophosphite. The U.S. P. states that the salt should contain not 
 less than 98 p.c. of pure crystallised Sodium Hypophosphite, but gives 
 no method for its determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the process 
 be similar to that given for Calcium Hypophosphite, which depends 
 on the oxidation to Phosphate and determination of the Phosphate 
 volumetrically by titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Sulphocyanate Solution after the addition of an excess of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1289 
 
 Iron, Aluminium, Zinc, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Ammonium, 
 Carbonates, Chlorides, Sulplitites, Phosphates, Phosphites, and excess 
 of Water. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by mixing 2 grammes of Sodium Hypophosphite 
 with 2 grammes of Potassium Chlorate and 18 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent, eliminating the excess of Chlorine by warming 
 until all chlorinous vapours are dissipated, adding 40 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water and a few drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 reagent. The B.P. also fixes a limit of 10 parts of Lead per million, 
 as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes of Sodium 
 Hypophosphite, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 
 •5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. The U.S. P. requires that if 5 c.c. 
 of the 1 in 10 aqueous solution be measured into a beaker containing 
 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid, diluted with about 10 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, the residue should not 
 respond to the modified Gutzeit's Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield 
 no distinct coloration or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; on the subsequent addition 
 of an excess of Ammonia Solution no perceptible alteration in colour 
 or turbidity should result, indicating a limit of Iron and Zinc. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution, when mixed with Ammonium Chloride Solution 
 and Ammonia Solution, and boiled, should yield no turbidity or 
 precipitate, indicating the absence of Aluminium. The 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution of the salt should afford no distinct turbidity with Ammonium 
 Oxalate Solution after the addition of a little Ammonium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. If the mixture be allowed to 
 stand for some time in a warm place, and filtered, it should yield little 
 or no turbidity with Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Magnesium. If a minute particle of the salt be moistened with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid and inserted in the loop of a Platinum wire into a non- 
 luminous flame, it should show not more than a transient violet colour, 
 when examined through a blue glass, indicating a limit of Potassium. 
 When warmed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution no odour of Ammonia 
 should be evolved, indicating the absence of Ammonium. The aqueous 
 solution should neither be coloured red on the addition of Phenol- 
 phthalein Test-Solution, nor should it effervesce on the addition of a 
 diluted mineral acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. When 
 acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid, the 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 should afford not more than a faint turbidity on the addition of 
 either Silver Nitrate Solution or Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
 The B.P. now omits the Lead Acetate Test for Phosphates and 
 Phosphites. It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s 
 Co^npanion that no commercial samples had been found which did not 
 give more or less precipitate or turbidity with Lead Acetate, and that 
 
1290 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 the reagent also precipitated Sulphates and Sulphites. Sodium Hypo- 
 phosphite, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), should not lose more than 
 2 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SYRUPUS soon HYPOPHOSPHiTIS coutaius 1 grain of Sodium 
 Hypophosphite in each tl. clrin. 
 
 SODII lODIDUM. 
 
 SODIUM IODIDE. 
 Nal, eq. 149-92. 
 
 Fi^., loDuiiE DE Sodium ; Gkb., Natriumjodid ; Ital., Jodueo di Sodio ; 
 Span., Yoduko Sodico. 
 
 Colourless, cubical crystals, or an odourless, white, crystalline, 
 hygroscopic powder, possessing a somewhat bitter, saline taste. It is 
 deliquescent in moist air, becoming partially decomposed ; it should 
 therefore be kept in well-closed bottles and in a cool place. 
 
 It was described in B.P. 1898 as a ' dry ' powder, but it was pointed 
 out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion that commercial 
 samples vary much in the proportion of Water which they contain, 
 from 10 to 20 p.c. The B.P. 1914 describes it as a white, crystalline 
 powder, omitting the word ' dry,' and stating that it is deliquescent. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Iodine in slight excess and 
 Sodium Hydroxide, the solution being evaporated to dryness, and the 
 lodate reduced by fusion with Charcoal, the salt being purified by 
 recrystallisation, employing a temperature not below 20° C. (68° F.). 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), not 
 less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium Iodide ; the U.S. P. requires it to 
 contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Sodium Iodide ; the P.G. at least 
 95 p.c. of Sodium Iodide, corresponding to 80 p.c. of Iodine ; the Fr. 
 Codex requires the Ofl&cial salt to contain not less than 97 '9 p.c. of 
 pure Sodium Iodide. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric 
 be changed to ' not less than 99 p.c. by weight of pure Sodium 
 Iodide.' 
 
 Solubility. — 11 in 6 of Water, and measures 10| ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 1 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given in the same doses as, and for 
 purposes similar to those of. Potassium Iodide ; is more readily tolerated 
 by the stomach, and is less depressant. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 '3 grammes. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Port. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] SOD 1291 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Iodide melts when strongly heated. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear, colourless 
 solution, which is faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 It answers the test distinctive of Sodium given under that heading. 
 The aqueous solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a yellow 
 curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in 
 Ammonia Solution, but soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. With 
 Mercuric Chloride Test-Solution it yields a scarlet precipitate, soluble 
 in excess of the reagent and very soluble in excess of Sodium Iodide. 
 With Lead Acetate Solution it yields a yellow precipitate, soluble in 
 Diluted Nitric Acid, and also in boiling Water, from this solution on 
 cooling, it recrystallises in beautiful golden-yellow crystalline scales. 
 When the aqueous solution is mixed with Chlorine Water it yields a 
 reddish-brown coloration, and on shaking the liquid with Carbon 
 Bisulphide the latter solution is coloured a deep violet tint. When 
 heated with Manganese Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid it evolves violet- 
 coloured vapours, which produce a strong blue coloration with a strip 
 of filter paper moistened with Starch Mucilage. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), 
 not less than 98 • 9 or more than 101 • 6 p.c. of pure Sodium Iodide, as 
 determined by titrating * 5 gramme of the salt, dried at this temperature, 
 and presumably in solution, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, of which not less than 33 '0 or more than 33 "9 ml. 
 should be required for complete precipitation. Potassium Chromate 
 Solution may be emploj'ed as an indicator, although not specifically 
 mentioned in the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution = 0*01499 gramme of pure anhydrous Sodium 
 Iodide. The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 98 p.c. of 
 pure Sodium Iodide as volumetrically determined by the method 
 given in small type below under the heading of Volumetric Determina- 
 tion. The P.G. requires it to contain at least 95 p.c. of Sodium Iodide, 
 corresponding to 80 p.c. of Iodine, but gives no method of determination. 
 The Fr. Codex requires that it shall contain, when pure and anhydrous, 
 99 '9 p.c. of Sodium Iodide, a weighed quantity of 0*2 gramme being 
 required to utilise 13*32 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate 
 Solution for complete precipitation. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Aluminium, Iron, Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonium, Potas- 
 sium, Bromates, Bromides, Carbonates, Cyanides, free Iodine, lodates. 
 Chlorides, Thiosulphates, Sulphates, Nitrates and Nitrites, and excess 
 of Water. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution of 2 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 and 11 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A 
 limit of 10 parts of Lead per million is also Officially fixed, as determined 
 by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a primary solution containing 12 grammes of Sodium Iodide, and an 
 auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead- 
 
1292 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Test Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should produce no distinct coloration or turbidity on the addition 
 of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals. 
 An aqueous 1 in 20 solution, when mixed with Ammonium Chloride 
 Solution and a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, should yield no 
 turbidity or precipitate on boiling, indicating the absence of Aluminium. 
 20 c.c. of a 1 in 20 solution, acidified with a few drops of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield no immediate blue coloration on the addition of 
 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Iron. The B.P. does not include a test for Barium ; 10 c.c. of an 
 aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should produce no turbidity on the addition of 1 c.c. of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Barium. 10 c.c. 
 of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield a scarcely perceptible 
 turbidity on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Calcium ; if the mixture be set aside for some time and 
 filtered, the filtrate should yield little or no turbidity on the addition 
 of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating a limit of Magnesium. The 
 salt should not evolve an odour of Ammonia when boiled with 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, nor should the issuing vapour have an 
 alkaline reaction upon moistened red Litmus paper, indicating the 
 absence of Ammonium. No more than a faint and transient violet 
 colour should be produced when a small crystal of the salt, moistened 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, is introduced in a loop of Platinum wire into 
 a non-luminous flame, and viewed through a blue glass, indicating a 
 limit of Potassium. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that a solution of 1 gramme of the salt in 1 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water should yield no precipitate on the addition of 1 c.c. of 
 Sodium Bi-Tartrate Test-Solution, indicating a limit of Potassium. 
 The B.P. includes a test for Bromates, employing presumably the 
 test indicated in the Appendix IV., but not specifying the particular 
 conditions under which these tests are to be applied. 
 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution should not be more than faintly alkaline 
 in reaction to Litmus paper, and should not effervesce on the addition 
 of a diluted mineral acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. The 
 U.S. P. introduces a limit of alkali, requiring that if 1 gramme of the 
 salt be dissolved in Distilled Water, and 0*1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution be added, no red coloration should 
 be produced on the subsequent addition of a drop of Phenolphthalein 
 Test-Solution, even after heating. No immediate blue coloration 
 should be produced when 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution are gently 
 warmed with 1 drop of Ferrous Sulphate Solution, 1 drop of Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, and ' 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 the mixture being then acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Cyanides. If 0*5 gramme of the salt be dissolved 
 in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, which has been previously boiled and 
 cooled in a small flask, the solution should not acquire a distinct 
 yellow tint, indicating the absence of free Iodine ; nor should the 
 solution acquire a yellow colour within half a minute after an addition 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1293 
 
 of 2 drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid (free from Sulphurous or Nitrous 
 Acids), indicating the absence of lodates. An aqueous solution of 
 the salt should not afford a distinct turbidity on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. The B.P. does not 
 include a test for Thiosulphates. The U.S. P. includes a test for 
 limit of Nitrates and Nitrites, the P.G. for absence of Nitrates ; the 
 tests are described in small type below under the headings of Aluminium 
 Wire and Potassium Hydroxide, and Zinc Filings, Powdered Iron and 
 Sodium Hydroxide. If 0*2 gramme of the salt be dissolved in 2 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution, and mixed with 14 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate Solution by thoroughly shaking, and filtered, 
 the filtrate, when supersaturated with Nitric Acid, should yield not 
 more than a faint opalescence within 10 minutes, indicating a limit 
 of Chlorides and Bromides ; and it should not become darker in colour 
 within this period, indicating a limit of Thiosulphates. 
 
 Sodium Iodide, when dried at 110° C. (230° F.), should not lose 
 more than 5 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. It was 
 pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion that 
 commercial samples contained from 10 to 20 p.c. ; the B.P. has 
 now fixed the limit at 5 p.c, agreeing in this respect with the P.G., 
 which, however, directs the drying to be accomplished at a temperature 
 of 100° C. (212° F.). The proposed changes in the V.S.P. IX. recom- 
 mend the adoption of a limit of moisture of 3 p.c, together with a 
 method of determination. 
 
 Zinc Filings, Powdered Iron, and Sodium Hydroxide. — 1 gramme 
 of the salt warmed with 5 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) 
 and a mixture of -5 gramme each of Zinc filings, and powdered Iron, should 
 not evolve Ammonia, indicating the absence of Nitrates, P.G. 
 
 Aluminium Wire and Potassium Hydroxide. — If to 1 gramme of the 
 salt contained in a test-tube of about 40 c.c. capacity, 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, 5 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Test-Solution, and about 0-2 gramme 
 of Aluminium wire be added, and if in the upper portion of the test-tube a 
 pledget of purified Cotton be inserted, and over the mouth there be placed 
 a piece of moistened red Litmus paper, then if the tube be heated upon a 
 water-bath for 15 minutes, no blue coloration of the paper should be 
 discernible, indicating a Umit of Nitrates and Nitrites, U.S. P. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A solution of • 5 gramme of the well-dried 
 salt in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, with about 5 drops of Potassium Chromate 
 Test-Solution added, should require not more than 34*6 c.c. nor Ices' than 
 33 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a 
 permanent red colour, corresponding to at least 98 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Iodide, U.S.P. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the method of 
 determination be changed from direct determination with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, to residual titration with Tenth-Normal 
 Volmnetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, after addition of an excess of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 Rubidium Iodide has been used for purposes similar to those of Potassium 
 Iodide. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1*3 gi'ammes. 
 
1294 SOD [Solids by Weight ; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SODII NITRIS. 
 
 SODIUM NITRITE. 
 NaNOo, eq. 69-01. 
 
 White, or yellowish-white, odourless, fused pencils or sticks, with 
 a crystalline fracture ; or a whitish deliquescent crystalline powder, 
 possessing a mild saline taste and an alkaline reaction. The B.P. 
 recognises only the white crystalline deliquescent powder. 
 
 It may be prepared by fusing Sodium Nitrate with reducing sub- 
 stances, e.g., metallic Lead, Barium Sulphide, etc., but if the reduction 
 is carried too far, free alkali is formed, and afterwards becomes car- 
 bonated. The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 95 p.c. of pure 
 Sodium Nitrite ; the U.S. P. not less than 90 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Nitrite ; the P.G. does not state a requisite percentage. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint and j)rotected as far as possible from contact with the air and 
 light, as it has a tendency to deliquesce and to become gradually 
 oxidised. 
 
 Solubility.— 5 in 6 of Water ; 1 in DO of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — ^Vaso-dilator and antispasmodic. Used 
 with the object of warding ofi the attack in angina pectoris and 
 asthma, as well as relieving the symptoms during an attack; also 
 in migraine and hemicrania if accompanied by facial pallor. It is 
 not so rapid in its action as Amyl Nitrite, but is more persistent and 
 more gentle. It is of great service in lowering arterial tension in 
 renal cirrhosis. 
 
 |- to 2 grains with 10 grains each of Potassium Nitrate and Bicarbonate, 
 as a powder, taken every morning in hot Water or an aperient Water, such 
 as Apenta, tends to keep blood pressure down, and may be continued daily 
 for a good many years. If this is insufficient, a J or i grain Nitro-erythrol 
 tablet, later in the day, in addition to the morning powder, may serve the 
 purpose. — (Lauder Brunton) B.M.J. '90, ii. 66. 
 
 A note emphasising the danger of employing Nitrite in arterio -sclerosis 
 indiscriminately and in every case. — L. '13, i. 1247. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 2 grains = 0-03 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 It is supplied in tablets of 1, 2^, or 3 grains. 
 
 Antidotes.- — Emetics, fresh air, recumbent position, Ergot, and Atropine. 
 
 Not Official. — Sodii Nitras, Sodii Silicas, Liquor Natrii Silicici. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Nitrite when heated melts, and at a red heat is 
 decomposed. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 forming a clear solution, which is neutral or but slightly alkaline in 
 reaction towards Litmus paper. It answers the tests distinctive of 
 Sodium given under that heading. Potassium Iodide Solution and 
 Starch Mucilage when added to an aqueous solution yield on the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1295 
 
 addition of a few drops of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a blue coloration. 
 With Ferrous Sulphate Solution and Acetic Acid the aqueous solution 
 affords a deep brown colour ; the salt evolves red fumes when mixed 
 with Diluted Sulphuric Acid. It is Officially required to contain 
 not less than 94 '88 p.c. of pure Sodium Nitrite, as volumetrically 
 determined by titrating 0*1 gramme dissolved in Distilled Water, 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, 
 of which not less than 27*5 ml. should be required to produce a 
 permanent pink coloration ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution =0 "00345 gramme of pure 
 Sodium Nitrite. It was pointed out in the Seventeenth Edition of 
 Squire s Companion that in the absence of the nitrometer which was 
 necessary to carry out the previous B.P. method of determJnatiou, 
 Sodium Nitrite might be readily estimated with a standard solution 
 of Potassium Permanganate, 0*1 gramme of pure Sodium Nitrite 
 requiring 29*0 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Perman- 
 ganate Solution ; it will be noticed that the B.P. has now adopted the 
 Comfanion suggestion. Good commercial samples compionly yield 
 98 p.c. of pure Sodium Nitrite. The U.S. P. requires it to contain 
 not less than 90 p.c. of pure Sodium Nitrite as volumetrically deter- 
 mined by the process described in small type below under the heading 
 of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this 
 rubric be changed to not less than 95 p.c. by weight of pure Sodium 
 Nitrite. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Antimony, 
 Lead, and heavy metallic salts. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of 
 Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by heating 
 2 grammes of the salt in a porcelain dish with 2 ml. of Sulphuric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 ml. of Distilled Water, until the nitrous 
 fumes are completely dissipated, and white fumes are evolved, cooling, 
 and after the addition of a further 3 ml. of Distilled Water repeating 
 the heating until white fumes are again evolved, cooling, mixing the 
 residue with 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 10 ml. of Stannated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, and heated to expel the nitrous 
 fumes, when restored to its original volume should yield no coloration 
 or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Lead. The B.P. requires that the aqueous solution 
 should yield no precipitate on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of Lead. The P.G. requires that if 1 gramme 
 of Sodium Nitrite and 1 gramme of Ammonium Chloride be moistened 
 with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water in a porcelain evaporating basin, and 
 after being dissolved they be evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, 
 the solution of the residue in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water should not bo 
 altered on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Arsenic and Antimony compounds, and heavy metallic 
 salts. 
 
129(5 SOD [Solids by Weigkt; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If to 30 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution, diluted with about 150 c.c. of DistiUed 
 AVater, 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and 10 c.c. of a solution of 1 gramme of 
 Sodiiun Nitrite in siifficient Distilled Water to make 100 c.c. be successively 
 added, the liquid brought to a temperature of 40° C. (104° F.) and allowed 
 to stand for 5 minutes, not more than 3-75 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Oxahc Acid Solution should be required to decolorise the solution, 1 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Vohmietric Potassium Permanganate Solution corresponding 
 to 0-0034285 gramme of pure Sodium Nitrite, U.S. P. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the following 
 method of determination be made Official : — An accm-ately weighed quantity 
 of 1 gramme of Sodium Nitrite is dissolved in Distilled Water, and sufficient 
 Distilled Water added to make a volume of 100 c.c, a measured quantity 
 of 10 c.c. of this solution is introduced into a mixture of 50 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, 100 c.c^ of Distilled 
 Water and 5 c.c. of Sulphiuric Acid, by means of a pipette, having its point 
 dipping beneath the sin-face of this mixture; the liquid is warmed to 40° C. 
 (104°F.), allowed to stand diu-ing 5 nainutes, and titrated with Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SODII NITRAS. — Colomiess, transparent crystals, soluble about 4 in 5 of 
 Water. 
 
 Average Dose. — 15 grains (1 gramme). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Russ., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 SODII SILICAS.— SocUiun Silicate. Soluble Glass, Water Glass.— A trans- 
 parent, glass-hke mass ; it has also been obtained in crystals. Commercially 
 it occurs as a transparent, colourless, slight yellowish, viscovis fluid, con- 
 taining from 30 to 50 p.c. It is used in the preparation of sui-gical dressings, 
 and has been stated to possess antiseptic properties. 
 
 Liquor Sodii Silicatis, a semi-transparent, almost colom-less or yellowish 
 or pale greenish-yellow viscid liquid, was Official in U.S. 1890, but is not 
 in the 1905. 
 
 LIQUOR NATRII SILICICI (P.G.) is described as a clear, colourless or 
 faintly yellowish, syrupy viscous fluid, sp. gr. 1-300 to 1-400, containing 
 about 35 p.c. of a variable mixture of Sochum Trisilicate and Sodium Tetra- 
 silicate. 
 
 SODII PHOSPHAS. 
 
 SODIUM PHOSPHATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Di-soDiuM Hydbogen Phosphate. 
 
 NaoHP04, I2H2O, eq. 358-240. 
 
 Fr., Phosphate Mono-acide de Sodium ; Ger., Natriumphosphat ; 
 Ital., Fosfato Bisodico ; Span., Fosfato Sodico. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, translucent, efflorescent, rhombic crystals, 
 possessing a cooling taste and alkaline reaction. 
 
 There are three Sodium Phosphates, the Ortlio-, Meta-, and Para- 
 Phosphates. Tlie B.P. salt is the Di-Sodium Hydrogen Ortho- 
 Phosphate, and is required to contain not less than 99*5 p.c. of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiue.] SOD 1297 
 
 pure Di-Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate ; the U.S. P. is also the Ortho- 
 Phosphate, and is required to contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Di-Sodium Ortho-Phosphate ; the Fr. Codex and P.G. are also Ortho- 
 Phosphates, but are not required to contain any definite percentages 
 of Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels, and in a cool atmosphere, 
 as it has a tendency to effloresce on exposure to dry air. 
 
 It may be prepared by the interaction of Acid Calcium Phosphate 
 with Sodium Carbonate. Acid Calcium Phosphate may be produced 
 by the interaction of Bone- Ash and Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Di-Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate is liable to be contaminated with 
 Arsenic ; of course only samples agreeing with the B.P. limit of Arsenic 
 should be used in medicine. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 6 of Water ; dissolves in its own Water of crystal- 
 lisation when heated below 212° F. ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild, saline purgative ; from its pure 
 saline taste it is called Tasteless Aperient Salt, and is often given 
 to children. Diuretic, antacid and antilithic in small doses. As it 
 renders the urine alkaline, it is sometimes useful in gout. 
 
 Of distinct benefit in exophthahnic goitre. — M.P. '14, ii. 358. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 120 grains = 2 to 8 grammes, for repeated adminis- 
 tration ; for a single administration, 150 to 245 grains = 10 to 16 
 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Sodii Phosphas Effervescens. Used in the pre- 
 paration of Ferri Phosphas Saccharatus. 
 
 Wot Official. — Liquor Sodii Phosphatis Conipositus, and Sodii Phosphas 
 
 Exsiccatus. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Dan. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Phosphate when exposed to dry air loses, according 
 to the U.S. P., 5 molecules of Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 
 25-1 p.c. ; at 100° C. (212° F.) it loses all its Water of crystallisation, 
 equivalent to 60* 3 p.c, and at a red heat it is converted into 
 Sodium Pyrophosphate. The crystallised salt liquefies at about 
 40° C. (104° F.). It answers the tests distinctive of Sodium given 
 under that heading. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, yielding a clear, colourless solution which is slightly alkaline 
 in reaction towards Litmus paper. The aqueous solution yields on the 
 addition of Silver Ammonio-Nitrate Solution, a light yellow precipitate 
 readily soluble in Ammonia Solution and in cold Diluted Nitric Acid. 
 Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution yields a white crystalline 
 precipitate, soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. The aqueous solution 
 containing free Nitric Acid affords on warming with an excess of 
 Ammonium Molybdate Solution, a yellow precipitate soluble in Ammonia 
 Solution and reprecipitated as a white crystalline precipitate on the 
 addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. 
 
 The Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion pointed out that 
 the percentage of pure crystallised Sodium Phosphate might be 
 
1298 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 determined by direct titration with Normal Volumetric Sulpliuric Acid 
 Solution, employing Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality, 
 but on account of the high molecular weight of the salt, 3 grammes 
 was suggested as a suitable quantity to be used for the determination. 
 It is now Officially required to contain not less than 99*59 p.c. of pure 
 Di-Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate, as determined by titrating a solution 
 of 5 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of Distilled Water, with Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less than 13 "9 ml. 
 should be required, Methyl Orange Solution being employed as an 
 indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution = • 35824 gramme of Di-Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate. The 
 U.S. P. requires that the uneffloresced salt should contain not less than 
 99 p.c. of pure Di-Sodium Ortho-Phosphate, but gives no method of 
 determination. Neither the Fr. Codex nor the P.G. states either a 
 requisite percentage or a method of determination. The proposed 
 changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric be changed to 
 ' not less than 39 '25 nor more than 41 '21 p.c. by weight of anhydrous 
 Di-Sodium Hydrogen Ortho-Phosphate,' and that the method of deter- 
 mination be as follows : — About 0*4 gramme of Sodium Phosphate 
 is accurately weighed and introduced into a 100 c.c. graduated flask, 
 dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, mixed with 50 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, and the mixture thoroughly 
 agitated. Zinc Oxide (free from Chloride) is then introduced in small 
 portions at a time until the liquid is neutral to Litmus. Sufficient 
 Distilled Water is then added to make the fluid measure 100 c.c, the 
 mixture thoroughly agitated, filtered through a dry filter, a measured 
 quantity of 50 c.c. of the filtrate collected, 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 
 2 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution added, and the 
 mixture titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulpho- 
 cyanate Solution, until a permanent red colour is produced. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Calcium, Potassium, Ammonium, Carbonates, Chlorides, Sulphates, 
 and deficiency or excess of Water. The limit of 5 parts of Arsenic 
 per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 796) has now been fixed by the 
 B.P., as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a solution containing 2 grammes of the 
 salt in a mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 10 ml. of Stannated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The limit of 5 parts of Lead 
 per million, suggested in the same reference, has also been Officially 
 fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of 
 Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes of 
 Sodium Phosphate, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. The U.S. P. employs the 
 modified Gutzeit's Test, requiring that 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 aqueous 
 solution of the salt should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's Test, 
 indicating a limit of Arsenic. The P.G. employs the Bettendorf's 
 Test, requiring that a mixture of 1 gramme of Sodium Phosphate, 
 dehydrated at 100° C. (212° ¥.), and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solu- 
 tion should not assume a dark coloration within one hour, indicating 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] SOD 1299 
 
 a limit of Arsenic compounds. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should afiord no perceptible darkening in 
 colour on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a 
 limit of heavy metals ; and on the subsequent addition of an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution, no appreciable darkening in colour should 
 result, indicating a limit of Iron. The solution obtained on dissolving 
 1 gramme of the salt in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water should exhibit at 
 the most but a faint turbidity, indicating a limit of Calcium. A 
 small crystal of the salt, when moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and 
 introduced on a loop of Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame, 
 should afford no more than a faint and transient violet coloration 
 when viewed through a blue glass, indicating a limit of Potassium. 
 A 1 in 10 aqueous solution of the salt should not afford an 
 ammoniacal odour when boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, nor 
 should the issuing vapour possess an alkaline reaction towards a piece 
 of moistened red Litmus paper, indicating the absence of Ammonium. 
 It should yield no effervescence on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield at the most but a 
 faint turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Chlorides. A solution of similar strength, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest turbidity 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Sulphates. Sodium Phosphate, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) till 
 constant in weight, should lose not more than 60*5 p-c. of its weight, 
 indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 SODII PHOSPHAS EFFERVESCENS. Effervescent Sodium 
 Phosphate. 
 
 Sodium Phosphate, in crystals, 50 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, in powder, 
 50 ; Tartaric Acid, in powder, 27 ; Citric Acid, in powder, 18 ; made 
 in granules, the total weight of which is about 100. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes, for repeated adminis- 
 tration ; for a single administration, 150 to 245 grains = 10 to 16 
 grammes. 
 
 It is Official in- U.S., Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate, 200; Sodium Bicar- 
 bonate, 477 ; Tartaric Acid, 252 ; Citric Acid, 162. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR SODII PHOSPHATIS COMPOSITUS (C/.5.). — Sodium 
 Phosphate, 100 ; Sodium Nitrate, 4 ; Citric Acid, 13 ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 to make 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 2 fl. drm. (8 c.c). 
 
 SODII PHOSPHAS EXSICCATUS.— An odourless white powder, which 
 is convenient for mixing with other powders. 1 of the dried salt is about 
 equal to 2^ of the crystalline. 
 
 Official in Russ., Swiss and U.S. 
 
1300 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 SODII PHOSPHAS ACIDUS. 
 
 ACID SODIUM PHOSPHATE. 
 B.P.Syn. — SoDiTTM Di-hydrogen Phosphate ; Sodium Eiphosphate. 
 
 [NEW.] 
 
 Large, transparent, moist rhombic crystals, or as a crystalline 
 powder, possessing a saline and acidulous taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Di-Sodium Hydrogen 
 Phosphate and Phosphoric Acid. 
 
 Sodium Acid Phosphate has appeared in Squire s Companion since 
 1904, and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 It is required to contain not less than 70 p.c. of pure Sodium Di- 
 Hydrogen Phosphate, NaHoPO^, eq. 120-056. 
 
 Solubility. — Readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given to convert a neutral or alkaline 
 urine into an acid one. 
 
 The nornial acid of the \irine is acid Sodittm Phosphate, NaHjPO^, and 
 by the administration of this Salt by the mouth it is possible to convert an 
 alkaline urine into an acid urine, and to double or treble the degree of acidity 
 of an average acid urine. The condition of the urine is of paramount impor- 
 tance during the administration of Urotropine. If Urotropine be given to 
 a patient whose urine is alkaline or neutral it exerts no particular effect, and 
 as a genito-urinary antiseptic is valueless, but in a patient with an acid 
 lu'ine, a proportion of the drug is converted to formic Aldehyde, one of the 
 most powerful of antiseptics. Therefore, obtain first* an acid iu"ine and then 
 employ Urotropine.— (W. E. Dixon) Pr. '11, i. 367. 
 
 A solvent for Calcium Oxalate deposit or calculus. — L. '09, ii. 1333. 
 
 By far the most potent means of increasing the acidity of the urine, and 
 the greater its acidity the greater the solvent action on Calcium Oxalate. 
 But this artificial increase of acidity favours deposition of uric acid. — 
 (R. Hutchison) B.M.J. '09, ii. 1347. 
 
 By this the acidity of the urine is readily increased to an extent of more 
 than double the normal. — B.M.J. '13, ii. 654. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 60 grains = 2 to 4 grammes every 3 hours, but it is 
 better to give smaller quantities oftener to ensure continuous elimina- 
 tion. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Acid Phosphate, when heated, melts in its Water 
 of crvstallisation, and when dried till constant in weight at 100° to 
 105° C. (212° to 221° F.) loses about 30 p.c. of its weight. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear, colourless 
 solution, having a strongly acid reaction to Litmus paper. This 
 solution yields the reactions characteristic of Sodium given under 
 that heading. It yields on the addition of Silver Ammonio-Nitrate 
 Solution, a light yellow precipitate, readily soluble in Ammonia Solution 
 and in cold Diluted Nitric Acid. On the addition of Ammonia Solution 
 and Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution it yields a white crystalline 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1301 
 
 precipitate) soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. An aqueous solution 
 containing free Nitric Acid yields, on the addition of an excess of 
 Ammonium Molybdate Solution, and warming, a yellow precipitate, 
 soluble in Ammonia Solution, and reprecipitated as a white crystalline 
 precipitate on the addition of Magnesium Ammonio-Sulphate Solution. 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 69*63 p.c. of pure 
 Sodium Di-Hydrogen Phosphate, as determined by titrating 1 gramme 
 of the salt in solution in a mixture of 10 ml. of Distilled Water and 
 10 ml. of Glycerin, with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 of which not less than 5*8 ml. should be required, Phenolphthalein 
 Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0" 120056 gramme of pure 
 Sodium Di-Hydrogen Phosphate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Potassium, Ammonium, Chlorides, Sulphates, and excess of 
 Water. The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as 
 determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution of 5 grammes of the salt in a mixture of 
 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. A limit of 5 parts of Lead per million is 
 also Officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the 
 heading of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 
 12 grammes of Acid Sodium Phosphate, and an auxiliary solution 
 containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Diluted Lead-Test Solution. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield no appreciable darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a, limit of heavy metals ; on 
 the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution no further 
 appreciable darkening in colour should result, indicating a limit of 
 Iron. Viewed through a blue glass, no more than a faint and tran- 
 sient violet coloration should be obtained when a small crystal of 
 the salt is moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced in a 
 loop of Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame, indicating a limit 
 of Potassium. When warmed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution the 
 salt should not yield a characteristic odour of Ammonia, nor should the 
 issuing vapour turn a piece of moistened red Litmus paper blue, 
 indicating the absence of Ammonium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest 
 turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit 
 of Chlorides. A solution of similar strength, acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest turbidity on 
 the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 Sodium Acid Phosphate, when dried at 100° to 105° C. (212° to 
 221° F.) should lose not more than 30 p.c. of its weight, indicating a 
 limit of Water. 
 
 Sodii Pyrophosphas is Official in Swiss and U.S. 
 
1302 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by MeasiU'C.j 
 
 SODII SALICYLAS. 
 
 SODIUM SALICYLATE. 
 NaC^HsOg, eq. 160-04. 
 
 Fb., Salicylate Netjtbe de Sodium ; Ger., Natriumsalicylat ; 
 Ital., Salicilato di Sodio ; Span., Salicilato Sodico. 
 
 There are two Sodium Salicylates, the one prepared with the 
 ' Natural ' Acid, the other with the ' Artificial ' Acid. 
 
 The former is in yellowish or pinkish-white pearly scales, or as a 
 pinkish-white amorphous powder, possessing a sweetish saline taste, 
 and frequently a faint odour of Methyl Salicylate ; the latter is in white, 
 odourless, lustrous, pearly scales, or a white, amorphous, odourless, 
 powder, with a sweetish saline taste. 
 
 They may be obtained by the interaction of the respective Salicylic 
 Acids and Sodium Carbonate or Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 Both varieties should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber 
 tint. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 99*5 p. c. of pure Sodium 
 Salicylate ; and in this respect is now in agreement with the U.S. P. 
 which also requires this percentage. 
 
 100 parts of Sodium Salicylate contain 86 parts of Acid Salicylic. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 5 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 30 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Given as a specific in acute rheu- 
 matism, in which it lowers the temperature, lessens the pain and 
 swelling, and also the liability to complications such as pericarditis. 
 Occasionally used as an antipyretic in pneumonia, typhoid and all 
 pyrexial affections. Analgesic in many conditions, such as fibrositis. 
 A soluble form of Salicylic Acid, and less irritating. Useful in influenza, 
 diabetes, chronic rheumatism, mumps, sciatica, and in acute tonsillitis, 
 which is so often rheumatic in origin. One of the best antiseptics for 
 fermentative dyspepsia. It slightly increases the acidity of the urine. 
 Brunton says that in obstinate constipation due to gout its adminis- 
 tration will tend to keep the bowels regular without any purgative 
 whatever. 
 
 Combined with Potassium Bromide in headache ; of great value in psoriasis 
 and in many forms of erythema, especially e. nodosum. 
 
 Sahcylates are not sijecifics for every affection termed rheumatic, such as 
 subcutaneous nodules, chorea, endo- and pericarditis. The danger of upsetting 
 the stomach with the irritant Salicylates must be borne in mind in all heart 
 affections, as must the risk of Acidosis. — L. '11, i. 1277. 
 
 For the diarrhoea and sickness of young children is almost a siDScific. — 
 Pr., '11, i. 371. 
 
 Of great value in bilious headache ; probably the most powerful of all 
 hepatic stimulants. — Pr. '11, i. 371. 
 
 In the early stages of gonorrhoea and in cystitis it is one of the most 
 efficient drugs in the Pharmacopoeia. In gonorrhoea it should be combined 
 with Potassium Bicarbonate. — Pr. '11, i. 373. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1303 
 
 Pruritus ani may be instantly relieved by the application of a very minute 
 quantity. — L. '11, ii. 1232. 
 
 Extremely satisfactory results in diabetes mellitus. — F.T. '11, 7. 
 
 A 4 p.c. Solution leaves, on evaporation, a protective film on hacks, sore 
 nipples, and ulcerated chilblains ; a piece of wool soaked in a Solution and 
 applied to the cavity left on extracting a tooth immediately allays the pain. 
 —M.A. 'II, 49. 
 
 In acute and subaciite rhemuatism the most useful form of medication is 
 a combination of 1 part of this and 2 parts Sodium Bicarbonate ; the latter 
 prevents acidremia and vu-inary acidity ; it is necessary to stop the medicine 
 when vomiting or other symptom duo to Salicylate arises, but to resume it 
 after a few hours in a dose of one-half that last given, and soon to increase 
 it.— B.M.J. '12, ii. 931. 
 
 In acute rheumatism relapses are apt to occur unless its administration is 
 kept up for 3 weeks or longer. — (Stockman) B.M.J. '13, i. 598. 
 
 Of little ciu-ativo value in fibrositis and muscular rhevunatism.— J5.il/. J. 
 '13, ii. 858, 251. 
 
 Any dose greater than 100 grains daily should be given sub-divided into 
 10 doses in the 24 hours ; large infrequent doses should never be given, 
 particvilarly in children. — L. '15, i. 178. 
 
 A number of cases of ' trench back ' .successfully treated by Sodium 
 Salicylate ionization. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 215. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0*65 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Best given in solution well diluted, to avoid 
 dyspepsia, but may also he prescribed in cachets or powders. When dissolved 
 in Water and mixed with Ammonia or Ammonium Carbonate, the Solution soon 
 becomes yellow or brown on exposure to the air, which happens in mixtures con- 
 taining the salt and Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia when the bottle is half full ; the 
 change also takes place with Sodium Bicarbonate but more slowly. It is some- 
 times prescribed with Citric Acid, which precipitates the Salicylic Acid, hut it is 
 better to give it with Sodium or Potassium Citrate. When prescribed with a salt 
 of Quinine, Quinine Salicylate is formed, ivhich is only slightly soluble, and 
 is therefore thrown out. Effervescing Granules are supplied containing 
 5 grains or 10 grains in each 60 grains. It may be prescribed tvith Iron as 
 follows: — Sodium Salicylate, 60 grcdns ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 120 
 viinims ; Tincture of Perchloride of Iron, 60 minims. Water, to 4 fl. oz. 
 This forms a reddish-purple Solution ivhich may be further diluted with Water 
 if desired. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all the Foreign Pharmacopoeias 
 except Port. Dutch has also Sahcylas Natricus cmn Coffeino. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Salicylate when heated emits white inflammable 
 vapours, possessing an odour of Phenol, leaving a carbonaceous residue 
 which, when dissolved in Distilled Water, produces a solution having 
 a strong alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, and which effervesces 
 on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, yielding a solution 
 which conforms to the characteristic reactions for Sodium given under 
 that heading. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 forming a clear and almost colourless solution which is neutral or 
 only faintly acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 1 in 100 aqueous 
 solution affords a deep violet colour on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution. The B.P. now wisely omits the reaction of concentrated 
 aqueous solutions and Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. The U.S. P. 
 states that Ferric Chloride Test-Solution added to a diluted solution 
 (1 in 100) produces a deep violet-blue colour ; the P.G. states that a 
 i in 1000 aqueous solution affords a bluish-violet coloration on the 
 
1304 SOD [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 affords a green coloration with Copper Sulphate Test-Solution. A 
 10 p.c. aqueous solution yields on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, a white crystalline precipitate, readily soluble in Ether. If the 
 precipitate produced on acidification be separated by filtration, washed 
 free of mineral acid, and carefully dried, it should possess the melting 
 point and answer the tests distinctive of Salicylic Acid given under 
 Acidum Salicylicum. A small quantity of the salt, when warmed 
 Avith a little concentrated Sulphuric Acid and a few drops of Methyl 
 Alcohol, evolves a distinctive odour of Methyl Salicylate. It is Officially 
 required to contain not less than 99*22 p.c. of pure Sodium Salicylate, 
 as volumetrically determined by igniting a weighed quantity of 
 2 grammes of the salt, cooling, dissolving the residue in Distilled 
 Water, filtering, washing the residue with Distilled Water till free 
 from alkaline reaction, and titrating the filtrate and washings with 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, of which not less 
 than 24*8 ml. should be required; Methyl Orange Solution may be 
 employed as an indicator of neutrality and also to ascertain that the 
 washings are no longer alkaline, although not specifically mentioned 
 by the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 = 0" 08002 gramme of pure Sodium Salicylate. The U.S. P. requires 
 it to contain not less than 99 'T) p.c. of pure Sodium Salicylate as 
 volumetrically determined by the process described in small type 
 below under the heading Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Chlorides, Sulphates and Sulphites, readily charred organic 
 impurities and Carbonates, unconverted Phenol, and isomers or 
 homologues of Salicylic Acid. The B.P. fixes a limit of 2 parts of 
 Arsenic per million, as determined b^ the Arsenic Test given imder 
 the heading of Special Tests, employmg a solution of the residue left 
 on gently igniting 5 grammes of the salt, using, to efiect solution, a 
 mixture of 14 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent 
 and 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, a sufiiciency of Stannous Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test reagent being employed to eliminate the excess of Bromine. 
 A standard of 10 parts of Lead per million is also Officially fixed, as 
 determined by the Lead Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing a primary solution containing 12 grammes of Sodium Sali- 
 cylate, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, using 10 ml. 
 of Dilute Lead-Test Solution. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, and filtered, should yield no appreciable 
 coloration or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating a limit of heavy metals ; on the subsequent addition of an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution no further appreciable darkening in 
 colour or turbidity should result, indicating a limit of Iron. When 
 Diluted Nitric Acid is added in slight excess to a 1 in 10 aqueous 
 solution of the salt and the precipitated Salicylic Acid is removed 
 by filtration, the filtrate should yield only a slight turbidity on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides ; 
 or on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1805 
 
 Sulphates. If a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of tlie salt be mixed with a 
 few drops of Iodine Test-Solution and a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, 
 the filtrate should yield no precipitate upon the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphites. O'l gramme 
 of the salt should dissolve without coloration and without effervescence 
 in 1 CO. of cold Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of readily charred 
 organic impurities and of Carbonates. The concentrated aqueous 
 solution, when shaken with an equal volume of Ether, and the ethereal 
 solution allowed to evaporate spontaneously, the residue should be 
 'free from any odour of Phenol, indicating the absence of uncon- 
 verted Phenol. The jB.P.' merely states that 50 to 100 grammes of 
 the salt, kept in a closed vessel for several days, should not evolve the 
 faintest odour of Phenol. Isomers and homologues of Salicylic Acid 
 can be detected, if present, by their influence on the melting point of 
 the acid separated from the salt on acidification. 
 
 Volumetrie Determination. — If 1 gramme of the dry salt be thoroughly 
 ignited at a red heat, and the residue extracted with boiling Distilled Water 
 until the washings cease to react with Methyl Orange Test-Solution, the 
 mixed filtrate and washings should reqiiire for complete neutralisation not 
 leas than 12-5 (12-52) c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphviric Acid 
 Solution, Methyl Orange Test-Solution being used as indicator, U.S. P. 
 
 SODII SULPHAS. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Glauber's Salt. 
 Na2SO4l0H2O, eq. 322-23. 
 
 Fb., Sulfate de Sodium Officinal ; Geb., Natriumsulfat ; 
 Ital., Solfato di Sodio; Span., Sulfato Sodico. 
 
 Colourless, transparent, efflorescent, monoclinic prisms, having a 
 bitter, cooling, saline taste. 
 
 It may be obtained by decomposing Sodium Chloride with Sulphuric 
 Acid. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and in a cool atmosphere, as 
 it readily effloresces on exposure to air, losing its Water of crystallisa- 
 tion. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 3 of Water, and measures 3| ; 10 in 3 of Water at 
 92° F. ; 10 in 4i of Water at 212° F. ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hydragogue purgative and cholagogue ; 
 useful in cases of gall-stones and of liver disease ; in small repeated 
 doses it is especially well adapted for cases of constipation associated 
 with gout and hepatic dyspepsia. 
 
 Given in 1-drm. doses in either Fennel or Cinnamon Water 4, 5 or 6 times 
 a day in bacillary dysentery; in acute cases no drug is laiown which acts so 
 rapidly, painlessly, or so effectually. 
 
 Dose. — 30 to 120 grains = 2 to 8 grammes, for repeated adminis- 
 
1306 SOD [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 tration ; for a single administration, 150 to 245 grains = 10 to 16 
 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It may he given in solution with Syrup of Ginrjer, 
 or Syrup of Orange, and also toith Pejjpenninl Water ; in the form of a powder, 
 as Pulvis Sodii Sulphatis et Ztngiberis ; and as an effervescent Granule. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Sodii Sulphas Effervescens. 
 
 Wot Official. — Sodii Sulphas Exsiccatus, Pvilvis Sodii Sulphatis et 
 Ziugiberis, Sal Caroliniun Factitium, Pulvis Salis Caroliiai Factitii Effervescens, 
 Sodii Persulphas, and Sodii Bisulphas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. ^ — Official in Austr., Belg., Jap. and Swiss 
 (Natrium Svilphuricuni) ; Dan., Dutch, Norw. and Swed. (Siilphas 
 iSTatricus); Fr. (Sulfate de Sodium Officinale); Gar. and Russ. 
 (Natrium Sulfurieum) ; Hung. (Natrivim Sulfuricum Crystal- 
 lisatum); Ttal. (Solfato di Sodio) ; Mex. (Sulfato de Sodio); Port. 
 (Sulphato de Soda); Span. (Sulfato Sodico) ; U.S. 
 
 Tests.- — Sodium Sulphate melts when heated. The U.S. P. says 
 the salt fuses at 33° C. (91-4° F.). When dried at 100° C. (212° F.) 
 it loses the whole of its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 55*9 p.c. 
 It answers the tests distinctive of Sodium given under that heading. 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a 
 clear, colourless solution which is neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, and which, on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, yields 
 a white precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. It is oflicially 
 reqnired to contain about 99*9 p.c. of pure crystallised Sodium 
 Sulphate, as gravimetrically determined by precipitating an aqueous 
 solution of 1 gramme of the salt in Distilled Water acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, with an excess of Barium Chloride Solution ; the 
 white precipitate produced, when filtered off, well washed with Distilled 
 Water, and dried, should weigh about 0*724 gramme. The U.S. P. 
 requires the salt to contain in an unefEoresced condition not less than 
 99 p.c. of pure crystallised Sodium Sulphate, but no method of determi- 
 nation is given. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the rubric be changed to ' not less than 43 * 64 or more than 45*82 p.c. 
 by weight of anhydrous Sodium Sulphate, as determined by dissolving 
 
 1 gramme of the salt in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, acidifying the 
 solution with H3'drochloric Acid, and heating it to the boiling, gradually 
 adding an excess of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, allowing the mixture 
 to stand during 30 minutes, collecting the precipitate of Barium Suljihate 
 on a filter, washing, drying, igniting, and weighing the residue.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonium, Sodium Acid Sulphate, 
 Potassium, Carbonates, Chlorides, and excess of Water. The B.P. 
 1914 rectifies the omission of the B.P. 1898 referred to in the 
 Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion, and now fixes a limit of 
 
 2 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test 
 given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 
 5 grammes of the salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 10 ml. of 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. It also includes 
 a limit of 5 parts of Lead per million, as determined by the Lead 
 Test given under the heading of Sj)ecial Tests, employing a primary 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1307 
 
 solution containing 12 grammes of Sodium Sulpliate, and an auxiliary 
 solution containing 2 grammes, using 5 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test 
 Solution. The U.S. P. employs the modified Gutzeit's Test requiring 
 that 5 CO. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution should not respond to this 
 test, indicating a limit of Arsenic, The P.G. employs the Bettendorf's 
 Test, requiring that a mixture of 1 gramme of powdered Sodium 
 Sulphate, previously dried, and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution 
 should assume no dark colour within 1 hour, indicating the absence 
 of Arsenic compounds. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no appreciable darkening in 
 colour or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating a limit of heavy metals. 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solu- 
 tion should not assume an immediate blue coloration on the addition 
 of 0*5 c.c. of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Iron. A 1 in 20 solution, when boiled with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 should evolve no characteristic odour of Ammonia, nor should the 
 issuing vapour turn a piece of moistened red Litmus paper blue, 
 indicating the absence of Ammonium. The B.P. does not include 
 tests for Copper or for Calcium. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should 
 be clear and colourless and should not be acid in reaction to Litmus 
 paper, indicating the absence of Sodium Acid Sulphate. No similar 
 test is included in the B.P. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should 
 yield no turbidity on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium, and when to the mixture is added 
 Ammonium Chloride Solution, allowed to stand some time and filtered, 
 the filtrate should not yield a turbidity on the addition of Sodium 
 Phosphate Solution, indicating the absence of Magnesium. When 
 viewed through a piece of blue glass only a faint and evanescent violet 
 coloration should be imparted to a non-luminous flame, when a crystal 
 of the salt moistened with Hydrochloric Acid is introduced into it on 
 a loop of Platinum wire, indicating a limit of Potassium. A strong 
 aqueous solution of the salt should yield no effervescence on the 
 addition of Hydrochloric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 When acidified with Diluted Nitric Acid a 1 in 20 aqueous solution 
 should yield no more than the faintest turbidity on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. Sodium 
 Sulphate, when dried till constant in weight at 100° C. (212° F.), 
 should lose not more than 60 p.c. of its weight, indicating a hmit of 
 Water. 
 
 Pi'eparation. 
 
 SODII SULPHAS EFFERVESCENS. Effervescent Sodium 
 Sulphate. 
 
 Sodium Sulphate, in crystals, 50 ; Sodium Bicarbonate, in powder, 
 50 ; Tartaric Acid, in powder, 27 ; Citric Acid, in powder, 18 ; made 
 into granules, the total weight of which is about 100. (1 in 2.) 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes, for repeated adminis- 
 tration ; for a single administration, 150 to 245 grains = 10 to 16 
 grammes. 
 
1308 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SODil SULPHAS EXSICCATUS is an odourless white powder, 1 of 
 which equals 2^ of the crystalline salt. It is more convenient than the 
 crystals for mixing with other powders, but it takes much longer to dissolve. 
 
 The P.G. requires it to contain 88-6 p.c. of anhydrous Sodium Sulphate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Aiistr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 PULVIS SODII SULPHATIS ET ZINGIBERIS. — Sodium Sulphate 
 (powdered crystals), 60 grains ; Ginger, in powder, 5 grains ; mix. 
 To be taken in a small tumbler of warm Water, in the morning. 
 
 SAL CAROLINUM FACTITIUM, Ger., Hung., Ital., Norw., Swed. and 
 Russ.- — Dry Sodium Sulphate, 22 ; Potassivun Sulphate, 1 ; Sodium Chloride, 
 9 ; Sodiimi Bicarbonate, 18. A Solution of 6 grammes in 1000 c.c. of Water 
 resembles Carlsbad Water. 
 
 Dry Sodivun Sulphate, 47 ; Potassium Sulphate, 2 ; Sodium Chloride, 15 ; 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 36. — Jap. 
 
 PULVIS SALIS CAROLINI FACTITII EFFERVESCENS (Effervescent 
 Powder of Carlsbad Salt). — Dried Sodium Sulphate, 11 oz. ; Powdered 
 Potassium Sulphate, \ oz. ; Sodimn Chloride, 4| oz. ; Sodium Bicarbonate, 
 54 oz. ; Tartaric Acid, 40 oz. ; Gluside, 28 grains. Dry separately, reduce 
 to fine powder and mix. — B.P.C. Formulary '01. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 SODM PERSULPHAS (Na,S.,08, eq. 238- 14).— A colomless crystalline 
 powder, soluble in Water. A powerful oxidising agent and disinfectant. 
 
 In contact with Water it liberates about 13 p.c. of active Oxygen with 
 production of free Sulphuric Acid. If desired to avoid this acidity the Per- 
 sulphate may first be mixed with 1^ times its weight of Sorlium Carbonate. 
 It is used in solution 3 to 10 p.c. — L. '08, ii. 1619. 
 
 SODII BISULPHAS (NaHSO,, eq. 120-078).— In fused cakes, soluble in 
 Water. It is a constituent of the Nauheim Bath Salts, giving rise to effer- 
 vescence with Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 Tablets of tliis have been used for ptirifying the Water on forced marches 
 of not more than 3 days, for longer than this it acts as a ]3urge. — L. '09, 
 ii. 418. 
 
 SODII SULPHIS. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHITE. 
 NaaSOaTKoO, eq. 252-182. 
 
 Colourless, transparent, efflorescent, monoclinic prisms, having a 
 cooling saline and sulphurous taste. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to contain not less than 94 p.c. of pure Sodium 
 Sulphite ; the U.S. P. that it shall contain in the uneffloresced and 
 air-dried condition not less than 94 p.c. of pure Sodium Sulphite. 
 
 It may be obtained by passing Sulphur Dioxide gas into Sodium 
 Carbonate Solution, evaporation and crystallisation. 
 
 It should be preserved in well-closed bottles and kept in a cool 
 place, as both the crystals and aqueous solutions are liable to oxidation 
 on exposure to air. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SOD 1309 
 
 Solubility.— 3 in 4 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 25 
 of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic; given wit^h success in 
 fermentative vomiting and dilated stomacli due to sarcina ventriculi. 
 Externally as a lotion in parasitic cutaneous affections. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0"32 to 1"3 grammes. 
 
 Incompatibles. — ^Mineral Acids. 
 
 Not Official. — Liquor Sodii Sulphitis Benzoicus, Sodii Thiosulphas and 
 Lotio Sodii Hyposulphitis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Sulphite when gently heated gradually loses its 
 Water of crystallisation, and at a temperature a little above 100° C. 
 (212° F.) it loses all its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 50 p.c. 
 It answers the tests distinctive of Sodium given under that heading. 
 It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a 
 solution which is usually faintly alkaline towards Litmus paper. The 
 B.P. and U.S. P. state that it is neutral or faintly alkaline to Litmus 
 paper. It evolves on the addition of Hydrochloric Acid, a colourless 
 gas possessing the characteristic pungent odour of burning Sulphur. 
 On the addition of Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid it evolves the character- 
 istic odour of Hydrogen Sulphide, and if a piece of filter paper moistened 
 with Lead Acetate Solution be suspended in the neck of the tube it 
 acquires a black colour. Iodine Solution added to an acidified solution 
 is mstantly decolorised. It is Officially required to contain not less 
 than 94-15 p.c. of pure Sodium Sulphite, as volumetrically determined 
 by titrating 0*3 gramme of the salt, dissolved in 30 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, of which not less than 7 • 6 ml. should 
 be required to neutralise the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine 
 Solution. Mucilage of Starch may be employed as an indicator, although 
 not specifically mentioned by the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Iodine Solution = 0-012609 gramme of pure crystallised Sodium 
 Sulphite. The U.S. P. requires that it should contain in the uneffloresced 
 and air-dried condition not less than 94 p.c. of pure Sodium Sulphite, 
 as volumetrically determined by the method given below in small 
 type under the heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Chlorides, Sulphates, Thiosulphate, and excess of Water. The 
 B.P. includes only tests for Arsenic and Thiosulphate, the U.S. P. 
 tests for the heavy metals and Thiosulphate. The B.P. fixes a 
 limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the Arsenic 
 Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution 
 obtained by treating 2 grammes of the salt with 0-5 gramme of 
 Potassium Chlorate Arsenic-Test reagent, 5 ml. of warm Distilled 
 Water, and 12 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, elimina- 
 ting the excess of Chlorine by heat, and mixing the resultant solution 
 with 45 ml. of hot Distilled Water and a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified 
 
1310 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 with Hydrocliloric Acid and warmed to expel the Sulphur Dioxide, 
 the original volume being restored to the solution, should yield no 
 darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulpiride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Lead and Copper ; on the subsequent 
 addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution no pronounced darkening 
 in colour or turbidity should result, indicating a limit of Iron. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution, strongly acidified with Nitric Acid, should 
 yield no pronounced turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, strongly 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield not more than a slight 
 turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Sulphates. The aqueous solution when treated with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid should not become cloudy, indicating the absence of 
 Thiosulphate. The U.S. P. employs Diluted Nitric Acid as a test 
 for the absence of Thiosulphate, requiring that if 1 gramme of the 
 salt be dissolved in 10 c.c. of Diluted Nitric Acid, and the solution be 
 heated sufficiently to expel the gases, the liquid should not become 
 turbid. Sodium Sulphite, when dried at 100° to 105° C. (212° to 
 221° F.), shall lose not more than 50 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit 
 of Water. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If to 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution measured from a burette into a glass-stoppered vial (of about 
 100 c.c. capacity), 0*5 gramme of the finely-powdered crystals of Sodium 
 Sulphite be added, after solution has taken place, not more than 12-45 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution should be reqtiired 
 to discharge the colour of the solution, U.S. P. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LIQUOR SODII SULPHITIS BENZOIGUS.— Sodium Sulphite, 30; 
 Benzoic Acid, 14 ; Water, 500. An Antiseptic Solution, recommended 
 by Heckel. 
 
 SODII THIOSULPHAS (Sodimn Hyposulphite Na.SjO,, SH^O, eq. 
 248 •22).^ — Coloxorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, possessing a cooling 
 and somewhat bitter, sulphurous taste. Soluble 5 in 3 of Water ; insoluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c). It is seldom used internally as a medicinal agent, but 
 on account of its poisonous influence on the sarcina ventriculi which attends 
 fermentative vomiting it has been employed in that complaint. Externally 
 in the form of a 12J p.c. solution it has been used in parasitic skin diseases. 
 It is used for removal of stains produced by Silver salts and in volumetric 
 ■analysis. Has been employed in conjunction with SocUum Carbonate as a 
 protection against Chlorine Gas. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Official in Fr., Ger., Russ., Swiss and U.S. U.S. requires that it contain 
 not less than 98 p.c. of pure Sodium Thiosulphate. 
 
 Tests. — Sodium Thiosvilphate, when rapidly heated, melts at a teinpera- 
 ture of 50° C. (122° F.). If it be slowly heated until it is completely effloresced, 
 it loses its water of crystallisation at 100° C. (212° F.), the loss being equivalent 
 to 36-3 p.c. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming 
 a clear colotu'less solution which is neutral or faintly alkaline to Litmus 
 paper. The aqueous solution evolves the characteristic penetrating and 
 pungent odovu- of Sulphur Dioxide, on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid or Hydrochloric Acid, at the same time a white or yellowish-whito pre- 
 cipitate of Sulphur is thrown down. It decolorises Tenth-Normal Volumetrjg 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids hy Measute.] SOD 1311 
 
 Iodine Soliition. It answers the tests characteristic of Sodium given 
 under that heading. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution affords, on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, drop bj' drop, a dark violet colour, which 
 disappears rapidly on shaking. The U.S. P. requires it to contain not 
 les3 than 98 p.c. of pure Sodium Thiosulphate, as determined by dissolving 
 1 gramme of Sodium Thiosulphate in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, and titrating 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solvition, of which not less than 
 39 "5 c.c. should be required to produce a slight yellow tint; 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volmnetric Iodine Solution = 0-024822 gramme of pure Sodium 
 Thiosulphate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 CalciuiTi, Carbonates, Sulphides, Sulpliites, Sulphates and excess of Water. 
 If 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid be added to 5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 10 solution, and 
 the mixture be cautiously evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, and the 
 residue treated ■^•ith Distilled Water, the liquid filtered, and the filtrate and 
 washings evaporated to dryness, the residue should not respond to the modified 
 Gutzeit's Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 
 solution treated in a similar manner to the above, when dissolved in 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water, slightly acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should not 
 answer the time-limit test, indicating the absence of Copper, Lead and Iron. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the 
 addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution should not be coloured red on the addition of a 
 drop of I'henolphthalein Solution, inchcating the absence of Carbonates. 
 5 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution should not afford a brown or black preci- 
 pitate on the addition of a drop of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Sulpliides. 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of 0*5 c.c. of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. If Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Iodine Solution be added to a solution of the salt until a faint yellowish 
 coloration results, the liquid should not redden Litinus paper, indicating the 
 absence of Sulphites. Sodium Thiosulphate, when allowed to completely 
 effloresce and then dried at 100° C. (212° F.), should lose not more than 
 3t5'5p.c. in weight, indicating a limit of AVater of crj'stallisation. 
 
 Lotio Sodii Hypostilphitis {St. Jo/njr.s).— Sodium Hyposulphite, 1 drm. ; 
 Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII SULPHOCARBOLAS. 
 
 SODITJM SULPHOCARBOLATE. 
 
 K'aC«H,(0H)S03, 2H,0, eq. 232-142. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, shghtly efflorescent rhombic crystals, possessing at 
 first a saline and subsequently a slightly bitter taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well -stoppered glass bottles and in a cool atmosphere, 
 as it has a tendency to effloresce in dry air. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 6 of Water ; 1 in 150 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 5i of 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, given in flatulence, fermentative 
 dyspepsia, and other conditions in which Carbolic Acid is used. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 15 grains = 0-2 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Ineompatibles. — ^Ferric salts. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap. and U.S. 
 
1312 SOD [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — yudimii Sulphoearbolate when hoatoil at a temperature slightly 
 above 100° C. (212° F.) loses its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 15-5 p.c. 
 When more strongly heated it evolves inflammable vapours possessing a 
 characteristic odour of Phenol, and when ignited leaves a residue of Sodiiun 
 Sulphate, equivalent to 30-6 p.c. of its original weight. This residue answers 
 the tests distinctive of Sodium given tmder that heading, and when dissolved 
 in Distilled Water yields with Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate, 
 insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. The salt dissolves readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which is neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. A diluted aq\ieous solution of the salt yields on the addition 
 of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a violet coloration. The U.S. P. requires 
 that it should contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sodium Paraphenol- 
 sulphonate, and, although it does not indicate a direct determination to be 
 made, states that the residue of Sodiuna Sulphate left on ignition should 
 amount to 30-6 p.c. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Sulphates and excess of Water. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no perceptible coloration or tvirbidity on 
 the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Arsenic, 
 Copper and Lead ; on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ainmonia Solu- 
 tion, no pronounced darkening in colour or tiu'bidity should result, indicating 
 a limit of Iron. A 1 in 50 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield not more than the faintest immediate tvirbidity on the 
 addition of Bariimi Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. The 
 U.S. P. states that a diluted solution of the salt (1 in 100) remains clear on 
 the addition of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, Sodium Sulphoearbolate, 
 when dried at 100° to 105° C. (212° to 221° F.), should lose not more than 
 16 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Vv^ater. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII SULPHOVINAS. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHETHYLATE, 
 
 Translucent, hexagonal crystals, or as a white, granvilar powder ; very 
 hygroscopic, and should be kept in well -stoppered bottles. It is soluble in 
 Water, in dilute Alcohol and in Glycerin. Used as a mild aperient. 
 
 Dose. — \ to 1 oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 grammes. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII TAUROCHOLAS. 
 
 - SODIUM TAUROCHOLATE. 
 
 A yellow or yellowish -brown, amorphous, granular, hygroscopic powder ; 
 or a brown or blackish-brown, sticky, resinous mass. Soluble 2 in 1 of Water ; 
 partially soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It is best prepared from pig's bile. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles and in a cool place. 
 
 Given in gouty obesity and dyspepsia, 4 grains immediately after each 
 meal. The pills should he coated with Keratin. 
 
 There is only one cholagogue worthy of the name, and that is ' bile salts.' 
 Yet the use of Ox Gall is almost extinct. — B.M.J. '09, ii. 540. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 6 grains = 0-13 to 0-4 gramme made into pill with Alcohol 
 (CO p.c). 
 
[Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure,] SOD 1313 
 
 Tests. — Sodiiim Taurocholate on ignition yields a carbonaceous residue, 
 which, when dissolved in Distilled Water, yields a solution possessing a 
 strong alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper, and which effervesces on the 
 addition of Hydrochloric Acid. It answers the tests distinctive of Sodiuni 
 given under that heading. The salt dissolves readily in Distilled Water, 
 yielding a solution which affords a precipitate on the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution and basic Lead Acetate. Taurocholic Acid may be determined 
 by the amount of Sulphm- which it contains. A weighed quantity of the 
 salt is moistened with fuming Nitric Acid and evaporated to dryness on a 
 water -bath, the residue is dissolved in Distilled Water, the solution filtered 
 and precipitated by the addition of Barium Chloride Solution; the precipitate 
 is filtered off, washed, dried, ignited and weighed ; 1 part of Barivun Sulphate 
 corresponds to 2-16 parts of TaurochoUc Acid. 
 
 Acidum Ta^^roeholieu^l (Taurocholic Acid) forms deliquescent silky 
 needles, readily soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Sodii Glycocholas occxirs together with the above salt in ox bile. It 
 may be obtained in the form of stellate needles. It is given in gouty obesity 
 and dyspepsia ; possesses considerable cholagogue action. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 grains = O-IS to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SODII VANADAS. 
 
 White or yellowish -white, odourless, granular powder, soluble 2 in 1 of 
 Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Stimulates the gastric mucosa, increases the appetite. 
 
 Dose. — gij to 5I5 grain = 0-001 to 0-0027 gramme. 
 
 Iron Meta-vanadate, a dark, greyish-brown powder, insoluble in Water 
 and in Alcohol (90 p.c), and Lithium Meta-vanadate, a yellowish-white 
 crystalline powder, soluble in Water, have also been prepared. 
 
 SOLUBILITY. 
 
 The importance of the subject of solubility to medical men was recognised 
 as far back as 1864 by the late Peter Squire, and consequently this has been 
 a feature of Squire's Companion to the B.P. since the first edition. The 
 several paragraphs appearing under this title are probably of more use to 
 the prescriber and dispenser than any others that appear in a book of this 
 kind. The prescriber is constantly wishing to know whether a given substance 
 will dissolve in some liquid which he desires to use, and to what extent. It 
 is obvious that an error stating the substance to be more soluble than it 
 really is causes more trouble and dissatisfaction than an error in the opposite 
 direction, but the figures should at least be approximately correct. Prior to 
 1885 very few substances were given solubility figures in the B.P., but subse- 
 quently these were very largely augmented. 
 
 Figures for the solubility of the various substances have been given in 
 Squire's Companion since its first issue in 1864, and these have been revised 
 and supplemented from time to time in subsequent editions, from experiments 
 made for that purpose. In most instances the figm-es have been ascertained 
 by adding the solid substance in fine powder to a Uquid, and shaking it at 
 intervals diuing 3 days at a temperatvu-e between 58° and 62° F. (14-4° 
 and 16-6° C). They represent the weight of a solid in grammes, and the 
 
 2 u 
 
1314 SOM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 measttre of a fluid in c.c. Some liqiiids are stated to be miscible in all pro- 
 portions ; this has been ascertained by adding to 5 c.c. of one fluid small 
 quantities of the other fluid, ^^ c.c. at first and afterwards h c.c. until 20 c.c. 
 have been added, shaking the mixture after each addition, the temperature 
 of the mixture being kept inside the limits given above. At the instance of 
 the Pharmacopoeia Committee of the General Medical Co\incil a large number 
 of experiments were made in the Research laboratory of the Pharmaceutical 
 Society, with a view to determining the accuracy or otherwise of the solubilities 
 of chemicals mentioned in the British Pharmacopoeia, and the results were 
 fully reported and a comparison made with authoritative statements. — P.J. 
 ■'00, ii. 190 ; '01, i. 774, 806 ; '02, i. 510, 532, 551. These reports have 
 been closely criticised and compared with figures previously given in Squire's 
 Companion in a series of papers by the author and C. M. Games, communicated 
 to the Pharmaceutical Journal and to the Chemist and Druggist. 
 
 Out of a number of determinations, amounting in the aggregate to 91 
 figures, 74 are almost identical, 12 are within the range of individual experi- 
 mental error and variations in commercial samples. In 3 cases Squire's 
 Companion figures represent the solubility in Alcohol (88-7p.c.) of the 
 B.P. '85, insteadof the Alcohol (90 p.c.) in the P.P. '98, and in the remaining 
 2 instances the Research laboratory figures are shown to be incorrect. — CD. 
 '02, ii. 944 ; '05, i. 783 ; P.J. '03, i. 65 ; '05, i. 720. The concluding report 
 from the Research laboratory on the solubility of chemical suljstances men- 
 tioned in the British Pharmacopoeia (P.J. '03, ii. 881, 945) stated that fmrther 
 experiments confirmed the results obtained by Squire and Caines. 
 
 In the Gontinental Pharmacopoeias solubility figures are usually expressed 
 in parts by weight, and this fact should be borne in mind by workers who 
 have occasion to compare the figures for solubility given in foreign Pharma- 
 copoeias with those given in the British Pharmacopoeia, and by English works 
 of reference. The figures given in the 8th Decen^iial Revision of the U.S. P. 
 represent those obtained at a temperatixre of 25° G. (77° F.). It is stated 
 in the preface that this temperatm-e was adopted for solubilities after much 
 discussion, because it is believed that it will be generally more satisfactory 
 throughout the United States than the former temperat\are of 15° G. (59° F.) ; 
 the average temperature of laboratories and stores in the United States 
 throughout the year being nearer 25° C. (77° F.) than 15° C. (59° F.). The 
 solubility of some official substances has been shown (P.J. '05, i. 720) to 
 vary considerably where Alcohol (88-7 p.c.) of B.P. '85 or Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 of the B.P. '98 is used as a menstruum. In addition to substances of 
 official origin, it is frequently necessary to consult figures for the solubility 
 of substances of imofficial origin. A very large number of such determinations 
 have been carried out in the author's laboratory, and the results of these 
 determinations have been incorporated in a series of papers appearing in the 
 pharmaceutical jiress (CD. '05, i. 783 ; P.J. '05, i. 720, 784). 
 
 Not Official. 
 SOMATOSE. 
 
 A light, white or grejdsh powder, stated to be prepared from fresh meat ; 
 soluble in Water, and consisting of a mixture of Deutero- and Hetero- 
 Albimaoses. 
 
 Denaeyer states that it is neither Albumose nor a Peptone, but has the 
 characters of an alkali -albumen. This statement is partially confirmed by 
 Allen. 
 
 A true meat nutrient, possessing restorative and stimulating powers, being 
 well borne by delicate patients. Dose. — A teaspoonful. 
 
 Recommended in anasmia, in intestinal disorders, and in dyspepsia. 
 
 Liquid Somatose is given in teaspoonful doses to adults. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids hj Measure. J SOZ 1315 
 
 Iron Somatose. — Is a light brown, almost tasteless powder, soluble in 
 aqueous Liquids. It contains 2 p.c. of Iron, and has been reconunended in 
 chlorosis. 
 
 Guycose (Guaiacose). — A clear brownish liquid, with a pleasant taste. It 
 is an 8 p.c. solution of Calcium Guaiacol Sulphonate in Liquid Somatose, 
 together with flavouring and sweetening agents. Dose. — A teaspoonful. 
 
 Phosphocose. — A brown, syrupy liquid of pleasant flavoiu", and consists 
 of a pleasantly flavoured solution of Somatose containing 5 p.c. of Sodium 
 Glycerophosphate. Dose. — A teaspoonful. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SOZOIODOL. 
 
 DI-IODOPARAPHENOLSUXPHONIC ACID. 
 
 A white, shining, crystalline powder, containing Iodine about 52 p.c. 
 Carbolic Acid 20 p.c, and Sulphur 7 p.c, preferably used in the form of its 
 salts. When reqmred in solution, the Sodium salt is most appHcable, dis- 
 solving 1 in 14 of Water or Glycerin. The Potassium salt, soluble 1 in 100 
 of Water, is preferable as a dusting powder, or in ointments. Solution of 
 Zinc salt, 1 to 3 p.c, is suitable for injection. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A substitute for Iodoform. 
 
 It is recommended locally in nasal and pharyngeal disorders, and as an 
 effectual application in parasitic skin affections. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Russ. has Acidimi Sozojodolicvim, also 
 Ammonium Sozojodohcum. 
 
 Sozoiodol cotton and gauze containing 5 and 10 p.c. 
 
 HYDRARGYRI SOZOIODOLAS (Mercury Sozoiodol).— A fine, orange- 
 yellow, amorphous powder, almost insoluble in Water, insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with the air and light. 
 
 Has been employed in syphilis and in psoriasis, chiefly by hypodermic 
 injection {see below). 
 
 The injections of this salt are stated to be less painful than those of Mercuric 
 Chloride. 
 
 Tests. — Mercury Sozoiodolate, although almost insoluble in Distilled 
 Water, dissolves in Sodium Chloride Solution. • 5 gramme with 1 • 5 grammes 
 of Sodivim Chloride should dissolve leaving only a faint turbidity. It contains 
 theoretically 32-0 p.c. of metallic Mercury, which may be determined by 
 distillation with Lime. A solution of • 1 gramme in 1 c.c of Nitric Acid 
 and 9 c.c. of Distilled Water should be rendered only faintly tin-bid on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a hmit of Chlorides. A solution 
 of 0-2 gramme dissolved in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water by the aid of a little 
 Hydrochloric Acid should neither yield a distinct tiu-bidity on the addition 
 of Barimn Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates ; nor on the 
 addition of Diluted Sulphtu'ic Acid, indicating a limit of Barimn. It should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 INJECTIO HYDRARGYRI SOZOIODOLATIS HYPODERMICA (Lock). 
 — Mercm-y Sozoiodol, 5 grains ; Sodiimi Iodide, 10 grains ; Distilled Water, 
 200 noinims. Inject 10 to 15 minims =: 0-6 to 0"9c.c. 
 
1316 SPE [Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 SPERMIN. 
 
 An extract from the testicles of animals ; employed to reanimate 
 sexual power. Stated to contain an Amine resembling Diethylenediamine 
 (Piperazin). 
 
 SPERMINUM-POEHL. — A tonic to the ner.vous system. It is suppHed 
 as Essentia Spermini-Poehl, and is given in doses of 30 drops half an 
 hour before meals, and in ampoules for hypodermic injection. 
 
 SPIRITUS. 
 
 SPIRIT. 
 
 All saccharine substances which have undergone the vinous fermentation 
 contain Alcohol, which can be separated by distillation. The various kinds 
 of alcoholic liquids are cUstingtiished by differences in flavoiu" and colour. 
 
 When Alcohol is distilled with aromatic substances containing volatile Oil, 
 part of the Oil is carried over by the alcoholic vapom', and condenses along 
 with it. 
 
 All the Official Spirits, except Brandy, are prepared with Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 SPIRITUS iETHERIS NITROSI. 
 
 SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER. 
 B.P.Syn. — Sweet Spirit of Nitre. 
 
 A transparent, pale yellow, or pale greenish-yellow, mobile, volatile 
 and inflammable liquid, possessing a characteristic ethereal and some- 
 what pungent odour and a sharp and somewhat burning taste. 
 
 The B.P. describes it as an alcoholic solution containing not less 
 than 1 • 52 or more than 2 * 66 p.c. by weight of Ethyl Nitrite, together 
 with Aldehyde and other allied substances ; B.P. 1898 required not 
 less than 1 • lb p.c. by weight of Ethyl Nitrite ; the U.S. P. describes 
 it as an alcoholic solution of Ethyl Nitrite, yielding when freshly 
 prepared not less than 4 p.c. of Ethyl Nitrite. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool atmosphere, and should be exposed as seldom as possible 
 to contact with the air and light. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, and 
 antipyretic. Useful in dropsy of renal origin, but is contra-indicated 
 in acute nephritis. Being a nitrite, it is sometimes used in asthma, 
 angina pectoris, and dysmenorrhoea. See also Medicinal Properties of 
 Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. 
 
 In a lecture on intermittent closing of cerebral arteries it is noted that 
 the irritable tonicity of the vessel wall is in many cases wonderfully controlled 
 by Sp. ^th. Nit.— B.M.J. ' 09, ii. 1110. 
 
 Dose.— 15 to 60 minims = 0*9 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Potassium Iodide, Ferrous Sulphate, Tincture of Guaia- 
 cum, Gallic and Tamiie Acids, Antipyrine and Salicylates. 
 
'Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SPI 1317 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — When prescribed with Potassium Iodide, separa- 
 tion of Iodine may be prevented by previously neutralising the free acid in 
 Spiritus j^theris Nitrosi with Potassium or Sodium Bicarbonate, or the Car- 
 bonates. The incompatibility of Antipyrine and Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi may 
 be overcome by prescribing them in alkaline solution. 
 
 The measure of gas evolved on the addition of Potassium Iodide Solution is a 
 measure of the acidity of the Spiritus Jiltheris Nitrosi under examination. It 
 should not amount to much more than a third of the total gas volume registered. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Ethyl Nitritis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (^ther Nitricus 
 Alcoholicus), sp. gr. 0-84 to 0-86; Dutch (Nitris ^thylicus cum 
 Spiritu), sp. gr. 0-84 to 0-85; Spiritus ^theris Nitrosi. — Ger., 
 sp. gr. 0-84: to 0-85 ; Jap., sp. gr. 0-84 to 0-85 ; Russ., sp. gr. 0-84 to 0-85; 
 Swiss, sp. gr. 0-845 to 0-855; U.S., sp.gr. about 0-823 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 Ital. (Etere Nitroso Officinale), sp.gr. 0-85; Mex. (Eter Nitroso 
 Alcoholizado) ; Port. (Acido Azotico Alcoolisado) ; Span. (Espiritu 
 de Nitro Dulce). 
 
 ' Itrosyl,' a concentrated form of Nitrous Ether, 1 fl. oz. of which mixed 
 with 19 fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) is stated to be equivalent to Spiritus 
 .^theris Nitrosi. 
 
 Tests.— Spirit of Nitrous Etlier lius a specific gravity of about 
 0-840. The B.P. says 0-838 to 0-842; the U.S. P., about 0*823 at 
 25° C. (77° F.); the P.G., 0-840 to 0-850. When freshly prepared 
 it is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper, but on keeping it 
 gradually develops acidity, and then has an acid reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. When carefully poured upon Ferrous Sulphate Solution 
 acidified with Sulphuric Acid, a dark brown or blackish-brown colora- 
 tion is developed at the junction of the two fluids. The U.S. P. states 
 that, if a test-tube be half filled with the spirit and put into a water- 
 bath heated to 65° C. (149° F.) until it has acquired this temperature, 
 the spirit should boil distinctly upon the addition of a few small pieces 
 of broken glass. It is Officially required to yield not less than 4 or 
 more than 7 volumes of Nitric Oxide gas, measured at a temperature 
 of 15-5° C. (60° F.), and at the normal pressure of 760 mm. of Mercury ; 
 corresponding to not less than 1 • 52 p.c. by weight or more than 2 • 66 p.c. 
 by weight of Ethyl Nitrite, as gasometrically determined by measuring 
 the volume of Nitric Oxide gas evolved on treating one volume of the 
 Spirit with 1 volume of Potassium Iodide Solution and 1 volume of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid. The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain 
 not less than 4 p.c. of Ethyl Nitrite, as gasometrically determined by 
 the process given in small type below under the heading of Gasometric 
 Determination. Allen's method consists in treating the sample with 
 an acidulated solution of Potassium Iodide and measuring the Nitric 
 Oxide liberated. A nitrometer is filled with strong brine, 5 c.c. of 
 Spirit of Nitrous Ether is introduced, followed by 5 c.c. of a strong 
 Potassium Iodide Solution, and then by 5 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid. The nitrometer is agitated briskly at intervals, after 5 minutes 
 the liquid is adjusted to the same level, the volume of gas is read 
 off. To calculate the percentage of real Ethyl Nitrite the following 
 data is required : — 
 
 1. The specific gravity of the samplo to be examined. 
 
1318 SPI [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 2. 23*55 c.c. of Nitric Oxide, measured at ordinary pressure and 
 temperature, weigh 0'03 gramme. 
 
 3. 30 parts by weiglit of Nitric Oxide are equivalent to 75 parts by 
 weight of Ethyl Nitrite. 
 
 The measure of gas evolved on the addition of Potassium Iodide 
 Solution alone, is a measure of the acidity of the Spiritus ^theris 
 Nitrosi under examination. It should not amount to much more 
 than a third of the total gas volume registered. The nitrometer process 
 was never put forward as an absolutely true one, but as one by which 
 Ethyl and other Nitrites might be estimated with approximate accuracy, 
 and it has fulfilled its expectations admirably. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid and Aldehyde. 
 When shaken with Sodium Bicarbonate, no effervescence, or only a 
 very feeble effervescence, should occur, indicating a limit of acidity. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it should not effervesce when a crystal of 
 Potassium Bicarbonate is dropped into it. The P.G. fixes a limit of 
 acidity, requiring that 10 c.c. shall not possess an acid reaction towards 
 Litmus paper after the addition of 0*2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 10 ml. of the Spirit mixed with 5 ml. of Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution and 5 ml. of Distilled Water may assume a 
 yellow colour, but should not become brown on standing 12 hours, 
 indicating a limit of Aldehyde. The U.S. P. includes a somewhat 
 similar test, though less stringent, requiring that the mixture should 
 not turn a decided brown within 12 hours. 
 
 Gasometrie Determination. — A quantity of about 30 grammes of the 
 spirit (which has been previously shaken with 0-5 gramme of Potassium 
 Bicarbonate) is transferred to a graduated measviring flask of 100 c.c. capacity 
 and its weight accm-ately determined. It is then diluted with sufficient 
 Alcohol (94-9p.c.) to produce 100 c.c. and thoroughly mixed. 10 c.c. of 
 this alcoholic solution are introduced into a nitrometer filled with a saturated 
 brine. 10 c.c. of Potassium Iodide Solution are then introduced, and these in 
 turn followed by 10 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 The volume of gas evolved is read off when the volume of gas has become 
 constant, usually within 30 to 60 minutes. The number of c.c. of gas is 
 multiplied by • 307, and the product divided by one-tenth the original 
 weight of the Spirit of Nitrous Ether taken. At the standard temperature and 
 pressure the quotient vsdll represent the percentage of Ethyl Nitrite in the 
 liquid. The temperature correction is + of 1 p.c. of the total percentage 
 found, for each degree, additive if the temperature is below, subtractive if 
 above 25° C. (77° F.). The barometric correction is gtj of 1 p.c. for each 
 nnn., adchtive if above, subtractive if below 760, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR ETHYL NITRITIS. Solution of Ethyl Nitrite. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, or pale straw-yellow, mobile, volatile, 
 inflammable liquid, possessing a characteristic penetrating and ethereal 
 odour and sharp burning taste. 
 
 It consists of a mixture of 95 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol, with 
 5 p.c. v/v of Glycerin, which is required by the B.P. to contain not 
 less than 2-5 or more than 3 p.c. by weight of Ethyl Nitrite, 
 
 Practically the same as in B-P- 1898. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SPl 1319 
 
 It should be kept in small well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool atmosphere, and protected as far as possible from exposure 
 to light and air. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of the other more 
 slowly acting Nitrites. 
 
 Dose.— 15 to 60 minims = 0-9 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Solution of Ethyl Nitrite has a specific gravity of about 
 0-825 ; the B.P. states 0-823 to 0*826. It is not Official in either the 
 U.S. P. or the P.G. When carefully poured on to the surface of a cold 
 Solution of Ferrous Sulphate, acidified with Sulphuric Acid, a dark 
 brown or blackish-brown ring is developed at the junction of the two 
 liquids. It is Officially required to yield not less than 6*5 or more 
 than 7 "8 volumes of Nitric Oxide gas, measured at a temperature of 
 15*5° C. (60° F.), and at the normal pressure of 760 mm. of Mercury ; 
 corresponding to not less than 2*5 or more than 3 p.c. by weight of 
 Ethyl Nitrite, as gasometrically determined by shaking 1 volume of 
 the Liquor at intervals during 5 minutes in a nitrometer charged with 
 saturated Brine Solution, with 1 volume of Potassium Iodide Solution 
 and 1 volume of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are free acid and Acetalde- 
 hyde. The solution should not effervesce when shaken carefully with 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, indicating the absence of free acid. 10 ml., when 
 mixed with an equal volume of a mixture of equal volumes of Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution and Distilled Water, should 
 not assume a yellow colour, indicating the absence of Acetaldehyde. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SPIRITUS FRUMENTI. 
 
 The term Whisky is here intended to apply to an alcoholic liquid obtained 
 from fermented Grain by distillation and the product of the Pot Still. Whisky 
 is described in the U.S. P. as an alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation 
 of the fermented mash of Grain, such as Indian Corn, Rye, Wheat and Barley, 
 or other mixtvu-es, but no mention is made as to whether it should be the 
 product of the Pot or Patent Still ; it is, however, required to be at least 
 4 years old. It is proposed {A. J. P. '16, 59) that the new U.S. P. definition 
 should read, ' A potable alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the 
 fermented mash or mashes of cereal gi-aiiis (v/hoUy or in part malted), such 
 as Maize, Rye, Wheat, and Barley or their mixtiu-es. Whisky intended for 
 administration as a medicine should have been stored in wood containers for 
 a period of not less than four years before it is used. Allen states in the 
 majority of cases a judicious admixtiu-e of raw and malted Grain is employed ; 
 other things being equal, the spirit from malted Grain is the most valuable 
 and contains least Fusel Oil. It is a noticeable fact {B.M.J. '03, ii. 1645) 
 that whereas years ago 70 p.c. of the Whisky was Malt Whisky and 30 p.c. 
 Grain or Patent Spirit, the proportions are now reversed. 
 
 Foreign Pharmaeopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
1320 SPI [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — Whisky has a specific gravity of about 0-930. The U.S.P, states 
 it should not be more than 0-945 nor less than 0-924 at 15 • 6" C. (60° F.). 
 
 Absolute Alcohol. — It contains from 50 to 64 p.c. v/v of Absolute 
 Alcohol. The U.S.P. says from 44 to 55 p.c. v/v corresponding to 37 to 
 47 -5 p.c. by weight of Absolute Alcohol. The Alcohol may be determined 
 by distilling a known volume of the Whisky and ascertaining the specific 
 gravity of the distillate, when made up to a definite volume. The percentage 
 of Absolute Alcohol by weight, corresponding to this gravity, may be found 
 by reference to an Alcohol table. In calculating the result on the original 
 \^Tiisky it is necessary to take into consideration the specific gravity of the 
 sample, the volume used for the distillation, and the volume to which the 
 distillate is made up. The volume of the distillate is multiplied by its specific 
 gravity, and this in turn is multiplied by the percentage by weight of Absolute 
 Alcohol coiTesponding to this specific gravity, and the product dividf^d by 
 the volume of liqmd vised for the distillation multiplied by its specific giavity, 
 the quotient being the percentage of Absolute Alcohol by weight in the original 
 ^^aiisky. 
 
 Extractive Matter. — The amount of extractive matter rarely amounts 
 to more than 100 grains per gallon, equivalent to about 0-15 p.c. The 
 U.S.P. states that the limit of residue when dried at 100° C. (212° F.) is 
 0-5 p.c. w/v, and this residue is required to possess no sweet or distinctly 
 spicy taste. The amount may be deterrjoined by evaporating a definite 
 volume (25 c.c.) to dryness on a water -bath, drying the residue at a tempera- 
 tvire of 100° C. (212° F.) till constant in weight, and when cool, weighing. 
 
 Total Acid. — The total acid naay vary from 0-015 to 0-083 p.c. w/v, 
 calculated as Hydrogen Acetate, and may be determined by titrating a 
 measured quantity of 25 c.c. of the sample with Tenth-Normal Volmnetric 
 Sodiimi Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality. The U.S.P. requires that to render 100 c.c. of Whisky dis- 
 tinctly alkaline to Litmus not more than 1-2 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be necessary, corresponding to 0-072 
 p.c. w/v of Hydrogen Acetate. 
 
 Volatile Acid. — The volatile acid may vary from 0-014 to 0-072 p.c. 
 w/v. It may be determined by distilling a measured quantity (100 c.c.) 
 almost to dryness, adding 25 c.c. of Distilled Water to the residue in the 
 distillation flask and continuing the distillation until reduced to a low bulk. 
 The distillate is titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 1 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is equivalent to 
 0-006 gramme of Acetic Acid. The difference between the number of c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise 
 the volatile acid, and the n\imber of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise 100 c.c. of the original sample 
 represents that necessary for the neutralisation of the fixed acid, and may 
 be calculated into Tartaric Acid. Each c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution represents -0075 gramme of Tartaric Acid. 
 
 Esters. — The proportion of Esters in Whisky varies from 0-033 to 
 0-185 p.c. w/v. They may be determined by distilling a ineasiu'ed 
 quantity of 100 c.c. of the sample in a distillation flask almost to dryness, 
 adding 25 c.c. of Distilled Water and again distilling to a volume of about 
 5 c.c. The free acid m the distillate is neutralised with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as 
 an indicator of neutrahty. 25 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution are then added and the contents of the flask boiled under 
 a reflux condenser for 1 hour, cooled, and the excess of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solvation titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, still employing Phenolphthalein Solution as an 
 indicator of neutrality. In the event of the specimen containing more 
 Esters than correspond with this quantity of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SPI 1321 
 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, which is at once indicated by the disappearance 
 of the pink colour, a further quantity of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution should be added. The niunber of c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution used, is subtracted from the niimber 
 of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Soditun Hydroxide Solution added, the 
 difference is calculated into terms of Ethyl Acetate ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponds to 0*0088 gramme of 
 Ethyl Acetate. 
 
 Higher Alcohols. — The higher Alcohols in Whisky vary from 0-082 
 to 0.260 p.c. w/v. Various methods have been suggested for the deter- 
 mination of these higher Alcohols, the most reliable and the one most 
 generally used is the Marquardt process as modified by Allen and Chattaway, 
 and generally referred to as the Allen-Marquardt process. It consists in 
 distilling a measured quantity of 200 c.c. of the specimen to be examined until 
 reduced in voltmie to 20 c.c. To the residue in the distillation flask are 
 added 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and 10 grammes of Sodium Sulphate, and 
 the distillation continued until reduced to 10 c.c. ; the mixed distillates are 
 titrated with Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using 
 Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. A fm-ther measured 
 quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 is added and the Hquid boiled for 1 hour under a reflux condenser, the excess 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is titrated with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. The Uquid is now 
 divided into two equal parts, each corresponding to 100 c.c. of the original 
 specimen, and each of which is treated in the following way in order to yield 
 a duplicate determination : A saturated solution of common salt (prepared by 
 saturating Distilled Water with clean table salt and adding Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid until the liquid has a distinct acid reaction, and filtering) is added to 
 the liquid imtil the resulting mixture has a specific gravity of 1 • 1 when it 
 is extracted in a separator four times with Carbon Tetrachloride, using 
 40 c.c. of the Carbon Tetrachloride for the first extraction, 30 c.c. for the 
 second, 20 c.c. for the third, and 10 c.c. for the last extraction. The Carbon 
 Tetrachloride now contains the whole of the higher Alcohols and some Ethyl 
 Alcohol. To remove the latter the Carbon Tetrachloride is shaken with 
 50 c.c. of brine, and after this has been separated it is shaken with 50 c.c. 
 of a saturated Solution of Sodium Sulphate to remove the Chloride. The 
 Carbon Tetrachloride is next treated with an oxidising mixture consisting of 
 5 granames of Potassium Bichromate, 2 grammes of strong Sulphui'ic Acid 
 and 10 c.c. of Distilled Water ; the oxidation may be carried out in a flask 
 connected with a reflux condenser, or preferably in well-made glass bottles 
 possessing accurately-fitting ground-gla?s stoppers ; the stoppers being 
 securely tied down and the bottles heated in a water-oven. When the oxida- 
 tion is performed under a reflux condenser, at least 8 hoiu-s boiling is necessary, 
 but when conducted under pressure in stoppered bottles, if shaken frequently, 
 from 3 to 4 hoturs only is necessary for complete oxidation. The liquid is 
 transferred to a distilling flask, the bottle rinsed with 30 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, the washings transferred to the distilhng flask and the liquid distilled 
 until only 20 c.c. remain in the flask. A measured quantity of 80 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water is added to the residue and the distillation continued until 
 only 5 c.c. remain. The mixed distillates are now titrated with Tenth - 
 Normal Volumetric Barium Hydroxide Solution using Methyl Orange 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality, shaking the liquid thoroughly after 
 each addition. The amount of alkali required to neutralise the liquid at 
 this stage shquld not exceed 2 c.c, and generally less is required ; a few drops 
 of Phenolphthalein Solution are now added and the titration continued. 
 Each c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Barium Hydroxide Solution required 
 in the second stage of the titration corresponds to 0-0088 gramme of higher 
 Alcohols expressed in terms of Amyl Alcohol. The Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Barium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise to Methyl Orange Solution 
 is stated to represent the mineral acid which is distilled. This method has 
 been carefully investigated by Schidrowitz and Kaye [J. S.G.I. '02, 815 ; 
 
1322 SPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Analyst xxx. 190), who state that ' of the methods examined, that of Allen- 
 Marquardt, with certain minor modifications, is alone capable of giving fairly 
 reliable figui'es, at any rate where Whisky is concerned, and that we are 
 still inclined to heHeve that if carefully worked this process is still the most 
 reliable of all those published.' The process has also been criticised {J. S.C.I. 
 '06, 1125), in the course of an extended investigation of samples of 'Whisky 
 for the Western Australian Government it was found that operating upon 
 pure materials no mineral acid was produced as the result of the oxidising 
 mixture alone or from its action upon Carbon Tetrachloride. It was, however, 
 noticed that Valerianic Acid in a similar manner to Acetic Acid had a distinct 
 action upon Methyl Orange Solution, and it is concluded that the titration 
 for ntiineral acids is unnecessary and introduces errors, and that equally 
 acciu-ate results may be obtained by observing the following points : (o) The 
 shaking out should be performed at a temperature of 15-5° C. (60° F.) or 
 less ; (b) the oxidation to be conducted in pressiu'e bottles ; (c) the higher 
 Alcohols should be determined by direct titration only, calculating all acidity 
 as Valerianic Acid. 
 
 Aldehyde. — Aldehyde may be detected in the distilled spirit, or if present 
 in very minute proportions in the first fraction of the distillate, by the 
 crimson colour ]3roduced on the addition of Schiff's reagent. 10 c.c. of 
 the distilled spirit may be mixed with 4 c.c. of Schiff's reagent, prepared by 
 mixing 30 c.c. of a 1 in 1000 aqueous solution of Magenta with 20 c.c. of 
 Sodium Bisulphite Solution (specific gravity 1 -31), 3 c.c. of Sulphixric Acid and 
 200 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 Furfural. — -Fiu-fural maybe detected by means of Aniline Acetate Solution, 
 which produces a red coloration, increasing in intensity on standing. 10 c.c. 
 of the distilled spirit is mixed with 2 c.c. of an Aniline Acetate Solution 
 prepared by dissolving 10 drops of Aniline in 2 c.c. Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 As a test for the absence of more than a trace of Fusel Oil from grain, the 
 U.S. P. requires that if 100 c.c. of Whisky be very slowly evaporated in a 
 dish on a water -bath, the last portions volatilised should not have a harsh 
 or disagreeable odour. The absence of added Sugar, Glycerin and aromatic 
 substances, is judged by the character of the residue left on drying as described 
 above. The absence of more than traces of Oak Tannin from casks is assured 
 by the residue being required to dissolve completely in 10 c.c. of cold Distilled 
 Water to form a solution which should not be coloiu-ed deeper than light 
 green on the addition of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution. The 
 U.S. P. also requires that if 50 c.c. of Whisky be shaken vigorously in a 
 stoppered flask with 25 grammes of Kaolin, and filtered, after standing half 
 an hour the filtrate should not be lighter in colour than the "VMiisky before 
 treatment. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SPIRITUS METHYLATUS. 
 
 METHYLATED SPIRIT. 
 
 The duty-free or Industrial Methylated Spirit supplied to ' manufacturers ' 
 tmder a special bond, is a mixture of 19 voKmies of Alcohol with 1 volume 
 of a Wood Naphtha, approved by the Excise. It can also be supphed imder 
 a special bond for scientific piirposes. . 
 
 As supplied to ' licensed retailers,' Mineralised Methylated Spirit consists 
 of Plain Spirits with one-ninth of its bulk of Wood Naphtha (MethyUc Alcohol) 
 and three-eighths of 1 p.c. by volume of Mineral or Petroleiun Naphtha. 
 The Petroleum Naphtha is added, partly to make it more nauseous for 
 drinking, and partly to facilitate its recognition. It becomes turbid when 
 mixed with Water, which qviality renders it unsuitable for many purposes 
 to which duty-free or industrial spirit hag been applied. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SPl 132B 
 
 Licensed retailers of Methylated Spirit must not sell more than 4 gallons 
 at any one time, and may not keep stock exceeding 200 gallons. They may 
 not sell Methylated Spirit between the hours of 10 p.m. on Saturdays and 
 8 a.m. on Mondays. 
 
 The Board of Customs have decided not to interfere with the use of 
 Mineralised Methylated Spirits by registered chemists and druggists in the 
 preparation of lotions for external use, prescribed by duly qualified medical 
 practitioners. The Board cannot, however, accept any responsibility in 
 regard to the use of such spirit in the preparation of any lotion the formula 
 for which has not been approved by them. 
 
 SPIRITUS RECTIFICATUS. 
 
 ALCOHOL (90p.c.). 
 B.P.Syn. — Rectified Spirit. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, mobile, volatile and inflammable liquid, 
 having a distinctive spirituous odour and burning taste. 
 
 The Alcohol (90 p.c.) of the B.P. is described as a liquid containing 
 90 parts by volume, equivalent to 85*68 p.c. by weight, of Ethyl 
 Hydroxide, C.2H5OH, eq. 46-04:8, and 10 parts by volume, equivalent 
 to 14-32 p.c. by weight, of Water, and its Official method of preparation 
 is by the distillation of fermented Saccharine liquids. The equivalent 
 to this spirit in the U.S. P. is known under the title Alcohol, and it is 
 described as a liquid composed of about 92-3 p.c. by weight, or about 
 94-9 p.c. v/v of absolute Ethyl Alcohol, and about 7*7 p.c. w/w of 
 Water. The P.G. describes it under the heading of Spiritus, and states 
 that 100 parts contain 91*29 to 90*09 p.c. by volume, equivalent to 
 87*35 to 85*8 p.c. by weight of Alcohol. Fr. describes it as Alcool 
 Ethylique a 95 degres Centesimaux, containing 95 p.c. by volume 
 of Absolute Alcohol and 6*19 p.c. by volume of Water, or 92*43 p.c. 
 by weight of Absolute Alcohol and 7*57 p.c. by weight of Water. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and in a cool atmosphere, 
 and it should be kept away from lights or fire. 
 
 On mixing Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Water, contraction of volume and rise of 
 temperature occiu*. Wlien such a mixture is prescribed in the British 
 Pharmacopoeia, the cooled liquid should be employed. 
 
 It is possible to rectify Alcohol up to 98 p.c, and 95 p.c. is prepared 
 commercially in large quantities. 
 
 It may here be noted that although it is illegal for chemists and druggists 
 to sell Rectified Alcohol except upon prescription, the Board of Inland 
 Revenue does not appear to interfere with its sale by them in small quantities 
 not exceeding 8 oz. at a time, for the piorposes of medical or scientific research. 
 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) dissolves Camphor, Balsams, Castor Oil, Iodine, Potassium 
 and Sodium Hydroxides, but not the Carbonates. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Internally a powerful diffusible stimu- 
 lant, especially cardiac ; antipyretic, diuretic, and diaphoretic. Used 
 in some cases of acute disease characterised by excessive debility, 
 as in typhoid, acute pneumonia, and influenza, to maintain the strength 
 over tlie crisis ; in chronic wasting diseases as phthisis ; in insomnia 
 of old people ; during a meal in small quantity, as an aid to digestion 
 
1324 SPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui*e.] 
 
 and absorption, and to promote appetite, more especially in the aged 
 and feeble and in those exhausted by overwork or illness ; in sudden 
 fainting. In acute dyspepsia it is injurious; it may, however, check 
 vomiting, and brandy often checks diarrhoea. In moderation it acts 
 as a food, and saves tissue waste. Large quantities paralyse the 
 gastric secretion, produce gastritis, and ultimately atrophy of the 
 gastric glands. Externally to prevent bed sores and cracked nipples by 
 Jiardening and disinfecting the skin ; it is antiseptic and astringent, and 
 is applied diluted to stop sweating and to produce cold by evaporation ; 
 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 2 of Camphor Water mixed is a good evapora- 
 ting lotion. Diluted it forms a lotion for erysipelas, erythema, burns, 
 and scalds while the cuticle is entire, and for sprains and recent bruises. 
 As an ingredient of liniments it is rubefacient, it relieves rheumatic and 
 other kinds of pain, and aids the resorption of inflammatory products. 
 
 Particularly harmful in surgical shock if patient has had a good deal of 
 Ether or Chloroform.— M.^. '15, 539. 
 
 XJiuia uses it in all forms of eczema, unless there be great oozing or too 
 many erosions. He uses the 90 p.c, sopping it on twice a day with cotton- 
 wool, the dressing appropriate to the particular case being then applied. 
 It is disinfectant, and allays itching and is of special value in eczema of the 
 anus. After ciu^e, apply the Alcohol once daily for months. It acts best 
 when used pure, e.g., withoiit Iodine or Resorcin. It has not been so generally 
 or methodically used as it ought." — E.M.J. '11, i. 468. 
 
 In pruritus ani bathing the parts before going to bed is essential. — B.M.J. 
 '14, ii. 348. 
 
 Alcohol Injections for Neuralgia. — In trigeminal neuralgia, Schlosser 
 suggested that the affected branches of the nerve be destroyed by the 
 injection of Alcohol at the point where they leave the base of the skvdl. 
 
 A hollow needle about 1-5 millimetres in diameter is thrust thi-ough the 
 cheek, following definite landmarks, until the foramen rotunduin or the 
 foramen ovale is reached. Then a solution of Absolute Alcohol, with or 
 without Eucaine or Stovaine, is injected round the nerve. Most recommend 
 that i^atient be not anaesthetised, as the pain produced when the nerve is 
 reached by the needle is a valuable guide. After the first outburst produced 
 by the injection, pain disappears for 10 months or more, and in some cases is 
 said not to have returned. — Allbuti's System of Medicine, '10, vii. 550. 
 
 Schlosser's method used in 41 cases of tic -douloureux gave complete relief 
 in 38 cases from all pain for 4^ to 14 months. "When the pain recurred 
 re-injection gave an even longer immunity from pain. 
 
 In addition the writer used deep injection of Alcohol into the tissues for 
 the rehef of pain in over 150 other cases of persistent neiii'algia, including 
 supra-orbital neuralgia, liimbar, interscapular and sacral fibrositis, rheumatic 
 costal neuralgia and intercostal rhetunatisin. In a large number of these, 
 relief was instantaneous. Care must be taken not to inject Alcohol into 
 the sciatic nerve, or paralysis of the leg would certainly follow. — L. '10, ii. 551. 
 
 Two main trunks should never be injected at the same sitting, for though 
 there be pain in both jaws, it is due to either the second or the third division, 
 the pain in the other jaw being a reflected one, which may disappear after 
 injection of the chief offender. Injection of the foramen ovale, the writer 
 prefers, on the whole, to do under Chloroform. Injection of the first and 
 second divisions at the supra-orbital notch and foramen rotundum should 
 always be done without a general anaesthetic. These two operations are 
 distinctly less painful than injection of the foramen ovale, or rather, the 
 finding of the nerve at the foramen ovale is often mvich more painful. — 
 B.M.J. '10, ii. 1052. 
 
 In neuralgia 90 p.c. Alcohol is used, 2 or 3 drops at a time, till from 1 to 
 l|c.c. is injected. It is essential that anyone wishing to use this method 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SPI 1325 
 
 must first practise with a long needle upon a complete articulated skull, 
 and then on the dead body in the post-mortem room, not once only, but 
 many times. In this paper full details of the method are given ; also, the 
 dangers to be guarded against. — B.M.J. '10, i. 1404; L. '09, i. 1310. 
 
 Technique and illustrative cases described. Solution used : Beta Eucaine, 
 2 grains; Absolute Alcohol, 6 drm. ; Aq. Dest., ad 1 oz. Though a single 
 injection may suifice, it is advisable to repeat in a couple of days. — B.M.J. 
 '09, ii. 848. This solution, 1-5 c.c, is also used for injecting the superior 
 laryngeal nerve in laryngeal phthisis. — B.M.J. '11, ii. 1003. 
 
 Emphatically stated that faihu-es in genuine trigeminal neiu-algia are due 
 to errors in technique, owing to which the nerve is neither struck nor injected. 
 Writer improves on the method by carr5dng the injection through the foramen 
 ovale into the Gasserian ganglion itself. Full details of technique and outfit. 
 —L. '12, i. 218. 
 
 This method is unsuitable for such nerves as the sciatic, which contain 
 motor fibres the paralysis of which may be permanent. — B.M.J.E. '12, i. 63. 
 
 The treatment of trigeminal ne\aralgia by means of alcoholic injections 
 into the foramina of exit of the branches of the nerve from the skxill has now 
 become sectirely estabUshed in practice ; the ideal injection is one which 
 directly aims at injecting the Gasserian itself. A valuable paper by Hartel 
 is summarised ; he approaches the gangUon along the long axis of the foramen 
 ovale itself, namely from the front of the face ; the needle is entered through 
 the skin of the cheek, thus avoiding septic infection from the mouth ; details 
 of the technique are given. — M.A. '14, 377. 
 
 Instead of Alcohol injections in neuralgia, injections of Sodium Glycero- 
 phosphate are suggested as safer and more rehable. — B.M.J. '11, i. 561. 
 
 Alcohol Injections in Laryngeal Pain. — For the pain of laryngeal 
 phthisis Hoffman introduced the method of injecting Alcohol into the trunk 
 of the superior laryngeal nerve. The skin is cleansed with Alcohol and 
 Ether. Patient lies on a couch, a bolster is placed under the neck, so that 
 the larynx stands well forward. An 85 p.c. Alcohol Solution is used, heated 
 to 45° C. (113° F.). By some a solution of 2 grains of Hydrochloride of 
 Eucaine B in an oz. of 80 p.c. Alcohol is preferred. The tender point is 
 sought for in the thyrohyoid membrane, which corresponds with the point 
 of entry of the superior laryngeal nerve into the larynx, and the left index 
 finger is placed immediately below this point, while the thmnb pushes the 
 larynx over towards the affected side. The needle should be introduced at 
 right angles to the skin, and rather nearer the hyoid than the thyroid cartilage. 
 It is convenient to have a length of 1 ^ centimetres marked off on the syringe, 
 as that is about the depth to which the needle should be carried. If the 
 nerve is touched, patient at once complains of severe pain in the ear ; a 
 few drops of Alcohol are then injected, the pain increases for a Uttle and 
 then passes off gradually ; more is then injected, and if there is no pain 
 the needle is directed a little to the side, and again a few drops are injected ; 
 if the pain still remains in abeyance, the needle is withdrawn. In all \ to 
 \\ c.c. are injected. If the effect is not lasting the injection may be repeated. 
 The needle used is of Schlosser's pattern, the peciiliarity being that the point 
 is bevelled off much more obtusely than in an ordinary hypodermic syringe 
 so as to avoid risk of puncturing a vessel. It has also to be fixed in a strong 
 mount so as to overcome the resistance of the tissues. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 384 ; 
 L. '10, i. 1755; B.M.J. '11, ii. 1003. 
 
 Alcohol Injection Anaesthetic. — The best anaesthetic, 20 minutes 
 before commencing the injection, is a combination of Morphine, i grain, 
 with Hyoscine, ^^ grain ; hypodermically into the arm ; vomiting may 
 occur in some, but this tendency may be diminished by the addition of 
 Atropine, ^ grain, to the preliminary injection ; nmnerous technical details 
 are given. — L. '13, i. 882. 
 
 Alcohol Vapour. — A mixture of Alcohol Vapour with Oxygen is a 
 very valuable cardiac stimulant, and has been used with great benefit in 
 pneumonia, astlima, septicfemia, typhoid, collapse, etc. It is given for 5 
 minutes every half horn*. It is prepared by passing a current of Oxygen 
 
1326 SPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 through Absolute Alcohol ; with rectified spirits, brandy or whisky, much 
 smaller amounts of Alcohol Vapour are carried over by the Oxygen. — L. 
 '10, ii. 400. 
 
 It is better to use Absolute Alcohol in the wash-bottle, since with less 
 concentrated forms an insufficient amount will be contained in the Oxygen. 
 The Oxygen should be bubbled through in a rapid stream. The full effect 
 is obtained after five minutes, and lasts for several minutes. As the effect 
 passes off the administration should be repeated. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 1411. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all ; Fr., Alcool flthylique k 95 
 degres cent6simaux. 
 
 Tests. — ^Alcohol (90 p.c.) lias a specific gravity of 0*834. Tlie 
 B.P. gives 0-8337; the V.S.P. about 0-816 at 15-6° C. (60° F.) or 
 0-809 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the Fr. Codex, 0-816 ; the P.G., 0-830 to 
 0-834. It readily volatilises, and when ignited burns with a pale blue 
 non-luminous flame. If to a few c.c. of Alcohol 1 or 2 drops of a 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution be added, and then a solution of Iodine 
 drop by drop till the liquid contains a slight but distinct excess of 
 Iodine, and the mixture be warmed to about 60° C. (140° F.), it yields 
 a powerful penetrating odour of Iodoform. When mixed with a small 
 quantity of Potassium Permanganate Solution and Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid it is rapidly oxidised, the distinctive odour of Acetaldehyde 
 being evolved. It reduces Potassium Bichromate Solution, yielding 
 similarly an odour of Acetaldehyde, the solution changing to a bright 
 green. It should be miscible in all proportions with Distilled Water ; 
 the solution should be odourless and free from turbidity. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are fixed residue, oily or 
 resinous substances. Fusel Oil and allied impurities, Amylic Alcohol and 
 other organic impurities, Aldehyde, Tannic Acid from Oak cask, excess 
 of Aldehyde, Acetone and Methyl Alcohol. 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 leave no weighable residue upon evaporation, indicating the absence 
 of fixed residue. It should afford a clear solution when mixed with 
 Distilled Water, indicating the absence of oily or resinous substances. 
 A small quantity of the Alcohol allowed to evaporate on a piece of 
 clean white bibulous paper should leave no unpleasant odour during 
 evaporation or after the Alcohol has completely evaporated, indi- 
 cating the absence of Fusel Oil and allied impurities. The U.S. P. 
 mixes 10 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) with 5 c.c. of Distilled Water and 
 1 c.c. of Glycerin, and allows the mixture to evaporate spontaneously, 
 requiring that no foreign odour should become perceptible when the 
 last traces of Alcohol leave the paper, indicating the absence of Fusel 
 Oil constituents. The P.G. requires that, when a mixture of 10 c.c. 
 of Alcohol and 0*2 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. 
 w/w) is evaporated to 1 c.c. and supersaturated with Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid, no odour of Fusel Oil should develop. 
 
 If 2 ml. of Tenth- Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution be 
 added to a measured quantity of 100 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 the mixture be exposed to a bright light during 24 hours, a black 
 precipitate is thrown down ; if the clear supernatant liquid be carefully 
 decanted from this precipitate it should yield no further deposit when 
 mixed with a further quantity of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] SPI 1327 
 
 Nitrate Solution and again exposed to a bright light, indicating the 
 absence of more than traces of Amylic Alcohol and of other organic 
 impurities. The U.S. P. requires that if 20 c.c. of Alcohol (94:"9 p.c.) 
 be shaken in a clean, glass-stoppered vial, with 1 c.c. of Silver Nitrate 
 Test-Solution, the mixture should not become more than faintly 
 opalescent, or acquire more than a faint brownish tint when exposed 
 during 6 hours to diffused daylight, indicating a limit of organic 
 impurities, Amyl Alcohol, Aldehyde, etc. ; the P.G. requires that a 
 mixture of 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 
 1 c.c. of Silver Nitrate Solution, when mixed with a sufficiency of 
 Ammonia Solution to dissolve the precipitate at first produced, shall 
 not develop either a coloration or a turbidity within 5 minutes, after 
 standing in the dark, indicating a limit of Aldehyde. No immediate 
 darkening in colour should occur when 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 is mixed with 5 c.c. of a 1 in 5 aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of more than traces of Aldehyde. The U.S. P. 
 requires that if 10 c.c. of Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) be mixed in a test-tube 
 with 5 c.c. of Potassium Hydroxide Test-Solution, a yellow colora- 
 tion should not be at once assumed by the liquid, indicating the 
 absence of Aldehyde or Oak Tannin. On the addition of Ammonia 
 Solution to Alcohol (90 p.c.) no immediate darkening in colour should 
 occur, indicating the absence of Tannin, excess of Aldehyde, and 
 other organic impurities. As an additional test for the presence of 
 Amylic Alcohol and readily charred organic impurities, the U.S. P. 
 evaporates 25 c.c. spontaneously in a porcelain evaporating dish, 
 carefully protecting the liquid from dust during the evaporation. 
 The evaporation is continued until the surface of the dish is 
 barely moist ; on then adding a few drops of colourless concen- 
 trated Sulphuric Acid, the residue should not produce a red or 
 brown coloration. The Ammonia test for Tannic Acid and excess 
 of Aldehyde is common to the B.P. and the P.G., but is omitted from 
 the U.S. P. The P.G. includes a test for Molasses Spirit, requiring 
 that if 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid be added to 5 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 in a test-glass, which has been previously rinsed with some of the 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) to be examined, the Alcohol being poured carefully 
 upon the surface of the Sulphuric Acid so that the liquids do not mix, 
 then after prolonged standing no rose-red coloration should be produced 
 at the junction of the two fluids. It also includes a test for Acetone, 
 requiring that 5 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) introduced into a stoppered 
 flask of 50 c.c. capacity, fitted with a glass tube of about 75 cm. 
 length, bent twice at right angles and attached to a receiver, if it be 
 then carefully heated with a small flame, till about 1 c.c. of the distillate 
 has been collected, on the addition of an equal volume of Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 5 drops of Sodium Nitro- 
 prusside Solution, a red coloration, which after the careful addition of 
 an excess of Acetic Acid changes to violet, should not result. The 
 U.S.P. includes a test for the absence of more than 2 p.c. of Methyl 
 Alcohol, described below under the -heading of Copper Wire and 
 Resorcinol. 
 
1328 SPI [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Copper Wire and Eesoreinol. — 1 c.c. of the Alcohol or spirit is transferred 
 to a test-tube of a capacity of about 40 c.c, and sufficient Distilled Water 
 added to bring the volume of the liquid to 10 c.c, the test necessitating the 
 proportion of Alcohol in the liquid not being more than about 10 p.c. by 
 voliune. 1 metre of No. 18 clean Copper Wire is wound closely round a 
 glass rod 7 mm. thick so as to form a coil about 3 cm. long, the end of the 
 wire being formed into a handle ; the coil is heated to redness in a non- 
 luminous flame and plunged, whilst red hot, to the bottom of the liquid in 
 the test-tube and held there for a second or two, withdrawn, and dipped 
 into Distilled Water to cool. This operation is repeated five or six times, 
 immersing the test-tube in cold Water to keep it cool. The contents are 
 now filtered into a wide test-tube and boiled very gently ; if the odovu" of 
 Acetaldehyde be perceptible the boiling is continued until the odo\ir has 
 ceased to be clearly distinguished ; the Uquid cooled, and a drop of a 1 in 200 
 Resorcinol Solution added. A portion of this liquid is poured carefully upon 
 the surface of some pure Sulphuric Acid contained in another test-tube, 
 the tube is allowed to stand for 3 minutes and then slowly rotated; 
 a rose-red coloration should not develop at the point of contact of the 
 two liquids, indicating the absence of more than 2 p.c. of Methyl Alcohol, 
 U.S.P. 
 
 DILUTED ALCOHOL. 
 
 Four strengths of diluted Alcohol are Official, containing respectively 
 70, 60, 45 and 20 p.c. of Ethyl Hydroxide by volume. They may 
 be prepared as described in the following paragraphs ; — 
 
 1. Alcohol (70 p.c.).— 124:f fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mixed 
 with 38ffl. oz. of Water, or 777*7 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) with 
 241 -6 ml. of Water; temperature 15-5° C. (60° F.). Specific gravity 
 0-8899. 
 
 2. Alcohol (60 p.c.).— With 106| fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mix 
 57J fl. oz. of Water, or with 666 "6 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mix 
 357 -8 ml. of Water ; temperature 15-5° C. (60° F.). Specific gravity 
 0-9134. 
 
 3. Alcohol (45 p.c.).— With 80^ fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mix 
 84|- fl. oz. of Water, or with 500 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mix 
 526-6 ml. of Water; temperature 15-5° C. (60° F.). Specific gravity 
 0-9435. 
 
 4. Alcohol (20 p.c.).— With 35f fl. oz. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mix 
 126 J fl. oz. of Water, or with 222-2 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) mix 
 791ml. of Water; temperature 15-5° C. (60° F.). Specific gravity 
 0-9760. 
 
 When the specific gravity of Alcohol is 0-920 it is called Proof Spirit; if 
 lighter than this, it is called ' above proof ' ; if heavier than this, ' under proof ' ; 
 and the percentage of Water, or of Rectified Spirit, specific gravity -825 (the 
 Inland Revenue Standard), by measure, necessary to be added to any sample 
 of Spirit to bring it to the standard of Proof Spirit, indicates the number of 
 degrees the given sample is above or below proof. Thus, if 100 volumes of 
 a Spirit require 10 volumes of Water to reduce it to proof, it is said to be 
 ' 10 over proof ' ; on the other hand, if 100 volumes of Spirit require 10 
 volumes of Spirit to raise it to proof, the sample is said to be ' 10 under 
 proof.' 
 
 U.S. defines three strengths of Alcohol : Alcohol Absolutum, containing 
 99 p.c. of Alcohol ; Alcohol, about 94 • 9 p.c. ; and Alcohol Dilutum, about 
 48 -9 p.c. All by volume. 
 
 Ger. describes three strengths : Alcohol AbsoKitus, containing 99 • 46 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SPI 1329 
 
 to 99-66 p.o. of Alcohol; Spiritus, 90-09 to 91-29 p.c. ; Spiritus Dilutus, 
 68 to 69 p.c. All by voliome. 
 
 Fr. describes Alcool Ethylique, Alcool a 100 degres Centesimaux, which 
 should have a specific gravity not exceeding 0-79683, and Alcool Ethylique a 
 95 degres Centesimaux, containing 95 p.c. by volume of Alcohol. 
 
 The Spirits of the Pharmacopoeias are as follows : — 
 
 British 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Belgian 
 Danish 
 
 Dutch 
 
 French 
 
 German 
 
 Hungarian 
 Italian 
 
 Japanese 
 Mexican 
 
 Norwegian 
 Portugtw 
 
 Russian 
 
 Spanish 
 Swedish 
 Swiss 
 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 79683 
 
 8337 
 
 8899 
 
 9134 
 
 9435 
 
 976 
 
 830—0-834 
 
 892—0-896 
 
 935—0-945 
 
 816—0-820 
 
 812—0-816 
 
 831—0-834 
 
 890—0-895 
 
 8159 . 
 
 8897 . 
 
 79433-0 
 
 816 . 
 
 796—0-797 
 
 830—0-834 
 
 892—0-896 
 
 834—0-835 
 
 8125—0-8200 
 
 890—0-891 
 
 800 
 
 8169 
 
 8344 
 
 8644 
 
 8905 
 
 9139 
 
 830—0-834 
 
 892—0-896 
 
 79 
 
 8125— 0-816 
 9020—0-9045 
 834 . . 
 850 . . 
 905 . . 
 813—0-816 
 831—0-834 
 888—0-890 
 952-0-955 
 794 . . 
 8161 . . 
 
 831—6-833 
 
 889—0-891 
 934 — 0-938 
 830—0-834 
 
 Percentage of Absolute Alcohol 
 
 by Volume. 
 
 Alcohol 90 p.c. (Spiritus Rectificatus) 90 
 
 70 p.c 70 
 
 „ 60 p.c 60 
 
 „ 45 p.c 45 
 
 20 p.c 20 
 
 Sp. Vini Concentratus . . 90 to 91 -2 
 
 „ Dilutus .... 68 to 69 
 
 ., Cognac . . . . 44 to 48 
 
 Spirittis .... 94-09 
 
 Spiritus Alcoholisatus . . 95 to 96 
 
 ,, Concentratus . . 00 to 91 
 
 Dilutus .... 68 to 70 
 
 Fortior 95 
 
 ,, Dilutus 70 
 
 Alcool Ethylique 100 
 
 at ^b" .... 95 
 
 Alcohol Absolutus . . 99 - 46 to 99 • 66 
 
 Spiritus .... 90-09 to 91-29 
 
 Dilutus .... 68 to 69 
 
 ,, e Vino (by weight) at least 38 
 
 Concentratus . 90-1 to 89-8 
 
 ,. Concentratissimus . 96 to 94-1 
 
 Dilutus . . . 70 -2 to 69-8 
 
 Alcool Absoluto 99 
 
 95° 
 90° 
 80° 
 70° 
 60° 
 
 95 
 90 
 
 80 
 70 
 60 
 
 Spiritus 90 to 91 -2 
 
 „ Dilutus . . 
 Alcohol Vinico 
 
 „ at 50° . . 
 
 60° . . 
 
 80° . , 
 
 90° . , 
 
 Spiritus Concentratii? 
 
 ,, Dilutvis . 
 Alcool at 90° . . , 
 85° . . . 
 65° . . . 
 
 68 to 69 
 
 . . . 100 
 
 . . . 60 
 
 . . . 60 
 
 . . . 80 
 
 . . . 90 
 
 , . 96 to 95 
 
 65-19 to 64-12 
 
 . . . . 90 
 
 85 
 
 . . . 65 
 
 Sp.Vini(95p.c.) 95 
 
 (90 p.c.) 90 
 
 (70 p.c.) 70 
 
 (38 p.c.) 38 
 
 Alcohol Anhidro 100 
 
 de 95° 95 
 
 de 60° 60 
 
 Spiritus Concentratus . . 90 to 91 
 
 Dilutus . . . 69 -6 to 70 -5 
 
 Tenuis . . . 48 -4 to 50 -6 
 
 .... 90-09:to91-29 
 
1330 
 
 SPI [Solids by V 
 
 ^eig 
 
 
 Specific Gravity. 
 
 Swiss 
 
 . 0-892—0-895 . . 
 
 
 
 0-916-0-939 
 
 
 
 
 0-927—0-950 
 
 
 U.S. . 
 
 
 0-816 . . 
 0-797 . . 
 0-936 . . 
 0-92.5—0-941 
 0-924r— 0-945 
 
 
 Percentage of Absolute Alcohol 
 by Volume. 
 Spiritus Dilutus . . 68-12 to 69-34 
 „ e Saccharo (Rum) . 50 to 60 
 „ e Vino (Cognac) . 45 to 55 
 
 Alcohol 94-9 
 
 ,, Absolutum . (by weight) 99 
 
 Dilutum 48-9 
 
 Sp. Vini Gallici .... 46 to 55 
 „ Frumenti 44 to 55 
 
 Relative Strength of Wines and Spirits. — The following figures repre- 
 sent the average strength in Alcohol by Volume: Jamaica Rum, 
 about 69 p.c. ; Proof Spirit, about 57 p.c. ; "V^Tiisky, about 51 p.c. ; Brandy, 
 about 48 p.c. ; Gin, about 47 p.c. ; Port, Sherry and Madeira, about 20 p.c. ; 
 Burgundy, Claret, Hock and Moselle, about 10 p.c. ; strong Ale and Stout, 
 7 to 8 p.c. ; Beer and Cyder, 5 to 6 p.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SPIRITUS VINI GALLICI. 
 
 B.P. 1898 described Brandy as a spirituous liqviid distilled from Wine and 
 matured by age. It was required to contain not less than 36J p.c. w/w or 
 43i^ p.c. v/v of Ethyl Hydroxide. The U.S. P. describes it as an alcoholic 
 hquid obtained by the distillation of the fermented unmodified juice of fresh 
 grapes, requires it to be at least 4 years old, and that it shall contain approxi- 
 mately 39 to 47 p.c. w/w or 46 to 55 v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The P.G. 
 descrilaes Cognac as a drinking Brandy obtained from Wine and matured by 
 various methods. It is reqtiired to contain at least 38 p.c. by vohune of 
 Alcohol and to conform to the German regulations of the 7th April, 1909. 
 
 In the present state of our knowledge it is impossible to tell from an 
 analytical point of view the origin of the spirit in Brandy. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. (Spiritus Vini Cognac), 
 Ger., Mex., Swiss and U.S. (Spiritus Vini Gallici). 
 
 Tests. — Brandy has a specific gravity of about 0-930. The U.S. P. 
 requires that the specific gravity should be not more than 0-941 nor less than 
 0-925 at 15-6° C. (60° F.). Genuine typical Brandies contain from 39 to 
 45 p.c. by weight, corresponding to 46 to 55 p.c. by volume, of Absolute 
 Alcohol, and these Hmits have been adopted as a standard of strength by the 
 U.S. P. Its average strength of Absolute Alcohol is about 42 p.c. w/w, 
 corresponding to about 50 p.c. v/v. The percentage of Absolute Alcohol 
 may be determined by a method similar to that described under Spiritus 
 Frumenti. The extractive matter varies from 0-6 to 1*5 p.c. and averages 
 about 0-75 p.c. w/v. The U.S. P. requires that the percentage w/v of 
 residue dried at 100° C. (212° F.) should not amount to more than 0-5, and 
 that this residue should have no .sweet or distinctly spicy taste, indicating the 
 absence of added Sugar, Glycerin, and aromatic substances. The proportion 
 of volatile acid varies from 0-032 p.c w/v to 0-1 p.c. w/v, averaging about 
 0-042 p.c. w/v. It may be determined on the distilled spirit by a similar 
 method to that described under Spiritus Frumenti, and may be expressed 
 in terms of Acetic Acid. The proportion of fixed acid varies from 0-013 
 to 0*025 p.c. w/v. It may be determined as indicated under Spiritus 
 Frumenti. The compoimd Ethers expressed in terms of Ethyl Acetate 
 vary from 0-051 to 0-086 p.c. w/v, and average about 0-055 p.c. w/v, 
 eqmvalent to 130-9 per 100,000, calculated on a spirit of an average 
 Alcohol content of 42 p.c. w/w. Their amoimt may be determined by the 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] STA 1331 
 
 Saponification test given under Spiritus Frumenti. The U.S. P. includes a 
 limit of free acid wlaich represents the total acidity of the Brandy, volatile 
 acid as well as fixed, and mentions that 100 c.c of the Brandy should reqxiire 
 not more than 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 tofrender it distinctly alkaline to Litmus. This calculates to 0-06 p.c. w/v 
 of 'Hydrogen Acetate. The higher Alcohols expressed in terms of Amyl 
 Alcohol vary from • 05 p.c. w/v to • 136 p.c. w/v, averaging about • 068 p.c. 
 w/v, their amount may be determined by the AUen-Marquardt process given 
 xmder Spiritus Frumenti, and the same "tests as are there described for the 
 detection of Aldehyde and Furfural may also be employed here. 
 
 The Circular No. 1 8 issued by the United States Department of Agriculture 
 defines potable Brandy as a distillate from Wine properly aged by storage 
 in wood, to eliminate the amount of Fusel Oils, etc., which may be present. 
 It is required to contain not less than 45 nor more than 55 p.c. v/v of Absolute 
 Alcohol, and not more than • 25 p.c. w/v of extractive matter. The contents 
 of Fusel Oil should not exceed 0-25 p.c. w/v. Brandy should not be mixed 
 with Alcohol from any other source than that of distilled Wine, the distillate 
 from the lees, pomace, and refuse of the winery is not entitled to bear the 
 term ' Brandy ' in the potable sense. Cognac is only admitted as a name 
 in the case of Brandies made in Cognac from wines grown and mamifactured 
 there ; no artificial colour other than that derived from the wood in which 
 they are aged is admitted in Brandies. The U.S. P. requires that when 
 100 c.c. of Brandy are slowly evaporated in a tared dish on a water-bath 
 the last portions volatilised should have an agreeable odour free from harsh- 
 ness, indicating the absence of Fusel Oil from grain or potato spirit; the 
 residue should completely dissolve in 10 c.c. of cold Distilled Water, and the 
 solution so produced should not be coloured deeper than light green on the 
 addition of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test -Solution, indicating the 
 absence of more than traces of Oak Tannin from casks. 
 
 MISTURA SPIRITUS VINI GALLICI (B.P. 1898).— Rub the yolks of 
 two Eggs with h oz. of Refined Sugar : add 4 fl. oz. of Cinnamon Water and 
 4 fl. oz. Brandy. 
 
 Dose. — -4s a draught, 1 to 2 fl. oz. = 28-4 to 56-8 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 STANNI OLEAS. 
 
 A greyish, coarsely granular powder, insoluble in Alcohol, very slightly 
 sokible in Almond Oil, completely disintegrated and partially dissolved by 
 Father or Oleic Acid. 
 
 UNGUENTUiV! STANNI OLEATIS.— Stannous Oleate, 60 grains ; Lard, 
 1 oz. 
 
 Of great utility in disease of the nails ; it overcomes the brittle, split and 
 soft condition of the nails, and gives them a brilliant lustre. 
 
 STAPHISAGRIiE SEMINA. 
 
 STAVESACRE SEEDS. 
 
 Fb., Staphysaigre ; Ger., Stephanskorneb ; Ital., Stafisagria ; 
 Span., Estafisagria. 
 
 The dried ripe Seeds of Delphinium Staphisagria, L. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The Seeds have been used in ointments 
 for many years as a parasiticide for pediculi ; the activity rests in 
 an Oil which they contain in rather large quantity. 
 
1332 STA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 OflB.cial Preparation.— Unguentum Staphisagrife. 
 
 Not Official. — Lotio StaphisagriEe, Fluidextractum Staphisagrise, Oleum 
 Staphisagrise, Unguentum Olei Staphisagrise, and Delphinina. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch, Fr., Port., Mex. 
 and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Seeds are greyisli-black, or blackish- 
 brown if not quite ripe, about three lines long, and rather less in width, 
 irregularly 4 to 5-sided with one side convex and the others more 
 or less flattened or concave, the angles are sharp, and the testa is 
 rough, wrinkled and deeply pitted. The albumen is whitish, oily, 
 and has a minute embryo at the pointed end. No other Delphinium 
 in cultivation has so large a seed ; the species usually grown in botanic 
 gardens as this plant has smaller seeds and lilac flowers and is 
 D. fictum, Willd. D. Staphisagria, L., has blue flowers and is only 
 half hardy. 
 
 Tests. — Stavesacre Seeds yield from 10 to 15 p.c. of ash. The 
 Seeds contain a large proportion of fixed Oil. Four samples of Seeds 
 examined in the author's laboratory when extracted with Ether 
 yielded 31-4, 32-8, 33-9 and 34-8 p.c. of Oil. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM STAPHISAGRIiE. Stavesacre Ointment. 
 
 Digest 2 of crushed Stavesacre Seeds in 8| of Benzoated Lard on 
 a water-bath for 2 hours, squeeze through calico, and dissolve 1 of 
 Yellow Beeswax in the hot liquid, and finally stir until cold. 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LOTIO STAPHISAGRI/E. Syn. Nursery Hair Lotion {Pharm. Form.).— 
 Stavesacre Seeds, in rough powder, 2 oz. ; Acetic Acid, 1 oz. ; Water, 16. 
 Boil for 10 minutes in a covered vessel, set aside till cold ; then add Rectified 
 Spirit, 2 oz. ; Oil of Geranium, 2 minims ; Oil of Lavender, 2 minims ; Oil 
 of Lemon, 4 minims ; filter and add Glycerin, 1 oz. ; Water, to 20 fl. oz. 
 This is the Edinburgh Infirmary Pharmacopoeia preparation. 
 
 Fluidextractum Staphisagrise {U.S.). — 1 in 1 with a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 4, and Water 1. 
 
 Used as an external application to destroy lice. 
 
 OLEUM STAPHISAGRI/E.— The Oil obtained by expression from the 
 Seeds. 
 
 It is insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), but dissolves readily in hot Absolute 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Tests. — Stavesacre Oil has a specific gravity of about 0-918. 
 
 UNGUENTUM OLEI STAPHISAGRI/E.— Expressed Oil, 60 minims ; 
 Lard, 1 oz. 
 
 DELPHININA. Delphinine. — Rhombic crystals or as a yellowish powder. 
 An Alkaloid obtained from Stavesacre. Insoluble in Water, but dissolves 
 in acidulated Water, in Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. It melts at about 
 192° C. (377 • 6° F.). It yields no colour reactions with acids, but when mixed 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STE 1333 
 
 with 1 to 2 volumes of Amyl Alcohol and treated with Sulphuric Acid, it 
 yields an orange-coloured mass, which after several hours becomes dark 
 rose-red and ultimately blue. 
 
 Dose. — /^ grain = 0-00 11 gramme ; and repeat everj^ 2 hours in neuralgia. 
 
 Not Official. 
 STEARIN. 
 
 COCOA->njT STEABIN. 
 
 A white, soft, crystalline, fatty substance, unctuous to the touch, and 
 possessing a strong, characteristic odour of Cocoa-nut. 
 
 This substance is more suitable for the manufactiu-e of suppositories 
 (especially in the cooler months of the year) than Oil of Theobroma ; the 
 melting point of the latter is so near the temperature of the body that the 
 suppositories made with it frequently take a very long time to melt. Mixtures 
 of Stearin and Theobroma Oil give intermediate figures. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Hung. 
 
 Tests. — Cocoa-nut Stearin has a specific gravity at 60° C. (140° F.) of 
 about 0-900. It has a melting point of 28-9" C. (84° F.). It possesses a 
 Saponification Value of about 256, and an Iodine Value of about 6. When 
 distilled by the Reichart-Vollney test, the nmnber of c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volimaetric Barium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise the distillate 
 should amount to about 3 c.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 STILLINGIA. 
 
 queen's eoot. 
 
 The Root of Stillingia sylvatica, L., is Official in U.S. It is stated to contain 
 an alkaloid ' Stillingine ' which should not be confounded with the eclectic 
 remedy ' Stillingin.' Usefvd in secondary syphilis. 
 
 Fluid Extract (1 in 1), average dose 2 c.c. (30 minims), is Official in U.S. 
 and forms a convenient means of exhibition. 
 
 STRAMONII FOLIA. 
 
 STRAMONIUM LEAVES. 
 
 Fr., Stramoine ; Ger., Stechapfelblattep. ; Ital., Stramonio j 
 Span., Estramonio. 
 
 The dried Leaves of Datura Stramonium, L. 
 
 They contain an alkaloid, Datiu-ine, identical with Hyoscyamine. 
 
 Stramonium Leaves, U.S. P., are required to yield not less than 0-25p.c. 
 of mydriatic alkaloids. 
 
 Stramonium Seeds and an Extract of the Seeds were Official in B.P. 
 1898, but are now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Belladonna. Anti- 
 spasmodic and sedative in spasmodic and bronchitic asthma. It 
 
1334 STR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 is mucli used for spasmodic asthma in the form of cigarettes and 
 smoking mixtures. 
 
 Dose. — Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0'2 gramme; daily, 
 0*6 gramme. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparation. — Tinctura Stramonii. 
 
 Not Official. — Extractum Stramonii, Fluidextractum Stramonii, Piilvis 
 Stramonii Compositus, Folia Stramonii Nitrata, Cigarettes de Stramoine, 
 Pulvis Anasthmaticus, Species contra Asthma, Unguentum Stramonii, and 
 Guttse Datuxinse. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Stramonium Leaves of commerce have, 
 during the last few years, been frequently adulterated. The genuine 
 leaves average about 3 to 6 in. (7 to 15 cm.) long, and 2 to 3 in. 
 (5 to 8 cm.) broad, but are sometimes much larger, 9 by 6 in. (22 by 
 15 cm.), have an ovate outline, a petiole 1 in. (25 mm.) or more 
 long, a sinuate margin with acute, rather distant triangular teeth of 
 variable size, an unequal base, a minutely wrinkled surface when dried, 
 a paler under surface, and a characteristic odour. The leaf has a 
 bitterish, saline taste. 
 
 Under the microscope the powder is easily distinguished from 
 that of Belladonna Leaves by the presence of cluster crystals and the 
 absence of crystal-sand cells, by the epidermal cells not being striated, 
 by the long hairs having rough or papillose walls and no terminal 
 glands, and by the long palisade cells 5 or 6 times longer than broad. 
 None of the adulterants hitherto used possess these characters. The 
 ash is limited to 18 p.c. 
 
 The leaves of Datura Tatula, L., have usually a purplish tinge on 
 the petiole, often extending to the mid-rib. 
 
 The leaves of D. fastuosa, L., var. alba, Nees., are now Official under 
 the name of Daturce Folia. The leaves are not acuminate, and are 
 obtusely sinuate, but not dentate. 
 
 Tests. — Stramonium Leaves yield from 10 to 18 p.c. of ash, and 
 the latter figure should not be exceeded. The U.S. P. requires that 
 the dried leaves should yield not less than 0"25 p.c. of mydriatic 
 alkaloids, and gives a method for the assay of the leaves which is 
 identical with that for Belladonna Leaves given under Belladonnas 
 Folia. 10 grammes of Stramonium in No. 60 powder may be employed 
 for the determination. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA STRAMONIL Tincture op Stramonium. 
 
 1 of Stramonium Leaves in No. 20 powder, percolated with Alcohol 
 (45 p.c), to yield 5. 
 
 Tincture of Stramonium, U.S. P., is required to contain 0*025 p.c. w/v of 
 mydriatic alkaloids from Stramonium. The B.P. Tincture is not standardised ; 
 the P.G. does not include a Tincture. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0-9 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1335 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OflBrial in Swiss, 1 of Seeds in 10 ; U.S., 
 1 of Leaves in 10. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Stramonium has a specific gravity of 0*950 
 to 0' 964 ; it contains between 3 and 5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 43 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. The U.S.P. requires the Tincture 
 to contain 0*025 gramme of mydriatic alkaloids from Stramonium, 
 assaying the tincture by a process similar to that given for the assay 
 of Fluid Extract of Belladonna Root appearing under Extractum 
 Belladonnae Fluidum. 100 c.c. of the Tincture are evaporated to about 
 10 c.c, sufficient Alcohol (94*9 p.c.) is added if necessary, to dissolve 
 any separated substance, and the assay then continued as directed, 
 the final multiplication by 10 being omitted in the calculation, as 
 100 c.c. of the Tincture are used for the operation. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 EXTRACTUM STRAMONII (C7.^.).— Prepared by the evaporation, to a 
 pilular consistence, of fluid extract of Stramonium at a temperature not 
 exceeding 50° C. (122° F.). 
 
 Tests. — Extract of Stramoniiun, U.S. P., is required to contain 1 -0 p.c. 
 of the mydriatic alkaloids from Stramonium, the determination being made 
 by a method identical with that for the assay of Extract of Belladonna 
 Leaves given imder the heading of Extractum Belladormse Siccima. o granunes 
 of the Extract are employed for tlie determination. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM STRAMONII (U.S.).— An approximately 1 in I 
 fluid extract prepared by exhausting Stramonium Leaves in No. 40 powder 
 ■with a mixtm-e composed of 2 volumes of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) and 1 volume of 
 Water, finally adjusting the fluid extract to contain 0-25 p.c. of mydriatic 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Average Dose. — 1 minim (0-05 c.c). 
 
 Tests. — Fluidextract of Stramonimn, U.S. P., is required to contain 
 0'2.5 p.c. w/v of the mydtiatic alkaloids from Stramoniima, as determined by 
 a process identical with that employed for the U.S.P. assay of Fluidextract 
 of Belladonna Root given under Extractum Belladormse Liquidum. A 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Fluidextract is employed for the deter- 
 mination. 
 
 PULVIS STRAMONII COMPOSITUS— Stramonium Leaves, Datura 
 Tatula, Cannabis Indica, and Lobeha Inflata, all in powder, of each 6 drm. ; 
 Nitre, in powder, 1 oz. ; Eucalyptus Oil, 30 minims ; mix thoroughly. 
 
 It burns well, gives off dense fumes, and affords great relief during asthmatic 
 attacks. 
 
 Several formulas, somewhat similar to the above, appear in the Hospital 
 Pharmacopeias. Himrod's cure and several other similar preparations 
 have also been recommended for asthma. 
 
 Folia Stramonii Nitrata. — Coarsely powdered Stramonivun Leaves, 2 ; 
 Potassium Nitrate, 1 ; Water, 3 ; soak, and after 12 hours dry. 
 
 Cigarettes de Stramoine (jPr.).— Each cigarette contains 1 gramme of 
 Stramonivun Leaves. 
 
 Pulvis Anasthmatieus {Norw.). — Opium, 2 ; Lobeha, 100 ; Belladonna 
 Leaves, 150 ; Stramonium Leaves, 550 ; Potassium Nitrate, 170 ; Camphor, 
 28 ; Distilled Water, q.s. 
 
 Species contra Asthma {Swed.). — Lobelia, 6 ; Stramonium, 25; Sugar, 
 32 ; Potassium Nitrate, 37. 
 
1336 STR [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 UNGUENTUM STRAMONII (?7. <?.)• — Extract of Stramonium, 10; 
 Alcohol (49 p. c), 5 ; Hydrous Woo] Fat, 20 ; Benzoinated Lard, 65. 
 
 GUTT/E DAT \JR\fi/E {London Ophthalmic). — Daturine Sulphate, 2 grains; 
 Water, 1 fi. oz. 
 
 STRONTII BROMIDUM. 
 
 STRONTIUM BROMIDE. 
 
 SrBraGHjO, eq. 355-566. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Fb., Bromube de Strontitjm ; Geb., Strontitjmbbomid ; Ital., Bbomubo 
 Di Stbonzio ; Span., Bromuro Estboncico. 
 
 Colourless, translucent, deliquescent, hexagonal, prismatic crystals, 
 or as white, acicular, deliquescent crystals, possessing a saline and 
 somewhat bitter taste. 
 
 Strontium Bromide has been described in Squire s Companion since 
 1894, and is now introduced into the B.P. 1914. It is required by 
 the B.P. to contain not less than 97 p.c. of pure crystallised Strontium 
 Bromide ; the U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 97 p.c. of 
 pure Strontium Bromide; the Fr. Codex requires 99 "89 p.c. of pure 
 Strontium Bromide. 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Strontium Carbonate and 
 Dilute Hydrobromic Acid, the product being purified by crystallisation. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint in a cool place and protected as far as possible from exposure to 
 the air, as it has a tendency to deliquesce. U.S. P. states that it is 
 also occasionally efflorescent. 
 
 Solubility.— 2 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Whilst in some cases apparently of 
 greater value than Potassium Bromide in controlling epileptic seizures, 
 yet on account of the more rapid action of the latter, its more lasting 
 effect, and the smaller dose required, the Potassium salt must be 
 regarded as the more generally useful. 
 
 It has an unpleasant, metallic taste. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 30 grains = 0*32 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Strontii Bromidum. Exsiecaturo. is also commercial. 69 of the 
 anhydrous is equivalent to 100 of the crystalL'sed salt. 
 
 Not OfiBcial. — Strontii Cinnamas, Strontii lodidum, Strontii Lactas, 
 Strontii Salicylas. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital., Mex., Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Strontium Bromide melts when heated, and finally loses 
 all its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 30*4 p.c. A crystal 
 of the salt moistened with Hydrochloric Acid and introduced in a loop 
 of Platinum wire into a non-luminous flame gives a brilliant crimson 
 coloration. The salt dissolves readily and completely in Alcohol 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STE, 1337 
 
 (90 p.c), but is precipitated from its alcoholic solution by the addition 
 of Ether. It dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 forming a clear solution, which should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution affords on the addition 
 of a saturated solution of Calcium Sulphate, a white precipitate insoluble 
 in diluted acids ; Potassium Chromate Solution affords a yellow 
 precipitate, soluble in Acetic Acid ; Ammonium Carbonate Solution 
 yields a white precipitate, insoluble in Ammonium Chloride Solution, 
 soluble with effervescence in Acetic Acid ; Ammonium Oxalate Solution 
 yields a white precipitate, insoluble in Acetic Acid, soluble in Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. The aqueous solution affords with Silver Nitrate Solution 
 a yellowish curdy precipitate practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution. 
 The Eighteenth Edition of Squires Companion stated that the per- 
 centage of pure Strontium Bromide present in a specimen could be 
 determined by titrating a weighed quantity of the salt with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using Potassium Chromate 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 97 -08 or more than 
 101 '3 p.c. of pure Strontium Bromide, as volumetrically determined by 
 titrating 1 gramme of the salt dissolved in Distilled Water, with Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, of which not less than 
 54*6 or more than 57 ml. should be required for complete precipitation ; 
 Potassium Chromate Solution may be employed as an indicator, 
 although not specifically mentioned by the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0-01778 gramme of 
 pure Strontium Bromide. The B.P. also gives a gravimetric method 
 of determination, requiring that 0*5 gramme, when moistened with 
 Sulphuric Acid and ignited, should leave a white residue weighing 
 not less than 0*25 gramme, corresponding to not less than 96*76 p.c. 
 of pure Strontium Bromide. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 97 p.c. of pure 
 Strontium Bromide, as volumetrically determined by the method given 
 below in small type under the bedding of Volumetric Determination ; 
 the proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric be 
 changed to 'not less than 98*5 p.c. by weight of pure Strontium 
 Bromide ' ; the Fr. Codex states that 1 gramme of crystallised Stron- 
 tium Bromide should require for complete precipitation 56*2 c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, which corresponds 
 to 99-89 p.c. of pure crystallised Strontium Bromide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, 
 Iron, Barium, Chlorides, Iodides, and excess of Water. 
 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as deter- 
 mined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, 
 employing a solution of 2 grammes of the salt in a mixture of 50 ml. 
 of hot Distilled Water and 12 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid 
 Arsenic-Test reagent. A limJt of 20 parts of Lead per million is also 
 Officially fixed, as determined by the Lead Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a primary solution containing 7 grammes 
 of Strontium Bromide, and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, 
 
J 338 STR [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 using 10 ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution, and adding Acetic Acid to 
 each solution before making alkaline with Ammonia Solution. A 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield no distinct darkening in colour or turbidity on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of heavy metals ; and 
 on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution no 
 distinct darkening in colour or turbidity should result, indicating a 
 limit of Iron. 1 gramme of the salt when mixed with an equal weight 
 of Sodium Acetate and the mixture dissolved in 13 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, when rendered faintly acid with 3 to 5 drops of Acetic Acid 
 and mixed with 5 drops of Potassium Bichromate Solution, shovdd not 
 afford a cloudiness within 3 minutes, indicating a limit of Barium. 
 The B.P. requires that no cloudiness should be produced when 1 ml. 
 of Potassium Chromate Solution is added to a solution of 1 gramme of 
 Strontium Bromide in Distilled Water, to which 13 ml. of Sodium 
 Acetate Solution and 3 ml. of Acetic Acid have been added. If the 
 precipitate obtained by completely precipitating 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution of the salt with Silver Nitrate Solution be separated, 
 shaken with Ammonia Solution and filtered, upon adding Nitric Acid 
 in slight excess to the filtrate no pronounced turbidity should result, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. If a little Chlorine Water diluted 
 with an equal volume of Distilled Water be added carefully drop by 
 drop to 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 solution of the salt and the aqueous 
 mixture be shaken with a little Carbon Bisulphide, the Carbon Bisulphide 
 Solution should assume a yellow or yellowish-brown colour, and should 
 be free from any violet tint, indicating the absence of Iodides. 
 
 Strontium Bromide, when dried till constant in weight at 100° to 
 110° C. (212° to 230° F.), shall lose not more than 30-5 p.c. of its 
 weight, indicating a limit of Water, 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — If 0-5 gramme of Strontitim Bromide be 
 dissolved in abotit 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, and a few drops of Potassium 
 Chromate Test-Solution be added, it should require the addition of not less 
 than 27-4 (27-48) c.c. nor more than 29-4 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vohunetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution to produce a permanent red colour, corresponding to 
 at least 97 p.c. of pure Strontium Bromide, U.S. P. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of 
 determination be changed from direct titration with Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate Solution to residual titration with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, after the addition of an excess 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 STRONTII CINNAMAS. — A white, or whitish, amorphous powder, 
 soluble 1 in 100 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). It has been used 
 suspended in 3 parts of Glycerin to 5 parts of Water in malignant disease. 
 
 Tests. — Strontimii Cinnamate when strongly heated evolves an aromatic 
 odour resembling Benzaldehyde, and finally bvu-ns leaving a carbonaceous 
 residue, which when dissolved in Distilled Water possesses a strongly alkaline 
 reaction towards Litmus paper, and effervesces on the addition of Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid, the solution when neutralised answering the tests distinc- 
 tive of Strontium given under the heading of Strontii Bromidtrai. The 
 Cinnamic Acid separated from the salt should possess the melting point and 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1339 
 
 answer the tests distinctive of Cinnamic Acid given under the heading of 
 Acidrnn Cinnamicum. 
 
 STRONTII lODIDUM (SrI„6H„0. eq. 449-566).— Translucent, colourless, 
 hexagonal prisms or a white granular powder, readily soluble in Water, 
 possessing a bitter saline taste. It should be kept in well -stoppered glass 
 bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far as possible from contact 
 with air, as it is of a deliquescent nature and liable to change to a yellow 
 colour on exposure to the light. It has been used in place of the alkali Iodides 
 in chronic endocarditis. 
 
 Dose. — 7 1 to 15 grains = 0-5 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign. Pharmacopoeias.— Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Strontium Iodide melts when cautiously heated, gradually 
 losing the whole of its Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 24*04 p.c, 
 and leaving a residue of the anhydrous salt. It dissolves readily and com- 
 pletely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution which is neutral or but 
 very faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. It yields the testa 
 distinctive of Strontium given under the heading of Strontiiun Bromide. 
 The aqueous solution affords with Silver Nitrate Solution, a yellow curdy 
 precipitate insoluble in Nitric Acid, insoluble in Ammonia Solution, but 
 soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution. The aqueous solution when cautiously 
 mixed with Chlorine Water diluted with an equal vol\xme of Distilled Water, 
 affords a reddish-brown coloration, changing to blue on the addition of 
 Mucilage of Starch. If the Hquid before the addition of Starch Solution be 
 shaken with Carbon Bisulphide, the Carbon Bisulpliide Solution assumes a 
 strong violet colour. The percentage of pxire Strontium Iodide may be 
 determined by titrating a weighed quantity of the salt dissolved in Distilled 
 Water, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using 
 Potassium Chromate Solution as an indicator ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Nomial Volu- 
 metric Silver Nitrate Solution = 0*02248 gramme of pure Strontium Iodide. 
 The U.S. P. reqvures it to contain not less than 98 p.c. of pure Strontium 
 Iodide, as determined by adding an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, titrating the excess with Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution, using Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test- 
 Solution as an indicator. • 5 gramme of Strontiiim Iodide is dissolved in 
 about 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, 25 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 5 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate 
 Test-Solution added, the flask stoppered and shaken; not less than 1-7 c.c. 
 nor more than 3- 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate 
 Solution should be required to produce a permanent red tint, corresponding to 
 98 p.c. of piu-e Strontium Iodide. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that this rubric be changed to ' not less than 99 p.c. by weight.' 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Barium, Chlorides, and excess of Water. 20 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 20 
 solution of Strontium Iodide, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should jdeld 
 no appreciable coloration or tui'bidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, indicating a Hmit of Arsenic, Copper, and Lead ; nor on the subse- 
 quent addition of an excess of Ammonia Solution should a distinct darkening 
 in coloiir or turbidity result, indicating a limit of Iron. 1 gramme of the 
 salt when mixed with an equal weight of Sodiiim Acetate, and the mixtiu-e 
 dissolved in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, when rendered faintly acid with 3 to 
 5 drops of Acetic Acid and mixed with 5 drops of Potassium Bichromate 
 Solution, should not afford a cloudiness within 3 minutes, indicating a limit of 
 Bariiim. If the precipitate obtained by completely precipitating an aqueous 
 solution of the salt with Silver Nitrate be separated, shaken with Ammonia 
 Solution and filtered, the filtrate, rendered faintly acid Tsith Nitric Acid, 
 should vield no pronounced tm-lDidity, indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 Strontium Iodide, when dried at 100° to 110° C. (212° to 230° F.), should 
 lose not more than 24*5 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. 
 
1340 STR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 STRONTII LACTAS (Sr(C3H,03), 3H,,0, eq. 319- 758).— A white granular 
 powder, or in crystalline nodules, soluble 1 in 3 of Water. Has been recom- 
 mended as a diiu'etic in Bright's disease. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 30 grains = 1*3 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and Mex. 
 
 Tests. — Strontium Lactate when heated to 110° C. (230° F.) loses its 
 Water of crystallisation, equivalent to 16*9 p.c. At a still higher temperature 
 it yields iriflammable vapours, and burns leaving a carbonaceous residue 
 which effervesces strongly on the addition of Hydi'ochloric Acid, and which 
 produces the characteristic crimson flame-test of Strontium. The salt 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, yielding a clear solution 
 which is slightly acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. It answers the 
 tests distinctive of Strontimn given imder the heading of Strontii Bromidum. 
 The aqueous solution, when acidified with Sulphm-ic Acid and treated with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution, decolorises the 
 Permanganate, evolving simultaneously an odour of Aldehyde. The per- 
 centage of piu^e Strontium Lactate may be determined by extracting the 
 carbonaceous residue left on igniting the carefully dried salt, with boiling 
 Water, until the washings no longer affect Methyl Orange Solution ; the 
 filtrate and washings being titrated with Normal Voliimetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, using Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 1 • 33 
 gramme of the salt thus treated should require for complete neutralisation 
 not less than 9-9 c.c. of the Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 corresponding to at least 98 "6 p.c. of the piu-e salt. 
 
 The more generally occm-ring impurities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Barium, Carbonates, Oxalates, Chlorides, Butyrates, Propionates, readily 
 charred organic impurities and excess of Water. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no appreciable darkening in 
 colour or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating 
 a limit of Arsenic, Copper and Lead ; on the subsequent addition of an excess 
 of Ammonia Solution no distinct darkening in colour or tiu-bidity should 
 result, indicating a limit of Iron. 1 gramme of the salt when mixed with an 
 equal weight of Sodium Acetate, and the mixture dissolved in 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, rendered faintly acid with 3 to 5 drops of Acetic Acid and 
 mixed with 5 drops of Potassium Bichromate Solution, should not afford a 
 cloudiness within 3 minutes, indicating a limit of Barium. The 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution of the salt should be perfectly clear, leaving no weighable 
 residue on filtration, and no effervescence should occur on mixing • 5 gramme 
 of the salt wth 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of Carbonates 
 and Oxalates. The 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, should not afford more than a slight opalescence on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chloride. A solution of the salt 
 in concentrated Sulphurio Acid should be free from perceptible or penetrating 
 odour, even after gently heating, indicating the absence of Butyrartes and 
 Propionates, and this Sulphm-ic Acid Solution should not in 10 minutes 
 become more than a pale straw yellow colour, indicating the absence of 
 readily charred organic impurities. 
 
 Strontium Lactate, when carefully dried till constant in weight at a tempera- 
 ture of 100° to 110° C. (212° to 230° F.), should lose not more than 17 p.f. 
 of its weight, indicating a limit of Water of crystallisation. 
 
 STRONTII SALICYLAS (Sr(C,H303)2 2H,0, eq. 397-742). — A white 
 powder, slightly soluble in Water. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible from the hght. 
 
 Has been recommended as an intestinal antiseptic ; also in gouty and 
 rheumatic conditions. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0-32 to 1 gramme. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in XJ.S. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1341 
 
 Tests. — Strontiiun Salicylate decomposes on heating, giving off inflam- 
 mable vapotirs and an odour of Phenol, and leaving a residue of Strontium 
 Carbonate. This residue dissolves with effervescence in Hydrochloric Acid, 
 giving a solution which, when carefully neutralised with Ammonia Solution, 
 answers the tests distinctive of Strontium given under Strontii Bromidum. 
 The salt dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear 
 solution which is faintly alkaline in reaction towards Litmus paper. A 1 in 
 100 aqueous solution of the salt affords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a 
 deep violet coloration. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution affords with Copper 
 Sulphate Test-Solution a green coloration. A small quantity of the salt, 
 when warmed with a few drops of concentrated Sulphuric Acid and a little 
 Methyl Alcohol, evolves the characteristic odour of Methyl Salicylate. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 98-5 p.c. of pure Strontiiun 
 Salicylate, as gravimetrically determined by adding 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid 
 to 0-5 gramme of Strontium Salicylate, contained in a porcelain crucible, 
 heating the mixture cautiously until no more vapovirs are given off, moistening 
 the residue with a few drops of Sulphuric Acid, again heating, and finally 
 igniting until white and of constant weight ; the residue of Strontiiun Sulphate 
 so obtained should weigh not less than • 227 gramme. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the rubric be changed to ' not less than 
 99 p.c. by weight of pure Strontium Salicylate,' as volumetrically determined 
 by thoroughly carbonising an accurately weighed quantity of 2 granunes of 
 Strontium Salicylate in a Platinum crucible, at a temperatvu-e not exceeding 
 red heat, dissolving the residue in 50 c.c. of Half-Normal Voliunetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution, and titrating the excess with Normal Volmaaotric 
 Potassiiun Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 The Salicylic Acid separated on acidifying a concentrated aqueous solution, 
 washing the precipitate till free from mineral acid, and carefully drying, should 
 possess the melting point and answer the tests distinctive of Salicylic Acid 
 given under Acidiun Salicylicum. 
 
 The more generally occm:ring imp\u*ities are Arsenic, Copper, Lead, Iron, 
 Barium, Carbonates and Chlorides. If 20 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution be 
 acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, and filtered from the crystalline precipitate, 
 the filtrate shoiild yield no pronounced darkening in coloiu" or turbidity on 
 the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Arsenic, 
 Copper and Lead ; on the subsequent addition of an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution no decided darkening in colour or turbidity should result, indicating 
 a limit of Iron. The filtrate obtained on shaking 2 grammes of the salt with 
 10 c.c. of Diluted Acetic Acid, heating, cooling, and filtering, should not 
 become cloudy within 3 minutes upon the addition of 5 drops of Potassium 
 Bichromate Solution, indicating a limit of Barium. The concentrated 
 aqueous solution should afford a white crystalline precipitate but yield no 
 effervescence on the addition of Diluted Nitric Acid, indicating the absence 
 of Carbonates, and if the crystalline precipitate be filtered off, the filtrate 
 should not afford a distinct turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. 
 
 STROPHANTHI SEMINA. 
 
 STROPHANTHUS SEEDS. 
 
 Frv., Strophanthus ; Ger., Strophanthtj.ssamen ; Ital., Strofanto ; 
 Span., Estrofanto. 
 
 The dried ripe Seeds of Strophanthus Komhe, Oliver, freed from tlie 
 awns. 
 
 The commercial seed usually contains the seeds of other species in addition 
 to those of S. Kombi. — P.J. (3) xix. 660. The active principle is a glucoside, 
 Strophanthin. 
 
1342 STB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A cardiuc tonic. Especially valuable 
 in mitral regurgitation with failure of compensation, and in 
 aortic regurgitation accompanied by cardiac insufficiency. The 
 active principle being very soluble and diffusible, Strophanthus acts 
 with such rapidity that it is more useful than Digitalis in promptly 
 stimulating extreme or sudden cases of cardiac failure. Of great 
 value in avoiding both the cardiac embarrassment so frequently fatal 
 in acute pneumonia and the collapse which may occur at the crisis. 
 It is easily eliminated, it is not cumulative, it can be administered 
 over a long period of time, and, unless there be marked gastro-intestinal 
 catarrh, it has no tendency to produce digestive disturbance. It has 
 acted beneficially in many cases in which Digitalis has failed or has 
 disagreed. 
 
 Strophanthus acts more energetically on the heart than on the 
 vessels, whereas Digitalis acts on the vessels as much as, or even more 
 than, on the heart. Digitalis thus possesses the power of increasing 
 arterial tension, and so of putting extra strain on the heart ; therefore, 
 in those cases in which pulse tension is high, Strophanthus is to be 
 preferred. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractum Strophanthi and Tinctura Stro- 
 phanthi. 
 
 Not Official. — Strophanthin, Granules de Strophanthine, Poudre de 
 Strophanthine au Centieme, and Ouabain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — For many years past the Strophanthus 
 seeds of commerce have been almost invariably a mixture derived 
 from different species. The Official seeds are limited to those of 
 Strophanthus Komhe, Oliver. They are about f in. (15 mm.) long 
 and rather more than | in. (4 mm.) broad (15 mm. long, 4 to 5 mm. 
 wide and 2 to 2*5 mm. in thickness, U.S. P. ; 17 mm. long, 5 ram. 
 broad, 3 mm. thick, P.G.), of a greenish-fawn colour and covered 
 with silky adpressed hairs, linear, elliptical, acuminate, compressed, 
 rounded at the base and having a longitudinal ridge on one side from 
 ■| in. below the centre to the apex of the seed, the cotyledons are 
 straight, surrounded with a thin endosperm ; the odour is characteristic, 
 the taste very bitter. In the seed coats only an occasional crystal "of 
 Calcium Oxalate occurs. 
 
 The seeds vary a little in size and shape according to their position 
 in the pod, the lowest being usually rather longer, more acuminate, 
 and furnished with longer awns. 
 
 The pods and seeds of Strophanthus Courmontii, Sack, var. fallax, 
 Holmes, so closely resemble in size, shape and colour those of S. Komhe 
 that it is practically impossible to distinguish them by sight, although 
 the flowers and leaves of the two species are quite distinct. There 
 are microscopical differences between the two seeds, but it needs an 
 expert to detect them. 
 
 The seeds of S. Courmontii and its variety fallax, as well as those 
 of S. Emini, are frequently mixed with those of S. Komhe ; but it 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1343 
 
 lias been shown by Dr. Gordon Sharp that the action of tincture of 
 seeds of the former is f weaker, and that the seeds of S. Emini are 
 almost without toxic action on the frog {P.J. (4) 34, pp. 159-160). 
 
 The colour of the seeds appears brownish or greenish-grey, accord- 
 ing to the incidence of the light and the position of the observer 
 with regard to it, due to the disposition of the hairs. But when 
 a section of the seed is immersed in a mixture of 8 parts concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid (B.P.) strength and 2 of Water, a deep green colour 
 rapidly appears in the albumen surrounding the embryo, to which 
 the colour gradually extends. The seeds of no other known species 
 except those of S. Jiispidus, DC, give this reaction, and the seeds 
 of that species are smaller and dark brown in colour. They also 
 contain the same active principle, but just as there are seeds closely 
 resembling those of S. Komhe, which slowly give a pink reaction, so 
 there is a seed closely resembling S. Jiispidus, viz., S. Arnoldianus, 
 De Wild, and Dur., in its brown colour and size, which gives a pink 
 reaction, so that in either case a colour test is necessary. Several of 
 the species are not regarded by the African natives as poisonous, but 
 the woolly Zambesi seeds, S. Nicholsoni, Holmes, that have appeared 
 in commerce, distinguished by the longer white hairs hiding the apex 
 of the seed, and those of S. grains, Franch., are recognised by the 
 natives as poisonous and are used in making arrow poison. The seeds 
 of the latter are the only W. African kind imported into commerce that 
 are quite hairless. Both of these give a pink coloration with Sulphuric 
 Acid, but it is probable that this reaction, though useful to distinguish 
 other seeds from those of S. Komhe, does not always depend upon 
 the presence of Ouabain as it does in the seeds of S. grains. Kobert 
 has shown that the haemolytic action of certain samples of Kombe 
 Strophanthus is due to a saponin named Strophanthic acid, but which 
 probably does not exceed 0*2 p.c. in any species. It is left in the 
 Mother liquor after the extraction of Strophanthin (P.J. (4) 36, p. 839). 
 It should be noted that the acid used for testing is apt to become 
 weaker by keeping, and recently mixed acid should therefore be 
 employed, as a weak acid does not readily give the green reaction. 
 The P.G. points out that the starch grains in the Official seed do not 
 exceed 8 microns, and the TJ.S.P. that the hairs appear under the 
 microscope of a light brownish-green colour, are thin-walled, 1-celled, 
 and 1 mm. or less in length. 
 
 Tests. — Strophanthus seeds contain from 3 to 4 p.c. of ash, and 
 5 p.c. is rarely exceeded. The B.P. states that Sulphuric Acid diluted 
 with i its volume of Distilled Water colours the endosperm and 
 sometimes the cotyledons, a dark green, indicating the presence of 
 Strophanthin. The B.P. 1898 employed a concentrated acid. The 
 author found from an examination of commercial Tinctures of Strophan- 
 thus that the use of a Sulphuric Acid slightly diluted with Distilled 
 Water gave a more definite reaction. The B.P. now employs Sulphuric 
 Acid diluted with | its volume of Distilled Water. The TJ.S.P. 
 states that the endosperm, and often parts of the cotyledons, quickly 
 assume a sreen colour when crushed or cut and treated with 
 
1344 STE, [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid. Several processes have been suggested 
 for the chemical assay of Strophanthus, but not one of them is entirely 
 satisfactory. The following process described [PJ. '96, ii. 463 ; 
 '02, ii. 281, 304) is easy of manipulation and yields results which 
 possess a certain value as a criterion of the activity of the preparation. 
 It is based upon the determination of the amount of Strophanthidin 
 produced on the hydrolysis of Strophanthin. bO c.c. of the Tincture 
 are diluted with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and the Alcohol removed 
 l)y distillation. The filtered aqueous liquid, after being shaken with 
 Chloroform, is digested during one hour on a water-bath with Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid ; after cooling, the turbid liquid is agitated with 
 3 successive small quantities of Chloroform ; the chloroformic layer 
 is separated in each case, transferred to a tared flask, mixed, the 
 Chloroform removed by evaporation, the residue of Strophanthidin 
 dried below 65-6° C. (150° F.) and when constant weighed. The 
 percentage of Strophanthidin found divided by 0*365 corresponds to 
 the percentage of Strophanthin present. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM STROPHANTHI. Extract of Strophanthus. 
 
 Percolate with Purified Ether 1 of Strophanthus Seeds in No. 30 
 powder, dried at 45° C. (113° F.), until the fluid comes through colour- 
 less, remove the mark and dry it by gradually heating it to 50° C. 
 (122° F.) ; then percolate with Alcohol (90 p.c.) until 10 of percolate is 
 obtained ; concentrate this by evaporation to a thick liquid, and add 
 Milk Sugar q.s. to yield 2 of Extract, in powder. 
 
 Dose. — |- to 1 grain = 0*016 to 0*06 gramme. 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Max. 
 
 TINCTURA STROPHANTHI. Tincture of Strophanthus. 
 
 (Altered.) 
 
 1 of Strophanthus Seeds, in No. 30 powder, dried at 45° C. (113° F.), 
 is exhausted with Ether; dried, gradually heating it to 50° C. 
 (122° F.) ; percolated with Alcohol (70 p.c.) to produce 10. 
 
 B.P. 1914 has increased the strength from 1 in 40 to 1 in 10. It is, there- 
 lore, four times the strength of B.P. 1898. 
 
 B.P. 1898 reduced the strength from 1 in 20 to 1 in 40, making the dose 
 Liniform with Tincture of Digitalis. 
 
 The Brussels Conference agreed to a strength of 10 p.c, prepared by percola- 
 tion with Alcohol (70 p.c), the seeds not to be freed from fat. 
 
 Dose {B.P. 1914).— 2 to 5 minims = 0*12 to 0*3 ml. 
 
 Dose {B.P. 1898).— 5 to 15 minims = 0-3 to -9 ml. 
 
 Wlien the Tincture is diluted with Water, the active principle readily 
 vmdergoes decomposition ; the Tincture should, therefore, be dispensed as 
 such, or diluted only with Alcoholic preparations, with directions to the 
 patients to take it in Water if necessary ; the decomposition is less marked 
 in the case of Digitalis and Squill. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 685. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Jap., Ital., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 10 ; Mex., 
 1 in 5. All by weight except U.S. 
 
[Solids hy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1345 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Stroplianthus has a specific gravity of about 
 0*892 ; it contains about 1'5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 
 69 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. 2 c.c. of the Tincture evaporated 
 on a water-bath, and the residue, when cool, moistened with a drop of a 
 freshly prepared solution containing 8 parts of Sulphuric Acid and 2 
 of Distilled Water, should yield a green and not a red coloration. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 STROPHANTHiN. — A pale yellow, amorphous powder, or in white micro- 
 scopic crystalline plates. It possesses an intensely bitter taste and is extremely 
 poisonous. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 ex^Dosed as little as possible to the Hght. 
 
 Strophanthin is described by the U.S. P. as a Glucoside, or mixture of 
 Glucosides, obtained from Strophanthus ; the Fr. Codex describes it as a 
 Glucoside obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus Hispidus, and that it 
 should not be confounded with another Glucoside very similar which is 
 extracted from Strophanthus Glaber, as well as the Glucoside from Ackanthera 
 ouabaio, to wliich the name of Ouabalne has been given. 
 
 Solubility. — Freely in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; practically insoluble 
 in Chloroform, Ether, and in Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 Dose.— g^ to ^1^ grain = 0-0002 to 0-00032 gramme. 
 
 Ft., maximtmi dose: single, 0-0003; daily, 0-001 gramme = „^ to 
 5I5 grain. 
 
 U.S. P., average dose: 0-0003 gramme (^^ grain). 
 
 The intravenous injection of 1 milligramme of Strophanthin which may 
 be repeated at intervals of 20 hours is considered {B.M.J.E. '09, i. 72) one of 
 the best means of exhibiting Strophanthus. The pain and oedema which 
 follow subcutaneous injections are absent. 
 
 Strophanthin is not well borne by stomach ; should only be used in desperate 
 conditions, as ten cases are on record where the injection resulted in rapid 
 death.— M.4. '11, 53. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Strophanthin when heated darkens at about 146° C. (294-8° F.), 
 becomes pasty at 165° C. (329° F.), and melts at 172-5° C. (342-5° F.). The 
 U.S. P. states that it commences to fuse at 170° C. (338° F.), and is not com- 
 pletely melted vmtil the temperatm-e reaches 190° C. (374° F.). Fr. Codex 
 gives the melting point as 185° C. (365° F.). It dissolves readily and com- 
 pletely in Distilled Water, the solution being neutral in reaction to Litmus 
 paper and dextrogyrate. The Fr. Codex gives the specific rotation as -f 30° 
 for an aqueous solution containing 2-3 grammes of Strophanthin in 100 c.c. 
 A trace of the gluco.side, when moistened with a freshly prepared solution 
 containing 8 parts of Sulphuric Acid and 2 of Distilled Water, yields an 
 emerald-green coloration, subsequently changing to brown. An aqueous 
 solution yields on the addition of a trace of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution 
 and a few c.c. of Sulphuric Acid a reddish -broMTi precipitate, turning dark 
 green after 1 or 2 hours. Tannic Acid Solution tlirows down from an aqueous 
 solution, a copious white precipitate, which redissolves on agitation until an 
 excess of the reagent has been added. The usual reagents employed as alka- 
 loidal precipitants, e.g., Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution and 
 lodo -Potassium Iodide Solution, produce no precipitate in solutions of the 
 glucoside. Potassio-Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution produces no red 
 precipitate of Cuprous Oxide when boiled with the aqueous solution, but if 
 an aqueous solution be heated to 70° C. (158° F.) with a small amount of 
 Diluted Sulphuric Acid, the Strophanthin undergoes hydrolysis with the 
 formation of Glucose and Strophanthidin, the latter separating; out as a 
 flocculent jjrecipitate wliich can be filtered off; the filtrate, if boiled with 
 
 2 X 
 
1346 STR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Potassio-Cupric Tartrate (Fehling's) Solution will now yield a red precipitate 
 of Cuprous Oxide. Strophanthin leaves no weighable ash on ignition, indi- 
 cating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Granules de Strophanthine {Fr.). — Each gi-anule contains ^i^ milli- 
 gramme of Strophanthine. 
 
 Poudre de Strophanthine an Centi^me {Fr.). — 1 gramme of this powder 
 contains O'Ol gramme of Strophanthine. 
 
 Ouabain. — White, odom^less and tasteless, slender, transparent needles, 
 practically insoluble in cold Water and Alcohol (OOp.c), insoluble in Ether 
 and in Chloroform. Recommended medicinally in half the doses of 
 Strophanthin, in cases where Strophanthus and Digitalis both fail. The 
 action is similar to Strophanthin. It is obtained from Acokanthera Schirnpcri, 
 Oliv. {S. Ouabaio, Cath.), of the same natvtral order as Strophanthus, and 
 from the seeds of S. grcUus. 
 
 STRYCHNINA. 
 
 STRYCHNINE. 
 C21H22N2O2, eq. 334-196. 
 
 Colourless and odourless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white 
 crystalline powder, possessing an intensely bitter taste, but it should 
 be tasted with extreme caution as it is intensely poisonous. 
 
 It is an alkaloid obtained from the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos 
 Nux Vomica, Ignatia Amara, and other species of Strychnos. The 
 U.S.P. describes it as an alkaloid obtained from Nux Vomica, and 
 also obtainable from other plants of the LoganiacecB. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 6000 to 8000 of Water; 1 in 170 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 250 of Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; about 1 in 400 of Alcohol 
 (60 p.c.) ; 1 in 800 of Alcohol (45 p.c.) ; 1 in 4200 of Alcohol (20 p.c.) ; 
 1 in 350 of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 6 of Chloroform ; insoluble in 
 Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Nux Vomica ; 
 gastric, cardiac, and general tonic ; useful in the treatment of reflex 
 or functional paralysis ; and of peripheral neuritis and paralysis due 
 to Alcohol, tobacco, lead, or diphtheria. It increases peristalsis, and is 
 therefore a useful addition to purgatives. Recommended in chronic 
 alcoholism, muscular tremors, tobacco amblyopia, impotence, nervous 
 exhaustion, and beri-beri. For other uses and for its contra-indications, 
 see Nux Vomica. It has a cumulative action and is a very active 
 poison. 
 
 Of use in preventing surgical shock, if administered in small doses for a 
 week or 10 days previous to an operation. 
 
 It is in slight cases of shock such as would recover unaided that these bodies 
 — Strychnine, brandy. Ether — are of use. When shock is at all severe they 
 are not only useless, but may do much harm. — Pr. '09, i. 242. 
 
 Take, for instance, the present-day belief in the efficacy of Strychnine on 
 the heart, a belief held not only by a great many physicians, but which exer- 
 cises an almost superstitious regard in the mind of many of our surgical 
 brethren, in whom the belief is so deeply rooted that they will not undertake 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1347 
 
 an operation without tlie preliminary ceremonial rite of a hypodermic injec- 
 tion of Strychnine. I have sought in vain for the shghtest evidence of the 
 effect of medicinal doses of Strychnine upon the heart, and have searched the 
 literature on the subject and have not found one single reUable instance 
 demonstrating the effects of medicinal doses. Pharmacologists have 
 repeatedly examined with the minutest care the effects of medicinal doses of 
 Strychnine upon the heart in experiment, and have failed to obtain a result 
 of any kind.— S.M.J. '11, i. 863. 
 
 In surgical shock does more harm than good (Crile and Mummery). — M.A. 
 '15, 539. 
 
 In treating progressive collapse from the depression stage of shock, its 
 administration during and after operation is of paramount importance ; 
 writers are quite unable to agree with those who condemn this drug. — (Arris 
 and Gale Lectures, Tyrrell Gray and Leonard Parsons) B.M.J. '12, i. 1120. 
 
 Is not indicated in collapse from hsemorrhage, except perhaps as a cardiac 
 stimulant in moments of emergency. — B.M.J. '12, i. 1125. 
 
 As a stimulant in severe heart failure, not recommended. — Q.J.M. '13, 
 vii. 42. 
 
 Neither pharmacological nor clinical e\'idence justifies its use in treatment 
 of acute or chronic heart failure. — L. '15, ii. 296. 
 
 Of all drugs for heart-bloclt, it yields the most striking beneficial results. — 
 Pr. '09, ii. 399. 
 
 In nocturnal epilepsy. — L. '10, ii. 218. 
 
 Contrary to experience of many, writer finds it without parallel as a ciorative 
 agent in neurasthenia ; it is to neiirasthenic depression what Morphine is to 
 pain.— J5.M.J. '12, ii. 884. 
 
 So far from being dangerous in shock, is the only reliable drug in its treat- 
 ment. — L. '13, ii. 558. 
 
 To the exhausted angemie, or overworked debilitated person. Strychnine, 
 5 to 7 minims of the liquor, is the hypnotic par excellence. — P.2\ '07, 70. 
 
 Morphinomania treated successfully by Atropine and Strychnine. — B.M.J. 
 '07, i. 1173. 
 
 Dose. — cV to xV grain = 0-001 to 0*004 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — May be given in the form of pill well triturated with 
 Milk Sugar and massed with ' Diluted Glucose,' g.s., but it is more frequently 
 prescribed in solution. 
 
 Fr. maximtmi dose, single, 0-005 ; daily, 0-015 gramme. 
 
 Antidotes. — Animal Charcoal or Tannic Acid, followed by an emetic or 
 the stomach-tube. Potassium Bromide | oz. in Water, with 30 grains of 
 Chloral. 2 chm. of the Bromide, with or without 10 grains of Chloral, may 
 be given every 15 or 20 minutes if necessary. Amyl Nitrite inhalations, the 
 Amyl being poured freely on a handkerchief and held close to the nose. 
 The patient may be kept fully under Chloroform or Ether. Curare, h grain, 
 by hypodermic injection. Artificial respiration if possible. — Murrell. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Port., Mes., Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Strychnine dissolves very sparingly in Distilled Water, 
 tlie aqueous solution being alkaline towards Litmus paper, possessing 
 a very bitter taste, and being Isevogyrate. The Fr. Codex gives the 
 specific rotation of a solution in Distilled Water faintly acidified 
 by Hydrochloric Acid, containing 1 gramme of Strychnine in 100 c.c, 
 as - 134° at 20° C. (68° F.). 
 
 The U.S.P. gives the melting point as 268° C. (514-4° F.), but the 
 proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend the omission of the 
 melting point. A crystal moistened with Sulphuric Acid produces a 
 colourless solution, which, on the addition of a minute crystal of 
 Potassium Bichromate, assumes an intense violet coloration, passing 
 
 9 Y *> 
 
1348 STR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 from red to yellow. With a drop of Sulphuric Acid containing a 
 trace of Ammonium Vanadate (1 gramme of Ammonium Vanadate 
 in 100 c.c.) the alkaloid produces a deep purple-violet coloration. 
 The pure alkaloid may be determined by dissolving a weighed quantity 
 in an excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 titrating the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using lodeosin Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is equivalent to 0*03342 
 gramme of Strychnine. The number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise the excess 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution is deducted from 
 the number of c.c. of the latter solution employed to dissolve the 
 alkaloid, the difference is multiphed first by 0-03342 and then by 100, 
 and the product divided by the weight of Strychnine taken, the 
 (juotient representing the percentage of pure Strychnine. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Brucine, Sugar and 
 other readily charred organic impurities, and mineral impurities. The 
 alkaloid should not be coloured more than a faint pink on the addition 
 of concentrated Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of Brucine. It 
 should dissolve in cold concentrated Sulphuric Acid without alteration 
 in colour, indicating the absence of Sugar and readily charred organic 
 impurities. It should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that the ash left on ignition be changed from the present U.S. P. 
 requirement of ' no residue ' to ' not exceeding O'l p.c' 
 
 STRYCHNINE HYDROCHLORIDUM. 
 
 STRYCHNINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 C01H.0N0O2, HCl, 2H,0, eq. 406-696. 
 
 Colourless and odourless, small, prismatic crystals, or white, odour- 
 less, silky, crystalline needles, possessing an intensely bitter taste, but 
 it is extremely pofsonous and should be tasted with extreme caution. 
 
 Strychnine Hydrochloride was Officially described in P.P. 1898 
 as the Hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtained from Nux Vomica and 
 from other species of Strychnos. The Eighteenth Edition of Squire's 
 Coyiif anion stated that it would have been preferably described as the 
 Hydrochloride of the alkaloid Strychnine. The B.P. 1914 now 
 describes it as the Hydrochloride of the alkaloid Strychnine. 
 
 It may be obtained from the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux 
 Vomica, Ignatia Amara, and other species of Strychnos. 
 
 Strychnine Hydrochloride is Official only in the B.P. ; in the U.S. P. 
 both the Nitrate and the Sulphate are Official ; in the P.G. only the 
 Nitrate is Official ; and in Fr. only the Sulphate is Official. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STR 1349 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 43 Water ; 1 in 73 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in 
 Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See ' Strychnina.' 
 
 Dose. — if to i\r grain = O'OOl to 0*004 gramme. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximum dose, single, 0-006 gramme; daily 0-018 gramme of 
 the Sul phate. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximiom dose, single, 0-005 gramme; daily, 01 gramme of 
 the Nitrate. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — In solution, tablet or pill. A good pill is 
 made by well triturating with Milk Sugar and massing with ' Diluted Glucose.' 
 Strychnine is usually given immediately after a meal. Solution of Strychnine is 
 frequently prescribed with Solution of Arsenic, in which case the Liquor Arsenici 
 Hydrochloricus should be ordered and not the Alkaline Liquor. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Injectio Stryclinince Hyjjodermica and Liquor 
 Stryclminse Hydro chloridi. 
 
 Not Official. — Mistura Strychnine? Acida, Strychninse Nitras, Stryeh- 
 ninge Sulphas, Granules de Sulfate de Strychnine, Strychnine Acetate, Strych- 
 nine Hydrobromide, Strychnine Valerianate. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Alkalis and Alkaline Carbonates, Bromides and Iodides, 
 Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, and Liquor Arsenicalis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Max. 
 
 Tests. — Strychnine Hydrochloride, when heated to from 110° to 
 120° C. (230° to 248° F.), loses its Water of crystallisation, amounting 
 theoretically to 8' 8 p.c. The salt dissolves in Distilled Water, forming 
 a clear, colourless solution, which should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. It should afford on the addition of Ammonia Solution a 
 white precipitate soluble in Ether. If the ethereal solution be separated, 
 evaporated to dryness, it should yield a residue which answers the 
 tests distinctive of Strychnine given under that heading. An aqueous 
 solution acidified with Nitric Acid yields on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, a white, curdy precipitate, which, when separated, 
 washed and treated with Ammonia Solution, dissolves and is again 
 reprecipitated on acidification with Nitric Acid. The percentage of 
 pure Strychnine Hydrochloride may be determined by dissolving a 
 weighed quantity of the salt in a sufficiency of Distilled Water and 
 titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 employing Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponds 
 to 0*04067 gramme of pure Strychnine Hydrochloride. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are deficiency or excess 
 of Water, Sulphate, Brucine, and mineral residue. A 1 in 50 aqueous 
 solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no turbidity 
 on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Sulphate. It should dissolve to form a colourless solution in 
 Sulphuric Acid, and not more than a faint pink colour should be 
 produced on the addition of a few drops of Nitric Acid to this solution, 
 indicating a limit of Brucine. It should leave no weighable ash on 
 ignition, indicating a limit of mineral residue. Strychnine Hydro- 
 chloride, when dried at 110° to 120"^ C. (230° to 248° F.) till constant 
 
1350 STR [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 in weiglit, should lose from 7 to 9 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit 
 of Water of crystallisation. Commercial specimens of the salt lose 
 about 7*3 p.c. of Water at these temperatures. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 INJECTIO STRYCHNINE HYPODERMiCA. Hypodermic In- 
 jection OP Strychnine. (New.) 
 
 Strychnine Hydrochloride 0*75 dissolved in recently boiled and 
 cooled Distilled Water to yield 100. (1 in 133.) 
 
 110 minims contain | grain, 1 minim contains j|tj- grain, of the Hydro- 
 chloride. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 minims = 0*3 to 0*6 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR STRYCHNINiE HYDROCHLORIDI. Solution of 
 Strychnine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Strychnine Hydrochloride, 17| grains ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 fl. oz. ; 
 Distilled Water, q.s. to yield 4 il. oz. (1 in 100.) 
 
 The metric figvires are 1, 2-5, to 100. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 8 minims = 0'12 to 0*5 ml. 
 
 11 minims contain -^^ grain of Strychnine Hydrochloride. 
 2 minims subcutaneously injected for peripheral paralysis. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 MISTURA STRYCHNIN>E ACIDA {St. Thomas's).— Sohition of Stry oh- 
 nine Hydrochloride, 3 minims ; Diluted Nitro-Hyclrochloric Acid, 15 minims; 
 Glycerin, 30 minims ; Compound Infusion of Gentian, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 STRYCHNIN;^ NITRAS. Strychnine Nitrate (a,H2„N,0„, HNO3, eq. 
 397 -214). — White, odovirless, silky, crystalline needles, possessing an extremely 
 bitter taste, but it should be tasted with extreme caution as it is intensely 
 ])oisonous. 
 
 It is the Nitrate of Strychnine, an alkaloid which may be obtained froin 
 the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux Vomica, Ignatia Amara, and other 
 species of Strychnos. 
 
 It is Official in the U.S. P. and P.G., but not in the B.P. or Fr. Codex. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 63 of Water and 1 in 120 of Alcohol (90 p.c); insoluble 
 in Chloroform and in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — gij to ji|j grain = 0-001 to 0-004 gr.amme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests.^ — Strychnine Nitrate when heated decomposes. It dissolves in 
 Distilled Water, forining a clear, colourless solution possessing even when 
 highly diluted an extremely bitter taste, but it should be tasted with extreme 
 caution. The solution is neutral towards Litmus paper and l^vogyrate. 
 When heated with Hydrochloric Acid, a bright red coloration is produced. 
 The alkaloid, separated from an aqueous solution of the salt by precipitation, 
 solution in an immiscible solvent, and evaporation to dryness, should answer 
 the tests distinctive of Strychnine given imder that heading. A reddish- 
 yellow crystalline precipitate is produced on the addition of Potassium 
 Bichromate Solution to an aqueous solution of the salt ; if this precipitate 
 be separated by filtration, washed with Water, and a small quantity of it be 
 moistened with Concentrated Sulphm-ic Acid, a transient but intense violet 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] STR 1351 
 
 coloration is produced, changing from red to yellow. A brown or blackish- 
 brown ring is produced at the point of contact of the two liquids, when a 
 solution of Ferrous Sulphate is poured careftilly upon the siu-face of a well- 
 cooled mixture of Sulphuric Acid and an aqueous solution of the salt. 
 
 A solution of the salt poured carefully upon Sulphuric Acid containing a 
 little Diphenylamine develops a bhie coloration at the junction of the two 
 liquids. The more generally occvuring impurities are Brucine, Water, and 
 mineral matter. The salt, when moistened with Sulphuric Acid, should 
 assume not more than a faint yellow coloiu", indicating a limit of Brucine. 
 When dried at 100° C. (212° F.), Strychnine Nitrate shouldshowno appreciable 
 loss of weight, indicating the absence of Water. It should leave not more 
 than 0- 1 p.c. of ash, indicating a hmit of mineral residue. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are made containing ^^ and ^^ grain Strychnine 
 
 Nitrate. 
 
 Granuli di Nitrato di Strienina {Ital.}. — Each contains 0-001 gramme. 
 
 STRYCHNIN/E SULPHAS. Strychnine Sulphate r(aiH2„N„0.),.H2SO„ 
 6H^,0, eq. 856 • 558]. — White, odourless, prismatic crystals, or as a white, 
 odoiu-less, crystalline powder, possessing an intensely bitter taste, but it 
 should be tasted \vith extreme caution as it is exceedingly poisonous. 
 
 It is the Sulphate of Strychnine, an alkaloid which may be obtained from 
 the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux Vomica, Ignatia Amara, and other 
 species of Strychnos. 
 
 It is Official in Fr. Codex and U.S. P., but not in B.P. or P.G. 
 
 The U.S. P. states that it is efflorescent in di*y air, the Fr. Codex states 
 that it is not efflorescent. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 48 of Water ; 1 in 35 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose.— c^j to yig grain = 0-001 to 0*004 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Mex., Port., Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Strychnine Sulphate, when heated to a temperature of 100° C. 
 (212° F.), loses its Water of crystalhsation, equivalent to 10-5 p.c. It 
 dissolves in Distilled Water, forming a clear, colourless solution possessing an 
 extremely bitter taste, which should be tasted with extreme caution. This 
 solution is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper and is lievogyrate. The 
 Fr. Codex gives the speciiic Rotation for a solution containing 2 • 5 grammes 
 of the salt in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, as - 66-6° at 15° C. (59° F.). The 
 alkaloid, separated by treatment with Ammonia Solution and an immiscible 
 solvent, should answer the tests characteristic of Strychnine given under 
 that heading. An intense violet coloration, changing to red and finally to 
 yellow, is produced on chssolving a crystal of Strychnine Sulphate in Sulphiu'ic 
 Acid and adding a tiny crystal of Potassivun Bicliromate to the mixtui-e. 
 The aqueous solution affords with Barium Chloride Solution, a white preci- 
 pitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occvirring impiu-ities are excess of Water, Brucine, and 
 m.ineral residue. Strj'chnino Sulphate, when dried at 100° C. (212° F.), 
 should lose not more than 10-6 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water 
 of crystallisation. It should jdeld no more than a faint yellow coloration, 
 when mixed with Concentrated Nitric Acid, indicating a limit of Brucine. 
 It should leave not more than 0-1 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral 
 residue. The U.S. P. states that it should be consumed leaving no residue. 
 
 Hypodermic Tablets are supplied containing J-, ^i^, gL, and ^J^ grain 
 of Strychnine Sulphate. 
 
 Granules de Sulfate de Strychnine {Fr.). — Each granule contains 
 1 milligramme of Sulphate of Strychnine. 
 
 Strychnine Acetate, in colourless, acicular crystals, or as a white crystal- 
 line powder, soluble in dilute Acetic Acid ; Strychnine Hydrobromide, 
 
1352 STY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 in colo\irless, translucent, prismatic crystals, or as light, white, silky, acicular 
 crystals, soluble 1 in 65 of Water, 1 in 96 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; and Strych- 
 nine Valerianate, in pearly white crystals, or as a white crystalline powder, 
 possessing an odour of Valerianic Acid, slightly soluble in Water ; are non- 
 official salts of Strychnine which have in recent years received attention in 
 medical literatiu-e. 
 
 Stryelininae Meta-vanadas has been used in neurasthenia and atonic 
 dyspepsia. 
 
 STYRAX PR^PARATUS. 
 
 PREPARED STORAX. 
 
 Fii., Styrax LiQUiDE PuRiFiE ; Ger., Storax ; Ital., Storage Liquido ; 
 Span., Estoraque Liquido. 
 
 It is a thick Balsam obtained from the heavily-bruised trunk of 
 Liquidambar orientalis, Mill. The Official product is purified by solution 
 in Ethylic Alcohol, filtration, and evaporation of the solvent. 
 
 The B.P. includes only the Prepared Storax ; the U.S. P., Storax ; 
 Fr. Codex and P.G., both Crude and Purified Storax. 
 
 Owing to loss of volatile constituents of the Re.sin during the evaporation 
 of the solvent, Ethylic Alcohol is unsuitable for purification of the Re.sin, 
 and a more volatile solvent would have been preferable, the only objection 
 being greater inflammability. The use of Acetone has been suggested. 
 
 It contains free Cinnamic Acid, Alpha- and Beta-Storesinol, Styrol and 
 Styracin (Cinnamyl Cinnamate). 
 
 Solubility. — Completely soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), and in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar in action to the Balsams of 
 Peru and Tolu. The Ointment (1 in 4) is useful as a parasiticide in 
 scabies and phtheiriasis. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Used in the preparation of Tinctura Benzointe 
 Composita. 
 
 Wot Official. — Unguentum Styracis Compositum, Linimcntum Styracis, 
 PiluL-e Styracis Opiatrc, Pommade de Styrax. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Au,str., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. Fr. and Ger. have also the Crude Styrax. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Liquid Storax as imported consists of an 
 opaque, greyish, viscid liquid, containing about 10 to 20 p.c. of .Water, 
 which settles to a certain extent at the bottom of the containing 
 vessel. It is only after purification by solution in Alcohol, filtration, 
 and evaporation of the Alcohol, that it presents the appearance of 
 a semi-transparent, brownish-yellow, semi-liquid balsam. It has a 
 strong odour resembling Hyacinth and a balsamic taste. The product 
 of a North American species, Liquidambar styraciflua, Linn., is sometimes 
 imported from Guatemala and Nicaragua. It is transparent, of a 
 golden-brown colour, and of the consistence of thick clarified Honey. 
 In Europe it is chiefly used in perfumery ; in the United States it is 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] STY 1353 
 
 known as Sweet Gum and is used in the preparation of Chewing Gum. 
 Liquid Storax has recently appeared in commerce deficient in Cinnamic 
 Acid, of which genuine samples contain 20 to 25 p.c. 
 
 Occasionally the bark of Liquidambar orientalis, Mill., from which 
 the Storax has been expressed, is imported under the name of Storax 
 Bark, and is utilised in the preparation of fumigating pastilles and 
 incense. The substance sold as Styrax Calamita usually consists of 
 sawdust impregnated with liquid Storax or, more rarely, of the 
 powdered Storax Bark 3 parts beaten with Storax 2 parts to cause it 
 to form a mass. 
 
 Tests. — Prepared Storax, when boiled with Potassium Chromate 
 and Sulphuric Acid, evolves an odour of Benzaldehyde (Essential Oil 
 of Bitter Almonds). It should dissolve completely in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 yielding a solution which is acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 The U.S. P. Crude Storax is required to contain not less than 60 p.c. 
 of its weight of matter soluble in Alcohol (94 "9 p.c.) ; the alcoholic 
 residue being required to be almost completely soluble in Ether and 
 Carbon Bisulphide, but only partially soluble in Petroleum Benzin. 
 The P.G. requires that Crude Storax, when completely exhausted with 
 boiling Alcohol (90 p.c), should leave a residue, which when dried at 
 100° C. (212° F.), should amount at the highest to 2 -.5 p.c It 
 requires Purified Storax to form a clear solution in 1 part by weight 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c), and to be completely soluble in Ether, Carbon 
 Bisulphide and Benzene, but only partially soluble in Petroleum 
 Benzin. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Companion 
 that the Acid and Ester Values and the percentage of Cinnamic Acid 
 afford useful constants for judging Purified Storax. The Acid Value 
 varies usually between 65 and 90, the Ester Value from 115 to 150, 
 and the percentage of Cinnamic Acid from 20 to 30 p.c. The B.P. 
 now includes figures for all three constants, requiring the Acid Value 
 to be not less than 60 or more than 90, the Ester Value to be not 
 less than 100 or more than 146 and that it shall yield not less than 
 20 jD.c by weight of Cinnamic Acid. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the Acid 
 Value for Crude Storax should be not less than 56 nor more than 85, 
 and that the Saponification Value should be not less than 170 nor more 
 than 230. 
 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 20 p.c. by weight 
 of Cinnamic Acid, as determined by saponifying 2*5 grammes of the 
 Balsam by boiling it during one hour in a flask attached to a reflux 
 condenser, with 25 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. After neutralising the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution with Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, the Alcohol is evaporated on a water-bath and the 
 residue dissolved in 50 ml. of Distilled Water, transferred to a separator, 
 and shaken with a measured quantity of 20 ml. of Ether. The ethereal 
 solution is separated and washed with 5 ml. of Distilled Water, the 
 washings being transferred to the separator containing the aqueous 
 
1364 STY [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 solution, which is then acidified with Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the 
 liberated Cinnamic Acid and Resin Acids are extracted by shaking 
 four times in succession, each time using a measured quantity of 
 20 ml. of Ether. The ethereal solution is in each instance separated, 
 transferred to another separator, the mixed ethereal solutions washed 
 with a few ml. of Distilled Water, the ethereal solutions transferred 
 to a flask and the Ether removed by distillation. The residue is mixed 
 with 100 ml. of Distilled Water and boiled in a flask attached to a 
 reflux condenser, during 15 minutes. Whilst still hot the solution 
 is filtered, cooled to 15'5°C. (60° F.), and the separated Cinnamic 
 Acid collected on a tared filter. The filtrate from the separated 
 Cinnamic Acid is employed for the further extraction of the residue, 
 this extraction being continued until no further crystals of Cinnamic 
 Acid are yielded. The filter paper and crystals are dried first by 
 pressure between folds of bibulous paper and then in an exsiccator 
 over Sulphuric Acid, and when constant in weight, they are weighed. 
 A correction of 0'03 gramme is added to the weight of crystals, as 
 this represents the average loss of Cinnamic Acid. The B.P. requires 
 that the total weight of crystals should be not less than 0*5 gramme. 
 
 It Avould have been a distinct saving of time and equally satisfactory 
 if the crystals of Cinnamic Acid had been dissolved in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and the solution titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution = 0" 074032 gramme of pure Cinnamic Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Resin, impurities 
 insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), moisture, and mineral residue. Resin 
 may be detected by the increase in the Acid Value ; specimens con- 
 taining Resin as an adulterant may possess an Acid Value as high as 
 116 to 121. Prepared Storax should dissolve to form a clear solution 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c), indicating the absence of Alcohol-insoluble 
 impurities. The Balsam is Officially required to lose not more than 
 5 p.c. of its weight when suitably heated in thin layers on a water- 
 bath during one hour, indicating a limit of moisture. The P.G. 
 requires that on drying at 100° C. (212° F.), Purified Storax shall lose 
 at most 10 p.c. of its weight. Storax leaves from 0*1 to 0*5 p.c. of 
 ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. Neither the B.P., U.S. P. 
 nor the P.G. includes a limit of Ash. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LINIMENTUM STYRACIS (Hung.).— Storax, I ; Sesame Oil, 1. 
 
 PILUL/E STYRACIS OPIAT/E (^S-M^erZ.)— Liquid Storax, 4; Opium, 2; 
 Liquorice, 6. 
 
 POMMADE DE STYRAX (Pr.).— Sfcorax, IG ; Colophony, 29; Elemi, 
 IG ; Yellow Wax, IG ; Olive Oil, 23. 
 
 UNGUENTUM STYRACIS COMPOSITUM (BeZ^.).— Oleum Officinale, 
 25; Yellow Wax, 15; Liquid Storax, 15; Elemi, 15; Venetian Turpen- 
 tine, 30. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] SUC 1355 
 
 SUCCI. 
 
 JUICES. 
 
 Jtiicea expressed from fresh medicinal plants, and preserved by the addition 
 of Alcohol, were introduced by Peter Squire in 1835 {P.J. i.). By thus 
 obtaining and preserving the juice of the plant, its properties are not impaired 
 by the action of the heat employed in making an Extract. 
 
 B.P. 1898 contained Succus Belladonnse, Suceus Conii, Succus Hyoscyami, 
 Succus Scoparii, and Succus Taraxaci, consisting of 3 parts of Juice and 1 of 
 Alcohol (90 p. c). Succus Limonis was freshly expressed and contained no 
 Alcohol. 
 
 B.P. 1914 retains only Succus Limonis, Succus Scoparii, and Succus 
 Taraxaci. 
 
 The Alcoolatures of the Fr. are made by digesting equal weights of fresh 
 plant and Rectified Spirit together for 8 or 10 days ; pressing and filtering. 
 Aconite, Belladonna, Conium (Cigue), Digitalis, Eucalyptus, Henbane 
 (Jusquiame), Stramonium Leaves, Flowers, and Corms of Colchicum are so 
 prepared. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SUCCINUM. 
 
 AMBER. 
 
 Translucent or opaque, hard, brittle, yellow, yellowish-brown or yellowish- 
 red solid, breaking with lustrous conchoidal fracture. 
 
 A fossil resinous exudation from Pinites succinijer, Gceppert, an extinct 
 coniferous tree, on the shores of the Baltic. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, Mex. (Ambar Amarillo), 
 and Port. (Ambar). 
 
 OLEUM SUCCINI RECT. — -A transparent, pale yellow or brownish- 
 yellow, hnipid, oily liquid, possessing a characteristic disagreeable odour and 
 burning, acrid taste. It is a volatile Oil obtained by the destructive distilla- 
 tion of Amber, and purified by subsequent rectification. 
 
 A cheaper and inferior product is sold under the name of 01. Sviccini, 
 which forms a fractional portion of resin spirit obtained by the distillation of 
 ordinary resin. — P.J. (4), ^'iii., p. 98. 
 
 Externally it is stimulant and rubefacient. 
 
 2 to 10 minims in capsules or emulsion, followed by a drink of milk, for 
 the hiccough of typhoid ; sometimes one of tho most successful remedies. 
 2 doses often succeed. — Pr. '11, ii. 523. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 minims = 0-06 to 0-18 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. and Port. 
 
 Tests. — Rectified Oil of Amber, as it occurs in commerce, has a specific 
 gravity of about 0-905. It boils between 110'' and 186° C. (338° and 
 366-8° F.). It has an optical rotation of — 2° to +3°, and a Refractive 
 Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of abovit 1-4.50. It has a characteristic unpleasant 
 odour, and a hot acrid taste. It is soluble in all proportions of Ether, 
 Chloroform and Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 The genuine Oil has a specific gravity of about - 950 ; it boils between 130° 
 and 140° C. (266° and 284° F.) ; it has an optical rotation of + 15° to + 26° 
 in a 100 mm. tube ; and a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of about 1 • 509. 
 
 LINIMENTUM SUCCINI.— Oil of Amber, 1; Spirit of Camphor, 1; 
 Spirit of Hartshorn, 1. 
 
 A domestic embrocation for whooping-cough. 
 
1356 SUL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 LINIMENTUM SUCCINI COMPOSITUM.— Oil of Amber, J; Oil of 
 Cloves, h ; Olive Oil, 1. — This formula is given in Pharm. Form, as a tradi- 
 tional irnitation of Roche's Embrocation. 
 
 TINCTURA SUCCINI. — Amber, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 16. 
 
 Pose. — 25 minims = 1-5 ml. in Water for headache. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Dutch, 1 Amber and 5 ; Port., 
 2-8 Oil in 10. 
 
 ACIDUM SUCCINICUM. Succimc Acid. C^HsO^, eq. 118-048.— White, 
 almost odourless, glistening, prismatic crystals, possessing an acid taste. 
 Soluble 1 in 18 of Water ; 1 in 11 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 56 of Ether 
 (0-735). 
 
 It is used medicinally chiefly in the form of its Ammonium salt, Anmionium 
 Succinate. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw. and Swed. 
 
 Liquor Succinatis Ammonici Pyroleosi (Norw. and Swed.). — Succinic 
 Acid, 100 ; Pyroleum Animale, 3 ; Ammonium Carbonate, q.s. ; Distilled 
 Water, q.s. 
 
 Liqvior Antipasticus (Norw.). — Liquor Succinatis Ammonici Pyroleosi, 1 ; 
 Spirit of Ether, 1. 
 
 AMMONII SUCCINAS. Ammonium Succinate. (NHJ^C^H.O^, eq. 
 152-116. — Wliite, prismatic, almost odourless crystals, possessing a charac- 
 teristic disagreeable taste. Soluble 1 in 1 • 6 of Water ; insoluble in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) ; insoluble in Ether (0-735). Used in spasmodic pains and also in 
 delirium tremens. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 SDLPHONAL. 
 
 SULPHONAL. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — Sulphonmethanum, Siilphonmethane. 
 C7H16S2O4, eq. 228-268. 
 
 Fb., DieTHYLSULFONE-DIMETHYLMETHANE ; GeR., SULFONAIi ; 
 
 Ital., Solfonale ; Span., Sulfonal. 
 
 Colourless, odourless, almost tasteless, prismatic crystals, or a white, 
 odourless, crystalline powder. Permanent in the air. 
 
 The B.P. describes Sulphonal as Dimethyl-methane-diethylsulphone, 
 a product of the oxidation of Mercaptol. The U.S. P. describes it as 
 Diethylsulphonedimethylmethane, a product of the oxidation of 
 Mercaptol obtained by the condensation of Acetone with Ethylmer- 
 captan. The Fr, Codex and the P.G. do not state its origin. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles. 
 
 It belongs to the class of Di-sulphones to which Trional and Tetronal 
 also belong. 
 
 It is OflB-cially required to be in crystals, but it is generally supplied 
 in powder ; its action is stated to be quicker and more certain in that 
 form than when administered in crystals. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 500 of Water; 1 in 15 of boiling Water ; 1 in 50 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of Chloroform ; 1 in 110 of Ether. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SUL 1357 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A pure hypnotic for simple insomnia, 
 when pain is absent. As in repeated doses it may be cumulative, 
 and produce hsematoporphyrinuria and other toxic efiects, it is not 
 the hypnotic to select for continued use. If taken in the form of a 
 powder or tablet, the action may, owing to comparative insolubility, 
 be deferred for 1 or 2 hours, but if taken in hot solution the action is 
 far more rapid. 
 
 The only treatment of any avail for Sulphonal poisoning is the free exhibi- 
 tion of alkalis ; when there is vomiting and great difficulty in getting the 
 alkali taken in sufficient quantity, transfusion of an alkaline solution might 
 be tried. 
 
 Even in medical hands, death has resulted in a large number of cases ; 
 no other sedative the use of which must be accompanied by so many pre- 
 cautions, and which is so beset by various dangers. A valuable paper on its 
 administration, dangers and precautions. — Jl. Menial Science, Ivii. 273. 
 
 Is dangerous and should be abandoned ; slow in action, cumulative, toxic, 
 its toxic dose varies enormously in different individuals. When given in 
 hot Milk danger of hsematoporphyrinuria is lessened. — E.M.J. '10. ii. 9. 
 
 Except in skilled hands, it is a dangerous drug. — Jl, Mental Science, '11, i. 
 283. , 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 30 grains = 0*65 to 2 grammes. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — It is given in mixtures suspended with Compound 
 Tragacanth Poivder 60 grains to 6 /. oz. of Water. Also in cachets, capsules, 
 or in powders, to be taken perhaps best of all in hot Water, or hot Spirits and 
 Water. Tablets are supplied containing 5 grains or 10 grains. 
 
 Wot Official.— Tetronal. 
 
 Toreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hvmg., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 (Sulphonmethanum). 
 
 Tests.— Commercial Sulphonal melts at 125-07° C. (257-13° F.), 
 Dried Sulphonal at 125-24° C. (2.57-43° F.), Purified Sulphonal at 
 125-26° C. (2.57-47° F.). The B.P. now gives the melting point as 
 125° G. (257° F.); the U.S.P. gives 125-5° C. (258° F.) ; the P.G., 
 125° C. to 126° C. (257° to 258-8° F.). At a higher temperature it 
 burns away, emitting an odour of Sulphur Dioxide. When a small 
 quantity is heated with a little powdered Charcoal in a dry tube, 
 or when a mixture of equal weights of Sulphonal and Potassium Cyanide 
 is heated, the characteristic and disagreeable odour of Mercaptan is 
 evolved ; if the residue from the latter be dissolved in Distilled Water, 
 and an excess of Hydrochloric Acid added, it yields on the addition 
 of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a reddish colour. When 
 gradually warmed with anhydrous Sodium Acetate it evolves the 
 characteristic objectionable odour of Hydrogen Sulphide. The 
 saturated aqueous solution should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Sulphates, 
 readily oxidisable organic impurities, Mercaptan or Mercaptol, and 
 mineral impurities. The filtered saturated aqueous solution should 
 yield no turbidity upon the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, in- 
 dicating the absence of Chlorides ; or upon the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 10 c.c. of a 
 
1358 SUL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 cold saturated aqueous solution should not immediately decolorise 
 1 drop of Potassium Permanganate Solution (0*1 p.c. w/w), indi- 
 cating the absence of readily oxidisable impurities, and also of 
 Mercaptol. No odour should he evolved when 1 gramme of Sulphonal 
 is dissolved in 50 c.c. of boiling Water, indicating the absence of 
 Mercaptol. Sulphonal should leave no weighable ash, indicating a 
 limit of mineral impurity. The U.S. P. states that it should leave no 
 weighable residue ; B.P. that it should leave no appreciable ash ; the 
 P.G. that it should leave at the highest 0*1 p.c. of residue on 
 ignition. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 
 the residue on ignition be changed to ' not exceeding 0*05 p.c' 
 
 Not OfBcial. 
 
 TETRONAL (Diethylsulphon-diethylmethane). — It is analogous in com- 
 position to Sulphonal, but with 2 Methyl groups replaced by Ethyl. A white, 
 crystalline, odourless powder. Soluble 1 in 550 of Water ; 1 in 12 of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 It is a hypnotic resembling Sulphonal. 
 
 It is dangerous and should be discarded. — E.M.J. '10, ii. 10; B.M.J. 
 '09, i. 555. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0-65 to 1*3 grammes. 
 
 Tests. — Tetronal melts at 85° C. (185° F.). It is but sparingly soluble in 
 Distilled Water, but dissolves in Alcohol (90 p.c), forming a solution which 
 is neutral in reaction towards Litmus paper. ^Vhen heated with an equal 
 weight of powdered Charcoal in a test-tube it evolves the characteristic and 
 unpleasant odour of Mercaptol. When gradually heated with dry Sodium 
 Acetate it evolves the characteristic unpleasant odour of Hydrogen Sulphide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impvu-ities are Chlorides, Sulphates, readily 
 oxidisable organic impurities, Mercaptol, and mineral residue. If 1 drop of 
 Potassimn Permanganate Solution (0*1 p.c. w/w) be added to 100 c.c. of a 
 cold saturated aqueous solution, the mixture should not be immediately 
 decolorised, indicating the absence of readily oxidisable organic impurities. 
 Tetronal should leave not more than 0-1 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. When boiled with 50 times its own weight of Distilled 
 Water no unpleasant odom* should be evolved, indicating the absence of 
 Mercaptol. The saturated aqueovis solution should bo neutral in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, and when acidified with Nitric Acid should yield no 
 turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Chlorides, or, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, on the addition of 
 Barium Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 TRIONAL. See Methylsulphonal, p. 886. 
 
 Not OfBciaL 
 SULPHUR. 
 
 SULPHUE. 
 
 S, eq. 32-07. 
 
 Sulphur occurs native, and is found in naasses or in the powdery form 
 mixed with various impurities. It is abundant in volcanic covuitries, as in 
 Sicily, and in some parts of Italy. It readily volatilises, and when the vapours 
 are passed into a large brick chamber kept cold, it condenses in fine powder 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] SUIi 1359 
 
 (Sublimed Sulphur), and when a small chamber is used and kept at a tempera- 
 ture of about 120° C. (248° F.), it condenses in the liquid form and is run 
 into moulds (Roll Sulphur). 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in Belg. (Sulphur) ; Ital. (Solfo) ; 
 Port. (Enxofre) ; Mex. and Span. (Azufre). 
 
 Wearing day and night next the sldn in a muslin bag bits of Sulphur acts 
 sufficiently as a preventive and curative of lice. — B.M.J. '15, i. 445. 
 
 SULPHUR PR^CIPITATUM. 
 
 PRECIPITATED SULPHUR. 
 
 B.P. Syn. — Milk of Suxph-qr. 
 
 Fr., Soufbe Precipite ; Ger., GefAlter Schwefel ; Ital., Solfo 
 Preoipitato ; Span., Azufre Pbecipitado. 
 
 A light grey or greyish-yellow, smooth, uniform amorphous powder, 
 which is required by the B.P. to be free from the odour of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide, but which sometimes possesses a slight odour of this gas. 
 It is prepared by precipitating the Sulphur, by means of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, from a solution prepared by boiling Sulphur with Milk of Lime. 
 
 The B.P. does not require it to contain any definite percentage of 
 pure Sulphur ; the U.S.P. requires that when dried, it should contain 
 not less than 99 • 5 p.c. of pure Sulphur ; neither the Fr. Codex nor 
 P.G. fixes a required percentage. 
 
 Lao Sulphuris of former Pharmacopoeias contained a large amount of 
 Calcium Sulphate, owing to Sulphuric Acid being used in its preparation, 
 but as Hydrochloric Acid is now employed, no distinction should be made 
 between Milk of Sulphur and Precipitated Sulphur. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Sulphur Sublimatum, 
 only more active. Mixed with Milk and rubbed till smooth, children 
 take it readily. 
 
 Can be used in warding off vermin in soldiers by turning the underclothing 
 inside out and dusting freely with the Precipitated Sulphvir.— /.M.G. '15, 309. 
 
 Rheumatism completely cured by powdering the inside of the stockings 
 and wearing them all night. — L. '15, i. 298. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 60 grains = 1*3 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Trochiscus Sulphuris. 
 
 Not Official — Lotio Sulphm-is, Trochiscus Sulphuris Compositus, Sulphvir 
 Hair Lotion, Unguentima Sulphuris Prsecipitati, Unguentum Sulphuris 
 Camphoratum, and Unguentiun Sulphuris et Resorcini. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Hung., Ital., Mex. 
 (Azufre Precjpitado), Norw., Port. (Enxofre Precipitado), Russ., 
 Span., Swed. and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Precipitated Sulphur melts at 115° C. (239° F.). It should 
 be readily and completely soluble in Carbon Bisulphide. When 
 ignited it burns with a blue flame, emitting a characteristic, penetrating 
 and suffocating odour of Sulphur Dioxide. When evaporated to 
 dryness with Nitric Acid, the residue dissolved in Distilled Water, 
 and the solution filtered, it yields on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 
1360 SUIi [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Solution, a white precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. The 
 B.P. requires that under the microscope it shall consist of opaque 
 globules without any crystalline matter. The U.S. P. requires that 
 it shall contain not less than 99"i3 p.c. of pure Sulphur, but does not 
 indicate a method of determination. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend the following method of determination : — 
 An accurately weighed quantity of about 1 gramme of Sublimed 
 Sulphur, which has been previously dried till constant in weight at 
 100° C. (212° F.), is transferred to a flask containing 2'{3c.c. of a 
 10 p.c. Potassium Hydroxide Solution (free from Sulphates), the 
 mixture boiled until the liquid is of a transparent golden yellow colour, 
 and then diluted with Distilled Water so as to produce exactly 250 c.c. 
 A measured quantity of 25 c.c. of this diluted solution is oxidised by 
 the addition of Hydrogen Dioxide Solution in excess, acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, and diluted with Distilled Water so as to produce 
 100 c.c. The mixture is heated on a water-bath during 30 minutes, 
 and then brought to the boiling point. Sufhcient Barium Chloride 
 Solution is then added to the mixture until no further precipitation 
 takes place, it is allowed to stand during 30 minutes, and the pre- 
 cipitate filtered, washed, dried, ignited and weighed as Barium Sulphate. 
 It should show not less than 99 p.c. of pure Sulphur, when calculated 
 to the amount of Precijjitated Sulphur originally taken. Neither 
 the B.P., Fr. Codex, nor the P.G. gives the necessary percentage. 
 
 The more generall}'^ occurring impurities are acid or alkali, Arsenic, 
 Calcium, Chlorides, Sulphates, and mineral residue. If 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water be thoroughly shaken with 2 grammes of Precipitated 
 Sulphur and filtered, the filtrate should be neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper, indicating the absence of acid and alkali. The B.P. 
 fixes a limit of acidity corresponding approximately to 0*1 p.c. of 
 Hydrogen Sulphate, as determined by mixing 10 grammes with 
 Distilled Water, filtering, thoroughly washing and titrating the mixed 
 filtrate and washings with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, of which not more than 2 ml. should be required to neutralise ; 
 Phenolphthalein may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, 
 although not specifically stated by the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0' 004904 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Sulphate. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic 
 per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by first digesting a 
 weighed quantity of 2 grammes of the Precipitated Sulphur during 
 one hour on a water-bath v/ith a mixture of 50 ml. of Distilled Water 
 and 5 ml. of Ammonia Solution, filtering and evaporating the filtrate 
 to a small volume, subsequently oxidising this filtrate with a mixture 
 of 10 ml. of Nitric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, adding 2 ml. of Sulphuric 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent, evaporating, and heating until the evolution 
 of white fumes, the mixture after cooling being mixed with a further 
 quantity of 2 ml. of Distilled Water and again heated until the 
 evolution of white fumes occurs, the residue being dissolved in a 
 mixture of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 10 ml. of Stannated 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SUL 1361 
 
 Hydrocliloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. Tlie U.S. P. requires that 
 if 1 gramme of Precipitated Sulpiiur be digested for several hours with 
 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and the liquid filtered, one half of the 
 clear filtrate should not leave a residue on evaporation ; and if the 
 remainder be evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, then, after 
 adding 1 c.c. of Nitric Acid and again evaporating, the solution obtained 
 by dissolving this residue in 10 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid (8 p.c.) 
 should not respond to the modified Guzeit's Test, indicating a limit 
 of Arsenic. The P.G. requires that if 1 gramme of Precipitated Sulphur 
 be shaken with 20 c.c. of Ammonia Solution at a temperature of 35° 
 to 40° C. (95° to 104° F.) and the mixture be allowed to stand during 
 one hour with intervals of shaking from time to time, the filtrate 
 should not become yellow-coloured or yield a precipitate, when acidified 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, nor on the addition of an excess of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid and Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Arsenic compounds. The filtrate obtained by shaking 0'5 gramme 
 of Precipitated Sulphur with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water acidified with 
 Hydrochloric Acid, when mixed with a slight excess of Ammonia 
 Solution, should yield no pronounced turbidity on the addition of 
 Ammonium Oxalate Solution, indicating a limit of Calcium. The 
 filtrate obtained on shaking 1 gramme of Precipitated Sulphur with 
 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, and filtering, when acidified with Nitric 
 Acid, should yield no decided turbidity on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides.; another portion of 
 the filtrate, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should yield no pro- 
 nounced turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. The B.P. does not include tests for 
 Calcium, Chlorides, or Sulphates. Precipitated Sulphur should leave 
 not more than 0*5 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it should not leave a weighable residue when 
 ignited ; the P.G. requires that it should leave at the most 0*5 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 CONFECTIO SULPHURIS. Confection of Sulphur. (Altered.) 
 Precipitated Sulphur, 90 ; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 22 ; Tragacanth 
 in powder, 1 ; Syrup, 42 ; Tincture of Orange, 11 ; Glycerin, 34. 
 
 (about 1 in 2J.) 
 It contains about the same proportion of Precipitated Sulphur as it formerly 
 did of Sublimed Sulphur, but the proportions of the others are all changed 
 more or less. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 TROCHISCUS SULPHURIS. Sulphur Lozenge. 
 
 Contains 0*3 gramme (about 5 grains) of Precipitated Sulphur, 
 and 0*06 gramme (about 1 grain) Acid Potassium Tartrate in each, 
 flavoured with Tincture of Orange. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 6 lozenges. 
 
 Belg. has Sulphuris Tabellae, 0-1 gramme — 1| grains in each; Fr. has 
 Tablettes de Soufre, 0-1 gramme = H grains in each; Mex. has Pastillas 
 de Azufre, 0* 1 gramme = IJ grains in each. 
 
1362 StfL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LOTIO SULPHUR IS. — Precipitated Sulphur, J oz. : Glycerin, 120 minims; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 fl. oz. ; Rose Water, 3 fl. oz. ; Lime Water, 3 fl. oz. 
 
 TROCHISCUS SULPHURIS COMPOSITUS.— Each lozenge contains 
 5 grains of Precipitated Sulphur, and 1 grain of Cream of Tartar. 
 
 These lozenges differ from the Official Sulphur lozenge in that they contain 
 no Orange, and are therefore perferred by many. 
 
 A convenient form of administering Sulphur as a general laxative, in 
 sluggish Uver, piles, and habitual constipation. 
 
 SULPHUR HAIR LOTION {Pharm. Form.).— Acetate of Lead, U drm. ; 
 Milk of Sulphur (Calcareous), 3 drm. ; Glycerin, 10 drm. ; HeUotrope Per- 
 fume, 2 drm. ; Water, to 10 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS CAMPHORATUM {St. Mary's).— Preci- 
 pitated Sulphur, 10 grains ; Carbolic Acid, 15 grains; Resorcin, 15 grains ; 
 Camphor, 15 grains ; Solution of Coal Tar, 25 minima ; Benzoated Lard, 240 
 grains ; Soft Paraffin, white, 240 grains. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ET RESORCINI (St. T/wwas's).— Preci- 
 pitated Sulphiu", 20 grains ; Resorcin, 15 grains ; Soft Paraffin, yellow, to 1 oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS PRyECIPITATI.— Precipitated Sulphur, 2; 
 Potassium Carbonate, 1 ; Lard 8. Excellent for scabies. 
 
 SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM. 
 
 SUBLIMED SULPHUR. 
 B.P.Syn. — Flowers of Sulphur. 
 
 A bright yellow or greenish-yellow, slightly gritty, amorphous, 
 tasteless powder, possessing a faint characteristic odour. 
 
 The B.P. does not require it to contain any definite percentage of 
 Sulphur ; the U.S. P. requires it to contain not less than 99 p.c. ; 
 neither the Fr. Codex nor the P.G. states a requisite percentage. 
 
 It may be prepared from native Sulphur or Sulphides. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water. Slightly soluble in hot Alcohol. 
 Only partially soluble in Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Laxative, alterative, diaphoretic. Em- 
 ployed internally in haemorrhoids and hepatic congestion ; also, 
 being an intestinal antiseptic, it is efficacious in chronic rheumatism, 
 gout, and many skin diseases ; externally also for skin diseases, 
 especially scabies, ringworm, and acne; dusted on the membrane 
 in diphtheria. 
 
 Given in 1 grain cachets in typhoid, 5 or G times during the 24 hours ; 
 the temperature quickly falls and follows a more regular curve ; results of 
 antiseptic action. — B.M.J.E. '15, i. 48. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 60 grains = 1-3 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Of&eial Preparations. — Confectio Sulphm-is and Unguentum Sulphuris ; 
 contained in Pulvis Glycyxrhizge Compositus. Used in the preparation of 
 Emplastrtim Hydrargyri and Sulphur Praecipitatum. 
 
 Not Official. — ' Chelsea Pensioner,' Pommade Antipsorique, Confectio 
 Sennie et Sulphuris, Unguentum Sulphuris Compositum, Vasolimentiim 
 Sulphuris, Vasolimentum Sulphuris Compositium. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] SUL 1363 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. Austr. and Hung. (Sulphur 
 Depuratum); Belg. (Sulphur Lotum) ; Dan. (Sulphur Sublimatum, 
 also Sulphur Sublimatum Venale); Dutch, Ger., Jap. and Russ. 
 Sulphur Sublimatum, also Sulphur Depuratum); Fr. (Soufre 
 Sublim6 and Soufre Sublime Lave); Ital. (Solfo Sublimate, 
 also Solfo Sublimato e Lavato) ; Mex. (Azufre Sublimado y 
 Lavado) ; Norw. (Sulfur Sublimatum); Port. (Enxofre Sublimado, 
 also Enxofre Lavado) ; Span. (Azufre Sublimado, also Azufre 
 Lavado) ; Swed. (Sulphur Sublimatum, also Sulphur Sublimatum 
 Elotum); Swiss (Sulphur Sublimatum Crudum, also Sulphvir 
 Lotum); U.S. (Sulphur Sublimatum, also Sulphur Lotum). 
 
 Tests.— Sublimed Sulphur melts at about 115° C. (239° F.) ; 
 Fr. Codex says about 113° C. (235-4° F.). When ignited it burns 
 with a blue flame, evolving a characteristic penetrating and suffocating 
 odour of Sulphur Dioxide, which blackens a strip of paper moistened 
 with Mercurous Nitrate Solution. When oxidised with Nitric Acid, 
 the residue dissolved in Distilled Water yields, with Barium Chloride 
 Solution, a dense white precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
 It is officially required to consist of irregular angular particles, mixed 
 with almost opaque globules, when examined under the microscope. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shall contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure 
 Sulphur, but does not indicate a method for its determination. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the method of 
 determination be similar to that given under Sulphur Precipitatum. 
 Neither the B.P., Fr. Codex, nor P.G. states the requisite percentage 
 nor a method of determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are acid or alkali, Arsenic, 
 and mineral residue. 
 
 It was pointed out in the Eighteenth Edition of Squire's Com'panion 
 that commercial Sublimed Sulphur is always more or less acid, and 
 always gives an acid reaction unless freshly washed and dried. The 
 B.P. now fixes a limit of acidity corresponding to practically 0*25 p.c. 
 of Hydrogen Sulphate, as determined by shaking 10 grammes of the 
 Sublimed Sulphur with Distilled Water, filtering, thoroughly washing 
 and titrating the mixed filtrate and washings with Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not more than 5 ml. 
 should be required ; Phenolphthalein Solution may be employed as 
 an indicator of neutrality, although not specifically mentioned by 
 the B.P. ; 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution = 0-004904 gramme of Hydrogen Sulphate. The U.S. P. 
 requires that Distilled Water with which the Sublimed Sulphur has 
 been shaken should not afford an acid reaction to Litmus paper. 
 The P.G. requires that Purified Sulphur should not redden moistened 
 Litmus paper. The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of xlrsenic per million, 
 as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special 
 Tests, employing a solution obtained by treating 2 grammes of the 
 Sublimed Sulphur by a method similar to that given under Sulphur 
 Prsecipitatum. 
 
 The U.S. P. does not include a test for limit of Arsenic ; the P.G. 
 requires that if 1 gramme of Purified Sulphur be shaken with 20 c.c. 
 of Ammonia Solution warmed to a temperature of 35° to 40° C. (95° 
 
1364 SUL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 to 104° F.), and the mixture be allowed to stand during one hour 
 with intervals of shaking from time to time, the filtrate should not 
 be coloured yellow or develop a precipitate, either on acidification 
 with Hydrochloric Acid, or on the addition of an excess of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid and Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence 
 of Arsenic compounds. Sublimed Sulphur should yield not naore 
 than 0*25 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. This limit 
 is also fixed by the B.P. ; the TJ.S.P. requires that it should not 
 exceed 0*5 p.c. ; the P.G. that it should leave at the highest 1 p.c. of 
 residue after ignition. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS. Sulphur Ointment. 
 
 Sublimed Sulphur, finely sifted, 1 ; Benzoated Lard, 9. (1 in 10.) 
 
 The Sulphur is directed to be rubbed smooth first with a portion of the 
 Benzoated Lard, and then with the remainder. 
 
 Essence of Lemon covers the odour. 
 
 For India Benzoated Suet should be used in place of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg. (Sulphuris Alcalini 
 Unguentum), Potassium Carbonate 10, Water 5, Sulphm- 20, Lard 65 ; 
 Fr., Sulphur 1, Almond Oil 1, Benzoinated Lard 8 ; Hung., "White Wax 50, 
 Lard 250, Soft Soap 300, Sublimed Sulphur 150, Precipitated Chalk 100, 
 Tar 150 ; Jap. and Buss., Sulphur 1, Lard 2 ; Mex., Sulphur 1, Benzoinated 
 Lard 3 ; Port, and Swiss, Sulphur 3, Lard 7 ; Span., Sulphur 1, Lard 4 ; 
 U.S., Sulphtu- 3, Benzoinated Lard 17. Port has also compound ointment 
 1 in 5 ; Russ has also compound ointment 1 in 10. See also below. 
 
 Wot OfficiaL 
 
 'CHELSEA PENSIONER.' — Sulphur, 6; Mustard, 6; Powdered 
 Guaiacum, 3; Rhubarb, li; Nitre, IJ : mix. Honey or Treacle sufficient 
 to make it into an Electuary. 
 
 Dose, — A teaspoonful every alternate night for rheumatism ; it is also 
 taken in the morning as an aperient to regulate the bowels. 
 
 See also Guaiacum, p. 679. 
 
 POMMADE ANTIPSORIQUE. Pommade D'Helmerich (i^^r.). — Sublimed 
 Sulphior, 1 ; Potassium Carbonate, 5 ; Distilled Water, 5 ; Poppy Seed Oil, 
 5 ; Lard, 35. All by weight. 
 
 Confectio Sennae at Sulphuris. — Confection of Senna and Confection of 
 Sulphiir, equal parts. — Chty's and other Hospital Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM.— ^Syn. Ung. ad Scabiem 
 ViENNENSE. Wilkinson's Ointment. 
 
 Sulphur, 15 ; Chalk, 10 ; Tar, 15 ; Lard, 30 ; Soft Soap, 30. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Sulphur 16, Chalk 4, 
 Tar 16, Lard 16, Mutton Suet 16, Potash Soap, 32 ; Dutch, Sulphur 15, 
 Pulvis Marmoris 20, Yellow Vasehne 30, Potash Soap 20, Oil of Cade 15 ; 
 Ital. (Pomata con Solfo Alcalina), Sulphur 17, Potassium Carbonate 8, 
 Lard, Vaselin or Lanolin 67, Water 8 ; Norw., Sulphur 15, Chalk 10, Tar 10, 
 Soap 30, Lard 35 ; Swed., Sulphur 15, Chalk 10, Tar 15, Lard 30, Soap 30 ; 
 Russ., Fructus Lauri 1, Svdphur Depuratiun 1, Zinc Sulphate 1, Lard 7 ; 
 Swiss, Sulphur 10, Zinc Sulphate 10, Soap 15, Lard 65. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM {P.L. '51). —Sulphur, 
 4 oz. ; Powdered White Hellebore, 10 drm. ; Nitrate of Potash, 2 scruples ; 
 Soft Soap, 4 oz. ; Lard, 12 oz. ; all by troy weight. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SUL 1365 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM SULPHURIS {Y.B.P. '01, 212).— Sublimed Sulphur, 
 3 ; Linseed Oil, 37 ; Simple Vasoliment, q.s. to make 100. Heat the Sulphur 
 and Linseed Oil together until dissolved, and make up with Simple Vasoli- 
 ment. 
 
 VASOLIMENTUM SULPHURIS COMPOSITUM {Y.B.P. '01, 212).— 
 Sulphur Vasoliment, 10; Cade Oil, 10; ThjTUol, 0-3; Eucalj-ptol, 3; 
 Turpentine, 30 ; and made up with Vasoliment to 100. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SULPHURIS CHLORIDUM. 
 
 SULPHUR CHLORIDE. 
 
 S„CL, eq. 135-06. 
 
 A mobile, reddish-yellow liquid, specific gra\aty 1 • 69, with a penetrating, 
 disagreeable odour, and filming strongly in air. Prepared by the direct 
 union of Chlorine with Sulphur. It dissolves without decomposition in 
 Carbon Bisulphide or Benzene, but is decomposed by Water, Alcohol, or 
 Ether. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS HYPOCHLORITIS.— Sublimed Sulphur, 
 1 oz. ; Sulphur Chloride, 1 fl. drm. ; Spermaceti Ointment (B.P. '67), 8 oz. ; 
 Essential Oil of Almonds, 80 minims, is usually added to mask the disagree 
 able odour. 
 
 Used in scabies and acne. 
 
 Occasionally made twice this strength. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SULPHURIS lODIDUM. 
 
 SULPHUR IODIDE. 
 
 Greyish-black, crystalline masses, possessing a metallic lustre and evoh-ing 
 a strong odoiu- of Iodine. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles in a 
 cool place. Like Iodine, it stains the skin. It is prepared by direct combina- 
 tion of Iodine and Sulphur by heating them together. 
 
 The proportions of Iodine and Sulphur are used in equivalents to form 
 SI, eq. 157-99, but the combination is a very loose one. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 16 of Glycerin; 1 in 4 of Carbon Bisulphide. Insoluble 
 in cold Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — The Ointment is an excellent remedy for acne 
 rosacea, and for parasitic and other diseases of the skin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. (Yoduro de Azufre) ; 
 Port. (Enxofre lodado) ; U.S. (Sulphuris lodidum). 
 
 Tests. — Sulphur Iodide when exposed to the air gradually loses Iodine. 
 When heated the Iodine sublimes first. When boiled Avith Distilled Water 
 the Iodine passes off in vapour, the Sulphur remaining as an insoluble residue. 
 The amount of this residue is about one-fifth of the weight of the original 
 Sulphur Iodide. The U.S. P. states that continued boiling with Water 
 vaporises all the Iodine, leaving about 20 p.c. of Sulphur as a residue. It is 
 completely soluble in Carbon Bisulpliide. The U.S. P. requires that it shall 
 contain not less than 70-5 p.c. of Iodine, as volumetrically determined by 
 
1366 SUM [Solids by Weiglit; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 dissolving a mixture of 0*5 gramme of the finely -powdered Sulphur 
 Iodide and 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and 
 titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, 
 using Starch Mucilage as an indicator, not less than 28 c.c. should be required 
 for complete decolorisation ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution corresponds to 0" 01259 gramme of Iodine. - This 
 percentage of Iodine corresponds to about 88 "3 p.c. of Sulphur Iodide of 
 the formula given above. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS lODIDI. Sulphur Iodide Ointment. 
 
 Pvub 20 grains of Sulphur Iodide with 20 grains of Glycerin to a smooth 
 paste in a warmed mortar, and gradually add 460 grainfi of Benzoated Lard, 
 and stir until cold. 
 
 It is apt to be gritty unless carefully made ; it becomes darker on keeping. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 SUMBUL RADIX. 
 
 SUMBUL EOOT. " 
 
 The dried transverse slices of the Root of Ferula Sumbul. 
 
 Imported from Russia. It possesses a powerful odour resembling Musk. 
 
 An inferior kind has of late years replaced the old Sumbul root. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Carminative and antispasmodic, said to be useful 
 in hysteria and allied nervous complaints. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex. ; Port (Sombula). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Sumbul Root of commerce is probably not 
 that of Ferula Sumbul, Hook, f., official in B.P. 1898, which apparently has 
 not been collected for many years (an undetermined species, U.S. P.). The 
 segments of the root of Ferula Sumbul are 3 to 4 in. (75 to 100 mm.) in 
 diameter, 1-J- to 2 in. (37 to 50 mm.) in thickness; 1 to 3 in. (25 to 75 mm.) in 
 diameter, f to 1 in. (18 to 25 mm.) or more in thickness B.P. 1898. Externally 
 the bark is papery, pale brown, annulated in the upper or rootstock portion 
 and sometimes bristly with the remains of the leaf-stalks near the apex. 
 The transverse section is spongy and fibrous, and shows an irregular, some- 
 what contorted arrangement of the vascular tissue, and owing to the exudation 
 of oleoresin it is usually marbled ■with bkackish patches. The root yields 
 about 9 p.c. of soft resin and ^ p.c. of a dingy, bluish, essential oil. It has a 
 bitter and musky taste and a musky odour. The article at pn jent in 
 conamerce is probably the root of Ferula suai^eolens. This has quite a weak 
 musty odour and occurs in smaller pieces, although in general appearance 
 resembhng the other kind. Occasionally there has appeared a false Sumbul 
 in commerce, the Indian Siimbul of Pereira, which consists of the root of 
 Dorenia Arnmoniacum, scented with tincttu'e of Musk ; it closelj'- resembles 
 Sumbul in appearance, but when kept in a bottle or closed vessel the odour 
 of Arnmoniacum soon overcomes that of the Musk, and is easily recognised ; 
 the characteristic taste of Aimnoniacum is also easily detected. This root is 
 largely imported into Bombay and is used as incense by the Parsees in their 
 fire temples. 
 
 Tests. — Sumbul Root contains from 5 to 6 p.c. of ash. 
 
 TINCTURA SUMBUL {B.P. 1898).— Sumbul Root, 1 ; Alcohol (70 p.c), 
 10 ; by maceration. 
 
 Dose.^1 to 1 fl. drm. - 1-8 to 3 • 8 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SUP 1367 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Sumbul has a specific gravity of 0-895 to 0-900 ; it 
 contains about 2-5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 66 p.c. v/v of Absolute 
 Alcohol. 
 
 U.S. has Fluidextractum Sumbul, 1 in 1 with a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), 75, and Water, 25, dose, 30 minims (2c.c.); also Extraetum 
 Sumbul, made from the fluid extract by evaporation, dose, 4 grains 
 (0-25 gramme). 
 
 SUPPOSITORIA. 
 
 Suppositories are for tlie most jjart prepared by the following general 
 method : — 
 
 Melt the Oil of Theobroma ; triturate the active ingredient intimately 
 with a little of the Oil, and add the mixture to the remainder of the 
 melted Oil in a basin or dish ; stir well, and as the mixture begins to 
 thicken pour it into the moulds, which may then be cooled with Water, 
 or in summer by iced Water. 
 
 Difficulty in removing the suppositories from the moulds may be 
 obviated by having the moulds previously wiped with oiled Lint. 
 
 It is convenient to weigh out ingredients for one or two more 
 suppositories than are required by the prescription. The so-called 
 15-grain moulds sold for suppositories do not always hold exactly 
 15 grains ; it is advisable to check their capacity. 
 
 In those rare circumstances where moulds are not available, the 
 mixture may be allowed to cool, divided into the requisite number 
 of parts, each weighing about one gramme (15i grains), and shaped 
 into a suitable form. 
 
 In India and other hot climates a quantity of beeswax may be 
 used in place of some of the Oil of Theobroma, to suit the temperature 
 for the time being, so as to produce a desirable consistence. 
 
 Hollow cones of suppository shape are made with Oil of Theobroma in 
 various sizes ; these can be filled with any desired medicament and closed 
 with a plug ; they are known as ' hollo-w suppositories.' 
 
 Cocoa-nut Stearin, or a mixtoire of this with Oil of Theobroma, is a better 
 basis for suppositories than Oil of Theobroma in cold weather. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SUPRARENAL GLAND. 
 
 The suprarenal or adrenal bodies or capsules are ductless glands, each 
 consisting of two portions which are distinct from a phy.siological point of 
 view, the cortex and the medulla. A suprarenal body is thus two distinct 
 and independent organs combined with one another. The fresh healthy 
 glands of the ox or sheep are generally used for preparations. 'J'he substance 
 causing a rise of blood pressure (Adrenalin) is found in the medulla only ; 
 regarding the functions of the relatively large cortical portion of the gland 
 we have no definite information, although some comparative observations 
 indicate that it may have important specific relations to the growth of the 
 body, particularly to the genital organs. The active principle may be boiled 
 without losing its activity, thus allowing the comparatively easy preparation 
 
1368 SYM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 of sterilised solutions ; it is, however, prone to absorb Oxygen from the air 
 and to become less active. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See imder Adbenalinum. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — For introduction into the nose and ear a 5 p.c. solution 
 of the Extract. As an ointment, 1 of Liquid Extract to 7 of Lanolin Ointment ; 
 as a suppository, cuntaining 2 or 3 minims of Liquid Extract. Tablets 
 representinij 5 grains of fresh Gland substance are supplied. 
 
 Various preparations of the di-ied Gland, of the extract (solid and liquid), 
 and of the active principle have been introduced for medicinal use. 
 
 Tests. — ^The powder of desiccated Suprarenal Glands is partially soluble 
 in Water. 0-5 gramme macerated with 25 c.c. of Distilled Water for a 
 qviarter of an hour and filtered yields a filtrate which gives on the addition 
 of a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, an emerald-green coloration ; the 
 addition of Iodine Solution produces a deep rose-red coloration. It should 
 not yield more than 7 p.c. of ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 GLANDUL/E SUPRARENALES S I CC/E (C/.S.).— The suprarenal glands 
 of the .sheep or ox, freed from fat, cleaned, diied and powdered. One part 
 represents approximately 6 parts of fresh glands, free from fat. 
 
 Average Dose. — 4 grains = 0-26 gramme. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GLANDUL/E SUPRARENAL/E H/EMOSTATICUM. 
 
 — A brown, or dark brown, hygroscopic, aniorphous powder, readily soluble 
 in Water. It is a very active preparation. 
 
 Dcse. — 1 to 3 grains = 0-06 to 0-2 gramme. 
 
 Nebula Extraeti Suprarenalis [Central Throat). — Suprarenal Extract, 
 48 grains ; Sodium Sulphate, 10 grains ; Boiling Distilled Water, to 1 fi. oz. 
 = 10 p.c. solution. 
 
 EXTRACTUM GLANDUL/E SUPRARENAL/E LIQUIDUM.— ALiquid 
 
 Extract, 1 part of which is equal to 1 of fresh gland. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 minims = 0-9 to 1-8 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR SUPRARENALIS H/EMOSTATICUS.— A pale brownish or 
 pinkish-brown liquid, containing the entire active principle of the gland. 
 It has been used with great success as a spray in the treatment of hay fever, 
 coryza, etc. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SYMPHYTI RADIX. 
 
 COMPREY EOOT. 
 
 The dried Root of Symphytum Officinalis, Linn, a perennial plant indigenous 
 to Em'ope, black without and white within. The Root contains large quantities 
 of soluble Carbohydrates (Gums and Sugars), Catechu Resins and Tannins, 
 a small quantity of Essential Oil, and from 0-6 to 0-8 p.c. of AUantoin. 
 A description of the Root appeared in the Fifth Edition of Squire's Companion, 
 and was retained until the Seventeenth Edition. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cell-proUferant, astringent, mucilaginous, glu- 
 tinous ; useful to form cases for injured Hmbs. The black rind is scraped 
 off, and the mucilaginous root is then scraped carefully into a nice even pulp ; 
 this is spread to the thickness of a crown-piece on cambric or old muslin, 
 wrapped round the limb and bandaged over ; it soon stiffens, and forms a 
 casing superior to Starch, giving great support and strength to the part. The 
 late Peter Squire knew a bone-setter who rendered himself famous by treating 
 fractures after this method, which he kept secret, the bandage not being 
 removed until the limb was well. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] SYR 1369 
 
 Has attained great favour as an application in the treatment of ulcers, and 
 to wounds and sores. It is generally employed in the form of the Liquid 
 Extract or Infusion or as a 0- 5 p.c. solution of its active principle, Allantoin, 
 in Physiological Salt Solution. 
 
 Used with success, where more elegant preparations have failed, in 
 gastralgia, due to an irritated gastric mucosa, and to ease the pain of and to 
 cure gastric ulcer. — B.M.J. '12, i. 13. 
 
 In ulcerative conditions and biu-ns its utility is confirmed by numerous 
 observers. — L. '12, ii. 461. 
 
 Allantoin well worth a trial in long-standing keratitis and possibly scleritis. 
 —L. '12, i. 870. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Mex., Sinfito; Port., Consolda 
 Mai or. Not in the others. 
 
 ALLANTOINUM. Allantoin. C,H«N,0„ eq. 158-088.— White, odourless 
 and tasteless, glistening, prismatic crystals. Chemically it is a Diureide of 
 GlyoxyUc Acid. It is contained in Comfrey Root, from which it may be 
 prepared ; in vegetable tissues, e.g., the young shoots of plane trees, and in 
 foetal allantois. It may be also prepared synthetically by the oxidation 
 of Uric Acid in alkaline solution, bj' means of Potassium Permanganate. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 102 of Water ; practically insoluble in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 and in Ether. 
 
 Employed as a cell-proliferant in the form of a 0-4 to 0-5 p.c. solution in 
 Physiological Salt Solution. It also affords a useful local apphcation for 
 ulcerated surfaces, slow-healing wounds and sores, apphed on gauze or Unt 
 and renewing the dressings thi'ee or four times daily. It may be given 
 internally, and is successfully employed in gastralgia, gastric and duodenal 
 ulcers. It is also very useful in pruritus ani. 
 
 Dose. — % to 2 grains = 0-032 to 0-13 gramme. 
 
 Tests.— Allantoin melts at about 220° C. (438-8° F.), wth partial decom- 
 position. It is only slightly soluble in cold Water, but readily in hot Water. 
 It imdergoes decomposition when boiled for some considerable time with 
 Water, and is decomposed by alkah Hydroxides. 'When oxidised it is 
 converted into Allantoic Acid. It leaves no appreciable ash. 
 
 EXTRACTUM SYMPHYTI LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract of Comfrey. 
 — A 1 in 1 Fluid Extract of Comfrey Root prepared with Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Dose,— I to 2fl. drm. = 1-8 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 INFUSUM SYMPHYTI. Infusion of Comfrey.— An infusion of Comfrey 
 Root prepared by infusing 1 of Comfrey Root for 15 minutes with 20 of 
 Boiling Distilled Water, straining, cooHng, and adding 2 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 to preserve it. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 4fl. oz. = 28 to 113 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 SYRUPI. 
 
 Syrups are apt to ferment or become mouldy when made with too little 
 Sugar, and to crystallise when too concentrated, or when mixed with Acids 
 or Alcohol. 
 
 The B.P. contains 23 Syrups ; although the finished products are definite, 
 the final directions are not vmiform. Thirteen are made to a given volume, 
 Syrupus AcicU Hydriodici, S. Aurantii, S. Aurantii Floris, S. Calcii Lacto- 
 phosphatis, S. Cascaroe Aromaticus, S. Chloral, S. Codeinse Phosphatis, S. 
 Ferri Phosphatis, S. Ferri Phosphatis cum Quinina et Strychiiina, S. Pruni 
 
1370 TAB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Virginianse, S. Rhei, S. Rheados, S. Zingiberia. Five of them are to a given 
 weight, Syrupus, S. Ferri lodidi, S. Scillase, S. Tolu, S. Urginese. Three 
 have the Sugar added to a given volume of Liquid, Syrupus Limonis, S. 
 Rosse, S. Sennaj. Syrupus Aromaticus is a mixture of three liqmds by 
 measure, and Syrupus Glucose is a mixture by weight. 
 
 Not Official. 
 TABACI FOLIA. 
 
 LEAF TOBACCO. 
 
 The dried Leaves of the Virginian Tobacco, Nicotiana Tabacum, L. 
 
 When dry they yield about 20 p.c. of ash, containing a large proportion of 
 Potassium Carbonate. 
 
 The Virgmian leaf contains about G p.c. of Nicotine and ia one of the 
 strongest varieties of tobacco. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful depressant, especially affecting the 
 heart and respiration. Smoked, it is sedative and antispasmodic in various 
 cases of asthma. Occasionally used as snuff for its errhine action, increasing 
 the flow of nasal mucus. 
 
 It forms the basis of a proprietary article for neuralgia of the face. 
 
 Nicotine is one of the most powerful and rapid poisons known. 
 
 Smoke from both tobacco and hay found to be bactericidal to pathogenic 
 bacteria.—!,. '07, i. 1220. 
 
 Fatal result in cliild of 6 years after enema of 1 pint of Water in which 
 were suspended li teaspoonfuls of Tobacco. — L. '13, i. 1332. 
 
 Tobacco-juice (a strong infusion) is a powerful insecticide, but sonae 
 preparations for this purpose contain Arsenic in addition to the Tobacco, 
 and in a case that came under our notice, several animals were killed by the 
 Ai'senic. 
 
 Antidotes. — In case Tobacco has been swallowed, an emetic ; stimulant, 
 internal and external. Reciunbent position ; Tannic Acid ; Nux Vomica 
 or Strychnine. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — OflScial in Mex., Port, and Span. 
 
 NICOTINA (C,„H,,N,„ eq. 162-132).— A nearly colourless, volatile, oily 
 liquid, with an acrid, biuriing taste, inflammable, miscible with Water, 
 Ether, Alcohol, and the fixed Oils. It should be kept in well -stoppered glass 
 bottles of a dark amber tint in a cool atmosphere, and exposed as little as 
 possible to contact with air and hght, as it has a tendency to become darker 
 in coloiar and to resinify. To this alkaloid Tobacco owes its activity. The 
 most easily crystallised salt is the Acid Tartrate. Nicotine is intensely 
 poisonous, and is seldom, if ever, used therapevitically. 
 
 The antidotal actions of Strychnine, Eserine, and the cruciferous plant 
 Nasturtium, officinale, to Nicotine have been compared, the result being that 
 the expressed juice of Nasturtium officinale is claimed to ba par excellence the 
 antidote to Nicotine. 
 
 Tests. — Nicotine has a specific gravity of 1*011. It boils at about 
 250° C. (482° F.). It possesses a strong alkaline reaction towards red Litmus. 
 It is powerfully Iscvogyrate. It may be determined in aqueous solution in 
 the absence of other free bases by direct titration with Tenth -Normal Volu- 
 metric Sulphiu"ic Acid Solution, using Cochineal Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Acid Solution being equivalent 
 to 0-016213 gramme of piu-e Nicotine. Nicotine is precipitated by the 
 usual alkaloidal reagents, e.g., Potassio -Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, 
 lodo-Potassimn Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, etc The distinctive reactiotas 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TAB 1371 
 
 by wliich it may be identified are the formation of a yellow amorphous 
 precipitate rapidly becoming crystalline, on the addition of Picric Acid 
 Solution in excess to a solution of Nicotine, or of a Nicotine salt ; by 
 the formation of a yellow crystalline precipitate, soluble in hot Water, on 
 the addition of Platinic Chloride Test-Solution to a sohition of Nicotine in 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid ; by the formation of a crystalline precipitate on 
 the addition of Mercuric Chloride Solution to an aqueous solution of Nicotine, 
 the precipitate being soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid or in Acetic Acid. 
 The appearance of this precipitate under the microscope is distinctive. 
 Nicotine distils in the vapour of steam. 
 
 NICOTIN/E SALICYLAS (Eudermol). — Colourless, transparent crystals, 
 or a white, crystalline powder, possessing a faint empyreumatic odour. It 
 is soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90p.c.). A remedy for scabies, in the 
 form of a 1 p.c. ointment made with Vaseline or Lanolin. 
 
 Tests. — Nicotine Salicylate dissolves readily in Distilled Water, forming 
 a clear solution wliich is faintly acid in reaction towards Litmus paper. It 
 answers the tests distinctive of Nicotine given under the heading of Nicotina. 
 A concentrated aqueous solution, when acidified with Dikited Sulphuric 
 Acid, yields a white pt-ecipitate, soluble in Ether. If the precipitated acid 
 be separated, washed free from mineral acid, and carefully dried, it should 
 possess the melting point and answer the tests distinctive of Salicylic Acid 
 given under Acidvim Salicylicum. 
 
 TABELL^. 
 
 The only tablet included in the British Pharmacopoeia is Trinitrin or 
 Nitroglycerin and this is made with a basis of Chocolate. 
 
 The tablet is one of the most popular forms for the administration of 
 drugs. Tablets of comparatively high finish can be made extemporaneously 
 at the dispensing coimter with care in manipulation and due regard to the 
 composition of the drugs to be compressed. Tablets may be machine-made 
 when it is required to turn them out in a polished coherent state, using as 
 little pressure as necessary for the pxu-pose, or in the form of tablet triturates, 
 which are generally moulded by hand. 
 
 Many substances such as Potassium Bromide, Potassltma Iodide, etc., 
 do not require any treatment other than crushing, sifting through No. 20 
 sieve, and very carefully drjdng, bvit in other eases the powdered drugs 
 require further treatment. 
 
 In preparing small quantities of tablets for prescriptions an Ethereal 
 Solution of Theobroma, consisting of Oil of Theobroma 1, Ether (sp. gr. 0-717- 
 0- 720) 6, is very convenient and decidedly iiseful ; from 5 to 10 p.c. is generally 
 reqxiired. The Ethereal Solution is best added direct to the powdered 
 substance or compound and quickly mixed ; the moistening agent is then 
 cautiously added, whether Alcohol (90 p.c). Alcohol (60 p.c), or Di.stilled 
 Water as the case may be. For substances which form a sticky mass with 
 Water or Diluted Alcohol, 90 p.c. Alcohol must be used. 
 
 Sometimes a very gentle heat, without adding any moisture, is all that is 
 required to give the material the necessary coherency. The material is then 
 shaken or pressed through a No. 20 or 30 sieve ; if this is not available a 
 piece of coarse muslin stretched over a ring of some sort may be used. The 
 sifted material is then spread out on filter paper, covered lightly, and allowed 
 to dry in a warm place or, better still, in a current of hot air. 
 
 If the substance is not injured by heat, inuch time may occasionallj'' be 
 saved by drying the granular powder on a water -bath, not exceeding 40° C. 
 It must be allowed to cool before compression. 
 
1372 TAL [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 Many substances, however, require the addition of about 2 to 5 p.c. of 
 Powdered Gum Acacia to give the granules the necessary firmness, more 
 particularly when the addition of Cane Sugar or Glucose is not permissible, 
 but in other cases the addition of 10 to 100 p.c. of jiowdered Sugar or a 
 mixture of the powdered Gum Acacia and the powdered Sugar gives a good 
 body to the tablets. 
 
 It is important that all ingredients should be in very fine powder before 
 mixing and moistening. This particularly applies when any of them are 
 distinctive in coloiu-. Failure to observe this rvile will result in the tablets 
 being marred by specks. 
 
 Volatile ingredients should be added to the dried granules and mixed lightly 
 on paper. When possible it is better to dissolve them in a small quantity 
 of Ether and mix qmckly with a spatula. 
 
 In many cases the addition of Potato Starch to the dried granules is desirable 
 as a disintegrator ; 5 to 15 p.c. is used, and it is mixed gently so as not to break 
 the granules, but when the tablets are only slightly compressed it should not 
 be necessary. 
 
 As a lubricant Piu-ified Talc from 1 to 3 p.c. should be used, but for tablets 
 required to make a clear solution in Water, Boric Acid in very fine powder 
 answers the purpose; from 1 to 3 p.c. is usually required. 
 
 General Rules to be observed : — (a) Material must be well dried before 
 compression, (b) Avoid having much fine powder amongst the granules, 
 (c) Granules should be as firm as possil)le. (d) Volatile ingredients added 
 after drying. 
 
 Not Official. 
 TALC. 
 
 CR^TA GALLICA, FRENCH CHALK, SOAPSTONE. 
 
 A white, or almost white, impalpable, odourless and tasteless powder, or in 
 greyish irregular masses, possessing a waxy lustre. 
 
 It yields a characteristic saponaceous feeling to the touch. 
 
 It is a hydrated Magnesiiun Silicate. 
 
 It is insoluble in Water, in dilute mineral acids, and in dilute alkali 
 Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcEias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Ital., Jap., Norw., 
 Puuss., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Talc has a specific gravity of aboiit 2-5. When fused with a 
 mixture of anhydi'ous Sodium and Potassiiim Carljonates it leaves a residue 
 which, dissolved in hot Water, filtered, the filtrate acidified with Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, evaporated to dryness, reacidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 again evaporated to di'yness, treated with Distilled Water and filtered, leaves 
 on the filter an insoluble residue of Silica ; when sufficient Ammonium 
 Chloride is added to the filtrate to hold the Magnesiuiu in solution, it yields 
 on the addition of Ammoma Solution a white gelatinous precipitate, indicating 
 the presence of Aluminivun, and if this precipitate be removed by filtration, 
 the filtrate affords oh the addition of Sodium Phosphate Solution a white 
 crystalhne precipitate, indicating the presence of Magnesium. The Talc 
 should not contain more than 6 p.c. of matter soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, as determined by boiling 1 gramme for 30 minutes with 25 c.c. of 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, maintaining the volume by the addition of 
 Distilled Water from time to time, filtering, and evaporating the filtrate to 
 dryness, igniting and rapidly weighing. 
 
 PURIFIED TALC. — A wliite, or almost white, inodorous, impalpable 
 powder, insoluble in Water, insoluble in dilute mineral acids, and insoluble 
 in dilute solutions of the alkaU Hydroxides. It is obtained from native 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TAM 1373 
 
 Talc by removing the matter soluble in Hydrochloric Acid by repeatedly 
 boiling with a mixture of Hydrochloric Acid and Water, the purified product 
 being washed with Water until a portion of the wash Water is neutral to 
 Litnaus, and yields no opalescence with Silver Nitrate Solution, after acidifica- 
 tion with Nitric Acid. It is dried at 110° C. (230° F.)- 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is employed as a soothing and protecting 
 powder to the skin and is an ingredient in many ' dusting powders ' and 
 ' face powders.' It is also employed as a filtering medium to clarify turbid 
 liquids. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Pm-ified Talc, when fused with a mixture of anhydrous Sodium 
 and Potassium Carbonates, should answer the corresponding tests given 
 under Talc. The soluble matter should not amount to more than 0-05 p.c. 
 as determined by boiling 10 grammes of the p\.irified Talc for 30 minutes with 
 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, maintaining the volmne by the addition of Distilled 
 Water from time to time, filtering, and evaporating one half the filtrate to 
 dryness. The remaining half, when acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 , yield no blue colour on the addition of Potassium Ferrocyanide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Iron. When ignited at a dull red heat it should 
 leave a residue amounting to not less than 95 p.c. 
 
 BORATED TALC— Boric Acid, in fine powder, 10 ; Purified Talc, 90. 
 
 TAMARINDUS. 
 
 TAaiARINDS. 
 
 Fr., Tamaein ; Ger., Tamarind enmus ; Ital., Tamarindo ; 
 Span., Tabiarindo. 
 
 The Fruits of Tamarindus Indica, L., freed from the brittle outer 
 part of the pericarp and preserved with Sugar. 
 Imported from the West Indies. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Eefrigerant and slightly laxative. In- 
 fused with Water, forms a cooling drink in febrile afiections ; it may 
 also be given with Milk to form Tamarind Whey (1 Pulp in 40). 
 
 Dose. — J oz. = 7 • 1 grammes, and upwards. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Contained in Confectio Sennae. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all except Dan. and Swed. ; Fr. 
 Ger., Ital., Norw. and Russ. (a crude and a strained). Ital. has also Conserva 
 di Tamarindo and Infuso di Tamarindi. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Tamarinds of commerce consist of the 
 fruit deprived of its hard epicarp, and are imported in three forms, 
 viz., West Indian, preserved in Syrup and packed in barrels, which are 
 the kind Olficial in the B.P. ; East Indian, deprived of the epicarp 
 and pressed into loose masses ; and Egyptian, pressed into hard 
 circular flattened cakes, 4 to 8 in. (10 to 20 cm.) in diameter and 
 1 to 2 in. (25 to 50 mm.) thick. The pulpy part consists of the 
 mesocarp ; the leathery endocarp encloses the seeds. Judging from 
 the Official description, the West Indian Tamarinds are apparently 
 intended to be used ; the pulp should not yield any characteristic 
 
1374 TAR [Solids ty Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 reaction for Copper with the test for tliat metal, which is only likely 
 to be present in the West Indian Tamarinds, The cheaper Egyptian 
 Tamarinds are said to be used for curries and sauces, and in the 
 manufacture of tobacco. On the Continent East Indian Tamarinds 
 are the kind principally used in pharmacy. 
 
 Tests. — Tamarinds contain an amount of acid equal to about 
 10 p.c. calculated as Hydrogen Tartrate. In the event of Copper 
 vessels being used, Tamarinds are liable to take up this metal. 
 
 The residue remaining after washing 2 grammes, cooling, dissolving 
 in 5 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and filtering, should yield a 
 clear filtrate giving no coloration or turbidity on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating the absence of Copper. The 
 P.G. requires that if 2 grammes of the Purified Tamarinds be extracted 
 with 50 c.c. of hot Distilled Water, allowed to cool, and filtered, a 
 measured quantity of 25 c.c. of the filtrate should require for neutralisa-. 
 tion at least 12 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, representing a minimum content of 9 p.c. of acid, reckoned 
 as Tartaric Acid ; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution = 0*0075 gramme of Tartaric Acid, Litmus 
 paper being employed as an indicator- 
 
 TARAXACI RADIX. 
 
 TARAXACUM ROOT. 
 
 Fr., Pisseni.it ; Ger., Lowenzahn ; Ital., Taeassaco ; 
 Span., Hoja de Tabaxacon. 
 
 The fresh Roots of Taraxacum officinale, Wiggers. 
 
 It is Officially required to be collected in the autumn, but the root 
 is best in the very late autumn or winter months, or in the early 
 spring. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild laxative and bitter tonic, 
 given in atonic dyspepsia with habitual constipation. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Extractura Taraxaci and Succus Taraxaci. 
 
 Not Official.— Decoctum Taraxaci, Elixir Taraxaci Composituin, Flmd- 
 cxtractiun Taraxaci, Liquor Taraxaci. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias. — Official in all except Belg., Dan., Dutch 
 and Norw. ; Fr. (Pissenlit) ; Ital. (Tarassaco) ; Mex. (Diente de Leon). 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Taraxacum or Dandelion Root varies in 
 size according to age, from 8 to 12 in. (20 to 30 cm.) long, and from 
 |- to 1 in. (12 "5 to 25 mm.) in diaineter, and is sometimes branched 
 in the upper portion, due to the original crown of the root being drawn 
 into the earth and giving off lateral buds which form rootstocks. 
 Externally the root is pale brown when fresh, but darker brown when 
 dry, with a short fracture showing a thick white cortex, having 
 numerous translucent concentric rings containing laticiferous vessels, 
 and a yellow porous woody centre. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TAR 1375 
 
 The fresh root is Official, and is directed to be collected in the 
 autumn. The P.G. directs the whole plant to be collected in spring 
 before flowering. The juice of the root quickly undergoes alteration 
 on exposure to the air. The juice expressed in the autumn contains 
 much Inulin, which renders it difficult to filter. The root collected 
 in spring is almost free from Inulin and more bitter. The dried root is 
 much attacked by insects, and should not be kept more than a year. 
 The roasted root is used to form Dandelion Cofiee. 
 
 Tests. — Taraxacum Koot contains from 4 to 5 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 EXTRACTUM TARAXACI. Extract of Taraxacum. 
 
 Crush fresh Taraxacum Root ; press out the juice ; allow the 
 feculence to subside ; heat the liquid to 212° F. (100° C), and maintain 
 the temperature for 10 minutes ; strain ; evaporate to the consistence 
 of a soft extract. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ital. and U.S., from fresh root ; 
 Fr., from dried leaves; Austr., Dutch, Ger., Port, and Russ., from whole 
 plant; Jap., from dried root; Mex., from root and leaves. 
 
 SUCCUS TARAXACI. Juice of Taraxacum. 
 3 of the expressed Juice from bruised fresh Taraxacum Root, mixed 
 with 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; after 7 days, filter. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3-6 to 7'1 ml. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 DECOCTUM TARAXACI.— Dried DandeHon Root, 1 ; Distilled Water, 
 q.s. to produce 20, after boiling for 10 minutes and straining. — B.P. '85. 
 Ital. has a Decoction 1 in 20. 
 
 ELIXIR TARAXACI COMPOSITUM (U.S.N.F.).—Y\xnd Extract of 
 Taraxacvmi, 3 • 5 ; Fluid Extract of Wild Cherry, 2 ; Fluid Extract of Licorice, 
 6 ; Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel, 6 ; Tincture of Cinnamon, 3 ; Compound 
 Tincture of Cardamom, 3 ; Aromatic Elixir, q.s. to produce 100. Mix them, 
 allow to stand several days if convenient, and filter. Average dose. — 8 c.c. 
 (2fl. drm.). 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI {U.S.).— I in 1 by percolation with 
 Alcohol (49 p.c.) adding 5 p.c. of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide at the end 
 of the process. 
 
 Dose. — i to 2 fl. drm. = T 8 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 A Liq\ud Extract was Official in B.P. 1898, made by maceration with 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), but omitted in B.P. 1914. A better preparation could be 
 made by percolation with Alcohol (30 p.c). 
 
 LIQUOR TARAXACI. — A preparation resembling the Succus, but in 
 which the Alcohol (90 p.c) is added directly to the bruised root before pressing 
 Introduced many years before the Succus and superior to it. The opinion 
 (CD. '92, i. 612) is wrong that Liquor in this case is synonymous with Fluid 
 Extract, since the root depreciates considerably in the drying, before 
 powdering. 
 
1376 TER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 TEREBENUM. 
 
 TEREBENE. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, mobile, optically inactive liquid, possessing 
 a pleasant characteristic odour, and an aromatic and somewhat 
 terebinthinate taste. 
 
 It consists for the most part of the Hydrocarbons, Dipentene and 
 Terpinene, with some Cymol and Camphene. 
 
 The B.P. describes it as a mixture of Dipentene and other Hydro- 
 carbons obtained by treating Turpentine Oil with successive quantities 
 of Sulphuric Acid until it no longer rotates the plane of a ray of 
 polarised light, subsequently distilling in a current of steam ; the 
 U.S. P. describes it as a liquid consisting of Dipentene and other 
 Hydrocarbons, obtained by the action of Concentrated Sulphuric Acid 
 on Oil of Turpentine and subsequent rectification with steam. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint, and protected as far as possible from contact with the air and 
 light. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 6|- of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; in all proportions of 
 Absolute Alcohol, Ether or Chloroform ; 5 in 8 of Glacial Acetic Acid ; 
 very sparingly in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic. A stimulating, disinfecting 
 expectorant in winter cough (chronic bronchitis) and phthisis. 
 It can be used as an inhalation, mixed with Magnesium Carbonate and 
 hot Water, or from an antiseptic respirator. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 If taken when an attack of pruritus is threatening, it will frequently cut 
 short its development ; also useful in ui'ticaria in children due to a food 
 toxgennia. — L. '12, ii. 968. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Small doses may he taken on sugar. It may be 
 given in mixture suspended with Mucilage of Gum Acacia. It is also supplied 
 in Capsules containing 3, 5 or 10 minims ; Pastils containing 2 minims of 
 Terebene, also 2 ininims of Terebene with 1 minim of Eucalyptus Oil ; Lozenges 
 containing 4 minims. 
 
 Wot Official. — Vapor Terebenrp, Terpin Hydrate, and Terpinol. 
 
 Foreign Pharm.aeopoeias. — Official in U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Terebene has a specific gravity of 0'862 to 0'870; the 
 B.P. states 0*862 to 0-866 ; the U.S. P. states from 0-860 to 0-865 
 at 25° C. (77° F.). Most commercial samples possess a slight action on 
 a ray of polarised light, being usually slightly Isovogyrate. The B.P. 
 now gives the optical rotation at 15'5°C. (60° F.), as + 1° to — 1°. 
 It has a Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-472 to 1'475. It 
 boils between 165° and 175° C. (329° and 347° F.). The B.P. states 
 that it should distil between 156° and 180° C. (312-8° and 356° F.), 
 but these limits are generally considered too wide, and admit an 
 optically active specimen. The U.S. P. states that it boils at 160° 
 to 170° C. (320° to 338° F.). The B.P. does not give figures for the 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TER 1377 
 
 Refractive Index. It should dissolve to form a clear solution in 
 5 parts of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are acid, unaltered Turpentine 
 Oil and resinous substances. A piece of blue Litmus paper moistened 
 with Distilled Water should not be reddened by a drop of the specimen, 
 indicating the absence of acidity. The sample should be almost 
 completely inactive towards polarised light, indicating the absence 
 of unaltered Turpentine Oil. When evaporated in a porcelain dish 
 on a water-bath, not more than a slight residue should be left, indicating 
 a limit of resinous substances. The B.P. requires that not more than 
 15 p.c. should distil below 165° C. (329° F.). It was pointed out in 
 the Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion that this statement 
 requires modification, as it would admit specimens of a very bad 
 quality, but the statement is still Official in B.P. 1914. It is officially 
 required to leave after distillation only a slight viscous residue, indica- 
 ting the absence of excess of Resin. 
 
 Not Ofaeial. 
 
 VAPOR TEREB£N>E [Throat aucl Central Throat). — Pure Terebene, 40 
 minims ; Light Magnesium Carbonate, 20 grains ; Distilled Water, to 1 oz. 
 
 TERPIN HYDRATE (C,„H,oO,, H„0, eq. 190- 176).— Colourless, glistening, 
 rhombic prisms, or a crystalline powder, possessing a faint aromatic odour, 
 and a somewhat bitter taste. 
 
 The U.S. P. describes it as the Hydrate of the diatomic Alcohol, Terpin. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 280 of Water ; 1 in 14 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 46 of 
 Alcohol (60 p.c). 
 
 Used as aii expectorant. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Dutch, Fr., Cor., Hung., Ital., 
 Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span. (Torpina), Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Terpin Hydrate melts at about 116°C. (240-8° F.); the U.S. P. 
 states at 116° to 117° C. (240-8° to 242-6° F.), when quickly heated; the 
 P.G. 116° C. (240-8° F.), and loses W^ater, the melting point reverting to 
 102° C. (215- 6° F.). When heated it loses its Water, leaving anhydrous 
 Terpin Hydrate, possessing a melting point of about 102° C. (215-6° F.). It 
 affords an orange-yellow colour on treatment with Sulphuric Acid. The hot 
 aqueous solution is rendered turbid by the addition of a few drops of Sulphuric 
 Acid, a characteristic powerful aromatic odour being simultaneously evolved. 
 It should possess no pronounced terebinthinate odour. It dissolves readily 
 in hot Alcohol (90 p.c), to form a clear solution which should not possess 
 an acid reaction towards blue Litnms paper. 
 
 Terpin Hydrate should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral 
 residue. The U.S. P. states that it should leave no residue, the P.G. that it 
 should leave at the highest 0- 1 p.c. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that the present limit be changed to not exceeding 0-05 p.c. of 
 residue. 
 
 TERPINOL. — A colourless, or nearly colourless liquid, possessing a strong 
 hyacinthine odour. It is a mixtvu'e of Terpenes with variable proportions of 
 Terpineol. It has a tendency to thicken and darken on exposure to air 
 and light. It is practically insoluble in Water, but soluble in Alcohol (90 p-c.) 
 and in Ether. 
 
 Dose. — 2 minims = 0- 12 ml. 
 
 Official in Span. 
 
 2 Y 
 
1378 TER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. 
 
 CANADA TURPENTINE. 
 N.O.Syn. — Canada Balsam. 
 
 A clear, pale yellow, or greenisli-yellow, slightly fluorescent, viscous 
 oleo-resin, possessing a terebinthinate odour and a somewliat bitter taste. 
 
 The oleo-resin Official in the B.P. is obtained from Abies balsamea. Mill. 
 The liquid oleo-resin Official in the U.S. P. is obtained from the same tree. 
 It is also derived from Pinus Fraseri, Piirsh., in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 
 and from Abies Canadensis, Mich. 
 
 A Solution of the hard brittle solid left on the evaporation of the volatile 
 Turpentine when dissolved in Benzol, Toluol, or Xylol is much used as a 
 medium for mounting microscopical objects, and as a cement for glass ; it is 
 also used in its natural state for the same purpose. 
 
 Solubility. — Soluble in all proportions of Benzol, Chloroform and 
 Ether ; 1 in 3 {or less) of Absolute Alcohol ; 1 in 1 {or less) of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Seldom used internally ; its medicinal properties are similar to 
 those of Oleum Terebinthinse. 
 
 It is used in the preparation of Coll odium Flexile. 
 
 Official in U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Oleoresin known as Canada Balsam, 
 derived from Abies balsamea, Mill, and Pinus Fraseri, Pursh., is yellowish 
 or faintly greenish, transparent, of treacly consistence, with a charac- 
 teristic odour and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. 
 
 The so-called Oregon Balsam is usually a fictitious article. 
 
 Tests. — Canada Turpentine, by long exposure to the air or quickly 
 when heated, loses about 25 p.c. of its weight of volatile Oil, and forms 
 a hard, brittle solid, which dissolves in Benzol, Toluol or Xylol. 
 It solidifies when mixed with about one-sixth of its weight of heavy 
 Magnesia moistened with a little Distilled Water ; the U.S. P. mentions 
 when mixed with 20 p.c. of its weight of Magnesium Oxide previously 
 moistened with Distilled Water. The Ester Value of the Balsam 
 varies from 4 "5 to 9 '8, the Acid Value from 84 "9 to 85*9, and the 
 Saponification Value from 89*4 to 95*7. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 TEREBINTHINA CHIA. 
 
 CHIAN TURPENTINE. 
 
 An oleo-resin obtained from the incised trunk of Plstada Terebinthus, 
 collected in Scio. A soft solid with a characteristic odour. When treated 
 with its own weight of Absolute Alcohol or pure Ether, the greater portion is 
 dissolved. 
 
 It has been given in cancer in pills containing 3 grains of Chian Turpentine 
 and 2 grains of Sulphur, also as a liypodermic injection containing 5 minims 
 in 60 minims of sterilised Olive Oil, and as an em.ulsion. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 A case is reported of the pills forming a compact mass in the bowel, removed 
 by enemas. 
 
[Solids ly Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TER 1379 
 
 TEREBINTHINiE OLEUM RECTIFICATUM. 
 
 RECTIFIED OIL OF TURPENTINE. 
 
 Fb., Essence de Terebinthine OrnciNALE ; Ger., Terpentinol ; 
 Ital., Essenza di Trementina; Span., Esencia de Trementina. 
 
 A transparent, colourless, or nearly colourless, limpid liquid, possess 
 ing a characteristic odour and pungent taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass vessels, preferably of a dark 
 amber tint, and in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 The Oil of Turpentine sold in Britain is largely imported from America, 
 and is the product (mainly) of Pinus palustris, INIill., and P. Tceda, L. German 
 and Russian Oil is principally distilled from P. sylvestris, L. ; French Oil 
 from P. Pinaster, Sol. Hungarian Oil of Turpentine is distilled from the 
 cones of P. Pumilio, Haenke, and Carpathian Oil of Turpentine, also known 
 as Riga Balsam, from P. Cembra, L. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine, especially Russian, when exposed to the continuous 
 action of atmospheric air in presence of Water, develops a large quantity of 
 Hydrogen Peroxide, Camphoric Acid, and other oxygenated products, which 
 form the basis of the ' Sanitas ' series of disinfectants. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 6| of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; in all proportions of 
 Absolute Alcohol, Carbon Bisulphide, Chloroform, Ether (specific 
 gravity 0-720), and Glacial Acetic Acid. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine dissolves Beeswax, Iodine, Sulphur, Phosphorus, fixed 
 Oils ; also Resins, forming varnishes. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic, expectorant, hcemostatic, 
 diuretic, anthelmintic. ' Useful in passive haemorrhage from the 
 various organs ; 4 fl. drm. along with an equal quantity of Castor 
 Oil is often successful in removing tapeworm. Antispasmodic in 
 hysterical affections and in hiccough ; it is said to dissolve gall-stones. 
 In small doses (2 to 10 minims), and in large doses (3 to 4 fi. drm.), 
 it does not usually tend to irritate the kidneys, but in doses of about 
 1 fl. drm. it is apt to do so. Contra-indicated in Bright's disease. 
 Used as an inhalation in chronic bronchitis and other lung diseases ; 
 as an enema with Castor Oil for obstinate constipation, for flatulency 
 and tympanitic distension of the bowls, and in thread-worm. Externally 
 rubefacient and counter-irritant ; employed as a liniment in chronic 
 inflammatory pain and rheumatism, and as a fomentation in acute 
 pain. 
 
 Successful treatment of acute failure of sight in a girl of 10 years by 2 drm. 
 doses, along with an equal quantity of Castor Oil, every night at bedtime, 
 for a month. It must not be given in smaller dose, which might produce 
 renal irritation. It does the patient no harm as long as it produces an 
 aperient effect. In obstinate inflammatory or semi-inflammatory eye con- 
 ditions a safe and useful remedy. — B.M.J. '11, i. 82. 
 
 1 oz. plus 1 pint Olive Oil at first, then | oz. with 1.5 oz. Olive Oil on alternate 
 days throughout the whole course of enteric fever, results in a distinct shorten- 
 ing of the average duration and a remarkable amelioration of all the symptoms. 
 —B.M.J. '10, ii. 195. 
 
 In hsematiu-ia of chronic Bright's disease, in doses of 10 or 15 minims ; 
 has succeeded where other means have failed. — B.M.J. '10, ii. 3. 
 
 10 minims in mucilage every 4 hours, or a single dose of \ drm. to I drm., 
 for the hiccough of typhoid. — Pr. '11, ii. 523. 
 
 2 Y 2 
 
1380 TER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Acute nephritit; duo to its absorption by the sldn in child of 5. — B.M.J. 
 '12, ii. 881. 
 
 As a haemostatic in secondary haemorrhage, firmly packed with strips of 
 lint soaked in it and squeezed dry. — L. '15, ii. 226. 
 
 A striking reference to its utility for the arrest of bleeding during an 
 operation. — L. '15, ii. 416. 
 
 Applied in the form of a spray, destroys all kinds, of vermin, e.g. body lice ; 
 even sheep's skin can be cleared of vermin by this method. — I.M.Q. '15, 309. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 10 minims = 0*12 to 0*6 ml. ; as an anthelmintic, 
 3 to 4fl. drm. = 10-6 to 14-2 ml. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Usually given in the form of mixture suspended 
 with Mucilage or Powder of Gttm Acacia. It may be given in Mistura Amyg- 
 dalae. 1 fl. drm.. of Mucilage, with diligent trituration, renders \fl. drm. of Oil 
 of Turpentine emidsive with 1 fl. oz. of Distilled Water. 
 
 30 grains Powder of Oum Acacia rubbed first with 1 fl. drm. of Oil of Tur- 
 pentine, then with 1 fl. drm. of Water, and lastly triturated whilst adding gradually 
 1 fl. oz. Distilled Water, make a good emidsion. 
 
 It is also given in capsules containing 5, 10, 20 or 30 minims. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparations.— Linimentum Terebinthinse and Linimentmn 
 Terebinthinse Aceticimi. Used in the preparation of Terebeniim. 
 
 Wot Official. — Confectio Terebinthinse, Emulsum Olei Terebinthinje, 
 Emulsio Terebinthinse, Enema Terebinthinse, Unguentum Terebinthinse. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics, Epsom Salts, demulcent drinks. Morphine or 
 Laudanum to relieve pain. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Himg., Ital., Jap., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S., all 
 Oleum Terebinthinse. 
 
 Austr., Ger., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swiss and U.S. have also Rectificatum ; 
 Dutch and Swed. have also Depuratum. 
 
 Tests. — Rectified Oil of Turpentine lias a specific gravity of 0'860 
 to 0*870, which are the limits now given by the B.P. ; the U.S. P. 
 states 0-860 to 0*865 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G., 0-860 to 0-870. 
 It boils at about 156° C. (312-8° F.). The P.G. states that it 
 boils between 155° and 162° C. (311° and 323- 6° F.). The B.P. 
 states that it should distil almost entirely between 156° and 180° C. 
 (312-8° and 356° F.). The U.S.P. requires that the larger part of 
 the Oil should pass over between 155° and 162° C. (311° and 323-6° F.). 
 The optical rotation of the Oil may be either dextrogyrate or lasvogyrate. 
 French Oil of Turpentine is strongly Isevorotatory (— 18° to — 4.0° in 
 a tube of 100 mm. length). American Oil of Turpentine is dextrogyrate, 
 the rotation usually varying from + 9° to + 14°. The optical 
 rotation is not included in the B.P., U.S. P., or P.G. It has a 
 Refractive Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-465 to 1-478; the B.P. 
 states 1-465 to 1-480 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Petroleum, Parafiin 
 Oils, Rosin, Rosin Oil, Petroleum Benzin, Kerosene Oil or similar 
 hydrocarbons. No more than a very slight residue should be left 
 when 1 c.c. of Turpentine Oil is evaporated in a small dish on a water- 
 bath, indicating the absence of Petroleum, Paraffin Oil, or Rosin. 
 No permanent stain should be left on a piece of clean white filter 
 paper when 3 drops of Turpentine Oil are placed upon it, exposed to 
 the air, and allowed to evaporate, indicating the absence of Kerosene 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] TER 1381 
 
 or liosiu Oil. If Turpentine Oil be sluiken with an cqiuil volume of 
 Stannous Chloride Solution, neither the latter nor the oil should be 
 coloured red, indiciiting the absence of Pine Tar Oil. The U.S. P. 
 includes a quantitative test for the absence of Petroleum Benzin, 
 Kerosene, or similar hydrocarbons, which is described in small type 
 below under the heading of Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 Sulphtiric Aeid. — If 5 e.c. of the Oil be placed in a small beaker and 
 20 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid be gradually added, %vith agitation, while the beaker 
 is cooled by immersion in cold Water, and the contents, after cooling and 
 renewed agitation, be transferred to a burette, graduated in tenths, the clear 
 layer which forms after the dark mass has settled should not measure more 
 than 0-35 c.c, indicating the absence of Petroleum Benziia, Kerosene, or 
 similar hycU'ocarbons, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHIN^. Liniment of Turpentine. 
 
 Dissolve 1 of Camphor in 13 of Oil of Turpentine and add them 
 gradually to a mixture of 1| of Soft Soap in 2 of Distilled Water, 
 with constant trituration until a cream is produced, and add Distilled 
 Water, q.s. to yield 20. (about 1 in U.) 
 
 Linimentum Terebinthinae { U.S.). — *Rosin Cerate, 65 ; Oil of Tm-pentine, 
 liy weight, 35. Dissolve the melted Cerate in the Oil of Tm-pentine and 
 mix thoroughly. 
 
 * Ceratum Resinae {U.S.). — Rosin, 35; Yellow Wax, 15; Lard, 50. 
 
 LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHIN^ ACETICUM. Liniment of 
 
 Turpentine and Acetic Acid. (Modified.) 
 
 Glacial Acetic Acid, 1 ; Liniment of Camphor, 4 ; Rectified Oil of 
 
 Turpentine, to yield 9. (about 1 in 2.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 11, 44-5, to 100. 
 
 In B.P. 1898 the Glacial Acetic Acid was by weight, it is now bj^ measure. 
 
 An imitation of St. John Long's celebrated Liniment. 
 
 Linimentum. Terebinthinge Aceticum. — Stokes's Liniment. St. John 
 Long"s Liniment' (C/./S.A^jP.). — Oil of Tmpentine, 3 11. oz. ; Fresh Egg, 1; 
 Oil of Lemon, (jO minims; Acetic Acid [U.S. P.), 300 minims; Rose Water 
 (U.S.P.), 2ifl. oz. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Norw. (Linimentum Acetico- 
 terebinthinatum), 3 Oil in 8; Swed. (Linimentum Terebinthinaj 
 Acetatum), 9 Oil in 20; Swiss (Linimentum Terebinthin;e Com- 
 positum), about 3 Oil in 10. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 CONFECTIO TEREBINTHIN>!E (B.P. '85).— Oil of Tm-pentine, 1 fl. oz. ; 
 Liquorice Root, in powder, 1 oz. ; Clarified Honey, 2 oz. Rub the Oil of 
 Tm-pentine with the Liquorice, add the Honey, and mix to a uniform con- 
 sistence. 
 
 Dose. — 60 to 120 grains = 4 to 8 grammes. 
 
 EMULSUM OLEI TEREBINTHIN>E (t/.6'.).— Rectified Oil of Tm-pentine, 
 15 ; Expressed Oil of Almond, 5 ; Syrup, 25 ; Acacia, 15 ; Water, q.s. to 
 make 100. 
 
 Average Dose. — 4 c.c. = 1 fl. drm. 
 
1382 THA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 EMULSIO TEREBINTHIN/E (Sivcd.).—Yo\k of 1 Egg; Oil of Turpentine, 
 10 grammes ; Honey, 75 grammes ; Distilled Water, q.s. to make 200 grammea 
 of Emulsion. 
 
 ENEMA TEREBINTHIN/E.— Oil of Turpentine, 1 fl. oz. ; Mucilage of 
 Starch, 15 ii. oz.—B.P. '85. 
 
 Oil of Titrpentine, | to ^ fl. oz. ; Mucilage of Starch, | to 1 pint. — 
 Si. Thomases. 
 
 Oil of Tin-pentine, ^ oz. ; Castor Oil, 1 oz. ; Decoction of Barley, or 
 Mucilage of Starch, 20 oz. — Middlesex. 
 
 UNGUENTUM TEREB!NTH!N>E.— Oil of Turpentine, 1 fl. oz. ; Resin, 
 in coarse powder, 54 grains ; Yellow Wax, i oz. ; Prepared Lard, i oz. — 
 B.P. '85. 
 
 Frankincense, 1 ; Yellow Wax, 1 ; Oil of Turpentine, by weight, 1. — Qer. 
 
 Turpentine, 35 ; Oil of Turpentine, 35 ; Yellow Wax, 30. — None. 
 
 Oil of Turpentine, 2 ; Lard, 8. — Paiss. 
 
 Not Official. 
 THALLINJE SULPHAS. 
 
 (Ci.HijNO).,. H^SO,, 2H,,0, eq. 4G0-34G. 
 
 A yellowish-white crystalline powder, with an odour resembling that of 
 Coumarin and an aromatic bitter taste. 
 
 The Sulphate of a synthetically prepared base derived from Chinoline, 
 the full name of which is Tetrahydroparaquinanisol or Tetrahydropara- 
 methyloxychinolin. 
 
 The free base is precipitated from solutions by alkalis, and from it are 
 obtained the Iodide and other Todinated comjiounds (e.g., Periodotetra- 
 hydroparamethyloxyehinolinum) which have been nsed in cancer. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 7 of AVater. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antipyretic and antiseptic. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 8 grains = 0-2 to 0-52 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — ThalHne Sulphate dissolves readily and completely in Distilled 
 Water, forming a solution which possesses an acid reaction towards Litmus 
 paper, and which becomes brown on exposure to the light. From this 
 solution Iodine Solution throws down a brownish-red precipitate. Tannic 
 Acid Solution a white precipitate, and Potassio-Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) 
 Solution a yellow precipitate. The dilute aqueous solution affords on the 
 addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a green coloration, changing on 
 standing to a deep red ; this green coloration is destroyed by reducing agents. 
 Ammonia Solution precipitates the free base as a white precipitate which 
 is soluble in Ether. The aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, affords with Barium Chloride Solution a white precipitate, insoluble in 
 Hydrochloric Acid. The salt should dissolve to form an almost colourless 
 solution in Sulphuric Acid, indicating the absence of organic impurities. 
 It should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Cereoli (Antrophores) are medicated bougies containing a spiral spring 
 wound with a fine wire, and coated first with an insoluble layer of White 
 Gelatin, and then with a thin layer of Mucilage. They are sometimes medi- 
 cated throvighout and sometimes only naedicated externally. 
 
 Cereoli were Official in P.G. IV., no special medicament being specified, 
 but tliey may l>e medicated in any de.sired manner. Under tiie title of 
 Bacilli in the P.G. V. are included Cereoli, Caustic Points and Antrophores. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] THA 1383 
 
 Bat'illi are described as preparations in stick form whicli are intended for 
 insertion into the passages of the body or as caustics. They are prepared 
 by the treatment of crystals, by poiu'ing out or sucking up melted masses 
 into moulds or tubes ; by roiling out or pressing plastic masses, or by covering 
 stitf or elastic sticks or inetal spirals with inedicaments. 
 
 When no directions as to size or shape are given they are to be cylinch'ical, 
 4 to 5 cm. in length and 4 to 5 mm. in thickness. 
 
 Antrophores of the salt, described above, have been found useful in 
 gonorrhoea. 
 
 Not Official. 
 THALLIUM ACETATE. 
 
 T1C,H,0,, eq. 247-024. 
 
 White deliquescent crystals, soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 Used as a depilatory in the form of a 1 p.c. Ointment ; only a small area 
 should be treated at one time. 
 
 THEOBROMATIS OLEUM. 
 
 OIL OF THEOBROMA. 
 '"' B.P.Syn. — Cacao Butter, 
 
 A pale yellow or wliitisli-yellow fatty solid, having a distinctive 
 odour of Cocoa and a bland agreeable taste. 
 
 The B.P. describes it as a solid fat expressed from the seeds of 
 Theobroma Cacao, Linn. ; the U.S. P. describes it as a fixed oil expressed 
 from the roasted seeds of Theobroma Cacao, Linne ; the P.G. describes 
 it as the fat expressed from the roasted and decorticated seeds of 
 Theobroma Cacao, Linne, 
 
 Official Preparations. — Contained in all the suppositories except 
 Glycerin. 
 
 Wot Official. — Theobromina, Theobrominne Salicylas, Theocin, Theocin 
 Sodium Acetate, Theobroma Sohition Tablet Excipient, Ether-Alcohol 
 Solution of Theoijroma Excipient for Tablets. 
 
 It has been shown {CD. '89, i. 800) that a large niunber of substances 
 used in the form of suppositories caused the melting point of the mixtiu'e to 
 be several degrees higher than the base employed. 
 
 Cocoa-nut Stearin is sometimes a better substance than Cacao Butter for 
 making suppositories. See p. 1333. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopceias.— OflRcial in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Himg., Jap., Norw., Russ., Swed. and Swiss (Oleum Cacao) ; Fr. (Beurre 
 de Cacao) ; Ital. (Burro di Cacao) ; Mex. (Manteca de Cacao) ; Port. 
 (Oleo de Cacao) ; Span. (Aceite e Cacao) ; U.S. (Oleum Theobromse). 
 
 Tests.— Theobroma Oil softens at about 28° C. (82-4° F.), and 
 melts between 30° and 34° C, (86° and 93*2° F.); the B.P. states 
 that it softens at 25° C. (77° F.), and melts at 30° to 33° C. (86° to 
 91-4° F.) ; the U.S.P. gives the melting point as 30° to 35° C, (86° 
 
1384 THE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 to 95° F.); the P.G., 30° to 34° C. (86° to 93-2° F.). The melting 
 j)oint has been shown to depend largely upon the method by which 
 it is taken, the degree of heat to whicli the Oil is subjected previous 
 to the determination, the diameter of bore of the capillary tube, and 
 the time allowed to elapse between the melting of the Oil and the 
 actual determination of its melting point. It requires about 24 hours 
 in a capillary tube to regain its original melting point. According 
 to the B.P. this should be not less than 72 hours. The B.P. now 
 gives the specific gravity as 0*990 to 0*998 ; the U.S. P. gives the 
 specific gravity as 0-970 to 0*976 at 25° C. (77° F.). It usually 
 possesses a specific gravity of about 0*990, but authorities differ 
 greatly respecting this constant. It should have a Refractive Index 
 at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1*455 to 1*457 ; the B.P. gives 1*4565 to 1*4575 
 at 40° C. (104° F.). It possesses an Acid Value of nil to 4*1, a Saponi- 
 fication Value of 188 to 198. The B.P. now gives the Acid Value as 
 not more than 2*0 ; and the Saponification Value as 188 to 195. The 
 U.S. P. gives no figure for Acid Value, but gives 188 to 195 for the 
 Saponification Value ; the P.G. fixes a limit of acid, which corresponds 
 with an Acid Value of not more than 2*2, as determined by the method 
 given in small type below, but gives no Saponification Value. The 
 Iodine Value varies from 33 to 37. The B.P. now gives an Iodine 
 Value from 35*5 to 37*5; the U.S. P. states not less than 33 nor 
 more than 38 ; the P.G. gives from 34 to 38. 12 samples examined 
 in the author's laboratory possessed Acid Values ranging from nil to 
 4*1, with an average of 2 * 3 ; Saponification Values ranging from 193*7 
 to 202*2, with an average of 197*2 ; and Iodine Values ranging from 
 30*5 to 40*6, with an average of 36*1. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Wax, Stearin, Tallow 
 Suet, and fixed Oils, e.g,., Sesame. These may be detected by their 
 influence on the physical constants of the Oil and by their effect on 
 the Acid, Saponification, and Iodine A'^alues. Wax, Stearin, Tallow or 
 Suet and other fats may also be detected by the Ether test described 
 in the small type below. The addition of Paraffin Wax reduces the 
 Saponification Value. 
 
 Ether. — A solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of Cacao Butter in 
 3 ml. of Ether, at a temperature of 17° C. (62*6° F.) should neither develop 
 a turbicUty nor exhibit a granular flaky precipitate in less than 3 minutes, 
 when immersed in Water at 0° C. (32° F.) ; and a clear sohition should 
 gradually result, when the temperatiu-e is readjusted to 15*5° C. (60° F.), 
 indicatuig the absence of certain other fats, B.P. ; the solution obtained by 
 dissolving 1 gramme of Oil of Theobroma in 3 c.c. of Ether in a test-tube at 
 a temperature of 17° C. (62-6° F.) should not become turbid nor deposit 
 white flakes in less than 3 minutes when the tube is frequently plunged into 
 Water at 0° C. (32° F.) ; and a perfectly clear liquid should result when the 
 temperature of the mixture, after congealing, is again readjusted to a tempera- 
 ture of 15° C. (59° F.), indicating the absence of Wax, Stearin, Tallow, etc., 
 U.S.P. 
 
 Acid Value. — 5 grammes of Oil of Theobroma dissolved in a mixture of 
 20 c.c. of Ether and 20 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), mixed with 1 c.c. of Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution, should require at the most 0*4 c.c. of Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution to produce a permanent red 
 colour, indicating a limit of free acid, P.G. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] THE 1385 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 THEOBROMINA. Theobromine, Dimethyl -xanthine, CjHglSr^O^, eq. 
 180* 104.- — White crystalline powder, appearing under the naicroscope an 
 trimetric needles. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1700 of Water ; 1 in 5000 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 It is the alkaloid contained in the Cacao seeds and is isomeric with Theo- 
 phylline and Paraxanthine. It is the lower homologue of Caffeine, and 
 has a similar physiological action but stronger. It is much less soluble in 
 Water than Caffeine, and acts the part of a weak Acid, forming compounds 
 with alkalis. The seeds contain 1 to 2 p.c. of the alkaloid. 
 
 Diuretic, in cardiac disease. 
 
 Not a genuine diirretic, but a cardiac stimulant ; useful in arterio -sclerosis 
 and aortic incompetence ; but the action is temporary ami palliative rather 
 than curative. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 10 grains = 0-32 to 0-65 gramme. 
 
 Foreign PharmacopcBias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Fr., Span, and 
 
 Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Theobromine sublimes without decomposition or previous fusion 
 at 290° C. (554° F.). Fr. Codex gives about 260° C. (500° F.). It dissolves 
 very sparingly in Distilled Water. It dissolves in acids and is reprecipitated 
 from solution by alkali, but is soluble in excess of Ammonia Solution or 
 in Sodiuin Hydroxide Solution. An aqueous solution of Theobromino 
 affords with Mercuric Chloride Solution a white crystalline precipitate. On 
 the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution to a dilute aqueoiis solution of Theo- 
 bromine or a Theobromine salt, silver-white needles are precipitated after a 
 short time. W^hen a small quantity of Theobromine is evaporated to dryness 
 on a water -bath with an excess of Chlorine Water it leaves a reddish-brown 
 residue, which assumes a piuple coloration when moistened with Ammonia 
 Solution. Theobromine may be completely extracted from its solutions by 
 shaking with Chloroform. It should leave no weighable ash, indicating a 
 limit of mineral residue. 
 
 Theobrominse Salicylas. — Theobromine Salicylate may be prepared by 
 dissolving molecular proportions of Theobromine and Salicylic Acid in Water, 
 evaporating to dryness and powdering the residue. The salt is stated to be 
 more stable than the double salt. Sodium Theobromine Salicylate, which is 
 decomposed even by Carbon Dioxide, but its insolubility presents an obstacle 
 to its extended use. 
 
 Tests. — Theobromine Salicylate is only very slightly soluble in Water. 
 The solution affords a violet coloration on the addition of Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution. The salt dissolves in Sodium Hydroxide Solution with the 
 formation of a double Salicylate (Sodivun Theobromine Salicylate). 
 
 THEOCIN. TheophylUne, Dimethylxanthin. C^HgN.O.,, eq. 180-104.— 
 Colourless, or white, crystalline needles possessing a bitter taste. Theophyl- 
 line is isomeric with Theobromine and Paraxanthin. It is stated to 
 crystallise with 1 molecule of Water of crystalhsation, which it loses at 
 110° C. (230° F.). Soluble 1 in 190 Water, 1 in 80 of Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 forming Potassium and Ammonimn compounds which are readily soluble. 
 It is a synthetic alkaloid, and is identical in composition with Theophylline, 
 the alkaloid occurring with Theine or Cai^eine in tea. Diiu-etic, used in 
 renal dropsy. A full dose may cause nausea or even vomiting, therefore the 
 dose should not exceed 6 or 7 grains = • 4 to • 6 gramme. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 6 grains = 0-2 to 0-4 gramme. 
 
 It is also supplied in tablet form, each tablet containing 4 grains =^ 0-20 
 gramme. 
 
1386 THE [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger. (Theophylliuum). 
 
 Tests.— Theophylline melts at about 264° C. (507 • 2° F.). Synthetic 
 Theocin melts at 268° C. (514-4° F.). It dissolves readily and completely in 
 hot Distilled Water, but is only sparingly soluble in cold Water or in cold 
 Alcohol (90p.c.); it is readily soluble in very dilute Ammonia Solution. 
 When evaporated to dryness with Chlorine Water it yields a yellowish-red 
 residue, changing to piu-ple-red on the addition of a little Ammonia Solution. 
 
 It dissolves readily without change of colom- in diluted Ammonia Solution 
 (1 in 10) ; in this solution Silver Nitrate Solution produces a gelatinous preci- 
 pitate, which is completely soluble in Nitric Acid. Neither Bromine Solution 
 nor Iodine Solution produces any precipitate or turbidity in a cold saturated 
 aqueous solution ; Tannic Acid Solution produces a copious precipitate, 
 which again dissolves on the addition of an excess of the precipitating reagent. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are alkaloids, moisture, and 
 mineral residue. Theophylline should dissolve without coloration in Sulphuric 
 Acid and in Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of alkaloids. Wlien dried 
 at 100° C. (212° F.) it should lose at the most 9* 1 p.c. of its weight, indicating 
 a limit of Water. The P.O. formula indicates one molecule of Water of 
 crystallisation. It should leave not more than 0-1 p.c. of ash, indicating 
 a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 THEOCIN SODIUM ACETATE. C,H,NaN,0,,NaC2H30„, eq. 284- 12.— A 
 white powder containing about 65 p.c. of anhydrous Theocin. It is soluble 
 1 in 22 of Water, 1 in 535 of Alcohol (90 p.c), and insoluble in Ether. It is 
 a double salt of Sodium Acetate and 1 : 3 Dimethylxanthin Sodium. 
 
 Strildng effect as a churetic, but to be effective must be given with a cardiac 
 tonic such as Digitalis ; effects to be carefully watched, as it is apt to irritate 
 the stomach. 
 
 Marvellous effects in the most serious cardiac oedema. — F.T. '11, 20; 
 L. '13, ii. 402. 
 
 Dose. — 4 grains = 0-26 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Theocin Sodium Acetate dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a colovirless solution which is slightly alkaline in 
 reaction towards Litmus paper. If about 5 centigrammes be mixed with a 
 crystal of Potas.^ium Chlorate and a few drops of Hydrochloric Acid, 
 evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, it leaves a yellowish-red residue, 
 which when moistened with Ammonia Solution affords a beautiful purjile 
 coloration. It affords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a dark red colora- 
 tion, and on boiling a bro^vnish-red precipitate. When heated with Sulphuric 
 Acid it evolves a strong characteristic acetous odour ; when further warmed 
 after the adcUtion of a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) it evolves a characteristic odour 
 of Ethyl Acetate (Acetic Ether). When ignited it leaves a residue which, 
 when cooled and dissolved in Distilled Water, possesses a strong alkaline 
 reaction towards Litmus paper, effervesces on the addition of Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid ; and yields the tests distinctive of Sodium given under that 
 heading. 
 
 THEOBROMA SOLUTION TABLET EXCIPIENT.— Oil of Theobroma, 
 25; Hard Soap, 5 ; Powdered Tragacanth, 0- 5 ; Benzoic Acid, 0- 25 ; Water, 
 to 100. Dissolve the Soap in 25 parts of Water by heat, add the hot Solution 
 to the melted Theobroma and mix by whisldng or agitation, shake in the 
 Tragacanth, add the rest of the Benzoic Acid, then the rest of the Water. 
 Gum Acacia may be used in place of Soap without making any appreciable 
 difference in the general utility of the product ; in either case it .shoidd be 
 a thick, smooth, white cream, free from lumps. — CD. '03, ii. 231. 
 
 ETHER ALCOHOL SOLUTION OF THEOBROMA EXCIPIENT FOR 
 TABLETS. — Oil of Theobroma, 1 ; Ether, to 6 H. oz. Dissolve, and add an 
 equal volume of Rectified Spirit as required for use.- — CD. '03, ii. 213. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measuie.] THE i;387 
 
 THEOBROMINiE ET SODII SALICYLAS. 
 
 THEOBROMINE AND SODIUM SALICYLATE. 
 
 NaXi.iHi,Ni05, eq. 362-136. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 A white, odourless, nmorplious powder, possessing a swcetisli, saline, 
 and somewhat alkab'ne taste. 
 
 It has been described in Squire's Companion since 1899, and is now 
 Official in B.P. 1914. 
 
 It may be prepared by the interaction of Theobromine, Sodium 
 Hydroxide, and Sodium Salicylate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber 
 tint and exposed as little as possible to contact with the air, as it is 
 liable to absorb Carbon Dioxide, decomposition simultaneously 
 occurring. 
 
 It is Official in the P.G. under the title of Theobromino-Natriuni 
 Salicylicum, and also under its commercial title of Diuretin, and is 
 required to contain about 45 p.c. of Theobromine. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1 of Water; soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c). Insoluble 
 in Chloroform and Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Cardiac tonic and diuretic. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 20 grains = 0"65 to 1*3 grammes, thrice daily. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 gramme ; daily, 6 grammes. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Auatr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss. 
 
 Tests. — Theobromine Sodium Salicylate when freshly prepared 
 dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a colourless 
 solution possessing an alkaline reaction towards Litmus paper. A 
 1 in 100 aqueous solution when acidified with Acetic Acid yields, on 
 the addition of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, a violet coloration. 
 When the aqueous solution is acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 Salicylic Acid as well as Theobromine is precipitated, as a white 
 precipitate, redissolving on the addition of Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 but not on the addition of Ammonia Solution. When the aqueous 
 solution is neutralised with Hydrochloric Acid it yields a white 
 precipitate of Theobromine which is again dissolved on the addition 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The percentage of Theobromine may 
 be determined by the following process : — 2 grammes of Theobromine 
 Sodium Salicylate are dissolved by the aid of a gentle heat in a 
 porcelain dish in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the solution is mixed 
 with 5 c.c. or a sufficient quantity of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution to render it slightly acid, and 1 drop of a diluted Ammonia 
 Solution (1 in 10) is added, and the very faintly alkahne mixture is 
 allowed to stand for 3 hours at a temjDerature of from 15° to 20° C. 
 (59° to 68° F.) with frequent intervals of stirring, the resulting pre- 
 cipitate is filtered through a tared filter paper, previously dried at 
 
1388 THE [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 100^ C. (212° F.), washed twice with 10 c.c. of cold Distilled Water, 
 dried at 100° C. (212° F.) till constant in weight, and when cooled 
 weighed. The weight shall amount to at least 0'8 gramme, corre- 
 sponding to at least 40 p.c. of Theobromine. This method of deter- 
 mination has been virtually adopted by the B.P., the B.P. employing 
 ml. in the place of c.c. It is Ofi&cially required to yield not less than 
 40 p.c. of Theobromine, as gravimetrically determined by dissolving 
 
 2 grammes of the salt in 10 ml. of warm Distilled Water, adding 
 sufficient Diluted Hydrochloric Acid to yield a faint acid reaction, 
 and then sufficient Ammonia Solution to produce a faintly alkaline 
 reaction, the Theobromine being allowed to crystallise by setting the 
 mixture aside at a temperature of about 15'5°C. (60° F.) during 
 
 3 hours, with intervals of frequent stirring. The precipitate is trans- 
 ferred to a tared filter, washed with 20 ml. of Distilled Water, dried 
 at 100° C. (212° F.), and when constant, weighed ; its weight should 
 amount to not less than 0*8 gramme. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that it should 
 be required to contain not less than 46 "5 p.c. of Theobromine, as 
 determined by accurately weighing a quantity of Theobromine Sodio- 
 Salicylate corresponding to about 2 grammes, the salt having been 
 previously dried over Sulphuric Acid to a constant weight, dissolving 
 in 10 c.c. of warm Distilled Water, and titrating the solution with 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Phenol phthalein 
 Test-Solution as an indicator of neutrality; not more than 5'5c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution should be required 
 to neutralise 2 grammes of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate. The 
 solution is then made slightly alkaline to Litmus by the addition of 
 1 or 2 drops of very dilute Ammonia Solution, is allowed to stand at 
 a temperature of 20° to 25° C. (68° to 77° F.) during 3 hours, stirring 
 occasionally, and the precipitate of Theobromine is then transferred 
 to a dried and tared filter of 9 cm. diameter, washed with four successive 
 portions each of 5 c.c. of cold Distilled W^ater, and dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) and weighed. To the weight of the precipitate thus obtained 
 a correction of 0'13 gramme is added for each 2 grammes of the salt 
 taken, representing the approximate quantity of Theobromine remain- 
 ing in the liquid and washings. If about 5 centigrammes of this 
 precipitate be mixed with a sufficiency of Chlorine Water or with one 
 or two crystals of Potassium Chlorate and Hydrochloric Acid, and 
 evaporated to dryness on a water-bath, a yellowish-red residue is left, 
 which, on the addition of a little Ammonia Water, yields a beautiful 
 j)urple coloration. The filtrate from this Theobromine precipitate 
 contains the Salicylic Acid, which may be determined by acidifying 
 Avith Hydrochloric Acid and shaking out with Chloroform. The 
 chloroformic solution is washed with Distilled Water till free from 
 mineral acid, sufficient Distilled Water added to form a separate layer, 
 a few drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution added, and the mixture 
 titrated with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; 
 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corre- 
 sponds to 0' 01380 gramme of Salicylic Acid ; it should contain about 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] THU 1389 
 
 38*5 p.c. The separated Salicylic x\cicl should possess the melting 
 point and conform to the tests characteristic of this acid given under 
 Acidum Salicylicum. 
 
 The B.P. employs a gravimetric method for the determination of 
 Salicylic Acid, which is much more tedious and more liable to error 
 than the volumetric method. It is Officially required to yield not less 
 than 35 p.c. of Salicylic Acid, as gravimetrically determined by adding 
 sufficient Hydrochloric Acid to the liquid from the Theobromine 
 determination to produce a distinctly acid reaction, and extracting 
 the liberated Salicylic Acid by shaking twice in succession, using each 
 time 10ml. of Ether; the ethereal solution is in each instance separated, 
 transferred to a tared flask, and the mixed ethereal solutions evaporated 
 to dryness, the residue dried at 60° C. (140° F.) and weighed; it should 
 weigh not less than ' 7 gramme. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Caffeine, Sodium 
 Carbonate, decomposition products, and excess of Water. 10 c.c. of 
 a 1 in 5 w/w aqueous solution, when shaken with 10 c.c. of Chloroform, 
 the chloroformic solution separated, and evaporated to dryness, should 
 leave a residue consisting at the most of 0*005 gramme for each 
 1 gramme of Theobromine Sodium Salicylate, indicating a limit of 
 Cafieine. 1 decigramme of Sodium Theobromine Salicylate should 
 dissolve in 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, without effervescence, indicating 
 the absence of Carbonate, and without the production of a coloration, 
 indicating the absence of decomposition products. Theobromine Sodium 
 Salicylate, when dried for one hour at a temperature of 100° C. 
 (212° F.), should lose at most 10 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of 
 Water. ^ 
 
 SODIl THEOBROMIN/E ACETAS (Aguriii).— S'ce Sodium Acetate. 
 
 Not Official. 
 THUS AMERICANUM. 
 
 FKANKINCENSE. 
 
 A softish, pale, opaque solid, possessing an agreeable tcrebinthinate odour. 
 On keeping it hardens and forms a translucent brittle solid. It is the concrete 
 oleo -resin which is scraped off the trunks of Pinus palustris, Mill., and Pinus 
 Tceda, L. 
 
 Was Ofificial in B.P. 1898 for making Emplastrum Picis, but now omitted. 
 
 Solubility. — Almost wholly soluble 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c); entirely 
 4 in 3 of Ether. • 
 
 Dry Pine Resin, of which Common Frankincense is the type, evolves when 
 heated an agreeable odour, hence it has been used in churches in place of the 
 more costly Olibanum, the Frankincense of the ancients. 
 
 Under the titles Terebinthina, Terebinthina Communis or Balsamum 
 Terebinthina Communis, the oleo-resin froin various species of Pine is Official 
 in many of the Foreign Pharmacopoeias. Terebinthine du Pin (Bordeaux 
 Turpentine), Fr., is the oleo-resin from the Pinus Pinaster, Sol. ; Terebinthina, 
 Ger., is the balsam from various species of Pinus. Terebinthina, U.S., is the 
 concret-e oleo-resin from Pinus ■palustris. Mill. 
 
1390 THY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 THYMOL. 
 
 THYMOL. 
 
 Isopeopyl-Metacresoi,. 
 CioHi3(OH), eq. 150-112. 
 
 Large, colourless, translucent, oblique, rliombic prisms, having a 
 distinctive somewhat agreeable, Thyme-like odour, and a burning, 
 aromatic taste. It is a crystalline Phenol contained in the volatile 
 Oils of Thymus vulgaris, L., Monarda punctata, L., and Carum Copticum, 
 Benth. and Hook. f. ; but is chiefly obtained commercially from the 
 last named. Thymol is described by the U.S. P. as a Phenol occurring 
 in the volatile Oil of Thymus vulgaris, L., and in some other volatile 
 Oils. 
 
 B.P. requires it to be purified by rocrystallisation from Alcohol. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels of a dark amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 1500 of Water ; 1 in 190 of Glycerin ; 8 in 3 of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 10 in 3i of Ether ; 8 in 5 of Chloroform ; 1 in 6 
 of Petroleum Spirit ; 1 in 3 of Oil of Turpentine ; 1 in 2 of Olive Oil ; 
 4 in 3 of Glacial Acetic Acid ; 1 in 6 of Solution of Potassium Hydroxide. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A saturated solution in Water is a 
 very powerful antiseptic ; used as an intestinal antiseptic in diarrhoea 
 and typhoid ; as an ointment or soap in parasitic skin diseases; 
 as an inhalation in laryngitis and bronchial affections ; and for 
 many other conditions in which Carbolic Acid is useful. It is a very 
 powerful deodorant, and a local angesthetic. The best anthelmintic in 
 ankylostomiasis. 
 
 In ankylostomiasis 10 grains in a cachet every night for many weeks cm'es 
 completely, without affecting kidnej^s. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 177. 
 
 In hookworm it is essential that none of the solvents of the drug be given 
 either with it or iinmediately after. To prevent poisoning by Thymol it 
 should be followed by a SaUne purge and Castor Oil should not be used. — 
 J.A.M.A. '10, i. 2057. 
 
 For ankjdostoma 5-grain doses are useless. Two or three 30-grain doses 
 at hoiu-ly or two -hourly intervals are necessary if any considerable proportion 
 of the worms are to be killed. No drug is better. — L. '11, i. 859. 
 
 1 to 15 grains in whipworm, preferably in cachets, three times daily for 
 3 or 4 days, and followed by a Saline piu-ge ; the course may be repeated 
 after a few days, and perhaps for several successive periods, if necessary ; 
 this treatment is devoid of danger if Oil and Alcohol are prohibited. — Pr. '11, 
 ii. 52S. 
 
 As a general anthelmintic more effective than Beta-Naphthol, but frequently 
 causes serious constitutional disturbance. — Jl. Tmp. Med. and Hyy. '11, 52. 
 
 Usually employed as a deodorant, which property it possesses to a marked 
 degree: its aqueous solution is very useful in a night commode, and an 
 extremely small quantity of it will preserve urine, when a 24 hours' collection 
 is required for analytical purposes. 
 
 In recent cases of endemic goitre the beneficial effects are often very striking ; 
 it is given as an intestinal antiseptic, 10 grains night and morning, in form 
 of ^a coarse powder, washed down by a draught of Water ; the bowels should 
 be kept active by occasional saline, and all solvents of the drug must bo 
 excluded from the dietary. — Pr. '15, i. 87. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] THY 1391 
 
 Dose.— I to 4 grains = 0-032 to 0-26 gramme. 
 
 B.P. gives the Anthelmintic Dose as 15 to 30 grains (1 to 2 grammes). 
 See also doses in MecUcal References given above. 
 
 Wot Official, — Glycerinuna Thjnnol Alkahnmn, Liquor Antisepticus, 
 Liquor Thymol, Thymol Antiseptic Dressings, Unguentum Thymol, Vapor 
 Thymol, Oleum Thymi, Aristol, Carvacrol Iodide, Thymol Carbonate and 
 Arhovin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Himg., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 Span, and U.S. have also Thjanolis lodidum. 
 
 Tests.— Thymol melts at about .50° C. (122° F.) ; the B.P. now 
 gives a melting point of 50° to 51° C. (122° to 123-8° F.) ; the V.S.P., 
 50° to 51° C. (122° to 123-8° F.) ; the Fr. Codex, 51-0° C. (124-7° F.) ; 
 the P.G., 49° to 50° C. (120-2° to 122° F.) ; the proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend that the melting j^oint be changed to ' from 
 48° to 51° C. (118-4° to 123-8° F.), remaining liquid at a considerably 
 lower temperature.' The specific gravity is given by the U.S. P. as 
 1-030 at 25° C. (77° F.). The U.S.P. also states that when hquefied 
 by fusion it is lighter than Water, The B.P. states that the crystals 
 sink in Water at 15-5° C. (60° F.). The P.G. states that the crystals 
 sink in Water, but that melted Thymol floats on the surface of Water. 
 Neither the B.P. nor the U.S.P. refers to the boiling point. It boils 
 about 230° C. (446° F.) ; Fr. Codex gives 232° C. (449-6° F.). 
 
 When mixed with an equal proportion of Camphor, Menthol or 
 Chloral Hydrate it liquefies. It dissolves only sparingly in Water, 
 but readily in Alcohol (90 p.c), the alcoholic solution being 
 optically inactive. The B.P. states that a solution of Thymol in half 
 its volume of Glacial Acetic Acid warmed with an equal volume 
 of Sulphuric Acid yields a reddish-violet colour. The U.S.P. and 
 the P.G. state that a very small crystal of Thymol dissolved in 1 c.c. 
 of Glacial Acetic Acid yields a liquid which on the addition of 6 
 drops of Sulphuric Acid and 1 drop of Nitric Acid yields a deep 
 bluish-green colour. A distinctive reaction for Thymol and also for 
 Carvacrol is the reddish-violet coloration produced on heating a small 
 quantity of either with 0-1 gramme of Sodium Hydroxide and 20 drops 
 of Chloroform. The U.S.P. describes a somewhat similar test : 
 1 gramme of Thymol heated in a test-tube in a water-bath with 5 c.c. 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (10 p.c.) afi'ords a clear colourless or 
 very slightly reddish solution, becoming darker on standing, but 
 without the separation of oily drops. On the addition of a few drops 
 of Chloroform to this liquid it afiords, when agitated, a violet coloration. 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Phenol, non- volatile 
 organic impurities, and inorganic impurities. A saturated aqueous 
 solution of Thymol should be neutral in reaction towards Litmus 
 paper ; it should yield a milky turbidity, but no crystalline precipitate, 
 on the addition of Bromine Water, indicating the absence of Phenol, 
 which may be confirmed by no violet coloration being produced on 
 the addition of a few drops of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution to its 
 alcoholic solution. Thymol should be completely volatilised whea 
 
1392 THY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 heated on a water-bath, indicating the absence of non-voktile organic 
 impurities and inorganic impurities. The U.S. P. requires that 
 it should gradually volatilise, leaving no residue ; the P.G. that it 
 should leave at most 0*1 p.c. of residue; the proposed changes in 
 the U.S. P. IX. recommend that a limit of residue not exceeding 
 0*05 p.c. should be adopted. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 GLYCERINUM THYMOL ALKALINUM {Bournemouth Formulary).— 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 100 grains ; Sodium Biborate, 200 grains ; Sodium 
 Benzoate, 80 grains ; Sodium Salicylate, 40 grains ; Menthol, 2 grains ; 
 Pumilio Pine Oil, 4 minims ; Wintergreen Oil, 2 minims ; Thymol, 4 grains ; 
 Eucalyptol, 12 minims ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 4 fl. drm. ; Glycerin, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 Solution of Carmine, 40 minims ; Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 20 fl. oz. 
 Dissolve the salts in the Water, add the Glycerin and Solution of Carmine, 
 then add the Oils previously dissolved in the Alcohol, and filter. 
 
 It is also known as Glycerinum Thymolis Compositum. 
 
 LIQUOR ANTISEPTICUS (L/.^S-.P.).— Boric Acid, 2; Benzoic Acid, 0- 1 ; 
 Thymol, ■ 1 ; Eucalyptol, • 025 ; Oil of Peppermint, ■ 05 ; Oil of Gaultheria, 
 0-025 ; Oil of Thyme, 0-01 ; Alcohol (95 p.c), 25 : Purified Talc, 2 ; Water, 
 q.s. to make 100. Dissolve the Boric Acid in 70 of Water and the Benzoic 
 Acid in 15 of Alcohol, pour the aqueous solution into the alcoholic solution. 
 Then dissolve in a mortar the Thymol in the Oils ; incorporate thoroughly 
 the Purified Talc, and add with constant trituration the solution first prepared. 
 Allow the mixtui'e to stand for 48 hours with occasional agitation, filter, add 
 10 of Alcohol to the clear filtrate, and sufficient Water to make 100. 
 
 It is also known under the name Liquor Thymolis Compositus. 
 
 Liquor Antiseptieus (Volckmann). — Thymol, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 10; 
 Glycerin, 20 ; Distilled Water, 100. 
 
 LIQUOR THYMOL.— Thyinol, 1; Alcohol (90 p.c), 100. This Solution 
 is very useful, as it may be diluted to any extent with Water without preci- 
 pitation. Half a pint diluted to a gallon is about the same strength as a 
 saturated aqueous Solution. 
 
 THYMOL ANTISEPTIC DRESSINGS.— Gauze, 5 p.c, and Wool, 
 5 p.c 
 
 UNGUENTUM THYMOL (Lo/irfo?0— Thymol, 20 grains ; Soft Paraffin, 
 
 1 oz. 
 
 VAPOR THYMOL (TAroaO.— Thymol, 6 grains; Alcohol (90 p.c), CO 
 minims ; Light Magnesium Carbonate, 3 grains ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 A teaspoonful in a pint of Water at 140° F. for each inhalation. 
 
 THYMOL IODIDE. Aristol. C„„H,,OJ„, eq. 550-032.— A bright 
 yellowish or brownish-yellow or reddish-yellow bulky powder with a slight 
 aromatic odour somewhat resembling Iodoform. 
 
 It is a Dithyinol-Diiodide, which may be obtained by the condensation of 
 
 2 molecules of Thymol and the introduction of 2 atoms of Iodine into the 
 phenolic groups of the Thymol. It contains, when dried over Sulphuric 
 Acid, 45 p.c. of Iodine. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint, protected 
 as far as possible from the light. 
 
 It is insoluble in Water and Glycerin, slightly soluble in Alcohol, readily 
 soluble in Ether and Chloroform. 
 
 Introduced as a substitute for Iodoform. Used successfully as a 10 p.c. 
 Ointment, or by dusting the powder on ulcerating lupus, tinea, and syphilitic 
 ulcers ; in psoriasis and eczema a 10 p.c. solution in flexible collodion ; as 
 a pessary in ulceration of vagina or cervix. It has been used as a dressing 
 for burns. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] THY 1393 
 
 A dusting powder containing equal parts Ijy weight of Thymol Iodide and 
 dried Ferrous Sulphate {L. '09, i. 1224) in chronic ulcers of the skin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Russ. and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — ^Thymol Iodide when heated is decomposed. When heated with 
 concentrated Sulphuric Acid it is decomposed with the separation of Iodine. 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain, when dried over Sulphuric Acid, 45 p.c. 
 of Iodine. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this 
 limit be changed to ' not less than 43 p.c. of Iodine ' as determined by mixing 
 • 25 gramme of Thymol Iodide, dried over Sulphuric Acid, in a mortar, 
 with about 3 grammes of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate and transferring the 
 mixture to a crucible. Any traces of the mixture adhering to the mortar 
 are renioved by triturating with about 1 gramme more of anhydrous Sodium 
 Carbonate and the contents of the crucible are covered with it. The mixture 
 is heated moderately, gradually increasing the heat, but not exceeding a 
 dull rednes.s, until the mass in the covered crucible is completely carbonised. 
 Cool, and when sufficiently cooled extract the residue with boiling Distilled 
 Water and wash it on a filter with boiling Distilled Water until the washings 
 cease to produce an opalescence on the addition of Silver Nitrate Test- 
 Solution. The combined washings, which should measure about 150 c.c, are 
 heated on a water -bath, and an aqvieous 1 in 20 Potassium Permanganate 
 Solution added in small portions at a time, until the hot liquid remains 
 permanently pink. Just sufficient Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) to remove the pink 
 tint is added, the liquid cooled to the temperature of the room, and diluted to 
 200 c.c. It is well mixed and filtered through a dry filter, rejecting the first 
 50 c.c. of the filtrate. To a measured quantity of 100 c.c. of the subsequent 
 clear filtrate, a weighed quantity of 1 gramme of Potassium Iodide is added 
 and an excess of Diluted Sulphm-ic Acid, and the liberated Iodine titrated 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, using Starch 
 Solution as an indicator, and adding it when the titration is nearing the end. 
 
 The more generally occurring impxu'ities are moisture, halogen salts, 
 alkalis, free Iodine, and mineral residue. The proposed changes in the 
 U.S. P. IX. recommend that a moisture limit of 5 p.c. be adopted, as 
 determined by chying, till constant in weight, over Sulphuric Acid. 1 deci- 
 gramme when shaken with 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and filtered yields a 
 filtrate, which should not becoine more than opalescent on the addition of 
 Nitric Acid and Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a Mmit of halogen salts. 
 5 decigrammes shaken with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and filtered should 
 afford a filtrate which should impart no blue colour to red Litmus paper, 
 indicating the absence of alkahs. 5 decigrammes shaken with 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water and the mixture filtered affords a filtrate which shovxld not 
 be colovired blue upon the addition of Starch Solution, indicating the absence 
 of free Iodine. Thymol Iodide should leave not more than 1 • 5 p.c. of 
 ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 CARVACROL IODIDE. — A light yellow or reddish -brown powder, insoluble 
 in Water and Alcohol, but soluble in Ether and in Chloroform, produced by 
 the action of Iodine and Potassium Iodide on Carvacrol in Solution. 
 
 As a germicide it is stated to be 5 times more powerful than Iodoform, 
 and being more biilky is better adapted as a dusting powder. The substance 
 which was prepared for many years by the author at the suggestion of the late 
 Dr. Mortimer Granville is of a reddish-brown colour, but more recently a 
 substance of a light yellow colour has been used in Germany as a substitute 
 for Iodoform. 
 
 lodoerol, a fancy name applied to the latter product. 
 
 THYMOL CARBONATE (Thymotal. Tyratol).— Forms a tasteless white 
 powder. Reconmaended as a powerful vermifuge. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 grains = 0*32 to 1 gramme. 
 
 Arhovin, a product of Diphenylamine and Thymolbenzoie Ester. In 
 gonorrhosa, 1 to 2 p.c. Solution in Olive Oil rapidly increased to 3 or 5 p.c. 
 
1394 THY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] 
 
 OLEUM THYMI (Oil of Thyme). — An almost colom-less or yellow oily- 
 liquid, having a pleasant aromatic Thyme-like odour, and a pungent aromatic 
 taste, when rectified ; a redcUsh or reddish-brown oily liquid, possessing 
 similar characteristics of taste and odour, when in the crude condition. It 
 is the volatile oil distilled, principally, from the fresh flowering herb Thymus 
 vulgaris, L. 
 
 It should contain from 25 to 35 p.c. of Phenols (Thymol and Carvacrol). 
 The rectified Oil soon darkens in colom* on exposure to air and light, and 
 should be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint. 
 
 The U.S. P. and the P.G. include Oil of Thyme, which is described as the 
 volatile Oil distilled from the leaves and flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris, 
 L. ; both Pharmacopoeias require it to contain not less than 20 p.c. by 
 volume of Phenols. The Fr. Codex describes it as the volatile Oil olDtained 
 by distillation from the flowering tops of Thymus vulgaris, L., and requires 
 it to contain about 20 p.c. of Phenols. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ger., Jap., Norw., Russ., 
 Sjjan., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Oil of Thyme has a specific gravity of • 900 to • 950 ; the U.S. P. 
 states 0-900 to 0-930 at 25° C. (77° F.) ; the P.G. not below 0-900. It is 
 slightly Igevogyrate, the optical rotation being from — 1° to — 3°; the U.S. P. 
 states not more than — 3° in a 100 mm. tube at a temperature of 25° C. 
 (77° F.). The P.O. does not give the optical rotation. It has a Refractive 
 Index at 20° C. (68° F.) of 1-480 to 1-495. It dissolves in half its volume of 
 Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) and in 1 to 2 volumes of Alcohol (80 p.c). The P.O. 
 states that it is soluble in 3 parts by volume of a mixture of 100 parts by 
 volume of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and 14 parts by volume of Distilled Water. The 
 alcoholic solution jdelds with a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution a greenish- 
 brown coloration, changing to reddi.sh. It is required by the U.S. P. to contain 
 not less than 20 p.c. by volume of Phenols, as quantitatively determined 
 by measiu"ing the volume of unabsorbed non-Phenol Oil remaining after 
 treating the Oil with a 1 in 20 Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 10 c.c. of the 
 Oil is introduced into a burette having a capacity of 50 c.c. and containing 
 40 c.c. of a 1 in 20 Sodimu Hydroxide Solution ; the burette is well corked 
 and the mixture shaken thoroughly, and then set aside for from 12 to 24 
 hours ; the drops of Oil adherent to the side of the burette are detached by 
 gentle tapping and rotation. When the alkaline liquid has become clear, 
 the volume of unabsorbed Oil is recorded and subtracted from the original 
 amoimt of Oil taken, the cUfference multipUed by 10 indicates the percentage 
 v/v of Phenols in the Oil ; the unabsorbed Oil should not measvu^e more than 
 8 c.c. The Fr. Codex requires it to contain about 20 p.c. of Phenols (Thymol 
 and Carvacrol), as determined by adding 5 c.c. of the Oil to a mixture of 10 c.c. 
 of Sodium Hydroxide Solution (20 p.c. w/w) and 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 contained in a graduated stoppered test-glass ; the mixture is vigorously 
 shaken, allowed to stand until the insoluble portion has separated, and the 
 volume read off. It should not amount to more than 4 c.c, indicating about 
 20 p.c. The P.G. also requires it to contain at least 20 p.c. v/v of Phenols, as 
 determined by vigorously shaking 5 c.c. of the Oil with a mixture of 10 c.c. 
 of Sodivun Hydroxide Solution (15 p.c. w/w) and 20 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 in a graduated cylinder, and allows the mixture to stand until the alkaline 
 solution has become clear ; the volume of unabsorbed Oil is then read off. 
 It should measvire at the most 4 c.c. It should be subtracted from the 
 volume of Oil used for the determination (5 c.c), and the result multiplied 
 by 20, which indicates the percentage by volume of Phenols present in the 
 Oil. The Oil when shaken ^vith 10 times its volume of hot Distilled Water, 
 cooled, and the liquid filtered through a wet filter, yields a filtrate which is 
 not coloured bluish or violet by Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Phenol. 
 
 A comparison of commercial Thyme and Origanum Oils is given {P.J. '08, 
 i. 803) : French Thyme Oil from Thymus vulgaris had a specific gravity of 
 0-905 to 0-920 and contained from 18 to 45 p.c. of Phenols; Wild Thyme 
 Oil from Thymus serpylhwi had a specific gravity of from 0-890 to 0*905, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] THY 1395 
 
 contained practically no Phenols ; a Spanish Thyme Oil, of doubtful origin, 
 had a specific gi'avity of from 0-930 to 0*950 and contained 50 to 70 p.c. 
 of Phenols ; Trieste Oil from Oriqanum hirtum had a specific gra-\aty of from 
 0-940 to 0-980 and contained from 60 to 85 p.c. of Phenols; Smyrna Oil 
 from Origanum Smyrnceum had a specific gravity of 0-915 to 0-945, and 
 contained from 25 to 60 p.c. of Phenols ; Cyprus Oil from Origanum rnajor- 
 anoides had a specific gravity of 0-061 to 0-967, contained 78 to 84 p.c. of 
 Phenols; whilst a sample of Sicilian Oil had a specific gravity of 0-920 and 
 contained 44 p.c. of Phenols. 
 
 THYROIDEUM SICCUM. 
 
 DRY THYROID. 
 
 A pale bufi-coloured to liglit brown, somewliat hygroscopic, amorphous 
 powder, possessing a peculiar distinctive meat-like but non-putrescent 
 odour. 
 
 The powdered desiccated Thyroid Gland is Official in the U.S. P., 
 but not in the P.G. The B.P. describes it as the powder prepared 
 from the fresh and healthy Thyroid Glands of the sheep, from which 
 the whole of the fat has been removed by washing with Petroleum 
 Spirit ; the U.S. P. describes it as the Thyroid Glands of the sheep 
 (Ovis aries, Linne), freed from fat and cleaned, dried and powdered, 
 but does not definitely state that the healthy Gland should be employed, 
 though of course this would naturally be inferred ; the U.S. P. states 
 free from fat, but does not indicate a metliod. The U.S. P. states that 
 1 part of the desiccated Thyroid Gland represents approximately 
 5 parts of the fresh Gland, but the proportions have been shown to be 
 more nearly 1 to 3 • 5. 
 
 It should be kept in v>rell-stoppered or well-closed glass bottles, 
 and in a cool and dry atmosphere, as it is hygroscopic and deteriorates 
 when in a moist condition. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Has been used with success in myxoe- 
 dema, obesity, goitre and cretinism, chronic eczema, psoriasis 
 and chronic scaly skin diseases, eclampsia, and the insanities of 
 adolescence, the puerperium, and the climacteric. Thyroid should 
 never be given in exophthalmic goitre. 
 
 In Thyroid inadequacy, initial dose should be very small. The dose of 
 5 grains three times daily wliich is so commonly prescribed at the outset is 
 mucii too large, and is responsible for the unjust discredit into which tho 
 use of the drug at one time fell. It is never wise to begin with a larger dose 
 than i grain three times daily, which may be increased cautiously, so long 
 as it does not cause intolerance, until 2^ grains three times daily are being 
 taken. It is very seldom necessary to go beyond this amount, more especially 
 when, as is usually the case, the treatment is prolonged. It ought to be 
 given for three weeks and then — and this is important — suspended for a 
 week. It i.s much more satisfactory when given with Calcium loclide, 5 grains ; 
 Liquor Arsenicahs, 2 minims ; Chloroform Water to J oz. ; three times 
 daily after food. This mixture is also suspended for a week in every month. 
 —F.T. '09, 108. 
 
 In mild myxijedema should be given as liquor, 5 to 7 minims, every night 
 for the rest of life.— B.M.J. '09, i. 382. 
 
 In chronic chorea J -grain doses thrice daily proved almost magical ; in a 
 
1306 THY [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 week movements ceased. In an acvite case they ceased in three weeks. The 
 doses visually prescribed (not only in this disease) are many times too large ; 
 writer seldom begins with more than J grain three times daily. — Pr. ' 11 , ii. 610. 
 
 In tic-douloureux well worth a trial when the disease has baffled other 
 treatment ; try all Idnds of doses before discarding remedy ; better begin 
 with small doses such as | grain twice daily and work up, than give higher 
 doses first.— il/.F. '12, i. 458. 
 
 In rheumatoid arthritis ; give a small dose at first ; allow a few days' 
 interval from time to time ; remarkable results. — Pr. '12, i. 182. 
 
 To get rid of the superabundant fat in chronic subcutaneous fibrosis. — 
 B.M.J. '11, i. 354. 
 
 In doses of 5 to 7i- grains thrice daily it wards off threatening eclampsia ; 
 in doses of 30 to 40 grains every four hours it re-establishes the secretion of 
 urine in many cases of eclamptic anuria. — M.P. '10, ii. 403. 
 
 In myasthenia its continuous use has produced great improvement, and 
 apparently an arrest in the progress of the disease. — L. '10, i. 355. 
 
 In infantile wasting. — B.M.J. '10, i. 1049. 
 
 Good results in enuresis, especially in backward children ; initial dose J to 
 ^ grain daily. — L. '11, ii. 1620. 
 
 In obesity, if given in excess, it will certainly produce emaciation, but it 
 will concomitantly give rise to such symptoms of intolerance as tachycardia, 
 diarrhoea, and mental mirest, which are properly regarded as the tocsins of 
 danger. — Pr. '11, i. 547. 
 
 Thyroid tends to prevent serum rash and serum sickness in diphtheria. — 
 L. '11, i. 373. 
 
 Successful results in carcinoma, and in the insanity of myxcedema. — 
 B.M.J. '11, i. 432, 584. 
 
 A mental patient deranged and impulsive for about a year was treated 
 with large doses under careful supervision. In a fortnight she completely 
 recovered. — B.M.J. '11, i. 585. 
 
 Over-dosage of Thyroid Extract may produce symptoms of thyxoidism, 
 which are similar to those of exophthalmic goitre. — L. '08, ii. 708. 
 
 May induce glycosuria. — L. '12, i. 630. 
 
 Baneful effect in leprosy. — Jl. Trap. Med. and Hyg. '12, 67. 
 
 Wrong to give it in tubercle. — Pr. '11, ii. 611. 
 
 Multiple warts disappear under its medication ; also acne vulgaris and acne 
 rosacea.— B.M.J. '13, i. 1039. 
 
 In obstinate cases of pruritus. — B.M.J. '13, i. 1038. 
 
 In premature greyness of hair the colour returns to normal under its 
 influence.— J5.Af. J. '13, i. 1039. 
 
 By its use a youth grew 7 inches in six months. — L. '12, ii. 216. 
 
 In no skin affection has it given better results than in psoriasis.— B.ilf.J. 
 '13, i. 1038. 
 
 Sajous believes that if given to the pregnant mother it protects the foetus 
 from changes which lead to adrenal complications after birth. — B.M.J.E. 
 '13, i. 3. 
 
 If some of the symptoms of Graves's disease arise during a course of 
 Thyroid treatment they wiU subside if the treatment be interrupted fo^ a 
 week.— B.M.J.E. '12, ii. 72. 
 
 Small doses are as efficacious as the large doses formerly given. — B.M.J. 
 '13, i. 1040. 
 
 The first case of myxcedema treated by this is still aUve and well ; she takes 
 10 minims of liquid Thyroid Extract each week-day or 6.^- oz. in the course 
 of a year ; less than a gallon has, therefore, maintained her in health for 
 22 years.— B.M.J. '13, ii. 165. 
 
 It is expedient to accompany the exhibition of Thyroid by a mild aperient ; 
 Liquid Paraffin is a valuable adjunct to treatment. — Pr. '15, i. 68. 
 
 Dose. — I to 4 grains = 0"032 to 0*26 gramme. 
 
 B.P. has altered the dose from 3 to 10 grains to i to 4 grains. 
 
 A Thyroid Solution was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] THY i;i!)7 
 
 Wot Ofi&cial. — Elixir Thyroidei, Liquor Thyroidei, Tablets of Thyroid 
 Gland, lodothyrin, Tliyroglandin, Thyrodectin and Rodagen. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dutch and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Dry Thyroid is still not Officially required to answer any 
 definite chemical tests, although it is generally recognised that it 
 is to the Iodine-containing active principles that the activity of the 
 Gland is due, and many excellent processes are available for 
 an almost exact determination of the percentage of Iodine. The 
 U.S. P. requires that 1 gramme of the Desiccated Thyroid Gland when 
 mixed with an equal weight of pure Sodium Hydroxide and carefully 
 fused in a Silver dish until a white mass remains. Potassium Nitrate 
 being added during the fusing to assist oxidation, yields, when the 
 fused residue is cooled and dissolved in a small quantity of Distilled 
 Water, a solution which, treated Avith 2 grammes of Sodium Nitrite, 
 acidified with concentrated Nitric Acid, and shaken with 5 c.c. of 
 Chloroform, imparts to the chloroformic liquid a decided pink to 
 violet coloration. A cold extract of Desiccated Thyroid Glands treated 
 with 2 grammes of Sodium Nitrite and acidified with strong Nitric 
 Acid should not give the Iodine test on shaking with Chloroform. 
 A preferable method of performing the test is that suggested {Y.B.P. 
 1883, 530 ; P.J. '98, ii. 546), and Chloroform is not found to be a 
 suitable solvent for the Iodine, the sample is never burnt to ash, but 
 always into Charcoal in the presence of a slight excess of Sodium 
 Hydroxide ; the risk of loss of Iodine by adding Potassium Nitrate 
 to promote oxidation never being incurred. To liberate the Iodine 
 from the aqueous solution of the charred residue a few drops of Nitro- 
 Sulphuric Acid are used, the Nitro-Sulphuric Acid being prepared by 
 treating Starch with Nitric Acid and passing the Nitrous fumes into 
 Sulphuric Acid (specific gravity 1'043) to saturation. Carbon Bisul- 
 phide is employed as a solvent for the liberated Iodine, and the tests 
 are performed in large tubes of even bore and compared with standard 
 solution of Potassium Iodide treated in the same manner. It is 
 claimed by this method sgoVoir P^^^ of Iodine is easily detected and 
 measured, and up to tooVoo P^^^ *^® estimation is very accurate. 
 The U.S. P. states that, when incinerated, Desiccated Thyroid Glands 
 should yield not more than 6 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ELIXIR THYROIDEI (Squire). — A clear, aromatic, reddish liquid, con- 
 taining the entire active principles of the Thyi'oid Gland of the sheep. Each 
 fl. drm. is equal to 1|- grains of dry Thyroid. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3 • 6 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 
 LIQUOR THYROIDEI (Squire). — A transparent, pale reddish liquid, 
 containing the entire active pnnciples of the Gland. Each fl, drm. is equal 
 to 6 grains of dry Thyroid. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 minims = 0-6 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 TABLETS OF THYROID GLAND. — Each tablet containing the equiva- 
 lent of U, 2 1, 5 or 10 grains of the entire substance of the 'I'hyroid Gland. 
 
1398 TIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 lODOTHYRIN (Thyroiodin). — An amorphous light brown powder, 
 insoluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol. Dissolved by alkalis and again 
 precipitated on the addition of an acid. It is an organic compound of Iodine, 
 constituting the active principle of the Thyroid Gland, free from albuminoids, 
 adjusted with Sugar of Milk to equal in strength the active substance of the 
 fresh Gland, and standardised to contain 0-3 p.c. of Iodine. Usually 
 standardised by dilution with Milk Sugar, to contain a definite percentage of 
 Iodine. 
 
 Tests. — lodothyrin when moistened with Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 and carefully charred leaves a carbonaceous residue which, when dissolved 
 in Distilled Water, the alkali neutralised with diluted acid and the solution 
 treated with Nitro-Sulphuric Acid, as described under Thyroidemn Siccimi, 
 yields when shaken with Carbon Bisulphide Solution a decided violet 
 coloration. 
 
 Tliyroglandin. — A light yellowish-brown or brown, somewhat hygro- 
 scopic, amorphous powder, which is stated to consist of the entire active 
 constituents of the Gland. Dose, 1 to 5 grains = O-OG to 0-32 grauime. 
 
 Tests. — Thyroglandin when moistened with Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 and carefully chaiTed leaves a carbonaceous residue which, when dissolved 
 in Distilled Water, the alkali neutralised with diluted acid and the solution 
 treated with Nitro-Sulphuric Acid, as described vmder Thyroideum Siccum, 
 yields when shaken with Carbon Bisulphide Solution a decided violet 
 coloration. 
 
 Thyrodeetin is the dried serum of animals from which the Thyroid Glands 
 have been removed. A reddish-brown powder, put vip in capsules containing 
 5 grains each. Used in exophthalmic goitre. 
 
 Though useful in some cases of Graves's disease, is not constant in its 
 effects.— £.il/.J. '13, ii. 167. 
 
 Rodagen, the dried milk of thyroidectomised goats, with 50 p.c. of lactose 
 added. Cases of Graves's disease in wliich improvement followed. — L. '09, i. 
 1040; '11, ii. 1618. 
 
 An extremely severe case of Graves's disease which recovered from all the 
 acute symptoms by taking 1 oz. daily. Better results will be obtained if 
 doses larger than 1 drm. thrice daily are used. — L. '08, ii. 709. 
 
 In Graves's disease has had a fair trial, but has been very disappointing 
 to most.— M. P. '11, i. 355; B.M.J. '13, ii. 167. 
 
 TINCTURi52. 
 
 TINCTURES. 
 
 There are 71 Tinctm-es Ofiicial in the British Pharmacopoeia. Of these 33 
 are directed to be made by the percolation process ; 14 are made by the 
 naaoeration process, and the others are made either by the modified maceration 
 process, or by simple solutions, or by an admixtiu-e. 
 
 The process for percolation in /?. P. 1914 is a modification of that given 
 in previous editions of the B.P. The drug is naoiatencd with a certain quantity 
 of liciuid and macerated for 4 hours. It is then packed in a percolator and 
 sufficient of the liquid is added to satiu-ate the materials, leaving an excess 
 on the top. Allow maceration for 24 hours, after which percolation is started 
 by adding more fluid to the percolator and continued until f of the total 
 product is obtained ; the marc is pressed and the lic^uids mixed and made 
 up to the requisite volume ; if necessary the tincture should Ijo filtered. 
 In the percolation process there is no fixed rule as to the quantity of men- 
 struum used to macerate the drug. It ranges from 50 to 200 by volume of 
 
[Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TIW 1399 
 
 menstruum to 100 by weight of drug. In the majority of cases 100 by vohune 
 are ordered for 100 of the drug. 
 
 The process for repercolation in the B.P. 1914 is a modiiication of that 
 given in the B.P. 1898 for the preparation of Liquid Extract of Belladonna, 
 but, whereas in the latter case the indicated quantity of drug was divided 
 into 4 portions, in the B.P. 1914 process it is divided into 5, and the fir.st 
 percolate is now divided into 20 parts or fractions. The first portion of the 
 drug after having been moistened with the menstruum is allowed to remain 
 at rest during 4 hours {B.P. 1898 six hours) and transferred to a percolator. 
 After the addition of a sufficient quantity of the menstruum to saturate the 
 drug and to form a layer of liquid on top of the drug, it is allowed to macerate 
 during 24 hovu-s and the process of percolation allowed to proceed slowly, 
 the percolate being divided into 20 fractions. The maceration and percolation 
 of the second, third, fourth and fifth portions of the drug are carried out 
 on the same lines, but the first fraction of the original percolate is used to 
 moisten the second quantity of the driig and the maceration and percolation 
 performed with the remaining fractions of the original percolate in rotation. 
 The third, fourth and fifth portions of the drug are similarly treated, using 
 the successive fractions of the percolate from the second quantity as the 
 menstruiim for the third quantity, the successive fractions of the percolate 
 from the third quantity for the fourth, and so on, until the necessary quantity 
 of Liquid Extract containing the indicated quantity of active ingredients 
 is obtained. 
 
 The process of repercolation has been applied in the author's laboratory 
 to the preparation of concentrated Tinctures and Liquid Extracts for more 
 than a quarter of a century. 
 
 For maceration, the ingredients are mixed with the required quantity 
 of menstruum, and after 7 days strained, pressed, and if necessary the liquid 
 is filtered ; in 1864, 1867, and 1885. the macerated tinctures wore finally 
 made up to a vohuue, but in 1898 this was omitted, as is also the case in 
 B.P. 1914. 
 
 The degrees of comminution appeared first in the 1885 edition. 
 
 The following B.P. Tinctures are standardised : — Aconite Belladonna, 
 Cinchona, Jalap, and Opium ; Tincture of Hydrastis and Tincture of Nux 
 Vomica are made from the standardised Liquid Extracts ; Ammoniated 
 Tincture of Opium and Compound Tinctirre of Camphor are made from 
 standardised Tinctiu-e of Opium ; Compoimd Tincture of Cinchona from 
 standardised Tincture of Cinchona. 
 
 The strengths of the various Tinctures have been adjusted so as to have a 
 dosage of 5 to 15 minims for the potent Tinctures, and 30 to 60 for the less 
 potent. Tinctures of Aconite, Cantharidin, Strophanthus, and Weak Tinc- 
 ture of Iodine, have a dosage of 2 to 5 iTiinims. 
 
 With regard to the Tinctures contained in the Continental Phai'macopceias 
 a comparison is given imder each separate Tincture in the Companion para- 
 graphs cominencing Foreign Pharmacopoeias. The Potent Tinctures 
 given therein are compared with the standards adopted by the Brussels 
 Conference and the alcoholic strength of the Tincture is also given. 
 
 The tabulated comparison of the chief standardised potent preparations 
 of the British, United States, German and French Pharmaco})oeias given at 
 the commencement of this book shows at a glance the alkaloidal strengths 
 and the standards for the Tinctures official in the iour Pharmacopcfias with 
 which the present vohune is chiefly concerned, and which are proljably of 
 the mo.st material interest to English readers. 
 
 The Tinctiu-es or Teintures Alcooliques of the Fr. Codex fl908) are liqiiid 
 medicaments resulting from the solvent action of Alcohol on various 
 substances ; they consist of ' simple ' or ' compoimd ' Tinctures, simple being 
 prepared with the single substance, the compound where several substances 
 are used in the preparation. They are prepared by maceration or percolation. 
 Alcohol 60 p.c, 70 p.c, 80 p.c, or 95 p.c, being employed according to the 
 nature of the drug to be exhausted. All .simple tinctures of heroic di'ugs, 
 that is to say, of very active drugs, are prepared by percolation with Alcohol 
 
1400 TON [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 (70 p.c), aiKl in sucli a inauner that the weiglifc of the resulting tincture is 
 equal to ten times the weight of the substance employed, in accordance with 
 the Brussels Convsndon, 1902. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Most of the Tinctures mix readily with \Vater, 
 hut resinous Tinctures under similar circumstances require _ the addition of 
 Mucilage of Gum Acacia, which is the best all-round emulsifying agent for this 
 purpose. It gives good results with all the Tinctures except Compound Tincture 
 of Benzoin, which is very difficult to diffuse in Water ; neither Mucilage of 
 Gum Acacia nor Mucilage of Tragacanth, by itself, gives a satisfactory emulsion 
 tuith this Tincture ; the best effect is obtained by the use of Compound Tragacanth 
 Powder, 60 grains of which will diffuse 3fl. drm. of Compound Tincture of 
 Benzoin, in Sfl. oz. of Water. 
 
 The quantity of Mucilage required for resinous Tinctures will depend upon 
 the proportion of Tincture to the Water or other aqueous fluid ; 1 /. drm. of 
 Mucilage of Gum Acacia is sufficient for I fl. drm. of the following Tinctures 
 in 1 fl. oz. of Water : — Benzoin, Cubehs, Ammoniated Gtiaiacum, or Tolu. The 
 following Tinctures require only about half this quantity : — Asafetida, Cannabis 
 Indica, Jalap, Myrrh, or Sumbul. When Tincture of Hydrastis or Tincture of 
 Podophyllum is prescribed with an aqueous solution of mineral salts, it is better 
 to add Mucilage of Gum Acacia. The Mucilage should always be diluted with 
 3 or 4 times its bulk of Water before adding the Tiiicture. 
 
 Mucilage of Tragacanth is also useful for the purpose of diffusing the Resin 
 of the Tinctures, especially for Tincture of Jalap, and Tincture of Cannabis 
 Indica when prescribed with salts. 
 
 Quinine is sometimes prescribed in mixtures under conditions which cause a 
 precipitation of the alkaloid itself, or one of its sparingly soluble salts ; in such 
 cases the addition of 2 or 3 fl. drm. of Mucilage of Gum Acacia to the 6 or 8 oz. 
 mixtures will prevent the aggregation of the precipitate which would otherwise 
 occur. 
 
 Not Official. 
 TONCO SEMINA. 
 
 TONKA OR TONCO BEANS. 
 
 The seeds of Dipteryx odorata, Willd., and D. oppositifolia, Willd., imported 
 from Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil. 
 
 Descriptive Notes.- — The seeds occur in commerce either smooth, or 
 covered with a whitish efflorescence. They are elliptical, compressed, blackish 
 externally, with a coriaceous skin coarsely wrinkled, about 1 to 2 inches 
 (2*5 to 5 cm.) long, and about ^ inch (8 mm.) broad and ^ inch (6 mm.) 
 thick, rounded at one end and flattened at the other, just below which the 
 hilum is seen on one side as a brownish scar. Internally the seed is yellowish 
 or dark-colovired and consists of two oily cotyledons, with a small folded 
 plumule, and a thick radicle. The taste is aromatic and pungent, and the 
 odour fragrant, and hay-like, due to the presence of Coumarin. The beans 
 are described in commerce as those of Angostura, Surinam and Para. Those 
 from Angostura and Surinam are probably derived from D. odorata, and those 
 from Para from D. oppositifolia. The seeds of the latter species are smaller 
 than those of the former. The frosted appearance is due to crystals of 
 Coumarin, which are developed on the surface by steeping the seeds in rum, 
 and spreading them out to dry on floors to the depth of 8 or 12 inches (20 to 
 30 cm.). The Cormiarin appears to be developed bjr a fermentative action, 
 that takes place in the process of drying. The seeds may yield up to 8 p.c. 
 of Counmrin, see p. 40. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] TRA 1401 
 
 TRAGACANTHA. 
 
 TRAGACANTH. 
 
 Fr., Gommb Adragante ; Ger., Traganth ; ItaIj., Gohma Adragante ; 
 Span., Goma Tragacanto. 
 
 Thin, translucent, white, or pale yellowish-white, odourless, flaky, 
 more or less curved shreds or filaments, possessing a somewhat horny 
 appearance. It is a gummy exudation obtained by incision from 
 Astragalus gmmnifer, LabilL, and some other species of Astragalus. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Demulcent. Used for the suspension 
 of heavy insoluble powders in liquids ; 10 grains of the Compound 
 Powder of Tragacanth are used for each fl. oz. of Water. 
 
 1 part of Tragacanth gives more viscosity to Water than 25 parts of Gum 
 Acacia. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Glycerinum Tragacanthse, Mucilago Tragacanth;© 
 and Pulvis Tragacanthai Compositus. 
 
 Not Official. — Bassorin, Gelanthiun, and Glucantha. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Max., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Tragacanth is found in various forms in 
 commerce. The most valuable consists of semi-translucent thin flakes, 
 known in commerce as Syrian Tragacanth, but imported from Persia, 
 chiefly from Shiraz. This is the Ofiicial kind. It is 1 to 3 in. (25 to 
 75 mm.) or more in length and ^ to 1 in. (6 to 25 mm.) in width, more 
 or less contorted, white, translucent, horny, not easily broken but 
 slightly flexible. The P.G. gives the dimensions as at least 0" 5cm. broad 
 and 1 to 3 mm. thick, and its appearance as white and translucent. 
 It is from 1 to 3 mm. thick and is more easily pulverisable by a heat 
 of 50° C. (122° F.), U.S. P. Unlike Gum Arabic, it contains Starch 
 grains. The kind known as Smyrna Tragacanth, which is next in 
 quality, is shipped from Mersine to Europe and America, and is more 
 opaque and occurs in shorter, rather thicker flakes, which, owing 
 to their greater opacity, have a faint, yellowish-white appearance. 
 Small, slender strips are known as Vermicelli Tragacanth. Large, 
 tiiicker pieces with a reddish tinge are know in trade as Gum Dragon 
 and are used by shoemakers for smoothing rough leather, and for other 
 technical purposes. A variety in small rounded pieces is known as 
 Hog Gum or Caramania Gum, and is used for adulterating small Smyrna 
 Tragacanth. It appears to be derived from Astragalus Heratensis, 
 Bunge. 
 
 Tests. — Tragacanth is sparingly soluble in Distilled Water, but 
 swells up into a gelatinous mass which gives a violet or blue coloration 
 on the addition of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution, varying 
 in depth in different samples, but in any case the coloration is much 
 too faint to be confounded with that of added Starch. The U.S. P. 
 and the P.G. state that Tragacanth treated with 50 parts of Distilled 
 
1402 TRA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Water swells up and gradually forms a cloudy gelatinous mass, wliicli, 
 wlien warmed on a water-bath with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 assumes a yellow coloration. The U.S. P. states that it is tinged blue 
 on the addition of Iodine Test-Solution and that the addition of Alcohol 
 (94*9 p.c.) to the fluid portion causes a precipitate, but the liquid is 
 not coloured blue by Iodine Test-Solution. Tragacanth leaves from 
 2 to 3 p.c. of ash, and 4 p.c. is rarely exceeded, indicating a limit of 
 mineral residue. The B.P. gives a limit of 4 p.c. ; the U.S. P. does 
 not fix a limit of ash ; the P.G. states at most 3*5 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 GLYCERINUM TRAGACANTH^. Glycerin op Tragacanth. 
 
 Tragacanth, in powder, 1 ; Glycerin, 3 ; Distilled Water, 1. 
 
 Rub the Glycerin with the Tragacanth, and add the Water. 
 
 Used as a pill excipient, but the following is better for that 
 purpose : — Tragacanth, in powder, 1 ; Glycerin, 6 ; rub together and 
 keep for 2 or 3 days before use to allow it to stiffen. 
 
 ' Diluted Glucose ' is better than either. 
 Official in Dutch, Tragacanth, 1 ; Glycerin, 9. 
 
 MUCILAGO TRAGACANTH.^. Mucilage of Tragacanth. 
 
 (Modified.) 
 
 Mix 55 grains of Tragacanth, in powder, with 2 fl. drm. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), in a bottle ; add Distilled Water q.s. to form 10 fl. oz. and 
 shake immediately. (1 in 80.) 
 
 The metric figures are 1-25, 2- 5, to 100. 
 B.P. 1898 contained 60 grains in 10 fl. oz. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Dutch, 1 in .50 ; Fr., 1 in 10 ; 
 Ital. and Port., 1 in 10, also 1 in 100 ; Mex., 1 in 20 ; Jap., Tragacanth 1, 
 Glycerin 5, Tepid Distilled Water 94; Russ., Tragacanth 4, Acacia 1, 
 Water 500 ; U.S., Tragacanth 0, Glycerin 18, Water q.s. to make 100. 
 
 PULVIS TRAGACANTH^ COMPOSITUS. Compound Powder 
 OF Tragacanth. (Altered.) 
 
 Tragacanth, 3 ; Gum Acacia, 4 ; Starch, 4 ; Refined Sugar, 9 ; all 
 in powder. (1 in 6' 6.) 
 
 The figures in B.P. 1898 were 1, 1, 1, 3 = 1 in 6. 
 
 Dose. — 10 to 60 grains = 0'65 to 4 grammes. 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 BASSORIN {St. John's).— Gum Tragacanth, .5 ; Glycerin, 2; Water, 93. 
 
 It is also kno^vn as Linimentiim Exsiccans. 
 
 It can be medicated with 5 p.c. of Salicylic Acid, Hydronaphthol, or 
 Thioresorcin ; with 10 p.c. of Acid Boric ; or with 30 p.c. of Ichthyol, Resorcin 
 or Precipitated Sulphur. 
 
 GELANTHUM (Unna). — A firm basis used in dermatology, consisting of 
 Gelatin, Tragacanth, Glycerin and Water. 
 
 GLUCANTHA (Guy's). — Tragacanth, in powder, 240 grains; Water, 
 240 minims ; Syrup of Glucose, 2 oz. Pill Excipient. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measui'e.] TRI 1403 
 
 Not Official. 
 TRIFOLIUM. 
 
 A fluid extract is made from the dried Trifollum. pratense, L., and 
 from this a syrup, a teaspoonful of which 3 or 4 times a day is serviceable in 
 whooping-cough. 
 
 The TriJoUum fibrinuni Official in the P.G. consists of the leaves of 
 Menyanthes trifoliata, L. 
 
 Not Official. 
 TRIMETHYLAMINA. 
 
 TRIMETHYLAMINE. 
 
 C.HgN, eq. 59-082. 
 
 As supplied in commerce, it is a colourless or pale yellow transparent 
 Solution, possessing a strong distinctive odour and a strongly alkaline 
 reaction. 
 
 Propylamine is sometimes used as a synonym for Trimethylamine, but 
 althoxigh isomeric with thi.s substance its use as a sj'^nonym is not justified. 
 
 It is miscible with Water and with Alcohol (90 p.c). It fonns crystal- 
 ]isal>le salts. The Hydrochloride is the one chiefly used in medicine. Pure 
 Trimethylamine is a gas at ordinary temperatures. 
 
 Tests. — Trimethylamine has a specific gravity at 0° C. (32'' F.) of 0-073. 
 It boils between 9° and 10° C. (■48-2° and HOT.). It is inflammable. It 
 mixes readily with Distilled Water, forming a solution which is strongly 
 alkaline "in reaction towards Litmus paper. It combines with Carbon 
 Bisulphide with evolution of heat. A glass rod moistened with Trimethyla- 
 mine evolves white fmnes when brought into contact with the vapour of 
 Hydrochloric Acid. It combines with acids to form salts which are mostly 
 crystallisablo. Trimethylamine may be distinguished from primary and 
 secondary Methylamines by its negative reaction with Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide and Chloroform, that is to say, it does not evolve the characteristic 
 and highly disagreeable odour of the corresponding Carbamine, or Isonitrile 
 when boiled with Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution and Chloroform ; 
 by yielding no reaction when mixed with l\ times its weight of Ethyl Oxalate 
 (previously dried over Calcium Cliloride) ; and by not affording a volatile 
 Nitrosainine when distilled with Nitrous Acid, and by its solution in excess 
 of Hydrochloric Acid being precipitated by Potassium Ferrocyanide. When 
 neutralised with Acetic Acid the aqvieous solution of Trimethylamine yields 
 with Mercuric Chloride Solution a white precipitate. It gives with Iodine 
 and with lodo -Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) Solution, a yellow precipitate ; 
 with Tannic Acid Solution, a white precipitate; with Potassio -Mercuric Iodide 
 (Mayer's) Sohition, a white precipitate; and with Phospho-Molybdic Acid, a 
 pale yellow precipitate. It may be determined by titration with Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Litmus Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; 1 c.c. of the Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution corre- 
 sponds to 0-05908 gramme of absolute Trimethylamine. 
 
 TRIMETHYLAMiN>E HYDROCHLORIDUM.— Translucent, colourless, 
 very deliquescent crystals, possessing a strong distinctive odour ; soluble in 
 Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles 
 of a dark amber tint in a cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible 
 from contact with the air, as it is very deliquescent. Has been used in 
 rheumatism and gout. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 00 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
1404 TRO [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Tests. — TriinolliylHiuiiio Hydrochloride dissolves readily in Distilled 
 Water, forming a solution which has a neutral reaction towards Litmus paper. 
 When mixed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution it evolves a powerful distinctive 
 odour of Trimethylamine ; the base separated from the salt should answer 
 the tests distinctive of Trimethylamine given iinder that heading. It should 
 dissolve in 10 parts of Absolute Alcohol, indicating the absence of Ammonium 
 Chloride. The odour evolved on mixing it with Sodimn Hydroxide Solution 
 should possess the distinctive odour of Trimethylamine, and not an ammoniacal 
 one ; indicating the absence of Ammonium salts. It should leave no weigh- 
 able ash. 
 
 Pneumosan. Amyl-thio-trimethylamine. — A dark blue, volatile fluid 
 possessing a characteristic odour. It is stated to contain Methylene Blue 
 (Tetramethyithionine Hydrochloride) Valerianic Acid and Codeine combined 
 with Phosphoric Acid. Reconnnended as having a definite therapeutic 
 action in tuberculosis.— L. '12, i. 897; L. '13, ii. 1070. 
 
 TRITICUM. See AGROPYRUM, p. 139. 
 
 TROCHISCI. 
 
 Tliere are several lozenges in the Pharmacopoeia. They are made 
 with four difiercnt bases. 
 
 With Fruit Basis : — Troch. Acidi Benzoic!, Catechu, Guaiaci Resinse, Kino 
 Eucalypti, Kramerise, and Kramerias et Cocainse. With Simple Basis : — 
 Troch. Ferri Redacti, Ipecacuanhas and Santonini. With Toki Basis : — 
 Troch. Acid. Tannici, Morpliinse, Morphinse et Ipecacuanhse. With Rose 
 Basis : — Troch. Bismuthi and Potassii Chloratis. 
 
 When Tolu Basis is used, the alkaloid (Morphine Hyckochloride) is to bo 
 dissolved in 10 of Water, but when Fruit Basis is used the alkaloid (Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride) is not ordered to be dissolved, but this may be an oversight. 
 
 The following have special formulas : — 
 
 Troch. Acidi Carbolici. — Phenol, 15 ; Refined Sugar, 500 ; Gum Acacia, 45 ; 
 Tragacanth, 15 ; in grammes and all in powder ; Lemon Juice, 45 inl. ; for 
 500 lozenges. 
 
 Troch. Sulphuris. — Precipitated Sulphur, 150; Acid Potassium Tartrate, 
 30 ; Refined Sugar, 275; Gum Acacia, 30 ; in grammes and all in powder ; 
 Tincture of Orange, 30 ml. ; Mucilage of Gum Acacia, 30 ml. ; for 500 
 lozenges. 
 
 The Simple Basis consists of 496 of finely powdered Refined Sugar and 
 19| of Powdered Gum Acacia, made into a paste with 35 of Mvicilage of 
 Gum Acacia and a small quantity of Distilled Water. 
 
 Rose Basis is similar to the above, with the addition of 0-025 of Oil of 
 Rose. 
 
 The Tolu Basis is similar to the Simple Basis, with the addition of 10 of 
 Tincture of Balsam of Tolu, but 482 of Sugar in place of 496, and 35-5 of 
 Mucilage of Gum Acacia in place of 35. The alkaloidal salt is to be dissolved 
 in 10 of Distilled Water. 
 
 Fruit Basis consists of finely-powdered Refined Sugar 26 and finely- 
 powdered Tragacanth 6 J and Black-currant Paste q.s. to yield 650 including 
 the weight of the medicinal ingredients. 
 
 The above quantities in grammes and millilitres are for making 500 lozenges. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] TUR 1405 
 
 Compressed Lozenges. — The general method is to granulate the luixtiire 
 of medicament, Sugar antl Gum, by means of Theobroraa Emulsion, and 
 highly compress the dried granules {CD. '03, ii. 231). The advantage of 
 avoiding the application of heat is obvious in the case of volatile substances, 
 such as Phenol and essential Oils. — P.J. '03, ii. 158. 
 
 See also Tabellse. 
 
 TURPETHUM. 
 
 TURPETH. 
 
 The dried root and stem of I'pomcea Turpethum, E.Br. 
 
 It was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India, the Eastern Colonies and 
 North American Colonies, and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to Jalap. 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 grains = 0*32 to 1 '3 grammes. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Used in the preparation of Tinctura Jalapao 
 Composita. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Turpeth of the B.P. or Turbith of 
 commerce, consists of stem as well as root, and occurs in cylindrical 
 pieces varying in length from 1 to f) cm. (^ to 2 inches) in diameter, 
 although usually about i inch, somewhat twisted and of a dull greyish- 
 brown colour and longitudinally furrowed. The bark has a short 
 fracture and the wood a fibrous one. The transverse section shows a 
 dirty white porous surface often loaded with a pale yellowish white 
 resin, through which pass numerous bundles of large vessels and woody 
 fibres. The central woody column when present is seen to be divided 
 into four parts by four bands of medullary rays, but the central woody 
 portion is often removed l)y splitting the bark on one side. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ULEXINE. 
 
 Syn. — CYTisiNE. 
 
 A crystalline alkaloid prepared from Ulex Europceus, L., the common gorso 
 ftr furze. 
 
 Solubility. — Freely soluble in Water and Chloroform ; insoluble in pure 
 Ether. 
 
 The T^'itrate, HydroeMoride, and Hydrobromide are crystalline salts 
 readily soluble in Water. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diuretic ; useful in cardiac dropsy. 
 
 Dose. — JL to jij grain = • 0032 to • 0042 gramme dissolved in GO minims 
 of Water. 
 
1406 ULM [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 ULMI FULV^ CORTEX. 
 
 SLIPPERY ELM BARK. 
 
 Under the title of UJmus the dried inner Bark of Uhnus campestris, L., waa 
 Official in B.P. '04 and '67; the dried Bark of Ulmus fulva, Mich., deprived 
 of its periderm, is Official in the U.S. P. The value of both the Barks depends 
 upon the mucilage which they contain ; that of the Uhnus fulva is stated 
 also to preserve fatty substances from becoming rancid. 
 
 Deeoetum Ulmi (B.P. '67). — Elm Bark, 1 ; Water, 8 ; boil for 10 minutes, 
 strain, and make up to 8. Dose, 2 to 4fl. oz. = 56-8 to 113 -6 ml. 3 or 4 times 
 daily. 
 
 Mueilago Ulmi [U.S.).— 6 of Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) in 100 of 
 Water ; digest in a covered vessel, on a water -bath, for one hour, and strain. 
 
 Descriptive Wotes. — -The Bark of Ulmus fulva, used in medicine, consists 
 only of the liber portion, and is sold in large flat pieces 2 to 3 feet (60 to 
 no cm.) long, and several inches wide, but only about ^ to jlj of an inch 
 (about 3 mm.) thick. It is very tough and flexible, of a finely fibrous texture, 
 and of a pale reddish-brown tint, and is finely striated longitudinally on both 
 surfaces. It has an odour like Feniigreek and a very mucilaginous taste. 
 The mucilage does not dissolve, but only swells up in water, and is so 
 abundant that 10 grains of the powdered bark will make a thick jelly with 
 an ounce of water. 
 
 The rough fractirre is strongly but finely fibrous. The clean transverse 
 section shows numerous medullary rays and alternate pale bands of bast 
 fibres, with slightly darker bands of bast parenchyma, thus giving it a 
 chequered appearance. A longitudinal section, moistened and left for a few 
 minutes, and again examined, shows large swollen mucilage cells. 
 
 The powdered bark is sold in two forms : a coarse powder for use in po\il- 
 tices, and a fine powder for malting mucilaginous and demulcent drinks. The 
 disintegrated bark forms when moistened a flexible and spongy tis.sue, which 
 is easily moulded into pessaries, tents, and suppositories, and has been recom- 
 mended in the United States for this purpose. 
 
 Microscopic Characters. — Water affects the tissue so rapidly that a 
 section should be moistened with Benzol. Numerous small roiuided Starch 
 grains are present, and very characteristic twin crystals of Calcium Oxalate 
 with a dark point in each, almost like a hilum. 
 
 The powdered Bark is sold iia two forms, coarse for use in poultices, and 
 fine for making demulcent drinks. Ten grains of the powdered Bark to an 
 ounce of Water will form a thick jelly. The powdered Bark is said to be often 
 adulterated with damaged flour and other starchy substances. — Nat. Diet. 
 1905. 
 
 UNGUENTA. 
 
 For tlie preparation of the Ointments of tlie British Pharmacopceia, 
 various bases are used, e.g., Soft Paraffin, Paraffin Ointment, a mixture 
 of Hard and Soft Paraffins, Prepared Lard, Benzoated Lard, Prepared 
 Suet, Benzoated Suet, Beeswax and Lanolin. 
 
 Considerable alterations have taken place in the Ointments. Four new 
 Ointments have been embodied, U. Chaulmoogrse, U. Lante Co., U. Myrabolani, 
 U. Myrabolani Co. Five have Ijeen omitted, U. Conii, U. Phimbi Acetatis, 
 U. Phirabi Carb., U. Sulphur lodidi, U. Veratrinise. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] URA 1407 
 
 Benzoated Lard is now used in the place of Paraffin Ointment in Ungiientmn 
 Hydrargyri Aninioniati and Unguentum Plvunbi lodidi. Lard is used in 
 the place of Paraffin Ointment in Unguentimi lodoformi. In Unguentmu 
 Chrysarobini, Soft Paraffin is used in the place of Benzoated Lard. In 
 Unguentum Cetacei, Wax and Liquid Paraffin replace Wax and Almond Oil. 
 In IJnguentmn Capsici, Paraffins and Lard replace Spermaceti and Olive Oil. 
 Wool Fat has been introduced into Unguentum Belladonnae. In Unguentum 
 Hamamelidis, Soft Paraffin replaces a part of the Wool Fat. In Unguentum 
 Picis Liquidge, Lard replaces some of the Beeswax. In Unguentum Plumbi 
 Subacetatis, Liquor replaces the Glycerinum. 
 
 In the case of tlie Ointments containing alkaloids, Oleic Acid is 
 used with the object of dissolving the alkaloid. As was the case in 
 the Ind. and Col. Add. it is permitted in tropical and sub-tropical 
 countries, when the Ointment would be too soft, owing to the warmer 
 climate, to use more or less Benzoated Lard, Prepared Lard, Benzoated 
 Suet, Prepared Suet or Beeswax for the purpose of stiffening the 
 Ointment, provided such admixture does not affect the proportion of 
 active ingredient. 
 
 In India, Prepared Suet and Benzoated Suet should replace the 
 Prepared Lard and Benzoated Lard ordered in the formulas. 
 
 Eye Ointments {St. Thomas's). — The basis for these is neutral yellow Soft 
 Paraffin which has been melted and strained through fine m\isUn. The 
 medicament in very fine powder should be first rubbed with a small portion of 
 the Paraffin ; and in the case of alkaloids the Paraffin may be warnied (not 
 above 50° C.) until solution is effected. 
 
 Ointments appear in the Foreign Pharmacopoeias mider the following 
 generic titles : — 
 
 Austr., Dutch, Ger., Hung., Jap., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S. (Un- 
 guentum); Belg. (Ongxxent) ; Dan. and Norw. (Ungoentum) ; Fr. 
 (Pommade and Onguent) ; Ital. (Pomata) ; Mex. and Span. (Pomada 
 and Unguento) ; Port. (Unguento). 
 
 Not Official. 
 URANIUM. 
 
 U, eq. 238-2. 
 
 Uranium possesses the properties common to other radio-active bodies ; 
 it will act on the photographic plate, and will ionise gases. By its trans- 
 formation it produces Ionium, the parent of Radium. 
 
 Uranimn (with its products, Uranimia X and L^ranium Y) tmdergoes change 
 and emits Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays, but the change is so slow that for 
 any change in the Uranimn to be perceptible would reqmre milUons of years. 
 
 URANIUM NITRATE. — Pale yellow, rhombic crystals, readily soluble in 
 Water. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles and protected as far as 
 possible from the light. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Lessens thirst and diminishes the amount of 
 Sugar in diabetes. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 Tests. — Uranium Nitrate when heated melts, loses its Water of crystallisa- 
 tion, and Avhen more strongly heated loses also Nitric ,Acid. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution which is 
 
1408 URA [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 acid in reaction towards Litmvis paper. This aqueous solution affords with 
 Amrnonivim Hydrosulphide Solution a chocolate-brown precipitate, insoluble 
 in excess of the reagent. Ammonium, Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution produces a yellow precipitate, insoluble in excess of the reagent. 
 In the presence of Tartaric Acid these reagents do not produce a precipitate ; 
 the precipitate produced by Ammonium Hydroxide Solution is soluble in a 
 solution of Ammoniviin Carbonate. Ammonium, Potassium or Sodimn 
 Carbonate Solution yields a light yellow precipitate, readily soluble in excess 
 of the reagent. Potassimn Ferrocyanide Solution produces a reddish-brown 
 precipitate in sl^f¥iciently concentrated solution, or a reddish-brown coloration 
 even in highly diluted solutions ; Potassium Ferricyanide Solution produces 
 no change ; Sodiimi Phosphate Solution, more particularly in the presence 
 of Sodium Acetate and Acetic Acid, produces a whitish precipitate. A dark 
 brown ring is produced at the junction of the two fluids when a solvition of 
 Ferrous Sulphate is poured carefully upon a well-cooled inixture of Sulphuric 
 Acid and an aqueous 1 in 20 Uranium Nitrate Solution. The proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that it be required to contain not less than 
 98 p.c. by weight of Uranyl Nitrate, as determined by accm^ately weighing 
 a quantity of the salt corresponding to aboiit 0*4 gramme, dissolving it in 
 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, heating the solution to boiling, adding Ammonia 
 Solution until no further precipitate is produced, and a]lo\ving the precipitate 
 to settle. The precipitate is washed on to a filter with an aqueous 1 in 100 
 Ammonium Nitrate Solution, and subsequently moderately heated in a 
 Platinum crucible with free access of air until the weight is constant. The 
 weight of Urano-Uranic Oxide so obtained should correspond to not less than 
 54-8 p.c. of the weight of the salt taken, which is equivalent to not less than 
 98 p.c. of Uranyl Nitrate. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Bismuth, Copper, 
 Lead, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, alkaline earths, Uranous compovinds, and Sul- 
 phates. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should 
 yield no coloration or turbidity on the addition of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Arsenic, Bismuth, Copper and Lead. 3 c.c. of a 1 in 20 
 solution to which has been added an eqvial volume of Ammonimn Carbonate 
 Test-Solution, diluted to 10 c.c. with Distilled Water, should yield no colora- 
 tion or precipitate upon the addition of 10 c.c. of Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Iron, Manganese and Zinc. A 1 in 20 aqueous 
 solution should remain clear after the addition of an equal volume of Am- 
 monium Carbonate Solution, indicating the absence of alkaline earths. A 
 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 1 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 
 .should not completely decolorise 0-1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Permanganate Solution, indicating a limit of Uranous compounds. 
 A 1 in 100 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, should not 
 be immediately rendered turbid on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Sulphates. A standard solution of Uranium Nitrate 
 is used for the determination of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Ferrocyanide 
 Solution being employed as an indicator. 
 
 URANIUM SALICYLATE. — A pale yellowish-green crystaUine salt; 
 seems to be better tolerated in cancer than either the Acetate or Nitrate. 
 Dose, o to 20 grains = 0-32 to 1-3 grammes. 
 
 THORIUM.— Th., eq. 232-4.— A radio-active body which, hke Uranium, 
 emits Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays. Thorium contains the radio-active 
 svtbstances derived from Thorium itself, Meso-thorium and Radio -thorium, 
 which retain a considerable portion of their activity for some years. Pre- 
 parations of Meso-thorium have an activity comparable with that of 
 Radium. 
 
 Thorium Witrate, Thorium Lactate, and Thorium Salicylate are 
 salts of the rare metal Thorium, which, as well as Thorimn Hydroxide, have 
 been used commercially. 
 
 A good paper on Thorium Therapy appears in M.A. '14, 60. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiire.] URE 1409 
 
 Not Official. 
 UREA. 
 
 CARBAMINU, CABBONYLAMIDE. 
 
 CH^N^O, eq. 60-052. 
 
 Colovtrless, transparent, almost odourless, somewhat hygroscopic, prismatic 
 crystals, possessing a cool, saline taste. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 1 of Water ; 1 in 7 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Dim-etic. 
 
 Dose. — 20 to 60 grains = 1 • 3 to 4 grammes, 3 or 4 times daily. 
 
 Hypodermically it may be given in 40-grain doses dissolved in 4 fl. drm. 
 sterilised Water. 
 
 Tests. — ^Urea melts at about 132-5° C. (270- 5° F.), and at a temperature 
 of 150° to 160° C. (302° to 320° F.) it is decomposed with the evolution of 
 Ammonia and formation of Biuret. It dissolves readily and completely in 
 Distilled Water, forming a solution which is neutral in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. At the ordinary temperature the solution has no tendency 
 to change, but on boiling it is decomposed with the formation of Ammonium 
 Cyanate. Urea when heated in a test-tube melts ; when fused with Sodium 
 Hydroxide or ignited with Soda-Liiue, Ammonia is evolved, recognised by 
 its distinctive odour and by its reaction towards a piece of moistened red 
 Litmus paper, which it t\irns blue. When heated for some time to a tempera- 
 ture not exceeding 160° C. (320° F.), cooled, the residue dissolved in Distilled 
 Water, mixed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution and then with diluted Cupric 
 Sulphate Solution, a violet or red coloration is produced ; tliis reaction is 
 known as the Biuret test. When moistened with concentrated solution of 
 Furfural and a drop of Hydrochloric Acid (specific gravity 1- 1) a fine violet 
 coloration is produced. An aqueous solution when heated with Silver 
 Nitrate affords a white precipitate of Silver Cyanide. Urea is not pre- 
 cipitated by Mercuric Chloride Solution, nor by a solution of Mercuric 
 Acetate. It is not precipitated by Tannic Acid Solution, by Potassio- 
 Mercuric Iodide (Mayer's) Solution, by lodo -Potassium Iodide (Wagner's) 
 Solution, Picric Acid Solution, nor the other general reagents for alkaloids. 
 It yields no reaction with either neutral or basic Lead Acetate Solution ; 
 it does not reduce Fehling's Solution even on boiling. When mixed with 
 a strongly alkaline Solution of Sodium Hypobromito it evolves Nitrogen, 
 and this reaction is utilised for its determination when necessary, the absence 
 of substances similarly evolving Nitrogen on treatment with Hj^obromite 
 lieing first assured. It should leave no weighable ash, indicating the absence 
 of mineral residue. 
 
 Urea Bromine.* Calcium Bromide and Urea. — Clear, colourless crystals, 
 or as a white powder, readily soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). It 
 contains 36 p.c. of Bromine. Introduced as a means of maintaining the 
 activity of the heart, whilst taking full advantage of the powerful diuretic 
 effects of Urea. In status epilepticus, an intravenous injection of a Solution 
 which is isotonic with and of the same alkalinity as the blood results in 
 improvement. The dose of the Solution is 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls daily for 
 adults, 2 or 3 teaspoonfuls for children. For rectal injection in status 
 epilepticus 4 to 6 grammes (60 to 90 grains) are necessary, and for intravenovis 
 infusion about 4 grammes (60 grains) in a Solution isotonic with the blood 
 and of the same alkalinity. — B.M.J.E. '11, ii. 64. 
 
 LUMINAL. Phenylethylmalonylurea, C0H5.CeH3.Cj (NH)20„ eq. 232-116. 
 • — A white powder almost insoluble in Water, but reaclily in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 in Ether, and the fixed alkalis. The Sodiiun salt (Lu.niinal Sodium) is readily 
 soluble in Water. 
 
 3 z 
 
1410 UEE [Solids by Weight; Liquids l)y Measure.] 
 
 This drug by the mouth and Luminal Sodium subcutaneousij' have relieved 
 insomnia when other drugs have failed. — L. '13, ii. 713. 
 
 As a sedative and simple hypnotic may be given as a suppository ; only 
 unpleasant side-effects weve a slight giddiness and prolonged sleepiness ; 
 useless in cases of pain ; inay, perhaps, replace Hyoscine. — B.M.J.E. '13, i. 56. 
 
 Is more poisonous than Veronal, but otherwise its toxicology is similar. 
 — L. '13, ii. 1180. 
 
 ADALIN.— A stable Bromo-ethyl-acetyl-urea compound. A white powder 
 nearly insoluble in cold Water. As a sedative, 5 to 10 grains three or four 
 times daily; as a hypnotic, 10 to 15 grains half to one hour before bedtime 
 with a draught of hot Uquid. Especially useful in sleeplessness of nervous 
 origin, in cardiac nem-oses, and in organic heart disease. — B.M.J.E. '13, i. 28. 
 
 After prolonged admimstration its effective dose as a hypnotic may some- 
 times be reduced to 7| grains. — M.A. '13, 301. 
 
 Proponal (Dipropyl - Barbituric Acid). — A white crystalUne powder, 
 sparingly soluble in Water, readily in Alcohol (90p.c.), Ether, and the fixed 
 alkalis. Hypnotic, prompt in action, but the small margin between thera- 
 peutic and toxic dose is, however, a disadvantage. The hypnotic dose is 5 
 to 6 grains, 7| grains approaching tlie danger dose. — B.M.J. '09, i. 555. 
 
 Is more poisonous than Veronal, but otherwise its toxicology is similar. 
 —L. '13, ii. 1180. 
 
 Bromural (Urea Monobromine Isovalerianate). — In white platelets having 
 a slightly bitter taste ; soluble in hot Water, Ether, Alcohol, and the alkalis. 
 Dose, 5 to 10 grains = 0'32 to 0'65 gramme. A hypnotic in neurasthenia, 
 especially with marked excitability. Rarely accoinpanied by disturbing 
 secondary effects ; particularly valuable in children. 
 
 A woman, aged 34, took thirty 5-grain tablets, resulting in sound and 
 deep sleep for 36 hours without deleterious effect.- — Jl. Trop. Med. and Hyg. 
 '11, 112. 
 
 Best given as a hot di'ink, or with spirit ; sleep follows in 30 minutes ; 
 no ill-effects, even after 90 grains ; children can take comparatively large 
 doses; may be given continuous^ over considerable periods. — F.T. '11, 20. 
 
 Not Official. 
 URETHANE. 
 
 ETHYL CABBAMATE. ETHYt-TTRKTHANE. CARBAIMIC ACID ETHYli ESTER. 
 
 CjHjNOo, eq. 89-066. 
 
 Colourless, prismatic, odourless crystals or scales, with a peculiar cooling, 
 saline and somewhat bitter taste. 
 
 Urethane is Official in the U.S. P. under the title of ^thylis Carbamas. It 
 is a Carbamic Acid Ester and may be prepared by the action of Ethyl Alcohol 
 U23on Urea or one of its salts. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles, preferably of a dark 
 amber tint. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 2 of Water ; 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 2 of Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Hypnotic, without anodyne properties. Is 
 uncertain and weak in action. 
 
 Useful for young children in restlessness, sleeplessness, in reducing number 
 of attacks in whooping cough, and in toxic convulsions and spasms. — M.A. 
 '13, 44. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 grammes. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] URE 1411 
 
 Foreign Pliarmaeopo&ias. — Official in Sijan., Swiss, Mex. (Uretano), 
 and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— Urethane melts at about 48° C. (llS-i'F.). The U.S. P. states 
 47 • 5° to 50° C. (117- 5° to 122° F.). The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that this melting point be changed to ' from 48° to 50° C. {118"4'' 
 to 122° F.).' It boils at about 172° C. (341-6° F.) ; at a higher temperature 
 it is decomposed. When mixed with 5 times its weight of Sulphuric Acitl 
 and gently heated it is decomposed with the evolution of Carbon Dioxide. 
 When warmed with Sodium Hydroxide Solution (15 p. c.) the distinctive 
 odour of Ammonia is evolved, and a piece of moistened red Litmus paper 
 suspended in the mouth of the tube is rendered blue. 0'5 gramme dissolved 
 in 5 c.c. of DLstilled Water, containing in solution 1 gramme of dry Sodimn 
 Carbonate, yields when the solution is warmed with the addition of O'Ol 
 gramme of lochne, a yellow crystalline precipitate of Iodoform when the 
 solution cools. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Chlorides, Nitrates, Urea or 
 Carbamide, and mineral residue. The 10 p.c. aqueous solution, acidified 
 with Nitric Acid, should not afford a turbidity on the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. 2 c.c. of a 10 p.c. 
 aqueous solution mixed with 2 c.c. of cold concentrated Sulphuric Acid, the 
 liquids being kept cool during the mixing, should not yield a bro^\^.lish ring 
 at the junction of the two liquids on the adcUtion of 1 c.c. of FeiTous Sulphate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Nitrates. Separate solutions of 1 gramme 
 of Urethane dissolved in 2 c.c. of Distilled Water should neither afford a 
 crystalline precipitate on the addition of 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid, nor on the 
 addition of Mercuric Nitrate Solution, nor on the addition of Oxalic Acid 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Urea or Carbamide. It should leave 
 no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral re^idiie. The U.S. P. 
 requires that it .should leave no weighable residue ; the proposed changes 
 in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this bo changed to ' not exceeding 
 0-05 p.c' 
 
 HEDONAL (Methyl-propyl-carbinol-urethane). — Coloiirless crystals, or 
 as a white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in cold Water, but more readily 
 in hot Water. 
 
 Hypnotic. Distinctly dangerous ; death has occurred two hovu^s after 
 operation.— B.M.J. '12, ii. 193 ; '13, ii. 393. 
 
 Contra-indicated in the young and vigorous for bloodless operations and 
 in mouth and air sinus operations without previous laryngotomy ; on the 
 other hand, it is the best anesthetic for head cases and for the aged and 
 cachectic— L. '12, ii. 1395. 
 
 Its advocates have abandoned their recommendation of it as a general 
 anaesthetic, and acknowledge its limitations. — B.M.J. '12, ii. 1311. 
 
 The consensus of opinion at the present time is that its use as an amesthetic 
 should be restricted to cranial and spinal surgery, while it shovild be avoided 
 for all operations on or about the air passages ; further, very small doses are 
 indicated, and the rate of flow of the infusing solution should be as slow as 
 is consistent with the avoidance of clotting in the vein, a complication at ones 
 not uncommon and dangerous. — L. '15, ii. 347. 
 
 The serious objections to the method of anaesthesia are the complicated 
 apparatus and technique ; and the risks of sepsis and thrombosis ; also the 
 time taken to prepare for the administration. — L. '15, ii. 573. 
 
 Dose. — 15 to 30 grains = 1 to 2 granmaes, in cachet. 
 
 Phenyl-Urethane (Euphorin). — A white crystalline powder, only 
 sparingly soluble in Water, soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Ether. It 
 should be preserved from the Ught. A powerful analgesic, but like some 
 other powerful analgesics it tends to interfere with the respiratory process 
 and to weaken the heart. It has proved of special service in the pain of 
 orchitis. Dose, 1 to 5 grains = 0-06 to 0-32 gramme. 
 
 2 z 2 
 
1412 UIIQ- [Solids by "Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 URGINEA. 
 
 URGINEA. 
 
 B.P.Syn. — Indian Squill, 
 [new.] 
 
 The younger bulb of Urginea Indica, Kuntli., divested of its dry 
 membranous outer scale, cut into slices, and dried ; tliey sliould be 
 collected soon after flowering. 
 
 It readily acquires moisture and is best preserved over quicklime. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies, 
 and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — See Scilia, p. 1223. 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0*065 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Acetvun Urginese, Oxj^mel XJrginese, Pilula 
 Ipecacuanhae cunx Urginea, Pilula Urginese Composita, Syrupus Urginese, and 
 Tinctura Urginese. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The bulb is unicated, and about tlie size of 
 an ordinary onion, but the Official article is divested of its outer 
 membranous scales and the fleshy portion is cut into curved strips 
 longitudinally, so that they are separated or connected, several together, 
 to a portion of the central axis. The strips are usually 1 to 5 cm. 
 (f to 2 in.) long and 5 to 10 mm. {\ to f in.) wide, yellowish white, 
 fleshy, often longitudinally ribbed, tough, but brittle and pnlverisable 
 when quite dry. The taste is bitter and acrid. In India the entire 
 bulb is preferred in native practice. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 ACETUM URGINEA. Vinegar of Urginea. (New.) 
 
 10 of Urginea, bruised, macerated for a week, with a mixture of 
 Acetic Acid, 10, and Water 32. Press and filter. (About 1 in 4.) 
 
 It is conveniently filtered througli Talc. 
 
 It is about twice the strength of Ind. and Col. Add., both in Squill and 
 Acetic Acid, and is now Official in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose.— 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 Tests. — Vinegar of Urginea has a specific gravity of about 1 "070. 
 It is oflicially required to indicate not less than 6 '48 p.c. w/v of 
 Hydrogen Acetate, as determined by titrating 10 ml. of the Vinegar 
 with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not 
 less than 10 "8 ml. should be required; 1 ml. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponds to 0*060032 gramme of 
 Hydrogen Acetate ; Phenol phthalein Solution may be emploj^ed as an 
 indicator of neutrality, although not specifically mentioned in the B.P. 
 
 OXYMEL URGINEA. Oxymel of Urginea. (New.) 
 
 Vinegar of Urginea, 4 ; Purified Honey, 10. 
 
 In Ind. and Col. Add. it was made from Urginea, but the sti'ength remains 
 about the same. It is now Official in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure,] UViEJ 1413 
 
 Tests. — Oxymel of Urginea has a specific gravity of about 1 '29. 
 It is officially required to indicate 1 "IS p.c. w/w, corresponding to 
 l*84p.c. w/v of Hydrogen Acetate, as determined by titrating 
 25 grammes of the Oxymel with Half-Normal A^olumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, of which not less than 11 '9 ml. should be required ; 
 1 ml. of Half-Nqrmal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 
 "030016 gramme of Hydrogen Acetate; Phenolphthalein Solution 
 may be employed as an indicator of neutrality, although not speci- 
 fically mentioned in the B.P. The optical rotation at 15*5° C. (60° F.) 
 in a 200 mm. tube, of the filtrate obtained by precipitating 25 grammes 
 of the Oxymel with 1 ml. of Lead Subacetate Solution, diluting to 
 100 ml. and filtering, after decolorising by the addition of 1 gramme 
 of Animal Charcoal, should be not more than -3 "9°. 
 
 PILULA IPECACUANH^ffi CUM URGING, 5cep. 790. 
 
 PILULA URGINEvE COMPOSITA. Compound Urginea Pill. 
 
 (New.) 
 
 Urginea, 2*5; Ginger, 2; Amrnoniacum, 2; Hard Soap, 1*5; all 
 in powder ; Syrup of Glucose (by weight), about 2. (About 1 in 4.) 
 
 In Ind. and Col. Add. it contained rather more Hard Soap, but the strength 
 remains about the same. It is now Official in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose. — 4 to 8 grains = 0*26 to 0*52 gramme. 
 
 SYRUPUS URGINEiE. Syrup of Urginea. (New.) 
 
 Vinegar of Urginea, 17-5 ; Refined Sugar, 65; Distilled Water q.s. 
 
 to yield 100, by weight. (About 1 of Urginea in 17 (by measure).) 
 
 As the Vinegar of Urginea is now twice the strength, only half the quantity 
 
 is used, and therefore the Syrup of Urginea remains aljout the same as in 
 
 Ind. and Col. Add. It is now Official in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. drm. = 1 -8 to 3 '6 ml. 
 
 TINCTURA URGINEA. Tincture of Urginea. (New.) 
 
 1 of bruised Urginea, macerated with 5 of Alcohol (60 p.c). (1 in 5.) 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add., and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 15 minims = 0*3 to 0*9 ml. 
 
 UV^ URSI FOLIA. 
 
 BEAE-BERRY LEAVES. 
 
 Fa., BussEROLE ; Geb., Babentraubenblatteb ; Ital., Uva Ubsina ; 
 
 Span., Gaytjba. 
 
 The dried Leaves of Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Sprengel. 
 Contains a crystallisable glucoside, Arbutin, soluble in Water and Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). Dose, 1 to 15 grains. Arbutinum is Official in Russ. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent and diuretic ; disinfectant 
 
1414 UV^ [Solids by Weight; liquids by Meastu-e.] 
 
 to the urinary mucous membrane, and valuable in inflammation of 
 tlie bladder and uretlira. 
 
 Has a general vii'inary antiseptic action at least equal to that of tSalicylates, 
 and for B. coli in alkaline urine it is second only if not equal to Boric Acid. 
 ^B.M.J. '13, ii. 653. 
 
 Arbutin is no substitute for the crude drug, as an antiseptic. — B.M.J. '13, 
 ii. 654. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Infusum Uves Ursi. 
 
 Not Official. — Infusum Uvse Ursi Concentratum. 
 
 Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr. (Busserole), Ger., Hung., 
 Ital., Jap., Mex. (Gayaba del pais), Norw., Port. (Uva Ursina), Russ., Swed., 
 Swiss and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The leaves are about | to 1 in. (19 to 25 mm.) 
 long and ^ to f in. (6 to 9 mm.) broad, obovate, rounded at the 
 apex, and tapering below into a short leaf stalk, dark green and 
 shining on the upper surface, with a network of depressed small 
 veins, the under surface paler and reticulated with dark veins ; the 
 margin is entire and slightly reflexed. The taste is astringent, and 
 the odour faint and tea-like. The leaves of Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, L., 
 bear some resemblance to Bearberry Leaves, and are stated to have 
 been mixed with them, but can be easily distinguished by having 
 dark dots on the under surface, by being crenately toothed near the 
 apex and more revolute at the margin. 
 
 The; powdered leaves arc characterised by the straight-walled 
 epidermal cells, the large stomata of the lower epidermis, short palisade 
 cells, and the presence of tracheids and numerous serial prismatic 
 crystals. 
 
 Tests. — Bearberry Leaves leave from 2 to 3 p.c. of ash. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 INFUSUM UNM URSL Infusion of Bearberry. 
 Bearberry Leaves, bruised, 1 ; boiling Distilled Water, 20 ; infuse 
 for 15 minutes and strain. (1 in 20.) 
 
 Dose.— J to 1 fl. oz. = 14-2 to 28-4 ml. 
 
 In the 1864 Pharmacopoeia the Leaves were not ordered to be bruised ; 
 when bruised, the infusion is stronger, but a large deposit forms in the strained 
 fluid. 
 
 Incompatibles. — Iron salts, Lead salts, Silver Nitrate^ vegetable alka- 
 loids. Gelatin. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. (Tisane), 1 in 100 ; Ital., 1 
 in 20 Decoction. U.S. has a 1 in 1 Fluid Extract containing 30 p.c. of Glycerin. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 INFUSUM UV>E URSI CONCENTRATUIV! (Farr and Wright).— Bear- 
 berry Leaves, in No. 20 powder, 40 ; Alcohol (90 p.c), 25 ; Dilute Chloroform 
 Water (1 in 1000), q.s. to make 100. Prepare by repercolation. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3- 6 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] VAL 1415 
 
 VALERIANA RHIZOMA. 
 
 VALERIAN RHIZOME. 
 
 N.O.Syn. — ^\''alerian Root. 
 
 Fb., Valp:riane Officinale ; Ger., Baldrian ; Ital., Valeriana ; 
 Span., Valeriana. 
 
 The dried erect Rhizome and Roots of Valeriana officinalis, L., 
 collected in the autumn. 
 
 That from wild plants growing on dry soil is preferred. It owes its 
 properties to a volatile Oil and a volatile Acid ; the salts of the latter 
 (Valerianates) are not prepared from the root, but sjmthetically from Amylic 
 Alcohol. 
 
 The bulk of the Valerian root used in this country is of foreign growth, 
 and shoTild either be allowed or expressly prohibited in B.P. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — It is a nervine stimulant and anti- 
 spasmodic. Useful in hysteria, in functional nervous diseases 
 associated with hysteria, and as an adjunct to tonics. 
 
 Since the fresh juice owes its peculiar physiological properties to the 
 undecomposed Bornyl iso -valerianate contained in the volatile Oil, it might 
 be more desirable to use the volatile Oil in preference to the other preparations 
 of Valerian. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian is usually prescribed 
 tvith Camphor Water. It is also given with Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, or 
 Fetid Spirit of Ammonia and Spirit of Chloroform,. 
 
 OflBeial Preparation. — Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata. 
 
 Not Official. — Tinctura Valerianae, Tinctura Valerianae ^therea, Oleum 
 Valerianae, Valyl, Acidum Valerianicum, Fluidextractum Valerianae, Infusum 
 Valerianae, Infusum Valerianae Concentratum, Ferri Valerianas. 
 
 Foreign PharmaeopcBias.^ — Official in all. An Extract, and a 1 in 20 
 Infusion are official in Ital. An Extract in Belg., Dutch, Fr., and Russ. ; 
 a Fluid Extract in Dan., Mex. and U.S. A concentrated Infusion (1 in 5) 
 is Official in Norw. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Valerian Root varies much in quality and 
 in price. A little is grown in this country at Chesterfield, where the 
 form sanibucifolia, Willd., appears to be the species cultivated ; at 
 Long Melford the more robust form Mikanii, Syme, is preferred, the 
 latter yielding a rather larger and more odorous root. Valerian Root 
 is also imported from Thuringia in Germany, Hungary, Belgium, and 
 France, and rarely from Japan, under the name of Kesso ; the 
 Japanese plant is referred to the var. latifolia, Miq. The French 
 root is generally rather paler, the Japanese is a dark brown with a 
 scurfy surface, and is powerfully odorous ; it is probal)ly a distinct 
 species. 
 
 Valerian Root consists of a short rootstock, ^ to J in. (8 to 12 mm.) 
 in diameter and less than 1 in. (25 mm.) long, giving off numerous 
 slender, brownish, brittle roots, 3 to 4 in. (7 "5 to 10 cm.) long and 
 about xo-i^- (2 '5 mm.) in diameter, tapering into slender rootlets at 
 the extremity, and whitish in transverse fracture. The rhizome is 
 hard and horny internally, but becomes hollow with transverse 
 
1416 VAIi [Solids Toy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 septa when old a.nd occasionally exliibits a few lateral, short, 
 horizontal branches. When fresh it is almost without smell, the 
 valerianic odour being developed during the drying or by injury to the 
 surface. Under the microscope the characteristic features are the 
 hypoderm cells with undulated walls, the abundance of small rounded 
 or muUer-shaped starch grains, the oil drops in the cortical cells, and 
 the porous sclerenchymatous cells of the rhizome. 
 
 Tests. — ^Valerian Root yields from 8 to 10 p.c. of ash, and the latter 
 figure should not be exceeded. The B.P. states that the odour is strong, 
 characteristic, and disagreeable ; the taste unpleasant, eamphoraceous, 
 and slightly bitter ; the U.S. P. that the odour is peculiar, becoming 
 stronger and more unpleasant on keeping the drug ; the taste is eam- 
 phoraceous and somewhat bitter. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA VALERIANA AMMONIATA. Ammoniated Tincture 
 OF Valerian. 
 
 Valerian Rhizome, in No. 40 powder, 4 oz. ; Oil of Nutmeg, 29 _ 
 minims ; Oil of Lemon, 19 minims ; Solution of Ammonia, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), 18 fl. oz. ; by maceration. (1 in 5.) 
 
 Tho metric quantities are 200, 3, 2, 100, 900. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6ml. 
 
 Tests. — ^Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian has a specific gravity 
 of 0"930 to 0"940 ; it contains about 3 p.c. w/v of total solids and 
 about 56 p.c. v/v of Absolute Alcohol. When freshly prepared a 
 measured quantity of 10 c.c. of the Tincture requires about 4*5c.c, 
 of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to neutralise the 
 Ammonia, Methyl Orange, or Cochineal Solution being employed as 
 an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution corresponds to 0" 01 7034 gramme of absolute Ammonia. 
 This corresponds to 0*76 p.c. w/v of absolute Ammonia. 
 
 Tinctura Valerianae Ammoniata (U.S.). — Valerian, in No. 60 powder, 
 20 ; Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, q.s. to make 100 ; by macero-percolation. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM VALERIAN/E (U.S.).— I in 1 with a mixture of 
 Alcohol (95 p.c.) To and Water 25. 
 
 Dose.— 30 to 60 minims = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Extractum Valeriange. — The fluid extract evaporated. 
 
 INFUSUM VALERIAN/E (B.P. '85). —Valerian Rhizome, bruised, ^; 
 boiling Distilled Water, 10. Infuse in a covered vessel for 1 hour and strain. 
 
 INFUSUM VALERIAN>!E CONCENTRATUM (Farr and Wright).— Vale- 
 rian Rhizome, in No. 20 powder, 40; Strong Solution of Ammonia, 0-3; 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), 25; Dilute Chloroform Water (1 in 1000), q.s. to make 
 100. Mix the powder with the Strong Solution of Ammonia and sufficient 
 Chloroform ^^'ater to damp it evenly, set aside for 2 hours, and then submit 
 to repercolation. 
 
 Dose.— i to 1 fl. di-m. = 1-8 to 3' 6 ml. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] VAL 1417 
 
 TiNCtURA VALERIAN>E (B.P. '85).— Percolate 1 of Valerian Rhizome, 
 in No. 40 powder, with sufficient Alcohol ((50 p.c.) to yield 8. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3- 6 to 7- 1 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Swed., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 5 ; 
 Jap., 1 in 10 ; Mex. and U.S. have also Fluid. Extract. All by weight, 
 except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — -Tincture of Valerian {B.P. '85) haa a specific gravity of 0-924 to 
 0-930 ; contains about 2-0 p.c. w/v of total solids and about GO-0 p.c. v/v 
 of Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 TINCTURA VALERIAN/E /ETHEREA (Ger.).— Valerian, 1 ; Spirit of 
 Ether, by weight, 5. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Ger., 
 Hung., Ital., Jap., Norw., Span, and Swiss, 1 in 5 ; Mex., 1 and 5, Sp. ^ther 
 (sp. gr. 0-76) ; Russ., Valerian 1, Alcohol (90 p.c.) 4, Ether (0-725) 2. All 
 by weight. 
 
 Tests. — Ethereal Tincture of Valerian (P.O.) has a specific gravity of about 
 0-815, and contains about 1-0 p.c. w/v of total solids. 
 
 OLEUM VALERIAN/E.— A yellow volatile Oil; sp. gr. 0-930 to 0-960. 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 minims = 0-12 to 6-3 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Be?g. and Port. 
 
 ACIDUM VALERIANICUM. Valerianic Acid, Valeric Acid. C,Hi„0.,, 
 eq. 102-08. — A transparent, colourless, oily liquid, possessing a strong dis- 
 tinctive disagreeable odo\ir. It is used in the preparation of the Valerianates. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 in a cool place. 
 
 Official in Fr. (Aeide VaMrianique Officinal). 
 
 The Fr. Codex states that it maybe obtained from Valerian Root, or by the 
 oxidation, by means of Chromic Acid, of the mixture of Amylic Alcohols 
 produced during fermentation, employing the fraction boiling between 125"^ 
 and 135° C. (257° and 275° F.). From either source the acid consists of a 
 mixture of two isomeric Valerianic Acids, Iso -Valerianic Acid or Iso-Propyl- 
 Acetic Acid, and Methylethylacetic Acid, the former being optically inactive 
 and the latter dextrogyrate ; the proportions of the two acids varying with 
 the source. 
 
 Tests. — Absolute Valerianic Acid has a specific gravity of 0-938 at 15° C. 
 (59° F.). It boils about 175° C. (347° F.). Commercial Valerianic Acid 
 contains a varying proportion of the pure acid, it is recognised by its character- 
 istic penetrating disagreeable odour. When warmed with a mixture of 
 Sulphuric Acid and a little Ethyl or Amyl Alcohol it evolves a fragrant 
 fruity odour. When neutralised with Ammonia and tested with Ferric 
 Chloride Test-Solution, a brownish -red precipitate is thrown down, when 
 this precipitate is allowed to settle the supernatant liquid should be colour- 
 less ; in the presence of Formic or Acetic Acid the supernatant liquid is 
 coloured red. Wlien concentrated Valerianic Acid is agitated with Copper 
 Acetate Solution, anhydrous Cupric Isovalerianate separates in oily drops, 
 which ultimately crystallise in greenish-blue monoclinic prisms ; the reaction 
 distingviishes Valerianic Acid from Butyric Acid, the latter acid forming with 
 a moderately concentrated Cupric Acetate Solution an immediate crystalline 
 precipitate of Cupric Butyrate. The acid may be readily determined by 
 direct titration with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, 
 using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality ; 1 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution corresponds to 0-01021 
 gramme of absolute Valerianic Acid. 
 
 The Fr. Code.v requires that an exactly weighed quantity of 1 gramme of 
 the acid, dissolved in Distilled Water, mixed with a few drops of Tinctiire of 
 Litmus, and titrated with Normal Volumetric Potassiima Hydroxide Solution, 
 
1418 VAL [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 should require not more than 9*8 c.c, corresponding tc 99-96 p.c, of anhydrous 
 Valerianic Acid. 
 
 The more generally occurring impm'ities are Formic Acid, Acetic Acid, 
 Caproic Acid, Chlorides, Amyl Alcohol, Valerianic Aldehyde, Hydrocarbons, 
 Butyric Acid, Sulphates, and fixed impurities. 
 
 An aqueous solution of Valerianic Acid, carefully neutralised with Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, should yield no precipitate on the addition of Zinc Acetate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Caproic Acid. An aqueous solution of the 
 acid, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest 
 turbidity on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of 
 Chlorides. No turbidity or oily layer should remain undissolved when the 
 acid is carefully neutralised with Sodium Hydroxide Solution, indicating the 
 absence of Amyl Alcohol, Valerianic Aldehyde, or neutral Ethers. 
 
 The Fr. Codex requires that a mixture of 1 gramme of the acid with 29 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water at a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), shall yield a turbid 
 milky liquid, which will become clear and homogeneous on the addition of 3 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water ; Formic Acid. Acetic Acid, Caproic Acid, Aldehydes and 
 Hydrocarbons, diminish the solubility of Valerianic Acid, and cause it to yield 
 a tvirljid solution. An aqueous solution of Valerianic Acid, acidified \vith 
 Hydrochloric Acid, should yield not more than the faintest turbidity on the 
 addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 
 Valerianic Acid should be completely volatilised on heating, leaving no 
 weighable residue, indicating the absence of fixed impurities. 
 
 !Perri Valerianas. — A dark brick-red, amorphous powder of somewhat 
 varying chemical composition, having the odour of Valerianic Acid, and a 
 mildly styptic taste. Insoluble in cold Water. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 5 grains = 0-13 to 0-324 gramme. 
 
 Valyl. Valeryl-Diethylamide. C9H19ON, eq. 157-162. — A clear neutral 
 oily liquid of peculiar aromatic odoui", which is soluble in 25 parts of Water, 
 and easily soluble in Alcohol and Ether. It is stated to represent the active 
 principle of Valerian, prepared synthetically. A sedative. Dose. — 2 to 10 
 grains = 0-13 to 0-65 gramme. Best given in capsules. 
 
 VALERIANA INDICT RHIZOMA. 
 
 INDIAN VALERIAN RHIZOME. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Tlie Rhizome and Roots of Valeriana WalUchii, DC, dried. 
 
 Was Official in Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies, 
 and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Ofl&cial Preparation. — Tinctura Valerianre Indica; Ammoniata. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The official Rhizome is that of Valeriana 
 WalUchii, DC, but it does not appear to be so common a drug in 
 India as that of V. Hardwickii, Wall., and is difficult to procure at 
 present in commerce in this country, the former species being usually 
 supplied. The Official drug is described as consisting of a curved 
 rhizome about 5 cm. (2 in.) long and 5 to 10 mm. {} to -| in.) thick, 
 v/ith raised transverse leaf scars, numerous prominent root scars, and 
 a few thick roots. The dark transverse section shows a large pith and 
 a diffuse ring of small wood bundles. Odour strong, valerianic. Taste 
 unpleasant, camphoraceous. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] VAN 1419 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 TINCTURA VALERIAN.^: INDICvE AMMONIATA. Ammoni- 
 ATED Tincture of Indian Valerian. (New.) 
 
 Indian Valerian Rhizome, in No. 40 powder, 4 oz. ; Oil of Nutmeg, 
 29 minims ; Oil of Lemon, 19 minims ; Solution of Ammonia, 2 fl. oz. ; 
 Alcohol (60 p.c), 18 fl. oz. ; by maceration. (1 in 5.) 
 
 The metric quantities are 200, 3, 2, 100, 900. 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1*8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 It was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern Colonies. 
 
 Not Official. 
 VANILLA. 
 
 The Fruit of Vanilla planifolia, Andr., chiefly used as a fiavoiu-ing agent. 
 The finest quaUty comes from Mexico, and large quantities also come from 
 Bourbon. It owes its fragrance to Vanillin, which on oxidation yields 
 Vanillic Acid. Some text-books refer to them as the same substance, but 
 this is not the case ; Vanillic Acid is without odour and does not form a crystal- 
 lisable compound with Sodium Bisulphite. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.- — Official in Austr., Belg., Fr., Jap., Mex., 
 Swiss and U.S. Swiss has Tinctvue 1 in 5 ; Fr. and U.S. 1 in 10. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — Vanilla pods "are the nearly ripe fruits of Vanilla 
 planifolia, Andr., prepared by scalding, gradual fermentation and drying. 
 After the curing process (Ayric. A^ews, vi., p. 291; P.J. (4) xiii., p. 640) 
 the pods are sorted out into various lengths so as to form bundles of uniform 
 size. Mexican Vanilla is considered to he the most aromatic ; the pods are 
 8 to 10 inches (20 to 25 cm.) long, flattened, and about g inch (9 mm.) in 
 diameter at the broadest part. The upper end tapers gradually to the point 
 of attachment to the plant, and is curved and slightly twisted there. The 
 longest pods obtain the highest price. When kept the pods become ' frosted ' 
 or covered with ' givre,' which cpnsists of fine crystals of Vanillin. The 
 value of Vanilla does not, however, depend upon the amount of Vanillin 
 contained in the pods, but upon the aroma, which the artificial Vanillin 
 cannot entirely replace. 
 
 VANILLIN. CsHgO,, eq. 152-064.— Fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, 
 possessing a characteristic odour of Vanilla, and sharp pungent taste. 
 
 It is the Methyl Ester of Protocatechuic Aldehyde, and occurs natiu-ally in 
 Vanilla, or it may be made synthetically from several Ortho-dihydroxybenzene 
 derivatives. The Fr. Codex describes it as the Mono-methylic Ester of 
 Protocatechuic Aldehyde. On oxidation it yields Vanillic Acid, CgHgO^, eq. 
 168-064. 
 
 Solubility. — Sparingly in Water; readily in Alcohol (90 p.c), in Ether 
 and in Chloroform. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr. and U.S. 
 
 Tests.— VaniUin melts at about 80° C. (176° F.) ; the U.S.P. and Fr. 
 Codex state between 80° and 81° C. (176° and 177-8° F.), and that at 285° C. 
 (545° F.) it can be distilled without decomposition in a current of Carbon 
 Dioxide. It is soluble in aqueous solutions of alkali Hydroxides, from 
 which latter solution it is reprecipitated on neutralisation of the alkali 
 Hydroxide. The aqueous solution affords with Ferric Chloride Test-Solution 
 a bkie colovir, changing to brown when the liquid is boiled. An aqueous 
 
1420 VER [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 solution yields a white precipitate on the addition of Lead Acetate Solu- 
 tion. This precipitate is soluble in hot Distilled Water and crystallises 
 out in scales as the sokition cools. Vanillin forms a very soltaljle com- 
 pound with Sodium Acid Sulphite, and if an ethereal solution of Vanillin 
 be shaken with a saturated aqueous Sodiiun Acid Sulphite Solution, the 
 whole of the Vanillin is removed from the ethereal sokition. It is again 
 precipitated from the aqueous Sulphite Solution on the adcL'tion of Sulphvu'ic 
 Acid. When Vanillin is warmed with concentrated alcoholic Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, a few drops of Chloroform added, and the liquid again 
 warmed, no odour of Phenyl Isocyanide should be evolved, indicating the 
 absence of Acetanilide. It should be completely volatilised when carefully 
 heated, leaving no weighable residue, indicating the absence of fixed impurities. 
 
 TiNCTURA VANILL/E (U.S.).— Mix 6.5 of Alcohol (95p.c.) with 35 of 
 Water. Macerate 10 of Vanilla, cut small and bruised, in 50 of the mixture 
 for 12 hoiirs. Drain off the liquid and set it aside. Transfer the Vanilla, 
 to a, mortar, beat it with 20 of Sugar into a tuiiform powder, then pack it 
 in a percolator, and continue the percolation with more of the menstruum 
 to make 100. 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 VERATRI ALBI RHIZOMA. 
 
 WHITE HELLEBORE ROOT. 
 
 The dried rootstock of Veratrutn album, Linn., Nat. Ord. Liliacece. Imported 
 from Central and Southern Europe. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The rootstock, as met with in commerce, is 
 obconical, whole, 2 to 3 in. (5 to 7-5 cm.) long, and about 1 in. (2*5 cm.) in 
 diameter, in the thickest part, crowned with the scale-like leaf base and 
 deprived of the fleshy roots, differing thus from the rootstock of V. viride, 
 from which the fleshy roots are not removed, and the rootstock is cut 
 longitudinally. But the latter presents no good botanical or microscopical 
 distinctive characters, and it is doubtful if it shoiild be regarded as more 
 than a variety of V. album. ,White hellebore root has little odom", but the 
 taste is bitterish and acrid. It is largely used in the powdered form as an 
 insecticide. The powder excites violent sneezing, and, taken internally, is a 
 powerful emetic and purgative. 
 
 Not Official. 
 VERATRI VIRIDIS RHIZOMA. 
 
 GREEN HELLEBORE RHIZOME. 
 
 The Rhizome and Rootlets of Veratrum viride (American Hellebore), Aiton, 
 and Veratrum, album, L. (White Hellebore), are Official in U.S. P. and Veratrutii 
 album in P.G. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Sedative. Has been given to quiet spinal 
 spasms ; should be prescribed cautiously. 
 
 For the destruction of fly larvso in horse maniire and other garbage Powdered 
 Hellebore is the most efficient and practical of ail the materials tested ; 8 oz. 
 to 10 gallons of Water are applied to 8 bushels of manure ; it exerts no harmful 
 effect on manure or plants.— Z,. '15, ii. 559. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Ger., Hung., Swed. and 
 Swiss (Rhizoma Veratri (Veratrum Album)), Mex. (Eleboro Blanco 
 and Eleboro Verde), U.S. (Veratrum (Album or Vii'ide)). 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] VER 1421 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The rhizorne of Veratniin viride bears so close a 
 resemblance to that of V. album that they are practically indistinguishable 
 by any botanical characters either macroscopic or microscopic, but the 
 rhizome of the two species enter into commerce with a somewhat different 
 appearance, those of V. album being usually deprived of roots, but otherwise 
 dried whole, whilst those of V. viride are usually cut into halves or quarters 
 longitudinally, and the thick pale wrinkled roots are often attached to them. 
 In the cases where V. album, has the roots left upon the rhizome, the roots 
 are usually much less wrinkled transversely than in V. viride, as if the plant 
 had grown in less moist soil than V. viride. 
 
 According to R. H. Denniston there is a difference in the roots of the two 
 plants, the collenchyma region immediately below the epidermis consisting 
 in V. viride of 2-3 rows of large irregular and distorted cells, but in V- album, 
 of 7—8 rows of rounded, thicker-walled and smaller cells, which are not at 
 all distorted (Pharm. Archiv. 1, p. 68-70). 
 
 The statement that the latter contains an alkaloid not present in the former 
 needs confirmation. 
 
 TINCTURA VERATRI (f/.S.).— Veratrum in No. 60 powder, 1 ; Alcohol 
 (95 p.c), q.s. to yield 10. (1 in 10.) 
 
 Average Dose. — 1.5 minims — 0-9 c.c. 
 
 B,P. '85 was 1 in 5 with Alcohol (88-76 p.c). 
 
 Official in Ger. and Hung, 1 in 10 ; U.S., 1 in 10. U.S. has also a Fluid 
 Extract, 1 in 1. 
 
 Not Official. 
 VERATRINA. 
 
 VEBATRINK. r 
 
 A white, or greyish -white, odourless, amorphous powder, possessing a 
 very bitter acrid taste and leaving a feeling of numbness on the tongue, but 
 it should be tasted with extreme caution. Great caution should also be 
 exercised in smelling the alkaloid Veratrine, as even a minute quantity 
 causes intense irritation and violent sneezing when it comes into contact 
 with the nasal mucus membrane. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint, aa 
 it has a tendency to become hygroscopic in moist air. 
 
 It was official in B.P. 189vS, and was stated to be obtained from Cevadilla, 
 the dried ripe seeds of Sclicenocaulon officinale, A. Gray, but is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility. — Scarcely soluble in cold Water ; 1 in 1000 of boiling Water ; 
 1 in 3 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 2 in 1 of Ether ; 1 in 3 of Chloroform ; sparingly 
 in Glycerin ; about 1 in 80 of Ohve Oil ; and readily in diluted Acids. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A powerful irritant poison, scarcely ever given 
 internally. Externally it acts as an analgesic in neuralgia, more particularly, 
 of the fifth nerve. It should not be used where the skin is broken. 
 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 0-005 gramme ; daily, 015 gramme. 
 
 Fr. maximum dose, single, 0-002 gramme ; daity, 0-010 gramme. 
 
 Foreign Pha^rmaeopcBias. — Official in all except Dan. and Hung. 
 
 Tests. — Veratrine dissolves in Nitric Acid, forming a yellow solution. 
 When warmed with Hydrochloric Acid it dissolves, yielding a blood -red 
 colour permanent for some days. Triturated with Sulphuric Acid it yields 
 first a yellow and then a bright red mixtvu-e, subsequently exhibiting a 
 yellowish-green fluorescence when viewed by reflected light, the fluorescence 
 becoming more intense on fiu^ther addition of acid. If the Sulphm-ic 
 Acid mixture be warmed a violet-red coloration is produced, or if it be 
 
1422 VIB [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measiu-e.] 
 
 allowed to stand a violet-i'ed coloration is gradually produced. A drop 
 of Syrup added to the mixtm'e of Sulphuric Acid and Veratrine darkens 
 the red coloiu* and gives it a purple coloration ; by exposure to air the pxorple 
 loecomes blue. Sulphuric Acid with one-seventh of its volume of Water 
 is a more useful reagent. A distinguishing reaction for Veratrine is its 
 irritating effect upon the nasal mucous membrane, a tiny particle of the 
 dust from the powdered alkaloid causing violent sneezing. The test should, 
 however, be applied with extreme caution, and the same caution should he 
 exercised in tasting substances or liquids presximed to contain the alkaloid. 
 The U.S. P. requires Veratrine to yield with Sulphixric Acid containing a 
 trace of Selenous Acid a brownish-green colour. Veratrine dissolves readily 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c), the alcoholic solution being alkaline in reaction towards 
 Litmus paper. The 1 in 20 alcoholic solution should not yield a precipitate 
 on the addition of Platinum Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of 
 foreign alkaloids such as Brucine, Morphine and Strychnine. It should 
 leave no weighable ash, indicating the absence of mineral matter. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 OLEATUM VERATRIN>!E (C/.^S.).— Veratrine, 2; Oleic Acid, 50; OUve 
 Oil, q.s. to make 100 ; by weight. 
 
 Unguentum Veratrinae {U.S.). — Veratrine, 4 ; Expressed Oil of Almond, 
 6 ; Benzoinated Lard, 90. 
 Port., 1 in 50. 
 
 Acetum Sabadillae (Ger.). — Crushed Sabadilla Seeds, 5; Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 6 ; Acetic Acid (30 p.c), 9 ; Water, 36. 
 
 VIBURNUM. 
 
 *• BLACK HAW. 
 
 [new.] 
 
 Tlie dried Bark of Viburnum pncnifolium., L. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add. for India and the Eastern and North 
 American Colonies, and is now included in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Strongly recommended as a preventive 
 in cases of threatened abortion; to control monorrhagia and 
 metrorrhagia, and in all kinds of pelvic inflammation ; brilliant results 
 in dysmenorrhoea. 
 
 The bark of Viburnum opulus has also been used in similar cases. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Extractum Viburni laquidtun. 
 
 Not Official. — Elixir Viburni Prunifolii, Fluidextractum Viburni Pruni- 
 folii. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Fr., Mex., Span. 
 
 and U.S. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The Bark as met with in commerce occurs 
 in pieces 3 or 4 inches (7*5 or 10 cm.) long, and 1 to 1^ inches (2*5 to 
 4 cm.) wide, and xV to to ^^^^ (about 2 mm.) in thickness. The outer 
 surface is covered with a thin, laminated, irregularly cracked or scaly 
 epidermis, of a dark grey tint, but whitish when scraped with the nail. 
 Where the periderm is exfoliated the inner bark shows of a tawny 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] VIN 1423 
 
 colour, on tlie inner surface bright brown, and is striated longitudinally, 
 the striae being shorter on the inner surface and resembling narrow 
 blisters in shape. The root bark, when exfoliated, is almost blackish- 
 brown externally, with rounded or short transversely oblong lenticels ; it 
 is more twisted, and the short strise are more pronounced on the inner 
 surface. The odour resembles that of Valerian, the taste is somewhat 
 astringent. Under the microscope the medullary rays are seen to 
 consist of a single series of cells. In the liber there are numerous 
 rounded islets of stone-cells, irregular in their size and direction ; the 
 cells have thick walls and a very small lumen. 
 
 The Bark is somewhat variable in appearance, due possibly to the 
 fact that the Bark of F. Lantago and F. dentatum is also collected ; 
 in the Southern States that of F. rufotomentosum, Small., appears to 
 supply a large part of the commercial Bark. It is thicker, rather 
 softer, and has a strong but different odour. 
 
 Black Haw Bark contains a bitter glucoside, soluble in Water, which 
 is probably the source of the Valerianic Acid that gives its odour to 
 the Bark. It also contains about 2 J p.c. of a Resin, Starch, a little 
 Tannin, and 8-3 p.c. of ash (Vogl., p. 262). 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 EXTRACTUM VIBURNI LIQUIDUM. Liquid Extract op 
 Black Haw. (New.) 
 
 1 of Black Haw, in No. 60 powder, treated with Alcohol (70 p.c.) 
 by percolation, so as to produce 1 of fluid extract. (1 in 1.) 
 
 Dose.— 60 to 120 minims = 3-6 to 7-1 ml. 
 
 Was Official in the Ind. and Col. Add., and is now inclvided in B.P. 1914. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Dutch, Fr. and U.S., 1 in 1 ; 
 U.S. has also Flmdextractum Viburni Opuli, 1 in 1. 
 
 ISTot Official. 
 
 ELIXIR VIBURNI PR UNIFOLI I (C/.-S.iV. J'.).— Flmd Extract of Viburnum 
 Prmiifolium, 12-5; Compound Tincture of Cardamoms, 7-5; Aromatic 
 Elixir, 80. Average dose, 1 fl. drm. — 3-6 c.c. 
 
 Extraetum Viburni Prunifolii. — The Fluid Extract evaporated to an 
 extract. 
 
 FLUIDEXTRACTUM VIBURNI PRUNIFOLII {U.S.).— I in 1 with a 
 mixture of Alcohol (95 p.c.) 2 and Water 1. 
 Average Dose. — 30 minims (2 c.c). 
 
 VINA. 
 
 WINES. 
 
 Medicated Wines are of very ancient date, and were admitted to our 
 earliest Pharmacopoeias. Two only remain as representatives of the 
 old Pharmacopoeias — ^Vinum Antimoniale and Vinum Ferri ; the 
 
1424 VIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 former was prepared by digesting 4 oz. of the Regulus of Antimony 
 in powder with 3 lb. of ' Wliite ' Wine (Pharmacopoeia Londinensis, 
 1665). The latter (Vinum Chalybeatum) was made with Rhenish 
 Wine and Iron filings. 
 
 The Wines in B.P. 1914 are much the same as those in B.P. 1898. 
 
 VINUM XERICUM. 
 
 SHERRY. 
 
 A pale yellowish-brown or brown liquid, possessing a pleasant vinous 
 odour and taste. It is defined by the B.P. as a Spanish W^ine. 
 
 Unless good sound Sherry is used, the pharmaceutical preparations 
 are apt to spoil by keeping. It is required to contain not less than 
 16 p.c. by volume of Ethyl Hydroxide. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Used in the preparation of Vinum Antimoniale, 
 Vinum Colchici, Vinum Ferri, and Vinmn Ipecacuanhte. 
 
 Not Official. — Vinum Xericmn Detannatum. 
 
 Tests. — Sherry of good quality has a sj)ecific gravity of about 
 • 985 to • 998. It is Officially required to contain not less than 16 p.c. 
 by volume of Ethyl Hydroxide. Good sound Sherries contain from 
 16 to 20 p.c. by volume of Absolute Alcohol; the Alcohol may be 
 determined by a similar method to that given under Spiritus Frumenti. 
 It is Officially required to contain not less than 0"1 p.c. w/v or more 
 than 0"2 p.c. w/v of volatile acids, calculated as Acetic Acid, as 
 determined by distilling a mixture of 25 ml. of Sherry, 25 ml. of Distilled 
 Water and 0*5 gramme of Tannic Acid, collecting 25 ml. of the distillate, 
 subsequently steam-distilling the residual liquid in the flask until a 
 total quantity of about 200 ml. of distillate has been obtained. After 
 the addition of a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution, as an indicator 
 of neutrality, the volatile acids in the distillate are titrated with Fifth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not less than 
 2-1 or more than 4*2 ml. should be required ; 1 ml. of Fifth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0'012 gramme of Acetic 
 Acid (Hydrogen Acetate). 
 
 It is also Officially required to contain not less than 0*3 p.c. w/v or 
 more than 0*45 p.c. w/v of fixed acids, calculated as Tartaric Acid, as 
 determined by titrating 25 ml. of Sherry with Fifth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indi- 
 cator of neutrality ; from the number of ml. of Fifth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution required, the number of ml. of Fifth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution required to neutralise the volatile 
 acids is deducted, and the difference is calculated to Tartaric Acid ; it 
 should amount to not less than 5 or more than 7*5 ml. ; 1 ml. of Fifth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 0*015 gramme of 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] VIO 1425 
 
 Hydrogen Tartrate. The extractive matter may vary from 2 to 5 p.c. 
 w/v. The ash amounts to about 0-55 p.c. w/v. The Wine is Officially 
 required to be free from Salicylic Acid, as determined by adding to 
 50 ml. of the Wine sufficient Sodium Hydroxide Solution to render it 
 alkaline in reaction, evaporating the alkaline liquid to a small volume, 
 adding sufficient Hydrochloric Acid to produce an acid reaction, and 
 extracting any liberated Salicylic Acid with Benzene. The Benzene 
 Solution is separated, evaporated, and the residue dissolved in Distilled 
 Water ; the addition of a drop of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution should 
 not produce a violet colour. The evaporation of the Benzene Solution, 
 with its consequent risk of loss of Salicylic Acid by volatilisation, might 
 well have been dispensed with, and the Benzene Solution shaken direct 
 with Distilled Water containing 1 or 2 drops of Ferric Chloride Test- 
 Solution. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 VINUM XERICUM DETANNATUM (B.P.C.).— Sherry, 100; Gelatin, 
 in No. 100 powder, 0- 15 ; macerate for 24 hours (at a temperature not exceed- 
 ing 15-5° C.) with frequent agitation, and decant. 
 
 Bird has shown [Y.B.P. '99, 363) that by substituting Gelatin in No. 100 
 powder (now commercially procurable) for Gelatiia cut small, as previously 
 directed in the B.P.G. Formulary '94, it is possible to completely detannate 
 an average sample of Sherry in 24 hours. The same Wine treated with sheet 
 Gelatin cut small required days for the completion of the process. 
 
 Not Official. 
 VINCA MAJOR. 
 
 GREATER PERIWINKLE. 
 
 An infusion made of dried Herb, 2 ; boiling "Water, 20 ; is powerfully 
 astringent, and will often arrest menorrhagia. 
 
 Dose. — A wineglassful. 
 
 Dose of the fluid extract, 1 to 2 fl. drm. = 3 • 6 to 7 • 1 ml. 
 Official in Fr. {Pervenche Officinale). 
 
 Not Official. 
 VIOLA. 
 
 The flowers of Viola odorata, L., are Official in French, Italian, Portuguese 
 and Spanish Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 The herb Viola tricolor, L., is Official in the Austrian, German and Swiss 
 Pharmacopoeias. That Official in the Austrian is the cultivated variety ; 
 that in the German and Swiss from wild plants. 
 
 The reputation of Violets for the treatment of malignant growths was 
 fovmded on the use of wild Violets, at least as far back as the reign of James I. 
 It is therefore desirable that in any inquiry into the subject wild Violets be 
 used, such as have been used for centm-ies. 
 
1426 YEA [Solids by Weight; Liquids }fy Measure.] 
 
 Not Official. 
 YEAST. 
 
 BEER YEAST. 
 
 The ferment obtained in brewing Beer and produced by Saccharomyces 
 cerevisice. 
 
 A viscid, frothy semi-fluid, possessing a sour vinous odom" and a somewhat 
 bitter taste. It is insoluble in Alcohol, practically insoluble in Water. 
 Exposed to a moderate heat it loses its liquid portion and becomes dry, hard 
 and brittle, and in this form may be preserved for some time, though appar- 
 ently with a loss of much of its peculiar power. Yeast cakes are prepared 
 by putting Yeast into sacks, washing with Water, submitting it to pressure, 
 and ultimately drying it ; Compressed Yeast, the undried product, is now 
 largely used. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antiseptic and stimulating ; it has been recom- 
 mended internally against fiu"unculosis and acne, and has been found useful 
 in obstinate dysentery. In typhoid fever 60 grammes daily, in 3 doses. 
 
 Dose. — J to 1 oz. (28 to 56 grammes) alone or with Water. 
 
 Purunclin and Levurine are powdered forms of dehydrated Yeast. 
 
 Not Official. 
 YOHIMBINE. 
 
 Silky white needles, or as a white, amorphous powder, which has a 
 tendency to change in colour on exposure to light ; it shoiild therefore be 
 kept in well -closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far 
 as possible from the light. It possesses a faint odour of Benzaldehyde. It 
 is slightly soluble in Water, readily soluble in Methyl, Ethyl, or in Amyl 
 Alcohol, in Ether and in Chloroform. It is an alkaloid derived from the 
 bark of Corynanthe yohimbi (Schumann) or Yohimbehe tree, which grows in 
 the Southern Cameroons district in Africa. 
 
 It is also known under the titles of Corynine and Aphrodine. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aphrodisiac, and local anaesthetic. 
 
 Tests.^ — Yohimbine melts at about 234° C. (453-2° F.). It has certain 
 properties in common with Cocaine. It produces a temporary ansesthesia 
 somewhat resembling that occasioned by Cocaine. The following reactions 
 may be utilised for distinguishing between the two : — The melting point. 
 Cocaine melts at 98° C. (208-4° F.), Yohimbine as stated above; Cocaine 
 Hydrochloride melts at 183° C. (361*4° F.); Yohimbine Hydrochloride has 
 a melting point as given below ; Cocaine when heated for 5 minutes with 
 Sulphuric Acid yields an odour of Methyl Benzoate, Yohimbine yields a faint 
 odour resembling Peppermint ; Cocaine when treated first with Fuming 
 Nitric Acid and then with Hydrochloric Acid Solution gives no colour reaction. 
 Yohimbine is coloured at first a deep green and then yellow by Nitric Acid, 
 on the addition of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution a cherry -red colour 
 is produced ; Cocaine remains colourless when dissolved in strong Sulphuric 
 Acid, and when treated with Chlorinated Lime, Yohimbine gives an intense 
 orange-red colour ; Cocaine gives a black coloration when triturated with 
 Mercviric Chloride, Yohimbine produces no black coloration. When dis- 
 solved in concentrated Sulphuric Acid it affords on the addition of a 
 minute crystal of Potassium Bichromate, a beautiful violet coloration. It 
 yields with Cane Sugar and Sulphuric Acid a wine-red colour. Attention, 
 
[Solids by Weight ; lictuids by Measure.] ZIW 1 427 
 
 however, has been called to the fact that Saccharose, Glucose or Fvirfurol by 
 themselves afford, with Snlphiu-ic Acid, a red or reddish-\nolet coloration, 
 and that Sesame Oil also produces a similar reaction. This colovir reaction, 
 therefore, cannot be regarded as serviceable for the identification of Yohimbine. 
 It should leave no weighable ash, indicating a limit of mineral residue. 
 
 YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE. — It occurs in coloiirless crystals, 
 slightly soluble in Water. It is the Hydrochloride of the alkaloid Yohimbine. 
 
 it should be kept in well-closed bottles of a dark amber tint and protected 
 as far as possible from contact with the light. 
 
 Tablets are made containing ^^ grain each. 
 
 Tests. — Yohimbine Hydrochloride melts at about 288° C. (.550 • 4° F.); 
 Cocaine Hydrochloride melts at 183° C. (361-4° F.). An aqueous solution 
 affords an amorphous greyish-violet precipitate on the addition of Auric 
 Chloride Solution (1 p.c), an aqueous solution of Cocaine Hydrochloride 
 yielding on the addition of the same reagent a pale yellow precipitate of 
 microscopic needles. 
 
 Not Official. 
 YERBA SANTA. 
 
 The dried Leaves of Eriodichjon Calif omicum (Hook, and Arn.), Greene, 
 are Official in the U.S. P. They contain about 30 p.c. of resin, some essential 
 oil. Glucose, two hydrocarbons, fatty acids, Phytosterol and three crystalline 
 substances of a phenolic nature. — J.C.S.Ahs. '00, ii. 885. 
 
 A stimulating expectorant, recommended in "acute bronchitis. 
 
 Fluidextractum Eriodictyi {U.S.), 1 in 1, with a mixture of Alcohol 
 (95 p.c.) 4 and Water 1. Average dose, 17 minims = 1 c.c. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ZINCUM. 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 Zn, eq. 64-91. 
 
 A bluish-white metal, of pectdiar taste and of a perceptible smell when 
 rubbed ; laminated, and with a crystalline fracture. 
 
 It occurs native, as a Sulphide or as a Carbonate, and is separated from 
 impurities by sublimation. 
 
 The laminated or granulated metal is Official in the Appendix I. of the B.P. 
 The U.S. P. includes it in the text of the book, describing it as in the form 
 of thin sheets or irregular granulated pieces, or moulded into thin pencils, 
 or in fine powder, and containing not less than 99 p.c. of pure metallic Zinc. 
 It is described in the Appendix II. of the P.O. 
 
 Arsenic-free Zinc, as employed in the B.P. limit-of- Arsenic Test, is granulated 
 Zinc conforming to the requirement of the Control Test, namely, that no 
 visible stain should be produced on a Merciu-ic Chloride Test-paper when 
 10 grammes of Zinc Arsenic -Test reagent are mixed with 10 ml. of Stannated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic -Test reagent and 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 allowing the action to continue during one hour. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Mex., Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc has a specific gravity of 7-1; the U.S. P. states from 6-9 
 when it is cast to 7- 2 after it is rolled. It fuses at 411-6° C. (773° F.) ; the 
 U.S. P. states 412° to 41.5° C. (773-6° to 779° F.). At about 940° C. (1724° F.) 
 it boils, and may be readily distilled. It dissolves readily and completely in 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, simultaneously evolving Hydrogen gas, which on 
 
1428 Znsr [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 ignition burns with a blue fla,me, and yielding a clear solution, which should 
 answer the following tests : — When neutralised with Ammonia Solution, it 
 yields with Ammonium Hydrosulphide Solution, a white precipitate, insoluble 
 in Acetic Acid, soluble in Hydrochloric Acid. When mixed with a sufficiency 
 of Ammonium Chloride it yields on the addition of Ainmonia Solution a 
 white precipitate, soluble in excess of the precipitant ; it affords with 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Sohition and excess of Ammonia Solution a white 
 precipitate, insoluble in Acetic Acid, soluble in Hydrochloric Acid ; with 
 Ammonia Solution, Potassium or Sodium Hydroxide Solution it affords a 
 white precipitate, soluble in excess of the reagent ; with Potassium Ferro- 
 cyanide Solution it yields a white precipitate, insoluble in Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. 
 
 The more generally occm-ring impurities are Antimony, Arsenic, Aluminium, 
 Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Calcium, Magnesivun, Tin, Sulphur and Phos- 
 phorus. If 1 gramme of Zinc be dissolved in a mixture of 10 c.c. each of 
 Nitro -Hydrochloric Acid and Distilled Water, the solution evaporated to 
 dryness, the residue moistened with 2 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and again 
 evaporated, and the final residue dissolved in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, the 
 solution should yield no coloration or turbidity when warmed to about 
 50° C. (122° F.) and mixed with an equal volume of freshly prepared 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, the mixture being allowed to stand in a well- 
 stoppered test-tube, in a warm place, at 35° C. (95° F.) during half an hour, 
 indicating a limit of Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Tin and Copper. 
 The solution in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid when mixed with Ammonium 
 Chloride and Ammonia Solution and boiled should not yield either a fiocculent 
 white precipitate or a brown fiocculent precipitate, indicating the absence of 
 Aluminium and Iron. A further portion of a similar solution when mixed 
 with Ammonium Chloride and Ammonia Solution should not afford a turbidity 
 on the addition of either Ammonium Oxalate Solution or Sodium Phosphate 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Calcium and Magnesium. The Hydrogen 
 gas evolved during the solution of the metal in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 should not possess the distinctive disagreeable odour of Hydrogen Sulphide, 
 nor should a strip of Lead Acetate paper be altered in coloixr when 
 suspended in the issuing gas, indicating the absence of Sulphur. A strip 
 of paper moistened with Silver Nitrate Solution when similarly held in the 
 escaping gas should not be blackened, indicating the absence of Phosphorus, 
 and affording confirmatory evidence of the absence of Antimony, Arsenic 
 and Sulphur. 
 
 ZINCI ACETAS. 
 
 ZINC ACETATE. 
 Zn(C,H302)2, 2H2O, eq. 219 '450. 
 
 Fk., Acetate de Zinc ; Geb., Zinkacetat ; Ital., Acetato di Zinco ; 
 Span., Acetato Zincico. 
 
 Soft, white, glistening, monoclinic plates, possessing a pearly lustre, 
 a faintly acetous odour, and an astringent metallic taste. 
 
 Tlie B.P. 1914 formula is written witti 2 molecules of Water of 
 crystallisation, which is now in agreement with the U.S. P. and P.G. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain, in the iineffioresced condition, not 
 less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Zinc Acetate ; neither the B.P. nor the 
 P.G. gives a necessary percentage. It should be kept in well-closed 
 bottles, as it has a tendency to effloresce on exposure to air, and also 
 to lose Acetic Acid with the formation of a basic salt. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1429 
 
 It may be obtained by the interaction of Zinc Carbonate and Acetic 
 Acid. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 25 of Water ; 4 in 1 of boiling Water ; 1 in 40 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; 1 in 3 of boihng Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to the Sulphate, chiefly used 
 as a local astringent. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 2 grains = 0'06 to 0'13 gramme. 
 
 Not Official. — Lotio Zinci Acctatis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Ger., Mex., Port, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Acetate when heated partially fuses, losing its Water 
 of crystallisation, equivalent to 16*4 p.c, and a certain amount of 
 acid. At still higher temperatures it is decomposed, and when ignited 
 at a dull red heat leaves a residue of Zinc Oxide. It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, forming a solution which is slightly 
 acid in reaction towards Litmus paper, but which is not always clear, 
 as the commercial salt sometimes contains a small proportion of basic 
 salt. It affords, however, a clear solution on the addition of a little 
 Acetic Acid. The solution answers the tests distinctive of Zinc given 
 under that heading. The aqueous solution affords on the addition of 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, a red coloration, changing to a reddish- 
 brown precipitate on boiling. When warmed with Sulphuric Acid it 
 evolves a distinctive acetous odour. When warmed with Sulphuric 
 Acid and a little Alcohol (90 p.c.) it evolves the peculiar characteristic 
 odour of Ethyl Acetate (Acetic Ether). The dry salt, heated with a 
 minute proportion of Arsenious Anhydride, yields the characteristic 
 but highly poisonous odour of Cacodyl Oxide. 
 
 The U.S. P. requires it to contain in the uneffloresced condition 
 not less than 99*5 p.c. of pure Zinc Acetate, but gives no method of 
 determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend 
 that this rubric be changed to 'not less than 83* 16 or more than 87 * 34 p.c. 
 by weight of anhydrous Zinc Acetate,' as determined by accurately 
 weighing a quantity of Zinc Acetate equivalent to about 1 gramme, 
 dissolving it in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, rendering the solution slightly 
 alkaline with Ammonia Solution and warming to 80° C. (176° F.), 
 completely precipitating the Zinc as Zinc Sulphide by the addition 
 of Ammonium Sulphide Test-Solution and warming the liquid con- 
 taining the precipitate on a water-bath until the precipitate settles. 
 The precipitate is collected on a filter, washed with Distilled Water, 
 dissolved in hot Dilute Nitric Acid (1 in 3), the solution evaporated to 
 dryness in a tared Platinum dish, the residue ignited and weighed 
 as Zinc Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are Arsenic, Aluminium, 
 Ammonium, Cadmium, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Lead, Magnesium., 
 Manganese, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorides, and Sulphates. The B.P. 
 fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined by the 
 Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing a 
 solution obtained by dissolving 2 grammes of Zinc Acetate in a mixture 
 of 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 12 ml. of Stannated Hvdrochloric 
 
1430 ZIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids hj Measure.] 
 
 Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The U.S. P. requires that 5 c.c. of a 1 in 10 
 aqueous sohition of the salt should not respond to the modified Gutzeit's 
 Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. 10 c.c. of an aqueous 1 in 10 
 solution, when mixed with 10 c.c. of Ammonia Solution and boiled, 
 should be clear and remain colourless, and should show no white or 
 brown flocculent turbidity or precipitate, indicating the absence of 
 Aluminium and Iron. No characteristic odour of Ammonia should 
 be evolved when a portion of the sample is boiled with Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, nor should the issuing vapour turn a piece of moistened 
 red Litmus paper blue, indicating the absence of Ammonium. 10 c.c. 
 of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should not yield a coloration or turbidity on the addition of 
 Hydrogen Sulphide Solution, indicating a limit of Cadmium, Lead 
 and Copper. A 1 in 10 solution, when mixed with Ammonium Chloride 
 Solution and Ammonia Solution, shall yield no turbidity or precipitate 
 on the addition of Ammonium Oxalate Solution after standing some 
 time, indicating the absence of Calcium. If this solution be filtered, the 
 clear filtrate should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition 
 of Sodium Phosphate Solution, indicating the absence of Magnesium. 
 If the Zinc be completely precipitated as Sulphide from a 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution by the addition of an excess of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, the precipitate filtered, and the clear filtrate be evaporated 
 to dryness and ignited, it should leave no weighable residue, indicating 
 a limit of Potassium and Sodium salts. No more than a faint pink 
 coloration should be produced when 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution and 10 ml. of a 1 in 10 aqueous Ammonium 
 Persulphate Solution are added to the solution obtained by dissolving 
 in Diluted Nitric Acid, any precipitate produced by the addition 
 of excess of Ammonia Solution to a solution of 0*5 gramme of Zinc 
 Acetate in Distilled Water, the Diluted Nitric Acid Solution being 
 first diluted wdth Distilled Water to a volume of 15 ml. and 
 brought to the boiling point, indicating a limit of Manganese. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield 
 no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Chlorides. A solution of similar strength, 
 acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on 
 the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. 
 No darkening in colour should occur on gently warming Zinc Acetate 
 with Sulphuric Acid, indicating a limit of organic impurities. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 LOTIO ZINCI ACETATIS.— Zinc Acetate, 2 grains ; Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 Mix. 
 
 An astringent eollyrium in conjunctivitis, or as an injection in gonorrhoea 
 after the acute stage has passed. 
 
 Tincture of Opium causes no precipitate with this Lotion. 
 
 A lotion very commonly prescribed at one time was that containing Zinc 
 Sulphate and Lead Acetate, which mutually react with formation of soluble 
 Zinc Acetate and insoluble Lead Sulphate ; it has been superseded by the 
 above. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] ZIN 1431 
 
 .Not Official. 
 ZINCI BROMIDUM. 
 
 A whitish, very deliquescent, granular powder. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles and exposed as seldom as 
 possible to the air, as it is extremely deliquescent. 
 
 The U.S. P. salt is required to contain when anhydrous at least 97 p.c. of 
 pure Zinc Bromide. 
 
 Solubility.— 4 in 1 of Water ; 2 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 Dose. — 2 grains = 0-13 gramme, 3 times a day for epilepsy. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in IMex., Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Bromide when strongly heated fuses ; the U.S. P. states 
 at a temperature of 394° C. (741-2° F.). It dissolves readily and completely 
 in Distilled Water, yielding a solution which has a slit^htly acid reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, and which affords the tests distinctive of Zinc given 
 under that heading. The solution also yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a 
 yellowish curdy precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid ; when separated and 
 washed, practically insoluble in Ammonia Solution, but readily soluble in 
 Potassivun Cyanide Solution. When heated with Sulphuric Acid and Man- 
 ganese Dioxide, reddish vapours of Bromine are evolved, which produce an 
 orange-yellow stain on filter paper moistened with Starch Mucilage. It is 
 required by the U.S. P. to contain, when anhj^lrous, not less than 96 -9 and 
 not mo!'e than 99-88 p.c. of pure Zinc Bromide as volumetrically determined 
 by dissolving 0-3 gramme of the anhydrous salt in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and titrating with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using 
 2 drops of Potassimn Cliromate Solution as an indicator ; not less than 26 c.c. 
 nor more than 26-8 c.c. shoiild be required to produce a permanent red 
 colour; 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Voluinetric Silver Nitrate Sohition = 0-01 1181 
 gramme ot ]jure anhychous Zinc Bromide. The impurities inentioned under 
 Zinc should be absent from Zinc Bromide. The U.S.P. fixes a limit of 
 Chloride, requiring that 1 gramme dissolved in 50 c.c. of Acetic Acid and 
 2 grammes of Lead Dioxide (free from Chloride) added, the mixture evaporated 
 in a small beaker to at least 10 c.c, the residue diluted with 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and filtered, should not give more than a slight turbidity on the 
 addition of 2 c.c of Nitric Acid and a few drops of Silver Nitrate Solution to 
 the filtrate. If 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt be mixed 
 cautiously drop by drop with Chlorine Water diluted with an equal voluine 
 of Distilled Water, and then shaken with Carbon Bisulphide, the latter solu- 
 tion should not assume a violet colour, indicating the absence of Iodide. 
 A 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should not yield a turbidity on the addition of Barimn Chloride Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphate. 
 
 ZINCI CARBONAS. 
 
 ZINC CARBONATE. 
 
 Fr., Carbonate de Zinc ; Ger., Zinkcarbonat ; Ital., Carbonato di 
 ZiNCO ; Span., Cakbonato Zincico. 
 
 A dry, white, odourless and tasteless, amorplioiis, impalpable powder, 
 permauent in the air. 
 
 It may be prepared by precipitating a solution of Zinc Sulphate 
 with Sodium Carbonate. The U.S.P. Hydrated Zinc Carbonate is 
 
1432 ZIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 required to yield, ou ignition, not less than 72 p.c. of Zinc Oxide. Zinc 
 Carbonate is not Official in the P.G. 
 
 The anliydrous normal Carbonate, ZnCOj, occurs native as Calamine. 
 The composition of the precipitated hydrated Carbonate varies much according 
 to the conditions under which it is formed. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — A mild astringent, used with other 
 substances as a dusting powder, also in lotions. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in U.S. (Zinci Carbonas 
 Praecipitatus). 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Carbonate when strongly heated loses Water and 
 Carbon Dioxide, leaving a residue which whilst hot is yellow, and 
 which when cold is white. It dissolves readily and completely with 
 efiervescence in Diluted Nitric Acid, yielding a gas which, when 
 passed into Lime Water, affords a white precipitate, soluble in a 
 sufficient excess of the gas, or soluble with efiervescence in Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid. The solution in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 
 answers the tests characteristic of Zinc given under that heading. 
 The B.P. does not require it to yield any definite percentage of Oxide 
 upon ignition. The U.S. P. requires it to yield not less than 72 p.c, 
 1 gramme of the salt when strongly ignited being required to yield a 
 residue weighing not less than 0*72 gramme. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those mentioned under 
 Zinc and Zinc Acetate, and similar tests may be employed for their 
 detection, using a solution of the salt in Diluted Hydrochloric or 
 Nitric Acid as required. The B.P. fixes a limit of 10 parts of Arsenic 
 per million, as determined by the Arsenic Test given under the heading 
 of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained by dissolving 1 gramme 
 of Zinc Carbonate in bO ml. of hot Distilled Water, to which 16 ml. of 
 Bromiuated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent has been added, 
 the excess of Bromine being eliminated by a sufficiency of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent. 
 
 The B.P. also adopts a test for limit of Manganese, requiring that 
 not more than a faint pink coloration should be produced upon the 
 addition of 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solu- 
 tion and 10 ml. of an aqueous 1 in 10 Ammonium Persulphate 
 Solution to a solution obtained by dissolving 0'2 gramme of Zinc 
 Carbonate in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, adding an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution, allowing the mixture to stand, dissolving any precipitate 
 which settles out in Diluted Nitric Acid, and making up with Distilled 
 Water to about 15 ml., heating the solution to boiling. A solution in 
 Diluted Nitric Acid should not afford a pronounced turbidity with 
 either Silver Nitrate Solution or Barium Chloride Solution, indicating 
 the absence of more than traces of Chloride and Sulphate. The U.S. P. 
 fixes a limit of alkali, calculating out to 0*3 p.c. of anhydrous Sodium 
 Oxide ; the test is described in small type below under the heading of 
 Phenolphthalein. The solution employed by the U.S. P. in carrying 
 out the tests of identity and purity is obtained by mixing 1 "25 grammes 
 of the salt with 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid and 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 
[Solids Toy Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1433 
 
 Water, removing the undissolved excess by filtration after effervescence 
 has ceased. 
 
 Phenolphthalein. — If 1 gramme of the salt be placed in a flask with 
 10 c.c. of boiling Water, and 2 drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution added, 
 not more than 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 ehould be reqtiired to discharge the red colour, U.S.P. 
 
 ZINCI CHLORIDUM. 
 
 ZINC CHLORIDE. 
 ZnClo, eq. 136-29. 
 
 Fr., Chlorure de Zinc ; Ger., Zinkchlorid ; Ital., Cloruro di Zinco ; 
 Span., Cloruro Zincico. 
 
 White or almost white, very deliquescent, fused irregular masses, 
 or pencil-shaped sticks, or a white granular deliquescent powder. It 
 is strongly caustic, and should be handled with great care. 
 
 Its Official method of preparation is by the interaction of Zinc and 
 Hydrochloric Acid. 
 
 It should be kept in small, well-stoppered glass bottles and exposed 
 as little as possible to the air, as it is extremely deliquescent. 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 4 of Water ; 1 in 1 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; freely 
 in Ether ; 1 in 4 (nearly) of Glycerin. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Diluted it is astringent, antiseptic and 
 disinfectant. Seldom given internally. Externally, applied as a 
 caustic, in form of point or paste, to indolent ulcers and malignant 
 growths, to condylomata, and to nsevi. As a lotion, 20 grains to 
 1 fl. oz. of Water, it is an efficient substitute for Carbolic Acid in 
 syringing offensive pus cavities, sinuses, foul ulcers, etc. 
 
 As a paste for packing the cavity of uterus in malignant disease. As an 
 injection (1 grain to 1 £1. oz.) in gonorrhoea. 
 
 Official Preparation. — Liquor Zinci Chloridi. 
 
 Wot Official. — Zinc Chloride Points, Compomid Zinc Chloride Points, 
 Caustique au Chlorure de Zinc, Chlor-Zinc Iodine (Schiilze's Solution), Collu- 
 torium Astringens, Guttse Zinci Chloridi, Guttse Zinci Chloridi cum Cocaina, 
 Guttse Zinci Chloridi cum Adrenalin, Lotio Zinci Chloridi, Pasta Zinci Chloridi, 
 Pasta Zinci Chloridi cum Opio, Pulvis Zinci Chloridi Comp. 
 
 Antidotes. — See Zinci Sulphas, p. 1442. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias.— Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Chloride fuses when heated ; the U.S.P. says at 
 a temperature of 115° C. (239° F.). The B.P. states that it is almost 
 entirely soluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Ether. The com- 
 mercial salt frequently contains a small proportion of Oxychloride, 
 and does not then yield clear solutions with these solvents. The 
 U.S.P. states that the 1 in 20 aqueous solution should be clear, or at 
 
1434 ZIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 tlie most only slightly opalescent, and if mixed with an equal volume 
 of Alcohol (94*9 p.c), a single drop of Hydrochloric Acid should 
 suffice to render 10 c.c. of the mixture perfectl}^ clear. The P.G. 
 requires that a 1+1 solution freshly prepared with well-boiled Distilled 
 Water should be clear, but that it becomes turbid on dilution with 
 Distilled Water. The flocculent precipitate obtained by the addition 
 of 7*5 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to 2*5 c.c. of an aqueous 1 + 1 solution 
 should again disappear on the addition of one drop of Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. The aqueous solution answers the tests distinctive of Zinc 
 given under that heading. On the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution it 
 affords a white curdy precipitate, which, Avhen separated and washed, 
 is insoluble in Nitric Acid, readily soluble in Ammonia Solution or 
 Potassium Cyanide Solution. When the salt is heated with Manganese 
 Dioxide and Sulphuric Acid it evolves a greenish-yellow gas, possessing 
 a distinctive pungent odour, and which produces a blue coloration 
 with paper soaked in Starch Mucilage and Potassium Iodide Solution. 
 Neither the B.P. nor the P.G. requires that it should contain any 
 definite percentage of Zinc Chloride. The U.S. P. requires that it shall 
 contain, when anhydrous, not less than 99 ' 5 p.c. of pure Zinc Chloride, 
 as gravimetrically determined by dissolving 0*5 gramme of the salt in 
 200 c.c. of boiling Distilled Water, adding 5 drops of Phenolphthalein 
 Test-Solution and sufficient Sodium Carbonate Test-Solution, with 
 constant stirring, to yield a permanent alkaline reaction ; the resulting 
 precipitate is transferred to a filter and washed with boiling Distilled 
 Water until all soluble matter is removed ; dissolved in a sufficient 
 quantity of Nitric Acid, evaporated to dryness and ignited until constant 
 in weight, the residue should weigh not less than 0*297 gramme. The 
 proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that this rubric be 
 changed to ' not less than 95 p.c. of pure anhydrous Zinc Chloride,' as 
 volumetrically determined by the process given below under the 
 heading of Volumetric Determination. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those mentioned under 
 Zinc and Zinc Acetate, and the methods there adopted may be employed 
 in this instance also. It may also contain Oxychloride and Sulphates. 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test, given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by dissolving 2 grammes of Zinc Chloride in 50 ml, 
 of hot Distilled Water, to which have been added 10 ml. of Stannated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The U.S. P. employs the 
 Time Limit Test for Arsenic, requiring that an aqueous 1 in 20 solution 
 of the salt, to which 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid has been added, 
 should not respond to the Time Limit Test for Arsenic. The B.P. adopts 
 a test for the limit of Manganese, requiring that not more than a faint 
 pink coloration should be produced when 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution and 10 ml. of an aqueous 1 in 10 
 Ammonium Persulphate Solution are added to a solution obtained 
 by dissolving * 25 gramme of Zinc Chloride in Distilled Water, adding 
 an excess of Ammonia Solution, allowing the mixture to stand, and 
 dissolving any precipitate which may have settled out in Diluted Nitric 
 
tSoiids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1435 
 
 Acid, diluting the solution to about ir> ml. and heating to the boiling 
 point. The B.F. curiously enough does not include a limit of Oxy- 
 chloride ; the U.S. P. and P.G. tests for the limit of Oxysalt are described 
 above. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should not be rendered turbid on the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 Volumetric Determination. — A quantity of about 0-3 gramme of Zinc 
 Chloride is accurately weighed in a stoppered weighing bottle, dissolved in 
 20 CO. of Distilled Water and mixed with 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vokimetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. The mixture is well shaken, 2 c.c. of Nitric Acid 
 and 2 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution added, and the 
 excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution titrated with 
 Tenth-Nornaal Volmnetrie Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution. The result 
 should indicate not less than 95 p.c. of pure anhydrous Zinc Chloride. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI. Solution of Zinc Chloride. 
 
 16 of granulated Zinc dissolved by heating with 44 of Hydrochloric 
 Acid mixed with 20 of Distilled Water, and evaporated to 40. It 
 should be free from Iron and Lead. 
 
 When made as above, the Solution will be basic and precipitate Oxychlorido 
 on dilution with Water. It should be evaporated rather lower, then neutral- 
 ised with Hydrochloric Acid (so that it will cease to precipitate on being 
 diluted with 10 volmiies of Water, or when this diluted Solution just reddens 
 Methyl Orange Solution), and finally made up to 40. 
 
 When finished without loss the above quantities will yield a Solution specific 
 gravity about 1 • 53. 
 
 Official in Norw., specific gravity 1-55 to 1-58, and U.S., specific gravity 
 1-548 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Fr. Codex (Chlorure de Zinc Dissous) states that the commercial Solutions 
 vary from 1-26 to 1-81 ; that having a specific gravity of 1-45 is to be 
 preferred. 
 
 Tests. — Solution of Zinc Chloride has a specific gravity of about 
 1'53; the B.P. states 1-530. The U.S. P. solution contains about 
 ."30 p.c. by weight of Zinc Chloride, and is required to possess a specific 
 gravity of about 1-548 at 25° C. (77° F.). It should answer the tests 
 distinctive of Zinc given under that heading and of Chlorides given under 
 Zinc Chloride. It should be free from the impurities mentioned under 
 Zinc, and when diluted and acidified with Hydrochloric Acid should 
 yield no turbidity on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, indi- 
 cating the absence of Sulphates. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 ZINC CHLORIDE POINTS. — Zinc Chloride fused and run into conical 
 moulds ; preserved in glass tubes. 
 
 Darts of Zinc Chloride have been used in the treatment of anthrax. — 
 B.M.J. '87, ii. 644. 
 
 COMPOUND ZINC CHLORIDE POINTS.— Zinc Chloride, 1; Zinc 
 Oxide, 1 ; Wheaten Floiu-, 2 ; Water, to make a stiff paste, which is 
 formed into points. 
 
 CAUSTIQUE AU CHLORURE DE ZINC {Fr.).— Zinc Chloride, 32; 
 Zinc Oxide, 8 ; Dried Wlieaten Flour, 24 ; Distilled Water, 4. 
 
1436 ZIN" [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 CHLOR-ZINC IODINE (Sehulze's Solution). Squire. — Solution of 
 Chloride of Zinc (specific gravity about 1 • 84), 70 c.c. ; Potassium Iodide, 
 10 grammes; Iodine, 0-2 gramme. Shake at intervals until saturated. 
 For further details refer to the paper by the author in P.J. '93, 648. 
 
 COLLUTORIUM ASTRINGENS {R.D.H.).— Zinc Chloride, 1 grain; 
 Zinc Sulphate, 1 grain ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 GUTT>C ZINCI CHLORIDI (London OjJhthalmic).— Zinc Chloride, i, 1, 
 or 2 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 GUTT/E ZINCI CHLORIDI CUM COCAINA {London Ophthalmic).— 
 Zinc Chloride, 1 or 2 grains ; Cocaine Hj^drochloride, 8 grains ; Distilled 
 Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 Guttae Ziuci Chloridi cura Adrenalin {London Ophthalmic). — Zinc 
 Chloride, 1 grain; Solution of Adrenalin (l-lOOO), 60 minims; Chloretone, 
 2 grains ; sterilised Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 LOTIO ZINCI CHLORIDI {London Ophthalmic).— Zinc Chloride, I or 
 1 grain ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 PASTA ZINCI CHLORIDI {St. Bartholomew's).— Zinc Chloride and Flour, 
 equal parts ; Glycerin, q.s. 
 
 Pasta Zinci Chloridi cum Opio {London Ophthalmic). — Macerate IJ oz. 
 of Opium in 12 oz. of boiUng Water for 12 hours ; add 360 minims of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid, and filter ; then dissolve 16 oz. of Zinc Chloride in the filtered 
 liquid, and make up to 20 oz. with Distilled Water. To each oz. of the 
 above Solution add 120 grains of Wheaten Flour, mix smoothly in a mortar, 
 and heat over a water -bath until of a proper consistence. 
 
 PULVIS ZINCI CHLORIDI COMP.— Zinc Oxide mixed with an equal 
 weight of Zinc Chloride will preserve the latter dry enough to blow through 
 a tube into any cavity required, and may be so kept in a bottle for a long time. 
 
 ZINCI OLEOSTEARAS. 
 
 ZINC OLE OSTE ABATE. 
 [new.] 
 
 A white amorphous powder, possessing an oleaginous odour and 
 unctuous to the touch. 
 
 It may be prepared by precipitating a solution of 2 of Hard Soap 
 and 1 of Curd Soap in 15 of hot Distilled Water, by adding to it a 
 solution of 1 of Zinc Sulphate dissolved in 2 of Distilled Water. The 
 precipitate is freed from Sulphates by washing it Avith Distilled Water, 
 dried and powdered. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Emollient. Used as a dusting powder 
 in acute eczema, also as an Ointment with an equal weight of Soft 
 Paraffin. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water, Alcohol (90 p.c.) and in Ether. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Oleostearate is decomposed when shaken with 
 Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and when warmed, yields an insoluble 
 layer of fatty acids, which floats upon the surface of the liquid. If 
 the acid aqueous solution be filtered through a filter paper moistened 
 with Distilled Water, the filtrate yields on the addition of Potassium 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1437 
 
 Ferrocyanide Solution, a white precipitate, insoluble in Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid. The fatty layer dissolves in Ether. 
 
 Not more than a slight residue should remain, when the aqueous 
 solution obtained by heating together a mixture of 0*5 gramme of 
 Zinc Oleostearate, O'uml. of Hydrochloric Acid and O'Dml. of 
 Distilled Water, is filtered through a moistened filter paper, neutralised 
 with Ammonia Solution, precipitated by adding an excess of Ammonium 
 Hydrosulphide Solution, filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness 
 on a water-bath and ignited, indicating a limit of fixed alkalis and 
 alkaline earths. 
 
 Zinc Oleostearate should leave on ignition about 13 p.c. of ash. If 
 this ash be dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, the neutralised 
 solution yields the reactions characteristic of Zinc given nuder Zincuni. 
 
 ZINCI OXIDUM. 
 
 ZINC OXIDE. 
 ZnO, eq. 81-37. 
 
 Fr., Oxyde de Zinc; Ger., Zinkoxyd ; Ital., Ossido di Zinco; 
 Span., Oxido Zincico. 
 
 An odourless and tasteless, white, amorphous, impalpable powder, 
 which gradually absorbs Carbonic Anhydride from the air. The 
 method of preparation has some effect upon the colour of the product. 
 A sample prepared from the precipitated Carbonate by ignition has 
 a tendency to a faint yellow colour, whilst a sample prepared by the 
 combustion of metallic Zinc is pure white. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels, as it gradually absorbs 
 Carbonic Anhydride from the air. The Official process of preparation 
 is by combustion of metallic Zinc. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Internally, but with doubtful success, 
 as a sedative in chronic nervous spasmodic affections, and to check 
 the perspirations of phthisis. Externally, as a mild astringent applica- 
 tion in eczema and slight excoriations and ulcerations, in the form 
 of ointment or paste ; absorbent as a dusting powder when mixed 
 with Starch. 
 
 Hiccough lasting 14 days cured by 2 grains. — B.M.J. '12, i. 1298. 
 
 Dose. — 3 to 10 grains = 0*2 to 0'65 gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Prescribed in the form of pills ; a good pill may 
 be made by adding ' Diluted Glucose,'' q.s. It is also given in lotions, with 
 and without an equal quantity of Prepared Calamine, q.v. p. 340, and in the 
 form of a Cream or OintmerU, see below. 
 
 Official Preparation. — XJnguentmn Zinci. 
 
 K"ot Official. — CoUemplastrum Zinci, CoUeniplastrmn. Zinci Oxydati, 
 Cremor Zinci, Cremor Zinci et Calaininje, Cremor Zinci Thymol, Emplastrum 
 Zinci Oxidi, Gelatinum Zinci Durum, Gelatinum Zinci, Gelatiniim Oxydi 
 Zinci, Pasta Zinci et Gelatini, Glycere d'Oxyde de Zinc, Lassar's Paste, 
 Linimentum Oxydi Zinci, Linimentum Zincicum Coinpoaitum, Pasta Unna, 
 
1438 ZIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Pasta Zinci, Paala Zinei cum Amylo, Pasta Zinci Salicylata, Pessus Ziuci, 
 Pilula Zinci et Belladoiime, PJliila Zinci Oxidi et Belladonnte, Pulvia Zinci 
 Oxidi Compositus, Pulvis Zinci Oxidi eb Acidi Borici, Pulvis Zinci Oxidi 
 et Amyli, Piilvis Zinci Oleatis Compositus, Pulvis Zinci et Calomelanos, 
 Unguentum Zinci Stearatis, Unguentvim Zinci cum Acido Salicylico, Vernissum 
 Glyco-Gelatin (Zinc Varnish), Zinci Oieas (Shoemaker's), Zinc Oxide Plaster 
 Mulls, Zinc and Salicylic Plaster Mull, and Zinc Gelatin. 
 
 Foreign Pharraaeopoeias. — Official in all; Dan., Ger., Swed. and Swiss 
 have also Crude. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Oxide when heated assumes a yellow colour which 
 disappears on cooling. It dissolves readily and completely and without 
 effervescence in diluted acids. When dissolved in Diluted Hydro- 
 chloric Acid the solution should ansv/er the tests distinctive of Zinc 
 given under that heading. The B.F. 1898 statement with reference 
 to the solubility in Ammonia Solution was commented upon in the 
 Eighteenth Edition of Squire s Companion. The B.P. 1914 now omits 
 the solubility test with Ammonia Solution. Neither the B.P. nor the 
 P.G. requires a definite percentage of Zinc Oxide. The U.S. P. requires 
 that it shall contain not less than 99 p.c. of pure Zinc Oxide, as volu- 
 metrically determined by digesting a weighed quantity of 1 gramme 
 of the freshly ignited Zmc Oxide with 30 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution until solution is complete, adding 2 drops 
 of Methyl Orange Solution and titrating the excess of Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution with Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, the latter being added slowly with constant stirring, 
 allowing the precipitated Hydroxide to redissolve before adding 
 fresh portions ; not more than 5 • 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution should be required for neutralisa- 
 tion. The number of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution used, is subtracted from 30, the difference represents the 
 number of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 utilised in neutralising the Oxide. 1 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution corresponds to 4*04 p.c. of Zinc Oxide. The 
 U.S. P. includes a test for limit of alkali, which is described in small type 
 belowunder the heading of Phenolphthalein ; the figure given corresponds 
 to 0*3 p.c. of anhydrous Sodium Oxide. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those given under the 
 headings of Zinc and Zinci Acetas, and the methods there adopted may 
 be employed for their detection. It may also contain Carbonates. 
 The limit of 10 parts of Arsenic per million suggested {CD. '08, i. 797) 
 has now been Officially fixed,, as determined by the Arsenic Test given 
 under the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution obtained 
 by dissolving 1 gramme of the Oxide in a mixture of 50 ml. of hot 
 Distilled Water and 16 ml. of Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic- 
 Test reagent, a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent 
 being employed to eliminate the excess of Bromine. The U.S. P. 
 employs the Time Limit Test for the detection of Arsenic, as described 
 below in small type under the heading of Hydrogen Sulphide. The P.G. 
 employs the Bettendorf's Test, requiring that a mixture of 1 gramme 
 of Zinc Oxide and 3 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution should assume 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1439 
 
 no dark colour within i hour, indicating the absence of Arsenic com- 
 pounds. The B.P. adopts a test for the limit of Manganese, requiring 
 that not more than a faint pink coloration should be obtained on 
 adding 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution and 
 10 ml. of a 1 in 10 aqueous Ammonium Persulphate Solution to a 
 solution obtained by dissolving a weighed quantity of 0*2 gramme of 
 Zinc Oxide in Diluted Sulphuric Acid, adding an excess of Ammonia 
 Solution, allowing the mixture to stand, and dissolving any precipi- 
 tate which may have settled out, in the meanwhile, in Diluted Nitric 
 Acid, diluting the mixture with Distilled Water to about 15 ml. 
 and heating it to the boiling point. It should dissolve to form 
 a clear solution, without effervescence, in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
 indicating the absence of Carbonates. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. — Digest 1 gramme of Zinc Oxide, with occasional 
 agitation, in a mixture of 10 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and 10 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water until saturated ; then remove the undissolved Zinc Oxide 
 by filtration. A portion of the filtrate, acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid, 
 should not respond to the Time Limit Test for Arsenic ; in applying this test 
 the Ammonia Water should bo omitted, U.S. P. 
 
 Phenolphthalein. — If 1 gramme of Zinc Oxide be placed in a flask with 
 10 c.c. of boiling Water, and 2 drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution be 
 added, not more than 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution should be required to discharge the red colour, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ZINCI. Zinc Ointment. 
 
 Rub 3 of finely sifted Zinc Oxide with 17 of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 (1 in 6f.) 
 In B.P. 1898 the Zinc Oxide was added to melted Benzoated Lard. 
 In India and other hot climates Benzoated Suet should be used in 
 place of Benzoated Lard. 
 
 For India and other hot climates see Unguenta (group). 
 
 Ofaeial in Austr., 15 in 100 ; Belg., Dan., Dutch, Fr.. Ger.. Ital., Jap., 
 Mex., Norw., Russ., Span., Swed. and Swiss, 1 in 10 ; Himg., 1 in 20 ; U.S., 
 1 in 5. 
 
 ISrot Official. 
 
 COLLEMPLASTRUM ZINCI (6?er.).— Zinc Oxide, 114 ; Wool Fat, 268 ; 
 Copaiba Balsam, 32 ; Iridis, 55 ; Caoutchouc, 100 ; Petroleum Ether, 720. 
 
 Collemplastrvira Zinci Oxydati (Huyig.).- — Zinc Oxide, 122; Iridis, 21; 
 Lard, 72 ; Corporis ad Collemplastrum, 100 ; Solutiones Resinse Elasticse, 300. 
 
 CREMOR ZINCI (King's).— Zinc Oxide, i oz. ; Olive Oil, J fl. oz. ; 
 Solution of Lime, ^ fl. oz. ; Wool Fat, J oz. Dissolve the Fat in the Olive 
 Oil and stir in the Zinc Oxide, afterwards incorporating the Lime Water. 
 
 CREMOR ZINCI ET CALANim/E {Victoria).— Zinc Oxide, 60 grains ; 
 Prepared Calamine, 60 grains ; Lime Water, J fl. oz. ; Olive Oil, | fl. oz. 
 
 CREMOR ZINCI THYMOL {London Skin).— Zinc Oxide, 420 grains ; 
 Thymol, 5 grains ; Lanolin, 60 grains ; Olive Oil, 1 fl. oz. ; Lime Water, 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 EMPLASTRUM ZINC! OXIDi (Aseptic).— Zinc O.xide, 20; Resin, 15; 
 Japan Wax, 4; Benzoated Beef Tallow, 25; Anhydrous Wool Fat, 15; 
 
1440 ZIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Washed Rubber, 8; Glycerin, 12; Methyl Salicylate, 0-6; Thymol, 0-4; 
 all by weight.— F.P.B. '07, 429 ; CD. '07, ii. 178 ; P.J. '07, ii. 125. 
 
 GELATINUM ZINCI DURUM ( f/wna). — Dissolve Gelatin 15 and 
 Glycerin 25 in Water 45. Rnb down Zinc Oxide 10 with Glycerin 15 ; mix, 
 and add sufficient Water to produce 100. All by weight. 
 
 Pasta Unna {King's). — Gelatin, 15 ; Zinc Oxide, 10 ; Glycerin, 30 ; 
 Water, 40. Melt, stir carefully, then add Ichthyol (Amnion.) 2 p.c. 
 
 The best formula for Unna's Glycerine Jelly. — Gelatin, 10; Zinc Oxide, 
 10 to 15 ; Glycerin, 30 ; Water, 40 ; should be dispensed in a deep tin so as 
 to permit its being readily melted by being put into hot water before use. 
 —E.M.J. '13, ii. 402. 
 
 Gelatinum. Zinei (Swed.).- — Zinc Oxide, 30; Glycerin, 50; White Gelatine, 
 30 ; Distilled Water, 90. 
 
 Gelatinum Oxydi Zinei {Norw.). — Zinc Oxide, 10; Gelatine, 15; Glycerin, 
 25 ; Water, 50. 
 
 Gelatinum Zinei {B.P.C. Formulary '01). — Dissolve Gelatin Gin Distilled 
 Water 18 ; rub down Zinc Oxide 4 with Glycerin 1 1 ; add the Gelatin solution, 
 and mix thoroughly. 
 
 Pasta Zinei et Gelatini (B.P.C).— Gelatin, 15 ; Water, 35 ; Zinc Oxide, 
 15 ; Glycerin, 35. 
 
 GLYCERE D'OXYDE DE ZINC (Pr.).— Zinc Oxide, 1; Glycerin of 
 
 Starch, 2. 
 
 LASSAR'S PASTE.— Zinc Oxide, 24; Starch, 24; Sahcylic Acid, 2; Soft 
 Paraffin, 50. Used in eczema. 
 
 LINIMENTUM OXYDI ZINC! (Norw.).— Zinc Oxide, 89; Salicylic Acid, 
 
 1 ; Olive Oil, 455 ; Solution of Calcium Hych-ate, 455. 
 
 Linimentum Zineieum Compositvim (Swed.). — Zinc Oxide, 300; 
 Salicylic Acid, 1 ; Olive Oil, 750 ; Solution of Calcium Hydrate, 750. 
 
 PASTA ZINCI CUM AMYLO (St. Marys). — Zinc Oxide, Starch, 
 Vaseline, Lanolin, of each equal parts. 
 
 PASTA ZINCI (Dutch, Ger. and Swed.).— Zinc Oxide, 1 ; Starch, 1 ; 
 Vaseline, 2. 
 
 PASTA ZINCI SALICYLATA ((?er.).— Salicylic Acid, 1; Zinc Oxide, 12; 
 Starch, 12 ; Vaseline, 25. 
 
 PESSUS ZINCI (Wo7ne)i's). — Zinc Oxide, 15 grains; Mass (Glycogelatin), 
 20 grains. 
 
 PILULA ZINCI ET BELLADONN/E (Charing Cross).— Zinc Oxide, 
 
 2 grains ; Extract of Belladonna (B.P. '85), I grain ; Extract of Gentian, 
 q.s. 
 
 Pilvila Zinei Oxidi et Belladonnae (St. Thoynas's). — Zinc Oxide, 2 
 grains ; Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna, \ grain. 
 
 PULViS ZINCI OXIDI COMPOSITUS. Syn. Dusting Powder 
 (Squire). — Zinc Oxide, 3 ; Salicylic Acid, in fine powder, 1 ; Starch, 12. 
 
 PULVIS ZINCI OXIDI ET ACIDI BORICI (St. Thomas s).— Zinc Oxide, 
 Boric Acid, in powder, equal parts. 
 
 PULVIS ZINCI OXIDI ET AMYLI (St. Thomas s).— Zinc Oxide, 1; 
 Starch Powder, 1. 
 
 PULVIS ZINCI ET CALOMELANOS (Westminster).— Zinc Oxide, Mer- 
 curous Chloride, Tannic Acid, and Starch, of each 1. 
 
 PULVIS ZINCI OLEATIS COMPOSITUS (^<7nf/e).— Zinc Oleate, in 
 fine powder, 20 ; Boric Acid, in fine powder, 70 ; finely powdered French 
 Chalk, 10, ^ ^ ^ * 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIW 1441 
 
 VERNISSUM GLYCO-GELATIN. (Zinc Varnish.) {Westminster).— Gelatin, 
 3 ; Zinc Oxide, 3 ; Glycerin, 5 ; Water, 9. To tliis may be added 10 of 
 Precipitated Sulphur, or 5 to 10 of Ichthyol. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ZINCI CUM AC! DO SALICYLICO {Middlesex).— Sali- 
 cylic Acid, 20 grains ; Zinc Ointment, ^ oz. ; Soft Paraffin, ^ oz. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ZINCI STEARATIS (L^S.P.).— Zinc Stearate, 50 ; White 
 Petrolatvun, 50. To the White Petrolatum, melted on a water -bath, add the 
 Zinc Stearate, continue the heat until smooth, then stir while cooling, until it 
 congeals. 
 
 ZINCI OLEAS (Shoemaker's). — Dissolve 180 grains of Zinc Acetate in 
 40 fl. oz. of cold Water ; add slowly 20 fl. oz. of a Solution of Sodium 
 Oleate, made by dissolving powdered Castile Soap 1 oz. in 20 fl. oz. of AYater ; 
 wash the precipitate with cold Water, collect and dry. 
 
 It forms a solid cake, easily powdered, and raelting at about 79 • 4° C. 
 (175° F.). 
 
 Solution of Sodium Oleate of the above strength is also used to precipitate 
 Bismuth, Copper, and Lead Oleates. 
 
 ZINC OXIDE PLASTER MULLS (C/nna).— Containing i grain and 
 1 grain to the sq. in. 
 
 ZINC AND SALICYLIC PLASTER MULL ( t/mia).— Containing Zinc 
 Oxide J- grain and Salicylic Acid J grain to the sq. in. 
 
 ZINC GELATIN [Unn a). —Zinc Oxide, 10; Gelatin, 10; Glycerin, 20; 
 Water, 20. 
 
 Not Official. 
 ZINCI PHOSPHIDUM. 
 
 Minutely crystalline, friable fragments, or a greyish-black powder, contain- 
 ing about 24 p.c. of Phosphorus, corresponding to the formula ZUsP,. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Similar to those of Phosphorus. 
 
 Solubility. — Insoluble in Water or Alcohol (90 p.c). Soluble in acids 
 with evolution of Phosphoretted Hydrogen, which is not spontaneously 
 inflammable. 
 
 Dose. — rtV to J grain = 0-0032 to 0-0162 gramme, given in pill with 
 Milk Sugar and Glucose. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Ofiicial in Fr. (Phosphiu-e de Zinc), Mex. 
 and Span. 
 
 ZINCI SULPHAS. 
 
 ZINC SULPHATE. 
 
 ZnSOi.THaO, eq. 287 '552. 
 
 Fr., Sulfate de Zinc Officinal ; Ger., Zinkstjlfat ; Ital., Solfato di 
 ZiNCo ; Span., Sulfato Zincico. 
 
 Colourless, transparent, somewhat efflorescent, rliombic crystals, 
 white acicular crystals, or as a white, granular, crystalline powder, 
 odourless and possessing a metallic astringent taste. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed bottles or jars. It may be obtained 
 by the action of Diluted Sulphuric Acid upon metallic Zinc. 
 
 3 A 
 
1442 ZTN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 Solubility. — 10 in 7 of Water ; insoluble in Alcoliol (90 p.c.)- 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent; given with doubtful result 
 in chorea, also in infantile diarrhoea ; in large doses a prompt emetic. 
 As an astringent injection in leucorrhoea and in the less acute stages 
 of gonorrhoea ; as a collyrium in conjunctivitis. 
 
 Dose. — 1 to 3 grains = 0*06 to 0*2 gramme as a tonic ; as an 
 emetic, 10 to 30 grains = 0'6i) to 2 grammes. 
 
 Fr. Codex maximuni dose, single, 1 • gramme ; daily, 1 • gramme. 
 Ph. Ger. maximum dose, single, 1 • gramme ; daily, 1 • gramme. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — Tincture or Wine of Opium causes no precipitate 
 with Solutions of Zinc. Ophthalmic Discs are supplied containitig „-^ grain Zinc 
 Sulphate, and also with the addition of ^\^ grain Cocaine Hydrochloride. 
 
 Ineompatibles of Zinc salts are Alkalis and their Carbonates, Liine Water, 
 astringent vegetable Infusions or Decoctions, and Milk. 
 
 Antidotes (MurreU). — In poisoning with the salts of Zinc, Sodium Car- 
 bonate or Potassium Carbonate in large qtiantities dissolved in warm Water, 
 Milk and Eggs freely, Tannic Acid or strong Tea, Laudanuln, Linseed Meal 
 Poultices to abdomen. If there is much pain in the abdomen, an enema of 
 Gruel, or Starch and Water may be given. 
 
 Official Preparations. — Used in the preparation of Unguentum Zin.ci 
 Oleatis. 
 
 Wot Official. — Buginarium Zinci Sulphatis, Collyrium Adstringens Luteum, 
 Guttae Zinci Sulphatis, Injectio Sulphatum, Injectio Zinci Sulphatis, Liquor 
 Ophthalmicus, Lotio Rubi'a, Lotio Zinci Sulphatis, Collyre au Sulfate de Zinc, 
 Zinci Sulphis, Zinci lodidum, Zinci Nitras, and Cadmii Sulphas. 
 
 Poreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr., Belg., Dan., Dvitch, Fr., 
 Ger., Hung., Ital., Jap., Mex., Norw., Port., Russ., Span., Swed., Swiss and 
 
 U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Sulphate melts when heated rapidly. At a tempera- 
 ture of 50° C. (122° E.) it loses 5 molecules of its Water of crystallisa- 
 tion, equivalent to 31-3 p.c; at 100° C (212° F.) the sixth molecule 
 is lost, equivalent to an additional loss of 6*3 p.c. or a total loss 
 of 37*6 p.c. ; at a temperature of about 240° C. (464° F.) it parts 
 with the remaining molecule of Water of crystallisation, equivalent 
 to an additional loss of 6*3 p.c, or a total loss of 43*9 p.c. It dissolves 
 readily and completely in Distilled Water, forming a clear solution 
 which is acid in reaction towards Litmus paper, and which yields the 
 tests distinctive of Zinc given under that heading. The aqueous 
 solution affords on the addition of Barium Chloride Solution, a white 
 precipitate, insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. Neither the B.P. nor the 
 P.G. fixes a definite percentage of pure crystallised Zinc Sulphate. 
 The U.S. P. requires that, in an uneffloresced condition, it should 
 contain not less than 99*5 p.c of pure Zinc Sulphate, but gives no 
 method of determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. 
 recommend that this rubric be changed to ' not less than 55 ' 86 nor 
 more than 58' 65 p.c by weight of anhydrous Zinc Sulphate,' as 
 determined by a process similar to that described under Zinci Acetas. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those mentioned under 
 the headings of Zinc and Zinci Acetas, and similar methods may be 
 employed for their detection. It may also contain free Sulphuric Acid, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZTN 1443 
 
 Chlorides and Nitrates. A limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million has 
 been fixed by the B.P., as determined by the Arsenic Test given under 
 the heading of Special Tests, employing a solution of 2 grammes of the 
 salt in 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, to which have been added 10 ml. 
 of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent. The U.S. P. 
 employs the Time Limit Test for the detection of Arsenic, as described 
 below in small type under the heading of Hydrogen Sulphide. The 
 B.P. includes a test for limit of Manganese, requiring that not more 
 than a faint pink coloration should be produced on the addition of 1 ml. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution and 10 ml. of a 
 
 1 in 10 aqueous Ammonium Persulphate Solution to a solution obtained 
 by dissolving 0*5 gramme of the salt in Distilled Water, adding an 
 excess of Ammonia Solution, allowing the mixture to stand, and dis- 
 solving in Diluted Nitric Acid any precipitate which may have settled 
 out, diluting the acid solution with Distilled Vv^ater to a volume of about 
 15 ml., heating the liquid to the boiling point. The filtrate obtained 
 by shaking 1 gramme of the salt with 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 filtering, when diluted with an equal volume of Distilled Water, should 
 possess no acid reaction towards Litmus paper, indicatiog the absence 
 of free Sulphuric Acid. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with 
 Nitric Acid, should yield only the faintest tiirbidity on the addition of 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a limit of Chlorides. No brown 
 ring or zone should develop at the junction of the two fluids, when a 
 solution of Ferrous Sulphate is carefully poured upon the surface of a 
 well-cooled mixture of equal parts of Sulphuric Acid and a 1 in 10 
 aqueous solution of the salt, indicating the absence of Nitrates. 
 
 Hydrogen Sulphide. — The I in 20 aqueous solution of Zinc Sulphate, 
 after being acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid, should not respond to the 
 Time Limit Test for Arsenic ; in applying this test the addition of Ammonia 
 Water should be omitted, U.S. P. 
 
 Preparation. 
 
 UNGUENTUM ZINCI OLEATIS. Zinc Oleate Ointment. 
 
 Precipitate a Solution containing 2 of Zinc Sulphate in 4 of Distilled 
 Water with a Solution of Hard Soap 6 in Distilled Water 40. Heat 
 to boiling, so that the precipitated Oleate shall rise to the surface ; 
 cool ; collect the Oleate and wash it free from Sulphate by repeated 
 boilings with Distilled Water ; coarsely powder the Oleate and dry 
 below 60° C. (140° F.). Finally melt on a water-bath with an equal 
 weight of White Soft Paraffin, and stir till cold. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 BUGINARIUM ZINCI SULPHATIS (Westminsler). — Zinc Sulphate, 
 ■^^ grain ; Oil of Theobroma, 40 grains. 
 
 COLLYRIUIV! ADSTRINGENS LUTEUM {Hung.).— Zinc Sulphate, 
 1*25; Ammonium Chloride, 0-5; Water, 200; Camphor, 0-4; Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), 20; Saffron, 0-1. 
 
 Guttas Zinci Sulphatis (London Ophthalmic). — Zinc Sulphate, |, 1, or 
 
 2 grains ; Sterilised Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz, 
 
 3 A 2 
 
1444 ZIW [Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 
 
 INJECTIO SULPHATUM {Lock Hospital). — Zinc Sulphate, Copper 
 Sulphate, Ferrous Sulphate, and Alum, of each 1 grain ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. 
 
 INJECTIO ZINCI SULPHATIS.— Zinc Sulphate, 3 grains; Water, 
 
 1 fl. oz. 
 
 For gonorrhoea and leucoirhoea. 
 
 LIQUOR OPHTHALMICUS (JVorw.).— Zinc Sulphate, 2; Rose Water, 
 998. 
 
 LOTIO RUBRA. — Zinc Sulphate, 2 grains; Compound Tincture of 
 Lavender, 10 minims ; Water, to 1 fl. oz. A stimulant to indolent ulcers. 
 
 This formula is given in the Central Throat and other Hospital Pharma- 
 copoeias. 
 
 Zinc Sulphate, 1 grain ; Compound Tincture of Lavender, 15 minims ; 
 Spirit of Rosemary, 15 minims ; Distilled Water, to 1 fl. oz. — London 
 Ophthalmic. 
 
 LOTIO ZINCI SULPHATIS {London Ophthalmic).— Zinc Sulphate, 1 or 
 
 2 grains ; Distilled Water, 1 fl. oz. 
 
 COLLYRE AU SULFATE DE ZINC (i"r.).— Zinc Sulphate, 0- 15 ; Rose 
 Water, 100. 
 
 Zinei Sulphis (Zinc Sulphite) is a white crystalHne powder, sparingly 
 soluble in Water. It has been used as a relatively non-toxic antiseptic for 
 impregnating gauze and dressings. 
 
 ZINCI lODIDUM. — A white or whitish powder, which rapidly becomes 
 moist and changes to a brown colour on exposiu-e to the air. On account of 
 its hygroscopic nature and its liability to thus change, it should be kept in 
 well-stoppered bottles of a dark amber tint and protected as far as possible 
 from the light. It is readily soluble in W^ater, Alcohol (90 p.c), or Ether. 
 
 A remedy in chorea and hysteria, but has not come into general use. 
 
 Dose. — J to 2 grains = 0-032 to 0-13 granmie. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Iodide dissolves readily and completely in Distilled Water, 
 forming a solution which is acid in reaction towards Litmus paper ; this 
 solution should answer the tests distinctive of Zinc given mider that heading. 
 An aqueous solution yields with Silver Nitrate Solution, a ciu-dy, yellow 
 precipitate, insoluble in Nitric Acid, practically insoluble in Anamonia Solution, 
 but soluble in Potassium Cyanide Solution ; with Mercuric Chloride Solution 
 it yields a brilliant scarlet precipitate soluble in Potassium Iodide Solution. 
 The salt is Official in the U.S. P., and is required to contain, when anhydrous, 
 not less than 98 p.c. of pm-e Zinc Iodide, as volumetrically determined by 
 dissolving 0*5 gramme of the dry Iodide in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, adding 
 35 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, 5 c.c. of Nitric 
 Acid and 3 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution, shaking the 
 mixtui-e well and titrating the excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate 
 Solution; not less than 3*4 nor more than 4 c.c. should be reqmred. 
 
 It should be free from the impvu-ities mentioned under Zinc and Zinci Acctas. 
 It may also contain excess of Chloride. The U.S. P. requires that 5 c.c. of a 
 1 in 10 aqueous solution should not respond to the modifled Cutzeit's Test, 
 indicating a Mmit of Arsenic. It also includes a test for limit of Chloride, 
 requiring that if 1 graixime of Zinc Iodide be mixed with 5 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, and sufficient Ammonia Solution be added to redissolve the precipitate 
 at first formed, followed by a solution of 1 • 5 gramme of Silver Nitrate in 
 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, then, after shaking and filtering, the filtrate should 
 not be rendered more than shghtly turbid on the addition of an excess of 
 Nitric Acid. 
 
 ZINCI NITRAS. — Large, colourless, deliquescent, prismatic crystals, very 
 soluble in Water and in Alcohol (90 p.c). Used as a caustic in the place of 
 Zinc Chloride ; it penetrates deeper and produces less pain. 
 
 It can be rnade into a paste in the same way as Zinc Chloride, 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1445 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Nitrate answers the tests distinctive of Zinc given tinder 
 that heading, and should also be free from the impurities usually occiirring in 
 the metal and referred to under that heading and under Zinci Acetas. When 
 Ferrous Sulphate Solution is carefully poured upon the siu"face of a well- 
 cooled mixture of concentrated Sulphuric Acid and a solution of the salt, at 
 the point of contact of the two liquids, a dark brown zone appears. 
 
 When ignited it leaves a residue of Zinc Oxide. 
 
 CADMII SULPHAS. — Colourless crystals, readily soluble in Water, 
 insoluble in Alcohol. Has been used as an astringent in place of Zinc Sulphate. 
 
 roreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Fr., Ital., Mex. and Port. 
 
 Not Oflaeial. 
 ZINCI SULPHOCARBOLAS. 
 
 ZXNO SULPHOCARBOLATE. 
 ZINC PHENOL-PARA-ST7LPHONATE. 
 
 ZnlCgH.SO^).,, 8H,0, eq. 555-718. 
 
 Clolom-less, or almost coloiu'less, efflorescent rhombic crystals, possessing a 
 metalHc astringent taste, sometimes possessing a faint odour of Phenol, and 
 shghtly pinkish tint. 
 
 Zinc Sulphocarbolate is no longer Official in the B.P. ; the U.S.P. describes 
 it under the title of Zinci Phenolsulphonas, requiring it to contain, when in 
 an uneffloresced condition, not less than 99-5 p.c. of pure Zinc Paraphenol- 
 sulphonate. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 exposed as little as possible to the air, as the salt effloresces and has a tendency 
 to beconae pink on exposiu"e to air. 
 
 Was Official in B.P. 1898, but is now omitted. 
 
 Solubility. — 1 in 2 of Water ; 3 in 1 of boiling Water ; 1 in 2^ of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Astringent and antiseptic. 
 
 Prescribing Notes. — For a spray to the throat, 5 grains to the oz. of 
 Water ; for a nasal douche, 2 grains to the oz. of Water ; for vaginal 
 injection, 60 grains in a pint of Water for leucorrhoea or gonorrhoea. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Austr. and Jap. (Zincum 
 Sulphocarbolicum) ; Dutch (Sulphophenylas Zincicus) ; Russ. 
 and Swiss. (Zincum Sulfophenolicum) ; U.S. (Zinci Phenolsul- 
 phonas). 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Sulphocarbolate when heated to 100° C. (212° F.) loses 
 6 molecules of Water of crystallisation, equivalent to a loss of 19'4:5 p.c. 
 At 12o° C. (257° F.) it loses the remaining molecules of Water of crystallisation, 
 equivalent to au additional loss of 6-48 p.c, or total loss of 25- 93 p.c. When 
 more strongly heated it chars, evolves an odour of Phenol and leaves a residue 
 amounting to about 14" 6 p.c. of the original weight. It dissolves readily 
 and completely in Distilled Water, forming a solution which is acid in reaction 
 towards Litmus paper, and which when diluted, yields with Ferric Chloride 
 Test-Solution, a violet colour and which answers the tests distinctive of 
 Zinc given under that heading. It may be determined gravimetrically by 
 precipitating a weighed quantity of the salt, dissolved in a definite volume 
 of Distilled Water, by the addition of sufficient Sodimn Carbonate Solution, 
 filtering off the precipitated Zinc Carbonate, washing, drying, igniting and 
 weighing as Zinc Oxide. 81 '37 parts of Zinc Oxide correspond to 411-59 
 parts of anhydrous Zinc Sulphocarbolate or to 655-718 parts of crystallised 
 
1446 ZIN [Solids by "Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Zinc SulpTiocarbolate containing 8 molecules of Water of crystallisation. 
 The U.S. P. requires that the uneffloresced crystals should contain not less 
 than 99*5 p.c. of pure Zinc Paraphenolsulphonate, but gives no method of 
 determination. The proposed changes in the U.S. P. IX. recommend that 
 the rubric be changed to ' not less than 73 • 7 1 nor more than 77*39 p.c. by weight 
 of anliydrous Zinc Phenolsulphonate,' as determined by a method similar to 
 that given under Zinci Acetas. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those given under the headings 
 of Zinc and Zinci Acetas, and similar tests may be employed for their detection. 
 It may also contain Chlorides, Sulphates, and excess of Water. A 1 in 20 
 aqueous solution, acidified with Nitric Acid, should yield not more than the 
 faintest tiubidity upon the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating a 
 limit of Chlorides. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should yield no turbidity or precipitate on the addition of Barium 
 Chloride Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. Zinc Sulphocarbolate, 
 when dried at a temperature of 125° to 130° C. (257° to 266° F.) shall lose 
 not more than 26 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 ZINCI VALERIANAS. 
 
 ZINC VALERIANATE. 
 
 ZINC-ISO-VALERIANATE. 
 
 Zn(C5H90.,)2 2H20, eq. 303-546. 
 
 Fr., VAliEsiAJSTATE DE ZiNC ; Ger., Zinkvaxerianat ; Ital., Valerianato 
 Di ZiNCo ; Span., Valerianato Zincico. 
 
 White, lustrous, pearly scales, having a strong disagreeable odour of 
 Valerianic Acid and a sweetish astringent and metallic taste. 
 
 It may be prepared by the neutralisation of Zinc Carbonate with 
 Iso-Valerianic Acid, or by the interaction of Zinc Sulphate and Sodium 
 Iso-Valerianate. 
 
 The B.P. requires it to yield not less than 26 or more than 27 p.c. 
 of Zinc Oxide, corresponding to not less than 97 p.c. or not more than 
 100 '7 'p.c. of Zinc Valerianate ; the U.S. P. requires it to contain not 
 less than 99 p.c. of pure Zinc Valerate ; the Fr. Codex requires that it 
 should yield not more than 26*8 p.c. of Zinc Oxide, corresponding to 
 100*0 p.c. of pure Zinc Valerianate of the Fr. Codex formula. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, as it gradually loses 
 Valerianic Acid on exposure to air. 
 
 The B.P. now gives a formula with 2HoO, which is in accordance 
 with the U.S.P. and the Fr. Codex. 
 
 Solubility.— 1 in 120 of Water; 1 in 60 of Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; in- 
 soluble in Ether. 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Antispasmodic and nervine tonic, used 
 in various neuralgic and hysterical affections, and sometimes in 
 chorea. 
 
 Dose.— 1 to 3 grains = 0-06 to 0*2 gramme. 
 
 Incompatibles. — All acids, soluble Carbonates, most metallic salts and 
 vegetable astringents. 
 
 Wot Official. — Pilula Valerianae Composita and Pilula Zinci Valerianatis. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1447 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Oflicial in Dutch, Fr., Ital, Jap., Mex., 
 Port., Rus3., Span, and U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Zinc Valerianate when heated melts, and at a higher 
 temperature is decomposed, evolving inflammable vapours, and leaving 
 a residue of Zinc Oxide which, when dissolved in Diluted Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should answer the tests distinctive of Zinc given under that 
 heading. It dissolves sparingly in Distilled Water, forming a solutiou 
 which possesses an acid reaction towards Litmus paper. The U.S.F. 
 states that it should dissolve without residue in Ammonium Carbonate 
 Test-Solution. 0*5 gramme of the salt when dissolved in a mixture of 
 0'5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid and 9 c.c. of Water yields a liquid from 
 which the Iso-Valerianic Acid separates, and floats on the surface of the 
 liquid as an oily layer. 
 
 The B.P. requires that it shall yield, when heated to redness, after 
 being moistened with a small quantity of Nitric Acid, not less than 
 26 or more than 27 p.c. of Zinc Oxide, corresponding to not less than 
 97 p.c. or more than 100" 7 p.c. of pure Zinc Valerianate of the Oflicial 
 formula. 
 
 The U.S. P. states that the salt should contain not less than 99 p.c. 
 of pure Zinc Valerate (2H2O), but gives no method of determination. 
 
 The proposed changes in the U.S.P. IX. recommend that the method 
 of determination be as described under Zinci Acetas, with an alternative 
 electrolytic method. The Fr. Codex requires that when incinerated in 
 a small porcelain crucible, after repeated addition of Nitric Acid, it 
 should yield a residue not exceeding 26*8 p.c. of Zinc Oxide, which 
 corresponds to 100*0 p.c. of Zinc Valerianate of the Fr. Codex. The 
 theoretical percentage of Zinc Oxide is 26*8, in the salt containing 
 2 molecules of Water of crystallisation. A number of commercial 
 samples yielded from 21 to 64 p.c. of Oxide and suggested a minimum 
 standard of 26 p.c. All the samples examined showed Butyric Acid 
 by the Copper test. The commercial ' prsecip.' generally contains a 
 quantity of Oxide, but pure samples can occasionally be obtained. 
 
 The more generally occurring impurities are those mentioned under 
 Zinc and under Zinci Acetas, and the methods there mentioned may be 
 employed in this instance also ; in addition it may also contain Acetates, 
 Butyrates, Carbonates, Chlorides, Sulphates, and excess of Water. 
 The B.P. fixes a limit of 5 parts of Arsenic per million, as determined 
 by the Arsenic Test given under the heading of Special Tests, employing 
 a solution obtained by first drying and then gently igniting a paste 
 consisting of 2 grammes of Zinc Valerianate, 2 grammes of Calcium 
 Hydroxide Arsenic-Test reagent and 5 ml. of Distilled Water. The 
 residue is dissolved in a mixture of 18 ml. of Brominated Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Arsenic-Test reagent and 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 
 a sufficiency of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test reagent being employed 
 to eliminate the excess of Bromine. The U.S. P. employs the modified 
 Gutzeit's Test, requiring that if 0*5 gramme of Zinc Valerate be 
 heated with a mixture of 9*5 c.c. of Distilled Water and 0*5 c.c. of 
 Hydrochloric Acid and filtered, the filtrate should not respond to the 
 modified Gutzeit's Test, indicating a limit of Arsenic. 
 
1448 ZIN [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measui-e.] 
 
 The B.P. adopts a test for the limit of Manganese, requiring that 
 not more than a faint pink coloration should be produced on the 
 addition of 1 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution 
 and 10 ml. of a 1 in 10 aqueous Ammonium Persulphate Solution 
 to a solution obtained by dissolving in Diluted Sulphuric Acid 0*2 
 gramme of the Zinc Oxide obtained by incinerating the salt, adding 
 an excess of Ammonia Solution, allowing the mixture to stand, and 
 dissolving any precipitate which may have settled out in Diluted Nitric 
 Acid, diluting the acid solution with Distilled Water so as to produce 
 about 15 ml., and bringing this solution to the boiling point. If 0'5 
 gramme of the salt be triturated with 3 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 
 0*2 c.c, of Ferric Chloride Test-Solution be added, and the liquid 
 filtered, the filtrate should not show a red colour, indicating the absence 
 of Acetates. The distillate obtained on distilling in a retort a mixture 
 of the salt with Diluted Sulphuric Acid should not immediately 
 become turbid or opalescent on the addition of Copper Acetate Solution, 
 oily drops only being produced after a short time, gradually changing 
 to a bluish-white crystalline deposit, indicating the absence of Butyrates. 
 The U.S. P. requires that if a concentrated Copper Acetate Solution 
 in Distilled Water be added to a concentrated aqueous solution of the 
 salt, the mixture should remain perfectly clear. It should yield no 
 effervescence on the addition of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, indicating 
 the absence of Carbonates. If 0*5 gramme of the salt be dissolved in 
 a mixture of 0*5 c.c. of Nitric Acid and 4* 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and the mixture be filtered through a small filter paper previously 
 moistened with Distilled Water, the filtrate should yield not more 
 than a faint turbidity upon the addition of Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 indicating a limit of Chlorides. A similarly prepared solution should 
 afford only the faintest turbidity upon the addition of Barium Chloride 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphates. Zinc Valerianate, when 
 dried till constant in weight over Sulphuric Acid, should lose not more 
 than 12 p.c. of its weight, indicating a limit of Water. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 PILULA VALERIAN/E COMPOSITA (Samaritan).— Zinc Valerianate, 
 Iron Valerianate and Quinine Valerianate, of each 1 grain. 
 
 PILULA ZINCI VALERIANATIS {Throat and St. Thomas's).— Zinc 
 Valerianate, 1 grain ; Compound Pill of Asafetida, 2 grains. 
 
 ZINGIBER. 
 
 GINGER. 
 
 Fr., Gingembre ; Ger., Ingwer ; Ital., Zenzero ; Span., Rizoma db 
 
 Jengibre. 
 
 The scraped and dried Rhizome of Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. 
 It is obtained from plants cultivated in the West Indies, India, and 
 other countries. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] ZIN 1449 
 
 Medicinal Properties. — Aromatic stimulant and carminative. 
 Given in atonic dyspepsia, flatulence, and as a corrective adjunct 
 to purgative medicines. 
 
 Oflacial Preparations. — Syrupus Zingiberis and Tinctura Zingiberis. 
 
 Not Official. — Tinctura Zingiberis Fortior, Fluidextractum Zingiberis, 
 and Oleoresina Zingiberis. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in all. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The rliizome of Ginger comes into commerce 
 in several forms, which are either coated, partially scraped, or entirely 
 scraped, and in some varieties washed with Milk of Lime. The last 
 are termed bleached. 
 
 The rhizome differs in being either starchy and brittle with a fibrous 
 fracture, or hard and resinous and rather tough, also in the degree of 
 pungency and flavour. 
 
 The bleached Jamaica Ginger is considered to be the best for flavour, 
 and the Cochin next ; that of Fiji, which is rare in commerce, has 
 a characteristic lemon flavour. The West African Ginger, although 
 inferior in appearance and in smaller pieces, is often superior in pungenc)^. 
 The pieces, which are known technically as races or hands, are in the 
 finer Jamaica and Cochin varieties branched laterally, about 3 in. 
 (75 mm.) long, the branches being compressed, more or less oval, 
 and contracted below, and at the rounded end exhibiting a depression 
 corresponding to the base of the leafy stem. The scraped surface is of 
 a pale buff colour and fibrous appearance, the taste hot and pungent 
 and the flavour characteristic. 
 
 In some specimens of Ginger the appearance is horny throughout, 
 owing to the root having been scalded before drying, but usually it is 
 mealy towards the apices, even when resinous below. Its odour is 
 due to J p.c. of a volatile Oil, but its pungency to an oily body named 
 Gingerol. 
 
 An inferior variety known as Ratoon Ginger is sometimes imported 
 from the West Indies ; it consists of the younger shoots, which are 
 generally kept for propagating the plant. Japanese Ginger is occasion- 
 ally imported ; it has a greyish fracture, occurs in smaller pieces, and 
 is apparently derived from Zingiber Mioga, Roscoe. 
 
 Powdered Ginger is characterised by the cells containing resin, by 
 the pyriform compressed starch grains 12 to 40 ;a long, appearing 
 linear when seen laterally, having the hilum at the smaller end, by 
 the thin-walled polygonal parenchymatous cells, and the sometimes 
 septate bast fibres with irregularly nodose extremities. 
 
 Tests. — Ginger yields, when genuine and unbleached, from 3 to 
 4 p.c. of ash, and 6 p.c. should not be exceeded. It is officially 
 required to yield not more than 6 p.c. of Ash and not more than 
 1"5 p.c. of ash insoluble in Water. The extractive matter soluble 
 in cold Distilled Water is usually about 10 p.c, and should not be 
 less than 8*5 p.c. ; the extractive matter soluble in Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 usually amounts to about 5 p.c, and should not be materially below 
 this figure. 
 
1450 ZIK [Solids by WeigM; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 Two specimens of the Ehizome examined in tlie author's laboratory 
 yielded, ash, 3-18 and 3*24 p.c; Soluble ash, 1-66 and I'TOp.c. ; 
 aqueous Extract, 12-3 and 14-2 p.c. ; Alcohol (90 p.c.) Extract, 4*9 
 and 4-8 p.c. 
 
 A sample of powdered Ginger yielded, ash, 3*26 p.c. ; soluble ash, 
 2-5 ; aqueous Extract, 18-8 ; Alcohol (90 p.c). Extract 5*2 p.c. 
 
 Preparations. 
 
 SYRUPUS ZINGIBERIS. Syeup of Gingeb. 
 1 of Ginger (in the form of strong Tincture 1 in 2) ; Syrup, g.s. to 
 yield 40. (1 of Ginger in 40.) 
 
 Dose. — I to 1 fl. drm. = 1*8 to 3*6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Jap., 1 of Tincture in 10; Swed., 
 1 (rhizome) in 20, by weight ; U.S., 3 (Fluid Extract) in 100. 
 
 TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS. Tincture of Ginger. 
 1 of Ginger, in No. 40 powder, percolated with Alcohol (90 p.c.) to 
 yield 10. . (1 in 10.) 
 
 Dose.— I to 1 fl. drm. = 1-8 to 3-6 ml. 
 
 Foreign Pharmacopoeias. — Official in Belg., Ger., Ital., Jap., Mex., 
 Port., Swiss and U.S., 1 in 5 : all by weight except U.S. 
 
 Tests. — Tincture of Ginger has a specific gravity of about 0*830 ; 
 it contains about 0*5 p.c. w/v of total solids and about 88 p.c. v/v of 
 Absolute Alcohol. 
 
 Not Official. 
 
 TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS FORTIOR. Syn. Essence of Ginger (S.P. 
 '85). — Ginger percolated with Alcohol (90 p.c.) to form 1 in 2. 
 
 Dose. — 5 to 20 minims = 0-3 to 1-2 ml. 
 
 Squire's Essence of Ginger has always been twice the above strength. 
 Bj-repercolation a Fluid Extract 1 in 1, or even 2 in 1, can be readily prepared. 
 U.S. has Fluidextractum. Zingiberis 1 in 1 with Alcohol (95 p.c). 
 
 OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS (U.S.). Syn. Gingerine.— Ginger, in No. 60 
 powder, exhausted hy percolation with Acetone and evaporation. 
 Should be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. 
 
[Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 1451 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY MATTER 
 
 which arrived too late for insertion under the various headings. 
 
 ACIDUM HYPOCHLOROSUM. ^ee also p. 367. 
 
 Very many surgeons are pleased with the results obtained in the early 
 treatment of recent wounds, and have given up other methods in its favour ; 
 the methods of producing it advocated by Dakin and Carrel and Lorrain- 
 Smith seem to most observers to be equally good. — L. '15, ii. 1397. 
 
 Being non-toxic and non-irritating to the tissues when properly prepared 
 according to Dakin's formula, the Hypochlorite Solution may be safely used 
 in large quantities over long periods without ill effects ; the fcetor from 
 gangrenous tissues usually disappears in 24 hours ; re-dressing of wounds is 
 infrequent ; the injections into the rubber tubes may with safety be intrusted 
 to very imperfectly-trained orderlies ; the preparation is simple and cheap. 
 —B.M.J. '16, i. 128. 
 
 Keeps best in coloured bottles in a dark cupboard. Towels, etc., which 
 become wetted by the lotion should be forthwith rinsed in a large quantity 
 of Water to remove the acid rapidly ; it is also corrosive to metals ; instru- 
 ments, needles, etc., should be carefully treated, else they will rust. In 
 cold weather the solution keeps for 3 weeks, in hot weather not more than 
 one week. For use as a lotion the solution must be warmed ; this may be 
 done by placing the bottle in a basin of hot Water, or the solution may be 
 made double strength (50 granunes to litre) and diluted with an equal volume 
 of hot Water ; the double strength solution will nob keep its value for more 
 than two days.— .B.il/.J. '16, i. 171. 
 
 EUSOL. See also p. 367. 
 
 Suggested that a mixt\ire of Sodium Bicarbonate with Chlorinated Lime be 
 substituted, but the original formula of Eusol should be very carefully 
 adhered to, because while the Boric Acid and Chlorinated Lime mixture, or 
 Eusol, can be used intravenovisly with safety and success, a mixture of 
 Chlorinated Lime and Sodium Bicarbonate cannot, since the latter solution 
 coagulates the blood. — L. '16, i. 253. Does not deserve to supplant salt 
 treatment of infected wounds. — B.M.J. '16, i. 1. 
 
 For the acute toxsemia secondary to gas gangi-ene intravenous injection of 
 40 to 70 c.c. of Eusol containing 5 p.c. Hypochlorous Acid, to which was 
 added 8*5 grammes Sodixim Chloride per litre. — B.M.J. '16, i. 85. 
 
 APOMORPHIN/E HYDROCHLORICUM. See also p. 216. 
 
 Hypodermically to produce emesis as soon as possible in all cases in the 
 early stage of nitrous fximes poisoning.— .B.il/. J. '16, i. 165. 
 
 CHLORAMiNE. 
 
 Sodium Para-Toluene- Sulphochloramide. NaCH3SO.,NCl,3H,0, eq. 205-612. 
 White prismatic crystals containing three molecules of water of crystalli- 
 sation, possessing a very faint chlorinous odour. It is readily soluble in 
 Water, yielding a solution which is faintly alkaline in reaction and which 
 possesses a bitter taste. It is an extremely stable substance, aqueoiis solu- 
 tions showing no significant decomposition after keeping several months. 
 It is free from corrosive action, does not coagulate proteins, and is practically 
 non-toxic. It exerts a powerful germicidal action, the germicidal action of 
 
1462 [Solids by Weight; Liquids by Measure.] 
 
 one moleculai' eqmvalent of Chloramine is about four times as great as that 
 of a molecular equivalent of Sodium Hjrpochlorite. 
 
 A most satisfactory antiseptic ; 1 to 2 p.c. as mouth wash in extremely 
 foul jaw and mouth injuries ; 5 p.c. for irrigation of bladder and uterus in 
 septic cases ; gauze may be readily impregnated with large quantities ; 
 contains chemically-combined Chlorine in a form qviite stable and non- 
 irritating ; being highly reactive, should not be mixed with other 
 antiseptics ; both Alcohol and Hydrogen Peroxide are decomposed by it. 
 —B.M.J. '16, i. 162. 
 
 CREOSOTUM. See also p. 525. 
 
 Owing to the increased price of Salicyl compovmds it may be noted that 
 Creosote seems to do quite as well in various rheumatic and gouty conditions. 
 —B.M.J. '16, i. 167. 
 
 EMETIN/E HYDROCHLORIDUM. 6 ee also p. 794. 
 
 Warning sounded from more than one quarter against the indiscriminate 
 and unguarded use of it beyond the limits which expert observation has laid 
 down for its employment with safety and benefit. — B.M.J. '15, ii. 895. 
 
 KEROSENE OIL. 
 
 For bugs tliis is the best insecticide. ^ — B.M.J. '16, i. 151. 
 
 NAPHTHALINUM. See also p. 916. 
 
 For use against lice on a large scale this is the best powder. — B.M.J. '16, 
 i. 151. 
 
 OXYMEL. See also p. 874. 
 
 Tests. — Oxymel has a specific gravity of about 1-276; the B.P. gives 
 1-27. It is officially required to indicate not less than 3 '84 p.c. by weight, 
 equivalent to not less than 4' 88 p.c. by volxime of Hydrogen Acetate, as 
 determined by titrating 25 grammes of the Oxymel with Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which not less than 32 ml. should be 
 required, 1 ml. of Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution = 
 0' 030016 gramme of Hydrogen Acetate; Phenolphthalein Solution may be 
 employed as an indicator, but is not specifically referred to by the B.P. 
 The optical rotation at 15*5° C. (60° F.) in a 200 mm. tube of the filtrate 
 obtained by precipitating 25 grammes of the Oxymel by the addition of 1 inl. 
 of Lead Subacetate Solution, diluting to 100 ml. with Distilled Water, and 
 filtering after decolorising \vith 1 gramme of Animal Charcoal, should be 
 not more than — 3-9°. 
 
 PITUITRIN. See also p. 1034. 
 
 1 CO. injections every four hours of great service in acute pneumonia. — 
 B.M.J. '16, i. 165. 
 
 SODII CHLORIDUM. /See also p. 1273. 
 
 A good paper describing and recommending Saline treatment of infected 
 gunshot wounds (Col. H. M. W. Qvay).— B.M.J. '16, i. 1. 
 
 SODII SULPHAS. See also p. 1305. 
 
 In bacillary dysentery it is to be preferred to every other treatment, in 
 1 drachm doses every hour or two. — B.M.J. '16, i. 49. 
 
 AMOrViUM MELAGUET>E SEMINA. 
 
 Grains of Paradise or Guinea Grains. (Not Official.) 
 
 The seeds of Amomum Melagueta, Roxb., Nat. Ord. Seifatninacece, imported 
 from W. Africa. 
 
[Solids by Weight; liquids by Measure.] 1453 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The seeds, known also as Melagueta pepper, are 
 imported loose, or freed from the pericarp. They are rounded-angular, and 
 of a reddish brown colour with a shagi'eened or papillose surface, and a 
 pale hilum to which is attached the remains of a beak-shaped seedstalk. 
 The seeds have very little odour, but a very biting and burning taste, due 
 to an oily body, named Paradol, by Dr. Thresh. It contains 0*3 p.c. of a 
 volatile oil, from which its slight aroma is derived. The seeds were formerly 
 used as a spice, but now chiefly as a stimulant in veterinary medicine, and in 
 cattle spices. 
 
 CALAMI RHIZOMA. (Not Official.) 
 
 The prostrate rhizome of Acorus Calamus, L., Sweet flag, is used in medicine, 
 and the volatile oil derived from it is employed in perfumery and the liqueur 
 industry. 
 
 It is Official in the P.G. and U.S. P., and used in domestic medicine in most 
 temperate and some subtropical countries. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — The plant is an herbaceous perennial growing on 
 the muddy margins of streams and ponds, in Northern and Central Asia 
 and N. America, but cultivated in Europe. It resembles an Iris in habit, 
 except that the leaves are undulated at the margins, and fragrant when 
 bruised. The inflorescence is a conical oblong spike of small flowers borne on 
 the edge of a modified leaf. The rhizome is subcylindiical or slightly com- 
 pressed, A to 1 in. in diameter, and a few inches long, marked with the scars 
 of leaves on the upper part, and on the under surface with dot -like scars 
 of fleshy rootlets. Externally it is orange brown or dark brown, and has a 
 short, corky, pale brown or nearly white, spongy fracture, which shows a 
 central column surrounded by a thick bark, both containing scattered 
 vascular bundles, which are more crowded in the central column near the 
 bark. The odoiu- is aromatic and pungent, and the taste bitter. It contains 
 2 to 2h p.c. of volatile oil, and a bitter principle named acorin. A rather 
 smaller rhizome, named ' Shobu ' is sometimes imported from Japan, obtained 
 from AcoTKS spun' us, Schott., and a still smaller one about J in. in diameter 
 called ' Seldsho ' from Acorus gramineus, Ait., both of which have the same 
 fragi'ant odour as A. Calamus. 
 
 CUMINI FRUCTUS. 
 
 Cummin Fruit. (Not Official.) 
 
 The dried ripe fruits of Cuminum, Cyminiitn, Linn., imported from India, 
 Malta, Sicily and Morocco. 
 
 Descriptive Notes. — ^Cummin frmt resembles Caraway in size, but is 
 straight not curved, and differs in the paler colour, in the ridges of the fr\iit 
 being covered with minute bristly hairs, and in the mericarps generally 
 remaining united, and in having the flavour and odour of ciiminaldehyd. 
 In India it is known as Roman or White Cmnmin to distinguish it from Black 
 Cummin, a blackish fruit with a Cummin flavour derived from Carum gracile, 
 Lindl., and imported from Persia, which is preferred in India as a condiment 
 to the Roman Cummin (See Perfmnery and Ess. Oil Record, vol. iv., p. 43). 
 The fruit yields 3 to 4 p.c. of volatile oil. Cummin fruit forms one of the 
 principal ingredients of curry powder, and is used in veterinary medicine 
 as a carminative, and the oil by rat catchers to attract rats. The frviit is 
 liable to be attacked by insect larv£B unless kept in close vessels. 
 
 The distinctive microscopic characters of the powder consist in the multi- 
 cellular obtuse hairs, and in the presence of small cluster crystals in the 
 endosperm cells, neither of which are present in Caraway. 
 
1454 
 
 Wot Official. 
 
 THERAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN. 
 
 By R. tanner HEWLETT, M.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.H., Professor of Bacterio- 
 logy in the University of London, and Consulting Pathologist, Seamen's 
 Hospital, Greenwich. 
 
 THERAPEUTIC SERA. 
 
 Syn. ^ANTITOXINS, OR. ANTI-SERA. 
 
 These are obtained by treating an animal with subcutaneous or intra- 
 venous injections of increasing doses of (a) bacterial toxins, (6) bacterial 
 cultures, living or Idlled, (c) a combination of a and 6, then bleeding the 
 animal, allowing the blood to coagulate, drawing off the serum and bottling 
 this in the fluid state or after drying in vacuo ; all these operations being 
 carried out under the strictest aseptic precautions. Various modifications 
 in the process are adopted by various makers. To the fluid serum a small 
 quantity of an antiseptic is usually added, and each bottle or phial generally 
 contains a single dose only. The dried serum should be in the form of thin 
 scales or fine powder, otherwise it is difficult to dissolve ; for use each gramme 
 (corresponding to about 10 c.e. of fluid serum) of the solid is dissolved in 
 5 to 10 c.c. of warm Distilled Water (not above 40° C. = 104° F.), previously 
 sterilised by boiling. 
 
 Two classes of anti-sera may be distinguished : one prepared by method a, 
 with bacterial toxins, to which the term ' antitoxin ' is alone strictly applicable 
 {e.g., diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins), the other prepared by method b, 
 and termed anti-microbic, or simply anti-sera {e.g., anti-streptococcic, anti- 
 plague, and anti-pneimionic sera). 
 
 The last nained are much less potent than the antitoxins, and attempts 
 have been made to reinforce th ir action by the simultaneous injection of 
 fresh normal serLim, but without much success. 
 
 It is customary in some instances to employ several strains of the organism 
 in the preparation of the serum; such sera are termed 'polyvalent.' The 
 subject of serum treatment is fully dealt with in Hewlett's ' Sermn Therapy.' 
 
 Attempts have been made by Hewlett and by Macfadyen to prepare anti- 
 endotoxic sera by the injection of triturated cultures of the organisms into 
 horses in the case of those organisms which form no exo-toxin. 
 
 The therapeutic sera in most instances retain their activity for several 
 weeks at least if kept in a cool, dark place — preferably an ice-safe : diphtheria 
 and tetanus antitoxins for a year, the anti-microbic sera for a much shorter 
 period. They should not be administered with any other substance, must 
 not be heated, and a bottle of the fluid having once been opened, any fluid 
 not used at the time should be discarded. The dried products are preferable 
 in hot climates. 
 
 The dose of therapeutic sera corresponds usually to 5 to 20 c.c. of the fluid 
 sermn, according to the activity, wliich is estimated by ascertaining the 
 amount of serum required to neutralise a given amount of toxin or culture. 
 The dose depends on the gravity of the disease and not on the age of the 
 patient. Symptomatic treatment on general principles should be employed 
 in addition to the anti-serum. 
 
 The therapeutic sera are administered by subcutaneous injection, in the 
 abdominal wall or between the scapulea, the skin having been previously 
 
THEEAPEUTIC AGENTS OP MICROBIAL ORIGIIT. 1455 
 
 disinfected with an antiseptic lotion, iodine, or alcohol and ether, and the 
 syringe by boiling for five minutes ; or, if an immediate effect be desired, 
 by intravenous injection into a superficial vein, the serum being warmed by 
 standing the bottle in warm Water (35° to 40° C. = 95° to 104° F.) and 
 strained through a piece of fine muslin, sterilised by boiling, if there be any 
 deposit. Care must be taken that no air is injected. Intra-muscular injec- 
 tions may also be employed and are more quickly absorbed than subcutaneous 
 ones. Early treatment is of the iitmost importance. 
 
 Some clinicians assert that antitoxins and anti-sera exert their action 
 when administered by the mouth or rectum. Hewlett, however, was unable 
 to detect any absorption of tetanus antitoxin when given in this way to 
 rabbits, and Sternberg similarly no absorption of chphtheria antitoxin. — 
 Wien. klin. Wochr. 1908, p. 709. 
 
 The therapeutic sera are specific, e.g., diphtheria antitoxin is of use only 
 in diphtheria ; carefully administered they are harmless, but cutaneous 
 eruptions or joint pains may follow, for the treatment of which Calcium 
 Chloride or Lactate is of service. 
 
 A second injection of serum at an interval of not less than 14 to 40 days 
 after the first one may be followed by immediate and serious symptoms 
 (' supersensitation,' ' anaphylaxis,' see Goodall, Jour, of Hyg. vii. 1907, p. 607), 
 and this condition of sensitiveness may last for years. But the continuous 
 use of a seriun for a long period does not produce this effect. 
 
 The anti-sera may be used as prophylactics (dose 5 to 20 c.c. sub- 
 cutaneously), but the immunity produced does not last longer than about 
 three weeks. 
 
 DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN.— Anti-diphtherial serum is Official in the Ph. 
 Get: Both a liquid and a solid antitoxin are described, the former as a 
 yellowish, transparent fluid, ha\'ing the odoiu- of the preservative agent, and 
 ^vith at most a slight sediment, the latter is a yellowish-white powder, or 
 yellow transparent lamellae, which, by the addition of 10 parts of Water, 
 dissolves to a liquid corresponding in colour and general appearance to the 
 liqviid diphtheria antitoxin. The fluid antitoxin is usually suppHed in phials 
 containing 1000 to 4000 vmits. Several preparations by different rnakers 
 can be obtained. 
 
 The therapeutic value is reckoned in Ehrlich units, 1 unit being that 
 amount of serum which will completely neutralise about 100 lethal doses of 
 toxin in a medium-sized guinea-pig. 
 
 The method of standardisation is a verjr exact one, devised by Ehrlich, 
 but is too compUcated to explain here. The different makes are of different 
 strengths, i.e., contain a variable number of units in a given volume. The 
 dosage is always referred to in units. 
 
 The Ph. Ger. stipulates that antitoxin with marked permanent turbidity 
 or thick deposit, as well as sertmi of a prohibited test-number, is not per- 
 mitted to be sold in pharmacy, and that it shall contain at least 350 units in 
 1 c.c. 
 
 The sizes of the liquid diphtheria antitoxin mostly vised are No. 0, 200 
 immvmisation units ; No. 1, 500 to 600 immunisation luiits ; No. 2, 1000 
 immiinisation imits ; No. 3, 1500 immtmisation units. 
 
 The solid diphtheria antitoxin is reqliired to contain at least 5000 immuni- . 
 sation units per gramme. 
 
 It should be protected from the light and stored in a cold place. 
 
 The dosage varies with the severity of the attack, and with the lapse of 
 time after the onset before treatment is commenced. In a mild case, coming 
 under observation on the first day, a single dose of 2000 to 4000 units may 
 suffice, but is best repeated on the next day. In severe cases the 4000 units 
 should be repeated every 4 hoius for 3 or 4 doses, and repeated the next day 
 if necessary. In bad cases, coming luider observation late, 8000 to 30,000 
 units have been recommended as a primary dose, followed by smaller doses, 
 every 3 or 4 hours. In such cases Cairns considers that valuable time is saved 
 by giving the primary dose intravenously. If there be a reasonable suspicion 
 that the case is diphtheritic no time should be lost in giving antitoxin. The 
 
1456 THEBAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICEOBIAL ORIGIN. 
 
 gmde to the administration of subsequent doses is the general condition and 
 the appearance of the membrane ; this when the patient is fully under the 
 influence of antitoxin appears to melt away. Diphtheria antitoxin may be 
 used for prophylaxis, e.g., in an institution where susceptible individuals are 
 congregated and cases of diphtheria have occtirred. The dose should be 
 500-1000 imits. 
 
 In order to avoid the risk of anaphylaxis if it were subsequently necessary 
 to treat the patient for declared diphtheria with diphtheria antitoxin, a 
 diphtheria antitoxin prepared in the ox (i.e., an ox-seriam antitoxin) has been 
 suggested for prophylactic vise. 
 
 Dried diphtheria antitoxin in tablet form to be slowly dissolved in the 
 mouth has been suggested for the treatment of persistent diphtheria infection 
 of the throat, but is of doubtful value. Injections of diphtheria antitoxin 
 do not appear to be of much value in these carrier cases ; Hewlett has 
 obtained good results in them with a diphtheria endotoxin vaccine (L. '12, 
 July 20 and '13, June 28). Behring has suggested for prophylaxis the use 
 of a toxin-antitoxin mixtiu-e, which while being non-toxic, engenders the 
 formation of a large amovmt of antitoxin in the recipient. — Deut. med. Woch. 
 May 8, 1913. 
 
 TETANUS ANTITOXIN. — The potency of anti-tetanic serum is now 
 usually described in American units. The American immunity unit is 
 defined as being ten times the least quantity of anti-tetanic serimi necessary 
 to save the Ufe of a 350 gramme guinea-pig for 96 hovirs against the Official 
 test-dose of a standard tetanus toxin ; this test-dose of toxin contains 100 
 mininaial lethal doses for guinea-pigs weighing 350 grammes. The luiit 
 of antitoxin would therefore save the life of 1000 guinea-pigs for 96 hours 
 injected with the test-dose of tetanus toxin. The German unit is eciuivalent 
 to about 40 U.S.A. units, the Pasteiu- Institute serum usually contains 500 
 to 1000 U.S.A. units in 10 c.c, and the Tizzoni (Italian) seriun contains 
 about 250 U.S.A. tmits in 10 c.c. (= 400,000 vmits, Tizzoni). At the first 
 sign of actual tetanus 10,000 to 20,000 U.S.A. xmits of sertim should be given 
 intravenously, followed every 12 horn's by fiu'ther injections ; the later 
 injections may be given subcutaneovisly or intramuscularly if the intravenous 
 route prove difficult. In any case of declared tetanus, a primary dose of 
 the antitoxin should be given : (a) beneath the arachiKjid, (6) into the lateral 
 ventricles, or (c) intra-thecally by limibar punctxire, the dose being 3000 to 
 8000 U.S.A. luiits. Intra-thecal injection is simple, and will probably 
 suffice ; the head should be kept low after the injection. At the same time 
 9000 to 16,000 U.S.A. units should be given intravenously, and should be 
 followed by repeated subcutaneous or intra -muscular injections. In any 
 case, the injections should be continued for some days after improvement 
 has set in. 
 
 From an analysis of cases of tetanvis occurring in the Army in Flanders, 
 Bruce arrives at the following conclusions : — 1. In 231 cases the mortality 
 was 57 • 7 per cent. 2. Cases with short incubation were more fatal than 
 those of longer incubation. 3. Most cases occurred on the tenth day after 
 the wound. 4. In regard to the therapeutic effect of anti -tetanic serum, 
 the evidence would go to show that this action is not well marked. 5. Anti- 
 • tetanic serum ought to be injected in the first place intra-thecally. 6. At 
 least 3000 tuiits should be injected intra-thecally. At the same time 10,000- 
 20,000 iinits may be injected intravenously and subcutaneoiisly. This 
 procedure to be repeated as frequently as the course of the disease seems to 
 demand. — L. '15, Oct. 23. 
 
 Tetanus antitoxin may perhaps be most usefully employed prophylactically ; 
 a case in which a wound soiled with earth exists, particularly if treatment 
 has been neglected, should receive a preventive inoculation subcutaneously. 
 Preventive treatment has been extensively adopted in America for wovmds 
 received during Independence Day celebrations, and a survey of American 
 literatiu-e shows that not a single case of tetanus has developed in a person 
 who has received a timely prophylactic dose of tetanus antitoxin. Where 
 plenty of serum is available, 1000 to 1500 U.S.A. units should be injected 
 
THERAPEUTIC AGENTS OP MICROBIAL ORIGIN. 1457 
 
 subcutaneonsly. If the supply of sertun be limited, probably for a simple 
 iincomplicated case 500 U.S.A. miits may be regarded as a minimum. A 
 second similar dose may be given with advantage 10 days after the first. 
 
 Dried and pulverised tetanus antitoxin has been recommended as an 
 application to wounds soiled with earth, etc. 
 
 As tetanus toxin is al^sorbed from the wound by way of the nerve-trunks, 
 it has been suggested that antitoxin should be injected into them, but this 
 procedure is not altogether free from risk. 
 
 In veterinary practice repeated doses of 10,000 to 20,000 U.S.A. units will 
 probably be required, but unless the animal be a valuable one, the cost of 
 the treatment will probably be prohibitive. — See MacConkoy, B.M.J. 
 October 10, 1914. 
 
 ANTI-VENENE. — An antitoxin prepared with snake venom. A separate 
 serum is required for every venom, so that this antitoxin must have a Umited 
 use. That prepared by Calmette, of Lille, is mainly antidotal for the venom 
 of the cobra. At least 30 to 40 c.c. should be injected at the earliest possible 
 moment ; if any interval has elapsed since the bite, 10 c.c. should be given in- 
 travenously in addition. Antivenomous sera have been shown to be markedly, 
 if not absolutely specific, even between the venoms of species of the same 
 genus. A polyvalent serum, active against the venoms of the cobra and 
 Russell's viper, is prepared at the Research Institute, Kasauli, India, and by 
 BiuToughs Wellcome and Co. 
 
 ANTI-STREPTOCOCCIC SERUM.— The dose is 10 to 30 c.c. every 12 or 24 
 hours. Some Continental authorities regard this amoixnt as much too small, 
 and administer 50 to 150 c.c. for a dose. 
 
 N.B. — Streptococcic sermn rapidly diminishes in strength with age, and 
 should not be kept. 
 
 Is of especial value in erysipelas. Some cases of septicsemia react well to 
 it, in others apparently similar it has Mttle effect. Cases of septicaemia may 
 be due to a variety of organisms, but it is only in pure streptococcic infections 
 that the serum may be expected to have any effect. Even in streptococcic 
 infections it is not always efficacious ; there seem to be many varieties of 
 streptococci, and a serum prepared with one variety may have little or no 
 antidotal action towards another variety. The sermn should be a * poly- 
 valent ' one, i.e., prepared with several varieties or strains. 
 
 As regards puerperal infections, a Committee of the American Gynaecological 
 Society reported that if any benefit is to be derived from the use of anti- 
 streptococcic serum in a given case, it will usually respond to the injection 
 of 20 to 30 c.c, and from 30 to 50 c.c. will control responsive cases if treatment 
 be commenced early. 
 
 McLeod, in an experimental investigation of the value of anti-streptococcic 
 serum, found that the serum prepared with a certain strain of streptococcus 
 was not capable of protecting rabbits from this strain, and he doubts, there- 
 fore, the value generally of anti-streptococcic serum. He found that normal 
 heated horse sermn frequently proved superior to anti-streptococcic serum 
 in experimental streptococcic infections. — L. '14, Oct. 3. 
 
 Fenwick recommends rectal injections of polyvalent anti-streptococcic 
 serum in gonorrhoea, gonorrhcBal pyaemia, rheumatism and haemorrhagic 
 purpura.— B.il/.J. '06, i. 979. 
 
 Prophylactic injection is recommended by Cheyne previous to operations 
 about mouth and throat. A dose of 10 c.c. should be given on each of the 
 three days preceding operation. 
 
 A number of anti-streptococcic sera are on the market — polyvalent, 
 erysipelas, puerperal fever, pyogenes, rheumatic fever, scarlatina, parodontal, 
 etc. — and the particular one suited to the case should be chosen for treatment. 
 
 Vaccine treatment with a streptococcic vaccine is a promising method 
 for treating streptococcic infections. ((See below.) 
 
 ANTI-MENINGOCOCCIC SERUM. — For epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis 
 (eerebro-spinal fever) cau.sed by the Diplococ. meningitidis. The best results 
 are obtained by intra-thecal injection, after withdrawal of a slightly larger 
 
1458 THERAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIlSr. 
 
 amount of cerebro-spinal fluid, the head being kept low after the injection. 
 Dose 10 to 30 c.c. after withdrawal of an equivalent amount of cerebro-spinal 
 fluid, repeated on 3 or 4 successive days. In the recent epidemic (1914-15) 
 the results of eerima treatment of cerebro-spinal fever have been disappoint- 
 ing. It has recently been shown that at least four chstinct races of the 
 meningococcus exist, and tmless the serum be strictly homologous, it is 
 unlikely to be of much value. Hoinologous sera are now being prepared 
 and should be available in the future. The principal sera now on the market 
 are Flexner's, Mulford\s, Lister Institute, and Burroughs and Wellcome. 
 
 ANTI-ANTHRAX SERUM. — Prepared by immunising asses with killed and 
 living cultures of B. anthracis. Sclavo's is that generally employed, dose 
 50 c.c. 
 
 Successful cases, B.M.J. '05, i. 16, 296, ii. 118. 
 
 ANTI-PNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM.— The dose is 20 to 30 c.c. subcutaneously 
 twice daily until the crisis. If the case be seen early, this serum may 
 be very useful in the case of debilitated, aged, or alcoholic patients. Pane's 
 serum seems to be the most potent. It has recently been shown that distinct 
 races of the pneumococcus exist, and the serum should be homologous for 
 the particular strain of the infection. 
 
 Wilson, Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1900 (Sept.), 595 ; Tyler, ib. 1901 (Jmie), 
 1540 ; Lanchnan, Deut. med. Woch. Nov. 26, 1908. 
 
 ANTI-DYSENTERY SERUM. — This is partly anti-toxic and partly anti- 
 microbic, and has been found to be a valuable remedy in the acute 
 stages of bacillary dysentery ; it is of no use in the amoebic form. When the 
 condition becomes chronic, vaccine treatment (see below) is indicated. Anti- 
 dysentery serum has been favom-ably reported on by Ruffer and Wilhnore 
 and by Willmore and Savage. — B.M.J. 1908, ii. p. 1176 ; '13, ii. 1283. 
 
 The primary dose should be 20 to 50 c.c, given intravenously if the patient 
 be very ill, followed by several doses of 10 to 20 c.c. every 12 to 24 hours 
 subcutaneously. A stock serum may not always be efficient ; it may be 
 necessary to use an autogenous sermu prepared with the strains of dysentery 
 bacilli met with in the particular localitj?^ or epidemic. 
 
 ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM. — Various attempts have been made to prepare 
 a cholera serum but without much success. Salimbeni {Ann. de Vlnst. Past. 
 XXIV., 1910, p. 34) employed a serum (dose 50 to 100 c.c.) apparently with 
 beneficial results. An anti-endotoxic serum prepared by Hewlett was iised 
 in Russia (dose 25 c.c.) {L. Oct. 22, 1910). Injections of hypertonic salt 
 solution (Rogers) is the form of treatment now in vogue. 
 
 ANTI-PLAGUE SERUM. — Yersin's serum is that generally employed. 
 Calmette recommends 20 c.c. intravenously to be given immediately, followed 
 by two subcutaneous doses of at least 40 c.c. each diu'ing the first 24 hours, 
 and subsequently 10 to 40 c.c. daily, according to the condition of the patient. 
 Choksy and also Cairns recommend still larger doses (60, 80, 100, 200 c.c.). 
 The prophylactic dose is 10 c.c. subcutaneously. 
 
 Cahnette, Anyi. de Vlnst. Pasteur, xiii. '99, 865 ; Cairns, L. '03, i. 1287 ; 
 Haffkine, Sc. Mem. Gov. India, No. 20, 1905. 
 
 ANTI-TYPHOID SERUM.— No satisfactory serum seems to have been pre- 
 pared as yet. The sera on the market are anti-microbic ; dose 10 to 20 c.c. 
 
 In the treatment of a large mmaber of cases dijring several years, Chantemesse 
 shows a mortality of 4 p.c, and claims {B.M.J. '04, ii. 1449) to have produced 
 a serum with which remarkable success is stated to have been obtained. 
 The serum is given in small doses (4 to 5 m.), and Wright believes that it 
 contains a toxin and is in reality a vaccine (Chantemesse agrees with this 
 view). 
 
 Hewlett prepared an anti-endotoxic serum, and gives details of nine cases 
 of typhoid fever treated wuth it. Two seemed to have been cut short and 
 five to have benefitted markedly with it. [Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (Med. Sect.), 
 Jime, 1909.] 
 
THEBAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICKOBIAL ORIGIN. 1459 
 
 Chantemesse, La Presse Med. '02, No. 103, 122 ; Trans. XIV. Internal. 
 Congress Hygiene ; Macfadyen, B.M.J. '03, i. 681. 
 
 ANTI-TUBERCLE SERUMS. — Paquin and Maragliano have each prepared 
 an anti-tubercle serum by injections of tuberculin into animals. 
 
 Marmorek lias obtained a tuberculous serum by growing tubercle bacilli in 
 a medium consisting of leucotoxic calf serum and glycerin liver bouillon. In 
 pulmonary tuberculosis he claims, by the use of this antitoxin, to have pi'o- 
 duced amelioration, and even definite cures. In pleurisy there was a rapid 
 diminution of the effusion.— B.M.J. '03, ii. 1434, '06, i. 340 ; L. '03, ii. 1470, 
 1642, 1746. 
 
 Not very favourably reported on.— B.M.J. '01, ii. 1021 ; L. '03, ii. 1695. 
 
 The dose for rather chronic cases is ordinarily 5 c.c, wliilst in acute cases, 
 such as meningitis, as much as from 20 to 30 c.c. in divided doses may bo 
 given every day for 4 or 5 days, the dose being then gradually diminished. 
 The serum when given in carefully graduated doses, with proper precautions 
 and in suitable cases, does no harm. Experience tends to show that the serum 
 does produce a specific antitoxic effect. — L. '04, i. 859, 979 ; B.M.J. '04, i. 
 749, 857. 
 
 The treatment has so far proved rather disappointing (L. '04, ii. 1827), 
 Marmorek's serum proving no more successful in active and progressive 
 cases than other sera. The method of administration recommended in the 
 Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1905, 213, is 3 c.c. injected on the first day, 
 4 c.c. on the second, 5 c.c. on the third day, no injections for the next three 
 days, 5 c.c. on the seventh, 6 c.c. on the eighth, 7 c.c. on the ninth, and 8 c.c. 
 on the tenth day. This completes the first series, and an interval of eight 
 to ten days is allowed. Then 8 c.c., and in another series of eight injections 
 the amount is raised to 20 c.c. Another interval, and then a further series 
 of injections similar to the latter. 
 
 The method reconmiended by Marmorek is the injection of 5 c.c. every 
 other day for 3 weeks, followed by a clear 3 weeks' interval, after which 
 the injections are repeated as before. The site of injection is preferably the 
 abdominal wall or thigh, and should be varied as much as possible. 
 
 Spengler's I.K. Seriim. — Prepared by immunising rabbits by intra- 
 muscular injections of tubercle vu'us, bleeding and taking the whole blood, 
 v>'hich is highly diluted for use (1 in 1,000,000 or more to commence with). 
 Spengler claims that the serum is both anti-toxic to the tuberculous toxins 
 and lytic or solvent for the tubercle bacilli. Injections are given when all 
 reaction, local at the site of inoculation and general, of the previous injection 
 lias passed off. The treatment must be continued for some months at least. 
 (I.K. =: Immunkorper — immune bodies.) (<S'c6 Armstrong, 'I.K. Therapy,' 
 H. K. Lewis, 1914.) 
 
 Contra-Toxin. — The name given by Dr. Mehnarto, the discoverer, to 
 serums which he has devised for the treatment of tuberculosis, malaria, 
 trypanosomiasis, pernicious anaemia, etc. Contra-toxin No. 4 is that employed 
 for the treatment of tuberculosis ; it is stated to be composed of a mixture 
 of sheep sermn, rabbit seriun, cobra serum and mamba venom. Various 
 procedures are employed in the preparation which eliminate the risk of 
 anaphylaxis from its use. Contra-toxin induces solution or lysis of tubercle 
 bacilli, they become less acid-fast, and phagocytosis becomes active. As a 
 rule treatment is begun with 5 c.c. of the contra-toxin ; this may produce a 
 slight rise of temperature and an increase in the amount of sputum. Foui* 
 or five days after the primary injection a second dose is given, if the prhnary 
 reaction be slight of 10 c.c, and such injections should be repeated every 
 second day until the temperature tends to become higher, when 10 c.c. 
 should be administered every fourth or fifth day. Should, however, the 
 primary injection of 5 c.c. induce considerable reaction, the initial dose should 
 be repeated every fourth or fifth day until no more reactions are forthcoming, 
 when doses of 10 c.c. may be given every second day. {8ee Baxcroft, Brit, 
 Journ. oj Tuberculosis, 1914.) 
 
1460 THEBAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICEOBIAL OEIGIN. 
 
 SERUM FOR HAY FEVER. — Dunbar, by injecting horses with the toxin 
 extracted from the pollen of various Graminacece, has obtained an anti-serum 
 which is stated entirely to allay the troublesome symptoms of hay fever. 
 The fluid serum is applied frequently to the eyes, a solid powder to the nose. 
 The remedy is sold under the name of ' Pollantin.' 
 
 A lengthy paper appears in the American Journal of Pharmacy, 1905, 335, 
 giving a ri'sum.i of tnis suggested remedy for hay fever. The substance is 
 prepared in powder and in liquid form. The method of using is as follows : 
 (1) Pour about a third of the contents of the serum-phial into the accom- 
 panying empty glass-phial, provided with a dropping pipette. The phial 
 with dropper is sent out in a small wooden case, and shoxild be carried in the 
 pocket as nearly as possible in the upright position. 
 
 (2) The method to employ in using liquid Pollantin is as follows : (a) For 
 the eye. Bring, by means of the pipette, one drop to the outer angle of the 
 eye, and, drawing down the lower lid with the finger, allow the drop to come 
 into contact with the mucous membrane. A pleasantly cool sensation 
 felt in the eye shows that the instillation, has been properly carried 
 out. 
 
 (6) For the nose. With the head bent somewhat backwards, insert the 
 point of the pipette about \ inch into each nostril, and express one or two 
 drops of Pollantin into each. Care must be taken to keep the pipette 
 squeezed so long as it is within the nose, otherwise the Pollantin will be 
 drawn back into the pipette again. After Pollantin has been introduced into 
 one nostril the other must be kept closed while the serum is snuffed up from 
 the one treated, tapping the while on the outside of that nostril with the 
 finger. 
 
 (3) The pipette, together with the india-rubber head, should be thoroughly 
 cleansed at least once daily, and kept for one minute in boiling Water. 
 
 The powder is obtained {A. J. P. '05, 335) by completely chying the serum 
 in vacuo at 45^ C. (113° F.) and mixing it with sterilised Milk Sugar. It 
 forms a yellowish and almost colourless powder. This should be snuffed into 
 the nostrils or blown in with an insufflator, and can be dusted upon the 
 conjunctiva with a camel's-hair brush. 
 
 The method of using the powder : — ( 1 ) A portion of the pulverised Pollantin 
 as large as a lentil is dropped into the little scoop attached to the stopper 
 of the bottle. The scoop is then held luider one of the nostrils, the other 
 nostril being compressed and occluded by the finger. The powder is then 
 snuffed into the open nostril, the snuffing being repeated several times, 
 during which the ala of the nostril is lightly tapped with the finger to distribute 
 the powder over as much of the mucous membrane as possible. (2) If the 
 powder is also to be used for the eyes, the accompanying camel's-hair brush 
 is lightly dipped into it, the brush being then gently applied to the inner 
 surface of the attached lower lid, or a small quantity of the powder may be 
 shaken upon it from the brush. With each new bottle of the powder a new 
 brush shovild also be brought into use. 
 
 Distressing symptoms following the use of ' Pollantin ' ; giddiness, tirmitus, 
 vertigo and vomiting. — L. '05, ii. 130. 
 
 A Pollen vaccine for prevention of hay fever has been employed with 
 promising results. — Freeman, L. i. 1914, p. 1178. 
 
 ANTI-THYROID SERUM. — A serum prepared by injecting sheep with glycerin 
 extracts of extirpated human thyroids. Has been employed in the treatment 
 of exophthalmic goitre. The serum of tbyroidectomised goats has also been 
 employed in the treatment of certain diseases of the thyroid. 
 
 CANCER SERUM. — Various sera have been prepared for malignant 
 growths. A recent one is that of Schmidt, but reports of its use are not 
 encouraging.— L. '03, ii. 1374 ; B.M.J. '04, i. 299. 
 
 Doyen has reported the discovery of a micrococcus {M. neoformans) in 
 cancerous tiunoiirs, and with the organism has prepared an anti-serum. 
 The results of the inquiry at the Pastern: Institiite and elsewhere are to 
 establish that the M. neoformans does sometimes exist in cancerous tumours. 
 
THEEAPEUTIC AGENTS OP MICROBIAL ORIGIN. 1461 
 
 Dudgeon finds that it is almost identical with M. pyogenes albits (Jour. Hyg. 
 vii. '07, 13). 
 
 It is stated {B.M.J. '05, ii. 211) that during the five months in which 
 all the cases which M. Doyen wished to show were examined, no single case 
 of ameUoration was seen. Records of a ftirther series of cases treated with 
 the serum also appear in L. '06, i. 955, 1188, but in no case was any benefit 
 seen. 
 
 NORMAL SERUM. — Normal horse serum, heated to 60° C. (140° F.) for 
 half an hoxir, may be used (o) to replace for a short time, or (6) to supple- 
 ment, gastric or rectal feeding in cases of vomiting, obstruction, etc. For 
 (a) children, 30 to 50 c.c, adults 100 to 150 c.c, for (6) 20 to 40 c.c. should 
 be given subcutaneously daily. It has also been employed in anaemia, 
 hsemophilia, gastric and duodenal ulcer, haemorrhage, etc. 
 
 Serum injections, e.g., horse serum and diphtheria antitoxin, sometimes 
 produce good effects in many diseases, e.g., arthritis, gonorrhoeal arthritis, 
 asthma, broncho-pneimaonia. 
 
 TUBERCULINS. 
 
 Tuberculins are employed either for treatment, or for diagnosis, of tul>er- 
 culous conditions. 
 
 TUBERCULINS FOR TREATMENT. 
 
 The following are the principal forms of Tuberculin used for cm-ative 
 purposes. All forms may be prepared (a) from human, or (6) from bovine 
 (= P = perlsucht) strains. 
 
 NEW TUBERCULIN T.R. (.S^/^i.—T.R.).— Prepared by mechanically triturat- 
 ing 1 gramme of dried virulent tubercle bacilli mitil entire bacilli can 
 no longer be recognised microscopically. The pulverised mass is treated 
 with 100 c.c. of sterile distilled water and centrifugaUsed ; the supernatant 
 liquid containing water-soluble toxins is rejected. The residue is dried and 
 again triturated, treated with water and centrifugaUsed. The supernatant 
 liquid is retained, and the process of drying, triturating the residue and 
 treating with water is repeated again and again mitil insoluble matter no 
 longer remains. The supernatant liquids are mixed, some glycerin is added, 
 and the fluid is standardised, so as to contain 10 milligrams of dry solid 
 matter per c.c. A sterile 20 per cent, aqueous solution of glycerin should be 
 employed for preparing dilutions, which will keep for about a fortnight. 
 
 TUBERCLE BACILLI EMULSION B.E. (5(/n.— B.E.).— This is prepared from 
 triturated virulent tubercle bacilH suspended in 50 per cent, sterile aqueous 
 solution of glycerin. The mixture is allowed to stand for several 
 days and the milky supernatant liquid is pipetted off and standardised 
 to contain 5 milligrams of solid matter per c.c. It differs from T.R. by 
 containing water-soluble toxins in addition to the cellular products of the 
 tubercle bacillus. Dilutions should be prepared with sterile • 7 per cent, 
 salt solution (with or without • 5 per cent, phenol) and will keep for a few days. 
 
 NEW TUBERCULIN W. (W = Burroughs Wellcome & Co. ).— Virulent 
 tubercle bacilli are killed by treatment with ether and triturated at a low 
 temperature. The ground mass is suspended in 50 per cent, aqueous glycerin. 
 It contains 2 milligrams of dry residue per c.c. Dilutions are prepared with 
 0-7 per cent, saline, containing 0-25 per cent, phenol and 20 per cent, glycerin. 
 
 OLD TUBERCULIN, TUBERCULINUM KOCHI. (/St/n.— T.O.).— This is pre- 
 pared by growing tubercle bacilli in glycerin veal broth, autoclaving, 
 concentrating on a water-bath and filtering through a porcelain filter to 
 remove the bacterial bodies. It is an amber-coloijred syrupy liqmd having a 
 pecuhar characteristic odour, containing 40 p.c. of glycerin, as well as the 
 constituents of the broth. Dilutions are .prepared with 0-7 per cent, salt 
 
1462 THERAPEUTIC AGENTS OP MICROBIAL ORIGIN. 
 
 solution containing 0*5 per cent, phenol. T.O.A. (= Tuberculin-Original-Alt) 
 is prepared from a human, and P.T.O. ( =Perlsucht-Tuberculin-Original) 
 from a bovine, strain of the tubercle bacillus. 
 
 VACUUM TUBERCULIN is essentially T.O.A., in which concentration ia 
 done in vacuo instead of by heat. 
 
 BERANECK'S TUBERCULIN (Syn. — T.Bk.) is similar to Vacuum Tuber- 
 culin, but has added to it a solution of acido -toxin extracted from the 
 bodies of the bacilli. 
 
 DENYS* TUBERCULIN {Syn. — B.F. Bouillon Filtr6) is a filtered glycerin 
 bouillon culture of the tubercle bacillus. 
 
 ROSENBACH'S TUBERCULIN is obtained by growing the tubercle bacillus 
 in symbiosis with the ringworm organism in broth. 
 
 FRIEDMANN'S TUBERCULIN is a preparation containing living non-virulent 
 turtle tubercle bacilli. It has been adversely reported on by a U.S.A. 
 Board appointed for its investigation, which says that ' the claim of Dr. 
 Friedmann to have originated a specific cure for tuberculosis is not substan- 
 tiated by our investigation, and that the inoculation of persons and animals 
 with his organism is without harmful possibilities is disproved.' (Bull. No. 99, 
 Hyg. Lab., Wash., 1914. See also L. 1914, ii. 1320.) 
 
 If TubercuHn T.R. or B.E. be employed for treatment, as is usual, the initial 
 dose may be xTinVtnj milligram for active puknonary tuberculosis, Yuhm Kiilh- 
 gram for chronic phthisis, -j^^ milligram for surgical tuberculosis, and 
 jwui) milligram for urinary and other special forms of tuberculosis. The 
 initial dose of Tuberculin T.O. may be xuuimt ^-c. The doses are given at 
 intervals of 7 to 10 days by subcutaneous or intra -muscular injection ; oral 
 administration has proved unsatisfactory and mireliable. 
 
 The method and frequency of dosage varies in different hands. Latham 
 recommends minute doses, with minute increases so as to avoid any semblance 
 of reaction, the treatment being spread over a long period, and at the end 
 of, say, 2 years a dose of 1 miUigi'am B.E. is reached. At the Tuberculin 
 Dispensary luider Camac Wilkinson, bovine preparations are used to begin 
 with, the initial doses are small, but succeeding doses are given at short 
 intervals and increased as rapidly as the patient can tolerate them, the object 
 being to produce a mild, but to avoid a big, reaction with each dose, every 
 case being treated on its own merits. In most cases a coiximencement may be 
 made with TTiwcr ^o -nhm ^-^^ P-T.O., and doses may usually be given twice 
 a week. Having gradually attained a dosage of 1 c.c. P.T.O., P.T.R. is used, 
 starting with 0-02 c.c, and is gradually increased until 1 c.c. is administered, 
 then finally T.O. is used, starting at 0- 2 to 0- 25 c.c. mitil in 5 or 6 doses 1 c.c. 
 is injected {see SerreU Cooke, Pract. November 1913, p. 662.) 
 
 TUBERCULIN FOR DIAGNOSIS. 
 
 The old Tuberculin is employed for the diagnosis of tuberculous conditions 
 by the production of a specific reaction. It is applied by four methods — • 
 (1) subcutaneous injection, (2) by applying a solution of definite strength 
 after scarifying the skin (Von Pirquet), (3) by applying an ointment contain- 
 ing tuberculin by immction over an area of unbroken skin (More), (4) by the 
 appUcation of a special solution to the conjmictiva (Cahnette). 
 
 1. Hypodermic Injection. — It is wisest to commence with a dose of 
 • 0001 c.c. If this causes no reaction, it may be followed by one of 0-001 c.c. ; 
 if this produces no result, 0-002 c.c. may be given after a fm-ther interval of 
 two days ; if this again produces no reaction, 0-005 c.c. may be given after 
 another interval of two days. If no reaction is produced by the last-named 
 dose, the condition may be considered to be non-tuberculous. The reaction 
 consists of a rise of temperature of 2° F. or more above the normal within 
 the 24 hoiurs following the injection, the temperature being taken every two 
 
THEnAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIK, 1463 
 
 hoiirs. The reaction is imreliable if the patient's temperature at the time of 
 injection is more than 1° above the normal. 
 
 2. The Cutaneous Reaction of Von Pirquet is olatained by scarifying the 
 skin through two separate drops of the tubercuHn solution (25 per cent, 
 strength) placed a little distance apart. A control scarification should be 
 made through a drop of the diluting fluid minus the tuberculin. The reaction 
 consists in the appearance of an area of redness and swelling with papulation 
 usually in from 12 to 24 hoiirs, though it may be delayed for 48 hours ; there 
 is no general temperature reaction. The reaction is particularly valuable 
 in children, in whom it is practically diagnostic, whether positive or negative ; 
 after the age of 8 years it becomes less reliable. 
 
 3. The Percutaneous Inunction of Moro is carried out by rubbing a little 
 of the tuberculin-containing ointment into the sldn of the chest or abdomen 
 for half a minute. The reaction consists in the appearance of pale or red 
 papules, few or many, occasionally only of a patch of redness. 
 
 4. The Ophthalmo-Reaction of Calmette consists in applying the tuberculin 
 as a powder, tablet, or in solution, to the conjunctival sac. The reaction 
 usually appears within 3 to 6 hours, and consists in redness of the conjunctiva 
 with lachrymation. It should not be applied where ocular disease is present, 
 and it occasionally gives rise to severe conjunctivitis. This reaction, positive 
 or negative, is very reliable, both in children and adults. 
 
 The old Tuberculin is employed for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle, 
 the reaction consisting of a rise of temperatiire of more than 2° above the 
 normal 12 to 24 hours after injection. 
 
 OPSONINS. 
 
 Great interest was aroused by the discovery of the significance attached 
 to the opsonic power of the blood and the value of estimations of the opsonic 
 index in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and other infections. 
 The term ' opsonin ' was invented by Wright, and is derived from a classical 
 word which means ' to cater or prepare victuals for,' and it apparently prepares 
 the bacteria for ingestion by the phagocytes. Opsonins are substances 
 contained in the serum or plasma of blood which possess the power of so 
 modifying various kinds of bacteria 'as to render them an easy prey to the 
 attacks of leucocytes. 
 
 This opsonic power is found in the blood of both healthy and diseased 
 persons, but differs in degree, an essential difference being that whereas the 
 degree is held to be approximately the same in normal healthy persons, wide 
 variations are foiind amongst those who are diseased. The process of deter- 
 mining the opsonic index of the blood in disease is briefly as follows : — Equal 
 quantities of the patient's serum, an emulsion of tubercle bacilli (or other 
 organisms), and leucocytes (washed in a sokition of \ p.c. sodium citrate in 
 physiological saline), are taken in a capillary pipette and incubated together 
 for 15 minutes, after which films are made of the mixture and stained in a 
 modified way for tubercle bacilli, etc. ; the number of tubercle bacilli (or 
 other organisms) ingested by not less than 50 polynuclear white corpuscles 
 is counted, and the figure thus obtained is compared with a standard similarly 
 obtained, but using the serum of a healthy person. The former figure divided 
 by the latter gives the ' opsonic index.' 
 
 Determinations of the opsonic power of the serum may be employed either 
 for diagnostic purposes or for controlling the effect of vaccine treatment. 
 The method is one requiring expert technique, and as a routine procedure has 
 been largely given up for either of these purposes. 
 
 VACCINES. 
 
 Vaccines may be divided into two classes : (a) those employed for the 
 treatment of disease, Therapeutic Vaccines, and (6) those employed for the 
 prevention of disease, Preventive or Prophylactic Vaccines. 
 
1464 THERAPEUTIC AGENTS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN. 
 
 THERAPEUTIC VACCINES. 
 
 The therapeutic vaccines usually employed are prepared from cultures of 
 the causative micro-organism of the disease. The cultures are usually grown 
 on a suitable solid ciiltixre medium, the growth on which is suspended in 
 physiological salt solution, sterilised by heating to a suitable temperatvu'e, 
 standardised by coxinting the number of organisms contained in it, and 
 suitably diluted; a little phenol or trikresol being added as a preservative. 
 The vaccine may be prepared from a stock laboratory culture, a stock vaccine, 
 or preferably from the organism isolated from the patient's own infection, 
 an autogenous vaccine. For tuberculous infections, one of the tubercuUns 
 (see above) is generally utilised. 
 
 The dose of the vaccine is described in number of organisms injected ; 
 this varies much with different organisms. A dose which gives a severe 
 reaction should be avoided, a slight to moderate reaction should be aimed 
 at. Another dose should not be given \intil any reaction produced by the 
 previous dose has passed off ; usually the doses may be repeated every 
 7 to 10 days. 
 
 STAPHYLOCOCCIC VACCINE. — Either a single vaccin- consisting of Staphy- 
 lococcus aureus, or albus or cilrciis, or a mixed vaccine containing all three 
 organisms. Useful in boils, carbuncles, pustular acne and sycosis. Dose 
 200 to 1000 millions. 
 
 ACNE VACCINE. — The comedones seem to be produced by a special 
 bacillus, the acne bacillus, and the early papular stage of acne may be treated 
 Avith a vaccine prepared with this bacillus. Dose 10 to 20 to 100 millions. 
 When pustules are present in addition, a mixed vaccine containing the acne 
 bacillus and the Staphylococci in their respective doses should be used. 
 
 BACILLUS COLI VACCINE. — Infections of the bladder, gall-bladder, kidney, 
 vu'eter, etc., are frequently caused by strains of B. coli. It is generally 
 necessary to use an autogenous vaccine. Dose 10 to 20 to 100 or even 1000 
 millions. 
 
 COPiYZA VACCINES. — Naso-pharyngeal catarrhs may be caused by a 
 variety of organisms, e.g., B. septus, M. catarrhalis, B. influenzce, Pneumo- 
 coccus, Streptococcvis, etc. A vaccine prepared with one or more of these 
 organisms is frequently useful in treatment and may also be of service as a 
 preventive. Dose 100 to 200 millions of each organism. 
 
 GONOCOCCUS VACCINE. — This is of service in the later and chronic 
 stages of gonorrhoea and its complications, e.g., gonorrhceal arthritis. Dose 
 5 to 1000 millions. 
 
 A form of vaccine termed ' Dmegon ' was devised by Nicolle and Blaizot 
 for gonorrhcea. It is prepared by emvilsifying the culture in • 7 per cent, 
 sodium fluoride solution. This kills the organisms, and it is claimed alters 
 them much less than heat and antiseptics. — Donaldson, B.M.J, ii. 1914, p. 826. 
 
 PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE. — Used in pneumococcic infections, naso- 
 pharyngeal and bronchial catarrh, arthritis, sinus infections, etc. Dose 
 10 to 50 millions. For pneumonia a stock vaccine may be employed until an 
 autogenous one has been prepared. 
 
 RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS VACCINE. — Warren Crowe directs attention to 
 the frequent occurrence of a micrococcus, which he terms ' Staphyloid 
 Coccus A,'' in the urine in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. A vaccine prepared 
 with this organism is of considerable benefit in some cases. The primary 
 dose should not exceed about 200,000, and vmtil the urine is free from 
 organisms more than 5,000,000 can seldom be given. {See Warren Crowe 
 and Bertram Soltau, Lancet, May 17, 1913.) 
 
 STREPTOCOCCUS VACCINES. — These should be autogenous and polyvalent, 
 and have been used in local and general streptococcic infections such as 
 abscesses, cellulitis, pyorrhoea alveolaris, endocarditis, peritonitis, septi- 
 caemia and pysemia. Dose 10 to 50 millions. 
 
I'HERAPEUTIC AGEKTS OF MICROBIAL OEIGli?. 1465 
 
 SENSITISED VACCINES have been introduced by Besredka. The pre- 
 pared vaccine is treated with the corresponding anti-serum (prepared by 
 imm-unising an animal in the ordinary way and obtaining the serum).- 
 The organisms take up the immmie body or amboceptor of the serum, and 
 are washed free of excess of serum. Such a vaccine is said to produce less 
 disturbance than an unsensitised one. (See Nabarro, Pract. Dec. 1913, p. 782.) 
 
 PHYLACOGENS (Parke, Davis & Co.) are neither bacterial vaccines nor 
 sera, but are sterile aqueous solutions of metabolic substances or derivatives 
 generated by bacteria grown in artificial media. Phylacogens for manj-^ 
 infections are on the market, and good results have been obtained from 
 their use. (See The Treatment of Rheumatic Infections, Parke, Davis & Co. 
 1913.) 
 
 LEPROLIN.^ — A toxin of the cultivation of the Bacillus leprce. It is stated 
 {B.M.J. '05, i. 699) to have given good results in the treatment of leprosy. 
 
 NASTIN. — By incubating leprous tissues in salt solution Deycke obtained 
 a growth of an acid -fast streptothrix. Nastin consists of a fatty substance 
 extracted from this with benzoyl chloride and is used for the treatment of 
 leprosy.— B.M..7. '08, i. 802. 
 
 Wise in Guiana and Messimi at Pretoria give vmfavom-able reports on its 
 use. In India, on the other hand, eleven out of thirteen reports show good 
 results, (^ee Scott, Ind. Joum. Med. Research, I. No. 2, 1913, p. 352.) 
 
 PROPHYLACTIC VACCINES. 
 
 CHOLERA VACCINE. — The cholera vaccine is prepared by emulsifying 
 agar cultvires of the cholera spirillmn. Two vaccines should be used, a first 
 or weak, and a second or strong, 1 c.c. being injected with an interval of 
 7 to 10 days. It was extensively employed in the Balkan war with successful 
 results. 
 
 Originally the living vaccine was vised, now a killed carbolised preparation 
 is employed. Other cholera vaccines, e.g. autolysed cultures, have been 
 devised. 
 
 TYPHOID VACCINE. — Prepared by growing a virulent typhoid bacillus 
 in broth for 48 hom'S and killing by heat. A little lysol is added. Two doses 
 should be given, a first of 500 millions, a second of 1000 millions, with an 
 interval of 7 to 10 days. Typhoid vaccination has been extensively employed 
 among the British troops in India and in the French and American armies. 
 The results are very favourable, the incidence of the disease being reduced 
 by four-fifths and the case-mortality by one-half. 
 
 A para-typhoid vaccine and a dysentery vaccine have been similarly 
 employed. (On Dysentery Vaccine, see Broughton-Alcock, B.M.J, ii., 1914, 
 p. 306.) 
 
 Castellani has devised polyvalent vaccines, consisting of tj^Jhoid, para- 
 typhoid A and B, and cholera, which seem to be successful {L. 1915, ii., 
 p. 1206). 
 
 PLAGUE VACCINE. — Prepared by growing the plague bacillus in a 
 butter broth for about four weeks, kilhng by heat and carbolising. Has been 
 extensively used in India with considerable success, as regards both reduction 
 in incidence and in mortality of the disease. 
 
 Prophylactic vaccines have also been employed in other diseases, e.g., 
 dysentery, para-typhoid fever, coryza and bronchial catarrh {see above), 
 pneumonia, etc. 
 
 ANTI-RABIC INOCULATION, — The Pastern- system of inoculation as practised 
 for bites of rabid animals. The spinal cord of rabbits dead of inoculated 
 rabies, are chied for yjeriods varjang from 14 to 3 days, emulsified, and injected 
 subcutaneously. The treatment must usually be carried out at an Institute 
 {e.g., Pasteiir Institute, Rue Dutot, Paris ; Pasteur Institute, Lille), but 
 
1466 THEBAPEUTIC AGEKTS OF MICROBIAIi OEIGIK. 
 
 Seniple has devised a carbolised fluid preparation which may be forwarded 
 . to the patient. (Useless for treatment of disease when declared. ) 
 
 Some of the anti-sera (diphtheria, tetanus, plague, and streptococcus) 
 may be employed as prophylactics, but their protective power is transient 
 (three weeks), whereas the vaccines protect for at least many months. 
 
 GLYCERINATED VACCINE LYMPH is prepared by mixing calf lymph 
 with 50 p.c. of glycerin and storing for three months ; this destroys all 
 extraneous organisms. A preparation in which the extraneous organisjns 
 are killed with chloroform is also prepared (Green's method). Oil of cloves 
 has also been used for this purpose (Blaxall). 
 
 COLBY'S FLUIDi 
 
 A fluid originally prepared liy cultivating the streptococcus of erysipelas 
 and the Bacillus jjrodigiosus in broth, and heating to 58° C. (13G'4° F.) for 
 one hoiu". 
 
 It is now obtained by growing the two organisms separately and mixing 
 the sterilised cultiu-efe. 
 
 It has been used in the treatment of malignant growths, especially sarcomata. 
 
 The primary dose recommended is J minim injected into the buttock or 
 pectoral muscle. Subsequently the doses are injected into, or into the 
 neighboiu-hood of, the tumour, if this be accessible, otherwise into the buttock 
 or elsewhere. Daily injections are given, increasing by |- minim until the 
 desired reaction, a temperattu'e of 102°— 104° F., is obtained. The dose should 
 not then be increased until it fails to give a reaction, when it may again be 
 increased by J minim. {See Coley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. iii. 1909-10 (Stirgical 
 Sect.), p. 1.) 
 
 PYOCYANASE. 
 
 A ferment obtained from cultures of the B. pyocyaneus. Has been employed 
 as an application for digesting and removing the membrane in diphtheria. 
 
 MALLEIN. 
 
 Prepared by boiling and concentrating broth cultvires of the glanders 
 bacillus. Employed for the diagnosis of glanders in animals. The requisite 
 dose is injected subcutaneously in the neck. In a glandered animal a large 
 swelling forms at the seat of inoculation, any local lesion becomes enlarged, 
 and the temperature rises at least 2 • 5° F. above the normal. It is of no 
 therapeutic value. 
 
1467 
 
 CHEMICALS, EEAGENTS, ETC., 
 
 USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 In the undermentioned list of substances and solutions used in chemical 
 analysis, the word 'parts,' where it relates to preparations of the P.G., 
 is to be understood to mean ' parts by weight.' 
 
 The words ' not included ' signify that the particular chemical or reagent 
 is not included in the Appendix to the particular Pharmacopoeia, though it 
 does not necessarily follow that the chemical or reagent in question is not 
 inckided in the text of the individual Pharmacopoeia to which it refers. To 
 settle this point a reference should be made to the paragraphs ' Foreign 
 Pharmacopoeias ' under each individual heading. 
 
 ACETIC ANHYDRIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Acetic Anhydride of commerce. 
 P.O.— Pure Acetic Anhydride, (CH3C0)„0. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 ACETONE. 
 
 B.P. — The Acetone of the B.P. 
 P.G.— Pure Acetone, C3HSO. 
 C7.S.P.— The Acetone of the U.S.P. 
 
 ACIDUTM ACETICIBI. ACETIC ACID. 
 
 B P "I 
 • ■ \ The acids Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 P.O. — Acidum Aceticum Dilutum P.O. more closely resembles Acetic 
 Acid B.P. and U.S.P. See Acidum Aceticum, p. 14. 
 
 ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACTALE. 
 
 B.P. j The Glacial Acetic Acid Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 U.S.P.) See Acidum Aceticimi Glaciale, p. 17. 
 P.O. — ^Acidum Aceticum P.O. is practically Glacial. 
 
 ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM. 
 
 B.P. — Hypophosphorous Acid as it occurs in commerce. Sp. gr. 1'137. 
 
 PC \ 
 
 U S P I ■^^^ included. 
 
 ACIDUM lODICUM. 
 
 B.P. — ^Todic Acid, HIO,, as it occms in commerce, pure. 
 
 PC \ 
 
 U <? P I "^^^ included. 
 
 ACIDUM SALICYLICUM. 
 
 B.P. — The Salicylic Acid of the B.P. 
 
 P O ) 
 ■ "p \ Not included. 
 
1468 CHEMICALS, BEAGENTS, ETC., OSED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 ALBUMEN. 
 
 B.P. — The liquid white obtained from the fresh eggs of Qallus Bankiva var. 
 domesticus. 
 
 P.O. — Fresh white of egg. 
 
 U.S. P. — The white of a fresh hen's egg separated from the yolk. 
 
 Coagulated White of Egg is employed by the B.P., U.S. P. and P.O. as a 
 test for the activity of Pepsin. 
 
 ALBUMEN SOLUTION or TEST -SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — Albumen, 10 ml. ; Distilled Water, 40 ml. The solution is recom- 
 mended to be freshly prepared, and either the above quantity of DistiUed 
 Water may be added or a, suificiency to adjust the solution to meet the 
 requirements of individual tests. The solution may be filtered through 
 clean tow moistened with Distilled Water. 
 
 p,G. — Fresh White of Egg, 1 ; Distilled Water, 9 ; dissolve, filter. 
 
 U.S. P. — The Uquid portion of a fresh hen's egg, freed from the yolk, 
 shaken with 100 c.c. of Distilled Water and filtered. It ia recommended 
 that the solution be prepared fresh for use when required. 
 
 ALCOHOL, ABSOLUTE. 
 
 B.P. I 
 
 P.G. > The Absolute Alcohol Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S.P.) 
 
 ALCOHOL, DILUTED. 
 
 .B.P.— Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; Alcohol (70 p.c.) ; Alcohol (20 p.c), of the B.P. 
 
 P.O.— The Diluted Alcohol of the P.G. 
 
 U.S.P.— Alcohol (90 p.c.) ; Alcohol (80 p.c.) ; Alcohol (70 p.c), of the 
 TLS.P. For Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol CHgO, the U.S.P. directs the use of 
 the Official Alcohol of the U.S.P. 
 
 ALUM. 
 
 B.P. — A colourless transparent crystalline salt represented by the chemical 
 formula AL(S0J3, K.,SO„ 24H.,0, or A1.,(S0,)3, (NH^)„SO„ 24H.,0. 
 P.G. 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 AMMONIA SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The Official ' Liquor Ammoniae.' 
 P.G. — The Official ' Liquor Ammonii Caustici.' 
 U.S.P. — The Official ' Aqua Anamonise.' 
 They each contain 10 p.c. by weight of Ammonia. 
 
 For strong solution of Ammonia the B.P. directs the use of the Official 
 ' Liquor Ammonia; Fortis.' 
 
 AMMONIUM ACETATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The Official Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. 
 U *? P f "^"^^ included. 
 
 AMMONIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A solution of 5 granmies of Ammonium Carbonate, 7 . 5 ml. of 
 Ammonia Solution, and Distilled Water q.s. to yield 100 ml., filtered if, 
 required. 
 
 P.G. — ^Aramonium Carbonate 1 part, dissolved in a mixture of Distilled 
 Water 4 parts and Solution of Ammonia 1 part. 
 
 The P.G. has also a saturated Amxnonium Carbonate Solution, prepared 
 by dissolving 1 part of Ammonium Carbonate in 5 parts of Distilled Water. 
 
CHEMICALS, EEAGEKTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1469 
 
 U.S. P. — Ammonii Carbonas U.S. P., 20 grammes dissolved in a mixture 
 of Ammonia Water 20 c.c. and Distilled Water 70 c.c. ; adding q.s. of Distilled 
 Water to measure 100 c.c. 
 
 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE. 
 
 B P 1 
 
 p'p' I The Ammonium Chloride Official in the respective Pharma- 
 
 U S P I copoeiaa. 
 
 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A filtered solution of 10 grammes of Ammonimn Chloride in Distilled 
 Water q.s. to measure 100 ml. 
 
 P.O. — Dissolve 1 part of Ammonium Chloride in 9 parts of Distilled Water. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution of 10 granunes of Ammonium Chloride U.S. P. in 
 sufficient Distilled Water to measure 100 c.c. 
 
 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION (NESSLER'S). 
 
 B.P. — ^A solution of 0"315 gramme of Ammonium Chloride in Anmaonia- 
 free Distilled Water q.s. to measm-e 100 ml. 
 
 A Diluted Ammonium Chloride (Nessler's) Solution is prepared from this 
 solution by diluting 1 ml. of Ammonium Chloride (Nessler's) Solution with 
 sufficient Ammonia-free Distilled Water to produce 10 ml. 
 
 P O ) 
 
 U S P I ^°^ included. 
 
 AMMONIUM CITRATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The Official Liquor Ammonii Citratis. 
 7y* o*p > Not included. 
 
 A^IMONIUM HYDROSULPHIDE. Sec AMMONIUM SULPHIDE. 
 
 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE. 
 
 B.P. — Ammonimn Molybdate, (NH4),Mo04, of commerce, pm"e. 
 
 P.O.— Not included. 
 
 U.S.P. — Finely powdered Ammonium Molybdate, (NH4)sMo,0,_,44H._,0. 
 
 AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A mm onium Molybdate, 10 granunes ; Distilled Water, q.s. to produce 
 100 ml. ; filter if reqmred. 
 
 U.S.P. — Finely powdered Ammonium Molybdate, (NHj5Mo70„j4H.O, 
 15 grammes ; Ammonia Solution, if necessary, q.s. to effect solution ; Distilled 
 Water, to measure 100 c.c. This solution is gradually poured into 100 c.c. 
 of Nitric Acid [sp. gr. 1-403 at 25° C. (77° F.)]. The solution is submitted 
 to a gentle heat for about 2 hom's, and decanted from any yellow deposit 
 which may form. An alternative method is to mix gradually and with 
 repeated shaking a solution obtained by dissolving Molybdic Acid, (H2M0O4), 
 10 grammes ; Ammonia Solution, 42 c.c, with a solution obtained by mixing 
 03 c.c. of Nitric Acid, of the above specific gravity, with an equal volume 
 of Distilled Water. Heat gently for two hom-s. Any yellow sediment 
 separating out after the solution has been raade some days may be separated 
 by decanting the Uquid in the same manner as above. It is recommended that 
 the reagent be kept in the dark, and the clear solution decanted from any 
 sediment which may separate out from time to time. 
 
 P.G.— Not included. 
 
 AMMONIUM OXALATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Ammonium Oxalate, (NH4)„ CO^, H.,0, of commerce, pxire. 
 
 P.O. — ^Neutral Ammonium Oxalate, (NHj'.COj.ECO. 
 
 U.S.P.— Pure crystallised Ammonium Oxala'te, (NHJ.C.O^ + H.O. 
 
1470 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QTJALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 AMMONIUM OXALATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A filtered solution of 2 • 5 grammes of AmmoniTim Oxalate in Distilled 
 Water q.s. to measure 100 ml. 
 
 P.G. — A solution of 1 part of neutral Ammonium Oxalate in 24 parts of 
 Water. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution of 4 grammes of pure crystallised Ammonium Oxalate 
 [(NH4)„ C.,04, H.>0] in sufficient Distilled Water to measure 100 c.c. An alter- 
 native method is to dissolve 4 grammes of piu-e Oxalic Acid in 100 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, add 15 c.c. of Ammonia Water, boil to expel excess of Am- 
 monia, and dilute with Distilled Water to 113 c.c. The U.S.P. requires that 
 the residue obtained on evaporating a portion of the solution should, when 
 ignited, be completety volatilised, indicating the absence of fixed impurities. 
 The absence of Chlorides and Sulphates should be proved by the precipitate 
 produced by Silver Nitrate Test-Solution or by Barium Chloride Test-Solution 
 being completely soluble on the addition of Nitric Acid. 
 
 AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Ammonivim Persulphate, NH4SO4, of conmierce, pure. 
 
 P.G. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 \ Not included. 
 
 AMMONIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 U.S.P. — The salt represented by the chemical formula (NH4)2S04 and may 
 be prepared by neutralising a mixture of equal volumes of pure Sulphuric 
 Acid and Di.stilled Water with Ammonia Water, then evaporating the solution 
 and crystallising. The alkalinity of the liq\iid should be maintained during 
 the evaporation, if necessary, by the addition of more Ammonia, ascertained 
 by testing from time to time with Litmus paper. Three grammes of the 
 salt should leave no appreciable residue upon ignition, indicating the absence 
 of fixed impin-ities. An aqueous solution of the salt (1—10) shovild not respond 
 to the time-limit test for heavy metals, indicating the absence of heavy 
 metals ; nor should it become turbid with Nitric Acid and Silver Nitrate 
 Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Chlorides. A 1 in 10 aqueous solution 
 should not be coloured red by 2 drops of Hydrochloric Acid and 1 drop of 
 Ferric Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphocyanate. 
 
 p p > Not included. 
 
 AMMONIUM SULPHIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The B.P. uses a solution of Ammonium Hydrosulphide prepared by 
 passing washed Hydrogen Sulphide gas through 120 ml. of Ammonia Solution 
 until saturated, then adding a further 80 ml. of Ammonia Solution. It 
 recommends that the solution be recently prepared. 
 
 U.S.P. — The solution is prepared by satiu-ating 3 parts of pure Ammonia 
 Water with Hydrogen Sulphide, and then converting the greater portion of 
 the Ammoniiun Hydrogen Sulphide formed into Ammonium Sulphide by the 
 addition of 2 parts of Ammonia Water. It should be kept in small dark 
 amber-coloui'ed bottles in a cool, dark place, and when a notable deposit 
 of Sulphur has made its appearance the solution should be rejected. It 
 .should be a perfectly clear and colourless solution, leaving no residue on 
 evaporation, nor should any turbidity be produced in it by Magnesium 
 Sulphate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of free Ammonia ; or by 
 Calcium Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Ammonium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 If Ammonitmi Polysulphide Test-Solution be required it may be prepared 
 by dissolving a small quantity of pure Sulphur in Ammonium Sulphide 
 Test-Solution. 
 
 P.O. — Not included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGEXTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1471 
 
 AMMONIUM THIOGYANATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Ammoniura Thioeyanate, NH^SCN, of commerce, pure. 
 P.O. — Crystallised Ammoni\im Thioeyanate, NH^CNS. Se& also Volu- 
 metric Solutions. 
 
 i7.;S.P.— Not included. 
 
 AMMONIUM THIOGYANATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 p Q \ See Volumetric Solution. 
 i7.iS.P.— Not included. 
 
 AMYL ALCOHOL. 
 
 B.P. — A clear, colourless liquid obtained by fractionating Fusel Oil, after 
 the impurities soluble in a saturated Sodium Chloride Solution have been 
 removed by shaking with that menstrumn. The fraction distilhng between 
 125" and 143° C. (257° and 289-4 F.) may be reserved for use. It contains 
 principally Primary Iso-amyl- Alcohol CjHi.p. The boiling point of Primary 
 Iso-amyl Alcohol, it raay here be noted, is between 128° to 132° G. (262-4° 
 to 269-6° F.). 
 
 P.G.— Amyl Alcohol, C5Hi.,0. Sp. gr. 0-814; boiUng point 129° to 131° C. 
 (264-2° to 267-8° F.). 
 
 U.S. P. — A colourless oily liqtiid possessing a penetrating characteristic 
 odour; boiling at 131° C. (267-8° F.). Soluble 1 in 40 of Water at 25° C. 
 (77°F.), miscible with Alcohol (94-9p.c.), Ether (sp.gr. 0-710 at 25° C. 
 (77° F.)), Chloroform, Carbon Bisulphide, Petroleum Benzin, Benzene, fixed 
 and volatile oils. 
 
 ANILINE. 
 
 B.P. — The Aniline Oil of commerce redistilled. 
 
 U.S. P. — A colourless, strongly refractive oily liquid, possessing a charac- 
 teristic aromatic odom' and a pungent burning taste. Colourless when 
 freshly distilled, but upon exposure to the hght and air it rapidly assumes 
 a reddish-brown colour. Chemically it is Phenylamine, CcHjN. Sp. gr. at 
 25° C. (77° F.) 1-0214. Aniline should distil completely between 183° and 
 184° C. (361-4° and 363-2° F.). Soluble in Alcohol (94-9 p.c), Ether, and 
 the fixed and volatile oils. With acids it forms soluble crystalhne salts. 
 Produces a blue or purple colour when added to Calcium or Sodium Hypo- 
 chlorite Solution. 
 
 P.O. — Not included. 
 
 ANIMAL CHARCOAL. 
 
 B.P. — The purified Animal Charcoal of commerce. 
 
 P O "I 
 
 U S P I ^^^ included. 
 
 AURIC CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Gold Chloride of commerce, pure. 
 
 U.S. P. — The commercial Gold Chloride, usually prepared by dissolving 
 Gold in Nitro-Hydrochloric Acid, and carefully evaporating to dryness, 
 consisting chiefly of Chlorauric Acid, HAUCI4 + 4H„0, wliich is converted 
 iijto neutral Auric Chloride, AuClj, by fusing it at a temperatiire not exceed- 
 ing 150° C. (302° F.), moistening the residue (now consisting of Am-ic and 
 Aureus Chloride) with enough hot Distilled Water to produce a syrupy liquid 
 (whereby the Aureus Chloride is decomposed into Auric Chloride and Metalhc 
 Gold), and pouring off the clear liquid from the precipitate. 
 
 P.G. — Not included. 
 
1472 CHEMICALB, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 AURIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A solution obtained by dissolving 2 grammes of Anric Chloride in 
 sufficient Distilled Water to measure 100 ml., filtering the solution if required. 
 
 U.S. P. — The clear liquid prepared as above, poured off from the precipitate 
 and mixed with 20 volumes of Distilled Water. An alternative inethod is 
 to dissolve 1 gramme of dry Auric Chloride in 30 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 P.G^.— Not included. 
 
 BARIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 U.S. P. — The purified salt represented by 'the chemical formula BaCOj, 
 prepared by precipitating a solution of 12 parts of piunfied crystallised 
 Barium Chloride in boiling Water 30 parts, with Amnaoniiun Carbonate 
 5 parts, followed by Ammonia AVater 5 parts. The precipitate is then 
 thoroughly washed and dried. 
 
 p'q'\ Not included. 
 
 BARIUM CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Barium Chloride of commerce, pure, represented by the 
 chemical formula BaCL, 2H2O. 
 
 P.O. — The salt is Official in the text of the P.O. See Barium Chloride. 
 Not included in the list of reagents. 
 
 U.S. P. — A salt of similar composition to that of the B.P., but the aqueous 
 solution is required to be perfectly neutral, indicating the absence of acids 
 and alkalis ; not to respond to the time-limit test for hea\-y metals, indicating 
 a limit of Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Lead and Zinc ; to 
 be free from traces of Strontium, as indicated by the colour imparted to 
 a non-luminous flame by Diluted Alcohol which has been allowed to remain in 
 contact with the salt for some hours ; the colo^^^ which it is required should be 
 imparted being that of a pure yellowish-green free from red, and it is required 
 to be free from other fixed bases as determined by completely removing the 
 Bariiun from an aqueous solution of the salt by precipitation with Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid, evaporating the filtrate to dryness, and heating on Platinum 
 foil, when no permanent residue should remain. 
 
 BARIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v clear filtered solution of Barium Chloride. 
 P.O. — A 5 p.c. w/w solution of Barium Nitrate, Ba(N03)2, in place of a 
 solution of the Chloride. See below. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 10 p.c. w/v solution of Barium Chloride. 
 
 BARIUM HYDROXIDE. 
 
 B.P. — A crystalline salt represented by the chemical formula Ba(OH)2,8H20, 
 eq. 313-20, now Officially described as the Barium Hydroxide of commerce, 
 pure. 
 
 P.O. — Crystalline Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2.8H„0. 
 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 BARIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A filtered solution obtained by dissolving 3 grammes of Barium 
 Hydroxide in sufficient recently boiled Distilled Water to measure 100 ml., 
 and filtering. 
 
 P.O. — A solution of crystalline Barium Hydroxide, 1 part in 19 parts 
 of Distilled Water. 
 
 U.S. P. — A saturated aqueous solution of crystallised Barium Hydroxide, 
 Ba(0H)2 + 8H„0, to be freshly prepared when required for use. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, El'C, USEt) IN QUAEITATIYE TESTING. 147o 
 
 BxVRIUM NITRATE SOLUTION on TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — See Barium Chloride. 
 
 P.O. — A 5 p.c. w/w solution of Barium Nitrate, Ba(NO.)._,. 
 
 U.S. P. — ^A 10 p.c. w/v solution of the pure salt, Ba(N03)2. Barium 
 Nitrate should answer the tests described under Barium Chloride U.S. P., 
 and in addition its aqueous solution slightly acidulated with Nitric Acid 
 should not be rendered ttu"bid by Silver Nitrate Test Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Chlorides. 
 
 BENZENE. 
 
 ^.P.— The Official Benzene of the B.P. 
 
 P.G.— Benzol, C„H„. Sp. gr. at 15- 5° C. (60° F.), 0-880 to 0-890. Boiling 
 point 80° to 82° C. (176° to 179- 6° F.). 
 
 U.S. P. — A colourless, transparent liquid, possessing a characteristic 
 aromatic odour. Sp.gr. 0-871 at 25° C. (77° F.). It congeals at 5-2° C. 
 (41 • 3° F. ), and boils at 80 • 4° C. ( 176 • 7° F. ). It is represented by the chemical 
 formula CgHg. It is insoluble in Water, but soluble in 4 parts of Alcohol 
 (94-9 p.c), and in Ether. When equal volumes of Benzene and Concentrated 
 Sulphuric Acid are mixed, the Sulphuric Acid should not become coloured. 
 On shaking 2 c.c. of Benzene with 0-5c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and 1 drop of 
 Fuming Nitric Acid, no green or blue tint should be produced, indicating the 
 absence of Thiophene. 
 
 BENZIN OR PETROLEUM BENZIN. 
 
 B.P. — The Petroleum Spirit of the B.P. Appendix I. 
 
 P.(?.— The Official ' Benzinum Petrolei ' of the P.G. Sp.gr. 0-666 to 
 0-686. Boiling point between 50° and 75° C. (122° and 167° F.). 
 
 U.S. P. —The Official ' Benzinum Pm-ificatum ' of the U.S. P. Sp. gr. 0- 638 
 to 0-660 at 25° C. (77° F.). BoiHng point 45° to 60° C. (113° to 140° F.). 
 
 BENZOLATED AMYL ALCOHOL. 
 
 B.P. — A mixture of Benzene and Amyl Alcohol, containing aboiit a qiiarter 
 of its volume of Amyl Alcohol, prepared by mixing 30 parts by volume of 
 Benzene with 10 parts by volume of Amyl Alcohol, any Water which 
 separates out being removed by decantation. It is chiefly used as a solvent 
 for the mixed alkaloids in the assay of Cinchona Bark and its galenical 
 preparations. 
 
 rj g p \ Not included. 
 
 BISMUTH OXYNITRATE. 
 
 B.P. — ^The Official salt of the Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 P O \ 
 
 TJ S P I ■^"^ included. 
 
 BORAX. 
 
 B P \ 
 
 p p y The Official salt of the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 C/./S.P.— Not included. 
 
 BORIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 2-5 p.c. w/v solution of the Official acid in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 filtered if required. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > > Not included. 
 
 BROMINE. 
 
 B.P. — The Bromine of commerce, pure. 
 P.G.—The Bromine of the P.G. 
 
 U.S.P. — Not included in List of Reagents ; Official in the text of U.S.P. 
 
 3 B 
 
]474 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., tJSED IN QUALITATIVE 'lESTINS. 
 
 BROMINE, SOLUTION OF. 
 
 B.P. — A saturated aqueous solution of Bromine prepared with Distilled 
 Water. 
 
 P.O. — A saturated aqueous solution prepared with Distilled Water. 
 
 U.S. P.- — A 1 p.c. v/v solution prepared by dissolving 1 c.c. of Bromine in 
 Buflficient Distilled Water to produce 100 c.c. 
 
 CADMIUM IODIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Cadmium Iodide, Cdl.,, of commerce, pure. 
 
 P O \ 
 
 TI 9 P I ^^^ included. 
 
 CADMIUM IODIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 5 p.c. w/v solution of the above salt in Distilled Water, fdtered if 
 required. 
 
 P C^ 1 
 
 U S P I ^°^ included. 
 
 Cadmium Potassium Iodide Solution is employed as a test reagent for 
 Chloroform (see p. 448). It is a 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Cadmiimi 
 Potassium Iodide. 
 
 CALCIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 B.P. — The pure White Marble or Calc Spar of commerce. 
 
 P.O. — A Calcium Carbonate which is required to answer the P.O. require- 
 ment for Precipitated Calcium Carbonate, and in addition the requirement 
 that an aqueous 1 + 49 solution prepared by the aid of Diluted Acetic Acid 
 should not be altered on the adcUtion of Silver Nitrate Solution, indicating 
 the absence of Chlorides. 
 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A filtered 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution 'of the Official salt. 
 P.O. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqvieous solution of the crystallised salt CaCl.,.6H.,0. 
 U.S. P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the crystallised salt CaCl, + 
 GH^O. 
 
 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE. 
 
 B.P.— The Calcium Hydroxide of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. — Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH).^, prepared by slaking 2 parts of Lime 
 with 1 part of Distilled Water. 
 i7.*S'.P.— Not included. 
 
 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. i 
 
 P.O. } The Lime Water Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S. P.] 
 
 CALCIUM OXIDE. See LIME. 
 
 CALCIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P. — The pure native salt represented by the chemical formula CaSOj, 
 
 P.G.~ Calcium Sulphate, CaS0,.2H,,0. 
 
 U.S. P. — Transparent crystals of native Gypsum (Selenite), CaSO^ -f 2H,0. 
 
CHEMICALS, BEAGENTS, ETC, USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1475 
 
 CALCroM SULPHATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — ^A saturated aqueous solution of Calcium Sulphate. 
 
 P.O. — ^A saturated aqueous solution of the P.O. salt. 
 
 U.S. P. — A saturated aq\ieous solution of native Gypsum, CaSO^, 2iL0, 
 obtained by shaking the powdered crystals of Gypsuni in a bottle nearly 
 filled with Distilled Water at intervals during 12 hours, then decanting the 
 clear saturated solution when required. The solubility of Gypsum at 25° C. 
 (77'^ F.) is 1 in 378. 
 
 CARBON BISULPHIDE (DISULPHIDE). 
 
 B.P. \ The Carbon Disulphide, CSj, Official in the respective Pharma- 
 U.S.P. } copceias. 
 
 P. (?.— Carbon Bisulphide, CS„. Sp.gr. 1-272. Boiling point 46° C. 
 (114-8° F.). 
 
 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Carbon Tetrachloride, CCl,, of commerce, pure. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 CHLORAL HYDRATE. 
 
 P.O.— The Chloralum Hydratum of the P.O. 
 TI ^ P \ "^°^ included. 
 
 CHLORINATED SODA SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P.—The Liquor Sodtc Chlorinatse of the B.P. 
 
 P O \ 
 
 't; o'p ^ Not included. 
 
 CHLORINE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A fi'eshly prepared saturated solution of Chlorine gas in Distilled 
 Water. It may bo obtained by saturating Distilled Water with the purified 
 and washed gas obtained by the reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and 
 Manganese Peroxide. It possesses a gravity of about 1 - 003, and contains 
 about 0-5p.c. of available Chlorine, but no requirements are made by tho 
 B.P. It should be freshly prepared before use. 
 
 P.O. — The ' Aqua Chlorata ' of tho P.O. A solution of Chlorine in Distilled 
 Water, containing from 0- 4 p. c. to 0- 5 p. c. w/w of available Chlorine. 
 
 U.S.P. — The Liquor Chlori Co. of tho Pharmacopoeia. It contains about 
 0-4 p.c. of Chlorine and should be freshly prepared when required. 
 
 CHLOROFORM. 
 
 B.P. ) 
 
 P.O. > The Chloroform Official in the respective Pharmacopceias. 
 U.S.P.) 
 
 The U.S.P. requires that it should bo strictly neutral to moistened Litmus 
 paper. 
 
 CHROMIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The Liquor Acidi Chromici of tho B.P. 
 
 P.O. — A 3 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Chromic Acid. 
 
 C/.<S.P.— Not included. 
 
 CITRIC ACID. 
 
 P.P.— Citric Acid of the P.P. 
 U S P I ■^^^ included. 
 
 3 B 2 
 
1476 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 COBALTOUS NITRATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S. P. — An approximately 10 p.c. w/v solution of Cobaltous Nitrate 
 obtained by dissolving 1 gramme of crystallised commercial Cobaltous Nitrate 
 in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 Commercial crystalled Cobalt Nitrate, Co(N03)2, 6H„0, may be used in 
 making the solution if, when dissolved in Distilled Water and the Cobalt 
 precipitated by Ammonium Sulphide Test-Solution, the filtrate leaves no 
 residue after evaporating and igniting. 
 
 p Q \ Not included. 
 
 COLLODION. 
 
 p'^'> The Collodion Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 C7.5.P.— Not included. 
 COPPER. 
 
 11 *? P I "^'^^ metal, Cu, in the form of wire, foil, or turnings. 
 P.G.— The metal, Cu. 
 
 COPPER ACETATE. 
 
 P.P. — The crystalline Copper Acetate of commerce, Cu(C2H302)2.H20, pure. 
 ijgpi Not included. 
 
 COPPER ACETATE SOLUTION. 
 
 P.P. — A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Copper Acetate, filtered if required. 
 
 The IB.P. has also a Diluted Copper Acetate Solution containing 0*05 p.c. 
 w/v Copper Acetate, obtained by diluting 1 volume of Copper Acetate Solution 
 with Distilled Water so as to produce 100 volumes of the Diluted Solution. 
 
 PC \ 
 
 U S P I ■^°*' i'^'^^'^^^'i- 
 
 COPPER AMMONIO -SULPHATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 P.P. — A deep blue liquid obtained by dissolving 5 grammes of crystallised 
 Copper Sulphate in Distilled Water, carefully adding Ammonia Solution 
 until the precipitate at first formed is almost redissolved, filtering, and finally 
 adding sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 ml. The B.P. directions 
 read : — Dissolve the Copper Sulphate in 160 ml. of the Distilled Water, and 
 cautiously add the Ammonia Solution to the hquid until the precipitate 
 first formed is nearly dissolved ; filter the product, and finally add to the 
 filtrate sufficient of the Distilled Water to produce the required volume. It 
 is interesting to note that the required volume is 100 ml. 
 
 U.S.P. — ^A solution of Cupri-Tetr ammonium Sulphate, CUSO4 + ^NHj -f 
 PLO, obtained by adding Ammonia Solution to Copper Sulphate Test-Solution 
 until the precipitate at first formed is nearly, but not completely, redissolved, 
 and filtering. The U.S.P. adds that this solution should be freshly made 
 when required. 
 
 P.G. — Not included. 
 
 COPPER CARBONATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Precipitated Copper Carbonate as it occurs in commerce. 
 
 P.G. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 , > Not included. 
 
 COPPER OXIDE. 
 
 P.O. — Granulated Copper Oxide, CuO, 
 U S P I ^^^ included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1477 
 
 COPPER OXIDE SOLUTION, AMMONIACAL. 
 
 B.P. — The blue liquid obtained by shaking a weighed quantity of 5 gramme.s 
 
 of Copper Carbonate with 100 ml. of strong Ammonia Solution occasionally 
 
 during 12 hours, allowing the mixture to remain during 24 hours, and 
 
 decanting the clear liquid. The B.P. directs that it shovild be freshly prepared. 
 
 PC ^ 
 J*^" I Not included. 
 
 COPPER SULPHATE. 
 
 £.P.—The crystallised Copper Sulphate, CuSO^, 5 H,,0, of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. \ The Copper Sulphate Official in the text of the respective Pharma- 
 
 U.S. P.) copoeias. 
 
 COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION on TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. "I A 10 p.c. w/v solution of Copper Sulphate in Distilled Water 
 
 U.S.P.f (filtered if necessary, B.P.). 
 
 P.O. — A 2 p.c. w/w aqueous Copper Sulphate Solution. 
 
 DIPHENYLAMINE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S. P. — ^A 0-2 p.c. w/v solution of Diphenylamine in Diluted Sulphuric 
 Acid. Diphenylamine, (C6H5).^NH, is in grejdsh -white or colourless crystals, 
 slightly soluble in Water, more soluble in acids. It has a peculiar, aromatic 
 odom-, and melts at 54° C. (129- 2° F.). The Test-Solution should be 
 colourless. 
 
 To use the solution for testing for the presence of Nitric Acid, a small 
 portion of it is mixed with 1 or 2 drops of Diphenylamine Test-Solution, and 
 then Concentrated Sulphuric Acid (free from compounds of Nitrogen) is 
 poured in so as to form a layer beneath the solution. The presence of Nitric 
 Acid is shown by a deep blue colour at the zone of contact. 
 
 p p' > Not included. 
 
 ETHER. 
 
 B.P. 1 
 
 P.O. \ The Ether Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S.P.) 
 
 The U.S. P. requires that it should be strictly neutral to moistened Litmus 
 paper. 
 
 Ether- Alcohol of the P.O. is a mixture of 1 part by weight of Ether and 
 3 parts by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c). It is the official Spiritus .^thereus 
 of the P.O. 
 
 FERRIC AMMONIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P.—The Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, Fe„(S0,)3, (NH4)„SO„ 24H2O, as 
 it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 
 P.G.— Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, Fe.,(SOj3.(NH,)5S0^.24H„0,of the P.O. 
 
 U.S. P.— The Ferric Ammonimn Sulphate, FeNH^(S0J„ + I2H2O. Official 
 in the text of the U.S.P. 
 
 FERRIC AMMONIUM SULPHATE SOLUTION ob TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 P.O. — A solution of 1 part of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate in a mixture of 
 Distilled Water 8 parts, and Diluted Sulphm-ic Acid 1 part. 
 
 U.S.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, 
 FeNH^(SOJ.,, 12H,,0, U.S.P. 
 
 - B.P. — Not included. The B.P. employs Ferric Sulphate Solution as an 
 Indicator. It is the Liquor Ferri Persulphatis of the B-P. 
 
1478 CHEMICALS, BEAGENT6, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 FERRIC CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The pure anhydrous Ferric Chloride as it occurs in commerce. 
 
 PC I 
 
 jjf^p > Not included. 
 
 FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 6 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the above pvu"e anhydrous Ferric 
 Chloride. It should be filtered if necessary. 
 
 P.G. — ^Uses the ' Liquor Ferri Sesquichlorati ' of the P.O., diluted when 
 necessary as directed. 
 
 U.S.P.—A 10 p.c. w/v solution of the Ferric Chloride of the U.S.P. in 
 Distilled Water. 
 
 FERROUS SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Official Ferrous Sulphate of the B.P., as represented by the 
 chemical formula FcSO,, 7H„0. 
 
 P.G.—The Ferrum Sulphuricum, FeS0,.7H„0, of the P.G. 
 t/.S.F.— The Ferrous Sulphate FeSO, + 7H,,0, of the U.S.P. 
 
 FERROUS SULPHATE SOLUTION oii TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A freshly prepared 2 p.c. w/v solution of Ferrous Sulphate in 
 Distilled Water, filtered if required. 
 
 P.G. — A solution obtained by dissolving 1 part of Ferrous Sulphate in a 
 mixture of 1 part of Distilled Water and 1 part of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 U.S.P. — A clear crystal of Ferrous Sulphate, FeSO^ + 7H„0, dissolved in 
 about 10 parts of Distilled Water which has been previously boiled to expel 
 air. The sohition should be freshly prepared immediately before use. 
 
 FERROUS SULPHIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Commercial Ferrous Sulphide. 
 
 P. t;.— Ferrous Sulphide, FeS. 
 
 U.S.P. — A heavy solid represented by the chemical formula FeS. It is in 
 the form of black or brovvnish-black irregular masses, or fu.sed into sticks, 
 and is soluble in Diluted Sulphuric Acid or Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, with 
 copious evolution of Hydrogen Sulphide. 
 
 FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The Formaldehyde Solution Official in the text of the B.P. 
 P.G'.— The Formaldehyde Solution of the P.G. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 FUCHSIN. 
 
 B.P. — Pure Fuchsin as it occurs in connnerce. 
 
 P G \ 
 
 TJ 9 P I "^°'' "deluded. 
 
 FUCHSIN SOLUTION (DECOLORISED). 
 
 B.P. — A O'l p.c. w/v solution of Fuchsin. prepared l)y dissolving 
 1 gramme of Fuchsin in 500 ml. of hot Distilled Water, and decolorising 
 this solution by the addition of 20 ml. of a saturated aqueous Acid 
 Sodium Sulphite Solution and 10 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid, diluting the 
 mixture when decolorised with svifficient Distilled Water to produce the 
 required volume (1000 ml.). 
 
 P G. ] 
 
 U S P \ "^^^ included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1479 
 
 FUKFUROL. 
 
 P.(?.— Furfurol C^HjO.CHO. 
 
 HP ) 
 
 U S P I ■^*^*' ineliided. 
 
 FURFUROL SOLUTION (ALCOHOLIC). 
 
 P.G. — A solution of 2 parts by weight of freshlj^ tlistilled Furfurol in 98 parts 
 by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 U S P I ^'^^ included. 
 
 GELATIN TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S. P. — A freshly prepared 2-0 p.c. w/v Gelatin Solution obtained by 
 dissolving 1 gramme of purified Gelatin U.S. P. in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 by the aid of a gentle heat, liltering the solution if necessary. 
 
 p Q \ Not included. 
 
 GLYCERIN. 
 B.P. j 
 
 P.O. > The Glycerin Ofilicial in the respective Pharmaconreiaa. 
 U.S.P.) 
 
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 
 
 B.P. I 
 
 P.O. > The Hydrochloric Acid of the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S.P. ) 
 
 The U.S.P. requires that Hydrochloric Acid for use as a reagent should 
 conform to the following additional tests : — The addition of 1 c.c. of Barium 
 Chloride Test-Solution to 1 c.c. of the acid diluted with 9 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water should cause no turbidity within 24 hours, indicating the absence of 
 Sulphates. A crystal of Diphenylamine dropped into the acid should not 
 turn blue, indicating the absence of free Chlorine. 
 
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, DILUTED. 
 
 B.P. — -The diluted acid of the Pharmacopoeia, containing 10*0 p.c. by 
 weight of Hydrogen Chloride. 
 
 P. rr'.— The Diluted Acid of the P.O. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, FUMING. 
 
 P.O. — Colourless, fuming fluid, which contains about 38 p.c. of Hydrochloric 
 Acid, and answers the tests of purity recommended in the case of Hydrochloric 
 Acid. Sp.gr. 1-190. 
 
 U S P I ■^^^ included. 
 
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID, GASEOUS. 
 
 B.P. — Gaseous Hydrochloric Acid, HCl, obtained by decomposing Sodium 
 Chloride with Sulphuric Acid, and drying the gas. 
 
 U S P I ■^^^ included. 
 
 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 J5.P.— The Official Liquor of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. — The Hydrogen Peroxide Solution of the P.O., diluted, if necessary, 
 according to dii'ections. 
 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
1480 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC, USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 IIYDROUEN SULPHIDE. 
 
 B.P. \ The washed gas obtained by the action of Hydrochloric Acid on 
 
 U.S.P.j Ferrous Sulphide. The B.P. employs Hydrochloric Acid, the 
 U.S. P. diluted Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 P.G. — Prepared by the action of Diluted Sulphuric Acid on Ferrous Sulphide, 
 FeS. 
 
 The B.P. states that the gas may be used after having been passed through 
 two wash -bottles containing Water, and permits the use of Hydrogen Sulphide 
 Solution, provided that the solution has a pronounced odour of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide gas, and that it affords a copious black precipitate on the addition 
 of Lead Acetate Solution, and the U.S. P. requires that after generation the 
 gas be treated as described under Hydrogen Sulphide Solution. 
 
 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — An aqueous solution of Hydrogen Sulphide gas. It should have a 
 strong odour of Hydrogen Sulphide gas, and should give a copious black 
 precipitate with Lead Acetate Solution. 
 
 P.O. — A saturated aqueous solution of Hydrogen Sulphide. 
 
 U.S. P. — A saturated aqueous solution of Hydrogen Sulphide. It directs 
 that 1000 c.c. of the solution be prepared by treating, in a suitable apparatus, 
 20 grammes of Ferrous Sulphide with 20 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid (U.S. P.) 
 mixed with 250 c.c. of Distilled Water. The generated gas is first passed 
 through a drying tube containing granulated Calcium Chloride, then from 
 this through a tube of about 8 mm. diameter and about 40 cm. in length 
 containing about 5 grammes of coarsely pulverised Iodine mixed with glass 
 wool, and finally through a wash-bottle containing a little Potassium Iodide 
 Test -Solution. The purified gas is then passed through 1000 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water contained in a bottle of 1500 c.c. capacity, shaking the bottle 
 occasionally. After absorption ceases the solution is transferred to small 
 dark amber-coloured bottles, allowing a stream of the gas to pass through 
 each before stoppering. The bottles should be filled nearly to the top and 
 preserved in a cool and dark place. The solution should only be used if it 
 retains a strong odour of the gas and yields a copious precipitate of Sulphur 
 when it is added to an equal volume of Ferric Chloride Test- Solution. 
 
 HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride, NH„OH, HCl, as it occurs in com- 
 merce, pure. 
 P O ) 
 U s' P ( ■^*^* included. 
 
 INDIGO. 
 
 B.P. — A blue colouring matter prepared from various species of Indigofera, 
 Linn. 
 
 U.S.P. — Commercial Indigo -carmine, the Sodium or Potassium salt of 
 Indigo-Disulphonic Acid, H„CisH8N,,0,,(S03)2. 
 
 P.O. — -Not included. 
 
 INDIGO SULPHATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A O'lp.c. solution of dry, finely powdered Indigo in Sulphuric 
 Acid, prepared by heating in a tube in boiling Water dviring 1 hour, 1 deci- 
 gramme of Indigo with 1 ml. of Sulphuric Acid, diluting the product with the 
 balance of the Sulphuric Acid, and decanting the clarified liquid. 
 
 U.S.P. — A 0* 66 p.c. w/v solution of conmiercial Indigo -Carmine in Distilled 
 Water, prepared by dissolving 1 gramme of commercial Indigo-Carmine as 
 above in 150 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 P.O. — Not included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1481 
 
 IODINE. 
 
 B.P. — The Iodine Official in the text of the B.P. 
 P.G. — The Iodine Official in the text of the P.O. 
 U.S.P.— The Iodine Official in the text of the U.S. P. 
 
 IODINE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 P.G. — Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 2 p.c. w/v solution of Iodine obtained by dissolving a mixture 
 of 1 gramme of Iodine and 3 grammes of Potassium Iodide in 50 c.c. of Dis- 
 tilled Water. 
 
 IRON. 
 
 B.P. — The Ferrum Official in the text of the B.P., which is milled Iron wire 
 of No. 35 gauge, or wrought Iron nails, free from Ferric Oxide. 
 
 P.G. — The powdered Iron Official in the text of the P.G. 
 
 U.S. P. — Bright and perfectly clean Iron in the form of wire, sheet, filings, 
 or electrolytically reduced to powder. 
 
 ISINGLASS. 
 
 B.P. — A shredded gelatinous substance prepared from the sound or 
 swimming bladder of different species of Aolpenscr, Linn. See also p. 758. 
 
 ligp] Not included. 
 
 ISINGLASS, SOLUTION OF. 
 
 B.P. — The freshly prepared, filtered, aqueous 2 p.c. w/v solution of Isinglass 
 prepared by digesting the Isinglass in Distilled Water for half an hour at a 
 water-bath temperature. The product is filtered through clean tow. 
 
 U S P ( '^'^^ included. 
 
 LEAD ACETATE. 
 
 JS.P.— The salt Official in the text of the B.P. 
 
 P.G.— The Lead Acetate of the P.G. 
 
 U.S.P.—The Lead Acetate Official in the text of the U.S. P. 
 
 LEAD ACETATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v solution of the Official Lead Acetate in recently 
 boiled Distilled Water, filtered if reqiiired. 
 
 P.G. — A 10 p.c. w/w solution of the Official salt in Distilled Water. 
 
 The P.G. includes also an alcoholic Lead Acetate Solution, prepared by 
 dissolving 1 part of Lead Acetate in 29 parts by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 at a temperature of 30° to 40° C. (86° to 104° F.). 
 
 U.S. P. — A 10 p.c. w/v solution of the Official salt, free from adhering 
 Lead Carbonate, in Distilled Water. The solution should be preserved in 
 well-stoppered glass bottles. 
 
 LEAD NITRATE. 
 
 B.P. — Lead Nitrate, Pb(N03)„, as it occurs in commerce, pvire. 
 
 P C \ 
 
 jj „■ p j- Not included. ; 
 
 LEAD OXIDE. 
 
 B.P. —The Lead Oxide Official in the text of the B.P. 
 P.G. 
 
 U S p\ ■^^^ included. 
 
1482 CHEMICAIiS, BEAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING, 
 
 LEAD PEROXIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Commercial Lead Peroxide represented by the chemical formula 
 PbO.,, pure. 
 
 USp\ Not included. 
 
 LEAD SUBACETATE SOLUTION or TEST- SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. j The ' Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Fortis ' Official in the respective 
 P.G. \ Pharmacopoeias. B.P. adds diluted, if necessary, with Distilled 
 U.S.P.) Water. 
 This is the Basic Lead Acetate Test-Solution of the U.S.P. 
 
 LIME. 
 B.P.— The Calx of the B.P. 
 U S P I "^°* included. 
 
 LIME, CHLORINATED SOLUTION OF. 
 
 P.G. — Triturate 1 part of Chlorinated Lime with 9 parts by weight of 
 Distilled Water, and filter the solution. 
 
 U S P \ ^°* included. 
 
 MAGNESIA. 
 
 B.P.—The heavy Magnesia MgO, Official in the text of the B.P. 
 USp\ Not included. 
 
 MAGNESIUM AMMONIO-SULPHATE SOLUTION. (MAGNESIA 
 MIXTURE U.S.P.) 
 
 B.P. \ Magnesium Sulphate, 10 grammes : Amjnonium Chloride, 
 U.S.P. ) 20 grammes ; dissolve in 80 c.c. of Water and add 42 c.c. of 
 
 Ammonia Solution (Aqua Ammonia? U.S.P.). 
 
 The B.P. employs ml. in the place of c.c. and directs that the mixture be 
 
 allowed to stand for a few days in a well-stoppered bottle, then decanted and 
 
 filtered. The U.S.P. states that if not perfectly clear the mixture should be 
 
 filtered before using. 
 
 MAGNESIUM SULPHATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. ] A 10 p.c. w/v solution of the Official salt in Distilled Water ; B.P. 
 
 U.S.P. i adds filtered, if required. 
 
 P.G. — A 10 p.c. w/w solution of the Official salt in Distilled Water. 
 
 MANGANESE PEROXIDE. 
 
 p'q' > Powdered native Pyrolusite, MnOj. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 MERCURIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Mercuric Chloride B.P., filtered 
 if required. 
 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 U.S.P. — A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 
 MERCUROUS CHLORIDE. 
 
 J?.P.— The Mercurous Chloride Official in the text of the B.P, 
 P.G. — The Mercurous Chloride of the P.G. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1483 
 
 MERCURIC NITRATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION (MILLON'S 
 REAGENT). 
 
 B.P. — A solution obtained by dissolving 3 ml. of Metallic Merciu-y in 
 27 nxl. of fuming Nitric Acid, and diluting the solution with an equal volvune 
 of Distilled Water. The B.P. requires the solution to be freshly prepared. 
 
 U.S.P. — The ' Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis ' of the U.S.P. 
 
 P.O.— Not included. 
 
 MERCUROUS NITRATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A solution of Mercurous Nitrate obtained by dissolving 2 grarmnes 
 of Mercury in a mixttu-e of 1 ml. of Distilled Water and 1 ml. of Nitric Acid, 
 the mixture being allowed to remain at rest for 24 horn's in a cool dark place 
 and the crystalline residue drained and dissolved in 200 ml. of Distilled Water. 
 
 U.S.P.-^A solution of Mercurous Nitrate prepared by mixing, in a porcelain 
 evaporating basin, 10 grammes of Mercury, 5 c.c. of pure Nitric Acid, and 
 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, and setting aside in a cool dark place during 24 hours. 
 The crystals formed are, after draining, dissolved in 100 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water. The solution should be preserved in a dark amber-coloured bottle 
 into which a small quantity of Mercury has been introduced. 
 
 P.G.— Not included. 
 
 METHYL ALCOHOL. 
 
 l/.S.P.— Rectified, purified wood Alcohol, CH.OH. Sp. gr., about 0-812 
 at 25° C. (77" F.). It should be free from pyroligneous odour. 
 
 Not included. 
 
 B.P.\ 
 
 P.Q.j 
 
 MILK OF LIME. 
 
 B.P. — A suspension of Lime obtained by mixing 100 grammes of Lime with 
 200 ml. of Distilled Water. 
 [I S P \ 
 PQ I Not included. 
 
 MORPHINATED WATER. 
 
 B.P. — A saturated solution of the pm'e alkaloid, Morphine in Chloroform 
 Water, obtained by digesting the pure alkaloid during 7 days in Chloroform 
 Water at a temperature of 15-5^0. {00" F.), and filtering. 
 
 Tj g p \ Not included. 
 
 MORPHINE. 
 
 B.P. — The pure alkaloid Morphine, obtained by precipitating a solution 
 of a pure Morphine Salt by the addition of a slight excess of Ammonia Solution, 
 washing with Distilled Water to remove the Ammonium salt. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 MUCILAGE ACACIA. 
 
 .B.P.— The Mucilage of Gum Acacia of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 \ Not included. 
 
 NAPHTHYLAMINE ACETATE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — Boil 0- 1 gramme of Alphanaphthylamine Acetate (C10H7NH2.HC2 
 HjOo) in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water, filter through cotton, and mix the fi'ltrate 
 with' 180 c.c. of diluted Acetic Acid (10 p.c. of absolute Acid). Only freshly 
 Distilled Water should be employed in preparing this reagent, which must be 
 kept in well -stoppered bottles protected from the light. 
 
 p Q \ Not included. ^ 
 
J 484 CHEMICALS, RBAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 NITRIC ACID. 
 
 B.P. 
 
 P.O. \ The Official Nitric Acid of the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 NITRIC ACID, CRUDE. 
 
 P.G.— The crude Nitric Acid Official in the text of the P.G. 
 
 B.P. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 J > Not included. 
 
 NITRIC ACID, DILUTED. 
 
 B.P. — The diluted acid of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. — Nitric Acid 1 part, Distilled Water 1 part ; both by weight. 
 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 NITRIC ACID, FUMING. 
 
 B.P. — Commercial Fuming Nitric Acid having a sp. gr. of 1 • 5. 
 
 P.G. — A clear reddish-brown liquid, completely volatilised on warming. It 
 evolves suffocating yellowish-red fumes. Sp. gr. at least 1-486. It should 
 contain at least 86 p.c. of pure acid. 
 
 U.S.P.— The commercial red fuming acid. Sp. gr. 1 ■ 437 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 It should be carefully kept in glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place. 
 
 OLIVE OIL. 
 
 B.P.— The Olive Oil of the B.P. 
 P.G. 
 
 U.S.. 
 
 Vp > Not included. 
 
 OXALIC ACID. 
 
 B.P. — Oxalic Acid, H„C.,0j,2H„0, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 
 P.G.— Oxalic Acid (C00H),.2H,0. 
 
 U.S.P. — Pure OxaUc Acid in colourless, transparent, clino-rhombic crystals, 
 represented by the chemical formula H.,C2 0j+2H20 ; 10 grammes on ignition 
 on Platinum foil should leave no residue. It should be completely soluble 
 in 12 parts of Water at 25° C. (77° F.). For the preparation of test and 
 volumetric solutions, commercial Oxalic Acid should be purified as follows : 
 To 1 part of the Acid add 10 parts of cold Water, and shake until the latter 
 is saturated. Filter off the solution from the undissolved crystals, evaporate 
 the filtrate to about three-fourths of its volume, and set it aside so that the 
 fixed salts which it contains may crystallise out. Carefully decant the 
 liquid from the crystals, concentrate it by evaporation, and set it aside to 
 crystalUse, stirring occasionally to prevent the formation of large crystals, 
 which might enclose moistvu'e. Drain the crystals in a fuiuiel, dry them 
 carefully on blotting paper, and preserve them in well -stoppered bottles. 
 
 OXALIC ACID SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 P.G. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqueous solution. 
 
 U.S.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of pure Oxalic Acid. 
 
 B.P.— Not included. 
 
 PALLADOUS CHLORIDE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Palladous Chloride PdCl^. The 
 solution should be preserved in a glass-stoppered bottle. 
 
 B.P.\ -XT , . 1 , , 
 
 P Q } -Not included. . . 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1485 
 
 PARAFFIN SOFT. 
 
 -B.P.— The Soft Paraffin Official in the text of the B.P. 
 P.G. — Not included. Liquid Paraffin is included. It is the Liquid 
 Paraffin Official in the text of the P.O. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 PETROLEUM SPIRIT. *S'yn.— PETROLEUM ETHER. 
 
 B.P. — AUght mobile, colourless, extremely volatile and readily inflammable 
 liquid, obtained by the distillation of Petroleum. A mixture of the lower 
 members of the Paraffin series of Hydrocarbons. Sp.gr. 0-670 to 0-700. 
 Boiling point 50° to 60° C. (122° to 140° F.). 
 
 P.G.—Sp. gr. 0- 650 to 0- 660. Boihng point 40° to 60° C. (104° to 140° F.). 
 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 PHENOL. 
 
 .B.P.— The • Acidum Carbolicum ' of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. 1 Not included in the reagent list ; Official in the text of the 
 
 U.S. P.) respective Pharmacopceias. 
 
 PHENOL SOLUTION. 
 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Carbolic Acid. 
 
 B.P. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 PHENOL-DISULPHONIC ACID. 
 
 B.P. — A liquid prepared by heating 3 grammes of Phenol, on a water -bath 
 diu-ing 6 hours, with 20 ml. of Sulphuric Acid. It should be preserved in a 
 well -stoppered glass bottle. 
 
 Tj ^'p \ Not included. 
 
 PHENOLPHTHALEIN. 
 
 B.P. — The Phenolphthalein Official in the B.P. 
 C7./S.P.— Phenolphthalein, C„,JI,,0,. 
 P.O. — See Indicators of Neutrality. 
 
 PHOSPHORIC ACID CONCENTRATED. 
 
 B.P. — The Concentrated Phosphoric Acid of the B.P. 
 P.G. — The Phosphoric Acid Official in the text of the P.G. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 PHOSPHORIC ACID (SYRUPY). 
 
 B.P. — The Syrupy Phosphoric Acid as it occurs in commerce, possessing 
 a sp. gr. of 1 • 75. 
 P.O. 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 PICRIC ACID (TRINITROPHENOL). 
 
 B.P.— The Trinitrophenol C6H,(NO.,)30H of the B.P. 
 
 U.S.P. — Pure, distinctly crystalline Picric Acid (Trinitrophenol), 
 C8H.(NO„)30H. 
 
 P.O.— Not included. 
 
 PICRIC ACID SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 0-66 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Picric Acid. 
 U.S.P. — A 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official Picric Acid. The 
 solution is cooled and filtered if necessary. 
 P.O.— Not included. 
 
1486 CHEMICALS, EEAGENTS, ETC, USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 PLATINIC CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Platinum Chloride as it occxirs in commerce, pure. 
 P.G?.— Chloroplatinic Acid, H.,PtCla.6H„0. 
 C/./S-P.— Chloroplatinic Acid, H,,PtC]e+6H,,0. 
 
 PLATINIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION ok TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — ^A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Platinic Chloride. 
 
 P.O. — A 5 p.c. \v/w aqueous solution of Chloro-Platinic Acid. 
 
 V.S.P.—A solution of 2-6 grammes of Chloro-Platinic Acid H,PtClo,6H,,0 
 in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water. It is required that if a small portion of this 
 solution be evaporated to dryness and the residue ignited, ptu'e metallic 
 Platinum should remain, which should yield nothing soluble in Nitric Acid. 
 
 POTASSIO-MERCURIC IODIDE ALKALINE SOLUTION OR TEST- 
 SOLUTION. iSyji.— NESSLER'S REAGENT. 
 
 B.P. — A solution prepared by dissolviiag a mixture of 3*5 grammes of 
 Potassium Iodide and 1 • 25 grammes of Mercuric Chloride in 80 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, adding a cold saturated aqueous Mercuric Chloride Solvition drop by 
 drop with constant agitation until a faint permanent red precipitate ensues, 
 adding 12 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide, 1 or 2 drops of the cold saturated 
 aqueous Mercuric Chloride Solution, and diluting with Distilled Water to 
 measure 100 ml. 
 
 P.O. — 5 grammes of Potassium Iodide are dissolved in 5 grammes of 
 boiling Distilled Water, and mixed with a concentrated solution of 
 Mercuric Chloride in boiling Distilled Water, until the precipitate which at 
 first results is no longer dissolved ; for which piu-pose 2 to 2*5 grammes 
 of Mercuric Chloride should be necessary ; cool and filter, mix the filtrate 
 with a solution of 15 grammes of Potassium Hydi'oxide in 30 grammes 
 of Distilled Water, and dilute the mixture to 100 c.c. 0-5 c.c. of Mercuric 
 Chloride Solution is added, and the precipitate which forms is allowed to 
 settle and the clear supernatant liquid is decanted. The reagent should be 
 jjreserved in flasks fitted with a well-fitting indiarubber stopper. 
 
 U.S. P. — To a solution of 5 grammes of Potassium Iodide in 5 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water gradually add in portions a satm-ated aqueous solution of 
 Mercuric Chloride, with constant agitation, until a slight red precipitate 
 remains undissolved. Add 15 graimnes of Potassiimi Hydi'oxide, and, when 
 this has dissolved, 0* 5 c.c. more of the satinrated aqueous solution of Mercuric 
 Chloride, then dilute with Distilled Water to 100 c.c. Allow the precipitate 
 to subside and draw off the clear fluid. 2 c.c. of this reagent when added 
 to 50 c.c. of Water containing 0-05 milligramme of Ammonia should produce 
 at once a yellowish -brown coloration. 
 
 POTASSIO-MERCURIC IODIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 /S^n.— MAYER'S REAGENT. 
 
 B.P. — A solution obtained by mixing a solution of 1 • 355 grammes of 
 Mercuric Chloride in 60 ml. of Distilled Water, with a solution of 5 grammes 
 of Potassium Iodide in 20 ml. of Distilled Water, finally adding a sufficient 
 quantity of Distilled Water to produce 100 ml. 
 
 U.S. P. — Dissolve 1 • 344 grammes of Mercuric Chloride in 60 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and 5 grammes of Potassium Iodide in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 Mix the two solutions, and then add sufficient Distilled Water to make the 
 mixture measure 100 c.c. 
 
 P.G.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM ACETATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Acetate, filtered if 
 required. 
 
 PG. — The Liquor Kalii Acetici of the Pharmacopcsia, prepared by gradually 
 adding 24 parts of Potassium Bicarbonate to 50 parts by weight of Acetic 
 
CHEMICALS, EBAQENTS, ETC, USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1487 
 
 Acid, 30 p.c, w/w, heating the sokition to boiling point, then neutralising 
 with Potassium Bicarbonate and diluting the cooled liquid with Distilled 
 Water until the solution has a sp. gr. of 1- 176 to 1- 180. 
 U.S. P.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSroM ACID TARTRATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A saturated aqueous solution of the B.P. salfc 
 
 P.G. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 \ Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM BICHROMATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Potassii Bichromas of the B.P. 
 
 P.G.— The Kalium Dichromicum, K,Cr,0,, of the P.G. 
 
 U.S.P. — Pure Potassium Dichromate. The pfrre salt K.,Cr.,0,, answering 
 the following tests of purity in addition to the Official requirements : — In 
 a solution of 0-5 gramme of the salt in 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, rendered 
 acid by 0'5 c.c. of Nitric Acid, no turbidity should be produced by Barium 
 Chloride Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Sulphates. 10 c.c. of an 
 aqueous solution of the salt (1-20) should give no turbidity with 1 c.c. of 
 Amrnonia Water followed by 1 c.c. of Ammonium Oxalate Test-Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Calcium. If to a solution of • 5 gramme of the 
 salt in 20 c.c. of Distilled Water sufficient Sulphurous Acid be added to impart 
 a strong odour of the reagent and the mixture be boiled for abovit 3 minutes 
 and cooled, the addition of 1 c.c. of Nitric Acid and a few drops of Silver 
 Nitrate Volumetric Solution should produce no turbidity, indicating the 
 absence of Chlorides. Should the Official salt not answer these tests it may 
 be purified by repeated recrystallisation until it does so. A hot saturated 
 aqueous solution of the salt is rapidly cooled with agitation and the gi-anular 
 crystals collected on a plain filter, washed with cold Distilled Water to 
 remove the mother liquor, drained and then dried at 120° C. (248° F.). This 
 recrystalUsation is repeated as often as is necessary. 
 
 POTASSIUM BICHROMATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 
 U.S.P.— ^A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the pure salt. 
 
 POTASSIUM BITARTRATE. 
 
 U.S.P. — The U.S.P. purifies Potassium Bitartrate U.S.P. to render it 
 suitable for standardising volumetric solutions of Potassium and Sodium 
 Hydi-oxide, as foUow^s : — To 100 grammes of the salt, contained in a beaker, 
 is added a mixture of 85 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2.5 c.c. of Diluted Hycho- 
 chloric Acid ; the covered beaker is then inserted into boiling Water and the 
 mixture digested, with occasional stirring for 3 hours. After quickly cooling, 
 the solution is drained off from the precipitate, which is washed by affusion 
 and decantation with two successive portions of 100 c.c. each of Distilled 
 Water ; after collecting the precipitate upon a plain filter, the washing with 
 cold Distilled Water is continued until the filtrate, after adding a few drops 
 of Nitric Acid, ceases to become opalescent upon the addition of Silver 
 Nitrate Test-Solution. The precipitate of Potassium Bitartrate is then 
 dissolved in the smallest possible volume of boiling Water (about 1500 c.c), 
 filtered, and the filtrate, while being rapidly cooled, is constantly stirred. 
 When the mixtiu'e is cold, the crystalline precipitate is collected upon a 
 plain filter, washed with 300 c.c. of cold Distilled Water, and, after thoroughly 
 th-aining, dried at 120° C. (248° F.) imtil constant in weight. It should be 
 kept in dry secux-ely -stoppered glass bottles. 
 
 p fy' \ Not included. 
 
1488 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 POTASSIUM BROMATE. 
 
 P.G. — Potassium Bromate, IvBrO^. 
 
 U.S. P. — The salt represented by the chemical formula KBrOj. It occurs 
 as white cubical crystals or a granular crystalline powder, and has a pungent 
 saline taste. It should respond to the following tests : — Solubility : 1 in 
 15- 5 of Water at 25° C. (77° F.) ; 1 in 2 of boiling Water ; slightly in Alcohol. 
 Litmus : An aqueous solution should be neutral. Sulphuric Acid : The 
 aqueous solution of the salt should not at once yield a yellow colour on the 
 aclcUtion of the diluted acid, but Sulphuric Acid added to the salt causes 
 decomposition with evolution of Bromine. Nitric Acid : Also causes 
 decomposition with evolution of Bromine. Heat: At 3.50° C. (662° F.) 
 decomposition occurs and Oxygen is given off. Volumetric Determination : 
 Dissolve 0-1 gramme of the salt which has been dried at 100° C. (212° F.) 
 and 2 grammes of Potassium Iodide in about 25 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 contained in a glass-stoppered bottle of about 100 c.c. capacity ; then add 
 5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid, well stopper the bottle and set aside for ten 
 minutes. On titrating this mixtui'e with Tenth-Normal Vokunetric Sodimn 
 Thiosulphate Solution, not less than 36" 1 c.c. should be required to discharge 
 the colour, corresponding to 99-8 p.c. of pvire Potassium Bromate. 
 
 Note. — Potassium Bromate should not be triturated or heated with organic 
 or easily oxidisable substances. 
 
 .B.P.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM BROMATE SOLUTION. 
 
 P.G. — A solution containing 1'6702 grammes of Potassium Bromate, 
 KBrOj, eq. 167-02, in 1 litre. 
 
 The P.O. has also a Potassium Bromide Solution, containing 6 grammes of 
 
 dried Potassium Bromide in 1 litre. 
 
 B P "I 
 
 TT g p \ Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Carbonate, filtered 
 if required. 
 
 P.G. — The ' Liquor Kalii Carbonici ' of the P.G., made by dissolving 
 1 1 parts of the salt in 20 parts of Distilled Water, filtering the solution and 
 diluting with Distilled Water if necessary to a sp. gr. of 1 • 334 to 1 • 338. It 
 is required to contain 33- 1 to 33- 3 p.c. w/w of Potassium Carbonate. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of anhydrous Potassium Car- 
 bonate, the anhydrous salt being prepared by heating the Oflficial U.S. P. salt 
 to 130° C. (266° F.). 
 
 POTASSIUM CHLORATE. 
 
 J5.P.— The Potassii Chloras of the B.P. 
 
 P.G.— The ' KaUimi Chloricum ' Official in the P.O. 
 
 U.S. P.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM CHROMATE. 
 
 B.P. — Potassitma Chromate, K2CrO^, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 
 P.O. — Potassiiun Chromate, K2Cr04. 
 
 U.S. P. — ^Yellow Potassium Chromate, KjCrO^. 
 
 POTASSIUM CHROMATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassivun Chromate, filtered if 
 required. 
 
 P.O. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of yellow Potassium Chromate free 
 from Chloride. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of yellow Potassium Chromate, 
 
CPEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1489 
 
 The red precipitate produced by the addition of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution 
 to a few drops of the solution, diluted with a little Distilled Water, should, 
 be entirely soluble in Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of Chloride. It 
 should be free from Sulphate ; equal volumes of the solution and Diluted 
 Hydrochloric Acid yielding no precipitate with Barium Chloride Test-Solution. 
 Another portion of the solution should give no turbidity with Ammonia 
 Water or Ammonium Oxalate Test- Solution, indicating the absence of alkaline 
 earths. A solution of 0- 1 gramme of the salt in 20 c.c. of Water should not 
 become red on the addition of a few drops of Phenolphthalein Test- Solution, 
 indicating a limit of free alkalis. 
 
 rOTASSIUM CYANIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Potassium Cyanide, KCN, of commerce, yielding not less than 
 90 p.c. of pure salt. 
 
 C/.aS.P.— Potassium Cyanide, KCN, of the U.S.P. 
 P.O.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM CYANIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. \ A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Cyanide. {B.P. 
 U.S.P. i filtered if required.) 
 
 The U.S.P. directs that the solution be freshly prepared when required. 
 P.O.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Potassium Ferricyanide, KgFe._,C,.,Ni„, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 P.O. — Potassium Ferricvanide, K3Fe(CN)6. 
 U.S.P. — Potassium Ferricyanide, K3Fe{CN)6. 
 
 POTASSIUM FERRICYANIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A freshly prepared 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Ferri- 
 cyanide, filtered if required. 
 
 P.O. — A 6 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Potassium Ferricyanide, using 
 crystals which have been previously washed with Distilled Water. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution of 1 part of Potassium Ferricyanide in about 10 parts 
 of Distilled Water, freshly made when required. The absence of Ferrocyanide 
 is proved by its failure to give any turbidity or shade of green with Ferric 
 Chloride Test -Solution well diluted with Distilled Water, only a brown tint 
 being developed. Potassium Ferricyanide should be free from Sulphates 
 and Chlorides. 
 
 POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Potassimn Ferrocyanide, K^FeCgNg, SILO, as it occurs in commerce, 
 pure. 
 
 P.O. — Potassium Ferrocyanide, K^Fe(CN)6.3H„0. 
 
 U.S.P. — The yellow crystalUne salt represented by the formula K4Fe(CN)g, 
 3H..O. 
 
 The U.S.P. defines it as in large, soft, transparent, yellow, foirr-sided, 
 monocUnic tabular crystals, odourless, and possessing a mild saUne taste. 
 It is slightly efflorescent in dry air. It is required to dissolve 1 in 3 of 
 Water at 25° C. (77° F.), and in 2 parts of boihng Water ; it is insoluble in 
 Alcohol (94-9 p.c). The aqueous solution should be neutral to Litmus 
 paper. No effervescence should be occasioned by the addition of Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid to a concentrated aqueous solution, indicating the absence 
 of Carbonate. A 1 in 20 aqueous solution, acidified with Hydrochloric 
 Acid, should remain clear upon the addition of Barium Chloride Test-Solution, 
 indicating the absence of Sulphate. If a mixture of • 5 gramme of Potassium 
 Ferrocyanide with 1 • 5 grammes of pure Potassium Nitrate and • 5 gramme 
 of pure anhydrous Sodium Carbonate be heated to redness in a porcelain 
 
1 490 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING, 
 
 crucible, the residue dissolved in Distilled Water, and the filtered solution 
 supersaturated with Nitric Acid, no turbidity should be produced upon the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution, indicating the absence of Chloride. 
 A pure white precipitate, without tinge of red, should be produced on the 
 addition of Silver Nitrate Test-Solution to an aqueous solution acidified with 
 Nitric Acid, indicating the absence of Ferricyanide. 
 
 POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P.—A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Ferrocyanide in crystals, 
 filtered if required. 
 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Potassium Ferrocyanide. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Ferrocyanide. 
 
 POTASSIUM HYDROGEN SULPHITE. 
 
 B.P. — Acid Potassium Sulphite, KHSO^, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 
 PC* \ 
 
 U S P f "^°* included. 
 
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Potassa Caustica of the B.P. 
 
 P.G. — The Potassium Hydroxide (Kali Causticum Fusum) of the P.G. 
 
 t/.iS'.P.— Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. ] 
 
 P.G. } The solutions Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias, 
 U.S.P.) 
 
 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION 
 (ALCOHOLIC). 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v solution of Potassium Hydroxide in Alcohol (90 p.c), 
 filtered if required. 
 
 P.G. — A 10 p.c. w/w solution of fused Potassimn Hydroxide in Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). 
 
 U.S.P. — Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydi'oxide Solution, 
 q.v. Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 POTASSIUM IODIDE. 
 
 B.P. — The Potassium Iodide of the B.P. 
 p,G. — The Potassimn Iodide of the P.G. 
 U.S.P. — The Potassium Iodide of the U.S.P. 
 
 POTASSIUM IODIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official Potassium Iodide, 
 filtered if required. 
 
 P.G. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqueoiis solution of the Official salt. 
 
 U.S.P. — A 20 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official salt. It should be 
 kept in dark amber-colom-ed, well-stoppered bottles, and should be frequently 
 renewed. 
 
 POTASSIUM NITRATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Potassium Nitrate of the B.P. 
 P.G.—The Potassium Nitrate of the P.G. 
 
 U.S.P.— The dry salt, KNO^, answering the requirements of the U.S.P. 
 It should also be free from Chlorides and Sulphates. 
 
CtiiiMlCALS, HEAGEliTS, i^TC, USED IK QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1491 
 
 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE. 
 
 B.P. j 
 
 P.O. \ The salt Official in the respective Pharmacopoeiaa. 
 
 U.S.P.) 
 
 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — The ' Liquor Potassii Permanganatis ' of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. — When specified degrees of concentration are not ordered, a 0* 1 p.c. 
 w/vv aqueous solution of the salt Official in the P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution of 
 the U.S.P. Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 POTASSIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 B.P. — The Potassium Sulphate of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. — The Potassimn Sulphate (KaHmn Sulphuricum) of the P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. — Potassium Sulphate, K.SO^. 
 
 POTASSIUM SULPHATE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — At 1 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Potassium Sulphate. 
 Pq\ Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANATE. 
 
 U.S.P. — Potassium Sulphocyanate, KSCN. It is in the form of colourless 
 prismatic crystals, which are hygroscopic in moist air. It has a cooling 
 saline taste. Solubility at 25^ C. (77^ F.) : 1 in less than 1 of Water ; I in 
 10 of Absolute Alcohol. An aqueous solution of the salt (1-20) should not 
 become turbid within 5 minutes upon the addition of Barium Chloride Test- 
 Solution, indicating a limit of Sulphate. The aqueous solution (1 in 20) after 
 the addition of 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, should remain colourless, 
 indicating the absence of Iron ; and should not respond to the Time-Limit 
 Test for heavy metals. 
 
 PqI Not included. 
 
 POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — ^The Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulj^hocyanato Solution 
 of the U.S.P. Vide A^'olumetric Solutions. 
 
 p Q > Not included. 
 
 PYROXYLIN SOLUTION. 
 
 .B.P.— The Collodion of the B.P. 
 U S P I •^'^^ included. 
 
 RESORCIN. 
 
 J5.P.— The Resorcin of the B.P. 
 U S P \ '^'^^ included. 
 
 SILVER AMMONIO-NITRATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION, 
 
 B.P. — A solution obtained by dissolviiig 2- 5 grammes of Silver Nitrate' in 
 80 ml. of Distilled Water, and adding Ammonia Solution drop by drop umtil 
 the precipitate at first formed almost redissolvea ; after allowing to stand. 
 
1492 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING, 
 
 the clear liquid is decanted from the precipitate and sufficient Distilled Water 
 added to measure 100 ml. 
 
 P.G. — A solution obtained by adding Ammonia Solution drop by drop 
 to a solution of Silver Nitrate until the precipitate at first produced is again 
 completely dissolved. 
 
 U.S. P. — Prepared by adding, drop by drop, Ammonia Water q.s. to a solu- 
 tion of 1 gramme of Silver Nitrate in 20 c.c. of Water until solution of the 
 precipitate first formed is nearly, but not entirely, effected. Filter, and 
 preserve the solution in dark amljer-coloiu-ed and well-stoppered bottles, 
 
 SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P.—:A 5 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/waqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 U.S. P. — For ordinary purposes use the Tenth -Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution of the U.S.P. Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 SILVER SULPHATE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — To a solution of 1 gramme of the Official Silver Nitrate in 0- 5 c.c. 
 of warm Distilled Water add 1*5 c.c. of pure concentrated Sulphuric Acid, 
 cool the solution, and pour off the acid liquid from the crystals of Silver 
 Sulphate (Ag„SOJ formed. Repeatedly wash the crystals by decantation 
 with cold Distilled Water, and having transferred them to a bottle, agitate 
 them with 100 c.c. of Distilled Water. Decant a sufficient quantity of this 
 satiirated solution when required for use. 
 
 p Q \ Not included. 
 
 SODIUM ACETATE. 
 
 B.P. — Sodium Acetate, NaCoHjO.,, 3H.,0, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 U.S.P.— ^o^xmo. Acetate, NaC..H'30,.+3H..O, of the U.S.P. 
 P.G.— Not included. 
 
 SODIUM ACETATE ANHYDROUS. 
 
 ihydrous Sodiu 
 
 Not included. 
 
 P.G. — Anhydrous Sodiima Acetate, NaCHjO^. 
 B.P. \ 
 ■] 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 SODIUM ACETATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official salt, filtered if required. 
 P.G. — A 20 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 U.S.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 
 SODIUM ARSENATE. 
 
 B.P. — ^The anhydrous Sodium Arsenate of the B.P. 
 
 P.G. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 \ Not included. 
 
 SODIUM BICARBONATE. 
 
 B.P. — ^The Sodium Bicarbonate of the B.P. 
 P.O.— The Sodium Bicarbonate of the P.G. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 SODIUM BICARBONATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of the salt Official in the P.G. 
 jj' ^"p > Not included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. J 493 
 
 SODIUM BITARTRATE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — To a solution of 3* 5 grammes of the Official Tartaric Acid in about 
 80 c.c. of boiling Distilled Water, add gradually, in small portions, Mono- 
 hydrated Sodium Carbonate, NajCOj, HoO, until the solution has a neutral 
 reaction; to this liquid is now added 3*5 grammes of Tartaric Acid, and, 
 after filtering and cooling, sufficient Distilled Water is added to the solution 
 to measure 100 c.c. This solution should be fi-eshly prej^ared when required. 
 
 p'q'\ Not included. 
 
 SODIUM CARBONATE. 
 
 .B.P.— The Sodium Carbonate of the B.P. 
 P.O.— The Sodium Carbonate of the P.O. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 SODIUM CARBONATE EXSICCATED. 
 
 B.P. — The Exsiccated Sodium Carbonate of the B.P. 
 P.O. — The dried Sodium Carbonate of the P.O. 
 
 U.S. P.— The Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, NajC03+H.,0, of the 
 U.S.P. 
 
 SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — ^A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the Official salt, filtered if 
 required. 
 
 P.G. — A 33 J p.c. w/w aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 
 U.S.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the ' Sodii Carbonas Mono- 
 hydratus ' of the U.S.P. 
 
 SODIUM CHLORIDE. 
 
 B.P.—The Sodium Chloride of the B.P. 
 P.O.— The Sodium Chloride of the P.O. 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
 SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 P.O. — A 10 jj.c. w/w aqueous solution of the Official salt. The P.G. also 
 includes a satiu-ated aqueous solution of Sodium Chloride. The Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Chloride Solution of the P.O. is described under 
 Volxmietric Solutions. 
 
 U 8 P I ■^^^ included. 
 
 SODIUM COBALTIC NITRITE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 V.S.P.—A solution of Sodiimi Cobaltic Nitrite, Co„(NO,)s.6NaNO.,,H,,0, 
 made by dissolving 4 grammes of Cobaltous Nitrate, Co(N03),, 6H2O, and 
 10 grammes of Sodium Nitrite, NaNOj, in about 60 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 then adding 2 c.c. of Acetic Acid ( U.S.P.) and diluting with sufficient Distilled 
 Water to produce 100 c.c. A few drops of Acetic Acid should be added to 
 the solution from time to time, and it should not be kept longer than three 
 months. 
 
 B.P.] 
 
 P.O. 
 
 Not included. 
 
 SODIUM HYDROGEN SULPHITE. iSyn.— SODIUM ACID SULPHITE. 
 
 B.P. — Acid Sodium Sulphite, NaHSOj, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 P.O. — Includes Sodium Sulphite, Na.,S03.7H„0, but not the Acid Sulphite. 
 C7.5.P.— Not included. 
 
1494 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Commercial Sodium Hydroxide, purified by treatment with Alcohol. 
 
 P.O. — Sodium Hydroxide (Aetznatron) containing at least 90 p.c. NaHO, 
 eq. 40' 01. An aqueous solution (1 + 5) should respond to the tests of purity 
 given for the ' Liquor Natri Caustici ' of the P.O. 
 
 t7.,S. P.— Sodium Hydi-oxide of the U.S. P. 
 
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 20 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of ' Purified Sodium Hydroxide,' 
 obtained by treating commercial Sodium Hydroxide with Alcohol, filtered 
 if required. 
 
 P. (7. —The 'Liquor Natri Caustici' of the P.O. Sp. gr. 1-1G8 to 1-172. 
 It contains about 15 p.c. w/w of Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 U.S. P. — The ' Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi ' of the Pharmacopceia. Sp. gr. 
 1 • 050 at 25° C. (77° F.). It contains about 5 p.c. w/w of Sodium Hydroxide. 
 
 SODIUM NITRATE. 
 
 P.C— The Sodium Nitrate of the P.O. 
 
 B.P. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 , > Not included. 
 
 SODIUM NITRITE. 
 
 P.P.— The salt Official in the B.P. 
 P.(t'.— Sodimn Nitrite of the P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. — The purest commercial salt, either granulated or in the form of 
 sticks. 
 
 SODIUM NITRITE SOLUTION. 
 
 P.O. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of the Official salt. 
 
 P.P. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 SODIUM NITRO-PRUSSIDE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 P.O. — A 2- 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Sodium Nitro-prusside, 
 Na.,Fe(NO)(CN),.2H,0. 
 
 U.S.P. — An aqueous 5 p.c. w/v solution of Sodium Nitro-prusside, 
 NaoFe(N0)(CN)5, 2H.^O, prepared immediately before use. 
 
 B.P. — Not included. 
 
 SODIUM PHOSPHATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 P.P. I A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the salt Official in the respective 
 
 U.S.P. j Pharmacopoeias. (P.P. filters, if required.) 
 
 P.O. — A 10 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Sodium Phosphate P.O. 
 
 SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE. 
 
 P.P.— The Sodii et Potassii Tartras of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 , > Not included. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHATE. 
 
 P.P.— The Sodii Sulphas of the B.P. 
 
 P.O.— The Sodium Sulphate Official in the text of the P.O. 
 
 U.S.P.— Not included. 
 
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IS( QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1495 
 
 SODIUM SULPHATE ANHYDROUS. 
 
 B.P. — The Sodii Sulphas of the B.P. deprived of its Water by heating 
 till anhydrous. 
 P.Q. 
 U.S.P. 
 
 > Not included. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHATE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the B.P. salt, filtered if required. 
 U S P ( '^^^ included. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHIDE. 
 
 B.P. — Sodium Sulphide, Na„S, 9H.,0, as it occurs in commerce, pure. 
 P.O. 
 
 U S P \ ^°* included. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of the OfScial salt, filtered if 
 required. 
 
 TT g p \ Not included. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHITE. 
 
 B.P.— The Sodium Sulphite of the B.P., Na.SOj.TILO. 
 P. G.— Sodium Sulphite, Na..S03.7H.,0. 
 U.S.P. — Not included. 
 
 SODIUM SULPHITE SOLUTION. 
 
 P.O. — To be prepared Ijy dissolving Sodium Sulphite in Distilled Water, aa 
 directed. 
 B.P. 
 
 TJ s'p t ■^°^ included. 
 
 SODIUM TARTRATE TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution of Sodium Tartrate, NaX'^H^Ofi, 2H.O, prepared by 
 adding gradually, in small portions, Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate U.S.P. 
 to a solution of 6-5 grammes of Tartaric Acid U.S.P. in about 80 c.c. of 
 boiling Distilled Water, until the solution has a neutral reaction. It is then 
 filtered, cooled, and made up with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 100 c.c. It should be freshly prepared when required. 
 
 Fi P \ 
 
 p p > Not included. 
 
 SODIUM THIOSULPHATE. 
 
 B.P. — Sodium Thiosulphate, Na.^S203, SH^O, as it occurs in connnerce, 
 pure. 
 
 P.(?._Sodium Thiosulphate, Na,S„03.5H„0, eq. 248-22. 
 
 f7.*S'.P.— Sodium Thiosulphate, Na„S„03+.5H„0. In addition to the testa 
 prescribed for the salt in the text of the U.S.P., it is required to conform to 
 the following more rigorous tests before it can be used in preparing standard 
 Volumetric Solutions. No turbidity should be produced upon the addition 
 of Barium Chloride Test-Solution to a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the salt, 
 which has been treated with Iodine Test-Solution added, drop by drop, 
 until a faint but permanent brown tint remains, indicating the absence of 
 Sulphates and Sulphites ; no more than a very faint rose tint should be 
 produced on the addition of 1 drop of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution to an 
 
1496 CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 aqueous 1 in 10 solution of the salt, indicating the absence of free alkalis. 
 The addition of Ammonium Oxalate Test-Solution should not produce a 
 cloudiness in an aqueous 1 in 20 solution, indicating the absence of Calcium 
 salts. 
 
 SODIUM THIOSULPHATE SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — Vide Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodivun Thiosulphate Solution under 
 Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 P.G. — Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 U,S.P. — The Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution of 
 tlie U.S.P. Vide Volumetric Solutions. 
 
 STANNOUS CHLORIDE SOLUTION ob TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A solution of Stannous Chloride obtained by heating 20 grammes of 
 granulated Tin with a mixture of 60 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid and 20 ml. of 
 Distilled Water vmtil the evolution of gas ceases ; the undissolved Tin is allowed 
 to remain in the liquid, to which sufficient Distilled Water should be added 
 to measure 100 ml. 
 
 p_Q, — 5 parts of Stamious Chloride in crystals, SnCl2.2H20, are mixed to 
 a paste with 1 part of Hydrochloric Acid and the mixture completely saturated 
 with dry Hydrochloric Acid gas. The solution so obtained is poured off after 
 being allowed to deposit, and filtered through Asbestos. It is a pale yellow, 
 strongly fuming, refractive liquid with a specific gravity of not less than 
 1-900. The solution mixed with 10 volumes of Alcohol (90 p.c.) should not 
 become tiu-bid even in the course of an hour. No turbidity should be produced 
 wdthin 10 minutes on the addition of Barium Nitrate Solution to a mixture 
 of 1 c.c. of Stannous Chloride Solution and 10 c.c. of Distilled Water. The 
 solution should be preserved in small well-stoppered bottles kept completely 
 full. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution of 1 part of Stannous Chloride in crystals, in 10 parts of 
 Distilled Water. The crystals of Stannous Chloride are prepared by heating 
 Tin (in foil or granules) with concentrated Hydrochloric Acid, keeping the 
 metal in excess. When the Acid is saturated, crystals of Stannous Chloride, 
 SnClj, 2H2O, begin to form. These are removed and drained, and are then 
 used in making the solution. 
 
 The solution should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles, each containing 
 a fragment of pure Tin or a piece of Tin foil. 
 
 For Bettendorf 's Arsenic Test, piu-e concentrated Hydrochloric Acid (which 
 responds to the U.S.P. tests for purity) is saturated with the freshly pre- 
 pared crystals. 
 
 SUGAR. 
 
 B.P. — The Refined Sugar of the B.P. 
 P.O. — The Saccharum of the P.O. 
 U.S.P. — Not included. 
 
 SULPHANILIC ACID TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution of 0-5 granune of Sulphanilic Acid, CgH^(NH2).(S03H) 
 (Para-amidobenzenesulphonic Acid), in 150 c.c. of Diluted Acetic Acid (10 p.c. 
 absolute Acetic Acid). Only freshly Distilled Water should be employed in 
 preparing the Diluted Acetic Acid, and the reagent should be kept in well- 
 stoppered bottles. 
 
 p ^' \ Not included. 
 
 SULPHUR. 
 
 J5.P.— The ' Sulphur Piwcipitatum ' of the B.P. 
 P.G?.— The precipitated Sulphur of the P.O. 
 
 U.S.P.— i^ot included. . . . .: 
 
CHEMICALS, UEAGENTS, El'C, tJSED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 1407 
 
 SULPHURIC ACID. 
 
 a p \ 
 
 p fy' > The acid Official in the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S. P. — The Official acid may be used as a reagent for most purposes, 
 provided it is of the required degree of pux'ity. If ' concentrated ' Sulphuric 
 Acid be specially directed in a test, the strongest obtainable piu-e acid, specific 
 gravity not less than 1 • 834 at 25° C. (77° F. ), should be used. This acid should 
 respond to the Official tests of purity and conform to the following additional 
 test : — ' If 1 c.c. of Diphenylamine Test-Solution be carefully poured, as a 
 separate layer, upon 5 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid contained in a test-tube, no 
 distinct blue colour should appear in the zone of contact, indicating the absence 
 of Nitric Acid.' 
 
 SULPHURIC ACID, DILUTED. 
 
 P P \ 
 
 p p > The Diluted Acid of the respective Pharmacopoeias. 
 
 U.S.P.— 'Not included. 
 
 SULPHUROUS ACID (SOLUTION). 
 
 B.P. — The Acidum Sulphurosum of the B.P. 
 
 P.O. — The reagent is prepared when required by acidifying a freshly 
 prepared (1-1-9) solution of Sodium Sulphite with Dihited Sulphviric Acid. 
 U.S. P.— Not included. 
 
 TALC (POWDERED). 
 
 B.P. — A purified Magnesium Silicate, prepared by boiling native Magnesium 
 Silicate with Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and removing the excess of Hydro- 
 chloric Acid by washing with Distilled Water until neutral to Litmus, and 
 finally drying. 
 
 Not included. 
 
 P.G. \ 
 U.S.P.j 
 
 TANNIC ACID SOLUTION on TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A freshly prepared 10 p.c. w/v aqueous solution of Taniaic Acid. 
 P.G. — A 5 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Tannic Acid prepared when required. 
 U.S. P. — A solution of 1 gramme of Tannic Acid U.S. P. in 1 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (Ol-O p.c.) diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 10 c.c. 
 
 TARTARATED ANTIMONY SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A 5 p.c. w/v solution of Tartarated Antimony in boihng Distilled 
 Water, filtered if required. 
 P G 1 
 U s' P 1 ■^°*' iricluded. 
 
 TARTARIC ACID. 
 
 B.P.—The ' Acidum Tartaricum ' of the B.P. 
 P.O.— The Tartaric Acid of the P.G. 
 U.S.P.— The Tartaric Acid of the U.S. P. 
 
 TARTARIC ACID SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 B.P. — A solution obtained by dissolving 12*5 grammes of Tartaric Acid in 
 60 ml. of Distilled Water, mixing with 25 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and adding 
 sufficient Distilled Water to measm-e 100 ml. 
 
 P.O. — A freshly prepared 20 p.c. w/w aqueous solution of Tartaric Acid. 
 
 U.S. P. — A freshly prepared solution of 1 part of the Acidum Tartaricum 
 U.S. P. in 3 parts of Distilled Water. Prepared as required. 
 
1498 CHEMICALS, EEAGENTS, ETC., USED IN QUALITATIVE TESTING. 
 
 TIN. 
 
 B.P. "I The metal Tin in the granulated form. The B.P. requires that it 
 U.S. P.] should not respond to the tests for Lead, Copper, Iron or Zinc. 
 The U.S. P. requires that it shovild be free from Lead, indicated by its solution 
 in Hydrochloric Acid failing to give a precipitate with Potassium Sulphate 
 Test-Solution. When tested by the Modified Gutzeit's Test, replacing the 
 Zinc by Tin, the Diluted Hych'ochloric Acid by Hydrochloric Acid U.S. P., 
 and adding I drop of Platinic Chloride Test-Solution, the Mercm-ic Chloride 
 cap should not become coloured within the time required for the solution of 
 the metal, indicating the absence of Ai'senic. 
 P.G.— Not included. 
 
 TURPENTINE, OIL OF. 
 
 i?.P.— The ' Oleum Terebinthinso Rectificatum ' of the B.P. 
 P.O. — The 'Oleum Terebinthinie Rectificatum' of the P.O. 
 U.S.P.—^ot included. 
 
 WATER. 
 
 .B.F.— The ' Aqua Destillata ' of the B.P. 
 fj S P i ^°^ included. 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 B.P. — The metal in sheet or granulated form. It is Officially required to 
 ])e completely soluble in Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, and this solution should 
 yield the usual ' no characteristic reactions ' for Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, 
 Iron, Lead or Tin. fS'ee Zincum. 
 
 P.O. — The P.O. employs Zinc filing.s. 
 
 U.S. P.— The pure metallic Zinc of the U.S. P. 
 
 ZINC ACETATE SOLUTION, ALCOHOLIC. 
 
 P.O. — A saturated solution of Zinc Acetate in Alcohol (00 p.c.) obtained 
 by shaking Powdered Zinc Acetate with Alcohol {'JO p.c.) until saturated, 
 and filtering the mixture. 
 
 tt" o'p [ Not included. 
 
 ZINC CARBONATE. 
 
 .B.P.— The Zinci Carbonas of the B.P. 
 Tj a p [ Not included. 
 
 ZINC IODIDE STARCH SOLUTION. 
 
 P.O. — A solution obtained by dissolving 4 grammes of soluble Starch and 
 20 grammes of Zinc Chloride, P.O., in 100 grammes of boiling Distilled Water, 
 cooling, and adding to it the colourless liquid obtained by warming a freshly 
 prepared solution of 1 gramme of Zinc filings, and 2 grammes of Iodine, P.O., 
 in 10 grammes of Distilled Water, finally adjusting the volmne of the solution 
 to 1 litre. It should be colourless and only faintly opalescent. 
 
 A mixtui-e of 1 c.c. of Zinc Iodide Starch Solution and 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water should afford a strong blue coloration on the addition of 1 drop of 
 Tenth-Normal Voiiunetric Iodine Solution. The solution should not develop 
 a h)lue coloration on the addition of Diluted Sulphuric Acitl. 
 
 U S P I ■^°*' ii^fl^^tl^d- _ 
 
1409 
 
 VOLUMETEIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 STANDARDISED SOLUTIONS EMPLOYED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 
 AND INDICATORS. 
 
 Solutions standardised to contain definite chemical equivalents of various 
 svibstances are used in the British, United States, and other Pharmacopoeias, 
 for the purpose of determining the quantity of other ingredients with which 
 they enter into reaction in accordance with the laws of chemical equivalence 
 and which are present in unknown quantity. 
 
 A Normal Solution is defined as one containing in each 1000 ml. or c.c. 
 such an amount of the active constituent as will combine with, replace or 
 oxidise 1-008 gramme of Hydrogen. The B.P. does not define what is 
 meant by a Normal Solution. The U.S. P. defines Normal Volumetric 
 Solutions as those which contain in 1 litre in any stated reaction the chemical 
 equivalent of 1 grannno of Hydrogen. It draws attention to the relative 
 weight in grammes required for 1 litre, depending on whether the molecule 
 of the active ingredient is univalent, bivalent or trivalent. The B.P. employs 
 measuring apparatus which is adjusted at a temperature of 15-5' C. (60° F. ). 
 The U.S. P. mentions that it is absolutely necessary that the measm-ing 
 vessels should agree amongst themselves accurately in their graduation at 
 the standard temperature, but that it is immaterial what standard temperature 
 has been selected for the graduation of the vessels. All the U.S. P. Volumetric 
 Solutions must be prepared at a temperatvxre of 25° C. (77° F.), and it is 
 further required that in carrying out titrations with these solutions the 
 temperature should not be below 21° C. (69-8° F.) nor above 29° C. (84- 2° F.). 
 The P.O. gives no general directions for the temperattu-es to be observed nor 
 the method to be followed in preparing solutions for Volinnetric analysis. 
 
 The tabulated list below shows the Volumetric Solutions which are Official 
 in the three Pharmacopoeias chiefly dealt with in this volume, i.e., the B.P., 
 U.S.P. and P.O. 
 
 /N\ 
 B.P. Normal ( — ) Volunaetric Sulphui'ic Acid Sohit ion. 
 
 Half-Normal (^ ) Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal (,^) Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Twentieth -Normal {^^A Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Hundredth-Normal \-^rA Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Normal (j~\ Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal \Y(\\ Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Normal ( :j^ ) Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Half -Normal (~\ Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Fifth-Normal (^J Volvunetrjc Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
1500 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS 
 
 'N 
 
 Tenth-Normal (^„ j Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Twentieth-Normal f - j Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Normal f-pj Volumetric Alcoholic Potassimn Hydroxide Solution. 
 Half-Normal (J Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 
 Tenth -Normal J,„j Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hythoxide 
 
 Solution 
 Tenth-Normal ( ^l, ] Volumetric Iodine Solution. 
 
 Normal f-j-J Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal { t]^) Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Solution, 
 
 Tenth-Normal I r^^l Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 
 'N 
 
 (|) 
 
 Tenth-Normal U j Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal ( „) Volunietric Potassium Permanganate Solution. 
 Normal I j Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal (— ] Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution. 
 
 'N 
 
 Tenth -Normal (^>.) Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution. 
 Half -Normal I ] Volumetric Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride 
 
 U.S. P. Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Fiftieth-Normal Voluinetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 Double-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Fiftieth -Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Pota.ssium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solutioii. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Bromine Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Dichromate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Voluinetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Cliloride Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. 
 Volumetric Alkaline Cupric Tartrate Solution. 
 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 1601 
 
 P.G. Normal Voliunetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Hundredth -Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiima Hydroxide Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodimn Chloride Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volilmetric Silver Nitrate Solution. 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Anunonium Thiocyanate Solution. 
 
 Preparing and Setting Solutions for Volumetric Analysis. — For the proper 
 performance of Volumetric work it is necessary to employ the following pieces 
 of apparatus : — 
 
 A biu"ette (preferably Mohr's) fitted with a glass stop -cock, graduated 
 from to 50 ml. or c.c. and subdivided into ml. or cc. and into ^ij ml. or c.c. 
 
 Pipettes. A series of pipettes graduated to deliver 10, 15, 20, 25, 50 and 
 100 ml. or c.c. 
 
 A graduated glass cyhnder, preferably stoppered, graduated at 1000 ml. 
 or c.c, the intermediate graduations being 100 ml. or c.c. subdivided into 
 10 ml. or c.c. It should be capable of holding when filled to the zero mark 
 1000 graimnes of Distilled Water at 15-5°C. (60° F.) if graduated in c.c, 
 and 1000 grammes of Distilled Water measured at 4° C. (39-2° F.) if graduated 
 in ml., and should have preferably an ascending and descending scale. 
 
 A stoppered glass measuring flask with single graduation, holding when 
 filled to the mark on the neck 1000 ml. or cc. of Distilled Water, and capable 
 of containing 1000 gramines of Distilled Water at 15-5° C. (60° F.) if 
 graduated in c.c, or 1000 grammes of Distilled Water measured at 4° C. 
 (39-2° F. ) if graduated in ml. This flask is commonly known as a litre flask, 
 though it must be borne in mind that a standard litre represents the volume 
 occupied by 1000 grammes (1 kilogramme) of Distilled Water at 4° C. (39-2° F. ), 
 the temperature of its maximum density, and at a pressm-e of 760 mm. of 
 Merciu-y. 1 millilitre, one-thousandth part of this standard litre, is equivalent 
 to 1-00016 cc, or 1 c.c. is equivalent to 0-99984 ixuUilitre. The term ' mil ' 
 has been suggested as an abbreviation of a milliUtre to more accurately 
 describe the one-thovisandth part of a litre. Unless marked to the coiatrary, 
 it is assvuned that litre flasks, or any similar graduated glass measuring 
 vessels, have reference to the standard litre graduated at the above-named 
 temperature [4° C. (39- 2° F.)]. The B.P. does not give any directions for 
 the standardisation or storage of Volumetric Solutions. The U.S. P. directs 
 that all bottles in which Volumetric Solutions are to be kept, as well as the 
 measuring vessels einployed, should before use be thoroughly rinsed in 
 Distilled Water, and then with two or three small portions of the solutions 
 which they are about to contain, and that when not in use the apparatus 
 should be kept filled with Distilled Water. The P.G. does not give directions 
 for the observance of any special precautions. It is extremely important 
 that great attention should be observed in setting Normal Solutions, as any 
 experimental error is greatly magnified when Fiftieth-Normal and Himdredth- 
 Normal Solutions are prepared from them. These weaker strength solutions 
 should in every case be carefully set before being used for titration, and 
 either adjusted to a strictly correct content, or else a factor ascertained by 
 which the number of c.c. may be converted into those of a strictly correct 
 solution. 
 
 NORMAL (^M VOLUMETRIC SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 (?) 
 
 Normal Solution of Sulphuric Acid i^hould contain in each 1000 cc. a weight 
 equivalent in grammes to one half its molecular weight, that is to say, it 
 should contaiii 98-080 -r- 3 = 49-043 grammes of pure Hydrogen Sulphate, 
 
1 502 VOLUMETEIC AKALYSIS. 
 
 In preparing the solution a useful method is to carefully weigh out in a clean, 
 dry, stoppered weighing bottle 1 gramme of the Sulphuric Acid to be used 
 in the preparation of the solution, pour it carefully into a small volume 
 of Distilled Water, rinse out the weighing bottle with several small successive 
 quantities of Distilled Water, and determine the weight of piu-e Hydrogen 
 Sulphate present by titration with Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution, iising a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality. The Normal Volmnetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution is prepared 
 and set in a manner to be hereafter described. Having ascertained the 
 quantity of Hydrogen Sulphate present, the quantity necessary to produce 
 a solution containing a slight excess of the normal amount is weighed out 
 and poiu-ed gradually and in small portions at a time into about 500 c.c. of 
 the Distilled Water, the mixtm-e being kept well cooled dmring the addition. 
 When thoroughly mixed the solution is made up to 1000 c.c, and the mixtvire 
 well shaken. A portion of the solution is then transferred to a bvu-ette, 
 and the exact number of c.c. required to neutralise a corresponding equivalent 
 of pure dry Sodium Carbonate determined. Methyl Orange Solution being 
 used as an indicator of neutrality. The balance of the acid remaining in the 
 burette is returned to the original vessel, its volume ascertained, and it is 
 then diluted in the proportion of the number of c.c. which it has actually 
 required to the number of c.c. which it should have required had it been 
 strictly Normal. As an example, assuming that the titration of the 1 gramme 
 of Sulphuric Acid has shown that the acid contains 98 p.c. of pure Hydrogen 
 Sulphate, then the ciuantity necessary to produce a solution containing a 
 little over 49 -043 grammes per litre would bo the following proportion — 
 as 98 is to 100 so is 49-043 to x, viz., 50 grammes, so that in round numbers 
 about 50 grammes should be weighed out, or, if it be preferred to measure 
 the quantity, about 27 c.c. It should be mixed as described above, and the 
 solution set against the pm-e di-y Sodium Carbonate obtained by igniting piu-e 
 powdered Sodium Bicarbonate. A quantity of 1-06 grammes of the pure 
 dry Sodiuni Carbonate is weighed out, and the Sulphuric Acid Solution added 
 from a Ijurette. The number of c.c. required is noted, and the solution 
 diluted accordingly. Assuming that 950 c.c. of the solution remain after 
 titration, and that x represents the nvimber of c.c. of Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 required to neutralise the above weight of pure dry Sodium Carbonate, it 
 will be required to be diluted in the proportion of x is to 20 so is 950. In 
 order to ensure the correctness of the dilution the solution should be 
 reset. 
 
 B.P. — Normal (-=-] Volumetric Sulpluu'ic Acid Solution B.P. is required 
 
 to contain 49*043 grammes of Hydrogen Sulphate {H„SO,, eq. OB-OSG) in 
 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the necessary quantity of Sulphuric Acid 
 with .sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Normal Volmnetric 
 Solution. 
 
 U.S.P. — The U.S. P. prepares Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 by carefully mixing .SO c.c. of pm"e concentrated Sulphuric Acid of the U.S.P. 
 Official strength (see p. 97) Avith sufficient Distilled Water to produce about 
 1050 c.c, and sets a measured q^uantity of 10 c.c of this strong solution by 
 titration with Normal Volumetric Potassimn Hydroxide Solution, using 2 
 drops of Methyl Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. Having 
 ascertained the number of c.c. required, it proceeds to dilute the strong 
 solution in the proportion of the volume actually required to the proportion 
 which should have been required were the solution of strictly normal strength. 
 As an additional safeguard against error it directs that a second determination 
 of the strength should be made to ensiu-e the exact correspondence of the 
 solution, and if it be still found that solutions differ a new adjustment is 
 directed to be made. 50 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution 
 should exactly neutralise 50 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide 
 Solution at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 P.O.— ^ot included. See Table. 
 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS, 150o 
 
 HALF -NORMAL f^\ VOLUMETRIC SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphiu'ic Acid Solution may be prepared by 
 diluting a measured volume of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 with suflficient Distilled Water to produce 2 volumes, that is to say 500 o.c. 
 of the stronger solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to 
 l^roduce 1000 c.c. of the weaker solution, and may be set against a solution 
 prepared by dissolving 2-05 grammes of pm'e dry Sodimn Carbonate in Dis- 
 tilled Water and adding a fiu-ther sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to 
 jjroduce 100 c.c. ; 10 c.c. of the Half -Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solvx- 
 tion should be equivalent to 10 c.c. of the Sodium Carbonate Solution, Methyl 
 Orange Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality. If the 
 solutions do not correspond, the number of c.c. reqviired should be accuratelj^ 
 noted and the corresponding adjustment made ; they may then be re-titrated 
 to ensure strict correspondence. 
 
 B.P. — Half -Normal Voliunetric Sulijhiu-ic Acid Solution B.P. is recpiired to 
 contain 24-521 granmies of Hydrogen Sulphate (H„SO^, eq. 98- 08G) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the necessary quantity of Sulphuric Acid 
 with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Half -Normal Volumetric 
 Solution. 
 
 U.S. P. — The Half-Normal Volimietric Sulphuric Acid Solution of the 
 U.S. P. is prepared on lines similar to those indicated above. The measure- 
 ments are made at 25" C. (77° F.). The solution is chiefly used for the 
 titration of the organic salts of Potassium and Sodimn, and for this purpose 
 Methyl Orange Solution is usually employed as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The U.S. P. directs that a measured quantity of 10 c.c. of Normal Voliunetric 
 Potassivun Hydroxide Solution should be titrated against the above solution, 
 using 2 drops of Methyl Orange Test-Solution as an inchcator of neutrality ; 
 exactly 20 c.c. of the Half-Normal Solution should be required. In the event 
 of a divergence between the above solutions, an adjustment should be made 
 in order to ensure their exact correspondence. 
 
 P.O.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (^ VOLUMETRIC SULPHURIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 This solution may be prepared from the Normal Solution by diluting a 
 measured quantity of the stronger solution with sufficient Distilled Water 
 to produce ten times the volmne of Uquid. Thus 100 c.c. of Normal Volu- 
 metric Sulphvu'ic Acid Solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water 
 to produce 1000 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution. 
 It should be carefully set against pure dry Sodium Carbonate in the same 
 manner as described under Normal Volumetric Sulphiu'ic Acid, except that the 
 weight of substance there indicated may be dissolved in Distilled Water and 
 diluted with a further sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to jsroduce 200 c.c. ; 
 10 c.c. of this solution may be employed, and should correspond exactly to 
 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. In the event 
 of the solutions not strictly corresponding, the number of c.c. should be 
 noted and the solution diluted accordinglj'-, and should be again reset with 
 a further 10 c.c. of the pure dry Sochum Carbonate Solution. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal L^j Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution B.P. is 
 
 required to contain 4- 904 grammes of Hydrogen Sulphate (H.,SO,, eq. 98-080) 
 in 1000 ml. " 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the necessary quantity of Sulphuric 
 Acid with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 U.S.P.~The Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid of the U.S. P. is 
 prepared by chluting 100 c.c. of Normal Voliunetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 with sufficient Distilled Water to measure 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). As 
 will be seen from the monographs on the standardised preparations, e.g.. 
 Belladonna, Ipecacuanha, Nux Vomica, etc., this solution is most frequently 
 
]o04 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 empluyecl together with Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric I'otussimu Hydroxide 
 Solution U.S. P. in the titration of alkaloids, and in the various instances 
 different indicators of neutrality are used, e.g., Hsematoxylin Solution, 
 Cochineal and lodeosin Solution. The U.S. P. authorities have consequently 
 inserted a requirement to the effect that a special experiment should be made, 
 in order to ensure the correspondence of these two solutions towards these 
 indicators of neutrality. An accm-ately measui'ed volume of 10 c.c. of the 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphm'ic Acid Solution, after adding 1 c.c. of 
 Hsematoxylin Test-Solution (or a sufficient quantity of the indicator to be 
 employed), should require 50 c.c. of Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution for complete neutralisation, at 25° C. (77° F.). In the 
 event of the solutions not corresponding they should be so adjvisted that they 
 do exactly correspond. 
 
 P.G.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 TWENTIETH - NORMAL (^^ VOLUMETRIC SULPHURIC ACID 
 SOLUTION. ^"^ 
 
 This solution may be prepared by diluting a mcastu"ed quantity of 50 c.c. 
 of Normal Volumetric Sulphiiric Acid Solution with siifficient Distilled Water 
 to produce 20 times its volume, or 50 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Svilphtu"ic 
 Acid Solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 1000 c.c. of solution. It may be set by dissolving a weighed quantity of 
 0-265 gramme of anhydrous Sodium Carbonate in 10 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and adding sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 c.c. ; 10 c.c. of 
 this solution should be exactly equivalent to 10 c.c. of the Twentieth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphm-ic Acid Solution. If the solutions do not 
 correspond, the number of c.c. required should be accvu-ately noted and the 
 corresponding adjvistment made ; they may be then re-titrated to ensm"e 
 strict agreement, 
 
 B.P. — Twentieth -Normal f ^„j Voliimetric Sulph\u-ic Acid Solution B.P. 
 
 is required to contain 2-452 grammes of Hydrogen Sulphate (H„SO^, eq. 
 98-086) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the necessary quantity of Sulphuric Acid 
 with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Twentieth-Normal 
 Vokmietric Solution. 
 
 P.G 
 
 P.O. ) 
 
 U S P } ^^^ included. See Table. 
 
 FIFTIETH - NORMAL (^\ VOLUMETRIC SULPHURIC ACID 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 This solution may be prepared by diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 50 voliunes, 
 or 1 volume of Tenth -Normal Vohunetric Sulphuric Acid Solution with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 5 voltimes. Thus 20 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphm-ic Acid Solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to 
 produce 1000 c.c, or 200 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Acid Solution may 
 be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. It may be 
 set against a solution of j^ure dry Sodium Carbonate prepared by dissolving 
 a weighed quantity of 0-106 gramme of piu-e dry Sodium Carbonate in 
 Distilled Water, and adding a fiu"ther sufficient quantity of Distilled Water 
 to produce 100 c.c. ; 50 c.c. of this solution should exactly correspond to 
 50 c.c. of the Fiftieth -Normal Solution; Methyl Orange Solution may be 
 used as an indicator of neutrality. 
 
 U.S.P.—The U.S. P. Fiftieth-Normal Vokmietric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 is prepared on similar lines to those above indicated, except that the measure- 
 ments are made at a temperature of 25° C. (77° F.). It is chiefly employed 
 for alkaloidal titration, and for this purpose Hsematoxylin, Cochineal or 
 lodeosin Test-Solutions are generally employed as indicators of neutrality. 
 
VOLUMETBIC ANALYSIS. 1505 
 
 The U.S. P. does not in this instance requii'e that a special test should be made 
 to ensure correspondence between the solutions with which these indicators 
 are used. 
 
 p p > Not included. See Table. 
 
 HUNDREDTH - NORMAL f^) VOLUMETRIC SULPHURIC ACID 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 This solution may be prepared by diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, or 10 volumes of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 volumes. Thus 
 10 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Sulphivric Acid Solution may be diluted with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. or 100 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled 
 Water to produce 1000 c.c. It may be set against a solution of pure dry 
 Sodium Carbonate, prepared by dissolving a weighed quantity of O-lOO 
 gramme of piire dry Sodium Carbonate in Distilled Water, and adding a 
 further sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 200 c.c. ; 50 c.c. of 
 this solution should exactly correspond to 50 c.c. of the Hundredth-Normal 
 Volumetric Sxilphvu-ic Acid Solution; Methyl Orange Solution maybe employed 
 as an indicator of neutraHty. 
 
 B.P. — Hundredth -Normal (yryT-) Volumetric Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution 
 
 B.P. is required to contain 0-490 gramme of Hydrogen Sulphate (HjSO^, eq. 
 98-086) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the necessary quantity of Sulphuric 
 Acid with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Hundredth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 P.O. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 } 
 
 Not included. See Table. 
 
 I 
 
 NORMAL (j\ VOLUMETRIC SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution of Sodium Hydroxide containing 40-008 grammes of pure 
 Sodium Hydroxide (NaHO, eq. 40-008) in 1000 c.c. The solutions should 
 be kept in well-closed glass bottles, fitted with a vaselined stopper, an india- 
 rubber stopper, or, preferably, fitted with a tube containing Soda-lime, or 
 it may be kept under a layer of pxire liquid Paraffin. 
 
 A convenient method for preparing Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution 
 is to first prepare a concentrated Sodium Hydroxide Solution by dissolving 
 50 grammes of good stick or powdered Sodium Hydroxide in 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water ; the resulting solution is kept under a layer of pvu-e liquid 
 Paraffin. 1 gramme of this concentrated solution is carefully weighed and 
 diluted with abovit 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, a few drops of Phenolphthalein 
 Solution added, and the liquid titrated with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, vising Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of c.c. of Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution required is noted, 
 and the amount of pvu'e Sodium Hydroxide corresponding to this number 
 of c.c. is ascertained by multiplying by 0-040008; having ascertained the 
 percentage of Sodiuin H3'droxide present in each gramme, a sufficient weight 
 of the solution is removed to represent about 41 or 42 grammes of pure 
 Sodium Hydroxide, and this quantity is mixed with sufficient Distilled Water 
 to produce 1000 c.c. ; this will give a solution somewhat greater in strength 
 than the Normal. This solution is set against 20 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution prepared as described under that heading, Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution being used as an indicator, and the niimber of c.c. required 
 noted. The balance of the liquid in the biu-ette is returned to the vessel 
 holding the main quantity of hquid. Its volume is carefully ascertained, and 
 it is then diluted in the proportion of this number of c.c. to 20 (the number 
 of c.c. which should have been required had the solution been strictly Normal) ; 
 
 3 c 
 
1506 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 thus, as an example, if x represents the number of c.c. required to neutralise 
 the 20 c.c. of Normal Vokunetric Sulphuric Acid Solution and 950 c.c. of liquid 
 are available, it should be diluted in the proportion of x is to 20 so is 950. After 
 this dilution has been made the finished product should be checked against 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, and if it be found that the " 
 solution should still not correspond a further adjustment of the solution is 
 necessary until they are in exact agreement. 
 
 B.P. — Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution B.P. is required 
 to contain 40-008 grammes of Sodiima Hydroxide (NaHO, eq. 40-008) in 
 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of pure Sodium 
 Hydroxide in sufficient Distilled Water to prodvice 1000 ml. of Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not indicate the precautions to be observed for the preserva- 
 tion of the solution. 
 
 U.S. P. — Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution U.S. P. is prepared 
 by dissolving 54 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide U.S. P. in sufficient Distilled 
 Water to measure abovit 1050 c.c. The solution is standardised by titration 
 against Potassivim Bitartrato Solution. A weighed quantity of 9 • 339 grammes 
 of the specially purified Potassium Bitartrate described on p. 1487 and 
 160 c.c. of Distilled Water are introduced into a glass flask of a capacity of 
 about 300 c.c, the liquid boiled until solution has taken place, and the strong 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution is added, a few drops (3 to 5) of Phenol- 
 phthalein Solution Tseing added as an indicator of neutrality. The number of 
 c.c. of Sodium Hydroxide Solution is noted, and, assuming that this 
 number of c.c. is represented by x, the solution is diluted in the proportion 
 of X to 50. The U.S. P. requires that, subsequent to adjustment, the solution 
 should be reset against the solution of a similar quantity of a purified Potas- 
 sium Bitartrate in a similar manner to that described above, and if still found 
 to be in want of agreement, that a fresh adjustment should be made and the 
 solutions made to strictly correspond. A special precaution is inserted with 
 regard to the liability of solutions of Sodium or Potassium Hydroxide to 
 absorb Carbonic Anhydride from the air, and it is required that these Volu- 
 metric Solutions should be preserved in bottles provided with well-fitting 
 rubber stoppers, or with tubes filled with Soda-lime, which latter provision 
 is also to be observed if the solution is allowed to remain for any considerable 
 time in a burette. The use of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide in place 
 of Normal Volixmetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is permitted, but as the 
 latter solution is stated to foam less and to attack glass more slowly it has a 
 preference over the former. 
 
 P.G.—Not included. See Table. 
 
 HALF-NORMAL f^) VOLUMETRIC SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLU- 
 TION. ^^ 
 
 Half-Normal Volumetric Sodivun Hydi-oxide Solution may be prepared by 
 diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric Sodimn Hydroxide Solution with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 2 volumes, that is to say 500 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodimn Hydroxide Solution may be diluted with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c, and the resultant solution may be set 
 against Half-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using Methyl 
 Orange Solution or Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 If the solutions do not correspond, the nmnber of c.c. required should be 
 accurately noted, and the corresponding adjustments made ; the solutions 
 may then be again titrated against one another to ensure strict correspondence. 
 
 B.P. — Half-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution B.P. is re- 
 quired to contain 20-004 grammes of Sodimn Hydroxide (NaHO, eq. 40-008) 
 in 1000 ml. k^ 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of pure Sodium 
 Hydroxide in sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml- of Half-NorjTial 
 Volumetric Splutiofi, . ^ 
 
Volumetric analysis. 1507 
 
 TIio B.P. does not indicate the precautions to be observed for the preserva- 
 tion of tlie solution. 
 PC \ 
 Tj g p \ Not included. See Table. 
 
 (!)- 
 
 FIFTH -NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLU- 
 TION. 
 
 Fifth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution may be prepared 
 by diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution vnth 
 siifficient Distilled Water to produce 5 volumes, that is to say, 200 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution may be diluted with suffi- 
 cient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c, and the solution may be set 
 against Fifth-Normal Volmnetric Sulphm'ic Acid Solution, using Methyl 
 Orange Solution or Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 In the event of the solutions not agreeing, the number of c.c. reqviired should 
 be accurately noted and a corresponding adjustment made ; they may be 
 then re-titrated to ensure strict agreement. 
 
 B.P. — Fifth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution B.P. is re- 
 quired to contain 8-001 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide (NaHO, eq. 40-008^ 
 in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by cUssolving the necessary quantity of Sodium 
 Hychoxide in sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Fifth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not indicate the precautions to be observed for the preserva- 
 tion of the solution. 
 
 TI ^ P "^^^ included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (f) VOLUMETRIC SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLU- 
 TION. ^ ^ 
 
 Tenfeh-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution may be prepared by 
 diluting 1 volume of Normal Vohunetric Sodiuni Hydroxide Solution with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 10 vohunes, that is to say, 100 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodivma Hydroxide Solution are dih^ted with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. It may also be prepared by diluting 
 in the required proportion either the Half-Normal or the Fifth-Normal 
 Volmnetric Solution. The finished solution should be set against a Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphiiric Acid Solution prepared as described under that 
 heading, and the solutions adjusted to correspond ; Phenophthalein Solution 
 may be used as an indicator of neutrality. The solution should be kept in 
 well-closed glass bottles, preferably fitted with a tube containing Soda-lime, 
 or it may be kept under a layer of pvire liquid Paraffin. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution B.P. is 
 required to contain 4*000 grarmnes of Sodium Hydroxide (NaHO, eq. 40-008) 
 in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Sodium 
 Hydroxide in a, sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. 
 of Tenth -Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not indicate the precautions to be observed for the preserva- 
 tion of the solution. 
 
 P O ] 
 
 US Pi Not included. aScc Table. 
 
 TWENTIETH -NORMAL (f^ VOLUMETRIC SODIUM HYDROXIDE 
 SOLUTION. ^ '' 
 
 Twentieth -Normal Voltunetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution may be pre- 
 pared by diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric Sodiiun Hydroxide Solution 
 with Distilled Water so as to produce 20 volumes, that is to say, 50 c.c. of 
 
 3 C 2 
 
1508 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS^ 
 
 Normal Volumetric tSoiLiiuii Hydroxido Solution may bo tlilutoLl with sulll- 
 cient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. It may also bo prepared by tlie 
 corresponding dilution of Half-Normal, Fifth-Normal, or Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solutions. It may be set against Twentieth -Normal Volimietric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, employing Phenolphthalein Solution or Methyl 
 Orange Solution as an indicator of neutrality. A measured quantity of 
 20 c.c. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution should 
 neutralise exactly 20 c.c. of Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution. If the solutions are not in agreement, the number of c.c. required 
 may be accurately noted and the corresponding adjustment made ; they 
 may be then re -titrated to ensure strict correspondence. 
 
 B. P.— Twentieth -Normal Volumetric Sodimn Hydroxide Solution B.P. 
 is required to contain 2 "000 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide (NaHO, eq. 
 40-008) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Sodium 
 Hydroxide in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of 
 Twentieth-Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not indicate the precautions to be observed for the preserva- 
 tion of the solution. 
 
 U% p\ '^°^ included. See Table. 
 
 DOUBLE-NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLU- 
 TION. ^^ 
 
 A solution containing 80-016 grammes of pure Sodium Hydroxide (NaHO) 
 in each 1000 c.c. 
 
 U.S. P. — The U.S. P. prepares this solution by dissolving 90 grammes of 
 Sodium Hydroxide U.S. P. in sufficient Distilled Water to produce about 
 1000 c.c. The solution is finally set against purified Potassium Bitartrate in 
 a similar manner to that described under Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution U.S. P., and is adjusted so that a meastured quantity of 
 25 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.) exactly neutralises 9-339 grammes of pure Potassium 
 Bitartrate. The same precaution should be observed for keeping this solution 
 as in the case of the Normal Volimietric Sodium Hyckoxide Solution. 
 
 P.P.] 
 
 Not included. See Table. 
 
 P.G.j 
 
 NORMAL (^\ VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 56-108 grammes of pure Potassium Hydroxide 
 (KOH) in 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by dissolving 100 grammes of good 
 comnaercial Potassium Hydroxide in sticks in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 The resulting solution is cooled and kept under a layer of piu-e liquid Paraffin. 
 A quantity of 1 gramme is weighed out in a weighing bottle, diluted with 
 Distilled Water, and the quantity of Potassium Hydroxide present determined 
 by titration with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, using a few 
 di'ops of Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. Having 
 ascertained the quantity present in 1 gramme, a sufficient quantity is weighed 
 out to yield about 58 grammes of pure Potassium Hydroxide, and diluted 
 with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. The solution is standard- 
 ised by titration against Normal Volumetric Sulphiu-ic Acid Solution, and 
 adjusted to its required strength by a method similar to that adopted for 
 Normal Volimietric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. The same precautions are 
 necessary with regard to the storage of the solution when made. 
 
 P.O. — Normal Volimietric Potassixmi Hydroxide Solution P.O. is required 
 to contain 56-11 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 1 Utre. No method 
 is given for its preparation or standardisation, nor are precautions for its 
 storage stated. 
 
 U.S. P. — Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution U.S.P. is 
 required to contain 55-7-i grammes of pure Potassimn Hydroxide (KOH) in 
 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS, 1 509 
 
 1000 c.c. tit 25^0. (77^ F.), and is preinired hy ilissohiug 75 graiiiiiies of 
 Potassium Hydroxide U.S.F. in sufficient Distilled Water to measure 
 about 1050 c.c. It is standardised by a method similar to that described 
 in the U.S. P. process for setting Normal Volumetric Sodimn Hydroxide 
 Solution. The U.S.P. requires that the strength of the finished solution 
 shall be freshly determined after adjustment has been made, and that if 
 required a readjustment shall be instituted in order that there may be strict 
 correspondence between the solutions. A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution is required to exactly 
 neutralise, at 25° C. (77° F.), 9-339 gi-ammes of Potassium Bitartrate. Similar 
 precautions to those mentioned under Sodium Hydroxide Solution should 
 be observed in storage. 
 
 S.P.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (f^ VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 A solution containing 5-6108 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) 
 in 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by diluting 1 vohune of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 10 volumes, e.g., 100 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassiiun Hydroxide 
 Solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. 
 It may be standardised against Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Solution, and in the event of its being found not to correspond should be 
 readjusted till the solutions are in strict accordance and the solution reset. 
 
 It should be kept in glass bottles fitted with well-fitting rublier corks, 
 preferably fitted with a Calcium Chloride tube containing fragments of 
 Soda-lime, or it may be kept under a layer of pure liquid Paraffin. 
 
 P.O. — Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution P.G. is 
 required to contain 5-011 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 1 litre. It 
 is standardised by titration against Tenth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution. No precautions are stated for its preservation. 
 
 U.S.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution U.S.P. 
 is prepared by diluting 100 c.c. of freshly standardised Normal Volumetric 
 Pota.ssium Hydroxide Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to measure, 
 at 25° C. (77° F.), exactly 1000 c.c. The solution may be set against purified 
 Potassium Bitartrate. A weighed quantity of 0-9339 gramme of the 
 Bitartrate should require for neutraUsation, at 25° C. (77° F.), exactly 50 c.c. 
 of the Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. The U.S.P. 
 requires that the same precautions be observed in the preservation of this 
 .solution as are recommended under Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. 
 
 £.P.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 FIFTIETH-NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 Fiftieth -Normal Volmnetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution should contain 
 1-1221 grammes of Potassivun Hydroxide (KOH) in 1000 c.c, and may be 
 prepared by diluting 1 volmne of the Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution or 10 volumes of the Tenth-Normal Solution with sufficient Distilled 
 Water to produce 50 volumes, e.g., 20 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide Solution or 200 c.c. of the Tenth-Normal Solution may be 
 diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. It should be 
 standardised against Fiftieth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, 
 and in the event of its being fotmd not to correspond the solution should 
 be I'eadjusted until the solutions are in strict accord. The precautions 
 observed in dealing with the Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution should be also observed here. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution containing 1-1148 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide 
 
1510 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSTS, 
 
 (KOII) ill 1000 cc. iHciiarcd by diluting a iiieafsuivd qilaiility of tiO c.c. of 
 ii freshly -at aiidardiaud Normal or 200 c.u. of Tenth -Normal Volumetric 
 Potassiuin Hydroxide Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to measure, 
 at 25° C. (77° F.), exactly 1000 cc. The U.S.P. does not in this instance 
 require that the solution should be standardised after preparation in order 
 to ensure its correctness, although it states that it is for use together with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution in such delicate deter- 
 minations as the titration of alkaloidal residues with Haematoxylin, Cochineal 
 or lodeosin Test-Solutions as indicators of neutrality. It inserts cautions 
 respecting its preservation which are virtually those given under the Normal 
 Solution, with the addition of a recommendation that the solution should be 
 renewed at frequent intervals. 
 
 p'q] Not included. Sec Table. 
 
 HUNDREDTH - NORMAL {^^^ VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM HY- 
 DROXIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 0-56108 gramme of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) in 
 1000 cc. It may be prepared by diluting 1 volume of the Normal or 10 
 volumes of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Sohition with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to jjroduce 100 volumes ; that is to say, a measured 
 quantity of 10 cc. of Normal or 100 cc. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution may be diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 1000 cc. It should be standardised against Hundredth -Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, prepared by diluting the Fiftieth-Normal Solution 
 with an equal volvime of Distilled Water, the Hundredth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution being in turn standardised against pnre dry Sodium 
 Carbonate. 
 
 P.G. — Hmidredth -Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution P.6. 
 contains • 56 11 gramme of Potassium Hydroxide in 1 litre. It is standardised 
 against Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, to be 
 hereafter described. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution containing 0'5574 gramme of Potassium Hydroxide in 
 1000 cc, prepared by diluting 10 cc of Normal or 100 cc of the Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution with sufficient Distilled 
 Water to measure 1000 cc. The measurements are made at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 The usual notice respecting the precautions to be observed for the preservation 
 of the solution is here omitted, but the solution is recommended to be fre- 
 quently renewed. 
 
 B.P.—Noi included. See Table. 
 
 NORMAL (^\ VOLUMETRIC ALCOHOLIC POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 
 SOLUTION. 
 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution contains 
 56" 108 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 1000 cc, and may be prepared 
 by dissolving this weight of pure Potassium Hydroxide in about 50 cc of 
 Distilled Water, and diluting this solution with sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c) to 
 produce 1000 cc It may be set against Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of cc required should be noted, and the solution may be adjusted 
 in accordance with the results of the titration, or, preferably, a factor may 
 be calculated by which the number of cc used during a titration may be at 
 once converted into terms of strictly Normal Solution. The solution should 
 be kept in glass bottles provided with well-fitting rubber stoppers. 
 
 B.P. — Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution B.P. 
 contains 56-108 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide "(KHO, eq. 56- 108) in 
 1000 ml. 
 
VOLUMETRIC AJTALYSIS. 1511 
 
 It may 1)6 prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Potassiiuii 
 Hydroxide in a Bufficient quantity of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 1000 ml. of 
 Normal Vohunetric Alcoholic Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not indicate precautions to be observed for the preservation 
 of the solution, but states that it should not bo more than faintly yellow in 
 coloiu'. 
 
 rr' o'p [ Not inchided. iS'ee Tabic. 
 
 HALF- NORMAL (^\ VOLUMETRIC ALCOHOLIC POTASSIUM 
 
 HYDROXIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 28-054 gi'ammes of Potassium Hydroxide (KOHj 
 in 1000 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c). It may be conveniently prepared as 
 follows : A weighed quantity of good commercial Potassium Hydroxide in 
 sticks is dissolved in about 20 c.c. of Distilled Water and titrated with Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an 
 indicator. From the results of this titration the percentage of pure Potassium 
 Hydroxide in the sample is calculated, and a sufficient quantity taken to 
 ensiu"e a slight excess over the calculated weight ; thus, assiuning the sample 
 to have indicated 8.5 p.c. of the pm-e Hydroxide, the quanstity required for the 
 solution should be as 85 : 100 : : 28-054, corresponding to 33 grammes. Weigh 
 out about 35 grammes of the Hydroxide, dissolve in about 20 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and dilute with sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 1000 c.c. The 
 solution may be standardised against Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 A measured quantity of 50 c.c. of the Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric 
 Acid Solution may be taken and the number of c.c. required to neutralise it 
 carefully noted. The solution may then be diluted with Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 in the proportion between the number of c.c. actually required to the number 
 of c.c. which should have been required had the solution been strictly Half- 
 Normal. In the event of the solution being only of little more than Half- 
 Normal strength a good plan is to obtain a factor by which it may be converted 
 into terms of strictly Half-Norinal Solution, and to allow the extra strength 
 for deterioration on keeping. The solution should be freshly set each time 
 before use if employed at more than short intervals. 
 
 The same precautions which are observed with Normal Volumetric 
 Potassiiun Hydroxide Solution should be observed in the case of this solution, 
 and in addition the glass bottles should be of a dark amber tint. 
 
 B.P. — Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 B.P. is required to contain 28-054 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide (KHO, 
 eq. 56-108) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Potassium 
 Hydroxide in a sirfficiency of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 1000 ml. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not indicate any precautions to be observed in the preserva- 
 tion of the solution. 
 
 P.O.— A. solution containing 28-055 grammes of Potassium Hydroxicte in 
 1 htre of Alcohol (90 p.c). The P.G. describes it as a colovrrless or but 
 slightly yellow-coloured liquid. It should be protected from the light. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 27-87 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 
 1000 c.c, prepared by dissolving about 40 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide 
 U.S. P. in about 20 c.c of Distilled Water, and adding sufficient Alcohol 
 (94-9 p.c) to produce 1000 c.c. One day is allowed to elapse for the solution 
 to clear, and the supernatant solution is quickly decanted into another bottle. 
 The solvition is standardised against a pvirified Potassium Bitartrate, using 
 Phenolphthalein Test-Solution (5 drops) as an indicator of neiitrality. A 
 weighed quantity of 1-8678 grammes of the purified Bitartrate, representing 
 20 c.c. of a Half-Normal Solution, is employed. The number of c.c required 
 to exactly neutralise is noted and the solution diluted with Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) 
 
1512 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 in the proportion between this number of c.c. and 20 ; 20 c.c. of the finished 
 sokition being required to exactly neutrahse 1 • 8078 grammes of purified 
 Potassium Bi tartrate. An alternative method of standardising the solution 
 is with Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, the dilution 
 being made in a siinilar manner ; the finished solution Iseing required to 
 exactly neutralise an equal volume of the Half -Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution; the measurements are made at 25° C. (77° F.). The 
 U.S. P. inserts precautions respecting the preservation of the solution, and 
 requires that it should be kept in bottles provided with w^ell-fitting rubljer 
 stoppers, and that it should be protected from the light. The solution 
 decreases in strength somewhat rapidly, and it is required in addition that 
 blank tests should bo performed whenever it is employed in titration. 
 
 (fo) 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL f "' j VOLUMETRIC ALCOHOLIC POTASSIUM 
 HYDROXIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution may 
 be prepared by diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric AlcohoUc Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution with sufficient Alcohol (90 p. c.) to produce 10 volumes; 
 that is to say, 100 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassivmx Hydroxide 
 Solution may be diluted with Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 1000 c.c. ; or a 
 corresponding dilution of the Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution may be made. It may be set against Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator 
 of neutrality ; 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution should neutralise exactly 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Hych'ochloric Acid Solution. Should the solutions not be strictly in accord, 
 the nunaber of c.c. should be noted, and sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) added to 
 produce a strictly Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution, or a factor may be 
 calculated by which the approximately Tenth-Normal Solution may be 
 converted into true Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution. The solution may 
 also be set against purified Potassiiun Bitartrate. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volmuetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 B.P. contains 5' 610 grammes of Potassiiun Hydroxide (KHO, eq. 56" 108) 
 in 1000 ml. of the Solution, and is prepared by chssolving the requisite 
 quantity of Potassiiun Hydroxide in a sufficiency of Alcohol (90 p.c.) to 
 produce 1000 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Solution. 
 
 The B.P. solution is described as colourless, or not more than slightly 
 yellow, but no directions are given with regard to its preservation. It 
 should be kept in dark amber -tinted glass bottles fitted with well-fitting 
 rubber stoppers. 
 
 P G \ 
 
 TI ^' P i "^°* included. 
 
 NORMAL i^r) VOLUMETRIC HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 (?) 
 
 A solution containing 36*468 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) in 
 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by a method similar to that described under 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution, except that Hydrochloric Acid 
 is substituted for Sulphuric Acid ; it may be set against pure dry Sodium 
 Carbonate as there described. 
 
 B.P. — Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution B.P. contains 
 36-468 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl, eq. 36-468) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the requisite quantity of Hydrochloric 
 Acid with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of the Normal Volu- 
 metric Solution. 
 
 P.G. — A solution containing 36-47 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 
 in 1 litre. No directions are given for its preparation or standardisation. 
 
 U.S. p. — A solution containing 36-18 grammes of absolute Hydrochloric 
 
VOLUMETRIC Al^ALYSlS. 1513 
 
 Acid ill lOOO c.c. It is prepared by mixing 130 c.c. oJt llydrocliloric Acid 
 fsp. gr. 1-158 at 25° C. (77° F.)] with sufficient Distilled Water to measure 
 1000 c.c, the measurements being made at 25° C. (77° F.). It is standardised 
 against freshly standardised Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, using Methyl Orange Test -Solution as an indicator of neutrality. 
 The number of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 required to neutralise 10 c.c. of the above solution mixed with about 20 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water is noted, and the acid solution diluted so that the solutions 
 are in strict accord. After the dilution has been inade the U.S. P. directs 
 that a further trial of its neutralising power should be made, and if still foiind 
 to be incorrect it should be readjusted. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution should exactly neutralise 
 10 c.c. of Normal Volunaetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). 
 
 HALF-NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC HYDROCHLORIC ACID 
 SOLUTION. ^"^ 
 
 A solution containing 18-234 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride in 1000 c.c, 
 prepared by mixing 1 vohune of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 2 volumes, 6.17., 500 c.c. 
 of the Normal Solution is diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 1000 c.c. It may be standardised by titration against Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Hydroxide Solution, of which 10 c.c. should exactly neutralise 20 c.c. 
 of the Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, Phenolphthalein 
 Solution being used as an indicator. In the event of the solution not being 
 in agreement it should be readjusted and a fresh titration should be made in 
 order to ensiu-e the solutions being strictly in accord. 
 
 P.G. — A solution containing 18-235 granmies of absolute Hydrochloric 
 Acid in 1 litre. No method of preparation or standardisation is given. 
 
 U.S.P. — Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution U.S. P. 
 contains 18-09 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) in 1000 c.c, and may 
 be prepared by diluting 500 c.c. of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to measvu-e exactly 1000 c.c. ; the 
 measurements are made at 25° C. (77° F.). No directions are given for the 
 standardisation of the finished solution. 
 
 i?.P.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH -NORMAL (f) VOLUMETRIC HYDROCHLORIC ACID 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 A solution containing 3-646 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride in 1000 c.c 
 prepared by diluting 1 volume of Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 10 volumes, e.r/., 100 c.c. 
 of the Normal Solution is diluted with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 1000 c.c. It may be standardised against Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium 
 Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as an indicator of 
 neutrality ; a measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution should exactly neutralise 20 c.c of Tenth-Normal 
 Volunaetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution. In event of the solutions not strictly 
 corresponding, a readjustment should be made in order that they may Ije in 
 strict accord, and the solution should be reset. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution B.P. contains 
 3 -646 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl, eq. 36-468) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by mixing the requisite quantity of Hydi-ochloric 
 Acid with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of the Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 P.O. — A solution containing 3-647 grammes of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 
 in 1 litre. 
 
 U.S.P.—iiot included. See Table. 
 
1614 VdLUMETEIC ANAL-^StS, 
 
 HUNDREDTH-NORMAL (~^ VOLUMETRIC HYDROCHLORIC AClD 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 A solution containing 0-3646 gramme of Hydrogen Chloride in 1000 c.c, 
 prepared by diluting 1 volume of Normal or 10 volumes of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution with sufficient Distilled Water to 
 produce 100 volumes, e.g., 10 c.c. of Normal or 100 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Solution is diluted with svifficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. The 
 solution is standardised against Hundredth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution, and in the event of the solutions not strictly corresponding 
 a readjustment should be made, so that they may be in strict accord, and 
 the solution should be reset. The solution requires to be carefully standardised 
 as it is used in alkaloidal titrations. 
 
 P.O. — A solution containing 0-3647 gramme of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 
 in 1 litre. 
 
 ^'^' \ Not included. See Table. 
 
 U.S.P. 
 
 m - 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (f^) VOLUMETRIC IODINE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 12-692 grammes of pure Iodine and 18-0 grammes 
 of Potassimn Iodide in 1000 c.c. of the Solution, prepared by dissolving 
 a weighed quantity of 12-7 grammes of pure Iodine and 18 grammes of pure 
 Potassium Iodide (free from lodate) in about 25 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 When completely dissolved the solution is diluted by tha cautious addition 
 of Distilled Water to measure 1000 c.c. It is standardised against Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solvition (to be hereafter described), 
 using, if necessai-y, Starch Mucilage as an indicator. The solution may also 
 ]je standardised by titration with pure Arsenious Anhydride. The number 
 of c.c. of the Iodine Solution required to completely react with the Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric §odium Thiosulphate Solution employed is noted, and 
 the solution dikited accordingly (as described under Volun^etric Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution), so that it shall be strictly Tenth -Normal, or a factor may be 
 obtained by dividing the number of c.c. which should have been required by 
 the number of c.c. actually required, and this factor used to interpret the 
 solution into terms of strictly Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint in a 
 cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible from the light. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution!?. P. is required to contain 
 12-092 grammes of Iodine (I, eq. 126-92) and 18 grammes of Potassimn 
 Iodide in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Iodine and 
 18 grammes of Potassium Iodide in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water 
 to produce 1000 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sohition. 
 
 The B.P. gives no directions for its standardisation, nor does it indicate 
 any precautions to be observed in the preservation of the solution. 
 
 P.G.—A solution containing 12-692 grammes of locUne and 20 grammes 
 of Potassium Iodide in 1 litre. The Iodine is directed to be dissolved by 
 the aid of the 20 grammes of Potassium Iodide, but otherwise no instructions 
 are given respecting the preparation, preservation or standardisation of tho 
 solution. 
 
 U.S.P. — A solution containing 12-59 grammes of pure Iodine and 18 
 grammes of pure Potassiiim Iodide in 1000 c.c. of Distilled Water. It may 
 be prepared by one of two methods: — 1. By dissolving 12-59 grammes of 
 pure Iodine and 18 grammes of pure Potassium Iodide in 300 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and diluting with sufficient Distilled Water to measure exactly 1000 c.c. 
 The measurements are made at 25° C. (77° F.). The pure Iodine is prepared 
 from Iodine U.S.P. by careful re-sublimation, first over boiling Water for 
 twenty minutes to remove moisture, Cyanogen Iodide, Iodine Bromide and 
 Chloride, and then by mixing it with 5 p.c. of its weight of dry Potassimn 
 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 1515 
 
 Iodide and re-subliniatioii on a sand-bath ; any moisture still atUiering ia 
 removed by di-ying over Calcium Chloride. 
 
 A determination of the strength of this solution is made at the time of 
 using, unless it is freshly prepared. 
 
 2. A weighed quantity of 14 grammes of Iodine U.S. P. and 18 grammes 
 of Potassium Iodide U.iS.P. are dissolved in about 300 c.c. of Distilled Water 
 and the solution diluted with Distilled Water to 1000 c.c. The resulting 
 solution is standardised by titration against 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Thiosvilphato Solution, the number of c.c. recorded, the 
 ascertained vohune of the solution diluted in the ratio of the number of 
 c.c. actually required to the number of c.c. which should have been 
 requii'ed (namely 10). After dilution, the strength is again verified to 
 ensure strict accordance between the solutions, and in the event of their 
 still differing a fresh adjustment is made, followed by re-determination in 
 order to en.sure the solutions being strictly correct. 
 
 The solution is directed to be kept in glass-stoppered bottles, but no other 
 precaution specified. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (f^ VOLUMETRIC BROMINE (KOPPESCHAAR'S) 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 The solution is only employed in the determination of Phenol. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 7-930 grammes of pure Bromine in 1000 c.c. 
 It is prepared by dissolving 3 • 2 grammes of Potassium Bromate and 50 
 grammes of Potassium Bromide in sufficient Distilled Water to measure 
 900 c.c. The solution is standardised by means of Potassium Iodide Solution. 
 A measiu-ed quantity of 20 c.c. of the above solution is transferred into a 
 250 c.c. glass-stoppered bottle, mixed with 75 c.c. of Distilled Water, 5 c.c. 
 of pure Hydrochloric Acid, and 5 c.c. of Potassium Iodide Test-Solution. 
 The liberated lochne is titrated with Tenth-Normal Vohmietric Sodium 
 Thiosulphate Solution. The number of c.c. required is noted, and after 
 ascertaining the volume of the solution it is diluted in the ratio of the number 
 of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Solution actually required to the number of c.c. of 
 Tenth-Normal Solution which should have been required. A re-determination 
 of the strength of the solution is made, and in the event of the solutions still 
 not agreeing it is readjusted so that the solutions shall be strictly in accord. 
 
 The solution is directed to be kept in well-stoppered bottles of a dark 
 amber tint. 
 
 B P \ 
 
 p p > Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (JJ) VOLUMETRIC SODILTJI THIOSULPHATE 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 A solution containing 24 • 822 grammes of crystallised SocUum Thiosulphate 
 (Na._.S.j03.5H20) in 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by dissolving about 30 
 grammes of the crystallised salt in about 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, and 
 diluting with a further quantity of Distilled Water to measvire 1000 c.c. It 
 may be set against a weighed quantity of pure re-sublimed Iodine or, prefer- 
 ably, by lueans of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Solution 
 (hereafter described) and Potassivim Iodide Solution. A measured quantity 
 of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Sohition is 
 introduced into a solution of 1 gramiue of Potassium Iodide in 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water, and 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid added. The liberated 
 Iodine is titrated with the above solution, the number of^c.c. accurately 
 noted, and after ascertaining the volume, the approximately Tenth-Noriual 
 Thiosulphate Solution is diluted in the ratio between the number of c.c. 
 actually required and the numljer of c.c. which should have been required, 
 namely 20. After dilution, the solution is reset in a similar way to that 
 described above. If still found not to bo in agreement, it should be readjusted 
 so that the solutions should be in strict accord. 
 
1516 VOLUMETBIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 in a cool atmosphere. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution B.P. is 
 reqiiired to contain 24*822 grammes of crystallised Sodium Thiosulphate 
 (NajS,,03.5H20, eq. 248-22) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the required quantity of Sodiirm Thio- 
 sulphate in sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of the Tenth-Normal 
 Volimaetric Solution. 
 
 No directions are given with regard to the preparation, preservation or 
 standardisation of the solution. 
 
 P.O. — A solution containing 24-822 grammes of Sodium Thiosulphate 
 (NajSjOj.SHoO) in 1 litre. No directions are given for its preparation, 
 standardisation or preservation. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 24-646 grammes of crystallised Sodium 
 Thiosulphate (Na^S^Os + 5H.,0) in 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). It is prepared 
 by dissolving 30 grammes of Sodium Thiosulphate in sufficient Distilled 
 Water to measure 1000 c.c. The solution is standardised against Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Solution and Potassium Iodide. 
 The solution is diluted in accordance with the result obtained from this 
 Volumetric determination, and a fresh determination is made to ensure the 
 accuracy of the solution. In the event of the solutions being still found 
 lacking in agreement a fresh adjustment is made in order to render them 
 in strict accord. 
 
 The solution is required to be kept in glass-stoppered bottles carefully 
 protected from dust. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL f^^) VOLXIMETRIC SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION. 
 
 Q 
 
 A solution containing 16 • 989 grammes of Silver Nitrate (AgNOj) in 1000 c.c, 
 prepared by dissolving this quantity of the salt in about 250 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water, and diluting the solution with a further quantity of Distilled 
 Water to measure 1000 c.c. It may be standardised against Tenth-Normal 
 Vokunetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution or against Tenth-Normal Voliunetric 
 Sodium Chloride Solution. A measiu-ed quantity of 10 c.c. of either solution 
 may be employed. The nvuiaber of c.c. required is acciu-ately noted, and 
 after ascertaining the voliime of the solution it is diluted with Distilled 
 Water in the ratio between the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution actually required, and the number of c.c. which 
 should have been required, namely 10. In order to ensm-e that the dilution 
 is correct a re-determination of the strength of the solution should be made, 
 and in the event of the solutions still not agreeing a further adjustment 
 should be made so that the solutions may be in strict accord. 
 
 When prepared the solution should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles 
 of a dark amber tint in a cool atmosphere and protected as far as possible 
 from contact with dust and light. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Vohimetric Silver Nitrate Solution B.P. is required to 
 contain 16-989 grammes of Silver Nitrate (AgNOj, eq. 169-89) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Silver Nitrate 
 in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Tenth -Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not give directions for the standardisation of the solution 
 nor precautions to be observed in its preservation. 
 
 P.6. — A solution containing 16-989 grammes of Silver Nitrate (AgNOj) 
 in 1 litre. No directions axe given for either its preparation, standardisation 
 or preservation. 
 
 TJ.S.P. — A solution containing 16-869 grammes of Silver Nitrate (AgNOj) 
 in 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.), prepared by dissolving the pulverised and 
 dried salt, completely dehydrated at 130° C. (266° F.), in sufficient Distilled 
 Water to measure 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). No directions are given for 
 its standardisation. The various methods of employing the solution for 
 titration are recorded : thus, there is the method of direct titration where 
 
VOtiUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 1517 
 
 the Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution is added slowly to the solution of a 
 weighed quantity of the salt in Distilled Water, Potassium Chromate Test- 
 Solution being employed as an indicator ; there is the Volhard or Thiocyanate 
 method of residual titration where an accurately measured excess of the Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution is added to the solution of the 
 halogen acid or its salt to be determined, acidified with Nitric Acid, and 
 the uncombined excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution 
 is determined by titration with Tenth -Normal Volumetric Potassimn Sulpho- 
 cyanate Solution, using Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution as an 
 indicator ; and the method of titration generally employed for the assay 
 of Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanides where the formation of a permanent 
 precipitate indicates the end of the reaction. The U.S. P. states that when 
 the solution is vised by this method it is Fifth-Normal instead of Tenth-Normal. 
 The solution is recommended to be kept in glass-stoppered vials of a dark 
 amber colour, and to be carefully protected from dust and sunlight. 
 
 NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM BICHROMATE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 49-033 grammes of pure Potassimn Bichromate 
 (KXr^Oj, eq. 294-2) in 1000 c.c, that is to say a solution containing one- 
 sixth of the molecular equivalent of the salt, as 1 molecular equivalent of 
 Potassitmi Bichromate hberates 3 atoms of Oxygen, which are capable of 
 oxidising 6 atoms of Hydrogen. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving 49-033 grammes of the well-dried and 
 finely-powdered Potassium Bichromate in about 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 and diluting the solution with a further quantity of Distilled Water sufficient 
 to produce 1000 c.c. It may be standardised against Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, using Potassium Iodide Solution and 
 Sulphuric Acid. A measured quantity of 5 c.c. of Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Bichromate Solution should correspond exactly to 50 c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution ; Starch Mucilage may be 
 employed as an indicator. If ascertained to be too strong, the solution may 
 be diluted in a similar manner to other Volumetric Solutions, and 
 re-standardised after dilution. 
 
 B.P. — Normal Volmiietric Potassimn Bichromate Solution B.P. is required 
 to contain 49-033 grammes of Potassium Bichromate (K.fiT„Oj, eq. 294-20) 
 in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prep)ared by dissolving the necessarj'- quantity of Potassium 
 Bichromate in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. 
 of Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not give directions for its standardisation or precautions to 
 be observed in its preservation. 
 
 PC \ 
 
 Tj g p \ Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM BICHROMATE 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 A solution containing 4 • 9033 grammes of pure Potassium Bichromate 
 (K.,Cr„07, eq. 294-2) in 1000 c.c, that is to say a solution containing one- 
 sixtieth of the molecular equivalent of the salt, as 1 molecule of Potassium 
 Bichromate liberates 3 atoms of Oxygen which are capable of oxidising 
 6 atoms of Hydrogen. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving 4-9033 grammes of the well-dried and 
 finely powdered salt in about 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, and diluting the solu- 
 tion with a further quantity of Distilled Water, sufficient to produce 1000 c.c. 
 It may be standardised against Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution, using Potassium Iodide Solution and Sulphuric Acid, or by titration 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution ; in this latter case 
 it must be recollected that the solution is Tenth-Normal, when the solution 
 
1518 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 contains one-tw entieth molecular equivalent of Potassium Bichromate per litre. 
 It may also be set against pure Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate ; in the latter 
 case a solution containing one-sixtieth molecular equivalent per litre cor- 
 responds to the Tenth-Normal Solution. If found too strong the solution 
 may be diluted in a similar manner to other Vokunetric Solutions, and 
 carefully ro-standardised after dilution. 
 
 It should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a dark amber tint and 
 protected as far as possible from contact with dust and direct sunlight. 
 
 B.P. — ^Te nth -Normal Volumetric Potassium Bichromate Solution B.P. is 
 required to contain 4 '903 grammes of Potassium Bichromate (K„Cr.,Oj) in 
 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving in Distilled Water the quantity of 
 Potassium Bichromate necessary to produce 1000 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not give directions for its standardisation, nor does it state 
 precautions to be observed in its preservation. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 4-8713 grammes of pure Potassium 
 Dichromate in 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). It may be prepared by dissolving 
 4-8713 grammes of Potassium Dichromate, pulverised and dried at 120" C. 
 (248° F.) in sufficient Distilled Water to measure exactly 1000 c.c. at 25° C. 
 (77° F.). A method of standardising the solution is not given, but references 
 are made to its uses ; it is further pointed out that when used with Phenol- 
 phthalein as an indicator the solution is Tenth-Normal when, it contains 
 14-614 grammes in 1000 c.c, but when used as an oxidising agent a solution 
 containing the amovmt stated at the commencement of the paragraph is the 
 value of a Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution. When employed for the 
 titration of Ferrous salts it is added gradually from a burette to a solution of 
 the Ferrous salt in Distilled Water, rendering it acid if necessary with Sulphuric 
 Acid, Potassium Ferricyanide Test-Solution being used as an indicator, the 
 Tenth-Nornial Volumetric Solution being added until a drop of the titrate 
 no longer affords a blue coloration with the indicator ; it is also employed 
 in conjunction with Potassimn Iodide and Sulphuric Acid in standardising 
 Tenth-Normal Sodium Thiosulphate Solution. 
 
 P.G.— Not included, ^ee Table. 
 
 NORMAL (-] VOLUMETRIC OXALIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 (?) 
 
 A solution containing 63-024 grammes of Oxalic Acid (CoH^O^, 2H„0, 
 eq. 126-048) in 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by dissolving 63-024 
 grammes of pm-e crystallised Oxalic Acid in about 100 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and diluting with a further sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to 
 produce 1000 c.c. It may be standardised by titration against Normal 
 Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein Solution as 
 an indicator of neutrality. A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Normal 
 Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution should correspond exactly to 20 c.c. of 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium H3^droxide Solution. The number of c.c. required 
 should be accurately noted, the volvuue of the sohition ascertained, and it is 
 then diluted in the ratio of the number of c.c. actually required to the 
 number of c.c. which should have been required. After dilution it is again 
 standardised in order to ensure the correctness of the solution, and if found 
 to be still lacking in agreement the solution should be fiorther adjusted until 
 it is in strict accord. 
 
 B.P. — Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution B.P. is required to contain 
 63-024 grammes of Oxalic Acid (HX.A. 2H.,0, eq. 126-048) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of pure crystallised 
 Oxalic Acid in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. 
 of Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not give directions for its standardisation, nor does it indicate 
 precaiitions to be observed in its preservation. 
 
 U.S.P.l ^°*^ included. See Table. 
 
VOLtTMETRIC ANALYSIS. 1519 
 
 TENTH-KORMAL f^^l VOLUMETRIC OXALIC ACID SOLUTION. 
 
 © 
 
 A solution containing 6 • 302 grammes of pure crystallised Oxalic Acid 
 (H.,C,04 2H.,0, eq. 126-048) in 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by dissolving 
 6-5 grammes of pure crystallised Oxalic Acid in about 100 c.c. of Distilled 
 Water and adding a further sufficient quantity of the Distilled Water to 
 produce 1000 c.c. It may be standardised by titration against Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, using Phenolphthalein 
 Solution as an indicator of neutrality. The nmnber of c.c. required is accu- 
 rately noted, and after ascertaining the volume of the solution it is then 
 diluted in the ratio of the number of c.c. actually required to the number 
 of c.c. which should have been required. After dilution it is again standardised 
 in order to ensure the correctness of the solution, and if fomid to be still 
 lacking in agreement the solution should be fm-ther adjusted until it is in 
 strict accord. A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Oxalic Acid Solution should exactly neutralise 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 naetric Sodium Hydroxide Solution, Phenolphthalein Solution being employed 
 as an indicator. 
 
 B.P. — -Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution B.P. ia required 
 to contain 6-302 grammes of pure Oxalic Acid (HoCO^, 2H.,0, eq. 120-048) 
 in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of crystallised 
 Oxalic Acid in sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not give directions for its standardisation, nor does it inclvide 
 precautions to be observed in its preservation. 
 
 U.S. P. — A sohition containing 6-255 grammes of pure crystallised Oxalic 
 Acid in 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). It may be prepared by dissolving 6-4 
 grammes of pure Oxahc Acid in sufficient Distilled Water to measure 
 1000 c.c. It is standardised by titration against 10 c.c. of a freshly 
 standardised Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassiuna Hydroxide Solution 
 diluted with twice its volume of Distilled Water, Phenolphthalein Test- 
 Solution being used as an indicator of neutrality, the titration being 
 conducted at a boiling temperature. The number of c.c. required is 
 accurately noted, and after ascertaining the vohime of the solution, it is 
 then tliluted in the ratio of the number of c.c. actxially required to the number 
 of c.c. which should have been required. A re-determination is made to 
 enstu-e the accuracy of such dilution, and should the solution be found to be 
 still inexact it is readjusted until it is in strict accord. The U.S. P. mentions 
 that it deteriorates on standing. It is used principally for standardising 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassimn Permanganate Solution. 
 
 P.O.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (~) VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE 
 SOLUTION. ^ ^ 
 
 A solution containing 3-161 grammes of pure crystalUsed Potassimn 
 Permanganate (KMnO^, eq. 158-03) in 1000 c.c. It maybe prepared by 
 dissolving 3 ■ 5 grammes of pure crystallised Potassium Permanganate in 
 about 250 c.c. of Distilled Water, and when solution is complete diluting 
 it with .sufficient Distilled Water to measm-e 1000 c.c. It may be 
 standardised by titration against Tenth-Normal Volimietric Oxalic Acid 
 Solution ; a measm-ed quantity of 20 c.c. of the latter sohition is introduced 
 into a glass flask, mixed with about 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid, heated over 
 a Bunsen flame, and the Permanganate Solution run in from a bvirette 
 until a faint pink colour (permanent for about 30 seconds) is produced. 
 The number of c.c. required is accurately noted, and after ascertaining the 
 volume of the solution it is diluted in the ratio Ijetween this number of c.c. 
 and 20. To enstire correctness the solution is re -standardised with a further 
 quantity of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic Acid Solution, and in the 
 
1520 Volumetric Analysis. 
 
 event of the solutions not agreeing a fui'ther adjustment is made until llie^ 
 solutions are in strict accord. 
 
 The finished solutions should be kept in well-stoppered glass bottles of a 
 dark amber colour and protected as far as possible from contact with dust 
 and light. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution B.P. 
 is required to contain 3-161 grammes of Potassium Permanganate (KMNO^, 
 eq. 158-03) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the reqviisite qiiantity of ptu-e crystallised 
 Potassixom Permanganate in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 
 1000 ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not give directions for its standardisation, nor does it include 
 precautions to be observed in its preservation. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 3-1396 grammes of pure crystallised 
 Potassium Permanganate {2KMn04, eq. 313-96) in 1000 c.c. measured at 
 25° C. (77° F.). It is prepared by dissolving 3 -3 grammes of pui'e crystallised 
 Potassium Permanganate by the addition of 1000 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 by boiling the solution for about 5 minutes ; the flask is then plugged with 
 Cotton-Wool and the suspended matter allowed to deposit by setting aside 
 during 2 days ; the clear portion of the solution is then povu'ed off. The 
 Water used for dilution is Water that has been distilled after the addition 
 of 1 graname of Potassium Permanganate. The solution is standardised 
 against 10 c.c. of an accurately standardised Tenth-Normal Volumetric Oxalic 
 Acid Solution with the addition of 1 c.c. of pvire concentrated Sulphiu-ic Acid. 
 An alternative method of standardisation is also mentioned. A ntieasured 
 quantity of 20 c.c. of the approximately Tenth-Normal Volumetric Perman- 
 ganate Solution is introduced into a solution of about 1 gramme of Potassium 
 Iodide in 10 c.c. of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and the mixture diluted with 
 about 200 c.c. of Distilled Water. The liberated Iodine is titrated with an 
 accurately standardised Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution. The number of c.c. of the latter solution is noted carefully, and 
 the solution diluted until the solutions correspond volume for volume at 
 25° C. (77° F.). The U.S. P. requires that a fresh trial in the manner 
 described immediately above should be made after dilution, and if necessary 
 a new adjustment should be made to render the correspondence between 
 the solutions perfect. A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Permanganate Solution should require exactly 20 c.c. 
 of the Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution to decolorise 
 the mixture. 
 
 P.G.—Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (^^\ VOLUMETRIC SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 5 - 846 grammes of pure Sodimn Chloride (NaCl, 
 eq. 58-46) in 1000 c.c. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving 5-9 grammes of pure Sodium Chloride 
 in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and adding a fvirther quantity of Di.stilled 
 Water sufficient to produce 1000 c.c. 
 
 It may be set against Tenth-Normal Voliametric Silver Nitrate Solution, 
 using Potassiiun Chromate Solution as an indicator. A measured quantity 
 of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution should 
 correspond exactly to 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vokmietric Sodium Chloride 
 Solution. 
 
 The number of c.c. required is accurately noted, and after ascertaining 
 the volume of the solution it is diluted in the ratio of the number of c.c. 
 actually required to the nirmber of c.c. which should have been required. 
 After dilution it is again standardised in order to ensure the correctness of 
 the solution. 
 
 This solution is very little used, and is chiefly employed for the titration 
 of Silver salts or for the standardisation of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Silver 
 Nitrate Solution. The U.S. P. describes the method of preparing pure 
 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSISi 1521 
 
 Socliuui Cliluiide, but a very pure salt may be obtained so cheaply that it is 
 questionable whether it is worth while to specially prepare the pure Chloride 
 in the laboratory. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 5-806 grammes of pure Sodium Chloride 
 (NaCl, eq. 58-06) in 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). It is obtained by dissolving 
 5-806 grammes of pure Sodium Chloride in sufficient Distilled Water to 
 measure exactly 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). No method is indicated for 
 the standardisation of the solution. 
 
 The U.S. P. gives the following directions for preparing pure Sodium 
 Chloride : — It may be prepared by passing a current of dry Hydrochloric 
 Acid gas into a satvu-ated aqueous solution of the purest commercial Sodium 
 Chloride, collecting the ci-ystalUne precipitate on a filter, washing with a little 
 pure concentrated Hydrochloric Acid, draining, pulverising, and igniting 
 it gently in a crucible heated to low redness, to expel all traces of free acid. 
 The salt should be carefully kept from fusing. 
 
 p Q i Not included. See Table. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC POTASSIUM SULPHOCYANATE 
 SOLUTION. ^^ 
 
 A solution containing 9-718 grammes of piu-e Potassium Sulphocyanate 
 in 1000 c.c. It may be prepared by dissolving 9-9 granames of pure 
 crystalline Potassium Sulphocyanate in 100 c.c. of Water, and adding 
 a further sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. It 
 may be standardised against Tenth-Normal Volunaetric Silver Nitrate 
 Solution. A measured quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Potassium Sulphocyanate Solution should exactly correspond to 20 c.e. 
 of Tenth-Normal Vokmaetric Silver Nitrate Solution, Ferric Anamonium 
 Sulphate Solution being employed as an indicator of neutrality, and the 
 mixture acidified with 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid. The number of c.c. of Tenth- 
 Normal Volmnetric Potassitim Sulphocyanate Solution is accurately noted, 
 and after ascertaining the volume of solution it is diluted in the ratio between 
 the number of c.c. actually required to the number of c.c. which should have 
 been required. A re-determination of the strength of the solvition is made 
 after dilution, and if found necessary the solution is again adjusted until the 
 solutions are in strict accord. 
 
 This solution is also known under the name of Volhard's Solution, and is 
 chiefly used for the indirect titration of halogen acids and salts, according 
 to Volhard's method. It is mentioned under Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Solution is usually 
 employed as an indicator. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 9-653 grammes of pure Potassimn Sulpho- 
 cyanate (KSCN, eq. 96-53) in 1000 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). It is prepared 
 by dissolving 10 grammes of pure crystalline Potassium Sulphocyanate 
 in 1000 c.c. of Distilled Water, It is standardised against Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, using Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test- 
 Solution as an indicator. A measured quantity of 10 c.c. of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Silver Nitrate Solution, 3 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test- 
 Solution, together with 3 c.c. of Nitric Acid (free from Nitrous Acid), being 
 diluted with about 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, the Tenth-Normal Volu- 
 metric Potassitun Sulphocyanate Solution is added from the burette until 
 a perceptible reddish-brown tint is acquired. The n\imber of c.c. is accurately 
 noted, and after ascertaining the volume of the solution it is diluted in the 
 ratio between the number of c.c. actually required to the number of c.c. which 
 should have been required. After dilution a fresh determination should be 
 made, using a measured quantity of 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution, 5 c.c. of Ferric Ammonium S\ilphate Test-Solution, 
 5 c.c. of Nitric Acid, and 200 c.c. of Distilled Water, and the solution should 
 be so adjusted that exactly 50 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Vohimetric Potassiimi 
 Sulphocyanate Solution should be required to produce the above-mentioned 
 
1522 VOLtJMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 tint. if necessary a fiu'ther adjustment should be made until the solutions 
 strictly correspond. 
 
 B.P. ) The B.P. and P.G. include Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium 
 
 P.O.) Thiocyanate Solution, quo vide. 
 
 TENTH-NORMAL (f^) VOLUMETRIC AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE 
 SOLUTION. ^^^ 
 
 A solution ■ containing 7 • 6 1 2 grammes of pure crystallised Ammonium 
 Thiocyanate (NH.SCN, eq. 76-122) in 1000 c.c. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving 8 grammes of pure crystallised Ammonium 
 Thiocyanate in 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, and adding a fui'ther sufficient 
 quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. 
 
 It may be standardised against Tenth-Normal Voluinetric Silver Nitrate 
 Solution, acidified with Nitric Acid (free from Nitrous Acid), employing 
 Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test-Solution as an indicator. A measured 
 quantity of 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Ainmonium Thiocyanate 
 Solution should be equivalent to exactly 20 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric 
 Silver Nitrate Solution. The number of c.c. required is accurately noted, 
 and after ascertaining the volume of solution it is diluted in the ratio between 
 the number of c.c. actually reqmred to the number of c.c. which should have 
 been required. After dilution a fresh detennination of its strength .should 
 be made, and if found necessary the solution .should be again adjusted until 
 the solutions are in strict accord. 
 
 B.P. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution B.P. 
 is required to contain 7-612 grammes of Ammonimn Thiocyanate (NHjSCN, 
 eq. 76-122) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of pure Ammonivim 
 Thiocyanate in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Solution. 
 
 The B.P. gives no directions for its standardisation, nor does it include 
 precautions to be observed in its preservation. 
 
 P.G. — Tenth-Normal Volumetric Ammonium Thiocyanate Solution P.G. 
 is required to contain 7 -612 grammes of Ammonivun Thiocyanate (NH^.CNS, 
 eq. 76-12) in 1 litre. 
 
 The P.G. does not give directions for its standardisation nor precautions 
 to be observed in its storage. 
 
 U.S. P. — Employs Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassiuin Sulphocyanate 
 Solution. See Table. 
 
 HALF-NORMAL (^) VOLUMETRIC HYDROXYLAMINE HYDRO- 
 CHLORIDE SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 34-751 grammes of pure Hydroxylamine Hydro- 
 chloride (NH„OH, HCl, eq. 69-502) in 1000 c.c. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving 34-751 grammes of pure Hydroxylamine 
 Hydrochloride in a mixture of equal volumes of Alcohol (90 p.c.) and Alcohol 
 (70 p.c), and adding sufficient of the mixture to produce 1000 c.c. Its titre 
 is determined by a blank experiment made at each determination. 
 
 B.P. — Half -Normal Volunaetric Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride Solution 
 B.P. is required to contain 34-751 gi-anames of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride 
 (NH,OH, HCl, eq. 69-502) in 1000 ml. 
 
 It may be prepared by dissolving the necessary quantity of Hydroxylainine 
 Hydrochloride in* a sufficiency of a mixture of equal volumes of Alcohol 
 (00 p.c.) and Alcohol (70 p.c), and adding a sufficient quantity of the mixture 
 to produce 1000 ml. 
 
 The solution is employed for the determination of the Aldehydes in 
 E.ssential Oil of Lemon ; and its titre is determined by a blank experiment, 
 in which Oil of Lemon is omitted. 
 
VOLUMETEIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 I52r 
 
 The B.P. gives no precautions to be observed in preparing or preserving 
 the solution. 
 P.O. \ 
 U.S.P.f 
 
 Not included. See Table. 
 
 ALKALINE CUPRIC TARTRATE SOLUTION ok TEST-SOLUTION. 
 S.P.iSyn.— FEHLING'S SOLUTION. 
 
 Potassio-Cuprie Tartrate Solution, Alkaline Cupric Tartrate 
 Solution, or Fehling's Solution, consists of two solutions. The first 
 solution contains 69-28 grammes of crystallised Copper Sulphate and 1 c.c. 
 of Sulphuric Acid in 1000 c.c, and may be prepared by dissolving 69 '28 
 grammes of crystallised Copper Sulphate in sufficient Distilled Water to 
 effect solution, adding 1 c.c. of Sulphuric Acid and sufficient Distilled 
 Water to produce 1000 c.c. The second solution contains 352 grammes of 
 Sodium Potassium Tartrate and 154 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide in 
 1000 c.c, and may be prepared by dissolving 352 grammes of SocUxim 
 Potassiuiu Tartrate and 154 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide in a sufficient 
 quantity of Distilled Water to effect solution, and diluting with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 1000 c.c. AVhen required for use the solution 
 of Copper Sulphate is mixed with an equal quantity of the alkaline 
 Tartrate. The above solution is seldom emploj'cd volumetrically ; Pavy's 
 Solution, described on p. 546, is more convenient, and is more generally 
 employed in volumetric work. 
 
 B.P. — Potassio -Cupric Tartrate Solution B.P. is required to contain 34 '04 
 grammes of Copper Sulphate and 0*5 ml. of Sulphuric Acid in 500 ml. The 
 alkaline solution contains 176 grammes of Sodium Potassium Tartrate and 
 77 grammes of Sodium Hydroxide in 500 ml. of Distilled Water. It is used 
 in the same way as the above solution. 
 
 The B.P. does not specify any precautions to be observed in pi-eserving 
 the solutions. 
 
 P.G. — Alkaline Potassio-Cupric Tartrate >Solution P.G. consists of two 
 solutions: (1) a solution obtained by dissolving 3-5 grammes of Copper 
 Sulphate in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water ; (2) a sokition obtained by dissolving 
 17-5 grammes of Potassium Sodium Tartrate and 5 grammes of Sodium 
 Hydroxide in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water. For use the solutions are mixed in 
 equal vokunes. 
 
 The P.O. does not include precautions to be observed in the preservation 
 of the solutions. 
 
 U.S. P.— The U.S. P. alkaline Cupric Tartrate Solution is employed volu- 
 metrically. It consists of two solutions : — 1. The Copper Solution, which is 
 prepared by dissolving 34-67 (more correctly 34-6663) grammes of carefully 
 selected uneffloresced small crystals of pure Cupric Sulphate, free from 
 adhering moisture, in a sufficiency of Distilled Water, and diluting to measxn-e 
 500 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). The solution is directed to be kept in small, well- 
 stoppered bottles. 2. The AlkaUne Tartrate Solution, which is prepared by 
 dissolving 173 grammes of crystallised Potassium SocUiim Tartrate together 
 with 75 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in a sufficiency of Distilled Water 
 to measure exactly 500 c.c. at 25° C. (77° F.). This solution is directed to be 
 kept in small bottles fitted with rubber stoppers. When required for use the 
 solutions are mixed in exactly equal volunies. 
 
 INDIOA.TORS. 
 
 The following list shows at a glance the Solutions employed by the three 
 Pharmacopoeias as indicators of the end-reactions in Volumetric deter- 
 minations. 
 
 B.P. Cochineal Tinctiire. 
 
 Ferric Sulphate Solution. 
 Litmus Paper. 
 Litmus Solution. 
 
 B.P. Methyl Orange Solution. 
 Phenolphthaiein Solution. 
 Potassium Ferricyanide 
 Solution. 
 
1524 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 B.P. Starch Mucilage. 
 P.G. Dimetliylaminoazobenzeno 
 (Methyl Orange). 
 
 Haematoxylin. 
 
 lodeosin Solution. 
 
 Litmus Paper. 
 
 Litmus Tincture. 
 
 Phenolphthalein Solution. 
 
 Starch Solution. 
 
 Turmeric paper. 
 
 P.G. Turmeric Tincture. 
 U.S.P. Brazil Wood T.S.* 
 Cochineal T.S. 
 Haematoxylin T.S. 
 lodeosin T.S. 
 Litmus paper and T.S. 
 Methyl Orange T.S. 
 Phenolphthalein T.S. 
 Rosolic Acid T.S. 
 Timneric Tincture. 
 
 AVith the exception of Tincture of Cochineal, which is the Tinetura Cocci of 
 the British Pharmacopoeia, the B.P. gives the methods for the preparation 
 of these reagents in Appendix I. or II. ; in Squire's Companion they are 
 described under the heading of Indicators. Starch Test-Solution appears 
 in the U.S.P. under the heading of ' Tests, Reagents and Test-Solutions,' but 
 the remaining solutions are described tmder the heading of ' Indicators for 
 Acidimetry, Alkalimetry, etc' 
 
 Ferric Sulphate, Ferric Ammonivun Sulphate, Potassiimi Chromate, Potas- 
 sium Ferricyanide and Potassiimi Ferrocyanide Solutions, which are 
 frequently employed as indicators in certain titrations, are described under 
 the heading of Chemicals, Reagents, etc., xised in qualitative testing. 
 
 The B.P. gives no instructions for determining the neutrality or otherwise 
 of an indicator. The U.S.P. very appropriately requires that each Test- 
 Solution used as an indicator should be examined as soon as prepared, and 
 afterwards from time to time, as to its neutrality. If necessary, it should 
 be brought, by the cautious addition of highly diluted Sulphuric Acid, or of 
 a very dilute solution of an alkali, to such a point that when a few drops of 
 it are added to 25 c.c. of Distilled Water a few drops of Hundredth -Normal 
 Volumetric Acid or Alkali Solution respectively will distinctly develop the 
 appropriate tints. The U.S.P. also requires that the Test- Solutions should 
 be preserved in dark amber-coloured vials ; and that papers prepared with 
 them should be kept in dark bottles or boxes. 
 
 The P.G. gives directions for ensuring the exact neutrality of the indicator 
 under each individual solution, and prescribes exact requirements. 
 
 * T.S. = Test-Solution. 
 
 BRAZIL WOOD TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 Brazil Wood Solution assumes yellow colour with acids and crimson-red 
 with alkalis. It is used chiefly as an indicator of neutrality in the titration 
 of alkaloids. 
 
 U.S.P.- — A solution obtained by boiling 50 grammes of finely cut Brazil 
 Wood [the heart-wood of Peltophorum dtibium (Sprengel), Britton, Fam. 
 Legu7ninos(e] for 30 minutes with 100 c.c. of Distilled Water, the evaporated 
 Water being replaced from time to time. The mixture is allowed to cool, 
 strained, the contents of the strainer washed with Distilled Water until 
 100 c.c. of strained liquid are obtained and the 100 c.c. of strained liquid 
 are mixed with 25 c.c. of Alcohol (94 -9 p.c), and the solution filtered. 
 It is required that the solution be excluded from contact with ammoniacal 
 vapours. 
 
 p'q'] Not included. See Table. 
 
 COCHINEAL SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 Cochineal Solution assumes a yellow or yellowish -brown coloration with 
 acids, and a violet coloration with alkalis. As an indicator it is used chiefly 
 in the titration of alkaloids. 
 
 It may be employed as an indicator of neutrality in the titration of solutions 
 containing Ammonia, and affords a useful means of judging the neutrality 
 
VOLUMETBIC ANALYSIS. 1626 
 
 of Ammonium Acetate and Ammoniirm Citrate Solutions ; see Liquor Anunonii 
 Acetatis and Liquor Ammonii Citratis. It may also be used for the titration 
 of inorganic acids. 
 
 B.P. — The B.P. employs the Official Tincture of Cochineal described on 
 p. 494. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution prepared by macerating 1 gramme of mibroken Cochi- 
 neal (Coccus U.S. P.) for 4 days with a mixture of 20 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) 
 and 60 c.c. of Distilled Water and filtering. The U.S. P. states that it is 
 useless for titrating organic acids. 
 
 P.G. — Not included. See Table. 
 
 HiEMATOXYLIN SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 0-2p.c. w/v of Hsematoxylin, prepared by dissolving 
 0-2 gramme of Haematoxylin in sufficient Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 100 c.c. 
 The solution is iised as an indicator of neutrality in the titration of alkaloids, 
 and is used in the titration of Quinine salts. It assumes a yellow or orange 
 colour in acid solutions and a violet to purple colour in alkaline solutions. 
 It is advisable in working with this indicator to experiment side by side with 
 an equal quantity of a neutral liquid containing exactly the same amount of 
 the solution as has been added to the liquid under titration, as very different 
 tints may be assumed according to the volume of the solution used. 
 
 P.G. — A solution prepared by dissolving a crystal of Hasmatoxylin in 1 c.c. 
 of Alcohol (90 p.c); prepared as required. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 0'2p.c. w/v solution of H3cmatox5din, prepared by dissolving 
 0-2 granune of crystalHne Haematoxylin in 100 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c). 
 The U.S. P. specifies about 5 drops to be used for each titration. The 
 titration is to be considered complete when the change in colour remains 
 permanent upon the addition of 1 drop of the Volumetric Solution after stirring 
 the liqviid. 
 
 P.P.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 lODEOSIN SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 0*1 p.c. w/v of lodeosin [(Tetraiodfluorescein) 
 C.,^ilJ.fi^, eq. 835-744] in Alcohol (90 p.c), prepared by di.ssolving O-l 
 gramme of Tetraiodfluorescein in 100 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c). The solution 
 is colourless in the presence of acids, but assumes a pink coloration in the 
 presence of alkalis. It is an extremely sensitive indicator, and is suitable for 
 the titration of minute quantities of alkaloids. The Alcohol (90 p.c. or 
 94 -9 p.c.) used in its preparation should be absolutely neutral. 
 
 P.G.—A solution containing 0-2 p.c. w/w of lodeosin, prepared by dis- 
 solving 1 part by weight of lodeosin in 500 parts by weight of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c). The directions given in the P.G. for the verification of the indicator 
 are as follows : To 100 c.c of Water contained in a flask of white gla'ss is 
 added sufficient Ether to form a layer 1 cm. in height, 1 drop of Hundredth- 
 Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution and 10 drops of lodeosin 
 Solution are added ; after vigorous shaking the lower aqueous layer should 
 remain tmcoloured, but if 2 drops of Hundredth-Normal Vohmietric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution be added, after vigorous shaking the lower aqueous 
 layer should be coloured pale rose. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 0-1 p.c. w/v solution of lodeosin in 100 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c), 
 prepared by dissolving 0"1 gramme of lodeosin in 100 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c). 
 The U.S.P. recommends the volume of the solution titrated should be about 
 100 c.c. 20 c.c. of Ether should be added and 5 drops of the lodeosin Test- 
 Solution, the solution being well shaken after each addition of Volumetric 
 Alkali Solution. The titration is continued until a faint pink colour remains 
 after vigorous shaking. For alkaloidal titrations, the alkaloidal residue 
 is generally di.'fsolved in a measured excess of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution, and the excess titrated with Fiftieth -Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 P.P.— Not included. 
 
1526 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 LITMUS. 
 
 Litmus is the blue colouring matter prepared from variou.s species of 
 Roccella. It occiu's cominercially in small, dark blue, rectangular cubes, 
 possessing a characteristic floral odour. It is employed in the form of a 
 solution, or as Litmus paper. It is unaffected by alkalis, but changes to a 
 red colour on the addition of acid, and this red colovir is restored to blue when 
 the solution is again rendered alkaline. It is employed for the titration of 
 acids and alkalis, acid salts, and occasionally in the titration of alkaloids and 
 alkaloidal acid salts. It yields no satisfactory end-reaction with Boric Acid. 
 The titration of Carbonates with this indicator is a tedious process, owing 
 to the necessity of boiling off Carbonic Anhydride before a definite end-reaction 
 can be obtained. Blue Litmvis paper is prepared by impregnating white 
 l)ibulous paper with Blue Litmus Solution, and drying. Solution of red 
 liitmus is prepared by the cautious addition of a very dilute Sulphuric 
 Acid Solution, only just sufficient to ensure a faint red colour being added. 
 Eed Litmus Paper is prepared by impregnating white bibulous paper with 
 the above solution, and drying. 
 
 B.P. — The Litmixs of the B.P. is obtained from various species of Roccella, 
 D.C. 
 
 U.S. P. — The U.S. P. does not mention the source of the Litmus. 
 
 P.G. — Not described. 
 
 LITMUS SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution of Litmus may be prepared by repeatedly exhausting the cubes 
 with Distilled Water until all soluble matters have been extracted, evaporating 
 the mixed extracts to a small bulk, adding sufficient Acetic Acid to decompose 
 Carbonates, evaporating to a thick extract, and adding a large quantity of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) which precipitates the blue colour; the latter is washed with 
 hot Alcohol (90 p.c.) and dissolved in Distilled Water. 
 
 B.P. — An aqueous solution of Litmus, prepared by first extracting the 
 Erythrolitmin from 10 grammes of powdered Litmus by boiling it during 
 one hour with 3 successive quantities each of 40, 30, and 30 ml. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c), digesting the Alcohol-exhausted Litmus in 100 ml. of Distilled 
 Water, and filtering. 
 
 P.G.- — A sohition prepared by first extracting 1 part of Litmus with 3 suc- 
 cessive quantities each of 5 parts by weight of boiling Alcohol (90 p.c). The 
 residue is extracted with 10 parts by weight of Distilled Water for 24 hours 
 at a temperature of 15° to 20° C. (59° to 68° F.) and the liquid filtered. For 
 the preparation of blue Litmus paper the acpieous solution of Litinus is 
 brought to the boiling point, and then, drop by drop, sufficient Diluted 
 Sulphuric Acid Solution is added, until 1 cc after the addition of 100 cc. of 
 Distilled Water is coloured violet-blue. The Litmus Solution neutralised in 
 this manner is diluted with 1 part by weight of Distilled AVater ; then strips 
 of the best filter paper are soaked in it, and they are dried in an unheated 
 room, protected from the light. It is required that blue Litmus paper shall 
 be immediately coloured red by 1 drop of a mixture of 1 cc of Tenth-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution and 99 cc. of Distilled Water. In 
 the preparation of red Litmus paper the above-mentioned Litmus Solution 
 is mixed with sufficient Diluted Sulphuric Acid until 1 cc. diluted with 100 cc 
 of Distilled Water is of a pale red colour. The Litmus Solution, acidified in 
 this manner, is diluted with 1 part by weight of Distilled Water, and strips 
 of the l)est filter paper are impregnated with this solution and dried in an 
 unheated room, protected from the light. It is required that red Litmus 
 l)aper should be immediately coloured blue by the addition of a single drop 
 of a mixture of 1 cc of Tenth-Normal Vokimetric Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution and 99 cc of Distilled Water. Both blue and red Litmus paper 
 are directed to be preserved in well-closed vessels protected from the light,. 
 
 U.S. P. — A filtered solution of Litmus, pre]jared by exhausting powdered 
 Litmus with 3 separate and successive quantities consisting of about 4 times 
 its weight of boiling Alcohol (94-9 p.c), continuing each extraction during 
 
VOLUMETRIC ANALYStS. 1527 
 
 one horn*, in order to remove Erythrolitmin ; the superfluous Alcohol 
 (94-9 p.c.) is allowed to drain off and the residue digested with an equal 
 weight of cold Distilled Water and filtered. This solution, after being acidu- 
 lated, may be used to prepare red Litmus paper. The residue is extracted 
 with about 5 times its weight of boiling Distilled Water, and after it has been 
 thoroughly cooled, filtered, the filtrate is preserved in wide-mouthed bottles 
 closed with a loose plug of Cotton- Wool. The U.S. P. states that an addition 
 of 1 drop of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Acid or Alkali Solution to 50 c.c. of 
 Distilled Water containing 5 drops of the indicator should produce a distinct 
 change in colour. The blue and red Litmus paper of the U.S. P. are pre- 
 pared by impregnating strips of white misized paper, free irom wood pulp, 
 with either blue or red Litmus Solution as described above, and drying in 
 an atinosphere free from acid or ammoniacal vapours. In the case of the red 
 Litmus papers, just sufficient of a highly diluted Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 should be added to the Test-Solution used to impregnate the paper to impart 
 to it a faint red tint. Neither the blue nor the red Litmus paper should 
 have a very intense colour. Litmus papers shovild be kept in well -stoppered 
 l)ottles. 
 
 METHYL ORANGE. Poirrier's Orange III. 
 
 Methyl Orange, Helianthin NaC^Hi^N^SOj, eq. 327-212. Poirrier's Tro- 
 pa^olin D. 
 
 An orange-yellow powder readily soluble in Distilled Water, sparingly soluble 
 in Alcohol (90 p.c.). Comniercially it is Sodimn Dimethylaminoazobenzene- 
 sulphonate or Para-sulphobenzene-azodiinethylaniline, a body produced by 
 the action of Dimethylaniline on Diazobenzenesulphonic Acid. The addition 
 of Hydrochloric Acid to a hot concentrated aqueous solution precipitates the 
 free Sulphonic Acid ; basic Lead Acetate Solution throws down an orange- 
 yellow precipitate. It should yield no precipitate with Barium Chloride or 
 Calcium Chloride Solution, nor on the addition of an alkali Hydroxide Solution. 
 
 The P.O. employs Dimethyl-amino-azobenzene. 
 
 METHYL ORANGE SOLUTION ok TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 0- 1 p.c. w/v of Methyl Orange. It may be prepared 
 by dissolving 0" 1 gramme of Methyl Orange in 50 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 adding 10 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), mixing thoroughly, diluting with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to measm-e 100 c.c, and filtering. It is used as an indi- 
 cator of neutrality for the titration of acids and alkalis, and is of special 
 service in the titration of Carbonates, as they do not affect the end-reaction, 
 and the necessity for boiling off the Carbonic Anhydi'ide is obviated. It ia 
 not a satisfactory indicator for use in titration of organic acids, such as 
 Oxalic, Acetic, Citric or Tartaric Acids, as the end-reaction is indefinite. It is 
 employed in the titration of alkaloids and alkaloidal salts. Care should be 
 taken that only a minimum quantity of the solution should be used in the 
 titration, the end-reaction being more delicate the smaller the quantity of 
 solution employed compatible with the observance of a true end-reaction. 
 It affords a yellow coloration with alkalis, and a pink or reddish coloration 
 with acids. 
 
 B.P. — ^A 0-2 p.c. w/v solution of Methyl Orange in a mixture of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and Distilled Water. It may be prepared by dissolving 0-2 gramme 
 of Methyl Orange in a sufficiency of Distilled Water, adding 25 ml. of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 ml. 
 
 P.O. — Owing to occasional variations in commercial specimens of Methyl 
 Orange differences in the results of volumetric determinations have been 
 obtained. Fischer and Phillip suggested the employment of a solution of 
 the free base, Dimethylaminoazobenzene, in place of ordinary solution of 
 Methyl Orange (Sodimn Diinethylaminoazobenzenesulphonate). A solution 
 of Dimethylaminoazobenzene has been adopted by the P.O. as an indicator. 
 It is obtained by dissolving 1 part of Dimethylaminoazobenzene in 199 parts 
 by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c). The P.O. requires that if 1 drop of Tenth- 
 
162S VOLUMETRIC ANALfSlSi 
 
 Normal Volutnetrio Hydrochloric Acid Solution be adiled to A mi.xfciti'e of 
 100 c.c. of Distilled Water and 2 drops of Diniethylaminoazobenzene Solution, 
 a pronounced pink coloration should result, which again disappears on the 
 addition of 1 drop of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 0- 1 p.c. w/v of Methyl Orange, prepared 
 by dissolving 1 gramme of Methyl Orange in sufficient Distilled Water to 
 produce 1000 c.c. of the Solution. It is mixed with just sufficient Tenth- 
 Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution to colour the liquid red, and 
 until it just ceases to be transparent, and then filtered. The U.S. P. direc- 
 tions for carrying out titrations with this indicator are that 1 to 3 drops are 
 sufficient for a volume of from 50 to 100 c.c. It is not to be employed in 
 alcoholic or boiling solutions. 
 
 PHENOLPHTHALEIN. 
 
 Phenolphthalein is described on p. 1008. 
 B.P.—The Phenolphthaleinum of the B.P. 
 P.O.— The Phenolphthaleinum of the P.O. 
 C^S.P.— Phenolphthalein, C.,oHi,0^. 
 
 PHENOLPHTHALEIN SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 0*5 p.c. w/v of Phenolphthalein, prepared by dis- 
 solving 0*5 gramme of Phenolphthalein in 50 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and 
 diluting with sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 c.c. This affords a 
 convenient strength for use as an indicator of neutrality. It is colourless in 
 acid or strictly neutral solutions, but assmnes a fine pink coloration in the 
 presence of even a minvite quantity of alkali. It is employed in titrating 
 acids and alkalis. It is the most convenient indicator of neutrality for 
 organic acids, e.g.. Acetic, Tartaric, Citric, Oxalic and Valerianic Acids, etc. 
 It is, however, useless for the titration of free Ammonia or Ammonium salts 
 or other fixed alkalis when Ammonium salts are present. It may be used 
 in the titration of Carbonates or Bicarbonates if the precaution of boiling off 
 Carbonic Anhydride is observed. Its utility in this respect, however, is 
 inferior to Methyl Orange Solution. The great advantage is that it may be 
 used in alcoholic solutions or mixtures of Alcohol and Ether, and many 
 organic acids insoluble in Distilled Water may thus be titrated. It may also 
 be used for determining the proportion of acid radical present in alkaloidal 
 salts ; the salt may be dissolved in a sufficiency of Distilled Water, sufficient 
 Ether added to form a separate layer and to hold the liberated alkaloid in 
 solution, and titration carried out. 
 
 B.P. — A 0-2 p.c. w/v solution of Phenolphthalein in a mixture of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and Distilled Water. It may be prepared by dissolving 0-2 gramme 
 of Phenolphthalein in 60 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and adding sufficient 
 Distilled Water to measure 100 ml. 
 
 P.O. — A solution containing 1 p.c. w/w of Phenolphthalein, obtained by 
 dissolving 1 part of Phenolphthalein in 99 parts by weight of Alcohol (68 to 
 09 p.c). The solution is required to be colourless. 
 
 U.S. P. — A 1 p.c. w/v solution of Phenolphthalein, prepared by dissolving 
 1 gramme of Phenolphthalein in 50 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c), and diluting with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 c.c. The U.S. P. employs Phenol- 
 phthalein paper which is prepared by impregnating white unsized paper 
 with the solution, and drying. The U.S. P. recommends 3 ckops of the 
 solution as a sufficient quantity for use with 50 c.c of solution to be titrated. 
 
 ROSOLIC ACID. 
 
 Rosolic Acid, Methylaurin or Corallin, CooHijOj, eq. 304- 128, is obtained 
 by the action of Nitrous Acid on Para-rosanilin or Rosanilin, or by treating a 
 dilute solution of Aniline Hydrochloride with Sodium Nitrite, which results 
 in the formation of Di-azorosanilin Hydrochloride, which, when boiled with 
 the addition of Sulphm-ic Acid, affords Rosolic Acid. 
 
VOI.UMETRIC ANALYSIS. 1529 
 
 ROSOLIC ACID SOLUTION or TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 0*2 p.c. w/v of Rosolic Acid, prepared by dissolving 
 0"2 gramme of Rosolic Acid in sufficient Alcohol (60 p.c.) to measm'e 100 c.c. 
 The colour of the solution, which is pale yellow, is imaffected by acids, but in 
 the presence of alkalis a violet-red colom* is assumed. It is employed chiefly 
 in the titration of Ammonia and Anunonium salts, and in titrations in- 
 volving the use of Sodiiun or Potassium Sulphites. It may also be employed 
 in the determination of Formaldehyde. It is not suitable for the titration of 
 Carbonates, nor, with the exception of Oxalic Acid, for organic acids. 
 
 U.S. P. — A solution containing 1 p.c. w/v of commercial Rosolic Acid, 
 prepared by dissolving 1 grairune of the commercial acid in 10 c.c. of Alcohol 
 (48-9 p.c), and adding sufficient Distilled Water to measure 100 c.c. Tho 
 quantity recommended by the U.S.P. for each 100 c.c. of solution to be 
 titrated is about 0-5 c.c. The use of commercial Paeonin (Aurin, R.) is 
 permitted in the place of Rosolic Acid. When used for the titration of 
 ammoniacal solutions the U.S.P. requires that they should be highly diluted. 
 
 ^.P.— Not included. See Table. 
 
 P.G. — ^Not now included. See Table. 
 
 STARCH TEST-SOLUTION. 
 
 A solution containing 1 p.c. w/v of Starch, prepared by triturating 1 gramme 
 of pm-e Potato Starch with 10 c.c. of Distilled Water, mixing with 30 c.c. of 
 boiling Distilled Water, boiling for a few minutes, cooling, diluting with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 50 c.c, and mixing with an equal volume 
 of Glycerin. A solution of this strength, after filtration or decantation from 
 insoluble cell envelopes, will keep bright for years. It is employed as a 
 sensitive reagent for Iodine. 
 
 B.P. — The B.P. Mucilage of Starch is prepared by triturating 1 gramme of 
 Starch with sufficient Distilled Water to form a smooth paste, gradually 
 adding sufficient Distilled Water to produce 50 ml., boiling during a few 
 minutes, keeping the mixture constantly stirred, and cooling. 
 
 P.G. — An aqueous solution prepared by dissolving 1 part of soluble Starch 
 in 99 parts by weight of boiling Distilled Water. 
 
 The solution should be cooled to the temperattire of the room before use. 
 
 The P.G. requires that a mixture of 5 c.c. of Starch Solution and 100 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water should yield a distinct blue colour on the addition of 1 drop 
 of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Iodine Solution. 
 
 U.S.P. — A freshly prepared and filtered solution containing approximately 
 0-5 p.c. w/v of Starch, prepared by triturating 1 gramme of Starch with 
 10 c.c. of Distilled Water and adding sufficient boiling Distilled Water, with 
 constant stirring to measiu"e 200 c.c. 
 
 TURMERIC. 
 
 The dried rhizome of Curcuma longa, Linn. 
 
 TURMERIC TINCTURE and PAPER. 
 
 Tvu-meric as an indicator is seldom used in the three Pharmacopoeias ; 
 when required the Tincture is usually employed. Its chief u.se is for the 
 detection of Boric Acid. Strips of Tm-meric paper so immersed in a solution 
 of free Boric Acid or in an acidified solution of a Borate that only one-half 
 the paper is coloured, yield when dried a brownish-red coloration if Boric Acid 
 is present, changing to a dark green or greenish-black on the addition of a 
 fixed alkali solution, or on the addition of Ammonia Sohition. 
 
 P.P.- — A Tincture of Turmeric prepared by macerating 1 gramme of bruised 
 rhizome to 6 of Alcohol (90 p.c). Turmeric paper is unglazed white paper 
 which has been impregnated with this Tincture and dried. 
 
 P.G. — A Tincture prepared by digesting 10 parts of coarsely powdered 
 Turmeric rhizome with 75 parts by weight of Alcohol (90 p.c.) duripg 
 
1530 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 
 24 hours, at a temperature of 30° to 40° C. (86° to 104" F.), with frequent 
 shaking. After being allowed to deposit, the Hquid is filtered. It is used 
 for the preparation of Turmeric paper, and for this purpose 1 part by 
 weight of the above Tincture is diluted with 3 parts by weight of Alcohol 
 (90 p.c.) and 4 parts by weight of Distilled Water, and strips of the best filter 
 paper are impregnated with this mixture, and whilst protected from the light 
 are dried in an unheated room. Turmeric paper should immediately assmne 
 a brown coloration on the addition of a single drop of a mixture prepared by 
 mixing 1 c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volvunetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 and 25 c.c. of Distilled Water. 
 
 It should be kept in well-closed vessels and protected from the light. 
 
 U.S. P. — A filtered Tincture prepared by first exhausting a convenient 
 quantity of ground Turmeric root with repeated small qviantities of Distilled 
 Water, digesting the dried residue with 6 times its weight of Alcohol (94-9 p.c.) 
 for several days, and filtering. Turmeric paper is white unsized paper 
 impregnated with the Tincture and dried. 
 
1531 
 
 METHODS FOE THE DETERMINATION OF 
 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 
 
 AKD 
 
 ANALYTICAL MEMORANDA RELATING TO 
 SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 MtLTING POINTS.— The B.P. defines the uncorrected melting point 
 of a substance other than a solid fat, fatty acid or a wax, as the 
 temperature at which the substance first shows visible change. In the 
 case of solid fats, waxes and fatty acids, the imcorrected melting point 
 is defined as the temperature at which the substance becomes a clear 
 liquid. The B.P. does not now require that thermometers employed 
 in taking specific gravities, melting points or boiling points should 
 be compared with a standard thermometer, as it did in 1898. It 
 realises that it is scarcely ever practicable to ensure the whole of the 
 Mercury column of the thermometer being immersed in the heating 
 liquid, and adopts a formula for correcting the melting point for the 
 emergent column of Mercury. A second thermometer is attached to the 
 thermometer used for determining the melting point in such a way that 
 its bulb is about the centre of the emergent column of Mercviry, and an 
 observation is made of the mean temperature of the emergent column. The 
 following formvila is then employed for making the necessary correction, 
 where T = the imcorrected melting point ; t = the mean temperatvu-e of 
 the emergent column ; and N = the number of scale degrees in the emergent 
 column ; the corrected melting point = T + 0-000143 (T — t) N. 
 
 The B.P. method for the determination of the melting point is to introduce 
 the substance, the melting point of which if not already approximately known 
 is to be determined by preliminary experiment, into a thin-walled glass 
 capillary tube of 1 mm. internal diameter, and after attaching the tube to the 
 bull} of the thermometer in such a manner that the substance is placed 
 about the middle of the bulb of the thermometer, it is then inserted into 
 the medium to be employed for raising it to the necessary temperature, 
 having previously heated this medium to within about 5° of the required 
 temperatiu'e. The whole is then gradually and carefully heated, whilst 
 stiiTing continuously, and the temperature is noted at which the substance 
 first exhibits a visible change. 
 
 The capillary tubes should be freshly prepared, and if held in stock should 
 be carefully protected from moisture. In the case of substances other than 
 solid fats, waxes and fatty acids, the capillary tube is sealed at one end, 
 and the powdered substance, previously dried at 100° C. (212° F.) during 
 a quarter of an hour, is introduced and shaken to the bottom of the 
 tube by gentle tapping. In the case of solid fats, waxes and fatty acids, 
 the melted substance is introduced into an unsealed capillary tube and 
 cooled during 24 hours, before the melting point is deternnined. The medium 
 for raising the temperature, recommended in the B.P., in the case of substances 
 other than solid fats, waxes and fatty acids, is Sulphuric Acid mixed with 
 
j 532 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 Nitric Acitl in llio proportion of about 4 drops of Nitric Acid to 100 nil. 
 of Sulpliuric Acid ; in the case of solid fats, waxes and fatty acids. Water 
 is employed. The use of such a strong mineral acid as Sulphuric Acid is un- 
 desirable and may be dangerous, and it is better to employ Glycerirf, Liquid 
 Paraffin, or Hard Paraffin for this purpose. 
 
 The P.G. gives the following directions with regard to the determination 
 of melting points : — For all substances, with the exception of fats and fatty 
 substances, the determination of the melting point should be made in a 
 thin-walled glass capillary tube of 1 jnm. internal diameter with the lower 
 end fused. The substance, which is finely powdered, and which has been 
 previously dried in a desiccator over Sulphimc Acid, and, when not otherwise 
 specified, which has been dried for at least 24 hours, is introdxiced into the 
 capillary tube, in sufficient quantity to form, after having been shaken down, 
 a layer of from 2 to 3 mm. high from the bottom of the tube. The capillary 
 glass tube is then carefully attached to a standard thermometer in such a 
 jnanner that the substance is at an equal height with the Mercury chamber 
 of the thermometer. The whole is then introduced into a test-tube of about 
 1.5 mm. diameter and about 30 cm. in length, in which is placed a layer of 
 Sulphvu"ic Acid about 5 cm. high. The upper, open end of the capillary 
 tube must be above the layer of the Sulphmic Acid. The test-tube is 
 introduced into a round flask, the neck of which should be about 3 cm. wide 
 and about 20 cm. long, and the bulb of which should have a capacity of about 
 80 to 100 c.c. The bulb should contain sufficient Sulphuric Acid that after 
 the introduction of the test-tvibe the Sulphuric Acid should fill about 'f^ of 
 the neck. The Sulphuric Acid should be warmed, without the use of wire- 
 netting, and the temperature should be so slowly raised to within 10° of 
 the temperatvire at which the substance is expected to melt, that the 
 thermometer shall rise about 1° in at least \ minute. The temperature at 
 which the opaque substance becomes transparent and collects together in 
 transparent di"ops is taken as the melting point. 
 
 For the determination of the melting point of fats and fatty substances 
 the melted fat is introduced into a U -shape tube of half to 1 mm. internal 
 diameter prepared of thin-walled capillary glass and open at both ends, so 
 that the layer of fat is at exactly even heights in both limbs of the U-tulse. 
 The glass tube containing the fat is allowed to stand during 2 hours on ice 
 or diu'ing 24 hours at a temperature of 10° C. in order to bring the fat completely 
 to the solidifying point. Then it is carefully attached to a standard thermo- 
 nieter, in svich a manner that the fatty layer should be at an even height with 
 the Mercury chamber of the thermometer. The whole is introduced into a 
 test-tube of about 3 cm. internal diameter, in which is contained the fluid 
 to 1)6 used for heating (a mixture of Glycerin and Distilled Water in equal 
 parts), and the fluid is warmed. The upper, open ends of the capillary tube 
 must project above the level of the fluid. The warming, in order to a\-oid 
 any over-heating, must bo conducted very slowly. The temperature at 
 \\hich the fatty layer has become completely clear and transparent is taken 
 as the melting point. 
 
 The U.S. P. does not at present include methods for the determination of 
 melting points, though it is recommended that definite instructions should 
 be included in the U.S. P. IX. 
 
 SOLIDIFYING POINTS. — The B.P. does not include directions for 
 determining the solidifying point. 
 
 The P.G. adopts the following method for the determination of the 
 solidifying point : — About 10 grammes of the substance, the solidifying 
 13oint of which is to be determined, is introduced into a test-tube, in which is 
 placed a standard thermometer, and the substance is carefully melted. The 
 molten substance is cooled down to about 2° below its solidifying point by 
 immersion in Water of a temperature about 5° lower than that of the sub- 
 stance of which the solidifying point is being determined, and then whilst 
 rubbing with the thermometer, especially after the introduction of a small 
 crystal of tlie substance under examination, is brought to the solidifying 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAT. TESTS. 1633 
 
 point. The aoliclifyiiig point re[)reson(s tlic highest point lo wliich tho 
 column of Mercury rises during the soKclifieation. 
 
 The U.S. P. directions are given in the ' Tests ' paragraph under Oleum 
 Anisi, p. 203. 
 
 BOILING POINTS. — The B.P. gives the following method for the 
 determination of boiling points : — The liquid, the boiling point of which 
 it is desired to determine, is introduced into a distillation flask having a 
 long neck, through which passes a side-tube which can be attached to a 
 condenser and which serves as an exit for the vapours. A thermometer is 
 introduced into the neck of the flask, by means of a cork, and fitted in such 
 a manner that the bulb of the thermometer is immediately opposite the 
 aperture of the side-tube in the neck. The B.P. regai-ds the boiling point 
 as the temperature at which the liquid is distilling freely. 
 
 The B.P. adds that it is advisable, if possible, that the whole of the Mercury 
 column should be within the neck of the flask and surrovmded by the vapom*, 
 but in the event of this not being possible a necessary correction for the 
 emergent colmnn of Mercury may be made by the formula given under 
 ' Melting Points.' 
 
 The P.G. gives the following methods : — Should it be desired only to 
 establish the identity of a medicinal substance by the detei'mination, the 
 apparatus for the determination of melting points may be employed. A 
 thin-walled capillary glass tube of 3 mm. internal diaineter, fused at one end 
 and containing I or 2 drops of the fluid to be examined, should be attached 
 to the thermometer in a similar manner to that reconunended under this 
 determination, which contains also, in order to prevent retardation of the 
 boiling point, a capillary glass tube, open at the lower end and which has 
 a fused spot at a distance of 2 mm. from the immersed end. Proceed then 
 as in the determination of the melting point. The temperature at which 
 an uninterrupted rise of bubbles from the fluid begins is reckoned as the 
 boiling point. 
 
 Should it be desired by the determination of the boiling point to establish 
 the degree of purity of a substance, at least 50 c.c. of the substance are 
 introduced into a boiUng flask of 75 to 80 c.c. capacity and distilled. The 
 bulb of the thermometer should be 1 cm. below the exit tube. Before heating 
 it is preferable to put a small piece of Pumice into the liquid in order to 
 prevent delay in boiling ; the heating should be carried out in an air-bath. 
 The entire liquid should completely distil over witliin the limits of temperatvire 
 specified in each individual case, fore-runnings and residues should be only 
 quite infinitesimal. 
 
 The U.S. P. does not give directions for the determination of boiling 
 points. 
 
 OPTICAL ROTATION.— The optical rotation of a hquid substance is 
 understood in the B.P. to refer, except where otherwise stated, to the angle 
 through which the plane of polarisation is deflected when a layer of the 
 sulistance 100 mm. (1 decimetre) in thickness is examined, at a temperature 
 of 20" C. (68° F.), by means of a ray of Polarised Sodiimi hght. If a repre- 
 sents the ascertained optical rotation, I the length of the layer of substance 
 examined, and c the number of grammes contained in 100 ml. of the solution, 
 the specific rotation of the liquid substance n^ay be determined from the 
 formula a x 100 -j- Z x c. 
 
 The optical rotation of organic substances, either liquid by nature or in 
 solution in suitable solvents, is understood in the U.S. P. to represent the 
 angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation of a ray of light. Substances 
 rotating to the right are designated as ' dextro-rotatory ' or ' dextrogyrate,' 
 and when rotating to the left as ' Isevo -rotatory ' or ' Isevogyrate.' Sub- 
 stances which do not possess this property of optical rotation are termed 
 optically inactive. The U.S. P. directs that the optical determinations are 
 best made in a dark room, and by means of homogeneous or monochromatic 
 light, the latter being obtained by introducing into a non-kuninous flame, 
 on a loop of Platinmn wire, a small bead of fused Sodium Chloride. The 
 
1534 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 observations are made with tubes of a definite length, such as 100, 50, or 
 25 mm., the selection of the length of the tube to be employed depending 
 upon the depth of colour of the liquid and the extent of its optical rotation. 
 The U.S. P. defines the specific rotatory power as the rotatory power of an 
 optically active liquid substance, observed with Sodiiun light, and referred 
 to the ideal density 1, and in a tube having a length of 1 decimetre (100 mm.). 
 It is usually expressed by the term [a]i). In stating the specific rotation it 
 is necessary to indicate at what temperature the rotation and the density of 
 the liquid have been determined. The temperatm'e used in the text of the 
 U.S. P. is 25° C. (77° F.). The specific rotatory power of an optically active 
 liquid substance, or solution of an optically active solid, is calculated by 
 the following fornuilas : — (1) For liquid substances, [a]n = 100 x a -r- 
 L X d; (2) [a]„ = 10000 x a -^ L x 2^ X d, or [o]i, = 10000 X a -^ L x c ; 
 whei'e a = the angle of rotation of the liquid or solid observed with Sodium 
 light ; L = the length of the tube in millimetres ; d = the density or specific 
 gravity of the active liquid ; p = the amount of active substance in 100 parts 
 liy weight of the solution ; c = the number of grammes of active substance 
 in 100 c.c. of the solution. 
 
 The observations of the optical rotation appearing in the P.G. refer to 
 observations made with Sodium fight, and, when not otherwise stated, at a 
 temperature of 20° C. (08° F.). In the case of the ethereal oils of the P.G., 
 od 20° represents the directly-observed angle of rotation in a 100 mm. tube 
 at a temperature of 20° C, whilst in the case of Camphor, Camphoric Acid, 
 Scopolamine Hydrobromide and Sugar, [ajo represents the specific rotation. 
 
 REFRACTIVE INDEX. — The refractive index of a substance is the ratio 
 of the velocity of light in the substance to the velocity of light in air. It 
 may l^e determined by any suitable refractometer. The B.P. requires that 
 it should be determined as near the specified temperatiu-e as possible, but 
 that in the event of the temperatiire being in excess or below that mentioned 
 a correction should be made by subtracting 0" 00038 from the ascertained 
 refractive index for each degree of temperature lower than that specified ; 
 and adding ■ 00038 for each degree in excess of the temperatirre mentioned. 
 Neither the U.S. P. nor the P.G. at present includes determinations of the 
 refractive index. 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY.— The B.P. defines the specific gravity of a sub- 
 stance as the weight of a given volume of that substance compared with the 
 weight of a similar volume of Distilled Water, both taken, except where other- 
 wise specified, at a temperature of 15-5° C. (60° F.). 
 
 The figm'es for the specific gravities given in the P.G. relate, where not 
 otherwise specified, to a temperature of 15° C. (59° F.), and are compared 
 with Distilled Water at 15° C. (59° F.). 
 
 The specific gravities of the U.S. P. represent the weight of the given 
 voliune of the substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of 
 pure Distilled Water at 25° C. (77° F.), both observations being made at this 
 temperature. 
 
 SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 The special tests to which reference is made in Squire's Companion are 
 those employed for the determination of Arsenic, e.g., the B.P. Quantitative 
 Limit-Test, the U.S. P. mochfied Gutzeifs Test, and the Bettendorfs Test ; 
 for heavy metals, the B.P. Quantitative Limit-Test for Lead, the U.S. P. 
 Time-Limit Test ; for Oils, Fats, Waxes, Balsams and Resins, the 
 Acid Value, Saponification Value, Iodine Value, Unsaponinable Matter, 
 and the Maumene Sulphuric Acid Test ; for Essential Oils, the determina- 
 tion of the Esters and Alcohols. 
 
 B.P. QUANTITATIVE LIMIT-TEST FOR ARSENIC— The B.P. 
 
 determines the proportion of Arsenic in official chemicals by the Quantita- 
 tive "Tjiinit-Test for Ai'senic. The limit is expressed in parts of Arsenic 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANT!? AND SPECIAL TESTS. 1535 
 
 Calculated as Ai'senioiis Oxide, AS4OS, per million parts of the chemical 
 under examination. The test is based upon the depth of colour of the 
 stain produced on a Mercuric Chloride Paper by the Arsenic contained in 
 the ' solution of the chemical under examination,' this stain being compared 
 with a Standard Stain produced by adding a mixture of 10 ml. of Stannated 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent and 1 ml. of Standard Solution of 
 Arsenic, Arsenic-Test Reagent to 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and submitting 
 this solution to the Arsenic-Test. The conditions under which each individual 
 Test is performed are so arranged that, if the stain produced by the ' solution 
 of the substance under examination ' does not exceed in depth of colour that 
 produced by the Standard Stain, the proportion of Arsenic present is within 
 the B.P. Limit of Arsenic. The stains should all be freshly made and should 
 not be compared by artificial light. The methods for performing the test 
 are described in Squire's Companion under each individual monogi'aph. 
 
 The apparatus employed is simple and consists of a wide-mouthed glass 
 bottle, having a capacity of about 120 ml. (4J fl. oz.), fitted with a rubber 
 bung through which is inserted a soft glass tube 2 mm. thick, 200 nun. long, 
 and having a bore of 5 mm. The upper open end is slightly expanded, and 
 the lower end is constricted to about 1 mm., a hole about 2 mm. diameter 
 being blown in the constricted side of the tube. The constricted end of the 
 tube passes below the bimg into the neck of the bottle, the hole blown into 
 the side clearing the bung, whilst the vipper end is open to the air. A Lead. 
 Paper, prepared by soaldng pieces of the best white filter paper measuring 
 100 mm. X 40 mm. in Lead Acetate Solution and drying, is firmly rolled 
 and inserted to a depth of 2 cm. in the upper end of the glass tube, the end 
 of which is then closed by a circle of Mercuric Chloride Paper, prepared 
 by uniformly soaking circles of pure white filter paper of a diameter of 
 5- 5 cm., in a satui'ated aqueous Mercuric Chloride Solution, drying in the 
 dark, and the papers are preferably stored in wide-mouthed bottles of dark 
 amber-coloui'ed glass so as to protect them from the light. The Mercuric 
 Chloride paper may be maintained in position by a small elastic band. 10 
 grammes of Zinc Ai'senic-Test Reagent are employed for the test, the solution 
 to be examined is added to the Zinc and the action is allowed to continue 
 during half to three quarters of an hour (B.P. 30 to 40 minutes). 
 
 The following reagents are employed in perforining the test : — 
 Standard Solution of Arsenic, Arsenic-Test Reagent. — A freshly- 
 prepared solution containing 0-00001 gramme (^^^ mgm.) of Arsenic in 1 ml., 
 prepared by diluting 1 ml. of Liquor Arsenici Hydrochloricus B.P. with 
 sufficient Distilled Water to produce 1000 ml. 
 
 Zinc Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Granulated Iron-free Zinc, 10 grammes 
 when mixed with 10 ml. of Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test 
 Reagent and 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water should produce no perceptible 
 stain on Mercuric Chloride Paper within 1 houi", when examined by the 
 Arsenic Test. 
 
 Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Hydrochloric Acid con- 
 taining not more than • 1 part of Arsenic per milhon, as determined by 
 adding 0-2 ml. of Bromine SoUition Arsenic-Test Reagent to a measured 
 c[uantity of 50 ml. of the Acid, evaporating on the water-bath to a volmne 
 of 16 ml., adding 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and 5 di'ops of Stannous 
 Chloride Arsenic-Test Reagent and examining by the Arsenic Test. The 
 resultant stain should not possess a deeper colour than the stain produced by 
 a mixture of 10 ml. of the Acid, 5 drops of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test 
 Reagent, 0'4ml. of Standard Solution of Arsenic, Arsenic -Test Reagent, and 
 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water. 
 
 Bromine Solution Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Bromine Solution prepared 
 by dissolving 30 grammes each of Broniine and Potassium Bromide in sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 100 ml. ; and containing not nnore than 1 part 
 of Arsenic per million, as determined by evaporating 10 ml. of the solution 
 nearly to dryness, adding 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water, 10 ml. of Hydrochloric 
 
1536 " rHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 Acid Aisenic-Test Reagent and a svifficient quantity of Stannovis Chloride 
 Arsenic-Test Reagent to effect reduction of the Bromine, examining by the 
 Arsenic Test. No deeper stain should be produced than that yielded by 
 the Standard Stain. 
 
 Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test Reagent. — A solution of Stamious 
 Chloride prepared by acting upon 20 grammes of granulated Tin with a 
 inixtvu'e of GO ml. of Hydi'ochloric Acid and 20 ml. of Distilled Water, until 
 the evolution of gas ceases, adding sufficient Distilled Water to produce 
 100 ml., the undissolved Tin being maintained in ihe liquid. It is mixed 
 with an equal volume of Hydrochloric Acid, reduced by evaporation to one 
 half its volume and filtered. It is officially required to show not more than 
 1 part of Arsenic per million, as determined by addmg 6 ml. of Distilled 
 Water and 10 ml. of Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent to 10 ml. of the 
 solution, distilling 16 ml., adding 50 ml. of hot Distilled Water and a suffi- 
 ciency of Staiuious Chloride Arsenic-Test Reagent and examining by the 
 Arsenic Test. No deeper stain should be produced than that yielded by 
 the Standard Stain. 
 
 Stannated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Eeagent. — A solution 
 prepared by mixing 1 ml. of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test Reagent with 
 sufficient Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent to produce 100 ml. 
 
 Brominated Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent.^ — A solution 
 obtained by diluting 1 ml. of Bromine Sokition Arsenic-Test Reagent, with 
 sufficient Hydrochloric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent to produce 100 ml. 
 
 Sulphuric Acid Arsenic-Test Eeagent. — Sulphuric Acid yielding no 
 perceptible stain to a Mercuric Chloride Paper, when 10 grammes of the 
 Acid are mixed with 10 ml. of Distilled Water, 40 ml. of hot Distilled Water 
 and 0*2 ml. of Stannous Chloride Arsenic-Test Reagent, and examined by 
 the Arsenic Test. 
 
 Nitric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Nitric Acid yielding no perceptible 
 stain when 10 nal. are examined by the B.P. Arsenic Test, described under 
 Acidum Nitricum, p. 77. 
 
 Calcium Hydroxide Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Calciinn Hydroxide 
 yielding no visible stain when 10 grammes are examined by the B.P. Arsenic 
 Tost described under Calcii Hydras, p. 348. 
 
 Citric Acid Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Citric Acid yielding no perceptible 
 stain, when 10 grannnes are examined by the B.P. Ai'senic-Test as described 
 under Acidmn Citricum, p. 51. 
 
 Potassium Chlorate Arsenic-Test Reagent. — Potassium Chlorate 
 yielding no perceptible stain when 5 grammes are examined by the B.P. 
 Arsenic Test as described inider Potassii Chi eras, p. 1080. 
 
 THE MODIFIED GUTZEIT'S TEST. — The C/.-S.P. describes the 
 test in detail, and the general directions to be followed are contained essentially 
 in the following brief outline : — 2 grammes of Zinc, which is required to be 
 free from Arsenic, Sulphur and Phosphorus, which should not contain more 
 than 0-05 p.c. of Iron, and should otherwise correspond to all the U.S. P. 
 tests for Zinc, 20 c.c. of (8 p.c.) Arsenic-free Hydrochloric Acid, prepared by 
 mixing 22*5 c.c. of Hydrochloric Acid U.S. P. with sufficient Distilled Water 
 to measure 100 c.c, and 5 c.c. of Distilled W^ater are introduced into a flask, 
 and then, having first inserted into the lower end of the neck of the flask a 
 small wad of clean dry gauze, a piece of Lead Acetate test-gauze, consisting 
 of a piece of cheese-cloth about 1 decimetre square soaked in Lead-Acetate 
 Test-Solution, the excess of Lead Acetate Test-Solution being removed by 
 pressure, is introduced into the neck of the flask and pressed with sufficient 
 firmness to retain its place ; 1 cm. space should be allowed above the gauze, 
 the top of the flask, after being carefully cleaned, is securely covered by 
 folding over it a piece of pvire white filter paper, ii\e centre of ^v'hich has 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 1537 
 
 been moistened with a clrop of a saturated alcoholic Mercuric Chloride Solution, 
 and the paper diied, the moistening being repeated with 2 successive drops 
 of the same solution, and in each instance re-dried. The reaction between 
 the Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid is allowed to proceed until the major portion 
 of the Zinc has passed into solution, which may require from ^ to 2 hours. 
 If no yellow or orange colour appears on the inner surface of the Mercuric 
 Chloride test-paper, the materials may be considered smTBciently piire for 
 a trial of a direct test. While the blank test is being carried out, a flask 
 containing a similar mixture of Zinc and 8 p.c. Hydrochloric Acid, together 
 with 5 c.c. of the 1 in 10 solution of the substance to be tested, is prepared, 
 a wad of clean dry gauze, followed by the Lead Acetate test-gauze, is introduced, 
 and, after observing the same precautions as above, the Mercuric Chloride 
 test-paper is fastened over the top ; after the lapse of at least half an hour, 
 the inner surface of the Mercuric Chloride test-paper is examined for the 
 presence of a yellow stain. A distinct yellow or orange spot indicates the 
 presence of Arsenic much in excess of 1 in 100,000. In preparing a solution 
 of the chemical for testing, 5 c.c. of the 1 in 10 aqueous solution, or a solution 
 of the residue remaining after special treatment in 5 c.c. of Distilled Water, 
 is mixed with 1 c.c. of a mixture of equal volumes of Sulphimc Acid and 
 Distilled Water, followed by 10 c.c. of a freshly prepared saturated solution 
 of Sulphm'ous Acid ; the liquid is heated in a small beaker upon a bath of 
 boiling Water until it is free from excess of Sulphurous Acid, and has been 
 reduced to a volume of 5 c.c. In testing Phosphorus compounds, e.g., 
 Hypophosphorous Acid, complete oxidation of the sample is necessary 
 before employing the modified Gutzeit's test. 
 
 BETTENDORF'S TEST. — The U.S.P. adds 5 c.c. of a saturated 
 ab solutely-freshly-prepared Stamious Chloride Solution in pure concentrated 
 Hydrochloric Acid to a solution of the prescribed quantity of the substance to 
 be tested, in 5 c.c. of pure concentrated Hydrochloric Acid contained in a clean 
 test-tube, heats for 15 minutes in a water -bath of boiUng Water, allows the 
 tube to stand for one hour. When the tube is examined over a white 
 surface, a brownish tint is observed in the presence of Arsenic beyond the 
 permissible amount. The tube should be viewed from above and compared 
 \vith a mixture of 5 c.c. each of piu'e concentrated Hydrochloric Acid and a 
 similarly prepared saturated Stannous Chloride Solution. 
 
 The general directions contained in the P.G. will be found under the 
 headings of the respective monographs of those chemicals in which it is used 
 as a test. 
 
 B.P. Q^UANTITATIVE LIMIT-TEST FOR LEAD.— The B. P. determines 
 
 the limit of Lead by the Quantitative Limit-Test for Lead. This test 
 depends upon the difference in the depth of colour produced by Sodium 
 Sulphide Solution in a primary and an auxiliary solution of the substance 
 to be tested, the interfering action of Copper being masked by the addition 
 of Potassium Cyanide Solution. The difference in the depth of colour of 
 the two solutions is determined by the addition of measured quantities of 
 Dilute Lead-Test Solution to the auxiliary solution until the tints in both 
 the primary and auxiliary solutions are equal. The conditions of the test 
 are so arranged that working with a primary solution containing 12 grammes 
 of the substance and an auxiliary solution containing 2 grammes, the number 
 of ml. of Dilute Lead-Test Solution required to equalise the colours of the 
 two solutions will represent the Limit of Lead in parts per million. In the 
 case of readily soluble substances no difficulty presents itself in obtaining a 
 solution in the specified quantities, but in the case of less soluble substances 
 the primary solution is required to contain 7 grammes and the avixiliary 
 solution 2 granunes. Under these conditions the number of ml. of Dilute 
 Lead-Test Solution requires to be multiplied by 2 to express the Limit of 
 Lead in parts per million. In other instances the primary solution contains 
 4 grammes and the auxiliary solution contains 2, hence the number of ml. 
 of Dilute Lead-Test Solution is lauUijilied by 5 to express the Lead Limit 
 
 3 D 
 
1538 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 in parts per million. In one instance Liquor Magnesii Bicarbonatis, a 
 special process is given. See Magnesii Carbonas, p. 858. 
 
 The Nessler glasses employed in conducting the test are officially required 
 to be about 150 mm. long, and of such an internal diameter that the 60 ml. 
 mark appears at a height of 100 mm. from the base. 
 
 The indicated quantities of substance necessary for producing the primary 
 and auxiliary solutions are dissolved in hot Distilled Water. The solutions 
 are filtered, if filtration is required, rendered alkaline by the addition of 
 Ammonia Solution, 1 ml. of Potassium Cyanide Lead-Test Solution added 
 and diluted to 50 ml. If the colour of the primary solution is materially 
 darker than that of the auxiliary solution, the latter is adjusted with a very 
 dilute solution of burnt Sugar, and after the addition of 2 drops of Sodium 
 Sulphide Lead-Test Solution to each solution, Dilute Lead-Test Solution is 
 added to the auxiliary solution until its tint is exactly equal to that of the 
 primary solution. The colours of the two solutions may be observed as in 
 the ordinary process of Nesslerising. 
 
 The following solutions are employed in conducting the Limit-Test : — 
 
 Strong Lead Solution, Lead-Test. — A solution containing 0*001 gramme 
 of Lead in 1ml., obtained by dissolving 0-16 gramme of Lead Nitrate in 
 Distilled Water, adding 50 nal. of Nitric Acid and sufficient Distilled Water 
 to produce 100 ml. 
 
 Dilute Lead Solution, Lead-Test. — A solution containing 0-00001 
 gramme (^i^mgm.) of Lead in 1ml., prepared by diluting a measm-ed 
 quantity of 1 ml. of the Strong Lead Solution, Lead-Test with sufficient 
 Distilled Water to produce 100 ml. 
 
 Potassium Cyanide Solution, Lead-Test. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous 
 solution of Potassium Cyanide, containing 2 p.c. v/v of Liquor Hydi'Ogenii 
 Peroxidi, prepared by dissolving 10 grammes of Potassium Cyanide in a 
 sufficient quantity of Distilled Water, adding 2 ml. of Hydrogen Peroxide 
 Solution, and sufficient Distilled Water to produce 100 ml. It is officially 
 required to yield no colour with Dilute Lead Sokition, Lead-Test, when 
 examined by the Quantitative Limit-Test. 
 
 Solution of Sodium Sulphide, Lead-Test. — A 10 p.c. w/v aqueous 
 solution of Sodium Sulphide, prepared by dissolving 10 grammes of Sodimn 
 Sulphide in a sufficiency of Distilled Water, and adding sufficient Distilled 
 Water to produce 100 ml. 
 
 The quantities of substance recommended by the B.P. for the preparation 
 of the various primary and auxiliary solutions are given in Squire's Covipanion 
 under the monograph on each individual drug. 
 
 THE U.S.P. TIME-LIMIT TEST FOR HEAVY METALS.— The V.S.P. 
 has combined a limit of time with the Hydrogen Sulphide test for heavy 
 metals. 10 c.c. of a 1 in 20 aqueous solution of the substance under examina- 
 tion is introduced into a test-tube of about 40 c.c. capacity, acidulated 
 with 1 c.c. of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid (unless otherwise directed), warmed 
 to about 50° C. (122° F.), and an equal volume of freshly prepared Hydrogen 
 Sulphide Test-Solution added ; the mixture allowed to stand in the well- 
 stoppered test-tube at a temperature of 35° C. (95° F.) for at least half an 
 hour. At the end of this time any coloration or turbidity is carefully noted. 
 Ammonia Water is added in excess, and the solution again examined for 
 coloration or turbidity ; care should be taken to ensm-e an excess of Hydrogen 
 Sulphide throughout the test. A comparison is made in a test-tube containing 
 similar ingredients, but without the substance under examination, the observa- 
 tion being made crosswise by reflected Ught against a white sm-face. The 
 1 in 20 dilution of the substance to be examined has been extended by the 
 Committee of Revision to a dilution of 1 in 100 ; for Iron the total dilution is 
 extended to 1 in 300. For chemical substances to be tested for Antimony 
 and Arsenic, dilution has not been extended ; it remains at 1 in 20. This 
 test detects Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Lead and Zinc, 
 if present. 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 1539 
 
 ACID VALUE. — The Acid Value of an oil, fat, wax, balsam or resin is the 
 number of niiUigranmaes of Potassium Hydroxide required to neutralise the 
 free acid contained in 1 gramme of the substance imder examination. 
 
 It may be determined by introducing a -weighed quantity of from 5 to 10 
 grammes of the substance into a small glass flask having a capacity of about 
 100 c.c, adding 40 c.c. of a neutral mixture of equal parts of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 and Ether and titrating the solution with Tenth-Normal Volumetric PotassivLtn 
 Hydroxide Solution, using 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution as an incUcator 
 of neutrality. If the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution required bo multiplied first by 0-00561 and then by 
 1000, and this product be divided by the weight in grammes of the substance 
 taken, the quotient represents the Acid Value of the oil, fat, wax, balsam or 
 re.sin. 
 
 The B.P. method of determination is essentially as follows : — A weighed 
 quantity of 10 granunes of the substance to be examined is mixed with 50 ml. 
 of neutral Alcohol (90 p.c), 1 ml. of Phenolphthalein Solution added, and 
 the mixture heated until the substance is melted ; it is then titrated with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution, the mixtiu'e being 
 continually shaken. The number of ml. of Tenth-Normal Volmnetric Potas- 
 sium Hydroxide Solution required is multiplied by 0'0056 and then by 1000 
 and divided by the weight in granmios of substance taken, the quotient 
 representing the Acid Value of the substance operated upon. 
 
 For the determination of the Acid Value of a resin a weighed quantity 
 of from 1 to 5 grammes of the substance is taken in place of the 10 grammes 
 mentioned above, and this quantity of substance is dissolved in 50 ml. of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), which has been previously neutralised with Tenth-Normal 
 Voliimetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. A similar method of calculation 
 is used for the Acid Value of a resin. 
 
 The P.G. defines the Acid Value as the number of milligrammes of Potassimn 
 Hydroxide necessary to neutralise the free acid contained in 1 gramme of 
 wax, resin or balsam. The method of determination is as follows : — A 
 weighed quantity of 6 to 10 grammes of the substance is dissolved in 30 to 
 40 c.c. of a neutral mixture of equal parts by volume of Alcohol (90 p.c) and 
 Ether, and after the addition of 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution the mix- 
 ture is titrated with Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. Should a portion of the substance separate out diu-ing the titration 
 a further quantity of the solvent must be added afresh. 
 
 If the number of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution required be multiplied by 28*055 and the product be 
 divided by the weight in granmaes of the substance taken, the quotient is the 
 Acid Value of the wax, re.sin or balsam. 
 
 The P.G. also expresses the ' degree of acidity ' of a fat, oil, wax or balsam 
 in terms of the mmaber of c.c of Normal Volumetric Potassiimi Hydroxide 
 Solution necessary to neutralise the free acid contained in 100 grammes. 
 
 The U.S. P. defines the Acid Number for resins, etc., as the amount of 
 Potassiima Hydroxide (expressed in milligranunes), consumed in neutralising 
 1 gramme of the resinous substance. It is determined by dissolving 
 1 granmae of the resinous substance in Alcohol (94' 9 p.c), adding a 
 few drops of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution, and titrating with Normal 
 Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution. The U.S. P. states that the 
 reaction is often more distinct if an excess of Normal Volmnetric Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution be used and the excess titrated back with Normal 
 Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution. 
 
 SAPONIFICATION VALUE.— The Saponification Value represents in 
 milligrammes the weight of pure Potassium Hydroxide required to saponify 
 1 gramme of the fixed oil, wax, fat, resin or balsam. 
 
 The B.P. defines the Saponification Value as the number of milHgrammes 
 of Potassium Hydroxide required to completely saponify 1 gramxne of a fixed 
 oil, fat, wax or resin. The B.P. method of determination is essentially as 
 follows : — A weighed quantity of from 1*5 to 2 granunes of the substance 
 
 3 D 2 
 
1640 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 under examination is introduced into a flask holding about 200 ml., together 
 with a measured quantity of 25 rul. of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 
 prepared by dissolving 40 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 1000 ml. of 
 Alcohol (90 p.c), the solution being allowed to stand during 24 hours and 
 filtered. The flask is attached to a reflvix condenser and the contents saponified 
 on a water -bath diu'ing 30 minutes. At the end of this time the excess 
 of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution is titrated with Half-Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 1 ml. of Phenolphthalein 
 Solution as an indicator. A blank experiment is instituted at the same time, 
 employing a similar measured quantity of Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution, but without the substance to be examined. The number of ml. 
 of Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution required to neutralise 
 the first experiment is deducted from the number of ml. reqmred to neutralise 
 the blank experiment, the difference is multiplied fu'st by • 028 and then by 
 1000 and divided by the weight (in grammes) of the substance taken, the 
 quotient being the Saponification Value of the fixed oil, fat, wax or resin. 
 
 The P.O. defines the Saponification Value as the number of milligrammes 
 of Potassitim Hydroxide which are required to neutralise the free acid and to 
 saponify the Esters contained in 1 gi'anune of fat, oil, v>'ax or balsara. 
 
 The P.O. method of determination, except in those instances where other 
 directions are given, is carried out in the folloAving manner : — A quantity of 
 from 1 to 2 grammes of the substance under examination is introduced into 
 a flask of Jena glass of about 150 c.c. capacity and its weight accurately 
 determined. A measured quantity of 25 c.c. of Half-Normal Voliunetric 
 Alcoholic Potassiiim Hydroxide Solution is added, the flask closed by means 
 of a bored cork through the opening of which passes a condensing tube of 
 Potash glass about 75 cm. long. The mixture is then heated on a water- 
 bath during 15 minutes, keeping it in feeble ebullition. In order to ensure 
 complete saponification the contents of the flask are frequently shaken, 
 care being taken that the contents are not allowed to splash on to the cork 
 or on to the condensing tube. The soap solution is removed from the bath 
 and whilst still hot is immediately titrated with Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, using 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Solution as an 
 indicator of neutrality (1 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid 
 Solution = 0-028055 gramme of Potassimn Hydroxide, Phenolphthalein 
 being employed as an indicator). A blank experiment without the substance 
 vmder examination is instituted at the same time, in order to arrive at the 
 value of the Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. The difference between the nmnber of c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution required in the two experiments, 
 multiplied by 28 '055 and divided by the weight of substance taken, yields the 
 Saponification Value of the fat, oil, wax or balsam. 
 
 The U.S. P. method of determination is as follows : — An acctuately weighed 
 quantity of from 1 • 5 to 2 grammes of the pmrified and filtered fat is introduced 
 into a flask of a capacity of 150 to 200 c.c, together with 25 c.c. of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassimn Hydroxide Solution, a small funnel 
 is placed in the neck of the flask, which is then heated on a water -bath for 
 half an hour, 1 c.c. of Phenolphthalein Test-Solution is added, and the excess 
 of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution deter- 
 mined with Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. A blank 
 test is carried out alongside the determination. The difference between 
 the number of c.c. of Half -Normal Volmnetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 used in the blanli test and in the actual determination is multiplied by 27*87 
 and divided by the weight in grammes of the fat or oil. 
 
 IODINE VALUE. — The Iodine Value represents the percentage of Iodine 
 absorbed, vmder certain specified conditions, by a fixed or volatile oil, fat, 
 wax, balsam or resin. 
 
 The B.P. defines the Iodine Value as the proportional weight of Iodine 
 absorbed by 100 parts by weight of the fixed oil or fat, under the conditions 
 indicated in the B.P. 
 
 The weights of substance employed are as follows : — In the case of a drying 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 1541 
 
 oil or fish oil, e.g., Cod-Liver Oil and Linseed Oil, the weight should vary 
 from 0" 15 to 0* 18 gramme, and the period of absorption should be 2 hours ; 
 in the case of a non-drying fixed oil, e.g., Almond, Castor or Olive Oil, the 
 weight should vary between 0' 3 and 0' 4 gramme, and the period of absorption 
 should be 1 hour ; whilst in the case of a solid fat, e.g.. Lard, Suet or Theobroma 
 Oil, the weight should vary from 0-8 to 1 • gramme, and the period of 
 absorption should be 1 hour. 
 
 The B.P. method of determination is essentially as follows : — The necessary 
 quantity of the oil is accurately weighed out in accordance with the above 
 directions, it is transferred to a well-stoppered bottle having a capacity 
 of 800 ml. and dissolved in 10 ml. of Carbon Tetrachloride. A measured 
 quantity of 25 ml. of Iodine Solution (prepared by dissolving 13 grammes of 
 Iodine in 1000 ml. of Glacial Acetic Acid, titrating with Tenth -Normal 
 Voliunetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, and then passing through the 
 solution washed, dried Chlorine gas vmtil the titre is exactly doubled) is 
 added, and the absorption is allowed to proceed in a dark place at a tem- 
 perature of about 17° C. (62-6° F.) for the indicated period. In order that 
 no loss of Iodine shall occur from volatilisation, the stopper of the bottle is 
 moistened with Potassium Iodide Solution At the end of the required 
 period a mixture of 20 ml. of Potassium Iodide Solution and 500 ml. of 
 Distilled Water is introduced into the bottle and the excess of Iodine is titrated 
 with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiima Thiosulphate Solution, using Starch 
 Mucilage as an indicator. The strength of the Iodine Solution is determined 
 by a similar titration of a measured quantity of 25 ml. of the solution with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution, also using Mucilage 
 of Starch as an indicator. The number of ml. required is acciu-ately noted. 
 The difference between the number of ml. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution reqviired to decolorise the 25 ml. of Iodine 
 Solution, and that necessary to decolorise the excess of Iodine in the experi- 
 ment, is multiplied fiirst by -01209 and then by 100, and the product divided 
 by the weight of oil or fat taken, the quotient being the Iodine Value of the 
 fat or oil. 
 
 The P.O. defines the Iodine Value as the number of parts of Iodine required 
 to combine with 100 parts by weight of a fat or oil, under the conditions 
 prescribed in the P.G. 
 
 The weights of substance recommended for the determination are as 
 follows : — -In the case of Cod-Liver Oil and Linseed Oil, 0' 15 to 0- 18 gramme ; 
 in the case of Arachis Oil, Almond Oil, Olive Oil and Sesame Oil, 0-3 to 0-4 
 granmae ; in the case of Lard, • 6 to • 7 gramme ; and in the case of Mutton 
 Suet and Cocoa Butter, • 8 to 1 gramme. 
 
 The P.O. method of determination is essentially as follows : — The pre- 
 scribed quantity of the oil or fat is introduced into a glass flask of 250 c.c. 
 capacity, fitted with a well-fitting glass stopper, the fat or oil is dissolved in 
 15 c.c. of Chloroform and a measured quantity of 30 c.c. of a mixture of 
 equal parts by volmne of Alcoholic Iodine Solution and Alcoholic Mercuric 
 Chloride Solution is introduced, the mixture having been prepared at least 
 48 hours before it is required for use. In the event of the liquid, after shaking, 
 not being completely clear, a further quantity of Chloroform should be added. 
 Should complete decolorisation of the fluid occur within a short time, a further 
 quantity of the mixture of Alcoholic Iodine Solution and Alcoholic Merciiric 
 Chloride Solution should be added. The amount of Iodine in excess should 
 be sufficiently great that after 2 hours the fluid still remains of a strong 
 brown colour. After the expiration of this period the reaction is concluded, 
 but in the case of Linseed Oil and Cod-Liver Oil the duration of the reaction 
 must be allowed to continue for 18 hours. The determinations are carried 
 out at the temperature of the room [15° to 20° C. (59° to 68° F.)] and pro- 
 tected from direct sunlight. A measured quantity of 15 c.c. of Potassium 
 Iodide Solution is then added to the mixture, which is shaken, and 100 c.c. 
 of Distilled Water added. Should a red precipitate result, the amount of 
 Potassium Iodide Solution which has been added is insufficient and the 
 addition of a further quantity should be made. The mixtiare is then titrated, 
 
1542 tHVSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 with frequent shaking, with Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodium Thiosulphate 
 Solution, until the aqueous layer and the chloroforinic layer are only faintly 
 coloured. Starch Solution is added and the titration concluded. A blank 
 determination is made with each determination, in an exactly similar manner, 
 but without the use of the fat or oil, in order to determine the value of the 
 mixtm^e of Alcoholic Iodine Solution and the Alcoholic Mercuric Chloride 
 Solution. In the case of Linseed Oil and Cod-Liver Oil a blank determination 
 is made at the commencement as well as at the end of the determination, 
 and the mean of the two determinations is reckoned as the value of the 
 Alcoholic Iodine and Merciu-ic Chloride Solution. In making the calculation 
 the difference between the number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volumetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution required by the blank experiment and for 
 the neutralisation of the excess of Iodine in the actual determination la 
 multiplied first by 0- 012692 and then by 100 and the product divided by the 
 weight of fat or oil taken, the quotient representing the Iodine Value of the 
 fat or oil. 
 
 The Aleoholie Iodine Solution of the P.O. is prepared by dissolving 
 25 grammes of Iodine P.O. in 500 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c). The Alcoholic 
 Mercuric Chloride Solution is prepared by dissolving 30 grammes of 
 Mercuric Chloride P.O. in 500 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c). 
 
 The U.S. P. defines the Iodine Value or Niimber of a fat or an oil as a 
 figiu-e which indicates the percentage of Iodine absorbed under certain 
 conditions. It gives the following general directions for the determination 
 of the Iodine Value : — A weighed quantity of 0-3 gramme of the fixed oil 
 or fat is dissolved in 10 c.c. of Chloroform contained in a bottle of 250 c.c. 
 capacity, a measured quantity of 25 c.c. of a mixture of equal volumes of 
 Alcoholic Iodine Test-Solution and Alcoholic Merciiric Chloride Test-Solution 
 is introduced, the bottle seeiu-ely stoppered, set aside in a cool place protected 
 from the light for 4 hours, an excess of Iodine being ensirred throughout this 
 period. A measiu'ed quantity of 20 c.c. of Potassium Iodide Test-Solution 
 is added, and 60 c.c. of Distilled Water ; the excess of Iodine is titrated with 
 Tenth-Normal Volumetric Sodiimi Thiosulphate Solution, the number of 
 c.c. is noted, a blank experiment is carried out with identical quantities of 
 reagents, the Iodine being determined by Tenth-Normal Vohunetric Sodimn 
 Thiosulphate Solution. The number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volinnetric 
 Sodium Thiosulphate Solution used in the actual test is deducted from the 
 number of c.c. of Tenth-Normal Volvunetric Sodium Thiosulphate Solution 
 used in the blank, the difference multiplied by 12*59 and the product divided 
 by 3, the last figure varying with the weight of oil or fat taken. 
 
 In the case of Linseed Oil the U.S. P. recommends the emplojmaent of a 
 weight of 0-15 to 0*2 gramme, and in the case of Oil of Theobroma and 
 similar fats 0*8 gramme. The time allowed for the absorption in the case 
 of Linseed Oil should be 16 hours. 
 
 The Alcoholic Iodine Test-Solution is prepared by dissolving 25 grammes 
 of Iodine (C/.»S'.P.) in 500 c.c. of Alcohol (94-9 p.c). The Alcoholic Mercuric 
 Chloride Test-Solution is prepared by dissolving 30 grammes of Mercm-ic 
 Chloride HgCl,, (corresponding to the U.S. P. requirements) in 500 c.c. of 
 Alcohol (94-9 p.c). 
 
 UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER.— The imsaponifiable matter in an oil 
 or fat is usually determined by saponifying the oil or fat with Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution, removing the Alcohol by evaporation, 
 and extracting the unsaponifiable constituents from the aqueous soap 
 solution by an immiscible solvent such as Ether. The determination 
 may be made as follows : — A weighed quantity of 6 grammes of the 
 oil or fat is introduced into a glass flask of about 100 c.c capacity, 
 together with 50 c.c of an Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution, pre- 
 pared by dissolving 3 grammes of Potassium Hydroxide in 3 c.c. of Dis- 
 tilled Water and diluting this solution with Alcohol (90 p.c.) to produce 
 60 c.c. The flask is attached to a reflux condenser or preferably fitted with 
 a cork tlu'ough which passes a glass tube of sufficient length to act as an 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAr/ TESTS. 1543 
 
 efficient condenser. The flask ia heated on a water-bath during half an hour 
 or until saponification is completed. The contents of the flask are then 
 transferred to a porcelain evaporating basin and the Alcohol removed by 
 evaporation. The residue is dissolved in hot Distilled Water, the soap 
 solution transferred to a separator, cooled, and shaken with Ether, extraction 
 is continued with successive portions of Ether \intil the whole of the un- 
 saponifiable matter has been recovered. In certain cases the attempts to 
 extract the unsaponifiable matter from the soap solution by means of Ether 
 result in the formation of obstinate emvilsions, which persistently refuse to 
 separate. In siich cases it is preferable after saponification on the water-bath 
 to evaporate the saponified liquid to dryness, after the addition of some 
 fine clean silver sand, which has been previously extracted with Ether. The 
 dried and powdered residue may then be extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus, 
 the ethereal solution washed with Distilled Water containing a little Sodium 
 Hydroxide in order to dissolve any soap it may contain, the ethereal solution 
 is then separated, evaporated to dryness, and the residue weighed. 
 
 The B.P. determines the percentage of unsaponifiable matter in fixed oils 
 and fats by saponifying a weighed quantity of 5 grammes of the oil or fat 
 by heating it in a flask under a reflux condenser on a water-bath during 
 half an hour, with 50ml. of Normal Volumetric Potassiima Hydi'oxide Solution. 
 The Alcohol is removed by transferring the contents of the flask to a porcelain 
 evaporating dish and evaporating on a water -bath. The residue is dissolved 
 in about 100 ml. of hot Distilled Water, cooled and introduced into a separator. 
 It is then shaken with 2 successive quantities each of 50 ml. of Ether. 
 Any dissolved soap is removed by washing the mixed ethereal solutions 
 with three successive quantities each of 20 ml. of Distilled Water. The 
 aqueous liquid is separated in each instance, the ethereal solution transferred 
 to a tared flask, the ether evaporated off and the residue dried at 100° C. 
 (212° F.) till constant in weight and weighed. The percentage of un- 
 saponifiable matter is ascertained by multiplying this weight by 20. 
 
 MAUMENE'S SULPHURIC ACID TEST.— Maumene's Sulphuric Acid 
 test indicates the rise of temperature occm-ring when a weighed quantity of a 
 fixed oil is mixed with a specified amount of Sulphuric Acid. A weighed 
 quantity of 50 grammes of the oil is introduced into a 7 oz. beaker, which, 
 together with the strong Sulphiu-ic Acid, is immersed in a capacious vessel of 
 Water until they are both of the same temperature, which shoiild not be far 
 from 20° C. (68° F.). The beaker containing the oil is then wiped and placed 
 in a cotton-wool nest, previously made for it in a wider beaker. The ther- 
 mometer is then immersed and the temperatiore noted. A measured quantity 
 of 10 c.c. of concentrated Sulphiu-ic Acid is allowed to run into the oil, the 
 mixtxire meanwhile being constantly stirred with the thermometer, and about 
 one minute being allowed for the acid to run in ; the stirring is continued 
 imtil no further rise of temperature takes place. The point is readily observed, 
 as the indication remains constant for a minute or two before the temperature 
 begins to fall. 
 
 ESTERS IN VOLATILE OILS.— The determination of the percentage of 
 Esters affords a valuable means of judging the quality of Essential Oils, as 
 these compounds, which are the salts of Alkyl radicals, are in many cases 
 important constituents of volatile oils. The B.P. now includes determina- 
 tions of the percentage of Esters in the following oils : — Siberian Fir Oil, 
 Wintergreen Oil, Lavender Oil, Peppermint Oil, and Oil of Rosemary. 
 
 The method of determination is based upon the volumetric process employed 
 for the quantitative determination of the Saponification Value of oils 
 and fats, and is stated to have been first applied to volatile oils by 
 Kremel. 
 
 The presence of Aldehyde invalidates the determination of the Esters, 
 owing to the absorption of alkali by the Aldehyde. Phenols also interfere 
 with the determination of the Esters by this method. 
 
 The process usually employed is as follows : — A weighed quantity of from 
 
1544 PHYBICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 2 • 5 to 5 grammes of the oil, according to the percentage of Esters present, 
 is introduced into a flask of Potash glass of about 100 c.c. capacity, together 
 with a measured quantity of about 20 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c). A few drops 
 of Phenolphthalein Solution are added, and any free acid is neutralised by 
 the addition of a sufficiency of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution. A further measured quantity of 25 c.c. of Half-Normal 
 Voluinetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution is carefully added and 
 the flask is attached to a reflux condenser and heated on a water -bath during 
 1 hour, or until saponification is complete. After cooling, the contents of 
 the flask are diluted with 50 c.c. of Distilled Water and the excess of Half- 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution titrated with 
 Half -Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution. In order to arrive at the 
 value of the Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution 
 a measured quantity of 25 c.c. is titrated direct with Half -Normal Vokunetric 
 Hydrochloric Acid Solution, and the nimaber of c.c. required noted. The 
 difference between the number of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Hydro- 
 chloric Acid Solution required to neutralise the blank experiment and that 
 required to neutralise the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution in the determination, is multiplied by half the 
 molecular equivalent of the Ester, and divided by the weight in grammes 
 of oil taken, multiplied by 10 ; the quotient being the percentage of Esters 
 present in the volatile oil. 
 
 The B.P. employs essentially the following method of determination : — 
 A weighed quantity of 2 to 5 grammes of the volatile oil is introduced into 
 a flask, together with 25 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c), and the free acid is neutralised 
 by the addition of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution ; Phenolphthalein Solution may be employed as an indicator, 
 although not directly specified in the B.P. A measured quantity of 25 ml. 
 of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiiim Hydroxide Solution is added, 
 and the Esters saponified by heating the flask on a water -bath during one 
 hour, under a reflux condenser. At the end of this period the flask is removed 
 from the condenser and the excess of Noriual Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium 
 Hydroxide Solution is titrated with Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid 
 Sohition. The number of ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 required to neutralise 25 ml. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiiom 
 Hychoxide Solution is ascertained from a blank experiment ; the difference 
 between the number so ascertained and that required to neutralise the 
 excess of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution in 
 the Ester determination is multiplied by the molecular equivalent of the 
 Ester, and the res\ilt divided by the weight in granmies of the volatile oil 
 taken multiplied by 10, the quotient being the percentage of Esters present 
 in the volatile oil. 
 
 The P.O. only includes a determination of the Esters in the case of Lavender 
 Oil. 
 
 The U.S. P. includes a determination of the Esters in the following essential 
 oils : Peppermint Oil, Rose Oil, and Rosemary Oil. 
 
 The U.S. P. method of determination is described in the monographs 
 relating to each individual Essential oil, see pp. 875, 1174, and 1176. 
 
 ALCOHOLS IN VOLATILE OILS.— The principal constituent in many 
 volatile oils is a body of the nature of an Alcohol, which by interaction with 
 Acetic Anhydride is converted into an Acetic Ester. The Acetic Ester may 
 then be determined by saponification with Normal or Half-Normal Volu- 
 metric AlcohoUc Potassium Hydi-oxide Solution, and the amount of the 
 Alcohol present in the original oil calculated, thus affording a ready mieans 
 for its determination. 
 
 The method of determination usually employed is as follows : — A measured 
 quantity of 10 c.c. of the volatile oil is introduced into an acetylation 
 flask and mixed with 10 c.c. of Acetic Anhydride and aljout 2 grammes 
 of dry Sodiuin Acetate. The flask is attached to a reflux condenser and 
 the contents boiled uniformly during 1 hour. It is then cooled, diluted 
 
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 1545 
 
 with Distilled Water, heated for a quarter of an houi- on the water -bath, 
 in order to decompose the excess of Acetic Anhydride. The contents of 
 the flask are then transferred to a separating funnel, and the acetylated oil 
 washed with Distilled Water, or preferably with a saturated solvition of 
 Sodium Chloride containing 1 p.c. of Potassium Hydroxide, ixntil the reaction 
 is neutral. The oil is then separated, dried by shaking with anhydrous 
 Sodium Sulphate, and filtered. A weighed quantity of from 2 to 4 grammes 
 of the acetylated oil is transferred to a flask, 20 c.c. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) 
 added, and a few drops of Phenolphthalein Solution, and any acidity 
 neutralised with Half-Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Solution. A measm-ed quantity of Half-Normal Volximetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution is added and the contents of the flask 
 saponified by heating on a water-bath under a reflux condenser dioring 
 1 hour. The excess of Half -Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiuni 
 Hydroxide Solution is then titrated with Half -Normal Volumetric Hydi'o- 
 chloric Acid Solution. A blank experiment is conducted at the same time 
 with a quantity of Half-Normal Vokuxietric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide 
 Sokition equivalent to that used for saponification of the acetylated Oil, and 
 the number of c.c. of Half-Normal Volumetric Hydrochloric Acid Solution 
 required to neutralise it duly noted. The difference between the number of 
 c.c. of Half -Normal Volumetric Acid Solution required to neutralise the blank 
 and that required to neutralise the excess of Half-Normal Volumetric 
 Alcoholic Potassium Hydi-oxide Solution in the experiment is multiplied by 
 half the molecular eqviivalent of the Alcohol and by 100, and the product 
 divided by 1000 multiplied by the weight in grammes of the acetylated 
 oil taken less 0'021 multiplied by the number of c.c. of Half -Normal 
 Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution consiuned ; the quotient 
 representing the percentage of Alcohols present in the volatile oil. 
 
 The B.P. determines the percentage of the individual Alcohol present in 
 the following volatile oils : — Peppermint Oil, Rosemary Oil, and Sandal- 
 Wood Oil. 
 
 The B.P. method of determination is essentially as follows : — A measui'ed 
 quantity of 10 ml. of the volatile oil is introduced into an acetylation flask, 
 together with 10 ml. of Acetic Anhydride and 2 grammes of Anhydrous 
 Sodium Acetate and acetylated by heating on a water -bath diiring 2 hours, 
 under a reflux condenser. At the end of this time a measured quantity 
 of 100 ml. of Distilled Water is introduced and the contents of the flask 
 are transferred to a separator. The aqueous lic[uid is drawn off and the 
 acetylated oil is washed with successive quantities each of 100 ml. of Distilled 
 Water until free from acid reaction. The acetylated oil is rendered anhydrous 
 by shaking with anhydrous Sodimu Sulphate and filtered. A weighed 
 quantity of from 2 to 5 grammes of the acetylated oil is then introduced 
 into a flask, a measm-ed quantity of 25 ml. of Alcohol (90 p.c.) added and, 
 if necessary, sufficient Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassiiuu Hydroxide 
 Solution added to render the liquid neutral. A measured quantity of 25 ml. 
 of Normal Volmnetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solution is introduced 
 and the contents of the flask saponified by boiling under a reflux condenser 
 dviring 1 hour. After cooling, the excess of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution is titrated with Normal Volumetric Sulphviric 
 Acid Solution, and the niimber of ml. accurately noted. A blank experiment 
 is undertaken at the same time with a measvired quantity of 25 ml. of the 
 Normal Volumetric Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Solvition. The difference 
 between the number of ml. of Normal Volumetric Sulphuric Acid Solution 
 required to neutrahse the blank and that required to neutralise the excess 
 of Normal Volumetric Potassium Hydroxide Solution in the experiment 
 is multiplied first by the molecular equivalent of the individual Alcohol, 
 and then by 100, the product divided by 1000 multiplied by the weight of 
 the acetylated oil less the number of c.c. of Normal Volumetric Alcoholic 
 Potassium Hydroxide Solution absorbed multiplied by 0-042. 
 
 The P.G. only determines the proportion of the characteristic Alcohol in 
 Oleum Santali. 
 
1546 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND SPECIAL TESTS. 
 
 The P.G. method of determination -will be found under the monograph 
 on Sandal-Wood Oil, p. 1203. 
 
 The U.S. P. determines the proportions of the characteristic Alcohol only 
 in the following essential oils : — Peppermint Oil, Rosemary Oil, and Sandal- 
 Wood Oil. The U.S. P. method of determination is given in detail under 
 the individual heading of each oil. 
 
 LIMIT OF ERROR.— The B.P. fixes a standard for the alkaloidal strength 
 of certain drugs and their preparations. It also fixes a ' Limit of Error,' 
 and states that ' when the average of successive assays shows a variation 
 from the prescribed standard greater or less than the limit of error the 
 preparation does not conform to the B.P. requirements.' 
 
 Nux Vomica, when assayed according to the process official in the B.P., is 
 required to contain 1*25 grammes of Strychnine in 100 grammes of the 
 drug. The B.P. fixes a Umit of error of plus or minus 0'05 gramme, which 
 is understood to mean that the average of successive assays of Nux Vomica 
 should indicate not less than 1'2 or more than 1*3 grammes of Strychnine 
 in 100 grammes of di'ug, in order to conaply with the official requirements. 
 
1547 
 
 SPAS IN BRITAIN. 
 
 BATH (Somersetshire). — The only true thermal Water in England. Saline, 
 21 grains in 20 oz. Chietly Calcium Sulphate and small quantities of 
 Sodium Sulphate and Magnesiuin Chloride, with Carbonic Acid gas and 
 Nitrogen. Several baths varying in temperature from 88*^ to 120° F. 
 (31 '1° to 48-8° C). For chronic rheumatism, gout, and paralysis. 
 The Water is aerated and sold in bottles under the name of Sulis Water. 
 Radium has been discovered in the Waters of Bath and Buxton. 
 
 BRIDGE OF ALLAN (Scotland). — The Airthrey Waters are true mineral 
 waters, anfl are entirely comparable to the well-known continental spas. 
 The saline spring contains 81*65 grains of total solids in 20 oz., con- 
 sisting of 42-65 grains of Sodimn Chloride, about 33 1 grains of Calcium 
 Chloride, about 3 grains of Calcimn Sulphate, -with traces of Calcium 
 Carbonate and Magnesium Chloride ; it also contains Carbonic Acid 
 Gas, and Oxygen. Cold when pumped up, but afterwards raised to a 
 temperature of 133° F. (56-l°C.). Tonic to the lymphatic system. 
 For sub -acute and chronic rheumatism and gout ; the haemorrhage 
 associated with special classes of disease, e.g. pm'pura, haemophilia, etc. 
 
 BUXTON (Derbyshire). — A Water containing only 2^ grains of salts in 20 oz., 
 with Carbonic Acid gas and Nitrogen. Temp. 82° F. (27-7° C). For 
 chronic gout and rheumatism. 
 
 CHELTENHAM (Gloucestershire). — Embraces three springs: (1) Magnesia 
 Saline obtained from the Chadnor Villa Well, containing about 14-| grains 
 of Magnesium Sulphate in 20 oz. ; together with about 8 grains of 
 Calcimn Sulphate ; about 7-t grains of Sodimn Sulphate ; about 4^- grains 
 of Calcium Carbonate ; about 3^ grains of SocUmn Chloride ; and 
 smaller amounts of Potassium Sulphate, Sodium Silicate, traces of 
 Ferrous Carbonate, Sodiuna Iodide, Sodimn Bromide, Ammonium 
 Nitrate, Aluminiimi Phosphate, Manganous Carbonate and Lithimn 
 Chloride. Aperient. For hepatic and intestinal congestion, gastric 
 affections, for gouty and rheumatic affections, diabetes, eczema, and 
 skin affections, also in kidney troubles. (2) The Soda Saline, obtained 
 from the Pittville and Lansdo\vn Spring, containing in the case of the 
 Pittville Well about 58^- grains of Sodium Chloride in 20 oz. ; together 
 with about l-ih, grains of Sodimn Sulphate ; about 5 grains of Sodium 
 Bicarbonate ; together with smaller amounts of Magnesium Carbonate, 
 Potassium Sulphate, Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Silicate, with traces 
 of Sodium Bromide, Sodium Iodide, Ferrous Carbonate, Ammonium 
 Bi-carbonate, Akmainium Phosphate, Manganous Carbonate, Calcium 
 Phosphate and Lithimn Chloride. Lymphatic stimulant and osmotic. 
 Useful in disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract, rheumatic and gouty 
 conditions and diabetes. Hepatic stimulant and diuretic. The Lans- 
 down Spring contains about 49 grains of Sodirma Chloride in 20 oz. ; 
 together with about 19^ grains of Sodium Sulphate, about 4 gi'ains of 
 Calcimn Carbonate, about 3 grains of Magnesium Sulphate, with smaller 
 amounts of Magnesium Carbonate, Potassimn Sulphate, Sodium Silicate, 
 and Calcium Sulphate, small quantities of Sodium Iodide and Ferrous 
 Carbonate, together with traces of Sodium Bromide, Lithimn Chloride, 
 Manganous Carbonate, Almninium Phosphate and organic matter. 
 Used in similar concUtions to the Pittville Spring. It is also a natural 
 aperient water. (3) Chalybeate Water, obtained from the Cambray 
 Well, containing 3 grains of Sodiiim Chloride and Sulphate in 20 oz., 
 about 2 grains of Calcimn and Magnesium Chloride, about 1 grain of 
 Calcitnn Sulphate, about 1 grain of Magnesium and Calcium Carbonate, 
 about J grain of Ferrous Carbonate, together with Carbonic Acid Gas. 
 
1548 SPAS. 
 
 Haematinic tonic, used in anaemia, chlorosis, secondary chionic ansemias, 
 and in diseases arising from an impoverished blood supply. Useful also 
 in tubercular gland affections. Brine, shower, and spray baths, douches, 
 wet and dry massage. 
 
 CHURCH STRETTON (Shropshire). — Natural spring. Crated table water, 
 containing about IJ grains of total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly of 
 Calcium Carbonate, Sodium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride, Silica, with 
 traces of Magnesiiim Carbonate, Magnesivim Sulphate, Sodium Nitrate 
 and Ferric Oxide. Used in rhetunatic and gouty conditions, in stomachic 
 and intestinal derangements, and in certain forms of skin disease. 
 
 COULSWORTHY (N. Devon). — Pure soft spring water, containing about 
 1 J grains of total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly of Lime, Magnesia 
 and traces of Potash. Alkaline. Temp. 52° F. (11° C). 
 
 DROITWICH (Worcestershire). — Muriated. Chiefly Sodium iChloride, about 
 2712 grains in 20 oz., along with Sodium and Calcium Sulphates. Warm 
 baths are given, usually at a temperature of from 98° to 101° F. (36 "6° 
 to 38"3°C.). Used in muscular rheumatism, sciatica, and in chronic 
 rheumatic and gouty affections. 
 
 FLITWICK (Ampthill, Beds.). — Chalybeate, aperient ; 31 grains in 20 oz. Iron 
 Carbonate, Magnesiiim and Sodium Sulphates, Magnesium Chloride and 
 Calcium Carbonate. 
 
 HARROGATE (Yorkshire). — Several springs, sulphur and chalybeate. The 
 old sulphtu- spring contains 137 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Chlorides, with 
 Sulphuretted and Carbui-etted Hydiogen. Of the chalybeate Waters, the 
 new spring contains 62 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Chlorides, with about 
 1| grains of Iron Chloride, together with Carbonic Acid gas and Nitrogen. 
 
 LEAMINGTON (Warwickshire). — ' Old well,' saline, about 104 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium and Calciiun Chlorides, \vith Sodimxi Sulphate and 
 Carbonic Acid. The saline chalybeate Waters contain about 132 grains 
 in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium, Magnesiima and Sodium Chlorides, with Sodium 
 Sulphate and a small quantity of Iron Carbonate. In stomach and liver 
 complaints, in gouty and rheumatic affections. 
 
 LISDOONVARNA (Co. Clare, Ireland). — Sulphur Spa. There are two springs 
 Gowlaun and Rathbaun. The Gowlaun Spring contains about f grain of 
 Sodium Carbonate in 20 oz.,together with Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium 
 Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, traces of Potassium Chloride, Magnesium 
 Sulphate, and Silica ; with Hydrogen Sulphide Gas. Used in skin 
 affections, boils and abscesses, in gout rheumatism and diseases of the 
 throat. The Rathbaun Spring contains about J grain of Iron Carbonate 
 in 20 oz., about IJ grains of Calcium Carbonate, with Calcium and 
 Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride, traces of Iron Sesquioxide, 
 Potassium Chloride, Manganese Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate and 
 Silica. Used in anaemia, and in chronic secondary anaemias. 
 
 LLANDRINDOD WELLS (Wales). — Muriated, muriated-sulphur and weak 
 chalybeate waters. The first contains Sodium Chloride (about 30 to 
 40 grains in 20 oz.) along with Calcium and Magnesium Chlorides. The 
 second, in addition to being weakly mui-iated, contains from 1 to 14 
 volumes per 1000 of Hydrogen Sulpliide gas, and the third about the 
 same amount of Sodium and Calcium Chlorides as the first, along with 
 a small amount of Iron Carbonate. Used in atonic dyspepsia, constipa- 
 tion, and in chronic rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. 
 
 LLANGAMMARCH (Wales). — Barium Saline. Contains about 38| grains of 
 total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly of about 23f grains of Sodium 
 Chloride, about lOJ grains of Calcium Chloride, about 8 grains of Mag- 
 nesimn Chloride, with Calcium Carbonate, Silica, a trace of Iron Protoxide, 
 and about f grain of Barium Chloride. Prescribed in cases of strumous 
 cUsease in its protean form, glandular enlargement, scrofula, chronic 
 rheumatism and gout, epilepsy, and diseases of the heart. 
 
BRITISH. 1549 
 
 LLANWRTYD (Wales).— The Dolecoed Spring is almost a pvu-e Sulphm- Water. 
 It contains about 10 grains of total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly 
 of about 7i grains of Sodiuin Chloride, about If grains of Calcium 
 Chloride, with small quantities of Calciiim Carbonate, Potassium Chloride, 
 Silica, Magnesium Chloride, Calcium Svilphate, and Iron Oxide, with 
 traces of Barium, Lithium, Bromine, Iodine and Nitrates, together with 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen gas. Chiefly and most successfully used in 
 chronic skin diseases, except those of leprous or tubercular tendency. 
 Used also in hepatic and intestinal congestion, in glandular enlargements. 
 The Victoria Spring, a mild Lithia saline, contains in addition to the 
 usual saline ingredients, about -^ grain of Lithixina Chloride in 20 oz., 
 together with about y\j- grain of Thallium Chloride. The Chalybeate 
 Spring contains about | grain of total solids in 20 oz., including about 
 ^ grain of Ferrous Carbonate. Used in anaemia and similar blood 
 diseases. Electric and sun baths. 
 
 MALVERN (Worcestershire). — A table Water nearly pure, containing about 
 I grain of mineral salts in 20 oz. Useful in kidney and bladder affections. 
 
 MOFFAT (Dumfries, Scotland).— Sulphuretted. Two Springs— (i) the ' lower ' 
 and (ii) the ' upper ' well. The lower well contains about 12 grains of 
 total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly of about 8|^ grains of Sodium 
 Chloride, with smaller quantities of Calcimn Chloride, Magnesium 
 Chloride, organic matter. Calcium Carbonate, Silica, traces of Ferrous 
 Carbonate, Alumina, Magnesium Chloride, and Sodium Sulphide, together 
 with Sulphuretted Hyc&ogen gas and Carbonic Acid gas. The upper 
 well contains about 6f grains of total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly 
 of about 4J grains of Sodium Chloride, with smaller quantities of Calcivun 
 Chloride, Sodium Sulphate, Silica, Magnesiujii Chloride, and organic 
 matter, together with Sulphxiretted Hydrogen gas and Carbonic Acid 
 gas. Used in skin diseases, in chronic rheumatic and gouty conditions, 
 and in gastric, intestinal, and hepatic irregularities. 
 
 PEEBLES (Scotland). — Two Springs — (i) the natm'al Saline mineral water of 
 St. Ronan's Well ; (ii) the Sulphur Spring. St. Ronan's Spring contains 
 about 52|^ grains of total solids in 20 oz., consisting chiefly of about 
 31 grains of Sodium Chloride, about 18^- grains of Calcium Chloride, 
 together with smaller amounts of Magnesium Chloride, Calcivun Car- 
 bonate, Magnesium Carbonate, Iron Chloiide, Aluminimn Sulphate, 
 Aluminium Chloride, Silica, and traces of Iodine and Bromine. Used 
 in neurasthenia and in neurasthenic conditions, primary ansenaia, chronic 
 dyspepsia, hepatic, rheumatic and gouty conditions, and in all forms of 
 neui'itis. The Sulphm' Spring contains about iO^ grains of total solids 
 in 20 oz., consisting of about 23^ grains of Sodium Chloride, about 
 14f grains of Calcimu Chloride, together with smaller quantities of 
 Magnesium Chloride, Calcimn Carbonate, Magnesiiun Carbonate, Iron 
 Chloride, Akuninivun Sulphate, Aluminivun Chloride, and Silica. Used 
 in similar conditions to the above. Fango Mud baths and high frequency 
 electrical treatment. 
 
 SCARBOROUGH (Yorks). — Saline and Chalybeate. The Spa Water contains 
 about 18 grains of Magnesiiim Sulphate in 20 oz., about 8^ gi'ains of 
 Calcivun Sulphate, about 6 grains of Calcimn Carbonate, about 2f grains 
 of Sodium Chloride, with smaller quantities of Magnesium Chloride, 
 Potassium Chloride, Silica, and traces of Iron Carbonate, together with 
 Carbonic Acid gas. Mildly aperient and markedly tonic. Useful in 
 gastric disorders, in hepatic and intestinal congestion, in chi'onic rheu- 
 matic and gouty conditions, and in urinary disorders. Its chalybeate 
 nature renders it useful as a general tonic in ansemia and in chronic 
 secondary anaemias. 
 
 STRATHPEFFER (Ross-shire). — Two springs, Upper and Lower. Sulphurous. 
 Containing chiefly Sodium and Calcium Sulphates, with Sulphm-etted 
 Hydrogen. The Upper about 18 grains in 20 oz. ; the Lower about 
 13i grains and slightly less Sulphm etted Hydrogen than the Upper. 
 
1550 SPAS. 
 
 TREFRIW (Carnarvon, N. Wales). — ' Sulphate ' Chalybeate Waters. Temp, 
 at source about 60° F. (10° C). There are two waters, No. 1, containing 
 about 47£- grains of Iron Protosulphate (eciuivalent to about 87|- grains 
 of crystallised Iron Sulphate) in 20 oz., about 6 grains of Alxuniniura 
 Sulphate (equivalent to about 12 grains of crystallised Aluminivun 
 Sulphate), about 3^ grains of Calcium Sulphate, with smaller quantities 
 of Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Sulphate, Calcimn Chloride, Silica, and 
 traces of Manganese. No. 2 contains about 21^ grains of Iron Proto- 
 sulphate (equivalent to about 40 grains of crystallised Iron Sulphate) 
 in 20 oz., about 4^ gi'ains of Aluminixma Sulphate (equivalent to about 
 8J grains of crystallised Aluminium Sulphate), about 2^ grains of Mag- 
 nesium Sulphate, about 4 grains of Calcium Sulphate with smaller quan- 
 tities of Sodium Sulphate, Calcium Chloride, and Silica, with traces of 
 Manganese. Hscmatinic tonic. For ansemia, dyspepsia, certain chronic 
 skin diseases, chronic secondary anajmias, sciatica and rheumatism. 
 Sitz, douche, foot and wave baths. Temp. 90° to 95° F. (32-2° to 
 35° C). 
 
 WOODHALL (Lincolnshire). — About 190 grains in 20 oz., clxiefly Sodimn, 
 Calcium and Magnesium Chlorides, with Sodium and Potassimn Bromides 
 and Potassium Iodide. A ' mutterlauge ' is also used. Useful in chronic 
 rheumatism, scrofula, sypliilis, etc. 
 
 SPAS.— FOREIGN. 
 
 ACHSELMANNSTEIN (Bavaria). — Saline, aperient, chalybeate. About 2237 
 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium and Magnesium Chlorides, with Sodium 
 and Calcium Sulphates and Carbonic Acid gas. Baths and Vapour 
 Baths for incipient tuberculosis, cutaneous diseases and uterine disorders. 
 May to September. 
 
 ADELHEIDSQUELLE (Heilbrunn, Bavaiia). — Saline, about 58 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium Chloride (44 grains), with Sodium Iodide J grain and 
 Bromide about § grain and Carbonic Acid gas. Acts on the glandular, 
 lymphatic, and cutaneous systems. May to September. Imported. 
 
 AESCULAP (Buda-Pesth, Hungary). — Aperient, antacid. About 334 grains 
 in 20 oz. Chiefly Sodium Sulphate (125 grains) and Magnesium Sulphate 
 (154 grains), with Sodium Chloride and Calcium Sulphate. For habitual 
 constipation and disorders -of the liver. Imported. 
 
 AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (Rhine Province, Germany). — Several springs. Thermal. 
 113° to 133° F. (45° to 56-1° C). Saline, sulphurous. About 39 grains 
 in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Chloride (25 grains) and Sodium Carbonate 
 (about 5 grains), with varying quantities of Sodium Sulphide. Used in 
 cutaneous diseases, rheumatism and syphilis. Summer season April to 
 October. Winter season November to April. Imported. 
 
 AIX-LES-BAINS (Savoy, France). — Sulphurous. Two chief springs are 
 'Sulphur Spring' and 'Alum Spring.' Thermal. 109-5° to 112° F. 
 (42-7° to 44*4° C). About 3f grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodiima and 
 Magnesium Sulphates, with Sulphuretted H3'-drogen in the ' Sulphur 
 Spring.' Rheumatism, gout, eczema. It contains the organic substance 
 ' Glairine ' or Barcgine peculiar to sulphur Waters. April to November. 
 
 ALET (Aude, France).— Alkaline. Thermal. 82° F. (27-7° 0.) for baths, and 
 a ferruginous Water 50° F. (10° C). Weak in minerals, about 4i grains 
 in 20 oz. Tonic in debility and dyspepsia. 
 
 ALEXANDERBAD (Bavaria). — Chalybeate. About 3 grains in 20 oz., of which 
 about I grain is Iron Carbonate, with Carbonic Acid gas. May to 
 October. 
 
FOREIGN. 1 551 
 
 ALEXISBAD (Germany). — -Chalybeate. ' Alexis-Brunnen ' and ' Freund- 
 schafts-Brurmen ' are used for drinking, and the ' Selke-Brunnen ' for 
 bathing. June to September. 
 
 ALLEVARD (Is^re, France). — Gaseous. lodo-sulphuretted. About 195 grains 
 in 20 oz. Chiefly Calcium and Magnesium Carbonates, Chlorides and 
 Sulphates, with about 0*05 grain of Iodine, Carbonic Acid gas and 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen. June to September. 
 
 APENTA (Htmgary). — Aperient. Chiefly Sodium Sulphate (about 161 grains) 
 and Magnesium Sulphate (about 182 grains), with Sodium Chloride and 
 Calcium Sulphate in 20 oz. Imported. 
 
 APOLLINARIS (Neuenahr, Rhine Province, Germany). — Alkaline, gaseous. 
 About 22 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Carbonate (about 11 grains). 
 Chloride and Sulphate, with Magnesium Carbonate. Free Carbonic Acid 
 gas. Imported and drunk as a table Water. 
 
 ARABELLA (Hungarian). — Aperient. Contains chiefly Magnesium and Sodivim 
 Sulphates, with Calcium Sulphate and Magnesium Chloride. For liver 
 and kidney complaints, gastric catarrh, diabetes. 
 
 ARNSTADT (Germany). — Brine spring, for baths. About 2280 grains in 20 oz., 
 of which 2150 grains are Sodium Chloride. Used for scrofula. ' Ried- 
 quelle ' with about 34 grains Sodium Chloride in 20 oz., for di-inking. 
 April to September. 
 
 AUTEUIL (France). — Chalybeate. About 28 grains in 20 oz., about 6 grains 
 being Iron and Aluminium Sulphates. 
 
 BADEN (Vienna). — Saline and sulphurous. About 17 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Calcium, Potassium and Sodium Sulphates, \vith Magnesium Sulphide 
 and Chloride. Principally used for bathing, also mineralised mud 
 cataplasms in rheumatism. May to October. 
 
 BADEN-BADEN (Germany).— Several thermal springs, 124° to 150° F. (51-1" 
 to 65-5° C). ' Hauptquelle ' most used for di'inking. Saline, about 
 27 grains in 20 oz. The Lithia Waters contain about 3 grains Lithium 
 Chloride in 20 oz. Other salts chiefly Chlorides and Carbonates of 
 Sodivmi, Calcium and Magnesium, with trace of Iron Arsenate. For 
 rheumatoid arthritis, chronic gouty aSections and paralysis. May to 
 October. 
 
 BAGNERES-DE-LUCHON (France). — Thermal sulphur springs, 61° to 152° F. 
 (16-1° to 66-6° C). About 2 grains of Iron, Manganese and Sodium 
 Sulphides in 20 oz. Used in chronic cutaneous eruptions, catarrhal 
 diseases of the respiratory organs, etc. Jxine to October. 
 
 BAREGES (Hautes-Pyr^nees, France). — Thermal, sulphm'ous. Temp. 81° to 
 111° F. (27-2° to 43-8° C). About 2 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium 
 Sulpliide, Sulphate and Chloride, with Baregine similar to Glairine. 
 ' Tambour ' spring used internally, about J grain Sochum Sulphide per 
 20 oz. Skin diseases and chronic rheumatism. June to September. 
 Imported. 
 
 BATTAGLIA (Province of Venice, Italy). — Thermal. Four springs. Temp. 
 136° to 160° F. (57- 7° to 71 • 1° C). The Waters contain about 13 grains 
 of Sodimn Chloride in 20 oz., and are similar to, but more weakly 
 mineralised than those of Baden-Baden. Mud baths are also employed ; 
 the mud, 'Fango,' is exported. They are used in chronic gout and 
 rheumatism, and in rheumatoid arthritis. May to October. 
 
 BELLTHAL (Rhine Province, Germany). — Alkaline, table Water. About 11 
 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium 
 Carbonates. Imported. 
 
 BERKA (Weimar, Germany). — Chalybeate and sulphurous springs. About 
 27|^ '.'and 16J grains of solids respectively in 20 oz., chiefly Calciimi 
 ' Sulphate and Carbonate, with about 0-4 grain Iron Carbonate in the 
 chalybeate Water. Used for chronic rheumatism, antemia and debility. 
 
1552 SPAS. 
 
 BETHESDA (Wisconsin, U.S.A.).— About 5-3 grains hi 20 oz., chiefly Calcium 
 and Magnesium Carbonates. Used in treatment of kidney diseases. 
 
 BILIN (Bohemia). — Gaseous, alkaline. About 47 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Sodium Carbonate (about 29 grains) and Sulphate, with Calcium and 
 Magnesium Carbonates. Taken for indigestion and acidity. Also drunk 
 as a table Water. May to September. Imported. 
 
 BIRMENSTORF (Switzerland).— Aperient. Temp. 50^^ F. (10° C). About 279 
 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Magnesium Sulphate (about 191 grains) and 
 Sodium Sulphate (about Gl grains), with Calcium Sulphate and other 
 salts. Imported. 
 
 BIRRESBORN (Rhine Province, Germany). — Alkaline, gaseous spring. About 
 43 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodivim Bicarbonate (about 24 grains), with 
 Sodium Sulphate and Magnesium Bicarbonate. Free Carbonic Acid 
 gas. Table Water. 
 
 BOCKLET (near Kissingen).— Chalybeate. Temp. 50° F. (10° C). Three 
 springs varying in mineral strength, contain Sodium Chloride and 
 Sulphate, with Calcium and Magnesium Carbonates and about 0-8 grain 
 Iron Carbonate in 20 oz., and much free Carbonic Acid gas. Tonic, 
 useful for anaemic and debilitated patients. May to September. 
 
 BONIFACIUS f Hesse -Nassau, Germany). — Abovit 122 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Sodium Chloride (about 89 grains), Magnesium Chloride, Calcium 
 Sulphate, Lithium Chloride (about 2 grains), and Magnesium Bromide 
 and Iodide. Stimulates the intestines and urinary organs. 
 
 BONNES (Basses -Pyrenees, France). — (Eaux Bonnes). — Thermal. Temp. 
 72° to 90-5°F. (22-2° to 32-2° C). Saline and sulphurous. From 
 about 5 to 6 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium and Potassium Chlorides, 
 with Calcium Sulphate, Sodium Silicate and ' Baregine,' with Sul- 
 phuretted Hydrogen. Used in chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, and 
 catarrhal affections of respiratory organs. June to September. 
 
 BORCETTE or BURTSCHEID (near Aix-la-Chapelle). — Springs similar to those 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 BOURBOULE, LA (Puy-de-D6me, France). — Two chief springs, ' Perriere ' and 
 ' Choussy.' Arsenical, equal to about 0* IG grain of Sodium Arsenate in 
 20 oz., also Sodium Chloride and Bicarbonate, about 24 grains of each. 
 Used in affections of the respiratory organs. May to September. 
 Imported. 
 
 BRIDES-LES-BAINS (Savoy, France). — Muriated-sulphated springs. About 16 
 grains of Sodium Chloride, 10 grains of Sodium Sulphate, with Calcium 
 and Magnesium Sulphates, and ininute quantities of Iron and Arsenic. 
 Tonic with laxative action in large doses. June to September. Imported 
 (both Salts and Water). 
 
 BRUCKENAU (Bavaria). — Chalybeate. About 0-09 grain Iron Carbonate in 
 20 oz. Maj?^ to September. 
 
 BRUCOURT (Calvados, France). — Chalybeate. About 0-43 grain Iron Car- 
 bonate and 4-3 grains of Magnesium Sulphate in 20 oz. along with 
 Calciuna Bicarbonate. Used in anaemia and chlorosis. 
 
 BUDA-PESTH. — Several springs of bitter Water, such as Hunyadi-Janos, 
 Apenta, and Franz Josef, q.v. Buda or Ofen (opposite Pesth, Hungary). 
 Thermal. Temp. 141 • 5° F. (61° C). Internally and for bathing, chiefly 
 Sodium Sulphate and Carbonate. In gastric catarrh, obstinate con- 
 stipation, and in rheumatism and eczema. 
 
 BUFFALO LITHIA (Mecklenburg Co., Va., U.S.A.). — Three springs. Most 
 important is No. 2, which contains abovit 12 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Calcixim Sulphate and Bicarbonate, Potassium Carbonate (about 
 3^ grains), with Lithium Bicarlionate (about 2 J grains), Sulphuretted 
 Hydrogen and Carbonic Acid gas. 
 
POEEIGN. 1553 
 
 BUSSANG (Vosges, France). — Alkaline, fen-uginous, mild laxative. About 
 13 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium Carbonates, 
 with about 0-08 to 0-1 grain Iron Carbonate. Imported. 
 
 CAMBRUNNEN (Taunus). — Gaseous, antacid table Water. Imported. 
 
 CAPVERN (Hautes-Pyr^nees, France).— Thermal. Temp. 70° to 76° F. (21-1° 
 to 24*4° C), chiefly Calcium Sulphate, about 9 grains in 20 oz. Used 
 in gout and gravel. 
 
 CARABANA (Spain). — Aperient. Chiefly Sodium Sulphate, about 875 grains 
 in 20 oz. Imported. 
 
 CARLSBAD (Bohemia). — Various springs. Thermal. Hottest is ' Sprudel.' 
 Temp. 162-5° (72-2° C). About 21 grains Sodium Sulphate, about 
 10 grains Sodium Bicarbonate, and about 9 grains Sodium Chloride 
 in 20 oz., with Calcium Carbonate and Carbonic Acid gas. For con- 
 stipation, liver affections, gout, rheumatism, diabetes. April to 
 September. Imported (both Salts and Water). 
 
 CAUTERETS (Hautes-Pyr^nees). — Sulphurous. Thermal. From 103° to 128° F. 
 (39-4° to 53-3° C). About If grains in 20 oz., of which about 0- 1 grain 
 is Sodium Sulphide. May to October. Imported. 
 
 CHALLES (Savoy, France). — Cold sulphur Waters. About 11 grains in 20 oz., 
 of which about 4 grains are said to be Sodium Sulphide. In chronic 
 bronchitis, catarrh of throat, and scrofula. June to October. Imported. 
 
 CHARLOTTENBRUNNEN (Silesia). — Chalybeate. About 7 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium, Calcium, and Iron Carbonates. 
 
 CHATELDON (France). — A gaseous, alkaline table Water. Imported. 
 
 CHATEL-GUYON (Puy-de-Dome, France).— Alkaline. ' Source Gubler.' About 
 72 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium Bicarbonate (18 grains), Sodium 
 Bicarbonate, Magnesium and Sodium Chlorides, with Iron Bicarbonate 
 and Carbonic Acid gas. May to October. 
 
 CONDAL (Rubinat, Pyrenees, Spain). — Aperient. About 450 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium Sulphate (about 390 grains), with Magnesium Sulphate 
 (27 grains), Sodium Chloride, and Calcium Sulphate. Useful in chronic 
 indigestion and affections of the liver and spleen. Imported. 
 
 CONDILLAC (France). — A gaseous, alkaline drinking Water. Imported. 
 
 CONTREXEVILLE (Vosges, France). — Several springs, principal is * Source 
 Pavilion.' About 13 grains Calcium Sulphate, 3 grains Calcium 
 Bicarbonate in 20 oz., with minute quantities of Iron, Arsenic and 
 Calcium Fluoride. For urinary affections and chronic cystitis. May 
 to October. Imported. 
 
 DAX (Landes, France).— Thermal. Temp. 88° to 140° F. (31° to 60° C). Used 
 for baths and douches in chronic rheumatic affections. ' Mud baths ' 
 are also given for rheumatism, sciatica and nervous affections. 
 
 DESAIGNES (France). — ^Alkaline. From 27 to 36 grains Sodium Bicarbonate 
 in 20 oz. 
 
 DRIBURG (Westphalia, Germany). — Chalybeate. About 50 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Calcium Bicarbonate (12 grains) and Sulphate (9 grains), with 
 about i grain Iron Bicarbonate, and much free Carbonic Acid gas. 
 May to October. 
 
 EILSEN (Germany). — Sulphurous. ' Julianenbrunnen ' contains about 37 
 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Calcivun, Sodium and Magnesium Svilphates, 
 with Sulphuretted Hydrogen about 2 • 5 c. in. In gout, rheumatism 
 and paralysis. May to September. 
 
 EMS (Germany). — Alkaline, muriated, thermal. Temp, from 80° to 120° F. 
 (20-6° to 48-8°C.). Several sj)rings. ' Krahnehen,' ' Kesselbrunnen,' 
 ' Fiirstenbrunnen,' ' Neuequelle,' all contain a):)out 33 grains in 20 oz., 
 
1554 sfAS. 
 
 chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate (18^ grains) and Chloride (about 9 grains), 
 with Calcium and Magnesium Bicarbonates and over 500 vol?. Carbonic 
 Acid gas per 1000. In diseases of mucous membranes, catarrh of larynx 
 'and bronchi, gouty dyspepsia, cystitis. Imported (Water, Salts and 
 Pastilles). 
 
 ENGHIEN (Paris). — Sulphurous, containing both Calcium Sulphide and 
 Sulphuretted Hydrogen. For drinking and bathing. Imported. 
 
 EVIAN-LES-BAINS (Savoy, France). — Alkaline, table Waters. About 2^ grains 
 in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium Carbonate. 
 
 FACHINGEN (Hesse-Nassau, Germany). — Alkaline. About 47i grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate (about 35 grains) and Calcium and Magnesium 
 Bicarbonates, with Sodium Chloride. The spring is rich in Carbonic Acid 
 gas. For acidity in the stomach, and in kidney and bladder diseases. 
 Used also as a table Water. Imported. 
 
 FIUGGI (Italy). — Alkaline. About 0*6 grain each of Magnesium Carbonate 
 and Potassium Nitrate in 20 oz., along with Calcium Carbonate, Sodimn 
 Chloride, Oxygen, Carbonic Anhydride and Nitrogen. Used in gastric 
 catarrh, liver complaints and stomachic affections. 
 
 FRANZENSBAD (Bohemia). — Several springs, varying considerably in mineral 
 constituents. ' Franzensquelle,' ' Salzquelle,' ' Wiesenquelle ' and ' Kalte 
 Sprudel ' are for drinking, and contain Sodium Sulphate (24 to 31 grains in 
 20 oz.), with Sodium Carbonate, and Chloride and Iron Carbonate in 
 varjring quantities. The Chalybeate ' Moor-baths ' are baths containing 
 peat. Used in rheumatism and gout. May to Septexnber. 
 
 FRANZ JOSEF (Buda-Pesth). — Aperient. About 216 grains each of Sodium 
 and Magnesiuna Sulphates in 20 oz., with Magnesium Chloride, Calcium 
 Sulphate and Sodium Chloride. Imported. 
 
 FRIEDRICHSHALL (Saxe-Meiningen). — Aperient. According to Liebig con- 
 tained about 237 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Chloride (76 grains), 
 Sodium Sulphate (58 grains). Magnesium Sulphate (49 grains), with 
 Magnesium Chloride and Calcium Sulphate. In disorders of the stomach, 
 liver and urinary organs. Imported. 
 
 GASTEIN (Axistria). — Several thermal springs. Temp, from 78-5° to 121° F. 
 (26° to 49-4° C). About 2| grains in 20 oz., of which almost 2 grains are 
 Sodium Sulphate. Chiefly used for bathing. For nervous affections. 
 May to September. 
 
 GEILNAU (Hesse-Nassau). — Alkaline, muriated. Table water. 
 
 GEROLSTEIN (Rhine Province, Germany). — Table Water. About 19 grains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium Carbonates. 
 
 GIESSHUBLER (near Carlsbad in Bohemia). — Table Water. About 20 grains 
 in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium, Calcium and Magnesiiun Bicarbonates. 
 
 GODESBERG (Rliine Province, Germany). — Chalybeate, gaseous. ' Old ' spring 
 contains about ^ grain Iron Bicarbonate in 20 oz. ' New ' spring only 
 used for bathing, about • 4 grain. 
 
 GRIESBACH (Baden). — Chalybeate, gaseous. About 0-6 grain Iron Bi- 
 carbonate in 20 oz., with Sodium Sulphate and Calcium Bicarbonate. 
 
 GUBER (Srebernik, Bosnia). — Ferruginous and arsenical. About 6|^ gi-ains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Ferric Sulphate (about 3 grains), with Aluminium Sulphate, 
 and about • 05 grain of Arsenious Acid. 
 
 HALL (Upper Austria). — Muriated. Water of VTassilloquelle.' It^contains 
 principally Sodium Chloride, about 105 grains in 20 oz., along with about 
 0-008 p.c. and 0*002 p.c. of Magnesium Bromide and Iodide respectively. 
 A bath salt is also prepared. Used in scrofulous affections. The Water 
 is exported and known as ' Haller lodwasser.' May to September. 
 
FOREIGIT. 1555 
 
 HOMBURG (Hesse-Nassau, Germany).— Laxative, slightly tonic. For chinking, 
 ' Elizabeth-Brionnen,' ' Kaiser-Brunnen,' ' Ludwig-Brunnen,' ' Luisen- 
 Brunnen,' and ' Stahl-Biunnen.' Varying proportions of nuneral con- 
 stituents ; all are rich in Carbonic Acid gas. Chiefly Sodium Chloride, 
 Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate and Chloride, with Iron Car- 
 bonate. Useful in gouty affections, dyspepsia, hysteria, anaomia and 
 debility. May to September. Water and vSalts imported. 
 
 HUNYADI-JANOS (Buda-Pesth). — Aperient. Chiefly Sodium Sulphate (about 
 155 grains in 20 oz.), Magnesium Sulphate (about 150 grains), with Sodium 
 Chloride. Habitual constipation. Imported. 
 
 ISCHIA (Italy). — Principal spring, ' Gurgitello.' Thermal. Temp. 131° to 
 149° F. (55° to 65° C). About 52 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium 
 Chloride and Bicarbonate, with Carbonic Acid gas. Useful in rheumatism, 
 paralysis, skin diseases, etc. Spring and Summer. 
 
 ISCHL (Austria). — Brine baths. May to September. 
 
 JODBAD LIPIK (Slavonia, Hungary).— Alkaline. Thermal. 147° F. (63 • 8° C). 
 About 28 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate, with about J grain 
 of Sodium Iodide and Carbonic Acid gas. For catarrhal affections of 
 mucous membranes, gout, rheumatism, etc. 
 
 JOHANNIS (Hesse-Nassau). — Alkaline, table Water. Containing chiefly 
 Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium Bicarbonates, with Sodiiim Chloride. 
 
 KISSINGEN (Bavaria). — Principal spring, ' Rakoczy.' About 82 grains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Chloride (about 54 grains), with Potassium, 
 Lithium and Magnesium Chlorides, Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium 
 Sulphate. Also ' Pandur-Quello,' similar, and ' Max-brunnen ' weaker. 
 Carbonic Acid gas. Kissingen bitter Water from ' Soole ' springs. For 
 constipation, hsemorrhoids, catarrhal conditions of stomach and bowels. 
 May to September. Imported (Salts and Water). 
 
 KOSEN (Saxony). — About 477 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Chloride 
 (420 grains). Baths, in scrofula. 
 
 KCENIGSDORFF-JASTRZEMB (Silesia). — Saline. About 109 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium Chloride, with a little Magnesium Bromide and Iodide. 
 
 KRANKENHEIL (Bavaria). — About 7 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sochum Bi- 
 carbonate and Chloride. In scrofulous skin diseases. May to October. 
 
 KREUZNACH (Rhine Province, Germany). — Several springs. ' Elizabethquelle,' 
 chiefly used for drinking. About 117 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodiuni 
 Chloride (about 90 grains), with Calcium and Magnesiiim Chlorides and 
 a little Bromide and Iodide. The mother lye, from which the common 
 salt has been crystallised, about 3100 grains in 20 oz., a large amount 
 being Calcium Chloride. Tonic to lymphatic systetn. In syphilis, skin 
 diseases, rheumatism and paralysis. Water, Salt and Brine are all 
 imported. 
 
 KRONDORF (Bohemia). — Table Water. About 21 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium Bicarbonates, with Carbonic Acid gas. 
 In gou,t and as a diuretic. Imported. 
 
 KRONENQUELLE (Obersalzbrunn, Silesia). — ^Alkaline. About 20 grains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate (about 7J grains), with Calcium and 
 Magnesium Bicarbonates, Sodium Sulphate, Lithiiun Cai'bonate and 
 Carbonic Acid gas. In nephritic and arthritic affections, and in gouty 
 diathesis. May to September. Imported. 
 
 KRONTHAL (Germany). — ^Table Water. Chiefly Sodium Chloride, with 
 Calcium Carbonate and Carbonic Acid gas. Imported. 
 
 V 
 
 LABASSERE (Hautes-Pyrenees). — Sulphurous. Chiefly Sodium Chloride, with 
 about i- grain Sodium Sulphide in 20 oz. Bronchial and laryngeal 
 catarrh. June to October. 
 
1556 SPAS. 
 
 LANDECK (Silesia).— Thermal. 66° to 84-2° F. (18-8° to 29° C). Under 
 2 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate and Sulphate, with traces 
 of Sulphide and Sulphuretted Hydrogen. For bronchial catarrh. Also 
 ' Moor-baths,' for rheumatism. 
 
 LANGENBRUCKEN (Baden). — Chiefly Sodium, Magnesium and Calcivun 
 Sulphates, with Carbonic Acid gas and traces of Sulphuretted Hydrogen. 
 For haemorrhoidal conditions, bronchial irritation and rheumatism. 
 
 LEUK or LOECHE-LES-BAINS (Switzerland). — Thermal. 102° to 124° F. (48-8° 
 to 51- 1° C). About 18 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium Sulphate, with 
 Magnesium Sulphate. In chronic skin affections. June to Septem])er. 
 
 LEVICO (Austrian Tyrol). — Arsenical and Ferruginous. Two strengths, 
 'strong' and 'mild.' The strong contains about 0-07 grain Arsenious 
 Anhydride, with about 33 grains Iron salts in 20 oz. ; the mild about 
 0-008 grain Arsenious Anhydride, with about 8 grains of Iron salts. 
 June to September. Imported. 
 
 LIPPIK.— See JODBAD LIPIK. 
 
 LIPPSPRINGE (Westphalia, Germany). — ' Arminiusquelle ' contains about 
 21 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium and Sodium Sulphates. In bronchial 
 irritation and tuberculosis. May to September. 
 
 LUCCA (Italy).— Thermal. 98° to 129° F. (36-6° to 53-8° C). About 
 Hi grains in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium and Magnesimn Sulphates, with 
 Sodivun Chloride. Baths in gout and rheumatism. June to September. 
 
 LUHATSCHOWITZ (Moravia, Austria). — Several springs. Vincenz-, Amand- 
 and Johann-Brunnen are the chief. Contain in 20 oz. from about 27 to 
 39 grains of Sodium Carbonate and 21 to 39 grains of Sodium Chloride, 
 with Calcium Carbonate, also Sodium Iodide and Bromide, and Carbonic 
 Acid gas. In bronchial, gastric and uterine catarrh, congested liver and 
 haemorrhoids. May to September. 
 
 MARCOLS (France). — Alkaline. 21 to 23 grains Sodium Bicarbonate in 20 oz. 
 
 MARIENBAD (Bohemia). — Chief springs are ' Kreuz-brunnen ' and ' Ferdinand- 
 brurmen.' The first about 92 grains in 20 oz. Second about 102 grains 
 in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Sulphate (44 to 4.5 grains). Sodium Bicarbonate 
 (14 to 10 grains), with Sodimn Chloride, and Calcium and Magnesium 
 Carbonates. Laxative. Useful in obesity, dyspepsia, gravel, gout and 
 chronic constipation. May to September. Imported (Salts and Water). 
 
 MEINBERG (Germany). — Several springs, varying in strength. Contain Sodium 
 ■ and Magnesium Sulphates, with Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate. 
 Sulphurous mud-baths are used. For scrofula, rheumatism and gout, 
 facial neuralgia, and generally tonic. May to September. 
 
 MERGENTHEIM (Wurtemberg). — Aperient. About 119 grains Sodium Chloride ; 
 33 grains Sorlitnn Sulphate ; and about 22 grains Magnesium Sulphate 
 in 20 oz., with Carbonic Acid gas. For chronic constipation, catarrh of 
 stomach and intestines, etc. 
 
 MONDORF (Luxembourg). — Muriated, for di-inking and bathing. Temp. 77° F. 
 (25° C), chiefly Sodium Chloride about 78 grains in 20 oz., with Calcium 
 Chloride and Sulphate, and Magnesium Bromide and Chloride. 
 
 MONT DORE (France). — Source ' Madeleine ' and source ' Bardon,' mostly used 
 internally. About 18 grains in 20 oz. Thermal Waters, temp, up to 
 113° F. (45° C), xised for baths, drinking, inhalations, etc. For chronic 
 laryngitis and bronchitis. June to September. 
 
 NAUHEIM (Germany). — ' Kur-brunnen ' and ' Karls-brtmnen,' chiefly for 
 drinking. Containing Sodium Chloride 87 to 130 grains in 20 oz. and 
 Calcium Chloride, with Carbonic Acid gas. The bath Waters are about 
 double this strength. Temp. 82° to 95 • 5° F. (27 • 7° to 35° C. ). In cardiac 
 affections, rheumatism, etc. A special form of treatment is adopted here, 
 known as the ' Nauheini method.' May to September. 
 
FOREIGN. 1 557 
 
 NENNDORF (Germany). — Stilphurous. ' Trinkquelle ' only one used for drink- 
 ing. Abont 25 grairus in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium, Magnesium and Calcium 
 Sxilphates, with Calciiim Chloride and Sulphuretted Hydrogen. ' Roden- 
 berg ' brine considerably stronger and used for bathing. For rheumatism, 
 gout, cutaneous affections and catarrh of respiratory organs. May to 
 September. 
 
 NEUENAHR. — See APOLLINARIS. 
 
 OBERSALZBRUNN (Salzbrunn, Silesia). ^ — Alkaline. Chief spring ' Oberbrunnen,' 
 containing about 19 gfains Sodium Bicarbonate in 20 oz., with Sodium 
 Sulphate, Magnesium and Calcium Bicarbonates and a small quantity of 
 Lithiiim Bicarbonate. In nephritic affections and gouty diathesis. May 
 to September. Imported. 
 
 OREZZA (Corsica). — Gaseous, chalybeate. A kind of ferruginous Seltzer Water 
 agreeable to drink. Chiefly Calcium Carbonate, with about 1 grain of 
 Iron Carbonate in 20 oz. 
 
 PFAFFERS.— (See RAGATZ-PFAFFERS. 
 
 PLOMBIERES (Vosges, France).— Thermal. 77° to 155° F. (25° to 68-3° C). 
 About 2i grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium Sili- 
 cates, with Sodium Sulphate. Principally used as baths. In treatment 
 of gastralgia, dyspepsia, and catarrhal enteritis. 
 
 POLAND (U.S.A.).— Alkaline. Contains Calciimi Carbonate (1-228 grains in 
 each U.S. gallon) along with Magnesium and Sodium Carbonates, Sodium 
 Chloride and Potassium Sulphate. Used in chronic dyspepsia and liver 
 congestion. 
 
 POUGUES (Loire, France). — Alkaline (calcareous). ' St. Leger ' spring contains 
 about 15 grains Calcium Bicarbonate and 6 grains Sodjum Bicarbonate in 
 20 oz., with Magnesium Bicarbonate and Chloride. Used in dyspepsia, 
 chronic diarrhcea, and urinary affections. 
 
 PULLNA (Bohemia). — Saline, purgative. About 310 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Sodium and Magnesium Sulphates, with Magnesium Chloride and Car- 
 bonate, and Carbonic Acid gas. Useful in obstinate constipation. 
 Imported. 
 
 PYRMONT (Waldeck).- — Several springs, chalybeate and niui-iated. ' Haupt- 
 quelle ' and ' Helenen-quelle ' are the two chief chalybeate springs used 
 for drinking. They contain from ^ to ^ grain Iron Carbonate in 20 oz. 
 'I'he muriated Waters contain varying quantities of Sodiiun Chloride 
 from 63 grains in ' Trinkquelle ' to 288 grains in ' Bohrlochsoole ' in 
 20 oz. In anaemia, debility, scrofula and functional nervous affections. 
 
 RAGATZ-PFAFFERS (Switzerland).— Thermal. Temp. 98° F. (36-6° C). About 
 3 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Magnesium and Sodium Carbonates, with Sodivun 
 and Calcium Sulphates. Rich in Nitrogen. June to September. 
 
 RAKOCZI. See KISSINGEN. 
 
 RECOARO (Venetia). — Chalybeate. About 25 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Calcium 
 Sulphate and Carbonate, Magnesium Sulphate and about -J grain Iron 
 Carbonate, with Carbonic Acid gas. May to October. 
 
 REICHENHALL (Bavarian Alps). — Numerous saline springs, most important 
 being ' Edel quelle,' which contains about 2237 gi-ains in 20 oz., of which 
 about 2150 are Sodium Chloride. Chiefly used for baths in scrofula, 
 catarrh of the respiratory organs, etc. May to September. 
 
 RENAISON (France). — Table Water containing Sodium and Calcium Bicar- 
 bonates. 
 
 RHENS (Rhine Province, Germany). — Muriated, alkaline, table Water. 
 
 RIPPOLDSAU (Baden). — ^Three springs used for diinking, ' Josephs-quelle,' 
 ' Leopolds-quelle,' ' Wenzelqvtelle.' Chalybeate. About 33 grains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Calcium Bicarbonate, Sodium Sulphate and Magnesium 
 
1558 SPAS, 
 
 Sulphate, with about J grain Iron Bicarbonate. For anfemia, also useful 
 in pulmonary catarrh. ' Natroine ' and ' Schwefelnatroine ' artificially 
 carbonated and sulphated to counteract tendency to constipation. May 
 to September. 
 
 ROISDORF (Rhine Province, Germany). — A muriatod, alkaline table Water. 
 Chiefly Sodium Chloride and Sodium Carbonate. 
 
 ROSBACH (near Homburg, Germany). — A muriatod, alkaline table Water. 
 Chiefly Sodium Chloride and Calcium Carbonate. Imported. 
 
 ROYAT (Puy-de-D6me, France). — ^Alkaline. Thermal. Temp. 68° to 95° F.- 
 
 (20° to 35° C). Several springs, 'Eugenie,' 'Caesar,' '-St. Mark,' 
 ' St. Victor.' Source ' Eugenie ' most Iiighly mineralised, contains about 
 48 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate and Chloride, with Calcium 
 Bicarbonate, and Carbonic Acid gas. For gout, uric acid diathesis, 
 dyspepsia, chronic laryngitis and bronchitis. May to September. 
 Imported. 
 
 RUBINAT (Pyrenees, Spain). — ^Natural purgative Water. About 900 grains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Sulphate (about 840 grains) and Magnesium 
 Sulphate (about 28 grains), with Sodium Chloride and Calcium Sulphate. 
 For constipation, congestion, gastric fever, etc. Imported. 
 
 SAINT BOES (Basses-Pyrenees, France). — Suljihurous, bitiiminous. About 14 
 grains in 20 oz.. Sodium Sulphide, with Sulphuretted Hydrogen, Iodine, 
 and Arsenic. For bronchitis, larjoigitis, and in pulmonary tuberculosis. 
 
 SAINT GALMIER (France). — Alkaline table Water, containing Sodium, Calcium 
 and Magnesium Bicarbonates, and may be obtained charged with addi- 
 tional Carbonic Acid gas. Imported. 
 
 SAINT GERVAIS (France).— Thermal. Temp. 102° to 108° F. (38 ■ 8° to 42 • 2° C. ). 
 Three springs, ' Som'ce de Mey,' ' de Gontard,' ' du Torrent.' Contain 
 Sodiuni Sulphate, Sodium Chloride and Calcium Sulphate. In cutaneous 
 affections, chronic rheumatism and dyspepsia. Jime to September. 
 
 SALIES-DE-BEARN (Basses-Pyrenees, France). — -Brine baths, containing about 
 1925 grains Sodium Chloride, with Magnesium and Potassiiim Chloride, 
 in 20 oz. 
 
 SALINS-LES-BAINS (Jura, France). — Saline. About 198 grains Sodium Chloride 
 in 20 oz., with about J grain Potassium Bromide, and traces of Sodium 
 Iodide. For scrofulous affections. May to September. 
 
 SALVATOR (Eperies, Hrmgary). — Alkaline, gaseous. With about 2i grains 
 Sodium Bicarbonate, 8 grains Magnesium Bicarbonate and 15 grains 
 Calcium Bicarbonate in 20 oz. For urinary affections, etc. 
 
 SANKT-MORITZ or SAINT MORITZ (Upper Engadine, Switzerland). — Three 
 springs, ' Alte ' or ' Badoquelle,' ' Paracelsusquelle ' and the recently 
 discovered ' Sui'prmt-quelle.' Slightly chalybeate. About 23 grains in 
 20 oz., chiefly Calcium, Magnosimn and Sodium Bicarbonates, with 
 Sodium Sulphate and about :^ grain Iron Carbonate. June to September. 
 
 SARATOGA (U.S.A.).- — ^ Alterative. Chiefly Sodiima Chloride, Calcium Bicar- 
 bonate, Magnesiuna Bicarbonate, with Sodium Iodide and Bromide. 
 Useful in glandular and visceral obstructions and in skin diseases. 
 ' Congress ' and ' A ' springs are bottled for export. 
 
 SAUERBRUNNEN (Goslar-am-Hartz, Germany). — A natural, mineral table 
 Water, containing chiefly Magnesirun Bicarbonate and Sulphate. 
 
 SCHINZNACH (Switzerland). — Strongly sulphm-ous. Thermal. 82 • 4° to 95° F. 
 (28° to 35° C). Chiefly Sodium Sulphate, with Potassium and Magnesimn 
 Chlorides, and about f grain Calcirun Sulphide in 20 oz. Rich in Sulphu- 
 retted Hydrogen. For chronic eczema and all skin eruptions, gout and 
 rheumatism. May to September, 
 
SORJiiGK. 1559 
 
 SCHLANGENBAB (Nassau, Germany). — Simple thermal 'Water. Temp. 81-5° 
 to 89" F. (27 • 2° to 31 • 6° C). About 3i grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium 
 Chloride. Rich in Oxygen and Nitrogen. Useful in nervous ii-ritability, 
 is stated to have a sedative and beneficial influence on the skin. June, 
 July and August. 
 
 SCHWALBACH (Nassau, Germany). — Several springs. ' Stahlbrunnen ' and 
 ' Weinbrunnen ' mostly used internally. ' Paulinenbrunnen ' and ' Rosen- 
 brunnen ' are used for baths. Chalybeate. Chiefly Magnesium and Calcium 
 Bicarbonates, with J to | grain Iron Bicarbonate in 20 oz. and excess of 
 Carbonic Acid gas. For amemia and leucorrhcea. June, July and August. 
 
 SEIDLITZ (Bohemia). — Bitter aperient. About 140 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Magnesiimi Sulphate (about 100 grains) with Sodium Sulphate and 
 Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate. 
 
 SELTERS (Nassau).— A muriated, alkaline table Water, containing chiefly 
 Sodium Chloride about 20 grains in 20 oz., with Sodium, Calcium and 
 Magnesium Bicarbonates and excess of Carbonic Acid gas. Imported. 
 
 SODEN (Nassau, Germany). — Several springs. 'Milch-,' 'Warm-,' ' Wilhelms-' 
 and ' Sool-brunnen.' Saline, containing chiefly Sodium Chloride from 
 22 to 140 grains in 20 oz., with Calcimn and Magnesium Carbonates, and 
 from 0*2 to 0*7 grain Iron Carbonate. For chronic laryngitis, bron- 
 chitis, gout and scrofula. May to September. 
 
 SPA (Belgium). — Several springs, principal are ' Pierre le Grand ' and ' Prince 
 de Conde.' Chalybeate, alkaline. About 49 grains in 20 oz., chiefly 
 Magnesium, Calcium and Sodium Carbonates, with about | to 1 grain 
 Iron Bicarbonate. In anaemia, menorrhagia and debility. May to October. 
 
 TARASP (Switzerland). — Several springs. ' Lucius ' and ' Emerita ' are 
 sulphated, ' Bonifacius ' is chalybeate. They contain about 19 grains 
 Sodium Sulphate, 36 grains Sodium Bicarbonate, 32 grains Sodium 
 Chloride in 20 oz., with other salts. 'Bonifacius' contains about 0*4 
 grain Iron Carbonate in 20 oz. Carbonic Acid gas. U.seful in obesity, 
 gout, rheumatism and skin diseases, anaemia, etc. June to September. 
 
 TAUNUS (Frankfort). — A muriated, alkaline table Water, containing chiefly 
 Sodium Chloride, with Calcium Carbonate and excess of Carbonic Acid 
 gas. 
 
 THONON (France). — Weakly mineralised Waters, similar to those of Evian- 
 les-Bains. 
 
 TCHITLI (Turkey). — About 55 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate. 
 
 TOEPLITZ or TEPLITZ (Bohemia).— Alkaline, thermal. Temp. 83° to 114° F. 
 (28-3° to 45-5° C). About 6 grains total solids in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium 
 Carbonate about 3| grains. Used in rheumatism, gout, paralysis and 
 nervous affections. May to September. 
 
 VALS (France). — Several springs varying in mineral strength from 27 grains 
 to 77 grains in 20 oz. ' Saint-Jean,' 'Precieuse,' ' Desir6e,' ' P>,igolette,' 
 and ' Madeleine ' are the sources mostly used in England. The Waters 
 contain chiefly Sodium Bicarbonate, with Calcium and Magnesium 
 Bicarbonates, and Carbonic Acid gas. In dyspepsia and gastric catarrh. 
 May to October. Imported. 
 
 VERNET (Pyr^nees-Orientales, France). — Thermal Sulphur springs, 90° to 
 154° F. (32-2° to 67-7° C). About ^ grain Sodium Sulphide in 20 oz. 
 Used for drinking and bathing. For rheumatism, cutaneous eruptions 
 and affections of respiratory organs. 
 
 VICHY (France).— Alkaline, thermal. Temp, from 57° to 106° F. (13-8° to 
 41-1°C.). Nimierous springs, ' Grande-Grille,' ,' L'Hopital,' ' Celestins,' 
 ' Hauterive,' ' Saint Yorre.' They contain from 70 to 80 grains in 20 oz., 
 chiefly Sodium Bicaxbonate from 35 to 45 grains, with Sodium Chloride 
 and other salts. Used in kidney diseases, diabetes, gouty, hepatic and 
 
1660 SPAS. 
 
 urinary diseases. For drinking and bathing. May to October. 
 Imported (Pastilles, Salts and Water). 
 
 VILLACABRAS (Spain). — Aperient Water, contains chiefly Sodium Sulphate. 
 
 VITTEL (Vosges, France). — Calcareous springs resembling those of Contrexe- 
 ville. May to September. Imported. 
 
 WEILBACH (Nassau, Germany). — Two springs, ' Schwef el quelle ' and ' Natron- 
 lithionquelle.' The first, a sulphur Water, contains about 14 grains total 
 solids in 20 oz., with Sulphuretted Hydrogen. The other about 2.5 grains 
 in 20 07.., chiefly Sodium Chloride and Bicarbonate, with a small quantity 
 of Lithium Bicarbonate. For hemorrhoids, gout, rheumatism and 
 urinary complaints. Imported. 
 
 WIESBADEN (Nassau, Germany). — Several springs, the principal being ' Koch- 
 brunnen.' Saline. Thermal. 100° to 156° F. (37-7° to 69° C). About 
 79 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Chloride (about 65 grains), with 
 Calcium and Magnesium Chlorides. In chronic gout and rheumatism, 
 catarrh of larynx and bronchitis. ' Wiesbadener Gichtwasser,' a prepara- 
 tion made from Kochbrunnen with the addition of about 70 grains 
 Sodium Bicarbonate in 20 oz. Imported. 
 
 WILDBAD (Wurtemberg).— Thermal. Temp. 91-5° to 104-5° F. (.3,3° to 40° C). 
 Numerous springs. About 4 grains in 20 oz., chiefly Sodium Chloride. 
 Baths are used in chronic rheumatism and gout and paraplegic paralysis 
 of lower extremities. June to September. 
 
 WILDUNGEN (Waldeck, Germany). ^ — Several springs. Principal are ' Helenen- 
 quelle ' and ' Georg-Victor-quelle,' containing varying quantities of 
 minerals, chiefly Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium Bicarbonates. U-sed 
 in cy.stitis, pyelitis, renal and vesical disorders. 
 
 WITTEKIND (Halle, Saxony). — Saline Water for drinking, containing about 
 3i p.c. salt. Also mixed with mother lye for baths. 
 
CIiASSIPICATION OF MINER At; WATEBS. 
 
 1561 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL WATERS. 
 
 Comparatively Free from Salts. 
 
 Buxton. 
 
 Church Stretton. 
 
 Coulsworthy. 
 
 Evian-lcs- Bains. 
 
 Gastein. 
 
 Malvern. 
 
 Schlangenbad. 
 
 Thonon. 
 
 Wildbad. 
 
 Saline. 
 
 Achsehnaixnstein. 
 
 Adelheidsquolle. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 Arnstadt. 
 
 Baden. 
 
 Baden-Baden. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Battaglia. 
 
 Bonifaoius. 
 
 Bonnes. 
 
 Borcette, or Burtscheid. 
 
 Brides-les-Bains. 
 
 Bridge of Allan. 
 
 Buda, or Ofen. 
 
 Carlsbad. 
 
 Cheltenham. 
 
 Droitwich. 
 
 Hall. 
 
 Homburg. 
 
 Ischia. 
 
 Ischl. 
 
 Kissingen. 
 
 Kosen. 
 
 Koenigsdorf-Jastrzemb. 
 
 ICrankenheil. 
 
 Kreuznach. 
 
 Leamington. 
 
 Llangammarch. 
 
 Mergentheim. 
 
 Mondorf. 
 
 Nauheim. 
 
 Peebles (St. Ronan's Well). 
 
 Pyrmont. 
 
 Reichenhall. 
 
 Salies-de-Bearn. 
 
 Salins-les-Bains. 
 
 Saratoga. 
 
 Selters. 
 
 Soden. 
 
 Spa. 
 
 Wiesbaden. 
 
 Wittekind. 
 
 Woodhall. 
 
 Bitter Saline. 
 
 Aesculap. 
 
 Apenta. 
 
 Arabella. 
 
 Birmenstorf. 
 
 Buda-Pesth. 
 
 Carabana. 
 
 Condal. 
 
 Franz Josef. 
 
 Friedrichshall. 
 
 Hunyadi. 
 
 Marienbad. 
 
 IMergentheim. 
 
 Pullna. 
 
 Rubinat. 
 
 Seidlitz. 
 
 Villacabras. 
 
 Alkaline, and Gaseous Alkaline. 
 
 Bellthal. 
 
 Bilin. 
 
 Birresborn. 
 
 Bussang. 
 
 Chatel-Guyon. 
 
 Ems. 
 
 Fachingen. 
 
 Franzensbad. 
 
 Ischia. 
 
 Jodbad Lipik. 
 
 Johannis. 
 
 Jii'ondorf. 
 
 Kronenquelle. 
 
 Luhatschowitz. 
 
 Marcols. 
 
 Marienbad. 
 
 Obersalzbrunn. 
 
 Roisdorf. 
 
 Rosbach. 
 
 Royat. 
 
 Saint Galmier. 
 
 Salvator. 
 
 Selters. 
 
 Tchitli. 
 
 Toeplitz. 
 
 Vals. 
 
 Vichy. 
 
 Wildungen. 
 
 Alkaline and Calcareous. 
 
 Bsthesda. 
 
 Buffalo Lithia. 
 
 Capvern. 
 
 Contrexeville. 
 
 Fiuggi. 
 
 Lippspringe. 
 
1562 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF MINEEAL WATERS. 
 
 Lucca. 
 Poland. 
 Pougues. 
 Vittel. 
 
 Arsenical. 
 
 Bourboule. 
 
 Brides-les-Bains. 
 
 Bussang. 
 
 Gviber. 
 
 Levico. 
 
 Mont Dore. 
 
 Vals. 
 
 Barium. 
 Liangammarch. 
 
 Chalybeate. 
 
 Met. 
 
 Alexanderbad. 
 
 Alexisbad. 
 
 Auteuil. 
 
 Berka. 
 
 Booklet. 
 
 Brides-les-Bains. 
 
 Bruckenau. 
 
 Brucourt. 
 
 Bussang. 
 
 Charlottenbrunnen. 
 
 Driburg. 
 
 Flitwick. 
 
 Franzensbad. 
 
 Godesberg. 
 
 Griesbach. 
 
 Guber. 
 
 Harrogate. 
 
 Lisdoonvarna. 
 
 I^landrindod. 
 
 Llanwrtyd. 
 
 Orezza. 
 
 Pyrmont. 
 
 Recoaro. 
 
 Pvippol dsau. 
 
 Saint Moritz. 
 
 Schwalbach. 
 
 Soden. 
 
 Spa. 
 
 Tar asp. 
 
 Trefriw. 
 
 Sulphurous. 
 
 Ai X -1 a-Chapelle. 
 
 Aix-les-Bains. 
 
 Allevard. 
 
 Baden. 
 
 Bagneres-de-Luchon. 
 
 Bareges. 
 
 Berka. 
 
 Bonnes. 
 
 Cauterets. 
 
 ! Challes. 
 Eilsen. 
 Enghien. 
 Harrogate. 
 Lab assure. 
 Lisdoonvarna. 
 Llandrindod. 
 Llanwrtyd. 
 Landeck. 
 Meinberg. 
 Moffat. 
 Nenndorf. 
 Peebles. 
 Saint Boes. 
 Strathpeffer. 
 Schinznach. 
 Vernet. 
 Weilbach. 
 
 Lithiated. 
 
 Baden -Baden. 
 
 Bonifacius. 
 
 Buffalo Lithia. 
 
 Franzensbad. 
 
 Llanwrtyd (Victoria Spring). 
 
 Kissingen. 
 
 Ivronenquelle. 
 
 Obersal zbrunn. 
 
 Weilbach. 
 
 Thermal Springs. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, 113° to 133° F. (45° 
 
 to 56° C). 
 Baden-Baden, 124° to 150° F. (51-1° 
 
 to 65-5° C). 
 Bagn^res-de-Luchon, 61° to 152° F. 
 
 (16-1° to 66-6° C). 
 Bareges, 81° to 111° F. (27-2° to 
 
 43-8° C). 
 Bath, 88° to 120° F. (31-1° to 48 -8° 
 
 C). 
 Battaglia, 136° to 160° F. (57-7° to 
 
 71-1° C). 
 Bonne-s 72° to 90-5°F. (22-2° to 
 
 32-2° C). 
 Buda, or Ofen, 141 • 5° F. (61° C). 
 Buxton, 82° F. (27-7° C). 
 Capvern, 70° to 76° F. (21-1° to 
 
 24-4° C.). 
 Carlsbad, ' Sprudel,' 162° F. (72-2° 
 
 C.). 
 Cauterets, 103° to 128° F. (39-4° to 
 
 53-3°C.). 
 Dax, 88° to 140° F. (31° to 60° C). 
 Ems, 80° to 120° F. (26-6° to 48-8° 
 
 c.)- 
 
 Gastein, 78° to 121° F. (26° to 49-4° 
 
 C). 
 Ischia, 131° to 149° F. (55° to 65° C). 
 Jodbad Lipik, 147° F. (63-8° C)- 
 
etASStMCATlON Of MlilBBAL WATERS. 
 
 1563 
 
 Landeck, 66° to 84° F. (18-8° to 29° 
 
 C). 
 Leuk, or Lo^che-les-Bains, 102° to 
 
 124° F. (48-8° to 51-1°C.). 
 Lucca, 98° to 129° F. (36-6° to 53-8° 
 
 C). 
 Mondorf, 77° F. (25° C). 
 Mont Dore, up to 113° F. (45° C). 
 Nauheim, 82° to 95-5° F. (27-7° to 
 
 35° C). 
 Plombieres, 77° to 155° F. (25° to 
 
 68 • 3° C ) 
 Ragatz Pfaffers, 98° F. (36-6° C.)- 
 Royat, 68° to 95° F. (20° to 35° C). 
 Saint Gervais, 102° to 108° F. (38-8° 
 
 to 42-2° C). 
 Schinznach, 82-4° to 95° F. (28° to 
 
 35° C). 
 Schlangenbad, 81-5° to 89° F. (27-2° 
 
 to 31-6° C). 
 Toeplitz, 83° to 114° F. (28-3° to 
 
 45-5° C). 
 Vernet, 90° to 154° F. (32-2° to 
 
 67-7° C). 
 Vichy, 57° to 100° F. (13-8° to 41-1° 
 
 C). 
 Wiesbaden, 100° to 150= F. (37-7° 
 
 to 09° C). 
 
 Wildbad, 91-5° to 104° F. (33° to 
 40° C). 
 
 Table Waters. 
 
 Apollinaris. 
 
 Bellthal. 
 
 Bilin. 
 
 Birresborn. 
 
 Cambrunnen. 
 
 Condillac. 
 
 Evian-les-Bains. 
 
 Fachingen. 
 
 Geilnau. 
 
 Gerolstein. 
 
 Giesshiibler. 
 
 Johannis. 
 
 Krondorf. 
 
 I\j'onthai. 
 
 Malvei'n. 
 
 Marcols. 
 
 Renaison, 
 
 Rhens. 
 
 Pi.oisdorf. 
 
 Rosbach. 
 
 Saint Gaimier. 
 
 Selters. 
 
 Taunus. 
 
 Thonon. 
 
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 1.2 I 2 
 
1569 
 
 BEAUME'S HYDEOMETEE COMPAEED WITH THE 
 
 SPECIFIC GEAVITY OE LIQUIDS HEAVIEE 
 
 THAN WATER 
 
 I'OOO BEING TAKEN AS THE SPECIFIC GBAVITY OP DISTILLED WATER AT 
 15-5° CENTIGRADE = 60° FAHRENHEIT. 
 
 Beaiim^. 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 8 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 85 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 1-000 
 1-007 
 
 Beaume. 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 1-367 
 
 1-380 
 
 1-014 
 
 41 
 
 1-394 
 
 1-021 
 
 42 
 
 1-407 
 
 1-028 
 1-036 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 1-421 
 
 1-435 
 
 1-043 
 
 45 
 
 1-449 
 
 1-051 
 
 46 
 
 1-464 
 
 1-058 
 
 47 
 
 1-479 
 
 1-066 
 
 48 
 
 1-494 
 
 1-074 
 
 49 
 
 1-510 
 
 1-082 
 
 50 
 
 1-526 
 
 1-090 
 
 51 
 
 1-542 
 
 1-098 
 
 52 
 
 1-558 
 
 1-107 
 
 53 
 
 1-575 
 
 1-115 
 
 54 
 
 1-593 
 
 1-124 
 
 65 
 
 1-610 
 
 1-133 
 
 56 
 
 1-628 
 
 1-142 
 
 57 
 
 1-647 
 
 1-151 
 
 58 
 
 1-666 
 
 1-160 
 
 59 ... . 
 
 1-685 
 
 1-169 
 
 60 
 
 1-705 
 
 1-179 
 
 61 . .. 
 
 1-725 
 
 1-188 
 
 62 
 
 1-746 
 
 1-198 
 
 63 
 
 1-767 
 
 1-208 
 
 64 
 
 1-789 
 
 1-218 
 
 65 
 
 1-811 
 
 1-229 
 
 66 
 
 1-834 
 
 1-239 
 1-250 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 1-857 
 
 1-882 
 
 1-261 
 
 69 
 
 1-906 
 
 1-272 
 
 70 
 
 1-932 
 
 1-283 
 
 71 
 
 1-958 
 
 1-294 
 
 72 
 
 1-984 
 
 1-306 
 
 73 
 
 2-011 
 
 1-318 
 
 74 
 
 2-040 
 
 1-330 
 1-342 
 1-355 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 2-069 
 
 2-099 
 
 2-130 
 
 Specific Gravity of Syrups, etc., may be tested with a ten-ounce measure. 
 Ten measured ounces of simple syrup should weigh nearly thirteen ounces and 
 146 grains, representing the sp. gr. 1-330. 
 
 3 E 
 
1570 
 
 MATERIA MEDIC A TABLE 
 
 See Notes^ 
 
 Name. 
 
 AcacioG Cortex. 
 
 Acacife Gummi 
 
 Aconiti Radix . 
 
 Acori Calami 
 Rhizoma 
 
 Adeps Lanse . 
 
 Adeps Prteparatu^s 
 
 Agropyrum 
 
 Ajowan Oleum 
 Alkanuae Radix 
 
 Aloe 
 
 Alstonia 
 Althaese Radix. 
 
 Ammouiacum 
 
 Amomi Melaguetse 
 Semiua . 
 
 Amygdala Amara 
 
 Amygdala Dulcis 
 Amygdalfe Oleum 
 
 Amylum 
 
 Auethi Fructus 
 Anisi Fructus . 
 Anisi Oleum . 
 Anthemidis Floras 
 Anthemidis Oleum 
 Arachis Oleum 
 Araroba 
 Arecffi Semina 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 J Acacia Arabica and Aca 
 I cia decurrens . 
 /Acacia Senegal, and 
 t otber species . 
 
 Aconitum ' Napellus ' 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 Acorus Calamus . 
 
 Ovis Aries 
 
 Sus Scrofa 
 
 Agropyrum repens . 
 
 Carum Copticum . 
 Alkanna tiuctoria . 
 
 I Aloe Chinensis, Aloe 
 Perryi, and probably 
 other species . 
 
 I Alstonia scholaris . 
 \Alstonia constricta . 
 Althaea ofliciualis 
 
 jDorema Ammoniacum 
 l_ and other species . 
 
 Amomum Melagueta 
 
 JPrunus Amygdalus 
 I (var. amara) . 
 jPrunus Amygdalus 
 [ (var. dulcis) 
 Both of the above . 
 
 i' Triticum sativum 
 (wheat) .... 
 Zea ' Mays ' (maize) 
 Oryza sativa (rice) . 
 
 Peucedanum graveolens 
 
 Pimpinella Ajiisum 
 
 (Illicium verum . 
 Anthemis nobilis 
 
 Arachis hypogsea 
 Andira •' Araroba ' 
 Areca Catechu . 
 
 WLeguminosae 
 (Fabaceae) 
 
 Ranunculacoffi 
 Aracese . 
 Ungulata . 
 
 Graminacese 
 
 ( Umbellifera; 
 \ (Apiacese) 
 Boraginaceae 
 
 Liliaceae 
 
 Apocynaceae 
 Malvaces . 
 Umbelliferte 
 
 Scitaminaceaj 
 Rosaceae 
 
 Graminaceae 
 Umbelliferae 
 
 Magnoliacese 
 fCompositae 
 \ (Asteraceae) 
 
 Leguminosae 
 
 Palmacese 
 
 Africa, Australia and India 
 Khordofan, in Eastern Africa 
 Britain 
 
 'Central and 
 Europe . 
 
 Southern) 
 . • -J 
 
 Domesticated everyv^here 
 
 ("Europe, North America, and' 
 \ Asia ^ 
 
 India, Egypt and Persia 
 
 South of Europe .... 
 ^ Dutch West Indian Islands 
 I and Barbados, also Socotra- 
 j (shipped by way of Bombay 
 { and Zanzibar) .... 
 
 India, the Philippine Islands' 
 
 Australia 
 
 Britain and Central Europe 
 
 Persia 
 
 W. Africa 
 
 I'South of France, Sicily, 
 i\ and Morocco .... 
 [(Spain, Portugal, and South 
 i\ of France 
 
 (■Cultivated in various parts 
 ( of the world . . . . 
 
 rEnglaud, Middle and South- 
 
 \ ern Europe 
 
 J Central and Southern 
 
 ( Europe, etc 
 
 jDistilled in Europe and in 
 
 ) China 
 
 I'Britain and Belgium, culti- 
 vated 
 
 ^Britain, Belgium, and France, 
 !( etc. I 
 
 I Tropical Africa, China, India,'| •- 
 \ etc., cultivated . . . ., 
 
 Brazil (Bahia) .... 
 
 ("Malayan Archipelago, India, 
 \ Ceylon and the Philippine^ 
 
 }( 
 
1571 
 
 OF THE ORGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 on p. xxxvi. 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 Dried bark 
 
 JGum exuded from 
 \ branches . 
 
 ' Dried root 
 
 stem andl 
 
 Dried rhizome. 
 
 JThe purified cholcsterin-fat of 
 \ sheep's wool 
 
 Purified fat of the abdomen . 
 
 Dried rhizome 
 
 Distilled from fruit. 
 Dried root. 
 
 (Juice of the loaf evaporated to" 
 dryness ^ 
 
 Dried bark 
 
 [Gum-resinous exudation from! 
 the flowering and fruiting) 
 stem j 
 
 Dried seeds. 
 
 Ripe seed 
 
 Ripe seed 
 
 Expressed oil from seeds 
 
 Starch 
 
 Dried ripe fruit 
 
 Dried ripe fruit 
 
 Oil distilled from fruits 
 
 Dried expanded flower-headsl 
 or capitula j 
 
 Expressed oil, without heat. 
 
 A substance found in cavities in] 
 the trunk of Andira Araroba J 
 
 Seeds, 
 
 B.P. Preparations intd which it enters. 
 
 Decoctum Acacise Corticis. 
 
 /Mucilago Acacise ; Pulv. Amygdalae Co. and Pulv. Tragacanth 
 i Co. All Trochisci, except those made with Fruit Basis, 
 i Liniraentum, and Tinctura Aconiti, Aconitina, and Unguen- 
 \ turn Acouitinse. 
 
 f Adeps Lanre Hydrosus, and Ung. Lanae Comp. ; Emp. Cantha- 
 ridini ; Unguenta Belladonnae, Hamamelidis, and Plumbi 
 I Subacet. 
 
 f Adeps Benzoatus. Adeps Praeparatus, or Adeps Benzoatus is 
 \ used in many of the ointments. 
 
 Decoctum Agropyri, and Extractum Agropyri Liquidum. 
 
 iAloin ; Decoct. Aloes Co. ; Ext. Aloes ; Ext. Coloc. Co. ; Pil. 
 Aloes ; Pil. Aloes et Asafetidae ; Pil. Aloes et Ferri ; Pil. 
 Aloes et Myrrh ; Pil. Colocynthidis Co. ; Pil. Rhei Co. ; 
 Tinct. Benzoini Co. 
 
 Infusum Alstoniae, and Tinctura Alstoniae. 
 
 Emplastrum Galbani ; Mistura Ammoniaci ; Pilula Scillaj 
 Co.; Pil. Ipecac, c. Scilla; Pil. Ipecac, c. Urginoa; Pil. 
 Urgineae Co. 
 
 Oleum Amygdalae. 
 
 |01eum Amygdalae ; Pulvis Amygdalae Compositus ; Mistura 
 \ Amygdalje. 
 01. Phosphoratum ; Unguenta Aquae Rosae, and Cetacei. 
 
 Glycerinum Amyli ; Pulvis Tragacanth. Co. 
 
 Aqua Anethi ; Oleum Anethi. 
 
 Aqua Anisi ; Oleum Anisi. 
 
 Spiritus Anisi ; Tinct. Camph. Co. ; Tinct. Opii Ammoniata. 
 
 Oleum Anthemidis. 
 
 Chrysarobin ; of Chrysarobiu, Ung. Chrysarobin. 
 
 3 B 3 
 
1572 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 Armoracias Radix 
 Arnicae Plores . 
 Arnicas Rhizoma 
 Asafetida . 
 
 Atropina 
 
 Aurantii Floris 
 Aqua 
 
 Aurantii Cortex 
 
 CocUearia Armoracia . 
 Arnica montana . 
 
 fFerula fcetida, andl 
 \ probably other species/ 
 JBelladonnae Radix or 
 \ ,, Folia 
 
 /Citrus Aurantium 
 (^ var. '"■ 
 
 '} 
 
 ("Cruciferae 
 
 \ (Brassicacese) 
 
 Compositse . 
 
 UmbeDiferae 
 SolanacesB . 
 Rutaceae 
 
 Aurantii 
 Indicus 
 
 Cortex) 
 
 . . ./ 
 
 Balsamum Peruvi-1 
 anuni . . .J 
 
 Balsamum Toluta>-l 
 nuni .... J 
 
 Belae Fructus . 
 
 Belladonnse Folia. 
 Belladonnae Radix 
 
 Benzoinum 
 
 Berberis 
 Betel . . . 
 
 Bryoniae Radix 
 
 Buchu Folia . 
 Buteoe Gummi 
 Buteae Semina 
 
 Cacao Semina 
 
 Cadinum Oleum 
 
 Caffeina 
 
 Cajuputi Oleum 
 
 Calendulas Flores 
 
 Calumbse Radix 
 
 Cambogia . 
 Cambogia Indica 
 
 Caniphora . 
 
 '} 
 
 Citrus Aurantium . 
 
 Myroxylon Pereirae . 
 
 Myroxylon toluiferum 
 J5gle ]\Iarmelos . 
 Atropa Belladonna . 
 
 ("Styrax Benzoin and 
 \ other species . 
 
 Berberis aristata 
 
 Piper Betle . 
 ("Bryonia dioica . 
 1 Bryonia alba 
 
 Barosma betuliua 
 
 Butea frondosa . 
 
 Theobroma Cacao . 
 
 (■Juniperus Oxycedrus 
 \ and other species . 
 
 (Camellia Thea . 
 Cofiea Arabica . 
 
 Melaleuca Leucadendron 
 
 Calendula officinalis 
 
 Jateorhiza ' Calumba ' . 
 
 Garcinia Hanburii . 
 Garcinia Morella 
 
 Cipuamomum Camjyhora 
 
 Leguminosas 
 
 Rutaceaj 
 Solanaceas . 
 
 Styraceas . 
 
 Berberidaceas 
 Piperaceas . 
 
 Cucurbitacese 
 
 Rutaceae 
 Leguminosas 
 
 Sterculiacese 
 
 Coniferae 
 (Pinaceas) 
 
 CamelliacesB 
 
 Rubiaceae . 
 
 Myrtaceas . 
 Compositae . 
 Menispermaceas 
 Clusiaceae . 
 »> • 
 
 Lauracees . 
 
 Britain, cultivated . 
 
 I r Mountainous parts of Mid- 
 ;\ die and Southern Europe. 
 
 Afghanistan and Persia . 
 
 CBritain, Germany, Austria,)! 
 \ etc j! 
 
 South of Europe 
 
 India and Ceylon. 
 
 JSan Salvador, in Central) 
 ( America j 
 
 New Granada 
 
 India 
 
 Britain 
 
 Britain, Germany, etc. . 
 
 Siam and Stunatra . . .; 
 
 India and Ceylon 
 
 India, Ceylon, etc. 
 J England and Central and"! 
 \ Southern Europe . . . J 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 India 
 
 )> 
 
 Central America .... 
 
 Southern Europe .... 
 
 (China, Japan, and Upper'\ 
 \ India I 
 
 i Cultivated throughout the> 
 Tropics (native of Abys-I 
 sinia) ) 
 
 (Imported from Batavia and"! 
 
 \ Singapore / 
 
 Levant and Southern Europe 
 (Eastern Africa, between Ibo"! 
 \ and the Zambesi . . . j 
 
 Siam 
 
 India 
 
 China (Formosa) and Japan j 
 (purified in Britain and I 
 elsewhere) . . , , , J 
 
OF THE OBGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1573 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 Fresh root 
 
 Dried flower-heads .... 
 Dried rhizome and roots. 
 
 Gum-resin 
 
 Alkaloid 
 
 Distilled water of flowers . 
 
 Dried outer part of the rind . 
 
 ("The fresh and dried outer part 
 \ of the rind. 
 
 Balsam, from the trunk. 
 
 Balsum, from the trunk . 
 
 Fresh half-ripe fruit 
 Fresh leaves and branches 
 
 Dried root 
 
 Balsamic resin 
 
 Dried stem 
 
 Leaves. 
 
 Fresh and dried root. 
 
 Dried leaves 
 
 Inspissated juice from stem. 
 Seeds 
 
 Expressed fat. 
 
 I An empyreumatic oily liquid ob- 
 tained by destructive distilla- 
 tion of the branches and wood. 
 
 /Alkaloid from leaves of tea or" 
 \ seeds of coffee , 
 
 ("Volatile oil distilled from the"! 
 \ leaves / 
 
 Dried florets. 
 J Dried transversely cut slices of 
 I the root 
 
 Gum-resin. 
 
 Gum-resin. 
 
 J A white crystalline substance"! 
 i obtained from the wood . . J 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 Spiritus Armoracise Compositus. 
 Tinctura Arnicas Florum, 
 
 Pil. Aloes et Asafetidae ; Spiritus Ammonise Fetidus ; Tinctura 
 Asafetidse. 
 
 rUnguentum Atropinse, Atropinse Sulphas, Lamella3 Atropine 
 
 \ and Liquor Atropinse Sulphatis. 
 
 jSyrupus Am-aiitii Floris, Mistura Olei Ricini, Syrupus Calcii 
 
 \ Lactophosphatis. 
 Fresh Peel : Tinctura Aurantii, Vinum Aurant. ; of the Tinc- 
 ture, Syrupus Aurantii, Syrupus Aromaticus, Syrup. Cascara 
 Aromat, and Tinct. Quininse. Dried Peel: Inf. Aurantii, 
 Inf. Aurantii Comp. ; Inf. Gentian. Comp. ; Tinct. Cinchon. 
 Comp. ; Tinct. Gentian. Comp. ; Spirit. Armoracise Comp. 
 
 Syrupus Tolutanus ; Tinct. Tolutana ; Tinct. Beuzoini Co. ; 
 
 Tolu Basis ; of the Syrup, Mist. Ammoniaci. 
 Extractum Belse Liquidum. 
 
 Extract. Belladonnse Siccum ; Tinct. Belladonnse ; Atropina. 
 Atropina ; Emplast. Belladonnse ; Extractum Belladonna; 
 
 Liquidum; Lin. BeUadonnse; Ung. Belladonnse; Suppos. 
 
 Belladonnse. 
 JAcidum Benzoicum ; Adeps Benzoatus (and Ointments con- 
 \ taining it) ; Tinct. Benzoini Co. 
 Tinctura Berberidis. 
 
 Infusum Buchu, Tinctura Buchu. 
 Pulveris Butese Seminum. 
 
 Cafieinsa Citras ; Caffeinse Citras Effervesceng. 
 
 Spiritus Cajuputi, Lin. Crotonis. 
 Infusum, and Tinct. Calumbse. 
 
 'Aqua Camph. ; Linimenta Aconiti, Belladonna?, Camph., 
 I Camph. Ammoniatum, Chloroformi, Hydrargyri, Opii, 
 I Saponis, Sinapis, Terebinthinse, and Tereb. Aceticum ; 
 ; Spiritus Camph. ; Tinct.'Camph. Co. : Ung. Hydrarg Co. 
 
1574 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Canellse Cortex 
 Cannabis ludica 
 
 Cantharis . 
 
 Cantharidinum 
 Caoutchouc 
 
 Capsici Fructus 
 Carbo Ligni . 
 
 Cardamomi Semina 
 
 Carrageen . 
 Carui Fructus . 
 Carui Oleum . 
 Caryophylli Oleum 
 Caryophyllum 
 
 Cascara Sagrada . 
 
 Cascarilla . 
 Cassise Cortex 
 Cassias Fructus . 
 
 Castoremn . 
 
 Catechu 
 
 Catechu Nigrum! 
 (Pegu Catechu > 
 and Cutch) . . ) 
 
 Cera Alba . 
 Cera Flava . 
 
 Cetaceum . 
 
 Cetraria 
 
 Chaulmoogrse ) 
 
 Oleum . . . j 
 
 Chirata 
 
 Chondrus crispus. 
 
 Chrysanthemum 1 
 cinerarifefolium 
 Flores . . .1 
 
 Chrysarobinum . 
 
 CimicifugsB 
 Rhizoma 
 
 Cinchonffi Flavse ) 
 Cortex . 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Canella alba . 
 Cannabis sativa . 
 
 Cantharis vesicatoria 
 
 Hevea Brasiliensis . 
 Capsicum minimum 
 
 Wood 
 
 Elettaria Cardamomum 
 
 Chondrus crispus 
 Carum Carvi, 
 
 Eugenia caryophyllata 
 
 Rhamuus Purshianus 
 
 Croton Eluteria 
 Cinnamomum Cassia 
 Cassia Fistula 
 
 Castor Fiber . 
 Uncaria ' Gambler ' . 
 
 Acacia Catechu . 
 
 f Apis mellifica and other 
 I species. 
 
 Physeter macrocephalus 
 
 Cetraria Islandica . 
 
 Taraktogonos Kurzii 
 Swertia ' Chirata ' . 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 JChrysanthemum ciner- 
 \ arisefolium 
 
 See Araroba. 
 
 Cimicifuga racemosa 
 
 ' A Cinchona Cajisaya . 
 
 Canellacese . 
 UrticacesB , 
 
 Coleoptera . 
 
 Euphorbiacese 
 Solanaceae . 
 
 Various 
 
 Scitaminacere 
 
 (■Algae 
 
 \ (Gigartinacege) 
 
 Umbelliferae 
 
 Myrtaceas 
 
 Rhamuaceae 
 
 Euphorbiaceae 
 Lauraceae . 
 Leguminosae 
 
 Rodentia . 
 Rubiaceae . 
 
 Leguminosae 
 Hymenoptera 
 
 Cetacea. 
 
 Discomycetes 
 or Disco- 
 lichenes . 
 
 Bixacese 
 
 Gentianaceae . 
 Algae . . . 
 
 Compositae 
 
 Ranunculacese 
 Rubiaceae . 
 
 JSpain, France, Sicily, Huu-| 
 (^ gary, and Southern Russia/ 
 
 India and Ceylon . 
 
 1 JNorth Cape to Gibraltar . "1 
 / \Eastern Coasts of N. America/ 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 West Indies 
 India . 
 
 Brazil (Para) 
 
 Zanzibar, Sierra Leone, etc. 
 
 Britain , 
 
 Europe , 
 
 Central and Northern Europe 
 
 f Molucca Islands, Zanzibar, j 
 
 \ and Pemba | 
 
 /Zanzibar, Penang, Ben-| 
 \ coolen, etc / 
 
 California 
 
 Bahama Islands . 
 
 China 
 
 East and West Indies . 
 
 Siberia and Canada . 
 
 (Singapore, and other places'! 
 [ in the Eastern Archipelago/ 
 
 India and Burma 
 
 Britain . . 
 Britain, etc. 
 
 Pacific and Indian Oceans 
 
 North of Europe . 
 
 /Malay Peninsula andj 
 \ Eastern India . . . . ) 
 
 Northern India .... 
 
 Ireland and North America 
 
 California and Dalmatia 
 
 Canada and U.S 
 
 /Bolivia, Southern Peru, and) 
 \ India / 
 
OF THE OBGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1675 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 Dried bark. 
 J Dried flowering or fruiting tops 
 ( of female plants . 
 
 The dried beetle . 
 
 Prepared milk juice. 
 Dried ripe fruit . 
 
 residue 
 
 !>{ 
 
 Extractum Cannabis Ind. ; Tiuctura Canuab. Ind. : Tinct. 
 
 Chlorof. et Morphinffi Comp. 
 ( Acetum,Emplastrum,TincturaandUnguentum Cantharidini ; 
 \ CoUodium Vesicans ; Liquor Epispast. ; Emplast.Calefaciens. 
 
 f Carbonaceous 
 ( wood. 
 
 The dried ripe seeds 
 
 from 
 
 Dried seaweed . 
 Dried fruit , 
 Volatile oil . 
 Volatile oil' . 
 Dried flower buds 
 Dried bark. 
 
 Dried bark ...... 
 
 Dried bark. 
 
 Pulp from the pods 
 /Dried preputial follicles and 
 \ secretion. 
 
 (An extract of the leaves and) 
 \ young shoots / 
 
 Extract from the wood. 
 
 Honeycomb : wax, bleached . 
 
 Honeycomb 
 
 I A concrete fatty substance,"! 
 mixed with oil, obtained! 
 from the head of the sperm I 
 whale, purified .... J 
 
 Dried lichen. 
 
 Fatty oil expressed from seeds 
 
 Dried plant 
 
 Dried seaweed. 
 
 j Tinctura Capsici ; Tinct. Chlorof. et Morphinse Comp. ; Ung. 
 \ Capsici. 
 
 I Tinct. Cardam. Co. ; Decoct. Aloes Comp. ; Ext. Coloc. Co. ; 
 Mist. Sennse Comp. ; Pulv. Cinnam. Co. ; Pulv. Cretse 
 Arom. ; Tinct. Gentian. Co. ; Tinct. Rhei Co. 
 
 ("Aqua and Oleum Carui ; Conf. Piperis ; Pulvis Opii Composi- 
 \ tus ; Tinct. Cardam. Co. ; Tinct. Sennse Co. 
 
 Pilula Aloes. 
 
 fPilula Colocynthidis Composita, Pilula Colocynthidis et 
 \ Hyoscyami. 
 
 Jlnfusum and Oleum Caryophylli ; Inf. Aurant Co. ; Pulv. 
 \ Cretse Aromat. 
 
 (Ext. Cascarse Sagradse Siccum ; Ext. Cascar. Sagrad. Liquid ; 
 \ Syrup. Cascarse Aromaticus. 
 Infusum and Tinctura Cascarillse. 
 
 Confectio Sennte. 
 
 Pulvis Catechu Comp., Tinctura Catechu, Trochiscus Catechu . 
 
 rSuppositoria Acidi Carbolici, Unguentum Aqua Rosae, Cetacei, 
 \ and Parafiini 
 
 fEmplast. Cantharidini and Menthol ; Unguenta Hydrarg. Co., 
 \ Picis Liquid., Resinse, and Staphisagrise. 
 
 Unguentum Cetacei. 
 
 Unguentum Chaulmoogrse. 
 Infusum, and Tinctura Chiratas. 
 
 Dried flowers. 
 
 Dried rhizome and roots. 
 
 Dried bark Used in the preparation of the official Salts of Quinine. 
 
1576 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Cinchonse Rubrse \ 
 Cortex . 
 
 Cinnamomi Cortex 
 
 Cinnamomi Oleum 
 Cocse Folia 
 
 Cocaina 
 
 Cocculus Indicus . 
 Coccus .... 
 Colchici Cormus . 
 Colchici Semina . 
 Colocynthidis "| 
 
 Pulpa J 
 
 Conii Pructus 
 Convallarise Flores 
 
 Copaiba 
 
 Coriandri Fructus 
 
 Crocus . 
 
 Crotonis Oleum 
 Cubebse Fructus 
 Cucurbitse Semina 
 
 Prseparata . 
 
 Cumini Fructus 
 Cuspariae Cortex 
 Cusso . 
 Cydonise Semina 
 
 Daturge Folia . 
 
 Daturse Semina 
 Digitalis Folia 
 Elaterium . 
 Elemi . , . 
 
 Embelia 
 Ergota . 
 
 tex 
 Eucalypti Folia 
 
 Euonymi Cortex 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Cinchona succirubra 
 
 ("Cinnamomum Zeylani-"! 
 \ cum / 
 
 Erythroxylon ' Coca ' 
 
 Anamirta paniculata 
 Coccus Cacti . 
 Colchicura autumnale 
 
 )) ») 
 
 Citrullus Colocynthis 
 
 Conium maculatum 
 
 Convallaria majalis 
 
 fCopaifera Lansdorfii 
 
 \ and other species . 
 
 Coriandrum sativum 
 Crocus sativus . 
 
 }{ 
 
 Croton Tiglium . 
 
 Piper Cubeba . 
 
 Cucurbita maxima "I 
 
 (Cucurbita Pepo) . . / 
 
 Cuminum Cyminum 
 Cusparia febrifuga . 
 Brayera anthelmintica 
 Pyrus Cydonia . 
 
 ("Datura fastuosavar. albal 
 
 \ Datura Metel . . . / 
 Datura fastuosa var. alba 
 Digitalis purpurea . 
 Ecballium Elaterium 
 Canarium Luzonicum 
 
 ("Embelia ribes, Embelia"! 
 
 \ robusta J 
 
 Secale cereale 
 
 Erythrophloei Cor-"l JErythrophloeum Guine. 
 
 n 
 
 ense .... 
 ("Eucalyptus globulus, 
 \ and other species. 
 (Euonymus atropur- 
 \ pureus .... 
 
 Natxiral Order. 
 
 Eubiacese . 
 
 Lauracese 
 
 Linacese 
 
 Menispermacese 
 Hemiptera . 
 Liliacete 
 
 Cucurbitacesa . 
 
 Umbelliferaa . 
 Liliacese 
 
 LeguminossB . 
 
 Umbelliferag . 
 
 Iridacese 
 
 Euphorbiacese . 
 Piperacese . 
 
 Cucurbitacese . 
 
 Umbelliferae 
 
 Rutacese 
 
 Rosacese 
 
 Solanaceae 
 
 Scrophulariacese 
 Cucurbitacese . 
 Burseracese 
 
 Myrsinacese 
 
 Graminacese . 
 
 Leguminosse . 
 Myrtacese . 
 Celastraceee 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 South America, cultivated | 
 in East Indies, Ceylon, > 
 Java, etc ) 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 11 
 
 Peru, Java, and Bolivia . 
 
 11 11 * ' 
 
 India. 
 
 Mexico and TenerifEe 
 
 Indigenous 
 
 ») 
 
 ("Northern Africa, Syria, andl 
 
 \ Spain ) 
 
 Britain 
 
 VaUey of the Amazon, etc. . 
 Germany and Britain, etc. . 
 
 Spain and France, etc. . 
 
 fHindostan, Ceylon, and"! 
 \ Indian Archipelago . . / 
 
 Java 
 
 Italy, "West Indies, Burma, | 
 and South America, cul-> 
 
 tivated ) 
 
 (India, Malta, Sicily, and^ 
 
 \ Morocco t 
 
 Tropical South America 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 "Western Asia and Europe . 
 
 India 
 
 It • 
 
 Britain 
 
 Britain (cultivated), Malta . 
 Manila, Brazil, and Mexico. 
 
 India and East Indies . 
 
 Europe and the Canaries . 
 
 "Western Africa .... 
 
 Australia, etc 
 
 United States 
 
OP THE ORGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1577 
 
 Farts used. 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 (Dried bark of stem andWExt. Cinchon. Liquid. ; Inf. Cinchon. Acid, 
 branches of cultivated plants/ 1 Tinct. Cinchon. Comp. ; Quinine. 
 
 Tinct. Cinchonse ; 
 
 (The dried inner bark of shoots'! 
 from the truncated stocks . / 
 
 Volatile oil from bark 
 Dried leaves . 
 
 Alkaloid 
 
 Dried fruit. 
 
 Dried fecundated female insect 
 
 Fresh corm dried .... 
 
 Dried ripe seeds 
 
 /Dried pulp of the fruit freed \ 
 \ from seeds j 
 
 Dried full-grown unripe fruits. 
 
 Dried flowers. 
 
 Oleo-resin from the trunk . 
 
 Aqua, Oleum, Pulvis Co., and Tinct. Cinnamomi ; Pulvis 
 Catechu Comp. Tinct. Catechu ; Decoct. Haamatoxyli ; 
 Pulv. Creta3 Arom. ; Pulv. Kino Co. ; Tinct. Cardam. Co. ; 
 Tinct. Lavand. Co. ; of the Compound Powder, Pil. Aloes 
 et Ferri ; of the Water, Mist. Cretse, Mist. Guaiaci, Mist. 
 Olei Ricini, Syrupus Aromaticus and Syrupus Cascarse 
 Aromaticus. 
 
 /Spiritus Cinnamomi; of the Spirit, Acidum Sulphuricum 
 
 \ Aromaticum. 
 Cocainse Hydrochloridum ; Cocaine. 
 
 IUnguentum Cocainse ; of the Hydrochloride, Injectio Cocainse 
 Btypodermica, Lamellae Cocainae, and Trooh. Elramerife et 
 Cocainge. 
 
 Tinctura Cocci ; Tinct. Cardam. Co. ; Tinct. Cinchonte Co. 
 
 Extractum and Vinum Colchici. 
 
 Tinctura Colchici Seminum. 
 
 (Extractum Coloc. Co.; Pil. Coloc. Co.; Pil. Coloc. et 
 \ Hyoscyam. 
 
 Oleum Copaibae. 
 
 Conf. Sennae ; Syrupus Rhei ; Tinct. 
 
 -p. . -, . f ., /Oleum Coriandri ; 
 
 uriea ripe iruit :| ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^.^ ggj^^^ Co. ; of the Oil, Syrupus Sennce. 
 
 /The dried stigmas and tops of 
 \ the styles. I 
 
 Expressed oil from the seeds . 
 Dried full-grown unripe fruits. 
 
 Fresh ripe seeds. 
 
 Linimentum Crotonis. 
 
 Oleum Gubebae ; Tinctura Cubebae. 
 
 of pistillate 
 
 Dried fruits. 
 
 Dried bark. 
 / Dried panicles 
 \ flowers. 
 
 Seeds. 
 
 Dried leaves. 
 
 Dried seeds .... 
 Dried leaves .... 
 Nearly ripe fruit. 
 Oleo-resinous exudation. 
 
 Fruit. 
 
 Tinctura Daturse Seminum. 
 Infusum and Tinctura Digitalis. 
 
 (The sclerotium of CZauic^-iw)' (Extractum Ergotae, Extractum Ergotas Liquidum, Infusum 
 purpurea, originating in the[j| Ergot*, and Tinctura Ergotae Ammomata, Inject. Ergotte 
 ovary of Secale cereale . . j ( Hypoderm. 
 
 Bark. 
 
 Leaves 
 
 Oleum Eucalypti ; of the Oil, Unguentum Eucalypti. 
 
 Dried root bark , Extractum Euonymi. 
 
1578 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Euphorbias piluli 
 ferfe Herba . 
 
 Euphorbium . 
 
 Fel Bovinum Puri 
 ficatum . 
 
 Ficus . 
 
 Filix-Mas . . 
 
 Fceniculi Fructus 
 Foenigreci Semina 
 
 Fucus veaiculosus 
 
 Galbanum . 
 
 Galla .... 
 
 GaultherifB Oleum 
 
 Gelsemii Radix . 
 Gentiance Radix . 
 
 Glycyrrbizse Radix 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Gossypii 
 Cortex 
 
 Gossypium 
 
 Graminis 
 Oleum 
 
 Radicis) 
 
 (Gossypium Barbadensel 
 
 \ and other species . . / 
 
 Citrati'l ("Cymbopogon citratusj 
 
 j\ and G. iiexuosus . ./ 
 
 Granati Cortex 
 
 Grindelia . 
 Guaiaci Lignum 
 Guaiaci Resina 
 Guarana 
 Gummi Indicum 
 
 Gutta Percha . 
 
 Haematoxyli Lig 
 
 num . 
 Hamamelidis Cor 
 
 tex 
 
 Euphorbia pilulifera 
 
 Euphorbia resinifera 
 
 Bos Taurus . , , 
 
 Ficus Carica . 
 Dryopteris Filix-mas 
 
 Fceniculum capillaceum 
 JTrigonella Foenum 
 \ Gra3cum .... 
 
 Fucus vesiculosus . 
 
 JFerula galbaniflua andi 
 { probably other species/ 
 
 Quercus infectoria . 
 
 IGaultheria prooumbens 
 (leaves). 
 Betula lenta (bark) . 
 
 Gelsemium nitidum 
 
 Gentiana lutea . 
 
 JGlycyrrhiza glabra and"! 
 other species . 
 
 Gossypium herbaceum 
 
 Hamamelidis Folia 
 
 Hellebori Nigri l 
 Rhizoma . . / 
 Hemidesmi Radix 
 
 Hirudo .... 
 
 }{ 
 
 Punica Granatum . 
 
 Grindelia camporum 
 
 I'Guaiacum ofScinale or 
 \ Guaiacum sanctum 
 
 PauUinia Cupana . 
 
 Anogeissus latifolia . 
 
 JPalaquium o b 1 o n g i 
 I folium .... 
 Hsematoxylon Campe- 
 chianum .... 
 
 Hamamelis Virginiana . 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Helleborus niger 
 
 Hemidesmus Indicus . 
 
 Imedicinalis] 
 (speckled) 
 officinalis 
 (green) J 
 
 EuphorbiacesB 
 
 Ungulata . 
 
 Urticaceaa . 
 Filices . 
 
 Umbelliferge 
 
 Leguminosse 
 
 'Algse 
 (Fucacese) 
 
 Umbelliferse 
 
 ("Cupuliferae 
 \(Corylacege) 
 
 Ericaceae . 
 Betulaceaa . 
 Loganiacese 
 
 Gentianaceae 
 Leguminosse 
 Malvaceae . 
 
 Graminaceae 
 LythracefB . 
 Gompositae 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 (Queensland and Tropical) 
 
 \ America / 
 
 Morocco 
 
 Domesticated everywhere . 
 
 Smyrna 
 
 Britain 
 
 JCentral andSouthernEurope,"* 
 \ also India and Japan, etc. / 
 
 Morocco and Egypt . 
 
 Britain 
 
 Persia 
 
 Asia Minor 
 
 United States and Canada . 
 
 ("Southern part of the United "1 
 \ States of America . . . J 
 (Central and Southern Eu-\ 
 \ rope (mountains) . . . j 
 
 ("England, France, Spain, "I 
 \ Sicily, Russia, and Persia / 
 
 ("Imported from the United "l 
 \ States J 
 
 Warm and Tropical regions . 
 
 ("India, Malay Peninsula, "I 
 \ Ceylon, etc. (cultivated) . j 
 ("Shores of the Mediterranean i 
 \ and Central Asia . . . ) 
 (Southern part of the United) 
 \ States of America . . . j 
 
 Zygophyllaceae St. Domingo and Jamaica . 
 
 Sapindaceae . Brazil 
 
 Combretaceae . India and Ceylon. 
 
 Sapotacea3 , . Philippine Islands , 
 
 T- . ifCampeachy, Honduras, and) 
 
 Legummosae . || j^^^^J^ . , , '. _; 
 
 Hamamelidaceae United States and Canada . 
 
 Ranunculacete 
 Asclepiadaceae 
 
 Hirudinea . 
 
 fSouthern and Eastern"! 
 
 [ Europe j 
 
 India and Ceylon 
 
 Spain, France, Italy, Hungary 
 
OP THE ORGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1579 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 Dried herb. 
 
 Concrete resinous juice. 
 
 The purified ox bile. 
 
 Dried fleshy receptacles 
 Dried rhizome 
 
 Dried ripe fruit 
 
 Dried seeds. 
 
 Dried seaweed. 
 
 Gum-resin. 
 
 I Excrescences caused by the' 
 punctures and deposition of 
 an egg or eggs of Cynips 
 GallcB tinctoricB . . . . 
 
 Distilled oil. 
 
 Dried rhizome and roots . 
 
 Dried rhizome and roots . 
 
 ("The peeled root and peeled"! 
 \ subterranean stem . . , / 
 
 Dried root-bark .... 
 
 Hairs of the seed 
 
 Distilled oil. 
 
 Dried bark of the stem and root. 
 
 Dried leaves and flowering tops 
 
 I Heart-wood. 
 Resin from the stem . 
 
 Dried seeds. 
 J Gummy exudation from the'i 
 \ wood / 
 
 Concrete juice. 
 
 Confectio Sennse. 
 Extractum Pilicis Liquidum. 
 
 Aqua Pceniculi ; Pulv. Glycyrrhizse Co. 
 
 Heart-wood 
 Dried bark 
 
 Leaves, fresh and dried 
 
 Rhizome and rootlets. 
 Dried root. 
 
 Leech (annelid). 
 
 Acidum Tannicum ; Ung. Gallae, and Ung, Gallse c. Opio. 
 
 Tinct. Gelsemii. 
 
 Extractum, Infusum Co., and Tinct. Gentianse Co. 
 
 I Extract., Ext. Liquid., and Pulv. Glycyrrh. Co. ; Pil. Hydr, 
 Of the Extract, Conf. Sennse, and Decoct. Aloes Comp. 
 Of the Liquid Extract, Mistura Sennse Comp. 
 (■Decoctum Gossypii Radicis Corticis, and Extractum Radicis 
 \ Corticis Liquidum. 
 
 Pyroxylin. 
 
 Extractum Grindelise Liquidum. 
 
 piist. Guaiaci ; Pil. Hydrarg. Subchlor. Co., Tinct. Guaiaci 
 \ Ammon. ; Trochiscus Guaiaci Resinse. 
 
 Mucilago Gummi Indici. 
 
 Decoctum Htematoxyli. 
 
 Tinctura Hamamelidis. 
 
 Of the Dried Leaves, Extractum Hamamelidis Liquidum ; 
 of the Liquid Extract, Ungueutum Hamamelidis ; of the 
 Fresh Leaves, Liquor Hamamelidis. 
 
1680 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABIiES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Hirudo Australis . 
 Hordeum . 
 Hydrastis Rhizoma 
 
 Hyoscyami Folia . 
 
 Hyoscyami Semina 
 Ignatii Semina . 
 Inulse Radix . 
 
 Ipecacuanhse Radix 
 Iridis Rhizoma 
 
 Iris . . . - 
 Ispaghiila . 
 
 Jaborandi Folia 
 
 Jalapa .... 
 
 Juniperi Oleum . 
 
 Kaladana . 
 
 Kamala 
 
 Kavse Rhizoma . 
 
 Kino .... 
 
 Kino Eucalypti . 
 
 Krameriee Radix . 
 
 Lacca .... 
 Lactuca 
 Laurocerasi Folia . 
 
 Lavandulae Oleum 
 
 Lauri Fructus 
 
 Limonis Cortex . 
 
 Limonis Succus . 
 
 Linum . 
 
 Lobelia. 
 Lupulus 
 
 Lycopodium 
 
 Manna . 
 Mastiche . 
 Maticsa Folia 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Hirudo quinquestriata . 
 Hordeum distichon 
 Hydrastis Canadensis . 
 
 Hyoscyamus niger . 
 
 Strychnos Ignatii . 
 Inula Helenium 
 
 Psycbotria Ipecacuanha 
 
 (Iris Florentina andl 
 \ I. Germanica . . . / 
 
 Iris versicolor 
 
 Plantago ovata . 
 f Pilocarpus ' Jaborandi ' 
 
 and P. microphyllus 
 I Stapf 
 
 Ipomoea ' Purga ' 
 
 Juniperus communis . 
 
 Ipomoea hederacea . 
 
 Mallotus Philippinensis 
 
 Piper Methysticum . 
 
 Pterocarpus Marsupium 
 
 I Eucalyptus calophyUa,) 
 
 [ etc j 
 
 Krameria triandra "j 
 
 (Peruvian) . 
 Krameria argentea 
 
 (Pard,) .... 
 Tachardia Lacca 
 
 Lactuca virosa . 
 
 Prunus Latirocerasus 
 
 Lavandula vera . 
 
 Laurus nobilis . 
 
 Citrus Medica var, 
 monum ' . 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Li 
 
 Linum usitatissimum 
 
 Lobelia inflata . 
 
 Humulus Lupulus . 
 (■Lycopodium clavatum"! 
 \ and other species . . / 
 
 Fraxinus Ornus . 
 
 Pistacia Lentiscus . 
 
 Piper angustifolium 
 
 Hirudinea . 
 Graminacese . 
 Ranunculacese 
 
 Solanaceae . 
 
 Loganiacese 
 Compositse . 
 
 Rubiacefe . 
 
 Iridacese . 
 Plantaginacese 
 
 Rutacese 
 
 ConvolvulacesB 
 
 Coniferse . 
 
 Convolvulaceae 
 
 Euphorbiaoese 
 PiperacesB . 
 Leguminosse 
 
 Myrtacese . 
 
 Polygalaceee 
 
 Insecta.Coccid 
 
 Compositsa 
 
 Rosacesa 
 
 Labiatse 
 
 (Lamiaceae) 
 Lauraceae . 
 
 RutacesB . 
 
 Linacege 
 
 Campanulaceae 
 Urticacese . 
 
 Lycopodiacese 
 
 OleaoegB 
 Anacardiacese 
 Piperacese . 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 Australia 
 
 Britain, etc., cultivated . 
 United States and Canada . 
 
 Britain and Germany, etc. , 
 
 Philippines 
 
 Britain and Central Europe 
 
 Brazil and Selangor . 
 
 Italy and Morocco 
 
 United States 
 
 India and Persia .... 
 
 Brazil (Pernambuco) . 
 
 (■ Mexico (cultivated in Ja 
 \ maica and India) . 
 
 North of Europe, indigenous 
 
 India and Persia .... 
 
 ("Ceylon, the Philippines,") 
 \ China, Australia, etc. . . j 
 Sandwich Islands 
 
 Malabar 
 
 Western Australia 
 
 Peru and Brazil .... 
 
 India and Siam .... 
 I Western, Central and South- 
 \ em Europe and Britain . 
 Britain, cultivated 
 England, cultivated (also the j 
 shores of the Mediterra-> 
 
 nean) ) 
 
 Southern Europe 
 
 South of Europe .... 
 
 ,, „ and West Indies 
 
 Britain, Holland, Russia, etc. 
 
 North America .... 
 
 England 
 
 JGreat Britain, Central aiid^ 
 \ Northern Europe, etc. . j 
 
 Sicily and Calabria . 
 
 The Island of Scio . 
 
 Peru, etc 
 
OF THE OKGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1581 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 Leech (annelid). 
 
 Dried seed. 
 
 Dried rhizome and roots . 
 
 Dried leaves 
 
 Dried seed. 
 Dried seeds. 
 Dried root. 
 
 Dried root 
 
 Dried rhizome. 
 
 Rhizome and roots. 
 
 Dried seeds 
 
 Dried leaflets 
 
 Dried tubercles 
 
 /Oil from the full-grown unripe "I 
 \ green fruit j 
 
 Dried seeds 
 
 (■Minute glands and hairs from 
 \ the fruits. 
 
 Rhizome without the roots 
 (Juice from the trunk evapo-"! 
 \ rated to dryness . . . . / 
 
 Exudation from the stem . 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 Extraotum Hydrastis Liquidum, Tinctura Hydrastis. 
 
 JExtractum and Tinctura Hyoscyami; Pil. Coloc. et Hyo- 
 \ scyam ; Hyoscinae Hydrobrom. ; Hyoscyamine Sulphas. 
 
 IExtractum Ipecacuanhse Liquidum; Pil. Ipecac, c. Scilla; 
 PU. Ipecac, c. Urginea ; Pulv. Ipecac. Co. ; Trochiscus 
 Ipecac. ; Trochiscus Morphinse et Ipecac. ; Vinum Ipecac. 
 
 Decoctum Ispaghulse. 
 
 Dried root 
 
 Resin. 
 
 Fresh herb. 
 
 Fresh leaves 
 
 Distilled oil from flowers . 
 
 Dried ripe fruit. 
 
 ("Fresh outer part of the peri-1 
 \ carp of the fruit . . . • J 
 
 (Freshly expressed juice of the"! 
 
 \ ripe fruit - / 
 
 (Dried ripe 'seeds, entire and'l 
 \ reduced to a coarse powder . / 
 
 Dried flowering herb 
 
 Dried strobUes. 
 
 The minute yellow spores. 
 
 Concrete saccharine exudation. 
 Concrete resinous exudation. 
 Dried leaves. 
 
 PUocarpinee Nitras, 
 
 JPulv. JalapsB Co., Resina, Tinctura, and Tinctura Jalapse 
 \ Comp. ; Pulvis Scammonii Comp. 
 
 Spiritus Juniperi. 
 
 ("Pulvis Kaladanse Compositus, Resina Kaladanse, and 
 \ Tinctura Kaladanse, 
 
 Extractum Kavse Liquidum. 
 
 Pulvis Kino Compositus, Tinct. Kino ; Pulv. Catechu Co. 
 
 Trochisci Kino Eucalypti. 
 
 (Extractum, Infusum, Tinctura Kramerise ; Pulv. Catechu Co. ; 
 \ Troch, Kramerise ; Troch. Krameriee et Cocainse. 
 
 Aqua Laurocerasi. 
 
 : Spiritus and Tinctura Lavandulae Comp.; Lin. Camph. Am- 
 ' moniatum; Tinct. Lavand. Comp. is contained in Liquor 
 I Arsenicalis, 
 
 'Oleum, Syrupus, Tinctura Limonis; Inf. Aurant. Co. ;_ Inf. 
 I Gentian. Co. The Oil is contained in Lin. Pot. lodid. c. 
 I Sapone, Spir. Amm. Aromat., Tinct. Guaiac. Amm. and 
 I Tinct. Valer. Amm. 
 
 Syrupus Limonis, Acidum Citricum. 
 
 Linum Oontusum, Oleum Lini. 
 Tinct. Lobelise ^therea. 
 
1582 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 piperitsel 
 
 Mel Depuratum 
 
 Menthse 
 
 Oleum 
 Menthaj 
 
 Oleum 
 
 Menthol 
 
 viridis 
 
 '} 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Mezerei Cortex 
 
 Morphinae Acetas 
 Morphinse Hydro-"! 
 chloridum . . / 
 
 Morphinse Tartras 
 
 Morrhuse Oleum 
 
 Moschus . 
 Mylabris . 
 
 Myristica . 
 
 I^Iyristicse Oleum 
 
 Myrobalanum 
 
 Myrrha 
 
 Nux Vomica . 
 
 Olibanum . 
 
 Olivse Oleum . 
 
 Oliveri Cortex. 
 
 Opium . 
 Papaveris Capsulse 
 
 Pepsinum . 
 
 Physostigmatis 
 
 Semen . 
 Picrorhiza , 
 
 TApis mellifica, and other 
 \ species 
 
 Mentha piperita. 
 
 Mentha viridis . 
 
 I Mentha arvensis vars 
 piperascens and gla^ 
 brata .... 
 Mentha piperita . 
 
 iMezercum 
 L aureola . 
 Gnidium . 
 Opium .... 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Hymenoptera . 
 Labiatse 
 
 Gadus Morrhua . 
 
 Moschus moschiferus . 
 
 J Mylabris phalerata and^ 
 \ M. Cichorii . . . / 
 
 Myristica fragrans . 
 
 Terminalia Chebula 
 Balsamodendron 
 
 Myrrha and probably 
 
 other species . 
 
 Strychnos Nux- vomica. 
 
 IBoswellia Carteri, B. 
 
 Bhaudajiana, and B. 
 
 I Frereana . . . . 
 
 Olea Europsea 
 Cinnamomum Oliveri . 
 Papaver somniferum . 
 
 I Sus Scrofa ... . I 
 Ovis Aries .... 
 ! Bos Taurus . . . . ] 
 
 Physostigma venenosum 
 Picrorhiza ' Kurroa ' 
 
 Thymeleacese 
 see Opium 
 
 Teleostei 
 
 Ungulata 
 Coleoptera 
 
 Myristicacese 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 Universally domesticated . 
 
 (Britain and the United 
 \ States, etc 
 
 Britain and Germany, etc. . 
 
 ( China and Japan 
 (United States . 
 
 :} 
 
 Mountainous parts of Europe 
 see Opium 
 
 ! Coasts of Norway, France,) 
 and England, Newfound- > 
 land and Labrador . . ) 
 (Native of Central Asia; im- 1 
 \ ported from China. . ./ 
 (China, Southern Europe,! 
 \ and India . . . . / 
 
 iBanda Islands of the Ma-| 
 layan Archipelago and > 
 Sumatra, etc I 
 
 Combretacese 
 Burseraceee 
 
 Loganiacese 
 Burseracese 
 OleacesB 
 Lauracese . 
 Papaveracese 
 
 Ungulata . 
 
 Legumiuosse 
 Scrophulariaceee' 
 
 East Indies 
 
 Somaliland and Arabia Felix 
 
 i'East Indies, imported fromj 
 India, Ceylon, and Cochin) 
 China ) 
 
 Somaliland 
 
 South of Europe .... 
 
 [Australia, India, Burma, 
 North America, and 
 I Southern United States 
 
 Asia Minor (Smyrna, etc.) 
 
 Britain and Asia Minor . 
 
 Domesticated everywhere 
 
 Western Africa 
 Northern India . 
 
OP THE ORGANIC KINQDOJI. 
 
 1583 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 {^""comb""^ secretion iu honey-|| j^j^^ ^^^.^^j^ . q^^^^^ . Qxymel Scillra ; Conf. Piper. 
 
 Oil distilled from fresh flower- (f Aqua, and Spiritus Menthse Piperitse ; Pil. Rhoi Co. ; Tinct. 
 
 ing peppermint . . . ./\ Chloroformi et Morphinte Comp. 
 Oil distilled from fresh flower- 
 
 ':} 
 
 \ ing spearmint 
 
 fA crystalline substance ob- 
 \ tained by cooling the oil 
 
 Dried bark. 
 
 Salt of the alkaloid .... 
 Salt of the alkaloid .... 
 
 Salt of the alkaloid .... 
 
 Oil of fresh liver of the cod. 
 
 (Dried secretion from the prc- 
 \ putial follicles. 
 
 The dried beetle .... 
 Dried seed divested of its testa 
 
 Oil distilled from seed . 
 Dried immature fruits . 
 Gum-resin (from the stem) 
 
 Dried ripe seeds .... 
 Gum-rosin. 
 
 Aqua MenthsB Viridis. 
 Emplastrum Menthol. 
 
 Liquor Morphinse Acetatis. 
 
 ("Liquor Morph. Hydrochlor., Suppos. Morph., Tinct. Chlorof. 
 \ et Morph. Comp., Trochiscus Morph., also et Ipecac, 
 finjectio jMorphinpe Hypodermica, and Liquor Morphinse 
 \ Tartratis. 
 
 Cantharidinum. 
 
 (Oleum, Fulv. Catechu Co.: Pulv. Crette Aromat. ; Sp. 
 \ ArmoracisB Co.; Tinct. Lavand. Co. 
 
 (Spir. Ammon. Arom., Spir. Myri&ticre ; Tinct. Guaiac. Amm. 
 I and Tinct. Valer. Amm. ; Tinct. Valer. Ind. Ammon. ; of 
 ( the Spirit, Mist. Ferri Comp. 
 Uuguentum Myrobalani, Unguentum Myrobalani c. Opio. 
 
 (Tinct. Myrrh.; Pil. Aloes et Myrrh.; Decoct. Aloes Co.; 
 \ Mist. Ferri Co. ; Pil. Rhei Co. 
 
 jExtractum Siccum, Extractum Liquidum, and Tinctura 
 \ Nucis Vomicae ; Strychnina. 
 
 Dried bark 
 
 rinspissated juice from unripe 
 \ capsules 
 
 Nearly ripe fruits, dried. 
 I'An enzyme from the mucous 
 j lining of the fresh and 
 J healthy stomach of the pig, 
 (_ sheep or calf 
 
 Ripe seeds 
 
 Dried rhizome 
 
 [Emplastra Calefaciens, Hydrarg. Plumbi ; Linimenta Am 
 
 ~ ■ ' ^amphorae ; Sapo Durus and Mollis ; 
 
 Unguenta Hydrarg. Comp., Hydrarg. Nitratis, and Resinae. 
 
 jExpressed ofl from the ripe 1:1 j^o^igg^ Calcis, and Camphorae; Sapo Durus and Mollis ; 
 I f^ifc '] Unguenta Hydrarg. Comp., 1 
 
 Tinctura Oliveri Corticis. 
 
 I Extractum Siccum, Extract. Liquid, and Linimentum Opii, 
 Pil. Saponis Co., Pulv. Opii Co., Tinct. Opii, Tinct. Opii 
 Ammon., Pulv. Cretae Arom. c. Opio ; Pulv. Ipec. Co. ; Pulv. 
 Kino Co. ; Tinct. Camph. Co. 
 
 Glycerinum Pepsinae. 
 
 Physostigminae Sulphas, and from it Lamellae Physostigminae. 
 Extractum Picrorhizae Liquidum, Tinctura PicrorhizEe. 
 
1584 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Eicrotoxinum . 
 
 Pilocarpi micro 
 
 phylli Folia . 
 Pimenta 
 
 Pimeutte Oleum 
 
 Pini Oleum 
 
 Piper Longum 
 Piper Nigrum . 
 
 Pix Burgundica 
 
 Pix Liquida . 
 
 Podophylli Indici 
 
 Rhizoma 
 Podophylli Rhi 
 
 zoma. 
 Pruni Virginiansei 
 
 Cortes . . . / 
 Prunum 
 Pterocarpi Lignum 
 
 Pyrethri Floras 
 
 Pyrethri Radix 
 Quassise Lignum 
 Quercus Cortex 
 Quillaiae Cortex 
 Quininse Hydro 
 chloridum . 
 
 Quininse Sulphas 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Anamirta paniculata . 
 
 Pilocarpus miorophyllus 
 Pimenta officinalis 
 
 Pinus Pumilio 
 
 Piper longum 
 Piper nigrum 
 
 Picea excelsa . 
 
 and 
 
 f Pinus sylvestris 
 \ other species . 
 
 Podophyllum Emodi 
 Podophyllum peltatum 
 
 Prunus serotina . 
 
 Prunus domestica . 
 
 Pterocarpus santalinus . 
 I Chrysanthemum ciner-l 
 arisefolium, C.roseum 
 [ and C. carneum . . ] 
 
 Anacyclus Pyrethruyn . 
 
 Picrpena excelsa . 
 
 Quercus Robur . 
 
 Quillaia ' Saponaria ' 
 
 Various species of Cin-'i 
 chona and Remijia . / 
 
 }{ 
 
 Resina . 
 
 Rhamni FrangulBe\| 
 
 Cortex . . .|| 
 
 Rhamni Purshianiy 
 
 Cortex . . . j I 
 
 Rhei Radix 
 
 Rhoeados Petala . 
 Ricini Oleum . 
 Rosse Gallicse Petala 
 Rosae Oleum . 
 Rosmarini Oleum. 
 
 Various species of Pinus 
 
 Rhamuus Frangula 
 
 See Gascara Sagrada. 
 
 Rheum palmatum, 
 Rheum officinale, and 
 probably other species 
 
 Papaver Rhceas 
 
 Ricinus communis . 
 Rosa Gallica . 
 Rosa Damascena 
 Rosmarinus officinalis 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Sabinse Cacumina Juniperus Sabina 
 Saccharum Purifi- ( 
 
 catum . . . / 
 Saccharum Lactis 
 
 Saccharum officinarum 
 Bos Taurus . , . 
 
 INIenispermacese 
 
 Eutacese 
 MyrtacesB 
 
 Coniferse 
 Piperacese 
 
 Coniferaa 
 Berbcridacese 
 
 Rosaceae 
 Leguminosse 
 
 Compositse . 
 
 SimarubaceEe 
 
 CupulifersB 
 
 Rosaceaa 
 
 Rubiacese . 
 
 Coniferae . 
 Rhamnacese 
 
 Polygonacese 
 
 Papaveracese 
 
 Euphorbiacese 
 
 Rosacese 
 
 )) 
 Labiatae 
 
 Coniferae 
 
 Graminacete 
 
 Ungulata . 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 (■Eastern India and the\ 
 { ' Malayan Islands . . . j 
 
 Brazil 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 ("West Indies, Mexico, and) 
 \ Jamaica, etc ) 
 
 Mountains of Central Europe 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 >» >» 
 
 Germany 
 
 (Scotland, Russia, Denmark, 
 I and Norway .... 
 
 Indigenous to the Himalayas 
 North America .... 
 
 South of France .... 
 Madras and Ceylon . 
 
 (California, Dalmatia,and the"! 
 \ Caucasus j 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 Britain 
 
 Chili and Peru . ' . . 
 (South America, India,! 
 \ Ceylon, and Java . . .J 
 
 North America .... 
 Britain and Central Europe. 
 
 China and Thibet 
 
 Britain 
 
 India 
 
 Britain and France, cultivated 
 
 Bulgaria, etc 
 
 (South of Europe, cultivated"! : 
 
 \ in England j 
 
 (Britain, Southern Europe,"! 
 
 t etc / 
 
 jWest Indies and British"! 
 (_ Guiana j 
 
 Domesticated everywhere , 
 
OF THE ORGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1585 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 (A neutral principle from the 
 \ fruits. 
 
 Dried leaves ...... 
 
 Dried full-grown unripe fruit. 
 
 Volatile oil from unripe fruit. 
 
 J Oil distilled from fresh leaves 
 \ and shoots. 
 
 Dried unripe fruit .... 
 (■Resinous exudation from the 
 \ stem. 
 
 j Bituminous liquid obtained"! 
 \ from the v^ood . . . • / 
 
 Dried rhizome and roots . 
 Dried rhizome and roots . 
 
 Pilocarpinse Nitras. 
 
 The bark . . . 
 
 Dried ripe fruits . 
 Heart-wood . 
 
 Flower-heads in powder. 
 
 Dried root 
 
 Wood of the trunk and branches 
 
 Dried bark. 
 
 The inner part of the bark . 
 
 Salt of the alkaloid .... 
 
 Salt of the alkaloid .... 
 
 I The residue left after the dis-"! 
 tillation of the Oil of Tur-| 
 pentine from the crude oleo- 1 
 resin , 
 
 Dried bark. 
 
 The erect rhizome, deprived of I 
 more or less of its cortex and | 
 dried ) 
 
 Fresh petals 
 
 Oil expressed from the seeds . 
 Fresh and dried unexpanded 
 
 petals 
 
 Oil distilled from fresh flowers 
 Oil distilled from the flowering 
 
 tops 
 
 Fresh and dried tops. 
 Juice of the sugar-cane 
 Whey of milk, evaporated . 
 
 Confectio Piperis, Pulv. Opii Co. 
 
 Unguentum Picis Liquidse. 
 
 Resina Podophylli Indici, and from it Tinct. Podophylli Ind. 
 
 Resina Podophylli, and from it Tinctura Podophylli. 
 
 Syrupus and Tinctura Pruni Virginianse. 
 
 Confectio Sennse. 
 
 Tinctura Lavandulaa Composita. 
 
 Tinctura Pyrethri. 
 
 Infusum, and Tinctura Quassise, 
 
 Tinctura Quillaiae and Liquor Picis Carbonis. 
 
 Tinctura Quininae and Vinum Quininae. 
 
 ("Ferri et Quininse Citras, Tinct. Quininee Ammon., Pil. 
 \ Quin. Sulphat., Syrup. Ferri Phosph. c. Quini. et Strych. 
 
 IEmplastrum and Unguentum Resinae : Emp. Menthol, and 
 Saponis. Of the Resin Plaster, Emp. Belladon, and Emp. 
 Calefaciens. 
 
 JExtractum, Infusum and Syrupus Rhei ; Pilula Rhei Co. 
 { Pulvis Rhei Co., Tinctura Rhei Comp. 
 
 Syrupus Rhceados. 
 
 Mistura Olei Ricini ; CoUodium Flexile, and Lin Sinapis. 
 Confectio Rosae Gallicas, Syrupus Rosas, Infusum Rosse Aci- 
 
 dum. Of the confection, Pil. Hydrarg. 
 Unguentum Aqua Rosae. 
 
 Spiritus Rosemarini ; Lin. Saponis ; Tinct. Lavand. Comp. 
 
 }{ 
 
 All Syrup and Lozenges, and several other preparations. 
 Extractum Strophanthi. 
 
1586 
 
 MATERIA MEDICA TABLES 
 
 Name 
 
 Salicinum . 
 
 Sambuci Flores 
 
 Sandaracca 
 Sanguinariae Rhi 
 zoma. 
 
 Sanguis Draconis 
 
 Santali Oleum 
 
 Santoninum . 
 
 Sappan . 
 
 Sarsse Radix . 
 Sassafras Radix 
 
 Scammonise Radix 
 
 Scammonise Resina 
 Scammonium . 
 
 SciUa .... 
 
 Scoparii Cacumina 
 Senegse Radix . 
 
 Senna Alexandrina 
 
 Senna Tinnevelly . 
 
 Serpontarise Rhi-'l 
 zoma . . . f 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 (From various species of 1 
 Salix, chiefly Salix> 
 f ragilis, and Populus . | 
 
 Sambucus nigra . 
 
 Callitris quadrivalvis . 
 
 Sanguinaria Canadensis 
 
 (Calamus Draco and") 
 
 other species . . ./ 
 
 Santalum album 
 
 J Artemisia maritima,! 
 
 \ var. Stechmanniana . I 
 
 Csesalpinia Sappan . 
 
 JSmilax ornata and other) 
 
 \ species f 
 
 Sassafras officinale . 
 Convolvulus Scammonia I 
 and Ipomoea Oriza- > 
 beusis .... 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 ("Convolvulus Scam- 
 \ monia . 
 
 Sesami Oleum 
 
 Sevum Prfeparatum 
 Sin apis Nigraej 
 
 Seminum . . j 
 Staphisagrifel 
 
 Semina . . . / 
 Stramonii Folia . 
 Stramonii Semina 
 
 Strophanthi Semina 
 
 Strychnina 
 
 Sty rax praeparatus 
 Sumbul Radix. 
 Tamarindus . 
 
 Taraxaci Radix . 
 
 Terebinthina '\ 
 
 Canadensis . .( 
 
 Terebinthinsn 
 Oleum Rectifica- 
 tum .... 
 
 Urginea Scilla . 
 
 Cytisus scoparius 
 Polygala Senega . 
 
 Cassia acutifolia. 
 
 Cassia angustifolia . 
 ( Aristolochia Serpentaria 
 } or Aristolochia reticu- 
 ( lata 
 
 Sesamum Indicum . 
 
 Ovis Aries .... 
 
 Brassica nigra 
 
 Delphinium Stapliisagria 
 
 Datura Stramonium 
 
 )j J) 
 
 Strophanthus ' Kombe ' 
 
 IStrychnos Nux-vomica 
 and other species of 
 Strychnos . 
 Liquidambar orientalis 
 
 Ferula ' Sumbul ' 
 
 Tamarindus ludica . 
 
 Taraxacum officinale 
 
 Abies balsamea . 
 
 Salicacese . 
 
 Caprifoliacese 
 
 ConifersQ 
 
 Papaverace^B 
 
 Palmace£e , 
 SantalacesB 
 Compositae . 
 
 Leguminosre 
 
 Liliaceae . 
 LauracesB . 
 
 Convolvulacese 
 
 Liliacese 
 
 Leguminosse 
 Polygalacese 
 
 Leguminosse 
 
 (■Pinus Taeda, P. palustris, 
 \ and other species 
 
 ':} 
 
 Aristolochiaceae 
 
 Pedaliacse . 
 Ungulata . 
 Cruciferas . 
 
 Ranunculacoae 
 Solanacea3 . 
 
 >j • * 
 ApocynaceiB . 
 
 Loganiacese 
 
 Hamamelidacece 
 Umbelliferte 
 Leguminosse 
 Compositae . 
 Coniferse . 
 
 Geographical Soiu'ce. 
 
 ("Temperate regions of the"! 
 \ Northern Hemisphere . ) 
 
 ("Britain, Central and South-"! 
 
 I ern Europe f 
 
 Northern Africa .... 
 
 N. America 
 
 Eastern Archipelago . 
 
 India 
 
 Asiatic Russia .... 
 
 /Madras and Malayan Pen-"1 
 insulas j" 
 
 Central and South America. 
 
 North America .... 
 
 Syria and Asia Minor 
 
 /Chiefly from Smyrna, inl 
 Asia Minor / 
 
 Mediterranean coasts 
 
 Britain 
 
 North America .... 
 (Soudan, imported from! 
 \ Alexandria j 
 
 Southern India and Arabia . 
 
 (Southern parts of North ^ 
 America I 
 
 I 
 
 ("Indigenous to India, culti-) 
 
 ' vated in Turliey and CTreeceJ 
 
 Domesticated everywhere . 
 
 Britain 
 
 South of Europe . 
 Britain, cultivated 
 
 East Africa . . 
 
 East Indies and Philippines 
 
 South-west of Asia Minor . 
 Asiatic Russia .... 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Britain 
 
 Canada 
 
 United States of America 
 
OP THE OEGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1587 
 
 Part used. 
 
 B.P. Preparations into which it enters. 
 
 Crystalline glucoside obtained 
 from the bark. 
 
 Flowers separated from stalks. 
 
 Resin. 
 
 Dried rhizome. 
 
 Resin. 
 
 Oil distilled from the wood. 
 
 A crystalline principle . 
 
 Heart-wood 
 
 Dried root. 
 Dried root. 
 
 Dried root 
 
 Resin from root 
 
 (■ Gum-resin obtained from living 
 \ root. 
 
 Sliced and dried bulb . 
 
 Fresh and dried tops . 
 
 Dried root 
 
 (Dried leaflets, also dried ripe 
 ( fruits 
 
 Dried rhizome and roots . 
 
 Oil expressed from seeds. 
 
 Internal fat of the abdomen . 
 
 Dried ripe seeds 
 
 Dried ripe seeds ..... 
 
 Dried leaves 
 
 Dried ripe seeds. 
 
 Dried ripe seeds freed from awns 
 The alkaloid 
 
 Balsam from the trunk purified 
 
 Dried slices of the root. 
 (Fruits freed from the brittle "> 
 \ outer part of the pericarp . / 
 
 Fresh and dried roots . 
 
 The oleo-resin .... 
 
 Trochiscus Santonini. 
 Decoctum Sappan, 
 
 Resina Scammonise. 
 
 Pulv. Scam. Co. 
 et Hyoscyam. 
 
 Extract. Col. Co. ; Pil. Col. Co. ; Pil. Col. 
 
 Oil distilled from turpentine 
 
 Acetum, Oxymel, Pilula Co., Syrupus and Tinctura Scillse ; 
 
 Pil. Ipecac, c. Scilla. 
 Infusu^ Scoparii (from dried) ; Succus Scoparii (from fresh). 
 Infusum and Tinctura Senegas. 
 Of the Leaves, Conf actio, Infusum, Mistura Co., Syrupus, 
 
 and Tinctura Sennae ; Pulvis Glycyrrhizse Compositus. 
 May be used in the place of Alexandrian Senna. 
 
 Tinctura Serpeutarise ; Tinct. Cinchon. Co. 
 
 Unguentum Hydrargyri. It replaces Prepared Lard in India. 
 Oleum Sinapis Volatile ; Lin. Sinapis from the Oil. 
 Unguentum Staphisagrise. 
 Tinctura Stramonii. 
 
 Extractum Strophanthi and Tinctura Strophanthi. 
 Strychninse Hydrochlor. and of this Injectio, and Liquor. 
 Tinctura Benzoini Composita. 
 
 Confectio Sennae. 
 Extractum, Succus Taraxaci. 
 Collodium Flexile. 
 
 Lin. Tcrebinthiuee, and Lin. T. Aceticimi ; Terebenum. 
 
1588 
 
 MATERIA MBbiCA TABLES 
 
 Name. 
 
 Theobromatis 
 Oleum . 
 
 Thus Americanum 
 
 .} 
 
 Obtained from. 
 
 Thymol . 
 
 Thyroideum Sic 
 
 cum . . 
 Tonoo Semina 
 
 Tragacantha 
 
 .-} 
 
 Turpethum . , 
 Ulmi fulvsB Cortex 
 
 Urginea . . . 
 
 Uvae Ursi Folia . 
 Valerianee Indic3e\ 
 Bhizoma . . j 
 Valerianae Rhizoma 
 
 Vanilla .... 
 Veratri Viridis"t 
 
 Rhizoma . . j 
 Veratri albi i 
 
 Rhizoma . . / 
 
 Viburnum . 
 
 Zingiber . 
 
 Theobroma Cacao 
 
 -o- (Tseda . 
 
 ^^°"« {palustris 
 ( Thymus vulgaris 
 
 Monarda punctata 
 [ Carimi Copticum 
 
 Ovis Aries 
 
 Dipteryx odorata 
 
 Astragalus gummifer 
 
 Ipomoea Turpethum 
 Ulmus fulva . 
 
 j" Urginea Indica 
 Scilla Indica . 
 
 and 
 
 Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi 
 Valeriana Wallichii 
 Valeriana officinalis 
 Vanilla planifolia . 
 Veratrum viride 
 
 Veratrum album 
 
 Viburnum prunifolium 
 
 Zingiber officinale . 
 
 Natural Order. 
 
 Sterculiacese 
 
 Coniferge . 
 
 Labiatse 
 UmbeUiferce , 
 Ungulata . 
 Legumiuosse . 
 
 Leguminosse . 
 
 ConvolvulacesB 
 Urticacese . 
 
 Liliacese 
 
 Ericaceae . 
 Valerianaceto 
 
 Orchidacese 
 Liliacese 
 
 II * 
 
 Caprifoliacese 
 
 Scitaminacese 
 
 Geographical Source. 
 
 Central America .... 
 
 I Southern States of North 1 
 \ America J 
 
 Manufactured in Britain 
 
 Britain . 
 S. America 
 
 Asia Minor and Persia 
 
 India and Ceylon 
 ( Central and 
 
 Southern^ 
 Europe, and England . . j 
 
 India 
 
 Britain 
 
 Himalayas 
 
 Britain and Europe . 
 Jlexico and Bourbon 
 United States and Canada . 
 
 Germany and Central Europe 
 
 (■Middle and Southern United) 
 
 \ States j 
 
 (West Indies, India, and Co-j 
 \ chin China / 
 
 In these Tables, Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum has been' followed 
 ing the names of the botanical sources of the drugs have been made, with the view of 
 name is derived from the vernacular name ; italics indicate that the name has 
 is derived from a proper name, or from an old popular or commercial name, 
 recommended by Engler, and in the few names without this termination that have 
 been given in parentheses in the first instance where such natural orders occur. 
 
OF THE ORGANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 1589 
 
 Parts used. 
 
 (■Concrete oil from warml 
 \ crushed seeds / 
 
 Concrete oleo-resin. 
 
 (A crystalline substance from 
 \ the oils. 
 
 ("Fresh and healthy thyroid 
 
 \ gland 
 
 Dried seeds. 
 
 Gummy exudation .... 
 
 Dried root and stem. 
 Dried inner bark. 
 
 Younger bulbs 
 
 Dried leaves 
 
 Dried rhizome and rootlets 
 Dried erect rhizome and roots 
 Dried fruit. 
 Dried rhizome and rootlets. 
 
 Dried bark 
 
 Scraped and dried rhizome 
 
 B.P. rieparations into which it enters. 
 
 All Suppositories except Glycerin. 
 
 Thyroideum Siccum. 
 
 Glycerinum and Mucilage Tragacanthge ; Pulv. Tragac. Co. ; 
 Conf . Sulphuris ; Pulv. Opii Co. ; Mist. Cretse, and Guaiaci ; 
 PilulEe Ferri, Hyd. Subchlor. Co., and Quinin. Sulph. 
 
 Acetum and Oxymel Urginese, Pilulce Ipecacuanhse c. 
 
 Urginea, Pilula Urgineae Composita, Syrupus, and 
 
 Tinctura Urginese. 
 Infusum Uvse Ursi. 
 
 Tinctura Valeriante Indicte Ammoniata. 
 
 Tinctura Valeriante Ammoniata. 
 
 Extractum Viburni Prunifolii Liquidum. 
 
 Syrupus and Tinctura Zingiberis. It is also used in some 
 
 Powders and other preparations. 
 
 vfith respect to botanical classification, and some alterations in the method of print- 
 making the Table more useful to students, thus : quotation marks imply that the 
 previously been used as a generic name ; and an initial capital letter that the name 
 The names of the natural orders have been used vyith the termination acecB as 
 been retained, the name recommended by Lindley, for the sake of uniformity, has 
 
1590 
 
 SECTION A. 
 
 THERAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF REMEDIES. 
 
 Alteratives. — ^Medicines which gradually change abnormal conditions so 
 that they become normal. 
 
 Ammonium. — Ammonii Chloridum. 
 
 Antimony. — ^Antimonii Oxiduna, A. Sulphuratum, A. Tartaratum. 
 
 Arsenic. — Acidum Arseniosmia, Inj actio Ferri Arsenatis, Liquor Arseni- 
 
 calis, Liquor Arsenici Hydi'ochloricus, Liquor Sodii Arsenatis, Sodii 
 
 Cacodylas. 
 Calcium. — Calcii Chloridum, Calcii Hypophosphis, Calcii Sulphidum. 
 Iodine and the Iodides. 
 Iron Salts. 
 Mercury. — Hydrarg. c. Greta, Pilula Hydrarg., Hydrarg. Perchloridum 
 
 and Subchloridmn, Hydrarg. lodidum Bubrum. 
 Phosphorus and the Hypophosphites. 
 Potassium Salts. 
 
 Sulphur. — Prsecipitatum, Sublimatum and Sulphides. 
 Vegetable. — Caffeina, Coca, Dvilcamara, Guaiacum, Hemidesmus, 
 
 Mezereura, Sarsaparilla, Sassafras, Taraxacum. 
 
 Anaesthetics. — They are divided into General (by inhalation) and Local (by 
 spray or other application to the part). General Anesthetics abolish 
 consciousness and reflex action, and so prevent the perception of painful 
 and other stimuli in the sensory centres : JEthev, .iEther Methylatus (sp. gr. 
 0-717), ^thyl Bromidum, ^thyl lodidum, A.C.E. Mixture, Carbon Tetra- 
 chloride, Chlorsethoform, Chloroform, Kelene, Methylene, Narcotile, Nitrous 
 Oxide Gas, Pental, Regnauld's Anaesthetic Mixtm-e, Soemnoform. Local 
 Anesthetics prevent the reception of stimuli by the peripheral termina- 
 tions of sensory nerves : Acid. Carbolic, Acoine, ^ther (spray), ^ther 
 Methylatus (sp.gr. 0*717), iEther Methylicus, ^thoxycaffeinu'm, ^thyl 
 Bromidum, ^thyl Chloridum, Alypin, Anpesthesin, Antesthyl, Aromatic 
 Oils, Benzaminae Lactas, Benzoyl-pseudotropine (Tropacocaine), Chloretone, 
 Cocainse Hydroehloridum, Cocainae Phenylas, Coryl, Erythrophlseinaj 
 Hydi-ochloridum, Eucaine Hydrochloride (a) and (b), Euguform, Guaiacol, 
 Guaiacyl, Holocaine Hydrochloride, Ice, Iodoform, Kelene, Menthol, Methyl 
 Chloridmn, Methylal, Nervocidine, Nirvanin, Novocaine, Orthoform, 
 Orthoform New, Phenol Camphor, Stovaine, Subcutin, Tropacocaine, 
 Thymol, Yohimbine. 
 
 Analgesics or Anodjraes. — Medicines which alleviate pain by lessening 
 the excitability of nerves or nerve centres : Abrastol, Acetanilidum, Acid. 
 Carbolic, Aconitum, Aconitina, ^thyl Chloridum, Agathin, Ammonol, 
 Amyl Nitris, Antikamnia, Antipyrine, Antisepsin, Antitoxine, Apolysin, 
 Aristochin, Asaprol, Atropina, Belladonna, Bromides, Brucine, Butyl- 
 Chloral Hydras, Caffeina, Cajuputi and Caryophylii Ol., Camphor, Cannabis 
 Indica, Chloral Hydras, Chloroform, Cimicifuga, Citrophen, Cocainae 
 Phenylas, Codeina, Codeinse lodas, Conina, Conium, Creosotum, Dionine, 
 Euquinine, Exalgin, Gelsemium, Hyoscyamus, Ipecac. Pulvis Compositus, 
 ICi-yofin, Lactophenin, Lupulus, Malakin, Methylene Blue, Morpliina, 
 Opium, Orthoform, Papaver, Phenacetin, Phenalgin, Phenazone, Phenyl - 
 m-ethane (Euphorin), Piscidia, Pyramidon, Quinina, Salipyrin, Salophen, 
 Saloquinine, Scopola, Solanine, Spiritus ^theris, Tolypyiin, Toiysal, 
 Veratrina. 
 
SECTIOX A. — THERAPEDTICAri CLASSIFICATION OP REMEDIES, 1591 
 
 Anaphrodisiaes. — ^INIedicines which diminish the sexual passion : Ammonii 
 Bromidum, Belladoixna, Camphora, Conitim, Digitalis, Hyoscyamus, 
 Ltipulinnm, Potassi Bromidum, Potassii lodidum, Salix Nigra, Sodii 
 Bromidum, Sodii lodidum, Stramonium, Tabacum ; also alkalis, hypnotics, 
 depressants. 
 
 Anhidroties. — ^Medicines which diminish the amount of perspiration : Acid. 
 Acetic, Acid. Camphoric, Acid. Phosp. Dil., A. Salicylic, A. Sulphuric. 
 Dilut., A. Tannic, Agaricus, Agaricin, Atropina, Belladonna, Cotoin, Ergot, 
 Ferri Sulphas, Ferri Mist. Comp., Guaiacol Camphorate, Hsematoxyli 
 Decoct., Hyoscyamus, Paraphenetidin Camphorate, Pyramidon Mono- 
 and Bi -Camphorate, Picrotoxinum, Quinina, Scopola, Stramonium, 
 Strychnina, Zinci Oxidum. 
 
 Antacids. — Agents which reduce the acidity of the gastric contents : 
 Ammonia, Ammon. Spirit. Aromatic, A. Carbonas, Bismutiii Trochiscus, 
 Calcii Hydras, C. Carbonas Praecipitatus, Calcis Liquor, C. Saecharatus 
 Liquor, Creta Prasparata, Lithii Carbonas, Lithii Citras, Magnesia, M. 
 Carbonas, Potassse Liquor, P. Bicarbonas, P. Carbonas, Pot. Citras, Pot. 
 Tartras, Sapo Durus, Sodii Bicarbonas, Sodii Phosphas. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — Contrexeville, Ems, Fachingen, Tarasp, Vichy. 
 
 Anthelmintics. — Medicines which destroy intestinal worms (Vermicides), 
 or expel them from the alimentary canal without necessarily killing them 
 (Vermifuges). 
 
 Vermicides : Ascarides or Thread Worms. — Acid. Carbolic, Areca, 
 Arecoline Hydrobromide ; Enema — Aceti, Eucalyptus Oil, Ferri 
 Perchloridi, F. Sulphatis, Naphthol, 01iv£e Olei, Paraffin. Liqmdum, 
 Quassise, 01. Ricini and Terebinthinae ; Santoninum, Sodii Chloridi. 
 Round Worm. — Areca, Chinosol, Naphthol, Santoninum. 
 Tape Worm. — Acid. Embelicum, Ammonii Embelas, Cusso, Embelia 
 Ribes, Eucalyptus Oil, Extractum Filicis Liquidum, Granati Cort., 
 Kamala, Pelletierinse Sulphas and Tannas, Terebinthinae Oleiim. 
 Vermifuges : Areca, Butea, Calomel, Cambogia, Jalapa, Kamala, 
 Nucis Juglandis Spiritus, Ricini Oleum, Scammonium, Thj.Tnol 
 Carbonate. 
 
 Antidotes are mentioned under the several poisonous drugs. 
 
 Antilithics. — ^Medicines which counteract lithiasis or lithaemia, i.e., a 
 tendency to the deposit of uric acid or urates, or to the formation of the 
 corresponding Calculi : Acid. Nitric Dil., Acid. Phosp. Dil., Cystamine, 
 Hexamethylenetetramine, Hydrarg. Pil., Lithium salts {see p. 839), 
 Magnesia, Mag. Carbonas, Magnes. Liq. Efferv., Piperazine Quinate, 
 Piperidine Tartrate Acid, Podophyllin, Potassii Acetas, Potassii Bicarb., 
 Sapo Durus, Soda Tartarata, Sodii Benzoas, Sodii Bicarb., Sodii Citro-tart. 
 Efferv., Soclii Phosphas, Urea, Uresin, Urol, Urotropine ; diuretics, saline 
 purgatives. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — Carlsbad, Friedrichshall, Hunyadi-Janos, Mergen- 
 theim, Neuenahr, Selters, Tchitli, Vals, Vichy, Wildungen. 
 
 Antiperiodics. — Mechcines which have the property of preventing the 
 periodical attacks of certain fevers ; they act as poisons to the disease- 
 producing organisms : Acid. Arsenics, Bebeerinse Sulph., Berberis, 
 Cinchona, Cinchonidine Salicylate, Cusparia, Ferri Arsenio-Citras Am- 
 moniata, Ferri Arsenatis Inj., Narcotina, Nectandrse Cort., Quinine Salts, 
 Picrorhiza, Salicin, Sodium Methyl-Arsenate (Arsinyl). 
 
 Antipyretics. — Medicines which reduce and control the temperatiire in 
 fever : Abrastol, Acetanilidum, Acetopyrin, Acids, Acid. Acetyl -salicylic. 
 Acid. Anisic, Acid. Salicylic, Aconitum, Ammon. Benz., Ammonii Salicylas, 
 
1592 SECTION A. — THERAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OP EEMEDIES. 
 
 Ammonol, Aminonol Bromide, Lithiate and Salicylate, Antikaninia, 
 Antipyrine Camphorate, Antisepsin, Anbitoxine, Antimonium Tartaratum, 
 Apolysin, Aristochin, Asaprol, Aspirin, Bromopyrin, Camphor Salicylate, 
 Chinaphenin, Citrophen, Cryogenin, Eupyrine, Euqmnine, Hydracetin, 
 lodopyrin, Kryofin, Lactophenin, Malakin, Magnesii Benzoas, Migrainine, 
 Paracresotinic Acid, Paraphenetidin Agarate and Camphorate, Phenalgin, 
 Phenosal, Phenacetin, Phenazonum, Phenocoll Hydrochloridum, Phesin, 
 Piperina, Potassii Citras, Pyramidon, Pyramidon Mono- and Bi-Camphorate 
 and Salicylate, P3rrantin, Pyrochn, Quebracho, Qtunina Resorcin, Salicin, 
 Salol, Salophen, Saloquinine, Sodii Anisas, Sodii Di-thio-salicylas, Sodii 
 Paracresotinas, Sodii Salicylas, Sodii Sulphocarbolas, Spirit, ^ther. 
 Muriaticus, Spirit, ^ther. Nitrosi, Spirit. Rectificatus, Thallinse Sulphas, 
 Tolypyrin, Tolysal, Triphenine. 
 
 Antiseptics. — Agents which prevent decomposition by inhibiting the 
 growth of Micro-organisms as long as they remain in contact with them : 
 Acid. Bonzoicum, Acid. Boricum, Acid. Carbolicum, Acid. Chromicum, 
 Acid. Cinnamic, Acid. Cresol, Acid. Cresylicum, Acid. Hydrochlorici.iin, 
 Acid. Nitricnm, Acid. Oxynaphthoicumi, Acid. PyrogallicmTi, Acid. Pyro- 
 ligneosum Criidum, Acid. Salicyliciim, Acid. Sulphocarbolicum, Acid. 
 Sulphurosum, Acid. Trichloraceticum, Albargin, Aluminii Acetatis Liquor, 
 Aliim. Aceto-Tartras, Actol, Akmi. Chloridi Liquor, A. Oleas, A. Nitras, 
 
 A. Sulphas, Aluninol, Amnion. Benzoas, Amyloform, Antiseptin, Antinosin, 
 Any tin, Anytol, Argentamin, Argentol, Argonin, Aristol, Aseptin, Asterol, 
 Balsamum Peruvianum and Tolntanum, Benzoin, Benzonaphthol, Benzoyl 
 Peroxide, Betol, Bismone, Bismuthi Benzoas, B. Betanaphtholas, B. Cerii 
 Salicylas, B. Cinchonidinae lodidum, B. Di-thio-salicylas, B. lodo-resorcin 
 Sulphonas, B. Oleas, B. Oxychloridum, B. Oxyiodogallas, B. Phenol, 
 
 B. Phosphas, B. Quinolinse Svilphocyanidum, B. Salicylas, B. Subgallas, 
 
 B. Subiodas, B. Sulphis, B. Tribromphenolas, Borax, Boro-Glyceride, 
 Branalcane, Calcii lodas, Calcii Paracresotinas, Calcinol, Calx Chlorinata, 
 Carbo Ligni, Camphor, Camphor Phenol, C. Resorcin, C. Salicylate, 
 
 C. Thymol, Carbonis Bisulphidum, Caryophyllum, Chinoline, Chinolinse 
 Tartras, Chinosol, Chlori Liquor, Chloroform, Cinchoninse lodo-Sulphas, 
 Cinchonidinae Sulphocarbolas, Cinnamomum, Cinnamomi 01., Collargol, 
 Copaiba, Creosotmia, Cupri Oleas, C. Sulphocarbolas, Cyllin, Cystamine, 
 Dextroform, Diaphtherin, Diaphthol, Di-iodoform, Eau de Javelle, a-Eigon, 
 Eka-Iodoform, Eucalyptol, Eucalyptus Oil, Eudoxin, Eugallol, Eupad, 
 Eupyrin, Eusol, Fel Bovinum Purif., Fluoroform, Formaldehyde, 
 Formicin, Fortoin, Glacialine, Glutei, Glycerinvun, Glycosal, Guaiacol and 
 its salts, Guaiaquin, Guaiamar, Guaiasanol, Helenin, Hermophenyl, 
 Hexamethylenetetr amine, Hydrargyri Cyanidum, H. Ethylene-diamine 
 Citras, H. et Potassii lodidum, H. Nitratis Liquor Acidus, H. Nucleinas, 
 H. Perchloridum, H. Salicylas, H. Subchloridum, Hydrarg. Zinco-Cyanid., 
 Hydrargyxol, Hydrogenii Peroxidi Liquor, Hydronaphthol, Ichthargan, 
 Ichthoform, lodi Tribromiduixi, lodi Trichloiidum, lodofan, lodoformin, 
 lodoformogen, lodoformum, lodol, lodolene, lodopyrin, lodum, Itrol, 
 Izal, Laetonaphthol, Lenigallol, Listerine, Loretin, Losophan, Lysoform, 
 Lysol, Menthol, Menthosol, Menthoxol, Morcuramine, Metakalin, Methyl 
 Salicylas, Microcidine, Naphthalene, Naphthol, Naphthol -Camphor, 
 Nosophen, Nuclein and its salts, Orthoform, Para-monochlorphenol, 
 Phenosalyl, Potassa Sulphui'ata, Potassii Permanganas, Protargol, 
 Pyoktanin, Quinaphthol, Quininse Hydi'ochlor., Quininse Sulphas, 
 Resorcin, Resorcinol, Sal Alembroth, Saligallo!, Salitannol, Salol, Salo- 
 quinine, Saprol, Sanoform, Sodse Chlorinatas Liquor, Sodii Anisas, 
 S. Benzoas, S. Chloridum, Sodii Di - thio - salicylas, S. Fluoridum, 
 Sodium Para - toluene - sulphochloramide (Chloramine T.), S. Salicylas, 
 S. Silicofluoridum, S. Sulphis, S. Sulphocarbolas, Solveol, Sozoiodol, 
 Strontii Salicylas, Sulphaminol, Tachiol, Terebinthinse Oleum, Thalleinre 
 Sulphas, Thymol, Traumatol, Tribromphenol , Tribromoresorcin, Trichlor- 
 phenol, Trikresol, Vioform, Yeast, Zinci Chloridum, Zinci Sulphis, Zinci 
 Sulphocarbolas, Zymocide. 
 
SECTION A. —THERAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF KEMEDIES. ] 593 
 
 Antispasmodics. — Medicines which relax spasm of the muscular coat of the 
 bronchial tubes : Acid. Hydrocyanic. Dil., .^Ether, ^ther Aceticus, .^Ethyl 
 lodidum, Ammonife Liquor, A. Carbonas and Bicarbonas, Spiritua 
 Ammonife Aromaticus, Ammoniacum, Amyl Nitris, Amyl Valerianas, 
 Antim. Tartaratum, Argenti Nitras, Argenti Oxidum, Asafetida, Atro- 
 pinse Valerianas, Belladonna, Boldo, Bromides, Cajuput. 01., Calendula, 
 Camphora, Camphora Monobromata, Cannabis Indica, Caryophyllum, 
 Castoreum, Cerii Oxalas, Chloral Hydras, Chloroformvmi, Cimicifuga, 
 Conium, Ethyl Nitritis Liquor, Euphorbia Pilulifera, Galbanum, Grindelia, 
 Hyoscyamus, Iso-butyl Nitrite, Juniperi 01., Lobelia, Month. Pip. 01., 
 Moschus, Opium, Physostigma, Physostigminse Salicylas and Sulphas, 
 Pil. Aloes et Asafetidse, Piscidia, Quebracho, E-utse Oleum, Sodii Nitris, 
 Spir. Ammou. Fetid., Stramonium, Sumbul, Tabacum, Terebinthina, 
 Tiinitrini Liquor and Tabellse, XJrethane, Valeriana and Valerianates. 
 
 Aperients. — See Cathartics. 
 
 Aphrodisiacs. — Medicines which increase sexual appetite : Alcohol, Bella- 
 donna, Calcii Hypophosphis, Camphor, Cantharis, Coffee, Damiana, Tinet. 
 Ferri Perchlor., Hsematinics and Nux Vomica (Strychnina), Phosphorus, 
 Tonics, Yohimbine. 
 
 Aromaties. — See Carminatives. 
 
 Astringents. — Medicines, some of which act by producing diminution in 
 the size of blood-vessels, while others act by precipitating albumins and 
 other proteins ; they are given to improve digestion and check secretions, 
 mucous discharges, and haemorrhages ; or applied topically to stop bleeding 
 and diminish cUscharges. 
 
 Mineral Substances. — All the Diluted Mineral Acids, Aluminium Salts, 
 Argentamin, Argenti Nitras, A. Oxidmn, Bismuth salts, Borax, 
 Cadmii Sulphas, Calamina, Calcii Cai'bonas Prsecip., Calcii Hydras, 
 Carbolic Acid, Creosotum, Creta Prsep., Cupri Sulphas, Ferri 
 Perchlor. Liquor, F. Pernit. Liquor, F. Sulphas, Ferri et Quin. Cit., 
 Plimibi Acetas, P. Carbonas, P. Oxidum, P. Subacetatis Liquor 
 Fortis, Zinci Acetas, Z. Carbonas, Z. Chloridum, Z. Oxidum, 
 Z. Sulphas, Z. Sulphocarbolas. 
 Vegetable Substances.— -Acetxxva., Acid. Acetic. Dil., A. Gallic, A. Tannic, 
 Areca, Belse Confectio, Catechu, Cinchona, Cinnamomum, Goto, 
 Ergota, Erigerontis Oleum, Filix Mas, Galla, Gallogen, Giutanol, 
 Granati Cort., Guarana, Gummi Eucalypt., Haematoxylum, Hama- 
 melis, Honthin, Hydrastis, Ispaghula, Krameria, Kino, Larix, 
 Matico, Myrobalans, Nucis Juglandis Spiritus, Opimn, Quercus, 
 Rheum, Rosjb Gallicse Petaia, Symphytum, Tannalbin, Tannigen, 
 Tannoform, Tanocol, Tannone, Terebinthinte 01., Ulmus, Uva Ursi, 
 Vinca Major. 
 Bitters. — Medicines which, given shortly before a meal, increase appetite and 
 secretion of gastric juice. See Tonics, stomachic. 
 
 Carminatives. — Medicines which stimulate or aid the removal of flatus 
 from the stomach and intestines, and relieve griping : ^ther, ^ther 
 Aceticus, Anethi 01., Anisi 01., Asafetida, Boldo, Camphor, Carbo Ligni, 
 Cardamomum, Carui 01., Caryoph., Cascarilla, Chloroformimi, Cinna- 
 momum, Coriander, Goto, Foeniculum, Ipecacuanha, Juniper, Lavand. 01., 
 Limon. 01., Menth. Pip. 01., Month. Virid. 01., Menthol, Menthyl Valerianate, 
 Myristica, Myrrha, Pimento, Piper, Rosmarini Oleum, Sumbul, Valeriana, 
 Zingiber. 
 
 Cathartics. — Medicines which promote intestinal evacuations. 
 
 Aperient or Laxative. — Amygdalse Oleum, Apocodeinae Hydrochloridmn, 
 Asafetida, Baptisin, Belladonna, Cascara Sagrada, Cassiaj Pulpa, 
 EvionyiTiin, Fel Bovinum, Ficus, Giycyrrh. Pulv. Corap., Ipecac, 
 Juglans, Lactuca, Lini Olemii, Magnesia, M. Carbonas, AI. Citratis 
 
1694 SBcmou a. — o^aERAPEUTicAL classii*'icamon ob' remedies. 
 
 Liquor, Manna, Mel Depurattim, Menyanthes, Mori Succus, Nux 
 Vomica, Olivac Oleum, Phenolphthalein, Potassii Sulphas, P. Tartras, 
 Prunum, Rhamnus, Ricini Olemn, Sapo Durus, Sodii Citrotartras 
 Effervescens, Sodii Phosphas, Sodii Sulphas, Sodii Sulphovinas, Soda 
 Tartarata, Sulphur, Sulphur Prsecip., Tamarindus, Taraxacum. 
 
 Purgative. — Acid. Cathartic, Aloes Barb., A. Socot., Aloin, Baptisin, 
 Colchieum, Convallarin, Helleborus Niger, Hydrarg. Subchloridum, 
 Iris, Iridin, Juglans, Kamala, Leptandrin, Magnes. Sulphas, Mangan. 
 Sulphas, Phytolacca, Podophyllin, Purgatin, Rheum, Serma, Sodii 
 Chloridum, Sodii Sulphas. 
 
 Drastic or Hydragogne. — Apocynum, Bryonia, Cambogia, Colocynthis, 
 Crotonis Oleum, Elaterium, Elaterinum, Helleborus Niger, Hydrarg. 
 c. Creta, Hydrarg. Subchloridum, Jalapa, Kaladana, Lobelia, Magnes. 
 Sulphas, Potass. Tart. Acidus, Scaiximonium, Sodii Sulphas, 
 Veratrina. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — Achselmannstein, Birraenstorf, Carlsbad, Fried- 
 richshall, Homburg, Hunyadi-Janos, Kissingen, Marienbad, PuUna, 
 Pvioyal Hungarian Bitter Water (Buda-Pesth), Seidlitz. 
 
 Caustics, — Substances which destroy the vitality of the parts to which 
 they are applied : Acid. Acetic. Glaciale, A. ArseniosiuTi, A. Carbolicum, 
 A. Chromicura, A. Hydrochloi'icum, A. Nitricum, A. Pyrogallic, A. Sul- 
 phui'ici Pasta, A. Trichloracetic, Alum. Exsiccatum, Alimainium Aceto- 
 Tart., Antim. Chloridi Liquor, Argenti Nitras, Calx, Creosotum, Cupri 
 Acetas, C. Nitras, C. Subacetas, C. Sulphas, Ferri Pernitratis Liquor, 
 Formaldehyde, Hydr. lod. Rubr., Hydr. Nitrat. Acidus Liquor, Hydr. Ox. 
 Rubr., Hydr. Ox. Flav., Hydr. Perchloridum, Potassa Caustica, Potassa 
 c. Calce, Potassii Permang., Sodii Ethylatis Liquor, Zinci Chloridum, 
 Zinci Nitras. 
 
 Cholagogues. — The direct increase the amount of bile secreted : Acid. 
 Hydrochlor. Dil., Acid. Nitric. Dil., Acid. Nitro-hydrochlor. Dil., Aloes, 
 Ammonii Chloridum, Ammonii Phosphas, Antim. Sulphuratum, Boldo, 
 Colchieum, Colocynth, Eunatrol, Euonymus, Fel Bovinum Purif., Hydrastis, 
 Ipecacuanha, Iridin, Jalapa, Phytolacein, Podophyllin, Rheum, Sodii 
 Benzoas, Glycocholas, Salicylas, Sulphas and Taurochojate. The indirect 
 act by stimulating the duodenum: Mercury, especially the Subchloride; 
 most Cathartics. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — Ems, Friedrichshall, Hungarian, Hunyadi-Janos, 
 Kissingen. 
 
 Counter-irritants. — Substances wliich stimulate and cause irritation or 
 inflammation of the parts to which they are applied ; they differ in their 
 intensity of action, and may be divided as follows : — 
 
 Rubefacients. — Agents which, when applied to the skin, produce 
 local vascular dilatation : Acid. Aceticum, iEther, Alcohol, 
 AmmoniiE Liquor, Amixioniacum, Armoracia, Emp. Calefaciens, 
 Cantharis, lodum, Lin. Camphorse Ammon., Lin. Capsici, Lin. 
 Chloroformi, Lin. Sinapis, Liq. lodi Fortis, Mentholi Emp., Meze- 
 reum, 01. Cadinum, 01. Cajui^uti, Ol. Limonis, 01. Rosmarini, 01. 
 Rutse, 01. Succini, Ol. Terebinth., Picis Emp., Thjmiol, Ung. Elemi. 
 
 Vesicants or Epispastics. — Those which raise a vesicle or blister : 
 Acidum Aceticum Glaciale, Ammonise Liquor Fortior, Cantharidin, 
 Cantharis Emp., Epispasticus Liquor, Euphorbium, Mezerei Ung., 
 Rutse Oleum, Sinapis Lin., Sinapis Olevun. 
 
 Pustulants. — Those which produce pustules : Antimonium Tar- 
 taratum, Ai-genti Nitras, Crotonis Oleum. 
 
 Demulcents. — Substances which protect, and thvis allay irritation of, the 
 mucous membranes : Acacise Gmn., Althtea, Amygdala Dulc. and Oleum, 
 Amylum, Carrageen, Cetraria, Cydonium, Cynoglossum, Ficus, Gelatinum, 
 
SECTION A. — THERAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF EEMEDIES. 1595 
 
 Glycerinum Boraeis, Glycyrrhiza, Hordeiim, Ichthyocolla, Ispaghula, 
 Linum, Maranta, Mel Depuratiun, Olivse Oleum, Ovi Albumen, Prunum, 
 Sacch. Piirificatum, Salep, Sevum, Theriaca, Tragacantha, Triticum Repens, 
 Ulmua, Uvse. 
 
 Deodorants. — Substances which destroy offensive odours and absorb foul 
 gases : Chlorine and its oxides. Acid. Chromic, Acid. Nitric, Acid. Sul- 
 phuros., Bromum, Calx, Calcii Permanganas, Carbo Ligni, Chinosol, 
 Di-iodoform, Eigons (a) and (b), Eka-iodoform, Eucalypti 01., Europhen, 
 Fei-ri Sulph., Formaldehyde, Hydrogenii Perosidum, lodoformin, lodo- 
 formogen, lodoformura, lodol, lodolene, lodum, Loretin, Menthoxol, 
 Naphthalene, Nosophen, Paraformaldehyde, . Plumbi Nitras, Potass. 
 Permang., Resorcinol, Thymol, Trichl or phenol, Vioform, Zinci Chloridum. 
 
 Depilatories. — Chemicals which destroy living hair : Barii Sulphid., Calx 
 Sulphur at., Thalliiun Acetate, X Rays. 
 
 Desiecants. — Agents which check secretion, and allay discharges from 
 ulcers and wounds : Acidi Borici Pulvis, Bismuthi Subnit., Calamina, Calcii 
 Carbonas Praecip., Calcii Hydras, Creta Prseparata, Magnesii Carbonas, 
 Plumbi Acetas, Plumbi Carbonas, Talc, Zinci Carbonas and Oxidum. 
 
 Diaphoretics. — Medicines which increase the amount of perspiration : 
 Acidum Salicylicum, Aconitum, ^ther. Alcohol, Ammonii Acetatis Liquor, 
 Ammon. Carbonas, Ammon. Chlorid., Ammon. Citratis Liquor, Armnon. 
 Phosphas, Antimonialis Pulvis, Antim. Vinum, Antim. Sulphvirat., Areco- 
 linse Hydrobrom., Armoracia, Buchu, Cajuputi Sp. and Oleum, Calendula, 
 Camphor, Chinosol, Chloroform, Colchici Vin., Doveri Pulv., Dxilcamara, 
 Eupatorium, Grindelia, Guaiaci Amnnon. Tinct., Ipecac. Pulv. Comp., 
 Ipecac. Vin., Jaborandi, Lactuca, Lobelia, Merzereimi, Morphina, Opium, 
 Pilocarpina, Pilocarpine Hydrochloride, Nitrate and Salicylate, Potassii 
 Acetas, Potassii Citras, Potass. Nitras, Salicin, Sassafras, Senega, Serpen- 
 taria, Simaruba, Sodii Salicylas, Sp. ^theris Nit., Spiritus Camphorse, 
 Spiritus Rectificatus, Sulphur, Sulphur Prsecip., Terebinthinse Oleum. 
 
 Disinfectants. — Substances which destroy the specific microbes or toxins 
 of communicable diseases : Acid. Carbol., Acid. Chromic, Acid. Cresylic, 
 Acid. Nitrosum, Acid. Pyrogallic, Acid. Sulphurosum, Aluminii Chloridi 
 Liquor, Benzonaphthol, Bromum, Calx Chlorinata, Calcis Chlorinata 
 Liquor, Calcii Cresotinas, Calcii Permanganas, Carbol-Lysoform, Chinosol, 
 Chloralum, Chlorine, Creosotum, Cyllin, Ferri Sulphas, Formaldehyde, 
 Galloformin, Hydrarg. Perchlor., Hydrogenii Peroxidvmi, lodoformmn, 
 lodol, lodum, lodi Tribromidima and Trichloridum, Lysoform, Naphthol, 
 Paraformic Aldehyde, Potassii Permang., Condy's Fluid, Potassii Bichi'om., 
 Pini Olemn, Salacetol, Salol, Sodae Chlorinatae Liquor, Sodii Permang., 
 Solutol, Sublamin, Terebenum, Thymol, Zinci Chloridum. 
 
 Diuretics. — Medicines which promote the secretion of urine : Acid. Benzoic , 
 Acid. Camphoric, A. Chinic, Acid. Formic, Acid. Phosph. Dil., Aconittun, 
 .(Ethoxycaffeinum, Agurin, Alcohol, Ammon. Acet. Liq., Aimnon. Benzoas, 
 Aixunon. Boras, Arnmon. Chlorid., Apocyntmi, Armoracia, Belladonna, 
 Boldo, Borax, Buchu, Caffeina, Caffeinse Sodio-Benzoas, Caif. Sodio-Sali- 
 cylas, Cambogia, Cantharis, Caulophyllin, Chiiiotropine, Colchicima, Con- 
 vallaria. Copaiba, Copaibai Resin, Cubeba, Damiana, Digitalis, Diuretin, 
 Dulcamara, Emblica, Erigerontis Ol., Euonymin, Helmitol, Hemidesmi, 
 Radix, Hexamethylenetetramine, Hydrarg. Subchloridum, Hyoscyamus, 
 Iridin, Juniperi Oleum, Kava-Kava, Lactuca, Lithii Liquor Carbonatis, 
 Lithii Carbonas, Lithii Citras, Lithium Theobromine Salicylate, Lobelia, 
 Lysidine, Lysidine Acid Tartrate, Magnesia, Mag. Carbonas, Nitrites, Oxy- 
 sparteine, Oxysparteine, Hydrochloride and Sulphate, Paraldehyde, Pareira, 
 Physalis, Pix Liquida, Potassii Acetas, Potass. Iodide, Potassii Nitras, 
 Potassii Tartras Acida, Potassii Tartras, Potassii Bicarb., Potassii Citras, 
 Sacchar. Lactis, Salicylates, Senega, Scoparium, Scilla, Simaruba, Soda 
 
1596 SECTION A. — THEBAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OP EEMEDIES. 
 
 Tartarata, Sodii Acetas, Sodii Benzoas, Sodii Bicarb., Sodii Phosphas, 
 SparteiiiiB Periodidum et Sulphas, Spirit. -^Etheris Nit., Spir. Rectificatus, 
 Strontii Lactas, Terebinthinse 01., Theobromine, Theobromine Sodium 
 Salicylate, Theocin, Theocin Sodiura Acetate, Triticum, Ulexine, Ulmi 
 Decoctum, Urea, Uresin, Urocitralis, XJvse Ursi. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — Friedrichshall, Kissengen, Leuk. 
 
 Ecbolics. — -Substances which promote the contraction of the gravid uterus 
 and facilitate the expulsion of the contents : Borax, Cimicifuga, Cornutinae 
 Citras, Drastic Purgatives, Ergota, Hydrastinse Hydrochloridum, Quinina, 
 Ruta, Sabina. 
 
 Emetics. — Medicines which excite vomiting ; some of them are also used to 
 expel the contents of the air-passages in children : Aluin (in repeated doses), 
 Ammonii Carbonas, Anthemis, Antim. Sulphiu-atum, Antimoni\mi Tar- 
 taratum, Apomorpliinss Hydrochloridum, Baptisin, Calotropis, Cephaeline 
 Hydrochloride, Cupri Sulphas, Emetine, Emetine Hydrobromide and 
 Hydrochloride, Ipecacuanha, Lukewarm or Tepid Water, Phytolacca, 
 Sinapis Pulvis, Sodii Chloridmn, Tabacimi, Veratrina, Veratrum Viride, 
 Zinci Acetas, Zinci Sulphas. 
 
 Em^menagogues. — Medicines which maintain or restore a healthy condition 
 of the menstrual discharge : Alcohol, Aloes, Aloes Decoctum Co., Aloes 
 et Myrrhse Pil., Apiol, Borax, Calendula, Cantharis, Caulophyllin, Cimici- 
 fuga, Ergota, Forrmn Redactum, Hsematinics, Helleborus Niger, Hydras- 
 tininse Hydrochloridum, Iron salts, Manganesii Oxid. Prsep., Myrrha, 
 Potass. Permang., Purgatives, Qiiinina, Ruta, Sabina ; Nervine Tonics. 
 
 Emollients. — Substances which make the skin softer and more elastic and 
 protect it from irritation ; applied externally : Adeps, Adeps Lanse, Amyg- 
 dalae Oleum, Glycerinum Boracis, Cera Alba, Cera Flava, Cetaceixm, Col- 
 1 odium, Cydonium, Glycerinum Dilutmn, Glycer. Amyli, Linum Contusmu, 
 Olivee Olemn, Paraffinum Molle, Sevum, Ulmus. 
 
 Epispastics. — See Counter-irritants. 
 
 Errhines. — See Sternutatories. 
 
 Escharotics. — See Caustics. 
 
 Expectorants. — Medicines which promote the secretion of bronchial mucus 
 or facilitate its expulsion : Acid. Benzoicum, Acidum Carbolicum, .(Ether, 
 Alkalis, Ammonia, Ammonii Benz., Ammonii Carb., Ammonii, Chloridum, 
 Ammoniacum, Anisi Oleum, Antimoniuna Tartaratum, Apomorphinse 
 Hydi'ochlor., Asafetida, Bals. Peruv., Bals. Tolut., Benzoin, Camphora, 
 Cimicifuga, Copaiba, Creosotum, Cubeba, Emetine Hydrobromide and 
 Hydrochloride, Eucalyptus, Galbanum, Glycyrrhiza, Guaiacol and its 
 salts. Iodides, Ipecacuanha, Laricis Cortex, Lobelia, Myrrha, Physostigma, 
 Pini Oleum, Pix Liquida, Quillaia, Scilla, Senega, Styrax Prsep., Sulphur, 
 Terpene Hydrate, Terebene, Terebinth. Oleum, Vapores Acidi Carbolici, 
 Chlori, Creosoti, and lodi, Yerba Santa. 
 
 Febrifuges. — See Antipyretics. 
 
 Galaetagogues. — ^Agents which increase the secretion of the mammary 
 gland : Jaborandi, Lactagol, Potass. Chlorat., and Tonics. 
 
 Hffimatinics. — See Tonics, Blood. 
 
 Hsemostaties. — See Styptics. 
 
 Hypnotics. — (Soporifics) — Medicines which induce sleep, and thus remove 
 the consciousness of pain by lessening the excitability and functional 
 activity of the brain cells : Acetophenone, Acid. Hydrobrom. Dil., Ammon. 
 Brornidum, Amylene Hydrate, Antispasmin, Apomorph. Hydrochlor., 
 Barbitonum, Boldo, Bromural, Camphor, Camphora Monobromata, 
 Cannabina? Tannas, Cannabinon, Cannabis Ind., Chloral Hydras, Chloral 
 Formamide, Chloralose, Chloretone, Chlorobrom, Codeina, Conium, 
 Diamorphine Hydrochloride, Donniol, Dionine, Hedonal, Heroin, Heroin 
 
SECTION A. — THERAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF REMEDIES. 1597 
 
 Hydrochloride, Hyoscyamus, Hyoscina. Hyoscine Hydrobromide, Hydro- 
 chloride and Hydriodide, Hypnal,Hypiione, Lactophenin, Lithii Bromidum, 
 Lupulus, Metaldehyde, Methylal, Morphina, Morphinae Bimeconatis Liquor, 
 Narceina, Neuronal, Opium, Papaver, Papaverina, Paraldehyde, Peronine, 
 Piscidia, Potassii Bromidum, Scopolaminse Hydrobrom., Sodii Bromidum, 
 Sodium-Veronal, Somnal, Stramonimn, Sulphonal, Tetronal, Trional, 
 Urethane, Veronal. 
 Laxatives. — See Cathartics. 
 
 Mydriatics. — Drugs which produce dilatation of the pupil : Arecoline Hydro- 
 bromide, Atropina, Atrop. Methylbrom., Atropine Salicylate, Atroscine, 
 Belladonna, Cocaina, Cocainse Hydrochloridum, Daturina, Duboisinse 
 Sulphas, Ephedrine Hydi'ochloride, Euphthalmine Hydrochloride and Sali- 
 cylate, Homatropina, Homatropinae Hydi'obromidum and Hydrochloridum, 
 Mydrin, Mydriasin, Hyoscyaminse Hydi'obromas and Sulphas, Scopola, 
 Stramonium. 
 
 Myotics. — Drugs which contract the pupil : Eeerine, Jaborandi, Morphina, 
 Opium, Physostigmina, Physostigminte Salicylas and Sulphas, Pilocarpina, 
 Pilocarpine Hydrochloride, Nitrate, and Salicylate. 
 
 ITarcotics. — See Hypnotics. 
 
 Nutritives. — Substances which aid assimilation and improve the condition 
 of the tissues : Acaciae Gum., Amygdala Dulc, Bynes Extractum, Calcii 
 Glycerophosphas, Carnis Extract., Carrageen, Cetraria Decoctum, Ficus, 
 Hordevun, Manna, Maranta, Mel Depuratum, Morrhuse Ol., Olivse Oleimi, 
 Prunum, Sacch. Lactis, Sacch. Purificatum, Salep, Sevum, Somatose 
 (various), Sp. Vini Gallici Mist. 
 
 Parasiticides. — Medicines which destroy vegetable and animal parasites : 
 Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Pyrogallic, Acid. Salicylic, Acid. Sulphurosmn, 
 Anthrarobin, Chrysarobinum, Cupri Oleas, Hydr. Nitrat. Ung.,Hydr. Oleas, 
 Hydr. Oxid. Rub. Ung., Hydr. Perchloridum, lodi Pigmentum, Kerosene 
 Oil, Mercui-ial preparations, Olea Expressa et Essent., Naphthalene, 
 Petroleum Ether, Picrotoxin, Potassa Sulphurata, Pyxethrixni Roseum, 
 Quassia, Sozoiodol, Staphisagi-ia, Styracis Unguentum, Sulphur, Tabacum, 
 Thymol. 
 
 Purgatives. — See Cathartics. 
 
 Pustulants. — See Counter -Irritants. 
 
 Refrigerants. — Agents which relieve febrile thirst, and impart a feeling of 
 coolness : Acetum, Acidum Aceticvun, A. Citricmn, A. Hydrochlor. Dil., 
 A. Nitric. Dil., A. Phosph. Dil., A. Sulph. Dil., A. Tartaricum, Ammon. Acet. 
 Liquor, Aqua, Aurantii Succus, Imperial Drink, Limonis Succus, Magnesii 
 Citratis Liquor, Mori Syrup., Oxymel, Potass. Citras, Potass. Chloras, 
 Potass. Nitras, Potass. Tat't. Acida, Prummi, Sp. ^ther. Nitr., Sp. .jEther. 
 Mmiaticus, Tamarindus. See also Diaphoretics and Antipyretics. 
 
 Rubefacients. — See Counter-irritants. 
 
 Sedatives. — Medicines wliich exert a soothing influence, by diminishing pain, 
 depressing vital activity, or tranquillising abnormal muscular movement. 
 Local. — Acid. Carbol., Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil., Atropina, Belladonna, 
 Borax, Chloral, Creosotum, Morphina, Opium, Plumbi Acetas, 
 P. Carbonas, P. Subacetatis Liquor Dilutus. — See also Anaesthetics 
 (Local), and Anodynes. 
 Respiratory. — Acid. Hydrocyanic. Dil., .^ther, ^ther Aceticus, .(Ethyl 
 lodidum, Ammon. Bromid., Amyl Nitrite, Belladonna, Cannabis 
 Indica, Chloroformum, Chloral, Codeinae, Codeine Hydrochloride, 
 Phosphate and Salicylate, Conium, Conina, Coninae Hydrobrom., 
 Conine Hydi'ochloridum, Dionine, Gelsemiima, Heroin, Heroin 
 Hydrochloride, Hyoscyamus, Lactucarium, Laurocerasi Aqua, 
 Lobelia, Morphina and salts, Narcyl, Opium, Peronine, Pruni Virgin. 
 Syrup, et Tinct., Stramonium, TerebinthinEe Oleum. 
 
1598 SECTION A. — THERAPEUTICAL CLASSIFICATION OP REMEDIES. 
 
 Nervine. — Acid. Hydrobrom. Dilutum, Ammonii Bromidum, Ammon. 
 Valerianas, Amyl Valerianas, Antim. Tartaratum, Antispasmin, 
 B-Eigon, Bromethylformine, Camphoi-a, Camphora Monobromata, 
 Chloralose, Gallobromol, Gelsemium, Hyoscina, H. Hydrobromidum, 
 Hydrochloridum and Hydriodidum, Hyoscyaminse Hydrobromidum 
 and Sulphas, Lactuca, Lithii Bromidum, Lupulin, Lupulus, Lauro- 
 cerasi Aqua, Magnesii Bromidi Liquor, Menthyl Valerianate, 
 Neuronal, Niccoli Bromidum, Pareira, Phenacetin, Phenazonum, 
 Physostigma, Piscidia, Potassii Bromidum, Salix Nigra, Scutellaria, 
 Sodii Bromidum, Trional, Valyl, Veratrvim Viride, Veronal, Vibur- 
 num, Zinci Bromidum. 
 
 Gastric. — Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Carbolic, Acid Carbonic, Acid. 
 Hydrocyan. Dil., Acid. Phosp. Dil., Anunonii Bromidum, Argenti 
 Nitras, Argenti Oxidum, Belladonna, Bismuth salts, Calcii Hydras, 
 Calcis Liquor, Cerii Oxalas, Chloral, Chlorobrom, Chloroform, 
 Cocaime Hydrochlor., Cocainse Phenylas, Creosotum, Hydrarg. c. 
 Creta, Hyd. Subchlor. (small doses), Hyoscyamus, Ice, Ipecacuanha 
 (small doses), Opimu, Orexin Tannate, Papaver, Phloridzin, Potass. 
 Bicarb., Potass. Bichrom., Potass. Bromid., Sodii Bicarb., Sodii 
 Bromidum, Zinci Oxidum. 
 
 Cardiac. — Acidum Hydi'ocyanicum Dilutum, Aconitum, Amyl Nitris, 
 Antim. Tart., Apocynum, Aqua Laurocerasi, Belladonna, Conium, 
 Chloral, Digitalis, Ergota, Hyoscyamus, Ipecacuanha, Nitro- 
 glycerinum, Opium, Scilla, Sodii Nitris, Spirit. .^Ether. Nit., 
 Stramonium, Veratrum Viride. 
 
 Sialagogues. — Medicines that increase the secretion of the saliva : Acetum, 
 Acid. Acetic, Acid. Citric, Acid. Tartaric, iEther, Alcohol, Arecoline 
 Hydrobromide, Armoracia, Aurantium, Dilute Acids, and Acid salts, most 
 Emetics (especially Antimony and Ipecacuanha), Hydrarg3rrum and its 
 salts, Iodides, Ipecacuanha, Jaborandi, Limonis Succus, Mezereum, Phy- 
 sostigma, Pilocarpina, Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum, Nitras and Salicylas, 
 Piper, Pyrethi-um, Rheum, Sinapis, Tabacima, Tamarindus, Zingiber. 
 
 Soporifics. — See Hypnotics. 
 
 Sternutatories. — Medicines which cause sneezing, and increase the nasal 
 mucous secretion : Ipecacuanha (powdered), Tabacum (snxiff), Veratrum 
 Viride (powdered). 
 
 Stimulants. — Medicines which increase the function of a part, or of an organ. 
 
 Cerebral. — Absinthiimi, Caffein, Theobromine. 
 
 Nervine. — Acid. Arseniosum, .^ther, Ammon. Arom. Spt., Ammon. 
 Carb., Ammon. Chlorid., Ammon. Phosph., Asafetida, Belladonna, 
 Calcii Hypophosphis, Cannabis Ind., Cantharis, Castoreum, Coca, 
 Coffee, Ergota, Guarana, Hydrastis, Kola, Musk, Nux Vonaica, 
 Oleum Cajuputi, Phosphorus, Spirit. Ammon. Fetid., Strychnina, 
 Valeriana. 
 
 Stomachic. — See Carminatives and Stomachic Tonics. • 
 
 Circulatory. — JEther, J]]ther Aceticus, ^ther Sijiritus Nitrosi, Alcohol, 
 Alcohol vapour, AmmoniaD Aromat. Spt., Camphor, Convallaria, 
 Digitalis, Strychnina, Sumbul. 
 
 Local. — Potass. Chloras. See also Counter-irritants. 
 
 Stomachics. — Medicines wliich directly promote the functions of the stomach 
 and improve the appetite and digestion. See Carminatives, and Tonics, 
 Stomachic. 
 
 Styptics. — Remedies which arrest bleeding : Acetum, Acid. Sulphuric. Dil., 
 Acid. Tannic,. Adi-enalin, Albumen, Aluminium Oleate, Ai-genti Nitras, 
 Benzoin, Bryonia, Catechu, Chinosol, Cinchonse Pulvis, CoUodimn, Calcii 
 Chloridum, Cornutine Citrate, Cornutine Hychochloride, Cotarnine 
 Hydrochloride (Stypticin), and Phthalato (Styptol), Creosote, Cupri 
 Sulphas, Cupri Sulphocarbolas, Ergota, Ergotinine, Erigerontis Oleum, 
 Ferri Perch lor. Liquor and other Ferric salts, Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas, 
 
SECTION A. — THERAPEUTICAL CliASSlPICATION OF REMEDIES. 1590 
 
 Fei'ripyrin, Gallic, Granati Coit., Gumiui Rubri Extractum Liquidum, 
 Hsematoxylum, Hamamelis, Hydrastis, Hydrastininae Hydrochloriduin, 
 Kino, Krameria, Matico, Opium, Pituitrin, Plumbi Acetas, Plumbi 
 Subacetatis Liquor, Quercus, Quininae et Ferri Chloridum, Quininse 
 Hydrochlor., Salipyrin, Spiritus Rectificatus, Stypticin, Suprarenal Gland 
 and Extract, Terebinthinse Oleum, Zinci Acetas, Zinci Sulph. They 
 include all astringents. 
 
 Svidorifies. — See Diaphoretics. \Vlien diaphoretics act very powerfully, 
 they are called sudorifics. 
 
 Tonics, — Therapeutic agents wliich impart strength or tone to the functions 
 of the body or its parts. 
 
 Acting through the blood by increasing the hcemoglobin. — {HcBinatinics.) — 
 Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Phosp. Dil., Acidum Nucleinicum and 
 salts, Alboferrin, Carniferrin, Easton's Syrup, Ferri Acetatis Liquor, 
 Ferratin, Fersan, Ferri Albuminas, Ferri Alginas, Ferri Arsenas, 
 F. Bromidum, Ferri Cacodylas, F. Garb. Saccharatus, F. Ammonnii 
 Citras, F. et Quininae Citras, F. Chloroxydum, Ferri Hypophospliis, 
 F. loclidum, F. Liquor Dialysat, F. Lactas, F. Oxid. Magnes., F. Per- 
 chlor., F. Pernit. Liquor, Ferri Peptonas, Ferri et Man. Peptonatis 
 Liq., F. Phosphas, F. Phosph. Co. Syrup. (Squire), Ferri Pilula, 
 F. Redactum, F. Sulphas, F. Tartaratum, Forripyrin, Ferrichthol, 
 Glycerophosphates, Ha3moglobin and preparations, Lecitogen, Mor- 
 rhuae Oleum, Potass. Permang., Sodii Cacodylas, Di-sodii Methyl- 
 arsenas, Syr. Calcis Lactophos, et c. Ferro, Syrup. Hypophosph. Co. 
 
 Nervine. — Acid. Arseniosxim, Argenti Nitras, Argenti Oxidum, Calcii 
 Hypophosphis, Cinchona, Coca, Cupri" Sulphas, Damiana, Ferrum 
 salts, Glycerophosphates, Guarana, Lecithin, Morrhuse Oleum, Nux 
 Vomica, Phosphorus, Quinina, Sodii Hypophosphis, Strychnina, 
 Sumbul, Zinci Acetas, Zinci Oxidum, Zinci Phosphid., Zinci Sulph., 
 Zinci Valerianas. 
 
 Stomachic and Intestinal. — Acid. Hydrochlor. Dil., A. Nitric. Dil., 
 A. Nitrohydrochlor. Dil., A. Phosph. Dil., A. Sulph. Dil., Aloes, 
 Anthemis, Armoracia, Aurant. Cort., Bebeerina, Bebeerinse Hydro- 
 chlor. and Sulphas, Berberis, Boldo, Buchu, Calumba, Canella3 
 Cortex, Capsicum, Cascarilla, Chiretta, Cimicifuga, Cinchona, Cin- 
 chonidinse Salicj'las, Cinchonidina, Cinchonina, Cusparia, Decoct. 
 Aloes Comp., Erigerontis Oleum, Eupatorium, Gentiana, Guarana, 
 Hydrastis, Ignatia, Krameria, Kava-Kava, Limonis Cortex, Lvipu- 
 linum, Lupulus, Menyanthes, Mezereon, Nectandra, Nux Vomica, 
 Orexin, Orexin Hydrochloride, Orexin Tannate, Pancreatic Enzymes, 
 Pareira, Pepsin, Peptonised Foods, Piper, Quassia, Quebracho, 
 Quininse Hydrochloriduin, Quininae Sulph., Rheum, Salicin, Sarsa- 
 parilla, Serpentaria, Simaruba, Sinapis, Sodii Chloridum, Strychnina, 
 Taraxicum, Ulmus, Uva Ursi. 
 
 Cardiac. — Acidum Arseniosum, Adonis, Adrenalin, Adrenalin Chloride, 
 yEthoxycaffeinum, Apocynum, Caffeina, Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas, 
 Caff. Sodio-Salicylas, Convallaria, Convallamarin, Digitalis, Digi- 
 talein, Digitalin, Digitin, Digitonin, Digitoxin, Diuretin, Erjrthroph- 
 Iseum, Erythrophlaeine, and Hydrochloride, Ferrum salts, Nux 
 Vomica, Oxysparteine, Oxysparteine Hydrochloride and Sulphate, 
 Scilla, Sparteinae Sulphas, Strophanthus, Strychnina, Suprarenal 
 Gland, Veratrvmi Viride. 
 
 Mineral Waters. — Adelheidsquelle, Alet, Altwasser, Auteuil, Berka, 
 Booklet, Gastein, lireunach, Meinbergh, Orezza, Pyi-mont, St. Moritz, 
 Spa, Schwalbach, Wildungen. 
 
 Vaso-Dilators. — Amyl Nitrite, Erythrol Tetranitrate, Mannitol Hexanitratej 
 Sodii Nitris, Trinitrin. 
 
 Vermicides and Vermifuges. — See Anthelmintics. 
 
 Vesicants. — See Coiuiter -Irritants. 
 
J 600 
 
 SECTION B. 
 
 • REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Abortion, Threatened. Ergot in small doses, Hydrastis, Morphina, Opivun, 
 Plumbi c. Opio Pil., Potassii Chloras, Viburnum Prunifoliiim. 
 
 Abscess {to abort). Internally : Aconite, Belladonna, Sulphides. Locally : 
 Chlori Liquor, Glycerinum Belladonna?, lodoformum, lodum. Acid. Boric, 
 A. Carbolicum, Argenti Nitras, Menthoxol, Pot. Permang. 
 
 Acne. Internally : Acid. Nucleinic, Liquor Arsenicalis, Calcii Sulphidum, 
 Vinum Ferri, Ferri et Quin. Cit., Levurine, Saline Purgatives, Confeet. 
 Sulphur, Yeast. Locally : Belladonna, Benzin, Calamine, Hydrarg. 
 Perchlor. (lotion), Ichthyol, Potassa Sulphurata, Lotio Zinci Oxidi, 
 Resorcin, Sulphur, Ung. Sulphuris Hypochlor., Ung. Sulphuris lodidi. 
 
 Ague. — See Fever, Malarial. 
 
 Albuminuria. Amanon. Acet. Liq., Antim. Tart., Digitalis, Ferri Perchlor. 
 Tinot., Jaborandi, P. Jalapne Co., Milk, Nitroglycerin, Potass. Acet., 
 P. Bitart., P. Bicarb., P. Citras, P. lodid.. Saline Purgatives, Sodii Nitris, 
 Strontii Lactas, Suprarenal Gland. 
 
 Alcoholism. Ammonii Aeetat. Liquor, Ammon. Bromidi., Ammon. Carb., 
 Armoracia, Arsenic, Calumba, Capsicum, Cimicifuga, Cinchona, Cocainas 
 Hydrochlor., Gentiana, Hyoscinse Hydrobrom., Lupulus, Nux Vomica, 
 Opium, Quinina, Atropine and Strychnine. — See also Delirium Tremens. 
 
 Alopecia Areata. Acetum Cantharidis, Acid. Lactic, Acid. Salicylic, Chry- 
 sarobini Ung., Hydrarg. Perchlor. (Lotio), Liniment. Ammon., Lin. Camph. 
 Ammon., Lin. Chloroformi, Linimentum Crinale, Lin. Crotonis, Lin. 
 Sinapis, Lotio Crinalis, Lotio Stimulans, Pilocarpinse Nitras, Sulphur. 
 
 Alteratives. — Section A. 
 
 Amenorrhcea. Aloes, Apiol Capsules, Auri et Sodii Chloridum, Calendula, 
 Cantharis, Cimicifuga, Ergota, Ferri Bromidi Syrupus, Ferri Carb. Sacch., 
 Ferri Lactas, Ferri Phosphas, Ferrum Redactum, Guaiaci Resina, Mistura 
 Ferri Co., Menyanthes, Myri'ha, Pil, Aloes et Myrrha^, Potass. Permang., 
 Ruta^ Oleum, Saline Purgatives, Sinapis, Ha3matinics, Nervine Tonics. 
 
 Anaemia. — See Tonics, Blood, Section A. 
 
 AncB7nia. — Pernicious. Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Nucleinicxma and salts. 
 Acid. Salicylic, Bone Marrow, Ferri Glycerophosph., Haemoglobin and 
 preparations, Hydrarg. c Greta, Hj^d. Subchlor., Kharvisan, Naphthalin. 
 Tetrachlor. Phosphorus, Strychnina ; oral, gastric and intestinal antiseptics ; 
 Anti -streptococcus serum. 
 
 Anaesthetics. — Section A. 
 
 Analgesics or Anodynes. — Section A. 
 
 Anasarca. — See Dropsy. 
 
 Aneurism. Aconitum, Amyl Nitris, Gelatin injected subcutaneously, 
 Morphina, Potassii lodidum in very large doses, Strontii lodid. 
 
 Angina Pectoris. Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Hydrocyanic Dil., ^ther, JiJtheris 
 Spt., ^theris Nitrosi Spt., ^thyl Bromidum, Alcohol, Ammon. Arom. Spt., 
 Amyl Nitris, Argenti Nitras, Belladomia, Chloral Formamid., Chlorof. Spt., 
 Erythrol Tetraiiitrate, Ethyl Nitris Liq., Iso-butyl Nitris, Morphina 
 (hypoderm.), Nitroglycerin, Potass. lodidmn, Pyridin, Sodii Nitris. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1601 
 
 Anhidrotics. — Section A. 
 
 Ankylostomiasis. Chloroform, Eucalypt. 01., Filicis Maris Ext. Liq., Naphthoi, 
 Saline Aperients, Thymol. 
 
 Antacids. — Section A. 
 
 Anthelmintics. — Section A. 
 
 Anthrax. Acid. Carbolic, (injection), Anti-anthrax serum, Chloride of Zinc 
 Points, Potassa Cavistica. 
 
 Antidotes, — Section A. 
 
 Antilithics. — Section A. 
 
 Antiperiodics. — Section A. 
 
 Antipyretics. — Section A. 
 
 Antiseptics. — Section A. 
 
 Antispasmodics. — Section A. 
 
 Aperients. — Section A. 
 
 Aphrodisiacs. — Section A. 
 
 Aphthce. Acidum Boricum, Acidum Sulphurosmn, Alum (pulv.), Argenti 
 Nitras, Glycerinum or Mel Boracis, Myrrha, Potass. Chloras. 
 
 Apoplexy. Aloes, Croton. 01., Elaterium, Hydrarg. Subchlor., Pulvis Jalapse 
 Co., Ricini 01., Terebinth. Enema ; Stimulants contra-indicated. 
 
 Argyrlsm. Hexamine. 
 
 Aromatics. — Section A. 
 
 Arteriosclerosis. Erythi'ol Tetranitrate, Potass. lodid., Sodii Nitris, Sodii 
 Salicyl. Digitalis and other circulatory stimulants to be avoided. 
 
 Ascarides. — See Anthelmintics. 
 
 Ascites. — See Dropsy. 
 
 Asthma. Acidum Arseniosum, Acid. Hydrocyanicum Dilutum, Adrenalin, 
 .iEther, ^thyl lodidiun, Ammon. Fetid. Spirit., Annnoniacum, Artamonii 
 Bromiduin, Amyl Nitris, Analgen, Antipyrin, Antifebrin, Apomorph. 
 Hydi'ochloridum, Atropin. Sulphas, Balsam. Peruvianum, Bals. Tolutaniim, 
 Belladonna, CaffeiuEe Citras, Camphor, Cannabis Indie, Chloral, Chloro- 
 formum, Charta Nitrata et Chlorata, Cocainaj Hydrochlor., Nitras, and 
 Salicylas, Ethyl Nitris, Eucalypti Olemn, Euphorbia Pilulifera, Grindelia 
 Robusta, Hyoscyamus, lodipin. Lobelia, Morphin with Atropin, Myrrha, 
 Nitroglycerin, Paraldehyde, Pilocarpin.'e Nitras, Piscidia, Potass. Bromid., 
 Pot. lod.. Potass. Nitrat., Pyridin, Quebracho, Radium, Sodii Nitris, Spirit. 
 Etheria Nitrosi, Stramonimn, Pulv. Stramonii Comp., Tabaci Folia. 
 
 Astringents. — Section A. 
 
 Bed Sores. Acidum Boriemn, Acid. Sulphuros., Alum. Sulph., Argenti 
 Nitras, Balsami Peruviani Ung., Brandy and white of egg mixture, 
 CoUodivim, Plimabi Tannatis Glycerinum, Zinci Oxid. Ung. 
 
 Beri-Beri. Auayl Nitrite, Nitroglycerin, Saline Aperients, Strychnine. 
 
 Bile, deficiency of. Fel Bovinum, Hydrargyi'vun, Sodii Phosphas, Sodii 
 Sulphas. — See Cholagogues. Section A. 
 
 Biliary Calculi. — See Gall-stones. 
 
 Bites of Fleas, to prevent. — Iodoform, Lavand. 01., Pyrethi'i Flores (Insect 
 Powder), Camphora, Gaultherise 01., Sulphur {internally). 
 
 3 P 
 
1602 SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS, 
 
 Biles and Stings of Insects (ants, bees, gnats, mosquitoes, wasps).— Chloroform, 
 Ipecacuanha, Lotio Acid. Carbohei, Liquor Ammoniae, Liq. Animon. Acet. 
 and Methylated Spirit, Liq. Potassae, Liq. Sodae, Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis ; 
 Oleum Carbolisatum, Oleum Olivie, Oleum Pulegii, Sodii Bicarb. ; all 
 Locally. 
 
 Bites of Rabid Animals. Acid. Carbolic, Argenti Nit., Cautery, Hydrarg. 
 Perchlor. 
 
 Bites of Snakes. Acid. Chromic, Cautery, Liquor Ammonise, Pituitrin hypod., 
 Potass. Permang. ; Strych. inject, hypoderm., Tinct. Ammon. Comp., 
 Ant i- serum. 
 
 Bladder, irritable. Acidum Boricum, Belladonna, Buchu, Cannabis Ind., 
 Chloral Hydras, H3'Oseyamus, Opium. Mineral Waters : Fachingen, 
 Malvern, Pougues, Langenbriieken, LuViatsehowitz. See also Cystitis, 
 Antilithics, and Urine, incontinemce of. 
 
 Blenorrltarjia. — -See Gonorrhoea. 
 
 Blister, to heal. Unguent. Cetacei. 
 
 — to keep open. Ung. Mezerei, Ung. Sabinre. 
 
 Blood, restorers. — See Tonics, Section A. 
 
 Boils. Internally : Acid. Arsenios., Alkalis, Calx Sulphurata, Nuclein, 
 Purgatives, Tonics, Yeast. Locally : Acid. Carbolic, Glycerinmn Bella- 
 domise. Camphor Spir., Collodium, Galban. Comp. Ung., Menthol, Opium, 
 Salol Camphor. Hypodermically : Staphylococcus vaccine. 
 
 Bones, Fracture of. Internally : Calcii Phosphas, Syrup Ferri Phos. Co. 
 (Squire). 
 
 Bowels, Torpidity of. — See Cathartics. 
 
 Brain, Inflammation of. — See Meningitis. 
 
 Breast, Inflammation of. Glycerinmn Belladonnae, locally : Phytolacca, 
 internally and locally. 
 
 Breath,' Fetor of. Acid. Carbolic, Carbo Ligni, Creosote, Oxygen, Potass. 
 Chloras, Potass. Permang. See also Antiseptic mouth washes, gargles and 
 inhalations. Gastric tonics and intestinal antiseptics, laxatives ; diphtheria, 
 laryngitis, ozoena, phthisis, tonsillitis, etc. 
 
 Brii/hfs Disease, Acute. Inflammatory : Aconite, Ammon. Acetat. I-iquor, 
 Belladonna, Calcii Chloridum, Cataplasixiata, Digitalis, Diui'etin, Elaterium, 
 Tinct. Ferri Acet., Jaborandi, Pulv. Jalapae Co., Juniper 01., Leeches, 
 Pilocarpin. Hydrochlor., Nitrate, and Salicylate, Pot. Acetas, Pot. Tart. 
 Acid., Saline Purgatives, Scilla Scoparium, Spir. .^theris Nitrosi, Strontii 
 Lactas. 
 
 — Cirrhotic. Nitroglycerin. Saline Aperients. See also Albuminuria, 
 Dropsy (renal) and Urcemia. 
 
 Bronchitis, Acute. Acid. Benzoic, Aconitum, ^ther, Ammoniacum, Am- 
 monise Liquor, Ammonii Carbon., in large doses, Ammon. Chloridum, Antim. 
 Tart., Apomorphinae Hydrochloridmn, Asafetida, Belladonna, Benzoin Tr. 
 Co., Tinct. Camph. Co.,' Chloral, Sp. Chlorof., Cimicifuga Copaiba, Croton. 
 Lin., Diamorphine Hydrochlor., Dionine, Eucalyptus, Ferri et Am. Citras, 
 Tinct. Ferri Acet. .^ther., Galbanum, Heroin, Heroin Hydrochloride, 
 Hyoscyamus, lodipin. Ipecac, Larix, Lobelia, Oxygen, Paraldehydum, 
 Potass. lod., Peronine, Plumbi Acet., Pulv. Ipecac. Co., Scilla, Senega, 
 Sinapis Cataplasma, Strophanthus, Strychnina, Terebinth. 01., Yerba 
 Santa. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAIi AILMENTS. 1603 
 
 Bronchitis, Chronic. Acid. Benzoicum, ^bhyl lodidum, Ammoniaci Mist., 
 Ammon. Carbonas, Asafetida, Bals. Peru and Tolu, Tinctura Benzoini Co., 
 Caffein. Citras, Chloral, Coninse (Vapor), Codeinse Syr., Creosobi Vapor, 
 Cubeba, Diamorphiae Hydrochlor., Digitalis, Dionine, Eucalypti Oleum, 
 Euphorb. Pilulif., Gi'indelia, Heroin, Heroin Hydrochloride, Hydrarg. 
 Pil., Hydrogeoii Peroxidi Liquor, Hydrastis, lodi Fortis Liq. and Vapor, 
 Ipecacuanha, Larix, Lobelia, Menthol, Morrhuse Oleum, Nux Vomica, 
 Opium, Peronine, Picis Liq. Syr., Pil. Ipecac, c. Scilla, Pini 01., Pini Sylvest. 
 01., Pot. lodid., Pruni Virginianse Syrup., Quillaia, Quinina, Scilla, Senega, 
 SerpentEiria, Sulphur, Tar Water, Terebene, Terebinthinae 01. 
 
 Bronchocele or simple Parenchymatous Goitre. Acidum Fluoricum Dil., 
 Aixunon. Fluorid., Hydrarg. lodid. Rub. Ung., lodoformum, lodum, Potass, 
 lodid., Sodii lodidum, Thyroglandin, Thyroidei ' Liquor, Thyroideum 
 Siccum. 
 
 Brow Ague. — See Neurahjia. 
 
 Bruises. Acetum, Acid. Acetic. Dil., Alum, Ammon. Chloridi Lotio, Anthemis, 
 Arnica, Calendulie Flor., Calendulse Tinctura, Capsicimi, Hamameiis, 
 Pkunb. Subacet. Dil. Liq., Saponis Linim., Sodii Chlorid., Sp. Vini Rect. 
 
 Bubo, Acute. Glycerin. Belladonnse, Iodoform, Lotio Acidi Carbolici, Liquor 
 Chlori and other antiseptic dressings. 
 
 Bunions. Amadou Plaster, Cupri Oleatis Ung. 
 
 Burns and Scalds. Acid. Borici Lotio and Ung., Acid. Picric. (Solutio), Acid. 
 Salicyl. Lotio, Amylum, Benzoyl Peroxide, Oleum Carbolicum, Bismuth. 
 Subnitras, Caicis Lin., Calcii Carbonas Prajcip., Calcis Chlorinat. Liquor, 
 Carron Oil, Cocaina, CoUodium, Creosotmn, Greta Prsepar., Eucalyptus 
 Gauze or Oil, Flour, Gossypium. lodoformum and Vaseline, Lini Oleum, 
 Olivfe Oleum, Orthoform, Sp. Rect. Internally : Stimulants, Digitalis ; 
 Morphine with caution. 
 
 Bursitis, Acute. Acid. Carbol. (inject.). Blister, Tinct. Iqdi (paint or inject.). 
 Zinc. Chlorid. (inject.). 
 
 Calculi, Uric or Lithic Acid, to counteract tendency to formation of. — See 
 Antilithics, Section A. 
 
 — Phosphatic. — See Cystitis, and Urine, phosphalic. 
 
 Calculus, Renal. — See Urine, phosphatic, Antilithics, Section A, and Colic, 
 ReTial. 
 
 Cancer. Locally : Acid. Carbol., Acid. Formic, Acid. Nitric, Acid. Sulph. 
 (Nordhausen), Glyc Acid. Tamiic, Antim. Chloride, Arsenical Paste, 
 Conium, Hydrarg. Nit. Acid. Liq., Iodoform, Methyl Violet, Pancreatic 
 Enzymes, Potassa cum Calce, Potass. Permanganas, Quinine Hydro- 
 chloride, Radium, Sodii Cinnamas, Sodii Coumaras, Sodii Meta-coumaras, 
 Sodii Meta-vanadas, Strontii Cinnamas, Violets, Zinci Chloridmn. Intern- 
 ally : Acid. Arsenios., Chelidonium, Chloral Hydras, Condurango, Exalghi, 
 Methyl Violet, Opium, Orthoform, Pancreatic Enzjanes, Terebinth. Chia, 
 Thalline Iodide, Thyroid Preparations, Uranium Salicylate. 
 
 Carbuncles. — See Boils. 
 
 Cardiac Tonics. — See Tonics, Section A. 
 
 Carminatives. — Section A. 
 
 Catarrh of the Respiratory Passages (conunon cold). Acid. Carbolic. (Vapor), 
 Acid. Salicylici (Vapor), Aconitmn, Ammoniacum, Anamon. Benz., Ammon. 
 Chlor. (Vapor), Sp. Ammon. Fetid., Amygdala Dulc, Antim. Tart., Apo- 
 inorphina, Bals. Peruv., Bals. Tolutanmn, Benzoin Vapor and Insufilat., 
 Bismuthi Subnitrat. Insuf., Camphora, Cetraria, Cimicifuga, Cinchonidinse 
 
 3 F 2 
 
1 604: SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Hydi-obromidum, Dulcamara, Eucalyptus, Euphorbia Pilulifera, Ferriei's 
 Snuff, Glycyi-rhiza, Hordei Decoctum, Ipecacuanha, Linum, Lobelia, Men- 
 thol, Myrrha, Opium, Pini Oleum, Pix Liquid., Pulv. Ipecac. Co., Quininse 
 Sulph.,'Resorcin, SocUi Chloridum, Smelling Salts, Senega, Sp. ^Ether. 
 Nit., Syr. Pruni Virg. 
 
 Catarrh, Vesical. — See Cystitis. 
 
 Cathartics. — Section A. 
 
 Caustics. — Section A. 
 
 Chafing of Skin. Calamine Dusting Powder, Powdered Talc, Starch, Violet 
 Powder. 
 
 Chancres. Acid. Nitric, Acid. Pyrogall., Acid. Siilphuros., Argenti Nitras, 
 Bismuthi Subiodid., Eucalyptol, Hydrarg. Lotio Nigra, Hydr. Nitrat. Liq. 
 Acid., Hydr. Ox. Rubr., Hydrogen. Peroxid. Liq., Iodoform, lodol. Potass. 
 Permang., Resorcin. All locally. 
 
 Chapped Skin. Amyli Glycerinmn, Cerat. Camphor., Glycerini Unguentmn, 
 Glycerin with Rose Water, Lanolin, Vaseline, Ung. Aq. Rosse. 
 
 Chilblains. Acid. Sulphuros., Alrmi Poultice, Amyli Glycerinum, Argenti 
 Nitras, Aconit. Lin., Belladon. Lin., Boracis Ung., Bynes Ext., Calcii 
 Chloridum, Calcii Lactas, Calcis Chlorinatse Liq., Camphor, Capsici Lin. or 
 Tinct. Fort., Creosotum, Formaldehyde, Glycerinum, Hydi'ogen Peroxide, 
 Ichthyol, lodi Unguent., Morrhuse 01., Opii Lin., Saponis Liri., Ung. Acid. 
 Carbolic, Ung. Glyc. Plumb. Subacet., Tonics. 
 
 Chlorosis. Acid. Arsenios., Ferri Bromidi Syrup., Fei-ri Cacodylas, Fer- 
 richthyol, Ferri Glycerophosph., Ferri Chlorox. Liq., Ferri Comp. Mist., 
 Ferri Lactas, Ferri Perchlor. Tinct., Ferri Protochlor., Ferri Sulphas, Ferri 
 Pil., Ferripyrin, Ferrmn Redactvun, Lecithin, Magnesii Cacodylas, Niccoli 
 Sulphas, Orexin, Orexin Hydrochloride, Orexin Tannate, Sodii Cacodylas, 
 Di-sodii Methylarsenas, Sodii Meta-vanadas, Somatose, Iron Somatose. 
 Gastric sedatives, especially Bismuth and Soda ; Aperients such as Magnes. 
 Sulph., Aloin, Ext. Belladon. Mitieral Waters: Contrexeville, Fronzens- 
 bad, Levico, Rippoldsau. 
 
 Cholagogiies. — Section A. 
 
 Cholera. Acid. Tarmic. (Enema), Ammon. Carb., Argenti Nitras, Camphor, 
 Capsicum, Catechu, Creta, Cholera Mixture, Creosotum, Emetine (hypo- 
 dermically). Hypertonic Saline transfusion, Opimn, Plumbi Acet., Potass. 
 Permang., Pulv. Salinus (Dr. Stevens), Salol, Sodii Benzoas, Sodii Chlorid., 
 Tinct. Chlorof. et Morph. Co. 
 
 — InJaMum. Acid. Lacticum Dil., Acid. Salicylicum, Acid. Sulph. Dil., 
 Bismuth. Salicylas, Creosotum, Hydr. Subchlor., Menth. Pip. 01., Plumbi 
 Acetas, Resorcin, Rheum, 01. Ricini, Salol. 
 
 Chordee. Aconitum, Belladorma Suppos., Camphor, Cannabis Indica, Chloral, 
 Lupulinum, Morphine or Opium Suppos., Potassii Bromidum. 
 
 Chorea. Acid. Acetylsalicylic, Acid. Formic, Antipyrine, Argenti Nitras, 
 Arsenic, Liquor. Auri et Sodii Chloridum, Camphora Monobrom., Chloral, 
 Chloral Formamid., Cimicifugin, Conirun, Cupri Sulphas, Curara, Ergot, Ferri 
 Pil., Ferrum Salts, Gelsemium, Hyoscyamus, Nux Vomica, Physostigma, 
 Ruta, Scutellarin, Sodii Salicylas, Trional, Valeriana, Zinci Bromid., Zinci- 
 lodidum, Zinci Sulphas, Zinci Valerianas. 
 
 Cold in the Head. — See Catarrh. 
 
 Colic, Intestinal : .(Ether, .^Ebheris Nit. Spt., Ammonia, Belladonna, Cajuputi 
 Oleum, Lavand. Oleum, Lupulus, Opium, Resorcin, Ricini Oleruu, Tr. Chlor, 
 et Morph. Co., Terebinth. 01. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1605 
 
 Colic, Hepatic : ^ther, Belladonna, Cannabis Indica, Chloral, Chloroform 
 (inhalation), Opium. Hot baths. 
 
 — Renal : Ammon. Boras, Amyl Nitris, Belladonna, Cannabis Indica, Collin- 
 sonia, Chloroform (inhalation), Opium, Piperazine, Piperidine Tartrate. 
 Hot baths. 
 
 Conjunctivitis, Catarrhal. Acid. Boric. Ung.,'"Alum, Argenti Nifcras, Hyd. 
 Ox. Flav. Ung., Hyd. Perchlor., Iron and Cod-liver Oil, Protargol, Zinc. 
 Chlorid. Lot., Zinc. Sulph. Lot. 
 
 — QonorrJiosal. — See OplUUalinia Neonatorum. 
 
 Constipation. Aloes Decoct. Co., Aloin, Belladorma, Cambogia, Cascara 
 Sagrada, Cassioo Pulp., Colocynth. Pil. Co., Croton 01., Elaterini Pulv. Co., 
 Ficus, Glycerin (enema or suppos.), Glycyrrh. Pulv. Co., Hydrarg. Sub- 
 chlor., Iridin, Jalap, Magnesia, Magnesii Sulph., Manna, Mel, Nux Vomica, 
 Olivse 01., Podophyllin, Potass. Tart. Acid., Purgatin, Ricini Ol., Rheimi, 
 Sapo Castil., Scanunonium, Senna, Soda Tartarata, Sodii Phosphas, Sodii 
 Sulphas, Sulphur. Mineral Waters : Carlsbad, Friedi-ichshall, Hunyadi- 
 Janos, PuUna. 
 
 — of Infants. Cassiaa Pulpa, Cascara Elixir, Glycyrrh. Pulv. Co., Magnesia, 
 Rhei Pulv. Co., Ricini Oleum, Scammon. Pulv. Co., Sermte Syrupus. 
 
 — Habitual : Aloin, Belladonna, Cascara Sagrada, Coloc. Co. Pilula, Cassice 
 Pulpa, Euonymin, Nux Vomica, Podophyllin, Serma. 
 
 — Obstinate : Cambogia, Colocynthis, Croton 01., Podophyllin, Tabaci 
 Enemata. 
 
 Consumption, Pvlmonary. — See Phthisis. 
 
 Convalescence from Acute Disease. Acid. Phosph. Dil., Calumba, Cascarilla 
 Chirata, Cinchona, Cusparia, Fernmi Salts, Glycerophosphates, Hypo 
 phosphites. Quassia, Quinine, Strychnine. 
 
 Convulsions. Ammon. Fetid. Sp., Amyl Nitrite, Asafetida (Enema), Bella 
 donna. Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydras, Chloroform, Hyoscyamus, Opium 
 Potass. Bromid., Purgatives, Rutaj Oleum. 
 
 Cornea, Ulceration of. Acid. Boric, Argenti Nitras, Atropinae Sulph. Liq., 
 Atropin. Ung., Hydrarg. Ox. Flav. Ung., Physostigmina. Atropine to bo 
 used with caution in the elderly, for fear of glaucoma. For diagnosis 
 Fluorescein Solution. 
 
 Corneal opacity, to clear. Dionine. 
 
 Corns. — Acid. Aceticum Glaciale, Ai-gont. Nitras, CoUodium Salicylicmn, 
 Cupri Oleatis Unguentum, Plumbi c. Sapone Emp. 
 
 Corpulence. — See Obesity. 
 
 Coryza. — See Catarrh. 
 
 Cough. Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil., Acid. Sulph. Dil., Acacia? Gum., Agaricus, 
 Amygdalae Aqua and Mistura, Antim. Vinum, Apomorphina, Bals. Tolu, 
 Benzoin. Tinct. Composita, Codeinje Syi*. and Pastilles, Conium, Copaiba, 
 Creosoti Vapor, Cubeba, Diamorphine Hydrochlor. , Glycerinmn, Glycyrrhiza, 
 Ipecacuanha, Lactuca, Linum, Lobelia, Menthol, Morphinae et Ipecac. 
 Troch., Opimn, Piscidia, Pix Liquida, Scilla, Styrax Prsep., Terebenum. — 
 See Expectorants, Section A. 
 
 — Spasmodic. Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil., Belladonna, Cannabis Indica, Ammon. 
 Brom., Tinct. Camph. Comp., Chloral Hydras, Cerii Oxalas, Conium, 
 Hyoscyamus, Opium, Pruni Virg. Syi-upus, Stramonium. 
 
 Cramp. — See Antispasmodics, 
 
1 606 SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Croup. Anti-diphtherial serum, Aconite, Alum, Antim. Tart., Apomorphina, 
 Cupri Sulph., Emetics, Ipecacuanha, Lobelia. Locally : Acid. Lactic, 
 Papain. Externally : Camph. Linim. Co., Cataplasmata. 
 
 Cutaneous Diseases. — See Eczema, etc., etc. 
 
 Cystitis. Acid. Benzoic, Acid. Boric, Acid. Camphoric, Ammonii Benzoas, 
 Argent, Nitras (Injectio), Bellad. Supposit., Betol, Buchu, Cantharis, 
 Capsicum, Cocaine Lactate, Collinsonia, Copaiba, Cystamine, Cubeba, Grin- 
 delia, Glusidum, Guaiacol Cinnamate, Helmitol, Hexamethylenetetramine, 
 Hyoscyamus, Hydrarg. Perchlor. (1 in 2000) irrigation, Kava-Kava, Lysol, 
 Matico, Methylene Blue, Morphin. Suppos., Morrhuaa 01., Naphthalene, 
 Pareira, Potassii Benzoas, Potassii Citras, Potass. Bicarb., Pot. Permang. 
 irrigation, Quinine, Salol, Santal. Flav. Ol., Sodii Benzoas, Sodii Phosphas 
 Acid., Sodii Salicylas, Sulphaminol, Terebinth. 01., Thymol, Triticum, 
 Tuberculin in tubercular variety, Uresin, Urotropine, Uva Ursi. Laxatives. 
 
 Dandruff. Borax Lotion, Euresol, Hyd. Ammon. Ung., Oleum Carbolicum, 
 Paraffin. MoUe, Sapo Mollis. 
 
 Debility. — Acid. Arsenics., Alcohol, Cajuputi Ol., Calumba, Chemical Food, 
 Cinchona, Coca, Ferrum salts. Formates, Gentiana, Glycerophosphates, 
 Hypophosphites, Lecithin, Morrhuse 01., Nuclein, Quassia, Quinine et 
 Ferri Citras, Strychnina. Tonics, Nervine and Stomachic. 
 
 Delirium. Antim. Tart., Belladonna, Carmabis Indica, Hyoscyaminae Sulphas, 
 HyosciniB Hydrobromidum, Methylal, Opium, Potass. Bromidum. 
 
 — Tremens. Ammoniae Liquor, Amylene Hydrate, Antim. Tart., Arnica, 
 Cannabis Indica, Camphora, Camphora Monobrom., Capsicum, Chloral 
 Hydras, Chloroformum, Digitalis, Hyoscyaminae Sulphas, Hyoscinae 
 Hydrobromidum, Hypnal, Normal Saline, Opium, Potass. Bromid., 
 Scutellarin, Strychnina, Sulphonal. 
 
 Demulcents. — Section A. 
 
 Depilatory. Barii Sulphidum, Calx Sulphurata, X Pv.ays. 
 
 Dermatitis. Ung. Plumbi Subacet. 
 
 Desiccants. — Section A. 
 
 Diabetes Mellitus. Acid. Arsenios., Acid. Lactic Dil., Acid. Phosphor. Dil., 
 Almond Cakes, Antipyrine, Arsonii Bromidi Liquor, Atropinae Sulphas, 
 Codeina, Creosotmn, Eucalypt. FoL, Ferri Perchlor. Tinct., Ferri Phosphas, 
 Glusidum, Guaiacol Benz., Hydrogenii Peroxidi Liquor, Jambul, Lsevulose, 
 Lecithin, Lithii Carbonas, Morphina, Opimn, Pancreatin, Pilocarpina, 
 Phosphorus, Potass. Citras, Potass. Permanganas, Sodii Bicarbonas, Sodii 
 Phosphas, Sodii Salicylas, Strychnina, Suprarenal Gland, Uranii Nitras. 
 Mineral Waters : Carlsbad, Vichy. 
 
 ■ — Insipidus. Ergota, Acid. Gallic, Pot. lod.. Opium, Valerian. 
 
 Diaphoretics. — Section A. 
 
 Diarrhoea. Acid. Carbolicum, Acid. Gallicum, Acid. Hydrochlor. Dil., Acid. 
 Nitric. Dil., Acid. Phosph. Dil., Acid. Sulph. Arom., Acid. Sulph. Dil., 
 Acid. Tannic, Alumen, Amylum, Ai'gent. Nitras, Belae Fructus, Belae 
 Confectio, Bismal, Bismuthi Subnitras, Bismuthi Salicylas, Bismuthi et 
 Cerii Salicylas, Bismuthi Subgallas, Calcii Carbon. Prajcip., Calcis Liquor, 
 Calcis Sacch. Liquor, Camphorae Essentia, Capsicum, Carbo Ligni, Catechu, 
 Cotoin, Creosote, Creta Praep., Cretae Aromat. Pulv., P. Cretae Aromat. c. 
 Opio, Cupri Sulph., Cholera Mixture, Doveri Pulv., Eucalypti Gummi, 
 Ferrum salts, Fortoin, Glutanol, Granati Cort., Guaiacol Valerianate, 
 Guarana, Haematoxylum, Honthin, Hydrarg. Perchlor., Hydi-arg. cum 
 Creta, Kino, Linum, Naphthol, Opium, Plumbi c. Opio Pil., Plimibi Acetas, 
 Quininae Carbolas, Quimnaj Salicylas, Resorcin, lihei Tinct., Ricini Oleum, 
 Salol, Sassafras Medulla, Simaruba, Dr. Stevens' Pulvis Salinus, Tannigen. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1607 
 
 Diarrhoea, Chronic : Cascarilla, Coto, Cinchona, Cupri Sulph., Ferri Pernit. 
 Liquor, Haematoxylum, Ispaghula, Krameria, Plximbi Acetas, Quinine 
 Sulph., Simaruba, Tannigen, Tannalbin, Tanocol, Tannoform, Tannone. 
 Intestinal antiseptics. 
 
 Diphtheria. Acid. Carbolic. Glycerin., Acid. Formic, Acid. Hydrochloric, 
 Acid. Lacticuin (paint and spray). Acid. Nucleinic, and salts. Acid. 
 Suiphuros. (spray), Anti -diphtherial serum, Argenti Nitras, Chlori Liquor, 
 Eucalyptol, Ferri Perchlor. Liq. Fort., Helenin, Hydrarg. Perchlor., 
 Hydrogen Peroxidi Liquor, lodi Tinct., Iodoform, lodol, Mag. Sulphis, 
 Menthol Pigmentum, Papain (paint), Phenol Camphor, Potass. Permanganas, 
 Quininae Sulphas, Resorcin, Sodie Chlorinatae Liquor, Sulphur (insufflatio). 
 
 Dipsomania. — See Alcoliolism. 
 
 Disinfectants. — Section A. 
 
 Diuretics. — Section A. 
 
 Dropsy, Cardiac : Apocynum, Caffeina, Convallaria, Digitalis, Diuretin, 
 Elateriuna, Jvmiperi Oleum, Purgatives, Saecharum Lactis, Sparteina, 
 Sparteine Sulphate, Strophanthus, Theobromine Sodium Acetate, Ulexine, 
 Veratrum Viride. 
 
 — Hepatic : Ammon. Chlor., Hydrarg. Pil., Hydrarg. Subchlor., Hydrarg. 
 Subchlor. Co. Pil., Juniperi Oleum, Taraxacum. 
 
 — • Renal : .^ther. Nitrosi Spiritus, Ammon. Acetat. Liquor, Apocynum, 
 Diuretin, Digitalis, Elaterium, Hydrargyri Pil., Jaborandi, Jalapa, Juniperi 
 Oleum, Pilocarpina, Potassii lodidum, Acetas et Nitras, Scilla, Saline 
 Purgatives, Scoparium, Theobromine Sodium Salicylate, Theocin, Theocin 
 Sodium Acetate. 
 
 Dysentery, Bacillary or non-amoebic. Acid. Gallic, Acid. Tannic, Alixmen, 
 Bismuth Cerium Salicylate, Cascarillas Infus., Catechu, Cubebte Olemn, 
 Cupri Sulph., Cuspariae Infusmn, Doveri Pulv., Guarana, Gununi Rvibrum, 
 Hamamelis, Haematoxylum, Hydi-ai-g. Perchlor., Hydrarg. Subchlor., Lini 
 Decoct., Magnes. Sulphas, Naphthalene, Opium, Phenol lodatum. Plumb. 
 Acet., Potass. Permang., Quinin. Sulphas, Ricini Oleum, Salol, Salicy- 
 lates, Simaruba, Sodae Chlorinat. Liq., Sodii Sulphas, Sulphur, Tannigen, 
 Terebinth. 01. 
 
 Amoebic or chronic. Argenti Nitras (enema), Belae Confectio and Fructus, 
 Cusparia, Emetine, Emetine Hydrobrom. and Hydrochlor. Guarana, 
 Hffimatoxylum, Ferri Perchlor. Tinctiu'a, Intestinal Antiseptics, Ipecac, c 
 Opio Pulvis, Kino, Plumbi Acet., Plumbi Pil. c. Opio, Rheima, Salol, 
 Simaruba, Tannigen, Yeast. 
 
 Dysmenorrhoea. Ammon. Acetat. Liquor, Amyl Nitris (inhalation), Anti- 
 pyrine, Apiol, Belladonna, Boro-glyceride, Bromides, Cannabis Indica, 
 Cimicifuga, Ergota, Guaiaci Resina, Phenacetin, Phenalgin, Pulsatilla, Spirit, 
 .^thoris Nitrosi, Vibui-nmu. 
 
 Dyspepsia. Acid. Aisenios., Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Hydrochlor. Dil., Acid. 
 Hydi-ocyan. Dil., Acid. Nitro -hydrochlor. Dil., Aloes, Ammonite Liquor, 
 Ammonii Carbonas, Ai-genti Nitras, Bismuthi Carb., Bismuthi Subnitras, 
 Buchu, Calc Carb. Prascip., Calcis Liq., Calumba, Capsicum, Carbo Ligni, 
 Caryophylli 01., Cascarillae Inf., Cerii Oxalas, Chiretta, Creosotum, Ferrum 
 salts, Gentiana, Limonis Cortex, Magnesia, Magnesii Carbonas, Malt Extract, 
 Nux Vomica, Orexin Hydrochloride and Tannate, Papain, Pepsin, Peptonised 
 Foods, Potassse Liquor, Potass. Bicarb., Potass. Bichi-om., Potass. Sulph., 
 Quassia, Quininae Sulph., Rheum, Salicinmn, Sapo Durus, Senna, Serpen- 
 taria. Sodas Liq., Somatose, Strychnin. Meta-vanadas, Taka-Diastase, 
 Taraxacum, Zingiber. Mineral Waters : Alet, Apollinaris, Charlotten- 
 bnmjien, Ems, Homburg, Orezza, Vals. — See also Carminatives, and Tonics, 
 Stomachic, Section A. 
 
1608 SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Dyspnoea. — See Asthma, Bronchitis, Cardiac Stimulants (Section A), Phthisis, 
 Pneumonia, Rickets, Vaso -dilators (Section A). 
 
 Earache. Almond Oil with Cocaine, Glycerinum, Morphine, or Opium 
 Tincture. 
 
 Ecbolics.^ — Section A. 
 
 Eczema. Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Picric. (Solutio), Acid. Pyrogallic (oxidised), 
 Acid. Salicylic, Adeps Lanse, Alkaline Solutions, Almninii Oleas, Argenti 
 Nitras, Aristol, Betulfe Oleum, Bismuthi Lotio, Cadinum Oleum, Calc. 
 Carbon. Praecip., Camphora, Chaulmoogra Oil, Creosoti Ung., Cremor 
 Lithargyri, Creta Prsep., Creolin, Dermatol, Epicarin, Europhen, Gallanol, 
 Glycerinum, Hyd. Ammon. Ung., Hydrarg. Subchlor. Ung., Ichthyol, 
 Lassar's Paste, Lycopodivuu, Pepsinum, Picis Liquidae Ung., Potass. Carb. 
 (Lotio), Resorcin, Sodii Arsenas, Sodii Carb., Sodii Sulpho-ichthyolum, 
 Sozoiodol, Tannoform, Ung. Glycerin. Plumbi Subacetatis, Zinci Oxidtun. 
 Mineral Water : Aix-les-Bains. 
 
 — Chronic : Acid. Arseniosum, 01. Betulse Ung., Cadinum Oleum, Hydrarg. 
 Nitrat. Ung., Hyd. Oxid. Flav. Ung., Naphthol, Paraffinum Liquid., 
 Resorcin, Zinci Oxidum. 
 
 Emetics. — Section A. 
 
 Emmenagogues. — Section A. 
 
 Emollients. — Section A. 
 
 Emphysema. Ammon. Carb., Digitalis, lodipin, Nux Vomica, Pot. lodid. 
 Pyridin, Quin. Sulph., Saline Aperients. 
 
 Epilepsy. Acid. Aisoniosum, .^Ethylene Bromide, Ammon. Bromid., Amyl 
 Nitris, Amylene Hydrate, Argenti Nitras, Atropinse Sulph., Am-i Bromidum, 
 Auri et Potassii Bromidum, Belladonna, Borax, Bromethylformine, 
 Bromipin, Bromohsemol, Camphora Monobrom., Castoreum, Cerii Oxalas, 
 Chloretone, Cupri Sulphas, Cypripedin, Feiri Perchlor. Tinct., Ipecacuanha, 
 Lithii Bromidum, Moschus, Niccoli Bromidum, Nitroglycerin, Opium, 
 Paraldehyde, Picrotoxinmn, Potassii Bromidum, Pot. lod.. Rubidium 
 Bromide, Rubidium Ammonimn Bromide, Santonin, Sodii Bromid., Sodii 
 Nitris, Spermin, Strontii Bromidum, Strychnina, Valeriana, Zinci Bromidum, 
 Zinci Lactas, Z. Oxid., Z. Sulph., Z. Valerianas. 
 
 Epistaxis. Acid. Tannic, Adrenalin, Alum, Ergota, Galla, Gummi Rubri 
 Extract. Liquid., Ferri Chloroxydi Liquor, Hamamelis, Suprarenal Gland 
 and Extract, Terebinth. 01. 
 
 Erysipelas. Locally : Acid. Carljolicum (lotio). Acid. Sulphurosum (spray), 
 Amyli Glycer., Amylum, Argenti Nitras, Belladonnse Glyceriniun, Col- 
 lodium, Creosotum, Guaiakinol, Ichthyol, lodi Liquor Fortis, or Ung., 
 Lycopodium, Pltmabi c. Opio Lotio, Salol, Thiol. Intei-nally : Aconitum, 
 Belladonna, Cinchona, Ferri Perchlor. Tinct., Guaiacol, Lactophenin, 
 Quinina. 
 
 Escharoties. — Section A. 
 
 Evacuations, Fetid. Acid. Carbolic, Bismuth Beta-naphthol., B. Salicylate, 
 Calomel, Potass. Permangan., Salol, Sodse Chlorinatse Liquor, Sodii 
 Salicylas, Stomachic Tonics and Intestinal Antiseptics. 
 
 Excoriations. Alum, Acid. Boric, Amylum, Boracis Glycerinvim, Calamina 
 Prjep., Fuller's Earth, Glycerini Ung., Plmnbi Carb., Zinci Oxid. 
 
 Expectorants. — Section A. 
 
 Expectoration, Fetid : Acid. Carbolic, Chlori Liq., Creosotmn. Potass. Per- 
 manganas. Menthol and Guaiacol (by intralaryngeal injection). 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1609 
 
 Eye, to contract pupil of. Physostigmina , Physostigmine Sulphate and 
 Salicylate, Pilocarpina, Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. , Nitrate, and Salicylate. 
 
 — to dilate pupil of. Atropina, Belladonna, Daturina, Duboisina, Gelsemium 
 (locally), Homatropina, Homatropine Hydrobrom., Hyoscyamina, Hyo3- 
 cyamine Sulphate, Hyoscina, Hyoscine Hydrobrom., Scopola, Stramonium. 
 
 Fceces, Impacted. Lini 01. Enema, 01. Olivae Enema, Ricini Olei Enema. 
 
 Fainting. — See Syncope. 
 
 Favits. Antiseptics, Cupri Sulphas and Oleas, Epilation, Mercury Ointments, 
 Paraffin, liquid., Resorcin. 
 
 Febrifuges. — Section A. 
 
 Feet, perspiring. Acid. Boric, Idol, Pulvis Salicylic, cum Talco, Salicylic 
 Suet, Zinci Ung. 
 
 Fever. — See Antipyretics, Section A. 
 
 — Hay. — See Hay Fever. 
 
 Fever, Malarial. Arsenicalis Liquor, Bebeerinse Sulphas, Berberis, Aristochin, 
 Cinchona, Cinchonidina, Cinchonina, Cinchonidine Sulpho-carbolate, 
 Creosote, Cusparise Cort., Euquinine, Methylene Blue, Phenocoll Hj^di-o- 
 chloride, Pilocarpine Phenate, Quin. Hydrobrom. Acid., Quin. Hydrochlor. 
 Acid., Quininte Sulphas and Sulphas Acidus, Salicin, Saloquinine, Warburg's 
 Tincture. 
 
 — Puerperal. Anti-Puerperal-Fever-Streptococcus. Sertim ; Intra-uterine 
 irrigation with Hydrarg. Porchlor. (1 in 2000), Eusol (intravenous). 
 
 — Scarlet. Acid. Carbolicum, Acid. Sulphurosum, Aconitum, Ammon. Benz., 
 Ammon. Carb., Sodii Salicylas. Locally : Acid. Acetic, (vapor). Acid. 
 Carbol. (spray). Acid. Sulphui-osum (spray), Chlori Liquor, Resorcin, Sodae 
 Chlorinatae Liquor. 
 
 — Typhoid. Acetanilide, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Nitr. Dil., Acid. Sulphviros., 
 Ammon. Liq., Amyli Enema, Argent. Nitr., Belladonna, Benzonaphthol, 
 Calomel, Chlori Liq., Cvisparia, Guaiaform, Guaiacol Phosphate, Intestinal 
 disinfectants, loclin. Tinct., Magnesii Salicylas, Naphthalene, Naphthol, 
 Opivun, Phenacetin, Phenocoll Hydrochlor., Potass. Permang., Pyramidon, 
 Quinina, Quinin. Hydrochlor. Acid., Quinaphthol, Salicinum, Salol, Salo- 
 quinine, Sulphur Sublimat., Terebinth. 01., ThallinsB Sulphas, Thjrraol, 
 tJrotropine. 
 
 Flatulence. Acid. Carbolicum, Acid. Sulphurosum, ^ther, Aloes, Anethum, 
 Anisum, Armoraciae Spirit. Co., Asafetida, Bismuth salts, Cajuputi 01., 
 Calumba, Capsicum, Carbo Ligni, Caryophyllum, Creosotum, Fceniculi 01., 
 Lavand. Oleum, Magnesia, Menthse Pip. 01., Menthse Virid. 01., Piper 
 Nigruni, Rutso Enema, Salacetol, Salol, Sodii Bicarb., Sodii Hyposulphis, 
 Sodii Salicylas, Sodii Sulphocarbolas, Terebinthinaa Enema, Zingiber. 
 
 Flooding. — See Hcemorrhage, Uterine. 
 
 Gall-stones, .^ther, Amyl Nitris, Belladonna, Chloral Hydras, Chloro- 
 formum, Morphina, Nitroglycerin, Olivse Oleum, Ricini Oleum, Sapo Durus, 
 SorUi Sulphas, Sodii Phosphas, Terebinthinse Oleum. Mineral Water : 
 Carlsbad. 
 
 Gangrene. Tonics and Stimulants. Locally : Antiseptics. 
 
 Gastralgia. Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Hydiocyan. Dil., Acid. 
 Sulphuros., .^ther, Ansesthesin, Argenti Nitras, Belladonna, Bismuth salts, 
 Carbo Ligni, Cerii Oxalas, Cocaina, Creosote, Exalgin, Manganesii Oxidura 
 Nig., Opium, Pepsin, Potass. Bicarb., Potass. Bichromas, Potass. Bromid., 
 Resorcin, Sodii Bicarb., Sodii Vanadas, Strontii Bromidum, Tinct. Chlorof. 
 pt Morph. Co. Mineral Water : Contrexeville. 
 
1610 SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Generative Organs, loss of tone. — See Aphrodisiacs. 
 
 — Sedative of. — rSee Anaphrodisiacs. 
 
 Glands, Lymphatic, chronic inflammation of. Acid. Arseniosum, Ammonii 
 Chloridum, Ammoniaci c. Hydrarg. Emplast., Belladonnae Glycerinum, 
 Calcii Chlorid., Calx Sulphurata, Carbon Bisulphidum, Ferri led. Syr., 
 Hydrarg. lodid. Rub., Hydrarg. Subchlor., Hydrogenii Peroxidi Liquor, 
 lodi Liquor Fortis, lodi Tinct. (inject.). Iodoform, Morrhuae Oleum, Potass, 
 lodid., Lin. Potass. lodid. c. Sapone, Sodae Chlorinatae Liquor. 3Iineral 
 Waters : Koenigsdorff, Leuk, Marienbad. 
 
 Gleet. — See Chronic Gonorrhoea. 
 
 Glycosuria. — See Diabetes Mellitus. 
 
 Goitre, Sim])le Parenchymatous. — See Bronchocele. 
 
 — Exophthalmic: Ammon. Picras, Arsenical. Liq., Digitalis, Ergot, Ferrum, 
 lodi Tinct., Hyd. lod. Rub. Ung., Opium, Quinin. Hydrobrom., Sodii 
 Phosph., Strontii Bromidum, Strophanthus, Suprarenal Gland, Thymus 
 tablets. Thyroid should never be given. 
 
 Gonorrhoea, Acute. Internally : Aconituni, Antim. Tart., Gonal, Hordei 
 Decoct., Hyoscyamus, Lini Inf., Methylene Blue (Pure), Pareira, Potass. 
 Bicarb., Santal. Flav. Ol., Santyl. Locally : Actol, Aliimen, Argentamin, 
 Argenti Nucleinas, Argonin, Argyrol, Borax, Betol, Bismuth. Subnit., 
 Crurin, Cupri Sulphocarbolas, Gallobromol, Hydrarg. Nucleinas, Ichthargan, 
 Itrol, Iodoform and Eucalyptus Bougies, Largin, Novargan, Potass. Per- 
 manganas, Protargol, Sodii Chloridum, Sodii Salicyl., Zinci Acetas, Z. 
 Chlorid., Z. Permang., Z. Sulphocarbolas. Intramuscularly: Mercury 
 Succinimide. 
 
 — Chronic, or Gleet. Internally : Arhovin, Copaiba, Cubeba, Dipterocarpi 
 Balsamum, Ferri Perchlor. Liq. freely, Gonal, Magnes. Sulph., Santali 
 Oleimi, Triticum. Locally : Acid. Tarmic, Argenti Nitras (bougie), Cupri 
 Sulphas, Dextroform, Plumbi Acetas cum Opio, Quercus, Zinci Acetas, 
 Z. Chloridum cum Belladonna, Z. Sulphas. 
 
 Gout. Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Chinic, Ammonii Chloridum, Ammonii 
 Phosphas, Caffeinae Di-iodo-Hydriodidtim, Cajuputi OL, Chaulmoogra Oil, 
 Chinoline Periodide, Citarin, Colchicum, Colchicinge Salicylas, Colchi-Sal, 
 Crotonis Lin., Euonymin, Guaiaci Resina, Hydrarg. Pil., Hydrarg. Sub- 
 chlor., Hyoscyamus, Lithium salts {see p. 839), Lysidine, Lycetol, Mag- 
 nesia, Magnes. Sulph., Mesotan, Morphinse Inject. Hypod., Phenazonum, 
 Piperazine, Piperazine Quinate (Sidonal), Piperidine Tartrate, Podophyllin, 
 Potass. Acetas, P. Citras, Sabina, Saligenin, Serpentaria, Sodii Bicarb. 
 S. Phosphas, S. Taurocholas, S. Sulphas, Sparteine Periodide, Strontii 
 Salicylas, Sulphur, Trimethylaminas Hydrochloridum, Uresin, Uricedin, 
 Urosine, Urystamine. Mineral Waters : Adelheidsquelle, Aix-les-Bains, 
 Baden-Baden, Buxton, Carlsbad, Eilsen, Ems, Franzensbad, Harrogate, 
 Ischia, Marienbad, Nenndoi-f, Neuenahr, Ofen, Plombieres, Soden, Strath- 
 peffer, Tarasp, Toeplitz, Vichy, Weilbach, Wiesbaden, Wildbad. 
 
 Gout, painful. Aconitinae Unguent., Antipyrine, Cajuputi Oleum, Hyoscyamus, 
 Menthol, Morphina, Opium, Potass. lodidum, Veratrinie Unguentum. 
 
 Gums, inflamed. Alunaen, Boracis Glycerin., Gummi Rubri Tinct., Kramerise 
 Tinct., Myrrha? Tinct., Myrrhae et Boracis Tinct., Potassii Chloras, Pyrethri 
 Tinct., Quercus Decoct. 
 
 Hcematem,esis. Acid. Gallicum, Acid. Tannicmn, Alumen, Argent. Nitras, 
 Ergota, Ferric salts, Hamamelis, Ice, Morphin. Inj. Hypod., Opium, Plumbi 
 Acetas, Sodii Chloridum, Terebinthinae Oleum. 
 
 Hsematinies. — Section A. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. Iftll 
 
 Hcematuria. Acid. Sulph. Dil., Almnen, Ergota, Ferri Perchloridi Liquor, 
 Hamamelis, Plumbi Acet., Terebinthina; Oleura. 
 
 Hcemophilia. Adrenalin, Calcii Chlorid. and Lactas, Ergot, Hamamelis, 
 Terebinth. 01. 
 
 Haemoptysis. Aconitmn, Amy] Nitris, Calomel, Calcii Chloridum, Digitalis, 
 Eucalyptol, Ferri Acetatis Liquor, Gelatinum, Hamamelis, Hydrarg. c. 
 Creta, Ipecac, Ipecac, c. Opio P., Sodii Chlorid., Morphina, Opium, Plmnbi 
 c. Opio Pilula, Saline Purgatives, Terebene, Terebinth. Oleum, Terpene 
 Hydrate. 
 
 Hoemorrliage. — See Styptics. 
 
 — Post-partum. Copious intra-uterine irrigation with water at 118° F., 
 Ergota, Ergotine (Inj. Hypod.), Ergotinine, Normal Saline Solution (Trans- 
 fusion). 
 
 — Uterine. — See Menorrhagia. 
 
 Hoemorrlwids. Acid. Nitricmn (lotio). Acid. Tannic. Ung., Aloes Socot., 
 Anusol, Belladon. Ung., Calomel, Cascara Sagrada, Cetacei sine Benz. 
 Unguent., Conii Ung., Galbani Ung. Co., Gallae Ung. and Ung. cum Opio, 
 Glycyrr. Pulv. Co., Hamamelis, Iodoform (Supp.), Morphina, Picis Pilulaj 
 et Capsulae, Piper Nigrum, Plumbi Co. Suppos., Plumbi Subacet. et Morphin. 
 Ivotio, Sennse Confect., Stramon. Ung., Sulphur. Mineral Waters : Luhat- 
 schowitz, Mergentheim. 
 
 Hsemostaties. — Section A. 
 
 Hair Jailing off. — See Alopecia. 
 
 Hay Fever. Acid. Chromic, Adrenalin, Antipyrine, Belladonna, Camphora3 
 Spirit., Cannab. Ind., Carbon Tetrachloride, Cocaina, Eucalypti Oleum, 
 Grindelia Robusta, Hydrarg. Biniodidmu (spray and douche, 1 in 2000), 
 Lobelia Inflata, Mentholum, PoUantin (anti -serum). Potass. lodid., Quininae 
 Sulphas Acidus, Stramoniiun, Carbolised Smelling Salts, Suprarenal Gland 
 and Extract, Zinci Phosphidixm, Zinci Valerianas. 
 
 Headache. Internally : Acetanilide, Acid. Hydrobrom. Dil., Ammon. Bromid., 
 Anunon. Liquor, Ammon. Aromat. Spirit., Amyl Nitris (vapor), Antipyrine, 
 Butyl-Chloral Hydras, Cannabis Ind., Caffeina, Cimicifuga, Exalgin, 
 Guarana, Lactophenin, Magnesia, Nitroglycerin, Phenacetin, Phenobrom. 
 Co. Pulv., Potass. Bromid., Pot. lod., Quininae Sulphas, Sodii Bicarb... 
 Sodii Salicyl. Locally : Aconitum, JEther, Belladonna, Camphora, Cocaina, 
 Menthol, Opii Lin. 
 
 Heart, Valvular Disease of. Adonis Vernalis, Apocynmn, .^thoxycafEeinum, 
 Caffeina, Convallaiia, Digitalis, Erythrophlaeum, Sparteina, Strophanthus. 
 
 Heartburn. — See Pyrosis. 
 
 Hectic Sweating. — See Sweating. 
 
 Hepatics. — See CJwlagogues, Section A. 
 
 Hepatitis. — ^Acid. Nitro-hyd. Dil., Ammon. Chlorid., Hyd. Subchlorid., Pil. 
 Hydrarg., Hyd. lod. Hub. Ung., Ipecacuanha, Liq. lodi Fort., Saline 
 Aperients. 
 
 Herpes. Internally : Morphinse Tart, (hypod. inj.). Potass. lodid.. Purgatives, 
 Quininae Sulphas. Locally : Acid. Boric, Amyli Glycerinima, Argenti 
 Nitras, Cocaina, Hydrarg. Ammon., Menthol, Zinci Ung., Unna'a Zinc 
 Gelatin. 
 
 Hiccough, .^theris Spt. ; Amyl Nitris, Blister over Cervical Spine, Bell a - 
 domia, Bronaides, Camphor, Chloral, Chloroformi Spt., Ergota, Morphina, 
 Nitroglycerin, Pilocarpina, Sinapis Infusum, Terebinth. Ol. 5i, Zinci Oxid., 
 Zinci Valerianas. 
 
1612 Section b. — remedies Employed iH special ailments* 
 
 HydroCbU. Aoid. Carbolic, Glycerinum and Tinctura lodi. 
 
 Hydrocephalus. Crotonis Oleum, Hj'drarg. Subchloridvun, Potass. Bromidum, 
 Potass. lodidum. 
 
 Hydrophobia. Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydras, Chloroformnm, Curara, 
 Morphina. 
 
 Hyperchlorhydria. Belladonna, Olivae Oleum, Sodii Peroxid. 
 
 Hypnotics. — Section A. 
 
 Hyiiochondria. Acid. Nitro-hydi'ochlor. Dil., Cholagogues and Purgatives, 
 Chloral Hydias, Nervine Tonics, Potasii Bromidum, Strychnina. Mineral 
 Water : Homburg. 
 
 Hysteria. Ammonia! Fetidus Spiritus, Ammonii Carb., Ammon. Bromid., 
 Ammon. Valerianas, Asafetida, Auri Bromidum, Aui'i et Potassii Bromid., 
 Cajuputi 01., Camphora, Camphora Monobromata, Castoreum, Tinct. Chloro- 
 formi et Morphinse Co., Ferrum salts, Lavand. 01., Menthyl Valerianate, 
 Moschus, Nvix Vomica, Phosphorus, Potass. Bromid., Quininse Sulph., 
 Rosmarini 01., RutJB 01., Strychnina, Sumbul, Terebinthinaj 01., Valeriana, 
 Zinci Phosphidum, Z. Valerianas. Mineral Waters : Homburg, Lippik, 
 Spa, 
 
 Impetigo Contagiosa. Hydrarg. Ammon. Ung., lodoformi Ung., Zinci Oleat. 
 Ung., Zinci Unguentura ; all after removal of crusts by soaking in oil, 
 or starch poulticing. 
 
 Incontinence of Urine. — See Urine. 
 
 Indigestion. — See Dyspepsia. 
 
 Inflammation. Acute : Aconite, Antim. Tart., Belladonna, Glycer. Bellad., 
 Hydrarg. Subchloridum, Opium. 
 
 — Chronic : Iodine and Iodides, lothion. 
 
 Influenza. Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Sulphurosum (vapor), Ammon. Acetat. 
 Liq., Antim. Tart., Antipyrine, Benzoini Vapor, Benzene, Calx Sulphurata, 
 Eucalypti Oleum, Eupatorium, Euquinine, Ipecac Co. Pulvis, Phenocoll 
 Hydrochloride, Potass. Bicarb., Quininae Sulphas, Resox'cin, Salicinmu, 
 Salipyrin, Sodii Salicylas, Sp. iEther. Nit., Tinct. Quininae Ammoniata. 
 
 Insects, to keep away. Camphora, Colocynth. Pulpa, Lavand. Oleum, Menth. 
 Pip., Naphthalene, Oleum Pyrethri Flores, Quassia, Rosmarini Oleum, 
 Terebinth. Oleum. 
 
 Insomnia. — See Hypnotics, Section A. 
 
 Iritis. Acid. Boric. liOtio (hot), Atropinse Guttse or Ung., Atropin. Methyl - 
 bromid., Belladoima, Canthar. Emp., Cocaine, Duboisine, Hydrarg. 
 Perchlor. and Subchlor., Hirudines, Hyoscine, Pilocarpin. Nit. Inj. Hyp., 
 Potass. lodidum, Pulv. Doveri, Quinina. 
 
 Irritants. — Section A. 
 
 Itch. — See Scabies. 
 
 Itching. — See Pruritus. 
 
 Jaundice. Acid. Nitro-hydrochlor. Dil., Alkalis, Aloes, Ammonii Chlorid., 
 Creosotum, Euonymin, Fel Bovinum, Hydrarg. Subchlorid., Iridin, 
 Pilocarpina, Potassa Sulphurata, Podophyllin, Potassi Sulphas, Sapo Durus, 
 Sodii Sulphas, Taraxacum. 
 
 IBelladonnae Emp., Hydrarg. Oleas, also with Morphia, 
 Ung. Hydrarg. Comp., lodum, Lin. Potass. lod. o. 
 Sapone, Methyl Salicylate, Potass. lodid., Plumbi lodidi 
 Ung., Salocreol, Sodii Salicylas, Veratrinse Ung. 
 
SECTION B. — EEMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1613 
 
 Kidney Disease.—See Alhuminaria, BrighVs Disease, Dropsy (Renal), and 
 Urcemia. Contra-indicated : Opium, Cantharides, Turpentine. 
 
 Laryngismus Stridulus. Amyl Nitris, Antipyrine, Belladonna, Chloral 
 Hydras, Chloroformum, Potassii Bromidum, Ricini 01., Rheum, Hot Water. 
 
 Laryngitis. Aeoniti Tinct., Antim. Tart., Codeina, Guaiacum. Locally : 
 Acid. Lactic., Acid. Sulphuros. (spray). Acid. Tannic. Glycerin., Almii, 
 Ammonium Chloride, Argenti Nit., Belladon. Glyc, Benzoini Vapor, 
 Creosoti Vapor, Ice, Menthol (spray), Pini Sylvest. Oleum, Alcohol in- 
 jections for pain. 
 
 Laxatives, — Section A. 
 
 Leech bites, to stop bleeding from. Alum, Argenti Nitras, CoUodium, Ferri 
 Perchlor., Matico, 01. Terebinth. 
 
 Leeches, to discharge if swallowed. Sodii Chloridum, in strong solution. 
 
 Leprosy. Balsam. Dipterocarpi, Chaulmoogra Oil, Naatin. 
 
 Leucocythemia. Acid. Arseniosum, Bone Marrow, Ferri Arsenat. Sol. Inj., 
 Ferrum salts. Lecithin, Phosphorus. 
 
 Leucorrhoea. Acid. Boric, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Chromic, Acid. Gallic, 
 Acid. Tannic, Alumen, Bismuth. Subnit., Borax, Cantharis, Catechu, 
 Creoliu, Cupri Sulphas, Cyllin, Ferrum salts, Granati Cort., Gummi 
 Eucalyptus, Hsematoxyli Decoct., Hydrarg. Perchlor., Krameria, Pareira, 
 Potass. lodidum, Quercus Cort., Quinin. Hydrochlor., Santal. Flav. Oleum, 
 Sodii Sulphocarbolas, Tonics, Zinci Sulph., Zinci Sulphocarbolas. Mineral 
 Waters : Rreuznach, Wildungen. 
 
 Tjice. — See Pediculosis. 
 
 Lichen Planus. Locally : Acid. Caibolic, Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil., Acid. 
 Suiphurosum, Hydiarg. Oxid. Flav. Ung., Ichthyol, Pix Liquida, Zinci 
 Ung. iMernally : Antimony, Arsenic, Hydi-arg^a-um. 
 
 lAps, cracked. Adeps Lanse, Bals. Peru. Unguent., Cetacei Ung., Paraffinum 
 Molle. 
 
 Lithcemia or Lithiasis. — See Antilithics, Section A. 
 
 Liver, Chronic enlargement of. Acid. Nitro -hydrochloric. Dil. (Internally 
 and Externally), Ammon. Chloridum, Potassii lodidum. 
 
 Liver, Sluggish or Torpid. Acid. Nitro -hydrochlor. Dil., Alkaline Carbonates 
 and Bicarbonates, Ammon. Chlorid., Euonymin, Hydrarg. Subchlorid., 
 Hydrarg. Pilula, Iridin, Magnes. Sulphas, Podophylhn, Sodii Sulphas, 
 Soda Tartarata. — See also Cholagogues. Section A. Mineral Waters : 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, Carlsbad, Ems, Friedrichshall, Kissingen, Leamington, 
 Pullna. — See also Colic (Hepatic), and Qallstones. 
 
 Locomotor Ataxy. Acid. Arsenios., Almninimn Chloride, Argenti Nitras, 
 Ergot, Lecithin, Niccoli Sulphas, Phenacetin, Phenazonmn, Phosphorus, 
 Physostigma, Pilocarpinse Nitras, Potass. lodid. 
 
 Lumbago. Acetanilid., Lin. Aeoniti, Ammon. Acet. Liq., Ai'senic, Antipyrine, 
 Lin. Bell ad. Comp., Cantharid. Emp., Capsicum, Cimicifuga, Colchicum, 
 Guaiacum, Ipecac Co. Pulv., Menthol, Methyl Chloridum, Morphina 
 (hyp. inj.), Opivun, Lin. Opii, Picis Empl., Pot. Cit., Phenacetin, Potassii 
 lodidum, Piu'gatives, Quininae Sulphas, Salicin, Sod. Salicyl., Sulphur, 
 Terebinth. Acet. Lin. 
 
 Lupus Vulgaris. Acid. Arseniosum, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Chromic, Acid. 
 Formic, Acid. Hydrochloric, Acid. Lacticura, Acid. Pyrogallic Oxydat., 
 Acid. Salicylic, Avistol, Cinc-honinse lodo-Sulphas, Hydrarg. lodid. Rub. 
 Ung., Hydrarg. Nit. Acid. Liquor, Hydi-arg. Nitrat. Ung., Hyd. 01 eat. 
 
1614 SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Ung., Hydrogen. Peioxid. Liq., Ichthyol, Causticuin lodi. Potassa cum 
 Calce, Potassium Cantharidate, Potass. Permang., Radium, Quin. Sulphat., 
 Salicin, Salicylic and Creosote Plaster Mull, Sodii Ethylatia Liquor, 
 Thiosinamine, Thyroid preparations, Urea, Zinci Chlorid. 
 
 Malarial Fever. — See Fever, Malarial. 
 
 Mania, Acute. Ammon. Bromidum, Amylene Hydrate, Atropina, Bella- 
 donna, Camphor, Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydras, Cimicifuga, Crotonis 
 OleLun, Duboisina, Gelsemiixm, Hyoscinse Hydrobromidum, Hyoscyamina, 
 Hypnal, Methylal, Morphina, Opium, Paraldehydum, Potassii Bromidum, 
 Sodii Bromidum, Sulphonal, Trional. 
 
 Measles. Aconitimi, ^ther. Nit. Sp., Ammon. Carb., Ammon. Acet. Liquor, 
 Dover's Powder, Ipecacuanha, Potass. Citras, Quinine Sulphas. — See also 
 Pneumonia, and Acute Bronchitis. 
 
 Melsena. Belladoima, Ergot (hypodermic), Ferri Perchlor. (inject.), 
 Hamamelis, Plumbi Acet. cum Opio (inject.). Terebinth. Oleum. 
 
 Melancholia. Acid. Arsenioa., Acid. Nitro-hydroch. Dil., Camphora, Coca, 
 Morphina, Nux Vomica, Paraldehyde, Potassii Bromidum, Trional. Also 
 Cholagoyues. 
 
 Meningitis, Acute. Antim. Tart., Chloral, Canthar. Emp., Digitalis, Ergota, 
 Hydr. Subchloridum, Hyoscyaniine Sulphate, Potass. Bromidmn, Potass, 
 lodidmn. Purgatives ; Ice externally, and Mustard Poultice. 
 
 Menorrhagia ayid Metrorrhagia. Aloes, Alumen, Bebeerinae Sulphas, Cannabis 
 Ind., Cannaliin. Tannas, Ergota, Ferrum salts, Hamamelis, Hydrastis, 
 Krameria, Lecithin, Plumbi Acet., Stypticin, Vinete Major. Ext. Fluid., 
 Viburnum. 
 
 Menstruation, Defective. — See Amenorrhoea. 
 
 — Painful. — See Dysmenorrhosa. 
 
 Migraine. Guarana, Phenacetin, Trinitrin. 
 
 Milk Secretion, to increase. Alcohol, Jaborandi, Pilocarpinae Nit., Potass. 
 Chlorat., Ricini Fol. Decoctum, and Tonics. 
 
 — to diminish. Atropina, Belladonnse Tinctura, Emp. and Glycerinmn, 
 Ergota, Purgatives. 
 
 Miscarriage, to prevent. — See Abortion, threatened. 
 
 Mollities OssLum. Calcii Phosphas, Ferrum salts, Morrhuse Oleum. 
 
 Morphinomania. Atropinse Sulphas, Stryclinina (combined). 
 
 Mumps. Aconitum, Belladon. Glyc, Doveri Pulv., Hydrarg. cmn Creta, 
 Jaborandi, Opium, Pilocarpina. 
 
 Myxoedema. Thyroidei Liquor, Thyroideum Siccimi, Thyroglandin. 
 
 Nceoi. ^ Acid. Chromic, Acid. Nitric, Alum, Liq. Ferri Perchlor. Fort., Liq. 
 Sodii Ethylatis, Zinc. Chloridum, Zinci Nitras. 
 
 Narcotics. — ^Section A. 
 
 Nausea. — See Vomiting. 
 
 Nephritis. — See Kidney Disease. 
 
 Neuralgia. Acetanilide, Acid. Arsenics., Acid. Osmic, Aconiti Chloroform., 
 Aconiti Linim., Aconitinae Ung., Aconitum, .(Ether (spray), .^thoxy- 
 caffeinum, Alcohol injections, Ammon. Bromidum, Ammon. Chlorid., 
 Ammon. Valerianas, Amyl Nitris, Amygdophenin, Analgen, Antikamnia, 
 Antitoxme, Atroijinae Solut. (hypodermically), Atropinse Valerianas, Bella- 
 
SECTIOiSr B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1615 
 
 donnse Lin., Butyl -Chloral Hydras, Caffeina, Camphorae Lin., Camphor. 
 Lin. Ammon., Cannabis Indica, Canthar. Emp., Carbon Tetrachloride, 
 Chloral cum Camphora, Chloroformum, Cimieifuga, Cinchona, Cocaina, 
 Conium, Crotonis Liniment., Delphinina, Exalgin, Ferrum salts, Gelsemii 
 Tinctura,GelseniineHydrochlor.,Guaiacol, Hyoscyamus, Iodoform, Kryofin, 
 Lactophenin, Malakin, Menth. Pip. Oleum, Menthol, Methyl Chloridum, 
 Mesotan, Migrainine, Morphina, Morrhuas 01., Opium, Papaveris (Decoctum) 
 Phenacetin, Phenazonum, Phosphorus, Piscidia, Quininse Glycerophos, 
 QuininsB Sulph., Salophen, Salicin, Scutellarin, Sinapis (Cataplasma), Sodii 
 Salicyl., Strychnina, Veratrinae Ung., Zinci Valerianas. 
 
 Neurasthenia. — See Debility. 
 
 Nipples, Sore or Fissured. Acid. Sulphurosum, Acid. Tannic. Glycerinvim, 
 Argenti Nitras, Bals. Peru. Ung., Boracis Ung., Catechu, Orthoform, 
 Plumbi Tannatis Glycerimma, Sodse Chlorinatae Liq. 
 
 Nitrate of Silver stains, to remove. Potass. Cyanid., Potass. lodid.. Sodium 
 Thiosulphate. 
 
 Nocturnal Emissions. Belladonna, Ferri Bromid., Potass. Bromid. 
 
 Nym,pko7nania. Ammon. Bromidum, Camphora, Chloral, Conimn, Potassii 
 Bromidum. 
 
 Nutritives. — Section A. 
 
 Obesity. Alkalis, Ferri lodid., Fucus Vesiculosus, Potass. lodid., Thyi'oideum 
 Siccum. Mineral Waters : Carlsbad, Ems, Kissingen, Marienbad, Tarasp. 
 
 Ophthalmia Neonatorum. Acid. Boric, Almn, Argentamin, Argent. lodid. 
 Argent. Nit., Argyi'ol, Cocaine, Collargol, Cuprargol, Cuprol, Hydrarg. 
 Cyanid., Hydi-arg. Ox. Flav. Ung., Hydrarg. Perchlorid., lodoformi Ung., 
 Liq. Calcis Chlorinat., Mitigated Caustic, Protargol, Quinin. Sulphas, 
 Tachiol, Zinci Sulphas. 
 
 Orchitis, Acute. Locally ; Glycerinum Belladonnse, Plumbi Acet. et Opii 
 Lotio. Internally : Antimonimia Tartarat., Guaiacol, Hyoscyamus, Phenyl- 
 urethane, Phytolacca, Saline Aperients. 
 
 Otorrhea. Acid. Borici Lotio, Iodoform, lodol. Potass. Permang., Zinci 
 Chlorid., all locally. 
 
 Ozcena. Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Chromic, Acid. Boric, Borax, Boro-glyceride, 
 Creosotum, Iodoform, Menthol, Potass. Permanganas, Sodii Chloridum, 
 Sodse Chlorinat. Liquor, Sodii Ethylatis Liquor, Thymol, Zinci Chlorid., 
 all locally. 
 
 Palpitation. Acid. Arsenios., Acid. Hydrobrom., Acid. Nitro-hydrochlor., 
 Aconitum, ^ther. Ammonia, Belladonna, Bromides, Anti-dyspeptic, 
 remedies, Ferrmn salts, Hydrarg. Pil., Syr. Acid. Hydriod., Strychnina. 
 
 Paralysis {Peripheral and Functional). Belladonna, Cannabis Ind., Ergota, 
 Ferrum salts, Hyoscyamus, Lecithin, Nux Vomica, Physostigma, Strych- 
 nina. Mineral Waters : Aix-la-Chapelle, Baden-Baden, Eilsen, Ischia, 
 Ivreuznach, Toeplitz. 
 
 — of Lead Poisoning. Alkaline Sulphates, Potassii lodidimi. 
 
 Parasites, Intestinal. — See Anthelmintics, Section A. 
 
 Pediculosis. Acettun (warm), Anisol, Bals. Peruviam,xm, Hjd. Ammon. 
 Ung., Hydrarg. Oleas, Naphthol, Oleum Carboliciun, Paiaffin Oil, Resorcin 
 Camphor, Sassafras 01., Staphisagrise Olei Ung., Styracis Ung., Sulphm- 
 precip. (dusting powder), Sulphur Ung., Tereb. 01. (spray). 
 
 Pellagra. Hexamine. 
 
 Periostitis. Counter-irritants, lothion, Potassii lodidum. Vesicants. 
 
1616 SECTION B. — KEMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Peritonitis, Acute. Belladonna, Hydrarg. Subchlor., Opiiun, warmed Oxygen, 
 Iodine. 
 
 Perspiration, to diminish. — See Anhidrotics, Section A. 
 
 PerspWation, Fetid. Acid. Boric, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Salicylic. Glycer., 
 Belladonna, Plumbi Oxid. Ung., Pulv. Salicylic, cum Talco, Salicylic Suet, 
 Zinci Ung. 
 
 Phtheiriasis. — See Pediculosis. 
 
 Phthisis. Acetophenone (inhal.). Acid. Benzoic, (inhal.). Acid. Camphoric, 
 Acid. Carbolicum, Acid. Cinnamic, Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil. (inhal.). Acid. 
 Nucleinicum and salts. Acid. Tannicum, Acid. H7/drofluoric. (inhal.), 
 Aconiti Tinct., Agaricin, Alcohol Methylicmn, Antifebrin, Aniline, Atropina, 
 Calcii Hypophosphis, Camph. Tinct. Co., Carbon. Bisulphidum, Chaulmoogra 
 Oil, Chinosol, Codeina, Conium, Cotoin, Creosotum, Creosote Carbonate, C. 
 Phosphate, C. Valerianate, Diamorphine Hydrochlor., Dionine, Eucalypti 01. 
 (inhal.), Ferri Cacodylas, Fluoroform, Formaldehyde, Guaiacetin, Guaiacol, 
 G. Benzoate, G. Camphorate, G. Carbonate, G. Cinnamate, and other Guaiacol 
 salts, Guaiacyl, Guaiaform, Helenin, Heroin, Heroin Hydrochloride, Igazol, 
 nascent Iodine, lodi Vapor, Iodoform, Lachnanthes, Malti Extractum, 
 Menthol and Menthosol (intralaryngeally), Morrhuse Oleum, Opium, 
 Pancreatic Emulsion, Peronine, Piperidine Guaiacolate, Pneimain, Pilo- 
 carpinae Phenas, Pini Oleiun (vapor), Plumbi Acetas, Pruni Virgin. Syr., 
 Quinina arid Quinine Salts, Radium, Saccharum Lactis, Salol, Sodii Caco- 
 dylas, Di-sochi Methyl arsenas, Sodii Cinnamas, Stillingia, Strychninie 
 Vanadas, Sodii Hypophosph., Sodii Meta-vanadas, Strontii Cinnamas, 
 Terebentun, Thiocol, Tuberculin. 
 
 Piles. — See Hcemorrhoids. 
 
 Pityriasis Versicolor. Acid. Aceticum, Acid. Boric, Acid. Salicyl., Argent. 
 Nitras, Boracis Glycerinum, Cadinum Olemn, Hydr. Oleas, Hydrarg. Oxid. 
 Rub. Ung., Naphthol, Picis Ung., Resorcin, Sodii Hyposulphis, Zinci Ung. 
 
 Plague. Acid. Carbolic, Anti-plague serum, Glyc. Belladon., Calomel, 
 Stimulants, Strychnina. 
 
 Pleuritis. Aconitum, Antim. Tart., Canthar. Emp., Crotonis Linira., Hydrarg. 
 Subchlor., lodipin, Morphina, Potass. lod., Sinapis Cataplasma, Diapho- 
 retics, Expectorants, Laxativ'es. 
 
 Pneumonia. Aconitum, Ammon. Acetat. Liquor, Ammon. Carbonas, Amy 
 Nitris, Antim. Tart., ^ther. Nitrosi Sp., Caffeina, Calcii Chloridmn, Canthar. 
 Empl., Carbonis Bisulphid., Diamorphine Hydrochlor., Digitalis, Helenin, 
 Heroin, Heroin Hydrochloride, Ipecacuanha, Lachnanthes, Moschus, Oxygen, 
 Potass Bicarb., Quinina, Sinapis Cataplasma, Sodii Slicylas, Strophanthus, 
 Strychnine, Diuretics, Diaphoretics, Carthartics. 
 
 Polpyi, Nasal. Locally : Acid. Chromic, Acid. Tannic, Absolute Alcohol, 
 Sodii Ethylatia Liquor, Zinci Chloridum. 
 
 Post-partum Hcemorrhage. — See Hcemorrhage, Post-partum. 
 
 Prolapsus Ani. Acid. Tannic, Alum. Cupri Sulph., Ergotin, Ferri Perchlor., 
 Gunami Rubr. Extr. Liq., Krameria, Nux Vomica, Quercus, Sulphur. 
 
 Prostration. .(Ether, Ammonia, Caffeina, Coca, Moschus, Nervine Tonics, 
 Spiritus Vini Gallici Mistura, Strychnina. 
 
 Pruritus or Itching. Internally : Acid. Arsenios., Ammonii Bromid., Hyos- 
 eyamus, Quinina, Strychnina. Locally : Acid. Boric, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. 
 Hydrocyanic. Dil., Ai'genti Nit., Bismuth. Subnit., Borax, Calomel Ung., 
 Cocaina, Creta Gallica, Cupri Sulphas, Glycerin, Ichthyol, lodoformum, 
 Papaveria (Decoctima), Peruv. Bals., Laurocerasi Aq., Liquor Carbonis 
 Detergens, Plumbi Subacet. Liq., Sodii Bicarb. Lotio., Sodii Peroxid., 
 Sulphuris Ung., Terebenmn, Zinci Ung. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1617 
 
 Pruritus Ani. Acid. Carbolic. Ung., Acid. Salicylic. Ung., Benzoin. Co. Tr., 
 Gallse c. Opio Ung., Hydrarg. Subchlor. Ung., lodi Tr., Menthol, Pix Liq., 
 Plumbi. Acet., Purgatives, Resorcin, Sodii Salicyl., Spt. Rectif., externally. 
 
 — Vulvce. Aliiminium. Nitrate, Glycerinum Boracis, Cooaina, Ichthyol, Pilo- 
 carpine Nitrate, Carbonis Deterg. Liq., Menthol, Plumbi Subacet. Liq. 
 
 Psoriasis. Internally : Acid Arsenios., Atoxyl, Dulcamara, Salicin, Thyroi- 
 deum Siccum. Locally : Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Pyrogallic. Oxydat., A. 
 Salicylic, Anthrarobin, Aristol, Betulse Albae Olei Ung., Chaulmoogra Oil, 
 Chrysarobimun, Creosotum, Dulcamara (Decoct.), Epicarin, Gallanol, 
 Glycei'inum, Hydrarg. Sozoiodolas, Hydrarg. Subchlor., Hydracetin, 
 Ichthyol and Compounds, ' Liquor Carbonis Detergens, Naphthol, 01. 
 Cadinum, Picis Unguent., Potassa Sulphurata, Potass. lodidum. Radium, 
 Resorcin, Saponis Emp., Sodii Carbonas. 
 
 Puerperal Convulsions. Chloral, Chloroformum (inhal.), Morphina, Normal 
 Saline, Potassii Bromidum, Thyroid preparations. 
 
 Purgatives. — Section A. 
 
 Purpura. Arsenic, Ferri Perchlor. Tinct., Hyd. c Creta, Hyd. Perchlor., 
 Calcii Chlorid., Quinina, Sodii Salicylas, Terebinthina; 01. or other intestinal 
 antiseptics. 
 
 Putrescence, to correct. — See Antiseptics, Section A. 
 
 Pycemia. Alcohol, Ammonia, Antiseptics, Anti-streptococcus or Anti- 
 staphylococcus serum, Eusol, Quinina. 
 
 Pyrosis. Acid. Hydrochlor. Dil., Acid. Sulphuros., Argent. Oxid., Bismuthi 
 Subnitras, Bismuth. Garb., Catechu, Cerii Oxalas, Magnesia, Manganesii 
 Oxid. Priep., Opium, Pulvis Doveri, Sodii Bicarb., Sodii Sulphocarbolas. 
 
 Refrigerants. — Section A. 
 
 Restoratives. — Section A. 
 
 Rhcumatlsin. Acute : Acid. Salicylic, Acid. Benzoic, Aconifcum, Acetanilide, 
 Acetopyrine, Amygdophenin, Antirheumatin, Betol, Canthar. Emp., 
 Cimicifuga, Gaultherise Ol., Limonis Succus, Opium, Methyl -Acetyl 
 Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Mesotan, Phenazone, Phenocoll Hydro- 
 chloridum. Pot. Acetas, Pot. Bicarb., Potass. Citras, Pulv. Doveri, 
 Piperazine Quinate, Pyramidon Salicylate, Quinina, Rheumatine, Salicinum, 
 Saligenin, Salit, SalocoU, Salol, Salophen, Sodii Di-thio -salicyl as, Sodii 
 Salicylas, Tolypyrin, Tolysal, Trimethylaminse Hydrochloridum. 
 
 — Chronic. Acid. Acetylsalicylic, Acid. Arseniosima, Acid. Formic, Acid. 
 Salicylic, Aconiti Lin., Aietris, Ammon. Chlorid., Anmion. Phosp., Antim. 
 Sulphurat., Armoracia, Asaprol, Aspirin, Belladonna. Lin. Co., Betol, 
 Buchu, Camphor. Ol. Essent., Capsici Tinct. Fort., Chelsea Pensioner, 
 Chloral, Chloroformum Camphoratum (local), Coiiium, Cajuputi 01. , 
 Chaulmoogra Oil, Citarin, Citrophen, Crotonis Oleum, Dulcamara, Fluor- 
 rheumin, Guaiacol and G. Carbonas, Guaiacum, Hydrarg. lodid. Rub., 
 Hydrarg. et Morphinfe Oleas, lodi Liquor Fortis, lodipin, Ichthyol, 
 Iodoform, Limonis Succus, Lin. Camph. Co., Lithii Guaiacas, Lithii 
 Salicylas, Lycetol, Lysidine, Magnesia, Malaldn, Menthol, Mesotan, Methyl- 
 Acetyl Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate, Morrhuae Oleum, Myristicae Oleima, 
 Opium, Phenacetin, Phenazonum, Picis Burgundicae Emplast., Pini Oleum, 
 Pini Sylves. Ol., Piperazine Quinate, Potassa Sulphurata, Potass. lodid., 
 Lin. Pot. lod. c Sapone, Lin. Saponis, Pyramidon Salicylate, Syr. Quininas 
 Hydi'obromidum and Hydiiodidum, Salipyrin, Salol, Sarsaparilla, 
 Serpentaria, Sodii lodid., Sochi Salicylas, Strontii Salicylas, Sulphur, 
 Terebinth. Lin., Trimethy laminae Hydrochloridum. Mineral Waters : 
 Aix-les-Bains, Aix-la-Chapelle, Bareges, Baden-Baden, Bath, Berka, 
 Buxton, Franzensbad, Harrogate, Lucca, Ofen, Toeplitz, Wiesbaden, 
 Woodhall. 
 
1618 SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Rheumatism. Painful. Belladonnas Chloroformum, Hydrarg. et Morphinse 
 Oleas, Lin. Camph. Comp. 
 
 Rickets. Acid. Phosphor. Dil., Calcis Liquor, Calcii Chloridum, Calcii 
 Phosphas, Creta Praeparata, Ferri Phosphas, Morrhua3 Oleum, Chemical 
 Food, Thyroid preparations. 
 
 Ringworm. Acid. Acetic, Acid. Salicylic, Acid. Sulphm'os., Chrysarobini 
 Ung., Cupri Oleatis XJng., Formaldehyde, Glycerinum Acid. Carbol., 
 Hydrarg. Nit. Acid. Liq., Hydrargyri Oleas, Hydrarg. Ammon. Ung., 
 Hyd. Oxid. Rub. Ung., Pigmentum Picis c. lodo, Ung. Picis, Resorcin, 
 Ung. Sulphuris Comp. 
 
 Rubefacients. — Section A. 
 
 Salivation, to produce. — See Sialagogues, Section A. 
 
 — to diminish. Atropina, Belladonna. 
 
 Sarcina Ventriculi. Acid. Sulphiu-os., Potassii Sulphis, Sodii Sulphis, Sodii 
 S a! icy las. Gastric and intestinal antiseptics. 
 
 Scabies. Acid. Sulphuros., Bals. Peruvianum, Calcis Chlorinat. Liq., Calx 
 Sulphurata, Creosotum, Hydrarg. Ammoniatum, Naphthalene, Naphthol, 
 Potassa Sulphurata, Staphisagriae Olei Ung., Styracis Ung., Sulphocar- 
 bolates, Sulphuris Hypochlor. Ung., Sulph. Co. Ung., Sulphuris Ung. 
 
 Scalds. — See Burns and Scalds. 
 
 Scarlet Fever. — See Fever, Scarlet. 
 
 Sciatica. Acid. Osmic, Aconiti Lin., Ammon. Chloridum, Analgen, Asaprol, 
 Aspii-in, Bellad. Lin. Comp., Canthar. EmpL, Cimicifuga, Cocainse Hypoder. 
 Inj., Eucaine Hydrochloride, Ferri Carb. Sacchar., Gelsemium, Guaiacol, 
 lodoformum, Morphinse Inj. Hypod., Opium, Phenacetin, Phenazonum, 
 Potass. lodidum. Purgatives, Sodii Saiicylas. See also Rheumatism. 
 
 Scorbutic Affections. — See Scurvy. 
 
 Scurvy. Acid. Citricvun, Acid. Tartaricum, Limonis Succus, Potass. Citras. 
 
 Scybala. Enemata Olei Lini, Ol. Olivse and Olei Ricini. 
 
 Sea Sickness. Ammon. Brom., Amyl Nitris, Caffeinse Citras, Caffeine, Sodii 
 Salicj'las, Camphora, Capsici Tinct., Cei'ii Oxalas, Chloral, Chloretone, 
 Chlorobrom, Chloroformum, Cocainse Hydi-ochloridum, Creosotum, Hyos- 
 cyaminjB Sulphas, Iodine Tinct., Nitroglycerin, Orexin Tannate, Phena- 
 zonum, Potass. Bromidima, Sodii Bromidum, Validol. 
 
 Sehorrhcea Capitis. Acid. Salicylic. Ung., Benzin, 01. Carbolic, Ung. Hydrarg. 
 Ox. Rub., Hyd. Sulph. Flav. Ung., Sapo Mollis, Sulphur Ung. 
 
 Sedatives. — Section A. 
 Septiccemia. — Same as for Fycemia. 
 
 Shock, Surgical. Adrenalin (intravenously), Ernutin, Normal Saline, Pituitary. 
 iS'ee also references mider Strychnine. 
 
 Sialagogues. — Section A. 
 
 Sickness, to arrest. — See Vomiting. 
 
 Skin, Abraded. Coll odium. — See Excoriations. 
 
 Sleeping Sickness. Arylarsonates, Kharsivan, Neo- Khar si van, Tartar Emetic. 
 
 Sleeplessness. — See Hypnotics, Section A. 
 
 Smallpox. Acid. Carbolic. Glycerinum, Acid. Salicylic, Argenti Nitras (local). 
 Bismuth. Subnit., Chlori Liq., Collodium Flexile, Plumbi Acetas, Potassii 
 Chloras, Quinina, Salol. 
 
SECTION B. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1619 
 
 Snake Bites. — See Bites. 
 
 Sneezing, Paroxysmal. Acid. Arsenics., lodura, Potassi lodiduni. Locally : 
 Acid. Chromic, Camphor, Menthol, Sodiimi Chloride. 
 
 Soporifics. — Section A. 
 
 Sores. — See Ulcers. 
 
 Sores, Bed. — See Bed Sores. 
 
 Sore Nipples. — See Nipples, Sore. 
 
 Sore Throat.— See Tonsillitis. 
 
 Spasmodic Affections. — See Antispasmodics and Vaso -dilators, Section A. 
 
 Spermatorrhoea. Belladonna, Camphor, Camphors Monobromata, Capsicum, 
 Ferrum salts, Nux Vomica, Potassii Bromidum, Purgatives, Quinina, 
 Strychnina. 
 
 Spina Bifida. lodo-Glycerin Solution (Morton's) injected. 
 
 Sporotrichosis. Iodine. 
 
 Sprains. Aconit. Lin., Bellad. Lin. and Emp., Calendula, Carbolic Fomenta- 
 tion, Cold Douche, lodi. Liq. Fort., Opii Lin., Lin. Saponis, Sp. Vini Rectif. 
 (lotion), Terebinth. Lin. Acet., Sodii Chloridum (Fomentation). 
 
 Sprue. Ipecacuanha, Yellow Santonin. 
 
 Stimulants. — Section A. 
 
 Stings. — See Bites and Stings. 
 
 Stomach Pain. — See Oastralgia and Tonics, Stomachic, Section A. 
 
 — Ulceration of. Bismuth. Carb., Ferri Sulph., Ice, Magnes. Carb., Magnes. 
 Sulph., Morphin. Inj. Hypod., Opixma, Peptonised Foods, Potass. Bichromas, 
 Sodii Bicarb. 
 
 Stomachics. — Section A. 
 
 Stomatitis, Ulcerative. Alum, Borax, Boracis Glycerin., Tinct. Myrrhae et 
 Boracis, Potass. Chlorat. 
 
 Strangury. Belladonn. Suppos., Camphor, Morphin. Hypod. Inj. and Suppos. 
 Styptics. — Section A. 
 Sudorifics. — Section A. 
 
 Sunstroke. Apomorphina, Atropina, Cold Douche, Phenazonum, Purgatives, 
 
 Sinapisms. 
 Sweating, to diminish. — See Anhidrotics, Section A, and Fetid Perspiration, 
 
 Section B. 
 
 Syncope, .^ther, Ammon. Spir. Arom., Spiritus Vini Gallici. 
 
 Synovitis. Blisters, Emp. Ammon. c. Hydrarg., Hydrarg. Oleas, Ung. lodi, 
 Tinct. lodi (inject.). Pigment. lodi Co. 
 
 Syphilis. Primary and Early Secondary : Acid. Chromic. Pigmentum, Auri 
 Chloridum, Barium Chloride, Calomel Cream, Hydrargyrum and its Com- 
 pounds, Kharsivan, Neo-Kharsivan, Mercurial Cream, Rubidium Iodide, 
 Stillingia and Fluid Extract. 
 
 — Late Secondary and Tertiary : Auri et Sodii Chloridtun, lodipin, lodum 
 and the Iodides, Hydrarg. Carbolas, Hydrarg. Sozoiodolas, Kharsivan, Neo- 
 Kharsivan, Morrhuse Oleum, Quinine lodohydriodide, Sajodin, Sarsaparilla. 
 Mineral Waters : Aix-la-Chapelle, Kreuznach, Vals, Woodhall. 
 
1620 SECTION B. — EEiMEDlteS EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Syphilitic Nodes. Emplastrum Hydi'argyri, Potassii lodidum, Sodii lodidum. 
 
 — Warts. — See Warta, Syphilitic. 
 
 Syphilitic Ulcers. Ung. Amyli lodidi, Hydrarg. Nit. Liquor Acidus, lodo- 
 formum, Causticum lodi, Hydrarg. Flava or Nigra Lotio, Hj^drarg. Perchlor. 
 Lotio. 
 
 Tabes Mesenterica. Hydraxg. Liniment and Oleas, lodoformum, Morrhuie 
 Oleum, Ferrum preparations of, Qviinina. 
 
 Tape Worm. — See Anthelmintics, Section A. 
 
 Teeth, Caries of. Acid. Carbolic, Arsenical Paste, Cocaina, Chloral cum 
 Camphora et Cocaina, Creosotum, Mastic Dentaire. 
 
 Tetanus. Acid, Carbolic, Amyl Nitris, Atropina, Cannabis Indica, Chloral 
 Hydras, Cui'ara, Magnes. Sulphas, Physostigmine Sulphate. 
 
 Thirst, to allay. Acid. Citricum, Acid. Phosphoricum Dil., Acid. Sulph. 
 Aromat., Acid. Tarteiricum, Imperial Drink, Limonis Succus. 
 
 Throat, Sore. — See Tonsillitis. 
 
 Thrush. — See Aphthae. 
 
 Tic Douloureux. — See Neuralgia. 
 
 Tinea Capitis. — See Ringworm. 
 
 Tonics. — Section A. 
 
 Tonsils, Enlarged. Internally : Potassii lodidum. Locally : Acid. Carbol. 
 Glycerin., Acid. Tannic. Glycerin., Ferri Perchlor. Glycer., lodmn cum 
 Glycerine or Tinct. lodi. 
 
 — After Excision of. Trochiscus Althseae. 
 
 Tonsillitis. Internally : Aconitmn, Antim. Tart., Hydrai'g. c. Creta, Ipecac. 
 Pulv. Co., Sodii Salicylas, Piugatives. Locally : Acid. Acetic, Acid. 
 Carbolic. Glyc, Acid. Sulphuros., Acid Hydrochlor. Dil., Acid. Tannic Glyc, 
 Alum, Argenti Nitras, Boracis Glyc, Capsicum, Catechu Troch., Cocaina, 
 Chlori Liquor, Cubebae Troch., Gummi Eucalypt. Troch., Fei'ri Perchlor. Tr. 
 and Glycerin., Hydrarg. Perchlorid.,Ivrameria, Myrrha, Pigmentum Mandl. 
 Pot. Chloras, Pot. Nitras, Pot. Permang., Rosae Inf. Acid., Sodse Chlorinatre 
 Liq. 
 
 Toothache. Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Sulphuros. (spray), Aconite and Iodine, 
 Cajuputi Olemn, Capsici Tinct. Fortior, Caryophylli Oleum, Chloral cum 
 Camphora et Cocaina, Chloroforixi. c. Camphora, Creosotum, Exalgin, 
 Gelsemii Tinctura, Menthol, Phenol -Camphor, Pyrethrum, Quinince Aiii- 
 inoniata Tinctma. 
 
 Trichiniasis. Glycerin in large doses, Terebinth. 01., Pm"gatives. 
 
 Trypanosomiasis. See Sleeping Sickness. 
 
 Tuberculosis. Barivuxi Chloride, Calcii Chloridum, Calcii Lactas, Calcii 
 Phosphas, Calx Sulphmata, Ferri lodid., Ferri Phosi^hatis Syrup. Co. 
 (Chemical Food), Galium Aparine, Hyd. Subchlor., ledum, Morrhua; Oleum, 
 Potass. lod., Potassaj Liquor, Pot. Bicarb., Quinina; Sulph., Sodii lodi- 
 dum, Tuberculin. Mineral iWaters : Adelheidsquelle, Arnstadt, Bareges, 
 Cauterets, Ems, Ischia, Kcenigsdorff, Kosen, Krankenheil, Kreuznach, 
 Luhatschowitz, Neuenahr, Reichenhall, St. Moritz, Soden, Strathpeffer, 
 Vals, Woodhall. — See also Phthisis. 
 
 Typhoid Fever. — See Fever, Typhoid. 
 
 Ulcers, Healing or Spreading. Acid. Boric, Argenti Nitras, Bals. Peru v., 
 Bismuth. Oxyiodogallate, Calcii Carbon. Praecip., Calcii lodidum, Calcis 
 
SECtiON B. — JaEMEDlfiS EMPLOYED IN SPECIAL AILMENTS. 1621 
 
 Chlorinatae Liq., Cassia Beareana, Greta Prajparat., Cupri Sulphas, lodipin, 
 Orthoform, Plumbi Acetas, Plumbi Carb., Resinse. Emp., Sabina, Zinci 
 Sulphas, Zinci Ung. 
 
 Ulcers, Malignant. Acid. Chromic, Acid. Nitric, Aniim. Chi or. Liquor, 
 Potassa Caustica, Radium, Zinci Chlorid. 
 
 — Foul. Acid. Carbolic, Acid. Chromic, Acid. Lactic, Acid. Salicylic, Acid. 
 Sulphuros., Argenti Nitras, Bismuthi Subiod., Calcis Chlorinatae Liquor, 
 Carbo Ligni, Chlori Liq., Calx Chlorin., Cinchona, Cupri Subacetas, Euca- 
 lypti Ung., Hydrarg. Perchlor. Lotio, Iodoform, Potassa Caustica, Potass. 
 Pormanganas, Resorcin, Sodse Chlorinatae Liquor, Zinci Chloridum. 
 
 — Indolent or Callous or Chronic. Acid. Chromic, Alumen Exsic, Argent. 
 Nit., Bals. Peruvianum, Benzoini Tinct. Co., Cupri Acetas, C. Subacetas, 
 C. Sulphas, Elemi Ung., Hydrarg. Lin., Hydrarg. Oxid. Rubr. Ung., Ichthyol 
 Ammon., Lotio Rubra, Pepsinum, Sabinse Ung., Unna's Paste, Zinci 
 Chloridmn. 
 
 Urcemia. Aconite, Arayl Nitris, Caffeina, Digitalis, Pulv. Elater. Co., Pulv. 
 Jalapae Co., Jaborandi, Magnes. Sulph., Nitroglycerin, Normal Saline 
 Solution (transfusion), Pilocarpina (hypodermically), Potass. Acet., Potass. 
 Bicarb., Spt. ^Ether. Nitrosi, Venesection, Chloroform for the convulsions. 
 
 Urethritis. Alkalis, Saline Purgatives, Oleo-Balsams, Alcohol interdicted. — 
 See also Gonorrhoea, acute arid chronic. 
 
 Urine, Alkalinity of. — See Urine, Phosphatic, and Cystitis. 
 
 Urine, Deposit of Uric Acid or Urates in. — See Antilithics, Section A, also Gout. 
 
 — Phosphatic. Acid. Nitro-hydrochlor. Dil., and other acids. Sodii Phosph. 
 Acid, in full doses, Urotropine, Uva Ursi. See also Cystitis. 
 
 — Incontinence of. Ammon. Benzoas, Acid. Phosphoric, Belladonna, Buchu, 
 Cantharis, Chloral, Creosotum, Ergota, Ferri Perchlor., Hyoscyamus, 
 Lycopodii Tinct., Potass. Citras, Qmnina, Sodii Benzoas, Strychnina, 
 Tonics, Urotropine. 
 
 — Decomposing. — See Cystitis. 
 
 Urticaria. Acid. Hydrocyaia. Dil., Acid. Salicylic, Balsam. Peruvianum, 
 Ichthyol, Liquor Calcis, Potass. Carb. (Lotio), Sodii Salicyl., Ung. Zinci, 
 Cathartics, Stomachics, Terebenum. 
 
 Uterus, Hcemorrhage of. — See Hcemorrhage. 
 
 — Inflammation of. Acid. Carbolic. Glyc, Argenti Nitras, Iodoform., lodum 
 preparations. Iodised Phenol, Zinci Sulphas. 
 
 — to contract. — See Ecbolics, Section A. 
 
 Uvula, Relaxed. Catechu Troch., Capsicum, Guaiaci Troch., Gmmni Euca- 
 lyptus, Krameria, Pyrethrum, Rosie Inf. Acid. See also Tonsillitis. 
 
 Varicose Veins. Ext. Ergot. Liquid., Tinct. Ferri Perchlor., Hamamelis. 
 
 Vermifuges. — Section A. 
 
 Vesical Catarrh. — See Cystitis. 
 
 Vesicants. — Section A. 
 
 Vomiting, to allay. — See Sedatives, gastric and nervine. Section A. 
 
 — in Pregnancy. Acid. Carbol., Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil., Bismuth. Subnit., 
 Chloral, Chloretone, Calcis Saccharat. Liquor, Carii Oxalas, Cocainse Hydro- 
 chloridum, Creosotum, Gentianee Inf., Ipecac, Potass. Bromid., Sodii 
 Bicarb. 
 
1622 SECTIOlT R. — REMEDIES EMPLOYED IN SFECIAL AILMENTS. 
 
 Vomiting, to prevent post-anceslhetic. Morphin. Inj. Hypod. 
 
 Warts. Acid. Acetic. Glaciale, Acid. Chroixiic, Acid. Nitric, Argenti Nitras, 
 Cupri Oleatis Ung., Hydrarg. Nitrat. Acid. Liquor, Sodii Ethylatis Liquor. 
 
 — Syphilitic. Argenti Nit., Hyd. lodidi Rub. Ung., Hyd. Nit. Acid. Liquor. 
 
 Wasp Sti7ig. — See Bites and Stings of Insects. 
 
 Wax, Indurated. — Glycerinum, Oleum Amygdalae, Sodii Bicarb. Sol. 
 
 Whites. — See Leucorrhcea. 
 
 Whooping-cough. Acid. Acetylsalicylic, Acid. Carbolic, Acid. CreBylicum 
 (inhal.). Acid. Hydrocy. Dil., Alum, Artmaon. Bromid., Antipyrine, Anti- 
 tussin, Atropina, Belladonna, Benzene, Bromoform, Cannabis Ind., Caryoph. 
 Oleima, Chloral, Tinct. Chloroformi et Morphinse Co., Conium. Eucalypti 
 Oleum, Euphorbia Pilulif., Euquinine, Grindelia, Hydrogen. Peroxid., 
 Ipecacuanha, Lobelia, Potass. Bromid., Quininse Tannas, Resorcin, Succini 
 Lin., Trifolii Syrupus, Tussol, Zinci Sulphas. 
 
 Worms, Ascarides, Tape, and Round Worms. — See Anthelmintics, Section A. 
 
 Wounds. Acid. Boric, Acid. Carbol., Acid. Sulphuros., Acid. Trichlor- 
 acetic, Aluminii Acetat. Liquor, all Antiseptics (Section A), Arnicae 
 Tinctura, Tinct. Benz. Co., Bismuth. Subnit., CoUodium Flexile, Glyceri- 
 num, lodi Tr., Iodoform lun, lodol, Sal Alembroth. 
 
 • — Poisoned. Acid. Carbolic, Argenti Nitras, Eusol, Hydrarg. Perchlor. or 
 other antiseptic. 
 
1623 
 
 ABB 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 ACE 
 
 INDB 
 
 The Names adopted by the British Pharmacopoeia are put in Roman letters ; 
 all others, whether referring to Official or Not Official Medicines, are put in 
 Italics. The names of all drugs and preparations, where possible, are given 
 in Latin. When the English name of a drug is not similar to the Latin 
 name, both Latin and English names will be found in the Index, e.g.. Viburnum 
 and Black Haw. Synonyms of preparations which have no direct connection 
 with the Latin title are also given, e.g. Plimimer's Pill. 
 
 The names of Test-Solutions are not given in the Index, but will be foiuid 
 under the collective heading of Chemicals, Reagents, etc., used in qualitative 
 testing, page 1467. 
 
 A 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abbreviations xii, xiii 
 
 A. B.C. Liniment 116 
 
 Abercrombie' s Cough Mixture . 1227 
 
 Abernethy's Pills 510 
 
 Abietis Oleum 1 
 
 Abrastol 919 
 
 Absinthe 2 
 
 Absinthin 2 
 
 Absinthium 2 
 
 Absoluter Alkohol 140 
 
 Absorbent Cotton-Wool . . . 669 
 
 „ Gauze 670 
 
 Acacise Cortex 3 
 
 ,, Gunami 4 
 
 Agafrao 534 
 
 A.C.E. Mixture 453 
 
 Aceite 941 
 
 ,, Alcanforada 375 
 
 ,, de Almendras Dulces . . 185 
 
 ,, de Beleno 755 
 
 „ „ Belladonna .... 285 
 
 ;, „ Cacao 1382 
 
 ,, Cantaridas 388 
 
 ,, de Croton Tiglio . . . .536 
 
 ,, Fosforado 1013 
 
 ,, de Helecho Macho . . . 629 
 
 ,, ,, Higado de Bacaleo . . 904 
 
 ,, ,, Linaza 837 
 
 ',, ,, Manzanilla Alcanforado 206 
 
 ,, „ Olivas . . . , . . 942 
 
 ,, ,, Parafina 983 
 
 ,, ,, Ricino 1167 
 
 „ „ Ruda 1178 
 
 „ Volatil 941 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Aceite Volatilde Almendras Amargas 188 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Canela . . . 477 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Eucalipto . . . 581 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Limon. . . . 829 
 
 ,, ,, „ Menta Piperita . 875 
 
 Acetaldehyde 990 
 
 Acetanilidvun 7 
 
 Acetas Plumbicus 1041 
 
 Acetate Basique de Plomb Dissous 1049 
 
 d'Mhyle 135 
 
 de Morphine .... 894 
 
 Neuire de Plomb . . . 1040 
 
 de Potassium . . . , 1065 
 
 „ Sodium 1250 
 
 „ Zinc 1428 
 
 Acetato Basico di Piorribo . . . 1049 
 
 Camphoratum .... 378 
 
 de Chumbo 1040 
 
 de Cobre Bibasico . . . 542 
 Ipecacuanha . . . .791 
 
 Morfico 894 
 
 di Morfina 894 
 
 „ Piombo 1040 
 
 „ Plomo 1040 
 
 Plumbico 1040 
 
 „ Liquido .... 1049 
 
 Potasico 1065 
 
 di Potassio 1065 
 
 Sodico 1250 
 
 di Sodio 1250 
 
 Zincico 1428 
 
 di Zinco 1428 
 
 Acetic Ketone 11 
 
 Aceto di Vino 13 
 
 Acetone Chloroform .... 443 
 
1624 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 ACE 
 
 OflScial Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 
 Acetonum 
 
 Acetopyrine 
 
 Acetozone 
 
 Acet-phenetidinum ... 
 AcetU7n 
 
 Aromaticuiii . . . , 
 
 Cantharidini . . . , 
 
 Mylabridis 
 
 Opii 
 
 Pyrolignosurn crudunb . 
 „ rectificatum 
 
 Sabadillce 
 
 Scillse 
 
 Urginese 
 
 Aceiyl-methylene-diguaiacol . 
 Acetylparamidophenol Salicylate 
 Acetylpara-amino-salol 
 Acetylphenylhydrazin . . . , 
 
 Acetylsalicylsdure 
 
 Acibai- 
 
 Acid Rosolic 
 
 ,, ,, Solution . . . , 
 
 Acid Value 
 
 Acide Act'tique .... 
 „ cristallisable . 
 
 Acetylsalicylique 
 
 Azotique 
 
 Benzo'ique .... 
 
 Borique 
 
 Bromhydrique Dissous . 
 
 Chlorhydrique Officinal 
 
 Chromique Cristallise . 
 
 Citriqtie 
 
 Cyanhydrique Dissous . 
 
 Gallique 
 
 Lactique .... 
 
 OlcHque .... 
 
 Osmique .... 
 
 Oxalique .... 
 
 Phosplwrique Officinal 
 
 Salicylique . 
 
 Sulfureux 
 
 Sulfurique Officinal 
 
 Tartrique 
 
 Valerianique Officinal 
 Acido Acetico .... 
 ,, Aquoso 
 ,, Concentrate 
 „ Cristalizable . 
 ,, Hydratado 
 
 Acetilsalicilico . 
 
 AgalUco .... 
 
 Arsenioso 
 
 Azotico alcoolisado . 
 
 Benzoico .... 
 
 Borico .... 
 
 Bromidrico . 
 „ Oficinal 
 
 Gianidrico 
 
 PAGE 
 11 
 
 1005 
 
 972 
 
 1000 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 386 
 
 387 
 
 963 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 1422 
 
 1224 
 
 1412 
 
 683 
 
 1188 
 
 1188 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 143 
 
 1528 
 
 1529 
 
 1539 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 75 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 66 
 
 56 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 90 
 
 101 
 
 96 
 
 108 
 
 1417 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 56 
 
 24 
 
 1317 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 Acido Oianidrico Medicinal 
 
 ,, Citrico 
 
 „ Clorhidrico . 
 
 ,, „ Goncentrato 
 
 ,, Cromico . 
 
 ,, Fenico 
 
 ,, Fosforico 
 
 ,, Gallico 
 
 „ Lactico 
 
 ,, Lattico 
 
 „ Nitrico 
 
 ,, „ Goncentrato 
 
 ,, Oleico 
 
 ,, Ossalico . 
 
 ,, Salicilico 
 
 „ Soljoroso 
 
 ,, Sulforico 
 
 ,, Sulfurico 
 
 ,, „ Aromatico . 
 
 ,, Tanico 
 
 ,, Tartarico 
 
 ,. Tartrico . 
 
 Acidol .... 
 Acidum Aceticuiu 
 
 ,, ,, Aromaticuiii 
 
 ,, „ Dilutiim . 
 
 ,, ,, Glaciale . 
 
 ,, Acetylsalicylicum 
 
 ,, Arseniosum . 
 
 „ Benzoicirm . 
 
 ,, Boricmn 
 
 ,, Boroglycerinatuin 
 
 „ Gacodylicum 
 
 ,, Carboliciun . 
 
 ,, ,, GampJwratuin 
 
 ,, ,, Grudtwi . 
 
 ,, ,, Liquef actum 
 
 ,, Catharticum 
 
 ,, Ghinicum 
 
 ,, Chromicum . 
 
 ,, Ginnamicum 
 
 „ Citricum 
 
 ,, Goumaricum 
 
 „ DicBthylbarbituricuin 
 
 ,, Embelicum . 
 
 „ Filicicum 
 
 ,, Formicum 
 
 „ Gallicum 
 
 ,, Glycerophosphoricum 
 
 ,, Hippuricum 
 
 ,, Hydriodicum Dilutum 
 
 ,, Hydrobromiciim Dilutum 
 
 ,, Hydrochloricum 
 
 ,, ,, Crudum . 
 
 „ „ Dilutvun . 
 
 ,, Hydrocyanicum Dilutum 
 
 ,, Hydrocyanicum (Scheele) 
 
 ,, Hydrofltioricum 
 
 ,, ,, Dilutum 
 
 68 
 68 
 
mofix. 
 
 1625 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 AGU 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Acidum Hypochlorosum . 367, 1451 
 
 ., Hypophosphorosum . . 69 
 
 ,, „ Dilutum .... 70 
 
 ,. lodicum 70 
 
 ,, Lacticum 70 
 
 ,, Dilutum .... 74 
 
 ,, Larixinicum .... 822 
 
 ,, Nitrico-Nitrosum ... 76 
 
 ,, Nitricum 75 
 
 ,, ,, Grudum .... 76 
 
 „ Dilutum .... 78 
 
 ,, ,, Fumans .... 76 
 
 ,, Nitro-hydrochloricum . . 79 
 ,, Nitro-hydrochloricum 
 
 Dilutum 79 
 
 „ Oleicmn 80 
 
 ,, Oleinicum 80 
 
 ,, Osmicum 82 
 
 ,, Oxalicum 82 
 
 ',, Phosphoricum Concentratum 82 
 
 ,, ,, Dilutum .... 86 
 
 ,, Picricmn 87 
 
 ,, Pyrogallicum .... 88 
 
 ,, Salicylicum 90 
 
 ,, Scleroticum 571 
 
 ,, Sozojodolicum .... 1315 
 
 ,, Stearicum 81 
 
 Succinicum 1356 
 
 Sulphanilicuni .... 199 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolicum ... 47 
 
 Sulphiu'icum .... 96 
 
 ,, ,, Alcoholisatum . . 100 
 
 ., „ Aromaticuni ... 99 
 
 „ „ Dilutum .... 100 
 
 Sulphurosom . . 101 
 
 TannicvuTi 103 
 
 Tartaricum 108 
 
 Taurocholicum . .1313 
 
 ,, Trichloraceticum ... 19 
 „ Valerianicum . .1417 
 
 Acitrin 473 
 
 Acne Vaccine 1464 
 
 Acoine 492 
 
 Aconiti Radix 110 
 
 Aconitina 116 
 
 AconitinoB Nitras 118 
 
 Aconito 110 
 
 Acqua Borica 36 
 
 ,, di Galce 349 
 
 ,, di Catrame 1038 
 
 ,, Destillata 219 
 
 ,, ,, di Cannella . . 476 
 
 ,, „ Pedro .... 832 
 
 „ „ Rose .... 1174 
 
 ,, Fenica 43 
 
 ,, di Fiori di Arancio . . . 254 
 
 ,, Imperiale 1108 
 
 ,, Ossigenata 743 
 
 Actcece Racemosce Radix . . . 455 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Actol 228 
 
 Adalin 1410 
 
 Adeps Benzoatus 124 
 
 ,, Induratus 122 
 
 ,, LansE 118 
 
 ,. ,, Hydrosus 121 
 
 ., ,, c. Aqua .... 121 
 
 „ c. Oleo 122 
 
 ,, Prajparatus 122 
 
 ,, Suillus 122 
 
 Adepsine 984 
 
 „ Oil 983 
 
 Adhesive Plaster 1154 
 
 Adonidin 126 
 
 Adonis 124 
 
 Adormidera 979 
 
 Adrenalinmn 125 
 
 Adrenalin Chloride Solution . . 128 
 
 ^rugo 541 
 
 ^ther 129 
 
 ,, Aceticus 135 
 
 ,, Alcoolisado 134 
 
 ,, Bromatus 574 
 
 Ghloratus 576 
 
 ,, pro Narcosi 131 
 
 ,, Purificatus 131 
 
 ,, Nitricus Alcoholicus . . 1317 
 
 ,, Purus 131 
 
 ,, cum Spiritu 134 
 
 Spirituostis Camphorafus 134,379 
 
 ,. Sulphuricus Alcoholicus . 134 
 
 Mtheroleum 941 
 
 ,, Amygdala} Amarce . . 188 
 
 „ Citri 829 
 
 ,, Petroselini 215 
 
 ,, Rosmarini 1175 
 
 Jjjthoxycaffeinum, 337 
 
 /Ethylhromid 574 
 
 ^Ethylene Bromide .... 575 
 
 J]lthylmorphi7ium Hydrochloricus 894 
 
 Jj^thylum Bromatum .... 574 
 
 ,, Chloratum 576 
 
 Agalla de Alepo 639 
 
 ,, ,, Levante 639 
 
 Agar-Agar 137 
 
 Agaric Blanc 138 
 
 ,, of the Larch 138 
 
 Agaricic Acid 138 
 
 Agaricin 138 
 
 Agarico Bianco 138 
 
 Agaricus Albus 138 
 
 Agropyi'um 139 
 
 Agua de Alcatrao 1038 
 
 „ „ Brea 1038 
 
 „ „ Cal 349 
 
 ,, ,, Cloro 444 
 
 „ ,, Hortela 879 
 
 ,, Destilada de Azahar . . 254 
 
 „ Canela. . . 476 
 
1626 
 
 AGU 
 
 Official Names in Bomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 Agua Destilada de Corteza de 
 
 Naranja Amarga 254 
 ,, ,, ,, Flores de 
 
 Laranjeira 254 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Rosas . . . 1174 
 
 ,, Fagedenica Negra . . . 727 
 
 „ Roja 723 
 
 ,, Fenicada 43 
 
 ,, Oxigenada 743 
 
 ,, Phenica 43 
 
 „ de Rabel 100 
 
 ,, de Vegeto 1051 
 
 ,, Vegeto-Mincral .... 1051 
 
 Aijtirin 1251 
 
 Aiioform 314 
 
 Airogen 314 
 
 Airol 314 
 
 Aitken's Tonic Pills . . . .1151 
 
 Ajenjo 2 
 
 Ajowan Oleuin 140 
 
 Alassu 154 
 
 Albargin 228 
 
 Albayalde o Cerusa .... 1043 
 
 Alboferin 593 
 
 Albumen 969 
 
 ,, Ichthyolsuljjhonate . . . 761 
 
 Alcacus 662 
 
 Alcanfor 374 
 
 ,, Monobromato .... 380 
 
 Alcaravea 400 
 
 Alcatrao 1037 
 
 Alcohol (90 p.c.) 1323 
 
 ,, Absolutum 140 
 
 ,, Alcanforado 376 
 
 ,, Ammonia 167 
 
 ,, Anhidro 140 
 
 ,, de Anis Amoniacal . . 203 
 
 ,, „ Coclearia .... 233 
 
 ,, ,, Corteza de Limoii. . . 832 
 
 ,, ,, Menta Piperita . . . 878 
 
 ,, „ Romero 1177 
 
 ,, JDilutum 1328 
 
 ,, Mastichi 869 
 
 ,, Methylicum 142 
 
 ,, Table xi 
 
 ,, Vinico 142 
 
 Alcoholato de Cocleria . . . . 233 
 
 ;, Rotnero Com,puesto . . .1177 
 
 Alcoholatura de Menta . . . 878 
 
 Alcohols in Volatile Oils . . . 1544 
 
 Alcool Assoluto 140 
 
 Alcool Ethylique . . . 140, 1326 
 
 Alcoolature d'Aconit . . . . 114 
 
 ,, d'Orange 250 
 
 Alcoolature d' Anemone Pulsalille. 1112 
 
 Alcoolatures 1355 
 
 Aldehydum 990 
 
 „ Dilutum 990 
 
 Alembroth Gauze 724 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Alembroth Wool 724 
 
 Aletris 143 
 
 Alga Perlada 400 
 
 Algodao Polvora 1116 
 
 Algodoeiro 669 
 
 Algodon 669 
 
 ,, Hydrofilo 669 
 
 Alkanet Root 495 
 
 Alkasal 158 
 
 AUuntoinum 1369 
 
 Allosan 1204 
 
 Allyl Thiocarbainide .... 1248 
 
 Almaciga 869 
 
 Alinendra Amarga . . . . 184 
 
 „ Dulce 190 
 
 Almidon 195 
 
 Almiscar 908 
 
 Almizcle 907 
 
 Almond, see Amygdala . . . 184 
 
 Aloe 143 
 
 Aloes Purificata 144 
 
 Aloinum 146 
 
 Alpha-Eigon 969 
 
 Alpha-monoiodisovalerianyl-urea . 779 
 
 ,, Naphthol 917 
 
 Alphol 920 
 
 Alquitran 1037 
 
 Alsol 157 
 
 Alstonia 151 
 
 AUea 152 
 
 Althcece Radix 156 
 
 Alum Rose Gargle ....'. 152 
 
 Alumen Purificatuni . . . . 154 
 
 „ Exsiccatum 156 
 
 ,, Ustum 156 
 
 Aluminium Acetate Solution . . 156 
 
 ,, Aceto -Tartrate .... 157 
 
 ,, et Ammonium Salicylate . 158 
 
 ,, Borotannate 158 
 
 ,, Borotartrate 158 
 
 ,, Caseinate 158 
 
 „ Chloride 157 
 
 ,, ,, Solution .... 157 
 
 ,, Naphthol Sulphonale . . 157 
 
 ,, Nitrate 157 
 
 ,, Oleate 157 
 
 ,, et Potassium Salicylate . . 158 
 
 ,, Salicylate 158 
 
 ,, Sulphate 158 
 
 Alumnol 157 
 
 Alun de Potassium . . . . 154 
 
 Alvaiade 1043 
 
 Alypin 493 
 
 Amandes Ainires 184 
 
 ,, Douces . . . . ^ . 190 
 
 Amapola 1166 
 
 Ambar 1355 
 
 „ Amarillo 1355 
 
 Amber 1354 
 
1627 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all ethers in Italics. 
 
 ANT 
 
 PAGE 
 
 A7nber, Oil of 1355 
 
 Ameixas Passadas . . . .1110 
 
 Amendoas Amargas . . . . 184 
 
 „ Doces 190 
 
 American Wormseed Oil . . . 434 
 
 Amerikanische Faulbaumrinde . 408 
 
 A^nido 195 
 
 Amido -acetic Acid 19 
 
 Amido-Azotoluol-Azo-B-Naphthol 1222 
 
 Amidon de BU 195 
 
 Aminic Acid 52 
 
 Aminoform 694 
 
 A7nmonia Liquida . . . . 162 
 
 Ammoniaca 162 
 
 Ammoniacum 159 
 
 AtnmonicB Fortior 162 
 
 Ammonise Liquor Fortis . . . 161 
 
 „ Spiritus Anisatus . . . 167 
 
 Ammoniahgumjni 159 
 
 Ammoniaque Officinale . . . 162 
 
 „ DihUe 164 
 
 Animoniated Mercury . . . . 729 
 
 Ammonii Benzoas 167 
 
 ,, Bicarbonas 178 
 
 ,, Boras 169 
 
 ,, Bromidum 170 
 
 ,, ,, Effervescens . . . 172 
 
 „ Carbonas 173 
 
 „ Chloridum 178 
 
 „ Embelas 566 
 
 ,, Flitoridum 68 
 
 ,, Hippuras 31 
 
 ,, lodidum 181 
 
 ,, Ichthyolsulphonas . . . 759 
 
 ,, Picras 88 
 
 ,, Succinas 1356 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolas .... 47 
 
 Ammonio -Chloride of Mercury . 729 
 
 „ -Mercuric Chloride . . . 724 
 
 Ammonium Chloratum . . . 178 
 
 „ Hydricum Solutum . . . 162 
 
 ,, Jodatum 181 
 
 ,, Phosphate 182 
 
 ,, Salicylate 183 
 
 ,, Sozojodolicum . . ■ .1315 
 
 ,, Sulphoichthyolate . . . 760 
 
 ,, Valerianate 183 
 
 ,, Valerianatum Solutum . . 184 
 
 Amnioniumbenzoat 167 
 
 Am,moniurnbromid 170 
 
 Ammoniumcarbonat . • ■ ■ 173 
 
 Ammonium,chlorid . . • • • 178 
 
 Ammonal 10 
 
 „ Bromide 10 
 
 „ Lithiate 10 
 
 „ Salicylate 10 
 
 AmomumlMclagactce Semina . 1452 
 
 Atnoniaco 162 
 
 Amoras 890 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ampoules Hypophysis Cereb . . 1034 
 
 Amygdala Amara 184 
 
 „ Dulcis 190 
 
 Amygdalse Olemn 185 
 
 Amygdalin 1108 
 
 Amyl Nitris 191 
 
 „ Nitrite Tertiary .... 194 
 
 „ Salicylas 886 
 
 ,, Valerianas 194 
 
 Amylene Chloral 442 
 
 „ Hydrate 194 
 
 ,, ,, Carbarmate . . . 195 
 
 Amylic Alcohol Tertiary . . . 194 
 
 Amyloform 636 
 
 Amylopsin 975 
 
 Amyl-thio-trimethylamine . . . 1404 
 
 Amylum 195 
 
 „ lodatum 776 
 
 Ancesthesin 31 
 
 Ancesthesin paraphenolsulphonate 31 
 
 Anoesthyl 578 
 
 Analgen 1136 
 
 Analgisine 1003 
 
 Anarcotina 967 
 
 Anchusce Radix 495 
 
 Andeer's Lotio7i 1157 
 
 Anemone Camphor . . . .1112 
 
 „ Pulsatille 1112 
 
 Aneth 197 
 
 Anethi Fructu3 197 
 
 Anethol 203 
 
 Aneto 197 
 
 Angusture Vraie 647 
 
 Anhydride Arshiieux .... 22 
 
 Anhydro-Oluco -Chloral . . . 442 
 
 Anhydrous Lanolin . . . . 118 
 
 Anice 200 
 
 Anidride Cromica 47 
 
 Aniline 199 
 
 Anilosulphonic Acid . . . . 199 
 
 Animal Charcoal 393 
 
 Anis 200 
 
 Anis Vert 200 
 
 Aniseed Cordial 203 
 
 Anisi Fructus 200 
 
 Anisi Stellato 200 
 
 Anisic Acid 203 
 
 Anisol 201 
 
 Anodyne Collodion . . . .1117 
 
 „ Tincture 964 
 
 Anthemidis Flores .... 204 
 Anthrapurpurin Diacetate . .1165 
 
 Anthrarobin 455 
 
 Anti-Anthrax Serum .... 1458 
 
 Antibilious Pills, Little . . . 150 
 
 Anti-catarrh al Salts .... 45 
 
 Anti-cholera Scrum .... 1458 
 Antidotes. See under respective 
 
 headings. 
 
1628 
 
 ANT 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Antidotum Arsenici .... 23 
 
 Anti-dysentery Serum .... 1458 
 
 Antifebrin 7 
 
 Antikamnia 10 
 
 Anti-meningococcic Serum • . . 1457 
 
 Antimonii OxidLim .... 206 
 
 ,, et Potassii Tartras . . . 212 
 Antimoniotartrate Acide de 
 
 Potassium 211 
 
 Antimonium Sulphuratum . . 209 
 
 ,, Tartaratum 211 
 
 Antinosin 1010 
 
 Antipirina 1003 
 
 Anti-Plague Serutn .... 1458 
 
 Anti-Pneumococcic Serum . . 1458 
 
 Antipyonine 36 
 
 Antipyrine 1003 
 
 ,, Aceto- Salicylate .... 1005 
 
 „ Amygdalate 1007 
 
 „ Salicylate 1006 
 
 Antipyrinum Cajfeina-citricum . 1005 
 
 Anti-Rabic Inoculation . . . 1465 
 
 Antirheumatin 889 
 
 Antirheumin 889 
 
 Antiscorbutic Syrup .... 238 
 
 Antisepsin 10 
 
 Antiseptic Dressings, Boric . . 33 
 
 ,, „ Carbolic . 45 
 
 ,, ,, Eucalyptus 580 
 
 rr ,, Iodoform . 767 
 
 ,, ., Salicylic . 95 
 
 Thymol . 1392 
 
 „ Mouth Wash .... 45 
 
 ,, Solution 1310 
 
 Antiseptol 473 
 
 Antispasmin 966 
 
 Antistreptococcic Serum . . . 1457 
 
 Anti-thyroid Serum .... 1460 
 
 Antitoxine 10 
 
 Antitoxins 1454 
 
 Anti-Tubercle Serum .... 1459 
 
 Anti-Typhoid Serum .... 1458 
 
 Antivenene 1457 
 
 Antivenomous Sera .... 1457 
 
 Antropho7-es 1382 
 
 Anusol 315, 1158 
 
 ,, Suppositories . . . .1158 
 
 Anytin 761 
 
 Anytols 761 
 
 A-Oxynaphthoic Acid .... 921 
 
 Aperitol 1009 
 
 Aphrodine 1426 
 
 Aphthisin 683 
 
 Apiol 215 
 
 » Cryst 215 
 
 Apocodeina 498 
 
 Apocodeince Hydrochloridum . 498 
 
 Apocynin 216 
 
 Apocynum ....... 215 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Apolysin 1001 
 
 Apomorphinse Hydrochlorid. 216, 1451 
 
 Aponal 195 
 
 Apozemes 762 
 
 ,, de Cousso 548 
 
 „ de Grenadier .... 673 
 
 „ Purgatif 1237 
 
 AppUcatio Menthol . . . .881 
 
 ,, Sinapis 1248 
 
 Aqua de Alquitran .... 1038 
 
 ,, Ammonice 164 
 
 ,, Amygdalce Amarw . . . 187 
 
 „ Anethi 198 
 
 ,, Anisi 201 
 
 ,, Anthemidis . . . i 205 
 
 ,, Aurantii Floris .... 254 
 
 ,, CalcaricB 349 
 
 ., Galcis 349 
 
 ,, Camphorae 374 
 
 „ Cone 378 
 
 ,, Carbolisata 43 
 
 ,, Carui ...... 401 
 
 ,, Chlorata 444 
 
 ., Chlori 444 
 
 ., Chloroformi 451 
 
 ., Cinnamomi 475 
 
 ,, ,, Spirituosa . . . 476 
 
 Creosoti 527 
 
 ., Cresolica 631 
 
 ,, Destillata 219 
 
 ,, Foeniculi 631 
 
 ., Goulardi 1051 
 
 „ Hamamelidis .... 692 
 
 ., Hydrogenii Dioxidi. . . 743 
 
 ., Kresolica 529 
 
 ., Laurocerasi 823 
 
 ,, Lithice {EJfervescens). See 
 
 Liquor Lithii Carbonatis . 841 
 
 „ Mellis 874 
 
 ,, Menthaj PiperitEe . . . 877 
 
 „ Viridis .... 879 
 
 ,, Menthol 881 
 
 ,, Naphoe 254 
 
 ., Opii 963 
 
 ,, Phenolata 43 
 
 „ Picis 1038 
 
 „ Pimentce 1026 
 
 ,, Plumhi Goulardi . . .1051 
 
 ,, Plumbica 1051 
 
 ,, Pyrolei Pini .... 1038 
 
 „ Rabelli 100 
 
 ,, Begia 79 
 
 „ Rosse 1174 
 
 „ „ Fortior .... 1174 
 
 ,, Sambuci 1198 
 
 ,, Saturnina 1051 
 
 ,, de Vegeto 1051 
 
 ,, Vegeto-mineralis Goulardi . 1051 
 
 Aquaa (group) 219 
 
1629 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others ia Italics. 
 
 AZO 
 
 Arabisches Gurnmi 
 Arachis Oleum 
 Arancio Amaro 
 Araroba 
 
 ,, Depurata 
 Araruta 
 Arbutin 
 Areca ... 
 
 „ Nut Charcoal 
 Arecolince Hydrobromidum 
 Argentamin 
 Argenti lodidum Nascens 
 
 ,, Nitras 
 
 ,, ,, Fusus . 
 
 ,, ,, Indiiratus. 
 
 ,, Mitigatus . 
 
 .. Nitrici Styli 
 
 . , Nucleinas 
 
 , , Oxidum . 
 Argentide 
 Argentol 
 Argentuin Foliatum 
 
 ,, Golloidale 
 
 „ Nitricum c. Kalio JSI 
 Argonin 
 Argonin L. 
 Argyrol . 
 
 „ Sterilettes 
 Arhovin. 
 Aristol . 
 Aristochin . 
 Afnioraci£e Radix 
 Arnica Opodeldoc 
 Avnicse Flores . 
 ArnikabliUen . 
 Aromatic Cascara 
 Arrhenal 
 Arroru . 
 Arrow-Root 
 Arsacetin 
 Arsenferratin . 
 Arsenferratose . 
 Arseni Trioxidurn 
 Arseniate de Soditun Officl 
 Arseniato Bisodico 
 Arseniato de Fierro 
 
 „ Sodico 
 
 Arsenic 
 
 Arsenic B.P. quantitative 
 
 Test for .... 
 Arsenical Caustic Powders 
 
 „ Fibre for Dentists 
 
 „ Fly Papers . 
 
 „ Paste for cancer 
 Gome's) 
 
 ,, Paste for Dentists 
 Arsenici Antidotum 
 Arsenige Saure 
 Ai'senii BromiiU Liquor 
 
 itnco 
 
 nal 
 
 imit 
 
 (Frire 
 
 PAGE 
 4 
 
 221 
 
 249 
 
 223 
 
 454 
 
 868 
 
 1413 
 
 223 
 
 223 
 
 224 
 
 228 
 
 227 
 
 224 
 
 227 
 
 227 
 
 227 
 
 227 
 
 924 
 
 231 
 
 228 
 
 228 
 
 227 
 
 229 
 
 227 
 
 228 
 
 228 
 
 228 
 
 229 
 
 1393 
 
 1392 
 
 1124 
 
 232 
 
 235 
 
 233 
 
 233 
 
 410 
 
 1267 
 
 868 
 
 868 
 
 1269 
 
 594 
 
 594 
 
 24 
 
 1252 
 
 1252 
 
 594 
 
 1252 
 
 22 
 
 1534 
 
 28 
 27 
 28 
 
 28 
 27 
 23 
 22 
 235 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Arsenii lodidum 235 
 
 Arsenious Acid 22 
 
 „ Anhydride 22 
 
 Arsenobenzosol-Arsabenzosol . . 1189 
 
 Arsinyl . 1267 
 
 Artemisin 1207 
 
 Asafetida 237 
 
 Asant 237 
 
 Asaprol 919 
 
 Aseptic Shaving Cream ■ ■ . 985 
 
 „ Wax 426 
 
 Aseptin 36 
 
 Aseptol 47 
 
 Aseptoline 1024 
 
 Asiatic Pills 27 
 
 Asparagin 152 
 
 Aspidium 628 
 
 Aspidosamine 1120 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride . . . .1120 
 Aspidospermine Gryst . .1120 
 
 „ Sulphate 1120 
 
 Aspirin 19 
 
 Assenzio 2 
 
 Assticar 1182 
 
 „ de Leite 1180 
 
 Asterol 707 
 
 Athylchlorid 575 
 
 Atomic Weights and Symbols . xiv 
 
 Atophan 1136 
 
 Atoxyl 1268 
 
 Atropina 240 
 
 Atropinse Methylbromidum . . 247 
 
 ,, Salicylas 248 
 
 „ Sulphas 243 
 
 „ Valerianas 248 
 
 Atropinsulfat 243 
 
 Atroscine 746 
 
 „ Hydrobromide .... 746 
 
 Aufgiisse 762 
 
 Aurantii Cortex 249 
 
 ,, ,, Indicus . . . 249 
 
 „ Recens .... 249 
 
 ,, ,, Siccatus . . . 252 
 
 ,, Flores Aqua .... 254 
 
 Auri Bromidum 256 
 
 ,, Chloridum 256 
 
 ,, et Potasii Bromidum . . 256 
 
 ,, „ Sodii Chloridum . . 256 
 
 Auro-Natriuni Ghloratum . ■ ^56 
 
 Axonge 122 
 
 AxuTigia 122 
 
 „ Porci 122 
 
 Azafran 534 
 
 Azeite 943 
 
 Azotate d' Argent 224 
 
 „ de Bioxyde de Mercure Dis- 
 
 sous 714 
 
 ,, ,, Pilocarpine .... 1020 
 
 ,, ,, Potassium, . , , . 1094 
 
1630 
 
 AZO 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Azotite d'Amyle 191 
 
 Azucar 1181 
 
 „ de Cana 1182 
 
 „ „ Leche 1180 
 
 Azufre 1359 
 
 „ Dorado de Antimonio . . 209 
 
 „ Precipitado 1359 
 
 ,, Sublimado 1363 
 
 „ ,, y Lavado .... 1363 
 
 ,, Lavado 1363 
 
 Azul de Metilena 888 
 
 B 
 
 Bacilli 1382 
 
 Bacillus C'oli Vaccine . . . 1464 
 
 Baculum Acidi Salicylici . , 94 
 
 Bael Fruit 268 
 
 Baillie'a Pill 561 
 
 Bain Alcalin 1273 
 
 „ dit de Vichy 1262 
 
 „ Suljure 1065 
 
 ,, „ liquide .... 1065 
 
 Baird's Pills 149 
 
 Baldrian 1415 
 
 Balneum, Alkalinum . . . .1273 
 
 ,, Sulphuretum .... 1065 
 
 Balsamo di Copaive . . . . 516 
 
 ,, de Opodeldoc Concreto . . 1214 
 
 ,, Opodeldoch Liquido. . . 1214 
 
 „ Solido .... 1214 
 
 „ del Peru 257 
 
 „ „ Tolu 261 
 
 Balsamum Dipterocarpi . . . 257 
 
 ,, Peruvianuni 257 
 
 ,, Tolutanum 261 
 
 ,, Tranquilli 755 
 
 Balzer's Cade Baths .... 329 
 
 Banha 122 
 
 Baptisin 264 
 
 Barbitormm 264 
 
 BdrentraubenblaUcr .... 1413 
 
 Barii Chloridwn 266 
 
 „ Sulphas 267 
 
 ,, Sulphidum 267 
 
 Barley, Pearl . 700 
 
 Basilicon Ointment .... 1155 
 
 Basisches Magnesiumcarbonaf. . 854 
 
 „ Wismutnitrat .... 307 
 
 ,, Wisniutsalicylat . . , 304 
 
 Bassorin 1402 
 
 BaUley's Liquor Opii Sedativus . 964 
 Baume Opodeldoch . . , .1214 
 
 „ du Perou 257 
 
 „ de Tolu 261 
 
 ,, Tranquille 755 
 
 ,, f/e F^e (Decoct. Aloes Co.). 147 
 
 Bay lihum 1027 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bazin's Ointment 710 
 
 Bearberry Leaves . . . .1413 
 BebecrincB Sulphas .... 267 
 
 Bebeerine 268 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 268 
 
 „ Sulphate 268 
 
 Beer Yeast 1426 
 
 Beeswax Parenol 986 
 
 „ White 421 
 
 „ Yellow 422 
 
 Belse Fructus 268 
 
 Beleno 749 
 
 Belladonna 269 
 
 „ Folia 270 
 
 „ Radix 279 
 
 Belladonnawurzel 279 
 
 Bencina 293 
 
 Bengal Ivino 325 
 
 Benjoin 294 
 
 Benjui 294 
 
 Benzaldehydum 189 
 
 Benzaminse Lactas .... 286 
 
 Benzenuna 292 
 
 Benzinum, 293 
 
 „ Petrolei 1473 
 
 „ Purificatum 294 
 
 Benzoas Natricus cum Coffeino . 336 
 
 „ Natrio-coffeicus . , , 336 
 
 Benzoate d' Ammonium . . « 167 
 
 „ „ Sodium 1255 
 
 Benzoated Lard 124 
 
 „ Suet 124, 1243 
 
 Benzoato di Amm/jnio . . . 167 
 
 „ Litico 843 
 
 ,, „ efervescente . . . 843 
 
 ,, de Litio 843 
 
 ,, di Sodio e Caffeina . . . 336 
 
 ,, Sodico 1255 
 
 „ di Sodio 1255 
 
 Benzog 294 
 
 Benzoesaure 28 
 
 Benzoesauresulfinid .... 654 
 Benzoic Acid Mouth Wash, Miller's 31 
 
 ,, Gauze 29 
 
 Benzoinum 294 
 
 Benzoline 293 
 
 Benzonaphthol 919 
 
 Benzosalin 96 
 
 Benzosol 681 
 
 Benzosulphinidum .... 655 
 
 Benzoyl- Peroxide 972 
 
 „ -Pseudotropeine Hydro- 
 chloride . . . .491 
 Benzyl-Morphine Hydrochloride . 893 
 Beraneck's Tuberculin . . . 1462 
 BerberincB Phosphas .... 298 
 
 Berberine 297, 733 
 
 Berberis 297 
 
 Bertoni's Ether 194 
 
1631 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 BON 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Betaina 153 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 153 
 
 Beta-Eigon 969 
 
 ,, -iminazolylethylamine . . 573 
 
 ,, -mono -hydroxy -Naphthalene. 917 
 
 Beta-naphthol 917 
 
 Salicylate . . . 919 
 ,, -oxynaphthyl-orthoxy-meta- 
 
 toluylic Acid . . . 920 
 
 Betel . . ". 298 
 
 Betol 919 
 
 Beitendorfs Test 1537 
 
 Betula, Volatile Oil of ... 642 
 
 Betuloi Alba Oleum .... 298 
 
 Beurre de Cacao 1383 
 
 ,, „ Muscade .... 912 
 
 Bibergeil 416 
 
 Biborate of Sodium . . . . 315 
 
 Bicarbonas Kalicus .... 1069 
 
 ,, Potassce 1069 
 
 Bicarbonato Pota&ico .... 1068 
 
 ,, di Potassio 1068 
 
 „ Sodico 1257 
 
 ,, di Sodio 1257 
 
 Bichloride of Mercury . . . 720 
 Bichloridrato di Chinina . . .1142 
 
 Bichromato Potasico .... 1070 
 
 Bicromato di Potassio . . . 1070 
 
 Bichlorure de Mercure . . . 720 
 
 Bigaradier 249 
 
 Bi-iodure de Mercure . . . 711 
 
 Bilsenkrautbldtter 749 
 
 Biniodide of Mercury . . . 711 
 
 Biogen 972 
 
 Bioxyde de Manganese . . . 865 
 
 Birch, Oil o/ Sweet .... 642 
 
 Birch Tar Oil 298 
 
 Bisam 907 
 
 Bismol 314 
 
 Bismone . . ■ . ■ • • 315 
 
 Bismidh-Phenol 313 
 
 Bismuth Purifii 299 
 
 „ Tetra-iodophenolphthalein . 1010 
 
 Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras . 311 
 „ et Ammonii Citras Ejjer- 
 
 vescens . . . . 312 
 
 „ Benzoas 310 
 
 ,, Beta-Naphtholas . . . 314 
 
 ,, Carbonas 300 
 
 ,, Cerii Salicylas . . . .307 
 
 „ Cinchonidince lodidum . 315 
 
 ,, Cinnamas ..... 1280 
 
 ,, Citras 311 
 
 ,, Di-thio- Salicylas . . . 315 
 
 ,, lodo-Resorcin Sulphonas . 315 
 
 „ Methylenedigallas . . . 314 
 
 ,, Nitras 312 
 
 „ Oleas 312 
 
 ,, Oxidum 304 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bismuthi Oxidum Hydratum . . 304 
 
 „ Oxycarbonas .... 300 
 
 ,, Oxychloridum . . . . 312 
 
 ,, Oxyiodogallas . . . . 314 
 
 „ Oxynitras 307 
 
 ,, Phenas 313 
 
 ,, Phosphas 315 
 
 ,, Quiiwlini Sulphocyanidiun 315 
 
 „ Salicylas 304 
 
 ,, Subcarbonas .... 300 
 
 ,, Subgallas 313 
 
 ,, Subiodidum 314 
 
 ,, Sub nitras 307 
 
 ,, Sulphis 315 
 
 „ Tannas 314 
 
 „ Tartras Solubilift . . . 314 
 
 ,, Tribromophonolus . . . 314 
 
 Bismuthum 299 
 
 Bismuto 299 
 
 „ Carbonato 300 
 
 Bisolfato di Chinina . . . .1131 
 
 Bitartras Kalicus 1105 
 
 „ Potassce Depuratus . . .1105 
 
 ,, Suprarenicus . . . . 127 
 
 Bitartrato Potasico .... 1104 
 
 Bittere Mandeln 184 
 
 Bittersweet 563 
 
 Black Catechu 419 
 
 „ Draught 1236 
 
 „ Haw 1422 
 
 ,, Mercurial Lotion . . . 727 
 
 „ Pitch 1039 
 
 ,, Sassafras 947 
 
 „ Wash 727 
 
 Bladder -wrack 637 
 
 Blanc de Baleine 427 
 
 Blauholz 687 
 
 Blaud's Pills 597 
 
 Bleiacetat 1040 
 
 Bleiessig 1049 
 
 Bleiglatte 1046 
 
 Bleijodid 1044 
 
 Bleiweiss 1043 
 
 Blennosiasine 472 
 
 Bleu de Methylene officinale . . 888 
 
 Blistei'ing Collodion .... 387 
 
 ,, Liquid 388 
 
 Bloodroot 1199 
 
 Blue Cohosh 420 
 
 „ Pill 703 
 
 Blutegel 697 
 
 Bodelha 637 
 
 Boiling Points 1533 
 
 Bois de Campeche 687 
 
 Boldine 315 
 
 Boldo 315 
 
 Bolus Albus 811 
 
 Bometero 584 
 
 Bone Black 393 
 
1632- 
 
 BON 
 
 Official Names in Bomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bone Marrow, Red .... 870 
 
 Boneset 586 
 
 Borhi's Blister 389 
 
 Boracic Acid 32 
 
 Boral 158 
 
 Borate de Sonde 315 
 
 Borato di Sodio 315 
 
 Borated Talc 1373 
 
 Borax Purificatus 315 
 
 Boric Acid Gauze 33 
 
 „ Lint 33 
 
 ,, ,, Vaseline .... 36 
 
 „ Wool 33 
 
 Borneol 371 
 
 „ Salicylate 371 
 
 ,, Valerianate 371 
 
 Bornyval 371 
 
 Boro-glyceride 36 
 
 Boro -tartrate de Potassium . . 1108 
 
 Borsal 32 
 
 Borsaure 32 
 
 Bougies, Iodoform and Eucalyptus 767 
 
 Boulton''s Solution 776 
 
 Bourboule Water 28 
 
 Bourdaine 1158 
 
 Branalcane 36 
 
 Brandishes Alkaline Solution . 1063 
 
 Brandy 1330 
 
 Brazil Wood Solution .... 1524 
 
 Brea 1036 
 
 „ de Oxicedro 329 
 
 Brechnuss 924 
 
 Brechweinstein 211 
 
 Brechwurzel 780 
 
 Brodie's Gout Pills .... 506 
 
 Bromaline 322 
 
 Brome 320 
 
 Broynethyljormine 322 
 
 Brometo Ferroso 594 
 
 „ de Potassio 1073 
 
 Brometum ^thylicum .... 574 
 
 „ Kalicum . . . . . • 1073 
 
 ,, Scopolamicum . ' ■ ■ ■ 14:1 
 
 Bromhydrate d' Homatropine . . 698 
 
 ,, d'Hyoscine 746 
 
 Bromidia 441 
 
 Bromidrato di Omatropina . . 698 
 
 „ „ Scopolamina . . . 746 
 
 Bromine 320 
 
 Bromipin 321 
 
 Bro^no 320 
 
 Brotnocarpine 1024 
 
 Bromo-diethylacetamide ... 10 
 
 Bromoform 321 
 
 Brotnohcemol 690 
 
 Bromol 46 
 
 Brompton Cough Lozenge . . 667 
 
 ,, ,, Mixture . . 68 
 
 Bromuni 320 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bromural 1410 
 
 Bromure d" Ammonium . . . 170 
 
 ,, d'Ethyle 574 
 
 ,, de Potassium .... 1072 
 
 „ „ Sodium 1262 
 
 „ „ Strontium .... 1336 
 
 Bromuretum Kalici .... 1072 
 
 „ Potassii 1073 
 
 Broinuro di Ammonio . . . 170 
 
 ,, Estroncico 1336 
 
 ,, di Etile 574 
 
 ,. Ferroso 594 
 
 „ de Litio 844 
 
 „ di Oro ...... 256 
 
 ,, Potasico 1072 
 
 ,, di Potassio 1072 
 
 „ Sodio 1262 
 
 ,, di Sodio 1262 
 
 ,, di Stronzio ..... 1336 
 
 Bromwassesrtojfsaure .... 59 
 
 Broom Tops 1227 
 
 Brucine 940 
 
 ,, Nitrate 940 
 
 „ Sulphate ...... 940 
 
 Bryonia 323 
 
 Bucco 323 
 
 Buccoblalter 323 
 
 Buchu Folia 323 
 
 BucJcbean 883 
 
 Buginariuin Zinci Sulphatis . . 1443 
 
 Bulho de Colchico 499 
 
 ,, ,, Colquico 499 
 
 Burguridy Pitch 1035 
 
 Burro di Cacao 1383 
 
 Burroio's Solution 150 
 
 Busserole • 1413 
 
 Butese Gummi 325 
 
 ,, Semina 325 
 
 Butternut 806 
 
 Butyl-Chloral Hydras ... 326 
 
 Byne 327 
 
 Bynin 328 
 
 c 
 
 Cabalonga 762 
 
 Cacao Butter 1383 
 
 Cachou 417 
 
 „ dePegu 420 
 
 Cade Bath Fluid 330 
 
 Cadinum Oleum 329 
 
 Cadmii Sulphas 1445 
 
 Cadmium Iodide 104G 
 
 Cafeine 330 
 
 Caffeina 330 
 
 Caffeinse Citras 332 
 
 „ ,, Effervescens . . 334 
 
 ,, Di-Iodo-Hydriodidum . . 335 
 
1633 
 
 Official Names in Eoman; all others in Italics. 
 
 CAN 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Caffeinge Hydrohromidurn . . . 335 
 
 ,, „ Effervescens . 335 
 ,, Sodii lodidum . . . .338 
 
 ,, Sodio-Benzoas .... 336 
 
 ,, Sodii-Cinnamas . . . 1279 
 
 ,, Sodio-Salicylas .... 336 
 
 „ Sulphas 338 
 
 ,, Tr-ibromidum .... 338 
 
 ,, Tri-iodidum .... 335 
 
 ,, Valerianas 337 
 
 „ Vanadas 338 
 
 Caffeine-Chloral 338 
 
 Cajuputi Oleuni 338 
 
 Cajuputol 338, 584 
 
 Cal Apagada 347 
 
 ,, Chlorada 364 
 
 „ Viva 362 
 
 Calabar Bean 1014 
 
 Calamina Prceparata .... 340 
 
 Calcaria Caustica Soluta . . . 349 
 
 ,, Chlorata 364 
 
 Calami Radix 1453 
 
 Calandne 1432 
 
 Calcii Acetylsalicylus .... 21 
 
 ,, Carbonas Prascipitatus . 340 
 
 „ Chlondmn 342 
 
 „ Cresotinas 532 
 
 ,, Formas 54 
 
 ,, Olycerophosphas . . . 345 
 
 „ Hydias 347 
 
 ,, Hypophosphis .... 350 
 
 ,, lodas 353 
 
 ,, Iqdidum. 354 
 
 ., Lactas 355 
 
 ., Permanganas . . 354, 1100 
 
 ., Peroxiduni 354 
 
 ,, Phosphas 357 
 
 ,, „ Prascipitaius . . 358 
 
 ,, Sulphas 359 
 
 ,, Sulphidiom 368 
 
 ,, Superoxiduiii, .... 354 
 
 e'aicined Gypsum 359 
 
 ,, Magnesia, Heavy . . . 853 
 
 Light ... 851 
 
 Calcinol 353 
 
 Calcium Beta - naphthol - alpha- 
 
 7no)iosulphonate . . 919 
 
 „ Bromide 1076 
 
 ,, ,, and Urea . • . 1409 
 
 ,, Chloratum Crystallisation . 343 
 
 ,, Dibrom,obehenate . . . 780 
 
 ., Glycerinophosphoricum . 345 
 
 ,, Hydricum Solutum . • 349 
 
 ,, Hypochlorosum .... 364 
 
 ^^ „ Solutum . • ■ 366 
 
 ., Hypophosphorosum ■ 351 
 
 ,, lodo-ricinoleate .... 1169 
 
 ., Mono-iodobchenaie . . . 780 
 
 ., Ortho-guaiacol-sulphonalc . 682 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Calcium Phosphoricum 
 
 358 
 
 ,, „ Prcecipifatum 
 
 358 
 
 „ Sidfuratum Solutum 
 
 370 
 
 Calciumchlorid .... 
 
 342 
 
 Calcium hypophosphit 
 
 350 
 
 Calciumphosphat .... 
 
 357 
 
 Calcusol 
 
 1030 
 
 Calendula 
 
 360 
 
 ,, Cerate 
 
 360 
 
 Calomel 
 
 724 
 
 ,, Cream 
 
 728 
 
 „ Ointment .... 
 
 728 
 
 Calomelas 
 
 726 
 
 Calomelol 
 
 725 
 
 Calox 
 
 354 
 
 Calumbse Radix .... 
 
 360 , 
 
 Calx 
 
 362 
 
 ,, Chlorata 
 
 364 
 
 ,, Chlorinata .... 
 
 364 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri Alba 
 
 729 
 
 ,, Sulphm-ata .... 
 
 . 368 
 
 Cambogia 
 
 370 
 
 Camomille Rornainc . 
 
 204 
 
 Campeche 
 
 687 
 
 Campeggio 
 
 . 687 
 
 Camphor- Any tol .... 
 
 . 761 
 
 Camphor Ball 
 
 . 378 
 
 ,, Borneo 
 
 . 371 
 
 „ Essential Oil of . 
 
 . 379 
 
 „ Oil, China .... 
 
 . 379 
 
 ,, „ Japan .... 
 
 379 
 
 Camphora . . . 
 
 . 371 
 
 ,, Carbolisata .... 
 
 46 
 
 ,, c. Crela 
 
 . 378 
 
 ,, Monobromala 
 
 . 380 
 
 Camphorce Linimentum Compost 
 
 - 
 
 tum 
 
 . 376 
 
 Camphorce Salicylas . 
 
 . 379 
 
 Camphorated Chalk . 
 
 . 378 
 
 „ Oil 
 
 . 374 
 
 ,, Quinine 
 
 . 378 
 
 ,, ,, Capsules . 
 
 . 378 
 
 Camphoric Acid .... 
 
 . 380 
 
 Camphoroxol 
 
 380 
 
 Camphosal 
 
 380 
 
 Camphossil 
 
 . 379 
 
 Camphre du Japon 
 
 371 
 
 „ Monobrom^ .... 
 
 . 380 
 
 Canada Balsaixi .... 
 
 1378 
 
 „ Turpentine .... 
 
 . 1378 
 
 Canadian Fleabane, Oil of 
 
 573 
 
 „ Hemp 
 
 215 
 
 Canadine 
 
 733 
 
 Canafistula 
 
 416 
 
 Catiamo 
 
 381 
 
 Canape Indiana .... 
 
 381 
 
 Cancer Serum 
 
 1400 
 
 Candelettes di lodoforrnio . 
 
 767 
 
 Canelle de Ceylan .... 
 
 474 
 
1634 
 
 CAN 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Canfora 371 
 
 ,, Monobromata .... 380 
 
 Canhamo 382 
 
 Gannabince Tannas .... 383 
 
 Cannabinon 384 
 
 Cannabis Indica 381 
 
 Cantarida 384 
 
 Cantharide 384 
 
 Canthariclinuni 385 
 
 Cantharis 384 
 
 Caoutchouc 389 
 
 Capsaicin 393 
 
 Capsici Fructus 390 
 
 Capsicin 393 
 
 Capsicum ivith Wool Fat . . . 392 
 
 Capsula Olei Ricini . . . .1169 
 
 „ Sa7itali . . . .1203 
 
 .. Plais 1038 
 
 Capsules of Ammoniated Quinine 1150 
 
 ,, ,, Cascara .... 410 
 
 Captol 442 
 
 Caraway Fruit 400 
 
 „ OU of 401 
 
 Carbamine 1409 
 
 Carbazotic Acid 87 
 
 Carbo Animalis 393 
 
 „ Ligni 394 
 
 Carbol Lysojorm 637 
 
 Carbolic Acid Dressings ... 45 
 
 ,, ,, Oauze 45 
 
 ,, ,, Ligatures .... 45 
 
 ,, ,, Lint 45 
 
 ,, ,, Mouth Wash ... 40 
 
 ,, ,, Protective .... 45 
 
 ., ,, Sutures .... 45 
 
 ., ,, 2'ow 45 
 
 „ Wool 45 
 
 Carbolic Soaps 45 
 
 „ Oil 40 
 
 ,, Solution 40 
 
 Carbon Dioxidura 394 
 
 „ Disulphidum .... 397 
 
 ,, Tetrachloride .... 453 
 
 ,, Vegetal Medicinal . . . 394 
 
 Carbonas Ferri Saccharatus . . 595 
 
 ,, Kalicus 1076 
 
 .. Pluinbicus 1043 
 
 Carbonate de Chaux Precipite' . 340 
 
 ,, de Lithine 839 
 
 ,, ,, Magnesium . . . 856 
 
 „ Plomb 1043 
 
 ,, Acide de Sodium . . . 1257 
 ,, Neutre ,, ,, Cristallisi 
 
 Officinal 1270 
 
 ., {sesqui) d'' Ammoniaque . . 173 
 
 ,, Acide de Potassium . . . 1068 
 
 ,, Neutre,, „ ... 1076 
 
 ,, de Zinc 1431 
 
 Carboiiato di Ammonio . . . 173 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Carhonato di Bismutho . . . 300 
 
 „ Cal .... 340 
 
 „ „ Calcio Precipitado. 340 
 
 ,, de Fierro 595 
 
 ,, ,, Litina efervescente . . 839 
 
 „ „ Litio 839 
 
 ,, ,, „ o Litico . . . 839 
 
 ,, ,, Manganeso .... 865 
 ., ,. Magnesio .... 854 
 
 ,. ,■ Plomo 1043 
 
 ,. Potasico 1076 
 
 ,, de Potasio Adda . . . . 1069 
 ,, Neutro . . . 1077 
 
 ,, di Potassio 1076 
 
 ,, Sodico Cristalizado . . .1270 
 
 „ di Sodio 1270 
 
 ,, Zincico 1431 
 
 ,, di Zinco 1431 
 
 Carbone Vegetale 394 
 
 Carbonic Acid Oas 394 
 
 ,, Anhydride 394 
 
 Carbonylamide 1409 
 
 Cardamomes 397 
 
 Cardamomi Seniina .... 397 
 
 Cardamomo 397 
 
 Cardenillo 542 
 
 Carlsbad Salt, Effervescent Powder 
 
 of 1308 
 
 Carmine 495 
 
 Carniferrin 693 
 
 Carpaine 978 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 978 
 
 Carrageen . 400 
 
 Carron Oil 350 
 
 Carta Seneputa 1243 
 
 Cariii Fmctus 400 
 
 Carvacrol Iodide . . . . . 1393 
 Carvi ........ 400 
 
 Carvone 403 
 
 Caryophyllum . . . . . . 403 
 
 Casca Bark 574 
 
 Cascara Sagrada 408 
 
 ,, ,, Capsules .... 410 
 
 ,, „ Elixir {Kasul-) . . 410 
 
 Cascariglia 411 
 
 Cascarilla 411 
 
 Cascarille 411 
 
 Cassia Beareana 415 
 
 Cassice Cortex 415 
 
 Cassije Fructus 415 
 
 ,, Oleum 413 
 
 „ Pulpa 416 
 
 Castor Oil 1167 
 
 ,, ,, Capsules .... 1167 
 
 Castoreo 416 
 
 Castoreum 416 
 
 Cataplasma KaoUni . . . . 811 
 
 ,, Lini 838 
 
 ,, Sinapis 1248 
 
1635 
 
 OMcial Names in Bomau ; all others in Italics. 
 
 CHI 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Catechu 417 
 
 ,, Nigrum 419 
 
 „ Pallidum 417 
 
 Goto 418 
 
 Catrame Vegetal 1036 
 
 Caucciu 389 
 
 Caucho 389 
 
 Caulophyllin 421 
 
 Caulophylline Hydroddoride . . 421 
 
 Caulophyllum 420 
 
 Caustic Points, Mild .... 227 
 
 „ Potash 1058 
 
 Caustico de Viena 1063 
 
 Causticum lodv 776 
 
 Caustique all Chlorurede Zinc. . 1435 
 
 Cebada 700 
 
 Cedrarine 968 
 
 Cedro 827 
 
 Celloidin 1117 
 
 Cephaelina 795 
 
 Cephaelince Hydrochloridum . . 795 
 
 Cephacline Acid Hydrochloride . 795 
 
 ,, Uydrobromide .... 796 
 
 „ Sulphate 796 
 
 Cera Alba 421 
 
 ,, Amarilla 422 
 
 ,, Bianca 421 
 
 ,, Bianca 421 
 
 ,, Branca 421 
 
 „ Flava 422 
 
 „ Gialla 422 
 
 Cerat a la Rose 1175 
 
 ,, deGalien 1175 
 
 Ccrato de Galena 430 
 
 „ Simple 422 
 
 Ceratum 422 
 
 ,, Calamince 340 
 
 ,, Camphorce 378 
 
 ,, Gantharidis ...... 388 
 
 „ Cetacei 429 
 
 ,, Nucistce 912 
 
 ,, Plumbi Gompositum . . 1052 
 
 ,, „ Subacetatis . . . 1052 
 ,, Resince .... ll.">5, 1381 
 ,, ,, Compositum . ■ .1155 
 
 Gereoli 1382 
 
 Ceresin 9^0 
 
 Gerii Oxalas 426 
 
 Gerussa 1043 
 
 Cetacemn 427 
 
 Getina 427 
 
 Geiraria 4:30 
 
 Getraric Acid 430 
 
 Geirarin 430 
 
 Gevada Santa ''01 
 
 Gevadilla 1421 
 
 Geylonzimb 474 
 
 Ghacarilla 411 
 
 Glialk, French 1372 
 
 Chalk Mixture 
 
 ,, Precipitated. 
 
 ,, Prepared. 
 Chamomile Flowers 
 Ghamomillce Spiritus 
 Ghanvre, Indien 
 Gharbon Vigetal Officinal 
 Charcoal, Animal . 
 
 „ Biscuits . 
 
 ,, Gapsules . 
 
 ,, Wood 
 Gharta Epispastica . 
 
 ,, Nitrata . 
 
 ,, „ et Ghlorata 
 
 ,y Sinapis . 
 
 „ Sinapisata . 
 Chaulmoogrse Oleum 
 Ghaulmoogric Acid . 
 Ghelidonine . 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride 
 
 „ Sulphate . 
 
 „ T annate . 
 Cheiidonium 
 ' Chelsea Pensioner ' 
 Ghemical Food (Squire) 
 Ghemicals, Reagents, etc 
 
 in qualitative testing 
 Ghene .... 
 Ghenopedii Oleum ^therea 
 Cherry-laurel Leave 
 
 „ Water. 
 Gheyne's Bougies . 
 Ghian Turpentine . 
 Chien-dent . 
 Ghile .... 
 China Clay . 
 China Rossa 
 Chinee -Fluidextr actum cum Kalio 
 lodati . 
 
 „ Vinujn 
 
 Chinaphenin 
 Chinarindc .... 
 Chinic Acid 
 Chinin 
 
 „ Hydrochlorid 
 
 ,, Sulfat 
 
 Chinina 
 
 Ghinino-FerrumCitricum 
 
 „ Bisulphas 
 
 „ Bisulfuricum 
 Ghininum Ferro Gitricum 
 
 „ Hydrochloricum 
 
 „ Sulfuricum 
 
 „ Tannicwn 
 Ghinoidln • 
 Ghinoline . 
 
 ,, Per iodide 
 Chlnosol 
 Chinotropine 
 
 679, 
 
 ■used 
 
 PAGE 
 
 533 
 340 
 532 
 204 
 206 
 381 
 393 
 393 
 394 
 394 
 394 
 389 
 1097 
 1097 
 1243 
 1243 
 431 
 433 
 434 
 434 
 434 
 434 
 433 
 1364 
 617 
 
 1467 
 1120 
 434 
 822 
 823 
 767 
 1378 
 139 
 390 
 810 
 457 
 
 463 
 
 471 
 1002 
 
 457 
 
 474 
 1122 
 1138 
 1144 
 1122 
 
 602 
 1131 
 1131 
 
 602 
 1138 
 1146 
 1132 
 1135 
 1135 
 1136 
 1136 
 
 697 
 
1636 
 
 CIN 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 Cincho-quinoline Periodide 
 Chirata .... 
 Chirette .... 
 Chlorcethoform . 
 Chloral Camplioratum 
 
 „ „ cum Cocaina 
 
 ,, Formamidum 
 
 ,, Hydras . 
 
 ,, et Phenol 
 
 ,, Tannin • 
 Chloralamide . 
 Chloraljormamidum 
 Chloralose . 
 Chloralum . 
 
 ,, Formamidatum 
 
 „ Powder . 
 
 „ Hydratum 
 Chloramine . 
 Chloras Kalicus 
 Chlorate de Potassium 
 Chlor-butyl Alcohol 
 Chloreto de Ammonio 
 
 „ „ Galcio . 
 
 ,, Ferrico Anhydro 
 
 j> f. Crystallisado 
 
 ,, Mercurico 
 
 ,, Mercuroso 
 
 ,, de Ouro . 
 
 „ „ e de Sodio 
 
 Chloretone .... 
 
 „ Elixir 
 Chloretum Mthylicum 
 
 „ JEthylo-morphiciim 
 
 ,, Amido-Hydrargyricum 
 
 ,, Ammonicum 
 
 „ Chinicurn 
 
 ,, Ferricum 
 
 „ Hydrargyrico-ammonicii 
 
 ,, Hydrargyricum 
 
 ,, „ Corrosivtim 
 
 ,, Hydrargyrosum . 
 
 ,, „ ope Vaporis Aq 
 paratum . 
 
 „ „ Precipitatum 
 
 ,, Pilocarpicum 
 Chlorhydras Quininoe . 
 Chlorhydrate d'Apomorph: 
 
 ,, de Cocaine . 
 
 ,, ,, Morphine 
 
 ,, Basique de Quinine 
 
 „ neutre de Quinine 
 Chlori Liquor . 
 Chloric Ether . 
 Chlorinated Lime 
 Cldorkalk 
 Chlorohrom 
 
 ChJoroJorm pro Narcosi 
 ClUorofornie Anoestliisique 
 
 „ Rectifie da Commerce 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1136 
 434 
 
 434 
 453 
 441 
 441 
 435 
 437 
 442 
 442 
 435 
 435 
 442 
 157 
 436 
 157 
 439 
 1451 
 1080 
 1079 
 443 
 179 
 343 
 G09 
 609 
 721 
 726 
 256 
 256 
 443 
 444 
 576 
 894 
 729 
 178 
 1138 
 608 
 729 
 720 
 721 
 726 
 
 726 
 
 726 
 
 1023 
 
 1138 
 
 216 
 
 484 
 
 897 
 
 1138 
 
 1142 
 
 444 
 
 451 
 
 364 
 
 364 
 
 437 
 
 447 
 
 447 
 
 447 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chloroformum 445 
 
 ,, Aconiti 115 
 
 „ Belladonna} 286 
 
 ,, Camphoratum .... 453 
 
 ,, Hyoscyami 755 
 
 „ lodi 776 
 
 Chlorum Solutum 444 
 
 Chlorure d' Ammonium, . . . 178 
 
 ,, de Chaux 364 
 
 ,, Calcium Cristallisi . . 343 
 
 '., „ „ Fov.du ... 343 
 
 [, d'Ethyle 575 
 
 ,, de Methyle 884 
 
 ,, d'Or et de Sodium . ■ ■ 256 
 
 ,. de Sodium Officinal . ■ 1273 
 
 ,. ,, Soude Dissous . . . 366 
 
 „ „ Zinc 1433 
 
 ,, ,, Zinc dissous . . . .1435 
 Chlor - Zinc Iodine (Schnlse's 
 
 Solution) 1430 
 
 Cholera Mixture .... 307, 534 
 
 ,, Vaccine 1465 
 
 Cholesierine 122 
 
 Choline Distearyl - Glyce.ro - 
 
 phosphate 970 
 
 Chondrus 400 
 
 Chrisma 984 
 
 Chrismaline 984 
 
 Chrismol ■ 983 
 
 Christison'' s Pill 510 
 
 Christmas Rose 693 
 
 Chromate Acide de Potassium . 1070 
 
 Chromic Anliydride .... 47 
 
 Chroinii Trioxidum .... 48 
 
 Chromsaure 47 
 
 Chrysarobin, Crude .... 223 
 
 „ Plaster Mulls . . . . 455 
 
 Chrysarobinum 453 
 
 Chrysophanic Acid . ■ . .454 
 
 Chumbo 1039 
 
 Chymosin 973 
 
 Gianuro de Mercurio .... 707 
 
 „ Potasico 1085 
 
 „ di Potassio 1085 
 
 Cicuta 511 
 
 Cicutine 515 
 
 Cigarettes de Strainoine . . . 1335 
 
 Cigue 511 
 
 Cilantro 522 
 
 Cimicifugai Rhizomo .... 455 
 
 Cimicifugin 456 
 
 Cimolite 158 
 
 Cinchona Calisaya . . . . 456 
 
 Flava 456 
 
 Fusca 456 
 
 Ledgeriana 456 
 
 Peruviana 456 
 
 Succirubra 456 
 
 Cinchona) Cortex 456 
 

 liJDEX. 
 
 1637 
 
 
 Official Karnes in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 COF 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cinchonce Rubrse Cortex . . . 457 
 
 Cinchonidince Hydrobromidum . 472 
 
 ,, ,, Acidum . 472 
 
 ,, Salicylas 474 
 
 ,, Sulphas 472 
 
 ,. ,, Acidus .... 474 
 
 ,, Sulphocarholas .... 474 
 
 CincJwnince lodo-Sul'phas . . 473 
 
 ,, Sulphas 473 
 
 ,, ,, Acidus .... 474 
 Cincho-quinoUne Periodide . . 1136 
 
 Cineol 584 
 
 Cinnamic Acid .... 49, 476 
 
 ,, Aldehyde 415 
 
 Cinnamomi Cortex .... 474 
 
 Cire Blanche 421 
 
 ,, Jamie 422 
 
 Ciruela de Espana . . .1110 
 
 Cissampelos 991 
 
 Gitarin 696 
 
 Citral 833 
 
 Gitras Ferrico-Ammonicus . . 598 
 ,, ,, Ghinina .... 602 
 
 „ Ferricus 598 
 
 ,, „ cum Chinina . . . 602 
 
 Citrate de Fer Ammoniacale . 598 
 
 ,, ,, Magnesie dessicM . 858 
 
 „ „ Potasse .... 1082 
 
 Gitrato Cafeico 333 
 
 ,, Ferrico-Anirnonico . . . 598 
 ,, de Ferro Ammoniacale . 598 
 ,, „ 6 de Quinina . . . 602 
 
 ,, „ Litio 842 
 
 ,, di Magnesia Effervescente . 858 
 
 „ Potasico 1082 
 
 ,, di Potassio 1082 
 
 Gitrine Ointment 715 
 
 Giirononschale 827 
 
 G itronensaure 49 
 
 Gitronenol 829 
 
 Citronensaft 833 
 
 Gitrophen 1001 
 
 Clark's Pills 149 
 
 Classification of Mineral Waters . 1561 
 
 Clavo de Especia 403 
 
 Clemen's Solution 235 
 
 Cloralamido 436 
 
 Cloralio Idrato 437 
 
 Glorato Potasico 1079 
 
 „ di Potassio 1079 
 
 Cloridrato di Chinina . . .1138 
 
 „ „ Cocaina. . . . 484 
 
 ,, ,, Diacetyl-Morfina . 552 
 
 „ Morfina ... 897 
 
 ,, de Quinina Basica . . .1138 
 
 Gloroformio 445 
 
 Gloruro di Ammonio .... 178 
 ,, ,, Apoynorfina . . . 216 
 ,, de Galce 364 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gloruro de Galcio 343 
 
 ,, „ Cocaina 484 
 
 „ d'Etile 575 
 
 ,, Ferrico 609 
 
 ,, Mercurico 720 
 
 ,. Mercurioso 724 
 
 ,, ,, Precipitado . . . 726 
 
 „ al Vapor .... 726 
 
 ,, „ Sublimado . . . 726 
 
 ,, Morfico 896 
 
 „ de Ore 256 
 
 „ y Sodio .... 256 
 
 ., Quinico 1138 
 
 „ Sodico 1273 
 
 „ di Sodio 1273 
 
 ,, Zincico 1433 
 
 „ di Zinco 1433 
 
 Clover 1403 
 
 Cloves 403 
 
 „ Oil of 405 
 
 Glutton'' s Febrifuge Spirit. . . 134 
 
 Coal Tar, Prepared .... 1035 
 
 Coatings for Pills 1025 
 
 Coca del Peru 479 
 
 Cocce Folia 479 
 
 Cocaina 482 
 
 Cocainaj Carbolas 490 
 
 „ Gitras 490 
 
 ,, Hydrobromidum. ■ ■ . 490 
 
 ,, Hydrochloridmn . . . 484 
 
 ,, Lacias 490 
 
 ,, Nitras 490 
 
 „ Oleas ....... 490 
 
 ,, Phenylas 490 
 
 ,, Salicylas 490 
 
 „ Sulphas 490 
 
 Cocciniglia 493 
 
 Cocculus Indicvs 1019 
 
 Coccus 493 
 
 Gochenille 493 
 
 Cochineal 493 
 
 ,, Solution 1524 
 
 Cocimento Antiseptico . . . 470 
 ,, ds Quina Calisaya . . .470 
 
 ,, ,, ;, de Loja . . . 470 
 
 „ „ „ y Valeriana . . 470 
 
 Cocoa-Nut Stearin 1333 
 
 Codeina 495 
 
 Codrenine 493 
 
 Codeinae Hydrochloridum . . 498 
 
 „ lodas 498 
 
 ,, Phosphas 497 
 
 „ Salicylas 498 
 
 „ Sulphas 498 
 
 Cod-liver Oil 904 
 
 Coentro 522 
 
 Coffeina 330 
 
 Coffeino-Natrium Salicylicum . 337 
 
 Cojfeinum Natriobenzoicum . . 336 
 
1638 
 
 COG 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CoghiWs Inhalation Fhiid . . 778 
 
 Going 548 
 
 Cokain Hydrochlorid .... 484 
 
 Cola de Pescada 758 
 
 Colchicein 507 
 
 Colchici Cormus 499 
 
 ,, Semina 502 
 
 Colchicina 506 
 
 ColchicinoB Salicylas . . . .507 
 
 Colchicine 507 
 
 Colchicum 499 
 
 Colchique 499 
 
 Colchisal 507 
 
 Cold Cream .... 43U, 1174 
 
 Coley's Fluid 1466 
 
 Colic Boot 143 
 
 Colla de Pesce 758 
 
 ,, Piscium 758 
 
 Collargol 229 
 
 Colle de Poisson 758 
 
 Collemplastrum Adhoeb-ivum . ■ 94 
 
 ,, Salicylatum 94 
 
 ,, Saponato-Salicylicum . . 94 
 
 „ Zinci 1439 
 
 ,, „ Oxydati .... 1439 
 
 Collinsonia 507 
 
 Collodion Hcernostatic, Dr. Pavesi's 1117 
 
 ,, Cantaridato 387 
 
 Collodium 1116 
 
 ,, Acetonum 1115 
 
 ,, c. Acido Salicylico ... 94 
 
 ,, Anodynum 1117 
 
 ,, Belladonnce 286 
 
 ,, Elasticuvi 1116 
 
 „ Flexile 1116 
 
 ,, lodatutn 776 
 
 ,, lodojormi 767 
 
 ,, Lacto-Salicylicum ... 94 
 
 ,, Salicylicum 94 
 
 ,, „ Compositum ... 94 
 
 ,, „ c. Zinci Chlorido 94 
 
 ., Stypticum 1117 
 
 '„ Tiglii 538 
 
 ,, Vesicans 387 
 
 Colloid Mercury 706 
 
 „ Silver . . . . . .229 
 
 Colloidal Bismuth Oxide . . . 315 
 
 Collosol Argentum .... 229 
 
 Colloxylinum 1115 
 
 Collunarium Alkalinum . . .1261 
 
 „ Co. ... 1261 
 
 ,, Potassii Chloratis Co. . . 1082 
 ,, Potassii Chloratis Co. c. 
 
 Acid Tannic . . . 1082 
 
 Collutorium Acidi Benzoici . . 31 
 
 ,, Astrigens 1436 
 
 Collyre au Sulfate de Zinc . . 1444 
 
 Collyrium Adstringens Luleum , 1443 
 
 Colocynthidis Pulpa .... 507 
 
 Colocynthinum 
 
 Colofonia . 
 
 Colombo 
 
 Colophane . 
 
 Coloquinte . 
 
 Coloquintide 
 
 Colorin de Feces • 
 
 Colutoria Boratado 
 
 Comfrey Root . 
 
 Condurango Cortex 
 
 Confectio Belce Recentis (Squire) . 
 
 Guaiaci Compos ita 
 
 Opii . 
 
 Piperis . 
 
 Rosse Gallicae 
 
 Rutce . 
 
 Scammonii . 
 
 Sennse 
 
 „ et Sulphuris 
 
 Sulphuris 
 
 Terebinthince 
 Coniina 
 Conince Hydrobromidum 
 
 „ Hydrochloridum 
 Coniuin .... 
 Conserva di Tamarindo 
 Consolda Maior 
 Contra-Toxin . 
 Convallamarin 
 Convallaria 
 Convallarln 
 Copahu .... 
 Copaiba .... 
 Copaivabahatjo 
 Copper Arsenite 
 „ Aseptol . 
 ,, and Silver Albuminate 
 Coquelicot .... 
 Coriandre .... 
 Coriandri Fi uctus 
 Comezuela de Centeno 
 Cornutince Citras . 
 
 ,, Hydrochlo7'idian 
 Corpus ad Collemplastra 
 Corrosive Sublimate . 
 
 „ ,, Discs 
 
 Corteccia de Angostura 
 Cortex FranguloB . 
 Corteza de Angostura 
 ,, ,, Granada 
 „ „ Quillaya 
 Corvalho 
 Cory fin . 
 Coryl 
 Corynine 
 Coryza Vaccine 
 Cosmoline . 
 Coster's Paste . 
 Cotarnince Hydrochloridum 
 
1639 
 
 Official Names in Soman; all others in Italics. 
 
 DEC 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cotarnince Phthalas .... 967 
 
 Goto 623 
 
 Cotoin 523 
 
 Colon hydrophile 669 
 
 Coton lode 776 
 
 Cotone Ahsorbente 669 
 
 „ Collodio 1115 
 
 Cotton 669 
 
 Cotton Root Bark 667 
 
 Cotton-Wool 669 
 
 Cotton-Wool Tissue .... 670 
 
 Couch Grass 139 
 
 Coumaric Anhydride .... 49 
 
 Coumarin 49, 1281 
 
 Cousso 548 
 
 Cramena 818 
 
 Cravinho 404 
 
 Gravagem de Centeio .... 568 
 
 Crayons d'Azotate d' Argent . . 227 
 
 Mitige 227 
 
 ,, de Tannin 106 
 
 Cream of Tartar, Purified . .1104 
 Soluble . .1107 
 
 Gremor Bismuthi 304 
 
 ,, Lithargyri ..... 1052 
 
 ,, Zinci . . . . . . 1439 
 
 ,, ,, et Calamine . ■ ■ 1439 
 
 „ et Thymoli . . . 1439 
 
 Creolin 532 
 
 Creosol 524 
 
 Creosotal 527 
 
 Creosote Officinale 524 
 
 ,, Salicylic Ester .... 528 
 
 Creosoti Carbonas 527 
 
 „ Oleas '^28 
 
 ,, Phosphas 528 
 
 ,, Tannas 528 
 
 ,, Valerianas 528 
 
 Creosoto 524 
 
 Creosotum 524, 1452 
 
 Cresilol 528 
 
 Cresol 528 
 
 „ Paste 529 
 
 Cresolum Crudum 529 
 
 Cresotinic Acid. . . • • . 532 
 
 Crisylol officinal ..... 528 
 
 Cresylol Sodique Dissous . . . 531 
 
 Creta Gallica 1372 
 
 ,, Praeparata 532 
 
 Grisarobina 453 
 
 Crocus 534 
 
 Groion-Ghloral Hydrate . . . 326 
 
 Croton Oil Pencils 538 
 
 Crotonis Oleum . . . . ^ 536 
 
 Cru7-in 315, 1137 
 
 Cryogenin 1007 
 
 Guasia 1118 
 
 Cubebae Fructus 538 
 
 Cub&be 538 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cucui'bitfP Semina Preparata . 541 
 
 Cuernecillo de Centeno . . . 568 
 
 Gulantro 522 
 
 Culvers Root 827 
 
 Cumarin 49 
 
 Cumini Fructus 1453 
 
 Cuprargol 546 
 
 Cupi'i Acetas 542 
 
 „ Gitras 545 
 
 ,, Nucleinas 924 
 
 „ Oleas 545 
 
 ,, Subacetas 541 
 
 ,, Sulphas 543 
 
 ,, „ Grudus .... 544 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolas .... 546 
 
 Cuprohcetnol 690 
 
 Cuprol . 924 
 
 Cuprum Aluminatum .... 546 
 
 Gurara 546 
 
 Curarine 546 
 
 Curd Soap 1207 
 
 GusparicB Cortex 547 
 
 Cusparine 547 
 
 Cusso 548 
 
 Gutch 419 
 
 Gutol 158 
 
 Cyaneto Mercurico .... 707 
 Cyanure Mercurique . . . .107 
 
 ,, de Potassium .... 1085 
 
 Cyanuretum Hydrargyri . . . 707 
 
 Cyanwassersto_ffsaure .... 66 
 
 Cydonium 548 
 
 Gyllin 549 
 
 Gynoglossine 549 
 
 Cynoglossum 549 
 
 Cypripedin 549 
 
 Cypripedium 549 
 
 Cystamine 694 
 
 Cytisine 1405 
 
 D 
 
 Damiana 
 
 Datui'fe Folia 
 
 ,, Semina 
 
 Decoction. See Decoctum. 
 Decoctum Acaeise Corticis 
 
 Agropyri 
 
 Aloes Compositum 
 
 ,, {Squire) 
 
 AlthoEce 
 
 Anthemidis et Papaveris 
 
 Cassice Beareancc 
 
 Getrarice 
 
 Chinee c. Senega 
 
 GinclwrKB .... 
 
 Gissampeli .... 
 
 Cydonii 
 
 550 
 550 
 651 
 
 3 
 139 
 
 147 
 148 
 153 
 206 
 415 
 431 
 470 
 470 
 991 
 549 
 
1640 
 DEC 
 
 Official Names in Soman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Decoctum Gallce 641 
 
 „ Gossypii Radicis Corticis . 068 
 „ Ch-anati Corticis . . . 673 
 ,, Hsematoxyli .... 688 
 
 „ Hordei ...... 701 
 
 ,, ,, Composituni . ■ ■ 701 
 ,, ,, Tartarisatum ■ ■ 701 
 
 ,, Ispaghulae 799 
 
 ,, Papaveris 980 
 
 ,, Quercus 1120 
 
 ,, ,, Aluminatum . . .1120 
 
 ,, Sappan 1216 
 
 ,, SarsaparilloB Composlium . 1217 
 „ Fortius 1218 
 ,, Mitizis 1218 
 
 ,, Scoparii 1228 
 
 ,, Taraxaci 1375 
 
 „ Vlmi 1406 
 
 ,, ZittrrMnni Fortius . . ■ 1218 
 „ „ Mitius .... 1218 
 
 Dedaleira 556 
 
 Delphinina 1332 
 
 Denys' Tuberculin .... 1462 
 
 Depilatory 267 
 
 Dermatol 313 
 
 Desiccated Suprarenal Glands . 127 
 
 Destillirtewasser 219 
 
 De Valangin's Solution ... 26 
 
 Dextrojorm 636 
 
 Diacetyl-amido-azotoluol . . . 1223 
 Diacetyl- Morphine .... 892 
 Diacetyl -morphine Hydrochloride 551 
 
 „ Tannin 106 
 
 Diachylon Plaster 1047 
 
 Dialysed Iro7i 613 
 
 Diamorphinaj Hydi-ochloridum . 551 
 
 Diaphtherin 1138 
 
 Diaphthol 1138 
 
 Diaspirin 96 
 
 Diente de Leoyi 1374 
 
 Diethylbarbituric Acid . . . 264 
 Diethylglycocoll-Guaiacol . ■ ■ 683 
 Diethyl-malonyl-vuea. . . • 264 
 Dicihylsuljone-dimithyl-mithane . 1356 
 DiethylsulJone-6thylm6thyl-m6thane 887 
 Diethylsulphon-diethyl-methane . 1358 
 
 Digalen 561 
 
 Digitate 554 
 
 Digitalein _ • 558 
 
 Digitalin 558, 561 
 
 ,, German 562 
 
 „ (Homolle) Arnorplwus . . 562 
 „ (Nativelle) Crystallised . . 562 
 
 „ Verum 562 
 
 Digitalis Folia 554 
 
 Digitalone 561 
 
 Digitin 559 
 
 Digitonin 558 
 
 Digitophyllin 559 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Digitoxin ...... 558, 562 
 
 Di-hydroxy-diphenylphthaiide . 1008 
 Dihydroxy-phthalophenone . . 1008 
 
 Di-iodoform 768 
 
 Di-iodomethylsalicylate . ■ . 886 
 Di-Iodoparaphenol-Sulphonic 
 
 Acid 1315 
 Di-Iodo-Salicylic Acid . ... 96 
 Di-isobutyl-orthocresol Iodide . . 531 
 
 Dill Fruit 197 
 
 „ „ Oil of 198 
 
 „ Water 197 
 
 Dillsamen 197 
 
 Dilute Prussia Acid .... 66 
 
 Diluting Mixture 1025 
 
 Dimethyl Ketone 11 
 
 Dimethylamido-antipyrin . ■ . 1005 
 Dimethyl-arsinic Acid . ■ ■ ■ 1266 
 Dimethylethyl Carbinol . ■ ■ 194 
 Diinethylpiperazine Tartrate . . 1031 
 
 Dimethylsarcosine 153 
 
 Dimethylxanthine 1384 
 
 Dinitrocellulose 1115 
 
 Dionine 893 
 
 Di-ortho-amino-thio-benzene . . 1198 
 
 Diosma 323 
 
 DioxybenzoUiexameihylene- 
 
 tetramine 090 
 Di-oxy-diainidoarseno-henzene 
 
 Bi-Hydrochloride .... 1189 
 Di-para-anisyl-mono-phenetyl- 
 
 guanidine-hydrochloride . . 492 
 Diphtheria Antitoxin .... 1455 
 
 Diplosal 95 
 
 Dipro^yyl-Barbituric Acid . . .1410 
 Dischi Oftaltnici con Eserina . . 1016 
 
 Discs 821 
 
 ,, of Atropine 247 
 
 ,, ,, Cocaine .... 489 
 
 ,, ,, Ergotin .... 571 
 
 ,, ,, Eserine .... 1016 
 
 ,, ., Homatr opine . . . 700 
 
 ., ,, ,, with Cocaine . 700 
 
 ,, ,, Hyoscine .... 749 
 
 ,, ,, Physostigmine . . 1016 
 
 Disinjecting with Sulphur . . . 103 
 
 Di-sodii Methylarsenas . . . 1267 
 
 Di-sodium Hydiogen Phosphate. 1296 
 
 Dispensing Syrup . . . 658, 1025 
 
 Donovan's Solution {Arsenic) . 237 
 
 DobelVs Solution 319 
 
 Doce-amarga 563 
 
 Dormideiras 979 
 
 Doriniol 442 
 
 Douce-am&re 563 
 
 Dover's Powder 790 
 
 „ Fluid .... 792 
 
 Dragon's Blood 1199 
 
 Dry Extract. See Extractum. 
 

 INDEX. 
 
 1641 
 
 
 Official Names in Eomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 EMP 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Duboisia Myoporoides . . . . 562 
 
 Duboisince Sulphas .... 562 
 
 Duboisine 562 
 
 Dugong Oil 563 
 
 Dulcamara 563 
 
 Dulcamarin 563 
 
 Dulcin 656 
 
 Dusting Powder 1440 
 
 E 
 
 Earth-nut Oil 221 
 
 Easton's Pill 617 
 
 ,, Syrup 617 
 
 Eau de Cannellc 476 
 
 ,, ,, Chaux 349 
 
 ,, ,, Cologne 833 
 
 ,, „ Ooudron 1038 
 
 ,, „ Javelle 368 
 
 ,, ,, Luce 167 
 
 ., „ Babel 100 
 
 ., DestilUe 219 
 
 „ de Rose .... 1174 
 
 ,, ,, de Fleur d'Oranger . 254 
 
 „ Saline Purgative . . . . 862 
 
 ,, „ „ Oazeuse . . 862 
 
 „ Sedative 379 
 
 „ de Sedlitz 862 
 
 Ecorce de Citron 827 
 
 ,, „ Grenadier . . . .671 
 
 ,, „ Panama .... 1120 
 Effervescent preparations given 
 
 under Latin titles. 
 Ehrlich-Hala Remedy " 606 " . .1189 
 
 „ "914". . . 1195 
 
 Eibischiourzel 152 
 
 Eigons 969 
 
 Eisenhutknollen 110 
 
 Eisenhuttinktur 114 
 
 Eka-Iodoform "768 
 
 Ekeosaccharum 941 
 
 Elasiica 398 
 
 Elaterinum 564 
 
 Elaterio. . • 563 
 
 Elaterion 563 
 
 Elaterium 563 
 
 Elder Flowers 1198 
 
 Eleboro Blanco 1420 
 
 „ Verde 1420 
 
 Electuaire de Copahu Coinposi . 520 
 
 Elecampane 763 
 
 Elemi ....... 565 
 
 Elixir ad longam vitam ■ ■ 151 
 
 Adjuvans ... • • 666 
 
 Aletridis 143 
 
 Amerum 883 
 
 Ammonii Bromidi . . . 172 
 
 Anisi 203 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Elixir Aromaticum .... 252 
 
 „ Arsinyl 1268 
 
 „ Atoxyl 1268 
 
 ,. Aurantii 252 
 
 ,, Compositiim . ■ 252 
 
 ,, Bisnmtlii 312 
 
 ,, Gaffeince 335 
 
 ,, Calcil Ghloridi .... 344 
 
 ,, Cascaro} 410 
 
 ,, ,, cum Glycerin . . . 410 
 
 ,, Cinchonce 470 
 
 ,, Griosoti 527 
 
 , , Ferri Quinince et Strychnince 
 Phosphatum . 
 
 ,, Glusidi .... 
 
 ,, Guarance. 
 
 ,, Heroin cum Terpene 
 
 ,, Hypophysis Gereb ■ 
 
 „ Ipecacuanhce 
 
 ,, Papain .... 
 
 ,, Par^goriquc . 
 
 ,, Pectorale. 
 
 ,, de Pepsine . 
 
 „ Pepsini et Bismuthi. 
 
 ,, „ „ „ Compositum 
 
 ,, Phosphori 
 
 ,, „ Compositum . 
 
 ,, Rhei 
 
 ,, Saccharini . 
 
 ,, Sennce .... 
 
 ,, Simplex .... 
 Sodii Cacodylatis 
 e Succo Glycyrrhizce . 
 
 ,, ,, Liquiritiui 
 
 Taraxaci Compositum 
 Thyroidei 
 
 Viburni Prunifolii . 
 of Vitriol. 
 
 „ Mynsichfs 
 Ellagic Acid .... 
 
 Embelia 
 
 Emblica 
 
 Emblic Myrobalan . 
 
 Emetina 
 
 Enietince Hydrochloridurii . 
 
 „ Hydrobromidum . 
 Emetine Hydriodide 
 
 „ Nitrate .... 
 
 „ Sulphate .... 
 Emollient Ointment . 
 Empiastro Adhesivo 
 
 „ de Cantaride Mite . 
 
 „ Diachilon Gommoresino 
 Emplasto Aglutinante . 
 
 „ dejabon .... 
 
 ,, ,, Plorno Gomado . 
 
 ,, „ Resinas Aglutinante 
 
 „ Simple 
 Emplastra .... 
 
 794 
 
 617 
 656 
 685 
 554 
 1034 
 791 
 979 
 377 
 666 
 998 
 998 
 998 
 1013 
 1013 
 1164 
 656 
 1238 
 252, 998 
 1266 
 666 
 666 
 1375 
 1397 
 1423 
 99 
 101 
 57 
 565 
 566 
 56H 
 793 
 1452 
 793 
 794 
 794. 
 794 
 121 
 1035 
 387 
 1048 
 1035 
 1211 
 1048 
 1155 
 1048 
 566 
 
1642 
 
 EMP 
 
 Official Names in Bomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Emplastro Oummo-resinoso . . 161 
 
 „ de Sabao ...... 1211 
 
 Emplastr una .4 comii . . . . 116 
 
 ,, ,, et Belladonnce . 116 
 
 ,, Adhcesivum 1154 
 
 „ Album 728 
 
 „ Belladonnae 281 
 
 „ Fluidum ... 286 
 
 ,, Calefaciena 387 
 
 ,, Calomelanos 728 
 
 ,, Cantharidini 387 
 
 ,, „ cum Euphorbia . . 387 
 
 ,, C'antharidum Ordinariuiit. . 387 
 
 ,, ,, Perpetuum . . . 387 
 
 ,, ,, pro uso Veterinario . 387 
 
 ,, Cantharidis Colatum . . 387 
 
 ,, Capsici 392 
 
 ,, Cerussce 1044 
 
 ,, Conii 513 
 
 ,, Diachylon Oummosum . . 1048 
 
 ,, Fuscum Camphoratum . . 1048 
 
 ,, Oalbani 639 
 
 ,, Qummi Resinosum . . . 161 
 
 ,, Hjaernei 1048 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri . . . . . 703 
 
 ,, Lithargyri 1048 
 
 ,, ,, Compositum . . . 1048 
 
 „ Menthol 881 
 
 „ Opii 963 
 
 „ Picis 1035 
 
 „ Plumbi 1047 
 
 ,, „ Compositum . . . 1048 
 
 ,, Resinse 1154 
 
 ,, Saponaceum 1211 
 
 ,, Saponatum 1211 
 
 ,, Saponatum Salicylatum .94,95 
 
 ,, Saponis 1211 
 
 ,, Zinci Oxidi 1439 
 
 Empldtre Brun 1048 
 
 ,, de Cantharlde Mitige . . 387 
 ,, Diachylon gomtni . .639,1048 
 
 ,, Vdsicatoire 387 
 
 Emulsin 1108 
 
 Emulsio Alcanjorado .... 374 
 
 Amygdalce 191 
 
 Bromofortni 322 
 
 Camphorce 374 
 
 Chloroformi 452 
 
 Hydrocyanata . . . . 191 
 
 lodoformi 767 
 
 Moschi 908 
 
 Myrrhce Ferrata . . . 597 
 Neo-Salvarsan . . . .1197 
 
 Oleosa 191,946 
 
 Olei Jecoris Asolli . . . 906 
 
 „ Morrhuce .... 907 
 
 ,, „ Composita . . 906 
 ,, „ c. Hypophos- 
 
 phitibus 907 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Emulsio Olei Morrhuce c. Hypo- 
 
 phosphitibus Ovis et Vino 907 
 
 ,, Olei Ricini 1169 
 
 ,, Paraffini 985 
 
 ,, Petrolei et Glycerophosphatis 984 
 ,, ,, c. Hypophosphitibus . 984 
 
 „ Salol 1188 
 
 ,, Salvarsan 1194 
 
 ,, Terebinthince . . . .1382 
 Emulsion de Aceite de Higado de 
 
 Bacaleo 906 
 
 Emulsion de Aceite de Higado de 
 
 Bacaleo con Hipofosfitos . 907 
 ,, d'Huile de Foie de Morue . 906 
 
 Emulsione Oleosa 191 
 
 ,, ,, Simplice . . 191 
 
 ,, di Olio di Fegato di Merhezza 907 
 Emulsum Amygdalce . . . . 191 
 ,, Olei Morrhuce .... 906 
 ,, ,, ,, c. Hypo- 
 phosphites 907 
 ,, ,, Terebinthince . . .1381 
 
 Encina 1120 
 
 „ de Mar 637 
 
 Endro 198 
 
 Eneldo 197 
 
 Enema Aloes 149 
 
 ,, Asafcetida 240 
 
 „ Magnesii Sulphatis . . . 863 
 
 ,, Olei Ricini 1169 
 
 „ Opii 963 
 
 „ Rutce 1178 
 
 ,, Terebinthince .... 1382 
 
 Englisches Gewilrz 1026 
 
 Enxofre 1359 
 
 ,, Dourado di Antimonio . . 209 
 
 ,, lodado 1365 
 
 ,, Lavado 1363 
 
 ,, Precipitado 1359 
 
 ,, Sublimado 1363 
 
 Enzianiourzel 649 
 
 Enzymes, Pancreatic . . . .972 
 
 Eosote 628 
 
 Ephedrino Hydrochloride . . . 566 
 
 Epicarin 920 
 
 Epinephrin 129 
 
 Epsom Salts 859 
 
 „ „ Effervescent . . . 862 
 
 Ergot Aseptic 573 
 
 „ of Rye 667 
 
 „ de Seigle 567 
 
 Ergota 567 
 
 Ergotina de Bonjean .... 569 
 
 Ergotinine 572 
 
 „ Citrate 572 
 
 „ Cristallisi 572 
 
 Ergotinum 669 
 
 Ergotoxine 672 
 
 „ Hydrochloride .... 672 
 
1643 
 
 Official Names in Soman; all others in Italics. 
 
 ETH 
 
 Ergotoxine Oxalate . . . . , 
 
 ,, Phosphate , . . . , 
 Erigerontis Canadensis Olettm 
 
 Ernutin 
 
 Erythrol 
 
 „ Tetranitrate 
 
 Erythrophlceina 
 
 ErythrophlceincB Hydrochloridum . 
 
 ErythrophloBum 
 
 Escila 
 
 Esencia 
 
 ,, de Anis 
 
 „ ,, Canela 
 
 ,, ,, Gayeput 
 
 ,, ,, Clavo 
 
 ■ ,, ,, Espieglio . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Limon 
 
 ,, ,, Menta 
 
 ,, ., ,, Piperita . 
 
 ,, ,, Romero 
 
 ,, ,, Rose 
 
 ,, ,, Sandalo 
 
 ,, ,, Trementina . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Zimbro 
 
 Eserine 
 
 ,, Salicylate 
 
 ,, Sulphate 
 
 Esperma de Ballena . . . . 
 
 Espiritu de Nitro Didcc 
 
 Esprito d'Alecrim 
 
 ,, ArnTnoniacal Aromatico . 
 Essence 
 
 ,, d^Anis 
 
 ,, de Bigarade 
 
 „ ,, Cannelle de Ceylan . 
 
 ., ,, Citron 
 
 ,, d' Eucalyptus . . . . 
 
 ,, de Genievre 
 
 ,, ,, Girofle 
 
 ,, ,, Lavande . . . . 
 
 ,, „ Menthe Poivree . 
 
 ,, ,, Portugal . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Romarin . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Rose 
 
 ,, ,, Rue 
 
 ,, ,, Santal 
 
 ,, „ Terebinthvne Officinale . 
 
 „ of Ginger 
 
 Essencta 
 
 ,, de Alecrin 
 
 Alfazema . . . . 
 
 Anis 
 
 Hortela 
 
 ,, Pimenta . 
 Limao . . . . . 
 Noz Moschada . 
 
 Zimbro 
 
 Essentia Anisi 
 
 „ Camphorce 
 
 PAGE 
 
 572 
 
 572 
 
 573 
 
 572 
 
 573 
 
 573 
 
 574 
 
 574 
 
 574 
 
 1223 
 
 941 
 
 201 
 
 476 
 
 338 
 
 405 
 
 824 
 
 828 
 
 878 
 
 874 
 
 1175 
 
 1171 
 
 1200 
 
 1379 
 
 807 
 
 1016 
 
 1017 
 
 1014 
 
 427 
 
 1317 
 
 1177 
 
 176 
 
 941 
 
 201 
 
 251 
 
 476 
 
 828 
 
 581 
 
 806 
 
 405 
 
 824 
 
 874 
 
 251 
 
 1175 
 
 1171 
 
 1178 
 
 1200 
 
 1379 
 
 1450 
 
 - 941 
 
 1176 
 
 825 
 
 201 
 
 879 
 
 874 
 
 829 
 
 911 
 
 807 
 
 203 
 
 378 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Essentia Citri 829 
 
 ,, Menthce Piperitce . . . 878 
 
 ,, Myristica 911 
 
 ,, Spermini-Poehl .... 1316 
 Essentice. See Olea . . . .941 
 
 Essenza 941 
 
 „ di Anice 201 
 
 ,, „ Cajeput 338 
 
 „ ,, Gannella .... 476 
 
 „ „ Cedro 828 
 
 ,, ,, Eucalipto .... 581 
 
 ,, ,, Garofani .... 405 
 
 ,, ,, Ginepro ..... 806 
 
 ,, ,, Lavanda .... 824 
 
 ., ,, Menta 874 
 
 „ „ Rose 1171 
 
 ,, ,, Bosmarhw . . . .1175 
 
 ,, „ Ruta 1178 
 
 „ „ Sandolo 1200 
 
 ,, ,, Trementina . . . .1379 
 
 Essig 13 
 
 Essigcither 135 
 
 Essigrose 1169 
 
 Essigsaure 14 
 
 Estafisagria 1331 
 
 Ester Value 1543 
 
 Estoraque Liquido 1352 
 
 Estramonio 1333 
 
 Estratto di Felce Maschio Etereo . 629 
 
 Estrojanto 1341 
 
 Eter 129 
 
 ,, Acetico 135 
 
 ,, Amilnitroso 192 
 
 ,, Bromhidrico 574 
 
 ,, Nitroso AlcohoUzado . . 1317 
 
 ,, Sulfurico 131 
 
 ,, „ AlcohoUzado . . . 134 
 
 ,, Yodhidrico 579 
 
 Etere 129 
 
 ,, Acetico 135 
 
 ,, Nitroso Officinale . . .1317 
 
 Ether. See also ^ther . . . 129 
 ,, Alcohol Solution of I'heo- 
 
 bromaExcipient for Tablets 1386 
 
 ,, Alcoolerisi 134 
 
 ,, from Methylated Spirit . 131, 134 
 
 ,, Methylic 143 
 
 ,, de Petrole 294 
 
 ,, Soap 1215 
 
 Ethocaine 288 
 
 Ethyl Bromide 574 
 
 ,, Carbamate Ethyl-Urethane . 1410 
 
 „ Chloridum 675 
 
 ,, lodidum 579 
 
 „ Nitrite 1316 
 
 Ethylene-ethenyl-diamine . . . 1031 
 
 ,, Periodide 768 
 
 Ethylhydrocupreince Hydro- 
 chloridum 1137 
 
1644 
 
 EUC 
 
 Official Names in Soman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Eucaine Hydrochloride (A) . . 287 
 
 (B) . . 287 
 
 „ Lactate 286 
 
 Eucalyptene Bichloride . . . 584 
 
 Eucalypteol 584 
 
 Eucalypti Oleum 580 
 
 Eucalyptol {Grystallisablc) . . . 583 
 
 ,, Phosphate 583 
 
 Eucalyptus Gauze 580 
 
 „ Gum 815 
 
 ,, „ Lozenge .... 816 
 
 ,, Lint 580 
 
 ., Wool 580 
 
 Eucerin 122 
 
 Euchinine 1124 
 
 Euchlorine 445 
 
 Eudermol • .1371 
 
 Eudesmol 584 
 
 Eudoxin 1010 
 
 Eiidrenine 288 
 
 Eugallol 90 
 
 Eugenoform 407 
 
 Eugenol 405, 407 
 
 Eugol 584 
 
 Euguform 683 
 
 Eunatrol 1211 
 
 Euonymi Cortex 584 
 
 Euonymin 585 
 
 Eupad 367 
 
 Eupatorium 586 
 
 Euphorbia Pilulifera .... 586 
 
 Euplwrbiurn 586 
 
 Euphorin 1411 
 
 E uphthalmina 249 
 
 Euphthalmince Hydrochloridurn . 249 
 
 „ Salicylas 249 
 
 Eupyrine 1001 
 
 Euquinine 1124 
 
 Euresol 1158 
 
 Eurobin 455 
 
 Europhen 531 
 
 Eusol 367, 1451 
 
 Evonimus 584 
 
 Exalgin 587 
 
 Excipients for Pills .... 1025 
 
 Extracto Alcoholica de Cubebas . 541 
 
 „ deFeldeBoi 588 
 
 ,, „ Feto Macho Ethereo . 629 
 ,, Fluido de Curnecillo de 
 
 Centeno 570 
 
 ,, de Manzanilla .... 206 
 
 ., ,, Marihuana .... 383 
 
 ,, ., Pepinos de S. Gregorio . 564 
 
 ,, ,, Quebracho .... 1120 
 
 „ „ Trovisco .... 890 
 Extractum Aconiti Radicis 
 
 Alcoholicum 115 
 
 ,, Agropyri Liquidum . . 139 
 
 ,, Aletridis Liquidum . . 143 
 
 Exsic- 
 
 Extractum Amariim . 
 Aloes 
 
 Anthemidis . 
 Belse Liquidum 
 Belladomise . 
 „ Alcoholicum 
 ,, cum Dextrino 
 
 catum 
 „ Foliorum . 
 ,, Liquidmn 
 ,, Siccvun 
 By lies 
 Calumbce . 
 Cannabis IndicaJ 
 Capsici Liquidu7n 
 Cascarse Sagradae 
 
 ,, ,, Liquidum . 
 
 ,, ,, Liquidum 
 
 Insipidum 
 ,, ,, Siccum . 
 
 Cinchonce Aquosum 
 ,, Liquidum 
 Spirituosum 
 
 PAGE 
 
 883 
 148 
 206 
 268 
 274 
 274 
 
 274 
 274 
 283 
 274 
 327 
 362 
 383 
 392 
 409 
 410 
 
 411 
 409 
 470 
 463 
 470 
 
 Cocce .' 482 
 
 ,, Liquidmn ■ ■ • 481 
 
 Colce Fluidum . . ■ ■ 817 
 
 Colchici 501 
 
 ,, Aceticum .... 506 
 
 ,, Cormi 506 
 
 Colocynthidis Compositum 509 
 
 Condurango Liquidum . • 511 
 
 Conii 513 
 
 ,, Liquidum . ■ ■ ■ 513 
 
 Convallarice 516 
 
 Cubebce 640 
 
 Damiance 550 
 
 ,, Liquidum .... 550 
 
 Digitalis 561 
 
 Dulcamara 563 
 
 Ergotse 569 
 
 ,, Liquidum. . • • 570 
 
 Euonymi 585 
 
 Euphorbice Piluliferce . . 587 
 
 Ferri Pomati .... 592 
 
 Filicis Liquidmn . . . 629 
 
 „ Maris 629 
 
 Fuci Vesiculosi .... 637 
 
 Fuci Vesiculosi Liquidum, . 638 
 
 Fungi Secalis Fluidum . . 670 
 
 Gelsemii Alcoholicum . . 648 
 
 Gentianae 651 
 
 Glandules Suprarenalce 
 
 Hcemostaticum 1368 
 GlandulcB Suprarenalce 
 
 Liquidum 1368 
 
 Glycyrrhizse 664 
 
 ,, Crudum . . . . 664 
 
 ,, Depuratum ■ ■ ■ 664 
 
 ,, Liquidum. . . . 664 
 
1645 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 FER 
 
 Extractum Glyeyrrhizae Purum 
 
 PAGE 
 
 664 
 
 „ Gossypii Radicis Corticis 
 
 Liquidum .... 
 
 669 
 
 ,, Granati 
 
 673 
 
 ,, ,, Fluidum . 
 
 674 
 
 „ Orindelice .... 
 
 675 
 
 ,, „ Liquidum. 
 
 675 
 
 ,, Gummi Rubri Liquidum 
 
 816 
 
 ., HcBmatoxyli .... 
 
 688 
 
 ,, „ Liqtiidutn ■ 
 
 688 
 
 ,, Hamamelidis 
 
 691 
 
 ,, „ Liqmdura. 
 
 692 
 
 ,, Hydrastis .... 
 
 736 
 
 ,, Hydrastis Liquiduni 
 
 736 
 
 ,, Hyoscyami .... 
 
 752 
 
 „ Ignatice Amarce . 
 
 762 
 
 ,, Ipecacuanhce 
 
 788 
 
 „ „ Liquidum. 
 
 788 
 
 ,, „ „ (Miscible) 
 
 791 
 
 „ Indis 
 
 798 
 
 ,, Juglandis .... 
 
 806 
 
 ,, KavcB 
 
 812 
 
 ,, „ Liquidum. 
 
 812 
 
 ,, KoloB 
 
 . 817 
 
 ,, „ Liquidum . 
 
 . 817 
 
 ,, KrameriiB .... 
 
 . 818 
 
 ,, Fluidum . 
 
 . 819 
 
 ,, Lachnanthes .... 
 
 . 820 
 
 ,. Leptandrce .... 
 
 . 827 
 
 ., Lupuli 
 
 . 849 
 
 ., Malatis Ferrl 
 
 . 592 
 
 ,, Malti 
 
 . 327 
 
 ., Malti Ferratum . 
 
 . 329 
 
 ,, ,, >> cwm Oleo 
 
 
 Morrhicc 
 
 e 329 
 
 ,, Menyanthis .... 
 
 . 883 
 
 ,, Mezerei Mthereum . 
 
 . 890 
 
 ,, Nucis Vomicse . 
 
 . 924 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Siccum . 
 
 . 930 
 
 ., ,, „ Liquidum 
 
 . 935 
 
 . , Opii Liquidiun . 
 
 . 958 
 
 ., „ Siccum 
 
 . 955 
 
 ., Papaveris Liquidum, 
 
 . 980 
 
 . , Pareirce Liquidum . 
 
 . 991 
 
 ,, Physostigmatis . 
 
 . 1014 
 
 ., Picrorhizae Liquidum . 
 
 . 1019 
 
 ., Piscidioe Liquidum, . 
 
 . 1032 
 
 
 . 592 
 
 ., Quassias ..... 
 
 . 1119 
 
 ,, Rhamni Frangulm . 
 
 . 1159 
 
 „ „ Liquidum . 
 
 . 1159 
 
 
 . 410 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Fluidum. 
 
 . 411 
 
 „ Rhei 
 
 . 1162 
 
 ., ,, Comp. 
 
 . 1164 
 
 
 . 1217 
 
 „ ,, Liquidum ■ 
 
 . 1217 
 
 ,, Scopola 
 
 . 1231 
 
 ,, Secalis Corniitr. . 
 
 . 569 
 
 P.\GE 
 
 ExtractumSecaZis Cornuti Fluidum, 570 
 ,, Se7itice Legum,inorum, 
 
 Liquidum, 1239 
 ,, ., Fructuum Fluidum, 
 
 (Squire) 1239 
 
 ,, Stramonii 1335 
 
 „ Strophanthi 1344 
 
 „ Strychni 931 
 
 ,, Sumbul 1367 
 
 ,, Symphiti Liquidum. . . 1369 
 
 ,, Taraxaci 1375 
 
 ,, Valeriance 1416 
 
 ,, Viburni Prunifolii . . . 1423 
 ,, ,, Liquidum . . . 1423 
 
 Extrait de Cub&be 540 
 
 ,, Digitale 561 
 
 „ d' Ergot de Seigle . . . . 569 
 ,, de Fougere Mdle . . . . 629 
 
 ,, d' Hydrastis 739 
 
 ,, „ Muguet 516 
 
 ,, „ R6glisse 664 
 
 Eye Ointments 1407 
 
 Fava de Calabar 1014 
 
 ,, ,, S. Igtiacio .... 762 
 
 Febrifuge Spirit [Glutton's) . . 134 
 
 Fehling's Solution .... 1523 
 
 Feigen 627 
 
 Fel Bovinum Purificatum . . . 588 
 
 ,, Bovis Purificatum . . . 588 
 
 ,, Tauri Inspissatum . . . 588 
 
 Felce Masehio 628 
 
 Fenacetina 999 
 
 Fenchel 630 
 
 Femiel Fruit 630 
 
 Fenolo Cristalizzato .... 37 
 
 Fenouil Doux 630 
 
 Fer • .589 
 
 ,, Reduit par I' Hydrogene . . 624 
 
 Ferocal 617 
 
 Ferratin 593 
 
 Ferri Acetatis Liquor .... 592 
 
 ,, Albuminas 592 
 
 ,, Alginas 593 
 
 ,, et Ammonii Citras . . . 598 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Citras Viride . . 600 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Sulphas . . . 623 
 
 ,, „ ,, Tartras . . . 601 
 
 ,, Arsenas 594 
 
 ,, Arsenio -Citras Ammoniata. 593 
 
 ,, Bromidum 594 
 
 ,, Cacodylas 1267 
 
 ,, Carbonas Saccharatus . . 595 
 
 ., Chloridum 609 
 
 „ Citras 600 
 
1646 
 FER 
 
 Official Names in Eoman; all others in Italics, 
 
 Ferri Fluoridum 
 
 ,, Olycerophosphas . 
 
 „ Hydroxydum cum Magnesii 
 Oxido 
 
 ,, Hypophosphis .... 
 
 ,, lodidum 
 
 ,, Lactas 
 
 ,, et Manganesii Citras . 
 
 ,, Meta-vanadas .... 
 
 ,, Nucleinas 
 
 ,, Peptonas 
 
 „ Perchloridi Liquor Fortis . 
 
 ,, Perchloridwn .... 
 
 ,, Phosphas Saccharatus . 
 
 ,, ,, iSolubilis .... 
 
 ,, et Potassii Tartras . 
 
 ,, Pulvis . . . . • 
 
 „ Pyrophosphas Solubilis . 
 
 „ et Quininse Citras . 
 
 ,, » » >» Solubilis 
 
 „ QuinincB et Strychnince 
 Citras 
 
 ,, et StrychnincB Citras 
 
 ,, Sulphas 
 
 ,, ,, Exsiccatus . 
 
 ,, ,, Granulatus . 
 
 „ Sulphocarbolas .... 
 
 ,, Valerianas 
 
 Ferric Chloride 
 
 „ Hypophosphite .... 
 
 Ferrichthol 
 
 Ferrier's Snuff 
 
 Ferrinol 
 
 Ferripyrin . . • • • 
 Ferritartrate de Potassium 
 Ferro 
 
 ,, Porfirizzato 
 
 ,, Ridotto dalV Idrogeno . 
 
 ,, -hcemol 
 
 ,, -Kalium Tartaricum . 
 
 Ferrosulfat 
 
 Ferrous Hypophosphite 
 
 Ferrum 
 
 ,, Carbonicum Saccharatum . 
 
 „ Citricum 
 
 ,, ,, Amm,oniaturn 
 
 „ „ Chiniatum 
 
 „ Hydro -oxydatum Dialysatum 
 Liquidum .... 
 
 ,, lodati Saccharatum,. 
 
 „ lodatum Solutum . 
 
 ,, Oxidum Saccharatum . 
 
 ,, Oxychloratum Solutum 
 
 „ Pulveratum 
 
 ,, Redactum 
 
 „ Sesquichloratum 
 
 „ „ Crystallisatum, . 
 
 ,, Subcarbonicum j_. 
 
 „ Suljuricum^ 
 
 346 
 
 23 
 
 605 
 606 
 74 
 600 
 1313 
 924 
 593 
 609 
 608 
 615 
 618 
 600 
 590 
 618 
 602 
 602 
 
 604 
 604 
 618 
 620 
 618 
 47 
 
 1418 
 608 
 605 
 761 
 310 
 924 
 
 1005 
 600 
 589 
 590 
 624 
 690 
 601 
 618 
 605 
 589 
 595 
 598 
 698 
 602 
 
 614 
 606 
 606 
 598 
 614 
 590 
 624 
 609 
 609 
 595 
 618 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ferrum Tartaratum .... 600 
 
 Fersan «593 
 
 Feto Macho 028 
 
 Feuille de Coca 479 
 
 Fueilles de Belladone .... 270 
 
 ,, ,, Bucco 323 
 
 Feve du Calabar 1014 
 
 „ de St. Ignace .... 762 
 
 Fibrolysin 1249 
 
 „ Plaster Mulls .... 1249 
 
 Fichi 627 
 
 Fichtenharz 1035 
 
 Ficus 627 
 
 Fierro ^^^ 
 
 Figos Parsados 627 
 
 Figs 627 
 
 Figue 627 
 
 Fiiix Mas 628 
 
 Filmogen 1115 
 
 Fingerhutblatter 554 
 
 Finocchio 630 
 
 Fiori di Arnica 233 
 
 Fish Glue 758 
 
 Flea Seed HH 
 
 Flor de Arnica 233 
 
 Florentine Orris Root . . . 797 
 
 Flores Kusso 548 
 
 Floridcina lOlO 
 
 Flowers of Sulphm- .... 1362 
 
 Fluid Magnesia ... . . 857 
 
 Fluidextractum Aconiti . . . 114 
 
 ,, Apocyni 215 
 
 ,, Arnicce Radicis . . . 235 
 
 ,, Berberidis 298 
 
 ,, Buchu 325 
 
 ,, Calumboe 362 
 
 ,, Cannabis Indicoi . . ■ 383 
 
 ,, Capsici 392 
 
 ,, Cassice Bearean(e . . . 415 
 ,, Caulophylli . . , . .421 
 
 ,, Chiratce 435 
 
 ,, Cimifugce 456 
 
 ,, Cissampeli 991 
 
 ,, Colchici Seminis . . . 506 
 
 ,, GollinsonicB 507 
 
 ,, Conii 513 
 
 ,, Cohvallarice 516 
 
 „ Goto 524 
 
 „ GubebcB 540 
 
 ,, Gypripedii 550 
 
 ,, Digitalis 561 
 
 ,, Dulcamaroe 563 
 
 „ ErgotcB 570 
 
 ,, Eriodictyi . . ■' • • 1427 
 
 ,, Eucalypti 583 
 
 „ Euonymini 585 
 
 ,, Eupatorii 586 
 
 „ Frangulce 1159 
 
 „ Oelsemii 648 
 
1647 
 
 Official Names in Boman ; all others in Italics. 
 
 GAM 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Fluidextractum Oentiance . . 651, 652 
 
 ,, OlycyrrhizcB 665 
 
 ,, Oranati 674 
 
 ,, Qrindelice 675 
 
 ,, Guarance 685 
 
 ,, Hyoscyaml 755 
 
 ,, Jambul 806 
 
 ,, Juglandis 806 
 
 ,, Kramerice 819 
 
 ,, Lachnanthes .... 821 
 
 ,, Leptandrce 827 
 
 ,, Lobelice 848 
 
 ,, Lupulini 849 
 
 ,, Malti 328 
 
 ,, Matico 870 
 
 ,, Mezerei 890 
 
 ,, Phytolaccce Badicis . . 1018 
 
 ,, Pilocarpi 801 
 
 ,, Podophylli 1056 
 
 ,, Pruni Virginiance . .1110 
 
 ,, Quassice 1119 
 
 ,, Quebracho 1120 
 
 ,, Quillaioe 1121 
 
 ,, Rhamni Frangulcv . .1158 
 
 „ Rhei 1164 
 
 „ Rhus ........ 1166 
 
 „ RoscB 1171 
 
 „ Sabince 1179 
 
 ,, Salicis Nigrce . . .1186 
 
 ,, Sanguinarice . . . .1199 
 
 „ Sarsaparillce Compositum . 1218 
 
 „ Scillce 1226 
 
 „ Scopola 1231 
 
 ,, Scutellarioe 1231 
 
 ,, Senegoe 1233 
 
 ,, Serpentarice 1240 
 
 ,, Staphisagrice .... 1332 
 
 ,, StillingicB 1333 
 
 ,, Stramonii 1335 
 
 „ Sumbul 1367 
 
 ,, Taraxaci 1375 
 
 „ Tnfolii 1403 
 
 „ Tritici 139 
 
 ,, UvcB Ursi 1414 
 
 ,, Valeriance 1416 
 
 ,, Veratri Viridis . . . .1421 
 
 ,, Viburni Opuli .... 1423 
 
 ,, „ Prunifolii ■ ■ . 1423 
 
 ,, Vincce Major Is .... 1425 
 
 ,, Zingiberis ..... 1450 
 
 Fluorescein 1158 
 
 Fluoroform 69 
 
 Fluoruro di Argento . . . .231 
 
 Fceniculi Fructus 630 
 
 Foglie di Belladonna . . . . 270 
 
 „ Coca 479 
 
 Folia Juglandis 806 
 
 ,, Stramonii Nitrata . . . 1335 
 
 Formaldehyde Ichthyol-sulplionate 761 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Formaldehydi Liquor .... 632 
 
 Formalin 632 
 
 F or mamin- Ethyl lodidum . . 697 
 
 Formicin 636 
 
 Formidin 637 
 
 Formin 694 
 
 Formal 632 
 
 Fortoin 524 
 
 Fosfato Bicalcico 357 
 
 ,, Bisodico 1296 
 
 ,, Calcico 357 
 
 ,, de Galcio 358 
 
 ,, Di-Calcico 358 
 
 ,, Tri-Calcico 358 
 
 „ Sodico 1296 
 
 Fosforo 1010 
 
 FothergilVs Mixture .... 1227 
 
 Fougire Mdle 628 
 
 Fowler's Solution 25 
 
 Frankincense 1389 
 
 French Mixture 776 
 
 Frere Gome's Arsenical Paste . 28 
 
 Friar's Balsam 296 
 
 Friedmann's Tuberculin . . . 1462 
 
 Fructus Cannabis 382 
 
 ,, Juniperi 807 
 
 ,, Lauri 824 
 
 ,, Petroselini 215 
 
 ,, Bhamni Catharticce . . 1158 
 
 Fuco Carageo 400 
 
 Fucus Vesiculosus 637 
 
 Fuller's Earth 158 
 
 Fulmi-coton 1115 
 
 Fuming Nitric Acid .... 76 
 
 ,, Sulphuric Acid .... 96 
 
 Funcho 631 
 
 Furunclin 1426 
 
 Fusain Noir Pourpri . . . 584 
 
 G 
 
 Qa'iacol 679 
 
 Galbaru) 638 
 
 Qalbanum ' 638 
 
 Galena 1039 
 
 Galha 639 
 
 Galipeine 547 
 
 Galla 639 
 
 Gallacetophenone 90 
 
 Gallapel 639 
 
 Galle d'Alep 639 
 
 Galloformin 57 
 
 Galloyen 57 
 
 Gallussaure 56 
 
 Galyl 1197 
 
 Gambir 418 
 
 Gamboge 370 
 
 Gambogic Acid 371 
 
1648 
 
 GAM 
 
 Official Names in Eoman; all others in Italics, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gamgee Tissue 670 
 
 Garcinia Pupurea . . . . 641 
 
 Gargarisma Acidi Chromici . . 49 
 
 ,, Mruginus 542 
 
 ,, Chlori 445 
 
 ,, Myrrhce (Squire) . . . 915 
 
 ,, Potassii Chloratis . . . 1082 
 
 ,, ,, Permanganatis . . . 1100 
 
 ,, Resorcini 1157 
 
 Gargarisme au Chlorate de Potas- 
 sium 1082 
 
 Garofani 403 
 
 Garza Idrofda 670 
 
 Gaultheriae Oleum . . .641 
 
 Gastric Antacid Lozenqe . . . 303 
 
 Gauze, Alembroth 724 
 
 Benzoic 29 
 
 Boric 33 
 
 Carbolic 45 
 
 Cyllin 549 
 
 Eucalyptus 580 
 
 Iodoform 767 
 
 Salicylic 96 
 
 Sozoiodol 1315 
 
 Sublimate 723 
 
 Thymol 1392 
 
 Gayuba 1413 
 
 Gebrannte Magnesia . . . . 851 
 
 „ Kallc 362 
 
 Gebraymter Gi]^^ 359 
 
 Gefdllte Galciumcarbonut . . . 340 
 
 Gejallter Schivefel 1359 
 
 Gelanthum 1402 
 
 Gelasepsin 643 
 
 Gelatin Basis for Pessaries and 
 
 Suppositories .... 645 
 
 ,, Formalised 645 
 
 Gelatina Carrageen .... 400 
 
 ,, Cetrartce 431 
 
 ,, de Peixe 758 
 
 Gelatince Chloreli Morphici . . 901 
 
 Opii 963 
 
 „ Sulfatis Chinici . . .1150 
 
 Gelatine Officinale 644 
 
 ,, Ordinaire 644 
 
 Gelatinvun 643 
 
 5, Glycerinatum .... 645 
 
 „ Oxydi Zinci 1440 
 
 „ Zinci 1440 
 
 „ ,, Durum .... 1440 
 
 Gelato -Glycerin 645 
 
 Gelaiose Silver 229 
 
 Gelatuta Jchihyol 760 
 
 Gelbes Quecksilberoxyd . . . 716 
 
 Gelbes Wachs 422 
 
 Gelsemic Acid 649 
 
 Gelsemii Hadix 045 
 
 Gelsemin (548 
 
 Uclsemincc Hydrochloridum . . 648 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Gelsemina 648 
 
 Oelseminina 648 
 
 Gelseminine Hydrochloride Cryst . 648 
 
 Gelsemio 645 
 
 Gelsemium 645 
 
 Gelsemiumwurzel 645 
 
 Genciana 649 
 
 Gentianse Radix 649 
 
 Oentiopicrin 649 
 
 Oenziana 649 
 
 Oeoform 682 
 
 Geosofe 682 
 
 Gepulverte Holzkohle .... 394 
 
 Gejjulvertes Eisen 589 
 
 Geraniol 833 
 
 Gerbsaure 103 
 
 Gereinigte Baumwolle .... 669 
 
 Gereinigter Honig 871 
 
 German Silver 921 
 
 Gesso Calcinato 359 
 
 Gevnlrznelken 403 
 
 Ghatti Gum 686 
 
 Giala2Jpa 801 
 
 Gilmour's Pills 561 
 
 Gingembre 1448 
 
 Ginger 1448 
 
 ,, Essence of 1450 
 
 Gingerine 1450 
 
 Girofle 403 
 
 Gitalin 559 
 
 Gitin 659 
 
 Giusquiamo 749 
 
 Glacialine 36 
 
 Glandulce Rolilcrcc . . . .810 
 
 ,, Sujjrarenales .... 1367 
 
 „ SiccoB 1368 
 
 Glauber's Salt 1305 
 
 Glicerina 657 
 
 ,, Boratuda 318 
 
 ,, Borica 35 
 
 Olicerofosfato de Cal .... 345 
 
 ,, di Calcio 345 
 
 Globules Atoxyl 1268 
 
 ,, Sodii Cacodylalis . .1266 
 
 Glonoin 921 
 
 Glucantha 1402 
 
 Glucose, Diluted 654 
 
 Glucosuin 653 
 
 Gluside, Soluble 658 
 
 Glusidum 654 
 
 Glutol 636 
 
 Glycaphorm 564 
 
 Glycerado de Almidon . . . 197 
 
 ,, Commun 197 
 
 Glyciri d'Amidon .... 197 
 
 ,, d'Oxyde de Zinc . . . 1440 
 Glycerin Extract of Red Bone 
 
 Marrow 870 
 
 „ and Limejuice .... 185 
 
Index. 
 
 1649 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others la Italics. 
 
 GRA 
 
 Glycerin of Phenol 
 
 „ with Rose Water 
 
 Glycerina 
 
 Glycerinated Vaccine Lymph 
 Glycerine Officinale 
 Glycerinphosphorsaures Calcim 
 Glycerinum .... 
 
 ,, Acidi Borici 
 
 ,, ,, Carbolici . 
 
 ,, „ Salicylici . 
 
 ,, „ Tanriici 
 
 ,, Aluminis. 
 
 ,, Amyli .... 
 
 ,, Atropince 
 
 ,, Belladonnce . 
 
 ,, Bismuthi Garbonatis 
 
 ,, Boracis .... 
 
 ,, Cocci .... 
 
 ,, Croci .... 
 
 ,, Ferri Perchloridi 
 
 ,, Heroince Gonipositum 
 
 ,, lodi 
 
 ,, lodoformi 
 
 „ Ipecacuanhce 
 
 ,, Paiicreatin . 
 
 ,, Papain .... 
 
 ,, Pepsini .... 
 
 ,, ,, Fortius 
 
 ,, Plumbi Subacetatis 
 
 „ Resorcini 
 
 ,, Sodii Cinnamatis . 
 
 „ Thymol Alhalinum 
 
 ,, „ Compositum. 
 
 „ Tragacanthse 
 Glyceriiutn Amyli . 
 
 ,, Bismuthi. 
 
 ,, Boroglycerini 
 
 , , Ferri Quinino} et Stryclm 
 Phospliatum . 
 
 ,, Hydrastis 
 
 ,, Pepsini . 
 
 „ Vitelli 
 Glycerol .... 
 
 ,, -ester of Gvaiacol 
 
 „ Glycorophosphatis 
 
 „ Hypophosphitis . 
 Glycerola Hypophosphitum {Sqi 
 Glycerolado de Almidon 
 Glycerolato d'Aynido 
 Glycerole of Ipecacuanha 
 Glycerole de Chlorate de Potasse 
 Glycerophosphate de Calcium 
 
 „ Basique de Quinine 
 Glyceryl Trinitrate 
 Glyco-gelatin 
 
 „ -gelatinum 
 Glycosal. 
 
 Glycyrrhizee Radix 
 Glycyrrhizin 
 
 PAGE 
 
 44 
 
 662 
 
 657 
 
 1466 
 
 657 
 
 345 
 
 657 
 
 35 
 
 44 
 
 95 
 
 105 
 
 156 
 
 197 
 
 247 
 
 286 
 
 303 
 
 318 
 
 495 
 
 535 
 
 613 
 
 554 
 
 776 
 
 767 
 
 792 
 
 977 
 
 979 
 
 998 
 
 998 
 
 1051 
 
 1157 
 
 1280 
 
 1392 
 
 1392 
 
 1402 
 
 197 
 
 312 
 
 35 
 
 617 
 739 
 998 
 969 
 657 
 683 
 346 
 353 
 ;) 35^ 
 197 
 197 
 791 
 
 1082 
 345 
 
 1125 
 921 
 645 
 645 
 96 
 662 
 662 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Glycyrrhizinum Armnoniatum . 666 
 
 Glymal 983 
 
 Goa Powder 223 
 
 Gold and its preparation. See also 
 
 Aurum 255 
 
 ,, end Sodium, Chloride of . 256 
 
 Goldschwefel 209 
 
 Goma Amoniaco 159 
 
 ,, Arabiija 4 
 
 „ Guta 370 
 
 ,, de Limon 565 
 
 ,, Tragacanto 1401 
 
 ,, -resina Ammoniaco . . 159 
 
 Comma Adragante 1401 
 
 ,, Arabica 4 
 
 ,, Ammoniaco 159 
 
 Gommagotta 370 
 
 Gomme Adracanth .... 1401 
 
 ,, Ajnoniaque 158 
 
 ,, Arabique 4 
 
 „ Gutte 370 
 
 Gonal 1204 
 
 Gonoral 1204 
 
 Goosefoot Oil 434 
 
 Gorite 354 
 
 Gossypii Pvadicis Cortex . . . 607 
 
 Gossypiuin 609 
 
 ,, Aluminis 156 
 
 ,, Arseniosum 28 
 
 ,, Capsici 392 
 
 ,, DepuratWJib 669 
 
 ,, Fen-atum 623 
 
 ,, Fulminans 1115 
 
 ,, Hamamelis . . . . • 691 
 
 ,, lodatum 776 
 
 ,, lodoformi 767 
 
 ,, Kramericv 819 
 
 „ Menthol 882 
 
 „ Purificatum 669 
 
 Goudron de Houille .... 1036 
 
 ,, vegetal 1036 
 
 Goulard Water 1051 
 
 Goulard's Extract .... 1049 
 
 „ Lotion 1051 
 
 Gouttes A7n^res de Baume . . 762 
 
 Graisse de Laine 118 
 
 Grama Francesa 139 
 
 Graminis Citratis Oleum . . . 670 
 
 Granati Cortex 671 
 
 Granatonine 671 
 
 Granatrinde 671 
 
 Granula Dioscoridis .... 27 
 
 Granuli di Aconitina . . . .118 
 
 „ ,, Solfato di Atropina . 247 
 
 Granules de Digitaline Cristallisde 562 
 
 ,, de Strophatithine . . . 1346 
 
 ,, de Sulfate de Strychnine . 1351 
 
 Granuli di Niirato di Stricnina . 1351 
 
 Grasa de Cerdo 122 
 
1650 
 
 GRA 
 
 Official Names in Soman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Grasso Suino 122 
 
 ,, ,, con Benzoino . . 124 
 
 „ „ Mentone .... 1242 
 
 Greater Celandine 433 
 
 ,, Periwinkle 1425 
 
 Gregory's Pill 510 
 
 „ Powder 1162 
 
 Grey Oil 705 
 
 „ Powder 731 
 
 Griffith's Mixture 596 
 
 Grindelia 674 
 
 Ground-nut Oil 221 
 
 Guacamphol 682 
 
 Guaiacetin 682 
 
 Guaiaci Lignum 675 
 
 ,, Resina 676 
 
 Guaiacol 679 
 
 „ Benzoate 681 
 
 ,, Cacodylate 683 
 
 ,, Camphorate 682 
 
 ,, Carbonas 683 
 
 ,, CinnarrtMte 682 
 
 ,, Phosphate 682 
 
 „ Phosphite 682 
 
 „ Salicylate 683 
 
 „ Salol . . . . . . .683 
 
 „ {Synthetic) 679 
 
 „ Valerianate 682 
 
 Guaiacol- Any tol 761 
 
 Guaiacose 1315 
 
 Guaiacyl 682 
 
 Quaiaform 682 
 
 Guaiamar 683 
 
 Guaiaperol 1030 
 
 Guaiaquin 683 
 
 Gtiaiasanol 683 
 
 Guaikinol 688 
 
 Guajacum 675 
 
 Guajakharz 676 
 
 Guajakholz 675 
 
 Guarana 684 
 
 Gtiaranine 684 
 
 Guimauve 152 
 
 Gum Acacia 4 
 
 Gummagutta 370 
 
 Gummi Indicum 686 
 
 ,, Bubrum 815 
 
 Gummigutt 370 
 
 Gummiresina Gutti 370 
 
 Gun Cotton 1115 
 
 Gurjun Balsam 257 
 
 Gutagamba 370 
 
 Gutta Percha 686 
 
 „ ,, Depurata . . . .687 
 
 ,, ,, Laminaia .... 687 
 
 Guttce Alumini Acetici . ■ . ■ 157 
 
 ,, Atropince Sulphatis . . . 247 
 
 ,, ,, cum Cocaina . . . 247 
 
 „ „ et Quininoe . . . 1144 
 
 Gu, 
 
 Gw 
 
 Guttce Cocaince Hydrochlorldi 
 
 ,, Oleosce. 
 
 Creosoti (Squire) . 
 
 Cupri Sulphatis . 
 
 Daturince 
 
 Euphthalmince Hydro- 
 
 chloridi 
 Gummi .... 
 Homatropince 
 
 „ cum Cocaina 
 Hydrogenii Peroxidi 
 Hyoscince 
 
 „ et Cocaince . 
 Physostigtnince . 
 
 „ cum Cocaina 
 Pilocarpince . 
 Scopolamince 
 Zinci Chloridi . 
 
 „ „ cum Adrenalin 
 
 Zinc Chloridi cum Cocaina 
 Sulphatis . 
 
 ti 
 
 zeifs Test, Modified 
 
 Guycose 
 
 Guy's Pills .... 
 Gynocardia Oil . 
 Gynocardia Ointment . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 490 
 484 
 527 
 545 
 1336 
 
 249 
 
 370 
 
 700 
 
 700 
 
 746 
 
 749 
 
 749 
 
 1016 
 
 1016 
 
 1022 
 
 749 
 
 1436 
 
 1436 
 
 1436 
 
 1443 
 
 370 
 
 1536 
 
 1315 
 
 561 
 
 431 
 
 433 
 
 H 
 
 Haha del Calabar 1014 
 
 „ deS.Ignacio 762 
 
 Hoematein 689 
 
 Hcematogen 689 
 
 Hsematoxyli Lignum . . . .687 
 
 Hcematoxylin 688 
 
 ,, Solution 1525 
 
 Hcemogallol 690 
 
 Hcemoglobin 689 
 
 „ Colloidal 689 
 
 „ Extract 689 
 
 „ Scales 689 
 
 Hcernol 689 
 
 Ucefiiostatic Collodion . . . .1117 
 
 Hamamelidis Cortex .... 690 
 
 „ Folia 692 
 
 Hamamelin 691 
 
 Hamamelia 690 
 
 Hamilton's Pill 510 
 
 Hammeltalg 1242 
 
 Hartshorn and Oil 178 
 
 Hartmann's Creolin .... 532 
 
 Hau^enblase 758 
 
 Hausseife 1207 
 
 Haustus Ammonii Chloridi . . 181 
 
 „ Apomorphince Compositus . 218 
 
 ,, Chloralamidi . . . . '±'61 
 
 „ Copaibce 521 
 
1651 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 HYD 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Haustus Trinitrini .... 923 
 
 Hazeline 692 
 
 Hectine 1197 
 
 Hedonal 1411 
 
 Hegonon 229 
 
 Heims Pill 561 
 
 Helecho Macho 628 
 
 Helenin 763 
 
 Hellebore, White 1420 
 
 „ Green 1420 
 
 Helleborein 693 
 
 Helleborin 693 
 
 Helleborus 693 
 
 Helmitol 696 
 
 Heniaboloids 593 
 
 Heniidesrni Radix 693 
 
 Hemp, Canadian 215 
 
 „ Indian 381 
 
 Henbane Leaves. 749 
 
 Hepar Sulphuris 1063 
 
 Hermophenyl 707 
 
 Heroin 892 
 
 Heroin Hydrochloride . . . . 551 
 
 Heto-Cresol 1280 
 
 Hetoform . . . . . . .1280 
 
 Hetol 1279 
 
 ,, Caffeine 1279 
 
 Hetralin 696 
 
 Hexahydropyrazine .... 1030 
 
 Hexamethylenetetramine . . 694 
 
 „ Anhydromethylene Citrate . 696 
 
 ,, Camphorate 696 
 
 ,, Di-lithium Citrate . . . 696 
 
 Hexamina 694 
 
 Hexanitrin 868 
 
 Hidraslis de Canada .... 733 
 
 Hidrato de Cloral 437 
 
 ,, Potasico 1058 
 
 „ Sodico 1285 
 
 Hiel de Toro 588 
 
 HieraPicra 150 
 
 Hierro 589 
 
 ,, Reducido por el Hidrogeno . 624 
 
 Higos 627 
 
 Himrod' s Cure 1335 
 
 Hinojo 630 
 
 Hipoclorito Calcico Clorurado . . 364 
 
 „ de Calcio Impuro . . . 364 
 
 „ ,, Sodio Liquido . ... 366 
 
 Hipofosfito Calcio 350 
 
 „ Sodico 1287 
 
 Hiimdin 698 
 
 Hirudo 697 
 
 Hoffmann's Anodyne . . . . 134 
 
 Hoffmannscher Lebensbalsam . . 261 
 
 Hoja de Belladonna .... 270 
 
 „ ,, Digital 554 
 
 „ „ Nogal . 806 
 
 ,, Taraxacon .... 1374 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Holocaine 492 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 492 
 
 Holunderblilthen 1198 
 
 Holztheer 1036 
 
 Homatropina '. 700 
 
 Homatropinse Hydrobromidum . 698 
 
 „ Hydrochloridum . . . . 700 
 
 ,, Salicylas 700 
 
 Honey, Purified 871 
 
 Hopfen 849 
 
 Hopogan 972 
 
 Hops 849 
 
 Hordeum Decorticatum . . . 700 
 
 Horseradish Root 232 
 
 Houblon 849 
 
 House Pill 728 
 
 Huile. See Olea 
 
 d'Amande 185 
 
 de Cade 329 
 
 ,, Croton 536 
 
 Grise 705 
 
 de Foie du Morue . . . 904 
 
 de Foie du Morue Creosotee . 907 
 de Foie du Morue Plwsphorie 907 
 
 d'lodure Mercurique . . 713 
 
 deJusquiameComposee. . 755 
 
 Lourdes de Petrole . . . 983 
 
 d'Olive 942 
 
 „ purifiee et sterilisee 942,947 
 
 de Ricin 1167 
 
 ,, Vaseline 983 
 
 Volatile de Cajeput . . . 338 
 
 „ „ Mentha} Verte . 878 
 
 Humanising Milk Powder. . . Qll 
 
 Hutchinsoyi's Pills 732 
 
 Huxham's Tincture of Bark . . 469 
 
 Hycol 532 
 
 Hydracetin 11 
 
 Hydi-argyri Benzoas .... 706 
 
 ,, Carbolas 706 
 
 ,, Chloridum 724 
 
 ,, ,, Corrosivum . . . 721 
 
 „ Mite 726 
 
 ,, Cyanidum 707 
 
 ,, Ethylenediamine Citras. . 708 
 
 „ Gallas 708 
 
 ,, lodidum Rubrmn . ... 711 
 
 ,, lodidum Viride . . . . 713 
 
 ,, Naphtholacetas .... 708 
 
 ,, Nitratis Liquor Acidus . 714 
 
 ,, Nucleinas 924 
 
 ,, 0^605 c. Morphina . . . 733 
 
 „ Oxidum Flavum . . . 716 
 
 „ Rubriun .... 718 
 
 ,, Perchloridum .... 720 
 
 ,, Persulphas 709 
 
 „ Phenas 706 
 
 ,, et Potassii lodidum . . 713 
 
 ,, Salicylas 708 
 
1652 
 
 HYD 
 
 Official Names in Eoman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hydrargyri Sozoiodolas . . .1315 
 
 „ Subchloridum .... 724 
 
 ,, Succinimidum .... 709 
 
 ,, Sidphas 709 
 
 ,, Tannas 710 
 
 ,, Thymolacetas . . . . 711 
 
 ,, Zinco-cyanidum . ■ 707 
 
 Hydrargyrol 706 
 
 Hydi'argyrum 701 
 
 ,, Aniidato-bichloratimt, . . 729 
 
 ,, Ammoniatum .... 729 
 
 ,, Bichloratum 720 
 
 „ Ammoniatum . . 720 
 
 ., Corrosivum, . . . 721 
 
 ., Biniodatum . ■ . ■ ■ 712 
 
 ., Ghloratum 726 
 
 ,, Mite 726 
 
 ., ,, Levigatum . ■ ■ 726 
 
 ,, ,, Vapore Paratum . 726 
 
 ,, ,, Vapore Prceparatum . 726 
 
 ,, c. Creta 731 
 
 ,, Cyanatum 707 
 
 ,, lodatum 714 
 
 ,, ,, flavuw 714 
 
 ,, Oleatimi 732 
 
 ,, Oxy datum 718 
 
 ., ,, via Hum,ida Faratum 716 
 
 ,, Flavum .... 716 
 
 ., ,, Levitigatum . . . 718 
 
 ., Rubrum .... 718 
 
 ., Froecipitatum Album . . 729 
 
 ., Sulfuraium Rubrum . . 710 
 
 Tannicum Oxydulatum . 710 
 
 Hydras Chlorali 439 
 
 ., Chloralicus 439 
 
 „ Kalicus 1059 
 
 ,, Natricus 1285 
 
 Hydrasthi 739 
 
 Hydrastina 739 
 
 Hydrastince Hydrochloridum . . 740 
 
 Hydrastinina 740 
 
 Hydrastinince Hydrochloridum . 740 
 
 HycUastis Rhizoma . . . .733 
 
 Hydrate de Chloral .... 437 
 
 ,, „ Quinine .... 1122 
 
 Hydrato de Chloral 437 
 
 r, Potasico .... 1058 
 
 ., Soda ..... 1285 
 
 „ Liquido . . . 1285 
 Hydrato Carbonas Ferrosus Sac- 
 
 charatus 595 
 
 ,, Flumbicus 1043 
 
 ,, de Potassa 1059 
 
 Hydriodic Ether 679 
 
 Hydrobromic Ether .... 574 
 
 H ydrocarbonate de Magnesium . 854 
 
 Hydrochloras ^thylmorphini . . 894 
 
 „ Ghinini 1138 
 
 Hydrogenii Peroxidi Liquor . . 742 
 
 1058 
 
 1059 
 
 338 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hydrogenii FeroxiduDi . . . 741 
 Hydrogenium Hyperoxydatum 
 
 • Solutum 743 
 
 ,, Peroxydatum Solutum . . 743 
 
 Hydroipecamine 782 
 
 Hydromel Infantum .... 1238 
 
 Hydronaphthol 921 
 
 Hydropyrin 22 
 
 Hydroquinvne 1137 
 
 Hydrous Wool Fat .... 121 
 
 Hydroxide de Calcium . . . 347 
 
 ,, ,, Magnesium . ■ ■ 852 
 
 ,, ,, Potassium, Dissous . 1062 
 ,, ,, Potassium officinal 
 „ ,, „ ordinaire 
 Hydroxycaffeinum 
 
 Hyoscina 748 
 
 Hyoscince Hydriodiduin . . . 749 
 
 ,, Hydrobromidum . . . 746 
 
 ,, Hydrochloridum. . . . 749 
 
 Hyoscyami Folia 749 
 
 ,, Oleum 755 
 
 ,, ,, GomposituDh . . . 755 
 
 ,, Radix 755 
 
 ,, Semina 756 
 
 Hyoscyamina 757 
 
 Hyoscyamince Hydrobromidum . 757 
 
 ,, Sulphas 756 
 
 Hyoscyamine Discs .... ,758 
 
 Hypermanganas Kalicus . . . 1099 
 
 Hypertonic Saline in Cholera . 1274 
 
 ., War Wounds . 1274 
 
 Hypnal 1005 
 
 Hypobromite Solution for Urea 
 
 Estimation . . . .320 
 Hypodermic Tablets of Strychnine 
 
 Nitrate 1351 
 
 ,, ,, of StrychnincB Sulphas 1351 
 
 Hypoloid I nfundin 1034 
 
 Hyp)ophospihis Calcicus 
 Hypojjhosijhite de Calcium 
 ,, „ CJiaux . 
 
 ,, ,, Sodium 
 
 Hypophospkito de Cal 
 Hypophysis Cereb. Elixir 
 
 „ „ Amjyoules 
 
 Hypotonic Saline . 
 Hyrgolum .... 
 
 Iceland Moss . 
 
 
 
 
 430 
 
 ,, ,, Jelly . 
 ,, ., Jujubes 
 Ichthalbin . 
 
 
 
 
 431 
 431 
 
 761 
 
 Ichthargan . 
 Ichthoform . 
 IchthyocoUa 
 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 760 
 
 768 
 
1653 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 INJ 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ichthyol 759 
 
 „ Varnish 760 
 
 Ictiocola 758 
 
 Ictiol 760 
 
 Idonto Sodico 1285 
 
 Idraste 733 
 
 Idrato Potassico 1058 
 
 Igazol 637 
 
 Ignatia Amara 762 
 
 Ihle's Paste 1157 
 
 Imperial Drink 1105 
 
 Imperial Weights and Measures 
 
 with Metric Equivalents . . ix 
 Inconipatibles : see under respec- 
 tive headings. 
 
 India Rubber 389 
 
 Indian Gum 686 
 
 „ Hemp 381 
 
 „ Squill 1412 
 
 Indicators 1523 
 
 Indischer Hanf 381 
 
 Indoform 637 
 
 Inflatine 847 
 
 Infusa (group) 762 
 
 Infusion de Mana Laxante . . 1237 
 
 „ „ „ Purgante . . 1237 
 
 ., ,, Ruibarbo .... 1162 
 Infusion. See Infusum. 
 
 Infusions, Concentrated . . . 763 
 
 Infuso de Ipecacuana . . . 792 
 ,, Rosas Composto . .1170 
 
 di Sena con Manna . . 1237 
 
 de Senne Composto . . . 1237 
 
 di Tamarindi .... 1373 
 
 Infusum Abri 806 
 
 Alstonife 152 
 
 Aniaru)7i Alkalinuni . . 1119 
 
 Anthemidis 206 
 
 „ Concentratum . . 206 
 
 ArmoracicB Compositum . 233 
 
 Aurantii 253 
 
 ,, Compositum . . . 253 
 
 „ „ Concentratum . 254 
 
 „ Concentratum . . 254 
 
 Buchu 324 
 
 „ Concentratum. . . 324 
 
 Calumbse ...... 361 
 
 „ Concentratum ■ . 362 
 
 Caryophylli 404 
 
 „ Concentratum ■ ■ 407 
 
 Cascarillse 412 
 
 ,, Concentratum . ■ 413 
 
 Chiratse 435 
 
 ,, Concentratum ■ ■ 435 
 
 Cinchonse Acidum . . . 466 
 
 Cusparice 547 
 
 Cusso 548 
 
 Digitalis 559 
 
 ,, ConceiUratum . . 560 
 
 Infusum Dulcamarce . 
 
 „ Ergotae 
 
 ,, Gentiance Aromatiticum 
 
 ,, ,, Compositum . 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Concentratum 
 Hyoscyami Oleosum 
 
 ,. liramerise .... 
 
 ,, ,, Concentratum 
 
 .. Laxativus .... 
 Lupuli 
 
 ,, Matico 
 
 ,, Pruni Virginiance . 
 
 ,. Quassise 
 
 ,, Concentratum 
 
 ,, Rhei 
 
 ,, ,, Alcalinum 
 
 „ ,, Concentratum 
 
 ,, Rosse Acidum . 
 
 ,. ,, ,, Concentratum 
 
 ,, „ cum Acido NUrico 
 
 ,, Scoparii 
 
 ,, „ Concentratum 
 
 ,, Senegse 
 
 ,, ,, Concentratum 
 
 ,, Sennse 
 
 ,, ,, Compositum . 
 
 ,, ,, Concentratum 
 
 ,, „ cum, Manna . 
 
 ,, ,, Salinum . 
 
 ,, Serpentarice .... 
 
 ,, Sinapis 
 
 ,, Symphiti 
 
 ., Uvse Ursi .... 
 
 ,, „ ,, Concentratum 
 
 „ Valeriance .... 
 
 ,, „ Concentratum, 
 
 „ Vincce Majoris . 
 
 Ingluvin 
 
 Ingwer 
 
 Inhalations. See Vapores. 
 Inhalatio lodi c. Coriio . 
 Injectio Amylopsini (Squire) 
 
 „ Apomorphinas Hypoder 
 mica .... 
 
 „ Arsinyl 
 
 ,, Atoxyl 
 
 ,, Atropince Hypodermica 
 
 ,, Cocainae Hypodermica 
 
 ,, Ergotse Hypodermica . 
 
 ,, Ferri Arsenatis . 
 
 ,, ,, Cacodylatis 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri Biniodidi . 
 
 „ ., Cyanidi . 
 
 ,, ,, Hypodermica . 
 
 „ „ lodidi Rubri . 
 
 ,, ,, Sozoiodolatis Hypo 
 dermica .... 
 
 ,, Hyoscince Hypodermica 
 
 ., Ichthyol 
 
1654 
 
 INJ 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Injectio lodi 776 
 
 ,, lodoformi 767 
 
 „ Menthol 882 
 
 „ Fort 882 
 
 ,, Morphinae Hypodennica . 903 
 ,, MorpMncB et Atropince 
 
 Hypodermica . . . 896 
 
 ,, Papain Fort. (Squire) . . 979 
 
 ., Pllocarpince Nitratis . . 1022 
 
 ,, Quinines Hypodermica . 1123 
 
 ,, Sal Alembroth Hypodermica 724 
 
 ,, Sodii Cacodylatis . . . 1266 
 
 ,, ,, Cinnamatis . . . 1280 
 
 Stiychiiinse Hypodermica 1350 
 
 Sulpliatuin, 1444 
 
 ,, Trypsini Comp. (Squire) . 976 
 
 ,, Zinci Sidphatis .... 1444 
 
 l7isect Poison Bottle .... 1086 
 
 „ Powder 1113 
 
 In&uMatio Adrenalini Composita 
 
 (Squire) 129 
 
 ,, Benzoini 297 
 
 ,, lodojormi. Aural . . . 767 
 ,, „ et Morphince Com- 
 posita .... 767 
 „ (For throat) . . . 767 
 
 „ Menthol 882 
 
 ,, ,, Composita . . . 882 
 
 „ Morphince 900 
 
 Intestin 304 
 
 Intramine 1198 
 
 Imda 763 
 
 Inulin 763 
 
 Inyeccion Hipodermica de Ergot ina 570 
 
 lodalbacid 969 
 
 lodalbin 780 
 
 lodato de Chumbo .... 1045 
 
 lode Sublime 769 
 
 lodeosin Solution 1525 
 
 lodeto Mercurioso 714 
 
 ,, de Potassio 1090 
 
 lodetum Hydrargyrosum . . . 714 
 
 ,, Kalicum 1080 
 
 lodex 780 
 
 lodi Trichloridum .... 778 
 
 Iodine 769 
 
 „ Anytol 761 
 
 „ Leaf 778 
 
 ,, Ointment, Stainless . . 778 
 
 ,, Skin Disinfection . . . 771 
 
 „ Value 1540 
 
 ,, Vasogen 778 
 
 „ Vasolimeni 778 
 
 lodipin 778 
 
 Iodised Phenol 46 
 
 lodival 779 
 
 lodochloroxychinoline . . . .1138 
 
 lodocresol 531 
 
 lodocrol 1393 
 
 PAGE 
 
 lodofan 768 
 
 Iodoform and Eucalyptus Bougies 767 
 
 ,, Albuminate 768 
 
 ,, Antiseptic Gauze . . . 767 
 
 ,, Lint . 767 
 
 ,, Liquid 768 
 
 ,, Ointment (Deodorised) . . 767 
 
 ,, Precipitated 764 
 
 ,, Solution in Ether . . . 765 
 
 „ Wool 767 
 
 lodoformal 768 
 
 lodoformin 768 
 
 „ Ethyl Iodide .... 768 
 
 Iodoform/}gen 768 
 
 lodoforinuin 764 
 
 ,, Aromatisatum . . . . 767 
 
 lodoglidine 779 
 
 I odo- Glycerin Solution (Morton'' s) 776 
 
 lodol 768 
 
 ,, Albuminate 769 
 
 lodolene 769 
 
 lodo-Salicylic Acid .... 96 
 
 lodothyrin 1398 
 
 lodum 769 
 
 lodure d^ Ammonium . . . . 181 
 
 ,, de Plomb 1044 
 
 ,, ,, Potassium 1088 
 
 ,, ,, Sodium 1290 
 
 „ di Potassio 1088 
 
 loduro Mercurioso .... 714 
 
 lothion 779 
 
 Ipecamine 782 
 
 Ipecacuanha Annele .... 780 
 Ipecacuanha Extractinn Fluidum 
 
 Co 788 
 
 Ipecacuanhae Radix . . . .780 
 
 Ipofosfito di Calcio .... 350 
 
 „ Sodio 1287 
 
 Ipomoea3 Rad'X 797 
 
 Iridin 798 
 
 Iris 797 
 
 Irish Moss 400 
 
 „ „ Jelly 400 
 
 Irlandisches Moos .... 400 
 
 Iron. See also Ferrum . . . 589 
 
 ,, Albutninate 593 
 
 ,, Alginoid 593 
 
 ,, Ichthyolsulphonate . . . 761 
 
 „ Malate Wine .... 592 
 „ Meta-vanadate . . . .1313 
 
 ,, Paranucleo-proteid . . . 593 
 
 „ Pill 597 
 
 ,, Reduced 624 
 
 „ Wine 591 
 
 Isinglass 758 
 
 Islandisches Moos .... 430 
 
 Iso-amyl Nitrite 191 
 
 Iso-butyl Nitrite 194 
 
 I sobutyryloxy naphthoquinone , 630 
 
1^55 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 KAL 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Iso-pelletierine 671 
 
 Isopral 442 
 
 Isopropyl-Metacresol .... 1390 
 
 Iso-Punicine 67 1 
 
 Ispaghula 798 
 
 Ittiolo 760 
 
 Itrol 230 
 
 Itrosyl 1315 
 
 Ivy, Poison 1166 
 
 Izal 799 
 
 ,, Medical 799 
 
 „ Oil 799 
 
 Jabon de Aceiie de Olivas . . 1209 
 
 „ „ Sosa 1209 
 
 ,, Amigdalino 1209 
 
 ,, Animal 1207 
 
 ,, Medicinal 1209 
 
 Jaborandi Folia 799 
 
 Jalapa 801 
 
 JalapiB Resiiia 803 
 
 Jalapetiwurzel 801 
 
 Jala pin 803 
 
 Jamaica Dogwood .... 1031 
 
 Janibul 806 
 
 Janeway's Pills 1056 
 
 Japan Camphor Oil .... 379 
 
 Japanese Isinglass .... 137 
 
 Jarabe di Achicoria y Buibarbo . 1163 
 
 ,, de Adormideras . . . 980 
 
 ,, „ Balsamo del Tolu . . 263 
 
 ,, „ Corteza de Naranja . 250 
 
 ,, Diacodio 980 
 
 ,, de Limon 832 
 
 „ „ Sen 1237 
 
 JariscNs Ointment .... 89 
 
 Jeooris Aselli Oleum Emidsio . 906 
 
 Jengibre 1448 
 
 Jequiritol 806 
 
 „ Serum 806 
 
 Jequirity 806 
 
 Jeyes' Gyllin ...... 549 
 
 „ Fluid 531 
 
 Jod 769 
 
 Joduro Mercurico 711 
 
 ,, Mercuroso 714 
 
 „ di Piombo 1044 
 
 „ „ Potassio 1088 
 
 „ „ Sodio 1290 
 
 Juglandin 806 
 
 Juglans 806 
 
 Jugo de Limonis 834 
 
 „ „ Moras 890 
 
 Juices [group). See Succi . . 1355 
 Julapium Salinium . . . .1083 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Jumper Tar Oil 329 
 
 Juniperi Oleum 806 
 
 Jusquiame noire 749 
 
 K 
 
 Kadeol 329 
 
 Kalabarbohne 1014 
 
 Kaladana 808 
 
 „ Resin 809 
 
 Kali Causticum 1059 
 
 ,, ,, Fusum .... 1059 
 
 „ Solutum .... 1062 
 
 Kalicum Chloricum .... 1080 
 
 „ Nitricum 1095 
 
 Kalium. See Potassium . . 1058 
 
 ,, Bicarbonicum .... 1069 
 ,, Bitartaricum . . . .1105 
 ,, „ Depuratum . .1105 
 
 ,, Bromatum 1073 
 
 ,, Carbonicum 1076 
 
 ,, ,, Grudum .... 1077 
 
 ,, ,, Depuratum . . . 1077 
 
 ,, Chloricum 1080 
 
 ,, Hydricum, 1059 
 
 „ Solutum .... 1062 
 
 ,, Hydro-oxydatum . ■ 1059 
 
 ,, ,, Solutum .... 1061 
 
 ,, Hydrotartaricum . . . 1104 
 
 ,, Hypermanganicum . . . 1097 
 
 .. >» Crystallisatuin . . 1099 
 
 ,, lodatum 1090 
 
 ,, Natrium Tartar icum . . 1282 
 
 ,, Nitricum 1095 
 
 ,, Permanganicum . . .1099 
 
 ,, Stibio -Tartar icum . . . 212 
 
 ,, Sulfoguaiacolicum . . . 683 
 
 ,, Sulfuratum 1064 
 
 „ pro Balneo . . . 1064 
 
 ,, Suljuricum 1101 
 
 ,, Tartaricum 1103 
 
 KaliumMcetat 1065 
 
 Kaliumbicarbonat 1068 
 
 Kaliumbromid 1072 
 
 Kaliumcarbonat 1076 
 
 Kaliumchlorat 1079 
 
 Kaliumcitrat 1082 
 
 Kaliumcyanid 1085 
 
 Kaliumdichromat 1070 
 
 Kaliumferritartrat 600 
 
 Kaliumhydroxyd 1058 
 
 Kaliumjodid 1088 
 
 Kaliumnatriumiartrat . . . 1282 
 
 Kaliumnitrat 1094 
 
 Kaliumpermanganat .... 1097 
 
 Kaliumsulfat 1101 
 
 Kaliumtartrat 1102 
 
 Kalmopyrin 21 
 
1656 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 KAM 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Kamala 810 
 
 Kamala Depuratum . . . . 810 
 
 Kampher 371 
 
 Kaolini Massa 811 
 
 Kaolinum 810 
 
 Kaposi's Ointment .... 919 
 
 Karbolsaure 37 
 
 Kasak 410 
 
 Kaskarille 411 
 
 Katechu 417 
 
 Kautschuh 389 
 
 Kavse Rhizoma 812 
 
 Kelene 578 
 
 Kelp 769 
 
 Keratin 813 
 
 „ Solution 813 
 
 Kermes Mineral 211 
 
 Kerol 532 
 
 Kerosene Oil 1452 
 
 Kharsivan 1189 
 
 Kineurine 1126 
 
 Kinio Acid 474 
 
 Kino 813 
 
 „ Bengal 325 
 
 ,, Eucalypti 815 
 
 Kirschlorbeer 822 
 
 Klatschrosenblumen . . . .1166 
 
 Koch's New Tuberculin . . .1461 
 
 „ Original Tuberculin . . 1461 
 
 Koffein 330 
 
 Kokablatter 479 
 
 Kokum Butter 641 
 
 „ Tree- .... 641 
 
 Kola 816 
 
 ,, Chocolate 817 
 
 ,, Elixir 817 
 
 „ Wafers 817 
 
 „ Wine 817 
 
 Kolanin 817 
 
 Kollodiumwolle 1115 
 
 Kolombowurzel 360 
 
 Kolophonium 1153 
 
 Koloquinthen 507 
 
 Kontrastin 300 
 
 Koriander 522 
 
 Kosobluthen 548 
 
 Kousso 548 
 
 lirameriaa Radix 817 
 
 Kraus's Catheter I/ubricant . . 45 
 
 Kreosot 524 
 
 Kresolurn 529 
 
 „ Crudum 529 
 
 „ Liquifactum 529 
 
 Krotonol 536 
 
 Kryofm 1001 
 
 Ku^eben 538 
 
 Kiimmel 400 
 
 Kujyfersuljat 543 
 
 li PAGE 
 
 La Bourboule Water .... 28 
 
 Lac Sulphuris 1359 
 
 Lacca 820 
 
 Lachnanthes Tinctoria. . . . 820 
 
 Lactagol 669 
 
 Lactol 921 
 
 Lactonaphthol 921 
 
 Ladophenin 1002 
 
 Lactophosphate de Calcium Dissous 357 
 
 Lactose 1180 
 
 Lactuca 821 
 
 Lactucariutn 821 
 
 Lactylphenetidinum .... 1002 
 
 Lcevulose 1184 
 
 Lamellae 821 
 
 ,, Atropinse 247 
 
 ,, Cocainse 489 
 
 ,, EuphthalmincB .... 249 
 
 .. Homatropinse .... 700 
 
 ,, ,, cum Cocaina . . . 700 
 
 ,, Physostigminse .... 1016 
 
 Lana Collodii 1115 
 
 ,, Oossipii Depurata . . . 669 
 
 Lanoleine 121 
 
 Lanolin . 121 
 
 Lanolina 118 
 
 Lapices de Nitrato de Plata . . 227 
 
 Lapis Divinus 546 
 
 Laranjeira Azeda 253 
 
 Larch Bark 822 
 
 Lard. See Adeps 122 
 
 „ Oil 122 
 
 Largin 230 
 
 Laricis Cortex 822 
 
 Larixinic 822 
 
 Lassar's Itch Remedy . . . 919 
 
 „ Paste 1440 
 
 Lattosio 1180 
 
 Laudanum 959 
 
 „ Sydenham's 964 
 
 Laurel-cerczo 822 
 
 Laurier Cerise 822 
 
 Laurocerasi Folia 822 
 
 Lavandula Oleum . . . .824 
 
 Lavandelol 824 
 
 Lavement Purgatif .... 1238 
 
 Lead. See Plumbum .... 1039 
 
 ,, B. P. Qualitative Test for . 1537 
 
 „ Plaster 1047 
 
 „ Salts. See Plumbi. 
 
 Leberthran 904 
 
 Lecithin 970 
 
 Lecitogcn 970 
 
 Leeches 697 
 
 Leinsamen 835 
 
 Lemon Grass, Oil of . . . . 670 
 
 „ Oil of Tcrpeneless . . . 832 
 
1657 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics, 
 
 LIN 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lenigallol 90 
 
 Lenirobin 455 
 
 Lenitive Electuary .... 1236 
 
 Leno de Cuasia 1117 
 
 „ ,, Guayaco 075 
 
 Leprolin 1465 
 
 Leptandra 827 
 
 Leptandrin 827 
 
 Lettuce 821 
 
 Levico Water 28 
 
 Levurine 1426 
 
 Lichen d'Islande 430 
 
 Licor de Hoffinann . . . 134 
 
 Licopodio 851 
 
 Liebreiclvs Solution .... 389 
 Lignum Santali Rubrum . . .1111 
 
 „ Santalinum 1111 
 
 LUy oj the Valley . . . 516 
 
 Limao 828 
 
 Lime 362 
 
 „ Juice and Glycerin . . 185 
 
 „ Slaked 347 
 
 „ Water 349 
 
 Limit of Error 1546 
 
 Limon 827 
 
 lAmonade Citro-Magnesienne . 858 
 
 „ Purgative 858 
 
 Limonata Aetata Laxans . . 858 
 
 „ Gloridrica 66 
 
 „ Tartarica 110 
 
 Limonis Cortex 827 
 
 „ Succus 833 
 
 Lin 835 
 
 Linalool . - 825 
 
 Linalyl Acetate 825 
 
 Linaza 835 
 
 Linctus • • 1226 
 
 „ Ammonice Compositus . . Ill 
 
 ,, Boracinus 318 
 
 ,, Godeince 498 
 
 ,, Glycerini 792 
 
 ,, Gummosus 6 
 
 .. Heroin 554 
 
 .. Ipecacuanhce .... 792 
 
 ., Morphinoe {Squire) . . 901 
 
 ,', „ Acidus (Squire) . . 901 
 
 ., Oleosus 187 
 
 ,, Pcctoralis 666 
 
 ., Opiatus 963 
 
 „ Scillce Opiatus .... 1227 
 
 ,, Simplex 1227 
 
 Llnho 835 
 
 Lini Oleum 837 
 
 „ Semina 835 
 
 ,, ,, Contusa .... 836 
 Liniment au Ghlorojorme . .451 
 
 „ Jor Freckles 350 
 
 lAnimento Oleo Calcareo . . . 348 
 
 „ de Mostaza Gompuesto . 1214 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linimento di Sapone con Canfora 1214 
 Liniment urn A cetico -terebenthina - 
 
 turn 1381 
 
 ,, Aconiti 113 
 
 ,, „ Gompositum . . . 116 
 
 ,, Mniginis 542 
 
 ,, Ammoniacale Gamphoratum 376 
 
 ,, Ammonise 166 
 
 ,, Ammoniatum Camphoratuuh 375 
 
 ,, Atropinm 247 
 
 ,, et Ghloroformi . . 247 
 
 Belladonnae 285 
 
 ,, Gompositum . ■ ■ 286 
 
 GalamincB 340 
 
 Galcaire 348 
 
 Calcicum 348 
 
 „ Calcis 348 
 
 ,, Camphorse 374 
 
 ,, ,, Ammoniatum . . 375 
 
 Gantharidis cum Euphorbio 389 
 
 ,, Gapsici 393 
 
 ,, Gonip>ositurn . . . 393 
 ,, Ghloral Gompositum . . 441 
 
 ., Ghloroformi 451 
 
 ,, „ Gompositum ■ - ■ 451 
 
 ,, Grinale 389 
 
 ,, Crotonis 537 
 
 ,, Exsiccans 1402 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri 703 
 
 ,, Hyoscyami 755 
 
 „ lodi 774 
 
 „ Opii 958 
 
 ,, „ Ammoniatum . . . 963 
 
 ,, Opodeldoc 1214 
 
 ,, Oxydi Zinci 1440 
 
 ,, Potassii lodidi .... 1094 
 ,, ,, ,, cum kSapone. 1093 
 
 ,, Potassi lodidi c. Sapone 
 
 {P.P. 1807) 1094 
 ,, Saponato Gamphoratum . 1214 
 ,, ,, ,, lAquiduin 1214 
 
 ,, Saponato Gamphoratum c. 
 
 Kaliolodato .... 1093 
 
 ,, Saponis 1213 
 
 „ Gamj)lioratum ■ ■ 1214 
 
 „ Mollis 1214 
 
 ,, ,, Eubefaciens . . . 1214 
 
 „ Sinapis 1248 
 
 ,, Styracis 1354 
 
 ,, Succini 1355 
 
 ,, „ Gompositum . . . 1350 
 „ Terebinth! nai . . . .1381 
 ,, „ Aceticum . . . .1381 
 
 ., „ Gompositum . . .1381 
 ,, Zincicum Gompositum . . 1440 
 
 Lino 835 
 
 Linogens 987 
 
 Linogenum Spissum .... 987 
 Linseed • • • 835 
 
1658 
 
 LIN 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linseed, Crushed . 
 
 . 836 
 
 
 Oil 
 
 . 837 
 
 Lint, Boric Acid . 
 
 33 
 
 J 
 
 Carbolic .... 
 
 45 
 
 J 
 
 Eucalyptus . 
 
 . 580 
 
 , 
 
 Iodoform. 
 
 . 767 
 
 , 
 
 Salicylic .... 
 
 95 
 
 Lipase 
 
 . 973 
 
 Liquefied Phenol . 
 
 43 
 
 , 
 
 Sulphurous Acid Gas 
 
 . 103 
 
 Liquen Carragaen . 
 
 . 400 
 
 
 de Islandia . 
 
 . 431 
 
 Liq 
 
 ueur de Labarraque . 
 
 . 212 
 
 Liquid Extract see Extrac 
 
 tum 
 
 Liquidum. 
 
 
 Liquid Iodoform . 
 
 . 768 
 
 , 
 
 Rennet .... 
 
 . 998 
 
 Liq 
 
 uiritia 
 
 . 662 
 
 Liquirizia 
 
 . 662 
 
 Liq 
 
 uor Acidi Chroinici 
 
 48 
 
 
 Acidus Halleri . 
 
 . 100 
 
 , 
 
 Adi'snalini Hydrochlori 
 
 BUS. 128 
 
 , 
 
 Aluminii Acetico-Tartai 
 
 •ici. 157 
 
 , 
 
 Ammonise 
 
 . 164 
 
 
 „ Fortis . 
 
 . 161 
 
 
 „ lodidi . 
 
 . 778 
 
 
 Ammonii Acetatis . 
 
 . 176 
 
 
 „ Fortic 
 
 /■ . 178 
 
 
 ,, Anisatus . 
 
 . 167 
 
 
 ., Arsenitis . 
 
 27 
 
 
 ., Causiici . 
 
 . 164 
 
 
 ,, Citratis 
 
 . 177 
 
 
 ,, „ Fortior 
 
 . 178 
 
 
 „ {Pierlot) . . 
 
 . 184 
 
 , 
 
 Antlicmidis et Papaveri^ 
 
 ? . 206 
 
 
 Aniimonii Chloridi . 
 
 . 211 
 
 
 Antipasticus . 
 
 . 1356 
 
 
 Antisepticus . 
 
 . 1392 
 
 
 Ai'senicalis . 
 
 25 
 
 
 Arsenici Hydrochloricu 
 
 s . 26 
 
 
 Arsenii Bromidi . 
 
 . 235 
 
 , 
 
 ' „ et Hydrargyri loo 
 
 lidi . 237 
 
 , 
 
 Atropince Salicylatis 
 
 . 248 
 
 , 
 
 „ Sulphatis . 
 
 . 247 
 
 J 
 
 Auri et Arsenii Brotmd' 
 
 ■ . 256 
 
 
 Bismuthi. 
 
 . 310 
 
 
 „ et Ammonii Citra 
 
 itis. 310 
 
 
 Boracis .... 
 
 . 319 
 
 
 Bromi Cone. . 
 
 . 321 
 
 
 Brorno-Chloral Composi 
 
 tus. 441 
 
 
 Calcii Chloridi , 
 
 . 344 
 
 
 „ Lactatis 
 
 . 357 
 
 
 Calcis .... 
 
 . 348 
 
 
 ,, Chlorinataj 
 
 . 365 
 
 
 ,, Saccharatus . 
 
 . 349 
 
 
 Caoutchouc . 
 
 . 390 
 
 , 
 
 Capsici Compositus . 
 
 . 393 
 
 
 Carbonis Detergens . 
 
 . 1036 
 
 , 
 
 Carmini .... 
 
 . 495 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Liquor Caulophylli et Pulsatilla! , 421 
 
 „ Chlon . . . . . .445 
 
 ,, ,, Compositus . . . 445 
 
 ,, Chloroformi Compositus 
 
 (Squire) 452 
 
 ,, Cocci ....... 495 
 
 ,, Coccineus 495 
 
 ,, Copaibce Buclm et Cuhebo} . 521 
 
 ,, ,, cum Santalo . . . 521 
 
 ,, ,, Solubilis . . . .521 
 
 ,, Cresol Saponatus . . 530, 531 
 
 „ „ Fortis . . 531 
 
 ,, Cresolis Compositus . . . 531 
 
 ,, ,, Glycerinatus . . . 531 
 
 ,. Epispasticiis 388 
 
 .. Ei-gotce Ammoniatus . . 571 
 
 „ Ethyl Nitritis . . . .1318 
 
 ,, Euonymin et Pepsini . . 585 
 
 ,, ,, cum Pepsino . . . 585 
 
 ,, Euonym^ini 585 
 
 ,, Ferratini Arseniati . . . 694 
 
 ,, Ferri Acetatis .... 592 
 
 ,, ,, Albuminaii . . . 598 
 
 ,, ,, Bromidi Fort is ■ ■ 694 
 
 ,, ,, Chloroxydi . . . 613 
 
 ,, Chloridi .... 365 
 
 ,, ,, Dialysatus . . . 613 
 
 ,, ,, Hypophosphitum Fortis 605 
 
 „ Fortis 
 
 . . . 606 
 
 . . Oxychlorati 
 
 . . . 614 
 
 „ Dialysati , 614 
 
 Oxychloridi 
 
 . . . 614 
 
 .. Pcptonati . 
 
 . . . 593 
 
 ,, ,, cum Mangano 593 
 
 Perchloridi 
 
 . . . 612 
 
 „ Forti' 
 
 3 . . 609 
 
 . , Pernitratis 
 
 . . . 614 
 
 ., Per sulphatis 
 
 . . . 621 
 
 ,, Phosphatis Fortis . . 617 
 
 ,, Subsulphatis 
 
 . . . 623 
 
 Formaldehydi . 
 
 . . . 632 
 
 ,, Saponatus 
 
 . . . 636 
 
 Fluorescein . 
 
 . . . 1158 
 
 Gutta Percha . 
 
 . . . 687 
 
 Hcemoglobin Co. . 
 
 . . 689 
 
 Hamamelidis 
 
 . . . 692 
 
 Hydrargyri Nitratis 
 
 Acidus 714 
 
 Hydrargyri Nitratis 
 
 . . 714 
 
 „ Perchloridi 
 
 . . . 722 
 
 Hydrogenii Peroxid 
 
 i . . 742 
 
 ,, Hyperoxydati Con- 
 
 centratissimus . 
 
 . . 743 
 
 Hypophosphitum 
 
 . . 605 
 
 lodi .... 
 
 . . 776 
 
 ,, Carbolatus , 
 
 . . 776 
 
 ,, Covipositus. 
 
 . 774,776 
 
 „ Fortis . 
 
 . . 774 
 
 „ Glycerinus . 
 
 . . 776 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Official Names in Bomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 1659 
 
 Tot" 
 
 
 TAGE 
 
 Liquor Kali Caustici .... 
 
 1062 
 
 „ Kalii Arsenicosi . 
 
 25 
 
 „ Keratini 
 
 813 
 
 ,, Lithii Carbo7iatis 
 
 841 
 
 ,, Magnesii Bicarbonatis . 
 
 857 
 
 ,, ,, Boratis . . . . 
 
 36 
 
 ,, ,, Bromldi . . . . 
 
 858 
 
 ,, ,, Gitratis . . . . 
 
 858 
 
 ,, Meconicus 
 
 963 
 
 ,, Morphinse Acetatis . 
 
 896 
 
 ,, „ Bimeconatis (Squire) . 
 
 963 
 
 ,, ,, Hydrochloridi 
 
 900 
 
 ., ,, Tartratis . . . . 
 
 963 
 
 ., Natrii Caustici . . . . 
 
 1285 
 
 „ Silicici . . . . 
 
 1296 
 
 ., Nucleinicus 
 
 924 
 
 ., Ophthalmicus . . . . 
 
 1444 
 
 ., Opii Sedativus .... 
 
 964 
 
 ,. Oxydi Ferrici Albuminuti . 
 
 693 
 
 ,, Pancreaticus 
 
 973 
 
 ,, Fort. (Squire). 
 
 976 
 
 ,, Pancreatis 
 
 973 
 
 ,, Pectoralis 
 
 666 
 
 ,, Pepsini Bismuthi et Euonytn 
 
 i 
 
 cum Iridino .... 
 
 585 
 
 ,, Picis Carboiiis .... 
 
 1036 
 
 ,, ,, Lithanthracis . 
 
 1036 
 
 ,, Plumbi Subacetatis Dihitus 
 
 1051 
 
 ,, Pkunbi Subacetatis Fortis. 
 
 1049 
 
 ,, ,, Subacetici. 
 
 1050 
 
 ,. Potassje 
 
 1061 
 
 ,, Chlorinatoi 
 
 368 
 
 ,. ,, Citratis . . . . 
 
 1083 
 
 ,, Potassii Arseniatis et 
 
 
 Bromidi 
 
 235 
 
 „ „ Citratis. 
 
 1085 
 
 „ Potassii Permanganatijj 
 
 1100 
 
 ,, Protargol 
 
 231 
 
 ,, Ehei Dulcis 
 
 1164 
 
 ,, Santali Compoailun . 
 
 1203 
 
 ,, Sarsce Co?npositus Concen- 
 
 
 tratus 
 
 1218 
 
 ,, Senparus 
 
 998 
 
 ,, Sodae Chlorinatse 
 
 366 
 
 ,, Sodii Arsenatis .... 
 
 1254 
 
 ,, ,, Boratis Gomvositus . 
 
 319 
 
 ., ,, Carbolatis . . 
 
 45 
 
 ,, ., Kthylatis .... 
 
 1281 
 
 ,, ,, Hydroxidi. . 1283, 
 
 1286 
 
 ,, ,, Phosphatis Coin- 
 
 
 posUis .... 
 
 1299 
 
 ,, ,, Sulphitis Bcnzoicus . 
 
 1310 
 
 ,, Strychiiinae Hydrochloridi 
 
 1350 
 
 ,, Sublimati Corrosivi (Van 
 
 
 Swieten) 
 
 723 
 
 „ Succinatis Ammonici Pyro- 
 
 
 leosi 
 
 1356 
 
 „ Suprarenalis Hcemostaticus 
 
 1368 
 
 „ Taraxaci 
 
 1375 
 
 Liquor Thymol 1392 
 
 ,, Thymolis Cotnpositus . . 1392 
 
 ,, Thyroidei (Squire) . . . 1397 
 
 „ Trinitrini 922 
 
 ,, Trypsini Comp. (Squire) . 976 
 
 ,, Volatilis Gornucerm . . 178 
 
 ., Zinci Chloridi . . .1435 
 
 Liquore Anodinodi Hojfmanii . 134 
 
 Liquorice Juice 664 
 
 ,, Compound Powder of . . 665 
 
 ,, Root 662 
 
 Lirio de los Voltes . . . . 516 
 
 Listerine 36 
 
 Litargirio 1046 
 
 Litharge 1046 
 
 I/ithargyrum 1046 
 
 Lithia Water 841 
 
 Lithii Acetylsalicylas .... 21 
 
 ,, Benzoas 843 
 
 ,, Bitartras 846 
 
 ,, Bromidurn 844 
 
 ,, Carbonas 839 
 
 ,, Citras 841 
 
 ,, ,, Effervescens . . . 843 
 
 ,, ,, Laxativus Ejjerveac&ns 843 
 
 ,, Formas 54 
 
 ,, G^uaiacas 845 
 
 ,, Hippuras 845 
 
 ,, Ichthyolsulphotias . . . 760 
 
 ,, Quinas 845 
 
 ,, Salicylas 845 
 
 ,, Theobromince Salicylas . 846 
 
 Luiuum 838 
 
 „ Acid Tartrate .... 848 
 
 ,, Caffeine Sulponate . . . 338 
 
 ,, Diuretin 846 
 
 ,, Kinate 845 
 
 ,, Meta-vanadate . . . .1313 
 
 Litmus 1526 
 
 ,, Paper 1526 
 
 „ Solution 1526 
 
 Liver of Sulphur 1063 
 
 Lobelia 847 
 
 Lobelie Enflie 847 
 
 Lobelienkraut 847 
 
 Lobeline 847 
 
 Logwood 687 
 
 Loretin 1136 
 
 Losna 2 
 
 Losophan 531 
 
 Lotio Acidi Borici .... 36 
 ,, ,, ,, et Zinci Sulphatis 36 
 
 ,, ,, Carbolici .... 45 
 
 ,, „ Chromici .... 49 
 
 „ ,, Salicylici cum Borace 95 
 
 ,, ,, Tannici Sulphurosa . 106 
 
 ,, Ammonii Chloridi, . . . 181 
 
 ,, Bistnuihi 310 
 
 ,, Calamines 340 
 
]660 
 " LOT 
 
 Official Names in Bomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 Lotio Calcii Sulphurati 
 
 ,, Crinalis . 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri Flava 
 
 ,, ,, Nigra . 
 
 ,, ,, Perchloridi 
 
 ,, ,, „ Adda 
 
 ,, Kramerice Compositum 
 
 ,, Pancreatica Fort. (Squire) 
 
 ,, Papain 
 
 ,, Plumbi 
 
 ,, ,, Acetatis . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Evaporans 
 
 „ „ Evaporans cwn 
 
 Morphia 
 
 ,, ,, Lactatis .... 
 
 ,, „ cam Opio 
 
 „ ,, et Picis .... 
 
 ,, Resorcini 
 
 ,, Rubra 
 
 ,, Sodii Hyposulphitis 
 
 ,, Staphisagrice .... 
 
 ,, Sulphuris 
 
 ,, Trypsini Comp. {Squire) . 
 
 ,, Zinci Acetatis .... 
 
 ,, ,, Chloridi .... 
 
 ,, ,, Oxidi 
 
 ,, ,, Sulphatis .... 
 
 Lotion a V Acetate de Plomb . 
 
 ,, Ammoniacale Camphree 
 Loureiro Gerejeira .... 
 
 Li'wenzahn 
 
 Lowndes^ Cream 
 
 Lozenges. See Trocliisci. 
 LugoVs Caustic 
 
 „ Solution 
 
 Luininal .... 
 
 ,, Sodium . 
 Lunar Caustic 
 Lund's Oil .... 
 Luppolo .... 
 I/upulinum, 
 
 Lupulus .... 
 Lnitz's Ointment 
 
 Lycetol 
 
 Lycine 
 
 Lycopodium 
 Lytlmrge .... 
 Lysidine .... 
 
 ,, Acid Tartrate 
 Lysojorm .... 
 Lysol 
 
 PAGE 
 
 370 
 
 167 
 
 723 
 
 727 
 
 723 
 
 723 
 
 819 
 
 976 
 
 979 
 
 1052 
 
 1043 
 
 1052 
 
 1052 
 
 1052 
 
 1052 
 
 1036 
 
 1157 
 
 1444 
 
 1311 
 
 1332 
 
 1362 
 
 977 
 
 1430 
 
 1436 
 
 340 
 
 1444 
 
 1051 
 
 379 
 
 822 
 
 1374 
 
 731 
 
 776 
 776 
 
 1409 
 
 1409 
 224 
 45 
 849 
 850 
 849 
 713 
 
 1031 
 153 
 849 
 
 1046 
 
 1031 
 
 1031 
 637 
 532 
 
 M 
 
 Mads 909 
 
 Mad-dog Skullcap . . . .1231 
 Magma Magucsiw . . . . 863 
 Magnesia Fluid 857 
 
 Magnesia Levis .... 
 „ Ponderosa .... 
 „ Usta Ponderosa 
 Magnesie Caldnie pesante 
 Magnesii Benzoas .... 
 ,, Boro-Citras .... 
 ,, Bromidi Liquor . 
 ,, Cacodylas .... 
 ,, Carbonas Levis 
 ,, ,, Ponder osus. 
 
 ,, Citratis Liquor ... 
 ,, Citrid Potio . . . . 
 ,, Olycerophosphao 
 ,, Ichthyolsulphonas . 
 ,, Salicylas . . . . 
 
 ,, Sulphas 
 
 ., ,, Effervescens . 
 
 ,, Sulphis 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolas . . . , 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 ,, Citricum Effervesce^is . 
 
 ,, Qynocardate 
 
 ,, Lactate . . . . 
 
 ,, Oxide, Light . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Heavy . . . . 
 
 Mair's Pills 
 
 Malabar Kardamomen 
 
 Male Fern 
 
 Malonurea 
 
 Mallein 
 
 Mallow 
 
 Malt 
 
 ,, Extract 
 
 ,, ,, Liquid . . . . 
 
 ,, ,, with Cod Liver Oil . 
 
 ,, Liquid 
 
 Mandelol 
 
 Mandorle Amare 
 
 ,, Dolci 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Manganesii et Ferri Citras . 
 ,, Hypophosphis .... 
 ,, Oxid'um Prceparatuin . 
 ,, Phosphas . . . . 
 ,, et Sodii Citras .... 
 Manganesii SitljyJias .... 
 Mangani Dioxidum Frcedpitatum 
 Manganum Hyperoxydatum . 
 
 Manna 
 
 ,, Depurata 
 
 Mannite 
 
 Mannitol Hexanitrate 
 
 Manteca 'O Aceite Concreto de 
 
 Nuez Moscado 
 
 Manteca de Cerdo .... 
 
 „ ,, Cacao 
 
 Manzanilla Romane .... 
 
 ,, Ordinario 
 
 Maranta 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 851 
 . 853 
 . 854 
 853 
 , 863 
 36 
 858 
 1267 
 854 
 856 
 858 
 858 
 346 
 760 
 863 
 859 
 862 
 864 
 47 
 851 
 858 
 433 
 858 
 851 
 853 
 149 
 397 
 628 
 264 
 1466 
 864 
 327 
 327 
 328 
 328 
 328 
 185 
 184 
 190 
 865 
 867 
 865 
 864 
 865 
 867 
 866 
 865 
 865 
 867 
 867 
 867 
 868 
 
 912 
 122 
 1383 
 204 
 204 
 
iKDEJt. 
 
 1661 
 
 Official Names in Eoman; all others in Italics. 
 
 MET 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Marigold. Common ... .360 
 
 Marihuana 382 
 
 Marmelo 548 
 
 Marshall HalVs Pill .... 149 
 
 Marshmallow Root . . . . 152 
 
 Massa Ferri Carhonatis . . . 597 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri 703 
 
 ,, Kaolini 811 
 
 „ Paraffmi 985 
 
 Mastic and Chloroform . . . 869 
 
 ,, Dentaire 869 
 
 Mastiche 869 
 
 Matico 869 
 
 Matricaria 205 
 
 Maumene's Test 1543 
 
 Mauve Sauvage 864 
 
 Measures, Metric vii 
 
 „ and Weights, Imperial . . vi 
 
 Meconii Periodidum .... 963 
 
 Medinal 266 
 
 Medizinische Seife .... 1209 
 
 Medulla Bovis depurata . . . 870 
 
 „ Rubra . . . . . .870 
 
 Meerretig 232 
 
 Meerzwiebel 1223 
 
 Meimendro 750 
 
 Mel Boracis 318 
 
 ,, Depuiatum 871 
 
 ,, Rosce 1171 
 
 ,, Rosatum 1171 
 
 Mellite Guivreux 542 
 
 „ de Rose Rouge .... 1171 
 
 Mellito Simples 871 
 
 Melogranato 671 
 
 Melon Pumpkin Seeds . . . 541 
 
 Melting Points 1531 
 
 Memhrillo 548 
 
 Mentha Piperitse Oleum . . 874 
 
 „ Crispce 878 
 
 „ Viridis 878 
 
 Menthene 874 
 
 Menthol 879 
 
 Menihyl Valerianate .... 882 
 
 Mentlwleate 882 
 
 Menthosol 46, 883 
 
 Mentlioxol 883 
 
 Mentolo 879 
 
 Menyanthes 883 
 
 Mercereon 889 
 
 Mercuramine 708 
 
 Mercu7-e Purlfie 701 
 
 Mercurial Cream 704 
 
 Mercuric Amldo-Acetate ... 19 
 
 „ -Ammonium Chloride . . 729 
 
 „ Iodide . . . 711 
 
 ,, Oleate 732 
 
 „ Sulphate 709 
 
 MercuHo 701 
 
 „ com Carbonato de Cal . . 731 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mercurio Doce 726 
 
 Mercurol 924 
 
 Mercury. See Hydrargj^rum . 701 
 
 Atoxylate 710 
 
 Carbolate 706 
 
 with Chalk 731 
 
 Collosol 706 
 
 Di-iodo-2)araphenol . . ■ 711 
 
 Gallate 708 
 
 Glycocoll 19 
 
 Oxycyanide 707 
 
 Phenate 706 
 
 Phenol Para-Sulphonate . 706 
 
 Plaster Mull .... 705 
 
 and Carbolic Plaster Mull 705 
 
 Salicylarsenate . . . ■ 710 
 
 Sozoiodol 1315 
 
 Zinco-cyanide .... 707 
 
 „ „ Gauze ... 707 
 
 Merjodin 711 
 
 Mesotan 886 
 
 Metabenzamine-semicarbazide . 1007 
 
 Meta-Cresol-Anytol .... 701 
 Meta-iod-orthoxychinolin-ana- 
 
 sulphonic Acid 1136 
 
 Metakalin 532 
 
 Metaldehyde 990 
 
 Metallic Antimony .... 208 
 
 Methanal 632 
 
 Methenyl Trichloride .... 445 
 
 Methylaceianilide 587 
 
 Methyl Acetyl Salicylate . . . 886 
 
 Methylal 888 
 
 Methyl Aldehyde 632 
 
 Methylated Ether 131 
 
 „ Spirit 1322 
 
 Methyl-Benzoyl Ecgonine . . 482 
 
 ,, Chloridum 884 
 
 „ Ditannin 107 
 
 ,, Morphine 495 
 
 „ Orange 1527 
 
 ,, „ Solution .... 1527 
 
 „ Sahcylas 884 
 
 ,, Theobromine 330 
 
 „ Violet SS9 
 
 Methylene Bichloride .... 678 
 
 „ Blue 888 
 
 ,, Dicotoin 524 
 
 „ Disalicylic Acid Iodide . 637 
 Methylhydrocupreince Hydrochlori- 
 
 dum 1137 
 
 Methylenum Coeruleum . . . 888 
 
 Methylic Alcohol 142 
 
 „ Ether 143 
 
 MethylpeUetierine 671 
 
 Methyl-propyl-carbinol-urethane . 1411 
 
 Methylpunicine 671 
 
 Methylsulphonal 886 
 
 Methylsulfonal'um 887 
 
1662 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 MET 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 MethylthionincB Hydrochloridum 
 
 Mexican Scainniony Root 
 
 Mezerei Cortex 
 
 Mezereo 
 
 Mezereon ou Bois gen 
 
 Michel's Paste 
 
 Microcidin . 
 
 Miel Blanc 
 
 Miele Depurato 
 
 Migrainine 
 
 Milchsaure . 
 
 Milchzucker 
 
 Mild Caustic Points 
 
 Milk Sugar 
 
 „ of Sulphur . 
 Miller's Mouth ^Yash 
 
 ,, Tincture . 
 Mihier FothergiWs Mixture 
 M ill des' Vasoliments 
 Mineral Waters 
 
 ,, „ Classification 
 
 Mirra .... 
 Mistura Acetanilidi 
 
 ,, Adda 
 
 ,, Acidi Borici. 
 
 ,, „ Carbolici 
 
 „ Alba . 
 
 ,, A^naro-Allcalina 
 
 ,, Ammoniaci . 
 
 ,, Ammonice cum Senega 
 
 „ Amygdalae . 
 
 ,, ,, Amaroe 
 
 ,, Anti-cholerlca 
 
 „ Aperiens 
 
 ,, Aponiorphinm et Tcrcbe 
 
 „ Asajetida Composita 
 
 ,, Bismuthi. 
 
 ., „ Composita (B.F.) 
 
 ,, „ „ c. Morphina 
 
 ,, „ ,, c. Pepsino . 
 
 ,, ,, cum Soda 
 
 ,, Bromoformi .... 
 
 ., Buchu Composita . 
 
 ., Butyl-Chloral 
 
 ,, Cajuputi .... 
 
 ,, Camphorata .... 
 
 ,, Carminativa 
 
 ,, Cascarce Aperiens . 
 
 ,, ,, Sagradce . 
 
 ,, Cascarce Sagradce Composita 
 
 „ CascariUce Composita 
 
 ,, Catechu et Cretce 
 
 ,, Cetacei .... 
 
 Chalybeata .... 
 CJiloralamidi 
 Chloramidi Composita . 
 Chlorl c. Quinina {Barney 
 
 Yeo) 
 
 Cinchonce .... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 888 
 
 797 
 
 889 
 
 889 
 
 889 
 
 101 
 
 921 
 
 871 
 
 871 
 
 1005 
 
 70 
 
 1180 
 
 227 
 
 1180 
 
 1359 
 
 31 
 
 819 
 
 1227 
 
 987 
 
 1517 
 
 15G1 
 
 913 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 858 
 
 052 
 
 161 
 
 178 
 
 191 
 
 187 
 
 101 
 
 1165 
 
 218 
 
 240 
 
 304 
 
 312 
 
 312 
 
 312 
 
 304 
 
 322 
 
 325 
 
 327 
 
 339 
 
 374 
 
 400 
 
 411 
 
 411 
 
 411 
 
 413 
 
 419 
 
 430 
 
 614 
 
 437 
 
 437 
 
 444 
 
 471 
 
 59 
 
 PAGE 
 
 471 
 506 
 521 
 521 
 521 
 527 
 533 
 571 
 571 
 571 
 614 
 600 
 623 
 , 014 
 594 
 596 
 623 
 
 Mistura Cincho7ioe Acida 
 ,, Colchici . 
 ,, Copaibce . 
 ,, ,, Acida . 
 „ ,, Alkalina; . 
 
 ,, Creosoti {Squire) 
 ,, Cretse 
 ,, Ergotce . 
 ,, „ Ammoniata 
 ,, ,, et Ferri 
 ,, Ferri Amara 
 ,, ,, cum Ammonia 
 ,, „ Aperiens . 
 ,, ,, Aromatica 
 ,, ,, Arsenicalis 
 ,, ,, Composita 
 ,, ,, Laxans 
 ,, „ cum Magnesii Sulphate 
 
 614, 623 
 ,, ,, et Magnesii Sidphatis 623 
 ,, ,, Salina .... 614 
 
 ,, Gentiance 652 
 
 ,, ,, Acida 652 
 
 ,, ,, Alkalina .... 652 
 ,, ,, cum Soda ... 652 
 
 ., Glycyrrhizce 667 
 
 ,, ,, Composita . . 667 
 
 ,, Guaiaci 678 
 
 ,, Gummosa 7 
 
 .. Haimatoxyli cum Catechu . 419 
 ,. Ijjecacuanhce Ammoniala . 792 
 „ Salina .... 792 
 ,, cum Soda . . . 792 
 Jalapce cum Bheo . . . 805 
 
 Laxativa 411 
 
 Magnesice c. Bheo . . . 868 
 Methylacetanilidi . . . 588 
 
 Moschi 908 
 
 Mucilaginosa .... 7 
 
 Olei Ricini 1169 
 
 „ Santali .... 1204 
 
 „ Flavai . . . 1204 
 
 Oleoso-Balsamica . . . 261 
 
 Paraldehydi 990 
 
 Potassii Cldoratis . . .1082 
 ,, Citratis Fffervescens . 1085 
 
 „ lodidi 1094 
 
 ,, „ Alkalina . . 1094 
 „ „ et Stramonii . 1094 
 
 Quinince 1160 
 
 „ cuinFerro. . . .1150 
 
 Bhei cum Soda . . . . 1165 ■ 
 
 „ et Sodce .... 1165 
 
 Salina 1097 
 
 ,, Anodyna .... 1097 
 
 ,, Laxans . . . . 863 
 
 Santali Composita . . . 1-04 
 
 ,, ,, CU7)I, 
 
 Morphina 1204 
 
1663 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 NAT 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Mistura Scillce Composita . . . 1226 
 
 ,, ,, et Ipecacuanhce . . 1226 
 
 ,, SennEe Composita . . . 1236 
 ,, Sodce Composita . . . .1261 
 
 ,, Spiritus Vini Gallici . . 1331 
 
 ,, Strychnince Acida . . . 1350 
 
 ,, Sulphurica Adda . . . 100 
 
 ,, Tussi Rubra Concentrata . 452 
 
 Mitigated Caustic 227 
 
 Mixtura Acidi Hydrochlorati . . 66 
 
 Moelle de Bosuf Purifiie ... 870 
 
 Mollin 1215 
 
 Monobromhampher .... 380 
 Mo7io -ethyl- Morphine Hydro- 
 chloride 893 
 
 Monsel's Salt 623 
 
 „ Solution 623 
 
 Morfina 891 
 
 Mori Succus 890 
 
 Morphina 890 
 
 Morphinae Acetas 894 
 
 ,, Hydrobromidum. . . . 896 
 
 ,, Hydi'ochloridmn . . . 897 
 
 ,, Lactas 901 
 
 ,, Sulphas 901 
 
 „ Tartras 902 
 
 Morphine- Scopolamine Anaesthesia 746 
 Morphinum- Mthylatum 
 
 Hydrochloricum, 
 ., Diacetylicum 
 
 894 
 
 892 
 
 552 
 
 904 
 
 776 
 
 907 
 
 908 
 
 430 
 
 400 
 
 1243 
 
 1243 
 
 1243 
 
 Hydrochloricum 
 Moi'i'huas Oleum 
 Morton's Fluid . 
 Moschus 
 
 ,, Exsiccatus 
 Moss, Iceland . 
 
 „ Irish . 
 Mostaza . 
 
 Mountain Damson . 
 Moutarde . 
 Mouth and Nose Protector {for 
 
 poisonous and injurious trades) 669 
 
 Mucilage of Moss 400 
 
 „ Starch .... 197 
 
 Mucilago Acacise 6, 7 
 
 ,, Cydonii 549 
 
 ,, Gummi Indici .... 686 
 
 „ Salep. ...... 1184 
 
 ,, Sassafras Medulla . . .1219 
 ., Seminum Lini . > . . 836 
 ,, Tragacanthse .... 1402 
 
 „ Ulmi 1406 
 
 Mughetto 516 
 
 Muguet 616 
 
 Mulberry Juice 890 
 
 Muse 907 
 
 Muscad^ des Moluquo .... 909 
 
 Muschio 907 
 
 Musk 907 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Muskatnuss 909 
 
 Mustard. See also Sinapis . . 1243 
 „ Oil of, Volatile . . . .1245 
 
 Mutterkorn 567 
 
 Mydriasine 247 
 
 Mydrine 566 
 
 Mylabris 384 
 
 Mynsichfs Elixir of Vitriol . . 101 
 
 Myi-istica 909 
 
 Myristicce Adeps 912 
 
 Myrobalanum 912 
 
 Myrrha 913 
 
 N 
 
 Naftalan 916 
 
 Naftolo 917 
 
 N.I.C. Powder 916 
 
 Naphthalene 916 
 
 Naphihalin Iodoform . . . .768 
 
 Naphthalini Tetrachloridum . . 916 
 
 Naphthalinum . . , . 916, 1452 
 
 ,, PrcBcipitatum . . . .916 
 
 Naphthalol 919 
 
 Naphthol .917 
 
 ,, Camphor 920 
 
 Naranja Amara 249 
 
 Narceina 966 
 
 Narcotile 578 
 
 Narcotina 967 
 
 Narcyl 96G 
 
 Nargol 924 
 
 Natrio-Kalium Tartaricum, . . 1282 
 
 Natriutn. See Sodium . . . 1250 
 
 Acetylarsanilicum . . . 1269 
 A cetylparaminophenyl- 
 
 arsonate 1269 
 
 Boroglycerinatum . . . 318 
 
 Causticum 1285 
 
 Hydricum 1285 
 
 ,, Solututn . . . 1285 
 
 Hydroxydatum . . . .1285 
 
 ,, Solutum . . . 1285 
 
 Hypochlorosuni Solutum . 366 
 
 Sidfuricum 1306 
 
 ,, Crystallisatum . 1306 
 
 Sulpho-IchthyoUcum. . . 760 
 
 Sulphuricum .... 1306 
 
 Natriumacetat 1250 
 
 N atriumarsenial 12.12 
 
 N atriuinbenzoat 1255 
 
 Natriumbicarbonat 1257 
 
 Natriumbromid 1262 
 
 Natriumcarbonat 1270 
 
 Natriu7nchlorid 1273 
 
 Natriumhypophosphil . . .1287 
 
 Natriumjodid 1290 
 
 Natriumphosphat 1296 
 
1664 
 
 NAT 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 la 
 
 Natriumsalicylat . 
 N atriums ulf at . 
 Nebula Acidi Tannici . 
 
 „ Adrenalini (Squire) 
 
 ., Alkalina . 
 Cocaince . 
 
 ,, „ Composita 
 
 ,, „ Oleosa 
 
 „ Eucalypti 
 
 ,, Extracti Suprarenal 
 
 ,, Ferri Perchloridi 
 
 ,, Guiacol et Menthol 
 
 ,, lodi Composita . 
 
 ,, „ et Mentholis 
 
 „ lodoformi 
 
 „ Menthol . . . 
 
 ,, ,, cum Cocaina 
 
 „ Mentholis Composita 
 
 5, Sodii Chloridi Compos 
 
 „ Suprarenalin et Cocainm 
 Nectandra Bark 
 Nelkenol 
 Neo-Kharsivan. 
 Neo-Salvarsan . 
 Nepenthe 
 Nervocidine . 
 Neuronal 
 Niccoli Bromidum . 
 
 ,, Sulphas . 
 Nickel .... 
 
 ,, Carbonyl. 
 Nicotine 
 
 „ Salicylate 
 Nir-vanin 
 Nitras Argenticus Mitigalus 
 
 ,, Kalicus . 
 Niirato Argentico Mitigado 
 
 „ d\4.rye7ito Fuso con Nitrato 
 di Potassio 
 
 „ (sub) Bismutico . 
 
 „ Mercurico Acido . 
 
 „ „ Liquido . 
 
 „ Mer curio. 
 
 ,, Potasico .... 
 
 ,, di Potassio . 
 Nitre Pui'ified .... 
 Nitris JEthylicus cum Spirlta 
 Nitrito d'Amile. 
 
 „ di ArgetUo Cristallizzato 
 Nitroglycerin .... 
 Nitro-hydrochloric Acid Bath 
 
 Nizin 
 
 Noce Moscata .... 
 
 ,, Vomica .... 
 Nod de Galla .... 
 Noix Vomique .... 
 Nordhausen Sulphuric Acid 
 Normal Saline Solution . 
 Normal Serum .... 
 
 1302 
 
 1305 
 104 
 129 
 
 1261 
 490 
 484 
 484 
 680 
 
 1368 
 614 
 680 
 776 
 776 
 767 
 882 
 882 
 882 
 
 1278 
 129 
 267 
 405 
 
 1189 
 
 1195 
 964 
 493 
 10 
 921 
 921 
 921 
 921 
 
 1370 
 
 1371 
 492 
 227 
 
 1095 
 227 
 
 227 
 
 307 
 
 714 
 
 714 
 
 714 
 
 1094 
 
 1094 
 
 1094 
 
 1317 
 
 191 
 
 224 
 
 921 
 
 79 
 
 200 
 
 909 
 
 924 
 
 639 
 
 924 
 
 96 
 
 1278 
 
 1461 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Nosophen 1009 
 
 Novargan 230 
 
 Novaspirin 21 
 
 Novocaine 288 
 
 Novatophan 1136 
 
 Noz Moschada 909 
 
 ,, Vomica 925 
 
 Nuclein 923 
 
 Nucleinic Acid 923 
 
 Nucleol 923 
 
 Nuez Moscada 909 
 
 ,, Vomica 924 
 
 Nursery Hair Lotion .... 1332 
 
 Nutmeg 909 
 
 Nux Moschata 909 
 
 Nux VoiToica 924 
 
 Oak Bark 
 
 Oelsaurcs Quecksilber . 
 Oil. See Oleum. 
 Ointments. See Unguenta 
 Olea (group) .... 
 Oleate de Mercure . 
 Oleate of Ammonia . 
 
 Oleates 
 
 Oleatum Aconitince . 
 ,, Atropince 
 „ Cocaince .... 
 ,, Quinince .... 
 ,, VeratrincB 
 
 Olcinsaure 
 
 Oleo. See Olea .... 
 Oleo de Bacalhau . 
 ,, „ Cacao 
 „ „ Linhaca . 
 „ „ Noz Moschada . 
 ,, di Fegato di Merluzzo 
 
 Oleocreosote 
 
 Oleoresina Aspidii . 
 
 Capsici .... 
 
 de Copaiba . 
 
 Cubebce .... 
 
 Lupidini. 
 
 Piperis .... 
 
 Zingiberis 
 
 Oleosaccari 
 
 Oleum Abietis .... 
 
 Adepsinoi 
 
 Ajowan 
 
 AmygdalaJ 
 
 Amygdala} Amarie 
 
 Essen tiale 
 „ Essent. Persic. . 
 
 Anethi 
 
 Anisi 
 
 Antlaemidis ..... 
 
 1120 
 732 
 
 1400 
 
 941 
 
 732 
 
 167 
 
 941 
 
 118 
 
 243 
 
 483 
 
 1123 
 
 1422 
 
 80 
 
 941 
 
 904 
 
 1383 
 
 837 
 
 912 
 
 904 
 
 528 
 
 629 
 
 393 
 
 616 
 
 540 
 
 850 
 
 1029 
 
 1450 
 
 941 
 
 1 
 
 983 
 
 140 
 
 185 
 
 187 
 188 
 198 
 201 
 205 
 
1665 
 
 Official Names in Boman ; all others in Italics. 
 
 OPI 
 
 Oleum Anthos 
 
 Arachis 
 
 Asepticuni 
 
 Auranti Corticis. 
 
 „ Florum .... 
 Behilce Albce .... 
 
 ,, Lente 
 
 Betulinum Rectijicatum . 
 
 Cacao 
 
 Cadinuni 
 
 Cajuputi 
 
 Catnphoratum .... 
 
 ,, Forte 
 
 Camphorce Essenliale 
 Cantharidatiim .... 
 
 Cardamomi 
 
 Carui 
 
 Carvi 
 
 Caryophylli 
 
 Cassice 
 
 ChamomillcB Ca))i,phoratum . 
 Chamomillce Infusmn . 
 Chaulmoogroe , . . . 
 Chenopodii Aetherearii . 
 
 Chloroformi 
 
 Cinereum 
 
 Cinnamomi 
 
 Citri 
 
 Copaibffi 
 
 Coriandri 
 
 Crotonis 
 
 ,, Extracluin . 
 
 Cubebtc 
 
 Deelince 
 
 Erujerontia Canudtasi-i . 
 Eucalypti 
 
 ,, Maculatce oar. 
 
 Citrlodora 
 Fagi EmpyreunHiticum . 
 
 Fceniculi 
 
 GaviltheriiB .... 
 Graininis Citrati 
 Gijnocardice .... 
 Homatropincc c. Cocaina 
 rlyoscyami .... 
 
 ., Composituin . 
 
 ,, Foliorum Coctuiib 
 
 ,, Injusum . 
 Jecuris Asetli 
 
 ,, ., Ferralu/ii . 
 
 ,, ,, cum lodeto Fcrroso 
 
 lodetum . . . 90;" 
 
 Juniperi 
 
 ,, EmpyreutnatUuDii 
 
 Lauri 
 
 Laurocerasi 
 
 Lavandul.Tp 
 
 Limonis 
 
 I..im 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1175 
 221 
 943 
 251 
 255 
 298 
 641 
 299 
 
 1383 
 329 
 338 
 375 
 375 
 379 
 388 
 399 
 401 
 402 
 405 
 413 
 206 
 206 
 431 
 434 
 451 
 705 
 476 
 829 
 520 
 522 
 536 
 537 
 539 
 983 
 573 
 580 
 
 584 
 330 
 632 
 641 
 670 
 433 
 700 
 755 
 755 
 755 
 755 
 904 
 905 
 905 
 I, 907 
 807 
 807 
 824 
 822 
 824 
 828 
 837 
 
 Oleum Macidis .... 
 
 Menthce .... 
 
 Menthce Criapce . 
 ,, Piperita? . 
 ,, Viridis. 
 
 Morrhuse .... 
 
 Myristicae 
 
 ,, ^therum . 
 
 MyristiccB Expressum 
 
 Neroli .... 
 
 Nucistce .... 
 
 Olivse .... 
 
 Olivarum Commune . 
 
 Phosphoratum . 
 
 Picis LiquidcB . 
 „ Rectijicatum . 
 
 PimentcB .... 
 
 Pini 
 
 ,, Sylvestris . 
 
 pro Nebula . 
 
 Ricini .... 
 ,, Aromaticu7n. 
 
 Rosa? 
 
 Rosmarini 
 
 Rusci 
 
 Rutce 
 
 Sabimn .... 
 
 Santali .... 
 
 Sesami .... 
 
 Sinapis Volatile . 
 
 Stapliiaagrice 
 
 Succini Rectificaiam 
 
 Terebinthina? Rectificatui 
 ,, Depuratum 
 
 Theobi'omatis . 
 
 Thymi .... 
 
 Tiglii 
 
 Valerianie 
 
 Olibanum 
 
 Olio. See Olea .... 
 Olio Cadino 
 
 Cantaridalo . 
 
 di Croton Tiglio . 
 
 ,, Fegato di Merluzzo 
 
 ,, ,, I. >j con lodii 
 
 Ferroso 
 
 ,, Guisquiamo . 
 
 ,. Mandorle Dolci 
 
 ,, Olive . 
 
 ,, Ricini 
 
 ,. Vaselina 
 Olive OH, Sterilised 
 
 Olivenol 
 
 Oliveri Cortex . 
 Omiiopon .... 
 
 Onguent 
 
 ,, JEgyptiac 
 ,, Napolitainc . 
 Opii Tinctura ciun Acido Benzoico 
 3 H 
 
1666 
 
 OPI 
 
 Official Names in Bomau; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Opio 947 
 
 Opium 947 
 
 ,, de Sniyrne 947 
 
 ,, Group of Preparations, with 
 
 Proportions .... 962 
 
 ,, in Powder 947 
 
 Opodeldoc 1214 
 
 ,, LiquidujH 1215 
 
 ,. lodatum 1093 
 
 ,, ,, Liquidum . . . 1093 
 
 Oppio 947 
 
 ,, Polvere 950 
 
 Opsonins 1463 
 
 Optical Rotation 1533 
 
 Orange Peel 249 
 
 „ Wine 251 
 
 Orexin 968 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 968 
 
 ,, Tannate 968 
 
 OrgePerle 700 
 
 Orizaba Jalap Root 797 
 
 Orphol 314 
 
 Orozuz 662 
 
 Orsudan 1269 
 
 Orthoform 490 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride . . . .491 
 
 ,, New 491 
 
 Osyniumsaure 82 
 
 Ossido di Calcio 362 
 
 ,, ,, Magnesia . . . .851 
 
 ,, Mercurico Qiallo . . . 716 
 
 ,, ,, Rosso. . . . 718 
 
 ,, di Zinco 1437 
 
 Ossigeno 971 
 
 Ostindischer Enzian .... 434 
 
 Otto of Rose 1171 
 
 Ouabain 1346 
 
 Ourouparia Gambir . . . . 418 
 
 Ovi Albumen 969 
 
 „ Vitellus 969 
 
 Ovoferrin 593 
 
 Ox Bile, Purified 588 
 
 Oxalato de Cerio 427 
 
 Oxalsaure 82 
 
 Oxaphor 380 
 
 Oxethylpara-Acetanilide . . . 999 
 
 Oxido Antimonioso Precijntado . 207 
 
 ,, de Fierro Dialisado . . . 614 
 
 ,, Magnesico 851 
 
 ,, Mercurico 718 
 
 ,, M er curio Amarillo . . . 716 
 
 Rojo .... 718 
 
 ,, de Plomo 1046 
 
 „ ,, Potasio 1059 
 
 ,, Zincico . . . . . .1437 
 
 Oxyacanthine 297 
 
 Oxycamphor 379 
 
 Oxychinaseptol 1138 
 
 Oxy choline 153 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Oxyde d' Argent . . . ". . . 231 
 
 ,, de Calcium 362 
 
 ,, ,, Magnesium .... 851 
 
 ,, ,, Mercure Jaune . . . 716 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Rouge .... 718 
 
 „ ,, Plomb Fondu . . . 1046 
 
 ,, ,, Zinc 1437 
 
 Oxydo de Chumbo 1046 
 
 „ Mercurico 718 
 
 Oxydum Hydrargyri Flavum . . 716 
 
 ,, ,, Rubruin .... 718 
 
 „ Hydrargyricurn . . . . 718 
 
 ,, „ Flavum .... 716 
 
 ,, ,, PrcBcipitatum . . 716 
 
 ,, Magnesium Ponderosum . 854 
 
 ,, Plumbicum 1046 
 
 ,, „ Semivitrium. . . 1046 
 
 Oxygen 970 
 
 Oxyhcemoglobin 689 
 
 Oxymel 874, 1452 
 
 „ Scilla; 1225 
 
 ,, Urginese 1412 
 
 ,, de Verdete, 542 
 
 Oxysantonin 1207 
 
 Oxysparteina 1230 
 
 Oxy sparteine Hydrochloride . . 1230 
 
 „ Sulphate 1230 
 
 Ozone 971 
 
 Ozonic Ether 743 
 
 P 
 
 Palo de Campeche 687 
 
 Panama Bark 1120 
 
 Pancreatic Diastase .... 974 
 
 ,, Emulsion 978 
 
 ,, Enzymes 972 
 
 Pancreatina Medicinale . . . 974 
 
 Pancreatinum 973 
 
 Pancreaiised Fat 978 
 
 Pantopon 964 
 
 Papain 978 
 
 Papaverina 968 
 
 Papaveris Capsular .... 979 
 
 Pajjavero 979 
 
 Papaiv Juice 598 
 
 Papayotin 978 
 
 Papel Sinapicu 1243 
 
 Para-aminobenzoyl-diethylamino- 
 
 ethanol Hydrochloride . . . 289 
 
 Parachlorphenolum .... 46 
 
 Paracotoin 523 
 
 Paracresotinic Acid . . . . 532 
 
 Paracresylic Acid 528 
 
 Para-diethoxy-ethenyl-diphenyl- 
 
 amidine "^^^ 
 
 Paraffme 980 
 
 Paraffinum 980 
 
1667 
 
 Official Names in Bomac: ail others in Italics. 
 
 PER 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Paraffinum Durum .... 980 
 
 ,, Liquidiun 982 
 
 .. Massa 985 
 
 ,, Molle 984 
 
 ,, Solidum 981 
 
 Para form 637 
 
 Paraformic Aldehyde .... 637 
 
 Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine . 573 
 
 Paraldehydvim 987 
 
 Paraldeide 987 
 
 Para-Monochlorophenol ... 46 
 
 Paraphenetidin Aceto- Salicylate . 1002 
 
 Agarose 1002 
 
 Camphor ate 1002 
 
 Citrate 1001 
 
 Lactate 1002 
 
 Methyl Gly collate . . .1001 
 
 Quini7ie-ethyl Carbonate . 1002 
 
 Vanillin-ethyl Carbonate . 1001 
 
 Poiraphenylenediamine . . . 199 
 
 Paregoric 376 
 
 „ Elixir 376 
 
 „ Scotch 962 
 
 Pareirce Radix 991 
 
 Parenol 986 
 
 ,, Beeswax 986 
 
 ,, Liquid 986 
 
 ,, Spermaceti 986 
 
 ,, Wool Fat 986 
 
 Parogen lodi 483 
 
 Parogen 986 
 
 Paroleine 983 
 
 Pasta Acidi Salicylici ... 95 
 
 ., Copaibce 521 
 
 ,, Ichthyol 760 
 
 ,, lodi et Amyli .... 777 
 
 ,, lodoformi 768 
 
 ,, Londinensis 1286 
 
 ,, Resorcini Fortior . . .1157 
 
 „ Mitis 1157 
 
 ,, ,, et Zinci Oxidi . .1157 
 
 ,, Unna 1440 
 
 ,, de Viena 1063 
 
 ,, Zinci Chloridi .... 1436 
 
 „ ,, ,, Composita . . 1436 
 
 ,, „ ,, cum Opio . . 1436 
 
 „ Zinci 1440 
 
 ,, ,, cum Ainylo . . . 1440 
 
 ,, ,, et Gelatince . . . 1440 
 
 ,, ,, salicylata .... 1440 
 
 ,, ,, cum Resorsino . . 1157 
 
 Pastiglio di Rabarbaro . . . 1162 
 
 Pastillas Azujre 1361 
 
 ,, di Altea 153 
 
 Pastilli Heroin 554 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri Chlorati cum 
 
 Talco 728 
 
 ,, Kalicum Chloricum . . 1082 
 
 ,, Chlorati cum Talco , 728 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pastilli Ipecacuanha cum Ojyio . 900 
 
 ,, Morphini Hydrochlorici . 900 
 
 ,, N itroglyccrini .... 923 
 
 ,, Opii et Ipecacuanha . . 900 
 
 ,, Potassii Chloratis . . . 1082 
 
 Pastillus Acidi Carbolici ... 40 
 
 ,, Aconiti 116 
 
 ,, Ammonii Bromidi . . . 172 
 
 ,, Apomorphinoe et Codeince . 217 
 
 ,, Bistnuthi 304 
 
 ,, ,, et Morphince . . . 304 
 
 „ Cocce 482 
 
 ,, Cocaince 490 
 
 ,, Codeince 498 
 
 ,, lodoformi 768 
 
 ,, Menthol 882 
 
 Pate de Lichen Officinal . . . 431 
 
 ,, ,, Reglisse Officinale . . 667 
 
 Pavesi's Hcemostatic Collodion . 1117 
 
 Pavot 979 
 
 Pavy's Solution 546 
 
 Pea-nut Oil 221 
 
 Pearl Barley 700 
 
 Pearson's Antiseptic . . . .531 
 
 „ Cerate 1049 
 
 Pece di Borgogna 1035 
 
 Pegu Catechu 419 
 
 Pelitre 1112 
 
 Pelletierina 993 
 
 Pelletierine 993 
 
 „ de Tanret 993 
 
 Pelletierince Sidphas .... 993 
 
 ,, Tannas 992 
 
 Pellidol 1223 
 
 Pellitory Root 1112 
 
 Rental 453 
 
 Pentasulfure d' Antimoine . . . 209 
 
 Pepe Cubebe 538 
 
 „ Nero 1028 
 
 Peperone 390 
 
 Pepper, Black 1028 
 
 „ Long 1027 
 
 Peppermint, Oil of ... . 874 
 
 ,, „ American . . 874 
 
 „ ,, Japanese . . 875 
 
 Pepsinum 993 
 
 Pepsinum Saccharatum . . . 998 
 
 Peptone 999 
 
 Peptonised Beef Jelly . . . 978 
 
 „ Tea .... 978 
 
 ,, Gruel 977 
 
 „ Milk 977 
 
 ,, Milk-Gruel 977 
 
 ,, Nutritive Enemata . . . 978 
 
 Peptonising Powder . . . . 977 
 
 ,, Powders and Tablets . . 977 
 
 Percha Lamellate 687 
 
 Percolation, Process of . . . ] 398 
 
 Perhydrol 741 
 
 3 H 2 
 
1668 
 
 PER 
 
 Ofiicial Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Periodotatrahydroparamcthyloxy- 
 
 chiiioliiuim 1382 
 
 Peritrc de Africa 1112 
 
 Peritre del Caucaso . . ■ .1113 
 Peniianyanas Kalicus .... 10'.*'J 
 Pennaiiganate de Potassiuiv . . 1097 
 
 Peronine 893 
 
 Peru, Balsam of 257 
 
 Pervenche Officinale .... 1425 
 Pessary. See Pessus. 
 
 Pessary Basis 645 
 
 Pcssus Acidi Tannici . . . . 104 
 
 ,, Alurninis 156 
 
 ,, ,, et Zinci. . . . 156 
 
 ,, Atropince 247 
 
 ,, Convince 515 
 
 ,, Eucalypti 580 
 
 ,, Plumbi lodidi .... 1046 
 
 ,, „ ,, et Atropince . 1046 
 
 ,, ,, Opii . . . 1046 
 
 ,, Quinince 1138 
 
 ,, Zinci 1440 
 
 Petit Chrain Oil 255 
 
 Petrol 293 
 
 Petrolatum Album 985 
 
 Petrole Leyer 294 
 
 Petroleum Benzin 293 
 
 „ Ether 293 
 
 „ Spirit 987 
 
 Petroxolinum Liquidum . . . 987 
 
 ,, Spissimi 987 
 
 Petrosidjol 761 
 
 PezdeBorgona 1035 
 
 PJefferminzol 874 
 
 Pharbitis Seeds 808 
 
 Pharbitisin 809 
 
 Phellandrene 584 
 
 Phenacetinvun 999 
 
 „ cum Caffeina Efj'ervescens . 1000 
 
 Phenalgin 10 
 
 Phenazonum 1003 
 
 Phenocoll Hydrochloridum . ■ 1002 
 
 „ Salicylas 1002 
 
 Phenol 37 
 
 Phenol-Camphor 46 
 
 „ Glycerin of 44 
 
 ,, lodatum 46 
 
 ,, Liquefied 43 
 
 ,, Lozenge 44 
 
 ,, Officinal 37 
 
 ,, Ointment 44 
 
 ,, Suppositories .... 44 
 
 Phenoli Solutio 43 
 
 Phenolphthalein . . . 1008, 1528 
 
 „ Paper 1528 
 
 „ Solution 1528 
 
 Phenosal 1002 
 
 Phenosalyl 45 
 
 Phenyl-acetamide .... 7 
 
 Phen yldimethylpyrazolon . 
 Phe)iyl Dihydro-Quinazolinc 
 ,, Salicylate 
 ,, Ur ethane 
 PhenylethyhnalonylKrca 
 
 Phesin 
 
 Phloridzin 
 
 Phosphas Calcicus. 
 
 „ „ Prcecipitatus 
 
 Phosphate de Calcium 
 „ Di-acide de Calcium 
 ,, Mono-acide de Calcium 
 ,, mono-acide de Sodium 
 ,, Neutre de Calcium . 
 Phosphato de Cal 
 Phosphocose 
 Phosphore blanc 
 Phosphorsaure . 
 Phosphorus 
 Phosphotal . 
 Phosphate . 
 Phosphure de Zinc 
 Photoxylin . 
 Physical Constants 
 Physiological Salt Solution 
 Physostigmatis Semina 
 Physosligmina .... 
 Physostigmina^ HydrobromidMm 
 
 ,, Salicylas 
 
 „ Sulphas . 
 Phytin . 
 Phytolacca . 
 Phytolaccin 
 Picrorhiza . 
 Picrotoxinum . 
 Pierre Divine .... 
 Pigmentum Acidi Chromici 
 
 ,, Chloral Camphoratum 
 
 ,, ,, Gompositum . 
 
 ,, Chrysarobini 
 
 ,, lodi 
 
 ,, ,, cum. Aconiti Forte 
 „ Mite 
 
 „ ,, Carbolicum 
 
 „ ,, Carbolisatum . 
 
 ,, ,, Oleatum 
 
 ,, lodoformi 
 
 „ Mandl .... 
 
 „ Menthol .... 
 Mentholis Compositum 
 
 ,, ,, cum Benzoino 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Ciuaiacol 
 
 ,, Phenol lodati 
 
 ,, Picis cum lodo 
 
 „ „ Liquidce 
 
 ,, Resorcini 
 Pildoras 
 
 ,, de Acibar 
 ,, Anderson 
 
 46, 
 
1669 
 
 Official Names in Koman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PIL 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pildoras Azulcs 703 
 
 ,, de Blaud 597 
 
 ., Boncio 371 
 
 ., Cinoglosa .... 549 
 
 .. Copaiba 521 
 
 ,, Facificas 958 
 
 ,, de Vallet 597 
 
 Pillen 1025 
 
 Pillole 1025 
 
 ,, di Blaud 597 
 
 ,, ,, Carbonato Ferroso . . 597 
 
 „ ,, Vallet 597 
 
 Pills. See Piiulee. 
 
 Pills, Coatings for 1025 
 
 ,, Exclpients for .... 1025 
 
 Piiocarpinse Hydrochloridum . . 1023 
 
 „ Nitras 1020 
 
 „ Phenas 1024 
 
 „ Salicylas 1024 
 
 Pilocarpine 1023 
 
 Pilulm {group) 1025 
 
 Vihxldi, Acidi Arseniosi . ... 27 
 
 ., Aloes 148 
 
 „ etAsafetidie ... 148 
 
 ,, ,, ei Belladonme . . . 149 
 
 ,, ,. Compositce . . . 149 
 
 ,, ,, dihita 149 
 
 „ ct Ferri .... 149 
 
 ,, Jalap .... 150 
 
 ,, ,, Mastichen. . . 150 
 
 ,, ,, Myrrhse . . . 149 
 
 ,, ,, Nucis Vomicoe . 149 
 
 ,, Aloetica 148 
 
 ,, Aloini Composita . . . 149 
 ,, ,, et Podophylli 
 
 Compositce 150, 1056 
 
 ., Ammoniaci Opiata . . . 161 
 
 ., Aj)erientes Fortiores . . . 150 
 
 ■ ,, Mitiores . . . . 150 
 
 ,, ,, Stahlii 150 
 
 ,, Arsenii et Nucis Vomica; . 27 
 
 ,, Asafcetida 240 
 
 ,. ,, Composita. SeePilula 
 
 Galbani Comp. . . 639 
 
 Asiatica 27 
 
 ., Atropinae 247 i^ 
 
 ,, et Morphince . . . 247 
 
 .. Blaud 597 
 
 ,, B-dyl-Chloral .... 327 
 
 ,, .. ,, et Gelsemince 327 
 
 ,, ., ,, cum Gelsemio 327 
 
 Calomelanos c. Coloc . . 728 
 
 Cavihogicc Composita . . 371 
 
 de Carbonato Ferroso . . 597 
 
 Catharticce Composita . 371,510 
 
 ,, ,, Vegetabiles . . . 510 
 
 „ Codeince Composita . . . 498 
 
 ,, Colchici c. Uydrargyro . . 506 
 
 ,, Colocynthidis Composita . 509 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pilula Colocynthidis et Hydrargyri 510 
 ,, ,, ,, Hyoscyami . 510 
 
 ,, Conii Compositce . . . 514 
 
 ,, Copaibce 521 
 
 ,, Creosoti 527 
 
 ,, Cynoglossi .... 549, 958 
 ,, Digitalis Composita. . . 561 
 ,, ,. ,, (Baillie's 
 
 Pill) 561 
 ,, ,, et Hydrargyri 
 
 Composita 561 
 ,, ,, ,, Opii Composita 
 
 (Heim's Pill) 561 
 ,, Elaterii Composita . . . 564 
 
 ,, Ergotini 571 
 
 ,. Euonymini et Cascarce . . 586 
 ,, Ferratce Blaudii . . . . 597 
 
 „ Ferri 597 
 
 ,, ,, Compositce . . . 597 
 
 ,, ,, et Arsenici ... 27 
 ,, ,, ,, ,,cum Strychnina 27 
 
 ,, ,, Arsenicalis . . 27, 594 
 
 ,, ,, Carbonatis . . . 597 
 
 ,, ,, Carbonici .... 597 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Blaudii. . . 597 
 
 ,, ,, cum Chinina . . . 1151 
 
 ,, ,, lodidi 606 
 
 ,, Qalbani Composita . . . 639 
 ,, Quttoe Aloeticoe . . . . 150 
 
 ,, Hydrargjrri 703 
 
 ,, ,, Carbolici .... 706 
 
 ,, ,, cum Creta et Opio . . 732 
 
 ,, ,, cum Creta et Ipeca- 
 
 cuanha 732 
 ,, ,, cum Opio . . . .705 
 .705,1165 
 
 727 
 728 
 
 728 
 790 
 790 
 
 Rheo 
 
 , , Subchloridi 
 
 Composita 
 
 ,, Subchloridi et Jalapce 
 
 ., Subchloridi et 
 
 Scammonii 
 Ipecacuanha c. Scilla . 
 
 ,, c. Urginea. 
 
 Jalapce 805 
 
 Kalii lodati 1094 
 
 Laxantes 150 
 
 Laxativce Cojiipositcc . . 150 
 
 Mercurial 703 
 
 Metallorum 1151 
 
 Moschi 909 
 
 Myrrhce Ferratce . . . 597 
 
 Opii 958 
 
 de Opio Comp 958 
 
 Phosphori . .' . . . 1013 
 
 ,, c. Sevo 1013 
 
 Picis 1038 
 
 Plmnbi c. Opio . . . .1043 
 Podophyllini, Belladonnce et 
 
 Capsici 1056 
 
1670 
 
 PIL 
 
 Official Names in Soman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pilula Podophyllini Composita . 1056 
 ,, QuininaB Sulphatis . . .1150 
 
 ,, ,, cumFerro. . . . 1151 
 
 ,, Rhei Composita . . . . 11G2 
 
 ,, ,, et Nucis Vomicae . . 1165 
 
 „ Rufi 149 
 
 ,, Saponis Coinposita . . . 958 
 
 ,, Scammonii Composita . . 1222 
 
 ,, Scillae Composita . . . 1225 
 ,, Sulfatis Chinici . . . .1150 
 
 ,, Terebinthince Chice . . . 1378 
 
 ,, Triplex 150 
 
 ,, Trium Phosphatum . . . 617 
 
 ,, Urgineae Composita . . . 1413 
 
 ,, Valeriance Composita . . 1448 
 
 ,, Vallet 597 
 
 ,, Zinci et Belladonnce . . . 1440 
 
 ,, ,, Oxidi et Belladonnce . 1440 
 
 ,, ,, Valerianatis . . . 1448 
 
 ,, Zittmann 728 
 
 PilulcB Ferratce 75 
 
 ,, Styracis Opiatce . . .964,1354 
 
 Pilulas de Aloes e Oomma 6uta . 371 
 
 Pilules 1025 
 
 ,, d' Aloes et de Savon . . . 148 
 
 ,, Anderson 371 
 
 ,, Carbonate Ferreux . . . 597 
 
 ,, ,, de Fcr Composies . . 597 
 
 ,, de Cynoglosse Opiacies . . 549 
 ,, d'lodiire MercureuxOpiac^es 714 
 
 ,, Mercurielles Simples . . 703 
 
 ,, de Opio Comp 958 
 
 , , de Podophylline Belladonnies 1056 
 
 ,, de Ricord 714 
 
 Pimenta 1026 
 
 Piment de la Jamaica . . . ' . 1026 
 
 Pimienta Qorda 1026 
 
 „ Negra 1028 
 
 Pimientao 390 
 
 Pimiento de Indias 390 
 
 Pimpinella Anisum .... 200 
 
 Pine, Oil of. ...... 1 
 
 Pinol 1 
 
 Piombi 1039 
 
 Piper Longum 1027 
 
 „ Nigrum 1028 
 
 Piperazine 1030 
 
 ,, Citrate 1031 
 
 ,, Quinate 1031 
 
 Piperidine 1029 
 
 ,, Acid Tartrate . . . .1030 
 
 ,, Guaiacolate 1030 
 
 Piperina 1029 
 
 Piramidone 1005 
 
 Piretro 1112 
 
 Pirogallolo 88 
 
 Piroxilina 1115 
 
 Piscidia 1031 
 
 Pissenlit 1374 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pitch, Black . . . ... .1039 
 
 ,, Burgundy 1035 
 
 ,, Plaster 1035 
 
 Pituitary Gland 1032 
 
 .. Tablets . . .1034 
 
 Pituitrin 1034, 1452 
 
 Pix Burgundica 1035 
 
 ,, Carbonis Prseparata . . 1035 
 
 ,, Liquida 1036 
 
 ,, Lithanthracis .... 1036 
 
 „ Pi7ii 1035 
 
 „ Solida 1037 
 
 Placenta Seminis Lini . . . 835 
 
 Plague Vaccine 1465 
 
 Plaster Midls (Una) .... 687 
 
 ,, of Paris 359 
 
 Plasters. See Emplastra. 
 
 Pldtre Coaltari 1036 
 
 Plomh 1039 
 
 Plomo 1039 
 
 Plumbi Acetas 1040 
 
 ,, Carbonas 1043 
 
 ,, lodidum 1044 
 
 ,, Lactas 75 
 
 „ Oleas 1049 
 
 „ Oxidimi 1048 
 
 ,, Subacetatis Liquor Fortis 1049 
 
 Plumbum 1039 
 
 ,, Aceticum 1041 
 
 ,, ,, Basicum Solutum . 1050 
 
 .. >) Crystallisaturn . . 1041 
 ,, ,, Depuratwn . . .1041 
 
 ,, Carbonicum 1043 
 
 ,, ,, Basicum .... 1043 
 
 ,, ,, Hydroxydatum . . 1043 
 
 ,, lodatum 1044 
 
 ,, Oxydatum 1046 
 
 ,, Subaceticum Solutum . . 1050 
 
 Plmnmer's Pill 727 
 
 Pneuynin 528 
 
 Pneumococcus Antitoxin . . . 1458 
 
 Pneumosan 1404 
 
 P6 de Canella Composto . . , 478 
 
 ,, ,, Ipecacuana ,, ... 790 
 
 Pocion de Citrato de Magnesia . 858 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Magnesico Gaseosa 858 
 
 Podophylli Indici Resina . . 1057 
 
 ,, Indici Rhizoma. . . . 1057 
 
 „ Resina 1052 
 
 ,, Rhizoma 1052 
 
 Podophyllin 1052 
 
 Podophyllinum 1052 
 
 Podophyllotoxin 1057 
 
 Podophyllum Emodi Resin . . 1057 
 
 ,, ,, Rhizome .... 1057 
 
 Poison Ivy 1166 
 
 Poivre Noir 1028 
 
 ,, de Guinie 390 
 
 Poix de Bourgognc .... 1035 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 1671 
 POZ~ 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Poke Root 
 
 Polpa di C'assice . 
 Polvero del Dower 
 Polvo de Dower 
 
 ,, „ Ipecacuano Opiado 
 
 ,. ,, Mercurio Calcareo 
 Polytjala de Virginie . 
 Polypore du Milise 
 Pomada 
 
 ,, de Acido Fenico 
 
 ,, Alcanjorado . 
 
 „ de Belladona 
 
 „ „ „ Forte . . 
 
 ,,. ,, Cloruro Mercurioso 
 
 „ ,, „ ,, Precipitado 
 
 ,, ,, Extracto de Belladona 
 
 ,, ,, lodeto de Potassio lodada 
 
 „ ,, loduro Potasico 
 
 ,, Mercurial 
 
 ,, „ Simple . 
 
 ,, de Mercurio Doce 
 
 „ ,, Oxido AmariUo de Mer 
 curio . 
 Yodo . . . 
 Yodojormo . 
 Yodol . . . 
 Yoduro de Potasio 
 „ Potasico con 
 
 tracto de Cicufa 
 
 Pomata con Acetato Basico di 
 
 Piombo 
 
 ,, di Belladonna .... 
 
 ,, ,, Cantaridi 
 
 ,, Fenata 
 
 ,, Mercuriale 
 
 ,, con Olio di Mandorle . 
 
 ,, di Ossido giallo di Mercurio 
 
 ,, con Solfo Alcalina 
 
 ,, Stibiala 
 
 Pomato di Cloruro Mercuroso 
 
 Pomedo Benzoada 
 
 Pomegranate Bark 
 
 Pomeranzenblutenwasser . 
 Pomeranzenschale ..... 
 Pom made 
 
 ,, d'Acide Borique. 
 
 ,, Antipsorique .... 
 
 ,, Bellado)u'e 
 
 ., de Calomel 
 
 ,, Camphrie 
 
 ,, de Chlorofortyie .... 
 
 ,, Epispastique Jaune 
 
 ,, „ Verie 
 
 de Goudron 
 
 ,, d'Helmerich 
 
 ,, d'lodure de Potassium . 
 
 , , d'lodure de Potassium loduri 
 
 ,, Mercurielle a Parties egales. 
 „ Faible . . . . 
 
 PAGE 
 1017 
 
 41G 
 790 
 790 
 790 
 731 
 
 1232 
 138 
 
 1407 
 45 
 378 
 285 
 285 
 728 
 728 
 285 
 776 
 776 
 704 
 704 
 728 
 
 718 
 770 
 766 
 769 
 1093 
 
 1094 
 
 1052 
 285 
 388 
 45 
 704 
 430 
 718 
 
 1364 
 214 
 728 
 124 
 671 
 254 
 249 
 
 1407 
 36 
 
 1364 
 285 
 728 
 378 
 452 
 388 
 388 
 
 1038 
 
 1364 
 
 1093 
 775 
 704 
 704 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pommade NaphthoUe . . . . 919 
 
 d'Oxyde de Mercure Jaune. 718 
 
 de Phenol 45 
 
 ,, Salicylate de Phenyle . 1188 
 
 „ Styrax . . . 1155, 1354 
 
 Sulfureuse 1065 
 
 Pond's Extract 692 
 
 Poppy Capsules 979 
 
 Porcelain Clay 810 
 
 Potassa Caustica 1058 
 
 ,, ,, por la Cal . . . 1059 
 
 „ Fusa 1059 
 
 ,, cum Calce 1063 
 
 ,, Sulphxirata 1063 
 
 Potassii Acetas 1065 
 
 ,, Benzoas 1067 
 
 ,, Bicarbonas 1068 
 
 ,, Bichromas 1070 
 
 ,, Bitartras 1105 
 
 ,, Bromidum 1072 
 
 ,, Carbonas 1076 
 
 „ Chloras 1079 
 
 „ Citras 1082 
 
 ,, Cyanidum 1085 
 
 ,, Ferrocyaniduin .... 1086 
 
 ,, Formas 55 
 
 ,, Glycerophosphas . . . . 346 
 
 ,, Hippuras 32 
 
 ,, Hydroxidvina .... 1059 
 ,, Hypophosphis . . . .1087 
 
 „ lodidmn 1088 
 
 „ Nitras 1094 
 
 ,, Oxychinolin Sulpiwnas. . 1136 
 
 ,, Pennanganas .... 1097 
 
 ., et Sodii Tartras . . . .1282 
 
 „ Sulphas . . . ... . 1101 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolas .... 47 
 
 ,, Tartras 1102 
 
 „ Acidus . . . .1104 
 
 Potassio-Tartrate of Antimony . 211 
 
 Potassium 1058 
 
 ,, Cantharidate 389 
 
 Guaiacol Sulphonate . . 682 
 
 Potio Effervescens 1083 
 
 ,, Magnesice Citricce Effer- 
 
 vescens 858 
 
 ,, „ ,, Aerophora 858 
 
 ,, Riverii 1085 
 
 Potion Gazeuse 1085 
 
 ,, Gommeuse 7 
 
 ,, Riverii 1085 
 
 Poudre contre la Coryza . . . 882 
 
 d' Ipecacuanha Opiacie . 790 
 ,, de Strophanthine au Cen- 
 
 tiemi 1346 
 
 ,, ,, Sublimi CorrosiJ et 
 
 d'Acide Tartrique . 723 
 Powder. See Pulvis. 
 
 Pozione Riverio 1083 
 
1672 
 
 PR/E 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Proecipitatum Album 729 
 
 Precipitated Chalk .... 340 
 
 PrecipiU Blanc "29 
 
 Preservative Solution for Ana- 
 tomical Subjects . ■ ■ .723 
 
 Proof Spirit 1328 
 
 Proponal 1410 
 
 Propylamine 1403 
 
 Protargol 230 
 
 Proto-Iodure de Mercure . . . 714 
 
 Proto-Iodiiretum Hydrargyri . . 714 
 Protochlorure de Mercure par Pri'- 
 
 cipitatio7i .... 720 
 
 ,, de Mercure par volatilisation 720 
 
 ,, ,, Manganese . . . . 860 
 
 Protossido di Piombo .... 104t) 
 
 Pruni Virginianse Cortex. . . 1108 
 
 Prunum 1110 
 
 Prussiate of Potash, Yellow ■ ■ 1080 
 
 Pseudaconite 117 
 
 Pseudopelletierine 671 
 
 Pseudojninicine (Granatonine) . 671 
 
 Psychotrine 796 
 
 ., Hydriodide 796 
 
 „ Nitrate, 796 
 
 ,, Sulphate 796 
 
 Psylli Semen 1111 
 
 Ptei'ocarpi Lignum . . . .1111 
 
 Ptychotis Oil 140 
 
 Pulpa Prunorum 1110 
 
 Pulpe de Casse 416 
 
 Pulsatilla 1112 
 
 Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus . 10 
 
 ,, Aerophorus 1261 
 
 ,, ,, Anglicus .... 1261 
 
 ,, Aerophorus Laxans. . . 1284 
 
 „ Aloes et Canellce . . . 150 
 
 ,, Amygdalse Compositus . 191 
 
 ,, ,, Laxativus . . . 667 
 
 ,, Anasthmaticus .... 1335 
 
 ,, Antimonialis .... 208 
 ,, Aromaticus, vel Pulv. 
 
 Cinnam. Comp. . 478, 479 
 
 ,, Butete Seminum . . . 326 
 ,, Calomelanos et 
 
 ,, „ Acidi Borici . . . 728 
 
 ., ,, et Atnyli .... 728 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Zinci Oxidi . . 728 
 
 ,, ,, cum Rheo . . . 728 
 
 ,, Catechvi Compositus . . 419 
 
 ,, Cinnamomi Compositus . 478 
 
 ,. Creta? Aromaticus . . . 534 
 
 ,, c. Opio . . 534 
 
 ,, ,, Compositus . . . 534 
 
 „ Cynoglossi Compositus . 549 
 
 ,, Doveri 780 
 
 ,, Effervescens Laxans . . 1284 
 
 ,, Elaterini Compositus . . 564 
 
 ,, Glycyrrhizae Compositus . 665 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pulvis Guaiaci Compositus . . 679 
 
 Gummosus 7 
 
 „ Stibiatus . . . . 211 
 
 Hydrargyri et Rhei . . 1165 
 
 pro Infantibus Hufelandii. 667 
 
 lodoformi Compositus . . 768 
 
 Ipecacuanhse Compositus . 790 
 
 ,, Opiatus . . . . 790 
 
 ,, et Opii .... 790 
 
 ,, Thebaicus . . . 790 
 
 Jalapse Compositus. . . 803 
 
 Kaladana? Compositus . . 809 
 
 Kino Compositus . . . 814 
 
 pro Lacte Humanisato . . 977 
 
 Liquiritice Compositus . . 665 
 
 Lobelias Compositus . . . 848 
 
 Magnesice Borocitratis 
 
 Compositiis 36 
 
 ,, Compositus . . .1163 
 
 ,, cum Rheo .... 1163 
 
 ,, Tartaricus . . . 858 
 
 Menthol Compositus . . . 882 
 
 MoriMnce ,, ... 902 
 
 Naphthalini (Rossbach). ■ 916 
 
 Opii Compositus . . 790, 958 
 
 Pancreaticus Compositus . 977 ^ 
 
 Pectoralis Kurellce . . . 664 
 
 Phenobrom Co. {Squire). . 1005 
 
 Potassii Chloratis Compositus 1082 
 
 pro pedibus 95 
 
 Refrigerans 1108 
 
 Rhei Compositus . . . 1162 
 
 ,, cmn Hydrargyro .728,1165 
 
 ,, ,, Soda .... 1165 
 
 Salicylicus cum Talco . . 95 
 
 Salinus Anticholeraicus 
 
 (Stevens) 1278 
 Salts Carolini Factitii 
 
 Effervescens 1308 
 Santonini Compositus . . 1207 
 Santoninii et Scammonii . 1207 
 Santonin i Compositus 
 
 Infantilis 1207 
 
 Scammonii Compositus . 1222 
 
 ,, cum Calomelanc . . 1222 
 
 ,, ,, Hydrargyro . . 1222 
 
 ood* 'iartarataj 
 
 Effervescens 1282 
 Sodii Sulphatis et Zingiberis 1308 
 
 Stramonii Compositus 
 
 Talci Salicylicus 
 
 Tragacanthge Compositus 
 
 Violoi 
 
 Zinci et Calomelanos 
 ,, Chloridi Compositus 
 ,, Oleatis Compositus 
 , , Oxidi Compositus . 
 ,, ,, et Acidi Borici 
 
 „ ,, Amyli ■ 
 
 1335 
 95 
 1402- 
 197 
 1440 
 1436 
 1440 
 1440 
 1440 
 1440 
 
1673 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 QUI 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pumiline 1 
 
 Punicine 671 
 
 Purgatiii 1165 
 
 Purgatol 1165 
 
 Purified Cream of Tavta'- . . .1104 
 
 ., Mull 670 
 
 „ Ox Bile 588 
 
 Pyoctanin 889 
 
 Pyraloxin 90 
 
 Pyramidon 1005 
 
 ,, Bi-Camphorafe .... 1006 
 
 ., Mono-Camphorate . . . 1006 
 
 ,, Salicylate 1006 
 
 Pyrantin 1002 
 
 PyrazolonuDh DimetJiylamino- 
 
 plienyldimethylicum 1005 
 
 Pyrazolonum Plienyldimethylicum 1003 
 Pyrazolonum Phenyldimethylicmn 
 
 Salicylicujii 1006 
 
 Pyrethre d'Afrique 1112 
 
 Pyrethri Flores 1113 
 
 „ Radix 1112 
 
 Pyridine 1114 
 
 Pyro-Acetic Spirit 11 
 
 PyrogaUic Acid 88 
 
 ,, ., Oxidised ... 90 
 
 Pyrogallol 88 
 
 .. Di-Salicylate .... 90 
 
 Mono-acetate .... 90 
 
 ,, Triacetate 90 
 
 Pyroleum Oxycedri 329 
 
 „ Pini 1037 
 
 Pyroxylic Spirit 142 
 
 „ Rectified . . . 142 
 
 Pyroxyliiiuni 1115 
 
 ,, SoliUum. 1116 
 
 Quaiaqmn .... 
 Quassia de la Jamaique 
 
 ,, Arnara 
 Quassite Lignum . 
 Quassiaholz. 
 Quassin 
 Quebrachamine 
 
 ,, Srdpliatc . 
 Quebrachine Cryst . 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride 
 Quebracho . 
 Quecksilber . 
 
 ., chlorid 
 
 ,, chlorur 
 
 ,, jodid . 
 
 ,, oxyd ■ 
 Queen's Root 
 Qnercus Alba . 
 
 ,, Cortex 
 
 683 
 
 1117 
 
 1118 
 
 1117 
 
 1117 
 
 1117 
 
 1120 
 
 1120 
 
 1120 
 
 1120 
 
 1119 
 
 701 
 
 720 
 
 724 
 
 711 
 
 718 
 
 1333 
 
 1120 
 
 1120 
 
 Quillaiae Cortex 
 Quillaic Acid . 
 
 Quillain 
 
 Quillaja 
 
 Quina Raja 
 
 Quinaphthol 
 
 Quinaseptol. 
 
 Quince Seed .... 
 
 Quinetum .... 
 
 Quinic Acid 
 
 „ Anhydride 
 Quinidince Sulphas 
 Quinina .... 
 Quinince Acetylsalicylas 
 
 ,, Beta-Naphthol Sulphonas 
 
 ,, Bisulphas 
 Carbolas . 
 Citras 
 Di-bromo-guaiacolate 
 
 .. Ethylcarbonas 
 
 et Ferri Chloridum 
 
 ,, Fluoridum ■ 
 
 , , Glycerophosphas . 
 
 ,, Guaiacol bi-sulphonate 
 
 ,, Hydriodidum 
 
 „ ,, Acidum 
 
 ,, Hydrobromiduin . 
 
 ,, ,, Acidum 
 
 ,, Hydrochloridum 
 , ,, ,, Acidiim 
 
 ,, Hydrochloro-Sidphas 
 
 , , Hypophosphis 
 
 ,, lodo- Hydriodidum. 
 
 ,, Lactas 
 
 „ Nucleinas 
 
 ,, Phosphas 
 
 „ Salicylas 
 
 ,, „ Ejfervesceyis 
 
 ,, Sulphas . 
 
 ,, ,, Acidus 
 
 ,, „ Neutralis . 
 
 „ Sulpho carbolas . 
 
 ,, T annas . 
 
 ,, Tartras . 
 
 „ et Urece Hydrochloridum 
 
 ,, Valerianas . 
 Quinine Arsenate . 
 
 ,, ,, Basic 
 
 ,, Camphorate . 
 
 „ Formate, Basic . 
 
 „ „ Neutral 
 
 „ Saccharinate 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolate . 
 
 „ Sulphocresotate . 
 
 ,, Vanadate 
 Quinoidin .... 
 Quinoline .... 
 
 ,, Bismuth Sulphocyanide . 
 Quinosol .... 
 
1674 
 
 QUI 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 Quinotropine 697 
 
 Quinqidna Jaune 456 
 
 ,, Rouge 457 
 
 R 
 
 Rabao Rustico 232 
 
 Rabarbaro 1159 
 
 Rabona Rusticano 232 
 
 Racine d'AcUe a Grappcs . . . 455 
 
 5, de BeUadone 279 
 
 ,, ,, Colombo 360 
 
 ,, ,, Gentiane 649 
 
 Radice di Belladonna . . . . 279 
 
 Radio-active Iodine and Menthol . 776 
 
 Radium 1151 
 
 ,, Bromide 1152 
 
 Radix Anchusoi 495 
 
 Rajano Rusticano 232 
 
 Raifort 232 
 
 Raiz de Belladonna 279 
 
 „ „ Colombo 360 
 
 „ „ Pelitre 1112 
 
 Ratanhia au Peron 817 
 
 Ratania wurzel 817 
 
 Rautenol 1178 
 
 Reagents used in qualitative testing 1467 
 
 Rectified Spirit 1323 
 
 B,ed Bone Marrow 870 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Glycerin Extract 870 
 
 „ Guni 815 
 
 ,, ,, Lozenge . . . .816 
 
 ,, Poppy Petals .... 1166 
 
 ,, Pi-ecipitate 718 
 
 ., Pi'ecipitate Ointment . . 719 
 „ Sandal- Wood . . . .1111 
 ,, Sanders- Wood . . . .1111 
 
 Reduzirtes Eisen 624 
 
 Refractive Index 1534 
 
 Regaliz 662 
 
 Riglisse 662 
 
 Regnauld's Ancesthetic Mixture . 453 
 
 Regulin 137 
 
 Relative Strength of Wines and 
 
 Spirits 1330 
 
 Rennin 973 
 
 Resina 1153 
 
 ,, CarboUca 45 
 
 ,, Commune 1153 
 
 ,, Copaibce 521 
 
 ,, Guaiaci 676 
 
 ,, Kaladanae 809 
 
 „ Mastix 869 
 
 ,, Pini 1035 
 
 ,, ,, Burgundica .... 1035 
 
 ,, Podophylli 1054 
 
 „ Scamnioniae 1220 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Re'sine de Ga'iac 676 
 
 ,, Podophylle . . .1054 
 Resorcin-Camphor . . . .380,1158 
 
 ,, Plaster Mull . . . .1157 
 
 Re'sorcine 1155 
 
 Ri'sorcini Monoacetas . . . .1158 
 
 Resorcinol 1155 
 
 Resorcinol 1158 
 
 „ Phthalein Anhydride . .1158 
 
 Resorcinum 1155 
 
 Respirators 39, 669 
 
 Rhanini Frangulce Cortex . . . 1158 
 
 Rhabarher 1159 
 
 Rhanini Purshiani Cortex . . . 408 
 RhatanyRoot 817 
 
 ,, and Cocaine Lozenge . . 819 
 
 ,, Lozenge 819 
 
 Rhei Rhizonia 1159 
 
 Rheumatine 1130 
 
 Rhizoma Graminis 139 
 
 „ Veratri 1420 
 
 Rhoeados Petala 1166 
 
 Rhodinol 1172 
 
 Rhubarbe de Chine 1159 
 
 Rhus Aromatica 1167 
 
 ,. Glabra 1167 
 
 ,, Toxicodendron . . . .1166 
 
 Ricin 1167 
 
 Ricini Oleum 1167 
 
 Ricinoleic Acid 1167 
 
 RicinusOl 1167 
 
 Rizoma de Jengibrc .... 1448 
 
 Rochelle Salt 1282 
 
 Rodagen 1398 
 
 Rohes Kresol 528 
 
 Rohrenkassie 416 
 
 Romeira 671 
 
 Romische Bertramwilrzel . . .1112 
 
 ,, Kamille 204 
 
 Romischminzol 878 
 
 Rorismarini Essentia . . . .1175 
 Rosa Roja 1169 
 
 ,, Rossa 1169 
 
 RosseAqua. ...... 1174 
 
 ., Gallicje Petala . . . .1169 
 
 ,, Oleum ...... 1171 
 
 Rosenbach's Tuberculin . . . 1462 
 
 Rose Rouge 1169 
 
 Rosenol 1171 
 
 Rosenwasser 1174 
 
 Rosmarini Oleum 1175 
 
 Rosmarinol 1175 
 
 Rosolaccio 1166 
 
 Rosolic Acid 1528 
 
 Rosalie Acid Solution .... 1529 
 Rubidium Ammonium Bromide . 1265 
 
 ,, Bromide 1265 
 
 „ Iodide . 1293 
 
 Rubini's Essence 378 
 
1675 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 SAP 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Rumicin 1165 
 
 Ruibarbo 1159 
 
 Rutoe Oleum 1178 
 
 s 
 
 Sabal 1204 
 
 Sabao Animal 1208 
 
 ,, Vegetal 1209 
 
 Sabince Cacumlna 1178 
 
 Sabine 1178 
 
 Sabromin 322, 780 
 
 Sabugueiro . . . . ' . . .1198 
 
 Sacarina 654 
 
 Saccharin Discs 656 
 
 Saccharine 654 
 
 Saccharinum Solubile .... 656 
 
 Saccharum Carrageen .... 400 
 
 ,, Getrarice 431 
 
 ,, Lactis 1180 
 
 ,, Purificatum 1181 
 
 Saccharure de Carbonate Ferreux . 595 
 
 Sacred Bark 408 
 
 Sadebaumspitzeii 1178 
 
 Saffron. See Crocus .... 534 
 
 Safrol 1219 
 
 Safran 534 
 
 Sajodin 780 
 
 Salacctol 95 
 
 Sal Alembroth 724 
 
 ,, Bromatiim Effervescens . . 1076 
 
 ,, Carolinum Faclitium . . 1308 
 
 ,, Emsanum Facticium . . 1261 
 
 ,, Enixum 1101 
 
 ,, Polychrestum . . . .1101 
 „ Seignette . . . .1282 
 
 ,, Prunella 1097 
 
 ,, Volatile, Spirit of . . . 175 
 
 Salep 1184 
 
 Salib Misri 1184 
 
 Salicilato Basico di Bismuto . . 304 
 
 „ de Fenol 1186 
 
 ,, ,, Litina Efervescente . . 846 
 
 „ ,, Litio 846 
 
 ,, Sodico 1302 
 
 ,, di Sodio 1302 
 
 Salicine 1185 
 
 Salicinima 1185 
 
 SalicylasNatrico-cojfeicus . . . 336 
 
 ,, Natricus cum Coffeino . . 336 
 
 Salicylate d' Analgisine . . . 1006 
 
 Basique de Bismuth . . . 304 
 
 '„ de Naphthyle-B .... 920 
 
 ,, Neutre de Sodium . . . 1302 
 
 ,, dePhenyle 1186 
 
 Salicylic Cotton 95 
 
 ,, Dressings 95 
 
 ,, Gauze 95 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Salicylic Jute 95 
 
 ,, Lint 95 
 
 ,, Wool 95 
 
 ,, a7id Creosote Plaster Mult s . 95 
 Salicylquinine Salicylate . . .1130 
 
 Salicylsaure 90 
 
 Saligallol 90 
 
 Saligenin 1186 
 
 Saline Injections 1275 
 
 Salipyrin 1006 
 
 Salit 371 
 
 Salix Nigra 1186 
 
 Salocoll 1002 
 
 Salocreol 528 
 
 Salol 1186 
 
 ,, Camphor 1188 
 
 ,, Mouth Wash 1188 
 
 „ Varnish 1026 
 
 Salolo 1186 
 
 Salophen 1188 
 
 Saloqicinine 1130 
 
 Salpetersaure 75 
 
 Salsapariglia 1216 
 
 Salt of Wisdom 724 
 
 Salumin 158 
 
 Salvarsan 1189 
 
 Salvo Petrolia 984 
 
 Salzsaure 62 
 
 Sambuci F lores 1198 
 
 Sambuco 1198 
 
 Sambugueiro 1198 
 
 Sandal Oil, C apsides of . . . 1203 
 
 Sandalo Rojo 1111 
 
 ,, Rubro nil 
 
 Sandaraca 1198 
 
 Sandarach Varnish . . . .1025 
 
 Sandaraque 1198 
 
 Sandelbl 1200 
 
 Sangsue 697 
 
 Sanguijuela 697 
 
 Sanguinarice Rhizoma . . .1199 
 
 Sanguis Draconis 1199 
 
 ,, Bovinus Exsiccatus . . . 689 
 
 Sanguisuga 697 
 
 Sanitas Disinfectants . . . .1379 
 
 Sanoform 886 
 
 Santali Oleum 1 200 
 
 Santalol 1204 
 
 Santalum Rubrum 1111 
 
 Santoninum 1205 
 
 Santyl 1204 
 
 Sapo 1209 
 
 ,, ^thereus 1215 
 
 „ Alba 1212 
 
 ,, Albus Oleaceus .... 1209 
 
 ,, Animalis 1207 
 
 ,, Durus 1209 
 
 ,, Butyraceous 1208 
 
 ,, Hispanicus Albus . . . 1209 
 
1676 
 
 SAP 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sapo lodatus 777 
 
 ,, Jalapinus 805 
 
 „ Kalinus 1212 
 
 „ Venalia . . 1212, 1215 
 
 ,, Medicatus 1208 
 
 ,, Medicinalis 1208 
 
 „ Mollis 1212 
 
 „ Officinalis 1209 
 
 ,, Oleacens 1209 
 
 „ Picis 1039 
 
 ,, Sebaceous 1208 
 
 ,, Stearinicus 1208 
 
 ,, Superadipatus . . . .1212 
 
 „ Viridis 1212 
 
 Sapone Animale 1207 
 
 ,. Medicinale 1209 
 
 ,, di Potassa ..... 1212 
 Saponis Emplastnnn Cainpho- 
 
 ratum 1211 
 
 Saponification Value .... 1539 
 
 Saponin 1122 
 
 Sapotoxin 1120 
 
 Sappan 1216 
 
 Saprol 532 
 
 Sarsapareille du Mexique . . . 1216 
 
 Sarsaparilla 1216 
 
 Sarsce Radix 1216 
 
 Sassafras, Black 947 
 
 ., Medulla 1219 
 
 ,. Oil of 1219 
 
 „ Radix 1219 
 
 Sassy Bark 574 
 
 Sauco 1198 
 
 Saures Chininliydrochlorid . . 1142 
 
 Savin Tops 1178 
 
 Savon Animal ■ . 1207 
 
 „ Medicinal 1209 
 
 „ Noir' 1212 
 
 Saw Palmetto 1204 
 
 Scammonise Radix .... 1220 
 
 „ Resina 1220 
 
 Scarlet Red (Medicinal) . . . 1222 
 
 Scheele's Green 28 
 
 Schierling 511 
 
 Schlangenwurzel 455 
 
 Schulze's Solution 1436 
 
 Schuster's Pastilles .... 106 
 
 Schwarzer Pfejfer 1028 
 
 „ Senf 1243 
 
 Schwefelleber 1063 
 
 Schwefelsaure 96 
 
 Schwefligsaure 101 
 
 Schiveineschmalz 122 
 
 Schwere gehrannte Magnesia . 853 
 
 Scilla 1223 
 
 Scillain 1223 
 
 Scille 1223 
 
 Scillipicrin 1223 
 
 Scillitoxin 1223 
 
 Sci7-oppo di Anice . 
 
 ,, ,, Balsamo del Tola 
 
 ,, ,, Chine ... 
 
 ,, ,, Cicoria con Rabarharo 
 
 ,, ,, Gomma Arabica 
 
 ,, lodo Jerrato (Ruspini 
 
 ,, di IpofosfUo di Cal 
 
 ,, ,, Morfina . 
 
 ,, ,, Oppio 
 
 ,, ,, Sena e Manna 
 Scoparii Cacumina 
 
 Scopola 
 
 Scopolamina 
 Scopolamince Hydiiodidu 
 
 ,, Hydrobromidum 
 
 , , Hydrochloridum 
 Scopolamine Amorphous 
 Scotch Paregoric . 
 Scotfs Dressing 
 Scutellaria . 
 Scutellarin . 
 Sebo di Carnero 
 Sebu7n Salicylatutn 
 Secale Cornutum . 
 Segala Cornuta 
 Seidelbastrinde 
 Seidlitz Powder 
 Seijenrinde 
 Seiler's Antiseptic 
 Set de la Sagesse ou de la Science 
 Seinen Arecce . 
 
 ,, Calabariense 
 
 ,, Myristiccs 
 
 Physostigmalis 
 
 ,, Sinapis Alba 
 
 ,, ,, Nigra . 
 
 ,, Strychni . 
 Sentence de Colchique 
 Semi di Colchico . 
 Semilla de Colquico 
 Sempervirenc . 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride 
 
 ., Nitrate 
 Sen de Espana 
 Sena .... 
 Senape Nera 
 Senegawurzel 
 Sini .... 
 Senegaj Radix 
 Senna Folia 
 
 ,, Fructus . 
 
 ,, Alexandrian 
 
 ,, East Indian 
 
 ,, Tinnevelly . 
 Sennesblcitter 
 Sericum Adhcesivum 
 Serpentariaj Rhizoma 
 Serum Jar Hay Fever 
 Sesami Oleum 
 
IXDEX. 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all ethers in Italics. 
 
 1677 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sevuin Benzoatuui .... 1243 
 ,, Prseparatum .... 1242 
 
 Shellac 820 
 
 Sherry 1424 
 
 Siberian Fir, Oil of 1 
 
 Sicca 089 
 
 Sidonal 1031 
 
 „ New 1031 
 
 Silbernitrat. 224 
 
 Silberoxyd 231 
 
 Silver and Preparations. See 
 
 Argentum .... 224 
 
 ,, Albuminate 230 
 
 ,, Citrate 230 
 
 ,, Fluoride 231 
 
 ,, German 921 
 
 ,. Glutln 228 
 
 ,, Ichthyolate 230 
 
 „ Iodide 228 
 
 ,, Lactate 228 
 
 „ Oxide «31 
 
 „ Protein 230 
 
 ,, Thiohydrocarburosulphonate 230 
 
 Simaruba 1243 
 
 Sinapis 1243 
 
 Sinapismes en FeuiUes . . . 1243 
 Sinapismos de Papel .... 1243 
 
 Sinfito 1369 
 
 Sirolin 683 
 
 Sirop d'Acide Citrique . . . 832 
 
 „ d' Ether 134 
 
 ,, de Baume de Tola . . . 263 
 
 ,, ,, Gomnie 7 
 
 ,, ,, Goudron 1039 
 
 ,, lodotannique . . . . Ill 
 ,, „ Phosphate . . Ill 
 
 „ de Mures 890 
 
 ., ,, Quinquina . . . .471 
 „ ,, Raifort Composi . . 233 
 ,, ,, Salseparcille Compose . 1192 
 „ Ferri Oxydati .... 598 
 Sirupus Ferri Pomati Compositus 592 
 ,, Picis cum Codeino . . . 1039 
 ,, Sennce cum Manna . . 1237 
 
 Slaked Lime 347 
 
 Slippery Elm 1406 
 
 Snakeroot 1239 
 
 Soamin 1268 
 
 Soap Bark . . . . . . .1120 
 
 „ Curd 1207 
 
 „ Ether 1215 
 
 „ Hard 1209 
 
 ., Soft 1212 
 
 Soapstone 1372 
 
 Soda Caustica 1285 
 
 ,, Tartarata 1282 
 
 Sodii Acelas . . . . , .1250 
 ,, Acetylsalicylas .... 22 
 ,, Arsenas Anhydvosus . . 1252 
 
 Sodii Benzoas . 
 
 Bicarbona^ . 
 
 Bisulphas 
 
 Bromidum . 
 
 Cacodylas 
 
 , , Carbonas 
 ,, ,, Monohdyratu 
 
 ,, „ Exsiccatus 
 
 ,, Chloras . 
 
 ,, Chloridum . 
 
 ,, Cinnamas 
 
 ,, Citras 
 
 ,, Citro-tartras Eft'erv 
 
 ,, Ethylatis Liquor 
 
 ,, For mas . 
 
 ,, Glycocholas . 
 
 „ Glycerophosphas . 
 
 ,, Hippuras 
 
 „ Hydro xidum 
 
 ,, Hypophosphis . 
 
 ,, lodidum 
 
 ,, Lactas 
 
 ,, Nitras 
 
 „ Nitris 
 
 ,, Nucleinas 
 
 „ Permanganas 
 
 „ Per sulphas . 
 
 ,, Phosphas 
 ,, ,, Acidus 
 
 ,, ,, Efferveseens 
 
 ,, ,, Exsiccatus 
 
 ,, et Potassii Tartras 
 
 , , Pyrophosphas 
 
 „ Salicylas 
 
 ,, Silicas 
 
 „ Sozoiodolas . 
 
 ,, Sulphanilas . 
 
 ,, Sulphas ... 
 ,, ,, Efferveseens 
 
 ,, Sulphis . 
 
 ,, Sitlphocarbolaa 
 
 ,, Sidphovinas . 
 
 ,, Taurocholas . 
 
 ,, Theobromince Acetas 
 
 ,, Thiosulphas . 
 
 , , Vanadas 
 Sodium .... 
 
 ,, Anhydromethylenecit 
 
 ,, Anisate . 
 
 ,, Benzosulpho - para 
 phenylar senate 
 
 ,, Biphosphate. 
 
 ,, Caffeine Sulphonate 
 
 ,, Chlorate . 
 
 ,, Coumarate . 
 
 „ Diethylbarbiturate 
 
 ,, Di-hydrogen Phosp 
 
 ,, Eugenol Carbinol 
 
 ,, Fluorescein . 
 
 [27; 
 
 [299, 
 
 [305, 
 
 •ate 
 
 halt 
 
1678 
 
 SOD 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sodium Fluoride 69 
 
 ,, Hyposulphite . . . .1310 
 
 ,, Ichihyolsidplionate . . . 7G0 
 
 ,, lodaie 70 
 
 ,, Mercuro - 23henol Di ■ sul- 
 
 phonate 707 
 
 ,, Meta-coumerute . . . .1281 
 
 ,, Naphthol 921 
 
 „ Oleate 1211 
 
 ,, Orthocoumerate . . . .1281 
 
 „ Para-aminophenylarsonate 1208 
 ,, Para-coumerate . . . .1281 
 
 ,, Para-cresotinate .... 532 
 
 ,, Perborate 319 
 
 ,, Peroxide 972 
 
 ,, Pyrocatechin-vionoacetate . 682 
 ,, Sulphethytate . . . .1312 
 
 ,, Sulphorichioleate . . . 1169 
 
 ,, Tetra-iodophetiolphthalein . 1010 
 
 ,, Theohromine Acetate . . 1251 
 
 „ Salicylate . . . 1387 
 
 Soft Paraffin 984 
 
 Solanine 563 
 
 Solazzi Juice 664 
 
 Solfato di Alluminio edi Pptassio . 154 
 
 ,, ,, Atropina . . . . 243 
 ,, ,, Chinina . . . .1144 
 
 ,, Ferroso all Alcool . . . 618 
 
 ,, di Magnesia 859 
 
 ,, ,, Potqssio .... 1101 
 
 ,, ,, Eame 543 
 
 ,, ,, ^■' ,, Ammoniacale . . 544 
 
 „ „ fSodio 1305 
 
 ,, Zinco 1441 
 
 Soljo 1359 
 
 ,, Precipitato 1359 
 
 ,, Sublimato 1363 
 
 ,, ,, e Lavato .... 1363 
 
 Solfonale 1356 
 
 Solfuro di Antimonio Purificada . 208 
 
 ,, ,, Potassio .... 1063 
 
 Solid Sulphuric Acid .... 96 
 
 Solidifying Points 1532 
 
 Solubility 1313 
 
 Soluble Cream of Tartar . . .1107 
 
 ,, Ferric Phosphate . . . 618 
 
 ,, ,, Pyrophosphate . . 618 
 
 ,, Glass 1296 
 
 ,, Gluside 656 
 
 Solucion di Acido Fenico ... 43 
 
 ,, Arsenical de Pearson . . 1254 
 
 „ de Brea Alcalina . . . . 1038 
 
 ,, ,, Gitrato de Magnesia. . 858 
 ,, Hidro-Alcoholica de Cloriiro 
 
 Mercurico . . . . 723 
 
 ,, de Hipochlorito Sodico . . 366 
 
 ,, Oficinal de Yoduro Ferroso 606 
 ,, de Soda Caustica . . .1285 
 
 ,, ,, Van Sivieten. . . . 723 
 
 PAGE 
 
 723 
 
 Soluii de Chlorure Mercurique 
 ,, ,, Cocaine {Chlorhydrate) 
 pour Injection Hypo- 
 dermique. 
 ,, „ Morphine {Chlor- 
 hydrate) pour Injec- 
 tion Hypodermique . 
 
 ,, ,, Phenol 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Sodique . 
 ,, Officinal de Digitaline Gris- 
 talisde au MilMme 
 ,, ,, d'Eau Oxygenic . 
 
 „ de Quinine (Chlorhydrate 
 Basique) pour Injection 
 Hypodermique 
 ,, ,, Valerianate d' Am- 
 
 monique Compose 
 Solutio Acetatis Plumbici Basici . 
 ,, Calcii Oxysulfurati . 
 ,, Camphorce Oleosa 
 ,, „ Spirituosa. . . . 376 
 
 ,, Ghloreti Feriici Spirituosa . 613 
 ,, ,, „ ,, Mtherea 613 
 
 Natrici Physiologica 1278 
 
 489 
 
 900 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 562 
 743 
 
 1141 
 
 184 
 
 1050 
 
 369 
 
 375 
 
 Ghlori 
 
 Chloroformi Aquosa . 
 Gitratis Magnesici . 
 Creosoti Composita . 
 Ferri Pomata 
 Hydratis Calcici . 
 
 ,, Kalici . 
 
 ,, Natrici 
 lodi Concentrata . 
 ,, Spirituosa . 
 ,, „ Concentrata 
 
 Lugoli .... 
 Nitroglycerini 
 Phenoli .... 
 Saponis Mtherea 
 Subacetatis Plumbici 
 
 ,, ,, Diluta 
 
 Sulfatis Magnesici Carbonica 857 
 
 „ Superoxydi Hydrogenici 
 
 ,, Su23rarenini Borici . 
 
 ,, Vlemingkx . 
 
 Solution. See Liquor. 
 
 ,, Alumitiium Acetate . 
 
 ,, „ Chloride . 
 
 . , Bimeconate of Morphia 
 
 ,, for removal of Picric Acid 
 
 Stains 
 
 Sokitis Chloroformi Aquosa 
 
 Soluto de Azotato Mercurico 
 
 ,, ,, Chloreto Mercurico 
 
 „ ,, Ghlorhydrato de Mar 
 
 phina 
 ,, ,, Chloro . 
 ,, ,, Citrate de Potassa 
 ,, ,, Ergotina com Olycerino 
 
 444 
 
 451 
 
 858 
 
 527 
 
 592 
 
 349 
 
 1062 
 
 1285 
 
 775 
 
 775 
 
 775 
 
 774 
 
 922 
 
 43 
 
 1215 
 
 1050 
 
 1051 
 
 743 
 129 
 369 
 
 157 
 157 
 963 
 
 87 
 451 
 714 
 723 
 
 900 
 
 444 
 
 1083 
 
 570 
 
1679 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 SPI 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Soluto de Gaz Sulfuroso . . . 101 
 
 ,, lodo-Iodetado . . . . 774 
 
 ,, de Soda Chlorada . . . 366 
 
 ,, ,, Subacctato de Chumbo . 1083 
 
 Solutol 532 
 
 Soluzione Alcoolico - Eterea di 
 
 Cloruro Ferrico . . . 613 
 
 ,, AlcooUco-Eterea di Sapone. 1211 
 ,, Idroalcoolica di Cloruro di 
 
 Mercurico .... 723 
 
 Solveol 532 
 
 Somatos& 1314 
 
 „ Iron 1315 
 
 ,, Liquid 1314 
 
 Sombida 1366 
 
 Somnofonn 578 
 
 Sottonitrato di Bismuto . . . 307 
 
 Sonde Caustique Liquide . . . 1285 
 
 Soufre Pricipite 1359 
 
 „ Sublimi 1363 
 
 „ Lav6 1363 
 
 Souscarbonate de Bismuth . . . 300 
 
 Sousnitrate de Bismuth . . . 307 
 
 Sozoiodol 1315 
 
 „ Cotton 1315 
 
 ,, Gauze 1315 
 
 Spanische Fliegen 384 
 
 „ Pfeffer 390 
 
 Sparadrap de Cantharidate de 
 
 Potassium 389 
 
 Sparadrap Vesicans .... 389 
 
 Sparteina 1228 
 
 Sparteince Periodidum . . . ■ 1229 
 
 „ Sulphas 1229 
 
 Spas, Britain 1547 
 
 ., Foreign 1550 
 
 Spearmint, Oil of 878 
 
 Special Tests 1531 
 
 Species Altha2ce 153 
 
 ,, Amarai 1238 
 
 ,, Amaricantes . . . . 2 
 
 ,, Aromaticce 878 
 
 ,, ,, pro Balneo . . . 878 
 
 ,, contra Asthma .... 1335 
 
 ,, Dernulcentes 153 
 
 ,, Diureticce . ■ ■ .667, 1227 
 
 ,, Enwllientes 153 
 
 ,, ad Injusum Amarum . . 1119 
 
 ,, ,, ■ ,, Pectorale . . 667 
 
 ,, Juniperi 808 
 
 ,, Laxantes 1238 
 
 „ ,, Hainbarge^isis . . 1238 
 
 ,, ,, St. Germains . . . 1238 
 
 ,, Lignosum 678 
 
 ,, Pectoralis . . . .153, 667 
 
 ,, Rcsolvantes 2 
 
 Specific Gravity 1534 
 
 Spermaceti. ...... 427 
 
 Spertnin 1316 
 
 Sperminum-Poehl . 
 Sphagnol 
 Spiessglanz 
 Spindlebaum 
 Spirit of Chloric Ether 
 ,, ,, Hartshorn 
 ,, ,, Sal Volatile 
 Spirito Aromatico Cotnposto 
 Spirits of the Pharmacopceias, 
 
 Alcoholic Strengths 
 
 Spiritus 
 
 ^Ethereus-Ferratus 
 .^theris . 
 
 ,, Compositus 
 „ Muriaticus 
 ,, Nitrosi 
 Ammo nice 
 
 ,, Aromaticus 
 ,, Fetidus . 
 ,, Foeniculatus 
 Ammo'iiii Anisatus 
 Amygdalce Amarce 
 Anisi .... 
 Arnioriacise Compositus 
 Aromaticus . 
 Aurantii Compositus 
 Cajuputi 
 Camphorse . 
 ,, Fortior 
 Capillaris 
 Chloroformi . . . 
 Ciiinamoni . 
 Citri .... 
 Dilutus . 
 Formicarum 
 Frumenti 
 GauUherice . 
 Glycerylis Nit rat is 
 Juniperi . 
 
 ,, Compositus 
 Lavandulae . 
 Menthce . 
 Menthse Piperitae 
 
 ,, Vi7-idis 
 Methylatus . 
 Myrcice . 
 Myristicse 
 Nucis Juglandis . 
 Phosphori 
 Rectificatus . 
 Rosmarini 
 
 ,, Compositus 
 Salis Dulcis . 
 Saponis . 
 
 Sajw nato ■ Catnpho ratum 
 Saponatus 
 Saponis Kalini . 
 Sinapis . 
 Vini Concentratus 
 
 1211, 
 
1680 
 
 SPI 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 Spiritus Vint Cognac . 
 
 ,, ,, Gallici. 
 
 Spirosal 
 
 Squill 
 
 Squire's Chemical Food 
 
 „ Decoction of Aloes 
 
 ,, Liquor Meconicus 
 Staftsagria . 
 Stanni Oleas 
 Staphisagrisp Seinina 
 Staphylococcic Vaccine 
 Staphysaigre 
 Star Grass . 
 Starch ... 
 
 ,, Test-Solution 
 Stavesacre Seeds 
 Steapsin 
 Stearin ... 
 Stechapfelblatter 
 Steel Drops . 
 
 ,, Tincture of 
 StephanskUrner . 
 Sterilisol . ■ . 
 Steven's Poivders 
 Stihio-Kalium Tartaricum 
 Stibium Sulfuratum Aura 
 
 „ ,, Ruben 
 
 Stig7na Croci 
 Stigmata Croci . 
 Stillingia 
 Stillingin 
 Stillingine . 
 Storace Liquido . 
 Stone Boot . 
 Stovainc 
 Stramoine . 
 Stramoiiii Folia 
 Strofanto 
 Strontii Broiniduni 
 
 ,, ,, Exsiccat 
 
 ,, Cinnamas 
 
 ,, lodidum . 
 
 ,, Lactas 
 
 . , Salicylas 
 Strontium Caffeine Su 
 Strophanthi Semina 
 Strophanthin 
 Strophanthussameii 
 Strychnina . 
 Sti'ychninse Acetas . 
 
 „ Hydrobromidum 
 
 ,, Hydrochloridum 
 
 ,, Meta-canada. 
 Nitras 
 Sulphas . 
 Valeriana^ 
 Styptic Colloid . 
 
 „ Wool . . . 
 Stypticin 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1330 
 
 1330 
 
 95 
 
 1223 
 
 617 
 
 148 
 
 963 
 
 1331 
 
 1331 
 
 1331 
 
 1464 
 
 1331 
 
 143 
 
 195 
 
 1529 
 
 1331 
 
 973 
 
 1333 
 
 1333 
 
 612 
 
 612 
 
 1331 
 
 637 
 
 1278 
 
 212 
 
 ntiacum 209 
 
 209 
 
 534 
 
 534 
 
 1333 
 
 1333 
 
 1333 
 
 1352 
 
 507 
 
 290 
 
 1333 
 
 1333 
 
 1341 
 
 1336 
 
 1336 
 
 1338 
 
 1339 
 
 1340 
 
 1340 
 
 338 
 
 1341 
 
 1345 
 
 1341 
 
 1346 
 
 1351 
 
 1351 
 
 1348 
 
 1352 
 
 1350 
 
 1350 
 
 1352 
 
 1117 
 
 613 
 
 967 
 
 Iphonatc 
 
 Styptol 
 
 Styracol 
 
 Styrax Liquide Purifie . 
 Styrax Prseparatus 
 Subacetas Plumbi Liquidus 
 Subcutin .... 
 Sublamin .... 
 Sublimate Gauze 
 „ Wood Wool . 
 ,, Wool .... 
 Sublimatus Corrosivus . 
 Sue de Citron . 
 Sue de Mure 
 Succi {group) . 
 Succinum .... 
 Succo di Limone 
 Siiccus Belladonnce 
 
 Citri Artificialis 
 ,, Facticius 
 ., Conii. 
 Digitalis . 
 
 Juniperi Inspissatu 
 Linionis . 
 Liquiritce 
 
 ,, Depurata . 
 Mori .... 
 Scoparii . 
 ,, Taraxaci. 
 Sucre Bla7ic Officiind ■ 
 
 Sucrol 
 
 Sucrose 
 
 Sugar of Lead . 
 Sugar, Milk .... 
 
 ,, Refined . 
 Suif de Mouton Purifii' 
 Sulfate d' Atropine . 
 
 ,, Basique de Quinine 
 , , de Cuivre . 
 ,, ,, Eserine . 
 ,. Magnesium . 
 Mercurique Basique 
 Neutre de Potassium 
 Neutre de Quinine . 
 . . de Protoxide de Fer Offi 
 ,, „ Sodium Officinal 
 ., ,, Zinc Officinal 
 Sulfato Aluminico-Potasico 
 ,, de Atropina . 
 ,, ,, Cobre. 
 ,, Cuprico . 
 de Eserina 
 Ferroso . 
 Magnesico 
 Mercurico 
 Potasico . 
 de Potassio . 
 Quinico Basico 
 
 „ Neutro. 
 de Quinina . 
 
1681 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 SYR 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sulfato Sodico 1305 
 
 ,, Zincico . . .. . . .1441 
 
 Sulfidum Stibicum 209 
 
 Sulfonal 1356 
 
 Sulfure de Potasse 1063 
 
 Sulfuretum Stibicum .... 209 
 
 Sulfuro Antimonico .... 209 
 
 ,, Chinicus 1146 
 
 ,, (Tri) Potasico . . . .1063 
 
 Sulphaminol 46 
 
 Sulphanilic Acid Test Solution . 199 
 
 Sulphas Chinicus 1146 
 
 ,, Kalicus 1101 
 
 „ Natricus 1306 
 
 ,, Quinince 1146 
 
 Sulphate of Mercury .... 709 
 
 Sulphocarbolic Acid .... 47 
 
 Sulphonal 1356 
 
 Sulphomthylmethanum . . 887 
 
 Sulphonnicthanum 1356 
 
 Sulphur 1358 
 
 Depuraturn 1363 
 
 Dioxide, I/iqueJied . . . 103 
 ,, .. Disinfecting 
 
 with 103 
 
 ., Hair Lotion 1362 
 
 ., Lotum 1363 
 
 Praecipitatum .... 1359 
 
 .. Sublimatmn 1362 
 
 Sublimatum Crudiox . 1363 
 
 ,, Elotum .... 1363 
 
 ,, ,. Venale 1363 
 
 Sulphophenylas Zincicus . . . 1445 
 
 Sulphuretum Potassii Officiak . 1064 
 
 Sulphuric Anhydride .... 96 
 
 Suljjhuris Alcalini UngiientUDi . 1364 
 
 ,, Chloridum 1365 
 
 ,, lodidum 1365 
 
 ,, Tabella; 1361 
 
 Sumbul Radix 1366 
 
 Supercarbonas Ammonicus . . 173 
 
 Sitperoxydum Manganicum . . 865 
 
 Suppositoires de Glycerine . . 661 
 
 Suppositoria 1367 
 
 ,, Acidi Carbolici .... 44 
 
 ,, ,, Tannici .... 105 
 
 ,, ,, ,. et Belladonnce 106 
 
 ,, ., .. etMorphince. 106 
 
 ,, Opio . . . 106 
 
 ,, Adrenalini (Squire) . . . 129 
 
 ,, ,, et ^sculin (Squire) 129 
 
 ,, BelladonnEe 285 
 
 „ Chloral 441 
 
 ,, Gallce 641 
 
 Glycerini ... . . • 661 
 
 ., c.Stearino. . . . 661 
 
 ,, Gummi Rubri . . . . 816 
 
 ,. Hamamelidis . . . .691 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri 705 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Suppositoria lodoformi . . . 766 
 
 ,, Kramerice 820 
 
 ,, MorphiufB 900 
 
 ,, Plumbi Composita . . . 1043 
 
 ,, Santoyiini 1207 
 
 Suprarenal Gland 1367 
 
 Suprarenalin 129 
 
 ,, Solution 129 
 
 Suprarenin 129 
 
 ,, Hydrochloricum . . . . 127 
 
 Sureau 1198 
 
 Sussholz 662 
 
 Silsse Mandeln 1 90 
 
 Sweet Spirit of Nitre 1316 
 
 Sydenhanis Laudanum . . . 964 
 
 Symbols and Atomic Weights . . xiv 
 
 Symphoral L., Sr. and N. . . ■ 338 
 
 Symphiti Radix 1368 
 
 Syrup of Figs, Compound . . . 627 
 
 Syrupi (group) 1369 
 
 ,, Tres 617 
 
 Syrupus 1183 
 
 ,, Acaci<x 7 
 
 Acidi Citrici .... 52 
 
 ,, ,, Hydriodici ... 59 
 
 ,, Althcece 153 
 
 ,, Amygdalae 189 
 
 ,, Amygdalinus . . . . 189 
 
 ApomorphinceHydrochloridi 219 
 
 ., Aroma ticus 250 
 
 .. Aurantii 250 
 
 „ Floris 255 
 
 ,, Butyl Chloral . . . . 327 
 ,. Calcii Hypophosphitis 
 
 (Squire) 353 
 
 ., ,, Lactophosphatis . . 357 
 ,, ,, et Sodii Hypo- 
 
 phosphitum 353 
 
 Camphorce Compositus . . 379 
 
 Cascarte Aromaticiis . . 410 
 
 ,. Chloral 441 
 
 Cinnamomi 479 
 
 ,. Citri 52 
 
 ,, Codeinse Phosphatis . . 498 
 
 ,, Croci 535 
 
 ,, cum Mthere 134 
 
 ,, Digitalis 561 
 
 ,. Eucalypti Rostratce . . . 816 
 
 ,, Ferri Bromidi .... 594 
 
 ,, Hypophosphitis . . 605 
 
 „ lodidi 607 
 
 ,, ,, Phosphatis . . . 616 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Compositus . 617 
 ,, ,, ,, Compositus 
 
 (Squire) 617 
 
 ,, ,, „ c. Manganesio 618 
 ,, ,, ,, c. Quinina 
 
 et Strychnina 616 
 
 ,, „ Subchloridi . . . 614 
 
1682 
 
 SYR 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Syrupus Glycerophosphattcm 
 
 Compositum 346 
 
 GlycyrrhizcB 667 
 
 Glucosi 654 
 
 Giwiini Rubri . . . . 816 
 
 Heiyvidesmi 693 
 
 H.ypoj)hosphitis Calcici. . 353 
 Hyjjophosphitum . . 353, 605 
 
 ,, Compositus . . . 606 
 Ipecacuanhce . ■ ■ . 792 
 
 KramericB 820 
 
 Lactucarii 821 
 
 Limonis 831 
 
 Manncc 868 
 
 ,, Compositus . . . 868 
 
 Mannatus 1237 
 
 Menthce Piperita} . . . 878 
 Mori . . . . . . .890 
 
 Niccoli Bromidi . . . .921 
 
 Opiatus 980 
 
 Opii Dilutus .... 980 
 
 Papaveris 980 
 
 Pectomlis . . . . . 901 
 Phosphori Composita . . 1013 
 Picis cum Codeina . . . 1039 
 
 ,, Liquidce .... 1039 
 Pruni Virginianse . . .1109 
 Quinince Dikinatis . . .1134 
 
 ,, Hydriodkli . . .1126 
 
 ,, Hydrobromidi. . . 1128 
 Rhamni Frangulce . . .1158 
 
 RJiei 1163 
 
 ,, Aromaticus. . . ■ 1163 
 ,, Composita . . . .1163 
 
 Rhoeados 1166 
 
 Rosse . 1171 
 
 Sarsaparillw Compositus . 1218 
 Scllla; 1226 
 
 „ Compositus . . . 1226 
 
 Senegce 1233 
 
 Senna} 1237 
 
 ,, Compositus . . . 1237 
 
 ,, Mannatus. . . . 1237 
 Sodii Hypopihosphitis . . 1290 
 
 Tolutanus 263 
 
 Trifolii 1403 
 
 Triplex 617 
 
 XJrgineae 1413 
 
 Zingiberis 1450 
 
 T 
 
 TabaciFoli 1370 
 
 Tabellw 1371 
 
 ,, Aloini Co 150 
 
 ,, Ipecacuanha 791 
 
 ,, Nitroglycerini Composita . 923 
 ,, Potassii Chloratis . . .1082 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tabellce Saccharini .... 656 
 
 ,, Scammonice cum Ghocolala. 1222 
 
 „ Trinitrini 923 
 
 Table of AlcoJiolin Wines . . . 1330 
 
 Tablets, Aconite 116 
 
 ,, oj Balsam of Tolu . . . 263 
 
 ,, ,, Cotarnine Hydrochloride. 967 
 
 ,, ,, Suprarenal Gland . . 1368 
 
 „ Thyroid Gland .... 1397 
 
 Tablettes de Chlorate de Potassium 1082 
 
 ,, de Chlorhydrate de Cocaine . 490 
 
 „ deSoufre 1361 
 
 Tabloids of Quinine and RMibarb 
 
 Co 1132 
 
 ,, Livingstone Rouser . . . 1132 
 Tabulated Comparison of the Chief 
 Standardised Potent Prepara- 
 tions 1564 
 
 Tachiol 231 
 
 Taka-Diastase 329 
 
 Talc 1372 
 
 ., Borated 1373 
 
 ,, Purified 1372 
 
 Tamarin 1373 
 
 Tamarind Whey 1373 
 
 Tainarindus 1373 
 
 Tanato de Mer curio . . . . 710 
 
 Tannalbin 106 
 
 Tannic Wool 106 
 
 Tannigen 106 
 
 Tannin 103 
 
 „ Officinal 103 
 
 Tannoform 107 
 
 Tanno-guaiaform 682 
 
 Tannosal 528 
 
 Tanocol 107 
 
 Taphosote 528 
 
 Tar 1036 
 
 ,5 Capsules 1038 
 
 ,, Oil of 1038 
 
 „ „ Light 1038 
 
 ,. Ointment 1038 
 
 ., Pills 1038 
 
 „ Water 1038 
 
 Tarassaco 1374 
 
 Taraxaci Radix 1374 
 
 Tartar Emetic 211 
 
 Tartarated Soda 1282 
 
 ,, ,, Powder, Effervescent 1284 
 Tartarato de Potassa . . . .1103 
 
 Tartaro Emetico 211 
 
 Tartarus Boraxatus .... 1107 
 
 ,, Depuratus 1104 
 
 „ Natronatus 1282 
 
 „ Stibiatus 211 
 
 Tartras Ferrico Poiassiciis . . 601 
 
 ,, Kalico-natricus .... 1282 
 
 „ Kalicus 1103 
 
 ., Acidus 1105 
 
1683 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 TIN 
 
 PAGE 
 
 TaHras Natrico-Kalicus . . . 1282 
 
 ., Stibico-Kalicus . . . . 212 
 
 Tartrate Borico-Potassique . . 11(»7 
 ,, Droit de Potasshim et de 
 
 Sodium 1282 
 
 ,. de Morphine .... 902 
 
 ,, Acide de Potassium . . . 1104 
 
 ,, de Potassium Neut7-e . . 1102 
 
 Tartrato Antimonico Pofasico . 211 
 ,, Borico-Potasico . . . .1108 
 
 ,, Ferrico Potasico . . . 600 
 
 „ Morfico 902 
 
 „ di Morfina 902 
 
 ,, Neutro di Potass io . . . 1102 
 ,, Potasico Neutro . . . .1102 
 
 ,, de Potassa e de Ferro . . GOl 
 ,, ,, Potasses de Soda . . .1282 
 „ di Potassio Acido . . .1104 
 
 ,, Sodico-Potassico . . . . 1282 
 
 Teinture d'Aconit 114 
 
 ,, Balsamique 29G 
 
 ,, de Cachon 419 
 
 ,, ,, Camphre Cone. . . . 376 
 
 ., „ ,, Faible. ... 376 
 
 „ „ Cola 817 
 
 „ ,, Citron Composee . . . 833 
 
 „ „ Menthe 878 
 
 ,, ,, Five de Saint -Ignace 
 
 Composee .... 762 
 
 ,, ,, Jaborandi .... 800 
 
 ,, d'Orange Amire [Ecorce) . 250 
 
 ,, de Panama 1121 
 
 ,, ,, Quinquina .... 460 
 
 Tela Depurata 670 
 
 ,, Vesicatoria 389- 
 
 Terebenum 1376 
 
 Terebinthina Canadensis . . . 1378 | 
 
 .. Chia 1378 
 
 ,, Copahiba 517 
 
 ,, Laricis 822 
 
 „ Ve7ieta 822 
 
 Terebinthina? Oleuin Rectificatuin 1379 
 
 Terebinthine du MHese . . . 822 
 
 Terpenthwl 1379 
 
 Terpina 1377 
 
 Terpin Hydrate 1377 
 
 Terpineol 1377 
 
 Tcrpinol 1377 
 
 Terra Japonica 417 
 
 Tertiary Amyl Nitrite . . . . 194 
 
 ,, Amylic Alcolwl . . . . 194 
 
 Tetanus Antitoxin ..... 1456 
 
 Tetra-iodo-phenolphthalein . . 1009 
 
 Tetraiod-pyrrol 768 
 
 Tetramethylthionine Hydrochloride 888 
 
 Tetranitrin 573 
 
 Tetronal . . . . . . .1358 
 
 Tetroxy-Diphosphamino-diamino- »t» -« 
 
 benzene 1197 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Thallince Sulphas 1382 
 
 Theine 330 
 
 Thallium Acetate 1383 
 
 Theobroma Solution Tablet 
 
 Excipient 1386 
 
 Theobromatis Oleum .... 1383 
 
 Theobromina 1385 
 
 Theobrominaj et Sodii Salicylas . 1387 
 Theobromine Salicylate . . . 1385 
 
 Theocin 1385 
 
 ,, Sodium Acetate . . . .1386 
 
 Tlieophylline 1385 
 
 Therapeutic Agents oj Microbial 
 
 Origin 1454 
 
 ,, Sera M54 
 
 Thermometric ■ Memoranda Scales 
 
 Compared x 
 
 Thiocol 682 
 
 Thioform 315 
 
 Thiol 761 
 
 Thio-oxydiphenylamine ... 46 
 
 Thio-resorcin 1158 
 
 Thiosinamin 1248 
 
 ,, -ethyl-iodide 1249 
 
 TJbojnpson's Fluid 319 
 
 Thorium 1408 
 
 ,, Lactate 1408 
 
 ,, Nitrate 1408 
 
 ,, Oxide 300 
 
 „ Salicylate 1408 
 
 Thoroughwort 586 
 
 Thus A7nericanum 1389 
 
 Thymi Oleum, 1394 
 
 Thymol • • • ^^^^ 
 
 Thymol Antiseptic Dressings . . 1392 
 
 ,, Camphor 380 
 
 ,, Carbonate 1393 
 
 Thymolis lodidum . . . 1390,1392 
 
 Thymotal 1393 
 
 Thyresol 1204 
 
 Thyrodectin 1398 
 
 Thyroglandin 1398 
 
 Thyi'oidenm Siecum .... 1395 
 
 Thyroiodin 1398 
 
 Time-Limit Test for Heavy Metals 1538 
 
 Tinctura Absinthii 2 
 
 ,, Composita . . 2 
 
 Acida Aromatica ... 99 
 
 ,, Fortior . . . ■ 114 
 
 Aconiti 114 
 
 Actcece Racemosa . ■ . 456 
 
 ,, ,, (Squire) . 456 
 
 Acuosa de Quassia Amarga 1118 
 
 Aloes 150 
 
 ,, Composita. . . . 150 
 ,, Crocata .... 151 
 ,, etMyrrhce. . . . 151 
 
 Alstonise 152 
 
 Amara 2, 652 
 
1684 
 
 tTn 
 
 OiBcial Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 Tinctara Amnion. Composiia 
 Anisi. 
 
 Anthemidis . 
 A ntiodontalgica 
 Antiperiodica 
 Apocyni . 
 Arnicas . 
 
 ,, Floruii 
 
 ,, Acid a 
 Aromatica 
 Asafetidse 
 Aurantii . 
 
 , , A mari 
 
 „ Dulc. 
 Belladonna? 
 
 ,, ^therea 
 Benzoes ^therea 
 Benzoini 
 
 „ Composita 
 Berberidis 
 Boldo . . 
 BryonicB 
 Buchu 
 
 Calendidce Flor 
 Calumbse 
 Camphorce . 
 
 „ Composita 
 Cannabis IndiciB 
 di Canella Composta 
 Cantharidini 
 Capsici . 
 
 ,, Mtherea 
 
 „ Fortior (TurnbuU) 
 Cardarnomi . 
 
 „ Composita 
 Carminativa 
 Cascarillae 
 Castorei . 
 Catechu . 
 Chinee 
 
 „ Composita 
 Chiratse . 
 Chlorofonni Composiia 
 
 et Moiphinse Composita 452 
 
 Cicutce 
 
 CimicifugcB 
 
 Cinchonse 
 
 ,, Composita 
 ,, Huxham's 
 
 Cinnamomi . 
 ,, Composita 
 
 Cocce . 
 
 Cocci 
 
 Colchici . 
 
 ,, Composita 
 
 ,, Florum {Squir 
 
 Collinsonice . 
 
 Colocynthidis 
 
 Conii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 l(i7 
 203 
 20G 
 882 
 1134 
 215 
 234 
 234 
 99 
 479 
 240 
 250 
 250 
 250 
 277 
 286 
 297 
 297 
 296 
 298 
 315 
 323 
 324 
 360 
 362 
 376 
 376 
 383 
 479 
 388 
 392 
 393 
 393 
 400 
 399 
 400 
 413 
 417 
 419 
 466 
 468 
 435 
 452 
 
 514 
 456 
 466 
 468 
 469 
 479 
 479 
 482 
 494 
 505 
 506 
 500 
 507 
 510 
 514 
 
 Tinctura Convallarice 
 
 Cotarn ince Hydrochloric 
 
 Coto .... 
 
 Croci 
 
 Cubebse . 
 
 Daturas Semiiivun 
 
 Digitalis . 
 
 Ergotce 
 
 ,, Amnioniata 
 Erythrophloei 
 Eucalypti 
 Euonymi 
 Euphorbice . 
 
 ,, Pihdiferce 
 Ferri Acetici ^therca 
 
 „ Chloraii JEtherea 
 
 ,, Chloridi . 
 
 ,, Muriatis . 
 
 ,, Per chloridi 
 
 , , Pomati 
 
 ,, Sesquichloridi 
 Oallce 
 
 Oambir Co. . 
 Gelsemii . 
 Gentiance 
 
 „ Composita 
 Gossypii . 
 Guaiaci . 
 
 ,, Ammoniata 
 Guarance 
 Gummi Rubri 
 Hamamelidis 
 Hellibori 
 Humuli . 
 Huxham . 
 Hydrastis 
 Hyoscyami . 
 
 , , Constant . 
 
 „ Radicis 
 Ignatice Amarce ■ 
 lodi .... 
 
 ,, Fortis . 
 
 ,, Mitis . 
 
 ,, Mtherea 
 
 „ Decolorala 
 lodinei Ph. Ed. 
 Ipecacuanhce 
 
 „ et Opii 
 Jaborandi . . 
 Jalapse 
 
 ,, Composita 
 Kaladanse 
 Kamalw . 
 Kino . 
 Kolce . 
 Krameri* 
 Lachnanthes 
 Lactucarii 
 Laricis 
 
 a 
 
1685 
 
 Official Names in Bomau ; all others in Italics. 
 
 TON 
 
 Tinctura Lavandulae Composit 
 
 , , Aromatica 
 Liinonis . 
 
 ,, Cortex 
 Lobelia; . 
 
 „ ^therea . 
 Lupnli 
 Lupulini 
 Lycopodii 
 
 di Malato di Ferro 
 Malico 
 Moschi . 
 MjaThse . 
 
 ,, et Boracts 
 Niiois Voinicje . 
 Oliver! Corticis . 
 Opii .... 
 
 ,, Aiuiiioaiata 
 
 ,, Benzoica . 
 
 „ Camphorata 
 
 ,, Crocata 
 
 ,, Deodorati . 
 de Op)io Alcanforado 
 „ ,, Composita 
 Fhosphori Composita 
 Physostigmatis . 
 Pliytolaccce . 
 Picrorhizfe . 
 Podophylli . 
 
 ,, Ammoniata 
 
 ,, Indicaj 
 Pruni Virginianffi 
 Pulsatillce 
 Pyi'ethri . 
 
 ,, Florum 
 Quassias . 
 Quebracho 
 Qiiillaise . 
 Quinina' . 
 
 Ammoniata 
 
 E]tci 
 
 ,, Amaru 
 ,, Aquosa 
 ,, Aromatica 
 ., Composita 
 , , Dulcis 
 ,, Vinosa 
 
 Rhus .... 
 
 Rusci 
 
 Sabinoi . 
 
 Scilla; . • • 
 
 Senega? . 
 
 Sennae Composita 
 
 Serpentariate 
 
 Stramonii 
 
 Strophanthi 
 
 Strychni . 
 
 Succini . 
 
 Sumbul ■ 
 
 959 
 
 PAGE 
 
 827 
 
 827 
 
 832 
 
 832 
 
 818 
 
 848 
 
 850 
 
 850 
 
 851 
 
 592 
 
 870 
 
 909 
 
 915 
 
 319 
 
 938 
 
 947 
 
 959 
 
 962 
 
 377 
 
 377 
 
 904 
 
 965 
 
 377 
 
 "377 
 
 1013 
 
 1014 
 
 1018 
 
 1019 
 
 1056 
 
 1057 
 
 1057 
 
 1109 
 
 1112 
 
 1113 
 
 1114 
 
 1119 
 
 1119 
 
 1121 
 
 1141 
 
 1150 
 
 1164 
 
 1164 
 
 1165 
 
 1164 
 
 1163 
 
 1164 
 
 1104 
 
 1166 
 
 299 
 
 1179 
 
 1226 
 
 1233 
 
 1237 
 
 1240 
 
 1334 
 
 1344 
 
 938 
 
 1350 
 
 1366 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tinctura Thebaica 959 
 
 ,, ,, Benzoica . . . .377 
 
 ,, Grocatutn .... 965 
 
 ,. Thielmanni 965 
 
 .. Tolutana 264 
 
 ,, UrgineiE 1413 
 
 ,, ValeriancB 1417 
 
 ,, „ Ammoniata . . . 141 1> 
 
 ., /Etherea .... 1417 
 
 ,. ,, Indicai Ammoniata . 1419 
 
 ,, Vanillce 1420 
 
 ,, Veratri Viridis .... 1421 
 
 ,, Warburgi 1134 
 
 ,, Whyitii 468 
 
 •,, Zingiberis 1450 
 
 ,, „ Fortior .... 1450 
 
 Tinctura? 1398 
 
 Tincture. See Tinctura. 
 
 Tincture of Aconite (Dr. Fleming's) 114 
 
 ,, (Dr.Turnbidl's) 114 
 
 Tinctures, Processes for . . . 1398 
 
 Tintura Alcoholica di Aconilo . 114 
 
 ,, di Aconito 114 
 
 ,, de China 466 
 
 ,, ,, Cortezade NarangaCorn- 
 
 puesio .... 468 
 
 ,, ,, Kola 817 
 
 ,, ,, Opio Jabonoso . . . 958 
 
 ,, ,, Cabalongas .... 762 
 
 ,, di Cascara Sagrada . . 410 
 
 ,, de China 460 
 
 ., ,, ,, Comp 40S 
 
 ,, Cloroformica de Cantaridas. 388 
 
 ,, corroborante de Whytt. . . 468 
 
 ,, de Jabon Alcanforado . . 1215 
 
 ,, ,, Quina 466 
 
 ,. ,, ,, Compuesto . . 468 
 
 ,, ,. Yodo Yoduro. . . . 775 
 
 Tiodine 1249 
 
 Tisane deCarragaheen. . . . 400 
 
 ,, ,, Gentiane . . . . 651 
 
 ,, ,, Lichen d'lslatule . 431 
 
 ,, d'Oranger 253 
 
 ,, d'Orge 701 
 
 ,, de Polygala 1233 
 
 ., Quinquina .... 466 
 
 ,, „ Rhubarbe 1162 
 
 ,, ,, Sarsapareille . . . .1218 
 
 Tisanes 762 
 
 Tobacco Juice 1370 
 
 „ Leaf 1370 
 
 Tollkirschenblatter 270 
 
 Tolubalsam 261 
 
 Tolubalsamsirop 263 
 
 Tolypyrin 1007 
 
 „ Salicylate 1007 
 
 Tolysal 1007 
 
 Tonco Semina 1400 
 
 Tonka Bean Camphor .... 49 
 
1686 
 
 TOP 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Topique a VAcMate de Cuivre ( Vet. ) 542 
 
 Toughened Caustic .... 227 
 
 Tragacantha 1401 
 
 Traumatic Balsam 296 
 
 Traumaticine 687 
 
 Traumatol 531 
 
 Trementina de Alerce . . . . 822 
 
 ,, ,, Venezia . . . 822 
 
 Tribromo-resorcin 1158 
 
 Tribromphenol 46 
 
 T richloriso -propyl Alcohol . . . 442 
 
 Tri-chlor-tertiary-hutyl-alcohol . 443 
 
 Trichloro -methane 445 
 
 Trichlor phenol 46 
 
 Trijerrin 924 
 
 Tri folium 1403 
 
 ,, Fibrinum 883 
 
 Trihydroxybenzoic Acid . . . 56 
 
 Tri-iodo?netacre.sol 531 
 
 Tri -iodo -methane 764 
 
 Trikresol 528 
 
 Trimethylamina 1403 
 
 Trimethylamince Hydrochloridum 1403 
 Trimethylbenzoxypiperidimim- 
 
 hydrochloricum . 
 Trimethylethylene . 
 Trimethylglycocine . 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride 
 Trimethylglycocoll . 
 
 „ Hydrochloride 
 Trimethyl-uric Acid 
 Trimethyl-xanthine 
 Trinitrin 
 Trinitroccllulose 
 
 Trinitro -glycerin 
 Trinitrophenol . 
 Trional . . . 
 Tri-oxy -methylene 
 Triphenin . 
 Triple Syrup . 
 Trisoljuro di Aniimonlo 
 Trisulfure d'Antimoine 
 Trisulphuretum Kalicmn 
 Triticum .... 
 Trituratio Elaterini 
 Trochisci (group) . 
 Trochiscus Acidi Benzoici 
 
 ,, ,, Carbolici 
 
 ,, ,, Tannici. 
 
 ,, Aconiti . 
 
 „ Althceoe . 
 
 ,, Ammonii Bromidi 
 
 ,, ,, Chloridi 
 
 „ Bicarbonalis Natrici 
 posita 
 
 „ Bismuthi Compositus 
 
 ,, Catechu . 
 
 ,, Cocaince . 
 
 ,, „ et Morphince 
 
 288 
 453 
 153 
 153 
 153 
 153 
 338 
 330 
 921 
 
 1115 
 921 
 87 
 886, 887 
 637 
 
 1002 
 617 
 208 
 208 
 
 1064 
 139 
 564 
 
 1404 
 31 
 44 
 105 
 116 
 153 
 172 
 181 
 
 1261 
 303 
 419 
 490 
 490 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Trochiscus Cuhebce .... 541 
 
 ,, Eucalypti Compositus . . 816 
 
 ,, Ferri Garbonatis Saccharati 598 
 
 „ Redacti .... 627 
 
 ,, Gambir 419 
 
 ,, OlycyrrldzcB 667 
 
 etOpii ... 667 
 
 ,, Ouaiaci 679 
 
 ,, ,, Resinas .... 679 
 
 ,, Gummi Rubri (Sqiiire) . . 816 
 ,, Ipecacuanhse .... 790 
 ,, Kino Eucalypti . . . . 816 
 
 ,, Kramerise 819 
 
 ,, ,, et Cocainaj . . 819 
 
 ., LactuccB 821 
 
 ,, Menthce Piperitce . . . 878 
 
 ,, Morphina» 900 
 
 „ et Ipecac. . . 900 
 
 „ Opii 966 
 
 ., Potassii Chloratis . . .1081 
 
 '., Pyrethri 1113 
 
 ,, Santonini 1207 
 
 ,, Sodii Bicarbonalis . . .1261 
 
 ,, Sulphuvis 1361 
 
 ,, ,, Compositus . . 1362 
 
 Tropacocaine 491 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride . . . .491 
 Tropain Hydrochloride . . .491 
 
 Trovisco 889 
 
 True Frankincense 941 
 
 Trunecek' s Serum 1276 
 
 Trypsin 974 
 
 Tubercule d' Aconit 110 
 
 Tuberculin Preparations . . .1461 
 
 Tubero di Aconito 110 
 
 Tumenol 761 
 
 „ Oil 761 
 
 „ Powder 761 
 
 Turmeric 1529 
 
 ,, Paper 1529 
 
 ,, Tincture 1529 
 
 TurnbuWs Tincture of Capsicum . 393 
 
 Turner's Cerate 340 
 
 Turpentine Rectified Oil of . . 1379 
 
 Turpeth Mineral 710 
 
 ,, ,, Ointment . . 710 
 
 Turpethum 1405 
 
 Tussol 1007 
 
 Tylcalsin 21 
 
 Tyllithin 22 
 
 Typhoid Vaccine 1465 
 
 Tyramine 573 
 
 Tyratol 1393 
 
 u 
 
 Ulexine 1405 
 
 ,, Hydrobromide .... 1405 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 1405 
 
1687 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 UNG 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ulexine Nitrate 1405 
 
 Ulmarene 88(3 
 
 Ulmus Fulvce Cortex .... 1 40(3 
 
 Unguenta (group) 1400 
 
 Unguento . ■ 1407 
 
 ,, Amarilla 1155 
 
 ,, Blanco Simple .... 1044 
 
 ,, de Altea 1155 
 
 ,, de Canteridas . . . .388 
 
 ,, Encarnativo 1048 
 
 ,, de Mercurio Doble . . . 704 
 
 ,, ,, Resina 1155 
 
 Unguentum Acidi Borici ... 35 
 ,, ,, ,, Dilutuni 
 
 {pro oculis) 
 „ ,, Carbolici. 
 
 ,, ,, Pyrogallici 
 
 [Jarisclvs) 
 ,, ,, SalicyUci 
 
 ,, ,, Tannici 
 
 c. Opio 
 
 AconitincB 
 Adipis Lance 
 Adrenalini (Squire) 
 
 ,, cum Cocainw 
 Antitnonii Tartarati 
 Aquae Rosse . 
 Argenti Colloidalis 
 Aromaticum . 
 Atropinae 
 Basilicum 
 
 „ Nigrum 
 Belladoiinse . 
 Benzoini . 
 Betuloe Compositum 
 Bismuthi . 
 
 „ Oleatis. 
 Boracis . 
 Cadmii lodidi . 
 Calamince 
 Gamphoratum . 
 Cantharidini . 
 
 Cantharidis cum Euphorbio 
 Cantharidum pro uso 
 
 veterinario 388 
 
 Capsici 392 
 
 Carbonatis Plumbici 
 
 Camphoratum 1044 
 
 Cerce 422 
 
 Cereum 422 
 
 Cerussce 1044 
 
 ,, Camphoratum . . 1044 
 Cetacei . . . . • .429 
 Cetacei sine Benzoino . . 430 
 Chaulmoograe .... 433 
 Chloreti Hydrargyrici 
 
 Ammonici 731 
 
 ,, Hydrargyrici 
 
 Cantharidatum 724 
 
 30 
 44 
 
 89 
 94,95 
 106 
 106 
 118 
 121 
 129 
 129 
 214 
 
 1174 
 229 
 
 1177 
 243 
 
 1155 
 
 1155 
 285 
 297 
 299 
 310 
 312 
 319 
 
 1046 
 340 
 378 
 388 
 388 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Unguentum Cinnabar. . . . 710 
 
 ,, Chrysarobini . . . .455 
 
 ,, ,, Compositum (U nna) . 455 
 
 „ Cinereum ..... 705 
 
 ,, Citrinum 715 
 
 ,, Cocainse 483, 484 
 
 ,, ,, Dilutum . . . . 484 
 
 ,, Conii 514 
 
 ,, Creosoti 527 
 
 ,, Cretoi 534 
 
 ,, Cupri Citratis . . . .545 
 
 ,, ,, Oleatis 545 
 
 ,, Diachylon 1048 
 
 ,, ,, Carbolisatum . . . 1049 
 
 ,, HebrcB 1048 
 
 „ Elemi 565 
 
 ,, Emolliens 430 
 
 ,, Encarnativo 1048 
 
 ,, Eserince 1017 
 
 ,, Eucalypti 583 
 
 ., Galbani'Compositum . . 639 
 
 „ Gallse 640 
 
 ,, c. Opio .... 640 
 
 ., Glycerini 197 
 
 ,, Gynocardice 433 
 
 ,, Hamamelidis .... 692 
 
 „ Hebrce 1048 
 
 ,, Hydrargj^ri 703 
 
 ,, ,, Album 731 
 
 ,, ,, Amidato-bichlorati . 731 
 
 ,, ,, Ammoniati . . . 730 
 
 ,, ,, Cinereum 704 
 
 ,, ., Composituna . . . ' 704 
 
 „ Mitius 705 
 
 ., lodidi Rubri . . . 
 
 ,, ,, Viridis cum 
 
 Atropina 
 
 ,, Nitratis 
 
 ,, ,. Dilutum 
 
 ,, Oleati . . . 
 
 ,, Oxidi Flavi . 
 
 ,, ,, Rubri . 
 
 ,, Persulph . 
 
 „ et Potassii lodidi 
 
 ,, Subchloridi 
 
 ,, Sulphatis Flavm 
 
 ,, Vaselinatum . 
 
 ., et Zinci Cyanidi 
 
 ,, Zinci et Plumbi 
 Ichthyol . 
 Ichtkyolis 
 
 ,, Compositum; . 
 lodi . . . . . 
 
 ,, Denigrescens . 
 lodo-Paraffmi 
 lodoformi 
 
 ,, cum Atropina 
 Kaliijodati cum Jodo 
 Kaolini .... 
 
 713 
 
 714 
 715 
 716 
 733 
 717 
 719 
 710 
 713 
 728 
 710 
 705 
 708 
 716 
 760 
 760 
 760 
 775 
 778 
 768 
 766 
 768 
 1093 
 811 
 
1688 
 
 UNG 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 O 
 
 Unguentum Lante Coinpositum . 
 
 Lanolini 12 
 
 Leniens . 
 Menthol . 
 Methyl Salicylatis 
 
 positum • . 
 Metallorum . 
 Molle . . . 
 Myrobalani . 
 
 ,, cvun Opio . 
 Naphtholi 
 
 ,, Compositum 
 Olei Betulcc . 
 ,, Cadini 
 ,, Staphisagrice 
 Oleo-Resince Capsic 
 Opii .... 
 Oxydi Plumbici 
 Paraffiui 
 Peruvianum 
 
 ,, Resinosum 
 Petrolati Compositu 
 Phenolis . 
 Physostiijminrc . 
 Picis .... 
 „ Co. . . 
 ,, Carbonis . 
 ,, ,, Compos 
 ,, Liquidae . 
 ,, Molle . 
 Picrotoxini . 
 Plumbi . 
 ,, Acetatis 
 ,, Carbonatis 
 ,, lodidi . 
 , , Oleatis 
 ,, Oxydati 
 ,, Subacetatis 
 ,, Tannici 
 Plumbici Basici 
 Plumbicum . 
 Potassce Sulphuratce 
 Potassii lodidi . 
 Pyrogallol Co. . 
 
 „ „ {Unna) 
 Refrigerans . 
 Resinse . 
 Resinosum . 
 „ Flavum 
 Resorcini 
 
 ,, Compositum 
 Rosatum . 
 
 Rosmarini Compositum 
 Sabinw . 
 Sambuci . 
 
 ,, [Viride) 
 ad Scabiem Viennese 
 Stanni Oleatis 
 Staphisagrite 
 
 PAGE 
 
 121 
 
 1, 122 
 
 430 
 
 882 
 
 • 886 
 
 71f) 
 
 122 
 
 913 
 
 913 
 
 919 
 
 919 
 
 299 
 
 330 
 
 1332 
 
 393 
 
 966 
 
 1048 
 
 982 
 
 261 
 
 261 
 
 1036 
 
 45 
 
 1017 
 
 1038 
 
 1038 
 
 1036 
 
 1036 
 
 1038 
 
 1038 
 
 , 1019 
 
 , 1052 
 
 . 1043 
 
 . 1044 
 
 . 1046 
 
 . 1048 
 
 . 1048 
 
 . 1051 
 
 . 1052 
 
 . 1052 
 
 . 1049 
 
 . 1065 
 
 . 1093 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 . 430 
 
 . 1155 
 
 . 1155 
 
 . 1155 
 
 . 1158 
 
 . 1158 
 
 . 1171 
 
 . 1177 
 
 . 1179 
 
 . 1198 
 
 . 1198 
 
 . 1364 
 
 . 1331 
 
 . 1332 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Unguentum Stimulans . . . 389 
 
 ,, Stramonii 1336 
 
 ,, Styracis Gompositxim ■ ■ 1354 
 
 ,, Subacetatis Plumbi . ■ 1052 
 
 „ Co. ... 1052 
 
 ,, Sulphuris 1364 
 
 ., Camphoratum . . 1362 
 
 ., ., Compositum . . . 1364 
 
 ,. Hypochloritis . . .1365 
 
 ., lodidi 1366 
 
 ,, ,, Prcecipitati . . .1362 
 
 ,, ,, et Resorcini . . ■ 1362 
 
 ,, Suprarenalin et Cocaince . 484 
 
 ,, Tartari Stibiati . . . . 214 
 
 Terebinthince .... 1382 
 ,, Resinosum . . .1155 
 
 ,, Thytnol 1392 
 
 VeratrincB 1422 
 
 ,, Zinci 1439 
 
 ,, ,, cum Acido Saliculico 1441 
 
 ., Oleatis .... 1443 
 
 ,, ,, Stearatis . . . .1441 
 
 Unna's Cum Pastes .... 7 
 
 ,. Plaster Mulls . ... 687 
 
 ., Pyrogallic Plaster Midi . 89 
 
 Pyrogallol Ointment . . . 89 
 
 ,, Salve Mulls 124 
 
 Unreife Mohnkiipje .... 979 
 
 IJnsaponifiable Matter .... 1 542 
 
 Uranium 1407 
 
 ., Nitrate 1407 
 
 ,, Salicylate 1408 
 
 Urea 1409 
 
 ,, Bromine 1409 
 
 ,, Monobromine Isovalerianate 1410 
 
 Uresin 696 
 
 Uretano 1411 
 
 Urethane . 1410 
 
 Urginea 1412 
 
 Uricedin 847 
 
 Uropherin 846 
 
 ,, Salicylate 846 
 
 Urosine ....... 845 
 
 Urotropine 694 
 
 Uv£e Ursi Folia 1413 
 
 V 
 
 Vaccine, Cholera . 
 
 ,, Lymph, Glycerinatcd 
 
 ,, Plague .... 
 
 ,, Staphylococcic . 
 
 ,, Typhoid .... 
 
 Vaccines 
 
 Valangin's Solution 
 ValerianiB Indicn^ Rhizoma 
 
 ,, Rliizoma 
 Valeriane Officinale 
 
 1465 
 1466 
 1465 
 1464 
 1465 
 1463 
 26 
 1418 
 1415 
 1415 
 
1689 
 
 Official Names in Roman; all others in Italics. 
 
 VIN 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Valerianate de Zinc . . . . 
 
 1446 
 
 Valeryl- Diethylamide . . . . 
 
 1418 
 
 Validol 
 
 883 
 
 ValleVs Mans 
 
 597 
 
 Valyl 
 
 1418 
 
 Vanilla 
 
 1419 
 
 Vanillic Acid - . . . . 
 
 1419 
 
 Vanillin 
 
 1419 
 
 Van Sivieten's Solution 
 
 723 
 
 Vajpor Acidi Acetici . 
 
 19 
 
 ,, Benzoic i. 
 
 31 
 
 ,, ,, Carbolic i 
 
 45 
 
 ,, Benzoini .... 
 
 297 
 
 ., Chlori 
 
 445 
 
 ,, Coniince 
 
 514 
 
 ,, Creosoti 
 
 527 
 
 ,, Cubebce 
 
 541 
 
 ,, ,, cum Limone . 
 
 541 
 
 ,, Eucalypti .... 
 
 583 
 
 lodi et Acidi Carbolic 
 
 778 
 
 ., ,, Compositus 
 
 778 
 
 ,. Terebence .... 
 
 1377 
 
 ,, Thymol 
 
 1392 
 
 Varnish for Pills .... 
 
 1025 
 
 Vaselina Liquida .... 
 
 983 
 
 Vasclina Solida .... 
 
 985 
 
 Vaseline 
 
 984 
 
 ,, Officinale .... 
 
 985 
 
 ., Oil 
 
 983 
 
 Vaselinum c. Acidi Borici . 
 
 36 
 
 ,, Album 
 
 985 
 
 „ Boricum 
 
 36 
 
 ,, Flavum 
 
 985 
 
 Vasenol 
 
 986 
 
 ,, Liquid 
 
 986 
 
 Vasogen ■ • 
 
 986 
 
 Vasogenum Spissum . 
 
 986 
 
 Vasolimenta 
 
 986 
 
 Vasolimentum Chloroformi Cam 
 
 
 phoratum 
 
 453 
 
 „ Empyreumaticutn 
 
 330 
 
 ,, Eucalyptoli .... 
 
 584 
 
 ,, Guaiacoli .... 
 
 681 
 
 ,, Hydrargyri .... 
 
 705 
 
 ,, Ichthyoli .... 
 
 760 
 
 ,, lodatum 
 
 778 
 
 ,, Iodoforms .... 
 
 768 
 
 ,. ,, Desodoratam . 
 
 768 
 
 ,, Kreosoti 
 
 527 
 
 ,. Menthol i .... 
 
 882 
 
 ,, Naphtholi .... 
 
 919 
 
 ,, Picis 
 
 1039 
 
 ,. Salicylicum .... 
 
 95 
 
 ,, Sulphur is .... 
 
 1365 
 
 ,, Composiluiii . 
 
 1365 
 
 ,, Terebinthince 
 
 822 
 
 Venice Turpentine 
 
 S-2-2 
 
 Veratrina 
 
 1421 
 
 Veratri Albi Rhizome . . 
 
 1420 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Veratri Viridis Rhizoma . . . 1420 
 
 Veratruni Albion 1420 
 
 „ Viride 1420 
 
 Verdete 542 
 
 Verdigris 541 
 
 Vernisol 645 
 
 Vernissum Glyco-Gelaiin . . . 1441 
 
 Vero7ial 284 
 
 Veronal -sodium 266 
 
 Viburnum 1422 
 
 Vienna Mixture 453 
 
 ., Paste 1063 
 
 Vin Creosoti 527 
 
 ,, de Coca 482 
 
 ,, de V Hotel Dieu . . . .561 
 
 ,. ,, Scille Compose . . . 1226 
 
 ,, ,, Quinquina Officinal . . 471 
 „ ,, Trousseau . . . .561 
 
 Vina {group) 1423 
 
 Vinaigre 13 
 
 ,, Anglais 18 
 
 ,, des Quatre Voleurs ... 18 
 
 Vinca Major 1425 
 
 Vinegar 13 
 
 Vinho Antimonial 214 
 
 ,, de Opio Composto . . . 965 
 
 ,, ,, Quina 471 
 
 Vino Calibeado 600 
 
 „ Chinato 471 
 
 ,, Emetico 214 
 
 „ Esiibiato 214 
 
 ,. deFierro 600 
 
 „ „ Kola 817 
 
 ,, ,, Opio Compuesio . . . 965 
 
 ,, ,, Quina 471 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Ferruginoso . . 471 
 
 ,, Stibiaio 214 
 
 Vinsip 689 
 
 Vinum Aloes 151 
 
 „ Antiinoniale 214 
 
 ,, Aurantii 251 
 
 ,, ,, Detannatum . . . 25] 
 
 ,, Camphoratum .... 379 
 
 ,, Chinee 471 
 
 ,, ,, F erratum . . . .472 
 
 ,, Cocce 482 
 
 ,, Colce 817 
 
 ,, Colchici 502 
 
 ,, Condurango 511 
 
 ,, Digitalis Compositaiu . . 561 
 
 ,, Emetince 795 
 
 ,, Ergotce 571 
 
 ,, Ferri 591 
 
 ,, Amaru lit .... 604 
 
 ,, Citratis .... 599 
 
 (Jlycyrrhizce Opiaiuin . . 966 
 
 ,, Ipeeacuanhfe . . . . 791 
 
 ,, Opii 965 
 
 ,, ,, Aromaticum . . . 965 
 
1690 
 
 VIN 
 
 Official Names in Boman; all others in Italics. 
 
 Vinuin Opii {sine Aromat.) 
 
 ,, Pepsini .... 
 
 ,, Quininse .... 
 
 ,, Rhamni Purshianl . 
 
 ,, Rliei 
 
 ,, ,, Aynarurn 
 
 ,, Stibiatum 
 
 ,, Stibii Kalio Tartarici 
 
 , , Stibiato ■ Tartaricum . 
 
 ,, Xericuin. 
 
 ,, ,, Detannatum . 
 
 Vioform 
 
 Viola 
 
 Virginian Prune Bark . 
 Vitriol, Elixir of . . . 
 
 ,, ,, ,, {MynsichVs 
 
 Vlemingkx'n Solution . 
 Volumetric Analysis . 
 
 „ Solutions. 
 
 w 
 
 Wacholderol 
 Walrat .... 
 Warburg's Tincture 
 
 ,, ,, for Malaria 
 
 Fever 
 Warming Plaster . 
 Water Glass . 
 Waters. See Aquai 
 Weights, Metric 
 Weights and Measures, 
 Weinsaure . 
 Weinstein . 
 Weisse Magnesia . 
 Weisses Wachs . 
 Weizenstiirke 
 Wermuth 
 
 Whisky .... 
 Whitehead's Varnish 
 White Precipitate . 
 
 ,, „ Ointment 
 
 Wild Cherry Bark . . . 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Syrup of 
 
 ., ,, ,, Tincture of 
 
 Wilkinson' s Ointment 
 Wine. See Vinum 
 Wines (group) . 
 Wintergreen, Oil of 
 Wismut. 
 
 Wismutsubcarbonat 
 Witch Hazel Bark . 
 
 ,, ,, Leaves 
 
 ,, ., Snow . 
 Wollfett .... 
 Wood Charcoal 
 
 ,, Naphtha . 
 
 „ Oil . . . 
 
 Imper 
 
 ial 
 
 PAGE 
 
 966 
 
 998 
 
 1141 
 
 411 
 
 1165 
 
 1165 
 
 214 
 
 214 
 
 214 
 
 1424 
 
 1425 
 
 1138 
 
 1425 
 
 1108 
 
 99 
 
 101 
 
 369 
 
 1499 
 
 1499 
 
 806 
 
 427 
 
 1134 
 
 1134 
 
 387 
 
 1296 
 
 219 
 
 vii 
 
 vi 
 
 108 
 
 1104 
 
 856 
 
 421 
 
 195 
 
 2 
 
 1319 
 
 767 
 
 729 
 
 730 
 
 1108 
 
 1109 
 
 1109 
 
 1365 
 
 1423 
 641 
 299 
 300 
 690 
 692 
 693 
 118 
 394 
 142 
 257 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Wood Spirit ...... 142 
 
 Wool. See also Gossypiurn. 
 
 „ Fat 118 
 
 Woorara 546 
 
 Wormwood 2 
 
 Xarabe de Casca de LimcB 
 
 ,, ,, Dormideiras 
 Xarope de Rhuibarbo . 
 Xeroform .... 
 
 832 
 
 980 
 
 1163 
 
 314 
 
 Yeast ' . . . 1426 
 
 „ Cakes 1426 
 
 ,, Compressed' 1426 
 
 Yellow Wa.sh 723 
 
 Yerba Santa 1427 
 
 Yeso 359 
 
 Yodo 769 
 
 Yodoformo 764 
 
 Yoduro di Ammonio . . . . 181 
 
 ,, ,, Arsenico .... 236 
 
 „ Azufre 1365 
 
 „ Ferroso 606 
 
 ,, Mercurio 711 
 
 ,, Mercurioso 714 
 
 ,, Plumbico 1044 
 
 ,, Potasico 1088 
 
 ,, Sodico 1290 
 
 Yohimbine 1426 
 
 ,, Hydrochloride .... 1427 
 
 z 
 
 Zqfferano 534 
 
 Zarzaparilla 1216 
 
 Zeitlosenknollen 499 
 
 Zeitlosensamen 502 
 
 Zenzero 1448 
 
 Zimtol (Cassia) 476 
 
 Zinc Chloride Points .... 1435 
 
 ,, ,, Comp. . . 1435 
 
 Gelatin 1441 
 
 Isovalerianate .... 1446 
 
 Oxide Plaster Mulls (V una) 1441 
 
 Phenol-para-Sulphonate . 1445 
 and Salicylic Plaster Mull 
 
 (Unna) 1441 
 
 ,, Varnish 1441 
 
 Zinci Acetas 1428 
 
1691 
 
 Official Names in Bomaa; all others in Italics. 
 
 ZYM 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Zinci Bromidum 1431 
 
 Carbonas 1431 
 
 ,, PrcEcipitatus . . 1432 
 
 Chloridum 1433 
 
 Ichthyolsulphonate . . . 760 
 
 lodidum 1444 
 
 Lactas 75 
 
 Nitras 1444 
 
 Oleas (Shoemaker s) . . . 1441 
 
 Oleastearas 1436 
 
 Oxidum 1437 
 
 Permanganas . . . .1100 
 
 Pkenolsulphonas . . . 1445 
 
 Phosphidwn 1441 
 
 Sozoiodolate 1315 
 
 Sulphanilas 200 
 
 Sulphas . . . . . . 1441 
 
 Sulphis 1444 
 
 Sulphocarbolas .... 1445 
 
 Valerianas 1446 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Zinco-hcemol 690 
 
 Zincum 1427 
 
 ,, Sulfophenolicum . . . 1445 
 
 ,, Sulphocarbolicum . . . 1445 
 
 Zingiber 1448 
 
 Zinkacetat 1428 
 
 Zinkcarbonat 1431 
 
 Zinkchlorid 1433 
 
 Zinkoxyd 1437 
 
 Zinksulfat 1441 
 
 Zinkvalerianat 1446 
 
 Zirconium Oxide 300 
 
 Zittmanns Decoction . . ■ .1218 
 
 „ Pills 728 
 
 Zucchero 1181 
 
 Zucker 1181 
 
 Ziickerhaltiges Ferrocarbonat . . 595 
 
 Zumo de Limon 833 
 
 f. Moras 890 
 
 Zymocide 36 
 
 LONDON : PRINTED Br WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, 
 DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. 
 
NOTES 
 
NOTES, 
 
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 Published February, I9I5. About 1056 pp., Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 Price lOs. 6d. net. 
 
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 PHARMACOPCEIAS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LONDON HOSPITALS 
 
 A SYSTEMATIC COMPARISON OP THE PHARMACOPCEIAS 
 OF THIRTY OF THE LONDON HOSPITALS, 
 
 WITH AN 
 
 addendum containing a comparison op the 
 children's hospitals. 
 
 By peter squire. 
 
 eighth edition 
 Revised by PETER WYATT SQUIRE, 
 
 CHEMIST IN ORDINARY ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KING. 
 
 PRESS OPINIONS. 
 
 The British Medical Journal says : — " The new Eighth Edition of this work is 
 a necessity." 
 
 The Lancet says : — " The formulae contained in its pages represent the views 
 of a great tribunal on treatment, brought carefully up to date." 
 
 The Prescriber says : — " The book represents the art of prescribing as it exists 
 in its most refined form at the present day." 
 
 Published 1892. Price 3s. 6d. 
 
 METHODS AND FORMULiE 
 
 USED IN THE PREPARATION OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE 
 TISSUES, INCLUDING THE STAINING OF BACTERIA 
 
 FOE MICROSCOPIC ATj EXAMINATION 
 By p. W. squire. 
 
 The British Medical Journal says : — " We can recommend this little work 
 with very great confidence to those engaged in histological research." 
 
 Tlie Lancet says : — " Wo cordially recommend the brochure to the notice of 
 all those engaged in laboratory work, whether for the purposes of study or of 
 research." 
 
 J. it A. CHURCHILL, 7, Great Marlborough- Street, W. 
 
University of 
 Connecticut 
 
 Libraries 
 
 Hill nil mil I 
 
 39153024880546 
 
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