BOOK 1 78.7.L437T c. 1 LAWRENCE # TOBACCO PROBLEM III 3 T1S3 0DDt>33t>M t. OF^CP' -^. //^. ^'l-ia.^e^ ^'\7. /t'V-^:^ THE TOBACCO PROBLEM BY META LANDER AUTHOR OF " THE BROKEN BUD," " LIGHT ON THE DARK RIVER," ETC. FOURTH EDITION BOSTON DE WOLFE, FISKE & COMPANY 365 Washikgtox Street By Margaret Woods Lawrence, 1885. TO YOU, MY YOUNG COUNTRYWOMEN, I DEDICATE THIS BOOK, BECAUSE THE SOLUTION OF THE TOBACCO PROBLEM LIES VERY MUCH IN YOUR HANDS. A CAUSE WHICH AIMS TO LIFT SO FEARFUL A BURDEN, TO REMOVE SO TERRIBLE AN EVIL, IS WORTHY OF YOUR WARM- EST EFFORTS, YOUR MOST SKILFUL ADVOCACY. Margaret Woods Lawbbncs. IiiNDKN Home. " I do not place my individual self in opposition to tobacco, but science, in the form of physiology and hygiene, is opposed to it ; and science is the expression of God's will in the government of bis work in the universe." " Every interest of purity, dignity, and honor should lead every woman and every maiden to set her face and her whole example against everything that is of the passions, everything that is of the appetites, which leads into peril." PREFATORY. I HAVE carefully examined the work on Tobacco, as prepared by Mrs. Lawrence, and find in it a thorough and kindly consideration of the subject in all its relations, without prejudice, and with every desirable concession. The book cannot fail to impress its truth upon the public mind. Its mission is in the family, the shop, the college, the pulpit, — in short, in all places of education and of training for business, and in all classes of the community. WILLAKD PARKER, M. D. New York, May, 1882. COISTTESTTS. 5s Introduction 1 FINANCIAL VIEW. Quantity and Cost — Cost from Fires — Laws limiting Use — Culture — Other Tobacco-Costs —Yorktown Bill — Tobacco Census .... 4 PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. Nicotine-Poisoning — Experiments — Facts — Considered Medically — Etfects on Children and Young Men — Lowering Scholarship — Hard Breaking in — Cigarettes — Tobacco and Drinking — Man- ufacture of Chewing Tobacco — Cigar-Making — Properties and Etfects of Tobacco — Experiences of Literary Men — Medical Inconsistencies — The late Dr. Willard Parker's Views — Tobacco Illustrations — Tobacco Diseases— Tobacco Amaurosis — Color- Blindness — Delirium Tremens — Heart Disease — Smoker's Can- cer—Impaired Muscular Force — Shattered Nerves — Insanity. Tobacco Heredity — Surgeon-General's Report 23 TOBACCO BENEFITS. Destroying Vermin — Excluding Ladies — Mello\ving Theology — In- ducing Self- Abasement — Subduing Bad Smells — Protecting against Malaria and Typhoid — Aiding Digestion — Quieting the Nerves —An Antiseptic — Preserving the Teeth — Helpful Stim- ulant— Checking Waste of Tissue— Benefiting Adults . . . , SOCIAL AND AESTHETIC VIEW. Old-Tirae View of Tobacco —List of Brands —What Protection Against Smokers —Twenty Minutes in a Smoking-Car —Present Outlook- Civil Eights vs. Tobacco — Tobacco Pictures — Tobacco Manu- facture—Cigarette-Making—Wives of Tobacco-users — Female Devotees — Demands of Modern Travel — Tobacco Barbarism — Tobacco vs. Woman 119 vii Vlll CONTENTS. MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. Deteriorating Influence — Clerical Tobacco — Missionary Tobacco — Temperance and Tobacco — Tobacco Bondage — The Yoke Broken — Cheering Tokens — Heathen Examples — Claims of the Trade — Helpful Suggestions 181 TOBACCO INDICTED AND TRIED. Indictment — Objectors Summoned — Plea with "Woman — Tobacco Battles — Final Appeal 239 APPENDIX 257 INDEX 273 TOBACCO. INTRODUCTION Whatever benefits may be legitimately claimed for tobacco, very few will deny that the prevailing habit of using it is expensive, miwholesome, and uncleanly, if not actually demoralizing and peril- ous. Why, then, must it be touched so gingerly? Why must we approach it with deprecating bows and apologies, as if, after all, it was not much of an offence ? Alas ! it is because this ugly brown idol is set up in high places ; because it has more worship- pers than any heathen god ; because it is enshrined in manv a heart as the dearest thins: on earth. If, now and then, some fearless hand attacks it, not a few, even among those who are not its votaries, in their concern lest some good man may chance to get hit, stand ready to warn off the assailant. One is thus often reminded of the old slavery da3^s, when many who were not practical partakers con- doned the offence of such as Vvcre. Are not those who use this narcotic in its vari- 1 2 TOBACCO. ous forms as truly slaves as were our Southern negroes ? Is not its bondage as oppressive as was theirs ? Are not its fetters as tightly riveted ? This tobacco-habit extends to every nation on the globe, and permeates every rank in society. The gray-haired patriarch is not too old nor the boy of twelve too young to be its willing sul)ject. The filthiest slum and the politest society are alike pervaded by it. It stalks defiantly through the streets, fouling the very air of heaven. It boldly sits in our legis- lative halls, both state and national. In spite of special arrangements to imprison it, there is no such thing as shutting it away from the tell-tale air and the whispering breeze. Its insidious spell has so fallen on the community that multitudes seem utterly insensible to its char- acter and its consequences. Indeed, so potent is this spell that there is now and then a woman who, instead of being disturbed by seeing her father or brother, husband or lover, among the victims, will complacently smile upon his ofience and gayly decorate the symbols of his slavery. Shall I be pronounced a fanatic, a monomaniac, for writing thus? Yea, verily. But though I am struck, I will still claim a hearing. If you deem it audacious for a woman to attack so terrible a giant, let me plead in self-defence that, deeply moved on the subject, I was impelled to go forth, and, under cover, to fire a few shots. Through the encouragement and solicitations of INTRODUCTION. 3 many, I have been led to extend my investigations and to venture on a bolder assault. Yet in this public arraignment of tobacco, a power so high in position, so Avell-nigh supreme in influence, 1 have been painfully aware of my difficult and delicate task, and, but for the a])undance of testimony against the despot, should never have gathered courage to prosecute it. Great pains have been taken to authenticate the statements contained in these papers. And I would express my sense of obligation, not only to those al)le writers on the subject from whom I have gathered much of my material, but also to the various medical authorities — strangers as well as friends — to whose courtesy in response to in- quiries I have been indebted in the performance of my work. If I have written strongly, it is because I have felt dee})iy. But however strong the language used, — and it will be noted that the sharpest, most uncomproinising passages are quotations from those much better informed on this subject than m3^self, — it has been far from my thought to rep- resent the tobacco-vice as the o\\\y or the greatest vice in the world, or tobacco-votaries as sinners above all the men that dwell in Galilee. And it has been frankly, though sorrowfully, conceded that among these votaries are men of unquestioned moral and spiritual excellence. FINANCIAL VIEW. QUANTITY AND COST. Some years since, the annual production of to- bacco throughout the world was estimated at four billions of pounds. This mass, if transformed into roll-tobacco two inches in diameter, would coil around the world sixty times ; or, if made up into tablets, as sailors use it, would form a pile as high as an Egyptian pyramid. Allowing the cost of the unmanufactured material to be ten cents a pound, the yearly expense of this poisonous growth amounts to four hundred millions of dollars. Put into mar- ketable shape, the annual cost reaches one thou- sand millions of dollars. This sum, according to careful computation, would construct two railroads round the earth, at twenty thousand dollars a mile. It would build a hundred thousand churches, each costino: ten thousand dollars, or half a million of school-houses, each costing two thousand ; or it would employ a million of preachers and a million teachers, at a salary of five hundred dollars. 4 FINANCIAL VIEW. 5 What more effective, pathetic appeal to the head and the heart can be made than by these figures ? Two millions of tons of tobacco annually consumed by smokers and snuffers and chewers ; while from every part of the habitable globe are hands stretched out imploringly for the bread of life, which must be denied for lack of means to send it ! In Great Britain alone there are not far from three hundred thousand tobacco-shops. England prohibits the culture of the weed, that she may secure larger imports, her annual receipts amount- ing to forty million dollars, a greater revenue than she gets from all the gold mines of Australia. In Austria, the duties from this source reach the same figures ; while in France, where tobacco is a monopoly, they come up to sixty millions. In most countries oflicial statements show that it costs more than bread. In the United States, we find, from the Internal Revenue Report, that above ninety-five million pounds of manufiictured tobacco and one billion three hundred million cigars are used in one year, at an expense of two hundred and fifty millions of dollars, while the taxes have amounted to forty millions. In the city of New York above seventy-five millions of cigars are annually consumed, and at a cost of more than nine millions of dollars — enough cigars to build a wall from the Empire City to Albany, TOBACCO. An English firm has compiled a table showing that in forty years the amount of tobacco manu- factured has been more than doubled. J. J. H. Gregory, of Marblehead, Mass., ascer- tained as the result of careful inquiry that there were sold in that place al)out eight hundred thousand cigars, fourteen thousand pounds of tobacco for chewing or smoking in pipes, and about four hundred pounds of snuff; and all that in a town of only six thousand inhabitants (in 1850) ! In Syracuse, the leading city of Central New York, twentj^-seven millions of cigars were manu- factured during the year 1881. How often will a man go through life without owning a house, when the money he expends on this narcotic, if put on interest, would be ample for the purchase of one ! How many a family is cramped for the necessaries of life because the husl)and and father will not give up his cigar ! And how many a man, reduced to beggary, holds on to his pipe ! Wives there are not a few who are obliged to sacrifice their artistic tastes to this juggernaut. Books, music, pictures, excursions with the chil- dren to the seaside or the mountains, a thousand and one little refinements and brighteners of the dull routine of life — all are swallowed up by his rapacious maw. No matter what self-denials the patient wife and mother may endure, provided the husband is not robbed of hi.^ cigar. Suppose a young mechanic, whose earnings are FINANCIAL VIEW. 7 very small, expends five cents a day for tohacco. Instead of this let him invest the money at com- pound interest. The amount in ten years will be $240.54; in twenty years, $671.30; in thirty years, $1,442.77. " Twenty years ago," remarked a gentleman, " on finding how much money I Avas wasting upon tobacco, I stopped using it, yearly depositing the amount thus saved. When it had accumulated to three thousand dollars I built with it a house, which I call my smoke-house." Said an inveterate smoker : " Twenty thousand dollars falls short of what I have spent for to- bacco." But we have not yet done with figures. In a single Western town $3,098 were expended for tobacco, and for the support of churches and schools only $2,712. A Methodist pastor states that, while his whole society expended in a year only $841 for the sup- port of the gospel and other church and mission work, sixty-seven of his church members during the same time spent $845 for tobacco. At a Methodist Episcopal Conference held in Massachusetts, Bishop Harris expressed the opin- ion that " the Methodist Church spends more for chewinof and smokins: than it ogives toward con- verting the Avorld." It has been estimated that the smokers and chewers among the preachers and members of the Cincinnati Conference alone expend annually 8 TOBACCO. over $180,000 for tobacco, while there are many instances where from live to ten members of a cir- cuit spend more for this weed than their whole circuit gives for all the church charities combined. It was estimated from the internal revenue tax paid in the fourth district of Michigan, one of six internal revenue districts, that the tobacco used in that district must have cost the consumers $1,500,- 000 in one year, — about ten times the cost of sup- porting the University of Michigan and the stu- dents therein for the same time. From the Independent we learn that a single New Haven firm sells one hundred and twenty thousand cigarettes a month to Yale students, or for the ten months of the year, when they are in town, one million two hundred thousand, at an average expense of about eight thousand dollars a year. There are many religious ( ?) communities which spend an aggregate of from five hundred to one thousand dollars every year for this drug that can- not aflford the expense of a minister. Three hundred dollars a year for tobacco, and three dollars for Bible, tract, and mission purposes. Eighty dollars for tobacco, and twenty-five cents for home missions. Yet these are but samples of almost numberless cases. In a Southern Presbyterian paper a correspond- ent states that " in a town of five thousand inhabi- tants, in North Carolina, seven t^^-five thousand dollars' w^orth of snufi' is sold every year."" He FINANCIAL VIEW. \) also affirms that in any Southern State where the negroes compose half the population, "the snuff which is sold amounts annually to more than the cost of all the farming implements of every kind, including cotton-gins, cotton-presses, steam en- gines for f\xrm use, horse-powers, and all sorts of mechanical tools." In conclusion, he says: "I stand prepared with Chalmers' challenge, ' Give me your pinches of snuff and I will support the church.' Give me your tobacco, cigars, and snuff, and I will support the whole Southern church, and do it handsomely." It is stated by Rev. Mr. Evans, formerly presi- dent of Hedding College, Abington, 111., that the people of that city and vicinity have, in the course of twenty-four years, paid eighty thousand dollars to Abington and Hedding Colleges, while in the city itself twenty thousand dollars are ex- pended every year for tobacco. " This great Chris- tian nation," he affirms, ''pays annually forty mil- lions for its religion, and two hundred millions for its tobacco ; " adding, " we make an estimate within the limits of the facts, when we say that this community, city, and country pay as much for tobacco as they do for their religion and education combined." Said the late President Wayland : " The Ameri- can Board, an institution of world-wide benevo- lence, and which collects its funds from all the Northern States, does not receive annually as much as is expended for cigars in the single city of New 10 TOBACCO. York I " What a record to appear on the heavenly ledger ! COST FROM FIRES. The destruction of property from fires occa- sioned by throwing away the ends of cigars, or matches used in lighting them, comes properly under the financial head. It is stated by Dr. Ritchie that in London fifty- three tires occurred in one year as the result of smoking. He adds : " I have more than once seen a carpenter under a London station light his pipe and cast the half-burnt match among the shavings." From the throwing down of a cigar, or a match used in lio-htins^ it, the Bateman Hotel in Pitts- burg, Penn., took fire and was destroyed. The son of the proprietor was fatally burned, while the wife and four daughters perished in the flames. What shall we say to the setting on fire of a forest near Lowell, Mass., by ministerial cigars? to the burning of several buildings in Fall River from juvenile cigars and matches? to the consum- ing of a church in Chicago from a carpenter's pipe ? and to the destruction of three millions' worth ot property in one of our cities from a half-smoked cigar which a young man threw down ? So infatuated are the devotees of the weed that, in spite of the strictest regulations, workmen sometimes persist in smoking even amid the most dangerous surroundings. In a single day pipes and matches were found FINANCIAL VIEW. 11 in the pockets of fifty-eight workmen as they were just entering the powder works at Hounslow. The blowing up of a powder-magazine in Mexico, and many houses near by, with the destruction of seventy lives, was caused by the dropping of a lighted cigar. After the Blantyre explosion in 1879, resulting in the death of twenty-eight persons, the inspec- tor of mines found matches and partly smoked pipes lying near the bodies. It was from a match thrown down by a smoking plumber that the Harpers' printing establishment took fire, consuming five blocks, at a loss of about a million of dollars, and throwing nearly two thou- sand people out of work. By a spark dropped from a pipe a dreadful fire was kindled in Williamsburg, destroying three ves- sels and six buildings, with the lives of three persons. Says an insurance agent : " One third or more of all the fires in my circuit have originated from matches and pipes. Fires in England and America are being kindled with alarming frequency by smokers casting about their firebrands or half- burnt matches." From the reports of various journals as to the burning of the mail-car on the New York Central Railroad, there seems scarcely a doubt that it was owino^ to the smokins^ habit. Does not common prudence require the absolute interdiction of cigars by all employed in the postal department 12 TOBACCO. during the hours when they are engaged in this service ? An account lies before me of an appalling fire in a crowded circus in Russia, Avhere the side exits were nailed up and the doors of the main entrance, which opened inward, were kept closed by the pressure of the frantic throng. Parents threw their children into the ring, and then, as the flames in- creased, leaped after them, the scorched and mad- dened horses also plunging into the area, and, in their frenzy, trampling people to death. And the cause of this terrific fire, in which about three hun- dred perished, is stated to have been a cigarette thrown carelessly among the straw. LAW^S LIMITING USE. We find from " Chambers' Encyclopaedia " that in Great Britain sailors are generally limited to chew- ing, smoking at sea being prohibited, or greatly restricted from danger of fire. To a certain extent, the laws in some parts of our own country have been cognizant of this dan- ger. In 1818 the following Acts were passed in the metropolis of New England. "Every person who shall smoke, or have in his or her possession any lighted pipe or cigar in any street, lane, or passage-w\ay, or on any wharf, in said city, shall forfeit and pay, for each and every oflence, the sum of two dollars." " And, further, if any person shall have in his or her possession, in any ropewalk, or barn, or stable. FINANCIAL VIEW. 13 any fire, lighted pipe or cigar, the person so offend- ing shall forfeit and pay, for each offence, a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars, nor less than twenty dollars." The first of these Acts was never enforced, and having remained on the statute-book a dead letter for more than sixty years, in 1880 it was repealed. The second, which is a law necessary to safety, is still in force in Boston, and ougld to be in every city, town, and hamlet throughout the land, simply as contemplating protection against fire. CULTUEE. Much miirht be said under the financial head as to the culture of this weed, but space allows only a few words. "The tobacco plant," writes one, "is a great exhauster. Whether raised north or south, on the banks of the Danube or the Connecticut, it is all the same. It is a huge glutton, which, con- suming all about it, like Homer's glutton of old, cries : ^ More ! Give me more ! ' " Another : " A o'um issues from orreen tobacco that covers everything it comes in contact Avith. We met recently a troop of men, fresh from the tobacco-field, who might pass for Hottentots. They looked as if they always burrowed in the ground, and in hands and face, as well as dress, were the color of woodchucks." Dr. Humphrey : " What shall we say to raising tobacco — a narcotic plant which no brute will eat. 14 TOBACCO. which affords no nutriment, which every stomach loathes till cruelly druo^gecl into submission, which stupefies the brain, shatters the nerves, destroys the coats of the stomach, creates an insatiable thirst for stimulants, and prepares the system for fatal diseases ? " Prof. Brewer : " The sole advantage is that an individual may grow rich from raising it. But what one man gains is obtained at the cost of his son and his son's son." Jefferson : " It is a culture productive of infinite wretchedness." Gen. John H. Cooke, of Virginia : "Tobacco exhausts the land beyond all other crops. As proof of this, every homestead, from the Atlantic border to the head of tide water, is a mournful monument. It has been the besom of destruction which has swept over this once fertile region." Sa^^s a traveller; "The old tobacco-lands of Maryland and Virginia are an eyesore, odious ' barrens,' looking as though blasted by some ge- nius of evil." There are those who claim that the land can be kept in good condition by the free use of fertilizers. But the experience of many years furnishes evi- dence that this crop ultimately exhausts the soil, and that, in consequence, its culture is deprecated by the better class of agriculturists. Tobacco-raising consumes the greater part of the year. The seed is planted about the middle of April, and in two or three months the shoots are FINANCIAL VIEW. 15 transplanted or set, which process occupies several weeks. Besides the older members of the family, the little boys and girls work in the fields, thus becoming familiar with the weed from their earli- est childhood. In September the plants are cut, and, after lying some hours in the sun, are hung under cover to be cured. When the winter thaw occurs, they are taken to a room where the leaves are stripped from the stalk and packed in bundles, and then handled one by one, to be arranged in grades, or sorted, not being carried to market, however, until April. Thus, throughout the year, tobacco is the great subject of conversation, and, as it is an uncertain crop, the mind is kept in an absorbed, anxious condition till it is delivered, when the processes are again started. Meantime, other crops are mostly neglected. This culture is greatly on the increase. Among other regions, the beautiful Onondaga valley in New York State is becoming more and more devo- ted to it. The reports from this valley as to its unfavorable effect upon the health are clear and decisive. Nor is this strange when we learn that the stripping rooms are kept at a high temperature and without ventilation. Thus the strippers who work here for several months every year are breathing -the noxious vapor from morning till night. Ph^^sicians assert that in this way many cases of tobacco-poisoning occur. One instance is given of an infant whose death ensued in con- 16 TOBACCO. sequence, the mother admitting that she had taken the cradle into the room so that while at work she might care for her child. That the physical effects are due solely to the poisoned atmosphere created is evident from the fact that many who raise tobacco do not use it, some even considering this to be wrong. The great argument is : — " If I don't raise it, somebody else W'ill, and I might as well make the money as anybody else." What must be the influence of such reasoning upon the conscience ! It is not surprising that ministers should consider the effect on the moral and spiritual health to be no less unfavoral)le than on the ph^'sical. It was the remark of one not a professing Christian, — "A revival need never be expected wdiere everybody is raising tobacco." There are clergymen that have had experience in this line wdio feel that the time a minister spends in a tobacco-region is vir- tually wasted. A pastor wdio is laboring in the Onondaga valley says : " Although I came into the place without knowledge on this subject, and entirely unprejudiced, yet my observation has satisfied me that tobacco-raising injures the farms, impairs the health, dulls the intellect, and blunts the moral and religious sensibilities." And w^hat shall be said of cultivating this ex- hauster of the soil, this foulest, most destructive of poisons in the beautiful Connecticut valley, the land of the Pilgrims? A cruel matricide, which Christian hands, alas ! join in perpetrating. FINANCIAL VIEW. 17 On this subject, a gentleman of large experience writes : " The raising of tobacco has cursed our fair valley. Hatlield, for instance, some twenty years ago the richest town in the State according to its population, early entered into the craze for gain through tobacco-raising. As a result nearly everyone has failed financially. But far worse, — our farmers, who once declared, 'I would cut off my right hand rather than engage in such busi- ness,' seeinof their neiirhbors — at the outset — growing rich, gradually choked conscience and be- came absorbed in the traffic. This has demorahzed the people and paralyzed the church. The spirit- ual death resting upon our valley may to a great extent be traced to this cause." Before me is a letter from Bishop Huntington of Central Xew^ York, dated June, 1884, and bearing on the same point : " While my old homestead in Hadley, Mass., lies on the Connecticut River, where the alluvial soil is particularly favorable for profitable tobacco crops, I have never allowed a plant of it to be raised on the farm. There is an extraordinary lact connected w ith the culture there, which is attested by intelligent residents of the town. Since 1855 enormous harvests of tobacco have been raised and carried off every year, — hundreds of thousands of pounds. Yet, by the working of some mysterious law, not one dollar can be found to show for it in all the property in- vestments or scenery of the entire population." When there was some querying whether so sin- 18 TOBACCO. gular an assertion would be accepted, he replied : "My statement was, I believe, literally and indis- putably true, that the farmers of Old Hadley have, for a quarter of a century, been planting, raising, and gathering tobacco as the principal crop of the soil ; yet that there is in the whole town not one visible sign of improvement, enrichment, thrift, or prosperity to show for it. In all these respects the town, from end to end and side to side, has lost rather than gained. It is not strange that you are perplexed by a fact so paradoxical. So am I. The mystery has sometimes struck me as contain- ing a silent judgment of God on the abuse of his ground." Alluding to some natural explanations that might be suggested, he adds : "These only partially ac- count for a blight so persistent and universal." From the Boston Transcript we learn that enough Connecticut tobacco has been produced in a single year to make nine hundred millions of cigars ! Most eloquently writes Prof. Bar com : " Take the land, the sunshine, the rain which God gives you, and set them all at work to grow to])acco ; throw this, as your product, into the world's mar- ket ; buy with it bread, clothing, and shelter, books for yourselves, instruction for your children, consideration in the community, and perchance the gospel of grace ; pa3^ever and everywhere, for the good you get, tobacco, only tobacco — tobacco, that nourishes no man, clothes no man, instructs no man, purifies no man, blesses no man ; tobacco, FINANCIAL VIEW. 19 that begets inordinrite and loathsome appetite and disease and degradation, that impoverishes and debases thousands and adds incaleu]al)ly to the l)Lirden of evil the world bears; but call not this exchano'e honest trade, or this o-nawino^ at the root of social well-beins: o-ettino' an honest livelihood. Think of God's justice, the honesty he requires, and cover not your sin with a lie. Turn not His earth and air, given to minister to the sustenance and joy of man, into a narcotic, deadening life and poisoning its current, and then traffic with this for your own good." OTHER TOBACCO COSTS. Still another point deserves consideration. Be- sides the hours that many spend on tobacco, from which, to say the least, they get no benefit, is the fact that the narcotic, by diminishing their force, tends to lessen the value of their remaining time. Moreover, it is estimated by many medical men that the victims of this weed, on an average, cut short their life about one quarter. Thus, from an average life of forty-five to fifty, about ten or tv\elve are sacrificed to this evil-doer. Nor is this all. In order to make a fair esti- mate of what this drug costs the country, we ought to visit our almshouses and houses of correction, our reform schools, insane asjdums, jails, and peni- tentiaries, to which poverty, disease, and crime, resulting from the tol)acco-fiend, with intempe- rance following" in its wake, brino- hundreds and 20 TOBACCO. thousands. For the support of all these we are taxed, and that doubl^^ since we are also assessed to supply many of them with the very poison that brought them there. In the old snufl-takinof days a senatorial snuff- box was kept on the stand of the Vice-President for the use of our legislators ! The annual report of the expense of our National Senate still con- tains the item of snuff, which has ahvays been furnished at the expense of government, and which may, not improperly, be reckoned among tobacco- costs. YOPvKTOWN BILL. But although in respect to this form of tobacco, there may be some diminution, we have small cause for self-oratulation. Examine the bill for "rum and cigars" which were furnished to the Centennial Commission on their trip to Yorktown, by order of the congressional conniiittee. In the list of items we find set down, amono- the laroe variety of liquors : — 3200 Reina Cigars $400.00 3600 Conclia Cigars 594.00 2000 Londres Cigars 340.00 1500 Domestic Cigars 120.00 17 pounds Gravely Tobacco 11.20 1 gross Fine Cut 9.00 1000 Lone Fisherman Cigarettes 6.00 1000 Pvichmond Gem Cigarettes 6.50 The cost of this convivial provision was nearly seven thousand dollars, and all at the expense of the people. FINANCIAL VIEW. 21 What a picture ! The old pagan bacchanals over again in this grand Kepublic in the year of our Lord 1881 ! There are Congressmen who urge in defence of this course that if we entertain visitors from abroad we must entertain them according to their own customs, ^lust we, then, provide dog-meat for our Chinese guests, and share it with them? Let us not plead that national hospitality required thi^s at our hands — not, certainl}^ till we have forgot- ten the disgraceful arrangements in connection with the funeral cortege of our hunented Garfield. TOBACCO CEXSUS. The United States census of the tobacco crop for 1880 is truly a disheartening document. With the honoralde exceptions of Colorado and W^'o- ming, Montana and Utah, all the States and Terri- tories are implicated in this business. The number of acres devoted to the weed throughout the coun- try was 638,841. The number of pounds raised w^as nearly 500,000,000, — bringing a vast revenue of gold and silver to the government cofiers, and an equally vast revenue of penury, wretchedness, and shame to countless homes and hearts. During the year 1882 more than three thousand millions of cigars and six hundred millions of ciga- rettes were manufactured in our country, showing an advance in both together, over the preceding year, of three hundred millions. In the city of New York twenty thousand per- 22 TOBACCO. sons are ens^aored in the cisfar manufjicture, a num- ]>er of tliem being American women. " The hands in a single factory consume three million cigars a year, saving the tobacco out of their allotment and rolling and tilling the cigars for themselves." The tobacco manufacturers urge a reduction of the tobacco tax, to promote their own moneyed in- terests, and for the same reason oppose its aboli- tion ; while members of Congress advocate its abo- lition in order to cheapen the article. In strange contrast with these attempts we find that King James I. of England raised the tolnicco tax from twopence a pound to six shillings and tenpence. To do this, as he did, without the consent of Par- liament, was an unwarranted act ; 3'et the legisla- tion Avas in the right direction, while ours, should these unwise attempts succeed, would be in the wrong. Until the happ}^ day arrives when this man- ufacture shall be prohibited by our national gov- ernment, may we be saved from any disastrous congressional acts that shall make the poison still freer to the community ! PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. NICOTINE POISONING ; EXPERIMENTS ; FACTS. It is upon the effects of the tobacco-habit on body and mind that this whole question hinges. And these effects must be determined by the opin- ions of medical and scientific men, founded on experience and observation, with such facts as corroborate them. It has therefore been deemed important to treat this point with great fulness, and to summon many witnesses as to the various diseases, bodily and mental, charged to the ac- count of the weed. A chemical examination of a tobacco-leaf shows its surface dotted with minute glands, v>'hich con- tain an oil found in no other plant, the proportion of this oil being seven per cent of the whole weight of the leaf. This oil is nicotine. It is this nicotine — one of the subtlest of poisons — that determines the strength of tobacco. Physicians who have studied its effects thus sum them up : "Nicotine primarily lowers the circulation, 23 24 TOBACCO. quickens the respiration, and excites the muscular system ; but its ultimate effect is general exhaus- tion. As administered in even the minutest doses, the results are alarming, and in a larger quantity will occasion a man's death in from two to five minutes." W. A. Axon asserts in the "Popular Science Monthly " that " the nicotine in one cigar, if ex- tracted and administered in a pure state, would suflSce to kill two men." The Indians used to poison their arrows by dip- ping them into nicotine, convulsions and often death beins^ the results of these arrow wounds. In a paper upon Tobacco, read before a Sanitary Convention in Michigan in 1883, Lemuel Clute, Esq., a lawyer, quotes freely from a work on poisons, by Dr. Taylor, in which many diseases are attributed to the use of the weed. He says : " I have cited thus fully from Taylor on Poisons, because he is a recognized authority in courts, and no one can charge him with being a temperance fanatic. The principles he has gathered and dis- cussed in his book are constantly referred to, and are largely the guide of our judges in passing upon the questions of the liberty, life, and death of our citizens." Brodie, Queen Victoria's phj^sician, made sev- eral experiments with nicotine, applying it to the tongues of a mouse, a squirrel, and a dog, death being produced in every instance. A frog placed in a receiver containing a drop of nicotine in a PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 25 little water Avill die in a few hours. Franklin found that if the oil floating on the surface of water, when a stream of tobacco-smoke has passed through it, is applied to the tongue of a cat, it shortly causes death. Put on a cat's tongue one drop of nicotine, and in spite of its " seven hves," it iiistanthj writhes in convulsions, and dies. Set an open bottle containing a small quantity of this oil under an inverted jar. Place a mouse or a rat under the jar, taking care that the fresh air is not excluded. Death presently follows, simply from the animal's breathing the poisoned atmosphere. And this same tobacco-laden atmos- phere is that which we And everywhere, and from which there is no escape. Put a tobacco victim into a hot bath ; let him re- main there till a free perspiration takes place ; then drop a fly into the water, and instant death ensues. Hold white paper over tobacco-smoke, and when the cigar is consumed, scrape the condensed smoke from the paper and put a very small amount on the tongue of a cat ; in a few minutes it will die of paralysis. Pack a tobacco votary in a wet sheet, and when he is taken out the whole room is filled with the odor. Xo wonder that wolves, buzzards, and can- nibals retreat in disgust from the flesh of such a man ! Among the animals denominated irrational it is asserted that none can use the weed except the loathsome tobacco-worm and the rock-o-oat of 26 TOBACCO. Africa. Of the latter, the smell is so oifensive that every other animal instinctively shmis it. At Dartmouth Park, England, an old wooden pipe was given to a three-year-old to blow soap- bubbles with, the pipe being first carefully washed out. The boy was taken ill, and died in three days, his death, according to medical evidence, being caused by the nicotine which he had sucked in while blowing bubbles. The dauohter of a tobacco merchant, from sim- ply sleeping in a chamber \yhere a large quantity of the weed had been rasped, died soon after in frightful convulsions. A child picked up a quid that had been thrown on the floor, and, taking it for a raisin, put it into her mouth, dying of the poison the same day. Bocarme, of Belgium, was murdered in two minutes and a half hy a little nicotine. A very moderate quantity introduced into the system, or even applying the moistened leaves over the stomach, has suddenly extinguished life. Indeed, so thoroughly does tobacco poison the blood that, according to the testimony of a physician to a dis- pensary in St. Giles, " leeches are instantly killed l)y the blood of smokers ; so suddenlj^ that they drop off dead immediately when they are applied." In this view, we cannot wonder that it is pro- nounced perilous for a delicate person to sleep in the chamber with a habitual smoker. Medical journals report the poisoning of babes from sharino^ the bed of a tobacco father, and even PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 27 from heing in the room where he smoked ; and infant deaths have occurred from no other cause. Says Dr. Trail : '^ jVLmy an infant has been killed outright in its cradle by the tobacco-smoke with which a thoughtless father filled an unventilated room." Not a few physicians regard much of the invalid- ism, and also the positive ill-health of women, as due to the poisoned atmosphere created around them l)y the smoking members of their household. A o-entleman in a Saratoo^a hotel said to a doc- tor : " See that portly man yonder smoking like a volcano ; he stands the racket ; smoking don't kill him." " No, but he is killing his wife. See her by his side, pale, shrivelled, tremulous, sinking into the grave. So far as health is concerned, she might about as well have wedded a cask of to- bacco." A French journal reports the case of a farmer who, with two companions, smoked one evening in a chamber where a young man was asleep. When, at midnight, the visitors withdrew, the farmer found the youth insensible. A doctor was summoned, but all efforts for his restoration were fruitless. At the j^ost 77i07iem it was pronounced that he had died of congestion of the brain, caused by the respiration of tobacco-smoke during sleep. Tobacco commences its dreadful work in the fictories, the operatives inhaling its dust and ab- sorbing its poison, so that, according to the doc- tors, " it takes only four years to kill off the worker." Dr. Kostral, physician to the royal 28 TOBACCO. tobacco factory in Moravia, reports that, of a hun- dred boys entering the works, seventy-two fell sick during the first six months, while deaths fre- quently occur there from the nicotine poisoning. Three or four women, after drinking fresh coffee, were seriously affected with faintness, ver- tigo, nausea, convulsions, and loss of conscious- ness. It was discovered that the coffee-beans had been picked out from the store-sweepings, consist- ing principally of tobacco leaves, among which the coffee had got mixed and lay for a time exposed to the rain. A squadron of hussars hid tobacco leaves in their breasts for smuggling purposes. Every man of them was seized with headache, vertigo, and vom- iting. Soldiers have sometimes purposely disabled themselves for war by applying these leaves to the pit of the arm, thus inducing alarming symptoms. A Frenchman living near Paris, having cleaned his pipe with a knife, but neglecting to wipe it, subsequently happened to cut one of his fingers. The wound was so sliaht that he thouo^ht nothins: of it. A few hours later, however, the finger grew painful and swelled, the inflammation rapidly spreading through the arm. Doctors were sum- moned, but the case remained a mystery till, in answer to inquiries, the enigma was explained. All remedies proved ineflfectual, and the man's condition grew so alarming, that he was taken to the hospital, where the arm was amputated as the only chance of saving his life. PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 29 CONSIDERED MEDICALLY, THIS WEED RANKS AMONG THE DEADLIEST POISONS. This must be a veiy sick world to require nearly as much medicine as food. Though the scientihc men who have charge of the public and private health very seldom prescribe tobacco, they all admit that it is a powerful medicinal agent. As a poison, it stands next to strychnine. Its method of cure is by partially killing. In a late treatise on Physiology it is stated : "To- bacco produces remarkable effects on the system, whether it be taken into the stomach, or applied to portions of the body from which the skin has been removed. In the latter instance it is absorbed into the blood, and its use is attended with great danger, sometimes with death." Brodie : " It powerfully controls the action of the heart and arteries, producing invariably a weak, tremulous pulse, with all the apparent symp- toms of approaching death." Another physician : " If we wish at any time to prostrate the powers of life in the most sudden and awful manner, we have but to administer a dose of tobacco and our object is accomplished." " The effect on the heart is not caused by direct action, but by paralyzing the minute vessels which form the batteries of the nervous system. The heart, freed from their control, increases the rapidity of its strokes, with an apparent accession, but real waste of force," 30 TOBACCO. According to Dr. Druhen's testimony, " a boy of fourteen, who smoked fifteen cents' worth of tobacco for the toothache, fell down senseless and died the same day." It was formerly used as an emetic, from its prompt action, all the powers of the system rallying to expel the enemy. A poultice of tobac- co placed on the stomach of a child dying with croup caused deathly nausea and instant vomiting. The physician, who arrived shortly after, admitted that it had saved the child's life, but pronounced it to be an exceedingly dangerous, and often fatal, remedy. No one will deny that tobacco is a drug. And it is an axiom among physicians — whoever among them practically may disregard it, — that no drug should ever be taken in health. From Dr. Stille's Tlterapeutics and Materia MedAca we learn that '^ tobacco as a therapeutic agent, belongs to the same class with belladonna, alcohol, and opium, but that its use is restricted within comparatively narrow limits, because of the distressing symptoms wdiich, even in moderate doses, it occasions ; the risk of fatal consequences ; and the uncertainty in regard to the degree of its influence upon individuals." Dr. Grimshaw : " It is believed by all judicious practitioners too dangerous to be employed as a medicine. The benefits, as a remedy, do not counterbalance the risk of usins: it. Yet so in- sidious are its effects, that very few have regarded PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 31 it as swelling the bills of mortality. It is, never- theless, true that multitudes are carried to the grave every year by tobacco alone." Dr. Chiy : " I have been called to children writhinir in horrid convulsions from bavins^ the de- coction of tobacco applied for the scald head, and I have alwa3^s experienced great difficulty in re- storing them ; three instances, in my own recollec- tion, were attended with fatal results." Dr. NcAvell, a Boston practitioner : " Small doses of the oil of tobacco administered to a dog for a few weeks cause marasmus and a withering of the spinal cord. The dog soon drags the hind legs, sheds his hair, sloughs off the eyelids, becomes blind, and dies. Thus it is seen that nicotine is one of the most deadly poisons, its fatal results being produced in less time than any other poison except prussic acid." " In confirmation of this, it is asserted by M. Or- fila, president of the Paris Medical Academy, that " Tobacco is the most subtile poison known to the chemist, except the deadly prussic acid." - A prominent tobacco manufacturer declares that nothing ever goes into tobacco so deleterious to the constitution as tobacco itself. That its legitimate results are not invariably man- ifested is owing to the marvellous power in the human system to tolerate poison taken gradually. It is with tobacco as with laudanum, opium, ar- senic, whiskey, and other liquors, to the use of which a man may, by degrees, habituate himself, 32 TOBACCO, SO that he can take it with seeming impunity ; yet it is none the less a poison, slowly, it may be, but surely, impairing the organism and inducing diseases which strike at the life forces. And the victim may be quite sure that nature will, in the end, reassert herself, and exact a bitter atonement for all such infractions of her wholesome laws. " The eflect of tobacco on the glandular system is not less evil than on the nervous. If there is any tuberculous tendency, this enemy searches it out, excites it, and sends its victim to the grave by rapid stages. Whatever w^eak spot there is in the constitution, Ihis insidious thief creeps into, mining and sapping about it until the fabric crumbles into dust. In some stages of its action, it excites the passions abnormally, and later they are deadened as unnaturally." A promising young man of fine constitution and correct habits, with the single exception of smok- ing, w\as found dead in his bed. Examination showed the blood in one lung completely black from the disintegrating effects of tobacco. Accord- in£r to the doctors it was this which killed him. Such are the characteristics of tobacco, making its prescription permissible onl}^ in the extremest cases, and Avith the utmost caution. Yet this most powerful , most fatal of all drugs it is which has come to be regarded by thousands as a daily necessity — more to them than meat, or drink, or any earthly good. Writes Dr. Solly, for many years the medical PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 33 examiner of various English life insurance offices : " The profession have no idea of the ignorance of the public regarding the nature of tobacco. Even intelligent, well-educated men stare in astonishment when you tell them that it is one of the most powerful poisons. Now, is this right? Has the medical profession done its duty ? Ought we not, as a body, to have told the public that, of all our poisons, it is the most insidious, uncertain, and, in full doses, the most deadly? " What a blessins: it would have been to man- kind if all men had shrunk from this plague of the brain as did the first Napoleon ! One inhalation was enough. In disgust, he exclaimed, 'Oh, the swine ! my stomach turns.' " In the course of my practice I have met with many who, like myself, have abandoned smoking. I have never found one who does not assert most positively that he has been in better health since, and that his intellectual activity has increased. I may be mistaken, but I believe that our greatest men, statesmen, lawyers, warriors, physicians, and surgeons, have either not been smokers, or, if smokers, that they have died prematurely." EFFECTS ox CHILDREN AND YOUNG MEN ; LOWEK- ING SCHOLARSHIP. Dr. Willard Parker : " Tobacco is ruinous in our schools and colleges, dwarfing body and mind." Dr. Ferguson: "I believe that no one who 34 TOBACCO. smokes tobacco before the bodil}^ powers are de- veloped ever makes a strong, vigorous man." Prof. Richard INlcSherry, president of the Balti- more Academy of JMedicine : " The effect of to- bacco on schoolboys is so marked as not to be open for discussion. From " Lessons on the Hmnan Body : " " To- bacco, like alcohol, and for nearly the same rea- sons, injures the brain, deranges the entire nervous system, spoils the appetite for wholesome food, lowers the life forces, injures the lungs and heart, and depresses the spirits. When indulged in by young persons, it saps the foundation of health and dwarfs the body and mind." Dr. B. W. Richardson : " The effects of this agent, often severe even on those who have attained to manhood, are specially injurious to tlie young. In these the habit of smoking causes impairment of growth, premature manhood, and physical pros- tration." A superintendent of education in Vermont gives the case of a boy of fourteen who fell unaccounta- bly behind his class. The incapacity thus evinced in one naturall}^ bright was a puzzle to his teachers. At last he sickened and died, when it was found that he was killed by tobacco, to which he was in the habit of helping himself j^rivately from his father's store. At an examination for admission to the Free College of New York, out of nine hundred girls, six hundred and sixty, or seventy-one per cent, PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 35 passed, while only forty-eight per cent of the boys could enter, the difference being ascribed to the stupefying effect of tol)acco. A prominent teacher in Syracuse writes : " After long experience, I have come to the conclusion that many boys from all departments of the public schools become incapable of prolonged mental eiiort, and are lacking in refinement and in interest and attention to school duties, in consequence of the use of tobacco, and that very many of the fail- ures in promotion from year to year are due to the same cause." The testimony on this point, both as to our own and foreign countries, is clear and overwhelming. Statistics obtained from European institutions show that lads whose standing had been good before they began to smoke or chew Avere invariably found, after they became addicted to either habit, to fall below the school average. In 1862 the Emperor Louis Napoleon, learning that paralysis and insanity had increased with the increase of the tobacco revenue, ordered an exam- mation of the schools and colleofes, and findinof that the average standing in both scholarship and character was lower among those who used the Aveed than among the abstainers, issued an edict forbidding its use in all the national institutions. The investigation of the public schools of France by medical and scientific men has been very thor- ough. M. Bertillon reported some of the results in the Union Medicale. Facts as to the Polytechnic 36 TOBACCO. School in Paris are given in the Dublin Medical Press: "It is shown that smokers have proved themselves, in the various competitive examina- tions, for inferior to others. Not only in the ex- aminations on entering the scliool are they in a lower rank, but in the various ordeals of the 3^ear the average rank of the smoker has constantly fallen." Science and Health contains the translation of a report on this subject by Dr. Constan, one of the medical men employed in the investigations spoken of, and which covered the ground from 1876 to 1880. He says : " Our inquiries have extended to three groups of educational establishments, viz. : primary, secondary, and higher, or special schools. Whether the use of tobacco is entirely prohibited, or only indulged in surreptitiously, or on going-out days, or permitted under certain restrictions, and consequently more largely practised, the figures show that it affects the quality of the studies in a constant ratio, and this influence is more marked in the different establishments where tobacco is more extensively used." Dr. Constan gives statistics with regard to the grammar schools of Douai, St. Quentin, and Cham- bory, the primary and the higher normal schools oi Douai, with the military school at the same place, and also that at Saumur. The o-eneral results in all these schools are substantially the same as those in the Pol3^technic School at Paris. Still more striking results are given as to the Naval School at PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 37 Brest, where the students were allowed to smoke half an hour every morning and evening. After one year's study, eight smokers so fell in their rank that they " lost between them one hundred and twenty-three places." Dr. Constan thus concludes his article : " The depressing action of tobacco on the intellectual development is, therefore, beyond question. Its influence clogs all the intellectual faculties, and especially the memory. It is greater in propor- tion to the youth of the individual and the facili- ties allowed him for smoking." It having been thus clearly established that the students who do not smoke outrank those who do, and that the scholarship of the smokers steadily deteriorates as the smoking continues, we are not surprised to learn that the jMinister of Public In- struction issued a circular to the various teachers in all the schools of every grade, forbidding tobacco as injurious to physical and intellectual develop- ment. Indeed, so much anxiety is felt concerning the decreasing stature of the French — some of the most eminent scientists ascribing it to tobacco — that the question of prohibiting this drug to all classes of children and youth is under considera- tion. It is pleasant to state that the Council of Berne in Switzerland has issued such a prohibition to boys under fifteen. ' A report by the Medical Department of the Uni- ited States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., enu- 38 TOBACCO. merates the following as the result of the use of tobacco in the school : — " Functional derangement of the digestive, cir- culatory, and nervous systems, manifesting them- selves in the form of headache, confusion of intel- lect, loss of memory, impaired power of attention, lassitude, indisposition to muscular effort, nausea, want of appetite, dyspepsia, palpitation, treniu- lousness, disturbed sleep, impaired vision, etc., any one of which materially lessens the capacity for stud}^ and application. "The Board are of opinion, therefore, that the regulations against the use of tobacco in any form cannot be too stringent." The Neio York Times rebukes Commodore Par- ker "for allowing naval students to chew and smoke, notwithstanding the expressed opinion of the Board ; charging that it was done " with an impress of io'norance not creditable to the connnandino- offi- cer." It goes on to say : " The boy who smokes cigars or chews tobacco poisons himself, and the teacher who does not know this is not fit to be trusted with the charo:e and o^overnment of bovs. He who permissively encourages boys to smoke or chew is a corrupter of j^outh." Justice to Connnodore Parker, however, requires the admission that he conferred with a prominent physician, claiming that it was almost impossible effectually to prohibit the practice, and concluding that, on the whole, it was better to allow the boys to smoke under regulations than to punish them con- stantly for violation of rules. PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 39 The first general order of the superintendent succeeding Commodore Parker forbade the use of tobacco in every form. Unfortunately, however, the habit is such a tyrant that, "in spite of the sys- tem of daily inspection, strict bounds, military pun- ishment, and the fact that all supplies are bought from the Post Commissary, it is not entirely sup- pressed." Such is the testimony of a graduate, now a professor in one of our colleges. The classes in Yale Colleo'e are o^raded accord- ing to their schohirship, the best scholars being in the first division, and the poorest in the fourth. From the Yale Courant we learn that in the first division only twenty-five per cent use tobacco ; in the second, forty-eight ; in the third, seventy, and in the lowest, ei'2"htv-five. It is asserted that during the last fifty years no devotee of the weed has graduated from Harvard at the head of his class, although al)ove eighty- three per cent of the students are addicted to its use. We also learn that in Oxford and Cambridge, England, nine tenths of the first-class men are non- smokers. It is humiliatino: to state that at Amherst Colles^e the average number of tobacco-users among the students for the last fourteen years has been nearly twenty-nine per cent, while in one of the gradu- ating classes at Princeton it was fifty per cent. In addressin2: the o-raduatino; law class of the Wisconsin State University, ex-Senator Doolittle remarked : — 40 TOBACCO. " I verily believe that the mental force, power of labor, and endurance of our profession is decreased at least twenty-five per cent by the use of tobacco. Its poisonous and narcotic effects reduce the power of the vital organs and tend to paralyze them, while the useless consumption of time and money takes away twenty-five per cent of the working hours, if it does not consume the same amount of the earnings." With very few exceptions, medical and scientific men are in substantial aoreement as to the effect of tobacco on the intellect ; indeed, I have yet to hear of the iirst one that has expressed himself at all on the subject who is not explicit in his decla- ration of its injurious influence on the physical and mental powiers of the young. Prof. Lizars of Edinburgh enumerates a fearful catalogue of diseases which he proves to be the result of tobacco, adding: ''It is painful to con- template how many promising youths must be stunted in their growth and enfeebled in their minds before they arrive at manhood." What an advance in intellectual and moral power should we behold if our young men could be in- duced to follow the example of Sir Isaac Newton, who refused to smoke '' because he would make no necessities for himself; " a sentiment worthy to be engraved over the doors of every college and school- house in the land. Yet, a Scotch lady brought to this country a very small silver snuffbox, which she believed had been Sir Isaac Kewton's, and PETTSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 41 which, if ever really used by him for himself, may possibly account for his preferring to publish a far inferior work before he did his immortal Prin- Wrote President Nott of Union College : " The lives of some and the health of many have been destroyed by persisting, in despite of counsels, in the use of this poisonous narcotic, which, next to intoxicating liquors, is, in my opinion, more de- structive to the health of the youth in our country than any other agent." A prominent physician testifies : " I never ob- served such pallid faces and so many marks of declining health, nor ever knew so many hectical habits and consumptive affections as of late years ; and I trace this alarming mroad on young consti- tutions principally to the pernicious custom of smoking cigars." Even the organ of the tobacco trade is forced to admit that " few things could be more pernicious for l)oys, growing youths, and persons of unformed constitution than the use of tobacco in any of its forms," — a truly significant confession. In Germany the mischief done to growing boys has been found so great that the government has ordered the police to forbid lads under sixteen from smoking in the street. The Swiss canton of Schaffhausen has also issued a law prohibiting boys under fifteen from using toliacco, either on the streets or at home. On our streets we behold a vast and ever-increasing number of young Ameri- 42 TOBACCO. cans Avho evidently consider smoking essential to manliness. And, alas, our police have no orders to forbid it. For a o'leam of dawnins: lio-ht, however, we will thank God and take courage. We catch this gleam in an act of the New Jersey legislature on this sub- ject, entitled " An act prohibiting the sale of ciga- rettes or tobacco in any of its forms to minors." And now " every person Avho sells the narcotic in any form to a boy or girl under sixteen years of age is liable to a penalty of twenty dollars for each and every olfence." HARD BREAKING-IN. How emi)hatically nature protests against this alien, almost ever}' tobacco-user can testify. I give but a single instance. In a neighborhood of smoking boys, Dio Lewis made an experiment on a lad who had never used the weed, giving him a pill of plug-tobacco to chew. Instantly, before he had swallowed a par- ticle, he grew fearfully sick, became pale as death, while a cold sweat crept over him, and soon, in the midst of violent retchings, he had to be carried into the open air. Yet what pains are taken and what obstacles conquered in forming the habit ! A lady met on the street a three-year-old with a black stick in his mouth. She begged him to throw it away, promising him a nice present if he would ; but he held on to his stick, asserting that he "liked PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 43 smokino: and mennt to smoke himself when bis: enough." Boys sometimes break themselves into this vice by rolling up ten or ground colfee in papers, and smoking them as cigarettes. Neal Dow graphically describes the early pro- cesses : " At the very first the use of tobacco is a dreadful disgust. It is even worse than this. It inflicts upon its future victim a nausea, a retch- ing, a vomiting, a headache, to which the horrors of seasickness are not to be compared. There is the blue upper lip, the livid, ghastly hue of the face, the eye like that of a dead fish, the liml)s limp and powerless, a violent and painful vomiting, every symptom of death, which it would soon be in reality if the unutterable horror of the suffering did not compel the poor fool to postpone the at- tempt to become a man in that way. Here endeth the first lesson. The silly youth resolves always that" he will never touch tobacco again, and holds to his purpose until he has entirely recovered from the effects of the first lesson. Then he sees other youngsters like himself who have succeeded in conquering their disgust at tobacco. They have done it. Why not he? They laugh at him as white-livered ; they assure him that the worst of it will be over in a few days, or, at most, in a few weeks. They strut through the streets or in other public places so grandly ; they have such a manly way Avith them ; there is such a grace in their style of holding the cigar between finger and 44 TOBACCO. thumb, and striking off the ashes with the little finger. When they put the cigar into their mouths again, it is with such a flourish, and their heads are thrown back, a little on one side, with so much self-consciousness, their eyes at the same moment cast slily right and left, to see who ob- serves and admires them ! Ah ! this is quite irresistible, and our poor, foolish ^^oungster goes oflf behind the barn, or into some other out-of-the- way place, and takes the second lesson. All this is carefully concealed from the parents, so the tobacco-pupil must go to bed before supper, under pretence of headache. Pretence? It is no sham. He has a racking and splitting headache, with the return of dreadful nausea. In a few weeks, more or less, our youngster has learned to smoke or chew, as the case may be." All this painstaking and all this sufiering vol- untarily endured to make himself the slave of a terrible tyrant ! ''He little knows that a god more cunning than all the heathen divinities put together has bound him in his spell, and that he is in for a whole life of unspeakable abominations." Something should be said as to cigarette-smok- ing, which is becoming so prevalent, and which is thought by many to be quite harmless. A physi- cian, who had strong suspicions on the subject, for his own satisfaction had a cigarette analyzed. The tobacco was found to be strongly impregnated with PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 45 opium, while the wrapper, warranted to be rice- paper, proved to be common paper whitened with arsenic. Thus the cigarette subtlety combines a threefold deatlly bane, proving in the end, per- chance, as fatal to the unwary as the poisoned garment of Nessus to the unsuspecting Hercules. A chemist in New^ York city, who also had his own suspicions, purchased from prominent dealers a dozen packages of the highest-priced cigarettes. These he sent for analysis to an eaiinent chemist in another State, and was astounded by his report of the quantity of opium found in these standard brands. Dr. Le^vis A. Sa3a'e pronounces cigarettes to be worse for boys than pipes or cigars, and paper cigarettes to be worse than tobacco cigarettes, perhaps because the paper absorbs more of the nicotine ; that they lead to a nervous trembling of the hands, and, if used excessively, affect the memory. Dr. Hammond bears testimony to " the ill effects of cigarettes in the production of facial neuralgia, insomnia, nervous dyspepsia, sciatica, and an in- disposition to mental exertion." In a city school a bright lad of thirteen became dull and fitful, and troubled with nervous twitch- ings. His condition at length compelling him to be withdrawn from his studies, he was found to be a smoker of cigarettes. When asked why he did not give them up, he replied with tears that he had often tried to do so, but could not. 46 TOBACCO. The following is from a public journal : " Park- ham Adams, aged fourteen, a student in the Uni- versity of Tennessee, is dying. He smoked forty cigarettes, and inhaled the smoke on a wager." A young man exhibited symptoms of heart- disease, the pulsations sometimes almost ceasing, and again so accelerated that he could scarcely catch his breath, and seemed on the point of dying. On consultiijg a doctor, he was told that all these symptoms came from the use of cigarettes, and on banishing them his health was soon restored. Says an eminent doctor : "We look upon the ciga- rette as a leading demoralization of the last twenty- five years." From the Philadelphia Times we learn that several leading physicians in that city " unani- mously condemn cigarette-smoking as one of the vilest and most destructive evils that ever befell the youth of any country ; " declaring that ^' its direct tendency is a deterioration of the race." One of these physicians affirms that within a single week he had two patients who had l^een made blind by cigarettes, while he knew several other cases of the same kind. There are in the city of New York a good many "cigar-butt grubbers," as thc}^ are termed, that is, bo3^s and girls who scour the streets for stumps and half-burnt cio'ars, which are dried and then sold to be used in making cigarettes. A religious weekly of that city is responsible for the following PIiySICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 47 account ; A ragged eiglit-yeav-old Italian l)oy, bareheaded and barefooted, was brought before one of the city justices on the charge of vagrancy. The officer who arrested hi in stated that he had found the boy picking up cigar stumps from the streets and gutters, showing the justice a basket half full of such stumps, water-soaked and cov- ered with mud. "What do you do with these?" asked his Honor. " I sell them to a man for ten cents a pound, and they are used for making ciga- rettes." The statements of the representative of a large Southern tobacco house, given on the authority of the New York Tribune, will not be questioned. He asserts that "the extent to which drugs are used in cigarettes is appalling," and that " Havana flavoring " is sold everywhere and by the thousand barrels. This is prepared from the tonka-bean, which contains a deadly poison. Cigarette wrap- pers are in some cases made from the filthy scrap- ings of rag-pickers, arsenic being often used in the bleaching process, while combustion develops the oil of creosote. Tobacconists report that cigarettes are coming to overshadow all other branches of the business ; and it is stated officially that the revenue of our government has gained by several millions from their increased use. As helping to account for this increase, we also learn that " ladies, in grow- ing numbers, habitually use cigarettes." •A teacher of long experience remarks : " I think 48 TOBACCO. that at least seven out of every ten bo^^s smoke by the time they are fourteen years old." On a winter's day may be seen skating on the lake in Central Park, New York, thousands of children, girls as well as boys, most of them puff- ing cigarettes bought at a restaurant close by for a penny apiece. Indeed, one can hardly walk the streets without meeting small boys with discarded stumps of cigars or cigarettes in their mouths. No wonder that Dr. Eush should have exclaimed : " One cannot witness this sight without anticipating such a depreciation of our posterity in health and character as can scarcely be contemplated without pain and horror." TOBACCO AND DRINKING. It is tobacco in some form which perhaps more than any other cause leads to the dram-shop. An English physician states that he examined the breath of thirty smoking boys between the ages of nine and fifteen. In twenty-two of them he found various disorders of a serious nature, and " more or less marked taste for strong dri7ik,^^ a taste generated by tobacco. His prescriptions had little effect till smoking was given up, when health returned. It is also said that when smok- ing was abandoned the boys recovered. These fticts are stated on the authority of the British Medical Journal. A French physician, who had studied the effects of smoking on thirty-eight boys between nine and PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 49 fifteen, gives as the result that twenty-seven pre- sented marked symptoms of nicotine poisoning; twenty-three, serious derangement of the intellec- tual facuUies, and a strong cqjjpetite for alcoholic drinks; three, heart disease; eight, decided de- terioration of the blood ; twelve, frequent nose- bleed ; ten, disturbed sleep; and four, ulceration of the mouth in its mucous membrane. Says Decaisne, an eminent Paris doctor : "Among children from nine to fifteen who were examined, smoking undoubtedly caused palpitation, intermit- tent pulse, and chloro-aneemia. Besides this, the children showed impaired intelligence, became lazy and stupid, and ivere disjjosed to take alcoholic stimulants ,^^ Even the very name has by some one been ingeniously traced to the god of drunkenness, Too Baxx^' Indeed, " so inseparable an attendant is drinking on smoking," says Adam Clarke, " that in some places the same word expresses both acts. Th\x?>^peend, in the Bengalee language, signifies to drink and to smoke." Dr. Rush afiirms that " Smoking and chewing to- bacco, by rendering water and other simple liquids insipid to the taste, dispose very much to the stronger stimulus of ardent spirits ; hence, the practice of smoking cigars has been followed by the use of brandy and water as a common drink." The followino- is from a brief treatise on Nar- o cotics : — " When introduced into the system in small 50 TOBACCO. quantities, by smoking, chewing, or snuffing, to- bacco acts as a narcotic, and produces, for the time, a calm feeling of mind and body, a state of mild stupor and repose. This condition changes to one of nervous restlessness and a general feeling of muscular weakness when its habitual use is temporarily interrupted. The body and mind feel in need of stimulation, and there is 2:reat dano:er that a resort to alcohol may be had. The use of alcohol is frequently induced by that of tobacco." Out of six hundred in the State prison at Au- burn, New York, sent there for crimes committed through strong drink, five hundred testified that it was tobacco which led them to intemperance. Dr. Logee, of Oxford, Ohio, relates that he once heard Mr. Trask offer fiftj^ dollars to any intemper- ate man who had not been a tobacco-user ; and that he himself has frequently made the offer of fifty or a hundred dollars to any hard drinker who would prove that he had never been a smoker or a chewer. Not a man, however, has ever claimed the money. " Show me a drunkard that does n't use tol)acco," said Horace Greelej^, " and I will show you a white blackbird." George Trask pronounces the weed " Satan's fuel for the drinking appetites." " The professors in the University and High School at Ann Arbor, Michigan, who have had a long experience among thousands of young men, regard tobacco as having a worse effect than even PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 51 liquor, affirming that more young men break down in body and mind and finally go astray as a result of smoking than of drinking, while the former often leads to the latter." In this view concur Dr. Parker, Dr. Eush, and a multitude of medical men. Dr. Cowan affirms that " the exceptions are very rare, when a user of tobacco in any of its forms is not ultimately led to use alcoholic liquors ; and that, next to transmitted tendencies, the use of tobacco is the great cause of both moderate and excessive alcoholic drinking." MANUFACTURE OF CHEWING-TOBACCO. For the following account I am indebted to a Quaker friend, David Tatum, of Cleveland, Ohio, who visited some of the largest establishments in Viro:inia. " When the tobacco is brought into the factory and carefully sorted, it is dipped in a solution of licorice and sugar, and passed between rollers which press it through the leaves, while the sur- plus juice runs back into the solution in which it was dipped. It is then dried : after which it is put into boxes about four feet long, and two deep, each layer of leaves being dusted with powdered licorice and thoroughly sjprinlded inih rum till the box is filled, then it is covered, and allowed to re- main a few days until it becomes well soaked with the licorice and rum, and ready to work up for market." 52 TOBACCO, CIGAR-MAKING. The New York Tribune informs us that five eighths of the cigars sold in the metropolis are made in east-side tenements by Bohemian families, the work being done in the room where they eat and sleep. The tobacco, wet and spread on the floor, is trodden down by the family while about their domestic employment. In the morning, damp and dirty, it is stripped from the stems by the children, the women making the fillers, and the men rollinor and finishinor at the rate of seven hun- dred a day. A choice foreign brand is affixed, and they are ready to go forth on their errand of de- struction. Day and night these children exist — not live — in this dreadful atmosphere. Will not the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chil- dren interfere in their behalf ? A German smoker in New York, while using a razor, slightly cut his lip. In a few days the wound assumed the appearance of an ulcer, which the medical attendant knew to be scrofulous. The whole lower lip became afiected with a repulsive outgrowth, while the gums were greatly swollen, and the teeth loose, ready to drop out. Learning where the German purchased his cigars, the doctor called at the tenement. The m3'Stery was solved. The man was finishing, "with a lick and a stick" a bundle of fresh leaves, while on his lip was a scrofulous sore. His son, too, working by his side, had a similar sore. Nor Avas this instance ex- PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 53 ceptional, the doctor stating that such cases are of frequent occurrence. In the Bellevue Hospital there were recently fifty patients suffering from one of the most fearful and incurable of maladies, contracted from cigars manufactured in tenement houses, by diseased persons, the finishing touch being o-iven by the teeth and tongue. Among the physicians who have traced several similar cases to this source may be named Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley, of New York. Let the sons of Esculapius who recommend cigars for their tranquillizing influence enlighten their patients with the fact that, at one time, just after thousands of cigars had been turned loose upon the world, their 7nakers were discovered to be pitted with the small-pox. We learn from the public journals that in San Francisco a hundred and ninety-five cases of lep- rosy have been traced by the physicians of that city to the smoking of cigarettes manufactured by Chinese lepers. Mr. R. L. Carpenter: "It is stated that an im- mense quantity of cheap European tobacco is shipped to Cuba, to be made up and exported as Havana cigars. The Act of Parliament against the adulteration of tobacco informs us of various nox- ious articles used by unscrupulous manufacturers. Some, however, are comparatively innocent, — such as sawdust, peat, and seaweed, — so that the workman's bad tobacco may not be as poisonous as 54 TOBACCO. his neighbor's best Virginia. AVhen I was in Balti- more I went into the great tobacco warehouses ; a pig was wandering about, and seemed quite at home there ; the leaves were being pulled b}^ unwashed negroes without pocket-handkerchiefs. But those who do not object to poison cannot be expected to mind dirt." The followino^ list of the various articles used in flavoring tobacco was procured from the manufac- turers : — Sugar, honey, orange peel, lemon peel, mace, cloves, spices of all kinds, vanilla, licorice, va- lerian, tonka-bean, opiates, laudanum, Spanish wine, Santa Cruz rum, liquor of all sorts. When opiates are used, a solution is sprinkled on the tobacco before manufacturing. Spices are sprinkled on the tops of the cigars after packing, to give a pleasant odor to the box, and to destroy any rank flavor from poor tobacco. It is asserted that a manufactory in the city of Syracuse makes a favorite and increasingl}^ pop- ular brjind of cigars by soaking the tobacco leaves in opium. Even smokers testify that there is no doubt on this point. PEOPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF TOBACCO. In a treatise on the injurious effects of tobacco, even when used moderately, Dr. Grimshaw, in order to confirm his statements, quotes freely from some of " the most learned medical authorities, men who were not engaged in a reform movement, PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 55 who were unconnected with any society, temper- ate or total abstinent, and were therefore mere recorders of facts, and propagators of truth." Dr. Harris, physician to the New York city dis- pensary : " The properties and effects of tobacco are of a curiously mixed character. Its power or property of stimuhition is strangely interwoven with its more important and predominating one of sedation or depression. This complex and double action is peculiarly adapted to the work of fascin- atinor and misleadin^: those who submit them- selves to its influence. " It titillates the nerves and exhilarates the feel- ings, while it obtunds and stupefies the sensibility, and partially suspends the process of life. The appetite which it creates is a never-ending gnaw- ing that will not be denied ; and under the most specious guise of absolute physical necessity^ it hides its insatiate and cruel demands. Its seda- tive influence acts as a damper to the bustling excitability which the nervous system acquires from deficient or excessive action ; while at the same time it affords fresh and fascinating excite- ment that for a long time makes one forgetful of weariness, and promises to relieve the tedium of life. There is no other substance known that can induce^uch complex and various efl'ects ; but the ultimate results are invariably the same. Its dis- astrous influences upon the functions of the ner- vous system and the action of the heart are felt throughout every tissue of the body ; the blood 56 TOBACCO. moves sluggishly, and as it stagnates in delicate organs, foundation is laid for every form of disease, while at the same time the poison of the drug is diffused through ever}' tissue of the living frame, benumbing and impairing all the powers of life, so that the system is at once more liable to disease and less able to endure its consequences and resist its power." Dr. Logee : " Being a narcotic stimulant it breaks down the nervous system, raising the user above his natural level, only, by inevitable reac- tion, to depress him below it." Dr. B. W. Richardson : " The extreme symptoms induced by tobacco smoke are intensel}^ severe, and the idea that tobacco is a narcotic like opium or chloroform is entirely disproved by them. Its action is as an irritant upon the motor parts of the nervous system, not as a narcotic upon the sen- sational." Dr. Marshall Hall : " The smoker cannot escape the poison of tobacco. It gets into his blood, travels the whole round of his system, interferes with the heart's action and the general circulation, and affects every organ and fibre of the frame." Dr. J. C. Jackson ; " I have long entertained the opinion that tobacco is really more deleterious in its effects than are alcoholic drinks. I have settled myself thoroughly in the conviction that no habit of the American people is so destructive to their physical vigor, and their moral character." " We are accused of killing patients with calo- PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 57 mel," remarks a physician ; '^ but a thousand are killed by tobacco to one by calomel." Solly, surgeon of St. Thomas' Hospital, Lon- don : " I know of no single vice which does so much harm as smoking. It soothes the excited nervous system at the time to render it more irritable and more feeble ultimately." Dr. R. ^Y, Pease of Syracuse : " There can be but one opinion among physicians, and that is, the use of so powerful a narcotic sthnidant must be hurtful, not only to the nervous system, but es- pecially to the circulatory organs, chiefly the heart, causing, first, functional disturbance, and finally, organic disease of that organ. In short, I am firmly convinced that tobacco is doing more mis- chief to the physical condition of our people than alcohol in all its forms." Dr. Drysdale : " Nicotine enters the body by the stomach, the lungs, and the skin ; and its effects are uniform by whatever gate it enters." Strong testimony on this subject is presented by Dr. Pidduck, physician to a dispensary in St. Giles. It appears in the London Lancet for 1857, which embodies the results of the investiga- tions as to the use of to1:)acco by prominent phy- sicians, including Dr. Taylor, the great English surgeon and author. All are agreed that it is a poison for both brain and heart, producing paraly- sis, apoplexy, and heart disease, and also in the conviction that it sovrs the seeds of various other maladies. 58 TOBACCO. It is estimated by German physicians that of the deaths occurring in that country among men between eighteen and thirty-live years of age, one half die from the effects of this drug. They unequivocally assert that " tobacco burns out the blood, the teeth, the eyes, and the brain." Dr. Wright : " I believe it to be the great antag- onist of the nervous system, especially in its rela- tions to the organs of sense, of reproduction, and of digestion." Dr. Harris : " At the Kew York City dispen- sary, more cases of constitutional, chronic, and functional diseases are treated than at any other institution in America, more than iifty thousand patients being annually prescribed for. Of the male adult patients aflected by such diseases who have come under my care at the dispensary, I have found that nearly nine tenths of the whole number were habitual tobacco-mongers. In no small proportion of these it has been perfectly evident that tobacco had an important influence upon the cause and continuance of these maladies." Decaisne : " Tobacco-smokins^ often causes an intermittent pulse. Out of eighty-one smokers examined, twenty-three presented an intermittent pulse, independent of any cardiac lesion. This intermittency disappeared when smoking "was abandoned." Blatin relates that "a 3"oung medical student, after smoking a single pipe, fell into a frightful state, the heart becoming nearly motionless, the PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 59 chest constricted, breathing painful, limbs con. tracted, pupils insensible, one contracted, the other dilated. These symptoms lasted four days." Tyrrell: "The tobacco habit is one of those pleasant vices '^hich the just gods make instru- ments to scourge us, destroying the ver}^ principle of manhood." Ai)ernethy : " Smoking stupelies all the senses and all the faculties, by slow but enduring intoxi- cation, into dull obliviousness." Prof. Miller, of Edinburgh : " As medical men we know that smoking injures the whole organism, and puts a man's stomach and Avhole frame out of order. The effects of narcotics, mental and bodily, I can fairly testify, are nothing but evil ; and I stand in a position of giving an experienced as w^ell as an impartial observation." "In our country," says one, "it is no uncommon circumstance to hear of inquests on the bodies of smokers, especially youths, the ordinary verdict being "Died from extreme tobacco-smoking." In a single death-certificate of a New York physician, we read : " Four died of poisoning from tobacco." " I have no hesitation in averring," writes one of the most able and experienced temperance ad- vocates, "that, gigantic as are the evils arising from the use of strong drink, those of using tobacco exceed them." Dr. Twitchell, of Keene, N. H., expresses sub- stantially the same opinion. 60 TOBACCO. If additional testimony were desirable, a long and goodly array of medical names, both in our own country and in Europe, might be cited. All the medical schools as such, allopathic, hydro- pathic, homoeopathic, with the various specialists, unite in their testimony as to the disastrous eflects of tol)acco, whether for smoking, chewing, or snuffing ; nor is this strange when it is the appal- ling verdict of a college of physicians that twenty thousand in our own land die annually from this poison. The only wonder is how any doctor can fail to throw the whole weight of his influence against this practice. EXPERIENCES OF LITERARY MEN. A volume by A. Arthur Eeade, entitled " Study and Stimulants," contains the experiences of many literary men in regard to stimulants. From these I select but a few cases, and such as relate onl3^ to tobacco. Among those who advocate its use are Edison, Wilkie Collins, and Anthony Trollope. The lat- ter, however, admits that, finding it was injuring him, he gave it up for two years, when he resumed smoking, substituting, however, for "three large cigars daily three very small ones ; and so far as I can tell," he adds, " without any effect." Among the total abstainers on principle from tobacco, as well as from s{)irits and wine, are Dr. Allibone, the Duke of Argyle, Robert and Wil- liam Chambers, George W. Childs, Prof. Fair- PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 61 bairn, Cardinal Newman, Keshub Chunder Sen, and M. Barthelemy St. Hilaire. Of Gladstone it is affirmed that he "detests smoking." Darwin: "I have taken snuff all my life, and regret that I ever acquired the habit." Ernst Haeckel : " I have never smoked." Philip Gilbert Hamerton : "I shall certainly never resume smoking. I never use any stimu- lants whatever when writing, and believe the use of them to be most pernicious ; indeed, I have seen terrible results from them. When a writer feels dull, the best stimulant is fresh air." ^y. D. Howells : "I never use tobacco, except in a very rare, self-defensive cigarette, where a great many other people are smoking." " John Ruskin entirely abhors the practice of smoking, his dislike of it being mainly based on the belief that a cigar or pipe will often make a man content to be idle for any length of time." Charles Reader '*I tried to smoke ^ye or six times, but it always made me heavy and rather sick ; therefore, as it costs money, I spurned it. I have seen many people the worse for it. I never saw anybody perceptil)ly the better for it." The case of the distinguished French savant, the Abbe Moigno, editor of the Journal du Monde, is very striking. Temperate in his general habits, he became conscious of injury from his excessive use of snuff, many times giving it up only to resume it again. He was a noted linguist, know- 62 .TOBACCO. ing by heart some fifteen hundred root words in various languages; but, under the influence of the narcotic, these were all dropping from his memory. He felt this to be so great a trial that he finally renounced the habit. He writes : '' It was the commencement of a veritable resurrection of health, mind, and memory, and the army of words that had run away has gradually returned." The following item is taken from another source. Algernon Charles Swinluirne, wandering one day from room to room at the Art Chib, in the vain search for a clear atmosphere where he could write, at last exclaimed in poetic indignation : " James the First was a knave, a tyrant, a fool, a liar, a cow^ard ; but I love him, I worship him, because he slit the throat of that blackguard Raleigh, who invented this filthy smoking." MEDICAL INCONSISTENCIES. Of a physician who is not only indifl^erent to this great evil, but who himself makes use of the drug, what shall be said? His tell-tale breath as he bends over his sufiering patient, the ver}- smell of his garments to one for whose recovery God's pure air is a first necessity, — what can be urged in his defence? Said a refined and highly intelli- gent woman, "I would never employ a physician who used tobacco." But whatever rights the doctors may claim so far as their own use of the weed is concerned, what plea can be made for those who prescribe PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 63 this poison for a patient, and thus, for a mere tem- porary soothing eliect, bring him into a bondage entailing evils beyond computation to himself and family? A certain pliA-sician recommended the chewing of tobacco to a man as the only thing to secure him against a fever to which he was ex- posed in the case of one of his family. But what of a woman'^ How about said man's wife and daughter, who, from being more constantly in the sick room, were far more exposed? Were their lives of less value than his? Why didn't the doctor prescribe it for them also? I know a man of fine intellect and hio^h moral character who had come to a ripe maturity without touching the filthy weed. He is attacked with whooping cough. A wise ( ?) doctor recommends smoking to quiet the paroxysms of the cough, and himself brings and presents the first cigar to the patient — his very best medical prescription. Does he oflfer one to the woman, suffering from similar paroxysms, and with less strength to bear them? And the children with their fearful cough- ing fits, — does he bring a cigar for their relief? The poor baby, too, who grows black and all but dies in the struggle for breath ! It is too young to smoke? Why not, then, teach the little cough- ing sister this fine art, and let her smoke in the baby's face? Does not any doctor know that under any such ill-omened spell the tender infant would speedily pine away and die ? But what of the husband and father after his 64 TOBACCO. first and second and third cigar? Why, grand man though he is, — a man, too, of great strength of character, — he becomes an inveterate smoker. And though, with his tine constitution, the ill effects on his health may not at once be obvious, yet, like many another tobacco user, he may be suddenly stricken down with apoplexy or heart disease, when the doctors, perhaps, will pro- nounce judgment that he died from the effects of smoking. Then who can tell wdiat injury this loving father may not have entailed on his children by the sure, retributive law of heredity ? And what if his boys aspire to a cigar? Shall their smoking father for- bid them, holding himself up in (errorem? A minister of rare qualities of head and heart, but of delicate organization and highly nervous temperament, who had unfortunately learned to smoke, consults his trusted physician. What a grand opportunity for helping the man to knock off his fetters ! Does he seize the occasion ? Wh}^, instead, he tells him that moderate smoking, "just a little," will not only not injure, but will help him — will quiet his excited nerves ! So the min- ister's wife, who knows he is the ver}^ last man wdio ought to smoke, and who sees that it is only confirming his unfovorable symptoms, is obliged, as she sees the fetters tightening, to hide her anxiety aiKl her sorrow in her own heart. Now, how can we account for such a course on the part of the accredited guardians of health ? PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 65 Sometimes it may, without doubt, be explained on the ground of inconsideration. A physician, having recommended one of his patients to smoke, gave as his only reason that, as the patient was old and deaf and infirm, he thought smoking might be a little amusement for him! A young clergyman in fee])le health w^as directed by his medical adviser to smoke. Some doubt being expressed on the sul)ject, the case was referred to an old phj'sician, who indorsed the smoking prescription. It seems this wise old doc- tor, twenty years before, had recommended the same thing to another minister. The results had proved so disastrous that his attendant felt con- strained to write to the veteran phj^sician, asking information as to the medical value of tobacco, which had led to the prescriptions. His answer was : " I have not paid sufficient attention to the subject of smoking to make my opinion of the slightest value." How, then, did he dare indorse such a practice ? THE LATE DR. WILLARD PARKER'S VIEWS. In reporting a lecture on Tobacco, given to the students of Union Theological Seminary by Dr. Willard Parker, to whom I have already referred, the New York Observer remarks : " Dr. Parker is a physician whose flime is not bounded by the me- tropolis or the nation. There is no higher author- ity than he in the line of his profession." From this report, and from other printed matter 6Q TOBACCO. on this subject by Dr. Parker, the followmg pas- sasfes are taken : — "It is now many years since my attention was called to the insidious, but positively destructive effects of tobacco on the human system. I have seen a great deal of its influence upon those who use it and work in it. Cio'ar and snuft' manufac- turers have come under my care in hospitals and in private practice ; and such persons cannot re- cover soon and in a healthy manner from cases of injury or fever. They are more apt to die in epidemics and more prone to apoplexy and paraly- sis. The same is true, also, of those who smoke or chew much." "The use of this weed is particularly injurious to studious men of sedentary habits. The odor infects their clothing, study, and books, so that they live and breathe in a noxious atmosphere. The poison is slow, but in the second or third de- cade its virus becomes manifest. The words of the wise man, ^ Because sentence against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do CAil,' are strikingly applicable to those who indulge in this pernicious habit. There have died in New York wdthin a few years three excellent clergy- men, all of Avhom might now have been alive had they not used tobacco. The duty of abstaining from the slow^ killing of one's self by this poison is as clear as the duty of not cutting one's throat." " Tobacco is doing more harm in the world than PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 67 rum. It is destroying our race, and it is sure to destroy the farms producing it also, as it has done some of the best land in Virginia." ILLUSTRATIONS. A man, distinguished for scholarship, but, un- fortunateh^, equally distinguished for inordinate smoking, paid the penalty in a manifest retarding of his mental movements — his thoughts and words coming so slowly as to be painful to the listener. This clogging of the intellect his physician unhesi- tatingly attril:>uted to tobacco. A smoking club of three young men came to its end within two years of its formation, all its meml)ers having smoked themselves to death. A striking account, well authenticated, is given concerning a man in Detroit, of fine constitution and regular and temperate habits, except in the one mat- ter of cigars. For thirty years he had smoked with seeming impunity. But the day of reckoning came at last! He complained one night of feeling unwell, and from that moment a gradual numbness stole over him. First his sight left him, next his tongue was paralyzed ; then he lost the power of moving his head. Thus meml)er after member was clutched and held as in a vise, till he lay sightless and motionless, helpless — alive, yet dead. One sense alone was untouched, — that of hearinix ; and he exhausted himself in frantic efforts to reply to the questions put to him. For a little time he rallied, but his constitution, undermined 68 TOBACCO. by the narcotic, had lost all recuperative power. He lay for a fortnight, a most pitiable object, and then sank — as all his doctors agreed — a victim of tobacco. In speaking of Senator Carpenter, the brilliant friend of General Grant, Eev. jNIr. Marsh, who has written vigorously on the tobacco habit, re- marks : "He died, his system a pitiful wreck, when, as far as years went, he ought to have been in the prime of his power. An acquaintance wa-ites of him, 'Died of smoking twenty cigars a day.' " Lorenzo and Siro Delmonico, the famous New York caterers, were among the innumerable to- bacco victims. Of the latter. Dr. Wood, who had attended him for a long time, testified, '^I have known him to smoke as many as a hundred cigars a day. He was completely saturated with nico- tine, and the question of his death was only one of time. He used the very strongest cigars, made expressly for him in Havana, and he was perpet- ually smoking. The disease this produced was called emphysema, — a morbid enlargement of the lung cells, and caused fits of coughing which sometimes nearly strangled him. He had been many years under medical treatment, frequently changing his physician, but never his practice, although often warned of its perils." From a midnight revel Delmonico went to his house, and the next morning was found dead upon the floor. A prominent and highly esteemed citizen of Sy- PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. G9 racuse, N. Y., died suddenl}^ of paralysis of the heart, attributed by his family physician to "the too free use of tobacco." He had repeatedly been warned against his habit of excessive smoking, and he had moderated his induloence, comino^ down from t\vent\' daily cigars to live. But he could not break his fetters, and he fell, conquered by the destroyer. TOBACCQl-£>^ESEASES. From an al^le work entitled Diseases of Modern Life, by Dr. Richardson, an eminent English physician, I copy the following : — " Smoking produces disturbances in the blood, causing undue fluidity and change in the red cor- puscles; 'in the stomach giving rise to debility, nausea, and in extreme cases, vomiting; in the mucous membrane of the mouth, causins: enlar<2:e- ment and soreness of the tonsils, smokers' sore throat, etc. ; in the heart, producing debility of that organ, and irregular action ; in the bronchial surface of the lungs, when that is already irritable, sustainino^ irritation and increasins: couah ; in the organs of sense, causing, in the extreme degree, dilatation of the pupils of the eye, confusion of vision, bright lines, luminous or cobweb specks, and lonof retention of imas^es on the retina ; with other and analogous symptoms aflfecting the ear, viz., inability to define sounds clearly, and the occurrence of a sharp ringing sound, like a whistle or a bell ; in the brain, impairing the activity of that organ ; in the volitional, and in the syrnjpa- 70 TOBACCO. thetic or organic nerves, leading to paralysis in them." " This does not leave very much of a man," re- marks Mr. Marsh, " but his hair and his bones." Justice requires the admission that Dr. Richard- son regards the diseases induced by this weed as functional and not organic, so that the suspension of its use not unfrequently removes the disease. But he goes on to say, " In the confirmed smoker there is a constant functional disturbance. . . . On the ground of these functional disturbances an argument may be used which cuts sharply because it goes right home. . . . Why should a million of men be living with stomachs that only partially digest, hearts that labor unnaturally, and blood that is not fully oxidized ? " Concerning the alleged influence of tobacco on the hearing, Stille says that it causes " a buzzing and ringing in the ears, and even hallucinations of this sense." In his essay on '' The Eflfects of the Abuse of Tobacco," read before the American Institute of Homoeopathy, in June, 1884, Dr. T. F. Allen writes, " Much less is known or has been reported concerning the action of tobacco on the ear than on the eye. Sufficient, however, is known to en- able us to state that two distinct aftections are produced. One, an impairment of the auditory nerve, recognized by a roaring sound, and di- minished acuteness of hearing ; . . . the other, a chronic catarrhal, inflammation of the middle ear, as- PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 71 sociated with an angina of the throat. The mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube becomes swollen, and the tube closed ; the drum becomes red, thickened, and retracted. AVith these catarrhal sj^mptoms are noticed roarmg in the ears." Physicians also assert that the use of tobacco tends to injure the voice, rendermg it coarse, tremulous, and husky. On this point Dr. Russell, who, for forty years was a professor of Elocution, remarks : " As to the effect of the habitual use of tobacco on the quality and character of the voice, I know it to be injurious in proportion to the ex- tent to which it is carried. Snuff'-takins^ destroys the natural sound, and the pure ring of healthy human utterance. It deadens the voice, and by impairing its clear resonance, mars the distinctness of articulation. Smoking creates a reedy, burning sound; which hinders purity of tone, and renders the voice more or less grating to the ear. Chew- ing, by its exhausting effect on the salivary glands, causes the quality of the voice to become dry, hard, and bitter." Dr. Newell, of Boston: "Tobacco has eleven special centres of action in the human system, the chief of which are the heiu't, eyes, spinal cord, genitalia, lungs, and the circulation. I have seen nicotine lower the circulation and lessen- the res- piratory powers ; Avither or paralyze the motor column of the spinal cord, produce atrophv of the retina and blindness. It produces mental aberra- tions, low spirits, irresolution, the most dismal 72 TOBACCO. hypochondria and insomnia, and sometimes, after the victim has retired, frightful shocks, hkened to a discharge of electricity. Impregnate fresh-drawn blood with nicotine, and at once it acquires a dark hue, while the microscope shows the red corpus- cles undergoing rapid disintegration," a phenome- non which is st^ded crenation. On this point, another medical man states that, wdierethe tobacco habit has been of long standing, the ratio of degenerated corpuscles to healthy ones is often as one in twenty-five or thirty, and some- times comes to be as one in ten. A wealth}^ ama- teur who had been selecting a microscope at an optician's, left on the slide a drop of his own blood ■which he had used as a test. As he was leavinof the office with a cigar in his mouth, the professor of microscopy in one of our medical colleges, happening in, glanced at the slide, moving it to and fro, and then made a rapid computation. The optician looked on with surprise, remarking, " that gentleman is one of our best customers, he buys more heavily than half a dozen professors." " And this is a drop of his blood? " inquired the man of science. The purvej^or of lenses assented. " Very w^ell," replied the professor, "tell your best cus- tomer, if you can without impertinence, that unless he stops smoking at once he has not many months to live." But he did not stop. A few weeks later he went to Europe, thinking a sea voyage might recruit his wasted energies. In a few weeks more his death was announced by telegraph from PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 73 Paris, where the doctors styled his disease a gen- eral breakinof up. According to good medical authority, there are more than tifty diseases — some say eighty-seven — which spring from tobacco, or are greatly intensi- iied by its use. Among these are paralysis and ai)oplexy. TOBACCO-AMAUROSIS ; COLOR-BLINDNESS. Stille maintains that smoking " renders the vision weak and uncertain, causing objects to appear nebulous, or creates muscce volitaates and similar objective phenomena," adding that "in numerous instances it has produced amaurosis." Chisholm, in his report Or the Poisonous Effect of Tobacco on the Eyesight^ states that " in the past few years he had treated thirty-five cases of amaurosis, directly traceable to the use of tobacco, by smoking, in every case but one." McSherry : " When the sight fails with smokers, and no appreciable change of structure can be found in the eye, tobacco-poisoning may be as- sumed. The assumption is converted into cer- tainty by the fact that appropriate remedies fail entirely while the habit of smoking is continued. In rare cases the susceptibility is so great that the smoking of a single cigar a day will produce it." Dr. Drysdale, in Tobacco and the Diseases it Produces : " In one week I saw in the Royal Lon- don Ophthalmic Hospital two cases of tobacco- amaurosis in young men under thirty. The first 74 TOBACCO. had chewed continually ; and the other smoked one ounce of shag tobacco daily. Both were com- pletely and irretrievably blind. Lichel of Paris found some cases of blindness easily cured by cessation from tobacco." Dr. George Crichett a distinguished London oculist, saj^s he is " constantly consulted for blind- ness occasioned solely by great smoking." Dr. T. F. Allen ; " We find here the character- istic physiological action of the drug, namely, a persistent contraction of the blood-vessels, produc- ins: an anaemia of the nerve structure. This con- traction is like a persistent cramp, and may pass off on ceasing to use the drug ; but if it continue, malnutrition, and slow degeneration of the nerves is sure to take place." Dr. Allen gives confirmatory opinions and testi- monies from nine or ten eminent physicians, while he frankly admits that there are some who difier from them as to the influence of tobacco. Dr. Perry, a highly educated physician of Col- chester, Illinois, was an excessive smoker and chewer, sometimes in three days using not far from a pound of plug tobacco. As the result, he is totally blind. In a medical journal, among other similar instances, one is given of a man about forty -two, a smoker of many years, whose eyesight was gradually failing. After two months' cessation from the habit, his vision was restored. But the ardent votary of the weed — refusing to ascribe his niYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 75 difficulty to its true cause, because, forsocth, he had smoked so long without any bad effects — returned to his idol. In a few weeks, however, the recurrence of his trou])le convinced him, tliough much against his will, that it was entirely owing to tol)acco. A distinguished English physician states that " out of thirty-seven patients suffering from amaurosis, twenty-three were inveterate smokers." A highly intelligent man in Vermont, a con- firmed smoker, found that his sight was gradually leaving him. Being a great reader he felt the trial keenly, and was quite willing to follow the total abstinent counsel of his physician, when his sight slowly returned. A general freight-agent in Indiana, from exces- sive smokins:, found his vision orrowing" dim ; but, disregarding the expostulations of his friends and the entreaties of his wife, he held on to his cigar. One day, on lifting a great weight, the heavy strain went to the weakened optic nerve, and he became blind. He immediately abandoned smok- ing, and put himself under the care of a physician. It was too late, however, and, full of the keenest self-reproach, he caused this account to be pub- lished as a warnin": to others. It is aflirmed, on medical testimony, that color- blindness is often caused by the tobacco habit. A well-known public lecturer made the following statement : — " A leading oculist of the United States asserted before a Science Consfress, in one of our cities. 76 TOBACCO. that he had examined the eyes of twelve thousand of the boys and girls of that city ; that he found four per cent of the boys color-blind, while but ten girls were thus afiected. The boys could tell black from white, but they could not tell blue from ofreen, or the diiferent shades of various colors. ' I hnd,' said he, ' the average boy of twelve with a cigarette in his mouth, which is dipped in nico- tine^ " Notwithstanding the source from which it came, the audience received the statement with such in- credulity, that the oculist requested and received permission to bring his science-test to bear on the spot. These were men, not boys ; women, not girls ; and not four, but ten per cent of the men were color-blind ; while not a woman was thus affected. When we consider that the safety of our trains, with their hundreds and thousands of passengers, is often dependent on the instant and accurate ren- derino' of sis^nals, — the color of a lioht or of a flag, — we can easily see how utterly such a defect in the vision disqualifies one for this service. A thorough and annual examination of all these employes would seem indispensable to public, safety. DELIRIUM TREMENS. That most terrible of diseases, delirium tremens, which was formerly regarded as due only to alcohol, is now, by Dr. Abraham Spoor and other PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 77 learned doctors, ascri])ed largely "to the exasper- ating agency of tol)acco upon the human nerves and organism." One of the resident medical officers of St. Thomas' Hospital, London, reports three cases of delirium tremens induced by tohacco smoke. I know of a Southern tobacco-grower ^vho, hy excessive smoking, is reduced to a deplorable con- dition. He falls into the deepest gloom, breaking forth in the nio-ht into frio^htful ravins^s, and threatening his wife with murder. To what a life of wretchedness and terror has he thus doomed her ! A mechanic, standing high in a temperance lodge, was subject to fearful sufferings, his whole family being at times called to his bedside at mid- night to witness what seemed his dying agonies. In one of these dreadful paroxj^sms a doctor was summoned. " Do you use strong drinks ? " " No." "Do you belong to the Sons of Temperance?" " Yes." " I supposed you did ; you use tobacco. This is a tobacco lit ; this is delirium tremens. Drop tobacco, or tobacco will drop you." He did drop it, and has known nothing of delirium tre- mens since. HEART DISEASEJ smoker's CANCER. The physician of an insurance company, after examining a certain applicant, reported against issuing him a policy on the ground of his having what the doctors call " tobacco-heart." 78 TOBACCO. Dr. Townson, another physician to insurance companies, stated that nearly every one of those "svhoni he had rejected had an afiection of the heart from excessive smoking. Dr. E. Smith found that after smoking eleven minutes his pulse had risen from seventy-four to a hundred and twelve beats. Another physician, Avho counted his pulse every five minutes during an hour's smoking, computed that it had beat a thousand tunes in excess. Dr. Magruder, Medical Examiner of the United States Navy, affirms that " one out of every hundred applicants for enlistment is rejected because of irritable heart, arising from tobacco-poisoning." According to official statement, "Thousands in our ci^'il war were discharged from the army on account of heart-disease, owing largely to the use of tobacco." Dr. Bowditch, formerly chairman of the State Board of Health, and one of the most eminent physicians in Boston, considers tobacco nearly as dangerous and deadly as alcohol, and pronounces a man with a " tobacco heart " as badly oi£ as a drunkard. Dr. Twitchell : " The sedative effect of tobacco upon the brain is so great that it often requires an act of the will to stimulate the involuntarj^ muscles to action, so that when sleep aiiests this will-power these muscles cease to act, the breathing stops, and the person is found dead in his bed, — ^ from heart-disease ' say his friends, but in reality from niYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 79 tobacco-paralysis of the heart and muscles of in- spiration. " Dr. Corson relates the case of a smoker who, having suffered greatly for seven years, was one day seized with intense pain in the chest, a gasping for breath, and a sensation as if a crowbar were pressed tightly against his breast and then twisted in a knot round the heart, which would cease beating and then leap wildly, the heart being found to miss every fourth beat. For iwenty- seven years, similar, though milder, attacks con- tinued, sometimes two or three times a day. He o^rew thin and pale as a o-host. At lens^th he sfave up tobacco, and in a few Aveeks the paroxysms ceased, he grew stout and hearty, and for twenty years has enjoyed excellent health. Mr. Carpenter : " The smoker's sore throat, and diseases of the tonsfue and o-ums are notorious." Lip and tongue cancers are not infrequent results of continuous smoking. Of the latter Dr. Lizars gives some terrible instances. One of the victims he describes as '^ writhing in agony, unable to speak or swallow, his tongue having mouldered quite away." We learn from the public journals that Senator Hill's cancer was the result of smoking, " the nico- tine being absorbed by a blister on the tongue." Catelain, '' the Parisian Delmonico," died of what is called the smoker's cancer. He had the unen- viaV)le distinction of being regarded as the greatest smoker in the world, his daily allowance for thirty 80 TOBACCO. years being twenty of the largest cigars, the whole exi)ense being estimated at from forty to fifty thousand dollars. AVe are told of a Western clergyman, an exces- sive smoker, wdio, dying of this same disease, expressed submission to the will of God " Avho had decreed his death in that particular manner." He may have been a good man, and sincere in his ignorance, but ought he not to have know^n that he wasjieither more nor less than a suicide? DUPAIRED MUSCULAR FORCE. There is a fact well known to the medical pro- fession which speaks volumes. It is that tobacco- using surgeons are unal)le to perform any nice operation, unless the nerves, unstrung by the nar- cotic, are first steadied by some powerful drug or alcoholic stimulant. Some physicians maintain that a smoker cannot be a successful oculist, as firmness of nerve is one of the essentials in the treatment of so delicate an organ as the eye. An impairing of the muscular force is often seen in the tremulous hand-writing of the tobacco- votary. So significant is this, that applicants for the situation of book-keeper have sometimes been rejected because of the habit thus indicated. That there is the same betrayal of the habit in drawnng, we find in a letter of Medical Inspector Gorgas, w^ho writes to the superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis : '* The professor of draw^- PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 81 inor informs me that he has ol)served amons: the smokers an impaired power of muscular control, which has retarded their progress and proficiency in this branch." Dr. Gihon also says : " The defective muscular co-ordination occasioned by this drug isremarkably illustrated by the fact — which I learn from Professor Oliver, head of the department of drawing — that he can invariably recognize the user of tobacco by his tremulous hand in manipulating the pencil, and by his " absolute inability to draw a clean, straight line." It is well understood that, in the regimen of athletes, pugilists, and oarsmen in preparation for boat-races, no rule is more rigid than that which prescribes an utter abstaining from all forms of tobacco ; and this solely because of its enervating influence on the nerves and muscles. Says Parton, " Xo smoker who has ever trained severely for a race, or a game, or a fight needs to be told that smoking reduces the tone of the system and diminishes all the forces of his body. He knoios it." Dr. W. F. Carver, the famous marksman, says : " I have never tasted intoxicating drinks, nor do I use tobacco in any form." An Ohio gentleman tells me of a brother of great nerve, who had been an excellent shot. He became a smoker, and meeting him after a long separation, the brother found him with trembling hands and shattered nerves. On challeni2:in2: him 82 TOBACCO. to a shooting match as of old, he accepted. He could not even aim straight, still less could he hit a mark, however near. The virtue had all gone out of him. He made up his mind to stop short, but his sufterings were pitiable, the miserable slave continually fumbling in his pockets after the longed- for weed. Mr. Hanlan, the victor of the international boat- race, said before he left England : " In my opinion, the best })hysical performances can only be secured through the absolute abstinence from alcohol and tobacco. This is my rule. In fact, I believe that the use of liquor and tobacco has a most injurious effect upon the system of an athlete, by irritating the vitals and consequently weakening the system." Does not the same reasoning apply even more strongly to the soldier ? No man, surely, has greater need of unflinching nerve and never-failing endur- ance. For no man is the best possible physical condition of more supreme importance. The Duke of Wellington complained of the excessive use of tobacco by his soldiers, and attempted to restrain it. Another distinguished English oflScer, Gen. Markham, was so convinced of the injurious efiects of this drug, that he neither smoked himself nor allowed any of his personal stafi" to do so. Mr. Meadows tells us, in the British QuarterJi/ Revieiv, that, in China, "the soldier who smokes tobacco is baml)ooed." In a letter to Dr. Lizars, Mr. Anton writes: *^ I am convinced that a soldier who is an inveter- PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 83 ate smoker is inc{ip;il)le to level his musket with precision and without shakii]o- his hand, so as to take steady aim. I recall instances of nervous trepidation which rendered many a brave man use- less as a marksman or musketeer." Coi'roborating this statement is a quotation from Mr. O'Fhdierty, who says that "he has known men who, previous to their using tobacco, could send a bullet through the target at eight hundred yards' distance ; but Avho, after they had become smokers and chewers, became so nervous that they could scarcely send one into a hay-stack at a hun- dred yards' distance." Durino- our civil war, a laro'e num])er of the diseases in the soldiers' hospitals were attributed, in a o'reat dei>Tee, to the inordinate use of this dru2', which was often sent to them throuo-h the mistaken kindness and sympathy of distant friends. And many a man is now a miserable slave to the tyrant, who took his first lessons in that same war. There are eminent plwsicians to whom almost every day brings fresh contirmation of the fact that nervous and brain diseases are not infre- quently caused by the tobacco habit. Prof. Kirke, in N'evves and Narcotics : " You see a man weary, and yet restless. By means of the narcotic this nervous irritation is subdued. The supply of vital force from the organic centres to the motor nerves is so much lessened that the irri- 84 TOBACCO. tatinof movement in them ceases. This ogives a sense of relief to the person afiected. He is not aware that the l^eneiit is purchased at a very seri- ous cost. He has not only lessened the sup|)ly of vital force for the time being, but has done a very considerable amount of injury to his vital system. He has, in fact, poisoned the springs of life within him. As soon as these nerves rally from the lowering eflect of the narcotic, the irritation returns, and the narcotic is called for anew. Fresh injur}^ is inflicted for the sake of the ease desired. This goes on till the vital cen- tres, if at all delicate, totally fail to give suppl}^ to the motor nerves, and paral^^sis begins. Yet the man goes on indulging in the so-called luxury of the narcotic." Dr. Allen : " Many smokers, naturally bold and resolute, lose their fortitude, become unable to bear pain, are nervous in the society of others, and even afraid of being left alone at night." Dr. Lizars : " I have invariably found that patients addicted to smoking became cowardly, and deficient in manly fortitude to undergo any surgical operation, however trifling." Dr. Brodie : "The earliest symptoms are mani- fested in the derangement of the nervous system. Almost the worst case of neuralgia that ever came under my observation was that of a gentleman who consulted the late Dr. Bright and m3^self. The pains were universal and never absent, but during the night they were specially intense, so PHYSICAL AXD INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 85 as almost wholl}^ to prevent sleep. Neither the patient himself nor his medical attendants had any doubt that the disease was to be attributed to his habit of smokmg, on the discontinuance of which he o^ra dually recovered." Another physician : " The natural vibration be- tween excessive action of the brain and correspond- ing' depression, caused by tol)acco, is mental unbalancing and overthrow. Memory is weakened, the perceptions are blunted, cowardice is engen- dered, the power of the will enervated, and insanity is the result." From a long array of nervous cases by dis- tinguished physicians, I have gathered the following symptoms : — great mental depression, weak- ness of voluntary muscles, neuralgia local and general, trembling, vertigo, difficulty in standing steadily or moving directly, shaking palsy, convul- sions, uncontrollable nervous tremors, a cataleptic condition, hysterics, twitching of the flexor muscles of the whole body, palpitation, movements and gesticulations like St. Vitus' dance, startings from sleep, insomnia, epileptic fits, choking sensations, rush of blood to the head, cramps, numbness, paralysis, shocks in the epigastrium like elec- tricity. In almost every case a suspension of the tobacco-habit brought relief, while with a return to it the symptoms came back. AVe learn that Mr. Andreas Hofer, who was grandson of the Tyrolean patriot shot by order of S6 TOBACCO. Napoleon I., and who was long a member of the Austrian Parliament, has become insane from his excessive use of tobacco. An Ohio friend tells me of a young man in business whose excessive smoking and chewing so broke him down mentally and morally that it was necessary to dismiss him from the iirm of of which he was a member. In the course of a year, about eight thousand dollars, awarded him as his share of the profits, w^ere all squandered. The father, from fear of personal violence, was compelled to place him in an insane asylum. His single chance for recovery was entire absti- nence ; yet the father, in his blind fondness, with his own hand supplied him with cigars, and the doctors did not interfere ! A young man promised his father that he would abstain from smoking till he was twenty-one. That time had no sooner arrived than he set himself to learn, and though nature made a fierce revolt, and he suffered terril^ly in the })rocess, he persevered till he succeeded, when his health broke down and he became a confirmed epileptic. Well does Lord Bacon say: — "To smoke is a secret delight, serving to steal away men's brains," and another: "Tobacco carries but a thin edge of enjoyment ahead, and a blunt edge of dull stupidity and crackling sorrow and nervous derangement behind." A member of the Paris Academy of IMedicine : " Statistics show that in exact proportion with the PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIE^V. 87 increased consumption of tolDacco is the increase of diseases in the nervous centres, — insanity, general paralysis, paraplegia, and certain cancerous affections." At a meeting of the iNIedical and Chirurgical Society of London, Dr. Webster read a paper on the Statistics and Morbid Anatomy of Mental Diseases, in which he cites the great use of tobacco as prominent among the causes, supporting his opinion from statistics as to insanity in Germany. Strong testimony on this subject follows from various institutions for the insane. From the Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Insane Hospi- tal : " The earlier boys begin to use tobacco, the more strongly marked are its effects upon the nerves and brain." From a report by Dr. Kirk- bride of this Hospital : '^ Six cases of insanity were clearly attributable to the use of tobacco." From Dr. Harlow, at the head of the Maine In- sane Asylum : ^^ The pernicious effect of tobacco on the brain and nervous system is obvious to all who are called to treat the insane." From the Superintendent of the New York Insane Asylum: "Tobacco has done more to precipitate mind into the vortex of insanity than spirituous liquors." From Dr. Bancroft, for many years at the head of the Insane Asylum, Concord, New Hampshire : "I have known several cases of insanity most unquestionably produced by the use of tobacco without other complicating causes, and which have 88 TOBACCO. been cured by the suspension of the habit ; while the number in which it was prominent among the causes is much laro:er." From Dr. Woodward, of the Insane Asylum at Worcester, Massachusetts : " That tol^acco pro- duces insanity I am fully confident. Its influence upon the brain and nervous system is hardly less than that of alcohol, and, if excessively used, is equally injurious." At one time, eight cases of insanity from tobacco were found in this Asylum. According to the Kew York World, " in nine cases out of eleven, where insanity has resulted from inebriation, the })rimary cause was smoking." This journal also gives the numl)er of patients in insane asylums, under treatment for '' confirmed inebriation resulting in insanity," whose use of tobacco had led them to inteniperance. In Bloomingdale Asylum, out of ... . 100 87 In Flatbusli Asylum, out of 64 49 In Trenton Asylum, out of 56 48 In Columbus Asylum, out of 74 62 From a French publication, we learn that the increase of insanity in France has kept pace with the increase of the revenue from tobacco. In presenting to the Academy of Science the statistics which prove this assertion, M. Jolly remarks, — that "the immoderate use of tobacco produces an affection of the spinal marrow and a weakness of the brain which causes madness." In speaking of mania as a result of using tobacco, PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 89 Dr. Lizars of Edinburgh gives an account of two brothers connected with a family where there was no tendency to insanity, who, through this nar- cotic, lost their reason and committed suicide. Pie also relates the case of a gentleman of thirty- five who drank, smoked, and chewed, till attacked by fits resembling epileps}^ v*'hen he was taken to an insane retreat. He gave up drink, but no improvement occurred till he abandoned tobacco, when the fits ceased and sanity returned. TOBACCO-HEREDITY. A leading physician in one of our largest cities, in speaking of those who had indulged in the use of tobacco for years with seeming impunity, adds : " But I have never known a habitual tobacco user whose children, born after he had long used it, did not have deranged nervous systems and sometimes evidently weak minds. Shattered nervous systems for generations to come may be the result of this indulgence." It is claimed by some doctors that the effects of tobacco on posterity are even greater than those of alcohol ; that it destroys more vital force, and thus saps the very foundations, transmitting a tendency to disease. Sometimes, the dreadful appetite itself is entailed upon the child. Dr. Hall : '' The parent whose blood and secretions are saturated with tobacco, and whose brain and nervous system are narcotized by it, must trans- mit to his child elements of a distempered body 90 TOBACCO. and erratic mind ; a deranged condition of organic atoms, which elevates the animalism of future being at the expense of the moral and intellectual na- ture." Brodie : " This is a sin which afflicts the third and fourth generation." Spain is one vast tobacco shop, which fact is said to account largely for the degeneracy of the nation. So long ago as the sixteenth century, the sultan Amarath inflicted severe punishment on those who used tobacco, from its known effects in deteriorating and depleting the population. In a report of the Medical Director of the United States Xavy, we find the following testimony on the same point : " The pernicious effect of tobacco on the generative function is authoritatively asserted by Acton, who declared, — * I am quite sure that excessive smokers, if very young, never acquire, and, if older, rapidly lose, their normal virile powers.'" A good man, unconscious of the wrong he was doing, smoked for many a year, often suflering intensely, but without understanding the cause. A tract on the subject, which fell into his hands, brought him needed light and led him to give up tobacco. This prolonged his life, but the change came too late for his son, who, as a consequence of his ftither's habit, inherits an impaired constitution. A life-long sufferer on this account, he is untiring in his efforts to convince others of the great evil of the tobacco habit, declaring that he is " before Richmond PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 91 on this question until the King of Battles gives him an honorable discharge." " I can point you," says a physician, "to two fami- lies right under my eye, where in each case there is a nest of little children rendered idiots by the to])acco habits of their parents." A doctor found among the patients at an infir- mary a young man suffering from tobacco symp- toms. " What will you say to this case?" inquired a medical friend ; ^' the youth has never chewed, smoked, or taken snuff." "His father did it for him," replied the doctor. Turning to the father the question was asked, " How long have you. smoked?" " These-iive-and twenty years." "Have you ever smoked an ounce of tobacco a day ? " "Yes, many times." Dr. Richardson : " If a community of youths of both sexes, whose progenitors were finely formed and powerful, were to l)e trained to the earh' prac- tice of smokino- and if marriasfe were to be con- fined to the smokers, an apparently new, and a physically inferior, race of men and women would be bred." Dr. Cowan : " Of all the harm done by the use of tobacco, the ofreater harm and the mio-htiest wronsf is that of transmittino^, to the unborn, the appetite for the filthy, disease-creating, misery- enofenderino^ drus:." A business man who was an excessive smoker, but whose work was mostly in the open air, had no consciousness of injurious effects. Of his two 92 TOBACCO. sons, however, one had paroxj^sms of insanity, and the other drunkenness. The mother was a healthy woman, and no trace of insanity or of drinking habits could be found in the family on either side ; so that, by good medical authority, the condition of the sons was atti'i]>uted to the use of tobacco by the father. Of two Reverend D.D.'s who were inordinate users of tobacco, the children of one were dissi- pated and intemperate, while those of the other suf- fered every form of pain and agonj", resulting from weak and disordered nerves. In both cases, the evil was pronounced hereditary, — the result of the selfish indulgence of the fathers. ''The men of the West," writes one, "are not only filling themselves with this horrid poison, but in numberless ways are transmitting the deadly influence to their ofispring. How any man who knows that the condition of the parent influences, for good or ill, his ofispring, can become the father of children while his system is so dominated by this powerful narcotic that abstinence for twentj^- four hours nearly sets him crazy, I cannot con- ceive." Says the Journal of Science and Health, " There are Christians and temperance men who are trying to redeem the world from sin and drunkenness, yet who are begetting children so depraved in their physical organization that their desire for stimulants it is almost impossible for them to resist." PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 93 An authentic account is given of the child of an inveterate smoker, a mere infant, whose stomach rejected food, and who was pining away for lack of nourishment. To quiet it, the father held a cigar between its lips. The babe greedily sucked it, and l)y means of the stinndus was able to take food. But this tobacco, for which it inherited so unnatural a craving, proved a necessity. It could not get on without it. I hardly need add that under its influence the child gradually became dwarfed and idiotic. '' The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge." Are we doomed, in the future, to have a race of idiots ? One of our public journals gives the account of a four-year-old who inherited the narcotic appe- tite, cigars being " necessaril>/ given from infancy to keep him quiet." This continued, till he came to smoke twenty stoga cigars a day, and then cry for more. Spinal disease setting in, he was taken to a surgical institute. When the doctors took away his cigars, " the child kicked and howled like a maniac." A physician relates the case of a smoker whose children "were cursed from their ])irth. His idi- otic boy would scoop up the loathsome ashes scra})ed from his father's pipe and eat them with avidity ! " Surely Dr. Pidduck is justified in his assertion in The Lancet of 1856, that " in no instance is the sin of the father more strikingly visited upon his 94 TOBACCO. children than the sin of tobacco-smoking." He adds, — " The enervation, the hypochondriasis, the h3'steria, the insanity, the dwarfish deformities, the consumption, the suffering lives and early deaths of the children of inveterate smokers, bear ample testimony to the fee])leness and unsoundness of the constitution transmitted by this pernicious habit." A man of tine abilities, a member of one of the learned professions, had early formed the habit of both smoking and chewing. It grew upon him till it had gained a complete mastery. His child was diseased from infancy, had terrible convulsions, became deformed and idiotic. The father suffered from entire nervous derangement, and finally sank into a decline. It was a bitter harvest that he reaped for his mdulgence, — the ruin of himself and child. " Oh, if I could only live my life over," he exclaimed, " I would never touch the weed. Would that I could warn every boy and everj^ young man against this dreadful evil ! " Alas ! this Havana cloud on the horizon, is it not a very dreadful one ? surgeon-geneeal's report. In the Eeport of the Surgeon-General of the United States Army for 1881, Dr. Albert L. Gihon, senior medical officer of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., is referred to, as having made a special study of the phj'sical development of applicants for admission to that institution, and also of the cadets at stated intervals. Dr. Gihon's PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 95 report to the surgeon-general contains a graphic portraiture of the efi'ects of tobacco, more espe- cially on the young. Some extracts from this report will make a titting close of this chapter. " Unquestionably the most important matter in the health history of the students at this acad- emy is that relating to the use of tobacco. I have urged upon the superintendent, as my last official utterance, the fact, of the truth of which five years' experience as health-offic^er of this station has sat- istied me, that, beyond all other things, the future health and usefulness of the lads educated at this school require the absolute interdiction of tobacco. "In this opinion I have been sustained, not only by all my colleagues, but by all other sanitarians in military and civil life whose views I have been able to learn ; while I know it to be the belief of the officer who is to succeed me in the charo^e of this department, and who was one of the Board of Medical Officers which, in 1875, reported that 'the regulations against the use of tobacco in any form could not be too stringent.' Since then, three successive annual Boards of Visitors have indorsed the prohibition of tobacco, as a wise sani- tary provision ; and the last of these Boards, on being informed that the regulation against its use was not then in operation (June, 1879), emphatic- ally recommended that ' its strict enforcement be at once restored.' "With a sense of the serious responsibility which devolves on the sanitary officer of this estab- 96 TOBACCO. lishment, conscious that the bodily welfare and happiness of these young men and of their future offspring may be permanently influenced by this vicious indulgence, I have most earnestly ad- vised that the strongest efibrts of the authorities of the academy shall be directed towards the pre- vention of this pernicious, indefensible, and wholly unnecessary habit. " By the continued excitation of the optic nerve, tobacco produces amaurosis, — a fact demonstrated by Wordsworth, Mackenzie, Hutchinson, Sichel, and Chisholm. "I have myself several times rejected candidates for admission into the academy on account of defec- tive vision, who confessed to the premature use of tobacco, one of them from the age of seven. "The irregularity in the heart's action, which tobacco causes, is one of its most conspicuous effects. Candidates are annually rejected for car- diac disturbances, who have subsequently admitted the use of tobacco ; and the annual phj^sical exam- inations of cadets reveal a large number of irrita- ble hearts (Hobacco hearts') among boys, who had no such trouble when they entered the school. Among the applicants for enlistment as appren- tices in the navy during the year 1879, ten in a thousand were rejected for functional lesions of the heart, indicating tobacco-poisoning. " Finally, the antidotal eftect of tobacco makes drinking of stimulating liquors the natural conse-^ quence of smoking." PHYSICAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIEW. 97 "While it is indisputably the fact that a large number of the cadets have learned to smoke before admission to the academy, its compulsory inhibi- tion during their academic career will be of in- calculable ijenelit to them, as well as to all others who now unfortunately acquire the habit here through the example of their schoolmates. It is almost impossible for the cadets, however young, — and some enter at fourteen, — to avoid contract- ing the habit, if his room-mate indulges ; and the extent of this indulgence was instanced by one of the officers in charge, who told me that some of the rooms were so foul and offensive that it was unpleasant to enter them. The medical officer of the day was, not long since, called late at night to attend a cadet in a state of extreme prostration caused by tobacco ; and, although himself a smoker, he declared the atmosphere of the room to be repulsively stifling from tobacco smoke. I have seen j^ouths, fresh from graduation from this school, go on board ships smoking rank, black- ened pipes that would have nauseated many an adult. "That the user of tobacco is incapable of con- centrated mental effort is demonstrated bj^ the fact told me by a member of the Academic Board, that cadets have complained of their inability to apply themselves to study and attain the class-standing they desired on account of the excessive smoking in their rooms, in which they were compelled to indulge. 98 TOBACCO. "An agent that has mischievously been repre- sented to be innocuous only because of the re- markable tolerance exhibited by a few individuals, and is actually capable of such potent evil; which, through its sedative effect upon the circulation, creates a thirst for alcoholic stimulation ; which, by its depressing and disturbing effect upon the nerve centres, increases sexual propensities, and induces secret practices, while permanently im- perilling virile power ; which determines functional disease of the heart ; which impairs vision, blunts the memory, and interferes with mental effort and application, — ought, in my opinion as a sanitary officer, at whatever cost of vigilance, to be rigidly interdicted." TOBACCO BEIS^EFITS. DESTROYING VERMIX ; EXCLUDING LADIES ; MEL- LOWING THEOLOGY ; INDUCING SELF-ABASEMENT ; SUBDUING BAD SMELLS. Are there no benefits, you will ask, resulting from the use of tol)acco ? I have alluded to the security it affords against being devoured by wolves, buzzards, and cannibals, of which advantage its defenders are at liberty to make the most. It is useful in destroying sheep-ticks and any creature that molests man. The vapor of tobacco- juice has been tested in France with great success as an insect-destroyer in hothouses, effectually disposing of thrips, scales, and slugs. It also scares away moths, carpet-bugs, and other vermin, and thus preserves furs and woollens. By excluding ladies from festive breakfast and dinner parties, it withdraws from gentlemen a disagreeable restraint. An acquaintance argues that smoking tends to round off sharp, doctrinal edges, and thus to 99 100 ' TOBACCO. mellow one's theology ; instancing an eminent Western divine who has become a total abstainer, and who, he says, grows more and more conser- vative and afraid of progress. He claims that if this divine had continued to smoke, the extreme blueness of his dogmas would have passed oft' in the blue vapor of his cigar ! Still another benefit, according to a doctor of divinity ^vhose long experience entitles him to implicit credit, is that the habit gives to a man "a sense of deep humiliation of which his unpartaking brethren can know very little." "If any one smokes to overcome a bad smell," sa^'-s Russell Lant Carpenter, — " he only adds to the nuisance ; the ashes and smoke are two dirts the more." PROTECTING AGAINST MALARIA AND TYPHOID. There are those who plead that tobacco is a safeguard against malarial diseases. Dr. Solly makes answer, — "I dispute the alleo'ed benefits of even moderate tobacco-smokino: as a preventive of damp or malaria." In a city daily appears the following item of consolation for lovers of the weed : " A Yiro^inia physician says he has never known an habitual consumer of tobacco to have typhoid fever." A Massachusetts doctor reports the case of " an habitual consumer " who has had typhoid every summer for five years. Dr. H. J. Gate, of Saratosra, knows " an habitual consumer " who " for TOBACCO BENEFITS. 101 a series of years, has bad an annual attack of this fever." Another physician, living in a mining country w here all use the weed, affirms that he could report hundreds of simihir cases. Indeed, so far Irom tobacco's heing a protection against such dis- eases, it is the opinion of many eminent doctors that, by enfeebling the system, it renders men more sus- ceptible to this as well as other diseases. AIDING DIGESTION. Dr. Alcott : "I have never known a dozen tobacco-users — m}' acquaintance has extended to thousands — whose digestive organs were not in the end more or less impaired by it." Dr. Grimshaw : " Tobacco is injurious by depressing the nervous powers, by injuring the salivary glands, and by creating an undue secretion of saliva." Dr. Harris of the New York Dispensary : — "The functions of disrestion and nutrition are impaired ; and though, in some cases, tobacco may for a time appear to relieve irritabilit}^ of the stomach, it eventually cripples and almost destroys the digestive powers." QUIETING THE NEEVES. The answer to this plea is found in the evidences "which have been adduced to prove that, however soothing may be its temporary influence, the ulti- mate efl'ect is the exhaustion and shattering of the nervous system. 102 TOBACCO. AN ANTISEPTIC ; PRESERVING OF THE TEETH. " Tobacco-smoke is not a vile, noxious exhala- tion," declares someone. " It does not contaminate the air, but tends to purity it. It is an antiseptic principle, taking up and destroying poisons in the air." As to tlie remarkable negative assertion in the above passage, let it be referred to those whose senses have not been impaired by the use of the weed. Just what the writer means b}^ terming tobacco-smoke " a principle " one can only guess. But what of the benefit he claims ? It has been my great aim to prove that tobacco ^n all its forms — snuffing, chewing, and smoking, ■ — is poisonous. If the proofs are not convincing, let them be challenged. But I make my appeal to Caesar. As to preserving the teeth, the claim was utterly denied by Dr. Warren, of Boston, who asserted that it was positively injurious to them. In order to treat this subject with entire candor, I have w^ritten to a good number of eminent dentists. From their uniformly kind and cour- teous replies I will quote several passages, giving the names when at liberty to do so. Dr. French, of Kochester, New York, while himself a smoker, and claiming that tobacco is antiseptic, states, in the Odontograpliic Journal, that a physician for whom he was operating called his attention to certain teeth Avhich were de- TOBACCO BENEFITS. 103 cayed at the neck of the roots, and which he asserted to be caused by tobacco, as that was w^here he always carried the w^eed. Another gentleman, having the same difficulty pointed out, said to Dr. French, ".That is where I used to carry my tobacco ; I have used it for forty years, but have quit now." "I may add," continues Dr. F., "that I have smoked for thirty years, and the upper tooth where I ahvays hold my cigar lost its vitality ^ve or six years ago, but the lower one is perfectly sound. A friend who is an inveterate smoker has lost entirely, by gradual crumbling, the upper tooth where he held his cigar, while the lower one is all right." " In regard to the beneficial tendencies, there is nothing which the use of the brush and proper dentifrice would not accomplish." " The salivary and mucous glands are debili- tated, and the gums and other soft tissues of the mouth are irritated, inflamed, and debased by the over-stimulation of the constant use of tobacco." Dr. Barrett, of Buffalo : " Tobacco is undoubt- edly antiseptic in the mouth, but I am inclined to think that the remedy is worse than the disease. I am given to smoking myself, but it keeps the mouth in an unhealthy condition." Dr. Barnes, of New York : " Chewing tobacco removes particles of food, and smoking often adds a coating over softened portions, thereby rendering them less liable to caries. But we have plenty of 104 TOBACCO. remedies more cleanly and wholesome." Dr. B. names a case where smoking prevented toothache, but gives the smoker's remark that the efiect was bad, as it stupefied the nerve, thus giving him no warning of danger, the breaking of the teeth being his first knowledge of trouble. Dr. B. adds, " To my mind, the disadvantages greatly overwhelm the advantages." Dr. Lillebrown, of Boston : " Tobacco chewing, by causing a free flow of saliva, washes the teeth. But no benefit can even secondarily compensate for the uncleanness of the habit." Dr. J. Foster Flagg, of Philadelphia : " Indirect- ly tobacco is, I think, advantageous to the teeth in cases of rapid decay, especially when complicated with pulpsensitivity. But the disadvantages in- separably associated with its use, are of such mag- nitude as to make with me, the advice or even permission to employ it, a matter of grave moment and intense reluctance.^'' Dr. Chandler, of the Dental Department in Harvard University : " I am no believer in the preservative qualities of tobacco upon the teeth. On the contrary, in so far as the use of it injures the health, and thereby vitiates the oral secretions, it must be directly injurious. There is no doubt, however, that smoking in excess, and perhaps also chewins:, blunts the sensitiveness of the teeth both directly and indirectly, by its stupefying proper- ties, so that they can be worked upon with less pain ; but I consider this no compensation for the TOBACCO BENEFITS. 105 nastiness consequent upon indulgence in the vile habit." The remainder of the extracts from letters on this point are by physicians, not dentists. Dr. Heitzman, of New York : " Being a hearty smoker myself, I can assure you that tobacco smoke has no beneficial effect upon the teeth. In my case, it did not work as a disinfectant." Dr. H. is candid enough to pronounce smoking "a vicious though delightful habit." Dr. T. F. Allen, of New York : '' The state- ment that tobacco is antiseptic, is I think, simply ridiculous. There is no doubt that creosote, or rather the products of combustion in smoking, have an antiseptic effect ; but the same effect would be produced by burning paper, cabbage-leaves, or anything else of the sort." Dr. Gate, of Saratoga : " No authority on sanita- tion or disinfection, whether medical or non-medi- cal, classes tobacco among disinfectants, or anti- septics, or protectives in any mode or degree ; and those who have written most, and most vigorously, against the use of tobacco, are physicians. To- bacco is, confessedly on all hands, not only a drug, but a very powerful narcotic. And there is a universal law that the use of any drug in Jtealth is always mischievous. ''It is the doctrine of the day that ferments are not only accompanied but caused by minute organisms, and that any agent killing these, or their spores, will remove or prevent fermentation. As 106 TOBACCO. tobacco is a narcotic poison, it ^v[\\ certainly des- troy these organisms or their germs. So will kerosene, carbolic acid, and other strong acids. But no one regards these things as wholesome when taken into the system. The effect sought is local, and only their local use is justifiable. The per- spiration of old tobacco users is so saturated with nicotine that it will destroy the life of flies precisely by the same poisonous properties by which it des- troys fungi in the secretions of the mouth ; and there is no more wisdom in poisoning the whole body in order to destroy caries fungi of the teeth than there would be in setting up our bodies as manufactories of fly-poison to destroy flies in our rooms. An}^ fungicide can unquestionably be used more efficiently as well as harmlessly with the brush and by rinsing the mouth than when taken into the stomach and lunsrs. I believe that no physiologist can, or does deduce from the general laws of health and disease any conclusion but that the use of tobacco in every form is mis- chievous." HELPFUL STIMULANT. In re£:ard to the arcfuments of those who have raised the lance in defence of tobacco as a helpful stimulant, quoting Dr. Anstie and his followers, I have taken pains to consult many wise ones, and will report from high authority a brief reply to this defence. "Physiologists and the medical profession gen- erally accept as axioms the principles that in TOBACCO BENEFITS. 107 small doses all the narcotics represented b}^ opium, tobacco, the deadly nightshade, strychnine, and other similar drugs, are stimulants, not tonics, that is, in these small, doses, they increase the rate of action, or living, without adding to the strength or means of living ; that the decree of stimulation varies in different members of the group of narcotics, it being very slight and transient in tobacco, the ^ soothins:,' or narcotic effect beins^ the result usually sought and speedily reached ; that the assertion that 4bod and stimulus are equally indispensable ' is a monstrous fallacy ; that any drug stimulation in health is unnecessary and mischievous ; that all such stimulation is followed by a gradual loss of healthful, vigor in the tissues and the organs involved; and that while these effects may accumulate slowly, the aggregate re- sults of many years of even moderate indulgence is almost invariably seen in broken health and lessened efficiency, as well as in the presence of positive disease." In reply to the claim that tobacco stimulates the mental powers, Dr. Harris writes : " A moderate indulgence may^ for a brief period, enliven the imagination, accelerate the thoughts, and give a pleasing sense of intellectual vigor, but, under such unnatural stimulus, the intellect works neither reliably nor safelj^ ; and the reaction and stupor which necessarily succeed, more than counterbal- ance the largest measure even of apparent gain. And he who resorts to such expedients will soon 108 TOBACCO. find that not only has he been fascinated and de- ceived, but that he has literall}^ sold himself into a physical and mental bondage, from which escape is almost impossible." CHECKING WASTE OF TISSUE. As to anything more in favor of to1)acco, justice requires me to admit that I have learned of still one other benefit. It is that " by checking mole- cular waste of tissue, that is, by retarding organic metamorphosis, the adult is able to maintain his physical integrity." This very efiect, however, is admitted to be " detrimental to the adolescent, since it retards that progressive cell-change upon which the advanced development of the body depends." I am not wise enough to apprehend the whole force of this argument, though I should have sup- posed that anything which retards nature's pro- cesses would, except in abnormal cases, prove in the end a loss rather than a gain. We learn from physiologists that rapid waste and repair of tissues are a natural result of action, and the best condition of health ; while suspension is unnatural and in vio- lation of h3'gienic laws. It is this fiict that renders exercise and open air life so desirable ; that sends invalids and worn-out people in such throngs to the seaside, the mountains and the woods. Except in cases of famine, therefore, any obstruction to the removal of efiete matter would seem an injury rather than a benefit. The claim of gain on the score of economy, from TOBACCO BENEFITS. 109 less food being required by this checking of the ^vaste of tissue, reminds one of Mr. Squeer's cus- tom in Dotheboys ILdl of dosing his boys every morning with sulphur and treacle, in order to limit their capacity for eating. We find it complacently stated in the public j^rints that, "as the result of investigations recently made, the professors of the University of Jena affirm that moderate Cjuantities of this weed may be used with beneficial effects ; that in the German army soldiers in active service are very properly furnished with smokinsr tobacco, because smokins: enables them to endure severe fatigue upon smaller nutrition and with greater alacrity and confidence than would otherwise be the case." The ultimate infiuence of tobacco upon the muscular force has been already considered, " the greater alacrity and confidence" being but transient effects of the nar- cotic, as they are also of brandy and whiskey. Dr. Eichardson : "If smoking sustains the sys- tem longer without food, it does it by reducing the activity of all the organs, and therewith the organic power." In answer to inquiries. Dr. John Ellis writes : "I suppose, without any reasonable doubt, that tobacco, like opium and some other substances, does actually retard the waste, and thereby the nourishment of the tissues ; but this is really one of the chief objections against its use, for it is ex'dcily zvhat ive do not icant to do^ since the health and strength depend on, or are intimately associ- 110 TOBACCO. ated with, the regularity and rapidity of this meta- morphosis of the tissues." * Dr. Willard Parker, from whom I have already quoted so freely, asserts that there is no occasion for this talked-of arrest of waste, except for the starving, and affirms that free waste and renewal are among the most essential hygienic conditions. "Where the processes of waste and of repairs are maintained in balance," he says, "the system is in its normal state, or in health. Disturb the balance, and disease commences. Every system is worked by force, and this is the one cause of waste. Diminish waste, and you diminish force. The work of all poisons is to diminish force. Kow, if tobacco diminishes waste, it is because it dimin- ishes force, and so far marches toward death. Let us have no more of such soi)histry." In conversing on the subject. Dr. Parker made use of an illustration which I will give in my own w^ords : I have a house which will accommodate five persons. Every day I take in five and every day send out the same number, and the house is in good condition. But I take in live and send out three, and the condition is disturbed. I take in five more, but must push aside the two dead to make room for the incoming five. I now send out two, and have three more dead to })ile up -with the former two. How lono^ will the dwellino^ be inhabitable? It is already a sick-house. The dead who are retained are not only no addition to the strength of the house, but are a positive ob- struction, a source of disease and death. TOBACCO BENEFITS. Ill In the same strain Dr. Gate writes: "If the change is no more rapid than in health, it is a phy- siological, not a diseased process ; it is one of a chain of interlinked and interdepending processes Avhich cannot be interfered with without upsetting the beautifully contrived balance, and leading to mischievous results. Every physiologist knows that the use and w^ear exactly correspond ; that you cannot diminish one without diminishing the other. All narcotics diminish the energy of all the functions of every organ. They lessen the vigor and amount of the work done, and exactly to this extent diminish the waste. Going beyond certain narrow limits, the result is far worse, — they act so powerfully on every organ and function that the derangement amounts to disease, the power of doing healthy work is lost, and not only the w\aste, but repair is decidedly diminished. The difficulty after youth is not that waste is unduly active, but that repair is too little so. Itfollow^s that, instead of diminishing waste by diminishing through nar- cotics the energy of brain and body, and hence the amount of work done, the increase of the repara- tive energy is the needed power in advancing years. "Every physiologist accepts the law that with every thought, with every emotion, with every throb of the heart, with every movement of a mus- cle, with every step in the process of digestion, there is waste of tissue in exact and inevitable correlation to the amount of work done ; and this 112 TOBACCO. waste can only be diminished by diminishing action or production. It is like the consumption of fuel and the production of heat. It is easy to diminish the draft of the furnace or engine, and so the con- sumption of fuel ; but the production of heat is diminished in the same proportion. This is pre- cisely what is done to the functions of the body by narcotics, including tobacco. They lower the vigor and energy of every organ, and so its pro- duction, and in the same degree the waste. "I believe this is the correct statement of the action of tobacco in the much talked-of relation to waste : that from the scientific standpoint these conclusions are inevitable ; and that from the medi- cal^ the experience of ninety-nine out of a hundred of the profession clearly affirms their truth." I am aware that Dr. Tanner's endurance under his long fast is accounted for by the sustaining virtues of tissue. And the same advantage, result- ing, it is said, from the use of tobacco — that it tends to prevent the destruction of tissue — is urged for the use of wine and spirits. To this, as argued in the Saturday Review, Punch re- sponds : — "Oh, thanks, dear Review, for that coiiiforting creed, For joining with temperance-humbug the issue ; In Johnson and Webster in future we'll read For 'drinking,' 'preventing destruction of tissue.' " O Daniel in judgment! for teaching that word You cannot conceive what good fortune we wish you. Punch fills up a bumper, the downy old bird. And 'prevents,' in your honor, destruction of tissue.'" TOBACCO BENEFITS. 113 BENEFITING ADULTS. A well-known physician, himself a smoJcer, while he pronounces tobacco "highly injurious to persons whose nervous systems are not developed, or to Avonien, who naturally have more delicate nervous organizations than men," avows that he believes it is beneficial to most adults. Another physician of high standing, himself a non-smoker^ affirms that, at the very least, three fourths of the profession are against this view of said doctor; that his utterances, as reported, amount to two arguments : First, that, using it himself, he justifies its use ; second, that there is in adult life a comparative tolerance of all nar- cotics, but that it is only a question of more or less poisonous influence. He adds that the very asser- tions made to defend its use are significant, — "cigarettes are more mischievous than cigars;" " the efiect of tobacco is much worse on young men than on adults ;" " chewing has a far more deleterious influence on the digestive system than smoking," and other similar expressions. There is in these arsfuments of smokers some- thing passing one's comprehension. "Tobacco, by exciting the secretions of saliva, excites the secretions of gastric juice;" ergo, "used after dinner, it promotes the digestion of the adult." "Tobacco, by exciting unnaturally the secretions of saliva, impairs the digestion of the young." 114 TOBACCO. The boy of our age does not accept this logic. He cannot comprehend why that which is of such service to the adult should be so injurious to him. It Avould be interesting to know at wdiat precise point this remarkable change occurs in the diges- tive organs, to draw a definite line between a boy and a man. Does the change take place in the substance of the organs, or their form, or what? One is tempted to ask the question, which I trust is not irreverent. Can one wdio avowedly indulges in the nightly smoking of "five or six moderately strong cigars," and declares that he is a "wiser, better, and happier man for it," can such an one, even though both medical and scientific, be pre- sumed to judge impartially? At one stage a poison, and at another a promoter oi icisdom, morality^ and happiness! Surely, it is of the utmost importance to learn the exact mo- ment when the peril ceases and the advantage begins. Now, is there not a sort of ohfuscation in such reasoning that only tobacco-fumes could occasion? According to Dr. Cate, the non-smoking physician just quoted, the stimulation to the secretion of saliva and s^astric iuice is a strons: aroument against tobacco, and as really so for adults as for youth. He goes on, — "The sight and taste of food and the act of eating are ph3'siological stimulants to the glands concerned in digestion, exactly fitted to the sufficient performance of this office ; and the assertion that these glands need TOBACCO BENEFITS. 115 stimulation in health hy tobacco or any other drug is a monstrous and mischievous fallacy." AVe may therefore infer that the way in which tobacco aids the digestion is just as brandy and whiskey do it, — that is, by narcotizing and deaden- ing the pangs of a dyspeptic stomach, only, in the end, however, to make it more and more incapable of its proper work. The most zealous defenders of tobacco admit that sojjie adults are poisoned by it. But how are men to decide whether it is a blessing or a bane, till they have tried it ? And alas ! by the time they have got over the disagreeable introduction and made a fair acquaintance, the spell is on them. By that time they will be slow to admit that its effect is injurious ; and, even if convinced of this, what about breaking the spell? Has it been found so easy that you can conscientiously advise your adult friend, or brother, or son, to make the experiment ? But even should it be admitted that that which is disastrous to most might possibly bring to a very few some small gain, the question arises, — when the good proposed is so uncertain and so slight, and the evils are so great, and often so fatal, and when all are agreed that the habit should not be formed in youth, does it pay to form it in mature life? It is, unfortunately, a habit that will not stand still, but rather makes perpetual encroachments. If the smoker has a difficult physical or mental task to perform, he seeks his 116 TOBACCO. .cigar; if a burden weighs heavily, he takes to his cigar ; and thus, as occasions multiply, his smoking is more frequent and prolonged, till at length it becomes an imperious necessitj^ against which, bitterly as he ma}' regret it, he has no nerve to contend. Or, perhaps, under some crushing blow, he surrenders absolutely to the tyrant, and dies its victim. Now, why should he venture at all on this enchanted ground? Besides, as the very atmos- phere of the noxious weed is not only extremely offensive, but positively injurious to many, and moreover, since the example of the moderate user is an incentive to the 3'oung to follow in his steps, will not the broad law of divine charity lead him to sacrifice the small and doubtful good, thereby to save others from incalculable harm ? A beautiful illustration of this law of charity is the case of the well-known philanthropist, S. V. S. Wilder, who was a snuff-taker. When asked by a brandy-drinker, with whom he had been expostulating on his habit, whether he thought tobacco did him any good, IMr. Wilder explained that he took snuff b}^ the prescription of his phj^sician for feeble eyes. "Well, sir," responded the gentleman, ''your case is exactly like mine. I have a fee])le stomach, and have long been compelled to take an occasional drop of spirits for its relief and restoration." "Is it possible," Mr. Wilder asked himself, ''that my taking snuff should serve as a pretext for drunk- TOBACCO BENEFITS. 117 ards to ruin both body and soul?" And the good man instantly a])andoned his habit. The following, from the Bodon Ecenhig Journal, bears on the assertion that tobacco lessens the power of endurance : "According to Lieut. Gree- ly's account of the nineteen men who perished " (in the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition) "all but one were smokers, and that one was the last to die. The seven survivors were non-smoking men." To make sure of the correctness of this report, a letter of inquiry was sent to Lieut. Greely. His reply substantial Ij^ contirms it, except on a single point, which is that one of the seven rescued was an inveterate tobacco-chewer. Candor re- quires this correction, whatever inference the devotees of the weed may be inclined to draw from it. The lieutenant closes his letter by saying : " That no undue w^eight may be given to the facts, I add that the seven rescued were all temperate in eating and drinking." SOCIAL A]^D ESTHETIC YIEW. OLD-TIME VIEW OF TOBACCO. In our search for the pedigree of smokers, we sail up the stream of time till we cast anchor in 1499, where, — as Columbus, lying off Cuba, sent two men ashore, — we put our finger upon the record of their right honorable ancestry, — to wit, — " The naked savages hoist large leaves together, light one end at the fire ^ and smohe like devils,^'' In 1535, Cartier writes of Canada, — "Where grows a certain kind of herbe, whereof in summer they make provision for all the yeere, and only men use it, and first they cause it to be dried in the sunne, then weare it on their necks wrapped in a beaste's skinn, made like a little bagge, with a hollow piece of stone or wood like a pipe ; then when they please they make powder of it, and then put it in one of the ends of said cornets or pipes, laying a coal of fire upon it, and at the other end smoke so long that they fill their bodies full of smoke, till that it comes out at their mouth and nostrils, even as out of the tonnele of a chimney." 119 120 TOBACCO. In 1576 was born one Eobert Burton, who, in his Anatomy of Melancholy , discriminatingly says of tobacco, " A good vomit, a virtuous herb, if it be well qualified, opportunely taken, and medici- nally used ; but as it is commonly abused by most men, which take it as tinkers do ale, 'tis a plague, a mischief, a violent purger of goods, lands, health ; hellish, devilish, and damned tobacco, the ruin of body and soul." This arrogant pretender which in our advanced period of civilization and culture is admitted into the first society, was received, in the old days of comparative barbarism, with marked disfavor. Soon after its introduction into the Eastern Conti- nent, it was prohibited in various countries. Phy- sicians pronounced it injurious, priests denounced it as sinful, and princes enacted laAvs against it. It was not, howevei',from mere aesthetic consider- ations that it was thus, in those olden times, put under the ban by physicians, priests, and poten- tates, but because of its effects in deteriorating and depleting the population. Any Turk caught smoking was conducted through the streets with a pipe-stem transfixed through his nose, and later, the Sultan made the act a capital oflence. In Russia, the first oftence was punished with the bastinado, the second with the loss of the nose, and the third, with the loss of life. The Shah of Persia made the use of the drug a capital crime, and proclaimed that " every soldier SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 121 in whose possession tobacco was found should have his nose and lips cut off, and afterwards be burned alive." In Switzerland, children ran after the offenders, innkeepers were ordered to report those who smoked in their houses, and all transgressors were cited before the Council and punished. In 1624 Pope Urban YIII. issued a bull excom- municating all who took snuff in church, while the Empress Elizabeth authorized the beadles to confiscate the snuff-boxes to their own use. In 1690 Pope Innocent renewed the bull of excom- munication. It is related that Frederic the Great, at the cor- onation of his mother as Queen of Prussia, observ- ing that she watched her opportunity to take a pinch of snuff, sent a gentleman to remind her of what was due to her high position. Queen Elizabeth of England published an edict against its use, " as a demoralizing vice, tending to reduce her subjects to the condition of those savages whose hal^its the}^ imitated." Her successor, King James, took still stronger ground. About five years after the Common Version of the Bible was made; appeared his Counterblast to Tobacco, in which the royal writer indignantly launches forth : " Moreover, which is a great in- iquity and against all humanit}^ the husband shall not be ashamed to raise his delicate, wholesome, and clear-complexioned wife to that extremity that she must also corrupt her sweet breath therewith, 122 TOBACCO. or else resolve to live in a perpetual torment. Have you not reason, then, to be ashamed, and to forbear this filthy novelty, so basely grounded, so foolishly received, and so grossly mistaken in the right use thereof? — a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black, stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless ? " '' See the works of the most high and mighty Prince James, by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, 1616." We find recorded four years after this Counter- blast, a remarkable fact, viz. : that in 1620, The London Company exported to the Colony at Jamestown ninety poor, but respectable women, who were sold to the planters at the rate, one to each, of a hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco worth sixty cents a pound, the value of a wife being thus estimated at seventy-two dollars. The following year, another batch of wives was sent over and sold at a slight advance. The tobacco policy of the Bay State Colony was entirely different. When the Puritans came to Boston in 1630, it was under the following instructions. " We specially desire you to take care that no tobacco be planted by any of the planters under your government, unless it be some small quantity for mere necessity, and for ph^^sic, and that the same be taken privately by ancient men, and none other, SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 123 and to make a general restraint thereof as much as in you is." In Prince's Annals of JSTeiv England we find that a simihir public sentiment was embodied in the laws of this colon3^ In 1632 it was" Ordered, That no person shall take any tobacco publicly ^ and that every one shall pay a penny sterling for every time of taking tobacco in any place." Two years later : " The General Court forbid any person to use tobacco publicly, on fine of 2s. Qd,^ or privately in his own dwelling, or dwelling of another, before strangers, and they also forbid two or 7nore to use it in any place together. '^^ Such was the aesthetic view m the olden time (the italics are modern.) Are we growing more or less civilized? When will the sentiment of this enlightened age require the affixing and the executing of suitable penalties on this practice, so far at least as it interferes with the rights, the com- fort, or the health of others? LIST OF BRANDS. Considering this habit merely in its relation to good-breeding , a volume might be written. This will he easily believed by anyone who will glance over the long list that follows of tasteful and appe- tizino- brands which I have souo^ht to arrano^e artisti- cally to suit my artistic subject. It will not be expected of one unpractised to discriminate be- tween the smoking, chewing, and snuffing brands, as this involves nice points known only to the 124 TOBACCO. initiated. The list, however, is gathered from documents obtained at headquarters, and may therefore be relied on as accurate, so far as it goes : to wit, through a hundred and thirty-four brands. Admiration. Ambassador. American Eagle. American Gentleman. Annot Lyle. Atlantic. Banner Brand. Big Gim. Black Diamond. Blunt Heads. Bright and Black. Bright Navy. Bright Smokers. Bright Wrappers. Brown Dick. Caporal i. Captive. Cataract. Cavendish. Cheroots. Chew Fast. Chew Globe. Clear the Way. Clipper. Club. Colorado. Concha. Conqueror. Corporal. Common Lugs. Dark and Light Grape. De Soto. Dew Drop. Doctor's Prescription ("the finest and best cigar in the United States, for the money.") Durham Smoking and Chew- ing. Dutch Saucer. Early Bird. Eclipse. Entre Nous. Erie Cigar. Fine Cut. Fine-fibred Clarksville Wrap- pers. Fig. Flush. Forest Eose. French Rappee. German Lancer. Gold Corn. Gold Drop. Golden Crown. Good Lugs. Halves. Happy Thought. Head Light. Heart of Gold. Hold Fast Tobacco. Honeysuckle. Horse Head. Indiana Kite-foot. Ironsides. Jockey Club. Lighter. Little Dutch. Little Hatchet. Little Joker, SOCIAL AND ^.STHETIC VIEW. 125 Live Oak. Long John Xines. Londres. Lone Fisherman. Lugs. Lundy Foot. Maccaboy. Magnet. Magnolia. Manilla. Matinee. Mexican Baler. Mild. Mille Fleurs. Nabob. Navy Clippings. Negrohead. Neptune. Old Dominion. Old Honesty. Old Judge. One Jack. Onward. Own. Perique. Pigtail. Planet. Plug. Prince Albert Cigarettes. Rag Tag. Ealeigh Plug Smoking. Reina. Richmond Gem. Royal Palm. Royal Puck. Sailors Choice. Sailors Solace. Saint George. Saint James. Scotch. Seal of North Carolina. Semi. Senator. Shag. Signal. Smokers Fat Lugs. Snuff Lugs. Solid Comfort. Sport. Sweet Corporal. Sweet Oronoke. Sweetened Fine Cut. Tidal Wave. Tobacco Baggin. Trade Dollar. Turkish Patrol. Twist. Uncle Tom. Union Club. Union Jack. Vanity Fair. Veteran. Virginia Yellow and Mahog- any. Virginia Dare. White Bm-ley Lugs. Yellow Prior. Zetland. SoiTj am I to say that a Gyxint brand must be added to this list. In view of such a multitudinous array, we cease to wonder at the British imperial " tobacco pipe," kept always lighted, and holding, as we are in- 126 TOBACCO. formed, a large number of tons. This vast tobacco- shop, which is unequalled in the world for size, covering, as it does, an extent of five acres, and which is rented by the government for fourteen thousand pounds, or seventy thousand dollars, annually, has been christened — it would seem rather ungallantly — The Queen's Warehouse', WHAT PROTECTION AGAINST SMOKERS? What shall be said of puffing pipes or cigars along the streets and upon the sidewalks into the faces of men, women, and children? What right has any one to fill God's pure air, which is as much mine a§ his, with such loathsome fumes, so that I am compelled to keep my mouth tightly closed, and every few steps make futile attempts to blow away the noxious cloud? "To be sure, it is a shocking thing," Dr. John- son writes, " the blowing smoke out of our mouths into other people's mouths, eyes, and noses, and havino^ the same thino^ done to us." Says Neal Dow: "The forcibly taking away one's pure air by tobacco-smoke is as much steal- ing, in the moral sense, as picking one's pocket." Must we go out and come in all our life long, making an everlasting but unheeded protest? Will deliverance never come? Even in places where it is forbidden, can we have no security? It is. not simply disagreeable, it is oppressive, suf- focating, I would say intolerable, except that we liave to tolerate it. SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 127 " Cigar smoke pufled in a man's face by another man is assault and battery" is the declaration of a New York judge. "If that is the case," says one, "cigarette-smoke puffed anywhere in one's neigh- borhood should be considered murder in the first degree." Now, have gentlemen the smallest idea of the discomfort and annoyance occasioned by this habit? It is bad enough to encounter it in public, or sometimes in entering a room where the sickly fumes have been caught and impris- oned ; but to have it sprung suddenly upon us in our most unsuspecting mood and with no possi- bility of escape I You are a guest in a charming household, and at a late hour seek your room in the third story. As the weather is blustering, and your bed stands near the window, you dare not raise it ; but, instead, you open your door. Soon that unmis- takable vapor ascends from away down-stairs. Beginning to^ cough , you get up and shut the door. Through the cracks and the keyhole it still creeps in, causino: a sense of faintness and suffocation. There is nothing for it but to open your window. Between the cold air on the one side and the "choice Havana" whiffs on the other, so subtly telegraphed up to you from the polished gentleman and scholar, luxuriating in his paradise of smoke below, you both shiver and cough. Tired out, you fall, at length, into a disturbed slumber, till, becoming suddenly conscious of a strong wind 128 TOBACCO. blowing through the window, 3^ou quickly close it. Too late, however ; for you awake in the morning with a sore throat and an aching head, foUow^ed, it may be, by a severe sickness. Has your accomplished host the smallest idea of his ow^n responsibility in the case? Not he; and you open not your mouth to accuse him. Indeed, if you once do this, can you ever shut it? For, alas, wherever you go, still that everlasting per- fume ! You encounter it on land and water, going out and comins: in, walkino^ and ridino:, in omni- buses, cabs, and cars. Even through the pretence of its banishment from the latter, the all-pervading breath of the inveterate smoker or chewer catches you before and behind, on your right hand and on your left, w^hile from the smoking-cars comes floating in that indescribable tobacco-laden air. You purchase a garment ; but when it reaches home you perceive the same sickening smell, and, before you can wear it, are obliged to give it a thorouo^h airinof. You lend a book. It comes back tellino^ the same stale story. So that, too, must be venti- lated. You call at the post-office. You have not es- caped it. Besides, you may receive a foreign epistle bearing an infectious breath, which even the passage of the broad Atlantic has not been able to sw^eeten. You enter a lawyer's office. Behold, it is there. You flee to the parsonage ; but sometimes even SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 129 from the minister's sanctum you are forced to beat a hasty retreat. You seek refuo^e in the church. It has orot there before you ; indeed, it may have seized the pulpit itself. Think of the incongruities to which this has led ! For instance, a clergyman, giving out a portion of the Psalms, took occasion, while his hearers were opening their Bibles, to steal a hasty pinch of snuff, and then read, "My soul cleaveth unto the dust." Hospitably inclined, you open your pew-door to a stranger. He no sooner enters than you repent of your good deed ; for with him enters such an offensive odor that all your comfort in the service vanishes. You come out of a concert or lecture-hall, and in the passage-ways are well-nigh choked with tobacco fumes ; but you are wedged in among the crowd and must abide your time. You visit 3'our honored Alma Mater. After the grand Commencement dinner, and sometimes even before it is through, you find yourself enveloped in clouds of smoke, which enwreathe alike the youngest graduates, the oldest alumni, and the most respected professors. Stopping transiently at some boarding-house, you go to your room, and have occasion to open a drawer. There rushes forth an offensive stench that almost knocks you down. It is as if the long-imprisoned ghosts of a thousand cigars were struggling to escape. 130 TOBACCO. Even 3^our pleasure excursions are half spoiled by this ever-following foe. If 3^ou venture to protest, you may be told that, if you don't like it, the world is wide, and you can go elsewhere. Unfortunately, good sir, the world is 7iot wide enough to afford us a hiding-place from smokers. To make sure of this, we must get into another and a totally different world. Of the West someone writes: "Tobacco is here the ever-present deity. Circles into which whiskey gains no admittance are cursed with to- bacco. The judge on the bench and the lawyer at the bar, the witness in the box, and the jury in their seats, are, in three cases out of four, rumi- nating animals, and are all tributary to the tan- colored flood which deluges the court-room. The railroad car and the stage-coach, the steamboat cabin and the ])ar-room, the Ij'ceum hall and, alas ! the Christian conference-room, are all splashed with disgusting fluid. Chewing, smoking, spit- ting, are the low and vile enjoyments of animal- ized man." Could not substantially the same picture be drawn of the East and the Xorth and the South? And what a picture ! Writes Dr. Harris : " I have seen the floors of the lecture-rooms of the University of Pennsjd- vania as filthy as any stable before the groom has performed his morning cleansing. I have seen the passage between the seats of a railroad car in such a foul and mucky condition that no SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 131 lady could walk with safet}' or comfort from her seat to the door." "A proper description of the habit of chewing tobacco," sa^^s one, " would exhaust the filthy ad- jectives of the language, and spoil the adjectives themselves for further use." The old-time English and French gentleman carried around with him his own private spittoon, silver or otherwise, thus o^allantlv securino: a monopoly of that which many a modern gentleman dispenses freely to all. In our legislative halls, the ancient snufi'-boxes have been largely displaced by the modern spit- boxes, although these are far from sufficient to protect Congressional floors and furniture. This civilized custom of the nineteenth century prevails par excellence in our national capital, making it, according to Dickens, "the headquarters of to- bacco4inctured saliva." Doctor Stanton writes in the Independent : "Enter the chamber of the House, the first thing that greets you is the smoking " nuisance.' See the member of Congress from , a clergyman, and the son of a clergyman, sitting at his desk, or walking the aisle, smoking and puffing. And why should not he, a young member, smoke, when older members, and scores of them, indulge the habit while engaged in the business of the House ?" And the smoke poison borne upward into the faces of the assembled ladies in the galleries ! Can anyone deny that this is barbarism ? 132 TOBACCO. Now, there are common civilities which it is not expected any true man will violate. To refrain from smoking or chewing in the presence of others is no special virtue, any more than to refrain from rude elbowing and crowding, and stepping on your neighbor's toes. To insist, however, on doing this, and in the very face of others — is it not an infraction of the commonest laws of courtesj^ ? " Is it offensive to you for a gentleman to smoke in your presence? " inquired a smoker of a lady. " No gentleman ever smokes in my presence," she made answer. Another lady, in reply to the same question, honestly admitted that it tvas offensive. " It is so to some," responded the offender, and coolly con- tinued smoking. Suppose now, my gentlemanly friend, we ladies take our turn at this game, not indeed with cigars, but with tallow candles, successively lighting and extinguishing them till you have had a good taste of the smoke. Although compared with that which you bestow so abundantly upon us, it is quite innocent, yet I think you would speedily cry Peccavi, and sue for mercy. A writer in the Congregationalist^ referring to a sign in a steam-boat, — " Out of consideration for the ladies, gentlemen will not s^noJce on tins deck,^^ goes on to remark, — "The sign, 'No smoking,' is hung up in a gentleman's own mind whenever he is in the company of those who do not smoke. He will not sacrifice the comfort of SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 133 others for a needless indulgence. There are so many well-dressed men Avho are not gentlemen, but only hogs in disguise, that ever}^ transporta- tion company has to say to them, ^ must not,' by frequent signs against smoking. They would never know how to be courteous without these perpetual suggestions." Now, please take note that it is a gentleman who makes these grievous chjirges. Had I ven- tured on such expressions, I should, doubtless, be arraigned as guilty of "great exaggeration and in- vective." An eminent physician asks, " What should we think of a person who sjyit in the water we were about to drink? And what is the difference be- tween such a person and one who spits a quantity of tobacco-smoke into the air we are al)out to breathe?" It is frankly admitted that among the trans- gressors are some of our most refined and cultivated men. But in what a predicament will the}^ some- times place a luckless woman ! She is a visitor in some house, and her agreeable host, being accus- tomed to smoke in the parlor, brings thither his cigar, when suddenly he turns to her with the question, "Is smoking disagreeable to you?" Now, if it happens to be repulsive to both her natural and moral sense, what is she to do? What can she do but tell the truth? Does the gentleman thereupon lay down his beloved cigar? By no manner of means, but retreats to enjoy his 134 TOBACCO. smoke elsewhere. And the woman almost feels that she has been oriiiltv of some rudeness. Ouvoman and girls were rolling out the repulsive material. Wetting the wrappers with their lips, they w^ould poke the hair out of their eyes, and then, moistening the finger tips of the same hand with their tongue, would smooth out the edges till a dainty cigarette was the result. The man's business w^as to do up these cigarettes into bunches, and then put fancy labels on them. " Are there many who smoke this second-hand tobacco?" asked the reporter. The policeman's reply was : " Thousands upon thousands. Not such as this old scavenger, but nobby young bloods "who never did an hour's manual labor in their lives, and never will ; young fellows who wear the 156 TOBACCO. latest fashions, and cany little canes. They 're the ones who smoke those old stubs." There is a kind of tobacco — I cannot give the brand — whose fumes are exceedingly offensive even to the smoker, — I mean to the refined smoker ; nor is he a model of patience when it is inflicted on him. Strange he cannot realize that to most of the uninitiated, all tobacco is obnoxious ; that they in- stinctively repel the whole genus. The pervasiveness of the weed has been more than once spoken of. There is in fact no such thino- possible as absolutely cleansing a home afflic- ted with chronic smoking. Even a few whiffs leave their mark. What was my consternation one day on opening a closet-door, to perceive the unmistakable fumes 1 Had one of my male mem- bers turned traitor? I summoned them both. They emphatically declared their innocence. On close examination, the offender proved to be a garment just brought from an establishment where smoking w^as in vogue. WAIVES OF TOBACCO-USERS. ^Yhat shall w^e say as to those women whom these inveterate smokers call wives? I have seen a mini whom I loved and respected, who showed by many a sad token the effects of his cruel bondage. I have heard his wife, who had borne the trial patiently, though with suffering health, speak with feeling of the clean and sweet atmosphere of houses untainted with tobacco. SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 157 Think of a delicate woman who is unpleasantly affected hy the least breath of the vile weed yoked to one who makes use of it perpetually. The health of many a wife has been sacrificed b}^ such a union. But has not the husband sufficient love, or even common gallantrj^ to abandon the habit he formed before marriage ? JV^ot he! In the scales are placed on the one hand his wife, and on the other his ugly idol ; and the latter outweighs the former ! I should fail in justice, however, if I did not affirm that I know of two or three men who, loving the Avife more than the cigar, did actually, once and forever, trample it under their feet. I have heard of a few others who from a similar motive broke their fetters. The wife of a certain smoker was affected with paljoitation of the heart, deathly faintness, and hysterical symptoms. Her physician was at first puzzled, but concluded that she was a victim of tobacco-poisoning. The uncon- scious husband, on learning the views of the doctor, instantly abandoned smoking, and was rewarded by the speedy recovery of his wife. I know a gentleman in Philadelphia, who did more than that. In his youmr davs, cherishins;' a high respect for womanhood, though he had not then found his ideal, he fell into reflections, as young men sometimes will, on the subject of matrimon3^ Belie vino: that the habit of smokins: rendered him less worthy the love of any true w^oman, with a high chivalric feeling, he abandoned it. This was genuine 158 TOBACCO. esthetics. When, in our civil war, he entered tlie army, many proi)liesie(l a fall. But his wife knew liim better. While multitudes succumbed to the subtle tempter, he never wavered. Another striking case is that of a physician who thus graphically describes his conflict. When his wife, soon after their marriage, asked the sacritice, he readily replied, — " ' Nothing will afford me greater delight than to yield to your reo^uest.' So I entered upon my re- nunciation," he says, "and in twenty-four hours was thoroughly conscious of my enslavement. Oh ! how my nervous system suffered from the want of its daily draught of poison ! The most violent headache and bhndness, equal to that which was induced when I first indulged in the use of tobacco, came upon me ; and such complete prostration of my physical powers and depression of mind, with perturl)ation of spirits, I hope never during my mortal life to be called upon again to endure. My l)lood played through my veins as if it were a sea- surj^e. I saw all invisible thinsrs that were ui^-ly and demon-like ; devils in the shape of old women, haggish and witch-like, danced around me. For the first time in my life I became sensible of the enslaving powers of appetite. No force of will, or vigor of conscience was competent to my deliver- ance. My love for my wife, which usually ab- sorbed all my self, faded away into nothingness. I saw nothing, thought of nothing, felt nothing but the overpow^ering desire for my tobacco." SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 159 For three months this process of resolving and falling Avent on, ever}^ successive fall being deeper than the preceding. He continued, — " I was about to leave home on a journey. Be- seeching the Saviour to help me, I went out into the darkness. From that hour to this the poison has not passed my lips. For four months, however, I was in a Avild, dreamy haze, staggering through mist and darkness, a dozen times a day tempted and Avell-nigh overborne, but conquering for the hour and strus^orlinor on." Is it stranofe that a woman should be unwillino: to share a man's heart with so base a rival, getting the smaller share at that? Nay, is it not the won- der of wonders that any woman should feel other- wise ? In the fact that not a few wives, sisters, and mothers, from lack of information on the su1)ject, and a loving readiness to sacrifice their own com- fort to the gratification of their dear ones, submit quietly to this ever-encroaching tyrant, — in this fact, may we not find some slight explanation of its almost universal sway ? But the case, I fear, is sometimes worse than this. The perpetual strain that comes upon some men from the ambitious craving and promptings of their wives and daughters for a more elegant style of dress and of living, is doubtless irritating as well as wearing. I pity the man who, feeling that he ought not to be thus taxed, and Avho, failing, in spite of all his toil to satisfy these cravings, is driven to 160 TOBACCO. a cigar for consolation. But I pity far more the woman who has any share in driving him to this. Better that she and her daughters should live in an Irish shealing and wear tow-cloth all the daA^s of their life than thus to be a drag upon their best friend, ruthlessly turning the sweet sentiment of life into bitterness and gall. FEMALE DEVOTEES. Can any picture be more revolting than that of the miserable, snufF-dipping women of the south? Their life is not life, — hardly existence, ^ but one continuous stupor — faculties, feelings, con- science, everything dead, except the single sense of snuiT — snutf. But this dipping is not confined to the poor whites. In other classes, circles of young ladies and married ladies meet expressly to practise it. Each snuff-dipper carries her bottle or box, and also a sw^ab, by which she conveys the lilthy stuff to her mouth, afterwards, perhaps, passing it to her neighbor. The ladies prepare this swab by taking a little stick of green Avood about an eighth of an inch in diameter, and chewing one end of it till the fibres are separated, giving it the appearance of a small broom. Saturating this with saliva, they dip it in their box of snuff, and then place it as far back in the mouth as possible, lenving the other end sticking out. Many walk along the streets with the dip in their mouth. SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 161 Nor does this loathsome custom stop at the South. Careful investigation has proved that for a number of years it has prevailed to a consider- able extent in the city of New York, the tobacco- nists, who call it " digging," admitting that a large part of the demand comes from fashionable circles. These diggers, however, conceal their perform- ances, seeking the privacy of their own rooms when giving themselves up to their disgusting de- bauch. With a horn or a spoon the abominable stuff is deposited inside the lower lip, and thence, when sufficiently moistened, passed round the mouth. Says the journal from which most of the above facts are taken: "That our readers may form some idea of the enormous prevalence of this habit in their midst, we may state that one to])acconist, having a small store on Broadway, retails one hun- dred pounds per week, to his ^ digging ' customers alone. Another firm, which keeps a store on Broadway, and also one down town, makes and sells three barrels — seven hundred pounds — in three days, all of which is consumed by women of New York city. The amount used hy each ' dig- ger,' varies from one quarter of a pound to a pound a week." A victim of this terrible mania, finding when she had started on a journey, that she had forgotten her snuff-box, gave a black stewardess five dollars for a little of the baneful dust which she had in her possession. 162 TOBACCO. Alas for the woman who has surrendered to this vilest habit ! The costliest gifts and the most earnest rebukes are alike unavailing. Neither conscience nor reason, neither ruined health, nor pleading friends can move her. But this unspeakably dreadful custom is hy no means confined to grown-up women. Indeed it would seem to be, in the South, a part of common- school education ; while the boys spit tobacco-juice all over the floor, the girls hold their snufF-swab, or dip, between the teeth, except indeed, when they share it with some less-favored schoolmate. Many have supposed that the snufF taking, for- merly so common among women and girls in the North, and which frequently was an understood part of the social ofatheriniT^s, had lon^: a^-o died out. But it would seem that the habit has only changed its form, and that from bad to very much worse. Indeed the use of snufF among factory-girls, " to lie as a sweet morsel between the cheek and gums, is growing alarmingly prevalent. In response to inquiries, a druggist in a large manfacturing town affirms that " there is no limit to its use by these girls." The outlook as to feminine smokers is equally disheartening. A tobacco-dealer affirms that " nearly half his trade in cigarettes is directly or indirectly among women and girls." A srraduate of one of our best ladies' seminaries has so fearfully retrograded that she indulges in a daily after-dinner cigarette. SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 163 On a crowded l)oat, between New York and Boston, a lady (?) passenger, unable to sleep, rose at three, virtuously mended her gloves, and then, O shade of Minerva ! leamng back in her arm-chair, gave herself up to a cigarette ; while, stretched on mattresses around her, many looked on with undisguised amazement and disgust. Ridino' in an omnibus in the New Ens^land metropolis, I heard one 3'oung girl in a loud voice ask another, "Did vou forget the cio^arettes?" ''I was afraid I had left them, l)ut I find they are in my pocket." I could scarcely credit my senses. I had another shock, however, at what, after this, ought not to have surprised me, — the hearing of profane words from those same youthful lips. But there is a still darker view. The smoking father's darling, who climbs into his arms, and clings around his neck, and whom he kisses fondly with lips redolent of a Havana, is made familiar with its flavor. A drop of its poison on the tongue of her pet kitten would be fatal. But she be- comes gradually accustomed to it, and, associating it with her papa, will sometimes "play smoke." And now her little brother appears with a dainty cigarette in his mouth, seemingly a bit of white, fragrant paper, so delicate that Avith a puff" or two it disappears. " How nice ! " she exclaims, '^ please give me one." He complies, for there is no pro- testing voice. Why should there be? Her father, now and then, smokes these cigarettes as "baby cigars." Her brother, too, smokes them; why, 164 TOBACCO. pray should should n't she ? Ahis ! what is to be the end of all this ? A writer in the Washington Post gives an ac- count of a well-dressed lady who entered a drug- store, and, coolly asking for a couple of cigars, paid for them as unconcernedly as she would for a bottle of cologne. In answer to his questions, the druggist informed him that he sold as many cigars either to ladies or on their order hj messengers as he did to gentlemen, remarking that at tirst the ladies were quite shy as to their purchases, and that he managed matters so as to save their blushes. "But after a while," he added significantly, " they don't mind." And what shall be said of ladies' smoking-clubs? From the Retailer, of New York city, we learn that a cigar-dealer of Louisville, Ky., pronounces the members of such a club his most profitable customers. By his account, it seems that they are from the aristocracy of the city ; that they insist on the very finest of tobacco, flavored with the most delicate perfumes ; that they meet at one another's houses, and, with locked doors, have out their smohe; that they seek to remove all traces of the habit, or, if any tell-tale scent betrays them, charo^e it to the account of their smokin^: s^entle- men friends. One of these young ladies is re- ported as sa^^ing that, although she would prefer not to have her smoking habit known, yet that, if the secret got out, and was unfavorably commented on, ''she would snap her fingers in the objector's face." SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 1G5 Since writing the above, I have met with a Ken- tucky young' woman who confirms the aljove ac- count, but begs that it may not he taken for granted that all the Kentuck}^ girls are of this sort, as some of them are strongly opposed to to- bacco. On the other hand, I have learned from authen- tic sources that in Philadelphia, the city of William Penn, there is also a ladies' smoking-club, and composed, like the former, of the creme de la creme of society. How many other of our cities are thus dese- crated? There is, if possil)le, a still lower deep to which the fair sex has fallen, — the chewing of tobacco. I learn from accredited Avitnesses that this deo^rad- ing habit is quite common among Western and Southern women ; and a picture was given of one of these chewers too revolting to repeat. Yet these women, say the narrators, are sometimes from the so-called respectable class. In heaven-wide contrast to such women and to the clubs above named is an association of 3^oung women, in a certain town, who passed reso- lutions that they would not have intercourse with any 3'oung man who used tobacco, or who was not strictly temperate. At first, the young men made themselves merrj' over this, declaring that they could stand out as long as the girls. But these girls quietly held to their resolves ; and gradually one young man after another broke from 166 ' TOBACCO. his obnoxious habits, till tobacco and the wine-cup were banished from the circle. DEMANDS OF MODERN TRAVEL. A keen observer writes : " Your genuine smoker comes to feel that he has a right to all the air, in doors and out of doors, and feels himself wronged when a man or woman puts in a claim to breathe it without the tobacco admixture." Let me give a recent experience bearing directly on this point. After various inquiries as to the different routes from St. Louis to Chicago, the glowing representations as to " The Palace Reclin- ing-Chair Cars,'" on the Chicago & Alton Eoad, led my companion and myself to make choice of that. So, on a bright morning, we entered the car, anticipating a delightful journey. As we stopped at the various stations, passengers came in through the door in front. They were mostly of the male sex, and now and then one of them had a cigar in his mouth. I cannot assert positively that these cigars were lighted, but I noticed that they were laid aside with seeming reluctance, or held tenderly in the hand ; and in one or two cases, that they were still burning. The seats near the door, and facing the chairs, were occupied by persons whom it needed no diviner s rod to pronounce smokers, while the same might be said of several who sat in the chairs. The atmosphere soon became thoroughly im- pregnated with tobacco-fumes. It did not take SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 167 long to discover that the smoking-room was close by, between the inner and the outer doors. As a matter of course, the little hall, or vestibule, was filled with unmistakable odors, which made their way through every cranny and crevice ; while each time the door was opened — which I should say occurred about every other minute, — thick clouds of smoke were borne directly into our faces, bring- ing with them headache, nausea, sore throat, and a sense of suftbcation. I ventured to ask the porter to open the venti- lators. As he hesitated, I urged that the smoke sickened me, begging for a little fresh air, if only for a few minutes. He replied courteously, but to the effect that people could n't expect to have the cars like a private parlor ; yet he did slightly open one or two of them. I have no fault to find with him, knowing how many are opposed to venti- lation ; indeed, it was a hard alternative, for even strong and perpetual curr^jits could only partially have purified the atmosphere, w^hile they might have cost some of the passengers a severe cold. As it w^as, the faint breath that stole in was no match for the ever-increasing fumes. For, in ad- dition to the poisoned air so freely bestowed on us from the smoke-voom, w^e were forced to endure the presence of the smokers themselves, as one after another returned to the cars. Gentlemen, as some of them evidently w^ere, — with a good num- ber of honorable legislators, — they surely could not have realized how saturated wxre their whole 168 TOBACCO. persons with offensive odors. Over and over again I asked myself, " Am I, verily, in one of *The Finest Palace Reclining-Chair Cars in THE World?'" After a time one of the aforesaid gentlemen carefully closed the ventilator. Feeling too mis- erable for resistance, I said not a word ; indeed, I had entirely succumbed to the inevitable. For twelve long hours were we thus imprisoned, — our much-anticipated trip being turned into disappoint- ment, discomfort, and positive sufiering. Yet we were pilgrims all the way from the old Bay State, and never again expected — I might, on that day, have added, never again desired — to be in the Mississippi valley. Need I say that I was thankful when the last mile was ended ; when sick, weary, and disgusted, I was free to leave this much-lauded " luxurious " car. To show that my statements are not exaggerated, let me say that neither a long waiting in the ladies' room, nor a ride of a mile and a half, proved a sufficient quarantine. We carried with us a strong tobacco-flavor, which our friends instantly noticed. If they had inferred that we were just from a smoking car, would they have been far out of the way? For several days the dreadful tobacco-odor clung to my garments, and the tobacco-poison lingered in my system. Now, I am a peaceable woman, not given to complaints ; and were I the only victim, I would keep silence. But I speak in behalf of hundreds SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 1G9 of fellow-sufferers, who are beguiled, like our- selves, by alluring advertisements. The common smoking-ear is quite bad enough in the penalties it inflicts, sometimes, on a whole train. But to have one's expectations of something super-excellent end in smoke — this is a cruel imposition. Is there no remedy for all this? Have not the lovers of God's pure air certain rights as well as the ever-increasing — may I not add, ever-e;i- croach ing — army of smokers ? And will not you , mighty men of the railroads, help us in securing and preserving these rights ? In justice to at least one of these autocrats, I ouo:ht to state that, on venturino: to send an account of my unfortunate journev to the general manager of the road, he returned the following courteous re- ply : " I very much regret that you were annoyed in the manner indicated. The demands of modern travel have compelled us to place these smoking rooms in many of our chair-cars, and in our sleep- ing-cars ; but it is the intention to have them so constructed that they will not in the least way interfere with the other part of the car. AVe will look into the matter of which you comj)lain, and see that a remedy is applied." While fully appreciating these assurances, I could not help pondering the expression, " the demands of modern travel." What, then, is this modern travel? And who are these demanders, to whom must be sacrificed women, children, and non-smoking men ? 1 70 TOBACCO. One of this latter class, a sick banker, in making an extended pleasure trip through the country, represents that at the stations he usually found the Gentlemen's Room " a smoking pen ; " that on the boats, whenever he took his seat, " a smoke fac- tory " would be phmted in his face ; that when on the cars, with the stoi)ping of every train, gentle- men were sure to be at the open door filling the car with smoke, while along the route the stock was frequently replenished by the passage through it of a lighted cigar ; that he came to shun the palace-cars, as he there had to pay higher prices for less comfortable seats, and for staler smoke, which, from the close vicinity of the smoking- room, was distributed without stint. This banker's experience quickened his inventive powers to the extent of making some adequate return, in the form of a thousand trumpets imitating cigars. Armed Avith these, boys were commissioned to go forth, and, like another Gideon's host, to blow their trumpets in the ears of all offenders ; and thus avenge on their sense of hearing the torment they inflicted on others. This tobacco habit is making fearful strides, and sometimes under an illusive guise. A friend tells me of a journey he took on The Limited Express of the Pittsburg^ Fort Wayne & Chicago Road, Attracted by the proclamation of a fine library in the cars, he sought it out to find all the books locked up, and the room so dense with smoke that he could scarcely see from one end of it to the SOCIAL AND iESTHETIC VIEW. 171 other ; could not easily have read the books, had they been open before him. Another friend has given me her experience. It seems that a number of the passengers had taken through tickets from Phihiduiphia to Cleveland, and with the understandino; that there was no chano-e of cars. At Harrisburo- where the train stoi)ped for a few minutes, a gentleman and his wife stepped out to get refreshments, leaving their little ones with the nurse. While they were absent, a brakeman came along, calling on the passengers to go at once into another car. So, with only the nurse to attend to it, the children, with their many scattered wraps, and bags, and parcels, must be quickly gathered up and hustled out. A lady in the same car, to whom this move was as annoying as it was unexpected, in an aggrieved tone asked the brakeman, ''Why is such a change necessary?" "Because," replied the brakeman, ^' we have to make this u]) for a smoking car! " " THE DEMANDS OF MODERN TRAVEL ! " And where will these demands end ? TOBACCO-BARBARISM. There is a close if hidden connection between the minor and the major moralities. No one can violate the former without blunting his finer feelings and becoming far more likely to in- fringe the latter. In the Art Journal, Jackson Jarves, in treating 172 TOBACCO. of " the manners of the Latin and Ango-Saxon races, considered as a fine art," attributes much of the decline of good manners to the increasing use of tobacco. He says : — " I refer to the anti-aesthetic influence. The supreme test of the virtue of the knight in the days of chivahy, which was the highest ideal of fine manners, was his self-denial and desire to succor the oppressed. The severest test of the modern gentleman is his willingness to forego his pipe for the comfort and health of another. It takes a thoroughly well-bred man to withstand this form of self-indulgence, when it can only be practised to the annoyance of another. Whatever the bene- fit or harm the use of tobacco may do the con- sumer's body, its conmion tendency is to render the mind indifferent to the well-being of his neighbors. Smokers crowd into rooms or seats reserved for those who would escape their presence, and claim the right to fumigate, sicken, and half strangle those, be they delicate women and chil- dren, whose physicial organizations are more .sensitive than their own, and sometimes add insult to the contemptuous indifference with which they inflict positive distress on their victims." Mr. Jarves concludes with an illustration show- ing the tendency of this tobacco habit to develop boorish manners : — "I have .known a German of rank, with his daughter, get into a ladies' compartment in a rail- way carriage, and insist on using his pipe, despite • SOCIAL AND ESTHETIC VIEW. 173 the expostulations of the Uicly occupants, who tinally were compelled to apply to the guard for protection, when he was made to go into the smoking carriage. As he reluctantly went, his daughter turned angrily to the ladies, exclaiming, ' See what you have done to my poor papa ! You make him leave his place to smoke away from me.'" A writer describes a scene he witnessed at a hotel in the vicinity of one of the most popuhir New England colleges. Around a coarse, illiterate man, enwreathed in clouds of smoke, gathered a circle of young loafers, to whom he passed cigars. As they joined him in smoking, they talked slang and profanity. It was difficult for the beholder to credit the fact, Avhich incidentally became known to him, that these same smoking, swearing loafers were veritable college students. I believe it will not be denied that, as tobacco comes, good manners are apt to go, yet if you ex- press concern that a young friend is in this bondage, one sometimes breaks out on you with the remark, '' Be thankful he does n't drink. Let him smoke as much as he will, and in your parlor, too, that you may thus save him from the saloon." And it is said without a suspicion that this habit often leads to that very place. All honor to the brave young woman, who, in uttering her protest against tobacco, declares that "there is one girl firmly resolved never to marry a man who uses tobaccQ, and to do what she can 174 TOBACCO. by prayer and works to break up this growing evil." In her own family she had so learned this etil by heart that she could not help lifting up her voice. Are there not many other girls who will join her ranks, and thus present a fair, solid front to the invading foe? " To])acco is the worst natural curse of modern civilization." Such is the declaration of our 9bs- thetic seer. That the general tendency of this weed is to bring men down to a lower plane will not be denied. The effect on the lower classes themselves is to degrade them still lower, to deaden the sense of their own pitiful condition, and stifle any flickering sparks of ambition. Smoking is called the poor man's solace, because " it makes him contented with his lot." That is one of its very mischiefs. He has no business to be contented. He is living in a niiseral)le tenement, and in the most meagre fashion, when he might be owning a home and educating his children. But there, day in and day out, he sits, selfishly and stupidly smoking his pipe, while his pinched and joyless wife patiently waits on him, and does her best to keep the Avolf from the door. As for the refined and scholarly, what but the strange charms of this narcotic could reconcile them to the com})anionship and the habits to which it not unfrequently degrades them? Says Elizur Wriijht : "A man callins: himself a gentleman, with all the outward appointments of SOCIAL AND iESTHETIC VIEW. 175 a acco habit tends to deaden the sense of honor, as well as of decency ; and none are more likely to practise de- ception unscrupulously than those who use the weed." In the same spirit. President Bascom, of the AYis- consin State University, affirms that "every man who uses tobacco is in one degree or another enslaved by it. The habit is vulgar and low in all its associations. It uniformly degenerates into that which can only ])e fittingl}- characterized as filthy. No one who uses tobacco can fully escape MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 183 the taint. His breath is impregnated with it ; his clothes are full of it ; his presence is a constant reminder of it to delicate organs. The use of tobacco is an unclean habit and belongs to unclean persons. There are few spectacles giving a more disgraceful impression of our civilization than that of a mere lad sporting a pipe or a cigar in self- congratulatory imitation of the bad ha])its of those older in years than himself, but alike immature in wisdom." A physician who has well considered the matter, writes : " I believe that the habit of using tobacco in various forms is not only laying the foundation for many diseases of serious character, and not easily removed, but that it is damaging the moral fil)re of many of our students." The superintendent of the Eeform School at AVestl:)oro, Mass., reports that all the boys sent there have been users of tobacco ; and that it is the one thing that occasions him the most trouble, and that he is working hardest to extirpate." Chancellor Sims, of the Syracuse University : " The tobacco-habit is expensive, ofiensive to others, and deteriorating to the one indulging in it." Dr. Harris : " There is not another practice in civilized society that will so directly introduce a young man to vicious associates and to all the haunts of wickedness, as do the unrebuked, fashion- able habits of tobacco-using ; nor is there another article of luxury that so secretly and yet so surely 184 TOBACCO. saps all the foundations of manliness and virtue. It paves the way to every vice, and tends directly and powerfully to habits of the grossest immoral- ity." CLERICAL TOBACCO. " But good men smoke and chew ! " The more 's the pity. There 's no use in blink- ing the fact that many Christians, ministers among them, are not guiltless in this matter. The very utmost that can be made of the plea, however, is that some good men are not free from the dominion of very bad habits. This, unfortunately is no new thing. Years ago the use of intoxicating liquors was practised and approved by the majority of clergy- men, one or more of them being now and then taken home drunk from some association or con- vention dinner, where wines abounded ; but pre- cisely because drinking was in such good repute was there the more pressing need of bold leaders to raise the banner of reform. Let us not use the goodness of a man as a gar- ment to cover his sins, little or great. This very goodness brings upon him a tenfold respx)nsibility. A rich man, in acknowledging the receipt of one of George Trask's tobacco books, sensibly re- marks, — " The best proofs of its utility should be its effects upon the clergy. We can hardly expect youth to refrain from tol^acco when their moral teachers set them so bad an example ; when you MORAL AKD SPIRITUAL VIEW. 185 have reformed those of 3^our profession, if 3^011 will apply to me, I will give lifty dollars to reform the rest of mankind." The London Christian World, after commenting on the Spurgeon case, thus closes : " To ourselves this tobacco pest is a daily martyrdom, and we could earnestly wish that ever^^ Christian teacher, at all events, felt no desire to indulge in a habit . . . which is unquestionably^ most fearfully de- structive, both to the bodies and souls of tens of thousands of our young men." Xeal Dow, who was in England at the time of the Spurgeon-Pentecost affair, relates that he was soon after a guest in a family where the matter came up. The father told him that by long and painful labor he had obtained a promise from his son, who was a great smoker, to abandon the habit, and that he had kept his pledge till the great preach- er's declaration, " I shall go home and smoke the best cigar I have got to the glory of God." After this he returned to his cigar, saying that Spur- geon's example was good enough for him. Even a clerg3^man pleads, in excuse for his habit, that " ]Mr. Spurgeon, the greatest preacher in the world, smokes." Since then, if report speaks true, this " greatest preacher " has abandoned his cigar, not, as we wish he had done years ago, from religious prin- ciple, but because he was driven to it by its injuri- ous influence upon his health. A similar report prevails as to some of our great American preachers. 186 TOBACCO. A clero'vman's son overheard his father tellinof another clergyman that he could never write well without his cigar. Arguing analogically, the boy naturally inferred the same thing would improve the working of his own brains, and thus better en- able him to reach the head of his class. So, stating his reasons, he begged for a cigar. What could that father do? Another clergyman walking with his boy of six, and meeting a group of young smokers, with cigar-stubs and broken pipes in their mouths, pointed them out warningly to his son, declaring that the city authorities ought to break up such practices. '* Is n't it worse for a man to smoke, father? " " Do you think it is, my son ? " " Please father, boys wouldn't want to smoke if men did n't do it." The arrow, so innocentl}^ aimed, hit the mark. " I threw away my cigar," relates the father, " and have never touched tobacco since." That a clergyman's influence is greatly impaired by the use of the drug is painfully evident. A young man was deeply moved by the eloquence of a preacher, and lingered after the services to speak with him as he came out, but when he saw him spitting tobacco-juice, he retired in disgust. A lady of the Episcopal church, who had come up to the communion altar, on seeing the rector take a quid from his mouth and deposit it carefully on a chair, was impelled to withdraw, shrinking at the very thought of receiving the sacramental cup from such hands. MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 187 An eminent divine relates that at one time when walking the streets of the city where he resided, with a cigar in his mouth, he met an infidel ac- quaintance who burst into laughter. On being challenged as to the cause of his merriment, he replied ; — " Oh, I was thinking how you would look going up to meet the Lord amid wreaths of tobacco-smoke, and with that cigar in 3'our mouth." Neither the infidel nor anyone else ever again saw a cigar in that man's mouth. It was a case of in- stant conversion. To show to what grievous indecorums even a min- ister who is in bondage to tobacco may be driven, one or two instances are related. At the close of a revival meeting in some town in Illinois, the preacher who was conducting it made the following a[)peal : " As I am a great lover of tobacco, I would be very thankful if some kind friend in this audience would present me with twenty-five cents or a half dollar that I may supply my wants in this direction." Had tobacco killed his religion, and his common sense as well? A negro preacher in Richmond, Ya., thus sets forth his view of heaven : " My brethern and my sistern, you ain't a gwine to have to pay no ten cents a plug for tobacco there, you kin get jist as much pure Golden Leaf as you wants, and a little more ; and you kin chaw and chaw and chaw all day long, and it won't cost 3^ou a cent." " Not a cent ! " came exultantly from all parts of the little church. 188 TOBACCO. What an idea of future blessedness ! As an offset to this may be given the following, which was delivered on the stage at St. Louis : — The circus preacher told the crowd that " there are some professors of the pure principles of Christ, so filthy from the use of tobacco, that if the Lord put him on sentinel dut}^ when they arrived at the haven Moody tells of, he would keep them quaran- tined outside the pearly gates until they were aired, and the cleansing angel had had time to per- fume them, in order that they might be fittM to enter into the presence of a pure and holy God." It is a relief to indicate the better side of minis- terial influence. A well-known preacher, who had renounced the weed on assuming the charge of a metropolitan church, found that a large number of his members were enslaved to the appetite. His efforts against it were so earnest, that, when he left the church, out of nine hundred members only one remained its victim. With his smoking successor, however, the people lapsed again into the old bondage. Some years ago, an eminent divine from the Old World was invited to deliver a course of lectures in the virtuous old-fashioned town of Oberlin. Before the course was completed, his supply of chewino-tobacco was exhausted. Makino- his ex- tremity known to the professor in whose family he was a guest, he requested that a supply might be procured for him. As no use of the weed by professor or student is MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 189 tolerated in that institution, his host was in a predic- ament. Should he, in defiance of hiw himself pur- chase the forbidden article ? Or, not venturinof on this, should he delegate the commission to one of the students ? He decided on the only right step. Seek- ing the room of his distinguished guest, he frankly explained that he could not supply his wants without breaking the rule which, from the beginning, had been observed by all the teachers and twenty thousand pupils. The good doctor made answer that he should not bring dishonor upon the rule while he was in that pure atmosphere. It can hardly be pleasant to a D.D., and perhaps LL.D. to boot, to have it bruited abroad : " He is an extraordinary man ; but he is also an extraor- dinary smoker, his study being sometimes perfectly black with smoke. He is a great and a good man ; but he ivill smoke a pipe. He is a fine preacher ; but then he goes through the streets pufSng a cigar." Eloquence and tobacco fio\Ying from the same lips — the eloquence, perchance, born of the narcotic ! To many a hearer the edge of the sermon is blunted by his knowledge that the preacher has a quid adroitly hidden in his mouth. The more devout the man, the more deplorable the conjunction. During the sessions of a religious body, it is not uncommon to see ministers smoking in the vesti- bule, while the committee-rooms are saturated with tobacco-fumes. 190 TOBACCO. Says James Parton : " Clergymen hurry out of church to find momentary relief for their tired throats in an ecstatic smoke, and carry into the apartment of fair invalids the odor of ex-cigars. . . A parishioner who wishes to confer upon his minis- ter — if a smoker — a real pleasure, can hardly do a safer thing than send him a thousand cigars of a good clerical brand. It is particularly agreeable to a clergyman to receive a present which supplies him with a luxury he loves, but in which he know^s in his inmost soul he ought not to indulge." I cannot forbear to quote here one or two pas- sages from the satirical remonstrance of "A Smok- ing Minister." In writing to The Advance^ he says, — "I had hoped, it seemed vainly, that, after the death of Mr. Trask, no more unjust and exagge- rated statements and no innuendos and covert reflections upon us who puff and chew would be admitted into the newspapers, or prayer-meetings, or the pulpit. I write while smarting under some spoken and some implied criticisms that have touched my sensitiveness." After enumeratino; at leno^th the manifold bene- fits he has derived from tobacco, he sums up, — " If I am deprived of my usual smoke, my nerves are so unstrung that I am unfitted for any utterance demanding consecutive thought, accurate expres- sion, and deep religious feeling. It onl}^ ^&8'i'^" vates my difficulty to have it referred to in the Sabbath-School, or prayer-meeting, or the pulpit. MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 191 " I do not, however, object to a quiet discussion of the subject in ministers' meetings, if the major- ity are smokers and are very witty. I am a Con- gregationalist, from conviction and early training : but I have seriously thought of joining the Pres- byterians, as I have heard that, while they are strict in doctrine, they are more liberal than we are in the non-essentials of practice. If The Advance would use its influence to have all the public or printed allusions to this trivial and entirely personal matter abated, it would be a great relief to me and many brethren, in the ministry and out. Indeed it might save us to the denomination." It is stated on good authority that a well-known divine, on arranging to give a lecture to the young ladies of a certain academ}^ agreed to take in pay- ment for his service a box of the best Spanish cigars. The lecture was delivered ; the cigars were made over and the debt was thus squared. I am tempted to give a few humorous but very per- tinent passages from a letter purporting to be written by a zealous deacon to his offending pastor : — "I don 't know the Hebrew for terbakker, but I know what terbakker is, to my sorror ; and I 'm agin it . . . In the space of six years grandfather took over three hundred cuds out of Parson Hawker's pulpit. He thought he would collect 'em as a sort of ecclesyasticle curiosity. Sometimes he found 'em on the floor, sometimes on the seat or cush- ion, sometimes on the Bible, and now and then, 192 TOBACCO. as a mark in the him book. . . . And now, sir, I'll say a few words about them spittoons that the young ladies were agoin' to present you on New Year's day. I went to three of the gentlemen whose darters was most perminent in the bisness, and asked 'em if they would be so good as to meet me on Monday mornin' at the meeting-house, and bring their darters. So they said they would. I told 'em it seemed to come nat'ral to you to s})it oif broadcast, and no spittoon smaller than the pulpit would be of any use. I them told 'em I had n't yet cleaned the pulpit, but left it for them to examine, just as it was arter you had operated. I asked 'em to step up and look at it. On Monday they came. They all looked in, and agreed they would n't have believed that one minister could have done it without assistance. Old Col. Pickets was the last to go up ; and when he came down, he shook his head, and said it did n't smell Orthodox. It's been proposed by some, instead of a pulpit, to have a raised platform, with nothin ' round it, so that every secret thing shall be brought to light. Father Cleverly, who 's amazin' quick for a text, said, in such case you might well preach from the latter part of Isaiah, 1:6. * I hid not my face from shame and spitting.' " If such things are possible with clergymen, what better can we look for in church-officers and Sun- day-school teachers ? One writes of a certain dea- con that he has many a time seen him, in church, fill his pipe and take out a match, waiting with MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 193 evident impatience till the meeting was dismissed, when the pipe was instantly lighted, and every- body assailed with its odors. When the news was sprung upon a little village in Ohio, that an old and respected deacon was attacked with delirium tremens, no wonder that consternation seized the residents. Nevertheless, the report was true, and after several attacks the good man died, a victim oftol)acco. A Sunday-School scholar begged to be removed to another class, but declined to give his reasons till, being urged, he confessed that he couldn't endure the tobacco-breath of his teacher. A student who went from Yale College to Union Theological Semdnary there learned to smoke, — when he expressed his regret that he had n't learned sooner, " thus securing years of delight." In all fairness, however, it should be added that his habit was formed in intercourse with fellow-students fresh from college, and, with a single exception, from Yale. While it is true that a number of young men have given up tobacco during their course in Union Seminary, it must be admitted that at least one of the students, a man of abilities and earnest piety, and who offered himself to the foreign field, was unfortunately both a smoker and a chewer. In speaking of this case, a young theologue perti- nently remarks : " It has been my feeling that it would be much better if, while he lays down his life at his Master's feet, he would also gi^-e up this 1 94 TOBACCO. indulgence for his Master's sake. I cannot get rid of the notion of incongruity between a pure heart and a foul mouth ; a breath now laden with the utterance of inspired truth, and now wdth fumes of tobacco." Think of a smoking clergyman standing at the communion table, on which are spread the eml)lems of that self-sacrificing Love that surpasses mortal conception ! Think of him as ministering to suffer- ing and disease ; — as approaching the bedside of a sick member of his flock, and being feebly waved away because of the offensive odor radiating from his whole person ! A d} ing woman was so affbcted by the tobacco-breath of her pastor as he leaned down and talked with her, that she begged her friends to employ at her funeral a minister who would breathe no poison over her coffin. A gentleman who had listened with deep in- terest to a powerful sermon from a distinguished theological professor, w^as greatly surprised the next day to see him smoking a cigar, and confessed that the sight destroyed the impression of the sermon. He adds, — "A young man trying to reform from this habit remarked to me, — ' Never say anything against it again, when a man who can preach such a sermon as that was yesterday in- dulges in it.'" Says a well-known clergj'man in addressing his l)rethren, — " Do you say, — ' I am not going, be- cause there are weak men in this world,, to deny myself any lawful and proper pleasure.' Then MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 195 you are not fit to be a preacher and a disciple of the Lord Jesus Christ." In a discourse to the graduating class at Williams College, President Hopkins, after some prelimi- nary remarks on the use of tobacco, thus sums up : " I may express to you my conviction that habitual narcotic stimulation of the brain is not compatible with the fullest consecration of the body as a temple of God. Good men may do this in ig- norance, as other things prevalent at times have been done, and not offend their consciences ; but I believe that greater earnestness, more self-scru- tiny, fuller light, would reveal its incompatibility w4th full consecration and sweep it entirely away. The present position on this point of the Christian Church as a whole, and largely of the Christian ministry, I regard as obstructive of the highest manhood and of the spread of spiritual religion. I know^ that strong men have in this connection been bound as in fetters of brass, and cast down from high places, and have found premature prostration and a premature grave, and that this process is going on now. Let me say, therefore, to those of you who expect to be ministers, that I believe that sermons, even those called great ser- mons, which are the product of alcoholic or nar- cotic stimulation, are a service of God by ^ strange fire;' and that for men to be scrupulous about their attire as clerical, and yet to enter upon religious services with narcotized bodies and a breath that ' smells to heaven ' of anything but 196 TOBACCO. incense, is an incongruity and an offence, a crop- ping out of the old Phariseeism that made clean *the outside of the cup and the platter.' Not that abstinence has merit or secures consecration ; it is only its best condition." Consider what an almost insuperable obstacle the tobacco-example of clergymen opposes to the efforts of Christian parents and teachers against this evil in their children and pupils ! Dr. Higginbottom, an English physician, testi- fies : " After fifty years of most extensive and varied practice in my profession, I have come to the decision that smokins: is a main cause of ruin- ing our young men, pauperizing the working-men, and rendering comparatively useless the best efforts of the ministers of religion." In the session of a district Cono^resrational con- vention held in Wisconsin, a layman made an ad- dress on the subject, " What the pews want from the pulpit." Towards the close he said, " The example set by some of the pulpits in the use of tobacco is strongly objected to by many of the occupants of the pews. The Wisconsin State Congregational Convention, at its annual session in 1869, declared, — " The common use of tobacco is an offensive practice to persons of neatness and refinement, hindering the influence of those who use it ; it is a wasteful practice, using money that is needed for other purposes ; it is a practice injurious to health of body and mind ; it is a practice of in- MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 197 jurious moral tendency ; and it is setting a mis- chievous example to our youth. "If what the State Convention said in 1869 is true, then the pews say, without any hesitation or mental reservation, that no man who is in the habit of using tobacco ought to enter the pulpit to preach the Gospel as a minister of the Lord Jesus Christ until he renounces the habit. " It may seem hard to say it, dear Christian brother, but it is none the less true that the know- ledge that you were in the habit of using tobacco would completely destroy your influence, and render it impossible for 3'ou to do any good to a large portion of many of the Christian congre- gations of the land, should you stand in their pres- ence to speak as a Christian minister." Bishop Huntington, of Syracuse, writes: "I could give you many reasons why the use of this narcotic seems to me especially incongruous with the calling of the ministry, which it is a large part of my duty to guard. Among them are a waste of money, an injury to health, the oftence sometimes given ph^'sically to sick or sensitive persons, the moral harm done to tender consciences, the lower- ing of the sacred office in their estimation, and a check put upon ministerial usefulness." MISSIONARY-TOBACCO. " What reception may v/e suppose the apostles would have met with," inquires Dr. Eush, "had they carried into the houses where they were sent 198 TOBACCO. snufF-boxes, pipes, cigars, and bundles of cut, or rolls of pigtail, tobacco ? " The missionaries in some of our stations are greatly embarrassed in their eiforts against tobacco by the influence in its favor of so many Christians in this country. When the native converts quote the honored American Keverends, Professors, and Doctors of Divinity whom they have heard named as addicted to the weed, the missionaries are struck dumb with sorrow and shame. But what shall be said — wdiat can be said — con- cerning any such missionaries as are themselves in bondaofe to this habit ? Let them learn a lesson from a young colored missionary, once a slave. Dur- ino^ the examination in reference to his o^oins^ to Africa, some one inquired as to his use of the drug. He made answer that he was free from this habit, — " that a gentleman would not use tobacco and that a Christian gentleman would not icish to use it." Mr. Rand, of the Micronesian Mission, w^rites ; " Much as we need help in the Caroline Islands, Ave had rather work there alone than to have the best of men come to our aid, if he uses tobacco, ^^ TEMPERANCE AND TOBACCO. With w-hat conscience can a temperance man who is unwilling to give up his to])acco urge drunkards to give up their drink, especially w^hen it is the prevailing testimony of medical authori- ties that to])acco-using leads naturally to liquor- drinking, that it is the ''facilis descensus Averni,^^ MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 199 and that multitudes of reformed inebriates have fallen again by its use ? In point here is the wish of the poor, doubly-wronged Indian : " I want three things, — all the rum in the world, all the tobacco in the world, and then more rum. I smoke, because it makes me love to drink." A reformed inebriate, in relating how he first signed the pledge, says: "I soon found that in renouncing one stimulant I used a double quantity of another; or, in the words of Theodore Weld, I had ' swapped brandy for tobacco.' Then, im- pelled by the feeling, Mrink I must, and drink I Avill,' I went back to the gutter." Two years later, hearing a lecturer affirm that the AVashingtonians who apostatized were tol)acco-sots almost to a man, and that the pledge, to be safe, must inter- dict both drug and drink, he took the double pledge, and had remained firm, but with an in- creasing conviction that "yow can't cure a drunk- ard v:lLile a slave to his jpipe^ To the same efi*ect. Dr. Justin Edwards de- clared : "Not much more can ])e done in behalf of the temperance cause till there is an anti-narcotic movement, particularly against tobacco, the hand- maid and ally of intemperance." Sa3's the well-known temperance-worker, E. C. Delavan : '^I have had my fears for the safety of the temperance cause through the insidious influence of tobacco. It is my opinion that while its use continues, intemperance will continue to curse the world." 200 TOBACCO. It is the testimony of Jerry McAule}^ who has rescued nmltitudes from drunkenness, that it is extremely rare to find a reformed man that con- tinues a slave to tol)acco who does not fall back into the gutter. This fact is so patent that it is comins: more and more to be taken for (granted that the converts in his mission, Avhen giving up drink, Avill also give up the weed. The case is related of one who, being persuaded to smoke a single cigar, relapsed into drunkenness. Says Dr. Stephenson : " The use of tobacco is one great leading-step towards intemperance. But it is a lamentable fact that very many who stand the most promhient in the temperance reform are grossly intemperate in the use of tobacco." A noted temperance-worker in Illinois, who was a votary of the w^eed, was induced by a Methodist clergyman to sign a pledge of total abstinence. But the man w^ho waxed so eloquent in urging inebriates to forswear the demon of drink found himself enslaved to as remorseless a tyrant, and broke his pledge again and again. George Trask Avrites : " I have known a tem- perance lecturer of great distinction positively refuse to lecture till he had been furnished with a pipe of tobacco to screw his nerves up to the point of eloquence." So enslaved do these victims become that, in spite of all remonstrance, of all propriety, they will smoke, not only in parlors and in halls, but, strangest of all, in temperance meetings. Indeed, MORAL AXD SPIRITUAL VIEW. 201 a certain lodge of the Sons of Temperance passed a resolution that they would not lay aside their tobacco even during the hour they were gathered for temperance purposes ! ! God be praised that woman's crusade against intemperance has never been set back by any such marvellous incon- sistency ! The author of Temjjerance Tales tells a story of the accredited agent of a temperance society. He was one day soliciting contributions with tobacco in his mouth, when he was accosted by a gentle- man, — "You, sir, are not a proper person to be an agent in the cause of temperance, for you are not a temperance man yourself; you are enslaved to tobacco." No answer was made ; but some one present afterwards told the rebuker that the lec- turer was one of the very best men in the country. He was surprised to hear this, and would have sent an apology, had he known the agent's ad- dress. Some time after, meeting this same agent, looking like a different man, he was beginning to apologize, when he was interrupted, — "No apol- ogy is needed. Your reproof led to much reflec- tion and to new resolutions. As the consequence, you behold me to-day a free man ; and you are my deliverer." Gough, who became a temperance-lecturer while still a smoker, relates that on his wa}' to an out- door meeting a friend offered him cigars. "Xo, I thank you ; I have nowhere to put them." "You can put half a dozen in your cap." This he did, 202 TOBACCO. and so, soon ascending the platform, addressed two thousand children. To avoid taking cold, he kept on his cap, forgetting what it contained. At the close he exclaimed, "Now, boys, let us give three rousing cheers for temperance." Lifting his hat, he waved it vigorously, flinging the cigars right and left at his audience ! ! And it is not strange that this occurrence set him thinking. At a later period, being a guest at an English house, he sought the river-bank for a quiet smoke. Finding it difficult to light his cigar, he got down on his knees hy a rock, sheltering a match with his hat, while he pulled. Suddenly the thought flashed on him that, if people should see him, they would conclude that he had sought this spot for private devotion. " And what am I doing? What would the audience say who heard me last night?" The conviction of his inconsistency struck him so forcibly that he exclaimed, "I 'U have no more of it ; " and away into the river went both matches and cigars. TOBACCO BONDAGE. It is seldom that we find one who entirely justifies himself in the tobacco ha])it, while many and many a good man groans under his self-imposed bondage — a bondage not one whit less degrading because of the high standing and excellent Christian char- acter of the victim. The wonder is how anyone can forbear groaning, and repenting, and forsaking. A clergyman, euslaved to snufi", labored with a MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 203 drunkard. "If 3-011 will give up your snuff, I will give up my rum." The minister assented ; but within two days was in agonies for his idol. Setting a watch over the drunkard, the moment he learned that the cup had passed his lips, he seized his snuff-box, and shortly after died in idiocy. "Why did you send me that pamphlet on smok- ing?" said a pastor to a friend. "Because I thought you needed it." "Who told you that I smoked?" "You told me as you go about." " I will confess that I know it is wrong, and that I once gave it up ; but, fool as I am, I took to it again, and I have been in bondage ever since." An eminent minister exclaimed: "I would gladly lay down a hundred pounds if I could give up smoking." "Oh," exclaimed a sufferer, "I need tobacco to give me resolution to give up tobacco." " I would give half my farm to get rid of this master," declared another. "I have given up my pipe a dozen times, and then returned to it," said a third victim. "I will try no more." So imperious is the appetite, that during our civil war men were sometimes shot by the enemy simply because they icould strike a light and smoke. And many risked capture in their peril- ous search after what smokers call "a little fire." "I know my pipe is injuring me," a young man confessed, " but were I certain that it would cur- tail my life fifteen years, I could not give it up." 204 TOBACCO. A prominent physician, who himself both smokes and chews, is honest enough to admit that " tobacco is too deadly a poison to be used even as a medi- cine ; " and declares that he " would give five hundred dollars to be free from the habit." Yet he chews and smokes on. A Christian professor, in her dying agonies, repeatedly entreated her friends, " Give me snutf, give me snuff." They were her last words. Earnestly implored to give up the filthy weed, a clergyman made answer, " Not I ! I will smoke if it shortens my life seven years. I will live while I do live." A lip-cancer, which had been occasioned through smoking, was removed by a physician. " Twenty- four hours after the operation," says the doctor, "I found the patient propped up in bed, with his face bound up on one side and a pipe on the other side of his mouth." George Trask writes: "I have known men to dream and rao^e about tobacco like madmen when deprived of it. I know an excellent clergyman, who assured me that he had sometimes wept like a child when putting a quid into his mouth, under a sense of his degradation and bondnge. I know a man who confessed that tobacco was the dearest thing on earth, dearer than wife, child, church, or state." Pitiable thraldom ! Bound hand and foot ! It takes the very manhood out of one. Dr. Henderson relates the case of a member of Con- MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 205 gress, who, from having been a man of force and fearlessness, became, to use his own words, " Sick all over, and timid as a girl." Though he had long been a practising lawyer, he had not nerve enough to present a petition to Congress, and still less to sa}^ a word concerning it. Indeed, he grew to be such a coward that he was afraid to be alone at night. Tobacco-fetters ! oh, it makes one's heart ache to witness the vain struggles to break them ! I have known a young man of fine natural instincts, under a strong pressure, resolve over and over again to burst his chains. It was pitiful to note his struo-o'les and his falls, with his keen self-abase- ment at his repeated failures, till finally, in a sort of moody despair, he gave up the attempt. A deacon, on his death-bed, exclaimed: "I thank God that, as m}^ last sickness has come, I shall be rid of this hankering for tobacco." "You are wasting awaj^ under it," pleaded one minister with another. "Alas! my brother, it is true; but I cannot help it." "AVould j^ou take that excuse from a sinner?" "I cannot answer you. I cannot leave it off. It is out of the ques- tion ; I cannot, I feel what you say; but — " The poor slave to this appalling appetite died soon after. THE YOKE BROKEN. In contrast with this melancholy instance it is cheering to read the experience of Dr. S. H. Cox: — 206 TOBACCO. "From about fifteen to thirty," he wrote, " I am ashamed to say I smoked ; my conscience often upbraiding me, as well as my best earthly friend. Still I made excuses, and my physician, a smoker, helped me to some. So I continued, till once, on board a steamer, a drunken gentleman staggered up to me, exclaiming, ^ Give me a-a 1-ight, Dr. Cox.' I handed him my cigar. He returned it. I threw it overboard ; and since have never ceased to thank God that I have been enabled to keep my- self from so foul and odious a sin." In replying to a letter from Dr. Cox, John Quincy Adams writes : " In my early youth I was addicted to tobacco, in two of its mysteries, — smoking and chewing. I was warned by a medi- cal friend of the pernicious operation of this habit upon the stomach and the nerves ; and the advice of the physician Avas fortified l)y my own experi- ence. More than thirty years have passed away since I deliberately renounced the use of tobacco in all its forms ; and although the resolution was not carried into execution without a struggle of vitiated nature, I never yielded to its impulses. "I have often wished that every individual of the human race afilicted with this artificial passion, could prevail on himself to try the experiment which I made ; sure that it would turn everj^ acre of tobacco land into a wheat field, and add five years to the average of human life." Prof. Dascomb, of Oberlin, learned to smoke when a boy. His physician, though himself a MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 207 smoker, said to him, "You will live only a few years if you continue this habit. / cannot break it off, but you are young and may be able to do so." The boy undertook it, and succeeded ; although to the end of his life he suffered from the eflects of his early indulgence. A well-known doctor relates that, after smoking for twenty years, he took a vow of abstinence for one month. " Never," he says, " did boy long more eagerly for election day than I longed for the end of the month." Such was the good doctor's passion for the drug, that if cigars failed, he would resort to snuflf. Thus he went on till the indul- gence had so injured the nerves and softened the coats of the stomach that he could retain no food. Then he gathered his forces for the conflict, and broke forever from his bondage. A slave to the weed in Macomb, Illinois, finding his family at one time out of flour and meat, and himself out of tobacco, but who was possessor of only a dollar and seventy-five cents, went to market. He returned with fifty cents' worth of meat and a dollar and twenty-five cents' worth of tobacco, telling his wife that they must trust the Lord for flour. At the age of seventy-six he became a Christian, when, without hesitation, he instantly renounced his idol. A theological student, in breaking ofi" smoking, gives three reasons for so doing : — "1. Xo gentleman would like to smoke in the presence of ladies. 208 TOBACCO. " 2. There is possible harm, and no possible benefit. ^'3. As there is no possi])le benefit, it is an un- lawful expenditure of time and money." A professor in one of our colleges who had smoked for many years, and had then been led to abandon the habit, also gives his three reasons : — " 1. I didn't like to indulge in a habit that I w\as compelled to apologize for. "2.1 knew that, how^ever little I might smoke, I should be quoted as a smoker. "3. My boys!" In The Congregationalist was found the follow- ing incident : " Two clergymen, than whom few are better known all through the State, happened to meet in our oflSce. Both have been inveterate smokers ; but both stopped short more than a year ago, and have not blown a whifi" since. They came to the conclusion that the only way to stop w^as to stop. And neither of them is likely to repent of his repenting. Who will go and do like- wise ? " A member of the Massachusetts legislature, who was a smoker, was led, by someone's inquiries as to statute laws on the subject, to reflect on his habit, and to see that he had come into a bondage which was holdino: him closer and closer. Althouo'h he had not been conscious of injury from the habit, he instantly broke from it. A distinguished pastor in one of our city churches was induced to abandon smoking by the innocent MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 209 remark of a young convert whom he was examin- ing, that he '^ had given up all bad habits, including smoking." The shepherd felt that he must not fall behind the sheep. The venerable Rev. Job Washburn, widely known in Maine, had formed in boyhood the habit of chewing. He made sev^eral eiforts to give it up, but without success. In his later years, when he would again have attempted it, his friends dis- couraged him, fearing the efiect of such a change at his years. He could not rest, however ; and at the advanced age of ninety-two, he went to God in earnest prayer, and soon, to the surprise of all, was able to announce his victory over his lifelong ha])it. Mr. Washburn's daughter, to whom I am indebt- ed for these particulars, writes that after this con- quest his health improved, and he seemed to her a foirer and better man. About two years later, a few days before his death, he expressed his joy and gratitude that he had been enabled to free him- self from his galling yoke. Another striking case is that of ^Ir. Joseph Har- per, father of the publisher. He was an excellent man, but a great chewer ; and nobody dreamed he could l)e induced to give up the habit. Mr. Har- per had a neighbor who was a notorious drunkard. A friend was one day laboring with the man and entreating him to quit drinking. " Why, I could no more stop drinking," he replied, "than old Joe Harper could give up tobacco." When this remark 210 TOBACCO. was repeated to ]Mr. Harper, he exclaimed, — "Does that old drunkard say so? He shall not get behind me with his ram. I will show him that old Joe Harper can give up tobacco." And from that moment he never touched it. I knew a man in Marblehead, Massachusetts, who was a great smoker from his youth till he was about fifty, when his health was so undermined that he saw he " must quit tobacco or die." He did quit it and from an al)ject slave 1)ecame at once a freeman. At the age of ninety he declared him- self stronger in body and mind, and better fitted for work than at fifty. Dr. Titus Coan, of the Sandwich Islands, to whom reference has already been mide, relates that when a boy, suffering from toothache, his father crowded a piece of tobacco no larger than the head of a pin into the defective tooth, which soon put him to sleep. "But in a little while I awoke, and felt my bedstead whirling round and round like a top. I thought the whole house was revolving and that my end was near. Retching and in distress, I cried for help ; and my parents came to comfort me and to assure me that this state would soon pass oft\" It did pass, but for many years the boy could n't bear the smell of the poison. At last, however, resolving to be manly and brave like other young men, "I began moderately, so that in time all went well, and I felt that I had mastered the situation, little dreaming that the seduction was MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 211 about to master me. At this time I did not look upon the use of tobacco from a moral standpoint. At length I went into a store with an elder brotlier. Here I found the choicest of tobaccos, and assisted in selHng, still feeling that the business was legiti- mate. My brotlier smoked freely, but suddenly, fearing injury to health, and restive under the sense of slavery to that habit, he resolved to abandon the use of the narcotic poison. For about a month he struggled with the entrenched foe, under such a pressure of languor and depression as to unfit him for business. The fight was for life. He con- sulted physicians, he used substitutes, but all in vain. He had harl)ored an enemy Avhich had poisoned his blood, coursed over his nerves, disturbed the action of the heart, and chained him like a galley slave to an unworthy and unmanly habit. "In despair of victory he returned to the pipe, and died in middle life. Without a word with any one, I then resolved to conquer the foe. On the second day the call for indulgence was strong, but resolution held the fort. Day after day pleaded for indulgence, but will prevailed over appetite and habit. As the mornings succeeded one an- other, my motto was What the Lord helped me to do yesterday, I can do to-day with His help. " The battle lasted two weeks, when appetite surrendered at discretion. Since that happy day, I have had no more taste or desire for that deceit- ful poison than for an adder ; and I give the fore- 212 TOBACCO. going testimony as a kind legacy to encourage all who feel the fanofs and the tio-htenino- toils of that enchanting serpent, tol)acco ! No earthly gift could bribe me to return to the use of the weed ; and I am sure that unyielding resolution, and a patient looking for divine help, will enable all who honestly desire to break the slavish chains of that unnatural and degrading appetite, to become free from its toils." A good deacon gives me his experience : " I com- menced the use of tobacco when under ten, became a hal)itual consumer at about fifteen, and when thirty began to realize that it was injuring me. Then came the struggle. I would leave it off for a week, for a month, and then for a year. The moment my pledge was up I would commence with renewed energy. This continued till I was about forty, when I became satisfied that I must either die or break from my l)ondage. I attempted the latter. For more than two years I wrestled with the appetite, at the end of which time my craving was, if possil)le, stronger than ever. I felt that I must have relief from this cravinsf, or succumb to it. In my despair, I took the matter to the Lord with strong crying. He soon deliv- ered me from the dreadful appetite, and it has never returned, praised be the name of the Lord." Dr. Talmage tells us that he was once an ex- cessive smoker, and that in writing his sermons he was accustomed to take a fresh cigar with every now head. On one occasion, after an experience of MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 213 this kind, he found himself in the highest state of nervous excitement. The falling of a book startled him like the lirins: of a pistol, and the creakino: of his own boots made his hair stand on end. Alarmed by these symptoms, he instantly broke from the hal)it, and found himself born into a new physical, mental, and spiritual life. Thurlow AVeed, according to his own account, smoked cigars during fifty-four 3^ears, giving away in that time eighty thousand. Being in Saratoga for his health. Dr. Freeman, an old friend, called on him. AVhen some reference was made to the cause of his being there, the doctor, pointing to the cio:ar still burninir in Mr. Weed's hand, remarked, — "I see the time has come when that luxury must be foregone." "Do you mean it?" " I do." " Then that \ii the end." And with true Spartan heroism he threw aw^ay his cigar and never touched tobacoo again. CHEERING TOKENS. It is a cheering fact that many German, French, English, and American physicians of the highest standing are waging war upon this drug. A meet- ing of Sunday-school and w^eek-day teachers in England has been held for the purpose of consider- ing measures to check its use. It was presided over by an eminent physician of a voy^X eye-infir- mary, who affirmed that paralysis of the optic nerve and other diseases of the eyes were directly caused by tobacco. 214 TOBACCO. It is encouraging, in the almost overwhelming current of public sentunent that sets the wrong way, to note any straws floating in the right direc- tion ; among such, we reckon the following : — A minister of talent and piety, a good preacher, and of acceptable manners, who had supplied three difi"erent churches, received no call from any of them, and, as Avas plainly stated, simply because he was known to l)e an immoderate user of tol)acco ! Two Xew England churches recently refused to call two Andover theological students because they used the unclerical weed. If all the churches were of the same mind, we should soon witness a wonderful advance in this much-needed, ardently-prayed-for reform. At a monthly collection in a church, a ten-dollar bill was put in the box, Avith a paper affixed, on which Avas Avritten : " To be given to a missionary who does not use tobacco." ^Yrites " a mother " : "I Avould as soon help a saloon-keeper furnish his bar as to help tobacco- usinof students ; or contribute toward a ' BrcAvers' Union ' as to a society Avhich aids such young men in getting into the ministry." An itinerary preacher, being refused entertain- ment by an old Avoman, where he asked for it, quoted to her the passage, "Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have enter- tained angels unawares ; " Avhen she promptly made answer : '' You need n't say that. No angel Avould come down here Avith a big quid of tobacco in his mouth." MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 215 The Iowa Central Railroad has published an order forbidding its employees to drink any in- toxicants and also to smoke while they are on duty. San Diego, California, has passed an ordinance prohibiting cigarettes to boys. At a Universalist convention the following reso- lution was offered : — " Resolved^ That this convention memorialize the General Convention, at its next session, asking it to refuse beneficiary aid to all students in our theolo- gical sciiools who make use of tobacco ; believing such practice to ])e incompatible with the highest Christian service." This resolution was adopted by an almost unan- imous vote. In " The Doctrines and Discipline of the INIetho- dist Episcopal Church " is found the following : — ^^ Resolved, 1. That we advise all our ministers and members to abstain from the use of tobacco, as injurious to both soul and bod}^ " Resolved, 2. That we recommend to the Annual Conferences to require candidates for admission to be free from the habit, as hurtful to their accepta- bility and usefulness among our people." To cut off any possible loophole, the General Conference of this church advises that no man who uses tobacco be received into an Annual Confer- ence. For years, the Central Illinois Conference has refused to admit an}^ votary of the weed. Says Bishop Simpson : " In some places congre- 216 TOBACCO. ofations are iinwillino; to receive ministers "who in- dulge in tobacco. Many families almost dread the visits of such ministers, lest their growing sons may be led to adopt a practice which they so ear- nestly discomitenance and oppose." A presiding elder in the Methodist Church, in answer to inquiries on this subject, writes : " Our Conferences have been irrowini!^ more exact from year to year. In the New England Conference, ^ve never receive any man as a preacher without questioning him on this point." Rev. Mr. Evans, presiding elder in the Central Illinois Conference, writes : '^ I am glad to say that for about twenty years, the Conference, at nearly every session, has adopted radical anti-tobacco reso- lutions ; while the use of the weed has been uni- formly denounced as expensive, filthy, injurious, and unchristian. The Conference refuses to admit any one addicted to the tobacco-habit, unless a pledge of abstinence be given ; and it has also re- quested the Bishop not to transfer to the Confer- ence, nor appoint to the office of presiding elder, any tobacco-user. The discussions of every year have served to make it more unaminous and radi- cal in its action." With the Free Methodists no one is allowed to become a church-meml)er who uses tobacco in any form, — a rule strictly enforced upon the ministers. Of the Primitive :\[etliodi.st Church, the "Cana- dian Discipline " declares : ^'Xo preacher on proba- tion shall be received into full connection unless it MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 217 be stated on his Station's Eeport that he has not used tobacco during the previous year." A sinii- \iiY rule obtains in the English body. eJohn Wesley refused to admit to the ministry any man addicted to the use of the noxious weed. Both English and American Wesleyans follow his practice in this respect, and Bishop Janes cheers us b\^ his avowed belief that the time will come when congregations will not accept a pastor who uses it. The Xew York State Conofreo^ational Association a few years since adopted, without dissent, the following resolutions : — " 1. That the tobacco-habit is an enormous evil ; and, on account of its waste of mone}^, positive in- juries to health, and pernicious example to the young, Christians ought to abandon it. " 2. That this Association earnestly recom- mend to all our churches thorough measures for instructing the people as to the manifold mis- chiefs flowing from the use of narcotic drugs, as well as drinks ; and that special efforts be made to guard children and youth from any and every use of tobacco." At the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian church in Pittsburg, Penn., a report was adopted, declarinof that " members usino' tobacco ouirht to strive earnestly to give up the ha])it, as oflensive to good manners and cleanliness, and inconsistent with self-denial." If one ma}' be allowed to comment on a dec- laration emanating from so respectable a body, 218 ' TOBACCO. the suo'srestion is ventured that the omission of the clause " to strive earnestly " would render the report more terse and effective. We must re- member, however, that the various Presbyterian bodies are more conservative than some other de- nominations, — a fact borne out in the Cumberland General Assembly at Austin, Texas, where a resolution condemnino^ all ministerial use of tobacco was fully discussed, but unfortunately was finally laid on the table. At a Baptist General Convention, in a Western city, the subject of tobacco was ably presented, and a resolution passed deprecating its use. Professor Hovey, of the Newton Theological Seminary, writes : " For many years past there have been very few of our students who have used tobacco. The Northern Baptist Educational Soci- ety has adopted a rule which prevents it from fur- nishing pecuniary assistance to any student who uses the weed ; and, so far as I am informed, there is no fault found with the Society for taking this stand." Great reason as we have for deploring the gen- eral low public sentiment on this subject, we would not ignore the fact that, in certain respects, there is a manifest improvement. A well-known gentleman, son of one of our excellent New Eng- land pastors, writes of the custom that prevailed in his boyhood : "When the Berkshire Association of thirty ministers was to meet at my father's, I was sent to the store for two quarts of Jamaica, MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. * 219 four quarts of Santa Cruz rum, two dozen pipes, and two large papers of tobacco ! " In view of such usages, the ecclesiastical good tokens that have been named are truly encour- aging. A few in the secular line are no less cheering. The enterprising firm of Jordan, Marsh, & Co., of the New England metropolis, occasionally fur- nish brief, practical lectures to their employees in the large hall connected with their establishment. In one of these lectures the tobacco-subject was discussed ; and, as a result, every one of the clerks, with a single exception, voted to abandon it. After the women of Massachusetts had been admitted to vote on the education question, the Commonwealth, in 1881, passed an act to aid in preserving order at elections, of which the follow- ing is the substance : — " During any town-meeting, held for the election of national, state, county, or town officers, no person shall smoke, or have in his possession any lighted pipe, cigarette, or cigar, in any town-hall where such meeting is being held. Any persons violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of disorderly conduct, and the moderator shall order the person to remove any such pipe, cigarette, or cigar, or vrithdraw himself from said place of meeting ; and, on his declining to oljey, shall order any police officer, or other person, to take him from the meeting, and confine him in some convenient place until the meeting 220 TOBACCO. adjourns. The person so refusing shall forfeit a sum not exceeding twenty dollars." In the Jewish Messenger is an account of a club of young ladies who are pledged to kiss no man whose lips are tainted with tobacco. May its membership rapidly increase ! A Western gazette tells us of the suspense for ten days of an engineer on the C. B. & Q. Rail- road by the superintendent, because, when on his engine, ready to pull out the passenger-train, he held in his mouth part of an unlighted cigar. Thanks to the superintendent, and a speedy re- form to all engineers ! The city corporation, Manchester, England, fines a cabman if he smokes while conveying a passenger. A Philadelphia smoker, on entering a horse-car, insisted on retaining his cigar in his hand. Its smoke being offensive to the ladies, the conductor warned him to throw it away, and, as he refused, put him out by force. The smoker sued the com- pany for damages ; but the verdict was against him, the court charging the jury that he was " a nuisance which the conductor had a right to abate." Later, a smoker in New York city was fined fifty dollars, because in a street-car he insisted on re- taining his cigar. A New York editor remarks with regard to the Treasury at Washington: ^'It is no secret that that fine building has been for several years past, as to many of its departments, a cross between a MORAL AXD SPIRITUAL VIEW. 221 bar-room and a smoking-car." It is cheering to know that Secretary Folger issued an order for- bidding smoking in the halls or rooms of the Treasury. This is understood to be, in part, an act of consideration toward the lady clerks, who, he saw, were greatly annoyed by the univei'sal cio'ar. Concerning this example, so worthy of imitation, the New York Evening Post remarks : " The order is not acceptable to the male clerks, the great ma- jority of whom are accustomed to smoke at all times during business hours. The abuse of smok- ing has been very great. Since Secretary Bris- tow's time, the secretaries themselves, not only have not for])idden smoking, but have smoked at their desks. Even in the file-rooms, where valu- able papers are stored in lofts of pine-w^ood par- titions, the custodians have often been seen with cigars. Secretary Folger's order forbidding this is strictly a revival of the order which has been in disuse since Secretar}- Bristow's time." In view of the alarming increase of the use of tobacco among children, the Boston Woman's Christian Temperance Union sent a circular with several tracts on the subject to all the teachers and officers of the pul)lic schools of Boston and the suburbs. In November, 1882, a statement appeared in the Boston Journal to the effect that seventy-five per cent of school-boys over twelve or thirteen smoke cigarettes. A Camljridgeport teacher places 222 TOBACCO. the age between eight and fifteen, and gives the results of his efibrts against the evil. Out of three hundred and fifty boys, he induced all but thirty to sign a total-abstinence pledge for the year ; and of these, fifty per cent ke})t their pledge. In the Latin School, one half of the upper classes are smokers, many of them with the concurrence of their parents. While a number of teachers do all they can to banish tobacco from the schools, the ignorance and indifterence on the part of parents, with the smoking example of some of them and also of a portion of the teachers, are almost insuperable hindrances to a thorough re- form. In Barnard's Journal of Education^ ten cities are named, among which are Chicago, Xew Orleans, San Francisco, and Washington, in which the use of tobacco during school-hours or in school-rooms is forbidden to both teachers and pupils. In Gei'mnny, the Minister of Public Instruction has addressed a circular to the directors of all the Gymnasia (higher classical schools), in which he condenms in the strongest terms the practice of smoking ; and students of these institutions have been officially forbidden smokino' in the streets. And this in the very land of smokers ! The principal of Phillips Academ}^ at Exeter, N. H., issued a circular to the parents of his stu- dents, desiring their view jis to the prohibition of the weed, and received answers in favor of this from quite a number of them. MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 223 The trustees of Williston Seminary, Easthamp- ton, Mass., have passed the following vote : "No member of the school shall be allowed to use tobacco, unless he brinsr a statement in writinof from his parent or guardian that he does it with his approval." In a letter, speaking of this cir- cular. Principal Fairbairn says: "Many 3'oung men connected with this institution have been injured physically, mentally, and morally by the use of tobacco. At present, very few use it, and only those who have the written consent of parents or guardians. We shall enforce the prohibition more strictly from year to 3'ear." Principal Bancroft, of PhiUips Academy, An- dover, Mass., writes that in repl}^ to a similar circular sent to parents, guardians, school-officers, and physicians, he received "a hundred and forty- seven replies, not one of them approving the use of tobacco by boj^s." He goes on to say: "To- bacco is the bane of our schools and colleges, and increasingly so. Teachers who have given any attention to the subject agree that boys go down under its use in scholarship, in self-respect, in self-control. It takes off the fine eds^e of the mind, injures the manners, and dulls the moral senses. School disorders are always rank with the fumes of tobacco. We can select the boys who smoke heavily by a certain hesitation in an- swering questions, by a peculiar huskiness of voice, by a dulness of complexion, by a tremor of the hand. 224 TOBACCO. " Boys learn to smoke because it is a habit of our times ; because it is sanctioned by the practice of many eminent men in all the walks of life, — some of them intellectual leaders of the age ; because literature, art, and song have been satu- rated with the fragrance of the choicest tobacco, till it affects the taste, as well as appetite. Gen. Grant's smoking is the boy's answer to many an appeal in this country, as the Prince of Wales's smoking is in England. I have had under my charge a boy w^ho could reply to my argument on the ground of health, ' My physician smokes ; ' on the ground of morals, ^ My minister smokes ; ' on the ground of high-breeding, ^My father smokes.' " Parents are surprisingly ignorant of the habits of their boys in this regard, surprisingly helpless Avhen they find their sons using tobacco, or sur- prisingly timid, and criminally indifferent. " The tol)acco-reform must begin in the enlight- ened conscience. A habit which destroys or enfeebles the physical powers, Avhich affects the whole nervous system, and thus reaches the will and the moral character, is a sin. " It is specially important that parents, preachers, and all others whom boys propose to themselves as models of deportment, honor, and usefulness, should themselves be exemphuy. I w^ould not have a teacher here who used tobacco, or sympa- thized with those who do." Prof. William Stephens, of Philadelphia, has caused to be pasted on the inside of every text- MOEAL AXD SPIRITUAL VIEW. 225 book used in bis scbool a brief printed statement of the physical and mental diseases produced in the young by tobacco. That it is high time for such information to be diffused, we learn, from his alarming statement that of the fifty thousand pupils of the city a large majority use tol)acco, the habit having rapidly increased since the introduc- tion of the cigarette. " A Williams student reports that the greater part of his class, on entering college, did not smoke, but that, on graduating, the larger majority had become smokers. They had in tutors and pro- fessors the example ; why not follow it ? " In Oberlin, in marked contrast with this tolera- tion, no professor or teacher is employed who uses tobacco, and it is strictly prohibited in the college. If a student uses it surreptitiously he is expelled ; if he frankly states to the Faculty that he cannot give it up, he receives what is called an honorable dismission, accompanied with a statement of the reason for this dismission, — which, being inter- preted, is, that he is in bondage to tobacco. The sentiment of the town is in accordance with this course, and at one time, when the tolmcco-habit seemed on the increase, an enthusiastic meeting was held to take measures ao'ainst it. After dwellino; on the injurious influences, ph^^sical, mental, and moral, a resolution was adopted that pastors be requested to preach on the subject from time to time, and that a committee be appointed to visit those engaged in its sale, urging them to desist, 226 TOBACCO. iind to devise means for putting an end to the use and the traffic. Amono^ the terms of admission to the Trainino^- School for Boys, at Oxford, Ohio, is fomid printed in Italics : — " JVo pupil ivill he received into the hoarding hall wJio uses tohacco in any form, ^^ This condition was made in the face of public sentiment, and with the probability of its dimin- ishing the numbers ; but it is winning its way, as right, in the long run, must ever do. In the advertising columns of the Washington Star appears the foUowing : " The prayers of God's people are most earnestly requested for the thorough purification of a young church, whose pastor and officers are inveterate tobacco-users, much against the wishes of its members." In New York and Brooklyn the evil is felt to be so great that petitions have been circulated, asking for a statute law prohibiting the sale of tobacco to minors. As we have already seen, tobacco is forbidden in the Naval School at Annapolis. " There is the same prohibition at Girard College, while at Cor- nell many of the students have voluntarily signed a pledge of abstinence. At West Point, the pro- hibition which had been recommended by the trustees is carried into efiect by the order of Lincoln, Secretary of War. At one of the annual meetino;s of an Eno^lish anti-tobacco society the chairman stated that they MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 227 had met, in the name of science, humanity, and Christianity, to enter their most solemn protest ao'ainst the o-i-owino- use of tobacco. The followins^ coo O resohition was moved by Dr. Edmunds, of Lon- don : — "That this meeting, impressed Avith a deep con- viction of the phj'sical, mental, and moral evils resulting from the use of tobacco, and regarding with a profound alarm and apprehension the rapidly extending habit of smoking amongst the youth of our country, calls upon parents, Sunday- School teachers, meml^ers and ministers of Chris- tian churches, and all true patriots and philanthro- pists to discountenance the practice to the utmost, both by precept and example." At Exeter Hall, London, a National Society for the Suppression of Juvenile Smoking has been founded ; Dr. B. W. Eichardson being elected honorary president, and the Hon. Arthur Kinnaird treasurer. HEATHEN EXAMPLES. Now, how do we find it when the heathen come under the power of the Gospel ? Do their native preachers and teachers and deacons continue this indulgence? So far from this, the Christian senti- ment is strongly against tobacco. As an evidence of the sincerity of Lidian con- verts in Idaho, it is said that, though devoted to the pipe, growing up with it in their mouths, yet on being converted, with the laying aside of paint, they also lay aside their pipe. 228 TOBACCO. At Ponape, in the Caroline Islands, more than half the church memhers, who had smoked all their lives, had given it up. In other islands of Micronesia, where, a few years ago, every one used tobacco, at the present time, of eight hundred and thirty Christians not a single one now^ makes use of it. Dr. Coan states that on his arrival at the Ha- w^aiian Islands in 1835, the missionaries were de- bating the tobacco question. Some argued for strong decisiv^e measures, and others for a moder- ate course, while a small numl)er advised silence, saying, — " Preach the Gospel and convert the people, and let these little matters alone." But unfortunately it was discovered that some of this class were secret devotees of the weed, while others did not scruple to take puffs from the pipes of the native smokers. Dr. Coan continues : " During one of my visits as delegate to the Marquesas Islands, one of our Hawaiian missionaries there told me that a former delegate of our mission had made them trouble in this way. He chewed tobacco secretly, but a keen- scented Marquesan smelled his breath, and on a cer- tain occasion, w^hen the delegate walked out, this savage followed him, and watched for his spitting. At length it came, and fell on a rock. The savage w^aited a little for the delegate to pass on, then knelt down and smelt the rock. The secret was out, and it spread like wildfire among the natives. They accused our Hawaiian teacher of guile and MORAL AXD SPIRITUAL VIEW. 229 inconsistency in teaching them to abandon tobacco while our own ministers used it. And the mission- aries in those islands begged of me to see that no more tobacco-consumers be sent them as dele- gates." This honored missionary, now gone up to his reward, relates that in his labors among the people of Hilo and Puna, he "was careful, in illustrating the commands and prohi])itions of the law and Gospel, to be specific, and so to illustrate as to make their untutored minds understand what was right and wrong in heart and act. Our people must be told how to catch the little foxes." The result on the tobacco question was that hundreds of little patches of the weed were rooted up and des- troyed ; thousands of pipes were smashed or burned. And it is probable that ten thousand na- tives of this parish have promised to let the poison alone. Some played the hypocrite, of course ; others forsook it for a season, and, like man}^ of our educated clergymen and other professed Chris- tians, returned to it when appetite overpowered resolution. But many thousands of our church members held out to the last, and were faithful to their vows until death. Numbers are still living, and they are our most reliable men in all that is good. " But the great increase of example on the part of smoking and chewing clergymen and lay pro- fessors from other countries is demoralizing this generation of Hawaiians, rendering church disci- 230 TOBACCO. pline (liiEcult, our labors hard, and the simple practical truths of the gospel of little effect among the lo^^ers of pleasure." A Baptist missionary in India, writing of the interest in the mission work by the native helpers, states that they have resolved to abandon tobacco and the betel nut, which has a similar effect, and to give the money thus saved to the good cause. Why not send some of these converted, sin-renoun- cing Indians and South Sea Islanders as mission- aries to this country, that they may exhort alike all tobacco-sinners and all tobacco-Christians to cast their detestable idols to the moles and the bats, and to consecrate the gold and silver thus redeemed to the service of the one livino^ and true God? CLAIMS OF THE TRADE. In addition to the clamorous appetite which sets itself squarely against reform, is another formidnble obstacle, — the greed of grain, or, as some ]uit it, and it may be honesth^, the claims of a family de- pendent for their daily bread on the culture, the manuficture, or the sale of tobacco. The extent to which moneyed interests have become involved in this wretched business appears in the vast amount expended for the drug throughout the world, Avitli the immense revenue it brings to the various governments. The arguments thus result- ing for the continuance of the traffic are only too familiar to those who have fought in our anti-slav- ery and our temperance battles. MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 231 Dr. Johnson was once remonstrating with a man engaged in some occupation which he confessed to be wrong. The man excused himself by the com- mon plea : " But I must live, sir," when the sturdy doctor rejoined, "I don't know that that is necessary." " Fear to endanger your craft," the wholesale and retail distribution of poison ! If those medi- cal and scientific men who assert that " Indulgence in narcotic luxuries is the great highivay to the grave, "^^ have uttered the truth, then let all such crafts sink to the bottom of the sea ! If your plea of necessity is a true one, then, better live and die in poverty, or trust to God's ravens, than to thrive b}^ poisoning your fellow^ men. Besides you can- not wrong your neighbor without reaping, sooner or later, a bitter harvest. To commit a doubtful act injures the doer as really as the receiver; to sanction an admitted wrong will in some way bring you incalculable harm. Put your commercial interests, as you call them, into one scale, and the welfare of the community into the other. How is it with your end of the bal- ance ? Do not reason and conscience make your path plain ? AVhat if you should resolve that not for another day will you curse the ground with the growth of the rank poison ; that you Avill never manufacture, that you will never sell, another ounce of it? 232 TOBACCO. HELPFUL SUGGESTIONS. A miserable tobacco-slave, who had tried again and ao-ain to break his fetters, but in vain, ex- claimed in his despair, " Tobacco is killing me by inches, and yet I cannot help using it." And it did kill him. For such persons, with energies so sapped by the narcotic that they have neither grit nor grace for the breaking of their yoke, the best plan would seem to be a retreat where this insidious foe could be effectually excluded. Said a Boston man : "The tobacco-disease is the great disease of our times, and the most difficult to cure. I will give land w^orth a thousand dollars towards an institution for the cure of tobacco-victims." I have recently heard of the bondage being bro- ken bv animal mao:netism. Dr. Dods^e, the well- known magnetic healer at Riverside Institution, Hamilton, 111. tells me that he has produced with some inveterate users of the weed, an utter loath- ing of it, and that this loathing is not a mere transient mood, but an abiding condition, so that the result is total abstinence, unless the enfran- chised slave cJwoses, b}^ the same process as in the beginning, once more to come under the tyrant's yoke. For one who has no magnetic opportunities, but is willing to enter on a warfare against this appe- tite, there is a right phj'sical as well as mental and moral treatment. The dreadful poison has wrought MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 233 itself into the system, and induced a diseased con- dition. And to meet this condition, common-sense dictates hygienic treatment. To overcome the tobacco-habit, plain and easily digested food is strongly recommended, with abstinence from all spices and condiments and every stimulating article. In addition frequent packs or baths are helpful. The baths may be Russian or Turkish, or, if these cannot be secured, an old-fashioned vapor-bath. But in all this, one must keep the will at the helm; he must not for a single moment let go the resolve to conquer^ or the effort will result in a miserable failure. There are some who maintain that all which is needful in order to break from this bondage is the determination and backbone to carry it out. In reference to this. Dr. Ringland, of the River- side Institute, to which allusion has been made, writes : " While it is true that will-power — ' back- bone ' — is the essential quality in overcoming the habit, we cannot overlook the fact that the giving up tobacco causes a disturbance of the vital forces which may properly be treated with reme- dial measures. " The use of tobacco induces many chronic affec- tions ; the disuse of it, one acute affection. The former may be for life, the latter for a few days only. There are none who cannot overcome the habit if they will recognize the condition induced by the giving it up as one of disease, and submit to treatment accordingly. 234 TOBACCO. "If the will is stronger than the appetite, the man, unaided by any treatment, can overcome it ; but if the will has become so weakened that appe- tite is the more powerful, the subject yields his will and appetite prevails. " By the long use of tobacco we have, in the smoker or chewer, a system saturated Avith the poison ; and when he ceases to use it, the nerves become excited, because they are deprived of their accustomed stimulus. To meet this want, the system is drawn upon to give forth the latent to- bacco that has become deposited in the tissues throughout the body. In this effort, it is aroused to intense action. The supply failing to satisfy the demand, a fever ensues, and a nervous craving that dominates the whole being. "What we wish to do is to allay the feverish condition by eliminating the poison, and, by build- ing up the nervous system, to render its action normal, and quiet its cravings. " To accomplish the first, packing in wet sheets, or warm bathing that Avill induce perspiration are speedy and elective methods. To prove that poison can be eliminated from the body, we ma}^ experiment upon one who has for some weeks been using the tincture of iron. Let him l)e packed several times in a wet sheet, and this tincture will be drawn through the pores, so that the sheet will actually begin to rot away. "A warm bath at bedtime, for a few days, followed by a brisk rubbing and the drinking of MORAL AND SPIRITUAL VIEW. 235 hot lemonade, will make the battle with the habit comparatively easy. During the day, whenever the craving becomes intense, two or three swallows of strong, cold lemonade will allay it. If the man be going from home, let him carry a supply Avith him for the time of need. The acid of lemons is one of the best antidotes for this and many other poisons." Medical men who have had large experience in this matter, declare that inMant emanciimtion is entirely safe. Says Dr. Kirkbride : '' I have never seen the slightest injury result from the immediate and total breaking off the habit of using tobacco, and the experience of this hospital is a large one in this particular." Another physician writes : " The struggle of the sufferer may be terri])le — he may even feel like death. But there is no danger of dying ; such a result has never yet happened. Though the pain and misery are intense, their duration is short, and, when once over the bridge that spans the great chasm of reaction, the smoker or chewer can raise his voice and shout : — ^ I am purged of the vile iceed; I am free; I am clean; and as long as Ilive^ I loill continue to be so,^ " But the world is not yet without men who have had " backbone " enough to conquer the habit by sheer will. The head of the eminent house which has electrotyped this work w^as thirty-five years ago a chewer of tobacco. He left that off at the advice of John Quincy Adams, but still smoked. 236 TOBACCO. Twenty-five years ago he lighted his last cigar, and, at the dictate of his own conscience, threw it away unsmoked. The hope of humanity is in such men, who, victorious over their own vices, lead the young safely into paths where all temptations to slow suicide cease to be attractive. No men more than the ex-slaves are destined to prize liberty, and especially if they have won it for themselves. Since writing the foregoing pages there has come to my knowledge a fact in natural history which bids fair to create a TOBACCO-PANTC. A new foe has suddenly sprung up, armed to the teeth, and more threatening to the trade than a whole resfiment of reformers. It is called the to- bacco weevil, and is described as being about half the size of a fly, with a sharp-pointed head, a hard shell back, small wings, and of a dark- brown color, looking like a miniature potato-bug. It is not frightened at tin-foil, but bores holes through it as readily as through tissue-paper, proving itself, in its unflinching devotion to the weed, a rival to man. From The Philadelphia Times I give reports of various dealers in that city. "I found nearly two thousand of these bugs yesterday. They have ruined hundreds of packs of cigarettes ; in fact, my whole stock is spoiled, and every one who inhales the smoke inhales also MORAL AKD SPIRITUAL VIEW. 237 the smoke of burnins: buo:s. I bouo-ht a lot of insect-powder which will kill any other insect known, and poured an ounce on one of the bugs. It simply dug its way through the yellow powder and took to its wings." " These bugs have developed enormously within the last few months, and we are powerless. Every diiy we are obliged to throw away quantities of to- bacco. The loss is appalling." "A bug can get into a package of cigarettes and give no indication of its presence. There it will breed, and perhaps the pack will be alive with larvae and be sold to the consumer without their presence being discovered. The smoker, however, becomes painfully aware of the fact when he lights one of the cio-arettes and inhales the smoke arisinsr from the incinerated bodies of the inhabitants." " The information contained in TJte Times about the weevil has carried consternation into the ranks of the dudes and other misguided persons who spend fourteen hours out of the twenty-four with cigarettes between their teeth : ^ We can't smoke bugs you know, — how can we ? ' So they will l)e ol)liged to smoke 'great horrid cigars,' and no one can foretell the consequences." " The other day I discovered two large boxes of natural-leaf plug entirely ruined. They have caused me the loss of a good many dollars, and with all my experience in the business I can find no remedy. They are the only species of insect that can live on tobacco, and anything that can 238 TOBACCO. live on tobacco can't he poisoned. The only way to get rid of them is to crush them ; and you might as well try to kill all the mosquitoes on a Jersey marsh. The proprietor of a tobacco store on Sixth Street says that, without any exaggeration, he found a million bugs in a ten-pound bucket of tine-cut chewing tobacco. Many others give simi- lar testimony. The dealers, believing that smokers of cigarettes would cease smoking if the facts were made public, have tried to suppress them. One dealer estimated that in Philadelphia alone the loss l)y bugs in the manufactured stock during six months would amount to more than twenty-five thousand dollars. " Two cio^arette fectories in Richmond were obliged to close and move to new quarters on account of the old buildino's beins^ so infested with the weevils that every particle of manufactured stock was ruined. They are so thick there that it is impossible to ship goods which are perfectly free from them ; and if one bug gets into a box of tobacco it is not lona^ before there are a thousand in that box. Tobacco growers have tried to dis- cover the origin of the weevil, but it baffles every effort to trace it and to cause its annihilation." Manufacturers, traders, and consumers will rally their forces and fight hard to exterminate this foe. I trust it is not unkind to hope that their efforts may be in vain. For should this dreaded weevil come off victor, it will prove a delivering angel to myriads of victims suffering from this cruel tobacco- bondage. TOBACCO INDICTED AND TRIED. INDICTMENT. It is a formidable indictment that has been brought against tobacco, but I have sought to sus- tain every point })y evidence from trustworthy wit- nesses, many of them entirely outside of any reform movement. It has ])een shown what a fearful expenditure of time and money is involved in the use of this nar- cotic ; what an interminable train of physical and intellectual evils follows in its path ; how it some- times destroj's the finer sentiments and lowers the whole tone of a man's character, rendering him inconsiderate, selfish, and discourteous ; how it tends to unman and animalize, if not to brutalize. But worse than this is the deep injury it inflicts on the moral and spiritual nature, planting in the system an appetite which not only renders its vic- tim obtuse in his nicer perceptions, but which deadens his conscience, cuts the sinews of his will, and bears him irresistibly onward in a course of vicious indulgence, over-riding reason, charity, love for wife and children, and whatever else would 239 240 TOBACCO stay its progress, and, more dreadful still, trans- mitting a heritage of physical and mental disease even to the third and fourth generation. Certain I am that in all the light which science and medicine, experience and observation, have cast upon its character, the cases are exceedingly rare in which an intelligent tobacco-victim is not sometimes disturbed by doubts as to the rightful- ness of the indulgence. Think, then, of the injury to his moral nature from persistence in it ! The shutting one's eyes against overwhelming evidence, the poor attempts at justification — who has not witnessed all this ? And even where the admission of wrong is clear and abundant, how many fail in their endeavors to reform ! " There is probably no tobacco-user in the world," writes Beecher, " who would advise a young man to commence this habit. Yet against all advice, against nausea and disgust, against cleanliness, against every consideration of health and comfort, thousands every year bow the neck to this drug, and consent to wear its repulsive yoke." The question presses : How shall we stem, if we cannot turn the mighty current ? Shall we petition Congress to pass laws for abating this nuisance ? But are not many of our wise men and our honorables in both houses in complicity with it? Are they not themselves helping to swell the current? Seeing that tobacco-users form the great majority of voters in both parties in this INDICTED AND TRIED. 241 republic, and that non-smoking men are hardly ever found in political conventions, of what avail would be petitions to Congress ? A writer in the Indeioendent remarks : " Those whom we esteem and love share in the indulgence. Our theological seminaries are scarcely cleaner than our colleges . . . and as for the lawyers and politicians, one is under suspicion of being ascetic, mean, or somehow unfinished, if he does not smoke. ^Ye know of some districts where a man could not be elected to Congress if it were thor- oughly known that he disapproved of the use of tobacco in any form." A strong indication of the prevalent feeling is contained in the Report, December 1884, of Hugh McCulloch, Secretary of the Treasury. Here is a passage : — "An article Avhich is so o-enerallv used as tobacco, and which adds so much to the comfort of the large numbers of our population who earn their living by manual kil)or, cannot properly be considered a luxury, and as the collection of the tax is ex- pensive and troublesome to the Government, and is especially obnoxious and irritative to small manufecturers, the tax upon tobacco should, in my judgment, be removed." In view of such a proposal from so high a source — a proposal that entirely ignores moral consider- ations — we might well despair, did we not know that, in the days of our fathers, whiskey was not regarded as a luxury, but as a necessary of life, 242 TOBACCO especially for laboring men. And now, as the Secretary of the Treasury goes on to say, "The tax upon whiskey could not be repealed without a disregard of pul>lic sentiment." But how shall we brins^ about a similar chanofe in public sentiment concerning this poisonous drug? Shall we implore the pul|)it and the press to cry aloud and spare not ? Thank God for all that has been done and is now doing ! Thanks for that fearless champion, George Trask, who fought single-handed till he went up to take his crown ! The pulpit and the press ! The authorized re- bukers of wrong, the creators of public sentiment ! Sorry am I to be obliged to admit that so many of the moral and religious leaders in the land, — the should-be besiegers in this warfare, — are them- selves among the besieged, that it is considered too delicate a subject to be dealt with uncompro- misingly. One is permitted to walk softly round about it, and to touch it very carefully ; but no sword must be lifted, lest blood be drawn; no gun fired, lest somebody chance to get hurt. And all this trembling solicitude lest, forsooth, it might possibly reflect on many excellent Christians, in- cluding not a few ministers, elders, and deacons, and thus injure their influence ! But does our Book of books set an example in favor of such delicate approaches? Does it hesitate to make unsparing comments on the most saintly sinners? Not so do we read it. INDICTED AND TRIED. 243 OBJECTORS SUMMONED. "But the appetite is so imperious." No one can deny this. Its clamor ings are more urgent than those even of hunger and thirst. Neal Dow relates that when Pumpelly, in his tour round the world, found himself and others in a great desert without food or water, they sent off men after supplies. And for what did these famishing sufferers beg, as they hastened to meet the return- ing messengers ? " Food ? We were almost starving. Drink? We were almost perishing with thirst. No, we asked for no food, for no drink, but for tobacco. ^^ While on the Pacific, the vessel went down. Pumpelly relates that as the life-boat, his last chance for preservation, was getting off, he be- thought him of his cigars, and rushed below to seize them, adding coolly, " People who smoke will understand wliy 1 ivas ready and ivilling to risk my life for a few cigars^ Yea, verily, the appetite is "imperious." It is a tyrant Avhose dominion is absolute. All the more reason, then, why it should be trampled under foot. Unless you set upon the tempter your iron heel, it may strike its fangs through body and soul. " With all your assertions and facts as to the injurious influence of tobacco, smokers sometimes attam a great age." Simply quoting the adage that "one swallow 244 TOBACCO does n't make a summer," I will refer to George Trask's disposal of this same plea, when the case was brought up of a great smoker who lived till he was a hundred and four. After making several inquiries, he summed them up : '^ In a word, did he love anybody, or hate anybody, dead or alive, in this world or in any world?" "I think not." "Well, well, your old man died fifty years ago, and your only mistake was that you did n't bury him." An eminent physician remarks that although, owing to the wonderful power of toleration in the system, there are occasional instances of long life amonof tobacco-users, as amonsr drinkinsf men and opium-eaters, yet it is, with rare exceptions, only a dragging, half-and-half life, the natural and moral forces being greatly diminished. There are good men, and men wise in most mat- ters, who say : " Tobacco belongs to the same category as tea and coffee, sweetmeats and confec- tionery, which are to be taken with discretion. When thus used, and in a manner gentlemanly and Christian, its use is fitting and proper." Now let the examples of this discreet, gentle- manly, and Christian use be given, and that so plainly that there shall be no mistake, — examples by which no religious principle is violated, no fellow-mortal harmed or annoyed, least of all, one's neighbor, or friend, or bosom-companion. But, for arofument's sake, 2:rantino^ this immacu- late method, how about those abundant testimonies ^DICTED AKD TRIED. 245 of medical and scientific men to its injurious effects on body and mind ? Can it be doubted that every candid man, however inveterate his hal)it, would be led by a thorough examination to the one con- clusion? Benjamin Franklin affirms that "he never knew a person who used tobacco habitually that would recommend another to do the same." A young man tells me that when a boy he was made so sick by his first and second cigars that he desisted from farther attempts ; and that, some years later, on expressing to his smoking com- panions his regret that he did not persevere till he had conquered his repugnance, they replied, '■ Don't talk so ; for, on our part, we thoroughly regret that we did persevere." Does the victim plead, " I smoke but little, not enough to harm me any, and I can break off at any time ? " My friend, you have little idea how completely tobacco is robbing you of your power. You can break off' at any time? Then, if you are a wise man, you will do it instantly, else the sly enchant- ress may bring you into a bondage where you canH break off. " I, surely, cannot be called a smoker; fori in- dulge in a cigar onl}^ on rare occasions, such as in vacations or on Christmas and other red-letter days." Just enough to temporize with conscience, and utterly to nullify any good infiuence on the subject which you might otherwise exert. An eminent 246 TOBACCO and popular divine, who entirely repudiates all narcotic stimulants Avhile ensfasred in his minis- terial duties, frankly admits that when off duty he now and then smokes a cigar. It may seem pre- sumption in me to comment on this apparent inconsistency in so devoted a pastor and so excel- lent a man, especially as it is claimed that such an example illustrates the power of self-government. But would not the entire subjugation of this habit show a far hisfher desfree of self-o^overnment ? So conscientious is this divine, that I verily believe, if he would look on all sides of the question, he would no longer stand on dubious ground, but would place himself in the sight of all men in the most uncompromising attitude towards the tobacco habit. ''But the poverty-stricken in our almshouses, and the criminals in our jails, prisons, and peniten- tiaries, ought not to be deprived of this comfort. Even some of their overseers approve its use, believing, under the circumstances, that it is a preventive to a worse demoralization." Is tobacco, then, to be regarded as an indis- pensable in such institutions, not a few of whose inmates it has been, more or less directl}^ the means of bringing there? And is this deteriorating luxury to be furnished them at the expense of the industrious and the law-abiding? The inmates need every possible reformatory influence that can be brought to bear upon them. Is this such an influence ? INDICTED AND TRIED. . 247 " We plead for the poor sailor in his isolation from the world. By all means, let him retain his tobacco." The surroundings of sailors are sufficiently un- fiivorable to mental and moral growth without unnecessary additions. There is a tendencj^ to sluggishness in the monotony of sea-life, which needs to be resisted rather than strengthened. Shall the sailor, then, be encouraged to use a nar- cotic which aggj-avates the difficulty he constantly encounters? Though he has the broad ocean for a quarantine, and can use tobacco with less annoy- ance to others and less peril to himself than any other class, shall we not make every effort to free him from the bondage of this appetite, and to devise some resource which, instead of benumbing the faculties and killing all ambition, shall arouse and stimulate? In some of our boarding-schools for boys, we no sooner enter the hall door than we are startled by the sickening fumes which rush forth. So sur- prised are we that we can scarcely gather voice to speak. The boys are evidently learning some things on which we little reckoned, and from a most unexpected quarter. And you, a gentleman, a Christian, perhaps, to whose care a confiding mother has trusted, it may be, her only boy ; you, whom he is accustomed to look up to as his model, are giving him, by your example, his first lesson in this vice ! You surely have not considered how harmful it has proved to the young, so much so 248 TOBACCO that by decree of certain governments, not over apt to magnify moral issues, tobacco in every form has been forbidden in their national institutions. " But my pupils are girls or young women, and my smoking cannot injure them." So be it, if to lessen their respect, and to make your presence an offence to them — yes, and a posi- tive harm, — if in this there is no injury. And what of the example to their brothers ? Let us not deceive ourselves in such matters. The young folks are better logicians than we fancy. What is right for the elder people, they argue, cannot be wrong for the younger. One of the most-needed lessons for the children of this free and easy generation is that of unswerv- ing loyalty to principle. If we would have men and women of character and stability, we must have children and youth who can say No, and say it emphatically and persistently. They must learn that every violation of law, whether physical, in- tellectual, or moral, is sure to be followed, sooner or later, by its inevitable penalty. To all the enervating self-indulgences, the doubtful practices to which they are continually tempted, they should form the habit of giving an instant and imperative denial. Let us have an army of young people thus trained, and the tobacco-warfare will be suc- cessfully waged. INDICTED AND TRIED. 249 PLEA WITH WOMAN. In an eloquent temperance address, Mrs. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, remarked that she had not time then to go into the tobacco question, but that a crusade against it would be the next thing in order, adding, " Gentlemen, your time is short." . Heaven grant that she may be a true prophet ! A woman's crusade would be a more hopeful movement than anything which could possibly be devised. Mention has been made of the Massa- chusetts ordinance prohibiting the use of tobacco at the polls. One of the law-makers Avho worked for this bill writes : " The inspiration for the act came from icoman. And, as in all other matters when woman speaks, she does it on the side of the refinino^ and elevatino: influences of life." All admit that woman has much to do in fixing the moral tone of society. By every consideration, then, financial, hygienic, aesthetic, mental, and moral, all which are ignored, and, to a greater or less extent, violated by the habit, — women, who, on account of it, suffer as but few imagine, are called upon to give the whole weight of their in- fluence, singly and collectively, against it. If they raise their banner, and in the name of God under- take the war, the}^ cannot fail to batter down this grim Moloch past all resurrection. 250 TOBACCO TOBACCO BATTLES. Desperate as may seem the undertaking, there is room for hope, — sometimes, even, when the case seems darkest. Many years ago there was a grad- uate of Andover Theological Seminary who was unusually popular and successful in his ministry for two or three years, and then broke down. He soon became a violent maniac, and was sent to an insane asylum. No one divined that the cause of this wreck was tobacco, or, if this was suspected, strangely enough, he was still allowed to use it. There, in his prison-house, champing tobacco day and night, he paced up and down for twenty years, cursing himself, his wife, and his children, and dealing " damnation round the land." One day, while thus walking back and forth, he stopped abruptly and asked himself, '^ What brought me here? Tobacco," he exclaimed indignantly. Then, breakino^ into tears, he flunsr throusch the s^rating his vile plug, and, looking up to heaven, cried, "O God, help, help ! I will use no more." God listened to his agonized entreaty, and out of the heavens reached down to him a delivering hand. With the dropping of his poison his reason and health gradually returned, and he re-entered the ministry, in which he labored earnestly for ten years, when, with the respect and affection of all, he went into the better world. It may not be out of place to quote the substance INDICTED AND TRIED. 251 of a letter I once received from a clergyman who has passed into the other life, simply exjilaining that the subject had often been urged upon him while he was a theological student : — " I have left oiF smokino:. I indulsred in it till I was thoroughly convinced that it was not only op- posed to the fine socialities of life, but that it was detrimental to health, l^efogging to the intellect, and stupefying to the sensibilities. I will give you a few details of its moral bearings : — " ' If meat make my brother to offend, I will eat no flesh while the world standeth.' A very prac- tical text ; but I was a smoker, and that habit was opposed to the best Christian sense of my brethren, and even by many who Avere not Christians was regarded as a vice. I must waive that subject, lest my people say, ' Physician, heal thyself.' " I wanted to preach upon the dut}- of self-denial — a duty which needs often to be urged ; but the idea of a smolcer preaching such a sermon was simply ridiculous. That must be delayed, then. '^The subject of temperance came up. I felt that I ought to preach upon it ; but I could find no sound premise from which to reason that was not destructive to my peace as a smoker. " I wished to preach on benevolence — saving the littles for Christ ; but my cigar bill faced me. '^ It was my daily prayer that God would cleanse my heart from sin. Conscience would whisper : Smoking is sin. " I wanted to visit my people. Both my clothes 252 TOBACCO and my breath indicated • that I had been smoking. I had a little rather they would not know it ; be- sides, it might be offensive to them. I must stay at home. " I needed two or threv3 hours of vigorous exer- cise ; but I smoked after each meal, and an hour and a half or two hours were gone. A good smoke requires an hour. I had no time for exer- cise, and I soon got so it was irksome ; in fine, I grew lazy. " But I forbear. I don't know how others get along with these daily experiences ; but I could endure them no longer, and I am no longer a smoker. I relate these experiences because I know you have a disposition to troul)le people's con- sciences about this sin ; but a sinner knows best how a sinner feels, and the al)ove items may help you. Besides, I owe you this confession as an evidence of approval of your efforts and arguments for my reform in this matter." Dr. Henson's experience, as related by himself, is most encourasrino: as well as instructive. He had Ions: been in trouble on account of his tobacco- habit, having a sense of personal defilement, and realizing the possibility of coming to " such a pass of palpable filthiness " as some others wdiom he had observed. And along with this, he says, " came the conviction that tobacco-using was against nature; and seeing that God is the God of nature as well as grace, I could not help feeling that in running against nature, I was running against not it only, INDICTED AND TEIED. 253 but Him; and this, I was persuaded, was not a thing to be safely done ; for, however slowly God's mills grind, ^ they grind exceeding small,' and sooner or later, as sure as we live, they will grind exactly all. . . I could not urge my people to ' lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughti- ness,' while the traces of such superfluity were dis- coverable in my breath and on my body. I could not insist that they should ' keep the body under,' if my body kept me under. " More and more imperious grew the demands of an appetite that finally became impatient of almost any intermission in its accustomed gratifica- tion. . . . I endeavored to persuade myself that the Lord did not concern himself about such a trivial matter, and said to myself, ^ Is it not a little one, and my soul shall live ? ' But I had preached from that text too often, and to too many just such sin- ners as myself, to extract much comfort out of it. I remembered that Scripture, ^ He that eateth is damned if he doubt ; ' and I more than doubted, and so was involved in danger. "Then I delil^erately, solemnly, prayerfully de- termined, God helping me, to have done with tobacco at once and forever. " It was just a question, andone of exceeding grav- ity, as to the possible consequences of so sudden and complete a revolution in the w^hole habits of my life. But having decided that it was the Christian thing for me to do, there was nothing left but to do it, trustinoj Him for whose sake I did it to take care 254 TOBACCO of all the consequences. And He did, in the most surprising and beautitul way. " I could no more have made a sermon than I could have built a locomotive. And this continued for five weeks, in which I was wrapped in ' an horror of great darkness, and the very hair of my flesh stood up.' " At length my mind, long eclipsed, came out like the moon when it has swept past the shadow . . . and if my whole life-work is not being better done and upon a higher plane, as I hope it is, I have a * comfort in my conscience ' which is to me of in- calculable value." FIXAL APPEAL. The Levites were required to be thoroughly clean and pure. And even among the lamas, or priests, the rules of Buddha strictly interdicted the use of tobacco. Shall the Christian priesthood be behind the Levitical or the Buddhist? Shall that be allowed in our churches which would not for one moment have been tolerated in Jewish, Chinese, or Indian temples ? It were blasphemous to imagine the ^Master and his disciples chewing or smoking, as they sat to- gether on the mountain's side or sailed over Lake Gennesaret, or passed from the Supper to the Garden. Who does not shudder at the bare thought, inveterate chewer or smoker though he be ! And must we have tobacco-chewers in the Lord's house ! Spittoons in the pews and in the pulpit — INDICTED AND TRIED. 255 a dreadful need-be, or else what is far worse? Oh for some Divine purifying hand that with its scourge of small cords shall drive from the sanctuary all these incongruous, uncleanly sights and smells ! Oh for a breath from the heavenly heights that shall lead every Christian, whether minister or lay- man, to wash his hands and cleanse his garments in innocency of this habi,t ! " It would be a sweet and blessed thing," w^rites one, "if, in addition to all a man's positive works of good in life, he could say, when he comes to die, * I have not consciously done a sino-le thinof, in eating or drinking or pleasure, that I thought had a tendency to mislead or stumble to their destruc- tion, any of those around me!' " This tobacco problem is truly appalling. From the rapid increase of the evil ; from its prevalence among all classes; above all, from the sanction of men high in position, it is threatening us with national degeneracy and degradation. Is it, then, an impertinence for me to make a respectful, but most urgent appeal to every editor, philanthropist, and Christian, to every minister and teacher, to every college and every theo- logical professor, to every mem])er of a Young Men's Christian Association, and above all, to every wife and mother and daughter and sister in the land, not only that you rid yourselves of all complicity with this terrible evil, but that, with downright earnestness and persistence, you- make common cause against it. APPENDIX. SOLUTION OF THE PEOBLEM. The '^Easy Chair" of Harper, February, 1885, replies to tlie complaints of " Clarissa " against gentlemen-smokers. From this reply a passage is '' And has Clarissa done all her duty ? Has she plainly apprised those gilded satellites of hers, ^ who wear the garb of gentlemen, and verily be- lieve themselves to be such,' that they must choose between her and a cigarette, and that they cannot simultanously enjoy smoking and her society? Has she taken occasion to intimate that, in her opinion, no gentleman, truly so called, smokes in the street? . . . The problem that Clarissa pro- pounds can best be solved by her and her friends. There are classes of offenders, indeed, whose smoke can be sta^^ed only by stringent laws, vig- orously enforced. These may be described as ^persons in the form of man.' But that other large company ^ who wear the garb of gentlemen ' are amenable to the influences of Clarissa, and such smohe she and her sister sylphs can suppress,''^ (The Italics are mine.) 257 258 TOBACCO. This is an absolute certainty. If woman only will, she can effectually solve the problem. Will she disregard her responsibilities ? WHY SHALL NOT YOUNG LADIES SMOKE? The following is from ^^The Christian Union" : — "I wish you would tell me if it is 'the thing' for a young lady to smoke ? My brother Will is a great smoker, and he has taught me to be very fond of the aroma of his cigarettes. I think it is just delicious, and I envy him, oh, so much ! when, after tea, he sits out on the piazza and smokes his cigar, and watches the smoke curl away from it in those beautiful little clouds. I have often wished I was a man, so that I could smoke. But Will has always laughed at me. Once he just let me try one whiff of his cigar, and it was, oh, so nice ! — nobody was looking, you know. The other day my cousin Ned was at our house, and he says it is quite 'the thing' for a young lady to smoke ; that thei*e are cigarettes made just for them, and that it is all the rage; and I want to know if it is so, for if it is ' the thing' I am going to smoke too, I don't care what Will says ; for it is just as nice for a lady as for a gentleman to smoke, and I don't see any reason why the gentlemen should have all the nice things; do you?" Young gentlemen, shall your sister, or sweet- heart, or wife offer up her daily incense with yours on the altar of your idol ? Why not ? APPENDIX. 259 A SALUTARY GIFT. In 1868 Mr. James Sugden of New York city, gave to the Trustees of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, the sum of two thousand dollars, the interest to be used for the purchase of books, which were to be divided amono- the senior class in the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church, who would sign a pledge to abstain for- ever from the use of tobacco in any form. The professor to whom this charge was entrusted, writes : — "I have secured from six to ten pledges annually, and in many cases from students who had been in the habit of smokini^: or chewinof, or both. This fund has the influence to call attention to the subject, and it has done much to create a public sentiment against the habit. It may not be entirely owing to this fund, but it is a fact that the use of tobacco grows less year by year among our theo- logical students, so that whereas formerly nearly all used it, now nearly all abstain from it." A NEW VOTARY. A correspondent of the London Telegraph writes from Egypt : — " I have just discovered that my camel is an inveterate lover of the weed. Let any one smoke a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in the compound called stables, and the camel will follow the smoker about, place his nose close to the l)urning tobacco, inhale the fumes with a prolonged sniff, swallow- 2G0 TOBACCO. ing the smoke, and then, thro whig his head up, with mouth agape and eyes upturned, showing the blood-shot whites, will grunt a sigh of ecstasy that Avould make the fortune of a low^ comedian in a love scene. This is the plain, unvarnished fact, easy of corroboration. What have the Anti- Tobacco League to say about it?" I think they would say that the gradual deterio- ration of camels is of far less consequence than that of mankind, and would therefore propose that all the tobacco the world produces should be sent for their use, that by their vicarious endurance of its penalties man might be spared. ANOTHER ESTHETIC FACT. In our large cities much of the cut tobacco is manufactured in mills erected for the purpose. A good part of the material is gathered from the sweepings of bar-rooms, streets, and sewers, con- sisting mainly of cigar stumps and old cuds of tobacco which have been chewed and cast away. Conceive the loathsome diseases thus generated ! EEPLY TO MATTHEW ARNOLD. INIatthew" Arnold's remark about wine-drinking, that it ^^ adds to the agreeableness of life, and therefore to its resources and powders," has hy some been applied to tobacco. It has been the object of this book to show that so far as others besides the user are concerned, tobacco adds to the cZ^5agreeableness of life, and in APPENDIX. 261 its results, later on, to that of the user also, so that, instead of addinr/ to^ it subtracts fvom^ the "resources and powers " of life, as well as from its " agreeableness." SMOKERS IN THE PEW. A lady writes : — " I am hospitably inclined towards strangers in church, but not long since my hospitality was severely taxed. We received into our pew a well- dressed lady and gentleman. I was so sickened by the tobacco-breath of the latter that I was obliged to turn my face entirely away from him, and so from the minister. ' Oh,' thought I, Mf he only knew how disgusting he is, would he continue this?'" '^ ^ Unfortunately, exjsl'uding' smokers from one's pew does not always exclude the tobacco-fumes, for they bear a free p>ass and travel where they list. Nor is the presence of the smoker always necessary, as garments worn in his home often brino^ their accusation ao^ainst him. Will not those who think they "cannot" break from this iron bondage be willing to hold up their experience as a warning, and thus, perhaps, do more to deter our youth from this slavery than the most eloquent anti-tobacco apostle. If ever there was good and sufficient cause for woman's righteous indignation, is it not just here? In the lecture-room, in the concert-hall, in the opera-house, in the small, plain chapel, in the 262 TOBACCO. elegant church, in the grand cathedral, she is alike greeted with that insufferable tobacco-atmosphere. Sickened thus for a whole evening in some secular or sacred assembly, she is sdud at last to hasten out as fast as the odor-pervaded crowd will allow. But even on the street it confronts her, it sur- rounds her, it pursues her. One may well be alarmed, not merely at our social and aesthetic prospects, but for our religion, nay, for our very civilization. Think, dear friends, what we have come to ! Tobacco-Christians at a prayer-meeting talking about self-sacrifice and entire consecration ! Ministers of the pure Gospel sjDitting tobacco- juice under the pulpit, and then dispensing the Word of Life ! Delicate, refined, yea, Christian physicians, skilful, genial, tender-hearted, 3'et persistent transgressors against common courtesy, — know- ing that to sensitive patients this tobacco-odor is highly offensive, yet clinging to their idol ! One may talk about his choice, delicately- perfumed cigars, but to many the smoke, how- ever disguised, is poison. Besides, staleness inevitably follows hard after freshness, and stale TOBACCO — what words can descril)e it? Oh, if gentlemen, whether saints or sinners, — if gentlemen only kneiv, would they not forbear, though it should be cutting off the right hand, or plucking out the right ej^e? APrEXDix. 263 TYRANNY SUPERIOR TO THE RUSSIAN. As an instance of the tyranny of the despot, may be related the case of the Eussian envoy, after a court dinner given in Bulgaria in the latter part of 1884, by Prince Alexander. The rest of the company having withdrawn, the envoy lin- gered in the dining-room to enjoy his cigarette, while chatting with a Russian stall-officer who was in the Bulgarian service. The court chamber- lain courteously took the officer aside, and deli- cately reminded him that there was a smoking apartment, and that to smoke in the dining-room was contrary to etiquette. . When the officer made this known to the envoy, he instantly left the palace in high dudgeon. The next morning, the prince learning what had happened, hastened to the envoy to express his regret, and forthwith dis- missed the chamberlain. Verily, tobacco is king. The narrator of this event remarks : " I have heard of various immunities attached to the post of envoy, but I never heard that they were exempt from the rules of common politeness." If he had paused to think, he would have remembered that tobacco tramples on all such rules without let or hindrance. AN ENCOURAGING TOKEN. The following appeal from the Nevj Orleans Picayune is an encouraging token : — '' If New Orleans proposes properly to care for 264 TOBACCO. and treat the thousands of visitors now here at the Exposition or soon to come, it must abolish, at least for the period of the great World's Fair, an abuse which has grown unbearable here during the past few years — the smoking cars. In the name of visiting thousands, in the name of health, of common politeness and common decency, we ask for a suspension of smoking in the street cars of this city, at least during the Exposition, and we confidently ask the support of the ladies and gen- tlemen of New Orleans in this much-needed reform." FROM DR. W. WALLACE NIMS, OF SYRACUSE. "To say nothing of the scent of tobacco, so offensive to many, the hal)it of using it de- praves the appetite, impairs the digestion, and tends to produce emaciation. Tobacco is a pow- erful sedative and acts directly on the nerves, prostrating the nervous system and laying the foundation for a Ions: train of difficulties. And through the nerves it affects the heart and the cir- culation. "For these and other reasons I consider the tobacco-habit one of the very worst, next, indeed, to the drinking-habit, to which it often leads." SMOKING IN HIGH PLACES. An Episcopal clergyman, who suffered from ill- health, was induced by the urgent advice of his physician to give up smoking. Happening some APPENDIX. 265 days after to call upon the bishop of his diocese, — not Bishop Huntington, you may be sure, — he was invited to take a cigar. He declined on the ground that his physician had forbidden tobacco. "Oh, come in and have a good smoke with me," replied the bishop, "there are plenty of physicians who approve of smoking." TOB ACCO-M ANNEPtS . A gentleman, who with several ladies was wait- ing his turn at a money-order office, ventured to suggest to one in the act of smoking, who was also waiting, that tobacco- fumes were unpleasant for the ladies. " This is a free country," was his re- ply. To some other remark on the subject from the gentleman, he made answer: "If you don't like tobacco-smoke, you can stick your head the other icay ! " "I have reason to think," writes one, "that a gi'eat many persons who smoke choice brands, and who are told by ladies that the fragrance is agreea- ble to them, fail to knoio that old tobacco-smoke is everywhere and alivays a iiuisance.'^ ALAS, FOR OUR " LADIES ! " We have the humiliating, alarming, and almost incredible assurance, from a writer in the Brooklyn Magazine^ that " scores of our best New York, Boston, and Philadelphia ladies indulge in smok- ing, whose names, if given to the public, would cause astonishment." To the rescue, gentlemen ! 266 TOBACCO. ADDITIONAL MEDICAL TESTIMONY. A prominent dentist recently said that the use of tobacco gave his profession more than half of their business. Dr. Zulinski has published, in a Warsaw medi- cal journal, a paper giving the results of the inves- tigations of years upon the eifect of tobacco smoke in the case of men and animals. He declares it to be, even in small doses, a distinct poison. He finds such smoke, over and above its nicotine, to have a second toxical principle called coUdine, with also oxide of carbon, and hydrocyanic acid. Dr. Maxon, of Syracuse, known for his emphatic opposition to tobacco in every form, writes : " Whether operating through the nervous sys- tem, or by entering the circulation, tobacco di- rectly diminishes vitality. And there can be no doubt that the physical prostration it pro- duces may account for the fact that nearly every drunkard first used tobacco." Dr. Maxon also states that delirium tremens sometimes results from its use, the cases of two clergymen thus afiected having fallen under his observation. Dr. O. S. Sanders, an eminent Boston physi- cian : ^'I am full}^ convinced, from clinical obser- vation of forty 3^ears' practice, that tobacco pro- duces blood-poison, and that its effect on the nervous system is appalling. "Its pathological action is through the spinal cord and pneumogastric nerve, afiecting the stom- APPENDIX. 267 ach and lungs, and relaxing and paralyzing the muscular system. "Its toxical effect is to bring on nausea, ver- tigo, and an enfeel)ling action of the heart. " The constant use of tobacco, either in smokinof or chewing, predisposes one to epilepsy, and to symptoms resembling cholera morbus. It weak- ens the memory and sours the disposition. It acts upon the liver, making one hypochondriac, peevish, stupid, and morose, and producing op- pressive apprehensiveness, restlessness, and melan- choly. " It not only vitiates the appetite for proper food, but impairs nutrition, and sooner or later engenders a desire for intoxicating stimulants. It cannot be otherwise expected, for tobacco not only causes general apathy of nerve-force, but produces great weariness, languor, and general debility ; hence, to meet such an extremity, the system naturally craves something more exciting than air, w^ater, and wholesome food. While not all tobacco-consumers are drunkards, there are very few drunkards who do not use tobacco in some form. " One argument is offered as an apology for the tobacco-habit, and that is that it prevents many types of disease. This is an error. Tobacco is not an antidote ; on the other hand, when a man, whose blood has been poisoned, and whose nerve- fluid has become abnormal from the use of tobacco, is attacked by any malignant disease, his chances for recovery are lessened fifty per cent." 268 TOBACCO. Dr. Kostral, in the Austrian state tobacco manu- factory, says that the workers are subjected to many diseases, especially in the case of young women and bo^^s. From Prof. Henry Mills, of Fairview Electro- patliic Institute, Binghamton, N. Y. : — " For about twenty years I was in the habit of using tobacco in all its forms. My whole system became deranged, and there was every prospect of my being an invalid for life. I resolved on eman- cipation, and quit its use at once and forever. My health was restored, and for forty years I have hardly known a week's sickness." In the preceding pages, extracts were given from the Keports of Drs. Gorgas and Gihon of the United States Navy. The following passages are from the sanitary column in " The Independent " for Jan. 22, 1885: — "Surgeon A. C. Gorgas, Medical Inspector, United States Navy, in his article on the ' Effects of Tobacco on Youth,' gives us, in full, the fiicts which led to its prohibition from cadets in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, as it has since also been prohibited at the Military Academy at West Point. When the order went into effect at Anna- polis, the class of diseases, such as headache, dis- ordered digestion, malaise, diminished at least one half in the next three months. The sj^mpa- thies of the professors were in favor of its use, and Dr. Gorgas is himself a smoker, yet he bears APPENDIX. 209 testimony that the rescinding of the order, and the return to smoking for a year, had such unmis- takable results, as that all the officers who had favored the plan of unrestricted permission to smoke confessed that the experiment had proved a failure. " The use of tobacco by youths can never be regarded as moderate. It is generally excessive in the literal sense of the term ; but its effects, even Avhen but little indulged in, are those which characterize excess in adults. The depressing effect of tobacco upon growth, by diminishing the forces concerned in tissue change, its effect upon the heart and pulsation, the disturbance of muscu- lar co-ordinative power, of ability to concentrate the mind upon study, the d^^speptic ti'oubles, im- pairment of vision, headaches, and the retardation of sexual development and disturbance of that function, are conceded by most observers and clearly demonstrated by many. ... At this acad- emy instances of almost all the evil effects of tobacco have been brought to the notice of the medical officers. ]\Iany of the cases of irritable heart supposed to be induced by gymnastic exer- cises I believe to be caused by tobacco. ... If, to-day, a census could be taken of all the boys who smoke, it would surprise, and ought to dis- tress, our American people. For it is one of the facts that has to do with social, moral, and politi- cal degeneracy. "We believe that all licensed tobacco sellers 270 TOBACCO. should enter into obligations not to sell to those below a certain age, and that any person should have a right to enter complaint against children found to be induloino^ this habit. Besides the direct eflect on injpaired physical vigor, there is another view not enough considered, — the power of choice, self-control, selt-restraint. Will-power, in its best sense, is the greatest power beneath the sky. The freedom of the will is far more than a theological doctrine. It is the reserve hope of manhood, and not only decides individual charac- ter and destiny, but social and national destiny also. Our most outspoken quarrel with tobacco, as with other stinmlants and narcotics, is this : that, indulged in so early, they so affect the brain and nervous system that habits become dominant and uncontrollable, which lead to a general loss of self- restraint. We hear much discussion as to whether intemperance is a disease. The real disease that is gaining ground is debility in self-restraint ; it is producing that debility among the young. To- bacco is the most threatening power. It leads often to intemperance, to a general yielding of self-control, and so to many an evil greater than that of physical infirmity." The following is from the widely known Nathan Allen, M.D., LL.D., of Lowell, Mass., who has written ably on Hereditary Dif^eases, Laics of Inheritance^ and on various subjects connected with physiology : — APPENDIX. 271 "I am glad to learn that you are soon to pub- lish a Avork on Tobacco. Having made, for many years a specialty of the study of the laws of health and disease, I consider this one of the greatest evils of the present day. Language cannot de- scribe the terrible effects which tobacco produces upon both body and mind. It perverts the taste, impairs mental capacity, corrupts the moral sense, and stimulates the animal nature. " But its pernicious effects are not confined to the present generation, nor to this life. Its dread- ful evils, through the laws of inheritance, extend to offspring, even to the second, third, and fourth generation. "In view of such facts, that smoking should increase, especially among young men, is alarm- ing, yes, shocking ! I pray that your book may prove a powerful auxiliary in this much-needed reform." OUR NATIONAL EEPRESEXTATIVES. The Committee on Ventilation and Acoustics, in their Report at Washington, for 1882, concern- ing the foul air of the House of Representatives, say : "Attention is directed to the fact that there are in this chamber 216 nickel-plated cuspadores, furnished by the munificence of the nation ; but, for some reason unknown, they are ignored, and the perforations in the brass ventilators employed as the receptacles of expectoration. Your com- mittee reluctantly confesses its inability to devise 212 TOBACCO. measures which will put an end to a y)ractice that lowers the dignity of this august assembly, and imperils the health and well-being of the servants oftheEepublic."!!! In striking contrast to this, we learn that during a visit to the French House of Deputies, Frederick Douglas was struck by the fact that 7iot a member chewed tobacco or smoked. TOBACCO AND CANCER. The following is from the British Medical Jour- nal: — " As to whether smoking may be the immediate cause of cancer, surgeons are not agreed ; l)ut there is a condition of the tongue which is, in many cases, the precursor of epithelioma, namely, ^ leu- coplakia ; ' and this disease is more generally con- sidered to be caused by smoking. Mr. Barker, writing on this inflammation, points out that among seventy-iive recorded cases, seventy-one smoked, and only four were non-smokers. Buzenet used the term ''plaques desfumeurs ' for this disease, be- cause he was convinced that smoking so often gave rise to it. Mr. Hulke has more than "once shown that ^ leucoplakia ' may be the starting-point of epi- thelioma ; and out of the above-mentioned seventy- five cases, forty-four developed epithelioma, and in one only was there a family history of cancer." THE VICTOR VANQUISHED. Since the above pages were in type, Ulysses S. Grant, our greatest American general, whose deeds APPENDIX. 273 have won the admiration of both continents, has passed from earth. His marvellous ph^^sical en- durance, in spite of his ceaseless smoking, has been a standing argument Avith tobacco-votaries as to the innocence of the weed. But even the indomitable soldier could not forever ^^ fight it out on this line" It was early admitted by his physicians that General Grant's disease was epithelioma, or epi- thelial cancer. In his March statement to a Tri- bune reporter. Dr. Douglas remarks : " Smoking was the exciting cause of this cancer, though there have been many contributing causes." Since Grant's death. Dr. Shrady, in his closing summary, says : " It is quite probable that the irritation of smoking was the actual cause of the cancer ; or at least it is fair to presume that he would not have had the disease if his habit had not been carried to excess." The sorrowful end so long looked for has finally come. The grand old hero, to whom our country was immeasurably indebted, and whom she has deligrhted to honor, — whom not tens nor hundreds of thousands in hostile array could intimidate, — this dauntless soldier surrenders at last to a foe which, approaching him in the guise of a friend, he cherished, alas, with his own hand. And the whole nation is clad in mourning. INDEX. A. Abernethy, 59, Abstinence, Examples of, 266. Acton, 90. Adams, John Quincy, 206. Adults vs. Women and Boys, 113. Esthetic Fact, 260. Africa, 152. Alcott, Dr., 101, 144. Alexander, Prince, 263. Allen, Dr. Nathan, 271. Allen, Dr. T. F., 70, 74, 84, 105. Almshouses, Tobacco in, 246. Amaurosis, 73, 96. Amherst College, 39. Andover Theological Semi- nary, 250. Ann Arbor, University of, 50. Anstie, Dr., 106. Antiseptic, 102. Anti-Smoking Posters, 134, 135. Anton, Mr., 82. Appeal, Final, 254. Appendix, 257. Arctic Experience, 117. Arnold, Matthew, Reply to, 260. 274 Assault and Battery, 127. Axon, W. A., 24. Aztec Civilization, 142. B. Bacon, Lord, 86. Bancroft, Hubert, 142. Bancroft, Principal, 223. Barbarism of Tobacco, 171. Barker, Dr. Fordyce, 264. - Barnes, Dr., 103. Barnum's Clown Elephant, 144. Barr, Lillie E., 153. Barrett, Dr., 103. Baseom, President, 182. " Professor, 18. Battles with the Weed, 250. Beecher's Testimony, 240. Bellevue Hospital, 53. Benefits of Tobacco, 99. Bertiilon, M., 35. Blackguardism, 175. Blatin, 58. Board] ni!:-schools, Tobacco in, 247. Bocarme, murdered with Nicotine, 26. Bondage, Tobacco, 202. Bovs in Germany, 41. Bowditch, Dr., 78. INDEX. 275 Brands, 124, 125. Breaking in, 42. Bristow, 221. Brodie, 24, 84, 90. Buofs, what they can do, 287 Bulgarian Envoy, 263. Bulkley, Dr. L. Duncan, 53. Burning of House and Lot, 257. Burton in 1576, 120. C. Cambridge, 39. Camel Storv, 259. Carpentei', Russell Lant, 53, 79, 100, 176. Carjjenter, Senator, 68. Cartier in 1535, 119. Carver, Dr. W. R, 81. Cate, Dr. H. J., 100, 105, 114. Catelain, 79. Chandler, Dr., 104. Cheering Tokens, 213. Chisholm, 73. Cigar-bntt Grubbers, 46. Cigarettes, 44, 46, 47, 163. Cigar Factories, 154. Cigars, Number used, 5. Cost of, 258. Civil Rights vs. Tobacco, 147. Claims of the Trade, 230. Clarke, Adam, 49, Clerical Tobacco, 184. Clay, Dr., 31. Clute, Lemuel, 24. Coan, Dr. Titus, 150, 210, 228. Color Blindness, 73, 76. Commodore Parker, 38. Connecticut Valley, 16. Constan, Dr., 36, 37. Cooke, General John H., 14. Corson, Dr., 79. Cost of Tobacco, 5, 19. Council of Berne, 37. Counterblast, 121. Cowan, Dr., 51, 91. Cowper, 178. Cox, Dr. S H., 205. Critchett, Dr. George, 74. Culture, 13. Cure of Tobacco Victims, 232. D. D.D.'s, Two Reverend, 92. Death from Tobacco, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32. Decaisne, Dr., 49, 68. Delevan, E. C, 199. Delirium Tremens, 75, 158. Delmonico, Lorenzo and Si- ro, 68. Demands of Modern Travel, 166. Dickens, 131. Digging, 161. Diseases from Tobacco, 85. Dodge, Dr., 232. Doolittle, Ex-Senator, 39. Douglass, Dr. J. H., 265. Dow, Xeal, 43, 126, 185. Druhen, Dr., 30, 73. Drysdale, Dr., 57, 73. Dunster, President, 149. E. Educational Effect, 33, 35, 36, 221. Edmunds, Dr., 227. Edwards, Dr. Justin, 199. Elizabeth, Queen, 121. Ellis, Dr. John, 109. Envoy, Bulgarian, 263. Evans, Rev. Mr., 216. 276 INDEX. F. Fashiontible Hotels, 138. Female Devotees, 160. Ferguson, Dr , 33. Final Appeal, 251. Fires Caused by Tobacco, 10, 257. Flagg, Dr. J. Foster, 104. Folger, Sec. Treas., 221. Franklin, Benjamin, 245. Frederick the Great, 121. Free College of New York, 34. French, Dr., 102. G. Gift, A Salutary, 259. Gihon, Dr. Albert L., 81, 94, 268. Girard College, 226. Gorgas, Surge(;n A. C, 269. Gongh, John B., 201. Grant, General, 272. Greeley, Horace, 50, 175. Greeley, Lieutenant, 117. Grimshaw, 30, 54, 101. Griscom, Dr. John H., 148. H. Habit Conquered, 235. Hall, Dr. Marshall, 56, 89. Hammond, Dr., 45. Harlem, 82. Harlow, Dr., 87. Harper, Mr. Joseph, 209. Harris, Dr., 55, 58, 101, 107, 130, 183. Harvard, 39, 149. Heart Disease, 77. Hedding College, 9. Heitzman, Dr., 105. Helpful Suggestions, 232. Henson, Rev. Dr., 252. Heredity, 89, 91. Hiofo^inbottom, Dr., 196.- Hill, Senator, 79, 265. Flilo and Puna, 229. Hofer, Andreas, 85. Hopkins, President, 195. Hovey, Professor, 218. Huntington, Bishop, 17, 197. Indian Converts in Idaho, 227. Indictment of Tobacco, 239. Infection, 52. Insanity, 83, 87, 88. Innocent, Pope, 121, Insults to Women, 145. Intellect, Effect on, 40. Jackson, Dr. J. C, 56. James, King, 121. Jarves, Jackson, 172. Jefferson, 14. Jena, University of, 109. Jolmson, Dr., 126. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 231. Jolly, M., 88. Jordan, Marsh, & Co , 219. K. King James I., 22, Kinnaird, Arthur, 227. Kirkbride, Dr., 235, Kirke, Professor, 83. Kostral, Dr., 268. L. Laws Limiting Use, 12, 123. Leeches Killed, 26. INDEX. 277 Lillebrovvn, Dr., 104. List of Brands, 123. Literary Men, 60. Li zars. Professor, of Edin- burgh, 40, 79, 82, 84, 89, 153, 181. Logee, Dr., 50, 56. M. Magrnder, Dr., 78. ]M:daria. 100. Manufacture, 151, 153. IVIarblehead, 6. JNIarkham, General, 82. Marquesas Islands, 228. INIaxon, Dr„ 266. INIcAulev, Jerry, 200. McCulloch, 241. McSherry, Professor Rich- ard, 34, 73. Mead, Professor, 182. Meadows. Mr., 82. Medical Testimony, 266. " Inconsistencies, 62. Mexico, 152. Micronesia, 150. Miller, Professor, 69. Mills, Professor Hemy, 268. Missionary Tobacco, 197. Moigno, Abbe, 61. Moral Injury, 239. Murder in First Degi-ee, 127. Muscular Force, 80. Napoleon I., 33. Napoleon, Louis, 35. Naval Academy, 37, 94, 226. Neal Dow, 43,126. Newell, Dr., 31, 71. New Jersey, Act of, 42. Newton, Sir Isaac, 40. Nicotine, 23. Nott, President Union Col- lege, 41. O. Oberlin College, 188, 225. Objectors summoned, 243. O'Flaherty, jNIr., 83. Old-Times View, 119. Orfila, M., 31. Oxford, 39. P. Panic, Tobacco, 236. Paralysis, 67. Parker, Dr. Willard, 33, 51, 64, 110, 177. Parton, 179. Pease, Dr. R. W., 57. Petitions to Congress, 241. Perry, Dr., 74. Pidduck, Dr., 57, 93. Pixley, Mr., 152. Plea with Woman, 249. Poison of Tobacco, 25. Ponape of Caroline Islands, 228. Pope Innocent, 121. Pope Urban VIII., 121. ^ Preaching and Smoking, 251. Princeton, 39. Properties and Effects, 54. Protection against Smokers, 126. Pulpit and Press, 242. Pumpelly, 243. Puritans of 1630, 122. Q. Quantity and Cost, 4, 5. 278 INDEX. Reasons for Leaving Oflf, 207. Richardson, Dr. B. W., 34, 56. 69, 91, 109. Richmond Cigarette Facto- ries, 238. Ringland, Dr., 233. Riverside Institution, 232. Robinson, Dr. Charles S., 140. Rush, Dr., 49, 51, 197. Russell, Dr., 71. Rutger's College, 259. Sailors, Use of Tobacco by, 247. Sanders, Dr., 268. Saturated with Poison, 234. Sayre, Dr. Lewis A., 45. Self-defence of the Author, 2. Smith, Dr. E., 78. Smoker expelled from Horse-car, 220. Smoker's Cancer, 79. Smokin2:-car, 136. Smoking Clubs, 165. Snuff, 8". Snuff-Dippins:, 161. Solly, Dr., 32, 57, 100. Solution of the Problem, 257. Sore Throat, 79. Spoor, Dr. Abraham, 75. Stanton, Dr., 131. Stephens, Professor William, 224. Stille, Dr., 30, 70. Street-car Smoking in New Orleans, 263. Sugden, James, 259. Suppression of Juvenile Smoking. 227. Surgeon-General, U. S., 9!-. Swinburne, 62. Syracuse, 6. T. Tanner, Dr., 112. Tatum, David, 51. Tax, 22. Taylor, Dr., 57. Tavlor on Poisons, 24. Thackeray, 179. Thoreau, 137. Tissue, Waste of, 108. Tobacco Census, 21. Tobacco and Drinking, 45. Tobacco Vice Compared with Other Vices, 3. Tobacco More Costly than Churches, 7. Token, An Encouraging, 263. ToAvnson, Dr., 78. Trade, Claims of, 230. Trask, George, 50, 184, 190, 244. Trail, Dr., 27. Tvrannv Superior to Rus- "sian, "263. Tyrrell, 59. Tyler, Rev. Josiah, 151. Twitchell, Dr., 59, 78. Votaiy, A New, 259, W. Wahabees, 266. Washburn, Rev. Job, 209, Waste of Tissue, 108. Warren, Dr., 102. Wavland, President, 9. Weiister, Daniel, 146. Weed, Thurlow, 213. Weevil, 236. Wellino-ton, Duke of, 82. INDEX. 279 Weslev, John, 217. West Point, 226, 269. Wet Sheet Packing, 234. Wiiittier, John G., 14:3. Wilder, S. V. S., 116. Will Power, Necessity of, 233. Wives of Tobacco Users, 156. Woodward, Dr., 88. Worse tiian Death, 235. Wright, Dr., 58. Y. Yale Students, 8, 39. Yorktown Bill, 20. Young Ladies, whv not Smoke, 258. Young Men's Christian As- sociation, 255. Zulinski, Dr Zulus, 151. Z. ,, 266.