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 THE CONNECTICUT 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION "" 
 
 NEW HAVEN, CONN. 
 S. N. SPRING, Forester, 
 
 IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE 
 
 FOREST SERVICE, 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 
 
 LLETIN 174, JANUARY, 1913. 
 
 FORESTRY PUBLICATION No. 7 
 
 WOOD-USING INDUST 
 OF CONNECTICUT 
 
 BY 
 
 ALBERT H. PIERSON, 
 
 Statistician in Forest Products, 
 
 U. S. Forest Service. 
 
 The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Con- 
 necticut who apply for them, and to others as far as the editions 
 permit. 
 
CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 OFFICEES AZCsTID STAFF. 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL. 
 
 His Excellency, Simeon E. Baldwin, ex officio, President. 
 
 Prof. H. W. Conn, Vice President Middletown 
 
 George A. Hopson, Secretary Wallingford 
 
 E. H. Jenkins, Director and Treasurer New Haven 
 
 Joseph W. Alsop Avon 
 
 Wilson H. Lee Orange 
 
 Frank H. Stadtmueller Elmwood 
 
 James H. Webb Hamden 
 
 STATION STAFF. 
 
 Administration. E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D., Director and Treasurer. 
 
 Miss V. E. Cole, Libraria?i and Stenographer. 
 Miss L. M. Brauti.echt, Bookkeeper and Stenographer. 
 William Veitch, In Charge of Buildings and Grounds. 
 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Analytical Laboratory. John Phillips Street, M.S., Chemist in Charge. 
 
 E. Monroe Bailey, Ph.D., C. B. Morrison, B.S., 
 C. E. Shepard, Assistants. 
 Hugo Lange, Laboratory Helper. 
 V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. 
 Miss E. B. Whittlesey, Stenographer. 
 
 Proteid Research. 
 
 T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. 
 Miss E. L. Ferry, A.B., Assistant. 
 Miss Luva Francis, Stenographer. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 G. P. Clinton, S.D., Botanist. 
 E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Assistant. 
 Miss M. H. Jagger, Seed Analyst. 
 Miss E. B. Whittlesey, Curator. 
 
 Entomology. 
 
 W. E. Britton, Ph.D., Entomologist ; also State 
 
 Entomologist. 
 B. H. Walden, B.Agr., D. J. Caffrey, B.S., 
 H. B. Kirk, Assistants. 
 Miss F. M. Valentine, Stenographer. 
 
 FORF.STRY. 
 
 Walter O. Filiey, Forester; also State 
 
 Forester and State Forest Fire Warden. 
 A. E. Moss, M.F., Assistant. 
 Miss E. L. Avery, Stenographer. 
 
 Plant Breeding. 
 
 H. K. Hayes, B.S., Plant Breeder. 
 C. D. Hubbell, Assistant. 
 
NOTE. 
 
 The investigation upon which this report is based was under- 
 taken by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Connecticut 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, the work being done under the 
 direction of S. N. Spring, State Forester, and O. T. Swan, Engi- 
 neer in Forest Products, in charge of the Office of Wood Utiliza- 
 tion, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, 
 D. C. The statistics were compiled from data collected in 191 1, 
 covering a period of one year. By the terms of the cooperative 
 agreement, the Experiment Station is authorized to publish the 
 findings of the investigation. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 Kinds of Wood 6 
 
 The Pines 7 
 
 White Pine 7 
 
 Loblolly 7 
 
 Longleaf Pine io 
 
 Shortleaf Pine io 
 
 Sugar Pine '. io 
 
 Western Yellow Pine .... io 
 
 Pitch Pine n 
 
 Idaho White Pine II 
 
 Spruce ii 
 
 Hemlock n 
 
 Cypress 12 
 
 The Cedars 12 
 
 Tamarack 12 
 
 Douglas Fir 13 
 
 The Oaks 13 
 
 White Oak 13 
 
 Red Oak 15 
 
 Chestnut 15 
 
 Tulip Poplar 16 
 
 Basswood 18 
 
 The Maples 18 
 
 The Ashes 19 
 
 Hickory 20 
 
 The Birches 21 
 
 The Gums 21 
 
 The Elms 22 
 
 Cherry 24 
 
 Beech 24 
 
 Black Walnut 24 
 
 Other Native Woods 25 
 
 Foreign Woods 25 
 
 Industries 26 
 
 Boxes 29 
 
 Planing Mill Products 31 
 
 Sash, Doors, Blinds and Gen- 
 eral Millwork 33 
 
 Musical Instruments 35 
 
 Ships and Boats 37 
 
 Clocks 39 
 
 Vehicles and Vehicle Parts . 41 
 
 Handles 43 
 
 Carpenters' Tools 45 
 
 Woodenware and Novelties . 45 
 
 Miscellaneous 48 
 
 Chairs 50 
 
 Fixtures 53 
 
 Shuttles, Spools, Bobbins, 
 
 Etc 53 
 
 Electrical Equipment 56 
 
 Agricultural Implements 56 
 
 Firearms 59 
 
 Machinery 59 
 
 Patterns 59 
 
 Furniture 61 
 
 Printing Materials 63 
 
 Cigar Boxes 63 
 
 Tanks 63 
 
 Sporting Goods 66 
 
 Laundry Appliances 66 
 
 Butchers' Blocks 66 
 
 Woods Classified by Industries 66 
 Summary of Average Prices . . 68 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Wood Uses by Species 69 
 
 Directory 82 
 
 Lumber Cut in 1910 96 
 
Wood-Using Industries of Connecticut. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Connecticut is one of the most densely populated states of 
 the Union. Its 4,990 square miles are occupied by over a million 
 inhabitants. A very large percentage of its people reside within 
 two score manufacturing centers and depend directly upon indus- 
 trial employment for a livelihood. The various industries 
 include nearly 10,000 factories, with an invested capital of more 
 than a third of a billion dollars, an annual output worth a like 
 sum, and a payroll of some millions. A considerable number of 
 these factories convert the raw material of the forest into 
 finished products. The report of the lumber cut of the United 
 States in 1910, prepared by the Bureau of the Census in coopera- 
 tion with the Forest Service, United States Department of Agri- 
 culture, shows that the Connecticut sawmills cut over 222,945,000 
 board feet in that year. Part of the lumber made in the State 
 is shipped away, and of the total domestic consumption probably 
 one- fourth is utilized in rough lumber and in general construction. 
 The total consumed by the Connecticut wood-using industries in 
 1910, including lumber purchased from other states, amounted 
 to 110,051,323 feet. 
 
 The amount of wood taken from the forests in forms other 
 than lumber has been only roughly estimated, but the quantity 
 of lumber annually milled in Connecticut has been determined 
 for some years. This is the first attempt to follow the lumber 
 from the sawmill through the factories. The information here 
 presented shows the relations between the wood-using industries 
 of Connecticut and her forests. It also shows to what extent 
 the State's native resources are drawn upon to meet home 
 requirements, and to what extent manufacturers draw from 
 outside. 
 
 This report is intended to answer the question of what becomes 
 of the seventy-two or seventy-three million feet of rough lum- 
 ber that are used each year in Connecticut's wood-using factories. 
 It also discusses properties of the various woods that fit them for 
 use in certain industries and the products made from these woods. 
 It gives the average cost of lumber delivered at the factory, both 
 home-grown and shipped-in material. The prices given, it must 
 be remembered, are not market prices, but are merely an average 
 computed from many different grades and forms of each kind 
 of wood reported. 
 
6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 KINDS OF WOOD. 
 
 There are fifty-eight kinds of wood used by Connecticut manu- 
 facturers. Twenty-six of them are from timber grown wholly 
 or partially within the State. The remainder are obtained either 
 from other states, from Canada, or from foreign countries. 
 Table I shows that of the woods listed forty-eight are domestic 
 and ten foreign-grown species. The first column of the table 
 gives the common names of the different species used and the 
 second column gives the botanical names. 
 
 It will be noted that the above table gives the kinds of wood 
 consumed by Connecticut wood manufacturing establishments 
 arranged in order of quantity used. White pine heads the list, 
 supplying one-fifth of all the raw material. Over 60 per cent, 
 of the white pine goes to box makers at a lower price, delivered, 
 than is paid by fourteen other industries using this wood. The 
 most costly grades of white pine are demanded by the ship build- 
 ers and the manufacturers of musical instruments. Chestnut is 
 the most important hardwood used and comes second in the 
 amount consumed. It forms a larger proportion of the forest than 
 any other commercial tree. Why the lumber regions of other 
 states are called on for a little over two-thirds of the chestnut 
 needed is a difficult matter to explain. Nearly one-half of the 
 chestnut consumed by the factories goes into pianos and cabinet 
 organs, the larger part of it into piano cases. No other wood 
 reported is used by a larger number of industries than tulip 
 poplar. Nineteen of the twenty-six report using it. A study of 
 the table brings out the fact that 50 per cent, of the white oak 
 used is home-grown. Boat building uses more of it than any 
 other industry. 
 
 It is surprising that 75 per cent, of the hickory used by the 
 manufacturers of Connecticut grows in the State; for it would 
 seem that the supply of a wood so useful and produced so near 
 the place of consumption would have long since been completely 
 exhausted. Dogwood is not called for in large quantities, but, 
 like white birch, often called gray birch, the demand is met 
 entirely by home-grown wood, as is also the demand for aspen, 
 pitch pine, and applewood. Over 90 per cent, of the butternut or 
 white walnut used is cut in the State. Loblolly, which leads 
 the Southern pines, is sometimes sold with shortleaf pine as 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 7 
 
 North Carolina pine ; and since it is often difficult to separate the 
 two, they have been classed rather arbitrarily. It is a matter of 
 interest that longleaf pine occupies eighth place in Table I. 
 Most of the cypress consumed come from the Carolinas. The 
 Florida wood is also in demand, but Louisiana cypress is reported 
 only in small quantities. 
 
 The two general classes into which woods are divided by users 
 are hardwoods and softwoods. This classification is not based 
 absolutely on hardness or softness, but is an arbitrary distinction 
 which has come into general use because it is convenient and 
 holds true generally. The broadleaf trees are hardwoods; the 
 needle-leaf species are softwoods. 
 
 THE PINES. 
 
 The eight species of pine used in Connecticut make up over 
 40 per cent, of the total consumption. With the exception of 
 the white and pitch pine, the supply is obtained entirely from 
 other states. 
 
 White Pine. 
 
 White pine (Pinus strobus) furnishes 25 per cent, of the lum- 
 ber used in manufacturing. It is found from New England west- 
 ward to Manitoba, southward to northern Illinois, and in the 
 Appalachian regions southward to northern Georgia. In virgin 
 forests the white pine often attains great size, but much the 
 greater part of the timber now being cut in New England is sec- 
 ond growth and often small. Because the wood is light, soft, and 
 easily worked, it has always been in great demand. Only about 
 one-fifth of the amount used is grown in Connecticut. A little 
 more than 90 per cent, of the total quantity made into wood pro- 
 ducts is reported by the box makers and the manufacturers of 
 sash, doors, blinds, and other planing mill products. 
 
 Loblolly Pine. 
 
 The most important of the yellow pines used by Connecticut 
 manufacturers is loblolly (Pinus taeda). It comprises 6 per cent, 
 of the total and comes from Virginia and North Carolina. It 
 makes rapid growth and takes possession of abandoned fields in 
 a surprisingly short time. The wood is generally rather brittle 
 and coarse-grained, its texture being much affected by the con- 
 
CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
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IO CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 ditions under which it is grown. It is used for a great variety 
 of purposes where strength and resistance to decay are not 
 essential. Loblolly is used extensively in Connecticut in com- 
 petition with spruce and white pine. 
 
 Longleaf Pine. 
 
 Over 5,000,000 feet of longleaf pine are consumed annually by 
 the wood-using industries of Connecticut. Longleaf {Pinus palus- 
 tris) is the most important structural pine grown in the South. 
 Shortleaf and longleaf pine form the bulk of the cut of lumber in 
 the Gulf States. The wood is hard, strong, and generally shows 
 narrow rings of growth. Three-fourths of the consumption of 
 this wood reported in Connecticut is by builders of ships and 
 boats. 
 
 Shortleaf Pine. 
 
 Next in importance is the shortleaf pine {Pinus echinata). 
 Much of it is sold in Connecticut mixed with loblolly, as North 
 Carolina pine or as Virginia pine. Its range extends through- 
 out the Southern States, but west of the Mississippi River is the 
 region where it grows most abundantly and attains its largest 
 size. The entire quantity reported was consumed by the manu- 
 facturers of sash, doors, blinds, general mill work, and planing- 
 mill products. 
 
 Sugar Pine. 
 
 One and three-quarter million feet of this western white pine 
 {Pinus lambertiana) was used in Connecticut. It is found in 
 heavy stands in southern Oregon and in California. The wood is 
 light, soft, and easily worked. These qualities make it valuable 
 for the same purposes as those for which the eastern white pine is 
 employed. Only the higher grades of the wood are shipped to 
 the East. An average price of §66.67 P er thousand is obtained 
 for it in Connecticut. 
 
 Western Yellow Pine. 
 
 This species {Pinus ponderosa) is native to every State west of 
 the Great Plains and ranges from southern British Columbia to 
 northern Mexico. The wood is variable in color, running from 
 pale yellow to an orange-brown. It is usually fine-grained and, 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. II 
 
 although naturally heavier and much more resinous than white 
 pine, is occasionally sold as a substitute for that species. 
 
 Pitch Pine. 
 
 Of the eastern yellow pines only one species, pitch pine. (Pinus 
 rigida), grows within the limits of Connecticut. The wood is of 
 medium weight and hardness and rather coarse-grained. The 
 tree has a large proportion of sapwood and is decidedly resinous. 
 Its principal use is in boxes and crates. 
 
 Idaho White Pine. 
 
 This spieces {Pinus monticola) is a true white pine and, like 
 the eastern white pine, has five needles in a cluster. It is a native 
 of the northern Rocky Mountain region. As it is light, soft, 
 and easy to work, it is readily adaptable to all purposes for which 
 eastern white pine is used. 
 
 SPRUCE. 
 
 From the reports received, it has not been possible to deter- 
 mine what species of spruce is used in each case. Doubtless most 
 of that reported is red spruce (Picea rubens) . This is an upland 
 tree found from New Brunswick to the high peaks of North 
 Carolina. Two other species are found in the East; black 
 spruce (Picea mariana), which is a swamp tree and is found 
 much farther north than red spruce; and white spruce (Picea 
 canadensis), found in New England, northern New York, the 
 Lake States, South Dakota, Montana, British Columbia, and 
 northwest to Alaska. Sitka spruce, the largest spruce in the 
 United States, is native to the Pacific Coast States of the north- 
 west. Only a very small quantity of this species reaches 
 Connecticut. 
 
 HEMLOCK. 
 
 The eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is found from Nova 
 Scotia to Minnesota across the northern tier of states, and fol- 
 lows the Appalachian highland south to northern Georgia. 
 Connecticut supplied more of this wood to its wood-using indus- 
 tries than was brought in from other states. It is a light, strong, 
 coarse wood, useful for many purposes, but is used principally for 
 cheap finish and for boxes and crates. 
 
12 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 CYPRESS. 
 
 Cypress, or bald cypress (Tax odium distichum) is a swamp 
 tree of the southern coastal region. The wood has great dura- 
 bility, does not shrink nor warp badly, and is practically tasteless. 
 These qualities make it desirable for many special purposes. 
 Although the planing mills consume the largest quantities of the 
 wood, it is in great demand by the manufacturers of tanks, ships 
 and boats. 
 
 THE CEDARS. 
 
 A number of woods are known as cedar. Those used in Con- 
 necticut are probably the southern white cedar (Chamcecyparis 
 thyoides), with a range extending from southern Maine to 
 Florida, chiefly near the Atlantic coast in swamps and best 
 developed in New Jersey and southward; the northern white 
 cedar, or arborvitse (Thuja occidentalis), growing in the north- 
 eastern part of the United States, now most abundant in the Lake 
 States; the red cedar, sometimes called juniper (Juniperus vir- 
 giniana), growing in all states east, and in several west, of the 
 Mississippi River, but now most abundant in Tennessee and south- 
 ward ; and western red cedar, often called giant arborvitse ( Thuja 
 plicata), common in the northwestern part of the United States. 
 The southern white cedar is employed in Connecticut chiefly for 
 boat planking. The northern white cedar serves well for the 
 same purpose, although it is a smaller tree, and because of wind- 
 shakes and other defects is not so well adapted for lumber. 
 The western red cedar — the largest cedar in this country — is used 
 more for shingles than for any other purpose. All cedars are 
 classed as durable in contact with the soil. The red cedars are 
 so named on account of the color of the heartwood, and the white 
 cedars because of the lack of such color. The red cedar from the 
 South is in much demand for clothes chests because of its odor, 
 which is said to be repellent to moths. 
 
 TAMARACK. 
 
 The Tamarack (Larix laricina) is a northern tree. In 
 Connecticut it is often called hackmatack. The wood is rather 
 coarse-grained but hard, strong, and durable. One of its chief 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 1 3 
 
 uses in the State is for small ship knees. The roots are the part 
 of the tree reported as used in Connecticut, and most of it comes 
 from Maine, where it grows in cold swamps. The best ship 
 knees are developed above old beaver dams, where the made soil 
 rests on heavy clay which roots can not penetrate. When they 
 reach the clay they turn at right angles, forming the desired 
 crooks. 
 
 DOUGLAS FIR. 
 
 Just as longleaf pine is the important construction timber fur- 
 nished by the Southern States, so Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxi- 
 folia) is the great construction wood furnished by the Northwest- 
 ern and Pacific States. It is sold under a number of different 
 names in various parts of the country, being known also as Ore- 
 gon pine, red fir, Oregon fir, Washington pine, and Douglas 
 spruce. The wood is very strong and stiff, and on account of the 
 great size of the timbers that can be cut, and its relative cheap- 
 ness at the point of production, Douglas fir has forced its way into 
 Eastern markets in competition with longleaf pine. It takes stain 
 and paint well, holds nails firmly, and on the Pacific Coast is much 
 used for doors. Its use for interior finish is just beginning in 
 the Eastern States, but appears to be increasing. 
 
 THE OAKS. 
 
 Although the industries of Connecticut demand a larger amount 
 of softwoods than of hardwoods, many kinds of the latter are 
 also used. Among the principal hardwoods employed by the 
 manufacturers of Connecticut are the oaks, which are' separated 
 into two general classes by wood workers — white oaks and red 
 oaks. The user naturally does not make so close a distinction as 
 the botanist, but the white oaks and the red oaks are generally 
 separated in the factories. The user bases the distinction on 
 the relative quality of the woods, for the white oaks are as a 
 class harder, tougher, stronger and more durable than the red 
 oaks. The botanist's classification is based on differences in 
 flower, fruit, and leaf. 
 
 White Oak. 
 
 The most important tree in the white oak group is that which 
 nearly always bears the name white oak {Quercus alba). It is 
 
14 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 common throughout the eastern half of the United States, and 
 is a valuable forest tree of Connecticut. The wood is stiff, strong, 
 hard, and resists decay well. It will take a number of styles of 
 color finish, ranging from pale green, brown, or gray mission, 
 to the golden which is so much admired in furniture and interior 
 work. Its prominent medullary rays (the bright streaks in the 
 wood radiating from the heart outward) fit it for quarter sawing, 
 by which as much as possible of the surface of the rays is exposed 
 to view. Lumber classed as white oak in Connecticut includes 
 several species which are distinguished from one another while 
 the trees are standing, but not usually separated in the lumber 
 yard or factory. Among these are burr oak {Quercus macro- 
 car pa), cow oak {Quercus michauxii), post oak {Quercus 
 minor), swamp white oak {Quercus platanoides) , and sometimes 
 chestnut oak {Quercus prinus). The three last are native and 
 abundant in Connecticut. Eighteen industries in the State report 
 the use of white oak, nearly one-fourth of the total quantity 
 going into the construction of ships and boats. 
 
 Table II. Connecticut Industries Using White Oak. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Ships and boats 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 mill work 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Handles 
 
 Wooden ware 
 
 Sporting and athletic goods . . . 
 
 Electrical machinery and appa- 
 ratus 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Machinery and apparatus, not 
 electrical 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Shuttles, bobbins and spools . . 
 
 Laundry appliances 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Average 
 
 
 b. m. 
 
 cent. 
 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 1,296,625 
 
 23.6 
 
 $ 40.39 
 
 $52,370.31 
 
 932,700 
 
 16.9 
 
 72.47 
 
 67,593.00 
 
 824,000 
 
 15-0 
 
 73.60 
 
 60,650.00 
 
 633,400 
 
 II-5 
 
 32.44 
 
 20,548.15 
 
 362,900 
 
 6.6 
 
 109.05 
 
 39,573.50 
 
 290,000 
 
 5-3 
 
 64.83 
 
 18,800.00 
 
 262,300 
 
 4.8 
 
 47-35 
 
 12,420.00 
 
 242,000 
 
 4-4 
 
 39-92 
 
 9,66o.OO 
 
 234,200 
 
 4-3 
 
 73.80 
 
 17,285.00 
 
 147,000 
 
 2.7 
 
 30.72 
 
 4,5l6.00 
 
 92,200 
 
 1-7 
 
 21.82 
 
 2,012.00 
 
 57,000 
 
 1.0 
 
 20.18 
 
 1,150.00 
 
 43,300 
 
 .8 
 
 20.38 
 
 882.50 
 
 35,ooo 
 
 .6 
 
 19-57 
 
 685.OO 
 
 30,000 
 
 •5 
 
 35-33 
 
 1,060.00 
 
 11,250 
 
 .2 
 
 74-56 
 
 838.75 
 
 4,000 
 
 .1 
 
 25.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 1,000 
 
 * 
 
 50.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 5,498,875 
 
 100.0 
 
 $56.41 
 
 $310,194.21 
 
 * Less than .1 of 1%. 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 
 
 1 5 
 
 Red Oak. 
 
 Of the score or more oaks in the red oak group, one species 
 may be taken as typical of all. This is generally known, both 
 at the mill and in the woods, as red oak, although it is occa- 
 sionally called black or Spanish oak. Its botanical name is 
 Quercus rubra. Other members of the group familiar to the 
 manufacturers of Connecticut are black or yellow oak (Quercus 
 velutina) and scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea). Thirteen indus- 
 tries in the State report the use of red oak. The largest users are 
 clock makers. Many manufacturers report oak without stating 
 whether it is white or red. In fact, the oak lumber which reaches 
 factories is apt to be a mixture of many species, difficult to 
 separate and distinguish. 
 
 Table III. Connecticut Industries Using Red Oak. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts .... 
 
 I,48l,000 
 8l8,500 
 
 384,485 
 199,500 
 I§9,500 
 143,000 
 140,000 
 
 96,700 
 
 93,000 
 80,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 8,500 
 
 40.2 
 22.2 
 
 10.4 
 
 5-4 
 
 5-2 
 
 3-9 
 
 3-8 
 
 2.6 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 
 •7 
 •7 
 .2 
 
 $30.22 
 58.61 
 
 54-83 
 30.21 
 47.82 
 55.38 
 
 45-32 
 
 20.35 
 19.32 
 2369 
 16.67 
 97.04 
 18.20 
 
 $44,750.00 
 47,972.75 
 
 2I,o8l.24 
 6,026.50 
 9,062.50 
 7,920.00 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Electrical machinery and appa- 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Furniture 
 
 6,345-00 
 
 I,967.50 
 1,797.00 
 1,895.00 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 
 400.00 
 
 2,329.00 
 
 154-70 
 
 
 3,682,185 
 
 100.0 
 
 $41.20 
 
 $151,701.19 
 
 CHESTNUT. 
 
 In Connecticut, chestnut is more used than any other hardwood, 
 and more than one-third of the supply is State-grown. The 
 annual sawmill output of chestnut in the State is larger than the 
 combined cut of all other hardwoods. Nineteen industries report 
 its use, as appears in Table IV. Musical instrument makers 
 demand nearly as much as do all the other industries combined, 
 but most of the chestnut that goes into musical instruments comes 
 
1 6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 from outside the State. The wood is light, rather strong, and has 
 a handsome grain when properly finished. The tree is found in 
 the northeastern part of the United States, south of southern 
 Maine. It is liable to attack by several diseases; and just now is 
 being destroyed in much of its northern range by a fungus which 
 induces what is commonly called the chestnut bark disease.* 
 Much chestnut timber is infested with boring insects, which cause 
 the small holes in so-called "wormy chestnut." 
 
 Table IV. Connecticut Industries Using Chestnut. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 mill work 
 
 Ships and boats 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Wooden ware 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Machinery and apparatus, not 
 electrical 
 
 Patterns 
 
 Laundry appliances 
 
 Agricultural implements ...... 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts 
 
 Handles 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Electrical machinery and appa- 
 ratus 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 3,559,000 
 
 839,500 
 
 683,480 
 546,645 
 440,000 
 285,000 
 245,500 
 l6l,000 
 142,500 
 135,000 
 78,000 
 
 44,975 
 20,000 
 17,500 
 15,000 
 12,800 
 10,000 
 5,8oo 
 
 3,ooo 
 
 7,244,700 100.0 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 49-1 
 11.6 
 
 9.4 
 7-6 
 6.1 
 3-9 
 3-4 
 2.2 
 2.0 
 1.9 
 1.1 
 
 .6 
 
 •3 
 .2 
 .2 
 .2 
 .1 
 .1 
 
 Cost 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 $21.58 
 
 37.61 
 
 23-54 
 22.68 
 19.02 
 23.20 
 18.07 
 14.82 
 I3-56 
 22.27 
 
 23.84 
 22.09 
 22.29 
 20.00 
 25.00 
 18.00 
 35-00 
 
 20.00 
 
 $25.82 
 
 Total 
 
 $76,815.50 
 39,017.00 
 
 '25,704.15 
 12,866.71 
 9,980.00 
 5,420.00 
 5,696.50 
 2,910.00 
 2,111.50 
 1,830.00 
 
 i,737,oo 
 
 1,072.30 
 440.00 
 390.00 
 300.00 
 320.00 
 180.00 
 203.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 $187,053-66 
 
 * Less than .1 of 1%. 
 
 TULIP POPLAR. 
 
 This tree is usually called white wood in Connecticut, but is 
 more generally known as the tulip tree, because of its tulip-shaped 
 flower, from which it derives its botanical name, Liriodendron 
 
 * Those interested, and who wish further information concerning 
 the chestnut-bark disease, are referred to Farmers' Bulletin, No. 467 
 of the United States Department of Agriculture, "The Control of the 
 Chestnut Bark Disease"; also to the 1911-12 Report of the Botanist, 
 Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 
 
 17 
 
 tulipifera. It grows in Connecticut, and was formerly more 
 abundant and of larger size than at present. Few trunks larger 
 than eighteen inches are now cut in the State. The best lumber 
 comes from West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and western 
 North Carolina and Virginia. The wood is of fine texture and 
 hold paint better than almost any other American wood. It is 
 light, rather soft, has only medium strength, seasons well, but is 
 liable to warp unless carefully seasoned and worked. It is one 
 of the best panel woods, but when wide pieces are used the best 
 results are secured by three or five-ply veneers. In exposed 
 situations this wood resists decay fairly well. There is great 
 difference between the heartwood and the sapwood; the former 
 is often of a yellow color, hence the name, yellow poplar, often 
 applied to it. The sapwood is light in color, and unless quickly 
 seasoned, is liable to turn blue, which color is due to a fungus. 
 As appears from Table V, nineteen Connecticut industries use 
 yellow poplar, nine-tenths of which is brought in from other 
 states. Musical instruments makers are the largest users. The 
 highest price is paid by pattern makers. 
 
 Table V. Connecticut Industries Using Tulip Poplar, or Whitewood. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 mill work 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Patterns 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Handles 
 
 Cigar boxes 
 
 Machinery and apparatus, not 
 electrical 
 
 Wooden ware 
 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 
 Ships and boats 
 
 Electrical machinery and appa- 
 ratus 
 
 Shuttles, bobbins and spools . . 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 2,113,500 
 1,404,500 
 1,050,000 
 
 590,690 
 
 575,225 
 
 396,365 
 
 205,000 
 
 l6l,500 
 
 140,000 
 
 44,380 
 
 43,000 
 
 38,600 
 
 33,000 
 
 30,776 
 29,600 
 25,000 
 15,230 
 
 10,000 
 8,000 
 
 6,914,366 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 30.6 
 20.3 
 
 15.2 
 
 8.6 
 
 8.3 
 
 57 
 
 3-0 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.0 
 
 .6 
 
 .6 
 
 .6 
 
 •5 
 
 •5 
 •4 
 •4 
 
 Cost 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 $46.72 
 
 57-45 
 35.32 
 
 60.35 
 61.70 
 
 23-94 
 38.20 
 
 43-34 
 21.00 
 91.76 
 22.00 
 22.96 
 46.85 
 
 64.05 
 
 32.74 
 75-00 
 49.29 
 
 22.00 
 20.00 
 
 $47-57 
 
 Total 
 
 $98,748.50 
 81,267.50 
 37,082.50 
 
 35,684.15 
 35,490.00 
 9,490.63 
 7,830.00 
 7,001.00 
 2,940.00 
 4,072.30 
 946.OO 
 
 886.20 
 1,546.00 
 
 1,971.18 
 969.00 
 
 1,875-00 
 704-95 
 
 220.00 
 160.00 
 
 $328,882.91 
 
1 8 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 BASS WOOD. 
 
 This tree (Tilia americana) occurs in northeastern United 
 States and follows the Appalachian highland southward. Half 
 of the present total cut is credited to Wisconsin and Michigan. 
 It is not abundant in Connecticut. The wood is light in color and 
 weight, is rather tough, but soft, and without conspicuous grain. 
 In this State the makers of clocks and musical instruments use 
 much more of it than is consumed by all other industries com- 
 bined. (See Table VI.) 
 
 Table VI. Connecticut Industries Using Basswood. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 Machinery and apparatus, not 
 
 electrical 
 
 Handles 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 
 mill work 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Wooden ware 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts .... 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Cigar boxes 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Average 
 
 
 b. m. 
 
 cent. 
 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 42.I 
 
 $48.35 
 
 $72,530.00 
 
 1,400,000 
 
 39-3 
 
 32.64 
 
 45,700.00 
 
 268,000 
 
 7-5 
 
 31-79 
 
 8,520.00 
 
 137,600 
 
 3-9 
 
 41.61 
 
 5,726.11 
 
 84,518 
 
 2.4 
 
 SO.56 
 
 4,27349 
 
 76,800 
 
 2.2 
 
 41.43 
 
 3,l8l.80 
 
 44,000 
 
 1.2 
 
 50.98 
 
 2,243.00 
 
 15,000 
 
 •4 
 
 31.00 
 
 465.00 
 
 9,000 
 
 •3 
 
 20.00 
 
 180.OO 
 
 8,375 
 
 .2 
 
 3I.76 
 
 266.OO 
 
 7,305 
 
 .2 
 
 39-88 
 
 291.30 
 
 4,000 
 
 .1 
 
 55.50 
 
 222.00 
 
 3,000 
 
 .1 
 
 20.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 2,000 
 
 .1 
 
 22.00 
 
 44.00 
 
 3,559,59S 
 
 100.0 
 
 $49-37 
 
 $143,702.70 
 
 THE MAPLES. 
 
 Connecticut manufacturers report the use of hard and soft 
 maple. Either of these names may include more than one species, 
 but generally hard maple is the sugar tree {Acer saccharum) , 
 and soft maple is the red maple (Acer rubrum). Woodsmen 
 easily distinguish these in the forest by their general appearance. 
 The United States Census, in its annual report of lumber cut, 
 makes no distinction, and although the total sawmill output of 
 the United States probably includes a dozen species of maple, it 
 is all listed under the one name "maple." Rock maple is 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 
 
 J 9 
 
 not a distinct species, but the name is usually applied to the hard 
 or sugar maple. Eighteen industries in Connecticut use maple, 
 the largest users being the musical instrument makers, with 
 chair manufacturers next. (See Table VII.) Nearly 23 per cent, 
 of the hard maple, and nearly 30 per cent, of the soft maple 
 manufactured into commodities, grows in the State. 
 
 Table VII. Connecticut Industries Using Maple. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Handles 
 
 Woodenware and novelties .... 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Carpenters' tools 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 
 mill work 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Ship and boat building 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Shuttles, spools and bobbins . . 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Machine parts 
 
 Butchers' blocks 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Average 
 
 
 b. m. 
 
 cent. 
 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 1,190,500 
 
 30.46 
 
 $42.15 
 
 $50,184.50 
 
 685,000 
 
 17-52 
 
 30.69 
 
 21,025.00 
 
 576,100 
 
 14-74 
 
 22.17 
 
 12,771.20 
 
 240,500 
 
 6.15 
 
 25.00 
 
 6,013.00 
 
 223,000 
 
 5.71 
 
 40.54 
 
 9,040.50 
 
 190,000 
 
 4.86 
 
 25.92 
 
 4,925.00 
 
 167,000 
 
 4.27 
 
 l6.I2 
 
 2,692.00 
 
 131,550 
 
 3-37 
 
 47.0O 
 
 6,183.00 
 
 91,645 
 
 2-34 
 
 28.25 
 
 2,588.70 
 
 80,000 
 
 2.05 
 
 28.00 
 
 2.240.OO 
 
 64,000 
 
 1.64 
 
 33-44 
 
 2,140.00 
 
 63,000 
 
 1.61 
 
 31-43 
 
 1,980.00 
 
 60,500 
 
 1-55 
 
 45-00 
 
 2,722.50 
 
 50,200 
 
 1.28 
 
 40.06 
 
 2,OII.00 
 
 40,000 
 
 1.02 
 
 28.63 
 
 i,i45-oo 
 
 33,136 
 
 •85 
 
 48.57 
 
 1,609.34 
 
 18,930 
 
 .48 
 
 51-45 
 
 973-95 
 
 2,050 
 
 .05 
 
 35-73 
 
 73-25 
 
 2,000 
 
 .05 
 
 25.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 3,909,111 
 
 100.00 
 
 $33-35 
 
 $130,367-94 
 
 THE ASHES. 
 
 Three species of ash are native to Connecticut. Each is named 
 from the color of its wood or bark. They are white ash (Fraxinus 
 americana) , black ash (Fraxinus nigra), and red ash (Fraxinus 
 pennsylvanicum) . The Connecticut manufacturers probably use 
 all three species, but report only two kinds, white and brown. 
 The latter probably includes all that is not white ash, and possibly 
 some of that, for the distinction seems to be based on the color 
 of the wood without much regard to species. The brown ash 
 reported is used chiefly for interior house finish and for planing- 
 mill products, while the white ash goes into vehicles. Sixteen 
 industries report ash, but more is used in vehicle making than in 
 
20 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 any other industry. (See Table VIII.) Ash is valuable chiefly 
 because it is strong, stiff, and hard. It has enough figure to give 
 it value in furniture making, stairwork, and inside finish. 
 
 Table VIII. Connecticut Industries Using Ash. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts .... 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 1,132,465 
 660,000 
 
 590,965 
 206,000 
 93,900 
 82,000 
 8l,000 
 40,000 
 33,ooo 
 31,000 
 
 20,868 
 6,000 
 5-5oo 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 3,5oo 
 
 37-8 
 22.0 
 
 19-7 
 6.9 
 
 3-i 
 2.8 
 2.7 
 1.4 
 1.1 
 1.0 
 
 •7 
 .2 
 .2 
 .2 
 .1 
 .1 
 
 $59-13 
 58.08 
 
 58.09 
 20.02 
 30.40 
 25.12 
 21.88 
 25.00 
 27.58 
 61.32 
 
 48.00 
 54.00 
 40.00 
 53-00 
 35-00 
 20.00 
 
 $52.17 
 
 $66,967.71 
 38,332.00 
 
 34,313.27 
 4,125-00 
 2,854.90 
 2,060.00 
 1,772.00 
 1,000.00 
 910.00 
 1,901.00 
 
 1,001.66 
 
 Handles 
 
 Shuttles, bobbins and spools . . 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Sporting and. athletic goods ... 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Machinery and apparatus, not 
 electrical 
 
 Ships and boats 
 
 324.00 
 220.00 
 
 Furniture 
 
 265.00 
 
 140.00 
 
 70.00 
 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 
 
 2,995,198 
 
 100.0 
 
 $156,256.54 
 
 HICKORY. 
 
 As in the case of ash, a number of species of hickory are used 
 without much attempt to distinguish them. Four or five species 
 grow in Connecticut, and its sawmills cut more of this wood than 
 do those of any other New England State. The country's chief 
 supply, however, comes from the middle and lower Mississippi 
 Valley. Hickory has been called the indispensable wood because 
 for some purposes no satisfactory substitute has been found. It 
 is strong, tough, elastic and hard, and has no equal for long, 
 slender handles, as well as for buggy spokes, poles and shafts. 
 Eleven industries in Connecticut report its use. (See Table IX.) 
 More than three-fourths of the total is consumed by makers of 
 vehicles and handles. 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 
 Table IX. ' Connecticut Industries Using Hickory. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts .... 
 Handles 
 
 1,172,365 
 987,400 
 
 444,000 
 
 105,500 
 50,000 
 25,000 
 
 13,000 
 13,000 
 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 2,000 
 
 41.6 
 35-0 
 
 15.7 
 
 3-7 
 1.8 
 
 ■9 
 
 •5 
 •5 
 .1 
 .1 
 .1 
 
 $41.85 
 23.00 
 26.65 
 
 24-93 
 22.30 
 14.00 
 
 76.54 
 25.00 
 25.00 
 25.00 
 16.00 
 
 $49,062.85 
 
 22,709.00 
 
 11,832.50 
 
 2,630.00 
 
 I,II5.00 
 
 350.00 
 
 995-00 
 
 325.OO 
 
 87.50 
 
 62.50 
 
 32.00 
 
 Shuttles, spools and bobbins... 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 
 Boxes and crates 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 
 Sporting and athletic goods. . . . 
 Ships and boats 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Furniture 
 
 
 
 
 2,818,265 
 
 100.0 
 
 $31.65 
 
 $89,201.35 
 
 THE BIRCHES. 
 
 Five species of birch grow in Connecticut : sweet birch {Betula 
 lento), yellow birch {Betula lutea), paper birch {Betula papyri- 
 fera), river birch {Betula nigra), and white birch, frequently 
 called gray birch {Betula populifolia). Three of these are 
 extensively used, but only two, yellow birch and sweet birch, are 
 of importance in Connecticut. The birch employed for furniture 
 and interior finish for houses is mostly the yellow. Paper birch 
 is the best spool wood. Indians and traders formerly made canoes 
 of its bark, and it has not yet wholly gone out of use for that 
 purpose. The richly colored heartwood of the sweet and yellow 
 birches gives them value for industrial purposes. The sweet 
 birch is so called because of the sweet flavor of the inner bark. 
 Musical instrument makers are the largest users of the wood in 
 Connecticut; but much is made into doors. Nine industries in 
 the State report birch, but generally the particular species used 
 is not stated. (See Table X.) 
 
 THE GUMS. 
 
 Connecticut manufacturers use three gum woods, two of 
 which grow in the State. Cotton gum or tupelo {Nyssa aquatica) 
 and water gum {Nyssa biflora) are not native to the State, but 
 black gum or pepperidge {Nyssa sylvatica) is a common tree, 
 
22 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 Table X. Connecticut Industries Using Birch. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Handles 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Woodenware and novelties . . . 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Shuttles, spools and bobbins... 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 millwork 
 
 Agricultural implements 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Machinery and apparatus — elec- 
 trical 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts .... 
 
 Ship and boat building 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Cost 
 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 Average 
 
 
 b. m. 
 
 cent. 
 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 654,000 
 
 18.58 
 
 $19.13 
 
 $12,513.00 
 
 627,000 
 
 I7.8I 
 
 40.89 
 
 25,636.00 
 
 557,600 
 
 15-84 
 
 22.32 
 
 i2.446.OO 
 
 500,000 • 
 
 14.20 
 
 30.10 
 
 15,050.00 
 
 310,250 
 
 8.8l 
 
 31.70 
 
 9,835.00 
 
 290,330 
 
 8.25 
 
 54-10 
 
 15.705-lS 
 
 198,000 
 
 5.63 
 
 16.40 
 
 3,248.00 
 
 171,000 
 
 4.86 
 
 52.74 
 
 9,0I9.0O 
 
 70,000 
 
 1.99 
 
 20.00 
 
 1,400.00 
 
 43.ooo 
 
 I 22 
 
 45-12 
 
 1,940.00 
 
 28,500 
 
 .81 
 
 19.72 
 
 562.00 
 
 25,000 
 
 •71 
 
 21.84 
 
 546.00 
 
 20,000 
 
 •57 
 
 58.20 
 
 1,164.00 
 
 14.440 
 
 •41 
 
 37-66 
 
 542.76 
 
 10,500 
 
 •30 
 
 22.86 
 
 240.OO 
 
 500 
 
 .01 
 
 50.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 3,520,120 
 
 100.00 
 
 $31.21 
 
 $109,871.94 
 
 while red gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) is occasionally found 
 in the southwestern corner. No native gum wood is reported, 
 however, the cotton and water gums and red gum of commerce 
 coming from the South. Water gum, like the native black gum, 
 is known as one of the most difficult domestic woods to split unless 
 frozen. Red gum is popular as a material for furniture and 
 finish, and lumbermen speak of it as two kinds of lumber, sap, 
 and red or heart. The same tree produces both, but some 
 trees are nearly all sap, while others may be nearly all heart. 
 When cut in rotary veneer around the log a figure closely resem- 
 bling Circassian walnut is often shown, which makes it valuable 
 for table tops and panels. In Connecticut the makers of fire- 
 arms use more than 20,000 feet of red gum yearly for gun and 
 pistol stocks as a substitute for black walnut. The largest use 
 of gum in the State is for sash, doors, blinds, and general mill- 
 work. (See Table XI.) 
 
 THE ELMS. 
 
 Three species of elm are used by Connecticut manufacturers : 
 white elm {JJlmus americana), slippery elm (Ulmus pubescens) , 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 
 Table XI. Connecticut Industries Using Red Gum. 
 
 2 3 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 mill work 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Firearms 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Clocks 
 
 Cigar boxes 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Electrical machinery and appa- 
 ratus ; . . . 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Feet 
 b- m. 
 
 231,505 
 
 210,500 
 
 210,000 
 
 40,000 
 
 35,ooo 
 27,000 
 17,000 
 14,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 792,505 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 29.2 
 
 26.6 
 
 26.5 
 
 5-i 
 
 4-4 
 
 3-4 
 
 2.1 
 
 1.8 
 
 .6 
 
 •3 
 
 Cost 
 
 Average 
 
 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 $50.40 
 
 $11,668.23 
 
 45-21 
 
 9,517-50 
 
 44-50 
 
 9,345-00 
 
 34.00 
 
 1,360.00 
 
 45-00 
 
 i,575-oo 
 
 32.91 
 
 888.50 
 
 45-88 
 
 780.00 
 
 34-00 
 
 476.00 
 
 43.00 
 
 215.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 62.50 
 
 $45,28 
 
 $35,887.73 
 
 and cork elm (Ulmus racemosa), the last not being found in the 
 State. Little effort is made to separate' the species. Rock elm 
 is a name given to hard, tough wood, but it does not apply to 
 any particular species ; it may be any one of the three. Musical 
 instrument makers use about one-half of the elm reported 
 used in the State. The rest is divided among a number of 
 industries. (See Table XII.) Cigar boxes took 93,500 feet, 
 although elm is rarely reported by that industr)^. 
 
 Table XII. Connecticut Industries Using Elm. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Cost 
 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 Total 
 
 Cigar boxes 
 
 638,000 
 
 256,000 
 
 156,000 
 
 93,500 
 
 50,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 l8,70O 
 10,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 3,500 
 
 3,000 
 1,200 
 
 50.80 
 
 20.38 
 
 12.42 
 
 7-44 
 
 3-98 
 
 i-59 
 
 1.49 
 .80 
 .48 
 .28 
 .24 
 .10 
 
 $4I.l8 
 26.72 
 43-88 
 52.41 
 25.OO 
 40.00 
 
 43.61 
 18.OO 
 20.00 
 
 54-29 
 20.00 
 16.00 
 
 $26,270.00 
 6,840.90 
 6,845.00 
 4,900.00 
 1,250.00 
 
 Woodenware and novelties . . . 
 Chairs 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 
 815.50 
 180.00 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 Furniture 
 
 190.00 
 60.00 
 19.20 
 
 
 1,255,900 
 
 100.00 
 
 $38.45 
 
 $48,290.60 
 
24 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
 CHERRY. 
 
 Practically all of the cherry lumber of this country comes from 
 a single species (Prunus serotina), generally known as wild or 
 black cherry. The fine color of the heartwood gives it much 
 value for many purposes. Twelve industries in Connecticut 
 report its use, but nearly half goes into professional and scien- 
 tific instruments, the next largest use being for handles. The 
 best original stands of cherry in the United States were found 
 through western New York, southward through Pennsylvania 
 and West Virginia. It is not an important timber tree in Con- 
 necticut, but small quantities are cut by many mills. (See Table 
 XIII.) 
 
 Table XIII. Connecticut Industries Using Cherry. 
 
 NAME OF INDUSTRY 
 
 Prof, and scientific instruments 
 
 Handles 
 
 Planing mill products 
 
 Musical instruments 
 
 Printing materials 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Wooden ware 
 
 Sash, doors, blinds and general 
 
 mill work 
 
 Fixtures 
 
 Patterns 
 
 Vehicles and vehicle parts .... 
 Ships and boats 
 
 Quantity- 
 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 37S,ooo 
 120,000 
 100,000 
 89,000 
 45,000 
 25,000 
 20,000 
 
 13,000 
 6,500 
 1,300 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 796,800 1 00.0 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 47.1 
 I5.I 
 12.6 
 1 1.2 
 5-6 
 
 3-1 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.6 
 .8 
 .2 
 .1 
 .1 
 
 Cost 
 
 Average 
 per 1000 
 
 P 57-50 
 20.17 
 97-50 
 88.65 
 81.78 
 120.00 
 20.00 
 
 112.31 
 
 45-23 
 
 120.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 $63.62 
 
 Total 
 
 £21,562.50 
 2,420.00 
 9,750.00 
 7,89C.OO 
 3,680.00 
 
 3,000.00 
 400.00 
 
 1,460.00 
 
 294.00 
 
 156.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 60.00 
 
 $50,692.50 
 
 BEECH. 
 
 The one species of beech native to this country is common east 
 of the Mississippi River. The wood is hard, heavy, and strong, 
 and is used extensively for carpenter's tools and scientific instru- 
 ments. It polishes well, but is apt to check in seasoning. Over 
 50 per cent, of the amount used in Connecticut is grown in the 
 State. 
 
 BLACK WALNUT. 
 
 This wood is cut in more than thirty states, but is no longer 
 abundant anywhere. Very large trees once grew in Connecticut, 
 
KINDS OF WOOD. 25 
 
 and a small amount is still cut in the sawmills of the State. It 
 has dropped from the important place it once held as a furniture 
 and cabinet wood, partly because of scarcity and partly because 
 of change in fashion. An important use for walnut in Connect- 
 icut is for gun stocks. Its handsome color, sufficient strength, 
 and medium weight fit it for that product. The heartwood of 
 butternut (Juglans cinerea) resembles black walnut in grain, but 
 is not so dark in color. It grows in Connecticut but is not 
 plentiful. 
 
 OTHER NATIVE WOODS. 
 
 Small amounts of several other native hardwoods are used in 
 Connecticut, besides those already mentioned. For example, 
 persimmon and dogwood are regarded as the best shuttle woods 
 of this country. Dogwood grows abundantly in the State, but 
 usually the commercial supply of both woods comes from regions 
 further south, as does the small amount of cottonwood also 
 reported. 
 
 FOREIGN WOODS. 
 
 Mahogany is imported in large quantities, and made into furni- 
 ture, finish, and musical instruments. The true mahogany, a 
 tropical American tree (Swietenia mahagani), is found in the 
 United States only in the extreme south of Florida. There are 
 other woods which in commerce pass for mahogany. One of the 
 most widely used comes from Africa, another from the United 
 States of Colombia, and others from the Philippines and from 
 India. 
 
 Spanish cedar, from Cuba, Mexico and Central America, 
 appears to have no general use in this country, except for cigar 
 boxes. Its aromatic odor, subdued pleasing color, lightness, the 
 ease with which it may be worked, together with its comparative 
 cheapness, make it a favorite with cigar-box makers. It is sur- 
 prising that more Spanish cedar was not reported, as cigar mak- 
 ing is an important industry in Connecticut, and cigar boxes are 
 in great demand. 
 
 Several other foreign hardwoods are purchased by Connecticut 
 manufacturers. Boxwood from the West Indies is substituted 
 for the more costly Turkish boxwood. Cocobola comes from 
 Central America and northern South America; rosewood from 
 
26 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Brazil ; lignum- vitas from the West Indies ; ebony from Mada- 
 gascar and Ceylon, and teak from British India and Burma. 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The various woods demanded by the Connecticut manufactur- 
 ers are listed and discussed on the preceding pages. The indus- 
 tries using these woods, the extent to which they are used, and 
 the qualities which make them valuable will next be considered. 
 There are twenty-six Connecticut industries listed in Table XIV. 
 
 Table XIV. Consumption of Wood 
 
 INDUSTRY 
 
 Rank 
 
 1 Boxes and crates 
 
 2 Planing mill products 
 
 3 Sash, doors, blinds and general millwork 
 
 4 Musical instruments 
 
 5 Ships and boats 
 
 6 Clocks 
 
 7 Vehicles and vehicle parts 
 
 8 Handles 
 
 9 Carpenters' tools 
 
 10 Woodenware and novelties 
 
 1 1 Miscellaneous 
 
 12 Chairs 
 
 13 Fixtures 
 
 14 Shuttles, spools, bobbins, etc 
 
 15 Electrical apparatus 
 
 16 Agricultural implements ....■' 
 
 17 Firearms 
 
 18 Machine 
 
 19 Patterns 
 
 20 Furniture 
 
 21 Printing materials 
 
 22 Cigar boxes 
 
 23 Tanks 
 
 24 Sporting and athletic goods 
 
 25 Laundry appliances 
 
 26 Butchers' blocks 
 
 Totals 
 
 * Less than 1-100 of one per cent. 
 
 Quantity used 
 
 annually 
 
 Feet 
 
 Per 
 
 b. m. 
 
 cent. 
 
 24,411,090 
 
 22.18 
 
 23,011,000 
 
 20.91 
 
 17,299,570 
 
 15-72 
 
 II,8lI,927 
 
 10.73 
 
 7,084,354 
 
 6.44 
 
 4,76l,590 
 
 4-33 
 
 4,392,010 
 
 3-99 
 
 3,484,320 
 
 3-17 
 
 2,190,531 
 
 1.99 
 
 1,746,800 
 
 i-59 
 
 1,686,000 
 
 1-53 
 
 1,622,500 
 
 i-47 
 
 1,036,245 
 
 •94 
 
 1,023,450 
 
 •93 
 
 793,000 
 
 .72 
 
 741,000 
 
 •67 
 
 603,431 
 
 •55 
 
 554,751 
 
 •50 
 
 512,905 
 
 •47 
 
 489,238 
 
 ■45 
 
 289,936 
 
 .26 
 
 209,500 
 
 .19 
 
 154,825 
 
 .14 
 
 110,300 
 
 .10 
 
 29,000 
 
 •03 
 
 2,050 
 
 * 
 
 110,051,323 
 
 100.00 
 
 Average 
 cost per 
 1000 ft. 
 f. o. b. 
 factory 
 
 $21.11 + 
 37-33+ 
 42.87 
 49-13— 
 40.93— 
 
 35.SI+ 
 
 48.55— 
 
 33-31 
 
 68.47— 
 
 24-55+ 
 
 38.66- 
 
 35-92+ 
 
 48.70 
 
 27-65 
 
 36.17— 
 
 21.89— 
 67.11 
 
 39-90 
 
 65-73— 
 
 35-93+ 
 
 41.26 — 
 
 60.94 
 
 39-51+ 
 
 22.68+ 
 
 27-93 
 
 35-73 
 
 $37.o8 
 
INDUSTRIES. 
 
 27 
 
 To maintain uniformity in the reports, the same classification is 
 here followed that has been used in preparing similar reports for 
 other- states. Connecticut is surpassed by many states in the 
 amount of wood used for manufacturing purposes, but only six 
 of the twenty states already studied exceed Connecticut in the 
 number of industries and the diversity of manufactured wood 
 products. 
 
 Whenever more than three manufacturers in the State specialize 
 in the making of a certain commodity, or closely related commodi- 
 ties, their specialty is classed as an industry. For instance, the 
 
 in Connecticut — By Industries. 
 
 
 Grown in Connecticut 
 
 Grown 
 
 out of Connecticut 
 
 Total 
 
 cost 
 
 f. 0. b. 
 
 factory 
 
 Quantity 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 Average 
 cost per 
 
 1000 ft. 
 
 f . 0. b. 
 
 factory 
 
 $19.14 
 24.49 
 29.38 
 21.05 
 
 32.76+ 
 
 Total 
 
 cost 
 
 f. 0. b. 
 
 factory 
 
 Ouantity 
 Feet 
 b. m. 
 
 Average 
 cost per 
 
 1000 ft. 
 
 f. 0. b. 
 
 factory 
 
 Total 
 
 cost 
 
 f. 0. b. 
 
 factory 
 
 $515,431.70 
 859,107.00 
 741,641.07 
 580,284.15 
 289,962.27 
 
 5,330,865 
 
 1,050,500 
 
 852,000 
 
 331,000 
 
 1,789,670 
 
 $102,033.57 
 
 25,725.50 
 
 25,032.00 
 
 6,968.00 
 
 58,636.27 
 
 19,080,225 
 21,960,500 
 16,447,570 
 11,480,927 
 5,294,684 
 
 $21.67— 
 37-95— 
 43-57— 
 49-94— 
 43-69— 
 
 $413,398.13 
 833,381.50 
 716,609.07 
 
 573,316.15 
 231,326.00 
 
 167,309.80 
 213,224.32 
 1 16,065.60 
 I49,982./5 
 42,889.70 
 
 724,500 
 
 2,l86,095 
 
 2,339,900 
 
 348,450 
 
 632,000 
 
 I9.I8— 
 30.71— 
 
 20.70 — 
 
 20.71 — 
 18.16+ 
 
 13,895-00 
 67,129.15 
 48,426.70 
 
 7,214-95 
 11,534.00 
 
 4,037,090 
 2,205,915 
 1,144,420 
 1,842,081 
 I,III,800 
 
 38.00 
 66.23 — 
 59-IO+ 
 77-50+ 
 28.20 
 
 153,414.80 
 
 146,095.17 
 
 67,638.90 
 
 142,767.80 
 
 31,355-70 
 
 65,177.00 
 58,287.50 
 50,463.56 
 28,298.50 
 28,680.00 
 
 434,000 
 327,000 
 140,500 
 450,500 
 213,000 
 
 19.98 
 34-82- 
 
 20.54+ 
 
 26.62 
 
 20.23+ 
 
 8,672.00 
 11,385.00 
 
 2,886.50 
 11,540.00 
 
 4,310.00 
 
 1,252,000 
 
 1,295,500 
 
 895,745 
 
 572,950 
 
 580,000 
 
 45-I3+ 
 36.20+ 
 
 53-H+ 
 
 29.25 
 
 42.02 
 
 56,505.00 
 46,902.50 
 47,577.06 
 16,758.50 
 24,370.00 
 
 16,220.00 
 40,496.00 
 22,135.07 
 33,7II.6l 
 27,364.95 
 
 666,000 
 
 69,975 
 117,227 
 134,700 
 
 l8.l6 
 
 26.90 
 
 22.57— 
 
 18.27— 
 
 12,095.00 
 
 75,ooo 
 603,431 
 484,776 
 395,678 
 354,538 
 
 55-00 
 67.11 
 41-78- 
 78.71+ 
 ■ 70.24+ 
 
 4,125.00 
 40,496.00 
 
 1,882.30 
 2,645.68 
 2,460.70 
 
 20,252.77 
 
 31,065.93 
 24,904.25 
 
 11,962.34 
 
 12,767.00 
 
 6,117-75 
 
 2,502.00 
 
 SlO.OO 
 
 73-25 
 
 5,8oo 
 
 2,500 
 
 110,000 
 
 18,500 
 
 2,050 
 
 35-00 
 
 28.00 
 22.50 
 23.78+ 
 
 35-73 
 
 203.00 
 
 284,136 
 
 209,500 
 
 152,325 
 
 300 
 
 10,500 
 
 41-39— 
 
 60.94 
 39-70 
 90.00 
 35-24— 
 
 11,759-34 
 12,767.00 
 
 70.00 
 
 2,475.00 
 
 440.00 
 
 73-25 
 
 6,04775 
 
 27.00 
 
 370.00 
 
 
 
 
 $4,080,964.89 
 
 18,279,732 
 
 $23,40 
 
 $427,733-57 
 
 91,771,591 
 
 $39-81— 
 
 $3,653,23i-32 
 
28 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174 
 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 29 
 
 cigar box manufacturers make one kind of container, the trunk 
 manufacturers another, and the casket manufacturers, in their 
 outer cases or rough boxes, still another. Instead of listing these 
 several products as "Boxes," they are classified under the separate 
 titles. The same rule accounts for noting the manufacture of 
 chairs as distinct from furniture making, but in several cases 
 the classifications run so closely together that a distinction is 
 difficult to make. Because of this fact, an arbitrary division of 
 the data is sometimes unavoidable. These cases will be pointed 
 out later on under 'the discussion of the individual industry 
 tables. In many cases, the information given by a single manu- 
 facturer relates to the making of products listed under several 
 different industries. This explains the frequent appearance in 
 the directory of this report of the names of the same manu- 
 facturer under more than one industry heading. Several small 
 industries, in which no more than two establishments reported, 
 are grouped together under the caption "Miscellaneous." 
 
 Over $4,000,000 a year is paid by the Connecticut wood users 
 for their raw material. Less than 15 per cent, of this is paid 
 for home-grown woods. This leaves more than $3,500,000 as the 
 sum which Connecticut thus pays out each year to other states. 
 In not a ' few instances, this purchase money is expended for 
 material which might be produced in the State. 
 
 BOXES. 
 
 In Connecticut more lumber is used for boxes and crates than 
 for any other class of wood products, but the cost of the box 
 material, over $500,000, was considerably less than the cost of 
 lumber reported by industries using smaller quantities. The 
 musical instrument makers, for instance, paid $65,000 more, and 
 used less than one-half of the quantity, while the sash and door 
 factories used nearly 6,000,000 feet less but paid $200,000 more. 
 Much of the material used for boxes is of the cheaper grades, 
 as shown by the fact that the average price, $21.11 per thousand 
 feet, is lower than that for raw material reported by any of the 
 other twenty-five classes of manufacturers. 
 
 The statistics in Table XV include the material used not only 
 by box factories but also by box-making departments of other 
 manufacturing industries, which produce packages and crates to 
 
SO CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 31 
 
 meet their own requirements only. In the directory appended to 
 this report, box factories are designated by an asterisk (•*) . There 
 is a class of box makers who purchase their material in the form 
 of shooks or knocked-down boxes ; these are manufacturers only 
 in that they assemble or nail the parts together. This class of 
 box makers was. not asked to make a report, since information 
 concerning the material used by them will be secured from the 
 shook makers and appear in the report of the particular State 
 in which their several factories are in operation. 
 
 Twenty-one different woods are used in Connecticut for boxes 
 and crates, and the entire supply of only five was reported as 
 home-grown, while nine kinds came entirely from other states. 
 White pine, which is one of the three principal box woods in the 
 country, made up nearly 70 per cent, of the total quantity used 
 in Connecticut. It is used not only for common nailed boxes, 
 shooks, and crates, but also for lock-cornered and dove-tailed 
 boxes. 
 
 The quantity of cotton gum or tupelo consumed was probably 
 greater than that shown in the table, as cotton gum, like water 
 gum, is often called black gum and, in a few cases, it was diffi- 
 cult to determine from the manufacturers' report which of the 
 two species was used. That these two woods should have been 
 used in greater amounts than was loblolly pine is somewhat sur- 
 prising, since they grow in the same region with loblolly, mostly 
 in Virginia and North Carolina. In these states the quantity 
 of loblolly used for boxes exceeds many fold the quantity of 
 tupelo and black gum used. In Connecticut the largest demand 
 for native pitch pine is from the box makers who use it for 
 rough crating and cheap boxes. The amount of chestnut lumber 
 used for this purpose is surprisingly low, since this tree is more 
 abundant in Connecticut than any other and, next to soft maple, 
 which is used only in small amounts, it is the cheapest wood 
 purchased. Of the twenty-one states in which similar studies 
 have been made, Connecticut alone reports the use of hickory by 
 box factories. 
 
 PLANING-MILL PRODUCTS. 
 
 It is difficult to distinguish definitely between an industry 
 making ordinary planing-mill products and one making sash, 
 
32 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 33 
 
 doors, blinds, or doing; a general millwork business. The former 
 industry includes those products which can be manufactured for 
 general use, such as flooring, siding, ceiling, partitions, and stock 
 moulding-, while under the latter industry are listed commodities 
 made for a particular purpose, usually according to a design or 
 drawing. This separation may seem unnecessary in Connecticut 
 where the products of both industries are manufactured by the 
 same class of establishments, but to make this report compara- 
 ble with those from other states, a uniform method of classifica- 
 tion is followed. In many states planing mills are operated in 
 connection with sawmills, and where this is the case, the planing 
 mills make products quite distinct from those of the sash and 
 general millwork factories. 
 
 Large quantities of the planing-mill products used in Connect- 
 icut are brought into the State already manufactured, but infor- 
 mation relating to this class of material was not asked for and 
 is not included in the statistics of Table XVI. 
 
 Loblolly pine leads all other woods in the quantity used. Its 
 cheapness, ease of working, and attractive figure account for its 
 popularity with this class of manufacturers. Shortleaf often 
 grows in the same region with loblolly and the two woods are 
 so similar in quality and appearance that they are sold together 
 as North Carolina pine, or sometimes as Virginia pine. Loblolly 
 makes up more than 75 per cent, of the mixture. 
 
 Over 95 per cent, of the wood shown in the table grew outside 
 of Connecticut, while only two kinds were reported as grown 
 entirely at home. These two were hemlock and pitch pine. The 
 amount of waste at planing mills is very large, and in Connecticut 
 few manufacturers report any use of this waste other than for 
 fuel, except that shavings and sawdust occasionally serve for 
 bedding and for ice packing. 
 
 SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILLWORK. 
 
 Table XVII lists thirty-one kinds of wood that are used not 
 only for sash, doors, and blinds, but for mouldings, casings, stair 
 and porch work, screens, consoles, mantels, and other commodi- 
 ties for house building. These products are made up to fit a 
 particular design and thus differ from the material listed in 
 Table XVI as planing-mill products, which are made for general 
 
34 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. I74. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 35 
 
 use. More than 30 per cent, of the wood used is white pine, 
 which has a greater number of uses in this industry than 
 any other wood reported. Formerly white pine from New Eng- 
 land and the Lake States was the only wood used for making 
 sash, doors and blinds in Connecticut, but in later years the 
 growing scarcity of the upper grades of this wood has resulted 
 in the substitution of sugar pine, Idaho white pine, and Western 
 yellow pine, woods which are similar in appearance and quality 
 to white pine, and are often sold as Western white pine. The 
 large quantity of these Western woods used in Connecticut is 
 due to the fact that only upper grades can be shipped so far, and 
 these sell at lower prices . than similar grades of Eastern white 
 pine. 
 
 Cypress is the second wood of importance in this industry, 
 most of it coming from the Carolinas and Florida. It goes into 
 doors, stair work and interior finish, and is used more than any 
 other wood fpr outside casing, cornice and porch work. Douglas 
 fir from the Pacific Coast competes with cypress, more par- 
 ticularly for exterior work. The price of the Western wood is 
 only $6.34 more than the average cost of cypress. Loblolly pine 
 and a small amount of shortleaf pine, which are sold together as 
 North Carolina and longleaf pine, have a substantial place in this 
 industry. These three woods are the important members of the 
 yellow pine family, and their annual consumption aggregates over 
 a million and three-quarter feet in the sash and door industry. 
 
 Among the hardwoods used chiefly for interior finish, the oaks 
 are the most important, white oak greatly exceeding red oak in 
 quantity. The ornamental figure and cheapness of chestnut make 
 it the most popular for this use next to oak. The other woods 
 listed in the table are used only in small amounts. Their num- 
 ber is due to the fact that different woods are selected to suit 
 the designs and color schemes of the particular jobs in which 
 they are to be used. 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Table XVIII shows the material used in making pianos, and 
 cabinet and church organs, the large part going into the former 
 product. Thirteen manufacturers supplied the information listed. 
 Some piano makers specialize in building cases, while others 
 
36 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 37 
 
 make only the actions and keys. Another class, not included in 
 this study, buy their cases of one manufacturer, their actions of 
 another, their sounding boards of a third, and their hardware of 
 ' the piano-hardware dealers, while their manufacturing operations 
 consist merely in putting these parts together. 
 
 Chestnut, which is the favorite wood for veneer cores or back- 
 ing, is the principal species reported in use by the Connecticut 
 piano makers and organ builders. It goes almost entirely into 
 cases, especially piano cases, and for this use, as in many other 
 states in which studies similar to this have been made, it is 
 the leading wood. Notwithstanding the fact that the chest- 
 nut tree is common throughout Connecticut, more than 90 
 per cent, of the three and a half million feet consumed by the 
 musical instrument makers comes from the forests of other 
 states. Other casewoods to be veneered or enameled are tulip 
 poplar and white pine. The material used for the exterior work 
 on cases is largely bought in the form of veneer. White oak, 
 red oak, red gum, birch, mahogany, walnut, and sugar maple, 
 are among the principal kinds reported. Sugar maple and elm 
 enter largely into posts and backs of piano cases. White oak, 
 red oak, cherry, mahogany and walnut are used for organ cases 
 in addition to chestnut. 
 
 Action makers require yellow poplar, basswood, and sugar 
 maple. Sugar pine from California is used considerably, and 
 is the highest-priced action wood reported. Piano keys are also 
 made from it as well as from sweet birch, ash, and cherry. Bass- 
 wood is the favorite for organ keys, except for sharps or flats 
 which — both for pianos and organs — are made of ebony. 
 Spruce has no competitor for piano sounding boards, red spruce 
 being preferred, though white spruce and, to a limited extent, 
 Oregon Sitka spruce answer. Organ pipes are made from sugar 
 pine and white pine, while for stop handles ebony is in greatest 
 demand, though boxwood and rosewood are also used. 
 
 SHIPS AND BOATS. 
 
 In quantity of wood used, boat builders stand fifth in the list 
 of Connecticut industries. There are forty-one boat and ship 
 builders in the State who make all kinds of boats, -from a racing 
 shell to a steamship. A large part of the material reported went 
 
38 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 39 
 
 into barges and tow boats, extensively used for the coastwise 
 freight business. Many high-grade launches, yachts, and large 
 pleasure boats are made by the Connecticut boat builders. Wood 
 is used chiefly for inside work and interior finish, since of late 
 years steel construction has largely taken the place of wood. 
 
 Twenty-seven kinds of wood were reported by the Connecticut 
 boat builders, aggregating more than seven million feet. (See 
 Table XIX.) Yellow pine ranks first, and is used in building 
 barges, scows, and tow boats, for the framework as well as for 
 planking or siding. Oak stands next in amount and is put to 
 a greater number of uses than any other wood reported for ship 
 building. Inasmuch as the greater portion of this wood is 
 reported as State-grown, it is safe to say that it is mostly black 
 or yellow oak and red oak, since these are the more common 
 species in Connecticut. The oak lumber shipped in from other 
 states, and a small per cent, of the home-grown, is white oak, 
 which is in large demand, especially by makers of pleasure craft, 
 such as row boats, launches, and small sail boats. It goes into 
 the framework of these, and for all classes of boats it is the 
 principal wood for interior finish and cabinet work. Hackmatack 
 appears in no other industry and is used with spruce for ship 
 knees. Spruce also answers for bulkheads, spars, canopies, and 
 hatches. Douglas fir, used mainly as large timbers for barges 
 and scows, also contributes material for keelsons and sleepers. 
 
 Southern white cedar, brought from Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina, is used for the siding of high-grade pleasure boats. It is 
 interesting to note the use of applewood, exclusively Connecticut- 
 grown, for knees in small boats. Besides oak, the principal fin- 
 ishing woods used for interior work are mahogany, ash, tulip 
 poplar, black walnut, sycamore, redwood and sweet birch, in the 
 order named. 
 
 CLOCKS. 
 
 The clock manufacturing industry of Connecticut is probably 
 larger than that of any other State. Wood is used only in the 
 making of cases. Six of the sixteen clock factories of the 
 State report its use for mantel and wall clocks, and a small 
 per cent, for large hall or "grandfather" clocks. Red oak, bass- 
 wood and tulip poplar are reported in the largest quantities, and 
 these woods together constitute nearly 83 per cent, of the total 
 
4-0 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 41 
 
 shown in Table XX. Red oak is in largest demand for all grades 
 of cases. It is used extensively in making wall clocks, and is fin- 
 ished by staining in the natural color of the wood or in the darker 
 mission shades. Basswood and yellow poplar, used for hidden work 
 and the backs of cases, are also the favorites for enamel cases. 
 The art of enameling wood has made such rapid progress of late 
 years that the imitations are difficult to distinguish from marble, 
 foreign woods, or other materials which they are made to resem- 
 ble. Chestnut goes largely into backing for veneered cases. 
 Considerable mahogany is imported, much of it in the form 
 of veneer which is used with sweet birch, red gum, black walnut, 
 and rosewood for exterior finish. Red gum is growing in 
 popularity with the clock makers. It is found beautifully mottled, 
 with figure and color like those of Circassian walnut. When 
 finished naturally it closely resembles that wood. 
 
 VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. 
 
 Table XXI includes conveyances of all grades and kinds, from 
 the finest of automobile limousines and carriages like landaus 
 and broughams, to common dump carts, together with sleighs, 
 cutters, and bob sleds. A small per cent, of the wood used goes into 
 hand-made vehicles, which are reported by wheelwrights in small 
 towns and at cross roads, who, in addition to their chief business 
 of repairing, also build a few wagons for local trade. Most of 
 the information about vehicle material, however, was received 
 from large vehicle and automobile factories, and by those special- 
 izing in the manufacture of vehicle supplies, such as poles, shafts, 
 spokes and rims, wheels, and manufactured gear parts. 
 
 Every effort was made to avoid listing the same material twice. 
 Makers who purchased ready-made parts only to assemble them 
 into a new unit and put on the finishing touches were not asked 
 for information, while vehicle builders buying some of their 
 material already manufactured were asked to report only concern- 
 ing those parts which they actually cut from the rough lumber. 
 There are twenty-two kinds of lumber reported; almost half of 
 which is State-grown. In quantity consumed, hickory and ash 
 are the principal woods and constitute about 50 per cent, of the 
 total material used. 
 
42 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 It is somewhat surprising that so large a part of the hickory 
 used is home-grown, but this is accounted for by the fact that 
 native hickory is well adapted to the needs of concerns making 
 vehicle supplies, who form an important part of this industry. 
 The material brought from the South and other states comes 
 into Connecticut in the form of billets to be shaped into the 
 finished products by manufacturers who only make parts like 
 the parts of the running gear, and sell them to other factories 
 which assemble and finish the vehicle. For gear stock, hickory is 
 the principal wood used. 
 
 The manufacture of automobile bodies is conspicuous among the 
 wood-using industries of Connecticut and, in this line, this State 
 is ahead of the other twenty states in which like reports have been 
 made. The manufacture of automobile bodies demands ash in 
 greater quantities than any other kind of wood. Ash being strong 
 and light is the favorite for body frames. In no other State 
 does it occupy as prominent a position among the vehicle mate- 
 rials. The Connecticut manufacturers of horse vehicles use it 
 for spring bars, poles, and shafts, and for gear parts of light 
 vehicles. Yellow poplar is the other important body wood and 
 meets an exacting demand for panel work. Because it is fine 
 grained, soft and easily worked, and has a special capacity for 
 holding paint, it is the favorite wood with builders of automobile, 
 carriage, and buggy bodies. Its high price now prevents its use 
 as formerly for wagon beds. In Connecticut, loblolly pine, spruce, 
 and basswood have largely taken its place. Cypress, used only 
 in small amounts, is growing in favor as a panel wood for fine 
 vehicle bodies. 
 
 The white oak reported comes principally from without the 
 State but the red oak largely from within. The yellow oak is 
 entirely home-grown. The last named species as it grows in 
 Connecticut is of an excellent quality and is popular as a vehicle 
 wood. Being cheaper it is substituted even for uses which in 
 many states are supplied by white oak alone, as for instance, in 
 making gear parts for wagons, drays and heavy vehicles. 
 
 The elms are the hub woods, both the rock and the white elm 
 being equally suitable. The elms are the easiest to bend and for 
 that reason are used for the bent parts of vehicle and cutter 
 bodies. Ash and yellow poplar also serve for this class of 
 products. Sugar maple, red oak, longleaf pine, beech and 
 
INDUSTRIES. 43 
 
 chestnut go into the bottoms of wagon bodies; the flooring of 
 passenger vehicles is principally of red oak. The large quantity 
 of mahogany shown in the table goes principally into automobile 
 and limousine bodies, window frames of limousines, door parts 
 of the tonneau, wind shields, steering wheels, magneto boxes, 
 etc. Black and Circassian walnut also answer the same purposes. 
 
 HANDLES. 
 
 A great variety of handles is made in Connecticut, which 
 accounts for the many kinds of wood shown in the table of this 
 industry. Twenty-two species are reported. (See Table XXII.) 
 No other State shows as many handle woods used. Hickory heads 
 the list. Inasmuch as this wood meets an exacting demand for 
 long tool handles like those for picks, sledge-hammers, mauls, etc., 
 it would be natural to assume that their manufacture was the most 
 important part of the handle-making industry of Connecticut, but 
 the largest per cent, of the hickory reported goes into handles of 
 small tools, like files, chisels, hatchets, nail hammers, etc. For this 
 purpose it is best of all woods. Other species are used for small 
 handles in which the shock-resisting quality is not so important 
 a requisite, such as those of awls, gimlets, augurs, braces, screw- 
 drivers, and drawknives. Sugar maple, white oak, white and 
 paper birch, mahogany and rosewood were the principal woods 
 serving this latter purpose. 
 
 For garden-tool handles, ash is generally used, but in Con- 
 necticut, sugar maple, sweet birch and beech are substituted and 
 consumed in greater quantities. These woods are also most in 
 demand for brush handles. 
 
 The manufacture of knife and fork handles takes a prominent 
 part in this industry in Connecticut. Many woods supply the 
 material ; some of them are foreign, and purchased at high prices. 
 Of these cocobola, a Central American wood, is the favorite. It 
 is dense, hard, ornamental, and susceptible of a high finish. Box- 
 wood, mahogany, rosewood, and ebony are the other imported 
 woods, and flowering dogwood stained to imitate ebony or 
 cherry, butternut, yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech are the 
 principal domestic woods used. 
 
 The only softwood or conifer reported for handles is white 
 pine. It serves with the softer hardwoods, like basswood, tulip 
 
44 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 45 
 
 poplar or whitewood, for handles of soldering irons, carving and 
 engraving tools, files, etc. Chestnut is used for casket handles, 
 which are generally cloth-covered. Applewood, in limited quan- 
 tities, with sugar maple, meets the demand for draw-knife 
 handles. 
 
 CARPENTERS' TOOLS. 
 
 Table XXIII shows the use of sixteen woods and more than 
 two million feet in the manufacture of carpenters' tools. The 
 material listed under the handle industry goes largely into car- 
 penters' tools, but exclusively for handles, or for tools which are 
 part wood and part metal. The products listed in the present 
 class include carpenters' tools made entirely of wood, such as 
 rules, planes, levels, mallets, mitre boxes, braces, clamps, plumb- 
 ers' rules, gauges, etc. The entire supply of five of the woods 
 reported is home-grown, but their combined quantity amounts 
 to less than one-sixth of the total. Boxwood, which comes prin- 
 cipally from Turkey and other Mediterranean countries, meets 
 the largest part of the demand. In only one other industry 
 table for Connecticut does a foreign wood lead in point of 
 quantity. Its most important use is for rules, but it also con- 
 tributes material for planes and gauges. It is hard, strong, and 
 not liable to warp when seasoned. This makes it the chief rule 
 wood, while its exceptional quality of wearing smooth — the same 
 property that puts beech and sugar maple to this use — makes it 
 specially valuable for planes and gauges. 
 
 Cherry and mahogany are the only woods used for plumbs 
 and levels. Beech is chiefly used for mitre boxes, plane stocks, 
 and hand screws. Chestnut, basswood, and black walnut are the 
 principal tool chest materials. Hickory and lignum-vitse are the 
 mallet woods, and ash alone serves for clamps. The tool makers 
 use a larger quantity of rosewood than any other class of 
 manufacturers. Nearly a quarter of a million feet is demanded 
 each year and the average price is higher than that of any other 
 wood shown in Table XXIII. 
 
 WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 
 
 The manufacture of articles commonly known as woodenware 
 and of articles known as novelties are so closely related that it 
 
46 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 
 
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4§ CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 is difficult to separate them. Therefore the two classes are 
 grouped as one in Table XXIV. Generally woodenware refers 
 to housekeeping accessories, like pails, buckets, dishes, bowls, 
 trays, platters, and boards, step-ladders, flour sieves, etc. Con- 
 necticut manufacturers make but few of these. The principal one, 
 according to the quantity of wood used, is step-ladders. Spruce 
 being light and strong meets the entire demand. The other 
 products reported are flour sieves and cutting boards. The sieves 
 are made of soft elm, because it bends easily and retains a 
 cylindrical shape. Cutting boards are commonly made of sugar 
 maple. 
 
 The manufacture of novelties is the more important part of 
 this industry. Vial and pill boxes are made from whitewood or 
 yellow poplar, and basswood. Chestnut, maple, and birch serve 
 for the plugs used by paper mills in the ends of rolls of paper. 
 White pine and basswood furnish material for cloth boards; 
 while beech birch and maple are used for rug and drugget poles. 
 An interesting line of manufacture belonging to this industry is 
 the making of collar buttons for laundries. They are used but 
 once then thrown away, hence are made in enormous numbers. 
 
 The operation of making these is similar to that for making- 
 collets, or small wooden rings used as collars around the flanges 
 of hose and stocking supporters, and both are usually made in 
 the same factory, white birch being reported as the principal wood 
 used. It is probable, however, that only a small portion of it is 
 the true white birch. Door knobs and door stops are turned 
 from a variety of woods, principally oak, sugar maple, cherry 
 and mahogany. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Materials used in the manufacture of a large number of com- 
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 tries, have been classed together in the miscellaneous table which 
 follows (Table XXV). Had there been more than two concerns 
 making any one of these products, separate figures relating to it 
 would have been given. For plumber's woodwork, white oak is 
 in largest demand ; the casket makers use chestnut, yellow poplar, 
 and red cedar for their cloth-covered products, mahogany and 
 red oak for their caskets finished in the natural wood, and white 
 pine for their outer cases, or rough boxes. The manufacturers 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
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5© CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
 of sewing-machine tables and cabinets use a variety of woods, but 
 principally red and white oak. A large part is quarter-sawed and, 
 with mahogany, walnut, red gum and maple, serves chiefly for 
 exterior work. A portion of these expensive woods is purchased 
 in the form of veneer and made up usually with chestnut as a 
 base. Yellow poplar from the Southern states is used for interior 
 work like drawer sides and bottoms, and other compartments 
 of sewing-machine cabinets. 
 
 Rattan is imported from China by the wickerware manufactur- 
 ers and made into reeds, principally for baskets. Yellow poplar 
 and basswood are the supplies for trunk and sample-case material. 
 For barrel bungs, yellow poplar furnishes the entire supply, while 
 the birches and maples are used in making faucets. Toy manu- 
 facturers use four kinds of wood — white pine, aspen, basswood 
 and birch. Ash alone furnishes the material for tackle blocks, 
 and, judging from the low average price reported, much of it 
 must be brown or black ash. For making coal screens, oak, beech, 
 and maple comprise the largest part of the supply, while the 
 makers of ox yokes demand white oak, elm, hickory and maple 
 in almost equal amounts. 
 
 CHAIRS. 
 
 Table XXVI gives statistics of lumber manufactured into chairs, 
 piano stools, and benches. The chair industry is not important 
 in Connecticut, since only a little more than a million and a half 
 feet of lumber per annum is required for it. Contrary to expecta- 
 tion, only a small number of the chairs made in Connecticut are 
 from turned stock, but are chiefly oak chairs of the mission design 
 made from sawed or squared material. Folding chairs and camp 
 stools, having canvas or other cloth seats, are turned-stock 
 products for which sugar maple and yellow birch are used. 
 
 The piano stool manufacturers report the largest number of 
 woods listed in this table. Yellow and sweet birch, sugar maple, 
 soft maple, elm, and mahogany are the favorites. Birch, better 
 than any other wood, can be stained to imitate mahogany and for 
 that reason is used to meet the largest part of the demand. Soft 
 maple and elm are excellent woods for holding glue and therefore 
 generally used as veneer backing or cores for veneered stools of 
 mahogany, cherry, and quartered oak. 
 
CHAIRS. 
 
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52 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 
 
 FIXTURES. 
 
 Eleven firms in Connecticut report the manufacture of office, 
 store, bank, and bar-room fixtures. A number specialize along 
 these lines, but more report these products in conjunction with 
 the manufacture of other commodities. The most important 
 products of this industry are display show cases and racks, 
 counters, wall cabinets and cases, shelving, buffets, bookcases, 
 school furniture, railing bars, and filing cabinets. They are often 
 difficult to separate from certain kinds of furniture, and many 
 are closely related to the products for interior finish described 
 under the industry of sash, doors, blinds, and general mill work, 
 such as partitions, built-in buffets, sodawater fountains, cabinets, 
 and wall cases. Manufacturers making several classes of such 
 commodities seldom make any distinctions in their reports. This 
 circumstance requires an arbitrary classification of the data. 
 
 Sixteen kinds of wood are used by the fixture manufacturers. 
 (See Table XXVII.) Chestnut and basswood are the only ones 
 grown in the State. For the exterior or exposed work the best 
 grades of cabinetwood are desired. This is shown by the high 
 average prices of the principal wood given in Table. XXVII. 
 They are white oak, red oak, tulip poplar, mahogany, black wal- 
 nut, redwood, red gum, and cherry. For the hidden portions such 
 as framing, lining, reinforcements, bases, veneer coring, drawer 
 sides and bottoms, cheaper woods answer. Chestnut is the prin- 
 cipal one, but white pine, spruce, and basswood are also used. 
 
 SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS. 
 
 Eight woods are used in Connecticut for making shuttles, 
 spools, bobbins, and affiliated products, and three of them, namely, 
 hickory, white or gray birch, and persimmon constitute consider- 
 ably more than four-fifths of the total quantity shown in Table 
 XXVIII. Rated by the amount of wood consumed, picker 
 sticks are the principal product made by this class of manufac- 
 tures. These differ in shape and size according to the looms for 
 which they are made. They taper toward one end and are 
 about one and one-half inches wide, three-fourths of an inch 
 thick, and from twenty-six to thirty-two inches in length. In the 
 loom they are used as levers to impart motion to the shuttle. 
 
54 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
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56 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Necessarily, a picker stick must be made from strong-, tough, 
 straight-grained wood. Hickory is used more than any other 
 wood, but ash is used to a limited extent. Bobbins, spindles, and 
 speeders are made from maple, birch, and beech, while persimmon 
 alone contributes the shuttle material. 
 
 Two kinds of spools are made in Connecticut. The one-piece 
 spool used for silk and cotton thread, and fine wire, is made of 
 white birch. The spool used in connection with textile mill 
 machinery is a three-piece product. The barrel is turned from 
 birch, beech, or maple, and the disc-like heads are screwed and 
 glued to the barrel. These spool heads are frequently made from 
 a softer wood, like aspen, whitewood, and basswood, but birches 
 and maples are heavier, more durable, and largely used. 
 
 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. 
 
 This includes electric wire and cable reels, wooden parts of 
 switchboards, battery boxes and coil cases, telephone boxes, and 
 other wooden parts of electrical apparatus. Mahogany is the only 
 foreign wood reported, and, in quantity, exceeds all other species. 
 It is the favorite material for switchboards and serves together 
 with red oak, white oak, sweet and yellow birch, and red gum 
 for telephone boxes. White pine and spruce, reported in equal 
 quantities, exceed the amount of all other woods shown in 
 Table XXIX. They are not used for the parts of electrical 
 instruments but are made solely into reels of various sizes, around 
 which cables and electric wire are wound. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Most of the agricultural implements used in Connecticut are 
 shipped into the State. Since tool handles, farm wagons, carts 
 and sleds are listed under other industries, there remain only 
 harrows, cultivators, plows, and hayrakes to be included in the 
 statistics of Table XXX. White ash furnishes all the material for 
 making wooden rakes, except for the teeth, which are made only 
 of hickory. All other woods shown in the table went into har- 
 rows, yokes, and eveners, except a small quantity of oak and ash 
 which was used for plow beams and handles. 
 
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 59 
 
 FIREARMS. 
 
 The Connecticut manufacturers of firearms bring in from other 
 states all the wood they use. (See Table XXXI.) This is not 
 surprising", since of the four woods reported, black walnut alone 
 is indigenous to Connecticut and, owing to its scarcity in' the 
 State, the price is high. Black walnut is preferred to any other 
 wood for gun stocks because of its strength and ornamental 
 color — qualities which have made it for many years a favorite 
 wood with American manufacturers. In Europe, Circassian wal- 
 nut is the leading gunstock wood, because it is tough and strong 
 and its mottled figure makes a very attractive appearance. Owing 
 to its high price not much of it is used in this country. The 
 heartwood of red gum is several times as cheap and often resem- 
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 guished. Red gum possesses all the essential qualities for gun 
 stock material and, next to black walnut, is used in the largest 
 quantity. Yellow birch also answers for gun stocks, and some 
 Connecticut manufacturers are beginning to use it for the 
 cheaper guns. English walnut was reported in too small a quan- 
 tity to be listed in the table. It goes into pistol stocks. Boxwood, 
 owing to its exceptional strength, is selected for gun rods. 
 
 MACHINERY. 
 
 In Table XXXII following, are listed eleven kinds of lumber 
 used in the wooden parts of machinery other than electrical. 
 Parts of silk and textile machinery, cotton gins, papermill machin- 
 ery, engine and other machine skids, machine tables, typewriter 
 platen cores, and hat-making machines are the principal products 
 into which the material enters. No foreign woods are used, but 
 seven-eighths of the more than half a million feet purchased 
 yearly for this industry are brought into Connecticut from other 
 states. 
 
 PATTERNS. 
 
 Patterns and flasks used by foundrymen, and hat blocks and 
 flanges, are the products represented in the statistics in Table 
 XXXIII. The principal pattern woods are pine and mahogany. 
 
6o CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 6 1 
 
 They are straight-grained and, when well seasoned, are less liable 
 to warp and twist than any other wood. The quantity of white 
 pine used in Connecticut exceeds the amount of mahogany used 
 more than a hundredfold. In Connecticut there are a number of 
 pattern makers who specialize in models, but most of the pattern 
 wood is reported by foundrymen who run their own pattern 
 department. Since a pattern must be designed in the exact shape 
 and dimensions of the article to be molded from it, only the 
 highest grades of material are used, as the prices in the table 
 indicate ; in this regard patterns differ from flasks, as these latter 
 can be made from a variety of cheap woods. Flasks serve for 
 frames holding the molding sand and the pattern employed in 
 molding and casting. Two-part flasks are used when the molding 
 is in two pieces, one fitting upon the other. The woods used are 
 chestnut, white pine, and spruce. The average price of the flask 
 woods is $25.50 per thousand feet, as against $87, about the 
 average cost of the pattern material. 
 
 Hat blocks and flanges closely resemble patterns, and therefore 
 are included in this classification. The blocks are used in making 
 crowns, while flanges are employed for shaping the rims. Yel- 
 low poplar is the favorite wood for making these commodities, and 
 in Connecticut the manufacturers use no other kinds. It is 
 purchased in only the highest grades, and great care is used in 
 seasoning it. The average price paid per thousand was $91.76, 
 the highest cost reported for this wood by any industry. 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 The furniture industry is not an important one in Connecticut. 
 Only one manufacturer in the State makes tables and case goods, 
 such as bookcases, buffets, dressers, and chiffoniers; another 
 makes only couch frames; while the rest specialize in furniture 
 parts. Lignum-vitae, imported from Costa Rica, furnishes the 
 entire supply of the caster material; judging from the quantity 
 used, the Connecticut manufacturers evidently supply the needs 
 of furniture makers in many other states. Couch frames are 
 usually veneered and chestnut is the principal wood used for 
 backing. 
 
 Red gum, plain and quartered oak, ash and sweet birch were 
 the woods consumed for the exterior finish of case goods. For 
 
62 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
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INDUSTRIES. 6$ 
 
 the interior work, yellow poplar, cotton gum, and cypress 
 answered. Table XXXIV presents the available statistics. 
 
 PRINTING MATERIALS. 
 
 Seven woods are used for making printing accessories in 
 Connecticut, and the quantity and price of each are shown in 
 Table XXXV. Base blocks for rubber-stamp pads constitute a 
 very large per cent, of the total, and for these, low grades of 
 yellow poplar and basswood provide the material. Cherry serves 
 as backing for electrotypes, sweet birch for press tables, and 
 the remainder for printing-press parts. 
 
 CIGAR BOXES. 
 
 Though cigar boxes belong in the same general class with 
 packing boxes, the former are made in separate factories and 
 therefore the industry is distinguished in this report. Cigar-box 
 maufacturers buy their wood by superficial measurement. To 
 make the statistics of Table XXXVI comparable with the other 
 tables of this report, cigar-box material has been reduced to board 
 feet measure. This accounts for the high price shown in the 
 table, because the cost increases as the thickness of the sheet 
 of veneer decreases. 
 
 Owing to the high price of Spanish cedar, it is customary to 
 make cigar boxes of a two-ply veneer of the cedar, glued on to 
 a cheap domestic wood like elm, whitewood, tupelo or basswood. 
 Red gum is shipped all the way from Missouri to Connecticut to 
 be used in cigar boxes for holding the medium-priced goods, 
 while for the best grades of cigars, Spanish cedar is used alone, 
 usually of three-sixteenths thickness. Manufacturers' in no other 
 State already appearing in these studies of wood consumption 
 report the use of elm for making cigar boxes. Connecticut manu- 
 facturers use it in larger quantities than any other kind of wood. 
 It answers for cores or backing in two-ply work. 
 
 TANKS. 
 
 The manufacture of tanks, vats, and silos in Connecticut calls 
 for the use of only three woods. Cypress, which is the principal 
 
64 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 
 
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66 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 tank-wood in the country at large, contributes over 95 per cent, 
 of the total shown in Table XXXVII. Most of it was shipped 
 from Florida. Silo makers use cypress and longleaf pine, the 
 latter wood coming from Georgia. The making of tank staves 
 in this State is not a distinct industry. It is carried on as a 
 side line by manufacturers listed in this report under other classes 
 of industries. 
 
 SPORTING GOODS. 
 
 Polo sticks, hockey sticks, and fishing floats are the only com- 
 modities made in Connecticut whose wood material can be 
 listed under the head of sporting goods. (See Table XXXVIII.) 
 White pine is used for floats, and white oak, ash and hickory 
 for the other articles named. This material is all home-sfrown. 
 
 LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. 
 
 The quantity of wood shown in Table XXXIX indicates that 
 the making of laundry accessories is not an important industry in 
 Connecticut. Only four woods are reported in Table XXXIX. 
 Chestnut and spruce are used for making clothes reels, while 
 rock oak and longleaf pine contribute the raw material for 
 washing machines. 
 
 BUTCHERS' BLOCKS. 
 
 Sugar maple is the only wood reported for butchers' blocks. 
 (See Table XL.) The price paid indicates that the better grades 
 are demanded. Sycamore is used more than any other wood for 
 meat blocks in other states, but no Connecticut manufacturers 
 report using sycamore for this purpose. 
 
 WOODS CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIES. 
 
 The statistics shown in Table XLI afford a comprehensive 
 review of the distribution of the kinds of woods used by the 
 Connecticut manufacturers and the extent to which each of the 
 twenty-six industries purchase them. For example, all but ten 
 industries use hard maple, the chair manufacturers demanding 
 the most — an amount equivalent to over 55 per cent, of the total — 
 
LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. 
 
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68 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 while the box makers use the least, about 2 per cent. White pine, 
 which leads all other kinds of wood in quantity, is apportioned 
 among' only thirteen industries. Tulip poplar has the widest 
 demand of any of the species; nineteen -of the twenty-six manu- 
 facturers report using - it. White birch, dogwood, persimmon, 
 Sitka spruce, and western pine are among the woods reported 
 by only a single factory. 
 
 SUMMARY OF AVERAGE PRICES. 
 
 Table XLII has been compiled to permit comparison of the 
 average cost per thousand feet of the different kinds of wood 
 used by the Connecticut manufacturers, as shown in the preceding- 
 industry tables. The form in which the raw material is delivered 
 at the factory, whether in log, billet, bolt, veneer, or lumber; 
 the thickness, dimension, grade; and the source, whether 
 imported, domestic, etc., are but some of the causes of variation 
 in the prices shown. Under no circumstances should the prices 
 in Table XLII be confused with market prices. 
 
Table XLI. Percentage of the Different Kinds of Wood Used by Each Industry. 
 
 nOMKSTTC WOODS 
 
 Applewood 
 
 Ash 
 
 Aspen 
 
 Basswood 
 
 Beech 
 
 Birrh, paper 
 
 eel 
 
 while 
 
 
 
 Butternut 
 
 Cedar, red 
 
 western red 
 
 white 
 
 Cherry 
 
 CI 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 Cypres 
 
 id 
 
 
 
 - i hiti i 
 
 Fir, Douglas 
 
 Gum, black 
 
 red 
 
 Hackmatack 
 
 Hemlock 
 
 rlickoi 
 
 
 
 Maple, hard 
 
 sofl 
 
 
 
 white 
 
 Persimmon 
 
 Pine, loblolly 
 
 longleaf 
 
 pitch 
 
 shortleal 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 western yellow 
 
 while 
 
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 Spruce 
 
 Sitka 
 
 Sycamore 
 
 ftipelo 
 
 Walnut, hlack 
 
 IMPOE iim ,\ - 
 
 Boxwood 
 
 Cedar, Spanish 
 
 Cocobola 
 
 Ebony 
 
 Lignum-vitse 
 
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 i 
 
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 18.6 
 
 16.S 
 5.6 
 
 -■6.2 
 82.3 
 
 372 
 
 ■7 
 6.6 
 
 30.6 
 
 96.2 
 29.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 u" 
 
 5 eg 
 
 g'gS 
 
 "3 
 
 ■E-5 
 
 jj'3| 
 
 "° »s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c- = 
 
 £ S.E 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 
 28.6 
 
 
 22.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 .1 
 
 10.7 
 
 
 t 
 
 3-9 
 
 1.2 
 
 .3 
 .... 
 
 
 35-2 
 
 3.5 
 
 254 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 25.7 
 53 
 
 7-t 
 
 77-2 
 
 
 
 14.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 
 
 12.0 
 
 
 47.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 n.6 
 
 .1 
 
 2.2 
 
 94 
 
 54-3 
 
 
 
 
 40.8 
 ' 8.8 
 
 14.0 
 
 
 
 
 47-3 
 
 26.6 
 
 
 
 
 29.2 
 
 .".'? 
 
 
 
 3-7 
 
 ' ' '.5 
 
 7.0 
 
 
 I 
 
 5-9 
 
 41 
 
 22.2 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 10.4 
 
 15.0 
 
 
 
 
 16.9 
 
 62.5 
 
 
 
 
 21.7 
 
 18.4 
 
 
 
 
 4-9 
 
 9.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 96.5 
 
 
 
 
 3-5 
 
 7.4 
 
 
 
 
 534 
 97.6 
 1 00.0 
 
 9.7 
 
 
 
 
 21.0 
 
 20.3 
 
 
 J 11 
 
 •4 
 
 8.6 
 71.6 
 
 34.9 
 
 
 
 
 17.2 
 
 100.0 
 
 3-3 
 
 
 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 
 
 10. 1 
 82.9 
 23-7 
 
 14.1 
 
 2.2 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 3-1 
 
 93-7 
 
 8.0 
 
 42.8 
 
 66.7 
 
 100.0 
 
 23.6 
 
 '".6 
 73-7 
 
 7-8 
 100.0 
 
 37.8 
 
 41.6 
 ' 2.8 
 
 54 
 1 1.5 
 
 49-9 
 16.0 
 
 16.5 
 •7 
 
 4.6 
 
 3-6 
 
 46.1 
 
Table XLII. Average Cost per iooo Feet of the Different Kinds of Wood Used. 
 
 'I if h 
 
 All woods 
 
 DOMESTIC WOODS 
 
 Applewood 
 
 Arbor vit£e 
 
 Ash 
 
 Aspen 
 
 Basswood 
 
 Beech 
 
 Birch, paper 
 
 el 
 
 white 
 
 yellow 
 
 Butternut 
 
 Cedar, red 
 
 western red 
 
 white 
 
 Cherry 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 ( lottonwood 
 
 Cypress 
 
 Dogwood 
 
 Elm, rock 
 
 soft 
 
 Fir, Douglas 
 
 Gum, black 
 
 red 
 
 Hackmatack 
 
 Hemlock 
 
 Hickory 
 
 Locust 
 
 Maple, hard 
 
 soft 
 
 I i .'I ., red 
 
 while 
 
 ■ ii 
 
 Pine, loblolly 
 
 longleai 
 
 pitch 
 
 shortleai 
 
 sugar 
 
 western white 
 
 w estern yellow 
 
 white 
 
 Poplar, tulip 01 .. 
 
 Redw 1 
 
 Spruce 
 
 Sitka 
 
 i 
 
 Tupelo 
 
 Walnut, black 
 
 IMPORTED WO 
 
 BOXW 1 
 
 Cedar, Spanish 
 
 Cocobola 
 
 Ebony 
 
 Lignum-vit;c 
 
 Mahogany 
 
 white 
 
 Rosewood 
 
 Teak 
 
 Walnut, Circassian 
 
 $37.08 $21 
 
 26.43 
 30.00 
 52.17 
 1500 
 40.37 
 31.70 
 20.54 
 49-51 
 31-70 
 30.10 
 22.49 
 65.00 
 45-32 
 56.72 
 63.62 
 
 ion; 
 41.03 
 24.00 
 3849 
 38.25 
 46.02 
 17.00 
 
 45-28 
 73-53 
 
 14-c 
 
 3165 
 98.63 
 3472 
 27.17 
 41.20 
 ■" 11 
 17.50 
 27.00 
 36.10 
 1753 
 2332 
 66.67 
 47-38 
 45.00 
 28.14 
 47-57 
 
 : 10 
 47.00 
 26.25 
 19.03 
 
 .10.10 
 
 1 6.0 
 264.94 
 
 
 
 174.28 
 250.00 
 225.40 
 287.50 
 287.44 
 
 16.40 
 18.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 55.'"' 
 
 .2.30 
 
 17.00 
 
 10 10 
 "' I 
 19.57 
 
 $21.11 
 
 27.58 
 31-79 
 
 14.82 
 
 15-00 
 
 20.00 
 
 45-00 
 
 43.35 
 
 13.93 
 
 14.00 
 
 34-50 
 
 11.00 
 16.67 
 
 21.86 
 2300 
 
 T-7 
 
 1-94 
 
 15.00 
 
 1 04 
 
 $35-73 
 
 $35.92 
 
 27-46 
 33.oo 
 55.38 
 39.92 
 
 $60.94 
 
 46.85 
 
 $35.8i 
 
 32.64 
 
 30.00 
 49-00 
 
 28.00 
 30.22 
 47-35 
 
 37-50 
 
 3532 
 
 146.83 
 34069 
 
 $*7.n 
 
 83-33 78.14 
 115.54 
 
 $48.70 
 
 39-88 
 37-59 
 
 45.23 
 23.20 
 
 45-32 
 73-80 
 
 34-28 
 
 43-34 
 80.00 
 26.50 
 
 $35-93 
 
 53-00 
 
 22.00 
 18.60 
 17-73 
 52.00 
 
 22.27 
 45-00 
 
 16.00 
 25.00 
 
 2369 
 74.56 
 
 92.04 
 1S4.44 
 
 $33.31 
 30.00 
 30.40 
 
 41-43 
 21.07 
 18.23 
 
 20.31 
 25.00 
 
 22.40 
 19.01 
 
 17.45 
 
 22 Oi 
 
 54-89 
 
 I6/.07 
 232.27 
 
 IBO.OO 
 285.30 
 
 $27-93 
 
 50.00 
 40.00 
 
 $36.17 $39-90 
 
 20.00 
 20.00 
 
 65.00 
 
 48.00 
 50.56 
 
 35-33 
 32.00 
 
 33.04 
 64.05 
 
 28.29 
 
 $49-13 
 
 54-00 
 48.35 
 
 18.00 
 39-69 
 
 88.65 
 21.58 
 
 60.00 
 41.18 
 
 48.15 
 
 97-04 
 109.05 
 
 38.00 
 
 85.23 
 
 59.89 
 46.72 
 
 198.37 
 53-45 
 
 266.25 
 243.60 
 312.50 
 450.00 
 
 $6573 
 
 66.48 
 91.76 
 
 2446 
 
 160.38 
 
 $41.26 
 
 61.32 
 31.00 
 
 58.20 
 
 81.78 
 35-00 
 
 48.57 
 
 $68.47 
 25.00 
 20.00 
 
 41.61 
 50.67 
 
 57.50 
 18.07 
 
 24-93 
 25.92 
 18.20 
 
 63.61 
 48.00 
 207.56 
 
 87.62 
 114. 51 
 
 $42.87 
 
 58.09 
 50.98 
 
 $37-33 
 
 44-92 
 75-00 
 
 1 12.31 
 37-61 
 
 43-6i 
 46.96 
 
 76.54 
 
 54.83 
 72.47 
 
 31-64 
 32.99 
 
 29.20 
 55.64 
 46.83 
 45.00 
 37-49 
 60.35 
 32.83 
 24-47 
 47.00 
 
 35-o6 
 105.82 
 
 165.96 
 
 70.00 
 52-74 
 
 45-00 
 9750 
 
 45.00 
 45-21 
 16.00 
 
 40.54 
 
 58.61 
 73-6o 
 
 25.48 
 
 28.08 
 20.00 
 23.11 
 47.91 
 
 39-13 
 57-45 
 
 166.67 
 
 $40.93 
 25.00 
 40.00 
 
 56.72 
 60.00 
 23-54 
 
 59.82 
 54.29 
 43-94 
 
 73-53 
 
 25.00 
 100.00 
 31-43 
 
 37-15 
 33-33 
 
 70.54 
 49.29 
 80.00 
 26.6S 
 
 60.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 142.92 
 166.92 
 250.00 
 
 $27.65 
 25.12 
 
 40.00 
 31.70 
 
 $22.68 
 
 $39.51 
 
 32.62 
 
 26.65 
 
 40.00 
 
 25.00 
 17.50 
 
 62.50 
 
 $48.55 
 
 31.76 
 
 23.00 
 
 20.00 
 
 25.00 
 
 25.81 
 
 33.57 
 
 41.85 
 
 28.25 
 
 30.21 
 32.44 
 
 44-77 
 65.00 
 22.00 
 
 3I-5I 
 61.70 
 
 26.71 
 
 $2455 $38.66 
 
 35.00 20.02 
 
 15.00 ' 
 
 20.00 20.00 
 
 18.00 20.00 
 
 22.04 
 
 65.00 
 
 20.00 
 13-56 
 
 25.00 
 25.00 
 70.00 
 
 12.00 
 25-07 
 22.00 
 
 S9.84 
 
 158.18 
 
 287.50 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 WOOD USES BY SPECIES. 
 
 DOMESTIC WOODS. 
 
 Gauges 
 
 n~mjii> vv \j\ju. 
 
 Planes 
 
 Handles 
 
 Tool Handles 
 
 Knees (Small Boats) 
 
 
 
 ASH. 
 
 Ammunition Boxes 
 
 Oyster Tongs 
 
 Auto Bodies 
 
 Piano Keys 
 
 Auto Body Frames 
 
 Picker Sticks 
 
 Auto Bows 
 
 Plow Beams 
 
 Auto Frames 
 
 Plow Pins 
 
 Automobile Pillars 
 
 Plow Rungs 
 
 Auto Running Boards 
 
 Polo Sticks 
 
 Battery Boxes 
 
 Press Platforms (Printing) 
 
 Bent Work (Carriages) 
 
 Printing Press Parts 
 
 Bent Work (Special) 
 
 Rakes 
 
 Bonnet Sills (Autos) 
 
 Reaches 
 
 Buggy Sills 
 
 Shafts 
 
 Cabinet Makers' Clamps 
 
 Sills (Vehicle) Bodies 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Spring Bars 
 
 Cattle Stanchions 
 
 Stable Forks 
 
 Cotton Gins 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Cushion Frames 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Flails 
 
 Tackle Blocks 
 
 Gears (Vehicle) 
 
 Trucks 
 
 Handles 
 
 Truck Body Frames 
 
 Handles (Edge Tools) 
 
 Truck Bows 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Wagon (Gear Parts) 
 
 Handles (File) 
 
 Wagon Bodies 
 
 Hockey Sticks 
 
 Wagon Jacks 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Wagon Parts 
 
 Ladder Rounds 
 
 Wagon Poles 
 
 Office Fixtures 
 
 Wagon Shafts 
 
 
 ASPEN. 
 
 Boxes 
 
 Crates 
 
 Cloth Shells (Cotton) 
 
 
70 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Bent Vehicle Parts 
 
 Boxes 
 
 Carriage Bodies (Panels) 
 
 Chest Bottoms 
 
 Cigar Boxes 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Cotton Gins 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Crates 
 
 Drawer Bottoms 
 
 File Handles 
 
 Handles 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Handles (File) 
 
 Handles (Trowel) 
 
 BASSWOOD. 
 
 Keys (Piano) 
 Music Cabinets 
 Organ Frames 
 Organ Keys 
 Packing Boxes 
 Piano Keys 
 Plumbs (Mechanic's) 
 Rails (Piano) 
 Record Cabinets 
 Rubber Type Boxes 
 Shelves (Desk) 
 Tool Boxes 
 Toys 
 
 Trays (Enamelling) 
 Vial Boxes 
 
 Brush Backs 
 Brush Handles 
 Coal Sieves 
 Drawer Knobs 
 Handles (Hay Fork) 
 Handles (Pitch Fork) 
 Handles (Small) 
 Hand Screws 
 
 Auto Accessories 
 
 Brush Backs 
 
 Brush Handles 
 
 Cabinet Backs 
 
 Cabinet Shelves 
 
 Chair Frames (Rattan) 
 
 File Handles 
 
 Handles 
 
 Handles (Edge Tools) 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Handles (File) 
 
 Action Parts (Organs) 
 Backing Electrotypes 
 Cabinet Work 
 Cases (Organ) 
 Clock Cases (Cabinet) 
 Cutting Board Straps 
 Doors Board 
 
 BEECH. 
 
 Knife Handles 
 Nitre Boxes 
 .Novelty Turnings 
 Planes 
 Rug Poles 
 Rulers 
 Truck Platforms 
 
 birch (paper) . 
 Knobs 
 
 Lawn Mower Rolls 
 Music Cabinets 
 Paper Plugs 
 Piano Benches 
 Piano Stools 
 Rails (Piano) 
 Rug Poles 
 Tool Handles 
 Toys 
 
 BIRCH (SWEET). 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Office Fixtures 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Piano Keys 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Window Frames (Vehicle) 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 71 
 
 I Collets 
 
 Laundry Buttons 
 Rolls (Braid) 
 
 Action Parts (Organ) 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Auto Accessories 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Coal Sieves 
 
 Doors 
 
 Drawers 
 
 Drawer Knobs 
 
 Faucets 
 
 Handles 
 
 Harrow Parts 
 
 House Trimmings 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 BIRCH (WHITE OR GRAY) . 
 
 Small Handles 
 Spools (Silk) 
 
 birch (yf.llow). 
 Knobs 
 
 Lawn Mower Rolls 
 Music 'Cabinets 
 Novelty Turnings 
 Organ Rack Pins 
 Piano Benches 
 Piano Legs 
 Piano Stools 
 Press Table (Printing) 
 Small Handles 
 Spools (Wire) 
 Tool Handles 
 Truck Platforms 
 Ventilators 
 
 BUTTERNUT. 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 Cabinet Work 
 Handles 
 
 Organ Pipe Feet 
 Organ Pipe Gates 
 Patterns 
 
 Interior Finish 
 Caskets 
 
 Launches (Siding) 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Doors 
 
 Fixtures (Office) 
 
 Backing Electrotypes 
 Base Knobs 
 Cabinet Work 
 Cases (Organ) 
 Chisel Handles 
 Handles 
 
 Handles (Chisel) 
 House Trimmings 
 Interior Finish 
 Levels 
 Metronomes 
 
 CEDAR (NORTHERN WHITE) . 
 
 CEDAR (RED). ■ 
 CEDAR (SOUTHERN WHITE). 
 
 Planking (Boat) 
 
 CEDAR (WESTERN RED). 
 
 Interior Finish 
 Screen Door Frames 
 
 CHERRY. 
 
 Mouldings 
 
 Patterns 
 
 Piano Benches 
 
 Piano Keys 
 
 Piano Parts 
 
 Plumbs 
 
 Rubber Stamp Moulding 
 
 School Desks 
 
 School Seats 
 
 Show Case Frames 
 
 Window Frames (Vehicle) 
 
72 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 CHESTNUT. 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Boxes 
 
 Burial Cases 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Cart Body Sides 
 
 Caskets 
 
 Casket Handles 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Clock Cases (Kitchen) 
 
 Clock Cases (Office) 
 
 Clothes Reels 
 
 Coal Barges 
 
 Coffins 
 
 Coffin Boxes 
 
 Coil Cases 
 
 Cotton Gins 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Crates 
 
 Display Cabinets 
 
 Door Frames 
 
 Exterior Finish 
 
 Foundry Flasks 
 
 Frames (Barges) 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Interior Frames 
 
 Launches 
 
 Linings (Auto) 
 
 Machine Tables 
 
 Mouldings 
 
 Organ Pipe Handles 
 
 Panel Cores 
 
 Paper Plugs 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Piano Case (Cores) 
 
 Post Office Fixtures 
 
 Printing Presses 
 
 Settees 
 
 Shelves 
 
 Shelves (Desk) 
 
 Show Case Bases 
 
 Show Case Shelving 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Swings 
 
 Timber (Ship) 
 
 Tool Chests 
 
 Trimmings 
 
 Window Frames 
 
 Electric Fixture Blocks 
 
 COTTONWOOD. 
 
 Woven Wire Boxes 
 
 Bodies (Vehicle) 
 Cabinet Work 
 Casings 
 Coal Barges 
 Cornice Work 
 Doors 
 
 Door Frames 
 Exterior Finish 
 House Trimmings 
 Interior Finish 
 Joiner-work (Ship) 
 Launches 
 Machinery Parts 
 
 Mouldings 
 
 Organ Pipes 
 
 Panels (Organ) 
 
 Rendering Cars 
 
 Sash 
 
 Sink Boards 
 
 Stair- work 
 
 Steps 
 
 Tanks 
 
 Trimmings 
 
 Vats 
 
 Window Frames 
 
 Knife Handles 
 
 DOGWOOD. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 73 
 
 Bent Work 
 Cigar Boxes 
 File Handles 
 Frames (Vehicle) 
 
 Bent Work (Carriages) 
 Harrow Parts 
 Hubs 
 Ox Yokes 
 
 Bent Work (Carriages) 
 Frames (Vehicle) 
 Handles 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 Boat Bottoms 
 Cabinet Work 
 Columns 
 Decking (Boats) 
 Doors 
 
 ELM, ROCK (CORK). 
 
 Hubs 
 Ox Yokes 
 Piano Cases 
 Woven Wire Boxes 
 
 ELM, ROCK (SLIPPERY). 
 
 Piano Backs 
 Sieve Rims 
 Woven Wire Boxes 
 
 ELM, SOFT (WHITE). 
 
 Piano Benches 
 Piano Stools 
 
 FIR, DOUGLAS. 
 
 House Trimmings 
 Interior Finish 
 Ladders (Fire Department) 
 Planking (Boat) 
 
 Skiffs 
 Spars 
 
 GUM, COTTON OR TUPELO. 
 
 House Trimmings 
 
 Shipping Cases (Wire Bound) 
 
 Boxing 
 Cabinet Work 
 Cigar Boxes 
 
 GUM, WATER OR BLACK 
 
 Shipping Cases (Wire Bound) 
 
 Ship Knees 
 Box Shooks 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 Axe Handles 
 .Axle Beds 
 Auto Parts 
 Auto Top Bows 
 Cabinet Work 
 Chisel Handles 
 Drop Hammer Pins 
 Eveners 
 Flails 
 
 Gears (Vehicle) 
 Gouge Handles 
 
 HACKMATACK. 
 
 HEMLOCK. 
 
 HICKORY. 
 
 Hammer Handles 
 Handles 
 Hand Screws 
 Hockey Sticks 
 Mallets 
 
 Masons' Levels 
 Mast Hoops 
 Novelty Turnings 
 Ox Bows 
 Pick Handles 
 Picker Sticks 
 Polo Sticks 
 
74 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 174. 
 
 Rakes 
 
 Reaches 
 
 Rims 
 
 Sledge Handles 
 
 Spokes 
 
 Spring Bars 
 
 Stable Forks 
 
 Sweep Stakes 
 
 Tool Handles 
 
 Novelty Turnings 
 
 Trucks 
 
 Truck Frames 
 Truck Poles 
 Yard Sticks 
 Wagons 
 Wagon Jacks 
 Wagon Parts 
 Whiffle Trees 
 
 LOCUST. 
 
 Tree Nails 
 
 MAPLE, SOFT. 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Box Shooks 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Faucets 
 
 File Handles 
 
 Handles 
 
 Handles (Edge Tools) 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Harrow Parts 
 
 Action Parts (Organ) 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Automobile Frames 
 
 Automobile Panels 
 
 Bent Work (Carriages) 
 
 Brush Backs 
 
 Brush Handles 
 
 Bridges (Piano) 
 
 Butchers' Blocks 
 
 Case Cores (Organ) 
 
 Cattle Stanchions 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Coal Sieves 
 
 Cotton Gins 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Cutter Sticks 
 
 Cutting Boards 
 
 Drawers 
 
 Drawer Knobs 
 
 Draw Knife Handles 
 
 Electrical Appliances 
 
 Faucets 
 
 Feed Boards (Printing Press) 
 
 Flooring 
 
 Knobs 
 
 Lawn Mower Rolls 
 Organ Fittings 
 Organ Pipes \ 
 Paper Plugs 
 Tool Handles 
 Piano Benches 
 Piano Stools 
 
 MAPLE, HARD. 
 
 Folding Chairs 
 
 Gear Logs 
 
 Handles 
 
 Han'dles (Edge Tools) 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Handles (File) 
 
 Harrow Parts 
 
 Humidor Cabinets 
 
 Inside Finish (Vehicles) 
 
 Interior Finish (Houses) 
 
 Knobs 
 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 
 Machinery Parts 
 
 Mill Boards 
 
 Motor Trucks 
 
 Music Cabinets 
 
 Novelties (Small) 
 
 Organ Rack Pins 
 
 Organ Stock Rods 
 
 Ox Yokes 
 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 
 Piano Action 
 
 Piano Benches 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 75 
 
 Piano Stools 
 
 Pin Blocks (Piano) 
 
 Printing Presses 
 
 Rug Poles 
 
 Rulers 
 
 School Desks 
 
 School Seats 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 
 Shelves 
 
 Sled Shoes 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Auto Parts 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Carts 
 
 Caskets 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Clock Cases (Kitchen) 
 
 Clock Cases (Office) 
 
 Coal Barges 
 
 Coal Screens 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Drawer Knobs 
 
 Electrical Appliances 
 
 Electrical Equipment 
 
 Electric Fixture Blocks 
 
 Furniture Knobs 
 
 Handles 
 
 Harrow Frames 
 
 House Trimmings 
 
 Humidor Cabinets 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Auto Bodies 
 
 Axe Handles 
 
 Axle Beds 
 
 Bath Room Fixtures 
 
 Bent Sleigh Stock 
 
 Bent Work (Carriages) 
 
 Bits (Ship) 
 
 Body Sills (Vehicles) 
 
 Cabinets 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Cafe Fixtures 
 
 Carling (Boat) 
 
 Carts 
 
 Spools (Wire) 
 Thread Cabinets 
 Tool Handles 
 Tumbling Barrels 
 Tumbling Barrel Linings 
 Truck Platforms 
 Work Stands 
 Woven Wire Boxes 
 Wrest Plank (Piano) 
 Yard Sticks 
 
 OAK, RED. 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Knobs 
 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 
 Novelty Turnings 
 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 
 Piano Benches 
 
 Piano Stools 
 
 Post Office Fixtures 
 
 Rims 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Thread Cabinets 
 
 Tool Chests 
 
 Trucks 
 
 Truck Handles 
 
 Truck Platforms 
 
 Wagons • 
 
 Wagon Parts 
 
 Wagon Poles 
 
 OAK, WHITE. 
 
 Cases (Organ) 
 
 Cattle Stanchions 
 
 Chairs 
 
 Chimney Bracket Arms 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Coal Barges 
 
 Combings (Ship) 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Deadwood Stems 
 
 Decks (Boats) 
 
 Desk Tops 
 
 Display Cases 
 
 Door Sills 
 
 Electrical Appliances 
 
76 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Electrical Equipment 
 Electric Fixture Blocks 
 Engine Beds (Boats) 
 Extension Ladder Bars 
 Felloes 
 
 Frames (Boats) 
 Frames (Wagon) 
 Furniture Knobs 
 Harrow Frames 
 Heavy Gears 
 Hockey Sticks 
 Humidor Cabinets 
 Interior Finish 
 Keels (Boats) 
 Ladder Rounds 
 Launches 
 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 Mast Hoops 
 Motor Trucks 
 Newspaper Files 
 Office Fixtures 
 Office Partitions 
 Ox Bows 
 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 Piano Cases 
 Piano Stools 
 Picker Sticks 
 Pick Handles 
 Planking (Ship) 
 Plow Handles 
 Plow Rungs 
 Plow Pins 
 Plumbers' Wood-work 
 
 Polo Sticks 
 
 Porch Swing Slats 
 
 Post Office Fixtures 
 
 Postners (Ship) 
 
 Ribs (Boat) 
 
 Rims 
 
 Scraper Backs (Roads) 
 
 Scraper Handles (Roads) 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 
 Sheer Strakes (Ship) 
 
 Show-case Frames 
 
 Sledge Handles 
 
 Special Furniture 
 
 Spokes 
 
 Stable Forks 
 
 Stairs 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Swings 
 
 Tables 
 
 Thread Cabinets 
 
 Timbers (Ship) 
 
 Trucks 
 
 Truck Parts 
 
 Ventilators 
 
 Wagons 
 
 Wagon Bodies 
 
 Wagon Poles 
 
 Wagon Shafts 
 
 Wagon-work 
 
 Washboards (Ship) 
 
 Washing Machines 
 
 Whiffle Trees 
 
 Shuttles 
 
 Auto Bodies 
 
 Auto Construction 
 
 Auto Running Boards 
 
 Bodies (Vehicle) 
 
 Bottom Boards (Auto) 
 
 Boxes 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Coal Barges 
 
 Cotton Gins 
 
 Crates 
 
 PERSIMMON. 
 PINE, LOBLOLLY. 
 
 Crating 
 Display Arms 
 Doors 
 
 Dump Carts 
 House Trimmings 
 Interior Finish 
 Joiner-work 
 Mouldings 
 Panels (Carriage) 
 Piano Cases 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 77 
 
 Pulley Stiles 
 
 Sash 
 
 Sheathing (Ship) 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Swell Boxes (Organ) 
 
 Boat Planking 
 Box Ends 
 Clamps (Boats) 
 Coal Barges 
 Cotton Gins 
 Crates 
 
 Exterior Finish 
 Framing (Boats) 
 
 Boxes 
 
 Box Shooks 
 
 Trimmings 
 Wagon Bodies 
 Wagon Floors 
 Window Jambs 
 
 PINE, LONGLEAF. 
 
 Interior Finish 
 Keelsons 
 Packing Cases 
 Planking (Ship) 
 Silo Staves 
 Stringers (Boats) 
 Washing Machines 
 
 PINE, PITCH. 
 
 Dressed Boards 
 Packing Cases 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 PINE, SHORTLEAF. 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 PINE, SUGAR. 
 
 Action Parts (Organs) Keys (Piano) 
 
 Blinds Organ Pipes 
 
 Doors Sash 
 Interior Finish 
 
 PINE, WESTERN WHITE (iDAHO WHITE). 
 
 Cabinet Work Patterns 
 
 Doors Sash 
 
 House Trimmings Shelves 
 
 Mouldings Window Frames 
 
 Doors 
 
 PINE, WESTERN YELLOW. 
 
 Sash 
 
 PINE, WHITE. 
 
 Action Parts (Organs) 
 
 Agricultural Implements 
 
 Balusters 
 
 Blinds 
 
 Blocks (Piano) 
 
 Box Shooks 
 
 Burial Cases 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Cabins (Boat) 
 
 Cable Reels 
 
 Case Cores (Organs) 
 Casket Handles 
 Clock Backs 
 Clothes Boards 
 Coal Barges 
 Coffin Boxes 
 Crates 
 
 Crayon Boxes 
 Decking (Boat) 
 Exterior Finish 
 
78 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Fishing Floats 
 
 Fixtures (Office) 
 
 Foundry Flasks 
 
 Handles 
 
 Handles (Edge Tools) 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Handles (File) 
 
 Hat Cases 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Joiner-work 
 
 Machinery Parts 
 
 Models 
 
 Mouldings 
 
 Outside Cornice 
 
 Packing Boxes 
 
 Pallets 
 
 Pallet Racks 
 
 Patterns 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Porch Columns 
 
 Rails (Stairs) 
 
 Sash 
 
 Show-case Bases 
 
 Show-case Shelves 
 
 Siding 
 
 Silver Ware Blocks 
 
 Silver Ware Boxes 
 
 Small Boats 
 
 Sounding Board Ribs 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Tanks 
 
 Toys 
 
 Window Frames 
 
 Wire Reels 
 
 POPLAR, YELLOW (WHITEWOOD). 
 
 Action Parts (Organ or Piano) 
 
 Ammunition Boxes 
 
 Auto Bodies 
 
 Auto Body Panels 
 
 Auto Frames 
 
 Automobile Panels 
 
 Baby Carriage Bodies 
 
 Bent Work (Carriages) 
 
 Berths (Boat) 
 
 Bodies (Vehicle) 
 
 Bungs (Barrel) 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Caskets 
 
 Cigar Boxes 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Coal Barges 
 
 Coal Sieves 
 
 Cotton Gins 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Counters 
 
 Cutting Board Straps 
 
 Crating 
 
 Crayon Box Cases 
 
 Doors 
 
 Door Frames 
 
 Electrical Appliances 
 
 Electric Fixture Blocks 
 
 Enamel Clock Cases 
 
 Enamel Work 
 
 File Handles 
 
 Filler Strips 
 
 Folder Boards 
 
 Handles 
 
 Handles (Edge Tools) 
 
 Handles (Engravers' Tools) 
 
 Handles (File) 
 
 Hat Blocks 
 
 Hat Flanges 
 
 House Trimmings 
 
 Humidor Cabinets 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 
 Machine Skids 
 
 Masons' Levels 
 
 Motor Trucks 
 
 Novelty Turnings 
 
 Office Fixtures 
 
 Organ Pipe Feet 
 
 Organ Pipe Handles 
 
 Panels 
 
 Panels (Carriages) 
 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Pillars (Auto) 
 
 Platten Cores (Typewriters) 
 
 Post Office Fixtures 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 79 
 
 Rubber Stamp Pads 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 
 Shelves (Desks) 
 
 Show-cases 
 
 Show-case Shelving 
 
 Spools (Goldleaf) 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Thread Cabinets 
 
 Toys 
 
 Tray (Enamelling) 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 Cigar Boxes 
 Clock Cases 
 Electrical Appliances 
 Electric Fixture Blocks 
 Embossed Trimmings (Clocks) 
 Gun Stocks 
 House Trimmings 
 
 Trimmings 
 
 Trucks 
 
 Turnings 
 
 Vial Boxes 
 
 Wagons 
 
 Wagon Bodies 
 
 Wagon Seats 
 
 Wagon Work 
 
 Window Frames 
 
 Wood Rolls (Paper Machinery) 
 
 RED GUM. 
 
 Interior Finish 
 •"Humidor Cabinets 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 Stair-work 
 Thread Cabinets 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 Doors 
 
 Blocking 
 
 Boxes 
 
 Bulk Heads (Ship) 
 
 Cable Reels 
 
 Canopy Tops (Boats) 
 
 Carpenters' Brackets 
 
 Carriages 
 
 Chimney Brackets 
 
 Clothes Reels 
 
 Coal Barges 
 
 Crates 
 
 Door Frames 
 
 Extension Trestles 
 
 Exterior Finish 
 
 Flooring 
 
 Foundry Flasks 
 
 Hat Cases 
 
 Hat Case Ends 
 
 Hatches (Barges) 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 REDWOOD. 
 
 Fixtures (Office) 
 
 SPRUCE. 
 
 Interior Finish 
 Joiner-work (Ship) 
 Ladders 
 Lawn Settees 
 Lawn Swings 
 Pallet Racks 
 Piano Cases 
 Silver Ware Blocks 
 Silver Ware Boxes 
 Sounding Boards 
 Spars 
 Stair-work 
 Step Ladders 
 Templets (Boats) 
 Trimmings 
 Window Frames 
 Wire Reels 
 Work Boxes 
 
 SPRUCE, SITKA. 
 
 Doors 
 
80 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Boxes 
 
 SYCAMORE. 
 
 Finish (Boats) 
 
 WALNUT, BLACK. 
 
 Cabinet Work 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Coil Cases 
 
 Cylinder Heads 
 
 Electrical Appliances 
 
 Fore-end Blanks (Fire-arms) 
 
 Gun Stocks 
 
 Humidor Cabinets 
 
 Knobs 
 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 
 Newspaper Files 
 
 Novelties 
 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Piano Legs 
 
 Pistol Stocks 
 
 Rifle Stocks 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 
 Thread Cabinets 
 
 Tool Boxes 
 
 Tool Chests 
 
 Window Frames (Auto) 
 
 Fork Handles 
 Gauges 
 Gun Rods 
 Knife Handles 
 
 Cigar Boxes 
 
 Bit Brace Heads 
 Carpenters' Tools 
 Fork Handles 
 
 FOREIGN WOODS. 
 
 BOXWOOD. 
 
 Planes 
 
 Rules 
 
 Sharps (Piano) 
 
 CEDAR, SPANISH. 
 COCOBOLA. 
 
 Handles 
 Knife Handles 
 Tool Handles 
 
 Fork Handles 
 Keys (Organ) 
 Knife Handles 
 
 Bit Brace Handles 
 Bit Brace Heads 
 Castor Rolls 
 
 Auto Bodies 
 Auto Dash Boards 
 Auto Fixtures 
 Auto Panels 
 Bank Fixtures 
 Bar Tops 
 Cabinet Work 
 Caskets 
 
 EBONY. 
 
 Organ Stop Knobs 
 Sharps (Piano) 
 
 LIGNUM-VIT^. 
 
 Mallets 
 
 Stern Bearings 
 
 MAHOGANY. 
 
 Clock Cases 
 
 Couch Frames 
 
 Counter Tops 
 
 Crating 
 
 Desks 
 
 Electrical Appliances 
 
 Electrical Equipment 
 
 Furniture Knobs 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Gauges 
 
 Gear Frames (Vehicle) 
 
 Handles 
 
 House Trimmings 
 
 Humidor Cabinets 
 
 Interior Finish 
 
 Joiner-work (Ship) 
 
 Knobs 
 
 Launches 
 
 Letter Filing Cabinets 
 
 Levels 
 
 Mantles 
 
 Models 
 
 Office Fixtures 
 
 Organ Cases 
 
 Panels 
 
 Patterns 
 
 Fine Finish (Boats) 
 
 Carpenters' Tools 
 Clock Cases 
 Gauges 
 Handles 
 
 Phonograph Cabinets 
 
 Piano Benches 
 
 Piano Cases 
 
 Piano Legs 
 
 Piano Stools 
 
 Planking (Ship) 
 
 Sewing Machine Cabinets 
 
 Show-case- Frames 
 
 Special Furniture 
 
 Stair-work 
 
 Steering Wheels (Ship) 
 
 Store Fixtures 
 
 Table Tops 
 
 Thread Cabinets 
 
 Trimmings (Auto) 
 
 Window Frames (Auto) 
 
 MAHOGANY, WHITE. 
 ROSEWOOD. 
 
 Levels 
 
 Organ Stop Knobs 
 
 Planes 
 
 Tool Handles 
 
 Rails (Boats) 
 
 Auto Dashes 
 Auto Frames 
 
 TEAK. 
 WALNUT, CIRCASSIAN. 
 
 Piano Cases 
 Pistol Stocks 
 
DIRECTORY. 
 
 Below is a list of the wood-using manufacturers who supplied 
 the data contained in this report. If there are any names missing 
 from this Directory it is because they did not answer the request 
 for information or else they are not in an industry converting 
 lumber into products in final form. The addresses of those manu- 
 facturing several products classified under different industries 
 will appear in the list under more than one industry. 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 The Torrey Brothers Company Central Village 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 The Cutaway Harrow Company Higganum 
 
 The Rogers Rake Company New Hartford 
 
 J. B. Tatem & Son Putnam 
 
 W. & H. Bronson Roxbury 
 
 Charles Gilbert Stepney Depot 
 
 BOXES AND CRATES. 
 
 A. H. Lavietes & Company Andover 
 
 *W. H. Thompson Ansonia 
 
 *H. W. Woodford Avon 
 
 *H. C. Hoffman & Company Bridgeport 
 
 Locomobile Company of America Bridgeport 
 
 The Sewing Machine Cabinet Company Bridgeport 
 
 The Wheel & Wood Bending Company Bridgeport 
 
 The E. Ingraham Company Bristol 
 
 Horatio Kelsey Clinton 
 
 The Collins Company Collinsville 
 
 *Isaac Armstrong & Company Danbury 
 
 *The Clark Box Company Danbury 
 
 *The Hine Box & Printing Company Danbury 
 
 Pratt, Read & Company Deep River 
 
 *The East Hartford Lumber & Ladder Company East Hartford 
 
 George M. Weld East River 
 
 Ellington Basket Company Ellington 
 
 The Sessions Clock Company Forestville 
 
 The O. D. Case Company Guilford 
 
 Austin Organ Company Hartford 
 
 Colts Patent Fire-arms Manufacturing Company Hartford 
 
 * Make boxes or shooks for sale. 
 
APPENDIX. 83 
 
 The Columbia Motor Car Company Hartford 
 
 Crase & Johnson Hartford 
 
 The National Machine Company Hartford 
 
 The Pope Manufacturing Company Hartford 
 
 The Pope Manufacturing Company West Works Hartford 
 
 *J. W. Rockwell & Son Hartford 
 
 *Amos D. Bridge's Sons, Inc Hazardville 
 
 *The Dodd Cooperage Company Meriden 
 
 Meriden Cutlery Company Meriden 
 
 *The Charles Parker Company , Meriden 
 
 The Vocalion Organ Company Meriden 
 
 *J. Dudley Mystic 
 
 The American Hardware Corporation New Britain 
 
 The John Pinches Company New Britain 
 
 *D. C. Beardsley New Haven 
 
 J. F. Goodrich & Company New Haven 
 
 The Hemming Brothers Company New Haven 
 
 *The Hubbell & Merwin Company New Haven 
 
 Manning & Conger New Haven 
 
 The New Haven Clock Company New Haven 
 
 The New Haven Machinery Company New Haven 
 
 *New Haven Wire Bound Box Company New Haven 
 
 Samuel K. Page New Haven 
 
 Rattan Manufacturing Company New Haven 
 
 Sargent & Company New Haven 
 
 E. B. Sheldon Company New Haven 
 
 H. G. Shepard & Sons New Haven 
 
 Standard Wash Tray Company New Haven 
 
 The Wilbur Corporation New Haven 
 
 Winchester Repeating Arms Company New 'Haven 
 
 The Brown Cotton Gin Company New London 
 
 *W. L. Roe, Jr New London 
 
 D. E. Whiton Company New London 
 
 The Chapin-Stephens Company Pine Meadow 
 
 J. B. Tatem & Son Putnam 
 
 *F. W. Bradley Rockville 
 
 James Swan Company Seymour 
 
 The Huntington Piano Company Shelton 
 
 Whitcomb Metallic Bedstead Company, Pioneer Works Shelton 
 
 Whit'lock Printing Press Company Shelton 
 
 Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company Southington 
 
 *Knapp Box Company South Norwalk 
 
 Sealshipt Oyster System South Norwalk 
 
 *The C. S. Trowbridge Company South Norwalk 
 
 Cheney Brothers South Manchester 
 
 The Smith & Winchester Manufacturing Company South Windham 
 
 * Make boxes or shooks for sale. 
 
84 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 *Preble & Bumstead Stafford Springs 
 
 Seth Thomas Clock Company Thomaston 
 
 The Jennings & Griff en Manufacturing Company Tracy P. O. 
 
 Waterbury Clock Company Waterbury 
 
 C. B. Cottrell & Sons Company Westerly 
 
 Windham Handle Company Willimantic 
 
 The George P. Clark Company Windsor Locks 
 
 Wm. L. Gilbert Clock Company Winsted 
 
 *The Tiffany & Pickett Company Winsted 
 
 Winsted Manufacturing Company Winsted 
 
 ♦Still River Box Shop Woodstock Valley 
 
 BUTCHERS' BLOCKS. 
 
 J. W. Curtiss Ansonia 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 A. Bowe & Son Meriden 
 
 CHAIRS. 
 
 The Charles Parker Company Meriden 
 
 The Vocalion Organ Company Meriden 
 
 Rattan Manufacturing Company New Haven 
 
 Metropolitan Chair Company New Haven 
 
 The B. J. Harrison Sons Company Winsted 
 
 The John W. Roe Estate Winsted 
 
 CIGAR BOXES. 
 
 The Bronson & Robinson Company Hartford 
 
 Carl G. A. Gruettke New Haven 
 
 Chas. S. St. John South Norwalk 
 
 H. S. Cowles & Sons Suffield 
 
 CLOCKS. 
 
 The E. Ingraham Company Bristol 
 
 The Sessions Clock Company Forestville 
 
 The New Haven Clock Company New Haven 
 
 Seth Thomas Clock Company Thomaston 
 
 Waterbury Clock Company Waterbury 
 
 Wm. L. Gilbert Clock Company Winsted 
 
 FIRE ARMS. 
 
 Colts Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company Hartford 
 
 Meriden Fire Arms Company Meriden 
 
 Parker Brothers Meriden 
 
 Winchester Repeating Arms Company New Haven 
 
 The Marlin Firearms Company New Haven 
 
 Union Hardware Company Torrington 
 
 0* Make boxes or shooks for sale. 
 
APPENDIX. 85 
 
 FIXTURES. 
 
 Wm. Ellis Bethel 
 
 The Sewing Machine Cabinet Company Bridgeport 
 
 Hoffman Show Case Company Bridgeport 
 
 James H. S. Jones Bridgeport 
 
 Essex Wood Turning Company Essex 
 
 The O. D. Case Company Guilford 
 
 L. F. Dettenborn Wood Working Company Hartford 
 
 Robt. T. Alcorn Hartford 
 
 The American Hardware Corporation New Britain 
 
 Chas. E. Griffiths New Haven 
 
 A. E. Bradley Company New Haven 
 
 FURNITURE. 
 
 Essex Wood Turning Company Essex 
 
 The Sperry & Amos Company New Haven 
 
 Eastern Lounge Company New Milford 
 
 Union Hardware Company Torrington 
 
 Connecticut Screen & Cabinet Company Yalesville 
 
 HANDLES. 
 
 E. W. Buell Andover 
 
 Frank L. Smith Baltic R. F. D. 
 
 W. H. Kelsey Bristol 
 
 A. A. Lowrey Bristol 
 
 Joseph Masack Bristol 
 
 Fayette Wightman Bristol 
 
 The Torrey Brothers Company Central Village 
 
 Horatio Kelsey Clinton 
 
 Wm. R. Hartigan Collinsville 
 
 H. G. Jones Deep River 
 
 The Rogers Brush Works Deep River 
 
 Biglow Brothers Litchfield 
 
 Meriden Cutlery Company Meriden 
 
 H. A. Smith Milford 
 
 Landers, Frary & Clark New Britain 
 
 Stanley Rule & Level Company New Britain 
 
 The Rogers Lake Company New Hartford 
 
 Sargent & Company New Haven 
 
 E. L. Walker New Haven 
 
 Seymour Smith & Son Oakville 
 
 Chas. I. Allen Pequabuck 
 
 The Chapin-Stephens Company Pine Meadow 
 
 Bates & Warfield Plainville 
 
 J. B. Tatem & Son Putnam 
 
 James Swan Company Seymour 
 
86 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company Southington 
 
 Windham Handle Company South Windham 
 
 Union Hardware Company ....!... Torrington 
 
 The Jennings & Griff en Manufacturing Company Tracy P. O. 
 
 Eastern Wood Working Company Wallingford 
 
 F. B. Smith & Sons Warrenville 
 
 James H. Harry West Cheshire 
 
 B. P. Mervin Wood Turning Works Westport 
 
 J. M. Tatem Handle Company Willimantic 
 
 The Winsted Edge Tool Works Winsted 
 
 C. I. Yale Manufacturing Company Yalesville 
 
 INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC. 
 
 Prentice Manufacturing Company Bridgeport 
 
 Stanley Rule & Level Company New Britain 
 
 Sargent & Company New Haven 
 
 The Wilbur Corporation New Haven 
 
 D. E. Whiton Company New London 
 
 The Chapin-Stephens Company Pine Meadow 
 
 C. M. & E. B. Kent Putnam 
 
 Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company Southington 
 
 Union Hardware Company Torrington 
 
 The Upson Nut Company Unionville 
 
 LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. 
 
 The East Hartford Lumber & Ladder Company East Hartford 
 
 Bishop Ladder Company Hartford 
 
 Geo. C. Wilcox Winsted 
 
 MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL. 
 
 The N. J. Patrick Corporation Derby 
 
 Bates & Warfield Plainville 
 
 Union Hardware Company Torrington 
 
 MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, NOT ELECTRICAL. 
 
 The Ball & Socket Company Cheshire 
 
 Turner Machine Company Danbury 
 
 A. Gilbert & Sons Derby 
 
 Brown Cotton Gin Company New London 
 
 Cheney Brothers South Manchester 
 
 The Smith & Winchester Manufacturing Company South Windham 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Olmstead-Thompson Manufacturing Company Berlin 
 
 N. Buckingham & Company, Inc Bridgeport 
 
 The Sewing Machine Cabinet Company Bridgeport 
 
 Clayton Cooperage Company Canaan 
 
APPENDIX. «7 
 
 W. L. Sahf ord Canaan 
 
 The Torrey Brothers Company Central Village 
 
 Norman P. Little East Hartford 
 
 The Brewing Appliance Specialty Company Hartford 
 
 Hartford Burial Case Company Hartford 
 
 C. O. Jelliff & Company New Canaan 
 
 Sargent & Company New Haven 
 
 Chas. I. Allen Pequabuck 
 
 Geo. W. Smith & Son South Canterbury 
 
 The W. N. Craw Manufacturing Company South Norwalk 
 
 Chas. Gilbert Stepney Depot 
 
 Union Hardware Company Torrington 
 
 L. D. & E. E. Hoyt Unionville 
 
 B. P. Mervin Wood Turning Works Westport 
 
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 Denison Bros Deep River 
 
 Pratt, Read & Company Deep River 
 
 The Sterling Company Derby 
 
 Austin Organ Company Hartford 
 
 The Comstock Cheney Company Ivoryton 
 
 Mansfield Organ Pipe Works Mansfield Depot 
 
 The Chas. Parker Company Meriden 
 
 The Vocalion Organ Company Meriden 
 
 The Wilcox & White Company Meriden 
 
 H. Hall & Company New Haven 
 
 B. Shoninger Company New Haven 
 
 Imperial Manufacturing Company Stamford 
 
 Schleicher & Sons Piano Company Stamford 
 
 PATTERNS. 
 
 Fred F. Beach Bridgeport 
 
 Bridgeport Pattern & Model Company Bridgeport 
 
 The Lake Torpedo Boat Company Bridgeport 
 
 O. S. Piatt Bridgeport 
 
 Sessions Foundry Company Bristol 
 
 Turner Machine Company Danbury 
 
 C. F. Yochum Danbury 
 
 N. F. Ball Croton 
 
 E. J. Anderson Hartford 
 
 The J. C. Barrett Company, Inc Hartford 
 
 The Columbia Motor Car Company Hartford 
 
 Crase & Johnson Hartford 
 
 The Hartford Pattern & Model Company Hartford 
 
 Topping Brothers • Hartford 
 
 The Cutaway Harrow Company Higganum 
 
 The Hemming Brothers Company New Haven 
 
88 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 The McLagon Foundry Company New Haven 
 
 New Haven Machinery Company New Haven 
 
 Brown Cotton Gin Company New London 
 
 New London Marine Iron Works New London 
 
 The Thames Tow Boat Company New London 
 
 D. E. Whiton Company New London 
 
 The Baird Machine Company Oakville 
 
 C. H. Aisthrope South Norwalk 
 
 The Smith & Winchester Manufacturing Co South Windham 
 
 Wm. B. Judd Waterbury 
 
 C. H. Manville Waterbury 
 
 C. B. Cottrell & Sons Company Westerly, R. I. 
 
 Geo. C. Wilcox Winsted 
 
 PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. 
 
 H. W. Woodford Avon 
 
 A. W. Burritt Company Bridgeport 
 
 H. C Hoffman & Company Bridgeport 
 
 W. S. Hurlburt Building Company Bridgeport 
 
 Frank E. Miller Lumber Company Bridgeport 
 
 W. A. Smith & Son Bridgeport 
 
 Rhoades & Stanton Canaan 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 James A. Nichols Danielson 
 
 Thomas Forsyth Fairfield 
 
 The Maher Brothers Corporation Greenwich 
 
 The East Hartford Lumber & Ladder Co East Hartford 
 
 W. H. Cairns Wood Working Company East Hartford 
 
 The Edwin Taylor Lumber Company Hartford 
 
 S. C. Lewis Meriden 
 
 The T. E. Main Company Moosup 
 
 The Naugatuck Lumber & Coal Company Naugatuck 
 
 H. C. Messenger New Hartford 
 
 The George Alling's Sons Company New Haven 
 
 David E. Clark New Haven 
 
 The M. J. Gibbud Company New Haven 
 
 The Hubbell & Merwin Company New Haven 
 
 The S perry & Amos Company New Haven 
 
 Warren & Sperry Company New Haven 
 
 Denison & Brown New London 
 
 H. R. Douglas New London 
 
 New London Marine Iron Works New London 
 
 L. S. Raymond New London 
 
 H. B. Porter & Son Company Norwich 
 
 The Wheaton Building & Finish Company Putnam 
 
 H. W. Mather South Norwalk 
 
 St. John & Keyser South Norwalk 
 
APPENDIX. 89 
 
 A. Waldron South Norwalk 
 
 The St. John Wood Working Company Stamford 
 
 The Hotchkiss Brothers Company Torrington 
 
 The Torrington Lumber Company Torrington 
 
 Loucks & Clarke Wallingf ord 
 
 The C. F. Woodking Company Wallingf ord 
 
 J. E. Smith & Company, Inc Waterbury 
 
 The Tracy Brothers Company Waterbury 
 
 Geo. A. Upham Waterbury 
 
 H. S. Case Weatogue 
 
 The H. H. Richards Lumber Company West Haven 
 
 The Isaac Sherman Company Westerly, R. I. 
 
 R. G. Barlow & Son Westford 
 
 Hillhouse & Taylor Willimantic 
 
 PRINTING MATERIALS. 
 
 B. P. Webler Bristol 
 
 W. T. Barnum & Company New Haven 
 
 C. S. Butler & Son New Haven 
 
 E. B. Sheldon Company New Haven 
 
 The Brown Cotton Gin Company New London 
 
 Whitlock Printing Press Company Shelton 
 
 C. B. Cottrell & Sons Company Westerly 
 
 SASH, DOORS AND BLINDS AND GENERAL MILLWORK. 
 
 W. H. Thompson Ansonia 
 
 A. W. Burrett Company Bridgeport 
 
 H. C. Hoffman & Company Bridgeport 
 
 Frank E. Miller Lumber Company Bridgeport 
 
 W. R. Muirhead Lumber Company Bridgeport 
 
 W. A. Smith & Company Bridgeport 
 
 Johnson Lindell & Company Canaan 
 
 Elmer H. Barnum Danbury 
 
 Foster Brothers Danbury 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 James A. Nichols Danielson 
 
 The H. Sands Selleck Company Darien 
 
 F. A. Bradley Derby 
 
 Wm. Cooper Derby 
 
 The N. J. Patrick Corporation Derby 
 
 W. H. Cairns Wood Working Company East Hartford 
 
 J. P. Crosby Greenwich 
 
 The Maher Brothers Corporation Greenwich 
 
 The Andrews and Peck Company Hartford 
 
 W. E. Caulkins & Son Hartford 
 
 C. H. Dresser & Son, Inc. „ Hartford 
 
 Hartford Builders' Finish Company Hartford 
 
90 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 The Hartford Sash & Door Company Hartford 
 
 Mclntyre & Ahern Hartford 
 
 J. W. Murray Hartford 
 
 Wm. Olds & Company Hartford 
 
 James Struthers Hartford 
 
 The Edwin Taylor Lumber Company Hartford 
 
 Amos D. Bridge's Sons, Inc Hazardville 
 
 Chapman & Tripp J ewett City 
 
 Geo. J. Switzer Litchfield 
 
 The Morehouse Brothers Company Meriden 
 
 The Gustav Lowenthal Company Middletown 
 
 Naugatuck Lumber & Coal Company Naugatuck 
 
 Carlson & Torell New Britain 
 
 H. E. Dimock New Britain 
 
 The John Pinches Company New Britain 
 
 The Geo. Alling's Sons Company New Haven 
 
 David E. Clark New Haven 
 
 M. Etzel & Son New Haven 
 
 Gerrish & Hume New Haven 
 
 The M. J. Gibbud Company New Haven 
 
 Lewis Hawthorne Company New Haven 
 
 The Hubbell & Merwin Company New Haven 
 
 G E. Johnstone & Company New Haven 
 
 Morgan & Humiston Company New Haven 
 
 Norton Brothers New Haven 
 
 Lewis Rempf er New Haven 
 
 Sargent & Company New Haven 
 
 The Sperry & Amos Company New Haven 
 
 Warner & Sperry Company New Haven 
 
 The Wilbur Corporation New Haven 
 
 Denison & Brown New London 
 
 H. R. Douglas New London 
 
 Henry O. Hawthorne New London 
 
 W. L. Roe, Jr New London 
 
 A. R. Malkin & Company Norwalk 
 
 The H. B. Porter & Son Company Norwich 
 
 C. M. & E. B. Kent Putnam 
 
 The Wheaton Building & Finish Company Putnam 
 
 Gem Ventilator Company Saybrook 
 
 Cheney Brothers South Manchester 
 
 Colonial Column Manufacturing Company South Norwalk 
 
 The Hatch & Bailey Company South Norwalk 
 
 H. W. Mather South Norwalk 
 
 St. John & Keyser South Norwalk 
 
 A. Waldron South Norwalk 
 
 The St. John Wood Working Company Stamford 
 
 Walter Bates & Sons Thompson 
 
APPENDIX. 91 
 
 The Hotchkiss Brothers Company Torrington 
 
 The Torrington Lumber Company Torrington 
 
 R. F. Jones Unionville 
 
 The Parsons Lumber & Hardware Company Unionville 
 
 The C. F. Wooding Company Wallingf ord 
 
 W. W. Wilson Washington Depot 
 
 Brass City Lumber Company Waterbury 
 
 Thomas Heaton Waterbury 
 
 Wm. B. Judd .' Waterbury 
 
 J. E. Smith & Company, Inc Waterbury 
 
 The Tracy Brothers Company Waterbury 
 
 Geo. A. Upham Waterbury 
 
 The Watertown Lumber Company .-■ Watertown 
 
 The Isaac Sherman Company Westerly, R. I. 
 
 The H. H. Richards Lumber Company West Haven 
 
 Thomas Quinlan Westport 
 
 Hillhouse & Taylor Willimantic 
 
 Latham & Crane Willimantic 
 
 Connecticut Screen & Cabinet Company Yalesville 
 
 SHIPS AND BOATS. 
 
 Claus A. Johnson Branf ord 
 
 The Lake Torpedo Boat Company Bridgeport 
 
 Geo. Saunders Chester 
 
 C. E. Stevens Clinton 
 
 R. Stoughton : Clinton 
 
 Palmer Brothers Cos Cob 
 
 Comstock & Mack Essex 
 
 Harrison & Halliday Essex 
 
 Aaron T. Perkins Essex 
 
 The Gildersleeve Ship Building Co Gildersleeve 
 
 Greenwich Yacht Yard Greenwich 
 
 Chas. Butson Groton 
 
 C. F. Ferguson Groton 
 
 L. P. Anderson Guilford 
 
 W. P. Fowler Guilford 
 
 Reuben E. Hall Guilford 
 
 Ralph B. Hall Guilford 
 
 The Hartford & New York Transportation Co Hartford 
 
 H. T. Adams New Haven 
 
 E. E. Crampton New Haven 
 
 John E. Mar & Son New Haven 
 
 Antonio Palo New Haven 
 
 S. W. Pring New Haven 
 
 Edw. M. Sears '. New Haven 
 
 Louis Anderson : New London 
 
 The T. A. Scott Company New London 
 
92 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 The Thames Tow Boat Company New London 
 
 Jerry Davis Noank 
 
 The Robert Palmer & Son S. B. & M. Ry. Co Noank 
 
 Freeman Rogers Noank 
 
 C. L. Barker Norwalk 
 
 Marine Ry. & Boat Building Company Portland 
 
 Geo. W. Smith & Son South Canterbury 
 
 Oscar Anderson South Norwalk 
 
 Banks & Company South Norwalk 
 
 Leslie Gamble South Norwalk 
 
 The Marine Railways & Con. Company Stamford 
 
 Geo. Scrobogna Stamford 
 
 The Stamford Motor Gompany Stamford 
 
 W. E. Bedell Stratford 
 
 The West Mystic Boat Company West Mystic 
 
 SPOOLS AND BOBBINS. 
 
 Frank L. Smith Baltic, R. F. D. 
 
 The Torrey Brothers Company Central Village 
 
 A. Gilbert & Sons Derby 
 
 G. W. Winslow East Killingly 
 
 J. M. Keith & Company Eastf ord 
 
 The Allen Spool & Printing Company Mystic 
 
 Webster D. Whedon Madison 
 
 E. L. Walker New Haven 
 
 J. B. Tatem & Son Putnam 
 
 Geo. W. Smith & Son South Canterbury 
 
 W. H. Armstrong Coventry 
 
 Cheney Brothers South Manchester 
 
 Windham Handle Company South Windham 
 
 Walter Bates & Sons Thompson 
 
 J. M. Tatem Handle Company Willimantic 
 
 SPORTING GOODS. 
 
 A. Gilbert & Sons Derby 
 
 The Torrey Brothers Company Central Village 
 
 H. G. Shepard & Sons New Haven 
 
 Geo. W. Smith & Son South Canterbury 
 
 TANKS. 
 
 H. C. Hoffman Bridgeport 
 
 Elmer H. Barnum Danbury 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 The Geo. Alling's Sons Company ' New Haven 
 
 H. G. Shepard & Sons New Haven 
 
 The T. A. Scott Company New London 
 
APPENDIX. 93 
 
 C. M. & E. B. Kent Putnam 
 
 The Smith & Winchester Manufacturing Co South Windham 
 
 Geo. C. Wilcox Winsted 
 
 VEHICLE AND VEHICLE PARTS. 
 
 J. G. Curtiss Ansonia 
 
 J. W. Curtiss Ansonia 
 
 James McKinnon Ansonia 
 
 Dennis Mahoney Ansonia 
 
 W. H. Thompson Ansonia 
 
 Frank L. Smith Baltic, R. F. D. 
 
 The Flynn & Doyle Company Bantam 
 
 Tudor Whiton Bloomfield 
 
 Thos. M. Bray " Branf ord 
 
 H. W. Hubbard Branford 
 
 J. S. Moore Branford 
 
 R. Nillson Branford 
 
 Belamore Armoured Car and Equipment Co Bridgeport 
 
 The Blue Ribbon Auto & Carriage Co Bridgeport 
 
 The Eddy-Sherwood Carriage & Motor Co Bridgeport 
 
 Gates Wagon Company Bridgeport 
 
 The C. W. Hall Carriage Company Bridgeport 
 
 Locomobile Company of America Bridgeport 
 
 Metropolitan Auto & Carriage Company Bridgeport 
 
 Peck & Lines Bridgeport 
 
 The Wheel & Wood Bending Company Bridgeport 
 
 H. M. Brockaway Centerbrook 
 
 The Torrey Brothers Company Central Village 
 
 C. H. Kelsey Clinton 
 
 E. J. Clinton & Son Clintonville 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 Frank M. Howard Deep River 
 
 J. J. Booth Derby 
 
 P. J. Donovan Derby 
 
 G. W. Winslow East Killingly 
 
 Wm. Potter Essex 
 
 Harris Hymon Groton 
 
 The Maher Brothers Corporation Greenwich 
 
 The Archibald-Guilf ord Wheel Company Guilford 
 
 P. P. Ives Guilford 
 
 F. E. Banning Hadlyme 
 
 The Columbia Motor Car Company Hartford 
 
 The Hartford Model & Pattern Company Hartford 
 
 B. L. McGurk Hartford 
 
 Mansuy & Smith Hartford 
 
 J. W. Murray Hartford 
 
 The Pope Manufacturing Company Hartford 
 
94 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 The Pope Manufacturing Company, West Works Hartford 
 
 The James Pullar Company Hartford 
 
 W. H. Fowler Hockanum 
 
 F. A. Chapman ' Ivoryton 
 
 Chapman & Tripp Jewett City 
 
 M. Abraham Meriden 
 
 John . Bostelman Meriden 
 
 A. Bowe & Son Meriden 
 
 Chalker & Fenn Meriden 
 
 Otto G. Ost Meriden 
 
 J. B. Evans Middletown 
 
 W. S. Reynolds Middletown 
 
 H. A. Smith Milford 
 
 James Murphy .- Naugatuck 
 
 Barney Van Ness Naugatuck 
 
 Benoit Brothers New Britain 
 
 New Britain Carriage Company New Britain 
 
 The M. Armstrong Company New Haven 
 
 D. W. Baldwin & Company New Haven 
 
 Dann Brothers New Haven 
 
 A. T. Demarest & Company New Haven 
 
 Joseph Gardner New Haven 
 
 W. J. Gates New Haven 
 
 J. F. Goodrich & Company New Haven 
 
 Charles M. Hamm New Haven 
 
 The Holcomb Company New Haven 
 
 Henry Hooker & Company New Haven 
 
 Frederick Howshield , New Haven 
 
 Chas. A. Kandetski New Haven 
 
 James Murphy New Haven 
 
 New Haven Auto Top Company New Haven 
 
 New Haven Carriage Company New Haven 
 
 Samuel K. Page New Haven 
 
 Rattan Manufacturing Company New Haven 
 
 H. G. Shepard & Sons New Haven 
 
 Rafter Wagon Works New Haven 
 
 W. Robertson . m New Haven 
 
 West Rock Wagon Works New Haven 
 
 G. A. Tenbroeck New Haven 
 
 Geo. H. Barber New London 
 
 A. B. Collins New London 
 
 J. B. Getchell New London 
 
 D. E. & J. F. Moran New London 
 
 Elliott Wagon Corporation North Grosvenor Dale 
 
 C. L. Barker Norwalk 
 
 S. T. Ruby Norwalk 
 
APPENDIX. 95 
 
 The L. L. Chapman Company Norwich 
 
 Geo. W. Harris Norwich 
 
 M. B. Ring Norwich 
 
 Scott & Clark Corporation Norwich 
 
 J. A. Walz Norwich 
 
 A. R. Keables Norwichtown 
 
 E. E. Gay Norwichtown 
 
 I. M. Shapiro Oakville 
 
 The Wheaton Building & Finish Company Putnam 
 
 Geo. B. Milne Rockville 
 
 Fred H. Scharp Rockville 
 
 Raymond Brothers Rowayton 
 
 W. H. Armstrong South Coventry 
 
 H. W. Mather South Norwalk 
 
 A. Waldron South Norwalk 
 
 Ira B. Bliss Stamford 
 
 C. L. Smalley Stepney 
 
 M. G. Dibble Suffield 
 
 H. C. Holdredge Suffield 
 
 J. H. Baeder Torrington 
 
 C. C. Haight Torrington 
 
 L. D. & E. D. Hoyt Unionville 
 
 L. B. Scranton Wallingf ord 
 
 H. Oddy & Son Wallingford 
 
 Ekman Brothers Washington Depot 
 
 R. N. Blakeslee Waterbury 
 
 W. M. Doyle Waterbury 
 
 Geo. H. Goodwin Waterbury 
 
 A. J. Kenneally Waterbury 
 
 Peter Laroque Waterbury 
 
 O'Neil & Fox Waterbury 
 
 O'Neil & Warner Waterbury 
 
 Geo. Panneton Waterbury 
 
 M. Rosen Waterbury 
 
 W. B. Whitney Waterbury 
 
 A. A. Devylder West Cheshire 
 
 James H. Harry West Cheshire 
 
 C. H. Holdredge ! Westerly, R. I. 
 
 Stillman Carriage Company Westerly, R. I. 
 
 A. R. Burnham Willimantic 
 
 Galipeau & Ducharme Willimantic 
 
 J. Alexander Winchester Center 
 
 John Darcey & Son Winchester Center 
 
 The Geo. P. Clark Company Windsor Locks 
 
 Howard L. Hitchcock Woodbury 
 
 L. L. Ives Yalesville 
 
96 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 1 74. 
 
 WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 
 
 E. <W. Buell Andover 
 
 Connecticut Screen & Cabinet Company Yalesville 
 
 Elmwood Button Company Bridgeport 
 
 Fayette Wightman Bristol 
 
 W. S. Danielson Danielson 
 
 A. Gilbert & Son Derby 
 
 The East Hartford Lumber and Ladder Co East Hartford 
 
 E. J. Anderson Hartford 
 
 Bishop Ladder Company Hartford 
 
 Crase & Johnson , Hartford 
 
 Amos S. Bridge's Sons, Inc ' Hazardville 
 
 C. O. Jelliff & Company -. New Canaan 
 
 A. W. Flint & Company New Haven 
 
 Sargent & Company New Haven 
 
 The Baird Machine Company Oakville 
 
 Chas. I. Allen Pequabuck 
 
 Peck, Stow & Wilcox Company Southington 
 
 Windham Handle Company South Windham 
 
 Preble & Bumstead Stafford Springs 
 
 Union Hardware Company Torrington 
 
 B. P. Merwin Wood Turning Works Westport 
 
 THE 1910 LUMBER CUT OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 The statistics and discussions in the foregoing report are based on a 
 study of the woods consumed in 191 1 by the Connecticut factories. This 
 report, it will be recalled, does not include the cut of rough lumber but 
 only that part of it which becomes the raw material of the factories 
 converting it into various commodities. For the convenience of the 
 reader who may desire to make a comparison of the kinds and amounts 
 of lumber produced by the Connecticut sawmills, with the quantity con- 
 sumed by the factories, an exact copy of part of the Bureau of Census 
 Bulletin giving the 1910 lumber cut for Connecticut is presented in the 
 following table : 
 
 KIND OF WOOD FEET B. M. KIND OF WOOD FEET B. M. 
 
 Chestnut 58,810,000 Elm 215,000 
 
 Oak 25,686.000 Tupelo 1 12,000 
 
 White Pine 23,021,000 Walnut 91,000 
 
 Hemlock 5,376 000 Cedar 48,000 
 
 Hickory 3,483,000 Sycamore 5,000 
 
 Maple 2,780,000 Spruce 4,000 
 
 Ash 1,893,000 Tamarack 3,000 
 
 Birch 1,750,000 Balsam 2,000 
 
 Pitch Pine 1,527,000 All others 69,000 
 
 Basswood 739.000 
 
 Beech 581,000 Total cut 126,463,000 
 
 Cottonwood f.,.* _ .268,000 n . 
 
 5 3 3 9 1 
 
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