GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA e-ocx* HALL LEHNERTS Rand M^Nally & Ca Vol. LIBRARY Connecticut State College class qjon^ Date rXJ^ 11 19ST^ BOOK 910.7.Hla c, 1 HALL I OOOGES GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA BY C W HALL AND E M LEH ^ 3 T153 DD20bS17 7 4652 \\- This Book may be kept out TTT^n WEEKS V DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY t OF MINNESOTA By CHRISTOPHER WEBBER HALL Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota and EDWARD M. LEHXERTS Professor of Geography, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Part I MINNESOTA AS A WHOLE Part II THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES Part III STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY obge'is #eosrapf)ical Series By RICHARD ELWOOU DODGE Proffssor of Geofrraphy, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography DODGE'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY ... $ .65 Special Mahod Causal Relations treated by induction. Reason- ing from consequences to causes. PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people commercially and industrially. PART //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- mercially and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the lives and occupations of the people. DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY $1.20 Special Method- Causal Relations treated by deduction. Reason- ing from causes to consequences. PART /—THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY The dependence of life and industry on physi- PART //—COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE CONTINENTS Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political divisions the outgrowth of i>hysical conditions, the reasons there- for, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Dodge's Geography by Grades WORLD $ -35 Book One. HOME GEOGRAPHY AND RELATIONS PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY Central Thought: The relation of the indi\-idual pupil to all parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people com- mercially and industrially- PART //—WORLD RELATIONS Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations commer- cially and industrially Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEOG- RAPHY $ .50 special emphasis on the lives and occupations of people Special Metlwd Books One and Two: Causal Relations treated by induction Reasoning from consequences to causes Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA $ -75 Central Thought The dependence of life and industry on physi- cal environment Book Four. COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY ^OF THE CONTINENTS ! . $ .70 Ccnirai Thou^ki. Commerce and industrv as well as political di\nsions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons therefor, and comparisons of these and other points in the various countries. Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relations treated by deduction Reasoning from causes to consequences. GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES Louisville SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I AND II BY GRADES icipal of Spever School. Te Mpal of Grammar School N SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III AND IV BY GRADES Copyright, /y/c By Rand, McN.ally & Co. Revised, 1Q12 mite ^anb - 2Pcilallu S>vea» THE INTRODUCTION Xi 3 SI HOME Geography is usually the tirst work to be taken up in any study of geography because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar from personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know it better than we need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during the school course it is most valuable to make a careful study of the state or group of states in v/hich we live that we may have a better \mderstanding of the geography about us than we can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. In a text -book of geography we study the relation of one state or group of states to the whole country of which our home region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features that distinguish the countr}- as a whole. In a special text-book devoted to one state or group of states we can learn more about our ovrti region, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, it' products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable also as a reference volume to wliich we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which needs to be answered at once. In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large features which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons the student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. In this state, as in other regions, topography and climate pointed out the path of development that communities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the pages that follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded the life of the state. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in its growth, and then the study of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain the reasons for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. Certain facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- politic which we call the state. That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. THE TABLE OF CONTENTS The Introduction PART I. MINNESOTA AS A WHOLE Location ... Size .... Surface Drainage ... Lakes .... Geological Growth Underground Waters Climate Vegetation Animals PAGE 7 7 7 PAGE Agriculture 20 Quarrying 22 Mining 23 Manufactures 24 Commerce 25 Early History 26 The People 28 Government 29 Education 29 Charities and Corrections ^o PART II. THE (;R0\VTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS Gain in Population 31 The Twin Cities, Minneapolis and St. Paul . 31 Still Other Mississippi Valley Towns . . . ■ .5,5 Upper Mississippi Valley Towns 34 Towns of the Minnesota Valley . Red River Valley Towns Towns of the Central Prairie Region Towns of Northeastern Minnesota . PART III. STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS PAGE Statistics of the State of Minnesota, by Counties, Federal Census of iqoo and igio . . . 39 State or Country of Birth of Population of Minne- sota, Federal Census of 1900 and State Census, 1905 40 The Population of Minnesota at Each Federal Census from 1830 to 1910 40 Population of the Principal Cities and Towns of Minnesota, at Each Federal Census from i860 to 1910 40 Principal Items of Minnesota's AVealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1 900-1 904 . . 40 Value of Agricultural Products of Minnesota. Federal Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. Department of Agriculture, lOoS. Value of Live Stock in Minnesota, Federal Census of I goo and Year Book, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1908 Some of the Leading Industries The Leading .Manufacturing Cities Iron-ore Production .... Suggestive Questions Suggestions for Collateral Reading Index (4) THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS A Relief Map of Minnesota 7 A Political Map of Minnesota 8-9 A Physical Map of Minnesota 10 A Map of Lake Minnetonka, a Typical Glacial Lake in the Maturity of its Lake Beauty . 14 Map Showing Average Annual Temperature from 1897 to 1909 17 Map Showing Average Annual Rainfall from 1897 to 1909 18 The Average Annual Rainfall at Winnebago. Fer- gus Falls, and Hallock, from 1900 to 1 910 18 Map Showing Forest Reserves, Indian and Mili- tary Reservations 19 The Value of Farm Products per Square Mile, Census of 1900 20 The Wheat Crop of Minnesota for Five Decades, 1 86 7 to 1907, and for 1908, in Millions of Bushels 21 The Value of Manufactured Products per Square Mile, Census of 1900 ... ... 23 PAGE The Railroad Mileage of Minnesota for Each Ten Years, from 1870 to 1900, and for the Years 1905, 1908, and 1909, in Thousands of Miles . 25 An Historical Map of Minnesota 26 The Population of Minnesota in Tens of Thousands and the Density of Poptilation per Square Mile at Each Federal Census 27 Proportion of Persons in Minnesota Engaged in Each of the Leading Occupations, Census of 1900 27 State of Birth of the Native-bom Popvilation of Minnesota, Census of 1905 28 Proportion of Foreign-bom from Each of the Leading Countries of Europe, Census of 1905 28 The Congressional Districts of Minnesota ... 28 The Leading Educational Institutions of Minnesota 29 The Density of Urban Population in Minnesota, Census of 1905 ... 31 A Map of St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Vicinity. . 32 A Map of Duluth and Vicinity 38 A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS A Minnesota Pine Forest. The Road shows the Preparation for Cutting . . Frontispiece Scene on a Farm in the Red River Valley At the Outlet of Lake Itasca Scene on the Big Cottonwood River View of a Great Dairy Farm on Land Originally Covered with White-pine Forest A Swamp Area Partially Covered with Spruce Balsam, and Tamarack A View of Lake Pepin Scene on the Redwood River i& Norivay Pine on the Shore of Lake Itasca . 19 Cutting Com for the Silo Harvesting Com with a Com Binder . A Herd of Dairy Cows A Cooperative Creamery at Litchfield . A Field of Oats in the Lake District of Minnesot View of a Quarry and Plant near New Ulm The Fayal Mine at Eveleth in the Mesabi Range Type of Steam Shovel Used in Mining Ore . A Present-day View of the Falls of St. Anthony Avenue of Skidways on Pine Island Steam Hauler Transporting Forty-nine Cords of Wood over an Ice Road 24 The Logs have reached Minneapolis .... 24 A View of the ililling District in Minneapolis . . 25 Scene on the ■Mississippi at Gray Cloud Island . 25 General Zebulon Montgomery Pike 26 An Old Indian Grave on the Bank of Leech Lake 27 The Capitol at St. Paul 28 A Class in Com Judging, a Study in the Short Course, School of Agriculture, State University A Scene wn the Mississippi River near Minnehaha Falls View of a Residence Street in Jlinneapolis On Summit Avenue, the Principal Residence Street of St. Paul . . Sugar Loaf Mountain ^3 The State Training School for Boys, Lying among Wooded Bluffs near the City of Red Wing . 34 A Scene on One of the Business Streets of Brainerd 35 A Section of the City of Faribault 36 A Panoramic View of the City of Duluth ... 36 A Continuation of the View Presented in Fig. 55 37 30 33 .4 Minnesota pine jorcst. I iic road siioics the fn faralion Jor cutting. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA By Christopher Webber Hall, Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Edward M. Lehnerts, Professor of Geography, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. I. MIXXESOTA AS A WHOLE Location. ]\Iinnesota occupies a central position in North America, lying equally- distant from Beaufort Sea and from the Caribbean, and halfway between the GuH of California and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is the crest of non-mountainous North America, since the sources of three great river systems, the Nelson, the St. Lawrence, and the Mississippi, are within its borders. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 173.) Mathematically placed, the state Ues between parallel 43° 30', its southern boundary, and paral- lel 49°, which forms the western part of its northern boundary. The northernmost point of the state lies within the Lake of the Woods (Fig. 2), reach- ing parallel 49° 23' 50.28". This is also the most northerly point in the boundary between the United States and Canada, and attains 22.85 miles north of the 49th parallel, the great boundary Une between these two countries, from the Lake of the Woods to the Pacific Ocean. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 192.) The easternmost land in Minnesota is 89° 54' west longitude, but the boundary between this state and Michigan Ues 30' farther east- ward in Lake Superior. Westward, the state reaches 97° 12' west longitude. (Fig. 2.) Size. The total area of Minnesota is 87,196 square miles. This area includes that portion of Lake Superior — 2,514 square miles — adjoining and within the poHtical boundaries of JMinnesota. The remainder of the water surface, embraced in the rivers and lakes of the state other than Lake Superior, has an area of 3,824 square miles. This leaves a land surface of 80,858 square miles, or about 51,730,000 acres; enough land to make more than 323,000 farms of 160 acres each, the largest acreage that can be taken by a single citi- zen under the national homestead laws. In comparison with Minnesota, only nine other states contain more square miles, and only eighteen states have been longer in the Union. The greatest length of the state from north to south, between Iowa and the north- ernmost point in the Lake of the Woods, is 408 miles. The great- est \\^idth, between St. Vincent and Pigeon Point, is 357 miles. On account of the westward curve of the St. Croix River the width across the state, from Big Stone Lake to Lake St. Croix, or from Ortonville to Stillwater, is less than 180 miles. (Fig. 2.) Surface. Although Minnesota is best known as a border state lying between the prairies and the forests, there is much relief map of Minnesota. (7) THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA H C +j ■c 0) ■^ •d is 0) ^ cd 0) ^ CQ ^ id "S u 8 cd T) e c a (U p. -o C J3 o a! .22 '$ •d o of 3 O 01 ■3 S d q 1-1 -0 s .ii aj a! ^ ■^ M B o 0) tA c 3 6 o 1 H is 03 3 03 V SO I-. fc. B m a rt u •a M — — i-^ 03 03 ol THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA Missouri River. Along the eastern side the land drains to the Minnesota River, the streams flowing across a gentle slope from fifty to seventy-five miles in width. (Fig. 3.) The highest ground of the Coteau lies 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. This region attracted the attention of the early explorers, who, viewing its treeless sur- face ghstening in the sun, named it the "Shin- ing Mountains." This, like the southeastern comer of the state, was first extensively devoted to wheat raising, but at the present time is used for more diversified farming. Stock rais- ing and the growing of corn, oats, barley, and flax have now practically taken the place of the earlier and exclusive wheat- raising industry. Following the Mis- sissippi River from the Iowa border, where that stream leaves Minnesota ter- ritory, to St. Paul, there extends a valley from six to two miles wide. (Fig. 3.) Of this valley, tmtil the mouth of the St. Croix River is reached, only that portion west of the main channel of the Mississippi is in Minnesota. Above the mouth of the St. Croix, the valley lies entirely within the state. The valley of the Minnesota from St. Paul to Browns Valley is a flood plain from one to six miles wide. This plain is extremely fertile and is the center of extensive agri- cultural industries. The divide at Browns Valley separates the waters of the Mississippi Basin from those of the Hudson Bay. (Fig. 3.) This divide is only 962 feet above the sea. Within the Mississippi-Minnesota Valley lives a large population. Here are located the cities of Winona, Wabasha, Red Wing, Hastings, St. Paul, St. Peter, Mankato, New Ulm, and a score or more of smaller towns. The Upper Mississippi Valley comprises that portion of the state stretching from the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers at Fort Snelling to Lake Itasca, the source of the Missis- sippi. Lumbering was the early industry of this region, comprising an area of more than 20,000 square miles. The highest land of the Upper Mississippi Valley is along the border line between the Mississippi and the Red River. The approximate altitude here is between 1,500 and 1,750 feet; the lowest point is at the mouth of the Minne- sota River, where 688 feet is the height at low water. Around the sources of the Mississippi lie some of the largest and most beautiful lakes in Minne- sota. Lake Itasca (Fig. 15) and the region immediately surrounding it are conserved for the use of the people of the state as Itasca State Park. Going down the river, lakes Bemidji, Cass, and Winnibigoshish lie in its course. Beautiful Leech Lake, Pokegama Lake, and hundreds of other lakes adjacent to the river's channel, add to the wonderful diversity of landscape for which the Upper Mississippi Valley is justly famed. .4 physical map of M iiDicsota. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA East of the Mississippi and farther south lies Mille Lacs with 200 square miles of water surface, the source of Rum River, one of the important tributaries of the Mississippi. The greater part of the Upper Mississippi area consists of morainic belts, ancient lake basins now filled, stretches of sandy soil, and extensive marshes. Its altitude varies from 688 feet, the low-water mark at Fort Snelling, to 1,750 feet, the highest land on the divide between the Mississippi and the Red River basins. The first industry of the region was lumbering. In the Mississippi Valley and the Valley of the St. Croix, this industry not only led to early settlement but also largely directed the course of population. In the northwestern corner of the state lies a tract of land extending from the forested region of the Upper Mississippi west- ward beyond the region of trees into the great prairie of the Red River Valley. The land slopes down gently from an altitude ranging from 1,200 to 1,750 feet to that of the Red River itself, which leaves the state at 753 feet. (Fig. 3.) The zone between prairie and forest cuts this region into two nearly equal parts. The rich soils of the Red River Valley (Fig. 4) were formed by the laying down of lake muds in a very large lake which existed at the close of the Glacial Period. The eastern portion of the valley presents a gentle slope, but the western portion is an almost level plain several thousands of square miles in extent. Along the eastern border of this plain extends a series of well- defined gravel ridges. These are the beach lines of the shore of ancient Lake Agassiz. They afford an easy means of outlining the eastern border of this remarkable glacial lake. Outside and to the east of these beaches lies a moderately rolling prairie, which gradually disappears in the thickening forests of the Upper Mississippi and Rainy River valleys. Northeastern Minnesota is much rougher and more uneven than any other division of the state. Its lowest level is the short of Lake Superior, 602.2 feet above the sea, and its highest point (2,230 feet) is a summit in the Misquah Hills of northern Cook and Lake counties. These extremes are also the lowest and highest points within the state. In this portion of the state the covering of glacial drift is so thin that frequently the underlying rocks are exposed. Hence this is regarded as the rocky region of the state. Along the northern side the rocks locally seem to lie in long, narrow ridges, producing parallel ranges of hills. Just north of the Lake Superior shore are seen the Sawteeth Mountains, forming the only mountain range in the state. The summits stand like a row of saw teeth, reaching a height of from 800 to 1,200 feet Scene on a farm in the Red River Valley. Here the steam plow is used in preparing great tracts of land for planting. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA above the lake. In this part of the state lie great stores of iron ore, building stone, clay, and other materials which are begin- ning to be developed. Drainage. Owing to its central position in the continent (Adv. Geog., Fig. 183), the rivers of Minnesota flow in several different directions. (Fig. i.) In the northwestern portion of the state the waters are carried northward into Hudson Bay by the Red River and the Rainy River, which belong to the Nelson System. These streams drain approximately 28,040 square miles. In the northeastern comer of Minnesota is an area of 7,175 square miles that is tributary to Lake Superior. This area is a part of the St. Lawrence River Basin. The central and southern portions of the state drain to the Mississippi. The drainage of the state comprises the fol- lowing subdivisions : 1 . The Nelson System is represented in the northern part, west of the 90th meridian, by a large number of short streams flowing into the chain of lakes and rivers that form the International Boundary (Fig. 2), and by the Red River, which rises only twelve or fifteen miles west of the sotirce of the Mississippi River. These streams together drain more than 28,000 square miles of Minnesota territory to the north. 2. The Mississippi River System, which has its source in Lake Itasca, a picturesque sheet of water in the central part of the state (Fig. 5), is the most important drainage channel. This river, with all its tributaries, drains 50,000 square miles and more to the Gulf of Mexico. Rock River and several smaller streams in the southwestern part of the state flow into the Missouri, and through this great river into the Mississippi. 3. The St. Lawrence River System, begin- ning among rocky hills in northeastern Minne- sota as the St. Louis River, drains between 7,000 and 8,000 square miles through the chain of the Great Lakes and the Gulf of St. Lawrence into the Atlantic Ocean. In the southeastern corner of the state the streams have cut deep channels in the sur- face of the land and present a maturing drainage. The general level of the prairies represents a former lowland, below which, ' uing to an elevation I the land, the streams have cut down several liundred feet and are still steadily cutting. In this process valleys have been continually broadened and more bottom lands made avail- able for agricultural and commercial uses. The remainder of the state is much less dissected than the southeastern corner. Yet the streams everywhere have channels so young that they are still actively cutting down their beds. Fine examples of such young streams are found all over the state. (Fig. 6.) According to the estimates of geologists, the ice of the Glacial Period ake Itasca, the beginnings sippi River. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 13 Scene on the Bi a degrading river retreated from Min- nesota only a few thousand years ago. The southeastern comer of the state, embracing Houston and Winona coimties and portions of sev- eral other adjoining counties, was never covered so deeply with ice as were the more northern and western portions. This explains the wide difference between the gently-rolling, mature surface of southeastern Minnesota and the more youthful surface, with steep slopes and active streams, shown in other portions of the state. The divides separating the several drainage basins (Fig. i ) are not high ridges of ground but simply elevated surfaces from which the water flows when the snows melt or the sur- plus rain water is to be removed. A divide may be seen on almost any farm in the state or even from the windows of the school- houses. (Fig. 7.) It marks the flow of the sur- face water in one direction or another even when the streams on either side of it are the common branches of one larger stream, creek, or river. Only where such divides Cottonwood River, showi vigorously at work. part the waters of the principal rivers of the state and their basins are they given place on the map. Lakes. No story of Minnesota would be complete without making prominent its remarkable lakes, as they are one of the most striking scenic features of the state. They not only con- tribute beauty of the highest order to the landscape, but perform many other ftmctions. They furnish food and water for all animal life ; they serve as reser- voirs of power for the manufacturer; they afford lines of ' transportation for many of the state's products, and offer thousands of spots where people may go for rest and recreation in the summer. Lakes are vast storehouses of heat, receiv- ing this energy from the intense rays of the sun in summer and giving it back gradually to the air during the shortening autumn days, thus tempering the climate. Ice, which has become a necessity of modern life, is taken in vast quantities and of the highest purity from hundreds of lake surfaces scattered through nearly every portion of the state. (Fig. 2.) rti MM a» — • 1 — '"^(ijipyMM ^R^9H^ ,jj^S9 iJ!MliBEJ_i^>^_i,^ggfig^^^^^^^^^BS^^3fc^.-' .JjggUtM^^ m^ ■ CopTrigfat. by H. D. Ajer Fig. 7. View of a great dairy farm on land originally covered with white-pine forest, may be seen a divide or waterslied. In the background 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA V%^, LAKE MINNETONKA and vicinity Scale i^{, Miles to one inch Railways Electric Lines o«<>:,--riat Browns Bay Lookout Point Orono roint . ^li'Tjnetonka Beach v i umbra \ Luke -{ifinneii'aslJt, 2^ From U. 'J. GeoIoKlcRl SuTTBj Fig. 8. .4 map of Lake Minnetonka, a typical glacial lake in the maturity of its lake beauty. The lakes of Minnesota are not evenly dis- tributed. In some parts of the state, as in the great Red River Valley to the northwest, or in the physiographically more mature region of the southeastern comer, one may traverse entire counties without seeing a lake beyond the occasional sink holes, or local depressions, where limestones beneath have been removed by the action of rains or running water. In the southwestern part of the state more lakes are seen than in the two subdivisions just mentioned, yet even here the lakes are very scattering. Everywhere throughout the state, and more particularly where the lake? are few in number, former lakes, by being filled with vegetation and silt (Fig. 9), have been changed to swamp areas or have entirely disappeared. Within a tract beginning near the St. Croix River in Chisago and Washington counties, thence passing near the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, and extending northwestward to the edge of the Red River Valley, then turning nearly a right angle and extending to Ontario across the central and northeastern portions of the state, lie thousands of lakes. These lakes are of every possible shape and size, from mere drinking pools for cattle to sheets of water many square miles in extent. (Fig. 8.) The largest lake lying wholly in Minnesota is Red Lake, with an area of more than 440 square miles. Some of these lakes are very shallow, while others are hundreds of feet in depth. The origin of Minnesota's lakes is not far to seek. The greater number has resulted from the uneven distribution of glacial drift, and has existed since the final retreat of the ice of the Glacial Period. Indeed, we have evidence. that some of them existed at the foot of the ice streams as sheets of water formed between the ice front and a bordering THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 15 ■ai)ip area partially covered with spruce, balsam, and tamarack. ridge of land across which no channel existed. Large numbers of the lakes thus formed soon disappeared as the ice retreated and lower outlets were uncovered. Thousands still exist, lying nestled in the midst of higher and uneven ground, where they, too, are slowly disappearing through the accumula- tion of silt and weeds or by draining. Other lakes are formed along streams where inflowing creeks and rivers bring quantities of silt until the main channel of the stream is blocked and the volume of water held back. Such is Lac qui Parle, formed by the silting muds and sand brought into the channel of the Minnesota River by Lac qm Parle River. Lake St. Croix is another example. Here the Mississippi River carries a volume of silt and deposits it in the mouth of the St. Croix River at Point Douglas. The most notable example, how- ever, is Lake Pepin. This lake is formed by the broadening and deepening of the Missis- sippi River through silt that is gathered and brought down by the Chippewa River from higher land in Wisconsin. (Fig. 10.) This silt, deposited in the channel of the Missis- sippi in front of Wabasha, has set back the waters of this great river for twenty-five miles. Other illustrations will be foimd as the study of the state is car- ried forward. Still other lakes are those walled in by ancient rocks. There are two types of these rock-walled lakes. Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake represent one type. Imagine a surface several thousand square miles in extent worn tmevenly by ancient rivers and ice fields because of the varying hardness of the underlying rock. In the depressions of this surface waters now accumtdate, filling them to the lowest point of the rim. These are also rock-bottomed lakes. Such lakes naturally contain hundreds of islands. Lake of the Woods contains several thousand islands, hundreds of which have received names. Rainy Lake, it is said, contains 500 islands, and Lake Saganaga, another boimdary lake, 150. These islands are simply masses of hard crystalline rock which, having resisted the wear and tear of glacial erosion, stand as protruding knobs above the waters of the lake. In the northeastern corner of the state we find another type of rock-walled lakes occu- pying the long, narrow valleys characteristic of the district. Lying in long, narrow rock- rifts, these lakes consist of sheets of water often miles in length and only a fraction of a mile in width. Throughout this region the lakes are all quite similar in form. Fig. :< of Lake Pepin, showing the development of sand spits near the beautiful village of Frontenac. i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA Geological Growth. In the history of the lands the series of events from the earliest times down to the period of present proc- esses and conditions is too long to be repeated, yet a few of the more conspicu- ous features of the building up of the land masses of the state should be mentioned. Land imdoubtedly existed in Minnesota as early as it appeared anywhere upon North America. The great rock masses stretching from the northeast to the southwest across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and adjacent Ontario, were the sources of supply from which thick beds of sandstones, shales, and limestones were formed. While these beds of sedi- mentary rocks were successively laid down the land repeatedly sank and rose again. It was also shattered and faulted, and volcanoes were developed. These distur- bances brought into view the granites and gneisses which now abovmd in the Minnesota River Valley (Fig. ii), in central Minnesota, and in the northern portions of the state. These rocks represent masses of material which once must have lain thousands of feet below the surface of the earth. Layer after layer of these first-formed rocks was worn off, transported by rivers, and deposited in the seas as the process of degradation went on. Many successive formations were thus laid down. At the present time we find these in the enormous masses of the Mesabi Iron Range, in the red rocks of southwestern Minnesota, and in the loose sands and lime- stones along the Mississippi as portions of a shore-line accumulation stretching from Sault Ste. Marie to Texas. Fig. Scene on \the Redwood Riv its way through the Once since that early time Minnesota has been beneath the sea. Compared with the regions farther west the duration of this submergence was short. Only a few hundred feet of sands and shales represent the deposit of this geologic age. From this record geologists conclude that during nearly all the early ages of geological history Minne- sota contributed to the accumulations of the sea, and therefore to the subsequent enlarge- ment of the land. After these bordering beds of sand, shale, and limestone had been laid down, the state rose above the sea level, and for the millions of years following has been a region where weathering and rock decay have been in prog- ress. In this long interval vast quantities of material were contributed toward the fill- ing up of the adjacent seas to the south and west until the time of the Glacial Period came. The Glacial Period is that subdivision or period of earth history during which glaciers crept down from the north and overrode all Minnesota, save a small area in the south- eastern comer of the state. This advance of ice fields occurred not only once, but several times in succession. Masses of ice entered the state from different directions. One of them came from Wisconsin, another from Manitoba, and so on. These several ice masses doubtless entered the state at about the same time; but as the climate changed many times, the ice successively advanced and melted back. Thus a succession of glacial deposits followed each other, and the history of the Glacial Period in Minnesota, as well as in North America, became very complex. Its er. Here the water is slowly cutting hard layers of gneiss. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA ^7 cause was undoubtedly climatic — a cooling of the temperature of the region through long years; but the cause of the cooling is not known with certainty. The progress of events leading to the final disappearance of the great glaciers is full of interest. How many periods of advance and retreat there were during the time the vast ice sheet extended over the state and finally and forever retreated be- yond its borders, we do not know. Several morainic belts have been traced across the state by experts in glacial geology, and their influence on the economic development of the commonwealth is very great. Between these moraines lay sandy plains and great glacial lakes, in the beds of which were deposited the lilts and sediments form- ing Minnesota's vast, fertile fields. The Red River Valley (Fig. 3) is a lake- bottom plain and one of the richest spots for the grow- ing of cereals yet occupied by man. (Fig. 4.) Underground Waters. Throughout Min- nesota the glacial drift is the universal source of ground-water supply. This loose, porous rock material (so loose that it may be picked and shoveled anywhere) contains an enormous amount of water gathered from the rains of summer and the melting snows of winter. This water, filling every space between the rock fragments both coarse and fine, is from its situation called ground water. It furnishes an enormous water supply for the maintenance of numerous springs and for all the wells people dig, drill, or drive into it. The sources of the rivers can be traced to this supply. The ground waters seep down into the earth below the surface rocks until they saturate successive underlying formations. If the rocks are porous enough to allow the water to flow between the grains with some degree of freedom, a copious well is assured. Loose and porous formations like sand- stones contain a large supply of water. From five to fifteen per cent of clear, wholesome water is no unusual proportion to be carried in these porous rocks. Thus sufficient quantities of underground water are available for some communities. Wells which flow with more or less force, owing to the pressure of the head- water, are known as artesian wells. When many artesian wells occur in the same neighborhood, they prove the presence under like conditions of a large amount of tmderground water within a certain area. This area is called an artesian basin. Scores of these arte- sian basins, some small and some large, some drawing from shallow and some from deep water supplies, are scattered over the state. As population increases, the water in the shallow wells becomes polluted with decaying organic matter and is thus unfitted for use. Therefore, every town and city Aiap sho'ujing ai^rage annual Unip^raturc from i8g7 to igog. i8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA should be alert to understand and control its water supply, since so much of health and prosperity depends on good water. Where the surface waters become polluted, drilling deeper will usually secure a pure supply from an under- ground water-bearing formation. Ground waters are nearly always hard, that is, they carry so much dissolved mineral material that they have a peculiar taste and in the laundry require much soap. They also form a scale in boilers, and thus are very troublesome to engi- neers. Springs, the waters of which con- tain mineral content producing a medicinal effect, are called min- eral springs. A num- ber of these springs occur in Minnesota, those at Owatonna, Shakopee, and Sacred Heart being among the best known. Climate. The climate of Minnesota is con- tinental. The state lies in the path of the cyclones as they move from west to east. It is calculated that more than sixty per cent _ Average of the cyclonic areas crossing the continent pass over the state of Minnesota. This pro- duces a prevailing westerly wind and a rain- fall usually coming from the northeast. The northwesterly winds occurring as the cyclones pass to the eastward give a remarkably whole- some and cooling effect to the air dur- ing the weeks of the summer season and a corresponding cold wave or blizzard in winter. (Fig. 12.) April is the month of springtime activity among the Minnesota farmers, though the sowing of the crops extends into May in the northern part of the state. However, no definite week can be named for the clos- ing of the springtime work or for the close of the growing season. This latter event is associated with August or early September under usual weather conditions. The crops are sometimes endan- gered by early and late frosts. Owing to the size of the state, the amount of rainfall reported from different sections varies in quantity. (Figs. 13 and 14.) In the southeastern quarter the average annual Map showing average annual rainfall from -iSgj to igog. Average ss SQ Average WISNEBAOO FERGUS FALLS HALLOCK Fig. 14. The average annual rainfall at Winnebago, Fergus Falls, and Hallock, from igoo to igio. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 19 4X IHRln^^H rainfall is about 29.9 inches; in the northeastern quarter 30 inches; in the south- western, 27.2 inches, while in the northwestern corner it scarcely exceeds 20 inches. However, in the section last named, owing to diminished evaporation through the shorter and cooler summer and to the retentive quality of the soil, the supply is suffi- cient to mature the crops and to insure the farmer a steady and constant return for his , , _,, ^ ,, ^ -,. Fig. 15. Norway labor, i he snowfall of Min- 0/ Lake nesota is less than that of many other parts of the United States, due to the small pre- cipitation during the months of December, Januar}^ and February. For these months the average temperature is 12.9 degrees and snow is to be expected, but for the past fourteen years the precipitation has been so small that the average over the entire state is only seven-tenths (.7) of an inch each month. Hence drift- ing snows are far less a hindrance to business in Minnesota than in states farther east and south, where the amount of melted snow per month meas- ures several inches. Vegetation. When Minnesota was first settled, it comprised about 54,000 square miles of forest and 32,000 square miles of prairie. The for- ested area was in the northern and central pine on the shore Itasca. Map showing and military portions, reaching southward into Blue Earth County. The prairies occupied the southern and southwestern sections of the state, stretching north- ward along the Red River Valley into Manitoba. The forests, while largely of mixed hard-wood and soft-wood tim- ber, contained, in the region lying around the headwaters of the St. Croix and Missis- sippi rivers, large tracts of magnificent white and Nor- way pine. (Fig. 15.) Along the morainic ridges, which constitute an important feature of central Minnesota, stood magnificent groves of that stateliest conifer of eastern North America, the white pine. Since territorial days the cutting of pine forests has been an important industry of the state. (Frontispiece.) Indeed, the state was explored and its development begun by the lumbermen of the St. Croix and Mis- sissippi valleys. In addition to the pines already named, the most valuable timber trees are bal- sam, tamarack, and spruce (Fig. 9) among the cone-bearers ; and elm, walnut, oak in several species, ash, birch, poplar, cotton- wood, box elder, wil- low, and other of the leaf-shedding species. Increasing interest is shown among the owners of forest lands in the eftorts being Forest Reserves, Indian reservations. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA made to conserve in all ways the timber supply of the state. (Fig. 1 6.) The prairies, because of the ease and rapidity with which they may be broken and brought under cultivation, have shown the greatest gain in population and the most rapid development in agricul- ture. The soil over much of southern Minnesota is remark- ably rich and productive, and farmers have grown crops on the same land for many years without having need of a fer- tilizer. Animals. In the early his- tory of Minnesota the buffalo was king of the prairies. Hunting this animal over the rolUng grass land was most exhilarating Fig. i; M' 1 v,v, xl^;;-^^^ sA^4' ..^r ^ *P^''0l^^0J^^i WK^ gw^fi- fei^m ^ ^P^^^^i f^^^^^i^}^B^'% iQ'F^n ^rail^' ^^^J^ iftJ other fur-bearing animals in such great numbers that the Hudson Bay Company was led to consider this region an important part of its fur- trading territory. Among birds for food the prairies afforded the prairie chicken and the forests the partridge, while the lakes and sloughs were the feeding ground for immense nimibers of migra- tory ducks and geese. The streams and lakes still abound in the choicest species of fresh- water fishes. Agriculture. Dating from the earliest settlement in the southeastern counties, Minnesota has been essentially an agricultural state. (Fig. 39.) In the southern prairie region of the commonwealth no other occupation could be followed. In the central and northern Fig. 18. U^ni: !■.:., , ,;; ,■,•;■;,'; ,, ,- ,::/.■ sport. An early explorer sent out by the Government to discover possible valuable resources in this part of its Louisiana Pur- chase (Fig. 36), reported the region to be unfit for agriculture and suitable only for an Indian reservation and buffalo hunting for gentlemen. The forests yielded deer and caribou, two wild animals unexcelled for food, and beaver, mink, sable, fox, wolf, wild cat, lynx, and Fig. 19. The value of farm products per square mite census of igoo. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA portions, lumber- ing was the first industry of any importance ; but agriculture has followed steadily the removal of the forests. In the northwest the great Red River Valley practically has become one vast wheat field into which, during the period from 1870 to 1900, people trailed in immense numbers. The first crop of the southern farmer was wheat. Experience, however, has* proved that varieties of com developed here yield approximately as many bushels per acre as are produced in the warmer climate of the great com belts of Missouri and Iowa. Fig .4 licrd of dairy cows. in the value of . 1 R^v^ Fig. 21. A cooperative creamery at Litchfield. This is one of the most successful creameries in the state. Following the com came the dairy indus- try. Where at one time agricultural exports centered at wheat elevators, the creamery and the butter factory have now become the centers of greatest production of wealth. (Fig. 21.) The abtmdance of rich forage grasses affords the best of food for dairy herds and for cattle and horses, while the com fattens a constantly increasing number of cattle and hogs. (Figs. 17 and 18.) Oats (Fig. 23), barley, flax, and garden products are also profitably grown. Fruit raising has become an important indus- try in the state. B oth blackberries and raspberries flourish along the flood plain of the Mississippi River. No finer strawberries reach the markets of the Cen- tral West than those grown in Minnesota. The eastern part of the state especially is famous for the excellence of its berries. In iQoo- Minnesota rdiiL-id dairy products. ")o-.. iSSj.. JS77.. JS07..\, Fig. 22. The wheat crop of Minnesota for five decades, 1867-igoj, and for IQ08, in millions of bushels. From the south shore of Lake Minnetonka (Fig. 8) grapes are shipped which rival those of the famous vineyards of New York and Ohio. Here the lake so tempers the Fig. 23. A field of oats in the lake district of Minnesota. Notice the iieigiit of the oats as compared with that of tiie man and ilte horse. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA climate that autumn frosts occur about two weeks later than in the district along the north shore, only two or three miles distant. On the sand plains of the central part of the state along the Missis- sippi are raised some of the finest melons F'G- 24- yi'-'w of a quarry grown in the West. Wild plums flourish in fruitful groves in the Minnesota River Valley, an evidence that by nature the state is well fitted for the production of fine fruits. The soil of the state is of such recent origin and has as yet been so little worked that it is still fresh and fertile; so fertile, indeed, that for years the farmers could grow suc- cessive crops on the same ground without thought of exhausting its resources. In the beginning the Minnesota farmers planted those crops that could be sent to market with the least danger of injury or loss through transportation. Wheat has a greater value per bushel than any other grain. The farmer realized nearly twice as much per pound for wheat as for barley, oats, or corn. Naturally, therefore, wheat became the staple crop. (Fig. 22.) Stock raising and dairying (Fig. 20), through the steadily increasing number of markets due to the centering of the people in towns, have made continuous progress. The butter and cheese of Minnesota have repeatedly taken first prizes in interstate competitions. Minnesota compares well with the other states of the Union in value of agricul- tural products (Fig. ig), in production per capita, in the thrift of and plant near i\cw Ulm. ftS people, and in the steady advancement of its rural population in wealth and culture. (Part III, Table, p. 40.) Quarrying. Minnesota is the center of extensive quarrying industries. Many kinds of rocks are used, including granite, gneiss, sandstone, quartzite, limestone, dolomite, diabase, and gabbro. All are rocks of great age, geologically. The diabase and gabbro tell us of volcanoes more extensive than are Vesuvius and Matma Loa. The granitic rocks were already old when the volcanoes were active, and the sandstone was laid down upon the lava beds as a sandy shore, like that of New Jersey to-day. Thus far the principal localities profitable as quarry grounds for sandstone are the town of Sandstone and Fond du Lac, a suburb of Duluth. Quartzite comes from Courtland, near New Ulm (Fig. 24), Pipestone, Jasper, and Luverne. Limestone, chiefly for domestic use, is quarried extensively at Minneapolis and St. Paul. Mantorville also yields con- siderable quantities. Extensive dolomite quarries are situated at Kasota, Mankato, THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA Copyright, 1905, by Well»n*B. Cimctiall ft Co. Pulmh, JHon. Fig. 26. Type of steam shovel used in mining ore. Frontenac, Red Wing, Stillwater, and Winona. Gneissic rocks (Fig. ii) occur in the valley of the Minnesota between New Ulm and Orton- ville. Granite is found in Stearns County, where it is quarried extensively, and in Sherburne, Benton, Morrison, and Kanabec counties. It has also been quarried in St. Louis County. Minnesota ranks among the thirteen states with a yearly product of more than $500,000. Slate occurs at Carl- ton and Thomson, a few miles from Duluth. '^Htea The remarkable freshness of the rocks in all portions of the state, due to extensive glacial erosion, makes quarrying compara- tively easy. This is so because, through glacial action, a great work — the removing of weathered and decomposed material, or "stripping the quarry" — was done. Mining. The great mineral product of the state is iron ore. (Part III, Table, p. 41.) This occurs in such quantities and is of such quality as to place the state first in rank among the Fig. 28. A present-day view of the Falls of St. Anthony. The value of tnanujactured products per square mile, census of igoo. iron-producing regions of the world. Thirty million tons of ore are sent yearly to Pitts- ^biirg and the great iron-making cities of the lower lakes, chief among which are Chicago, Cleveland, and Erie. The product of the Mesabi Range alone is about twenty-eight million tons and that of the Vermilion Range nearly two million tons. The ore is the common iron oxide, red hematite. Two well-defined varieties of ore are pro- duced: (1) the Vermilion ores, hard and crystalline, having a bright black color and occurring at a considerable depth in the earth: (2) the Mesabi, an iron ore ranging from red to yellow in color and compara- tively soft. This ore lies just under the glacial drift and from fiive to fifty feet beneath the surface. (Fig. 25.) The ore bodies vary in thickness from one foot to 250 feet. Their situation is so 24 THE GEOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA Fig. 29. Avenue of skidways on Pine Island, with logs equaling over a million and a half board feet, cut from a little more than the cut-over area in sight. Pine Island is said to be the greatest logging camp in the United States operated by horse power. advantageous that the removal of the few feet of drift above an ore body is all the stripping required to expose a mass of ore, which, after being loosened with a charge or two of dynamite, is mined with a steam shovel (Fig. 26) and yields in an hour or two enough to load a train of cars. There is much interest as to the probable amount of ore deposited. It lies in large bodies, millions of tons in quantity, located in well-defined troughs or depressions slightly below the level of the adjacent ground. These ore bodies have been discovered in a chain of deposits from the east end of the Mesabi Range westward beyond the Missis- sippi River. A conservative estimate places the amount known to exist as not less than 2,000,000,000 tons of high-grade ore, besides untold millions of tons too poor for present methods of treatment. Manufactures. The rise of manufactures has been necessarily brief. One of the earliest mills in the state was built on the Vermilion River at Hastings. The ruins still stand and are known as the "old Ramsey mill" because, it is said, Alexander Ramsey, one of the early governors, was interested m the building and rvmning of it. The first mill for grinding grain located at the Falls of St. Anthony was completed and operated in 1821, when Fort Snelling was first laid out and occupied by the United States Government as the military post of the Northwest. From this beginning through . Steam hauler transporting forty-nine cords of wood over an ice road. Fig. 31. The lo lumber mill c of / Minneapolis, where the :uto lumber at the rate Ulii'it jcct per day. the water power of the Falls of St. Anthony (Fig. '2 8), a large manufacturing center has developed. (Fig. 32.) In 1909 the value of the output of this industrial center exceeded $157,000,000. (Part III, Tables, p. 41.) Lumbering has been a leading industry in Minnesota for forty years. At present the lumber industry is giving place to the more varied agricultural pursuits. The value of the lumber product of the state is now more than $250,000,000 per year. (Figs. 29, 30, and 31.) Harnessing the St. Louis River at Carlton, four hundred feet above the city of Duluth, THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA laid the founda- tion for a manu- facturing center at Duluth, the possibilities of which are exceed- ingly great. All the smaller cities are establishing manufactories in order to convert the local products Fig. 32 into the most compact form for commercial distribution, and to prepare for home con- sumption all the necessaries and luxuries of modem life without the expense or delay incident to shipping and handling. (Fig. 27.) Commerce. The commercial development of the state has come about chiefly through the development of the railway systems of the Northwest. St. Paul, the capital, and Minneapolis, the center of manufactures, standing only ten miles apart, together form the great commercial center of the entire Upper Mississippi Valley. Railways converge here, bringing materials for consumption, distributing the accumulated stock of manu- factories, and caring for the extensive passenger traffic , growing out of a great political and industrial center. Fig. 33. Scene on the Mississippi at Gray Cloud Island, showing the wing dams built to maintain navigation. These railways, radiating in all directions across the prairies and through the for- ests of Minnesota, are parts of great transcontinental systems reaching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Their length and their L'tliciency for commerce and travel are continually being increased. (Fig. 34.) Based upon the earnings within Min- nesota alone, the tax upon the gross earnings of the railways and other public service corporations amounts approximately to $3,500,000 a year. (Part III, Table, p. 40.) igog.. igoS . i•> ^^^~"" Fig. 42. Proportion of for- ByitiAEmfxTt ^^ j gign-bom from each of the Ml other countries ^^ ( leading countries of Europe , census of igo§. was more than 100 per cent. Migration within the United States Mas contributed most of the people, who came largely from New England and the more northern states westward to the Great Lakes region. (Fig.41.) The foreign-bom population of Minnesota numbered 537,041, a little more than one- fourth of all the people in the state. (Fig. 42.) The Congressional districts of Minnesota. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA Government. Minnesota is known as the state of ^linnesota. Its constitution was adopted October 13, 1857. The state is represented in Congress by two Senators, elected by the Legislature, and nine Repre- sentatives, elected by the people in as many separate Congressional districts. (Fig. 43.) The Legislature, which meets in the Capitol at St. Paul (Fig. 40), consists of sixty-three Senators, over whom the Lieu- tenant-Governor pre- sides, when the Senate is in session, and a House of Representa- tives consisting of 1 1 9 members, who elect their own Speaker. The affairs of the state are administered by a Governor, a Secretary of State, an Auditor, a Treasurer, an Attorney-General, a State Superintendent of PubUc Instruction, a State Board of Control, and also the commissioners, super- intendents, and directors of the various subdivisions of state administration. The judicial department consists of a Supreme Cotirt, composed of one justice and four associate justices, elected by the people for a term of six years. The minor court system consists of nineteen Judicial districts presided over by from one to seven judges, and the JMunicipal courts maintained by the larger cities and towns. Details of state government are left to the eighty-six counties, each consisting of townships and incorporated villages and cities. Each of these counties is presided over by an auditor, a treasurer, a board of commissioners, a superintendent of schools, with such additional officers as occasion may require. Education." When Minnesota was organ- ized into a territory in 1849 three private schools, located at St. Anthony, St. Paul, and Stillwater, were all the educational institutions in the region. The present state school system comprises a group of common schools divided into more than 5,000 districts, presided over by eighty-six county superintendents; 206 high schools; five normal schools, and the State University. In addition many academies, colleges, and universities are maintained by religious denominations. (Fig. 44.) The University of Minnesota was organ- ized under the territorial constitution. At present it consists of sixteen schools and THE LEADIXG EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF MINNESOTA COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1 Albert Lea College, Presb., Albert Lea. 2 St. Johns University. R. C, CoUegeville. 3 Augsburg Seminary, Luth.. Minneapolis. 4 University of Minnesota, State, Minne- apolis. 5 Windom Institute. Cong., Montevideo. 6 Carleton College, Cong., Northfield. 7 St. Olaf College, Luth., Northfield. 8 Pillsbury Academy, Bapt., Owatonna. 9 College o( St. Thomas, R. C, St. Paul. 10 Hamline University, M. E., St. Paul. 1 1 Macalester College, Presb., St. Paul. 12 State University, College of Agriculture, Experimental Station and Farm, State, St. Anthony Park, St. Paul. 13 United Church Seminary, Luth.. St. Anthonv Park, St. Paul. 14 Gustavus Adolphus College, Luth., St. Peter. 15 Parker College. Free Bapt.. Winnebago. PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS 16 First State Normal School, Winona. 17 Second State Normal School, Mankato. iS Third State Normal School, St. Cloud. 19 Fourth State Normal School. Moorhead 20 Fifth State Normal School. Duluth. 21 Teachers' Training School, St. Paul. 30 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA Fig. 45. .4 clas^^ ,-;■ Course, School oj Agncnlti colleges, with an attendance of more than 5,000 students. The university is governed by a board of regents, consist- ing of three ex-officio members and nine appointees of the Governor. The State University receives its support from three sources: income from investments and from United States appropriations and grants, fees of students, and state appropriations. Charities and Corrections. No state can care more solicitously for its unfortunates than does Minnesota. The school for feeble- minded and the colony for epileptics were organized and located in Faribault in 1879. These institutions are for the care of children that do not properly belong to hospitals for the insane. The insane are cared for in three state hospitals, situated at St. Peter, Rochester, and Fergus Falls, and at two asylums for the insane, located at Anoka and Hastings. In 1907 a farm for inebriates was authorized. This will be founded upon and maintained by a tax of two per cent levied on licenses issued for the sale of intoxicating liquors. A hospital for crippled and deformed children which is at St. Paul is for both the treatment and the education of such children. A soldiers' home is located near Minnehaha 1' ::■ ,'.v Short I ' nii'crsity. soldiers and sailors. Provision is also made for the widows. A public school for dependent and neg- lected children, admit- ted upon orders from the courts, was estab- lished in Owatonna in 1885. A school for the deaf has been maintained at Faribault since 1865, and another for the blind since 1866. A well-organized course of study is followed in both these schools. A state training school for boys and girls was established at Red Wing in 1867 to which are committed, by the Justice, Municipal, and District courts, boys and girls between the ages of eight and seven- teen years. In 1907 the girls were assigned to a separate industrial school at Sauk Center. A reformatory established at St. Cloud in 1887 is for the care of boys and young men between sixteen and thirty years of age, first offenders in felony. Instruction in the common branches and skilled train- ing in several trades are provided. The State Prison was located at Stillwater in 1851, shortly after Minnesota was made a territory. The policy of the management of • the prison has been to utilize the labor of convicts. To tliis end various lines of manufacturing have been followed, and at present a tailor shop, a shoe factory, a binding-twine Falls (Fie 46) providing F'^^- 4- t /I J- o n,car Minnehaha Falls. At the left may for honorably - discharged be seen the Soldiers' Home. plant are in operation. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA n. GROWTH AXD DEVELOPMEXT OF CITIES AXD TOWXS Gain in Population, Y>'hile the past ten years has seen a rapid increase in urban popu- lution, at present only a trifle over one-half the people of Minnesota live in its cities and towns. Durin'g that period large areas were opened to agriculture and s.tock raising which attracted increasing numbers of people to the country and the farm. Yet, by igio, the 366 cities in the state in 1895 had increased to 644, and many new villages, trade centers and markets for the growing agricultural districts, had sprung up all over the state. At present, over one-half of all the people li\'ing in places having more than 4,000 inhabitants are found in the three cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth. (Fig. 47.) The Twin Cities, Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minneapolis, the largest city and commercial metropolis of the state, is the greatest manu- facturing center in the world for flour and lumber. This position and rank has been attained in onl}' a little more than sixty years. The beginning of Minneapolis was the staking out of a group of claims on lands opened to settlement on the east side of the Mississippi River at the Falls of St. Anthony in July, 1838. The town site of St. Anthony was laid out in 1847, and by 1855 there had gro's\Ti up a cormnunity of 2,500 people. In 1854 the first bridge was built over the Mississippi. In 1866 Minneapolis, a village on the west side of the river, was incorporated, and in 1S72 the two cities were united. r/:e relative size of incorporated cities and villages is sliovjn by the size of t/ie circles ii>i,cn4 , /,ooo to Sfioo r^, 5,ot» to lbl,^5^*' ^"^^^ L ''t^^^^^V^^HrS^'' \1 '^'^ '^-^- --' ^-^^i^^^^i^S — rW ^-^ Fig. 55. A panoramic view of the city of Duliith. In the backi^round may be seen the bluff along which runs the famous Boulevard IJrive. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 37 and business centers increases, and new towns and villages spring up. Waseca, another typical prairie town, only about fifteen miles west of Owatonna, is an outgrowth of such conditions. It has broad, well-shaded streets, and within and near the city are several beautiful glacial lakes. Waseca, the center of a district largely devoted to dairj-ing and stock raising, is also an important manufacturing cit}-. Faribault (Fig. 54), on the Cannon River, is the county seat of Rice County, a rich farming area where dairying, stock and poultry raising, and fruit culture are carried on. The city is one of the largest school centers in the state. In the northeastern comer of Rice County is Nortlificld, also upon the Cannon River. Dairj'^- ing is an important industry of the surrounding country. Goodsell Observatory , the largest astro- nomical observatory' in the state, is at Northfield. The slope of the Coteau,the second and higher division of the plateau of central Minnesota, is another region devoted to stock raising and farming. All over the area towns have sprung up in answer to the demand for markets and trade centers. The population map (Fig. 47) shows these towns as having from 1,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. Among these are Fairmont in the southeastern section, Marshall, St. James, Sleepy Eye, Tracy, and IVortliiiigton in the central part, and Pipestone and Luvenie in the extreme west, only a few miles from the South Dakota line, all flourishing places. The third section of the high plateau region, at one time part forest and part prairie, lies to the northeast of the upper course and to the northwest of the lower course of the Minne- sota River, and extends northwest to the Red River Valley. Willmar, the county seat of Kandi- yohi County, Alexandria, county seat of Douglas County, and in McLeod County Hutchinson and Glencoe, the county seat, are prosperous towns of this area. The fourth and smallest portion of the central plateau lies between the Mississippi and the St. Croix, with Mille Lacs at its center. Brain- erd. Little Falls, St. Cloud, Duluth, Cloquet, and especialty Minneapolis and St. Paul, are supply and market centers for the many smaller towns of this section. Towns of Northeastern Minnesota. The rugged character of the country lying between Lake Superior and the International Bound- ary, as compared with that of the Mississippi Valley where access to the lumber forests was easier, made settlement slow. Northeastern Minnesota became commercially important by the discovery of iron ore and the construction of railroads for handling this vast wealth. The opening of the Vermilion Iron Range in 1884 and the first shipment of ore from the Mesabi Range in 1892 marked the beginning of what has proved to be the greatest iron ore-producing region in the world. The demand for trade and market centers for the vast quantities of ore from the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges, and for lumber, also of importance, led to the devel- opment of many cities and towns. The Cuyuna Range now being developed promises ore second only to that of the Mesabi Range. Duluth, located at the head of Lake Superior (Fig. 57), stands second only to New York among the ports of the United States in the volume ■Mi^^^^ ^-^. -r^. *'*^- >'^. ■:■:-: y*^^ W^m Fig. 56. A continuation of the view presented in Fig. 55. This shows the many fine business buildings which characterize the city. 38 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA of its tonnage. With Two Harbors, it is the principal shipping point for American iron ores. Here millions of feet of lumber are manufactured yearly. It is one of the great grain markets of the world and the chief distributing point for coal and merchandise for the Northwest. Duluth (Figs. 55 and 56) contains many fine parks and its boulevard along an ancient beach line of the lake, now 475 feet above Lake Superior, is the most beautiful driveway in the state. The city is the seat of the Fifth State Normal School, established in 1902, Its geo- graphic situation is unri- valed, and as the port of shipment of the trans- continental railways of America and the shipping mart for a vast productive region, the "Head of the Lakes" is destined to become one of the world's great commercial centers. Inland about twenty miles from Duluth on the St. Louis River is Cloqnct. The falls at this point afford vast water power utilized by many industries. Minneapohs, Duluth, and Cloquet are the largest lumber-manu- facturing centers in the state. On the shore of Lake Superior, about thirty miles to the northeast of Duluth, is Two Harbors, the only city in Lake County. Two Harbors owes its name to a twofold indentation of the coast by which a double harbor is formed. The original ore-shipping point for the Minne- sota iron ranges, it is still the sole port for the Vermilion Range, several million tons of ore being shipped annually from here. Located at the foot of a valley down which a railroad brings ore to its lake ore docks, the city has naturally become a business center for this region. The need for nearer points of supply at the ter- FlG. minals of the railroads leading to the ore docks has led to the development of several important mining towns. One of the most important of these is Hibbing, an "Iron Range town" of the Mesabi. It is the largest producing iron-ore camp in the world. Virginia, a progressive mining town of the Mesabi Range, is not only the center of a large lumber trade but is also the seat of several growing lumber industries, and an important trade center of northeastern Minnesota. Other important towns of the Mesabi Range are Evclcth (Fig. 25), Chis- holm, and Coleraine. The tract of land upon which Evcleth was originally located proved later to be over a valuable body of iron ore. Owing to this, the entire city was moved one mile and reestablished. Eveleth's annual output of iron ore exceeds four mil- lion tons. Six miles east of Eveleth is the new min- ing town of Gilbert. When valuable iron ores were dis- covered beneath the little town of Sparta the build- ings were removed to this site. Mining and lumber- ing are both of importance to Chisholm. Coleraine, a new town on the western Mesabi Range, was built by the Mining Company. The town site is owned by the company and lots are leased to employees, tradespeople,' and city government. Ely, a railroad terminus, is the most flourishing town of the Vermilion Iron Range. The city, with the near-by town of Wintou, is the center of the lumber trade of northeastern Minnesota and the gateway from the United States into the Hunters Island region of Ontario. International Falls, on the Canadian border, is at the falls of the Rainy River,which affords splendid water power. Here is the largest paper and pulp mill in the state. .4 iiiap of Duluth and vicinity. THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 39 II. STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS Statistics of the State of Minnesota by Counties, Federal Census of 1900 and 1910. 1910 1900 tSS7 l,i>09 10.371 6.743 1S57 447 12.493 II. 313 iSiS 1.3S9 18.S40 14.375 1 866 4,680 19.337 11.030 1S49 397 II,6lS 9,912 1862 4S4 9.367 8.731 1853 756 29.337 32.263 ISSS 6ii 20,134 19.7S7 1857 856 17.559 10.017 iSss 360 I7.4S5 17.544 iSsr 2.977 11,620 7.777 1S62 583 13.458 12.499 1851 440 13.537 13.248 1S62 r,o22 19.640 17.942 igo2 6,870 1S74 1.490 1,336 810 ISS7 634 I2,6si 12,069 ISS7 508 16.861 14.250 1S49 604 25.171 21,733 iSsS 432 12.094 13.340 1858 685 1-.6O9 17.964 l8S5 720 19.949 22,05s l8S3 825 25.680 28,238 1855 720 22,282 21,838 1S53 744 31.637 31,137 1868 S35 9. 114 8,935 1862 573 333,480 228,340 1 8 54 561 14.297 15,400 18S3 547 9.S3- 6,578 1S49 446 12,615 11,675 1849 5.575 17.208 4.573 ISS7 720 14.491 14.793 1858 536 6,461 4,614 l8s8 814 1S.960 18,4.6 187S 1.059 9.669 7,889 1006 6.431 1871 763 15.435 14,289 i8s6 8.01 1 4.634 I8S3 475 18,609 20,234 1873 528 9.874 8,966 1S68 714 15,722 14.591 .85S 504 18,691 19.595 1906 3.249 1879 I.7S4 16,338 15.698 I8S7 732 I7,5IS 16,936 1856 613 17,022 17.753 ISS7 576 10,70s 8,066 1856 1. 126 24.053 22,891 iSsS 700 22,640 22,335 1S57 70s 11,755 11,911 i8S3 452 14.125 14.774 185:7 720 IS. 210 14.932 18S1 1.42s 13.446 1S.045 iS^^ 644 2 2.49 7 23.119 185S 2.127 46.036 45.375 1910 701 4.376 l8?6 1.42s 15.87S 11.546 1S57 460 9.553 9,264 iS';8 I.S93 36.001 35.429 1S62 700 12.746 1849 172 223.67s 170,554 1897 415 6.564 12,195 1S62 870 1S.425 17.261 I8S5 9SO 23.123 23.693 1853 497 25.911 26.080 I8S7 490 9. 668 1895 1.692 11.338 6.994 iSss S.552 163,274 82.932 ISS3 360 14.888 15.147 1856 446 8.136 7.281 IS53 sss 15,540 16.862 iSss 1. 310 47.733 44.464 lS5S 426 16,146 16.S24 1862 557 8,293 8.72. 1870 740 12,940 13.503 iS^S 967 23.407 22.214 IS62 545 8,049 7.S73 IS40 531 18.554 18,924 l8sS 532 8,652 7.921 i8S7 430 13.466 14.760 »849 402 26,013 27,808 i860 432 11,382 11,496 186S 720 9.063 8.080 1854 630 33.398 35.686 185s 680 28,082 29.157 1871 744 15.406 14.602 NUMBER ALTI- CITIES TUDE AND ABOVE VILLAGES SEA 3 1.27s 3 910 6 1,440 5 1,090 S 1.090 10 1. 000 5 I.02S 7 1.240 10 955 8 1.335 6 8 915 10 1 .0 ?o 3 1.4 1 2 r 1.530 7 1.3SO 7 1,260 960 7 1,250 7 1,38s 1 1 1,130 13 1,170 8 1,250 7 1.045 12 922 990 6 1.464 3 1.007 6 .1,428 5 1.430 2 1, 100 7 1,150 8 89 5 4 1.250 7 1.120 ll 98s 6 1.72s 9 1,320 8 1,040 2 1,364 7 1^225 3 6 12 I, ?oo 8 1.590 5 970 I.5S8 6 1.025 7 1,180 17 1. 355 2 1.911 8 I.07S 12 1.030 8 1.275 4 89s 4 1. 100 16 1.090 10 1.055 8 1.06s 6 1. 510 5 1.050 19 1.43 5 8 925 5 1.000 7 1. 000 22 1. 195 3 1.225 4 1 . 1 30 8 1.07s II 1.330 5 I.04S 1,06s 4 1.350 3 1,120 7 911 5 1,110 7 1,000 10 1.070 IS 1,000 8 i,i6s farm property products includ:ng not fed to live stock live stock COUNTY SEAT POPULATION 1,126,397 4,148,946 5,261,249 1,397.034 3,890,727 6,152.022 21,982,968 13.329,561 939.664 9.342,243 855.735 9.037.175 5. 906, 326 11,938,232 11.793.346 9.649,612 8,273,041 21,740,938 20,358,108 17.412,256 18,044,61 7 6,090,831 19.909,980 9,944,080 1,017.404 4.331.529 33S.147 14,143.654 1,516.717 11.715.026 6,528.478 12,830,550 30,765 11,126,777 7,677.34s 11.769.475 12.441,951 8,491.457 16,250,759 11.840,710 2,081,803 6,179,959 20,282,148 12,416,245 10,156,362 14.591.623 9,615,630 18,837.339 18.895.532 2.273.424 7,280,618 19,581,141 7,625,332 5,621,973 3.407.214 16,494,789 18,539.120 14,202,328 10,706,914 2,220,543 1,152,486 8,738,720 3,420,146 13.14S.36S l8,6?3,8l4 12,966,558 6,653.261 9,461.736 8,425,069 7,024,849 2,034,921 12,502,254 9,062,150 9,566,562 7.252,265 14.371.809 14.108,289 12.060. 526 207,477 729.466 .062.238 224.088 568.640 .423 1,805, ,962 154 ,546,166 164,46s ,625,90 ,081,15 i. 544, SO 8,747 .745.332 367.463 M63.5S9 .519.5 ,507,509 ■,606,9 1.062,713 !,699,9I7 1,027,194 .303. 70S :.434.690 6.539 .707.797 .344.S89 M 24.409 .949.7 304.S18 ,102,016 •,707,766 ,978,560 ,643.60 •,208,81 .402,436 \SS9.762 :. 541. 557 '318.576 :. 258,276 (,662,269 ,567.910 .098,889 717.978 !. 356, 769 1.235.004 '.062,^ ' 1.763. 263.183 2S3.998 .390,878 651,90 .959.18 1.121, 368 :.772,S7 .365.509 .698,33 ,162,160 ,476.927 .940,613 ,613,400 ,452,'. .261.1-26 .488,039 .913,093 r, 267,059 :.253.54 !.38i,. 647.1 497. ■ 64S.. I.S57.: S38,: ^597,: 559.< Aitkin Anoka Detroit Bemidji Foley Ortonville .... Mankato New Ulm Carlton Chaska Walker Montevideo. . . Center Citv . . . Moorhead Bagley Grand Marais . Windom Brainerd Hastings MantorviUe . . . Alexandria . . . Blue Earth . . . Preston Albert Lea. . . . Red Wing Elbow Lake . . . Minneapolis. . . Caledonia Park Rapids . . Cambridge. . . . Grand Rapids . Jackson Mora Willmar Hallock Internat'l Falls Madison Harbors . Le Sueur Center I vanhoe Marshall Glencoe Mahnomen . . . Warren Fairmont Litchfield Princeton Little Falls . . . Austin Slayton St. Peter Worthington. . Ada Rochester Fergus Falls . . Thief RiverFalli Pine City Pipestone Crookston .... Glenwood St. Paul Red Lake Falls Redwood Falls Olivia Faribault Luveme Roseau Duluth Shakopee Elk River Henderson St. Cloud Owatonna .... Morris Benson Long Prairie . . Wheaton Wabasha Wadena Waseca Stillwater St. James Breckenridge . , Winona Buffalo Granite Falls. . 1.63S 3.972 2,807 5.099 710 1.774 10.365 5.64S 1.749 8,52 3.983 776 301,408 5,403 449 2,l6s 1,944 7.524 3.Slt 7.525 62s 02,7l8 1.I7S 1. 313 737 I.42S 1,756 7S5 3.409 805 V,336 3.27S 47S 2,152 1,788 796 1,613 2,958 2,333 1,555 6,078 6,960 850 4.176 2.38s 1,432 7,844 6,887 3,714 1,25s 2,475 7,559 2,161 14,744 2.540 644 78.466 10.600 S.6s8 1,685 1,677 1.253 6.843 6.072 1.S19 993 2.536 5.359 301 52.969 2.047 831 904 8.663 5.561 1.934 1.525 I.3S5 4° THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTx\ State or Country of Birth of Population of Minnesota, Federal Census of 1900 and State Census, 1905. STATE Native to state . Wisconsin New York Iowa Illinois Michigan COUNTRY 8q4,oiq Sweden. 0\n< PcnnsN'lvania Indiana Maine North Dakota South Dakota Massachusetts Vermont Other states and terri- tories Total native bom . . 44..>4i 42.096 36.6" 2 19.389 1S.971 16,492 10,761 10,654 9,097 7,264 7.240 6,273 No ay. ,vay. Canada. Finland Ireland Denmark Austria England Russia Bohemia Poland Scotland France Wales Other countries Total foreign bom. ^403 .598 1,853 1,403 ,879 The Population of Minnesota at Each Federal Census from 1850 to 1910. YEAR RANK POPULATION INCREASE PER CENT IN OF TEN YEARS ! INCREASE DENSITY PER SO. MILE iSso i860 1870 18S0 1 890 1900 1910 36 30 28 25 19 19 6,077 172,023 439.706 780.773 1,301,826 I. 751. 394 2.075.708 165,046 267,583 341,067 521.053 440,160 324,314 2,7307 155.6 77.6 66.7 3-,-8 iS.s 5 9 16 6 9 5 Population of the Principal Cities and Towns of Minnesota, at Each Federal Census from i860 to 1910. Minneapolis St. Paul Duluth Winona St. Clout^ Virginia Mankato Stillwater Red Wing Faribault Hibbing Brainerd Rochester Chisholm Crookston Eveleth Cloquet Austin Fergus Falls Albert Lea Little Falls Owatonna New Ulm Bemirlii Two Harbors . . . . Moorhearl South St. Paul.. . St. Peter Willmar Hastings Anoka Thief River Falls . Ely Northfield Lake City Montevideo Waseca West Minneapolis Alexandria Fairmont Detroit Richfield West St. Paul Wabasha Melrose Staoles Luveme East Grand Forks Pipestone Worthincton Hutchinson Litchfield I9I0 1000 1S90 1880 1870 301,408 202,718 164.73S 46,887 .3,066 214,744 163,065 133.156 41,473 20,030 7S.466 52,969 33,1.5 83S 3. 13. 18,583 19.7.4 lS,2o8 10,208 7.192 10,600 8.661 7,686 2,462 2,161 10,473 2.962 10,365 10,599 8,83.S S.5SO 3.4S2 10,198 12,318 11,200 0.055 4.. 24 9.048 7.525 6,294 5.S76 4.260 O.ooi 7,868 6,520 5.4.5 3.04s 8.8 -, 2 2,481 8,526 7,524 5.703 1.865 7,844 6,843 S.32. 5. .03 3.593 7.684 7.559 5. 350 3.457 1.227 7.036 2,752 7.031 3.072 2,530 5,060 5,474 3.901 2,305 2.030 6,887 5,072 3.772 1.635 6,192 4.500 3.305 1.066 5.774 2,354 50S 5.658 S.56. 3.840 3,. 6. 2.070 S.648 5.403 3.741 2.47. S.099 2,183 4.990 3.278 4.840 3.7 ?o 2,oSS 4.510 2.322 2,242 4,176 4.302 3.67. 3.436 2,124 4.135 3.409 1,825 1,002 3.9S3 3.81. 3.70s 3.8og 3.458 3,072 3.769 4.252 2,700 3,714 1,819 191 3.572 3.717 901 3.265 3.210 2,659 2,206 3.142 2.744 2,128 2.506 3.056 2,146 1,437 862 3,054 3.103 2,482 l,7oS 551 3,022 1 ,648 3.001 2,681 2,118 1.3 5 5 2.958 3,040 1,205 54. 2.807 2,o5o 1,510 554 2,573 2,56a l,.8.iO 1,506 2,522 2,528 2,487 2,088 1.739 2,591 1,768 780 2.558 1.504 2,540 1.455 679 2,533 2,077 795 2.475 2,5.l6 I .2 \2 222 2,385 2,386 ...54 656 2,368 2.495 1.4.4 S-So 2.333 2,2.80 1.890 1,250 353 Population of the Principal Cities and Towns-Continued, Blue Earth. .. Shakopee Sleepy Eye. . . Proctor Knott Grand Rapids. Glenwood Sauk Center. . Marshall St. James Nashwauk. . . . Chaska Cass Lake. . . . 1910 1000 .S90 .88 . S70 iSOo 2,319 2,302 2,247 2.243 2,230 2,161 2,154 2,152 2;o8o 2,050 2,900 2,047 2,046 784 1.428 1,116 2;o88 2,607 2, .65 546 1,560 1.757 1.5.3 ■527 1.695 1.203 939 1.066 444 l',o68 349 Principal Items of Minnesota's Wealth, United States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904. ITEMS 1900 1904 (a) Real property and improve- $1,457,295,712 95,876,400 30,099,230 37.953.943 33,165,250 347,150,000 81,097,668 430,982,623 82,5.3.620,826 Farm implements and machinery Manufacturing machinery, tools, and implements Gold and silv&r. Coin and bullion (h) Railroads and their equip- ment Street railways, waterworks, ship- 35,673,607 45,. 2. ,007 35. 947. SOI 466.734.000 (c) Personal and other property 521.276.958 Total S3. 343. 722. = 76 (a) Exclusive of railroad and other property, which in certain states is classed as "real," but in the census estimate wealth is referred to as "personal and other." (b) Including telegraph and telephone system, electric light and power stations, Pullman and private cars, and canals. (c) Including products of agriculture, manufactures and mining, imported merchandise, clothing and personal adornments, furniture, €arriages, and other kindred property. Value of Agricultural Products of Minnesota, Federal Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. Dept. of Agricultiure, 1908. All crops All cereals All vegetables All fruits Wheat Oats Hay and forage Com Barley Rye Buckwheat Potatoes Miscellaneous vegetables Beans Onions Flaxseed Clover seed Grapes and small fruits. Orchard products Dairy products Eggs Wool Honey and wa.x Si. 3. 092. 602 8s.8i7.SS5 4.972.373 464,212 50,601,948 15,829,804 14,585,281 11,337.105 7,220.739 7S3.852 43.741 3,408,997 1,372.907 49.68s 130.404 5,898.556 34.536 355.162 100,050 16,623,460 4,437.148 460.305 8.246,c 25,7SO.t IS.925 c Value of Live Stock in Minnesota, Federal Census of 1900 and Year Book,U.S.Dept.of Agriculture, 1908. LIVE STOCK OF 19OO STATE All domestic animals 12 $86,620,643 Horses and mules 10 42.741,624 Cattle 14 36,248,958 Swine .0 5.865,590 Sheep 27 1,740,088 Poultry 16 2,927.717 BecE 23 167.280 $76. .36.1 48,695.1 8,036.( l,638,( THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 41 Some of the Leading Industries of Minnesota and the Value of their Products, from the Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 46, 1905.* INDUSTRY Total for state ,. Flour and grist mill products Lumber and timber products Slaughtering and meat packing, whole- sale Butter, cheese, and condensed milk .... Printing and publishing Lumber, planing-mill products, includ- ing sash, doors, and blinds. Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam railroad companies . Oil, linseed Foundry and machine-shop products . . . Malt liquors Bread and other bakery products Boots and shoes, factory product Fur goods Tobacco — chewing, smoking; snuff, cigars, and cigarets Patent medicines and compounds Clothing, factory made Agricultural implements Structural ironwork Furniture, factory product Gas, illuminating and heating Cooperage Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding. Carriages and wagons Saddlery and harness Confectionery Food preparations Coppersmithing and sheet iron working . Brick and tile Hosiery and knit goods Furs, dressed Malt Paper and wood pulp 1005 1900 190.S 190s I goo IQ05 190S 1905 1900 1905 1900 19OS 190S 1905 1900 I9°S 1900 1905 1900 1905 1900 190S 190S 1900 1905 190S 190S 1900 19OS 1905 1900 190S 190S 1900 1905 1900 I9°S 190S 1900 190S I goo I90S I90S 1900 1905 I90S 1900 4.756 II. 114 36,5 46 352 30S $184,903,271 165.S32.246 34.857.366 24,125.781 28.953.854 52.095.923 3.280.383 I.2II.086 3.305.120 2,264,956 8,519.729 7,578,686 5,31 239 r, 489, 374 6,961,326 4.g33.8o5 3.201.094 1.963. 231 5.855.363 4.267.322 13.552.125 8.539.722 2.508.707 1. 569.47 1 2.432.365 2.237.540 2.542.5g7 1.235.579 1.468,659 1,224,700 1,702,701 1,071,643 2,093,054 1,260,309 7,793.316 3.730.055 2,509,869 2,250.669 1,720,401 11.3S9.659 8,899.676 909. 7SS 534.170 783.959 401.02s 2.159.88s 1.860.594 J.725.359 1,997.941 824.561 419,782 556.049 221.553 .040.656 968.304 484.004 69.636 77.234 4,481 15.140 1,320 627 .035 856 .347 $35,843,145 33.4S4.82S 2,6;o,8iX 2.383,836 8,651,071 7.140,571 756,293 280,463 633.532 398,224 2,505,663 1.807,16s 1.482.831 3.3oi!i8o 2,599.387 203. 50S 81,981 I.554.93S 1.512. 579 669,594 417.832 669.929 393.427 7 18.600 719.231 497.195 320.183 837.453 661.S78 110.327 63.473 545.597 636.994 637.232 423.054 757.288 691,389 451. 131 268,025 168.558 373.8S4 312.999 66,420 53,240 424.777 461.295 367.367 202.138 131.936 466,478 328,890 51.428 13.85s 234.378 $210,553,040 ■ 73.425.615 100.060,973 74.509.733 12.302.578 26.047. 7S1 14.373.743 5,956,371 11,139.565 7,188,711 2.642,380 1,628,916 4,978,161 2,619,848 3,715.730 2.951,004 2.614.876 2.753.777 1.730.094 867.901 2.658.002 1. 532. 116 2.631.689 2.378.156 2.01T.528 1,234,569 1.098.322 954.143 1,282.742 300.811 1. 714.947 1.562,055 1,089,641 718,604 1. 634. 113 1 .02 3. 7 38 043.312 623.634 303.S68 1,203.848 1.013,265 1. 372.911 867,500 781.727 877.885 1.017,722 I. 504. 213 919.207 7S9.443 925.481 488.343 640.417 290.302 185.284 626.001 197.184 166.553 676.549 122.059.123 83.877.709 33.183.309 43. 58s. 161 16,723,276 6.803.1 1 2 12.871. 129 8.479.8g6 11,105.358 7.018,234 3,272.598 6,246.184 S.075.077 6.177.52S 4.4S6.g28 4.6ig.5o7 2.760.489 4.169.732 3.615.801 3.378.731 2,196.031 3,205,354 2 471,642 2,980,115 887 619 2,898,06s 2,609,101 2,885,05s 1,763.780 2.840.362 2.561.776 1.932.188 2.033.347 1.075.852 1 913.838 1.595. 527 1.816 27S 1.250.300 1.715.858 I 959.974 1.695.451 2.618 361 1.674.330 1.419.009 1.590.513 700.509 1.478.648 1.227.13s The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Minnesota and The Total Amount of Iron Ore (Long Tons) Produced Some Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal Annually in Minnesota, from 1884 to 1908, Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 46, 1905.* U. S. Geological Survey. OF OF EARNERS WAGES PAID PRODUCT YEAR AMOUNT YEAR AMOUNT ( 190s 877 21.752 $11,460,385 $121,593,120 Minneapolis 2.36S 26,608 12,708,523 110,943,043 1884.. . 189s . . St. Paul . . . 614 38.318,704 1885... 227,07s 1907 ■ 1 1900 7.669,805 38.541.030 1886.. . 307.948 1897 . . 5,601,429 18.652,220 Duluth 163 3,987 2.185,783 1887... 394.910 1898 . . 5,063.509 ( igoo 433 3.998 2.145,444 10.628.957 1888.. . 511.953 1899 Winona. . . 86 1.953 894,094 7.850.236 1889.. . 864.508 1900... 9.834.399 ( 1900 162 2,214 928,400 6.576.382 1890.. . S91.910 19CI . .] 11.109,537 54 724 303,300 3.422.117 1891... 945,105 1902 . . 15,137,050 1 1900 135 683 242,742 2.242.000 1892... . . I 255.463 1903 . . 15.371.396 Stillwater.. 36 955 454.345 2.784.113 1893.. . 1.499.927 1904 . . 1 1900 114 2,803 I 122.330 1 4,904.792 1894.. . .. 2.968,463 1 1905 .1 21,735.182 II 1 •Statistics for 1905 include only factory products; for previous census, all products. SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS TO ACCoMPAW THE GEOGRAPHY OF MTMNESOTA Location and Size, (i) Descrilie Minnesota's posi- tion in North America. (2) Within what physical division of the continent is the state? (Adv. Geog., Fig. 173.) (3) What three important river systems are within the state? (4) On a map of the United States trace and describe the boundaries of Minnesota. (5) On the globe trace the 4gth parallel of latitude, noting all countries and cities crossed by it. (6) On the map of the United States select the states which seem to be larger than Minnesota. (7) On the state map locate Lake of the Woods, Pigeon Point, Big Stone Lake, Lake St. Croix, Ortonville, and Still- water. (S) How much longer is the greatest length of the state than the width of the narrowest portion ? Surface and Drainage, (i) Describe the southern portion of the state as to surface, vegetation, indus- tries and crops. (2) Wliere is the highest ground of this section ? What is its altitude? (3) Describe, as to surface and industries, the Lower Mississippi Valley; the Mississippi-Minnesota Valley; the Upper Mississippi Valley. (4) On the physical map locate the Red River Valley. (5) Make three statements in regard to its slopes, vegetation, and crops. (6) What was Lake Agassiz? (7) Locate the Rainy River Valley on the physical map. (8) Describe the surface of northeastern Minnesota. (9) Why is this section called the rocky region of the state? What are its resources? (10) To what three great systems does the drainage of Minnesota belong? (11) Trace and describe that portion of each of these systems found within the state. (12) Distinguish between the river valleys of the northwestern and southeastern sections. (13) What is a divide? (14) What is the International Boundary? Lakes, (i) For what striking scenic feature is Minnesota noted? (2) State seven important func- tions of lakes. (3) On the map locate the area con- taining most of the lakes of Minnesota. (4) What is the origin of the greater number of these lakes? (5) What happens to many glacial lakes? (6) In what way were Lac qui Parle and Lake Pepin formed? (7) What is the third type of lakes found in Minnesota? (S) Where are they found? (9) Trace the course of the Mississippi from Lake Itasca to the Iowa state line, locating all the tributary lakes in order. Geological Growth. (1) What characteristic marked the early land of Minnesota? (2) What disturb- ances were features of this early period? (3) In what sections are the many formations of these years to be found? (4) Why do geologists conclude that the time of submergence beneath the sea was comparatively short for Minnesota? (5) What is the Glacial Period? A glacier? (6) What traces show that the vast ice sheet advanced and retreated many times? Underground Waters, (i) E.xplain the source of the ground-water .supply of Minnesota. (2) What is an artesian well? An artesian basin? (3) By what means may a pure supply of water be secured? (4) Distinguish between ground water and rain. Climate, (i) The state lies in what climatic area^ (2) What is the result of this? (3) What month usually marks the opening of spring in Minne- sota? The close of the growing season? (4) Iv. what section is the heaviest rainfall? The lightest? (5) How does the snowfall of Minnesota compare with that of other states? Vegetation, (i) In early days the forests occu- pied what portions of the state? The prairies what portions? (2) What timber trees were found? (3) Sketch leaf forms of five of these. (4) Name and locate by counties the National Forests of Minnesota. Animals, (i) What animal was king of the prairie ? AVhere can you find these animals now? (2) Name the wild animals found in the forests of the state. (3) What trade was a feature of the early history of this region ? (4) Among the fur-bearing animals, which are the most valuable? (5) How are these animals secured? (6) What natural features of the state attract wild ducks and geese? Agriculture, (i) What is the leading industry of Minnesota? (2) In the central and northern portions, what industry came first? AVhy? (3) What is the most important crop of the southern farmer' Why is this the most important? (4) What crop ranks second? (5) Name four other farm products. (6) Why do stock raising and dairying prosper? (7) What was Minnesota's rank among dairying states in 1900? (8) What fruits are raised ? Quarrying and Mining, (i) What is a (luarry? (2) Name eight rocks of Minnesota that are quarried. (3) On your own map locate the principal quarry grounds for sandstone ; quartzite ; limestone ; dolomite ; gneiss; granite; slate. (4) Why is quarrying in Minnesota comparatively easy? (5) What is the leading mineral product? (6) How does Minnesota rank among the iron-producing regionr of the world ? (7) Describe the two varieties of iron ore found, and locate the ranges producing each. (8) What is the annual shipment of ore from these ranges? (9) Explain the process of mining Minnesota ore. Manufactures, (i) Locate the old Ramsey mill. (2) How long is it since the first flouring mill began operating at the Falls of St. Anthony? (3) Why was it located there? (4) In 1908 what was the value of the output from this center? (5) Wliat timber tree is used in the lumbering industry of the state? (6) The rivers of Minnesota furnish what great resource that aids in developing manufactures fdzl THE GEOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 43 Commerce, (i) Upon what two features does commerce depend? (2) What is the chief means of transportation in Minnesota? (3) In which ten years did the railroad mileage of Minnesota show the most increase? (4) What means for water trans- portation has Minnesota? (5) Explain the develop- ment of the ports, Duluth and Two Harbors. Early History, (i) Minnesota formed a part of what great territory? (2) What section of the state was explored by Captain Carver? (3) By whom and for what purpose were Lewis and Clark sent out? What was Lieutenant Pike's errand? (4) Describe the explorations of General Cass; Henry R. School- craft. (5) On the historical map locate Major Long'r route. (6) What great Indian tribe occupied the southern portion of the state? (7) What traces wercJ left by earlier inhabitants? (8) Who were the first ivhite men in Minnesota? (g) What points are associated with Sieur du Luth ? With Father Henne- ()in? (10) What was the Hudson Bay Company? People, (i) How long since Minnesota became a state? (2) The development of what interests led to the settlement of northern Minnesota? (3) What part of the total population was born in Minnesota? What part is foreign-born ? Government, (i) Who represents Minnesota in Congress? (2) Of what does the state Legislature consist? Where does it meet? (3) Name the six leading state officers. (4) Who form the present State Board of Control ? (5) Give the leading county o.licers of your county. Education. (i) How long has the public school system been developing? (2) Of what does it con- sist? (3) Where is the State L^niversity located? How is it supported ? (4) Sketch your own map and locate the leading educational institutions. Charities and Corrections, (i) How does Minne- sota care for the unfortunates of the state? (2) Locate these various institutions on the state map. Cities and Towns, (i) What part of the people of Minnesota live in the cities and towns? Why is this per cent so small? (2) What are the Twin Cities? (3) Describe Minneapolis as to location, natural advantages and resources, history, industries, products, and trade. (4) Describe the location of St. Paul. (5) Make three statements to show how rapidly the city has grown. (6) What industry is especially important? Name six manufactured products. (7) What educational institutions are located in St. Paul? In Minneapolis? (8) What is the Mississippi Valley route? Locate five important towns along this route. (9) Of what regions is Winona a trade center? (10) What natural advan- tages has Wabasha' (11) Lake City possesses what distinguishing points? (12) What is the chief manu- factured product of Red Wing? (13) Describe Hastings Stillwater. (14) What natural advantages has Anoka? (15) Name and locate six impor- tant towns of the Upper Mississippi Valley. (16) St. Cloud is the center of what industry? (17) What great natural resource has Little Falls? (18) Name two distinguishing industries of Brainerd. (19) Why is Bemidji of importance? (20) Describe the development of Minnesota Valley towns. (21) Name and locate four important towns of this section. (22) What distinguishes all the towns of the Red River Valley? Name and locate five. (23) Locate the leading towns of each of the three largest divisions of the Central Prairie Region. (24) Name the leading industries of each division. (25) What lake is the center of the fourth and smallest division? (26) What led to the development of towns in north- eastern ^Minnesota? (27) Describe position, natural advantages, and interests of Duluth. (28) What natu- ral resources has Clocjuet? (29) Why was Two Har- bors so named ? (30) Describe Hibbing, Virginia, Eve- leth, Chisholm, Gilbert, and Coleraine. (31) Why are Ely and Winton important ? Locate International Falls. SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING Bond, Minnesota and Its Resources. Chisholm and Leete, Longman's School Geography. Flandrau, History of Minnesota. Gilfillan, Early Political History oj Minnesota. Hall, C. W., Geography of Minnesota. Haqjer's Magazine, The Capitals of the Northwest, March. 1892. Harrington, Geography, History, and Civil Government. Long, Xarratii-c of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winjiepeck, Lake of the Woods, etc., Perfortned in the Vear 182 j. McMurry, Chas. A., Type Studies from United States Geography, pp. 108-131, 154-174. Larger Types of American Geography, pp. 94-134. McVey, Government of Minnesota, Its History and A dmin istration. Mill, Commercial Geography. Minnesota Geological and Natural History Sur\^ey, Annual Reports. Minnesota Historical Society Collections , /?iWiogra/>^!j', Vol II'. Minnct^ota State Board of Immigration, Minnesota's Fiftieth Anniversary. Neill, Concise History of the State of Minnesota. Pike, The Expedition of Zebulon M. Pike to the Head- » waters of the Mississippi, through Louisiana Territory and in New Spain. Robinson, E. V., Commercial Geography. Sempie, Ellen C, American History and Its Geographi- cal Conditions. Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota. Schoolcraft, H. R., Historical and Statistical Informa- tion Respecting the History, Condition and Pros- pects of the Indian Tribes of the United States. United States Geological Survey, Mineral Resources, 1008. United States Geological Survev, Monographs XLIIl and XI.V. Williams, Outline History of Minnesota from i8^8 to 1881 (In Warner and Foote's "History of Dakota.") THE INDEX The figures inclosed in parentheses refer to illustrations, all other figures refer to pages. Agricultural, area, 36; center, 36, products, value of. 40. Agriculture, 20-22; School of, class in com judging (Fig, 45), Albert Lea, 36. Alexandria, 37. Animals, 20. Anoka. 30, 34. Area, 7- Artesian wells, 17. 35- Austin, id. Barley. 10. 21, 22. Bemidji, ,15. Bemidji Lake, 10. Big Cottonwood River, scene on the (Fig. 6). 13. Blue Earth River, o; Valley, 9 Brainerd, 35; business street (Fig. 53). 35- Brickmaking, 3>- Browns Valley, 10. Capitol, 33\ at St. Paul (Fig. 40). Carlton, 23, 24. Carver. Captain Jonathan, 26. Cass. General. 26. Cass Lake, 10. Cattle, 21. Central Prairie Region, Towns of the, ^o-3:- Charities and Corrections. 30. Chippewa River, 15. 34- Chisholm. 3^- Clay, 12. Climate, 1S-19. Cloquet. 3S. Coleraine, 38. Commerce, 25-26. Congressional Districts, map (Fig. 43). 28. Copper, 27. . r Al- corn, 10, 21, 22; cutting for the silo (Fig. 17). 20; harvesting with com binder (Fig. 18), 20. class in judging (Fig. 45). 30- Coteau des Prairies, 9. Counties. Statistics by, 39. Courtland, 22. Cows, herd of dairy (Fig. 20), 21. Creamery, 21; at Litchfield (Fig. 21), 21; 35' Crookston, 35. Cuyuna Range, 37. Dairying, 9, 22; industry, 21. Dams, wing (Fig. 3i)- 25- Divide, 10, 13; (Fig. 7). 13- Drainage, 12-13, 15; basins, 13- Duluth, 24. 25, 26, 31. 37. 3S; city of (Fig. 55). 36; city of (Fig. 56), 37; map (Fig. 57). 38. East Grand Forks, 36. Education, 20-30. Educational institutions, 29-, lead- ing, map (Fig. 44), 29; table, 29 in St. Paul 33- Ely, 3S. Eveleth, 3S. Explorations, 26, 27. Faribault, 37; city of (Fig. 54), 36 Fairmont, 37. Farm machinery, 31- Farm, prairie, 27 '. scene on a (Fig. 4), 11; view of a dairy (Fig. 7), 13. Farm products, value of, map (Fig. 19). 20. Farming, 10; community, 36 district, 36; region, 30. Fayal Mine, in the Mesabi Rang. (Fig. 25). 22. Fergus Falls. 36. Flax, 10. Flood plain, 10, 21, 34. Flour, 31. 3S- Fond du Lac, 22. Fort Snelling. 10, 11. 24. 27. Forested area, 19-. region, n. Forest Reserves, map (Fig. ift).io. Frontenac, 23. Fruit raising, 21. Garden products. 2j. Gilbert, 3»- Glacial action, 23; drift. 11. 17* Period, II, 12. 14, 16. Glaciers, 17- Gneisses, 16. Goodsell Observatory, 37- Government, 20. Grand Rapids, 35- Granite, it*. 23. Gravel ridges, 11. Gray Cloud Island, scene on the Mississippi at (Fig. 33)1 25. Grazing, 9- GroseiUiers. 27. Groimd water, 17, 18. Hastings, 10, 24, 27, 34. Hennepin, Father, 27. Hibbing. 38. Historical map (Fig. 36), 26. History, Early. 26-28. Hogs, 2 1. Hudson Bay Company, 28, 33. Hutchinson, 37- Ice, 13; fields of, 16. Indian, grave of an (Fig. 37\ 27; reserves, map (Fig. 16), 19. Indians, 26, 27. 28,. 35- International Boundary, 12. International Falls, 38. Iron. 27; mines, 28; ore, 12, 23. Iron ore, total amount produced, 41. Itasca Lake, 10. 12; (Fig. 5), 12 discovc-rv of, 27. Itasca State Park, 10. Lac qui Parle, 1 s. Lac qui Parle River. 15. La Grange Mountain, 34. Lake basins, 1 1. Lake City, 34. Lake of the Woods. 7. 15. Lake Park region. 36. Lake Pepin, 15- Lakes, 10, 13-15". rock-walled, 15 Leech Lake, 10. Lewis and Clark, 26. Limestones. 16. Linseed oil. ^=;. Little Falls, 35. Live stock. 40. Location, 7- Logs (Fig. 29), 24; (Fig. 31). 24. Long, Major, 27. Lumber, 31; interests, 27, 28 manufacturing, 34. Lumbering, 11, 21, 24; center. 35 industry, 34. Luverne, 37- Mankato, 10, 22. 35. Mantorville, 22. Manufactured products, map (Fig, Manufactures, 24-25, 41. Manufacturing cities, leading, 41. Marshall, 37. Marshes, 1 1 . Mendota, 27. Mesabi Range, 16, 23. 24, 26, 37. Michigan. Territory of. 26. Migration, 28. Military reservations, map (Fig, 25. of (Fig. 32) Mills, flouring. 31, 35; lumber, 35 paper, 35. Mining. 23-24. Minneapolis. 22, 25, 31-32". i^ap (Fig. 48). 32; milling distri' (Fig. 32), 25; residence street (Fig. 49). 33- Minnehaha Falls (Fig. 46), 30. Minneopa State Park, 35. Minnesota River, 10. 15, 35, 37; Valley, ih, 22. 23. Minnesota Valley, Towns of the, 35. Minnetonka, Lake, 32, map (Fig. S), 14. Misquah Hills, 11. Mississippi Basin. 10, 11. Mississippi River, 7, 10, 12, 15, 27; scene on (Fig. 33)^ 25; source of, 10; System. 12; tributaries, 1 1 ", Upper. 1 1. Mississippi-Minnesota Valley, 10. Mississippi Valley, 11, 25; Upper. 10, 11. 25. Mississippi Valley Towns, Still Other, 33-34; Upper, 34-35. Missouri River, 10, 12. Montevideo. 35- Moorhead. 36. Mounds, 2 7. National Guard, 34. Nelson River, 7'- System, 12. New Ulm, 10. 35. Northeastern Minnesota, Towns of, Northwest Territory. 26. Northfield. 37. Nurseries. 34. Oats. 10, 21. 22; field of (Fig. 23), Occupations (Fig. 39)- 27. "Old Ramsey mill,** 24, 34- Ores, 23, 24. Owatonna, 36. Paper mills, 35- Pearl fisheries, 34. People, The, 28. Pepin. Lake (Fip. 10). 15. Physical map (Fig. 3). 10. Pike, General Zebulon Montgom- ery. 5). Pine, Xurway tFig. 15). 19; white, 19. Pipestone, 37. Plateau, 36. 37. Point Douglas, 1 5. Pokegama Lake, 10. Political map ( Fig. 2). 8. 9. Population, 2S. 40; (Fig. 3S). 27 cities, principal, 40; course of 11; foreign-bom, 28; (Fig. 42) 28: gain in, 31; native-born (Fig. 41), 28; state or coxmtry of birth, 40; urban (Fig. 47). 31- Prairie. 9. 11. 12, 19, 20. Prairie Island, 27. Quarry, view of (Fig. 24), 22. Quarrying. 22-23, 34, 35. Quartz, 27. Railways. 25; mileage (Fig. 34) Rainfall, iS, 10: (Fig. i4>. 18 map (Fig. 13). 18. Rainy Lake. 15- Rainy River, 12: Valley, 11. Ramsey mill. 24, 34. Red Lake. 14. Red Lake River. 35. Red River, to. 12. Red River Valley, 11, 14. i7. lo 21, 26, 35. 37; agricultural resources of, 28; scene on farn in (Fig. 4>. II. Red River Valley Towns. 35-36. Red Wing, 10. 23. 27. 34; (Fig. 52) 34. , Redwood River, scene on tht (Fig. Ti), 16. Relief map (Fig. i), 7- River, 12; degrading (Fig. 6), 13 Rochester, 36. Rock masses. 16. Rock River. 12. Rocks. 22; red. 16. Rocky region. 1 1. Rum River, 11. 34. St. Anthony, Falls of, 24. 27, 31; (Fig. 2S». 23. St. Anthony, town site. 31. St. Cloud, 34. St. Croix Lake, i =;. St. Croix River, m; Valley, it. St. James, 37. St. Lawrence River, 7; System, 12. St. Louis River, 12, 24. St. Paul, 10, 22, 25. 31. 32-33\ map (Fig. 48). 32; Summit Avenue (Fig. 50), 33- St. Peter. 10, 35- Saganaga Lake, 15. Sand. 16; plains, 22; spits (Fig. Sandstone, 22. Sandstones. if>. Sawteeth Mountains, 11. Schoolcraft, Henry R., 27. Schools, 29. Settlement, early. 11. Shales, 16. "Shining Mountains,** 10. Shovel, steam (Fig. 26). 23. Sieur du Luth, 27. Silt. 14. 15. Sink holes, 14. Size. 7- Skidways, avenue of. on Pine Island (Fig. 29). 24. Slate, 23. Sleepy Eye, 37. Snowfall, 19. Soil, II, 20. 22. Soldiers' Home, 30; (Fig. 46), 30. Soldiers' Monument. 35- Soo Canal, 29. Springs, mineral, 1 8. State Prison, 30. State University, 29, 32; Agricul- ture, School of, class in com judging (Fig. 45). 30. Statistics and Aids to Teachers, 30-41. Steam hauler (Fig. 30), 24. Stillwater, 2-,. ^4. Stock raising, 10. 22. Stone, buiiamH. i-'- Structure of the State, 10-17- Sugar Loaf Mountain, 33". (Fig. 51)- 33- Superior, 26. Surface. 7-1 2; features, 9. Swamp area, 14; (Fig. 9)- ^5- Temperature, map (Fig. 12). 17. Thief River Falls, 36. Thomson, 23. Tracy, 3 7- Transportation, by water, 25. Two Harbors. 26, 38. Underground Waters, 17-18. Undine region, 35- Valleys. 10. 12. 15. Vegetation, 19-20. Vermilion Range, 23, 26, 37. VermiUon River, 24, Virginia, 38. Volcanoes, 16. Wabasha, 10. 15, 34- Waseca, 37- Water power, 24. 3i. 34- 35- Waterways, 25. Weathering, 16. Wheat, 21, 22, 3^\ crop (Fig. 22) 2 I ; market. 36. Wheat raising, 9. >o- Willmar, 37. Winds, 18. Winnibigoshish Lake, 10. Winona, to. 23. 33- Winton, 38. Wood, cords of (Fig. 30), 24. Wonnington, 37. [44]