F 621 .C55 1912 DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA CLIFFORD Rand M^Nally € Co, LIBRARY Connecticut State College Vol. Class JL^L&J^ ^lA^^^^^Al Cost R. ^. JDo^^ i..!^. Date'' af ll Jy 19:^ OJi^ 3 T1S3 DDEObSDE T \^ This Book may be kept out TIFO JVEEKS only and is subject to a fire of TWO CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on the day indicated below. f DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA By W. N. CLIFFORD Superintendent of Sehools, Couneil Bluffs, Iowa Part 1 IOWA AS A WHOLE Part II THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES Part III STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY Boligc'0 % having, only 10 per cent of the yearly rainfall. The annual rain- fall is about thirty -five inches; in regions where there is less than twenty inches irri- gation is necessar^^ (Fig. 12.) In climatic position Iowa is most fortunate; while situ- ' J ' .-IZ' ?J!f£-££_ j/.j~ Inches \ 1 3 L " - ^ s: ^ Fig. The annual rainfall at Dubuque from i8go to IQ04. ated north of the excessive rainfall of the Gulf States where the soil is washed and leached so much that fertilization is necessary, it is yet with- in a region that has suffi- cient mois- ture to enable it to be one of the greatest cereal-producing regions of the world. In Iowa the winds from the west and northwest are cool and dry, while those from the east and south are warm and bring rain. There is a wide range of tem- perature between summer and winter. One hundred degrees is quite common in summer and 40 degrees below zero often is recorded in the northern part of the state in winter; yet these temperatures are well suited to the crops. Com requires from 90 to 130 days to mature. As it is usually planted in ilay, hot days in July and August are necessary for its development. On the other hand, severe frosts, penetrating to a great depth, pulverize the soil so that rain and warmth affect it more readily. The cold of winter is mitigated by the dryness of the air during that season, and the heat - - ^ - I Average SS-S Inches * 5 V J ^ S i $ S i ^ t S > 1 1 ► 5 . 1 8 1 Fig. 14. The annual rainfall at Sioux City, front i8go to 1^04. THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA JfS-'iJoo to S^,oooJ ms (Dubuque, r>ur lington) , food products Fig. too If ,^o0fO0o Ibs^ I I J00.000.t(7 6oo,ot §■ s,ooo,ooo la j,ooo,ooo lbs. Value of dairy products by counties in 1903. The figures denote the rank in production of each county. THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA 13 (Cedar Rapids), clay products (Des lloines, Sioux City), pearl buttons (;\Iuscatine, Davenport, Clinton). (Fig. 39.) Iowa will remain an agricultural state ; but the time is not far distant when it will rank high in manufactures. Commerce. When a state produces much more than the wants of its people demand, it needs to be situated on great lines of trade, and in this respect Iowa is admir- ably located. The Mississippi River furnishes an eas}- route for north-south transportation (Fig. 38) , and the eight great railroad lines coming into the state from the East, and meeting at Council Bluffs, provide excellent east-west transportation facilities and help to make this city a gen- eral distributing point for the Far West. Iowa's com- merce consists chiefly in exporting grain, live stock, and similar commodities and in importing manufactured products. No point in the state is distant more than thirteen j5;/i' of shale clays on dk in Monroe Count v. Fig. 31. - 1'- ■■ ' upper coal measures, Montgomery County. Xote the intervening strata of linzestone ami shales. miles from a railroad, and but three states in the Union have a greater railroad mile- age ; the total in 1904 was nearly 10,000 miles. New avenues of trade are being opened con- stantly by electric lines. Gray Cn. The great trunk line railroads crossing the state are the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy; the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul ; the Chi- cago Greal Western ; the Chicago & North- western, and the Illinois Central. There are numerous branch lines making connec- tions north and south. History. The present state of Iowa was originally a part of the great territory of Louisiana purchased from France during Jefferson's administration. At different times it has formed part of the territories of Louisiana, Missouri, Mich- igan, and Wis- consin. In 1838 it was made a terri- tory by itself, and in 1846, with its pres- ent b o u n d a- ries, Iowa was admitted into L ity in Jon^s County. 14 THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA the Union, the first free state in the Louisi- ana Purchase. The first white settlement in Iowa was made at Dubuque, about 1788, by Julien Dubuque, an adventurous French Canadian trader who settled among the Indians. Here he opened lead mines, built a smelting furnace, and established a fur-trading post. (Fig. 54.) At the close of the Black Hawk War in 1832 the United States purchased the land from the Indians, who then settled in Missouri and Nebraska. Soon came the Fig. 34. Miners worki Appall: white-topped immigrant wagons bring- i n g whole families from New England, Ohio, and other eastern states. In 1852 an- other tide of immigration began. Be- sides large numbers from the east there were Scandi- / a in: lie, nnly. Fig. 3(1. .1 typical mining scene near Oskaloosa. navians, Germans, Bohemians, and Irish from Europe. These have proved to be excellent colonizers and good citizens. The first capital of Iowa was at Iowa City, but as this site was found to be too far east, Des Moines was made the capital in 1857. The state records and papers were transported overland, as there was no railroad. In the same year occurred the Indian massacre at Spirit Lake. (Fig. 56.) Sac and Fox Indians. During the Black Hawk War some of the Sacs and the Foxes refused to fight against the whites. In derision they -were called " Musquakies," or deserters. They remained in Tama Coun- ty where their descendants n umb e r i ng about 400 still live, occupying a tract of land e mbrac i ng more than 3,000 acres. Amana Col- ony. Among Fic.- 35- 00,000 to 2S0t0i 1 to soo,ooo tons ^^/■•rom joo,ooo to 1,000,000 tons ^g t, 000,000 Ions and c The coal fields of Iowa and the production of coal by counties. the and est largest wealthi- of the communistic THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA IS settlements in the United States is the Amana Colony in Iowa County. The people are Ger- mans, industrious and intelli- gent, and care little for the pleasures of the world. The colony comprises eight villages and extensive areas of farming and pasture lands, 25,000 acres in all. The land is held in com- mon by the community. Education. No child born in Iowa, whether he desires to be a scientific farmer, a skilled mechanic, or a professional man, need leave the state to secure his education. Liberal provision has been made for an ex- cellent system of pub- lic schools, colleges, and universities by creating a permanent school fund from money secured by the sale of public lands. Fig. 3S. .1 sICLiinboat on tlte Mississippi River. In addition to the interest on this fund, money for the support Fig. 3y. i-n-nc in a pearl button factory at Muscatine where they are soaking the clam shells in fresh water to make them less brittle. crcal mills at Cedar Kapuls. of the schools is raised by local taxation. In ma intaining its pub- lic schools Iowa ex- pends annually more than $10,000,000. Of this amount nearly $5,000,000 is derived from the permanent school fund. The public school system is under the direction of a state superintendent, of county superintendents, city superintendents, and local boards. Women are permitted to hold any school office in the state. The school age is from five to twenty-one years. Children between the ages of seven and fourteen must attend school, either public or private, for not less than sixteen consecu- tive school weeks of each year. The total enrollment in the public schools in 1904 was 345,940. There are 345 high schools in the state, enrolling in 1904 30,900 pupils. The state maintains three important institutions for higher education : The State University at Iowa City (Fig. i6 THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA THE LEADING EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF IOWA. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1 Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, State, Ames. 2 Coe College, Presb., Cedar Rapids. 3 Charles City College, M. E., Charles City. 4 Wartburg College, Luth,, Clinton. 5 Amity College, Non-Sect., College Springs. 6 Lutheran College, Luth.. Decorah. 7 Des Moines College. Bapt., Des Moines. 8 Drake University, Christian, Des Moines. 9 St. Joseph's College, R. C, Dubuque, lo Epworth Seminary, M. E., Epworth. 1 1 Parsons College, Presb. , Fairfield. 12 Upper Iowa University, M. E., Fayette. 13 Iowa College, Cong., Grinnell. 14 Lenox College, Presb., Hopkinton. 15 Simpson College, M, E., Indianola. 1 6 State University of lowa.-State, Iowa City. 17 Ellsworth College, Non-Sect., Iowa Falls. i8 Lutheran College, Luth., Jewell. 19 Western Union College, United Evang., Le Mars. 20 Iowa Wesleyan University. M. E., Mount Pleasant. 21 Cornell College, M. E., Mount Vernon. 2 2 Penn College, Friends, Oskaloosa. 23 Central University of Iowa, Bapt., Pella. 24 Morningside College, M. E., Sioux City. 25 Buena Vista College, Presb., Storm Lake- 26 Tabor CoUege.Cong., Tabor. 27 Western College, U. B., Toledo. 28 Wartburg Seminary, Luth., Waverly. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE NORMAL SCHOOLS 29 Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls. 30 Highland Park College, Des Moines. 31 Western Normal College, Shenandoah. Fig. 40. Liberal Arts Building State University of hnva. Iowa f;/i' 40), the State Normal School at Cedar Falls (Fig. 42), and the State College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts at Ames (Figs. 43 and 46). In addition to the state institutions mentioned, a number of denominational schools, colleges, seminaries, and normal schools supported by endowment or by tuition fees, well distributed over the state, are doing good work foi higher education. (Fig. 41 .) State Institutions. The state supports four classes of institutions : Educational, Charitable, Reformatory, and Penal. The three last men- tioned are managed by a board of control consisting of three members who are appointed by the Governor for six years and confirmed by the Senate. Not more than two members of this board may be from the same political party. This board also manages the finances of the State Univer- sitv, the State Normal School, and the Agricultural College. State Charities. Iowa has been generous in providing for its unfortunate. Among the larger institutions may be men- tioned the School for the Deaf at Council BlufTs, the College for the Blind at Vinton, the Institution for. the Feeble-minded at Glenwood, the Soldiers' Home at Marshalltown (Fig. 44), (foj,*r,VA{,*l!»l. It Sind, UfXat Fig. 41. The leading educational institutions of Iowa. THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA 17 the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Davenport (Fig. 51), and hospitals for the Insane at Cherokee, Independence, Mount Pleasant, and Clarinda. Reformatory and Penal Institutions. The Industrial School for Girls is located at Mitchellville, the Industrial School for Boys at Eldora, and the Reformatory for Females at Anamosa. The State Peniten- tiaries are two in number and are located at Anamosa and Fort Madison. Government. Iowa is represented in Con- gress b}^ two Senators and ele\-en Represent- atives, and therefore has thirteen electoral votes. (Fig. 47.) The state government is administered by three departments — the Fig. 43. Central Building, Iowa State College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts, Ames. nn^^ ,^^ ^ ;, T i ■■ J^^ 1 ^Wmiinnamr^inrir.^ c Fig. 42. loii^a Stale Xormal School, Cedar Falls. sentatives elects one of its own members for speaker. The officers of the executive department are all elected by the people for two years. The chief executive is the Governor. The other officers of the state department are the Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, the Secretary of State, the Auditor, the Treasurer, the Attor- ney-General, and the Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. Much of the executive business is left to the Executive Council, con- Legislative, the Executive, and the Judicial. These departments correspond closely to the great departments into which our national government is divided. The legislative department is composed of two branches, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Assembly, as the Senate and the House of Representa- tives are called, meets at the capitol in Des ^loines once in two years. (Fig. 45.) There are fifty Senators and 100 Representatives. The Senators are elected for four years and the Representatives for two years. The presiding officer of the Senate is the Lieu- tenant-Governor. The House of Repre- sisting of the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Auditor. There is a State Board of Control consisting Fig. 44. ^iate Soldiers' Home. Marshalltown. i8 THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA l" ic. 45. Slalc Capitot, Dcs Moinc. of three members appointed by the Governor, with the approval of the Senate. This board supervises the finances of the State University, Agricultural College, and the Nor- mal School, and has complete man- agement of all other state institu- tions. The state department pro- vides a railway commissioner, dairy commissioner, inspector of mines, state printer, and others. The judicial department con- sists of a Supreme Court, District Courts, and supervisor, or mayor's and police courts. The heads of all these courts are elected by the people. The Supreme Court is composed of six judges elected for six years each; and each serves as chief justice during his last year. I o w a has ninety -nine counties and each county has a District Court. Judges III Fig. 46. Campanile, Agricultural College, Ames. Fic, 48. Blufls at Dubuque. In the liuicsloi tioiii in llte.'ie hliifj.'; lead lias long rccn nu for these courts are elected by the people for four years. Cities hav- ing a population of 7,000 or more may establish superior courts. Such courts are found in Council Bluffs, Cedar Rapids, and Keokuk. The counties are governed by officers elected for two years. They consist of a board of supervisors, an auditor, a clerk of courts, a treasurer, a county attornev, a superintendent of schools, a sheriff, a surveyor, and a coroner. Generally speaking, the govern- ment of cities and incorporated towns is administered by a mayor and a council composed of aldermen. A few cities are governed by special char- ters granted in the early days by the general as- sembly ; these are Dubuque, Davenport, Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, and Muscatine. Fig. 47. The Congressional districts of Iowa, jgo4. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 19 //. GROWTH AXD DEVELOPMEXT OF CITIES Gain in Population. Iowa ranks among the states in whicli the city or town population relatively is far out-distanced by the rural. The number of persons living in towns having 4,000 or more inhabitants constitutes a little less than one -fifth of the total population. Three facts may be noted in this connection: (i) that cities, towns, and villages are evenly distributed over the state (Fig. 49) ; (2) that the total town or urban population relatively is small; (3) that there are no great centers like New York and Chicago. (Fig. 50.) These conditions in Iowa are due partly to the character of its resources and partly to its physical characteristics. Iowa is a prairie state easily accessible from every side, and everywhere fertile. As a consequence farming population and urban centers serving as out- lets for farming districts became evenly distributed. Since the mineral, forest, and water power resources are insufficient to support great mining or manufacturing communities agri- cultural industries remain dominant, and the rural population retains the lead. Physical conditions have caused trade and manufactures to develop at many points with almost equal advantage, hence no one city has attained metropolitan rank. Usually the larger towns are those which have exceptional transportation facilities, and which distribute and manufacture supplies for vast farming areas. In a few instances the growth of cities has been aided by the presence of coal mines or water pow-er. The population figures of the cities given herewith are from the state census of 1905 : & North-Westem Railway and manufactures of brick, tile, and pottery. It has excellent transpor- tation facilities and ships large quantities of coal. Burlington ( 2 5 , 3 1 8 ) , the county seat of Des IMoines County, is well situated for trade, being located on the banks of the Mississippi and having good railroad con- nections. Re- pair shops of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road are located here. Among the leading manufactures of the city are lumber and lum- ber products, Atlantic (4,893), the county seat of Cass County, eighty miles southwest of Des Moines, lies in the center of an excellent farming district. Among its industrial en- terprises are a corn-can- ning factory, a planing mill, and wagon works. Adja- cent to the town are flourishing nurseries. Boone (9,500), the count}- seat of Boone Coun- ty, is located near the Des Moines River, forty-three miles northwest of Des Moines. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Here are shops of the Chicago Fig. 49. The density of popu- lation per square mile in Iowa. Fig TIte density of urban population in Iowa, census of igoo GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES engines, agricultural implements, harness, wag- ons, and pearl buttons. Cedar Falls (5,329) is in Black Hawk County, ninety-nine miles west of Dubuque and 106 miles northeast of Des Moines. It is pleasantly located on the rapids of Cedar River, which gives it superior water power and makes it a natural manufacturing center. Here are mills for flour, oatmeal, pearl barley, and fac- tories for canned goods, house fur- nishings, cloth- ing, specialties of various kinds, such as feeders for threshing; machines, no\' elties in har«: ware, foundrx work, and ma- chine shops. It I'"'- 5'- The Iowa ^.i!.,- is the seat of the Iowa State Normal School, noted for its large attendance of students, its extensive course of study designed to meet the needs of all classes of public school teachers, and the unusual financial support given it by the state. (Fig. 42.) Cedar Rapids (28,759), in Linn County, well located on the Cedar River, is a city of wide streets and pleasant homes. Its water power and excellent railroad connections have made it a manufacturing center. Its cereal mills are the largest in the world (Fig, 37) ; meat packing, the making of wire fencing, furniture, pumps, flour, and starch are important industries. Coe Col- lege is located here. Centerville (5,967), Appanoose County, has pro- ductive coal mines. (Fig. 34.) Among its leading manufactures are machinery, foundry products, flour, wagons, and cement building blocks. Charles City (4,546), county seat of Floyd County, is well located on the Cedar River, in a fertile agricultural district where market garden- ing, nurseries, and the raising of live stock afford profitable industrial opportunities to the people. It has excellent railroad service and the river fur- nishes valuable water power utilized by manu- facturing interests. Furniture, bank fixtures, sash and blinds, butter, cheese, and disk har- rows are made here. Building stone is quarried in the vicinity. Here is Charles City College. Clinton (22,- 756), the county seat of Clinton C o u n t A' , is a ■phans' Home at Davenport. beautiful city located on the Great Bend of the Mississippi, where three fine bridges span the river. It has excellent facilities for shipping both by water and by rail and is a notable commercial center. The chief manufactures are furniture, wagons, flour, iron and steel goods, locks, boxes, wire cloth, paper, and papier-mache. Council Bluffs (25,231), the county seat of Pottawattamie County, is picturesquely located on the Missouri River directly opposite Omaha. The river is spanned by several fine steel bridges- The city is the center of a fine live stock, fruit, and grain region, and is one of the most impor- tant railroad centers in the West; eight great trunk lines from the East converge here to make connections for the Pacific Coast. Construction and repair shops of several of these railroads are located here. Council Bluffs has an extensive CvDicil nitifjs, on the western border of lon'o. lieyniul is the M GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES ty oj Dubuque. trade in farming implements, wagons, and car- riages, besides a large wholesale trade. Its man- ufactures include agricultural implements, wag- ons, machinery, and lumber products. (Fig 52.) Creston (8,382), the county seat of Union County, in the center of the famous Blue Grass region of southwestern Iowa, is an important town 103 miles east of Council Bluffs. It has a good trade in agricultural implements and farm machinery, as well as in general merchandise. It is the location of the largest round house and machine shops of the Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy Railroad. Davenport (39.797)- the county seat of Scott County, is situated on the Mississippi River oppo- site Rock Island, 111., with which it is connected by two railroad bridges and a ferry. (Fig. 57.) The city is surrounded by a rich agricultural and coal-mining region which has aided in its develop- ment. It is an important railroad center and ships large quantities of grain and other farm products. The manufactures include lumber and lumber products, agricultural implements, engines, wagons, glu- cose, flour, clothing, cigars, and buttons. Meat packing is a large industry. The educational institu- tions of the city are unexcelled. Des Moines (75,626), the county seat of Polk County and the cap- ital and metropolis of Iowa, Fig 54 is situated very near the center of the state at the junction of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers. It has become an important railroad cen- ter. Extensive mines of bituminous coal near by provide cheap fuel. The abundance of water and inexpensive coal, and its excellent transpor- tation facihties, invite manufactures. Alreadv there are large factories turning out brick and tile, lumber products, furniture, steam engines, agricultural implements, harness, wagons, patent medicines, starch, flour, cigars, woolens, knit goods, and gloves. It is the leading center of the butter industry in the state. The Capitol is a magnificent building erected at a cost of $3,000,000. (Fig. 45.) The Court House and Post Office are fine edifices. Des Moines offers unusual educational advantages. In addition to an excellent system of public schools, it has Drake University, Des Moines College, and Highland Park Normal College. Dubuque (41,941), the county seat of Dubuque County, is situated on the Mississippi River, here crossed by three bridges. Two — one a great railroad bridge — connect it with East Dubuque, 111., the other with the shore of Wiscon- sin. The city has a large wholesale trade. Lead, zine, and limestone are found in paying quanti- ties near by. (Fig. 48.) Dubuque has built some war vessels and boats for the Government, and has railway repair shops. Its manufactures umcnt lo Julien Dubuque, at the city which bears his name GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES the most extensive of the many important slaughtering and meat-packing cstabltshnicyUs Middle West is located at Siovtx City. include lumber, sash, doors, blinds, coffins, cloth- ing, shoes, linseed oil, malt liquors, harness, car- riages, wagons, agricultural implements, boilers, hardware, and white enamel. There is also a large meat-packing establishment. (Fig. 53.) Fairfield (5,009), county seat of Jefferson County, fifty-one miles northwest of Burlington, is a well-built town with excellent railway facili- ties. The surrounding country produces corn, wheat, oats, hay, fine stock, and dairy products. The manufactures are varied; among them are farm implements, wagons, malleable iron, tile, and gloves. Coal is mined near by. It is the seat of Parsons College. Fort Dodge (14,369), the county seat of Web- ster County, is situated on the Des Moines River. Its industries are connected chiefly with the agri- cultural products of the district of which it is the center. Near by are deposits of gypsum, clay, building stone, and coal. Among its manufac- tures may be mentioned stucco, brick and tile, stoneware, and hydraulic cement blocks. Fort Madison (8,767), the county seat of Lee County, is a prosperous town on the Mississippi River. It manufactures lumber, plows, cars, agricultural implements, and chairs. A state penitentiary is located here. Iowa City (8,459), the county seat of Johnson County, is situated on the Iowa River. It ships large quantities of grain and live stock. Adja- cent to the city are extensive nurseries. A num- ber of factories are doing a thriving business. Among the manufactured products are agricul- tural implements, wire fencing, brick, tile, brushes, perfumery, jewelry, and gloves. Here is located the State University. (Fig. 40.) Keokuk (14,604), the county seat of Lee County, on the Mississippi River at the foot of the rapids, is well fitted by its location to become a city of great commercial importance. The largest river steamers touch its wharves and a government ship canal has been constructed to take boats around the Des Moines River Rapids. The canal is seven and a half miles long and 300 feet wide. The river furnishes valuable water power and Keokuk manufactures machinery, clothing, pickled and canned goods, starch, and shoes. It has a large wholesale trade. A National cemetery is located here. Le Mars (5,041), county seat of Plymouth County, is twenty-five miles northeast of Sioux City at the junction of two railroads. It is the market town for a fine grain and live-stock dis- trict. Among its industrial enterprises are included prosperous flouring mills. It is the seat of Western Union College. Marion (4,112), county seat of Linn County, six miles northeast of Cedar Rapids, is division headquarters of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. It is the market for a fertile GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 23 Vast numbers of cattle arc i\ creed here jroni jartning state this industrial pla Tlic output oj paeked meats Jroin farming area yielding large crops of gjain and much live stock. Marshalltown (12,045), the county seat of Marshall County, is the trade center for a fine agricultural section. Its manufactures include glucose, starch, linseed oil, machinery, wagons, and buggies. Meat packing is an industry. The Soldiers' Home is located here. (Fig. 44.) Mason City (8,357), the county seat of Cerro Gordo County, is a railroad center surrounded by fine farms. There are stone quarries in the vicinity. Meat packing is the leading enterprise; lime, brick, tile, and gloves are manufactured. The only Portland cement factory in Iowa is located here. Missouri Valley (3,330) is situated in Harrison County, twenty miles north of Council Bluffs. Its industrial plants include railroad shops and stock yards. The surrounding country produces grain and live stock, of which large and increas- ing shipments are made from this point. Mount Pleasant (3,576) is the county seat of Henry County. Its industrial establishments include planing and flouring mills and factories for house furnishings. Grain is the chief agri- cultural product of the tributary country, and stock is raised. Mount Pleasant is the seat of Weslej-an University and of the German College. The Hospital for the Insane located here is the oldest in the state. a)id leesleni rang nt is owrmous. Muscatine (15,087), the county seat of Musca- tine County, is a rapidly growing town on the Mississippi River. Here are one of the largest sash and door factories in the United States and pearl-button factories that give employment to a large number of people. (Fig. 39.) The buttons are made from fresh-water shells. Other manu- factures are lumber, cereals, and brick. Market gardening in this vicinity is an important indus- try, and large quantities of melons and other vegetable products are grown and shipped. Oelwein (5,632), Fayette County, a prosperous and growing town, and a leading railroad center, is situated in one of the richest farming sections in the state. Its railroad interests are important. The large railroad shops located here do all kinds of repair work and the road makes Oelwein a distributing center of supplies to all parts of its system. It is the market for large quantities of agricultural products. Oskaloosa (10,203), the "ounty seat of Ma- haska County, is situated in the center of a rich coal-mining district. (Fig. 36.) The coal veins in the vicinit}^ are from two to six feet thick. Near the town is clay suitable for paving brick, sewer pipes, and pottery. Manufacturing is increasing. Machinery, brick, and tile are the most important products. Three lines of rail- road furnish transportation. Penn College, founded bv the Friends, is located here. 24 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES Ottumwa (2o,iSi), the coun- tv seat of Wapello County, is situated on both sides of the Des Moines River, in the heart of a great coal-mining section. The river here, crossed by two railroads and three iron bridges, furnishes water power for the city's growing manufactures. It has excellent railway facili- ties. Ottumwa packs meats, manufactures agricultural im- plements and machinery, and has one of the largest paving- brick kilns in the state. It has excellent schools. Red Oak (4,907), county seat of Montgomery County, is situ- ated in the heart of a section noted for its large crops of grain and fruit, and for its live stock. Its manufactures include bee hives, brick, tile, water tanks, and mills; a foundry, bridge and iron works, and one of the largest calendar manufactories in the world are located here. Sioux City (40,952), the county seat of Wood- bury County, is ninety-five miles from Council Bluffs and 269 miles from St. Paul and Minne- apolis. It is situated where the Big Sioux joins the Missouri, and is the largest city in north- western Iowa, being the chief center of trade and an important distributing point for that section. It has numerous railroads and two great bridges connecting it with the Nebraska side. Large packing houses, iron works, railway repair shops. clothing manufactories, linseed- oil mills, flour and cereal mills, and brick-yards give emplov- ment to many people. (Fig. 55.) Washington (4,489), the county seat of Washington County, situated in a fine agricultural district, is a lead- ing grain center. Large ele- vators are located here and three railroads provide the town with good shipping facil- ities. The manufactures in- clude buggies, wagon boxes, cigars, brick, tile, and weighing machinery. Waterloo (18,071), the coun- ty seat of Black Hawk County, a growing town on the banks of the Cedar River, is in the midst of a rich farming section. It has good railroad facilities and manufactures flour, gasoline engines, locomotives, furniture, sash, doors, refrigerators, and creamery supplies. It has the largest cheese factory in the state. Webster City (4,797), the county seat of Ham- ilton County, is finely located on the Boone River in a fertile district midway between the Missis- sippi and the Missouri. It is at the junction of three railroads, sixty-nine miles north of Des Moines, and ships cereals, fruit, and fine live stock. The manufactures include boots, shoes, brick, tile, and boilers. In the vicinity are coalmines and mineral springs. It has excellent schools, a fine public library, and a notable hospital. uonumt'nt, commemo- I uprising oj iSi". Bridge over Mississippi River at Davciipon Fig. 58. .1 typical scene m an Iowa lumber yard. THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA ///. STATISTICS AXD AIDS TO TEACHERS Statistics of the State of Iowa by Counties, Federal Census, 1900 and 1910. COUNTY POPULATION Adair 1851 Adams 1851 Allamakee 1847 Appanoose 1843 Audubon 185X Benton 1837 Blackhawk 1843 Boone 1846 Bremer 1851 Buchanan 1837 Buena Vista 1851 Butler iSsi Calhoun 1851 Carroll 1851 Cass 1851 Cedar 1837 Cerro Gordo 1851 Cherokee 1851 Chickasaw 1851 Clarke 1S46 Clay 1851 Clarton 1S37 Clinton 1S37 Crawford 1851 Dallas 1S46 Dax-is 1843 Decatur 1846 Delaware 1837 Des Moines 1836 Dickinson 1851 Dubuque 1837 Emmet 1851 Favett2 1837 Fbyd 1851 Franklin 1851 Fremont 1847 Greene 1851 Grundv 1851 Guthrie i8s« Hamilton 1S51 Hancock 1851 Hardin 1851 Harrison 1851 Henry 1836 Howard 1851 Humboldt i8st Ida 1851 Iowa 1843 Jackson 1S37 Jasper 1846 Jefterson 1830 Johnson 1837 Jones 1837 Keokuk 1843 Kossuth 1851 Lee 1836 Linn 1837 Louisa 1836 Lu^ 1846 Lyon 1S51 Madison 1 846 Mahaska 1843 Marion 1845 Marshall 1846 Mills i8si MitcheU 1851 Monona 1851 Monroe 1843 Montgomery' 1851 Muscatine 1836 O'Brien 1851 Osceola 1851 Page 1S47 Palo Alto 1851 Phrmouth 1851 Pocahontas 1851 Polk 1846 Pottawattamie 1847 Poweshiek 1843 Ringgold 1847 Sac 1851 Scott 1837 Shelby 1851 Sioux 1851 576 576 576 576 S76 576 576 566 S76 48s 432 566 745 668 720 576 500 534 576 398 408 604 398 720 494 576 487 S70 504 576 576 S66 576 684 432 576 6ig 720 432 6l4 576 576 964 490 720 396 432 555 576 576 576 576 41S 470 684 420 566 398 528 566 840 576 576 926 576 545 576 1910 14.420 10,998 17.328 28.701 12.671 23.156 44.86s 27,626 15,843 19.748 IS.981 17. 119 17.090 25.011 16.741 15-375 10,736 12,766 25.576 45.394 20.041 23.628 13,315 16.347 17.888 36.145 8.137 57.450 9.816 27.919 17. 119 14.780 15.623 16.023 13.574 17.374 19 242 12.731 20,921 23.162 18.640 12,920 12,182 11,296 18,409 21,258 27,034 15 951 25 914 19.050 21,160 21,971 36.702 60,720 12,85s 13 462 14,624 15,621 29,860 22,995 30 279 lS,8ll 13 435 16,633 25.429 16,604 29.505 17.262 8.956 24,002 13.84s 23.129 14,808 110,438 55,832 19.589 12,904 16. 555 60,000 16.552 25.248 I ^6oi 18,711 25.927 13.626 25,177 24,178 32,399 28,200 16,305 21,427 16,975 17.955 18.569 20,310 21,274 19,371 20,672 16,570 17,037 12,440 13,401 27.750 43.832 21.68s 23.058 15,620 14,534 12, 202 17,907 18,061 24.: 23.772 14.630 18,997 13,548 15.463 13.107 18.828 19.645 i8.2S3 14.864 15.659 I5.019 11.332 9.309 26.733 41.199 18.894 20.479 15.258 15.643 19,185 17.349 35,089 35.324 7,995 4.328 56,403 49.84S 9,036 4.274 29,845 23.141 17,754 15.424 14.996 12,871 18,546 16,842 17,820 15,797 13.757 13,21s 18,729 17,380 19,514 15,319 13,752 7,621 22,794 19.003 25,597 21,356 18,895 14,512 11,182 12,667 9,836 12,327 10,70s 19. 544 18,270 23615 22,771 26 976 24,943 17437 15,184 24S17 23,082 21 954 20,233 24979 22 720 13,120 39 719 37.7IS 55 392 45,303 13516 11.873 16,126 14.563 13,16s 8.680 17.710 15.977 34.273 28805 24.159 23,058 29,991 25.842 16,764 14.548 14.916 13.299 17.980 l4.5tS 17.08s 13,666 17.803 15,848 28.242 24.504 16.083 13,060 8,72s 5,574 24,187 21,341 14.354 9,318 22,209 19,568 IS, 339 9, 553 82,624 65,410 54,336 47,430 19,414 18,394 15.325 13,556 FARM PROPERTY INCL. LIVE STOCK. 1900 816,752,286 14.603,011 13,412,258 12,460,080 14,570,043 29,450,763 22,040,815 19,266,099 16,354.178 19,270,021 18,606,960 20.198,648 18,321,804 19,731.747 20,333,696 24,759,037 18,907,625 19,235,614 16,765,916 10,883,03s 16,130,252 21,908,228 28,690,13s 23,084,465 20,475,650 12,146,644 13,033.781 21,524,763 14,780,463 8,686,196 20,941,839 9,402,004 23,387,278 16,733.072 19,187,673 17,854.011 18,638.884 21,319,200 16,836,443 18,910,62s 15,736,671 19,201,077 19,042,960 16,070,298 14,267,639 14,093.994 15.174.318 20,648,403 18,757.563 27.565.370 13,983,108 23,560,668 21,927,271 20,290,315 24,991,541 14.4: :.5S2 17,639 51,558 17,932 23,337 43,164 17,611 18,370 28,128,851 12 727.294 11,076,330 15 787,942 17.423462 2191325'* 17 731.510 222297S1 16.650,689 16 139844 17,419,794 11,324 559 17,292073 16,637,436 19,178,240 10,631,868 21,648,571 13,169,105 26,11.6,294 16,767,09s 25,806,546 35,085,925 22,457,094 15,196,314 20,305,695 22,201,755 20,521,027 25,086,258 $2,869,447 2,313,077 2,268,083 1,762,170 2,392,791 3,828,340 3.040,066 2,656,793 2,250,581 3,115,964 2,512,688 2,773,647 3,047,603 2,847,862 3,348,196 3.261 97 2.584.577 2.2S0.213 1,509,431 2,186,381 3,308,416 3,782,638 3,534,097 3,187,544 1,779.83s 1,800,229 2,951,827 1,976,447 1,101 161 2,961,92s 1,293,151 3,256,824 2,559,415 2,769,883 2,457,785 2,671,872 2,955,776 2,794,223 2,804,782 2,153,116 2,915,380 3,154,940 2,096,719 1,901,899 1,950,523 2,230,478 2,037,037 2,801,011 4,138,061 1,818,659 3,217,733 3.074,637 2,983,449 3.174,004 l,.S67.520 3,828,154 1,871,755 1,571.589 2,238.843 2.6S5.436 3,090.997 2,659 330 3,318.962 2,450,667 2,326.906 2,745.540 1,452 296 2,321.883 2,416,388 2,614,846 1,299,984 3,184,944 1,954,090 3,615,604 2,376,889 3.556,23s 5,330,116 3,249,660 2,229,624 2.936.298 2,961,750 3,245,566 3,454.171 8236,923 330.404 682,479 447,415 386,073 983,903 4.071. 821 I. 194. 270 929.293 959.277 460.623 796,660 509,407 543.486 817,079 543.252 899.879 311.632 912,868 151,847 340,449 1,514,540 7.265.252 3S7.232 S10.968 208,037 212,368 1,085,520 6,145.776 296,062 11,614,240 242.376 1,720,214 666,717 273.293 351.889 3S8.63S 450.816 271.210 1.060,422 89S.661 414,966 681,037 423,798 463,228 368,795 971. 117 990.950 549.829 1,675,860 1.120,538 583,69s 606,940 5,907.571 13.632,423 298,390 377,501 446,012 258,364 1,198,227 460,551 5,086,205 305.628 661,201 188,098 278,737 658,017 6,038.828 686,414 121,024 812,979 675,673 1,223,241 300,711 10,856,986 3.029.528 1.192.863 169,49s 509,404 11,720,441 280,954 778,244 POPU- COUNTY SEAT LATION. 1910 Greenfield 1.379 Coming 1,70a Waukon 2,025 Centerville 6.936 Audubon 1.928 Vinton 3.336 Waterloo 26.693 Boone 10.347 Waverly 3.205 Independence.... 3,517 Storm Lake 2,428 Allison 495 Rockwell City.,.. 1,528 Carroll 3-546 Atlantic 4.560 Tipton 2,048 Mason City 11.230 Cherokee 4.884 New Hampton. , . 2,27s Osceola 2.416 Spencer 3.005 Elkader 1.181 Clinton 25.577 Denison 3.133 Adel 1,289 Bloom6eld 2.028 Leon 1.991 Manchester ... 2,758 Burlington 24,324 Spirit Lake . . , 1,162 Dubuque 38,494 Estherv'iile , ... 3.404 West Union 1.652 Charles City 5.S92 Hampton 2.617 Sidney 1.019 Jefferson 2.477 Grundy Center. . . 1.354 Guthrie Center, . . 1.337 Webster City 5.208 Gamer 1.028 Eldora 1.995 Logan 1.453 Mount Pleasant , 3,874 Cresco 2,658 Dakota 391 Ida Grove 1.874 Marengo 1.786 Maquokela 3.570 Newton 4.616 Fairfield 4.970 Iowa City 10,091 Anamosa 2,983 Sigoumey 2,032 Algona 2,908 Fort Madison. . , . 8,900 Marion 4,400 Wapello 1.326 Chariton 3.794 Rock Rapids 2,005 Winterset 2,818 Oskaloosa 9,466 Knoxville 3.190 Marshalltown. . , . 13,374 Glenwood 4,052 Osage 2,445 Onawa 2,026 Albia 4,969 Red Oak 4,830 Muscatine 16,178 Primghar 733 Sibley 1,330 Clarinda 3.832 Emmetsburg 2,325 Le Mars 4.157 Pocahontas 987 Des Moines 86.368 Council Bluffs 29,292 Montezuma 1,172 Mount Ayr i ,646 Sac City 2,201 Davenport 43,028 Harlan 2,570 Orange City 1.374 THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA Statistics of the State of Iowa by Counties, Federal Census 1900 and igio— Continued. COUNTY Story Tama Taylor Union Van Buren. . . . . Wapello Warren Washington Wayne Webster Winnebago Winneshiek Woodbury Worth Wright 1851 1836 lS4.i 1S46 183S 1S46 1851 1851 1847 i8st 1851 576 576 528 720 398 671 864 398 576 24,083 22,136 16,312 16.616 1S.020 37.743 J8.194 10,92s 67.616 9,9SO 17.951 23,159 24.585 18,784 19,928 17.354 35,426 20,376 20,718 23,731 54.610 :o.887 21,651 16,384 16 900 16,253 30.426 18.269 18.468 15.670 21,582 7,32s 22.528 55.632 9.247 FARM PROPERTY INCL. LIVE STOCK. I90Q $21,925,924 26,377.951 17,144.601 13.128,901 12.806.451 13,793.252 17.973.535 21.561.130 14,912,776 21,694,388 10,702,916 21,587,626 23.739.287 l8!405!6o8 PRODUCTS, 2.528.801 1.967,490 1,856,524 1.817,884 2,675,808 2.095,344 1, 850.502 2,760,576 1,450,066 3,225,513 S666,5S2 662,929 376, :S3 879.288 717.314 9.281.773 384.588 660.501 310,707 1,813,400 589,652 1,177.067 [S.,Soi,i89 353.300 621,568 COUNTY SEAT LATIOM. lOIO Nevada 2,138 Toledo 1,525 Bedford i,88j Creston 6,924 Keosauqua i ,009 Ottumwa 22,012 Indianola 3,285 Washington 4,380 Corydon i,66(> Fort Dodge iS,54J Forest City 1,691 Decorah 3,592 .Sioux Citv 47.828 Northwuw York Pai/nsyhiania JBndiajta , — VPtsconsht Mhsouri. All other states^ ■6J)./ Fig. 5y. Profjortion of natiTC born population in Iowa from each leading state in the Union, cen- sus of igoo. State or Country of Birth of of Iowa, State the Population of the State Census 1905. Iowa Illinois . . . . Ohio Pennsylvan New York . Indiana . . . Wisconsin . Missouri . . . Nebraska. . Minnesota Ka Michigan Virginia South Dakota. . . Kentucky Vermont Massachusetts. . . Tennessee West Virginia . . Maryland All Other St,ites. COUNTRY Geniiany . . . Sweden Norway Ireland England. . . . Denmark . . Canada Holland . . . . Bohemia.... Scotland. . . . Austria Switzerland . Wales Russia Italy France Hungary . . . Chii Other European Countries Other Asiatic Countries Other Countries Population of Iowa at Each Federal Census. YEAR 185^ 186, 187^ l88< l89' INCREASE 430,595 287.281 319,572 7,082* : ,624,615 r!23l!853 1,224,771 DENSITY PER SQ. MILE T'er cent Total foputation _ Amtrican born Sorn in Iowa Foreign born '! 5» 7J _ 3.S ! Fig. 60. Proportion of natiz'e to foreign born population, stale of Iowa, census of IQO^. Per eent Total foreign born _ . Germany England, Walei, Scotland . Sweden Ireland Nor-way Canada All other countries.^. SO IS Fic. f) I . Proportion of foreign born population of each leading nationality in Iowa, census of 1900. Population of Leading Cities and Towns at each Federal Census from 1850 to 1910. Des Moines . . . Sioux City.... Davenport. . . . Dubuque Cedar Rapids . Council Bluffs. Waterloo Clinton Burlington. . . . Ottumwa Muscatine .... Fort Dodge. . . Keokuk Marshalltown . Mason City . . . Iowa City . . . . Oskaloosa Fort Madistjn Centerville. . . . Creston Ochvein Charles City . . Webster City. Grinnell Cedar FaU.s. . . Shenandoah . . Fairfield Albia Cherokee Red Oak Perry Newton AtL-intic Marion Washington . . Ames I>e Mars Olenwood Moimt Plcasar flarinda Chariton Decorah Maquoketa . . . Carroll Independence, 4.069 4.SS4 4,830 4,630 4,616 62,139 33.111 J5,254 36,297 25,656 25,802 12,580 22,608 23,201 18,197 6.746 8,8So 7.0S7 9.212 9,27s 5,256 7.752 5. 142 4.227 4.'il3 3,860 5,319 3,573 4,6^*9 2,889 3,86s 4,355 3,086 3, "82 5,046 jo.oo.s 57.806 !6.872 !1.474 6.674 13,610 12.565 6.558 7.901 3,668 2,359 3,44" 3, .121 2,S.So :8.o&3 5.630 9,052 0.4SO 6.240 2.S10 3.330 7,123 4.S08 4,679 2,475 5,081 397 1,387 3,086 2,435 1,523 3,755 052 2,607 3.662 1.930 2.040 1. 153 1. 80 5 4,41 3.401 !0.038 18.434 5,940 6,718 3,09s 12,766 4,24,' 1,728 1,756 384 2,945 i860 3.965 1V.267 13.000 1.830 6.706 1.632 5.324 8,i36 5,214 '2.886 820 1.540 i'.478 THE GEOGRAPHY O? IOWA Population of Leading Cities and Towns — Continued. Esther\-illc Eaglegrove Vinton Indianola Waverly Knoxviile Missouri Valley . Denison Belle Plaine PeUa Spencer Anamosa Sheldon Algona Winterset Iowa Falls Manchester Mystic Cresco Hampton Valley Junction . Harlan Colfax Jefferson Osage Storm Lake Osceola Emmetsburg . . . . Tama Seymour New Hamptiin . . Sac City Nevada Ha warden Clarion Tipton Lake City Monticello Villisca Sigoumey Bloomfield Onawa Waukon Eldon Clear Lake Rock Rapids. . . . 3.404 3.3S7 2.9S3 2.041 2,008 2,Sl8 2.797 2.758 2.663 2,658 2.617 2.573 2.57° 2.524 2.477 2.445 2,428 2.416 2.32s 2,20° 2.840 2.S87 1.75S 2,So6 2.727 2.0S3 2.601 2.734 2.1 6y 2.50s 2.361 2,649 1.703 2.339 2.079 2.472 1.584 I.741 1,05s 1. 314 744 744 1.509 1. 160 1.03S 1.744 1.523 1 .013 1.35S 1,610 1.725 Manufacture Profcsswtial Fic. 63, Proportion of persons engaged in cacli class of occu- pations in Iowa, census of IQOO. Leading Manufactures of the State of Iowa, State Census 1905. Slaughtering and meat pacK- ing (wholesale) Butter Flour and grist mill products Printing and publishing. . . . Book and job Newspapers, periodicals. . Car and shop construction by steam railroad companies Food preparations Planing-mill products Lumber and timber product: Foundry and machine-shop products Bread and bakery products Brick and tile Cigars and cigarets Carriages and wagons Canning and preserying fruits and vegetables . . Malt liquors Clothing, men's Gas, illuminating and heat- ing Patent medicines and com- pounds Furniture Tinware Coffee, roasting and grinding Confectionery Butter, reworking NU.M- .SLMBER AMOUNT VALUE BER OF WAGE OF WAGES OF PLANTS EARNERS PAID PRODUCTS 13 3.055 Sl,302,l9, $29,714,737 608 1. 122 668,289 14,766,067 276 770 390, loS 12,009,403 1,096 4.206 1,978,109 8,290,910 135 848 410,814 1.632,151 961 3.358 1.567.295 6,658,750 40 6.372 3.859.893 7.618,721 21 977 337.242 6.934,724 79 2,582 1.240,216 5.700,209 40 1.935 946,865 5,610,772 182 2,612 1.368,413 5.103,676 36s 1,060 50o,4ig 3.610,967 202 2.632 . ,241,596 3,361,776 440 2,040 838,699 3.187.522 97 1. 103 528,016 2.974.043 40 1. 163 292.512 2,770.804 10 427 260.580 2.386,266 iS 1,176 335.494 I.9I9.557 61 46S 253.952 I. 835. 20s 55 231 80,228 1.803,977 35 370,217 1.677.045 3 416 158,180 1,526,041 8 ,'2 42,155 1.458,957 24 688 186,942 1.435.406 78 45.422 1.4.!^. S26 The Principal Manufacturing Cities of Iowa and Facts about their Industrial Plants, Federal Census igoo, State Census 1905. NUMBER OF ESTAB- LISHMENTS PER C iNT OF 1 CREASE *, 5 *12 8 5° 6 •4 ° ii 5 *3 1 •■.! 8 NUMBER OF PER C ENT WAGE OP IN- EARNERS CREASE 40,482 44.106 2,014 2.0S4 3,260 2.374 41 37 .i 2.153 2.502 *I3 9 788 3.839 3.403 26 9 8 4.155 3..:70 19 4 4.-74 4,'^-8 *8 2 2.;og 2..:63 *6 7 PRODUCTS PER CENT OF IN- CREASE The State Burlington . . . Cedar Rapids. Clinton Council Blufls Davenport . . . Des Moines . . . Dubuque . . . . Sioux City . . . 1905 1905 1900 1905 1000 lOOS 1005 1900 1005 lOOS 4.788 4.859 $22,907,773 17,926,874 1,417,628 784,661 1,464,822 986,079 1,043,909 958,114 529,994 386,540 1,755.823 1.457. 163 2,083,209 1,474,071 1,913.455 '.675.413 1,263,076 1,169,079 160,604,161 132,911,097 5,779.337 4,450,380 16,279,706 11,135,43s 4,906,355 6,203,316 1,924,109 1,692,336 13,695.078 9.872,327 15.084.958 8,466^495 9,279,414 9,651,247 16,760,751 14,227,068 * Decrease. 2J SO 7S '°o '2J 'SO '-S II 1 1 .1 [ 1 1 { < 1 1 1 1 1 1 industries as shoii'n by value of products at each Federal cen- sus in millions of dollars. The Value of Iowa- Mineral Products, 1897 to 1904. VEAR COAL CLAV STONE GYPSUM LEAD ZINC IRON 1004 1003 1902 I90I 1900 1S99 1898 1897 C.IO.439,496 10.439,139 8,058,770 8,051,806 6,977,466 6,137.576 5.123.187 5.098. lOJ S3. 507. 576 3.033. 5S3 2.843.591 2.774.200 2.395.488 2.203.728 2,057.022 1,591 866 S542.170 597.065 673.361 704. 27S 6o4.S,S(i 809,924 563.586 S87144 S460.432 523.008 337.735 562,500 600,000 1 05.000 S 2,619 3.013 11.178 16.500 22,104 50,542 43.784 5.616 $4,876 2.139 3.46s 250 THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA „FiG. 64. Annual value of all min- eral products for eight years, 1897-1904. Value of Live Stock Owned in Iowa, Rank of State, and Leading County, Federal Census 1900. All domestic animal: Cattle Horses Hogs Sheep Mules Bees Goats Chickens Turkeys Ducks Geese LIVE STOCK $271,844,034 142,518.902 77.720,577 43.764.176 3,QS6,I42 3.586,761 443.92,5 146,708 9.491.819 Pottawattamie Pottawattamie Pottawattamie Pot tawattamie Van Buien Fremont Pottawattamie Madison Pottawattamie Kossuth Hardin Lyon The Annual Coal Production of Iowa, by Counties (in Short Tons'), 1898-1904. Adams Appan'man Jennings, teacher); first white child bom in Iowa (Eleanor Galland). 832— Black Hawk war. S33 — "Black Hawk Purchase," ceded by treaty at Davenport. S34 — Church built at Dubuque (Methodist) fi.rst in territory; Fort Des Moines (first) erected; Half-breed Reservation sold to United States. 835 — Captain Nathan Boone's fight with Indians. 536 — Wisconsin Territorial Legislature held at Burlington; first newspaper in state, "Dubuque Visitor,'' published at Dubuque, by John King; first published description of the "Iowa District." [837 — Charter granted first bank — the " Miners* Bank of Dubuque." 1838 — lowans adopt popular name "Hawk- eyes" at suggestion of James E. Edwards, editor "Fort Madison Patriot"; Block- house erected at Council Bluffs; Territory of Wisconsin divided and territorial gov- ernment of Iowa established. 1840 — Fort Atkinson erected. 1841 — Tenitorial government established at Iowa City. 1843 — Fort Des Moines (second) erected. 1844 — First constitutional convention held. 1S46 — Iowa admitted as a state; first constitu- tion adopted, and first Governor inaugur- ated; Mormon settlements. 1S47 — First state census taken, population 116,454; provision made for State Univer- sity at Iowa City. 1849 — Great exodus to California. 1850 — Fort Dodge erected. 1852 — Last of Mormons emigrated to Utah. 1856 — First railroad completed; U. S. land grant for building railroad across the state. 1S57 — Capital removed to Des Moines; present constitution adopted; Indian massacre at Okoboji and Spirit lakes. 1860-65 — Iowa furnished 80,000 volunteers in the Civil War. THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA trading Derivation of Some Iowa Geograph- ical Names. Based largely on Bulletin Xo. 2S^\ Scries F, Geography 45, United States Geological Survey. Audubon — County. Named for the celebrated ornithologist, John James Audubon. Black Hawk — County. Named for the famous Indian Warrior. Bremer — County. Named for Frederlka Bremer, the Swedish authoress, who spent some time in that region in 1S50. Buena Vista — County. Named in honor of General Taylor's great victory in the Mexican war; also, probably, because the words mean "beautiful view." Burlington — Named from the city in Ver- mont. Cedar Rapids — Named from rapids on Cedar River. Cerro Gordo — County. Named from Mexican battlefield. Words mean "large (around) hill." Cherokee — Named for an Indian tribe. Mean- ing uncertain. Clinton — Named for De Witt Clinton, the great "Canal Governor" of New York. Cotmcil Bluffs — So called from a council held near there by Lewis and Clark with the Indians. Davenport — Named for Col. George Daven- port, who explored Cedar River, in 1S31, to a point above Rock Creek, where he established post. Decorah — Named for Winnebago chief Dehere, meaning "spoon. * One authority gives spelling as Decorie. Des Moines — Name thought to have been derived from Indian word mikonang. meaning "road"; applied by Indians in form of moin- gona; contracted to mains by French, who called river Riviere des Mains. Becoming associated with the Trappist monks, was incorrectly named La Riviere des Moines "the river of the monks." De Soto — Named for Hernando de Soto, the discoverer of the Mississippi River. Dubuque — Named for French trader, Julien Dubuque, who founded a colony at that point in 17SS, calling it the "Mines of Spain," and who maintained there a flourishing colony till his death in 18 10, Epworth — Named from town in Lincolnshire, England, the home of the celebrated Wesley family. Farragut — Named for Admiral Farragut. Floyd — County. Named for Sergeant Charles Floyd, a member of the Lewis and Clark exploring party in 1804. Dying while party was in Iowa, was the first white man buried in the state. A monument to his memory and in honor of the Lewis and Clark expedition, was erected at Floyd's Bluff, near Sioux City, in 1901. Ft. Dodge — Named for General Henry Dodge, governor of Wisconsin Territory, and l^ater United States Senator from Wisconsin. Fort Madison — Named for James Madison, fourth President of the United States. Grinnell — Named for Hon. W. H. Grinnell. Guttenberg — Named for inventor of printing; place first called 'Prairie la Porte." Hawkeye — Named for Indian chief. Iowa — Named from tribe of Indians, first heard of in 1690 in vicinity of Great Lakes; later occupied lower valley of the Iowa River — long called the Ayouas by the French. Name chan^jed to loway in later years; y finally dropped; was first applied to a civil organization in i8,^6 by Lieut. Albert M. Lea. The meaning of the word Iowa is said to be "this is the place." Jesup — Named for Morris K. Jesup of New York. Kamrar — Named for Senator Kamrar. Keokuk — Named for the Indian chief Keo- kuk, head of the Sac tribes and the hated rival of Black Hawk. Name means "the watchful dog.'' Keota — An Indian word meaning either "gone to visit,'' or "the fire is gone out.' Kossuth — County Named for Louis Kossuth^ the Hungarian patriot. McGregor — Named for an early citizen, Alex- ander McGregor, and notable as the place chosen by Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike in 1805 for a military post, and long known as Pike's Hill. Its site was also included in the Giard grant. Mahaska — County. Named for chief of the lowas. Marshalltown — Named for Chief Justice John Fig. 6S. Black Hawk, a famous chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born in Kaskaskia, III., iy66, died in Iowa, iSjS. M:> :dl. Fig. 69. General Zebulon Aloni- gomery Pike, soldier and explorer, widely known as the discoverer of Pikes Peak. Muscatine— Named for the Indian tribe, the Mascoutines. Name probably derived from Algonquin word Mascoutenck, mean- ing "prairie,'' hence "prairie dwellers." Odebolt — Town in Sac County. Corrupted from Odebeau, the name of a French trapper, who lived alone on the banks of the creek flowing through the town. Orange City — Town in Sioux County, center of large settlement of Hollanders. Named for William IV, Prince of Orange Osage — Township and city in Mitchell County. Named for Orrin Osage. Osceola — County. Named either directly or indirectly for the Seminole Indian chief. The name refers to a medicine drink used by the tribes in certain ceremonies. Oskaloosa — Named for the -wife of the Indian chief Mahaska Ottumwa — An Indian word said to mean "place of the lone chief,'" but more prob- ably meaning "rapids" or "tumbling water." Owassa — Derived from "owassc," the Indian word for "bear.** Page — County. Named for Colonel Page of Palo Alto fame. Palo Alto — CounVy. Named from the famous battlefield in Texas. Pella — Town colonized by Dutch settlers, to whom the word meant "city of refuge.'* Peosyta — Village in Dubuque County. An Indian word meaning "gorge in the rocks." Pottawattamie — County. Named for the In- dian tribe. Word means "makers of fire," and was used to signify that this tribe assumed separate sovereignty by building a council fire themselves. Poweshiek — County. Named for a chief of the Fox tribe. Name signified "Roused Bear." Primghar — Town in O'Brien County. Named liy combining the initials of the persons present at the laying of the comer stone. Redfield— Named for Colonel Redficld. Red Oak — So named from a near-by grove of trees of this species. THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA Ringgold — County. Xamed for Major Samuel RinK^;old, officer of the Mexican war. Rippey — Town in Greene County, named for Captain C. M, Rippey, an old settler. Sac City — Named for an Indian tribe. Word refers to "yellow earth," proper fomi beinj: "Osaukee." Scott — County. Named for General Winfield Scott. Shenandoah — An Indian word said to mean Sigourney — Named for the poetess, Mrs. Lydia II. Si-oumey. Siotix City — So named from the Dakota or Sioux Indians of Dakota and Minne- sota, the largest tribe in the United States. "Word an abbreviation of their Ojibwayname, signifying "little snakes.' Skunk — River in Iowa. A translation of the Indian name "checauqua.*' Spirit Lake — Indian name was Minne-Me- coche-Waukon, "Lake of the Spirits." from the tradition that there were demons on an island in the lake that destroyed all who ventured first upon its waters. Steamboat Rock — So named because there is a large rock in the river near the town which resembles a steamboat in form. Stuart — Named for Captain Charles Stuart of Vermont. Tama — County. Named for Fox chief, Taimah, "the man who makes the rocks tremble." Fig. 70. Jonathan Carver, traveler and writer. First American to visit Iowa. Born in Still- water, Conn,, i/'32, died in England, lySo. Titonka — Village in Kossuth County. A Siiiux Indian word meaning "big house." Van Buren — County. Named for Martin Van Buren, President of the United States. Vinton — Township and city in Benton County, named for Hon. Plym Vinton. Volney — Named for Count Volney, the French writer. Wapello — Named for Indian chief of the Fox tribe. Meaning of word 'prince." Wapsipinicon — River. So named because of the root which is found in great abun- dance upon its banks. Indian word said to mean "white potatoes." Warren — County, Named for Joseph Warren, who fell in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Washta — Town in Cherokee County. From a Sioux Indian word meaning "good." Waubeek — Town in Linn County. From an Indian word meaning "metal" or "metal- lic substance." Waukon — An Indian word meaning "moss on trees that is eatable." Wayne — County. Named for General Anthony Wayne, hero of the Revolution. What Cheer — So named by a Scotch miner when he discovered coal in the vicinity White Cloud— Town in Mills County. Named for the Indian chief, Mahaska. Whiting— Town in Monona County. Named for SL-nator Whiting. Woodbury — County. Named for Levi Wood- bury' of New Hampshire. SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS TO ACCOMPANY THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA (i) Find out the approximate distances of New York, Charleston, and New Orleans from Iowa, and explain their relative importance as seaports for Iowa products. (2) What are the approximate distances of Los Angeles and Seattle from Iowa? Which is the more convenient for Iowa exports, and why? (3) Where does the watershed of Hudson Bay lie nearest to Iowa? That of the Great Lakes? The great con- tinental watershed? (4) Find out which European count n,' is nearest to Iowa in area. How do Iowa and Cuba compare in this respect? (5) Trace the Missis- sippi-Missouri watershed on Fig. 8; notice that it does not follow the highest elevation near the northern border, and explain how this is possible. (6) What is meant by a "bluff"? By a "palisade"? (7) What is meant by the statement that bluffs give "scenic interest" to northeastern Iowa? What "scenic inter- est" might exist in a level prairie region ? (8) Explain the meaning of the hea^'j' shading along various streams in Fig. 4. (9) How much of the Mississippi River is wholly within the limits of Iowa ? (10) Why is it said that the streams with large basins are likely to have better water power tnan those with small? (11) Why are there no waterfalls along the high banks of the Missouri River? (12) Describe the topography of surface and streams in j'our vicinity- (13) Suggest some reason besides the presence of trees for the settlement of Iowa pioneers along the rivers. (14) In what sense are the Iowa lakes part; of the Minnesota lake system? (13) Explain more fully why the term "drift lakes" is applied to those formed in the glacial period. (16) After examining Fig. 1 1 explain how the soil of Clayton, Dubuque, and Jackson counties may have been formed. (17) Name various conditions which in other states make large areas untillable, but in Iowa are almost or wholly lacking. (18) Find out something of the distinction between lowan, Wisconsin, and Kansan drift as shown in Fig. II. (19) What do well borings indicate as to depth of the drift in your vicinity? (20) What evidence can you find in Fig. 12 supporting the asser- tion that south winds bring rain? (21) Judging from Fig. 12, which counties would seem to need irriga- tion methods most? (22) Why are the winds from the west drier than those from the south ? (23) From the statements made about climate would you expect the greater number of simshiny days to be in the winter or in the spring? (24) Explain in connection with page S why Arbor Day is especially significant in Iowa. (25) What is the state flower of Iowa? Why is it appropriate? (26) In what way did the treeless condition of the cotintrj'' favor the early settlement of Iowa? (27) What varieties of trees grow in your vicinity? Is the woodland a natural growth or the result of planting? (28) Does the heavy shading in Fig. 15 necessarily imply more productive soil in those THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA counties? Suggest any other causes that you think might account for such shading (29) In Fig 17. Lyon County seems an unproductive area. Can you refute this idea with any other maps? (30) Why does not cotton fomi one of the crops of Iowa? Name some other great American crops not grown largely in Iowa, and tell why (31) Suggest some reason why Lee County shows a light shading in Fig. 19. What do Figs. 23, 25, and 30 indicate as to this county? (32) What are the principal farm products shipped from the railroad station in your vicinity? Where are they marketed? {$3) Name several different occupations which would be grouped under "agri- culture" in Fig 63. (34) Find out why wheat should be produced most heavily where shown in Fig. 21, and why oats should lead in a different area, show-n in Fig. 23. (35) What concKision might be drawn by comparing Figs. 21 and 23 with Fig. 12? (36) What conclusion might be drawn from comparison of northern Iowa in Fig. 28 with the same region in Fig. 12? (37) TVTiat conclusions may be drawn from comparing Fig. 30 with Fig. 1 2 ? (38) In some states the varying elevation of the surface produces variations in the farm products. How is it in Iowa? Upon what do you base your reply? (39) How do you reconcile the facts that Kossuth County is one of the heavily shaded parts in Fig. 30, and one of the lightly shaded areas in Fig. 28? (40) Why is the presence of mineral resources reckoned as an advantage to the state possessing them? Do the profits from such resources always flow into the state ? (41) Why are the coal mines most worked along the Des Moines River when there is so large an area elsewhere that is known to be tmderlaid by coal? (42) Explain the significance of Fig. 59. (43) What is the character of g3'psum in its natural state? What is done to it as preparation for the market ? (44) What is the differ- ence between clay and shale ? (45) What importance have zinc and lead mines in Iowa? (46) What sug- gestion has Fig. 35 as to the best part of the state in which to locate a factory? (47) To what extent is Iowa able to supply material to its flouring mills? Its meat packing plants? Its foundries? Its lumber mills? Its printing houses? Its clothing establish- ments? (48) What is meant by pearl buttons? By pearl barley ? (49) Which has increased more rapidly since i860, coal production as shown in Fig. 65, or manufactures as shown in Fig. 62? (50) What merchandise makes up the interstate traffic of Iowa toward the westward ? How does it differ from the eastward traffic ? (51) What relation is there between the topography of Iowa and the arhount of railroad mileage? Compare with Missouri and Minnesota. (52) What significance in connection with commerce attaches to the presence of railroad trunk lines within the state? (53) What is meant by calling Iowa the "first free state"? (54) During what years was French the customary language of Iowa? (55) Why does not a French element appear in Fig. 61? (56) Why were wagons used to bring the earlier settlers to Iowa? What is meant by calling them "white- topped"? (57) Explain what is meant by the Indian cessions shown in Fig. 67. (58) Find out if the Tama County Indians retain the characteristics of savage life. (59) What is meant by a "communistic" settlement? (60) Why are not the southern states represented in Fig. 60? (61) In what manner does the permanent school fund help public education? Does your own school profit in any way by the existence of this fund? (62) What is the purpose of a normal school? (63) Explain why the institutions shown in Fig 41 are mostly in the eastern half of the state. (64) Explain what is meant by "reformatory" insti- tutions; by "penal." (65) What advantages are secured by creating special schools for the blind and the deaf? By hospitals for the insane? (66) Name some of the powers of the Board of Control over the state institutions. Explain the peculiar provision in regard to political parties being represented in the Board. (67) What is meant by the "electoral votes" of the state? (68) Why is it desirable to have a legislative branch of the state government? Could the state be governed without a legislature? (69) Mention some example of the exercise of authority by the legislature. (70) Could the state be governed without an executive branch of government? Give reasons for your reply. (71) Give an example of an exercise of authority by the executive part of the state government; by the judicial branch. (72) In what way may a "special charter" make a difference in the way in which city government is carried on? (73) Why are some of the districts in Fig. 47 much larger than others? (74) Compare Iowa with Missouri as to the evenness of distribution of population; with Nebraska. Show why differences exist. (75) Explain why Illinois and New York have great metropolitan centers, and compare them with Iowa. (76) What significance do you attach to the fact that Fig. 50 shows the larger towns all located upon the larger rivers? (77) Why is it an advantage to Atlantic to be a county seat? (78) What line of industry is meant by the reference to railway shops at Boone? (79) What is the advantage to a town like Burlington in being located directly upon the Mississippi River? (80) What farm crops supply material for the indus- tries of Cedar Falls? Of Cedar Rapids? (81) What is the raw material used in making the cement blocks of Centerville? (82) What is meant by the "market gardening" done at Charles City? (83) Ascertain if Clinton is located upon a "trunk line" of railroad, and state whether such location would help a city, and how. (84) Explain what advantages accrue to a town by being located close to a much larger city, as is Council Bluffs. (85) What is meant by a "round house," and in what way does Creston ijrofit by having one? (86) From what raw material is the glucose THE GEOGRAPHY OF IOWA made at Davenport, and how is this product used? (87) In what way does Des Moines profit by being capital of the state? (88) What is meant by "whole- sale trade," mentioned as carried on at Dubuque? How does it help a town ? (89) Judging from the crops raised around Fairfield, what additional indus- tries would be appropriate to the town? (go) Are Fort Dodge and Fort Madison mihtary centers? If not, consult Fig. 66, and tell why they are called by these names. (91) Whj' is the university at Iowa City called a "state university," and in what respect does it differ from other universities in Iowa? (92) Explain how the building of a ship canal at Keokuk can be an advantage to the city. What is meant by a "national cemetery"? (93) What is meant by the phrase "market town," attached to Le Mars? (94) Explain how Marion is helped by being divisional headquarters of a railway. (95) From what raw materials are the starch and linseed oil of Marshall- town made? (96) In what way does the presence of stone quarries, as at Mason City, help a town? (97) What is meant bj' "stock yards" mentioned as located at Missouri Valley? (98) What industry of Mount Pleasant is particularly dependent upon the annual wheat crop? (99) Why is Muscatine a favorable location for pearl button factories? (100) Tell if you can what is meant by saying that Oelwein is a "railroad center," and explain why such centers are desirable locations for factories. (loi) Oskaloosa has mineral wealth of both coal and clay. Which of these is the more important to the town, and why? (102) What is meant by a "paving-brick kiln" such as is located at Ottumwa? (103) What kinds of fruits would you expect to be shipped in quantity from Red Oak? (104) Suggest a reason why large meat pack- ing plants arc more likely to be fovmd at western points like Sioux City than in eastern Iowa. (105) What is meant bj' "elevators," referred to as located at Wash- ington? (106) Find in Fig. 30 some reason why the cheese factories of Waterloo should be successful. (107) In what way can mineral springs, such as exist at Webster City, help a town? (108) Draw an out- line map of Iowa and locate the principal physical features and leading cities and towns. (log) Draw a similar map of the states of the northwestern section of the Mississippi Basin. SUGGESTIONS FOR COLLATERAL READING Adams, Iowa Band. Aldrich, Annals of Iowa, Third Series, vols, i to date. Andrea, Historical Atlas of Iowa. Beyer, Geology of Boone, Marshall, Story, and Hardin Counties. Brown, Iowa, the Promised of the Prophets. Burkett, Stevens, and Hill, Agriculture for Beginners. Burrows, Fifty Years in Iowa. Byers, Iowa in War Times. Calvin, lowan Drift. .Aftonian Gravels. Xotes on Geological Section. What the Glacier Did for Iowa Soils. Chandler, Geography of Iowa. Clarkson, Des Moines, Iowa. Cousins, Iowa and the Empire of the Pioneers. Drake, Life of Black Hawk. Ebersolc, Encyclopedia of Iowa Law. Eiboeck, Die Deutschen von Iowa. Fairall, Manual of Iowa Politics. Fulton, Red Men of Iowa. Fulton, Sketches of Iowa Counties. Galland, Iowa Emigrant of 1840 Gue, History of Iowa, 4 vols. Horack, Constitutional .Amendments in ilie Common- wealth of Iowa. Hussey, History of Steamboating on the Iowa River. Hyatt, Manufacturing, Agriculture, and Industrial Resources of Iowa. Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion. Iowa Geological Sur\-ey, Reports. Iowa State College, Experiment Station, Soil Section, Bulletins. Lea, Notes on Wisconsin Territory: The Iowa District or Black Hawk Purchase (1836). Macv-Gciser, Government of Iowa Monettc, History and Discovery of the Mississippi Valley. Newhall, Glimpse of Iowa in 1846. Norton, Elements of Geology. Parker L. F., Higher Education in Iowa. Parker N., Iowa as it is in 18 jj. Iowa Handbook for 18^6. Iowa Handbook for 18^7. Pinkerton, Buckeye Hawkeye Schoolmaster. Sabin, Making of Iowa. Salter, Iowa the First Free State in the Louisiana Purchase. Shambaugh, Documentary Material Relating to the History of Iowa. Shambaugh, History of the Constitution of Iowa. Iowa City: A Contribution to the Early History of Iowa. Sharpe, History of the Spirit Lake Massacre. Smith, History of Dickinson County. State Historical Society. Annals of Iowa. Stuart, Iowa Colonels and Regiments. Weaver, Iowa Constitution and Law. Wilkie, Davenport, Past and Present (iSjg). Williams, Historical Sketches of .Northwestern Iowa. Williams and Keyes, Check List of Iowa Birds. THE INDEX The figures inclosed in parentheses refer to illustrations, all other figures refer to pages; heavier type is used for the more important references. Agricultural products, 9, x. Agriculture, q; (Fi>,'. 03), ix. Alluvial lakes, t,_ Alluvial soil, (.. Amana Colony, 14. Ames, If). Anamosa, 17. Area, i . Atlantic, iq. Attorney-General, 17. Auditor of State, i 7. Barley, 9; value of crop, rank of state m pniduetion, and leading Big Sioux River, 4. Black Hawk, Portrait of (Fig. 68). Black Hawk War, 14. Blind, Cullege for. 16. Bluffs along Mississij^pi and Mis- Bluffs at Dubuque, views of (Fig. 4S). iS. Boone, iQ. Boyer River, 4. Burlington, 5, 12, 19. Campanile, Agricultural College (Fig. 46). iS. Carver, Jonathan, Portrait of (Fig. Cedar Falls, 16, 20. Cedar Rapids, iS, 20. Cedar River, 4. 20. Cedar River, forest-clad palisades -HFik' .0.4- Centerville, 20. Cereal Mills at Cedar Rapids (Fig. ,n). M. Charles City, 20. Charles City College, 20. Cherokee, 17. Cities, Growth and development '-f, 19-24; population of. ix. Clarinda, 17. Clay, II, 22, 23; products, value Climate, 7- CHmatic position, 7. Clinton, 12. 13, 20. Coal, 10, 23, 24; measures, section of upi^er (Fig. 31), 13; miners working in interior of mine (Fig. 34). 14: fields of Iowa and production by counties (Fig. 3S). 14; mining scene near Oskaloosa (Fig. 36), 14; prod- ucts, value of. ix; production, annual, bv counties, x; indus- try, growth of (Fig. 65), X. Coe College, 20. College of Agriculture and Me- chanic Arts, 16, 18; central biul-l.ng ut (Fig. 43), 17; Campanile (Fig. 46), 18. Commerce. 13. Congressional Districts, map of (Fig. 47). 18. Corn, 9; an Iowa field after cutting (Fig. 2), i; cutting in Linn County ( Fig. 18), g ; yield of (Fig. iq), 9; value of crop, rank of state in produc- tion, and leading county, x. Council Bluffs, 5, 12, 13, 16, 18, 20; view of (Fig. 52), 20. Creston, 21. Dairy products, 9; value of by counties (Fig. 30). 12; value of, rank of state in production, and leading county, x. Davenport, 12, 13. 17. 18, 21. Deaf, School for, 16. Des Moines, --,. 1 -*, 1 ; . 14. ■ 7 . 21; Siatt- (.'apUMl (FiK. 4O, 18. Des Moines College, 21. Des Moines River, 4. 10. 10, 21, 22, 24 Divide. 4 Drainage, i , Drake University, 21. Drift, h Drought, 7. Dubuque, =;. 7, 11. 12, 14, iS. 21; bird's-eye view of {Fig. 53). 21. Dubuque, Julien, 14; monument to (Fig. 54). 21- Education, 15. Educational Institutions, k adiii^ (Fl^,^ 41). 16. Eldora, 17. Elevation, a\-erak''-', i Executive Council, 17. Fairfield, 22. Farming, population engaged in. 9. Farm products, 8. 9. value of (Fig. 15), 8; rank of state in produc- tion and leading county, x. Feeble-minded, Institution for, 16. Flax, 9; value of crop, rank of state in production, and leading county, X. Floyd River, 4. Fort Dodge, 10. 11, 22. Fort Madison, 5. 17. 22. Fruit, 10. Geographical names of Iowa, Dcr- German College, 2s. Glenwood, 16. Government, 17. Governor, id, 17, 18; state and territorial governors from iS.^S to 1 006. xi. Grasses, 8. Gypsum, 10, 11, 22; value of product, ix. Hay, 9; cutting and hauling near Ottumwa (Fig. 16), 8; pro- duction of (Fig. 17). 8; value of crop, rank of state, and leading county, x. Highland Park Normal College, 21. History, 13; events in the early- annals of Iowa, xi; map showing earliest explorations and settle- ments, xi. Hogs, 9; feeding time (Fig. 24), 11; number of (Fig. 25), n; owned in Iowa, rank of state, and leading county, x. Horses, g. Independence, 17. Indians, 14; map showing acces- sions of territory from. xi. Indian Massacre at Spirit Lake, 14; monument (Fig. 56), 24. Insane, Hospitals for, 17, 23. Iowa City, 5. M, 15. 22. Iowa River, 4. Iowa River, near Iowa City, view of (Fig. 6). 4. Iron ore, 11 ; products, value of. ix. Keokuk, 5,18, 22. Lakes, s; drift, 5; walled, 5; glacial, 5; alluvial or oxbow. 6. Lead and zinc, 11, 31; products, Limestone, f\ 11, 21. Little Sioux River, 4. Live stock, y, owned a Kit- " Iowa, Loess, 6; t\*pical farm scene in lofss rugion (Fig. to), 6. Lumber and timber, 1 2 ; value of product . ix. Lumber yard, t\'pical scene in an Iowa (Fig. 5S"). 24. Manufactures, proportion of per- sons engaged in (Fig. 63), ix; leading, in state, ix. Manufacturing, 11, 12, 13; cities, principal, and facts about their plants, ix; industries, growth • •\ (FiK n.O.ix; (Fig. 63), ix. Maquoketa River, 4. Marion, 22. Marshalltown, 16; State Soldiers' H-.mr