E-603 ^^ ^ October 13^3 LIIITED STATES BEFAKTI'EFT OF AGHICULTUI^E AGPICiaTTj-pAL RZ^SF-U^PCK ADMaTISTPATICIs 3UPSAU OF SI "TOKOLOGY A^'D PLAKT C^'JARAFTII^E A P.EVIF: 07 TH^ I^'SECTICIDAL USES OF POT.^IIOFE AND P.OTFNOTDS FRO!;- DEEPJS, LO^C.'IOCAPJUS (CUBE Ar'D TIMSO), TEP'-pOSIA, A>:D RELaTFD PLAl.'TS PART -vl: COLEOFTEPA By P. C, Roark, Di\'-ision of Insecticide Investigations cc:ttehts Pa^e Introduction- -"--.---.-------.------ 1 Coleoptera: _ iinobiidae- .----•-.--"--- -------- Anthribidae- -»■--- ~ • ~ •■■■ - ~ ----- - 3 Bostrichidae ---------•.■----■--■' 3 Brucl-iidae- -------..""--------- ^ Buprestidae- Byturidae- 10 10 Cantharidae- ---.---------- ----- - 17 Carabidae- _______.. _-^-~- 18 Coranbycidae ------------------- IS Chrysomelidae" --.---«-...----"---- 18 Cicindelidae ----«------------- d2 Cleridae -------.•-----•------ 63 Coccinellidae- ------------------ 63 Colydiidae ..__„„.-_ ___ Sk Cryptophagidae ------------------ <^^ Cv:cujidae •• ___ .. 84 Curculionidae- -----_---.----•---- 85 1/ The manuscript of this publication -was read in t}ie follcvdni; research divisions of the Bureau and helpful suggestions v;ere con- tributed: Fruit Insect Investi;:-;ations, Truclc Crop Insect Ir.vestigations, Investigations of Insects Affectinf^ Man and Anii.ials, Cotton Insect Investigations, Control Investi'^aticns, Cereal and Forage Insect Investi- gations, and Insect Identification, The revicvrcrs in these divisions were, respectively, B, A, Porter, W, A, Shandc, F. C, Bishcpv-, P. W. Hamed, L, A, Hav/kins, W. P. Tvalton, and C. F, "".V, yuesobeck. - 1 Page Dermestidae- ---.-•.••■-.■•-""--.--- ~ - 102 Dynastidae -.-.----.--■•---.-----"- 103 Elateridae - - - « ^ ^ - .. - - « - » - ~ ~ ^ ^ - 103 Galerv.cidae- .."-.----.-".-.." ■• .- - .. ^ - lOU- Lyctidae - - ■• „....„„„ „ „ - lOU Meloidae ------..-,-"---"----.■■- IOh- Nitidulidae- - „.,„....-„.,_„„_ lOb Ptinidae „„„„„„„„-- lOb Scara'baeidae ---.--"--■--"-"-•-^•-- 106 Scolj^rtidae ------"---".."- _-»-- 119 Staphylinidae- _.._„„„ „„_„_ 120 Tenebrionidae- ~-------- -------- 120 Insect index -----»-----"------- 122 Literature cited -----«"-.------"-- 13^ JiJinior-authcr index- -..-------"»----- 13^ TNTRODUCTICN This is the sixth in a series of papers designed to reviev' all available information on the insecticidal uses of rotenone and the rote:^ids Part I reviewed tests vj-ith derris, cube, timbo, Tephrosla, Mundulea, ar^ their constituents on members of the Gollembola, Orthoptera, Dermapte: Odonata, Isoptera, Corrodentia, and Mallophaga, Apparer.tly no testsXdth the rotenone plants on Thysanura, Ephemeroptera, or' Plecoptera have/)een recorded. Part II reviewed the tests that have been made on Thysar^ptera; Part III, the tests on Homoptera; Part IV> the tests on Henpiteraj/Part V, the tests on Anopluraj and Part 71, the present paper, reviev.rs tl^e tests and recommendations for use on Coleoptera, • C0L30PT51iA • ■ Anobiidae ■ • ■ La sioderm a s_erriccm_e (F, ), the cigai'ette beetle Hot affected by derris, --Van der Lo,an (252) in 1936, Reed D.nd Hoolcom (324-) in 1937 reported rotenone dust ineffective against adult cigarette b'e'e'tles. Pyrethrum dust v/as slightly more effective, but not satisfac^-.ory. The adii.lt is definitely susc':^:ptible to derris. --Crauford-Benson (90) in 195G. The United States Departnient of Agriculture, Bureau of Sntomology and Plant Quarantine (3C'8) in its annual report for 1938 reported that pyrethrum-dust mixtures containing a high percentage of pj/^rethrins were slightly more effective than the dust mixtures containing rotenone, but in no instance did the pyrethrum compou.nds give a percentage of kill that would be satisfactory in practical operations against adults of the cigarette beetle in tobacco ivarchouses of the open type. - 3 - (Sitodrepa) StegooiuiTi paniceuni (L.)> "t^-e drug ctore -.ree-ril The adult is susceptible tc derris .but the results are unrel fable and the insect is therefore rot a suitable laboratory/- test insect for evaluating derris preparations, --Craufurd-Benson (_90) in 1938, Antliribidae A r a e c e r u s_ fas c i c u 1 a t ;. j s (De^, ), the coffee-bean -veevi] The adult is not susceptible to derris, — Craufurd-'ienson (£0) in 1Q38, Dostrichidae Din oderus bifoyeol atus TVoll. Feeds on derris roots in storage,— Corbett (86) in 1931j federated Halay States Department of Agriculture (l2l) and I-:iller i^^O) in 195-1 ; Muesebeck, in a letter to R. C. Roaric in 1937, Dinoderus riinutus (F.) Feeds on derris roots in storage,— Federated Malay States Departnent of Agriculture (123, 124) in 1933 and 1934; Miller (2_85) in 1934. Ehizop ert ha dcpinic^a (F,), the lesser grain borer or Australian r^eat '.veevil The adult is definitely susce-otible to derris, —Craufurd-Benson (90) in 19 38, Idiizopertha sp, Tephr osia Cand i da seeds and Dei'ris ell.ipjfcica roots applied as dusts verc not effoctive, — ""^hatta and r'ara5,'anan "C^sT in 1958, Sino x ylon anale Lesne Feeds on derris roots in stcrarje. — Federated T'alay States Department of Agriculture in 1925 (n9), in 1931 (120), in 1932 (l2_l), in 1033 (122), and in 1934 (124); Corbett"( 86_) in 1931"; Spoon and Pov.^an ( 353_) in 1953;' Miller ( 285 ) and" Sakai (£31 )" in 1934; Luesebeck, in a letter to G. A, Thompson, Jr., Kingston, R"," I,, and the United States Departnent of Agricul- ture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (395) in 1937, Sinoxylon c on ige run Gerst, Feeds on derr'ir. roots in storr.ge,— '.'nited States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ( 392 ) in 19 36, Sinoxylon malaco anurr Lcsne Feeds on derris roots in storage, -•-Corbett (Bo) in 1951; Federated I.alay States Department of Agriculture ( 120 ) in 1931 and (12_4) in 1934; and Miller (2P5) in 1934. _ 4 " Sinoxylon ru::icauda Lesne Feeds on derris roots ir storage — Federated lliala^,- States Departient of Agriculture ( 124) and Miller (285) in 1934. Sinoxylon sp« Feeds o-jTi derris roots in storage, --Cahn (64) in 1935, Xylopsocus capucinus ( F. ) Feeds on derris roots in storage,— Corbett (36) in 1931; Federated KalaA- States Departr/.ent of Agriculture (123) in 1933'Vid (124) in 1934; and Miller (285) in 1934. _Xylothri-os flavipes (ill,) I Feeds on derris roots in storage, — Federated I'alay States Depart:ient of Agriculture (124) and Ililler (285) in 1934, Bostrichidae (unidentified species) Tyro s-oecles of Bostrichidae feed on derris roots in storage .--'Tater (162) in 1925. Bruchidae Bruchus_ p_isoriTiT!_ (L, ), the pea v/eevil Ewvayaraa and Endo (251) in 1935 reported that derris-soap and Neotoiifv- soap sprays proved to be the most effective against the pea -weevil. It r.^as recommended to spray these solutions three or more times during the young pod stage in July, > The United States Departrient of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, in its ar^aual report for 1936 ( 39_3 ) reported that experiments indicated that dust mixtures containing rotenone mB-y be useful in the control of the pea vreevil, particularly in crops of high-quality peas, An ancnym.ous (_l) writer on August 19, 3 937, called attention to the use of rotenone dusts to control the pea vreevil in the Pacific Northwest. The rotenone method of attac>:ing pea r/eevils takes advantage of their habit of congregating on the first pea to bloom. To lay the foundation for the attack, growers plant narrow border trap crops which tHI bloom, earlier than the main field. The border is dusted iust preceding the appearance of blooms in the main field. The weevils congregate on the peas in bloom to feed and deposit their eggs. Derris extract in fisli oil, - 5 - Tvro methods are used in applying the rotencne dust. In large-scale ccrmercial pea grovdiig it is applied vdth a povrer duster that covers about 30- feet at a svjath. In small garden plantings the dust is applied directly to the roviTS of peas vath a hand dust gun. The first dusting on garden plantings is made just after the peas come into bloom and an application is i:iade in each of 3 weeks there- after. In large field plantings the dust is applied at the rate of 20 pounds to the acre, For a garden planting the entomologists advise dusting at the rate of about 1,05 ounces of dust to 100 linear feet of peas, ' " Dr, Wakeland reports that in the cannery pea districts of Washington and Oregon about 30,000 acres of peas were protected by border dusting. One grower protected 4,000 acres of peas mth the dust, Brindley (49) in 1S37 reported that rotenone dusts gave promise in control of the pea weevil. As a result of large-scale field tests during 1936, dust mixtures containing 1,0 or 0,5 percent rotenone, vdth finely ground diatomaceous earth, tobacco dust, or sulfur as diluents, reduced the irifestaticn more than 99 percent, on an average, in green peas harvested ftor canning and in dry peas harvested for seed or processing, as compared ■vdth tlie pea rreevil infestation in untreated plots. These dust mdxtures gav? results superior to treatments -/dth undiluted cryolite, calcium arsenate-sulfur (1:5), or Paris green-lime (1:5), Five treatments were applied to these experimental plots at a dosage of 20 pounds per acre per application, vdth the exception of the plot treated with the dust mixture containing 0,5 percent of rotenone in diatomaceous earth, vyhich received 40 pounds per acre per application. In the untreated plots, on an average, approximately 43 percent of the peas v/ere infested by the pea vreevil , Brindley, ChajTiberlin, and Ascociates (_52) in 1937 reported that dust mixtures containing rotenone have given excellent control of the pea v/Gcvil in recent large-scale field tests in Idaho, ViTashington, and Oregon, Talc appears superior to diatomaceous earth as a diluent. In the Dayton, Wash,, area many tons of rotenonc-dust mixtures have been applied to the Y/eevil- infested peafields. In most instances a dust mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone has been applied to strips 20 to 30 feet wide around tiie edges of the field, v.ihere the hibernating weevils have congregated. Under favorable vreather conditions, most of the infestations in ihe treated fields have been reduced more than 95 percent and in some instances the v/eevil population has been reduced 99 percent. From one to three applications to those field borders have been necessary, depending on the movement of the v/eevils into the fields after such fields have- been dusted, Howard and I.ason (l98) in 1937, in discussing tlie best rotenone con- tent of dusts for general'""use on the truck fai-m or in the garden, stated that it may be necessary to use a 1-percent dust in the control of the pea weevil. Experiments by the Bureau of Entoinology and Plant Quarantine, in cooperation mth the Idaho Agriciiltv.ral Sxperiinent Station (2ll) « in 1957 reported that successfxi.l control of the pea t.-eevil may be expected from the use of derris dust# Peas dusted T/ith derris and tobacco dust were 90,62 percent free from the T/eevil in the green-pea stage and 98,77 per- cent free in the dry-pea stage. Other effective insecticides vrere crj-'O- lite and derris dust vdth diatonaceous earth, and derris dust \vith sulfur. Calcium arsenate v.'as the least effective of B.ny- of the dusts used. The Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station (310) in 1937 reported that a method of controlling the pea vreevil oy the "application cf rotenone dusts had been discovered, Ballard ( 2_5 ) in 1938 reported that the control of the pea -vvoevil in c om;me re ial- scale plantings was achieved the past year by growers of 22,000 acres of peas in Umatilla County, Oreg, This ^vas done by applying a talc dust containing 0,75 percent of rotenone by means of a hood-t^,^e duster. Drindley (_50) in 1938 reported that laboratory tests against B, piso^rum at the Moscov.-, Idaho, laboratory gave the following results: (l) Distinct differences were shoT-m to exist betv/een the mortality obtained mth dust mixtures containing 1, 0,75, and 0,5 percent of rotenone, respectively. Much less difference v/as noted in the toxicity oi dusts containing 1 percent and 0,75 percent than betvifeen those containing 0.75 and 0,5 percent of this ingredient, (2) A cube-dust mixture with diatoma- ceous earth as a carrier did not give so hi^-h a mortality as did cube with talc as a carrier, (3) The addition cf 2 percent of peanut oil, 1 percent of sodiLim oleyl sulfate, and 0^5 percent of Y^ter to cube in talc did not increase its toxicity, (4) A dust containing 0,005 percent of sulfur nitride t/as nontoxic to the weevils, (5) The addition of 0,225 percent of pyrethrins to a cube dust in talc, containing 0,5 percent of rotenoiie, markedly increased the toxicity of the dust, (6) Additional data were accumulated to indicate that at least a part of the toxic effect of rotenono-containing dusts to the pea weevil is due to its contact properties Chamberlin and Gray (7_8) in 1938 reported that the pea weevil in Oregon can be best controlled by the use of dust mixtures containing 0.75 percent of rotenone. From one to three applications to the infested fields are necessary, tho first being m.ade when the peas are in bloom and before the pods have set. Dusts should be applied at the rt'te of 20 to 25 pounds per acre. Hinman and Fisher (187) in 1938 reported that during the sui-nmer of 1937 a dust containing 1 percent of rotenone, applied at the rate of 25 pounds per acre, satisfactorily controlled the pea vreevil in Oregon and Washington. The use of hoods on the large dusting machines increased the efficiency of the dust, T.rhich should contain not less than 0,75 percent of rotenone. Tho Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (215) in 1938 reported that rotenone-bearing dusts applied v/hon pods began to x'orm and at inter- vals •v*.en the population was increasing, .continued to give a high por- centage of control o" adults. - 7 - The Ne^ York State Agricultural EjqDoriment Station (303) in 1939 reported that rotenone dusts showed promise in controlling the pea wopvil in the field. The Pea Weevil Conf-erence ( 315 ). held in Spnkano, Wash., in 1938, recr«mmended rotenone dust for the control of the pea weevil in caxining and garden peas. Talc is a good diluent; the roten^^ne content should not "be less than 0.75 percent; and 20 to 25 pounds should iDe applied per acre "by an efficient dusting machirts. fne to three applica- tions starting within a few days of 'blociDing are necessary. The- United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant (Quarantine ( 396 ) in 1938 recommended dusts contain- ing not less than 0,75 percent of rotenone for the control ef the pea weevil infesting garden peas and also peas gro^Ti for canning, for the grepn-pea market, and for seed. Either derris or cuoe may "be used as the source of rot^-none; and talc or some similar inert carrier may "be used as a diluent.' Applications of from 20 te 25 pounds of thp dust mixture p^r acre, if applied with an efficient dusting machine, should givf» satisfactory results. In heavy inf'-'S-f tations, as in some "border-strip plantings, the use of an additional 5 pounds of the dust mixture por acre should give greater assurance of ^rntrol. The first application should "be made within a fev days after the peas start to bloom and "before f^r^ pcds have formed; ether- wise the weevils may lay eggs on the young pcds. Additional \^eevil populations may fly intf> some (^f the fields; in these cases cnp cr two additional applications may "be necessary. The date of these later ag^plications depends '^n the time the wpevil population increases in the field. In m«st instances a 6- to lO-day interval "between applications has "been satisfactory. The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine ( 398 ) in 1938 reportpd that "bielrgical end. control investigations on the pea wepvil as a pest of processed and dry peas were continued in the Northwest in cooperation with the States •f Washington, 0reg(^, and Idaho and interestpd growers, ^ith gratifying results. The large-scale field ejsppriments in the Blue Mountain area of eastprn Washington and Oregon, in which dust mixtures containing rotpnone were applied, yielded favora"blp results, as in 1937, C«mparativp treatments showpd that the use of hoods on large dusting machines increased the efficienc:" of these dust mixturps. No approcia'ble differpnces could "be detected in thp pprcentage of pea weevil control obtained with dust mixtures containing 1 percent, as compared with those containing 0,75 percent of rotenone, when the quantities of the dust mixture applipd p^r unit area were practically enuivalent. The rpsults, howpver, indicated that under unfavorable climatic conditions or othpr restricting factors the dust tnixtures containing less than 0,75 pprcent of rotenone might not give a satis- factory degree of control. In largp acrea^^es, the practice of treat- ing bordpr strips was followed to -nrotect the rest of the field. In some instancps "spot dusting" was practicod to rpducp infpstation. In the wastern Oregon and Washington pea-growing area whero the pea- fields are in smaller units, the entire field was treated and weevil infestation Fas reduced to a minimum, Brindley (51) in February 1939. reported the results of tests to control the pea weevil. Laboratory .tests wf^rn conducted in 1934 with fo'or insecticides — calcium arsenate, "bari-om fluosilicate, a dust containing 0.45 percent of pyr^-thrins, and a dust containing 1 pnr~ cent of rotenone in thn form of powdered derris root. Adult weevils were placed on "blossoms picked from plots that had T3een treated with these materials at the rate of 20 pounds p-^r acrf^, dustf^d weevils were placed on untreated "blooms, and we-'^vils forced to walk a distance of 2 inches across a glass surface dusted with each of the materials were placed on undusted "blooms. One application of calcium arsenate or TDaxium fluosilicate, even though thoroughly applied, did not kill all the weevils in 24 hours, whr^reas the application of derris and pyrethrum dust killed all the weevils. When the materials were applied directly to t"ne weevils, practically the same results were recorded, Brindley and Linduska (53 ) of the Moscow, Idaho, lahoratoiy, reported in Fe"bruary 1939. that experiments with dust mixtures contain- ing rotenone against B» pisorum on garden plots in 1938 showed that the addition of various conditionf^rs to the dust mixtures only slightly increased their efficiency, as compared with dust mixtures composed solely of finply ground derris or cuhe root with talc or diatcmaceous earth as a diluent. The results of th^se experiiri^nts may "be s\iramarized as follows: (l) Bust mixtures containing 1 percent of rotenone with talc as the diluent, which is now "being used commonly "by the growers, gave a control of 95.6 percont when applied to plots harvested as green peas and 94.6 percent in plots harvested as dry peas, as compared with comparable ontreat^^d plots. (2) A dust mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone with diatomaceous earth as a diluent, also "being used cpmrnonly "by the growers, gave a control of 98,9 percent in the green-pea plots and 95,8 percent in dry peas. (3) A dust mixture containirfg 1 percent of rotenone with talc as a diluent, plus 1 percent of Ipjnpblack by weight, gave a control of 100 percent in thp gre^^n-pea plots and 90.4 percent in dry peas. (4) A dust mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone plus 2 pnrcent of peanut oil, 1 percent of sodium oleyl siilfat'e as a wetting agent, ejid 0.5 percent of water gave o. control of 100 percent on green peas and 96,1 percent on dry peas. (5) A mixture containing ea'aal parts by weight of a dust mixture containing 1 percent of ' rotenone with talc as the diluent and a dust mixture containing 0.45 percent of total pyrethrins with diatomaceous earth as the diluent gave a control of 99.6 percent on green peas and 89.9 p'-rcent on drj^ peas. Haude ( l8l ) in 1939 recommended cube or derris dust (0,75 to 1 percent rotenone) at 20 to 25 pounds per acre, applied under a hood for control of the pea weevil. Hinman, Fisher, and Brindley (l88_) reported in 1939 that a survey of the Blue Mountain area of Washington and Oregon revealed that more than four ti-es as much dust mixture containing rotenone was used against the pea weevil in this area in 1938 as in 1937, - 9 - In 1^37 approximately ^7.5 tens of dust iiixturep containing rotenr.r.ej cost 'ng apprcxiniately $10,925, were used to protect approximately 38,000 acres of peas. In 1^3??, with an acreage of a;oproxi-aately 3^,000 acres, a total of 211.5 tons of dust mixtures containing rotenone, costing approximately $37 > 7^0, were used. The general results of the control campaigns for the 2 years were nearly the sane, as in 1937 7l6 acres of peas, constituting 1.9 percent of the total acreage, were discarded on accov.nt of the pea-weevil damage, whereas in lP3g 386 acres, or 1.1 percent of the total acreage, were discarded on account of Dea weevil damage. The Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (2l6 ) in 1939 reported that dusts containing 1 percent and 0.75 percent of rotenone gave good control of the pea weevil vrhen applied at the rate of 20 to ^0 poimds per acre. Experiments on garden plots indicated that control to the extend of 97.02 percent in peas of tatle size could "be accomplished with rotenone-'bearing dusts. An anonymous writer (_^) in 19^0 described the use of rotenone dust against the pea weevil in the ¥a,shington-Ore<^'on canning-pea section. Approved practice novr is to use a dust containing 1 percent of rotenone at the rate of 20 poijuids p- r acre betv^een the appearance of the first blooms ajid the first pods, usually 2 or 3 days. Cost for materials has "been around $1.50 per acre. Records of weevil dajnage were as follows: Acreage left uncut Acrea,se in iDeas "because of weevil damace 1935 12,000 Not recorded 1936 28,900 6 prrcrnt 1937 38,000 .1.0 percent 1938 3U,000 1.1 percent 1939 32,000 0.7 percent Rotenono dust vras first tried in the field in 1*^35, and in 1937 "big-scale dusting vrith power machines was used. "Various dust(^rs are pictured and descri"bed. Bruchus ruf imanus Boh,, th-- broad"bcan weo-^-il Liebster _(2^)in 19^0 reported that pyrothrum and derris dusts were effective against this siorcies. Callop'.obruchus chinenpis (L.) Trr-, hrosia Candida ac^ds and Derris olliptica roots, a"opli*"d as dusts tc Jr uchu s chirj_cnsig L. [Callosobruchus ohinrnsls (L.), according to- H. S. Barber, as stated by Muesebcck] , in stcr'^d puisos gave from 60- t-^ 100-pr-rcrnt mortality in 2k to 72 hours. — Bhatta and Narayanan (29) in 1938. BuprestiSae Chryso'bothris femorata (Oliv. ) th,^ flatheaded anple tr'^o "boror Johnson and Fenton ( 229 ) in 1939 reported the results cf toxicity tests made in Oklahoma in 1937 on cagc-omergrd adults of the flatheaded apple tree "borer. Derris (5 percent of rotencne) at 2 pounds p'">r lOQ. gallons + casein spreader killed 100 percent in 5 days. Lead arsenate must "be used at the rate of S pounds per 100 gallons to ensure 100-p'^r- cent mortality in 5 days. Gryptodactylus gracilis Schoenf , Matsu'bara (ggl ) in 1937 recommended spraying with Neoton (derris extract in fish oil) for the control of this "buprestid, which ig widely distributed on chestnut in Japan. Byturidae Byturus tomcntosus (Deg,), a raspberry and loganberry "beetle The East Mailing Research Station of Kent, England (l07 ) in 1930 reported that a derris-rcot preparation had hern tried for the control 3f the raspberry and loganberry beetle, but so far without success. In 1930 this station (108) reported that the proprietary derris-ro^t prepa- ration us«d in previous trials without conclusive results was again used and showed considerable promise. Further trials are being planned on a statistical basis. • ' In 1931 the East Mailing Research Station (I09 ) reviewed its work on the loganberry beetle. In spraying tests made in 1Q2S for the control •f B. tomnntosus lead arsenate paste at k pounds per 100 imperial gallons •f water reduced the infestation from 37«3 to I5.O percent; and a prop- rietary derris root preparation at 2 pounds to Uo imperial gallonis of water reduced the infestation from 36.5 to 1^.2 percent. In 1Q29 a pyrethrum extract and the derris preparation (2 pounds to Uo imperial gallons of Water) did not materially reduce the :^.nf eatation, whereas lead arsenate at 5 pounds plus 2 pounds of gelatin to 100 imperial gallons of vrater gave almost complete control. None of the sprays had any appreciable effect on the adult beetles, which were in the flowers at thr time of spraying. In 1930 the derris preparation reduced the in- festation to 3»7 percent. The failure of dorris to control in the tests in 1929 may have been due to variation in the composition tf different samples or to the use of old stock. Arsenical residue on sprayed berries bars the use of lead arsenate. In 1932 this station (lOj) called attention to Ste^-^r'e (357)paper on the control of the raspberry and loganberry beetle by means of derris. The proportion of mark(-table loganberries in a badly infested plantation was increased from 23.8 to 77*7 percent by two spraying-^ with derris and soap. The average number of loganberri'"? p' r pound of ripe fruit over the whole of the picking s'^asoi: vork>-"d out at 176 on unsprayed and 127 on sprayed plots. - Kearns and Swarbrick (2ho) of th--^ Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the TJnivfjrslty of Bristol, at Long Ashton, England, in 1932 reported that derris-soap spray (rotf^none O.OOU percent) was supnrior to derris extract in rape oil emulsified in water (rape oil 1 percent, rotenone content undetermined) for the control of larvae of the loganberry beetle. - 11 - Stpcr ( 336 ) in I932 rr-ported favcrabl • repnlt?^ on the control of the raspberry and loganberry bci tie in England by means of derris. This beetle was fonerlr controlled by three applications of lead arsenate given when one-third, two-thirds, and all the blossoms were fully open. On accoiint of arsenical residue on the ripe fruit vrhen the young berries were sprayed vrith lead arsenate, this insecticide was abandoned in favrr of derris. In 1928 ?>, single aprilication of derris spray reduced the infestation considerably. In I929 indifferent results were obtained because the derris used ha.d bfTn in stocV: for a long time. In I93I two sprayings of derris reduced the average infest- ation of loganberries fro^ 66.3 to lU,6 percent and of raspberries from 78.3 to 5.6 percent. On loganberries this treatment nearly doubled the totfil weight of the crop and increased the proportion of mar^ce table fruit in a badly infested plantation from 23.? to 77«7 percent. This meant an increase in marketable fruit at the rate of over 2 tons (from 8.3 to 51.8 cwt.) per acre. The average number of loganberries p' r pound of ripe fruit over the whole of the picking season worked out at I76 on unspra.yed and 127 en sprayed plets, A derris preparation containing soap was used <^.t the rate of 5 pounds per 100 imperial gallons of water and the spray was applied at the rate of 500 gallons p''r acre per application. The Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the Uni- versit.' of Bristol (^) , England, at Long Ashton, in 1933 stated tha.t efficient control of the raspberry and loganberry beetle is obtained with derris-soap suspensions. Hus (209 ) in 1933 stated that derris preparations used as spr?iys kill newly emerged larvae of the raspberry beetle. Kearns and Walton (2U2) in 193"^ reported experiments with pyreth- rum and derris washes and dusts for the control of the loganberry and raspberry beetle. Tests are recorded with a derris wash (2-l/2 or 5 pounds of derris powder cont?in-ing 1,72 percent rotenone and 10 pounds spraying soap per 100 imperial gallons), derris emulsion (derris extract in rape oil), and derris dust (containing 10 percent derris and 0.18 percent rotenone). The proprietary derris emulsion gave very DOor results against Byturus . Two applications of a derris w??sh containing less th?)n 0,00U percent of rotenone gave a high control of the larvae. The first application' was made 10 days after about one-third of the flower buds had opened and a second application 10 days after the full flowering period. No further increase in control resulted oy using a wash of a higher con- centration than O.OOU percent of rotenone. In seasons in which the beetles cluster in large numbers on the unopened end ,iust-rpening flower buds, the application of a derris dust (containing 0,18 percent rotenone) Is effective in killing large numbers of them. The dusting should be followed by at least one applic-tion of f> derris wash, to kill the larvae. Kearns and Walton ( 2U3 ) in 193^ furth r compared the relnti"e effici'-ncy of pyrethrum and derris for the control of B, trmentosus . A plot of raspberries of the variety Lloyd George wr>s p'^.iacent to the Baumforth 'A' raspberries. One portion was sisr^yed twice with the 1.0-percent-pyrethrum emulsi-^n and mother portion with a dorris-soar' wash at periods calculated to kill the larvae. The pyrethrum plot had 22.6 percent and the derris plot 5,5 peycent of the berries infested. Pether"bridge and Thomas ( 316 ) in 1933 reported that in I93I a good control of the raspberry "beetle in England had been obtained with a proprietary preparation of soft soap and powdered derris used at the rate of 1 pound of derris to 60 imperial gallons of water. This was applied when the eggs began to hatch and again h days later. In I932 a derris powder (2.2 percent of roteno .e) at the rate of 1 pound in 50 imperial gallons of water, plus a proprietary spreader for the first application and 5 pounds of soft soap for the second, was used in the Isle of Ely. The percentage of dsunaged raspberries from this plot was ^,9, as compared with k.S from the plot sprayed with soft soap, 5 pounds, and nicotine sulfate, 10 ounces, in kO imDrrial gallons of water, aftd SU.S percent from the unsprayed plot. In Essex in the same year tw« sprayings with soft soap and derris powder gave satisfactory control of the raspberry beetle. Foar sprayings gave still greater control, but not sufficient to make more than two spray'.ngs an economic proposition. On Ifiganberries tv;o sprayings of soft soap and derris with a power sprnyer gave R fairly good control (13.3 percent damaged berries) of this beetle. Two dustings with a derris dust gave a better control (U.5 percent damaged berries) than two sprayings (I3 percent damaged berries). The authors conclude^d that dusting with a derris dust (containing 0,2 prrcent of rftenone) is the most satisfactory means knovm at resent of reducing the damage done to loganberries by the raspberry beetle, Spron (35^) iJ^ ^933 reported that an aqueous suspension of pure rotenone gave excellent results. Steer (358) in 1933 reported further experiments on the control • f B, tomentosus . Tests were mar'.e with a very finely ground derris powder containing 5«S7 percent of rotenone. The sprays were made t# contain 13-3/^ ounces of this pox^rder per 100 imperial gallena (rett^none content 0*005 percent) or double this strength. The dust vras composed of 1.6 percent of this derris powder and 9S.U percent of china claj'', making a roteno:re content of 0.09 "oercent. Three applications of a derris dust, about 100 pounds per acre, reduced the infestation p-^r 100 berries from 75.5 to 12,5. Tv;» sprayings v/ith derris pov/der (rotenone content of spray = 0.01 percent) plus soft soap, 5 pounds p'-r 100 imperial gallons, reduced the infestation per IfO berries from 78, S to 0.^. A proprietary derris and soap preparation used with success in previous seasons reduced tlie infestation tr 0,9. According to Steer, an estimation of the rotenone content appears to be the most satisfactory method cf assessing the value ef a sample of derris, and such estimations have been used as a means of standardization in the trials described. Steer oon- cludod that a spray containing sufficient finely ground derris to givo a roten-^ne content of 0,005 percent, and 5 pounds of soft soap per 100 gallons, gave excellent results against larvae on both raspberries and loganberries, whether used according to the double-spraying or the new single-spraying method. Besides reducing the percentage of fruits in- fested, it had an enormous beneficial effect on the yield and quality ^f the cr'>p. A derris dust containing 0,09 percent of rotenone again gave a serviceable measure of control on raspberries but was somewhat inferior to any of the vrct sprays used. Preliminary trials shov/od that the pest can be controlled pn cultivated varietites of blackberries by means of derris. - 13 - The East Mailing Research Station (lll )of Kent, England, in 133U stated that a single application of a derris spray of known rotenone content is adeouate for control of the raspberry and loganterry "beetle. Steer ( 3^9) in 193^ reported experiments on the control of the raspberry and loganberry hefetle in Kent, England. Tests were made with derris (2.71 percent of crude rotenone or 2.32 percent of recrystallized rotenone) as a spray and as a dust, and cube (6.26 percent of crude roten- one and. 5.27 percent of recrystallized rotenone) as a spray. In the sprays 2 pounds of derris or 1 pound of cube, plus 5 pounds soft soap, was used per 100 imperial gallons. The dust was made by mixing 3,7 percent of derris and 96.3 percent of china clay. The ccnclusions are as followsJ Derris dusting. Good results have been obtained by dusting three tines with a derris dust of 0,09 pf^rcent rotenone content applied to kill the beetle larvae. This method of control is somewhat less effective than a single wet spraying given when the larvae begin to attack the fruit, It is more costly, and the dust is very apt to leave an unsightly (though harmless) deposit on the earlier berries. On the othfr hand, a dust is Quickly and easily applied and for this reason recom-nends itself to many growers. An attempt to kill the adults, and to prevent egg laying and subsequent fruit damage, by means of a single application of dust was not successful. Thi^ experiment cannot, however, be regarded as conclusive in vie^^r of the good results obtained by Pethrrbridge and Thomas, who dusted loganberries in a similar manner. To get adeouate control by means •f a dust applied sufficiently early to avoid leaving a dr-posit on the fruit, and intended for the adult beetles rather than the larvae, it may be necessary to dust very heavily and to use a dust of higher rotenone content than that hitherto used in our cxoeri^ents. Wrt spraying with derris. From the results of field spraying trials carried out to date at East Mailing, it is clear that one application of derris and soap is adequate for either raspberries or loganberries. This should be given when the larvae begin to damage the berries. . The results obtained on blackberries suggest that the very early varieties can be given exactly the same treatment as loganberries. At the concentrations use d no differences can be detected between 'the performances of derris and of cube either at any one time during the picking season or for the whole period. Reark ( 327 ) In I938 , in comparing the insecticidal values of derris and cube, referred to this report by Steer, - lU - The' Wageningen PlantenziektenkuncCigcn Dicnst (U03) in 193^ re- ported that an aqueous suspf^nsion of rotenone (l:10,000) is effective against adults and larvae of the raspterry 'beetle, Amos, Beard, Moore, and Painter (lO)in 1935 stated that a proprietary derrig powder, 2 pounds plus soft soap, 5 pounds por 100 imperial gallons, was sprayed on raspberries en June 26, 193^, against B. tomentosus ^ as part of the routine spraying program for that year. Steer (l02) in 1935 reported that finely ground derris (crude rotenone = 3»63 percent or recrystallized rotenone = 2.92 percent) was applied as a spray, 2 pounds to 100 impf-rial gallons of water, and as a dust diluted with chin?, clay. A single spraying of derris and soap gave inadequate control of the larvae on raspberries. A single application of a derris dust, applied late in May to control the adult stage of the raspberry and loganberry beetle, failed to give satisfactory results on raspberries, even when the rate of dusting Was about 3 cwt. per acre and the crude rotenone content of the dust as high as O.36 percent. On logan- berries, derris gave as good result? when incorporated in a spray of lime- sulfur and sulfite lye, or of colloidal copper and sulfite lye, as when used with soft soap, A small-scale trial on Himalaya berry confirmed last' 'season' s finding thait a single application of derris and soap can satisfactorily control the pest on cultivated blackberries, G-ra;^- and Brooks ( 166 ) in 1935 reported spraying trials against the raspberry beetle in England. A liquid derris wash ga-"'e better con- trol than barium fluosilicate or nicotine. Two applications were suffi- cient, one during the opening of the buds, the other during petal fall. Applications consisting of a combination of dusts and a wash gave con- sistently inferior results. Derris dust was ap;^lied when the buds were opening and when fully open, and a derris wash when the petals were falling. Harris ( l79 ) , of the East Mailing Research Station in England, reported in 193^ that a spray of 2 po^inds of finely ground derris root and 5 pounds of soap in 100 imperial gallons of water caused a 90-p'^r- CF-nt reduction in injury by the raspberry b'-etle. B. tomentosus is sensitive to derris dust. This is one of the firpt insects in the Netherlands to bo successfully controlled vrith derris.— DeBussy et al. (61) in I936. Carroll (67) in 193^ reported the results of tests in the Irish Frc^ State with derris against the raspberry beetle. Sprays of derris poWvler plus coconut oil soap, or of derris preparations containing a spreader when diluted to a rotenone content of 0,005 percent and applied twice (first, about 2 weeks after flowering had begun and second, 10 days later), resulted in 99 percent of the bf^rrirs being free from larvae. Fryer ( 1U9 ) in I936 reported on insect pests of crops in England and Wales fo- 1932-3^' and methods for their control. The success obtained in earlier ezprrimehts on the control of the raspberry beetle by means of derris sprays and dusts has been confirmed by further work; and the treat- ment of rappberrieg, loganberries, and cultivated blackberries vrith derris preparations has bpcome a routine method in fruitgrowing areas. -15- The destruction 9f the rasp'berry bef'tle "by derris in the Nether- lands was general practice in 193^, according to the Kolonlaal Instituut ef Amsterdam (12, Y^) , One of the principal usep of derris in the Netherlands is for the control of the rasp'berry beetle. — Van der Laan ( 2U3 ) in 1936» Steer ( 360 ) in 193^ published a surpmary of the use of derris as an insecticide in England. For many years, usually under various propri- etary names, derris root has been used in England, not only as a spray for fruit trees, hops, and garden crop? but as an ingredient of cattle and sheep washes and domestic-insect powders. There are four forms in ccmmon use: (l) The finely ground root, for use with soap or other wetter; (2) the ground root ready mixed with dried soap or other wetter and re- quiring merely the addition of water; (3) an extract of the root, usually in an emulsified f«*rm, ready for dilution with water; and (^) the ground root mixed with a suitable "carrier" or "filler','" such as china clay, and intended for application as a dusting powder. Derris powder costs from 50 to 62 cents per pound. Dusting powders cohtaining 0.2 percent of roten- pne uavLally cost about 7 cents per pound. Derris is compatible with any of the eprays in common use, such as bordeaux mixture and lime-sulfur. At East Mailing Research Station derris was first used experimentally in 1928 to control the larvae of the raspberry beetle. Against the raspberry "beetle a single spraying of derris and soap gives perfectly satisfactory results. l>lany growers prefer to attack the adult sta^-e of the peat by means of derris dusts and so prevent egg laying and subsequent fruit damag'^. Good results are obtained by dusting diiring the flovrering pc-riod, but several applications of the dust seem to be reouircd. Derris gives good results. — Anonymous (2) in l^^T. Kearns and Marsh ( 23?) in 19.'^7 recommended derris dust for the con- trol of adults of the raspberry beetle and derris dust or spray for the larvae. The derris dust should contain not les^ than O.IS percent, and the spray not less than O.OOU percent of crystalline rotenone. Many samples of derris root contain 1,5 percent of crystalline rotenone, and with a root f»f this concentration it is necessary to use 2-1/2 pounds of derris root per 100 imperial gallons of watrr. The application after petal fall is the more important, and a spray is preferable to a dust, as it also provides a control of aphids. For loganberry and blackberry a program similar to that for raspberry is recommended. Warv/ick ( Uip ) in June 193^, reported that two dustings with derris are usually adequate to control the raspbe-^rry and loganberry beetle. Shaw ( 337 ) in January 1939, wrot" that the Tiixed dcrris-cop-oer- oxychloride wash vras likely to become recognized in Great Britain as the standard combined treatment for the raspberry beetle and cane spot, Byturus unicolor Say, a raspberry fruitworm Caffrey (§V) in April 19;^5, recommended derris sprays and dusts for the control of 3. unicolor . If sprays are used, the first spray applied just before the blossoms open should consist of a mixture of ^ pounds cf lead arsenate powder and U pounds of hydmted lime tr 100 gallons of wat'^r. - 16 ^ Twc weeks later apply .a' derris-root spra^" containing 0.01 percrnt of rotenone, made up according to the following formula! 100 gallons of watfr, 27 ounces of derris root powder containing 5 percent of rot^^none, ■and-l pint of a good grade qf neutral mineral oil or pine oil or sulfonated castor oil. This derris ^pray should "be repeated 2 weeks latere Although dusts ha""'e not been so successful as ■ sprays in controlling the raspDorry ftuitworm, dusts may "be used if desired. Time of application of the dust mixtures should "be the same as for the sprays. The first dust application should consist of lead arsenate powder, mixed thoroughl2^ with an eaual weight of hydrated lime and applied at the rate of 35 pounds p'-r acre. The second and third dust applications should consist of a mixture mad? 'up of 2 pounds of derris-root- powder, containing approximately 5 percent of rotenone, and 98. pounds of tobacco dust, talc, or clay as a diluent. Crumb (S^.) in 1935 reported results of tests at Puyallup, Wash., with insecticides against the raspberry fruitvrorm on Marlborough and Cuth- bert raspberries, loganberries, and youngberries. Best results were ob- tained by applying a spray consisting of U pounds of lead arsenate and U pounds of hydrated lime to 100 gallons of water at the peak of beetle emer- gence, approximotely 2 or 3 weeks prior to blossoming, follovred by a second application of the same spray just befot'e blossoming, with a third applica- i.tion of ' a derris-root-powder spray, containing 0.01 percent of rotenone, 2 weeks after blossoming. The. omission of the first or second lead arsen- ate spray decreased the percentage of control. In general, sprays gave better results than dusts. The application of a derris-root spray con- taining 0.01 pf-rcent of rotenone in the third spray gave results superior to those obtained v/ith a nicotine sulfate spray (Uo percent of nicotine) l: UOO. The United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant quarantine (jP^) in, 1936 reported that large-scale tests directed against the raspberry fruitworm in the Puyallup Valley, Wash., shovrrd that two sprat's of lead arsenate applied to the plants prior to blooming, followed immediately aftf-r the blooming period by one spray containing derris root, gave a satisfactory commercial control and produced fruit frev-^ of arsenical residues Crumb (gU ) in I938 reported that applications of ground derri"s or cube root, either as a spray or as a dust, vrill give satisfactory control of the raspberry fruitworm, if the work is done properly. In general, how- ever, sprays have given better results than dusts. Three applications of spray containing finely ground derris or cube root powder are necessary for the best res^ilts. The first spray should be applied 10 days after blossoming begins, the second 7 days after the first, and the third 7 days after the second. If only tvro sprays are used, the first should be atiplied 15 days after blossoming begins and the second 10 days later. The last spray, if applied later than rccomoended, may leave an unsightly residue on the harvested fruit, particularly if derris or cube root low in rotenone is used, thup making it necessary to use a large. Quantity of th^ material » The derris or cube powder should be made into a paste with a small Quantity of watrr before being added to the water in. the spray tank. The time of application of the dusts should be the same as that recommended for sprays, and 35 pounds pi r acre should be used for each application. The diluted spray should contain about 0.01 percent of rotenone; the dust, 0,5 pf^rcent of' rotenono. Very finely ground talc, bentonite clay, .and-tobacco dust - 17 - are suita."ble for usr as cprrirr?. Lime sh-uld not "be usc-d for this pur«~- pos9,"b'^cau55e it ^;r-atlr reduces thr- ef f Fcti'-rncss of thes*^ insecticidp?;. Kanson and Wetster ( 178 ) in 1038 recom-iended derris cr cuoe dust (0,5 prrcent of rotenone) or spray (O.Ol percent of rotenone) for the control of the raspberry or loganberry fruitworm, B. uMcolor. Three applications should he mare, the first 10 days after hlossoms ar^pear and the others at 10-day intervals thereaftr-r. At the New York Courty Agents Training School (299) held in Ithaca, N. Y. , on December I9, 193S, it was reported that rotenone gave very good results against the raspberry fruitworm. Reports from Washington State indicate tl-^,t good results were obtained with three rotenone sprays, the first 10 days aft-r bloom and the last two at 1-ia.y intervals. Under Hudson Valley, N. Y. , conditions the applications would ha-'e to be made much earlier than this. The United States Bureau of Entomologj'' and Plant Q;uarantine ( 79g ) in 1938 reported that continuf^d insecticide tests against the raspberry fruitworm in the Puyallup Valley, Wash. , showed th^t satisfactory control of this pest could br obtained with t^irer- timely applications of sprays or dust mixtures containing rotenone, and that in general the sprays were superior to the dust mixtures in controlling the fruitworm. Landis and Baker (255) iA 1^39 reported that of 50 Puyallup V-i.lley raspberry growers who were Questioned) ^^-6 used insecticides containing rotenone in combating B. unicolor in I938. Of the growers who used dust mixtures containing rotenone, 63.6 percent made one application, 27.3 made two, a,nd 9»1 percent made throe. Of the growers vrho used sprays contain- ing rotenone, slightly more than half mac'.e one application and none ^.ade more than two. Judging from all available information satisfactorv con- trol of the raspberry fruitv^orm was obtained with two applications of the sprays or two or three a^'plications of the dust mixtures, timed and applied properly. These results coincided in general with the results obtained in experimental plots, which indicated that sprays containing 0.01 percent of rotenone were slightly better than dust mixtures containing 0.5 percent of rotenone, and that three applications of these insecticides were superior to two, Byturus sp. The Wagenin^en Plantenziektenkundigen Dienst (U02) in I933 reported that rotenone suspended in water 1:5,000 and derris powder at a concen- tration equivalent to rotenone at 1:2,500 ga'-e very good results against Byturus on raspberry. Cantharidae Canthari 3 ( Telephcrus ) ap. Killed by one application of '.erri^. dust containing 0.5 p'^rcent of rotenone an^. 1.2 percent of rther extrartiveq. — DeBus^- et al,(6l) in 1Q"^6. Caraliidae Zabrus tf^npbrioides (G-oeze)C^^ zi'b'bus F.) Resistant to a dust containing 2 loercent of rotenone. — Anonymous (2) in 1937. Cerajn'bycidae Gracilia minuta P. Sensitive to derris dust. — DeBussy et al . (61 ) in I936 Perisqus laetus Lamcere Feeds on derrip roots in storage, — Federated Malay States Depart- ment of Agriculture (l2U ) and Miller (2^) in 19^U, Pterolophia melanura Paso. Feeds on derris roots in storage. — Fedcrat<^d Malay States PeT^art- ment of Agriculture (I2U) and Miller (2S5_) in 19^U. Chrysomelidae JLltlca ampelophaga Guer. Chevali(-r and Laf fond (Sl) in I938 reported that the toxicities of dusts contaning different aniounts of derris, cu"bc, or rotenone vrere tested on adults of Bhaphidopalpa foveicollis Lucas on melon, and on larvae and adults of ^altica ) Altica ampelophaga G-uer. on grapevines in Algeria. Determinations were made of the contents of rotenone and other extractives in I3 commercial dusts containing cube or derris alone or with a diluent. Experiments were arranged to teat the toxic- ity of rotenone (using talc impregnated with a solution of pure rote- none), of derris diluted with talc, and of commercial dusts of knovrn composition. Each powder vras tested on 10 larvae and 10 adults in "^ ways — by rolling the insects in the dust, by dusting them from a distance of 15 centimeters, and by placing them on povfdered foliage. Control in- sects were treated similarly with pure talc. Mortality varied directly with the content of active material. A dust containing 0.25 or 0.5 per- cent of rotenone appeared to b^ effective, although commercial products usually contain more. Dusts containing plant material were more effect- live than talc with the same rotenone content, which showed the insecticidal value of the other extractives. The rate of action of the insecticides appeared to be practically independent of the method of application. There was considerable difference in the toxicities of some of the com- mercial products with nearly the spjne rotenone contrnt. Altica ignita 111. , a strawberry flea beetle Fenton (igj) in 19*^6 referred to wor> at Dickin=:on, Tex., bv Rom^y, who found thpt a dust containing- rotenr^ne (0.5 percent) and also pyrethrurn and sulfur controlled this beetle. - l.-^'a - CGEEECTIOIT E-60^. A REVIEW CE THE lUSECTICIDAl USES CF ROTEiTOi^E AMD ROTEiTOIDS FROM DERRIS, LOHCHO CARPUS (CU3E AIJD TIMBO), TEPHSOSIA, Al'D RELATED FLAIITS. PART YI : COLEOPTERA. The paragraphs that follov/ were accidentally omitted from the original edition of tho circular. This sheet shnuld be insertrd (as page l?a) between pages 18 and 19. Altica oleracea (L.), a flea beetle This pest on cauliflower vras killr-d by a product con- taining 12 pf-rcent of powdered Lonchocarpus nicou root (of 6 percent rotenone contont) and 8S percent of talcum, accord- ing to Etablissemcnts Rotrnia in 19 '^S , in a letter to R. C. Roark. Altica pagana Blackburn, a metallic flea beetle Evans (llfi) in 1^3? reported that thp metallic flea beetl-- i» Tasmania can be contr«llrd by the aioplication of derris dusts, several brands of v;hich are now on the market. These dusts can be used right up to the time the fruit is picked, unlike lead arsenate, which can be used vrith safety on plants only prior to fruit development. Derris dust will not only kill the beetles and grubs on treated plants but will protect the plants for a p^^riod from further attack. - 19 - Altic? srp, Hampp (175) in I937 reported that flra beetles of the gr-nera Chaeton- neina, P3yllicc.es . and Altica are among thr wors* pppts of hops in Bavaria, cspocially in warm, sunny sitiia.tions. In ppring tho in.iury to the shoots, usually most sf^vrri^' in May, retards their grov;th, wca'-ccns tho plants, and reduces tho crop. Thn srcond- sumricr attacl<- impairs the appearance ?^nd quality of the infloroscances. The "beetles wer? particularly a"bundant in iP2g, in I93U (which was .^xtromel;' hot and dry), and in 1^3^. Some vari- eties of hops are more attacked than others; ^.g. , those that grow rapidly when young overcome tho effect of the injury most readily. Sine"; 1*^"'26 U5 different ins^ cticidrs have been tested in 71 exprriments. Hand du'st^-'rs andkiapsack sprayers were used. On an average, 60 minutes were rec^xired to dust 7,000 hop vines and 70 minutes to spray them with 22 gallons of spray. The effect was best judged after ^n i-itrrval of 72 hou>rs. In th^ dusting tests, derris insecticides invariably proved absolutely reliable anrd were di^^tinsiuished by rapid and eff'^cti'^-e action. Pyrethrum vsis al- ways less efficient, end though goer, result? vere obtained vrith 22 pou-^.ds per ],000 vi'ies, it ig not advocated, -iicoti -.p acted o'lickly, but renuired a high air humidity, and many btetl^s r'-cover^ d. Ar-senicels act'=d slovdy but were effective if the weather v/as cor.tiriuously fine. The silicic 9cid powder, Naaki , '.\ras merely a repellent. In the spraying tects, derris ^.n^ nicotine h?d eood killing power, v;hile fi^it of pyrethru-i was poor. Dij^t*:, however, are nor' s?itisfactory, prom t ari'i^.licrtion being essential. Aphthona ap. Sensitive to derri^i dust. — DeBu'isy et al. (6_l) a.'r" van der Laan (252) in 1936. Aspidomorpha miliaris ( F . ) The larvae of this b'^etl'-- were used a'^ te«;t insects for d-^termin- ing the insecticidal value of speci lens of derris by Corbett, entomologist of the Federr^ted Malay States Department of Agriculture (22U) in 103"^. They were also us'^d by the Federated Malay States Deoartm-nt of Agric-)lture ( 123 ) in 193^ i'- testing the ins.- cticidal value of Derris elliptic?^ and D» malacc'.nsis . Killer (2.^6), of the Feder^-'ted Malay St^tns D.-^-^artment cf Agric^atnre^ in 1975 reported results of spraying ^ind immersion tests against A. mili - ar is which indicated that the insecticidal properties of the three kinds of derris tested were about the same. He concluded that the rotf^none con- tent is not necessarily a reliable index to the toric valu^ of derris root, Rotenone, deguelin, and toxicarol \^'rr^ only moderat'l toxic to the in- sects used in the toBts, The aqueous solr.tions of derris root or crushed, freshly harvested roots wore toxic to larvae of A. miliaris without actual contact, indicating thrt derris nay yield a volatile toxic substance. Fluids obtained from derris by atea.i distillation were also toxic to larvae of the sp ^le sp cieg vrhen imners'^d therein, killing 12 Tjercent of A, mili - .Qjrls. The indications arr that derris may affect the nervous syst.-'m of insects through the integument, and may also act as a repellent. - 20 - AlDout 2iJ-,000 of thes" bretlos w-'-T"-: used, anr. the.'- ■proved to "be entirely suita'ble "becFUse of their ads.pta.Dilitj- to la"boratory conc.iticns. Erontispq. lor-gissina G-estro These hispids li^j-ing en coconut proved in laTsoratory tests to "be readily killed "by derris. Wetting \^ith derris povder pusioensions having rotenone content of UIO^OOO to 1:20,000 was effective on "both adults and larvae. Control by means, of derris vrould probably be more difficult in practice, b'^.-cause the insects liv"- concealed in the unopened leaves. These leaves should be opened as far as possible and the derris powder sprayrd or dusted into the heart of the cluster.— Van der Vecht (Uoi) in 1936" Cassida sp, , a tortoise beetle Both adults and _larve.e of a species of Cassida on beets were resifet- ant to derris. — Anonymous (2_) in 1937 • (Aulacophora ) Ceratia f lavomargin r ta Duviv. " '- (401) in 1936 Freouontly a serious pi^st of cucurbits. Van der Vecht/ report ^--^d that the beetles are extraordinarilj^ sensitive to derris. In the labor- atory conclusive results vrere obtaine-d by spraying with derris povrder in wat'^r, rotenone content 1:2,000, 1^3,000, and 1:5,000. All treated beetles (in lots of 20) vrere paralyzed after a short time and werr- de?d within 1 to 2 days. Also, spra-^ing vrith suspensions with rotenone content of 1:10,000, 1:20,000, and 1:30,000 was frequently conclusiv?-^. All the beetles were paralyzed v;ithin a few hours; however, death usually occurred Inti-r, aft-'-r 2 to 6 days, and in case of treatment withi. the 2 last-named linuids, 1 to 2 of the 20 beetles reacted to contact even after 6 days. All the insects vrere paralyzed by spraying vrith suspei-sions with, rotenone content of l:Uo,000 and 1:56,000, but at every test 2 of the 20 beetles recovered, the other IS dying after 2 to 5 deys. In field spraying test<^. made in triplicate on about 50 to 100 beetles each tii^ie, with derris^powder sus- pensions in water (rotenone content l:~20,000) 100 percent always died. , If more dilute spray liquids were used, a few beetles a^lways remained alive. Van der Vecht recommends a suspension v/ith a. rotenone content of 1:10,000 to 1:20,000; that is, 1 to 2 gm. per lit^r of a powder with about 5-p"'rcent rotcno::e content. Dusting with derris pow^'er diluted with talc also preyed efff^-ctive against the beetles. The ins'ct-^, were paralyzed within a few hours and all died within Zk hours after dusting with powders that contained 0,25 to 0.5 percent of rotenone. Even by dusting with a mixture of eeual parts of talc and a derris povrder containi g less than 0,3 percent of rotenone and only 6 percent of ether extract, the beetles were still paralyzed; in a few instances, however, U or 5 days elarjsed before they died. Dusting with talc powder plus 5 percent of ether extract without rotenone vras also effect- ive, th-^ treated insects being paralyzed in 1/2 hour and dead in 1? hours. Van der Vecht rccom-aends for dusting: High-grade powders to be diluted to 0.5 percent rotenone content; lovr-grade to 0.25 percent. ~ 21 - The question whoth.^r sprayiig or dusti/.g is nore j'rofitable is '".ifficult to p.nswer in thif» case. In gr.neral, less -npt-rinl is usrd in spraying than in dusting, but p.^rhaps thr- treatment would hav3 to "be repi?atod niors freouer tly since th:? after effect of spraying is vpry poor. In the laboratory, beetles confined for 2 days on lea"''"es that had bem sprayed v/ith a, strong derria-powder suspension (rotenone l:l,600) shov^.d only slight mortality (5 of the 20 beetles). The insects took almost no food; thus th^ sprayed leaves, in genral, seem to have had a repellent effr-ct. Ktt-'T the beetles had receive'" fresh food th^y again fed nor-'ially. The after effect of thr- dusting v;as nuch great'=-r than that of the spray- ing; dusted lea-"cs v:er" not only attac'-ced but a considerable percentage (about 60 to go percent) of the be'-.tles that settled down on them died. This advantage over stiraying, however, is inpcrtant only in ti'nes with little r^i.-fall and in cas'-s where the chances of reinf estetion arr gre^t. Finally, it has b^f-n concluded that it is desirable to begin the treatmrr.t early, to protect the plants during the difficiilt early stages; before all, the spraxying or dusting must be regularly re-peated in the be- ginning. Thp results that can be obtained were shown in a Luf fa planting of the Agricultural Institute, At first this was treated with derris t^'ice a week, later once a week; then treatments vrrro begun when the little plants were 2 weeks old. While the imtreated Liiffa were continually severely attack- ed and shov^ed completely riddled leaves and for this rea.son grev^ slowly, the leaves treated vrith derris remained practically whole and the growth vras faster. C.^TQ^^Hf^- irijf^rjia.ta (Forst.), the bean leaf beetle Branncn (_^) in 193^ reported that in r^reliminary tests derris sprays containing 0,015 percent of rotf-none were shown to b'^ effective against _C. trifurc-^ta . which had bern abnormally abu;:dant in the Norfolk section during ytny . The treatment applied to the infested snan. beans was the same as thr-t recommended for the control of the Mexican, bean b'^-etlc, Beforr treatment of thei^e beans, the foliage in.iurj- causkjd by the bean leaf beetle was estimated at from 60 to 75 percent. Eleven days after treatment the foliase injury on the treated plots was estimated at from 5 to 15 percent, v.'hereas on the untreated r)lotR it ran.eed from "^5 to Uo percent. Fenton ( l27 ) in I036 reconreiided the sam-^ treat-^ent for thiitch vrit-r in 1937. Bournr- and Boyd ("^3) i^ 19!^7 g?>ve direction? for the control of co.nmon insect peptp in the honie garden, Derrip or cubr- duptp <5hould con- tain 0.5 to 0.75 pf^rcent of rotenone. For the control of the apparagup beetle, during the cutting sea.pon, learc occasionel phoot'' uncut to f^ttr^ct th'- b'-etl'^s for f<^eding and e^g larin;.;, end ke^p th- r'^'-t of the bed cloprly cut; or ap-olj-- nonpoiponous p'-r-^thruTi or roteno.e npra^'P or d-aptc. Huck«^tt (20^) in 19;^7 r'-coTiende '. .^errip or cub^ for the control of tlie asparagur be p tie, In.^ur" ma'" b'= pre'^entTd in bp'> b-- epraying or dupting the tips thoroi'-g'^l," vdth derrip tiixturep during th'? ci".tting ppi^con to kill beetle"? and plugp. As a ppray uce 5 ptundp -f der/i'^ •>.:\'. U pounds of skim nilk or Kp.-.po to 100 gallonp of water. Ap a dupt n."-" If. poundp of derrip to 85 po^^i^dp of clay or talc. U-^e povdered derrip lo r. o.r U to 5 percent roteno e contf^-nt pnd I5 to lo percent totpl extract?, -f- ..-nt-nt; or, if derrip ip not a'^'^^ilable, pubptitT^t*^ povderrd cube or tnoo rf^ot of comparable r-nplysis. Hut^on (,213.) ^•" 1°37 reco •'■if^ndr -T derri^- .".ust (0.6 p^rrent of roten'-^ne) for the control o, t/ii" l .-^etlc, Derrip powder, (U p- rce.it "f roteno e) at the r^t'' of 2 pou-^dp p^r 100 gallons, of v-'^er plu"^ -'^bov-t 2 poundp (dry basip) o"*" coconut-oil poap killed PB -^rrc^nt of th- l'•.rv^'f• ^r/ 87 r,- r^-nt 0" t'-"- '^-'nlt". — Monpchke (2J2) in 1Q;^7 Derrip .-.ugt? ha^e .^iv.-n -^atipfector . repultp on th-^ appara.rup b'-etle.— Nov; Jer-ey Agricultural Expr-rinent Stetion (2^7) in 1937. - 2U - C. L, Smith ( 330 ) in 1937 reported tr-st'? of dt-rris us hicou root (6 percent rot-none content) and S8 percent of trlcun"! according to ? letirr from Et? blissernents Rot.'^nia to R. C. Roark in I938, Dust vrr-'^kly during th-'^ growing and cutting saason with a dnrris flour (or g^nosuin^ pr-arl dust, or r^ulfur) dur-t containing 2 pr^rcent of rotrnonc. — Gunderson ( l6g ) in I93S, Leih.;' ( 25^) issU'-d instruction^^ in 193S for p'-v^r^.^xi''. "b-^i^tle control vrith derris spr^.^^ p.n('. derris dust, A satisf actor.;'' derri? spr-'^y is prepared "by mixing 3 ounces of derris powdor (containing U or 5 ^erc^nt of rotenone) in h gallons of V/ater to which should "be ad'.ed as a sticker 2,5 ounces of skim milk povrder previously mixed in a small nuantity of wnter. A satis- factory derris d\?.st consists of a mixture of 1 pound of derris (contain- ing U or 5 percent of rotenone) and 6 pounds of clay or talc. Better ad- hesiveness is obtained if the dust is applied when the -nlants pre wot with de\»r. Dust or sprpy ?ppli cations should "be made wh'^never they are thought necessfiry. They are often most advisable vrhen the second brood of beetlas and their slugs appear, vhich is during July and early in August. Rotenone sprpy was re cor^i ended by Parks and Pier=:torff (jl2) of the Chio Extension Ser-^ice in IQ3S. The South Carolina Agricultural E>-r)eriment Station (j5l) in IQ^S reported the results of tests of se-^-pr^l insectici es on the asparagus beetle in O.l-acre plots. Against the adults a dust containing 3»5 "^^rcent of cub'- recins, 73 percent of siilfur, and 23.5 percent of diluent ranked first in eff ectivenes-^ , but was inferior to calciuJti arsenate against the larvae, Car:,e expt-riments were cond^icted to determine the effectiveness of vrrious conccntr'- tions of rotenone against a.dults. The maxi'riixm, mini- mum, and average mortality of adult a-^p? r.ag^.xs beetles aft'--r ^8 hoii.rs' ex- X>osure to plants treated v'ith various dilutions of rotenone derived from cube and applied as a dust ^ire shown in the following table. ""iortalitv R ote;Tnne coi '-tent (T"rce".t) ' Maximum A '^'' erage ; Min imum r'-^rc:- -t P-'-rcf- '-t Perc' nt 1.00 96..O 91,5 87.0 1.75 96.0 91.6 7S.3 ,50 92,0 80.2 65.3 .25 52.0 U2,2 3^,8 .10 Uo.o ^6.U 2i;7 - 25 - Dilvtions w r" n^^cV- vdth Wf!lr.ut-<5h- 11 flo\ir. Tv- ^^-v York Count/' .-^g-r.t^ Trailing School ( 30O ) hoi". 5>t Ithr.ca, II, Y. , r-r.'ort'd in 1<^"^.^ th^t thoo.orri? rlur-t'^ ana ■^r^rT?' r " coTT-no.or'. t''' Huc'-Ptt (20^) ?r.d Crc^TDy, Chupp, and hr-ity (92) h^^-o 'bc-r. fotLid 'nost succosBfiil, Hnr"^-y roport? thr.t thr- "brpt siprr.v cor.t^infs U pound? of derrifs (U to 5 percent of rotononp) ?nd 1 po^md of t)Owdorr-d fs'clm niVr to 100 g?llo^.p of wp.trr. In 1^39 Cro^'o:', ChuT)p, '^vA L'-^ilDy reco^nnpndpd. a spray containi-.g U pounr.P of derris, cuto, or ti^^.to powd;T (U to 5 P'^rc'?nt of rotenor.e) and 2 pound'? of s.\ir-A niiv or other sprepd'^r in 100 gallons of vrpt^r, or a dupt consisting of 15 pounds of derri" rnd 25 pounds of t^lc. Hpudo ( igl ) in 193? r-^co r-endpd a c'.ust conti^ining 0.75 or 1 p^^r- cont of rotr-nonf= =ind 25 to 75 percent of sulfur, or » !=i;^ray of ^ pounds of ..prris or cut*^ (U pprc-"r.t of rotPnonp) per 100 gallon?! of vat~r. The larva i? the r;-iot- r, for the co:-.trol of thp l^'rv^^o rf this s-o'^cips, [Krtakilla is n pro-->rirtpr:' ^-rcduct containing derris -^owdrr and soar.J Hutson (202) in I937 rccoxi.pndpd dorris '.ust (0.6 iiprcent rotpn'^n?). Criocpris lilii (Sco-..) (61) Sonsiti"'- to dprris 'ust. — DoBus^-7pnd -^an der L-oan ( 252 ) . In 1976. Crypto cpphalus incrrtus Oliv.^ a cran"bprry firo "boetlp The Mas-.achusPtts A^^ricuHural Eyn.-ri.n~-nt St-^tion ( 277 ) in 19'?7 TpportF,-; t'sts of inarcticid(?o r^^^-pi pt insects attacking cran"b-:'rrio?«. Ten pounds of derris r^ovrdrr (U t. rcent of rotonono) n.nd "^ -oounds of fiph- oil soror, in 100 g^llonfl of water, UOO gall'-ns to an acre, killod 90 rt-r- CPnt of thr lire beftlep. In I039 this station {C.TS.) renortod thot derrip ai-^plied in various vrrys, both in sTorays .ond as dusts, f'>il'-d to pff'-ct a goo:", vill of th.p boptlf-s. Lead «irs'-natf-, 3 povr.ds ■ot r 100 'gpllohs was vory effective. ~ 26 - PiaDrotica br.ltef'ta Lpc., thr oanAec. ciicun"bi r "br-r-tle i-^cKiMrie:' ( 267 ) in. 1935 rrport-d t-^ct-^ '-'ith derris dust ag?.in<=t cucuTTilDf^r iDPetle.? pt ?'-r-cr.ix, Ariz. Tho direct aioplic-tinn of a derrig- talc dupt mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone kill^^d from g6.1 to 99. g percent of the adult oortles. The "beetle'? were collected oy the sweep-net method from wild gourd vines on the desert. They vrere lihpr- ated within a screened enclosure ?.nvd wer'^^ treated with the dust mixture af t-^r thsy had settled on the screen. Judging from the results ohtained, it see-As possihle th?t derris dust niixtures containing ppr.roxi^ptely 1 percent of rotenone sh-^uld pro-^e ver,y effective when ariplied directly to cucumher hoetle adult'^, Th«" s'oecies invol'o'ed in these tests were the striped cucunh'^r oretle ( Piahrotics vittata (F.)) the spotted cucumber "beetle (D. duodecimpij.nctata (F.))^ and the "banded cucuii"bf^r "beetle (D, "bait eat? Lee.) . I:; 1936 Mcl^innp.y ( 26g ) re^^orted that preliminary cag*^ and field tests at Phf-.onix indicat-d that roten'^nn— containing insecticides ar'^ more toxic t^ the striped c^icim'b'T "beetle and the handed cucum"ber "beetle than to thr spott'd cucum"b--r "be^tl^. In the course '-'f experiments canta- loups ^ cuctimhers, and w?tfrmelon«5 infected "by the thrp-^- species of "be^^tles vrere treated with a dust mixture of derris and cu"be containing 1 pprc'=^nt of rotenone J vrith talc as a diluent. It was shown that, under conditii^ns existing in the Salt River Valley of Arizona., talc alone had some repell- ent effect on the thr'^e s^^ecies of "bef^tles invoP'-ed, In general the a^o-lic- ati'-.n of this dust mixture icept small watermelon ^-^ines in the fi'^ld frer from "beetles for ^^t least h devs. Pi a"bro t i ca^duo decimpunct at a (P,) the spottnd cucum"ber "beetle See McKinney ( 267 ) under Dia'b'.^otica halt eat a Lee. on pages 26 and 28 A susr^ension '^f roten-ne in water 1:20,000 killod n^^ne of the adults on potato in the fi? Id.— Da-.^idso-. (92) i- 1930. Darley ( 96 ) in 193^ sprayed adult spotted cucum"b^r h-^etles, con- finFd in small vrire-scrf'i^n cagf-s, viV'^ an aa'-^po^is sixs-f^nsi^n •^f rot'^none m.e.d'-- 'by adding ^ 2-r'ercent soluti-^n \r. .^cetonp to v^atr-r. Rotenone g.t 1:1,000 killed 50 •-orc'--nt in 2U h^ur^^, 79 i-:'-'rcent in Ug hour''^ ond 91.9 percent in 'f2 hours. Fenetrol wes a .ded t^ e^ch spra" at th" rotf' of 1:200. Rotenon«= suspended in water 1:125 had n-^ effect ^n the adults. — Da^'-idson, reported by Campu-11 (66) in 1932. At th'-' 193^ meeting of the Xmeric.nn Association of Economic Ento- mologists, Cory ( ;^gg ) led p discussion of field results vrith arsenical substiturf-'S for the control of vegpf^hle insects. Hea"'.lep^ of ITf-^w Jer-^ey, in 1935 pu"blished a statement that the si-^otted cuciLmber "oe-Hle can he controlled ^ov derris dust. C. L. Smith ( ^39 ) in 1937 reioort d that a pt'ov^y of derris -oowder (k pprcf^nt of rotenone) at 2 pon.nds -or.r 100 gallons of wat^r plus 1- 7/g pounds of coconut-oil soap (anhydro^.s "basis) kill^'d <^7 "oerc^nt of spotted cucumher beetles on aouash "olnnts confined in cheesecloth cages 2^ h'^urs aft^r applicatf'^n. A l-p'-rcent derris d\iBt ga-"-e a kill of gg percent. - 27 - Brittor. (_^) in 1938 ncl"i?^''. a corrfs^ondent tr s^ray with onr^ of tho cc'.i^..-rcial -■r''"?r''^tionwn to discolor tho flowr^r^^ for thf^ control of th--^ s^ottPd cucun"b'~r D-'^tl?«' on dahli? olo ( 181 ) in 1^39. DipTjrot j c^ soro r Loc., thr- w-. o.f.rn pr.ottrd cuc-irao'-^r "^jp-otlr Mot- and Thoros'-n (200) in 19^^^ r'"port--d th^t ^ derri<5 pytr^ct prcT'r-d inferior to pyrethrun extrp.ct vfhrn tp??tP'd for the control of t^.ip RT-p-ciep ^n c^nnin;- oe^^'ne under fif^ld condition? in Or^g^n. P-ockwood (329) in 193^ roportrd that a derri?-infufsoria.l-oarth v^.uist (1.25 riprcent of r^tononc) w--. = r-ff .-^cti^e against thapo "boptle.R on fencp pof^t?', Thp mean te^nr^-raturo for the 3 days follov;inn' tho duo.tin^ vrna ^3.5^ ^. , with a naxi.nm.'n of 50° and a ninimm of 38^, Thare wara light rains totaling 0.77 inch. Yqt}' f -w living "bef'tlep war? foimd ^n or near tha dusted pogt^. Th^t this dust was lethal to L. soror at I'^w temparaturas was sh^-wn "by a laboratory erpo-ri^ant on Janurr.'.'- 29, whan 20 D. soror ■battles, collectf'd ^n January 20 and fed alfalfa and' Austrian peas, Wf-:re ah^^'rcn up in a paper cart'^n with a pinch of the dust as usad in the field. Thrr v--v thon r^lo.cr-d in a clean carton with gre-^n f'^^d, Thi? carton nnd si-^ilpr -nes cont^iini --.g undustad hortl^r; wore Va-pt in ^n unheatrd roon (UO-50'^ P.), All bxit 3 of those -oeetlF.!? died within 21 hours (most of than in 3 horn""). The othar 3 vare able to mo--a their a.-n-oandag^q when ta.kan into ? vrarn room. All wore -^ead within U5 ho^ur^. IJona of the loo undnpt^d battles di^d during this p<^riod. %o Oregon Agricultural Ex-orri-n-^nt Station ( ^lO ) in 1937 r'='T)ortad that the bean leaf baetlf or w^'st'rn twelvo-spottrd cucu'^brr bottle (D, soror ) did not occur on beans in the su.nner of 193^ in '^uffic^ont n'\'nbf--rR e^ th- t additional information on control could be obtained, although a few prrlininar.,' teste with a derris dust showrd it to b-" of value in kill- ing tho b.-ctles with which it ca-ne in contact. In 19'^5 tests sh'^w^d th^t rotenone-bearing dusts dilutc^d to c-ntain Icr-s tVian 1 ^^rcent -^f rotan-^ne did n^t kill th<- br.rtles. Diab r otica tr i^'itta ta (Mann.), thr vrr-rfrn st^^ir>.->d cucu'nb-^r brrtle McKinnr-y (2§^) in I936 rerjortod th-at the applies ti-n of dust nlxtn.ret! containing 1 percent of rotanone, derived fr^m darri'- or cub", vrith talc as a dilur-nt prorod pffrcti"-e in c^ntr-^lling tho wi-ptorn ptri"o.->d - 28 - cucu'n'br-r c-. tir -^n cpntaloups in the Sr-lt Ri^-rr V?3.1r:- of AriZ'-r.a. Trrntrd pl'-^tp rirldrc. ■=r^vr^yi'-'.3-t^lY l.b tin^s ni'-.r~ fr^it th^r. vi:''. imtrr-'^trd pl^tp grown vuid^r c^n-'-^praDl" c^nditi^np, -"nv". tho •or'^toctrd plant? alpo -nroducp-d n^rc- fruit -■' or.rli' r in th "^ p-a^^^nj vh- n ^'rici^?! WTO high. Duct with cu'b'-' '^r v-lrrri? (l -^^rc-Tit r'^t'^nono) at th'-- r-^t" "f 15 t-- 30 p^ujids per aero. D- n^t. nix with sulfur. — Hnu'.--~ (l?l) in 1^3°. Pi^.trot.i^?. ^-ittj'tr, (?.), thr <=tri-rd cuCT.nt-r co-tlo S.-o McKir.no" ( 267 ) 'onf'.-r Diaor^tic-^- "!:alto^tq ^n ^ag'- 26. Cai^joll (j_6) in 1932 r^'-i^v/-i un-^u'^ligh-d wopi' o- Da^^'idp'^ri, wh'^ frvsi'^. th-'^t r'^ton'-ne qvi.p-'-rn.-\;-^c in ^^r^t'r at 1:250 kill-d ?11 adult<=. F'^liafuno (a •-^r'^-iri^ tor" -'r^'duct c-'it^i-^ing i^^rrip nn^ ^■' "rrthri"'.^. rxtractivrp) nt 1:U00 killod 80 •o'^rcrnt in ^8 h^ur<:. — F'-nick ^n'. C-'^-.^n^^ ( ^lU ) in 193-^. At the- iq3U n-oting --^f thf A^oric^n A^p^ci'^ti-n '^f 3c'''n'^nic Snt-- n^l'^giptp, Gr'vr (388) !■"•; a dipcuspim of f i -Ir. r'-^=ult'= with ar=:--nic-l puhptitut'p fo-^ th*-- c^ntr-l "f '-rgr-tol'lr in^oct?:. According t- Ho^dl^- ^80 ) in 1935, "thr strip'i^d cuCT-nh-r h-'ptle can 00 cr.trollo-l "b,^- d'-rrip dust. Huckctt and Hor-^oy ( 208 ) in 1935 '-^r^t- thpt dorrip dust nh'^w«? c^nsidnrf^olc i-.roniso, uoc-upp it actuo.lly killc; -.lany •^.f th-^ 'b-otlrp, Thp Ma=:'^achusott=: Agriculturo.l Sx^orinr-nt St^ti'^n (275) in lo'^5 r'p'-'rt^d tixf-.t, vrh'-n h-^t'^ c^n-rrciol ond hono-nado dupt? c'-nt'^ining th^ dorris '-QUivplrnt -^f 0.^ t" 0,6 -^rcont '^f r-'t-n-^no and a prrot':run- su.lfur dupt with '^.. 0,'05 ^^'rc^nt 7\rr-thrin c^nt-nt w^r^ a"'^rlio.-''. ".i-cf^ctl:.- t" stri^'od cucura'bor Vrntlrp in tho l^^': ^r-'^t'^r;", all wrrf^ do^d ^r djring ■. within U h-urp nft^^r tho ny^^-lic-^ti-n. In th' fi^^ld prv.--n ^r-T^lic-ti-np Wf^ro Tiado t^' molorp^ cueu'aht' r<5 , •^.n''. pun-irr po''^-=^=:h. Fr ph ^^■p'^lic^ti'^np of dupt killod iri.any of tho hcrtl-'a and r^r^t^ct.-d thr i;:'l''^ntG fr-"-- iniT-j-y until they vroro wafehod '^ff, alth'axgh th^ grrat'^'Pt int r'^^l hetw.- '"^n r^inp during thir- •nori'd wop 5 d.ayp, Dorri'^-pulfur di.pt -and c^"'Ter-nr'='nr.te- li-i^ dupt crup-^d Plight in^iury t'- nrl'^n ■'-r'nop during ■rc~"ti ^n^llr h--it woathoj:, ond thi^ coiiped => plight ".crpoci-^ in the .--i-Td. Yi-ld r-^cr'."? of nri'^np and cucv.nh'-rp indicatod thot f^e o/'^'lic^ti-n '^f th'^p-^ :'.nptp did n-t n^ticepdl;- i.it'^rff ro with i-^llinati'n. Wo.lkor and Andors'n ( U07 ) in 1935 ro- -^rto-''. ^^re-iiping T'-pnlts in tho control of tho ptri^-iod ciici'/d; r h>^etlo with a dorris-g^-oqum dust C^nt^in? g 0.5 "'"'Orcont ^f r^tono-n. G-^-- pun c-p^r^ plightly l^otter r-pultp than talc w'l.-r n.p. d a'^- c^rri' r with d> rrip. Tho 'Vipc'^n<5in Agric^i.lti.xr^l E>— >■ ri "'ont Stoti^n (]£1_6) in itp -"^nniial ro'-.-rt for IQ35-36 (ip^^u^d ferch 1Q;^7) r^-^ort'-d th-^^ dorrip-t^lc dupt c.ntaining 0.^8 r-C'rcf-nt -f ri^t' n'-^no controlled tho ptri-'od cncu~ioer' heetli - 29 - Bs^.vA (26_) in 1937 rf^io-rt ^-'. t--«t'"r nfjBin.^t the ctri-^'^';": cucn^-.b^r -w:eptle in Connectic^i.t. Pottpr. ssouash r^lant* wr-re i;.ged f'-'r fo^^d natr-ripl and Wf-rr- b^'"»'rf'd "c^ co;pi-,,--r-wi.re-«!crppn c?.gf;<5, Br-^'tles w«rc intr'^dr.c*=d into the ca{'e^, referred to this w-^rk cf B*»ard. Bourne Did Boyd (^) '^f the Masspchus^'^tts Ext^'nsi*'n Srr-^ic^, in 1937, Ti co'Tir-ndi'd that w]:<>n octles fir<^t ap*^e.">r a dust cnt^^ining at lea-'t 0,5 ■P'-rcrnt of r^t^'-non'^ "oc a'^.plird. - 30 - Hanilt'^n ( 172 ) in 19^?. rsvnvt^-: th^t strir..-d cnc^xm'C-r empties on cucimGr-rs wr^rr- c^ntrcllp-l l^G ■'■erc"nt c;' a g-oray cf ^ pounds of derris or cu'cr- rfovC.cT (^ PTCPnt of r^tenone) and U ^ou-nds of ropin-rr sidue enulsi'^n oer 100 gallons of vrater. Th.-= ?pr=>:' acts as a contact poisr^n or as a repellent, i^n or-^tles verr '^'bserv'-d later than 2 v/eeks after spraying. In laTjoratory tests derris^gj'psu'n dust containing 0.2 percent of roton'-^ne killed 100 percent' in 1 daj'. A dust containing 0.0^ percent of rotenone killed 20 percent and a dust containing 0,1 pprcent killed SO percent in 1 day. Field experiment « shovred this insect to "be very susceptible to derri?; dust. — Kelsall and Stultz ( 2U5 ) in 1937. C. L, Smith ( 3^9 ) in 1937 roT^orted that a spray of derris 'oow-''.«^r (U percent of rotenone) ^t 2 pounds p^r 100 gallons of water plus l-j/S poionds of coconut-oil sopp (anhydrous "basi?) killed 97 "^^crcpnt of striped cucu-mher "beetles on snuash plants confined in cheesecloth cages 2U hours after application. A l-percent-derri'5 dust gave 8S-percent kill. Ultrawet (a proprir-tary wetting agent consisting of water-solulDle sodium sulfonates of petroleuiTi hydrocarbons) did nr^t impro-^'-e the control of the striped cucunher beetle pro'^ided by cube dusts (0.75 "oercent ^f rotenone) or <=prays ("^ pounds per 100 gallons of wat'^r) ,- -Walkr-r (U06) in 1938, Dunlap and Tnrn'-r ( I06 ) in IQ38 reconmended a dust containing 0.6 or 0.75 percent of r'^tenr.ne applied three or four ti-'os wepkly et the rate of 15 pounds oer aore. For the s^-c^nd-gen ^ration b'^etles a derris dust (l p'^rcf'nt of rotenone) sh'-uld be applied at lea = t twice a vrco'^z for a m-^nth. — Gp.nderson ( iGg ) in 1938. Howord ( 192 ) in IQ'^S re-ncrt'd thet in -nrelinlnary tept<^ pgginst Diabrotica vitteta excellent control was obtained with a dust mixture con- taining 0.'- pi-rcmt of rotenone^ with talc a'' a dilue-.t. A-iplic?ti'-^ns of the undiluted finely groiond r-'^ot -^f th^ gourd Oucurbita foetidissima H. B, K, wer.' not s^^ eff-cti^'-e against the c^^'-cumber bo'"tle as the dust nixtures c^ntaininr.; derris, but showed s'^ne possibilities. The derris dust mixture was effecti-'-'e for several days and exhibited considerable protection from striped cuciimber be-tl^^s for 6 ^nd. 10 (?^ys after a.pplicati"n, even though heavy rains occurred and the plants ma-le rapid grovrth. Indications from these expTiments were th^t in c^mn.orcial practice the derris-dust mixture should bo apnlied evr r'^ f^w dnys . S^ij.fur nitride is n-^t po efff^ctive as a dorris-talc-dust mixture containing O.U percent of r-^ti^none. The Massachusetts a .Ticulturnl Ex-^'^ri^ient Station (278) in 1938 reported th^t a spray '^f vretto.ble cube powder cntaining 3*^5 percent of roti^n^ne, and \xspd nt thr rate of U poimds in 100 gallons of watT, reduced the number of boptles 90 percent, as compnprd with the untreated plants, and was the '-lORt effectivp treatment. Cube-clay dust containing 0.6 percent ^f roten''ne ran'-rd next in effecti^'oneps, vrith an r^5-^"rcent reduction in beetle populati^^n. Yield rrcords corresponded with the striped beetle control, and the plants treated with cube-clay dust yielded 2.03 harvoRtpd fr^ut"? per vine, a^ compared vrith 1,;^5 fruit =5 on thp untreatf'-d vines. - 31 - Rotrnr.p_f. q-ori' '« t dusts (0.75 porcr-nt of rotenonr-) vropc- rpcci'-K^ndod t:' Par>?= anc. Piprctorff (312) in 1Q72,' A duflt prepared v/ith talc a? a diluent and containin,;2- 0.75 pfrc^^nt of rotcn-^no has t,'iven sati^fact'^r.v control of the strirrd cucu'n'b*=r "beotlp and niaj' ue usrd inptfad ^f thr gj^.'S "•-■'Jn or t?lc-calciun arsrnate fixture if ..esirrd.— CrosDy, Chupp, and Lc-iby (^) in IQ30. Dust with cuIk? '^r derris (l r)?rc'?nt rotr>none) at the- rat? nf 15 to 30 pounds per acr'--. Do r.^t '^iT ^"iV- sulfur. — Haude ( I8I ) in 1939. G. D. J-,nos (2^) reports- d in 1939 thr>t rctenone dusts had gi\T-n prcmis ng rf-sults for the control '^f striped cucunibrr 'b.eptlr in Missoiiri, Thf na°sachusptts A-Tricultural Experiuent Stati-n ( 279 ) in 1^39 reported trots to control thp stri^'^d cucumlDor ceetle. Records 'if the (^ffecti-"-enr PS of insecticides were tpken "by counting the nwn"ber of "beotles present ,1vipt "brfore sprp^ing or dustin^^ and again 2h h^^urs after treatTipnt. Cuue-cla." dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone reduced the "boetles? 93.- T)erce^t throiAghout the period and gave the "best pr^tecti^n. CuTdo- clay dust (.o6'percent of rotenone), cooper oxychloride-line dust 1:1^+ (DuPont), coppor-rotenone dust (0.8 percent of rotenone), and calcium arsenate-line dtast iJlU all gave 90 to 92 percent of protection. Microniz ^d rotenor.p-sulfur dust (0.75 Percent r-^tenone and 20 perc^-nt sulfur) was the- least eff^cti-e of the dusts used. Wettalle cu'be and derris sprays (U poimds in 100 gallons) g?.ve 83.^- and SU.U percent protect i'^n and were sli.^.tly inferior t^ the dusts. T-e effectiveness of all the treatments is within the r^v.rc ^f eyoeri-iental error, indicating that the calcium arscnate-lime dust, which is the chea-r-est, vras the most "oractical undpr 193s conditions. Beard (22) i^ 19^0 wrote th^t for the control of this species a derris dust containing 0.6 percent of rotenone is to "1 e recommended over other treatments,, "because this m.aterial 8er-"-es not only as a repellent liut as I'^th a sto-iach and a contact poison, Dia'Protica spp., cucumber beetles Howard, Mason, and Davidson ( 200 ) in 19"'i5 reported that derris had b'' en tested against cucumber beetles, , but in rirrrv instance the infesta- tion vras too light to afford conclusions, Derris was off ^"cti-.-c in field demonstrations, — New Jer':'ey Atricultural Experiment Station (296 ) in 1Q75. Da-^is (99) in I936 reported results by G-ould, of the Purdue University ^griculturol Exreriient Stati-n, wito copper compounds, arsenicf'ls, fluorine compounds, nicotine, and derris against the cucumber bo-etle and wilt. The best material (a mixture '^f calcium arsenate and copper oxychloride) , dorris, and no treatmpnt comT'ar.^d as follows: - 32 Yipld Copt of i:at>--rial Trf^at'-^-cnt V/ilt ^''-r acr- "orr aero Prrcent Bushels D-^llaJ 'Calciim arsonatr- 2 lus. ccp^f^-r oxvchloride 3 Ids". , vat -- r 50 gal . 3.6 1 , lU? $8 . 6U Derris dust (0.75 "^^r- cent rotpnor.e) . " 15.5 S20 88. SS Check 30.0 39 ^ Kovrard p.nd Mason ( 198 ) in 1937 referrr^d to the vrork of other in-'-.-'sti- gators vrho ha'^e fonjid that derris and cul'e are vory eff^cti'f^e in tho control of cucionlDf^r "beetles. Derris dusts h?.ve .lic?tion, "but appeared to have very littlr- residual offset. Excellent yields were obtained in all th*^- plot??, particularly in those where rotenonc compounds had te.^n ap'-'lied. The yield record of th*^ diff^re^nt plots is as follows: Material Bordeaux 5-5-50 added in all Yield a-.olicrtions) [ •':~r acre Bushels Cu'tor spra" (rotenone) 6U7.99 Cubor dust (rotpnone) 579.00 Kubator' spray .(rotenone) 573-T5 Kutatox dust (roten-ne) bOl.l? Fyr-thnu' dust U39.57 Calciun arsrnate-arsenit^ -r.ixtur- 519.12 Bordeaux -nixtur? only 5^0. 30 VTar^-r and Anderson ( U08 ) in 1935 reported that very high kills of the potato flea beetle v;ere obtained with derris dusts containing 0.5 percent of rotenone, but only slight increases in yield were obtained by dustinf; hea-^-ily infected potato plants with as many as six apiolic^ti'^ns at 7 - 10-day inter^-als. Herman and Hockey ( lg5 ) in I936 re-oorted Cubor 75 iiist(0.75 percent of rotr-n^ne) and derris-f,"ypsuTi dust (O.U percent of roteni^ne) effecti-e a.-sainst potato flea beetle? on ton-oto plants. The Massachusetts A;..-ri cultural Experi-nent Station ( 276 ) in I936 reported field tests against potr-to fle^^ beetles vrith th'^ rotenrne prepa- re? t ions Cubor, Kubatox, and Dorrisol, All were co'ibined with a 5-5-50 bordea^ix Mixture, rnd lU np-o] icnti'-ne were nrd-f at 1-d.^.y intervals, fro'n June 13 to Sr-'te-^.ber 11, All test's wer'='- cond^^cted on the standard variety, &r~'"n Mount=iin. The rjlants in the unsr^rayed check plots were badl:' riddlc'd by flea b^'etles and browned by Icafhoppers, rnd were -t-ractically all dead by the I'Ost of July. The plantr, in the sprayed plots w<=--re thrifty and jT^rern untilkillofi_ -jy frcst on October 9- The -^Jisprayed checks yielded 179 bushels per acre, whf^rea? the a'"'erae;e yi'eld in the s'erayed -nlrits was ovrr '-30 bushels p'-r acre. Laboratory t'^sts on the rffect f^f the various sTorays ur>on flcfi beetles t-^-vr thr follcwin.^ result c: Material Mortality Uo hours 62 h'^urs Bordeaux fixture 5-5'-50 Kubatox * bordea^ix 5-5-50 Cubor + bordeaux 5-5-50 Derrisol + bordeaux 5-5-50 Calci'iM arisenat' + bordeaux 5-5-50 Bariu:^. fluosilicate + bordeaux 5-5-50 Ferment Percrnt u 80 33 100 33 100 7^ 95 30 75 2^ 55 ■ - 3^ - VTenkl;* records of flea Is^^tlr da'^^ia;^- w?re nfide. in each plot through- out the seapon. Results arc- tp.uulatod as follows: Matf^rial Punctures p^r leaf clujster a"''er?-;:i= for season I^^umlDer Bordea.ux mirture 5-5-50 1^43 Kutat ox + hordf-a.-'ox' 5-5-50' . 151 Cuhcr + 'borceauy $-5-50 110 Derripol + "bordeaux 5-5-50 101 Calciuni arsenate + "bordeaux 5-5-50 S2 Bariun flu.o silicate + hordeaux 5-5^50 135 Th.-' yield r<^cord in the v^-rioup plot? was as follows: Material Yield yr r acre Bushels Bor.'.eaux niyture 5-5-50 k^h.^G KuDatox +. l:ordeaux 5-5-50 505.^8 Cuhor + hordea.ux 5-5-50 ^16.76 Calciujn arsenate + tordeaux 5-5-50 UoU.21 Derrisol + hordeaiix- 5-5-50 392.56 Eari-XT flu-silic-te + "bordeaux 5-5-50 381. 35 Anderson and Wal'cer .(l?) ^^ 1937 reported tests made in 1932 and 193.^ ^'^^ th^ control of the potato flea "beetle. Derris products as aprp,ys and dusts killed a high pr-rcentafi:e of the "beetlps ■^^res'^nt at the time of applic-'^tion, "but gave only temporary protecti'^n, as -ther "beetles soon 'reinfested the treated plats. In la'borator;' tf-sts derris-gypsum dust?; containing 1.0, 0.5, and 0.2 "oercent of rotenone, respecti^ol", killed 100 percent in U5 minutes. In field ey-oerinents derris dtists vrere also very effective. — Kelsall and Stultz ( 2U2) in 1937, The Massachusetts A.ricultural Sxperiient Station ( 277 ) in I937 aiCain reported on the control of flea heptles on' -notatoes. In the plots devoted to field test? of different insecticides '^n the standard variety Gr'^en Movmtain, 11 applications of hordeaux mixture were raade from June 10 to August 2^. Insecticides wer-^ added to 5-5-50 "bordeaux in 5 a'O'olicati'^ns fro 1 July 15 to August lU. The treatment?; were duplic-^ted on l/lOO-acre plot?. Bordeaux nixturr itself is an effecti""'e repellent for flea "beetles, yet, each a,dditional matrrial produced increased control. The ranking effectivrness of the spr" ■• mixtures, mea-'urod "by sn.ccepcive c^unt?! of leaf punctures, v^as as follovrs: 1. Bordeaux rlup Calrite (a or.and of calcium ars.-^nate) 2. Bordeaux plus C^'-'oor (rotenone) 3. Bord'^aur rlus j^Tia-rvron (rot'^n'^n'^) U. Bordeaux rilus Ku"batox (roten-^ne and riyr-thrum) 5. Bordeaux plris nicotine tannato S. Bordeaux' alone - 35 - The protr??,ctfd drov^ht Ar.ring Jul;^ end the- c-?,rly r^art c.f AUf-^ist WPS not fn.vorablp for hi^h yields — a duplic^tinn nf tho conditions that ^brev^llrd in- 19^5 vith si-n^r regult^', The yiel( in thr P3aD'~ri-ipntn,l.r.lot« was as follows: Mat r rial ' " ^irld p^r acre Bushel Bordpavjc 5-5-50 ,• -^39.1 'Nicotine tannatP i/ ' UgU.U D?rris (rot-nonp)i/ 'j-^3»7 Cutor (rotfnone) U U57.3 Fiaf-ron (rntenone)i/ ^ U56.8 Kubatcy (rotenone-r.yr^thrujn)!/ U22.7 CalQiu-n arsenate 1/ U20.2 1/ Combinr-d with "bordeaux inixtur- 5-5-50 With fl;oa ■'bretlps tho ^ut "standi n.^; insect DPst, and ir. the atspnce of pot'^to disease,?, the hiJti^r yield in the nicotine-tannatr- and rotpnor.e. ■olot?' is b-liftvrd -to Tdh du"- larpTcly to the orot^cti-^n furnishod a£:ainst incipient att-^c'-^s ■^f leafhop->iers and potato aphids, and rcflectf-d the stiperior ap'-^or> ranee of the plants in those plots throughout the .2:rov;in^ season. Morrill and Lacroix ( 2S& ) in 1937 roported test': to control the potato flea b'-r-tle '^n shade and field-grovrn tobacco in tho Connecticut Valley. The followir..- dusts contain^-.:- roteno e wer-^ tested: 1, Onp part of cube powder (U lor-rcrnt nf rotenone) "olus 3 ''^arts of sterile tobacco dust (finely £:round and certified t*" be a by- product in the nanufacture of nicotine sulfate), a.-^r-lied ^t the rate of U to 10 pounds per acre, 2, Two ^arts of cube powder- (U ■oerc'^nt of rotenone) plus 8 parts of bariurn flucsilicate, a;^plied at the r^te of U to S pounds r>or acre. 3, Dust containing- 1 nrrcent of rotenone, aprilied at th'? r^t^ of 12 pound's por acre. U, One -^art of cube -owdAr (1 lo'^rcent of rcten-ne) r.lus 1 part of bari^i^ fl-'osilicat r, atioli'^d at th^ r'^t?^ of 15 'oo-inds rj-r ocr-^. 5. ProrNrietnr- dust containing? 0.55 '^"rcent of rotr-n-^ne., a-n-olied at the ratp of 12 ■oounds p'^-r acre, 6. Propriet'-^ry i.ugt containin.'? O.S3 p^^rcent of rotenone, a-m^lied at th*^ rate of 8 pounds p^r acre. All the above-na-ned treatments, and also cryolite, cnve a distinct inproveuipnt over the untreated check. The 'fixture of cube-root powder and tobacco dust showed tho hi/.iie«5t ni\nber of dead beetles and the nert to tho ipqpt total leaf im'ury. The fixture of bariun fluosilic^te and cube-root powder was somewhat -norf effocti^o, if ,1ud>,ed by the mrr.b^r of live beetles and the total leaf injury. Thi*? superiority is not believed to be sufficient to Justify the increasod cost of the nlrture, r.«» each natr-rial vros usod at ne-orl?' t^o pn-ip str^n^th "b when ar>r.llod alone. C. L. Snith ( 3'^9 ) in 1937 report?! th?t derris powier (U percent -^f rot '^n-^np) 2 r>ounds v.^r 100 gallons; of water plus 2.5 pound? of coconut oil ^rr-n (anhydrou-^ ."ba^is) reduced the population of potato flea beetles on to'^.ato vlpT.t-B SB percent af ter. 2V- h'^urs. McCornick'p dust (0.75 per- cent of rotenone) reduced thf=^ population 87 percent. Walker (Uo6) in 1937 reported that Ultrawet at 1:1,000 enhanced the control of the potato flea "bpetl^ vhen added to derricrp Cro' r, :;-!?.t-rial Gr^:.e 1 Gr-.:> 2 Gr^-^.e 1 Gr^-'.r 2 5uphel«? ^ % Bush'-lci ^^ ^ Check (bordopiu- onl:0 261.7 75 11.5- 257.5 67 1^.5 Calcium. ?rRp;iate 396.6 S3 8.6 270.8 77.5 10.5 Derris (rote-nor.p ) 321.7 82.3 9.1 . 302.5 82.6 8.0 Culor (r^t^ncne) 267.5 71.6 13.1 25^. u 71.7 15.7 Hi CO tin? tannete 26U.I 8U.5 6.6 293.^ 82.7 7.3 DX (p-'re thrum) 2^5.9 79.3 9.S 270. s 77.8 11.0 All the nip.te-rialp •vr-'-e hicher yi<'lc.9 vhen comhined vith 5-5-50 ■bor'.o?u7 Grcrr^t r.icoti:-e tannntp and DX, The .yi^ld in the plot" of the?? laft two mstrriplp rfflect'*d the iT':ro-"-'-d control of flea tPt^tlRs vhich thjC"' offrct'^'d v'hr-n co^hijied with 5-3-50 hordeaiisr. Sr^ra'' injury was vnry pprrieon th? plots spra^'c^d vdth 5-3-50 'borde.'^ux. Thi? undouhtf^dl^' er-clains thF re'.n.ced -ipld. ThR MassachusRttg A ricultur^^l Sy^^ri-^.-nt Station (279) in lo^S reported that cuop and dfirrip- pov^ders (e-"ch containing h percent of rotf^n- one) rind a •conmo'rcial product containing 2 p^rcont -^f rotenono, us^d vrith pither 5-5-50 or 5-3-50 ■bordeaux, arrive "better control of flea hrptlr-s than did hordPfiur alone. Merrill and Lacroix ( 3S9 ) in 193rs reported tcst--' of insecticidos made during 1^37 at the vrindsor., Conn., tohacco sulDstrticn. The following roten-^ne preparrti^ns were tried -pu;ain::tpii'ir.,;; 0.75 p--rcpnt of rotenorie. — Cr-oslj:-', Chupp, p.nd Lr-i"b- (^S) in I939. Th- r.-=nnc,.7lv^.nis A.:ricnltiiral E>— erinent Station (^1^) in 19;^q re- "ort'^-c. th^t flea '!:'-^tle in.ivir:" to to-cacco and potatoes is causi-d 'b;'" the potato flea, oertle earlr in the Reason. The greatest ■nrnti'-cti'~n a^rainst oee.tle dr-Tiage to tobacco lea'^^es was afforr.f^d oy dtxstins -^-fith a fixture of l ''.p.rt of .^rroimd cuhe root C^ n'Orcs^nt , -^f rotenone) and "^ p^rts of Rterili^r-'d toDF.cc- dust (xilt-r dust r^r^ria "..nin^: after nicotin" extr~cti'^n) vrith 1 -^^rt to goo '^•f a vrettin^- a.^cnt , Ultrrwet. The rnat-Tial vras pppli^^d at thr r.-^te of " to R pounds pr-r acre to neyly_ set 'olpnts^ increpsing to 10 to 15 pounds nor '^cre after topping. Enitrir n-'^rvula (E.), the tobacco flea cc-etle Cha.ml)-rlin (_^) in 1'^^"^ r '--''' or ti^-d that, of various dusts test-d aeriinst thr tohacco flep. heotle, derri'= dust -produced thp hir.'h'-st -lortalit." x^dthin th- sh-^rtest t-eriod of tine, D?rris cp.us.od an imnediate and extreme irrita- tion, as evivdenced "by the insect's con\''ulsi'"e effort f ollo^-finrv application of the rn^tcrial. The sp-me author (69) reported in 19?*^ p-'^'^- also in a t:''r>ewritten report t'^' the Division of -Trr.ch Crop and G-arden Insects, of the Bureau, in 1935, ^'^^^ pt Q,uincy, Ela, , coth dcrris and cu'be diluted t^ p rotonone c'ntent of 1 percent "by adjnixture vrith tobacco dust or kaolin g»ve .?ood control of the tobacco flea "beetle on tohaoco in tobsacco-plant teds. The infestation was li.rht . Feith'-r poison injured the foliage e-^en vrhen applied undilut'^d, Derris and cuhe dusts containing 0,75 nercent of rot-^none rid nevrly set fi^ld tohj'.cco of overvintered flea hretles. Field teats on matur- ing tohacco indicated that a dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone, ap- plied at the rate of S to 10 pounds per acre, is effective in controlling flea b'^etles vrhen the infestation is light-. As diluents for derris '^^r cuhe the follovring vrere tried: Georgia clay, talc, celit'--, and a tohacco dust cO worcent of which passed through a. 150-mpph screen. The last is the most s''^itatle for shade- totacco dusting. Derris ap'oli'^d at the rate of S r-ounds oer acre killed 9^.8 percent of th^ flea beetles and cuhe applied at the rate of 7.5 pounds per acre killed S3. 2 percent. Both powders contained 0.75 percent -^f rot.en'^ne, Stanle.- and Marcovitch ( 35^ ) i'^- 1935 reported tha.t derris-r-^ot dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone vras found to ret n^iickly on flea beetles, hut ?ft-r the second dry beetles appeared ag?in r-n olpnts, ev--: though dT- ris w s still '^n th^ leo-'-es. To determine hovr long derris retains its toxic- ity vrhen ex'oosed t'^^ climatic, conditi-ns, an .-experiment was performed as follovrw: Si-o.ll leaves vrere removed from t'^b^cco, placed in vials vrith water, and dusted heavily vrith derris dust containing 0.75 P'^'rcent of rotenone. They vrere then flaced in o.irect s\inlight. Ecich evening. at 5 o'clock the leaves wore rem.ovod to the insectpry for ■•■-rotection from rain, and at 7 ^..m* they vrere again rjlpcod outside. Each da" for 5 days -> dusted leaf vras re- rinvrci. p,nd pl-'-ced in a. cage vith fie? beetles, r.nd the kill noted. It vras found that derris lost its toxicity rapidly upon exposure, giving 100-per- tont kill the first c'^y, 55 percent the second, and 20 percent the third. Data are shown in the follovrin«: t'ble: Sx^osur- to wpathor (dr.-s) Insects nsod P^rc 1 ^•nta 2 11 in __u_ 100 55 20 12 U d-. 5 1 ^5 25 2^ 25 25 lb 10 \. 56 U u 5U 55 o ■ 12 U 2 55 7 ^ ........ ... 5 20 12 U Dust usif=^d Before duRtin/: June 16 June IC!.. Pounds 25.7 Kunbf^r io6 llU ilu-nter 501 2b. 1 131 ^'3 527 10.^ ikS 2 20U A t,^':.icnl ex^rrolr -.f control of fle= b-ptl'-' in the field with drrris and prrrthr-.Ti on Junp 15, 193^, is gh'^vrn in tho following: tatle: Beetles f'^ujid Dust usf^d Beforf Material 0,20 percent prr^tbrun 0.50 p^Tcent pyrethrun diluted with talc Dcrrifl (0.75 percent rotenone) Th-^- United Statos Depart^i'^nt of A.:ricultur-, Buropu of Entomologj"- snd Plant Quarantine ( 390 ) . in its annual report fr-.r 1^35 report'^d that derris -nowder hop shown excellent promise as a control for the to"b?cco flea "beetle, esDociall," in the geedteds. Similar control was obtained in the field, "but the cost 'f cuch tre^^tnr-nlg had not "b'-'^n det'^rnlned. White (^fl2) in 1P35 recom-Tended derris-tobacco dust (2 percent of rotenone) at tho rate 'of 1 r-oxind per 100 souare yards of plant "br-d for the control of flea beetles on tobacco. Chamberlin (71) reported in 1936 fro^ Qi.iincy, Fla. , th^^t recent laboratory and field ex^eri'-ients desii'nrd to det'-minp the loss in toxic- ity of cub«- duat as a result ef pxr.osure tn direct sur.llc^iht ha"e - experiments it vras not t^os'^ible to make rrorer allowance for tv'o i-portant influ'^^nces which ordinsirily occur 'indcr normal shade- iTown tobacco condition-*, n^nely, the wetting o-ffrct ^'f hea^y dews and thp dens^ sha/.e which ^^.revails within a crop of maturing shade-.Trovn tobacco, Consp- auently, it is -orobable th^t und^r rctual field cor-diti'^n" cuh^^-dust mixture* will retain their insocticidrl efficiency ageinst the tobrocco flr;^ beetle for 9 lonii-"r lorriod t^^/^n was indicrt^d by thesf '^xr^rrimnnta. Ii 1936 ChamDerlin (70) al-^o TP-norte:-. te<=tR na-^^e nt Q.ui?icy in IQ"^^ in which he fovnd thfit clerri? anc. c.^of ^ diluted Vith a fin--, nearly neutral, denicotiniz'-'d t'->'bacco dust t^ a rritr.none C'-^nt^nt of 0.05 P'^^cRnt wprr- (^qnall;; effective (S5 I'-ercnnt mr^rtalitr) whan dust-=d on the to"b^ccn fle'a "b'^atlo und-] CP gf^ c '1 n '"'.i t i n p . Roar'c ( 327 ) in 1^3^'^, i^- '^ rr-^i-^-w of the camT^arative inspcticidal r?lnoF '-^f darri? and c^ih?, ref^-Tred to thi? finding "by Cha'n'berliii. Howe (201) in I936 rer.art^d te^ts ^a ' e at Clar-pvill'-^, Tonn. , a-rr-in^t thr toh^ccr fl'=a bertle, vhich indic^tfd th=-' t ^ c^^hr—root-dupt nixtura hav- ing ^ rotano^^.f^ c^ntf-nt of approri-aately 1,5 Tf-rcfnt va? th^ noft toxic ^f the nptrrial'' t-^tad -laainpt the flaa "b-^ftlo ^n d-^rk-fired tohacco, ''-.-wt th?t a r:inilar du^t m^'xtur^ containin^ 2 percent of roten'^n-- wnc; nost affic- ient in the te'^tp ^-dth Surley toh^cco. In ^^'^n r^^l, howpT-,-r, it aaoe^^rpd that tha dust raixturr containin._- 1.5 ""orcant of rotenonp Mr.<^ so nc^Tl;.'- equal to tha nixtura c^nt^ining 2 percent of rotonon^ tho t the foj-mer di- lution ia ar-f"rphl.- oacoiica of it*^ lov;rr cost. The cu"ba-du=;t fixture prorad none affr^ctiva than a nixture '^f 50 percent of cryolite and 50 per- cent of kaolin, or a. nixture c^maoped of " aarcent --^f ■nori?^ gre-n, '•'•2 •oercen^ of lead arpenat", Dnc. 50 '^■^arcrnt '^f kaolin. E-epults indicated ■''■ery little difference in tha relrtiv^ toxicity to flea he'-tlep ^n toh^cc"' -i-^lant oed?! "between the two la^t^.-nenti -^nad du'^t raixtu-re?:. Ex-eriaent? in Plorida and TenneR-^ea disci pod that a darris or cuDf=- dust mixture containing 1 •''■'^rc~nt of rotenone was effect i""''= in cntrolling tha tobacco fler, tfetlr- in the Dlrint bed, af' well a"=: ^n newly c?r-t nl^nts ^nr. on the grovinc: crorj. T^'^t?. with different diluf^-nt?: for th- derris or cuho- rcot powder indic't^d that st'^'rilizi^d tolacc^ du^t wnc: th--- -lofit =:uit?':la far this ourpopa and did not l''OV<= unr.ightly de-:.-iositf3 on th-- harve^t.-^d plant?. The United St^te?. Deaart'-'ient of A;:riciilturp', B'j.re-iu ^f Entomology and Plant Quarantine- (^.9-=)) in 1Q;^6. Tie South Carolina Agricultural Sx^ariaont Station ( 3^8) in I936 ra-;iort-d th^t at thr Pee Dee Exioeri-ient Station tests against tohacco flea "beetle"? war.- '■aade with d^^r'is dust (l perc-">nt r.f r'-trnone) •-■nd cube dusts (0.5 ^■'^-^■' 1.0 ni^rcent of rot^^n-^-n'-" ) . Th- difference in tha norcent^ge of r'"-dT.ction of li-i'in^:: I'-etlos with tho rotenone ■-•nd the n^^nrotenone dusts at the and r^f 72 h'^ur'^' w^s not sufficiently gr^at to vra.rrant the sol^^-ction of a,ny of the nateriols as outstanding. Kow'-VFr, the grentest ■Dcrco--'.tai':;es of dead "beetles were o'Ltained fr-^"-'. the p--.lic^' ti-n of dust iiixtures derris e^r.d. cube containing 1 -nprcont of rotej^^n-. There vros no significant difference between thf=se twn insect ici '.es , elth'^ugii thpre wpt a tendenc^' for the cube of l--oorcent-roten"ne c^nt^^nt to lost-' its ef f ;~-cti^'eness f-^st'^r than the dorr' In fiold tastq pg.q.inst the tobacco fle^, bei~tle on s'ladf^-^-rown tobacco in Flr^rid^, i\ S. Cha'^.berlin (72) r.-i-ort'-d in 19"^7 that cubf- dusts contein- ^-'■''.g 1 ^r 1,5 V'r-Tcnt of rot<"'none vr^-re more i=ffecti^"p than a cube dust con- taining 0.5 percent of roten'^nf. Lat*^r (Tj) he re^'ortod a dust containing 1 percent of roten'^ne and sterilizr.d tobocco as r? diln.ent o,p-nlied at the rate of H to £ nounds r'^r acre to bo . ffective in controlling tha tobaoco flea beetle ^'n shade- crowr. t^bncco. A-*:'plic^' tions ma.de once a, wer^k should ordi'-'-iril;' nrotect the crop su-f icier.tly. Chamberlin and Madde.n ( 77 ) in l^V r^rortpd or. th^ v?>1up of rote- none dust'-- for thp control of fl?a ■br! = tl<='! attac^-<:ir.g ishade-erown tobacco* In th*^ G'por.eia an-". Florida producing re ion the crop i«» attacked 'cy the tobnccn fl'^a bpr-tlp ( S-oitrix •o-'^rTula ) while in the Connecticut Vr-Hej'- the potato flea "ber-tle (S. cuca-npria (Herr,)) is the attackin^T c^^cies. Because- of lovr^r coct, cube has b'- en used inst-^ad of der-^is. Th<= thrp*:* main advantaftvs of th--. rotenone-braring dust mixturf^-s -nade of cube povd^r ov^r the insecticides used pre-w'iousl" to control flee b^etleos'=d in tobacco sh^'es, Cubc-dupt rr.ixture cont-^ining- 1 "oeroent of rotenona exert«^d a 7^-"^'"rcent kill '^f th:^ fie? b'^ptle B, ptr-^ila aft^r en exposure of 2^ h-^ur.c to sun- light, which wan ab.'^ut the eq-jlvpi-j^t of 2 deys of cl'^udlecc -ypos'j.r'^. The d^irst -nixturp cont-ininf 1.5 ^ofrc^nt of rof^none maintained its toxicity n^xch longrr than did th-^ 0.5-'"'TC-nt materiel. It ap'-'ears that the eff^ct- iv-ne--r. of cubp-d'^st Tii'^turos conteinint- 1 TPrcent of rotononp is United t<^ avout 7 de"p under firld conditio;-*-, , Until additional d^te ^t>- obtained it sniif^-''. rt th^ sn ^n r^t" •o.^r acre. For th*^ ben>;>~ from nenr c pound"' r' r ecr'~ w'-o- th'=> vd^'-'t'' ere «»mrll t^ 10 r.ounds or m'^re for mst".re plant's. ,-dth-Tv,h ir^r-ct irj^i.r-- wor- Tft-r to pl^-nta tr'-^-tf^d only nt brood oTr •'-r.c'" then vrh'-r'^ nrr»- froonent ^r;^lic' ti^^R wre nn-io^ co-^ ^^rci^l control w^ <5 o'''t^i"ed o^ both srri""^. W'^..-- 'lore- det<"iled informetion is o-^nil^^bli^- on t-.e h^bit'> fnd life hi^tor- -f th-- tobacco fle=t b-^rtlo, apT>lic-tions of Insr-ct- icido" c--^ O"^ ti'-e'-'. T-rf ^ -cnr'^t'"l^' with ro -rrd t'" br-^-^d "t r.-::enc'^, with rrobr.cl'- incre-or in the efficiency of the insecticides. 'TolDaccc flea "beetles E, .paryigla and 2. cucumeris ,- are controlled oy cube or derris dusts containing sterilized tobacco dust as the diluent. — United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Q,uarantine ( 39^ ) in 1937. White (Ul3) in I936 and again (UlU) in I937 advised thct the most satisfactory control of flea beetles attacking tobacco is a derris or cube dust containing 1 percent of rotenone. These dusts are obtained "by diluting derris or cube powder to the desired strength with a clay diluent. The foil ing dosages of dust are recoramended for each application: Tor plant "beds 1/2 pound per 100 square yards, a,pplications to "be repeated every k days unt control is o"btained. For newly set plants, 3 ^o 5 pounds per acre, applica- -..tions to "be repeated every U days until control is obtained. For the gro^-^- ing Ijohacco crop, 8 to 10 pounds per acre, depending on the size of the plants, applications to be repeated every 7 days until control is o"btained. F. S. Chamherlin (fk ) in 193^ reported that experiments and observ- ations have indicated that finely ground and sterilized to"bacco dust is the most satisfactory diluent for cu"be or derris when applied to shade-grown to'bacco in combating the to"bacco flea beetle. The addition of clay to the customary cuhe- or derris-tobacco-dust mixture used for com"ba.ting the to"bacc flea "beetle apparently did not improve its dusting qualities when applied with rotary hand-operated dusters. It appeared that the use of a dust mix- ture containing 1 percent of rotenone, ^-rith 75 percent of tobacco dust and 25 percent of finely ground G-eorgia clay as a diluent, on shade-grown tobac- eo--' under favora"ble weather conditions at the rate of 6 pounds per acre, did not leave conspicuous residues on the cured tobacco leaves. Heavier ap- plications, however, did leave conspicuous deposits on the cured product. In general, these experim.ents demonstrated that the addition of finely grour clay to the derris- or cube-to"bacco-dust mixture did not result in any ap- precia'ble improvement in the finished dust mixture and may cause a permanent white residue to remain oii the treated leaves. Chamberlin (jG) later reported in I93S thcit results of recent exporimer designed to determine the duration of the toxicity of a cuhe-dust mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone to the to'bacco flea "beetle on shade-grown to'bacco have shown that the toxicity of this dust mixture to the insect decreases very rapidly on shade-gro'wn to"buCco. In the presence of the most favorable \reeth r conditions the effectiveness of a light applica.tion of the cuhe-dust mixture is limited to approximately 3 days "but apparently the toxic action o.ccuring on the third day after application is relatively slight. Showers evidently remove much of the cu'be-dust mixture from tobaccc foj-iage and render such applications ineffective. It is "believed that this mechanical loss hy the action of rain is one of the most important factors limiting the effectiveness of cube-dust mixture for flea "beetle control in Florida. Cu'be-dust mixtures applied to shade-grown tobacco "by the "drift" method when the foliage is moist with dew appeared to 'be more offoctivo against the flea "boctlo than vrhcn applied to dry foliage. The a"bovo results wore obtained and conclusions drawn from oxporimonts wherein the method of proccduro consisted of confining a definite number of toba.cco flea beetles with loaf discs cut from the troo.tcd foliage at vorious intervals and deter- mining the percentage of the resulting flea beetle mortality. Gory (88) in I93S issued recomiacndrtions based on the report of the Tobacco Insect Council, for the control of tobacco insects. _U3- The To'bacco Ingect Council (222) in March 19'^8 i^^ued "UJ-ge'^ti^nf? for thr< control of totacco- in<3Pctp. I>u?;t, cott«^ining 1 porcnt of rct^mnp vrpe rf-c^T^pnr.pd for co^'O^ting th':^ tobacco fie?. tf-'«:tlf^ inff-'ptir.f flu'-— cur«~cl, Burl^■.7, and ds.r'< firR-cured tobacco*?, also shadp-cirovn ty^ea of cigar to- T3!=ccoR, For thr latt-r, fi--ply ^■■•rouiid, atrriliz"d t'^tacc'^ dust should te u-a.-d p.'' thp dilur-nt p.f.T-'iic^ti'^n "bring niadr with a rotrry hand-op'~-rat'^d c\n'^t>'T. V<'h*r thp pli^nt?^ pre- at out kn«=-— high a dosag'^^ '-f U t^ 5 T^ounds ""pt = crr i'; suffic'^nt, M-^tur' totfccc nay requir'- 7 to 8 p'^unds r,f^T acr?. A'v.lic^ti'nr phrul'"'. 'b'" r'?-"e?t''d evry ,U t^ 7 day? until contr-1 i^ '^'bt^i'tf'd. At thp '^-c'^'.C. ann^i.al mpetin-i of thp T-'b.acco In'^cct Council (TQ) in July 1^3'', prvrral prvf^pVrri* npnti'^ned rotph^np. W. E. "vhite of thp Bur'-s>^;. of ^nton^l''r-:y and Pl^nt Q,uar^ntinp, r^portpd that dust niTturrr^s -nrp- ■^PT'd frorn elth'T drrrin or cube ha'"T "bppn used durinp: thr l^^pt t'-'o seaconp! r'th'^r pffrcti"rlv wnd pytpneively for flea "b^Ptlp control. He ct^tpd !^1<50 th^t in titton^-t" to increa<5f^ th'^ toxic' ty of cuh^ nnd dr-rris ^.atTifils, crrtri"' v<^;;-ta'blp oil's ha"*" "bp-^n incorpor^tpd with th^ powderp. and oytract?. Early tp^t? <5hov;pd that thP ^id-ition of thpse oil? sprvpd to incrp^fp the tnricity 'f thp irt-^rials to c^Tt^in inaoct?;, Hov^-v- r, furth-r vor^c ha'' indic-'^tpd that vrhf-n thPsr oilr pr^^ uppd with cprtain orrendinr^ or wPtting agpnt-, thp pffrct ni-:;ht "bo a rpduction rt.ther thr>n an incrp^^f^o in the tonicity. H. H. Jpwett, -f thP Kontuc^ry Acriciiltnral Er-nari'n- nt Station, rppprtpd th~t for thp control of flpp "b'^rtlea in tolD^-cco-rlant bpde, d\?.stp c^ntrir.ing roten-^if^' arp pffrcti-^o only whpn applied at frPbuent intprval9 and arc little v.opd for th-^t rppsT and "bpcpu?"^ of greatpr cofat. These in- pPcticidPR do n-^t injure toc^cco -^l^nt" in brde if ap-olipd pr'^p-'-rly nnd in correct ^^jn^unta, L. E. Scott, of the Biireau of Entomplog;'/ and Plant Q^^ar- antinp, Clar^sville, Tenn, , rp^o'^rted on thp US'" '^f dirs lori'^r to setting t^'bacco plants. Cube find, pjrethrur. du.sts n=--y br used vfith safpty, but it is not known whrth-r pithrr will or pffpcti'-f» «-2:^inst cr^-^bi-"".? or flpa- bpptlp larvae. W. A. Shards^ of the Oyford/lator^tory of the Bureau of Ento- m61oi:;.v f*.nr\ Plp.nt Q^iarantine, spokp on thp possibilities of incor^^orating 'insecticides effecti'^pl-' in thp spr^y for d^wny mildew, -The results of tvrp spries of tPst'? convd-ictod in the spring of 193S, tog-'th- r vdth th^se fro'Ti sinil-'^r trstc in 1937, "howrd that the ar.plicti-n of the roconnpnd'^d s-nrpy containing 0,02 o^fcrnt of rot^non^, for the control of bl'ip nold was not fio efff^cti"p in c^ntrollinc'- thr t-^bacco flea beetle in plpnt b^ds p.q w^r the apTilicati'-n of r> dixct cor.taininr 1 r)Prccnt of rotrnono, H, C, Hi^lloc-c, of Pennsylvania Strt-^ CollPt'.-^ , rpr.ortfd that pr^li-^inary tpsts indic'atpd th^t cubp containinci 1 pprc^nt of rotenonp with st'^riliztd tobacco dust ns a dll- n'~-^t, will fii^"" crpod r'-sultr for thp control of thp flp-" beetle und'T Ponn- nyl^''^nia coriditi-^ns, '-^r-v'- cirll" if s'^-"- stick-^r «uch ar; Ultrawpt i" u.s'-d vrith thf^ nnt ri^l. The R^corn-ip.nd''>tion"i Connitte'^ of th'^ T^^bacco CoMj-.cil sugrpst^-d the follovri^.,^ chen.fv in the IQ"^.: roco''"'"ond-^ti'"ns for tobacco inspct control: ■'^That rotrn'^n^ -'r.^t for fi^ld control pf flm b-ptl^s on *rin-ffrown t^b- accoe >'•- r= c^"" T'ndpd v-ith, "' rhf^-^/" ^ str'^nc-^r rpspr'^pti'^ns," T'-.p United St^trc Bur^^n of "^nto-nnlog.v snd Fl^.nt f^iar^ntine ("^9S) in 1938 Ptatfd th^t fi^ld-olot t^sts and larg'--scalo field ej-nprinenta ' against E. oar-'nilp and E. cvicu'"' ri^ in Florid?, Tenneflflpr^ North C-rolina, Son.th Ceroli'-Rj -'nc, Connecticut eorroborat^-d th*^ result^ pf tests ■o'^rfpr^pd durine nrP""iouR "pr-rs in indic"tin.r thet vfherev-r thp t^lup -^f the cror» Jufitifiod thp '3.SP nf thic /i-n-cticide thpse ^ests c^uld b'^ c'^ntroll'-d In th*" -plnnt bpd, as well op ^n n'^wl" spt "plants p.nd on thp .•:rowii-'g crnn by tiTielr a'^plic=^ti-^nq of n dust "^irturp conteinin:: rot'^n^np. - U1+ - lTpttlr-!3 ( 29U ) in -1939 :rPcon'i.er-dpd d^-rri<5 d-.st for tlir- control of the trtncc^ flpp. 'bf'^tlp on p.5:^plant p.nd catl)?..--:- in S'^uth Ca.rolinn, The Pf-nnsyi-onip Agricultural Experiment Station ( ^15 ) in 19^9 re- sorted that flea oc^tle in.j-'^ry to totacco and pota.to'^'^ is caused ty the too?,cco flea h-etlp a.ftf^r nid-July, -The sreatest -protection against "be-etlf da.nap^e to totacco leavr-s vp.s a-fforded ty dusting with a fixture of 1 pa.rt of ero^ind c'lDe root (U -oercent of rotenone) and 3 part?? of st^rilizod tolDacco d.ust (filter dust ri^-aainine after nicotine extraction) with 1 T)art to GOO of a v'-tting a,crnt. T" a naterial wa<= appli<^d at the rat^ of 3 to 5 pou-id?! rrr acT'^ t^ newl" set plant?, increased to 10 to 15 ro^indn -p-er acre after top->in.-. "Oal^rucella ruloi TananuVi " Ta/n^.nulci ( 36U ) in 192o reco a-aended derrip and soap spray for the .control of this insect ^n f-'^ y^ung leaves of strawb'^rry nl^'nts in sout^^^rn Sakhalin. , ' ~ ' ' Q<--.lerucella •'"i'burni (Payk<) Sensitive to derris dust, — DeBussy .-t al, (61) in 19^6, G-alerucell? yant'-omplaeno (Schr,), the eln leaf "beetle Ha'-nilton nnd G-'-ranell ( 17U ) in 19"^'-^ ^PT^ortp•d that Aerris powdor TT'plir-d ^s a sDra'- gave good control, and the foliarC' retained consi'derahl'^ tori city for 6 days, Hanilt'-n ( 163 ) in 1935 revi'='wod infornati^n on non-polaonoua sub- stitutes for !^rse-".icals, Povrd'^red derris is more stahlo and thep.vpr than derris extract, Ri^fprencp vras made to Hanilton and G-f-nnpll ( ij^ ) who, in 19!^^, rerrort^'d that a dust c^ntainin;? 1 -rerc'-nt of rotenone, dTTut^d 1 pound to t; gall'^ns of vatr-r, gave almost 100-percent Cf-^ntrol of the elm Icof tr-rtl'^-, !^.nd 3 day^ after ha^in;:; Dpon gpr^^ypd 96 p'^reent of the larvae placod up^n the sprayed f f-^lia^."^ wore killed, and 6 d^ys aft'^-r sT)rayins 5S percent were dead, Rotenone dust .-^'vp evc-ll^--nt cntrol, — Van G-undia ( ^4^ )in I936, Ha-iilton (IJS) in 193? r'^ported that -^In leaf "b-etl^s on ^In tr^.-s wer*" n'^t satisfactorily controlled by r\ srra.y of U -pounds of derris or cube povrdrr (U T.'erc^nt of rotenone) and U porinds of rosin-residup enulsion ■o'^r 100 ■::-'^llonp of watT. Fi-'-'e teste werp '.:a'>, two r,f which wer^ satisfactor-^'. T-.r- ppr-'^ ■ acts ns a contact r^oison and as a. r»^rellent. The prriod of effect i-"TnesF is 5 to 7 days. Control see is to dooenfl on tl ■'e of aT^r
  • re effective when applied after n^re than half of the e^^s h?,d hatched. In 1939 spray nirtures c^ntaini: g ritht-r derris (2 or U pounds) or lead primate (U or 6 pounds) in 100 gallons of wat<^r gave satisfactory control if nppliod on or after the second week of June, Limited test? with 2.5 percent of rot- enrne extract, diluted I'.^^OO, effected a hi.rh degree of control of both larvae and adults. In field tepts no appreciable differences wer-^ noted between th<^ effpcti'-eness of re^-lnr derris and that of stabilized derris (containing an pjati-oxidrnt) , with the possibl- exception "f the influence on the unhatched eggs. The advantages of derris powder or rotenone extract aprai^'s appear to include the l?.ck ^f cbjectionatle residue; relative saf-ncss to -^an and pets; and rapidity of kill. The latter point is of particular i-^.portanca when sprays are applied rather lat:^ in the season when nany Iprv^^e are second or third instars and i-nediate relifef from foliage injury is desired. The main disadvantat'es a.re thp dang-^ r of poisoning fish, cost '^f the nat-riril, and possi .le leek of adhesion rn foliage during heavy rains ^r wet we?th'°r. This latter objecti'^n may not r^ro^e t'^ be s-'^ri'^us, inasmuch as the materi-sl flh'^uld be applied to the iind>?r surf?5ce of the lepf bvA also because if the fact thet much '^f its ef f «. ctiveness apparently result*? fr-^'-" the contact action of the spray within a short tiie aft-^r application, Lema ^ryzae X\iw. Kuwayama ( 2^0 ) in 19;^6 gave a detaiL-^d historicf>l account --f th-- use of insectici es for the contr-1 of this insrct -•n rice in Jar-an and of ex- periments made durin/.- 1930-3^ in Hokkaido, A spray of 6-2/3 o-.inces of pyrethnam and 5 oimces '^f soap in 10 gallons -^f water proved vry effpctive ac^ainst the ergs, larvae^ and adults; and one of nicotine sulfate and soap was more eff'^cti^e than derris, Lema trilineata (Oliv.), th^ three-lined potato beetle The three-lined potato bentle was controlled by a dust a-nplic ti'-'n of a 50-50 mixtiu*e of derrin and hyrjat^d lime, — Kelsall et al» (2^^0 in. ''^ 1926. ,_- '--"^ - U6 - Tho Wisconsin i-axi cultural Experi.-nrnt Station ( Ul6 ) in 1Q77 ro^^ort^d that derris powdpr^ 3 P'^unds prr 100 sipllonj? of vf^tev plus an "oleated reginou? soap" as a spreader was? al.Tinp.t 100 percent f-ffective in I936 a,^ainpt thf> larvae and adults of the thrc^-linad lena attacking potatoes and' Japa.^- esp lanterns. Leptinotarsa decr-nlir.rata (Say), the Colorado potato "b'^etl*^ Mclndoo, Sievers, and Ao.ott ( 26b ) in I919 reported that d'^rri'? powder as a stomach poison was' tested on a s''iall scale against "ootato "beetle larvae- at several stren.^ths, rangin-:^; from 1 pound of powder to 16 gallons of water up to 1 pound" to 12B gallons, and was found to "be vrr^' effective. Practically all the larvae vem killed within U8 h'-urs ond th- plants were little eaten. As these sioray nirturer: night have acted as contact poisons, "because the larvae vrcre already on the plants when the latter w-'-re sprayed, a second series -"f te?;ts was arranged t'^ eli^ninate this factor. The sane plants v;ere used and from 20 t^ Uo larvae wore r'laced on them 1 or 2 days after they had c-on sprayed. The result?! oVtained'were practically the same as in the first series of tests. Ver'- few living; lar"«7-ae were found 3 days later and the plpnt^ vr^re little eaten. When apr^lied as a dust, derris was equally efficient against potato bertlr larvpe. The. alc"^- htflic extract of Derris elliy tica in the rati'-' of extract from. 1 pound of powder to 50 gallons of water killed 96,6 percent of the larvae and 2Q,1 -of^r- cent ef the ?^dults, Brit tain (5^) in I92U described insectary feeding:, tests, made in Fiske trays with potato TDeetl": larvae. Arsenate of lead (paste), 2 pounds to Uo imperial gallons, was cmpared with various contact poisons, namely, nico- tine sulfate, fish-oil soap, and derris povrder, an attem.pt "boini?: made to use the last "both as a contact insecticide and as a stomach pois'^n. To te«?t the contact acti'-n of derris the -insects were placed in a wire "basket and di-^^ed in the solution, then drained pxd fed ^n unsprayed lepves, ■ ' " ■• .To test the int<^rnal action ^f derris the leaves wore dipped in t'ne solution and fed to the insects. The experiments lasted fr-.r a week, daily records i;'''inc ti^kcn. The i':8t notable res\ilts of the tests were those o"btained in the case -f derris, which in all streni'ths, ranging from. 3 pounds to 100 imioerial gallons to 1 ounce to 100 im-n^rial gallons, and with "both n.eth'ds, destroyed 100 percer.t -f the insects, in- clr.ding half-grown and fully grown gru'Ds and adults. It seems certain that this material did n'^t act as a stomach r^oison, •■r-cause th^' "ceetlep w^re f-^und dead in th^ trayn , with no evidence of feedin,,;. The extrem-- toxicity of this material to rotat'^ "Deetleo ip 3 larvae-- -i: -iU'; 000 ' 9^.4 Little (26]^, 262 ) in 19^1 rco-rt-d excellent control (96.8 percent kill) of C'^lorad'-. potato "beetle Ir^rvae feedin*: on ef;^.'.xl?)nt in the field, "by usin.--; root of devil' s-shoestrinfrs ( Tephrosia virg^iniana ) at U pounds per 100 gallons of water. Canp'^ell (66) in 1932 critically reviewF.d tests nade ty Davidson with roten-^ne ^n the Colorado pot^^to bertl*- . Rotenene- 9usr>ende3. in water 1:200 sprayed on leaves and fed to t^c- adults as a sandwich killed all; at 1:1,000, feeding was curtailed; beetles -n a "lant srrayed with rote- none 1:10,000 were not aff^^cted. Davidson also made an er^erinent with rotenone to test its rer.ellent effect afCainst Colorado potat^i beetles. T'^e insects were :ivrn an or-rortunity durinc a period ef 5 h-^urc to f-^ed on potato-"' eai sp.ndwichos c':^ntaininp: roteni^ne. Thereafter the" were fed untreated leaf disks for '- days. The nr^rtality was ne, lir-i"ble tut it was observed that the? booties ate less ef the r^ten^ne eendwiches t^ian ■^f these cntaininit; lead arsenate. On the following day the beetles that had taken rotener.e ate less untrer.tfMl foliafce tha.n lid th^se that had taken lead prsrnate, Davics-i^n, therefore, suBf-f^cted a rer^elle.-t acti'n of reten^nr, but Csmpbell believes that no renellent action was de'n-^netrated. The beetles probably at^ sublethal doses ef rotenone and were affected t*" the extent that they were una'^le to fef'd nonally. on untreated lepf disks until they hpd r<»- covered. Und'ubtedly the sane eff'-ct could hav-~ '^(?ct. produced with lead arsenate if larr~or sublethal d'^s'^s hpd bern taken. - Us - Turnpr (376 ) in 1932 rr^ort^cl that in,la,"*:":'rptor7 tests r'^ten-^n? in miner?! oil 1:25,000 killed Jo r.-rcpnt of '-Colovpc.o T'Ot?t~ n.-^etle larvae in 6 days. Lerd arsenate at I-I/2 pounds t^' 100 gallons killed l"''^ ■'-ercpnt, and 23 percent died on the ■untreated check. In these tests tho larv^ie were transferred to cut potato shoot=i after the spray ha:'', dried. At the 193^ neetine of th^? A-ierican Apsociati-^n of Sc^nonic Snto'^o- logists, Cory ( 3SS ) led a discussion on field results with arsenical sub- stitutes f-^r the control of ve.^'-^tahle ins'-cts. According t'^ Hea'Uoe of New Jercey ( IS3 ) in 1935, the ' Colorado potato "beetle can "be controlled "by derris dust. Lapr,arent ( 257 ) in IQ^U reported that in Franco trials vdth eu"':!e a.nd derris pc^^rders ( 5 percent of rotenone) against the Colorado notato "opptl gave good results. The Alaba-na Polytechnic Institute (g}_ in IQ35 stated that derris dust (0,5 percent of roten-^ne) is effecti-"'e in controllinf-: Tot.ato "beetles when applied ?^t the rate of 10 pounds per aero, Feytaud ( 12S ) in 1^35 referred to the use of rotenone powders for con"bating the Colorado potato "beetl- in France. The. type foraula is 5 parts of powdered derris ^r cu"be (rotenone not less thpn. 5 T'erc^nt) and Q5 parts of talc or kaolin, Feytaud and Lapparent ( I30 ) in 1935 reported favora"ble results against the Colorado potato "beetle in France with a terpinolene extract of derris (or cu"be) emulsified in vrater. T].iese workers v^repared terDinoleno extracts of derris and cube "by macerating S s^m, of root with 100 gm. of terpinolene for 3 *^ 5 days. After "b'^in^ filtered and emulsified, this extract killed larvae of the Colorado potato "beetle at a dilution ^f 1:19 with wnter. A good emul«:i'->n is made "by mixing 700 gm. of the t.-=rpinolene extract with 30*^ c-Tn. of sulfated highor fatt" alcohol (oleyl, lauryl, cetyl). This is "better than sodi\Lm resinate. Terpinolen--" , or essence of pine^ is rich in iso-cineol. Later, Feytaud and Lp-:^-^arent (I3I) reported that in la"boratory tests against the Colorac'.o potato "beetle it was necessary to use the following: quantities of a product containing about 16 percent of the extractives of derris, of which 5 percent was rotenone: lOQ gm. p"r hectoliter of water for younr larvae, 20^""- gm, per hectoliter of vrater for old larvae, 50*^' gm. per hectoliter of wpter for adults. Derris ex- tract in terpinolene is made as follovis: 15 gm. of powdered derris or cube (rotenone = 5 percent) is macerated for 5 days at a tem'-ierature not above 30'^'C. in 100 gm. of terpinolene, then filtered and ke^t in a tinted glass flask to escape the action of light. A mixture is made of derris extract in terpinolene, 60 parts: terpineol, 20 parts; sulfated olnyl alcohol, 20 parts. Preferably the last two ingredients are mixed first and the derris extract then added. For use t^iis mixture is added to water to make a 0.5^percent emulsion. Ammonium killed 9i^ percent of tho larva^ p.nd B2 percent of the adultn"ne 0,6 percent) at th'-^ rat.- of U r^ounds Tier 100 gallons of water (0.0"3 r:,ercent rotenone in spray) killr-^i fron 50 to 100 percent of the b<=etles in q6, hours, — Af:icidr- La'-oratories (_6) in 103^» Desaynard ( lOl ) in 193'-' discusg-d the ad-"-anta,:'=s and li-^it-^tiong of rotenone as an insecticide, A jjowder cont'^in.infr rotenone, sta"tiliz."d accordinc; to a- patented pfecesr^, retained full toxicity to C'^lora.do tiotato "beetle larvae when eyeoped to li^ht foi' 110 hours, whereas the nonsta-.-ilizei powder dropped t'-^ 12 norcent of its efficecy in this tine. Fr-ytaud and dp L^^rarent ( 132 ) in 1939 do-^criV'-^A eTT^-rinentp carried out in Francr- in 1933 to conparo thr- inprcticidal valup of a cuop dugt (6 prrcpnt roton^^ne content) used alone or in conbinati^n with v^.ri'^us diluent?, oach mixt\arc contnining I5 percent of cutn. Fourth instars of thf> potato "bretle worr- ust'd a<5 th'-- test insoct?. Th*^ reaults s'lowod that the mixturr-g wer(~ practically as toxic as thp pur?? cu'''^, which causf^d fatal paralysi? of the larvae in ler.ft than 2 h^urs, and that calcium carh^n- at-, '-•ulfur, kaolin, corbcnat'^d talc, or (cyrB^x'i wer^ •■^refora'bl'^ to fiilic^ , "b^^ntonite, or lime. To teat their dura-ility , th^ duats wore kept in closed metal I^ot'^? for 3 f"-3ad 13 m'-^nthp or exposed in layer's -f 2 to 3 inni, to lij^ht and chan<::eg in temperature and hunidity in an insectary for 3, 5, and I5 m-^nths. There was no decrease in the toxicity of the dusts keiot in met-ol "boxo's, with the exce-otion of the mixtures c^ntaininc-: bi'sntonite and llne^ -f vrhich the toxic acti-n -n the larvae was delayed for several h-^ur^. Of the dusts exDosed, In the insectary, culDe alone and niixturcp of it with calciu-^ carhonat' , t-^lc, sulfur, carhonfted talc, or A:;ypstim retain^^d th"ir full toxicHy ev^n aft-r 15 'n'-^nths; whereas the y-aralyzinf; effect '^n the larva^- of the dust« c^ntain- inrv kaolin and silica was delayed for several hours, and that of the line iTiixture for several days. The "bcntonite nixtiire shewed a very retf'rded action after exijosurc-s of 3 ^nd 5 'i^nths, and aft' r 15 months it turned into a solid mass and vrhen oroken uj did not affect the larvae placed on it. In experiments in May 1939 a potato plant protect'^d from r»in "but not from air, " i^rht or hu'nidity wap d-usted with a nixtur^^ of derris and talc containing 0,25 p^rcont of rotenone and larvae of Leptinotorsa decen- lineata were placed on it the s^-ne daj' or at vari'^us intervals. All those placed on it 27 days later, the longest interval tested, died within 2U hours. In further tests in Jun--^ 193*^ a coi^nnorcially prepared dust contain- ing 0.65 percent of rotenone and. stated to he flta>:ilized a^ain^t the off'~cts of air and "bright light was found to "be considerably slower in its flcti-.n t^an a nonota'rilized du^t containin.c^ only 0,3 percent of roten^^ne, whether used after havin,^ been kept in an air-tight box or after 9 days' exposure to bright sunlij-'-t. The addition of a color in^:; a<^ent to the second dust did. not increase its toxicity. The Internati-n?l Institute of A riculture (22l) in 1^39 stat'^d that rotenone -nreioarationa are remarkably effective avainst Colorado potato beetlea in the errly star-'es, Nelson and Howard (293) i^ l'^3'^ re-sorted that cxn -ri-ients in 1*^38 in 6hio showed that standard sT>rpys c^ntainin^: lea-', arsenate at th"^ mte of U pounds to 100 (gallons of water wer- far superior to derris arrays cent^^in- in.T 0,015 percent of rotenone, phenothiazine, ^r sxilfur nitride (22,9 loer- cent pure), each at the rate of U pound.s to 100 i'ollons of v/ater, for the control of the Colorado potato beetle, Tv;o or'-*^liceti'^ns of ench '^f the-^o sTorays wi--re made, Althrufh slower in actinn, sulfur nitride conr.ared favor- ably with phenothipzine and with derris at the exoirati'-n of 3 wp^-ks after the second ar^plic^ticn; however, only lead arsenate gave satisf'^ctor." control at the expiration of the 3-week p-ri^d. The nddit-'on-^f a varnish sticker to the derris spray did not i-prov^ t)-.-- prr-entn .0 ^f cntr'^^l. Sellke ( 333 ) in 193'^' reported th?.t derris dui?t, derri<^ attrsy^ derris plus pvrcthrurn c'.ust, and dp.rri? plus pjTcthrun pprav wore '^ffecti'"( p.faanst the- larvae and adultr, of the Colorado pota.to tcotle in tests in G-crmany. Demon <5traticns in controlling the Colorado potato lieetle on to^n-^toi v'ith rotenone dusts wero ?o favora'c'le that a mun'bi.^r of j-rrowers arc using that material in place --.f calcium arsonato, — Maryland University Sxt^nsioj Sprvice ( 27^ ) in 19^0. Longi tarsus 5Ut^.;r?llus (Marsh.) This flea beetle, foijjid on Crotalaria , is sensitivf:- t^ derris. IKistinf; and spraying with the a'bove-menti'-'nod concentrations gave conclus! results. Hov; frecucntly the treatment should "bo repeated in practice is still not known. Of Un "beetles, x^rhich were fed for 3 days on Crotalaria. leaves snra.yed -with derris r^owder in water (rotenone 1:2,000), 2o died in U days; the other 15 rema.ined alive for a consideraole tine, so that the action of derris as a. stomach -ooison is insufficient. Therefore, it is essential to contact- the CcetTes with the remed;y'. — Van der Vecht C^Ol) in 1536. Longitarsus sp. X species which "oerforated the yonr.g leaves of -patchouly in the "Culture Garden" at Buitenzorg, Javo,, on bcin^ tested hy dusting vdth der: powder (la,leur) plus talc 1^3, died in a short tine. After thp planting was dusted with the povrder mixture "by a hand duster, only a very few "beet! were to be found on the plants the follow! n?; da.y. M'nen the dusting was n peated after 1 week the infestation -^ira.ctically disap^.eared. — Van. der Vec] "( Uoi ) in 10,36. Luperodes praeustus Motsch., a. clover loaf "beetle Tamanaki ( 365 ) in 1929 recommended spraying with derris to control the larvae of this species, ITo don 1 a pun cticollis (Sa,y), the rose leaf beetle Hamilton ( l72 ) in 1937,'' reported that N. puncticollis on hush hone, suckle was controlled Go percent "by a spra" of k pounds of derris ?r cube povfder (U percent of roton^ne) and U pounds of rosi -residue emulsion per l*"''; gallons of water. The spray acts as a repellent. The effecti^p porii is U to 6 days, Rer.eated spra"''s should a;ive satisfactory control. Pari a canella. (F.), a straw"oerry rootwoimi — Derris dust and derris extract, a-^>plied as abov(^-fi;ro-'ind treatments were inferior to, lead arsenate m.ixed with bench soil at the rate of 10 pounds p(;r IpOO souare feet. — Fevr Jersey Apiricultiiral Experiment Station ( 29^ ) in 1035. Brltton (56) in 193c recom.mended derri<=; dust for the control of th strawberr," rootvrorn feeding on the leaves of strawberry plants. Par':g anf. Pierstorff ( 312 ) in I'^-V- r.?c';:n"iPnded derris nr cu":^ dust (0,5 to 0.75 percent of rnton^ne) or spra.y (^ povmdg of powdrr of U per- cent rotcnone content per 100 gallons '■f water) to 'ho appliod in Hay- when the "bectlrs ^.rp firpt o"bsorved. . . ■■: Phaf'don brassicao B'p.ly Iho Institntp of Phr''inf^ be^-n warn and sunny. The treatment reduced the bretle popula.tion to an average of 22, U, 13»7, 3»1, sind 37*9 percent, res'^ect- ively, of that on the control plots, which a^era^ed 322 indi-'-idual'! p--r souare foot. The control e^i"^''"!"- '"'^7 the socnd dorris 'dust was considered, very satis- factory, but several disadvanta-ers vrould att-'^nd an indiscriminate use of derris duats in the beds. These include th^^ danc-T of poisoning fish in rivers or ponds to vhich tlie dust -night ■:*- carried, and the ^^ractical diffi^- culty of ensurin^t a thorough applies ti^n to the lovrrr leavo^^ whore th*^ bretles cn.'jrc.rr't'o in dull weather. These results were confirned by eirowers in S^'ith Waleq and Monnnuthshir in 1936, who obtained sufficiently f;oo6. c'ntrol vrith "err is dust of not less than 0.2-prrcent-rotr-n'^ne content apr^lied at intervals -^f !''• days in punny weather. Phaedon inccrtus Baly Noz\i anc. Sonoyana (j£7_ in 1^-2^ r-^con K^ndedt spraying with derris mix- tures for the control •of this chrys-^n^-lid feeding ^^n crucif ■■rous vec:etable'5 in Jnpan. . " ■ . ■•■ Nakaya-ia, Masaki, end Tab'^shl (2^2) in lO"^"^ reco-^.^endpd a s^r-^" '-f about 1 fluid ryxnc^ "f derris soap [Neeton?] to 1 f;allon' of wat^r. - 5^ - . Phaedon sp. ... Korff and Bonins ( 2^9) in 1133 stated that a spray containing 0.5 percent ?f Pclvrsol (a dcrris? preparation) killed 100 nercent of the iDoetloa of Phaedon ^p. in 12 h'-^uris. Phyl lode eta Tjtellinp.e (L,), a "^irappy willovr 'bpctle A very high kill of willow 'oeptles wa,s o^btained with a derris Au?t of knovm rotenc.;c c^ntF'nt.. In dry weather the dust acted as an efficient repellent for several days. — A^Tricultural and Horticultural Research Station of" the University of Bristol (5U) in IQ33. Hutchinson and Kearns ( 210 ) in 1935 reported en th'^ eff ecti^'eness of derris dust for the control of the tras^jy willow "beetle in Snsland. A proprietary dust, consisting of ground derris root and a carrier, with a crystalline rotenone content of O.IS -r.rrcent (ether-extraction method) was used. The material was a fine dust and easily distribut^i^d "by means of a iliapcara tyj^e of hand "blower, A total of UU9 beetles were collected frora a willow "bed, and liatches of ^0 were lightly shaken in Petri dishes with a snaJl ouantdty of the derris dust. Imnediately after this treatinent they were placed in clean dishes. The following dsi.y ^E percent vrore der^d. This experiment shovred that the du.st was highly toric to the "beetles.^ provided it ca^e into inti'ciate contact vn.th thr-m. As a result of the a'bove experinent further otservations were car- ried- 'ut on a "bed of Salix all' a vitellina , A ijlock of 35 stools infested with' "beetles, were dusted on Kia.y 3^ ^-J^^^- '^^ ^^^ following day the. stools and soil wore examined. The dust had settled on the "bark of the stools and on the soil ■ surf -'•cc, but very, little vras evident on the foliage. A total of 751 beetles WGrp^co^^nted on the .soil surface at the base of the stools, and only 3 livinf^ beetles were present on the plants. No dead beetles were observed on an adjoinif.r; untreated block of 25 stools on which U50- beetles WF.re counted. In a seonnd erperinont designed to determine the duration of effec- tive toxicity, a stool and its shoots and adjacent soil were lif::htly dusted, then covered with muslin to form an insect caf^e, and 12S beetles were introduced. The followin;-- day all the beetles were dead. On the same stool, 3 da.ys after the dust a- ;C'licati^'n, ?, second batch of 150 booties was added to the ca^'e, and of these 127 vrerr dead on the following; day. The failure of pyrethrun dust to control the "beetles had suggested that the result was due to the poor a'fJiesion of the carrier, kaolinj to the insects. An exr^eriment was, therefore, carried out using kaolin mix^^d with the finely ([ground dcrris root, to ascertain whethor the efficiency of the derris wfi.s affected. In order to compare the results with thoj^ obtained with the proT^rietary dust, the kaolin was mixed with the derris root in proportions to r{iv(^ the same content of crystallino: rotrnone. The results obtained from this expcri^ient showed tliat the kaolin preparation gave a 100- pcrcent kill of the beetles, despito its poor ariJiesion, and the results from its use were similar to thogs obtained with the proprietary dust, Hutchinson rnJ. Kcrrns cr^ncludod fron the alovo erpcri^nents that derris is much more toxic to the \)cetles than rvrrthrun v;hrn used in dust form, and that a satisfactory control cf Fhyllodectr vitellinao can ce olDtained hy the use' of a derris dust. Under dry-wcathcr conditirns the powder aftrr applicpti'^n rctr.in'f^^d sufficient pffcctivr toxicit" to kill or to reppl v/anderinc leetles for at least 3 f^-f^ye* Fhyl lode eta vulgatissima (l.) I ' • ' Jensitive to derris dust. — DeBussy et al.'(6l); also Van der Laiin ( 2^2 ) in 1936. fhyllodecta sp. , "blue and "brf^'^sy "beetles • ICearns ( 236 ) in 1935 recormended derris spray and derris duet for the control of ingr^ct pestg of "basket willows. The spray should contain not less than O.OOU percent of crystalline rotenone, and 1/2 pound wetter ("best suited for hard waters), per 100 imperial eallons of water, Derris dusts should contain not less than -0,15 percent "f crystalline rotencne. Dusts pr-^vide a satisfactory control of the adults of the blue and "brassy "beotle, Phyllodecta sp, , and the larvae and adults of the l-^rown "beetle. The "best results are o"btained v^hen the "beetles ha""'e collected in con- sidcra'ble nunl-rrs on the shoots and v^un?; leaves in the early sprint;. At othrr ti.-nes of applica.ti'^n dusts do not civ'- satisfactory results. "Derris may "be used in connecti-n with ""ordeaxir mixture. Phyllotrcta al'bicnica Lee. . a cacla,£;e flea "beetle Derris dust (3.05 percent of rot'^none) was very effective in field testr- alone and vfhen dilv.tcd with gyosum in th-^ ratios of 00:10 and 70:"^0.- Kelsall and Stultz (gU^) in r'37, Phyllotrcta atra (F.) Fethcrbrid. e an:'. Thonas ( 717 ) in IO35 roportrd en the control of flea beetles in secdcc-ds in In^rland. The «;pt'cies of flea beetles found attackin..- caboaj^e plants durin.--;; the cdirse of the present investigations were the followine: Fhyllotrcta atra (F.), P. cor.so"b'rina (Curt.), P. cruciferao (Gcezc) , P. nernoran (L.). P. ni^-rlp's (?.), fT punctulata (Karsh), and P. undt;lata Kutsch. In I03I best results a^'tor the -slants were up were obtained with a U-->^rrcent-riicotine dust. Poor results wore o"ljtained with hepvy derris dust, t'^.r dusted beds be inj: as se.v»jd," attac'red as the controls. The dust was a.la" difficult to apply with a rotary blowei and injured the plants. In 103^ experi-'^.ents were n?>dc on cauliflowers with 3-percent-nicotino duat, ii?;ht and nediu-n d'errig dusts (0.2 p. rcent of rotenone) , and other materials. The best control was obtained with a li^ht derris dust a-oplied four tiies, the ^lots having/ only three applic- ations being nearl,; as .-.-ood. In a season when flea beetle dajna:re is vory bad, the following procedure was recoanended for caobaire seedbeds? (l) Fre-oare as fine a tilth as possible; (2) anply naphthalene or a derris dust about U or 5 ' days aftrr the seed is sown; (3) dust vrith a liirht derris dnet as the plants are cornin^: throut:h the cro^ind; (U) gubgenuently , dust with a - 56 - derris dust at int'^rvrls -^f ^ to 5, days, dependini-; on the weather and the extent of the attack:--in thr- pvent of a s-'vere attack, as many as five applicati'-^ns may be neces'sary; and (5) keep a very careful watch en the seedbeds. Durinc: fine weather they should he examined twice a day. A bed may be free from beetles in the morning end yet be severtly attacked by the eveaing of the same day. It is possible ths.t this method of dusting with derris may be applied to other crops subject t^ attack ly fie? beetles. If a lisht dust is used, ab^ut 30 pounds per acre per application should be enoUt-:h if the plants are in drills about 2 feet 6 inches apart, Fhyllotreta bipustulata (F.) Fenton ( 127 ) in 1'"'36 referred to an unpublished report by Honey, of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, wh^ found that a dust co'i- posed of 15 pounds of pyrethrum (0,5 percent of pyrethrins) , 10 pounds of derris (5 percent of rotenone), and 75 pounds of sulfur successfully controlled these beetles, Fhyllotreta consobrina ( Curt , ) P. cruciferee (Goeze) F, nemr-rum (L.) See Fctherbrid.T- and Thomas ( "^17 ) ^andrr Fhyllotreta atra (F.), on pa^ce 55* Fhyllotreta nigrip'^'S (F,) See Foth.--rbrid:re and Thomas ( "517 ) under F. atra (F,), on page 5^. Blunck o.nd M'-yer (30) in 113^ reported derris powder and Folvo to be effecti^'p for combatint; F. ni;':ri^'ies « Fhyllr'treta punctulata (Mar sham) See Fcthcr':rid..-e and Thomas (^Ij) u:ider P. atra (F.) on P-go 55. Fhyllotreta sinuata (Redt.) This flea beetle can be es^O'^cially in.iurious to mustard. Ducting with derris mixtures c^ntainin?; O.5 percent '■f rotehnne, and spraying with .suspensi'">ns of 1:5,000 rotenone content in the laboratory, killed the insects in a short time. Aft<-'r a field test in a kitchen gr^rden in Batavia, the treated plots were noticeably better than the untreated, but were not cntirelv^ free from attack, Froba.blyithis is to be ascribed to the rojinilpr watering of the plants, by which means the derris powder was washed off; then reinf est^ti-m occurred from the control plots,-- V^.n der Vech (Uoi) in IO36, Fhyllotreta undulata Kutsch See Fcth(-rbrid:-:e and Thomas ( 317 ) under F. atra (F. ) on page 55. Blunck and Meyer ij^j,) in IO32 report i-'d derris powder and Folvo to be effective for combating this species. - 57 - Phyllotreta vittata (7.) , the striped flea beetle Allen (9) in 1934 reported that a derris dust containing 1 percent of rotenone and ea-ua.1 parts of finely ground tobacco dust, with 300-mesh dusting sulfur as a diluent, is very effective in control- ling the striped flea beetle. Easily killed by derris dust. — Hamilton and Gem-^.ell ( 174 ) in 1934. Killed by a derris-gypsum dust (0.4 percent of rotenone) — Herman and Hoclcey (lB5) in 1936. Oka-moto ( 309 ) in 1936 reported tha.t a derris insecticide is very effective for the control of this species, vrhich is very common on cruciferous vegetables in Japan. Agicide DC-4 (rotenone 0.6 percent) at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water (0.003 percent of rotenone in spray) killed from 50 to 100 )ercent within 96 hours. — Agicide La.boratorios (0) in 1939. A l-percent-rotenone dust may be used for the control of the striped cabba.ge flea beetle with effective results if -the applications are thoroughly ma.de and rea.sonably frequent. The tendencr; is to begin the treatments too late, and injury is often severe before even an ex- perienced grower realizes it. — Crosby, Chupp, and Leiby (92) in 1939. Phyllotreta vittata discedens ^'eis e Tlie Louisiana Agricultural :H!xperiment Station ( 263 ) in 1938 re- ported tha.t a derris dust containing 1 percent of rotenone has given best results in the control of the striped flea beetle on turnips and mustard. If the dust is applied at v/eekl;- intervals as long as beetles are present, this pest can be controlled very effectively. Phyllotreta sp. Sensitive to derris dust. — DeBussy et al. (5l); also Van der L£>.an ( 252 ) in 1936. Davies (98) in 1937 referred to experiments by Petherbridge and Thomas (317, 3187 in 1935 and 1936 with derris dust against flea beetles. Davies tested derris, derris plust slate dust (1:4), and other materials against turnip flea beetles, Ph/ll^treta sp. , on Svrede seedlings. Slate dust (10 percent of seedlings damaged) alone was about as effective as derris (l5 percent damaged) in protecting the plants. From 74 to 89 per- cent of the untreated plants were damaged. Plagiodera Inclusa, Stal , a soybean leaf beetle In the laboratory 30 adults were repeatedly dusted with laleur plusttalc 1:1, and Derris malaccensi s plus talc 1:1, and sprayed with derris "K.I." 0.5 percent in water (rotenone 1:2,850), ajid rotenone emulsion (1:2,000), according to Van der Scheer's procedure. The re- sult v:as not conclusive as 10 or more beetles of each group were still alive after three da.ys. Better results were obtained by feeding the , 5S - the beetles fcr 3 c'.ays with soybean plants previ'^usly duster!, vrith miytures cf derris pov/der and talc. After using laleur plus tr.lc 1:1, the nuip.ber of "beetles that died on successive d?.ys were : : _: - '- \ ^: .■' 10,ll,7,.-.?.i'i-3- 2, re- spectively, of p, total of ^f- "beetles. One-hundred-percent mortality \^as still obtained, even by dusting v/ith laleur plus talc 1:5, l6 beetles died v.'ithin 3 c'.ays and the r the r 1^4 were r^aralyzed and died vrith 3 t'^ 6 days after being dusted. Of the untreo.ted beetles, and of th-^se dusted with talc (30 each), only 2 and 3, respectivrrly , died. As Flagiodera does not occur in the neighborhood of Buitenzorf:, Java, two plantings in the Kala-san district were c'xisted with a dust ni?:ture composed of laleur, Changi, and talc, which contained about 1 percent of rotenone. The dusting was done with a hand duster. The first experiment took place on July 12, 1935, at which ti^ie a plantin^^; -^f about 620 SQuare meters was dusted with 1 kg. of powder nixture. The .effect of the dusting was checked on Julj"- 15. Apparently all the larvae were dead; however, the dusting had had practically no effect en the beetles. The. second e-'rerinent was made on July "^0, At that time a planting of fully 3''"* souaro meters was dusted with about 2/3 kg. of the d.ust mixt-ore. This plot was attacked ".:y adults only. Neither on the^ second nor on the fifth of August could any reduction in the number of beetles he observed,- — Van der Yecht ( ^J-Cl ) in 1^36, All the larvae but none of the beetles were killed :}y wetting with a derris povvrder sus'oensi^n with rotenone content of 1:5, '^Cf;. — Van dor Vecht (UOl) in 1936. Fodagrica javana (Motsch,), a kapok flea b.^etlc The beetles (20 in nuiiber) when placed on kapok leaves that had been lightly dusted with Changi plus talc 1:3 and laleur plus talc 1:1 did not feed and, apparently oy contact with the powder, were more or lesp par-lj'-zed after a few hours. Half, of them were dead after 2k hours, and of the re- mainder a few continued to react to touch for U to 5 clays, but they did not recover.— Van dcr Vecht ( Upl ) in 1936, Fodontia af finis Grli)nd. The larvae -^f this s"^ecies living on "kednnd'^ng" in Jav?, were dusted in the laboratory with derris (laleur) plus talc, 1:1. Six '^f the 10 nearly full-grown larvae fell from the leaves after an h'^ur, while the other h moved only sluggishly. All the larvae were dead in 2^^- h'-'Urs. There was n-^ mortality on the controls. — Van dnr Vecht ( ^'-Ol ) in IO36. Fpyl liodos chrysocephala L, Roebuck ( 33^) in 1037 rer.orted that cab' ages in Derb^ sure, England, were severely infested by this species during 1^135-36, The cobbages attn.cked by larvae were ploughed in and dusts of derris and barium fluosilicate and sprpys of lead arsenate were employed against the adults, Th'-^ winter of IO36- 37 vas unfavorable to the pest, so crops were n't attacked the follovring spring. - 55 - Psylliodes punctulata Melsh., •- the hop flea l:ertle Dorst ( loU ) in 113^ reported on flea beetle injury to sugar ^rets in central Utah, Durin^; the spring of 1'''37 the hop fie? ^'oetle "cred in enormous nurivors upon Cheirinia repanda (L.) Lin^T, an introduced wild n-ustard kn'^wn co-rncnly a;^ vr~str-rn wallflovr-'r, ^n th- Tpnf(} land adjacent t-- the cultivated areas -f the Sevier Valley, in central Utah, Prelininary exporir.onts designed to control the flea "beetle indicated that a spraj'- nac'.e up at the rate rf 2 pounds of derris ro''t powder, containin.': 2 percent of rotenone, in 100 gallons of water killed a large proportion of the resident flea "beetle population. This spray, however, ga-^e only temporary protection, as inconini: flea "oeetles soon reiniested the field??. Bordeaux nixture (U-U-50), to which U pounds '^f calcium arsenate wa?. added, applied at the rate of 75 itallons p^r acr'- gj^ve satisfactory ^rotecti^-n arainst the flea ■beetles. Fsylliodes sp. See HaTop ( 175 ) under Altica sp. , on pa^es 15, 22,. . . \ JRhaphidopalpa f e-^-^ralis Kotsch. Neoton, 1 po^xnd in SO imperial gallons of v/ater plus 2 po^an-^s of soap, killed all adults of " Aulacophora fenoralis ". [This species accordine to H. S. Bar"ber, an stated "by Iluesetr c:, may 'oe a chryscmelid. , . if so, the name sh-^uld "be Rhaphido-'PlT?-?. femoralis Motsch.]. — Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (220) in 1-^27. Nezu, Sakamoto, and Sonoyama ( 30^ ) in IO3U reported studies on this species, a seri-^us pest of cucur'jits in Japan. Derris sprays are cffecti"«^e against the larvae and the adults, Mishima ( 237 ) in 193^ reported tha.t in Jar tests vrere made at three places in Bedfordshire vrith throe dusts for the control of flea beetles in Brassicae seedbeds. The dusts were (l) Derris dust (rotenohe =0,2 percent); (2) naphthalono-silic;. (50:50), f^^id (3) a German proprietary dust consisting of finely powdered qur.rtz [Haaki?]. Dusts 1 and 2 were applied r.t the rate of 65 to S5 pounds per acre and Dust 3 ^"t the rate of 1U5 pounds per acre. Both Dusts 1 and 2 gav.- very good control of flea beetles. As a result of those tests, the authors recommend dusting with a. derris or naphthalene-silica dust p.s the plants are coming through the ground rnd subsequently dusting at intervals, depending on the weather and the extent of attnck. Steer (J^O) in I936 wrote thrt for flea beetles on hops and crucif- erous crops derris dust is the preferred insecticide. The United St--tes Dep.-rtmont of Agriculture ( 38l ) in I930 referred to derris rnd cube ,• s effective against flea be.?tlef destructive to grov.-ing tobacco . - 62 - Whit'^ ( i^l3 ) in 1936 issued roconmon.iati-ns for th? control of insects attacking cortain vpgc- titles?, siTiall fruit?, and to"bacco, Derris dust?? indicatFd that they may aid in the control 'f flea tf^ctles infesting ca'b'bage and related crops, Howard and Mason ( igg ) in 1937 wrote tl-i-at in the hcfbed and cold- frames derris or cube will ve found useful in controlling attac>:s of flea "beetles on young tomato plants and young eggplants. Derris dusts have giv«n satisfactory results on flea ■beetles,— ITew Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station ( 297 ) in 1937. Hampp and Jehl (176) in 193^ reported experiments on^i the control of hop flea "beetles in .1937 ?-t the hop experiment station at Hull, Germany, !l?he overwintered adults appeared early in May, and the ne\^ adults, in smalle nu-m'bcrs, from mid-July on. The tests were made with unstated quantities of derris, derris mixed with pyrethrum, and nicotine. As in all previous tcstp ■derris dusts proved a"bsolutely reliable if applied in sufficient ouantity and, were much superior to pyrethrum, nicotine, or arsenicals,' and eepKcially superior to sprays, Rotcnone sprays or dusts were recommended "by Parks and Pierstorff of the Ohio Extension Service (^12) in 1938 for the control of flea beetles on beet, eggplant, pepper, radish, sweet corn, tomato, anvd' turnip. • Warwick ( UlO ) in 193^ reported that the most' uniformly reliable 'method for controlling flea beetle in England is the broadcasting of a good quality of derris dust at the rate of about l/2 cwt. (56 pounds) per acre. The Idah? Agricultural Experiment Station ( 2l6 ) in I939 reported rotenone diigts t^ be effective against flea beetles. • Chryscmelidae (unidentified sp.), a rod melon beetle An anonym^'Us (k) writer in the Palestine Gazette in I939 stated that the red melon beetle is extremely sensitive to derris dusts, which can be regarded as the spe.cific poison for chrysomelid beetles, and that it. can be easily controlled by two or throe applicati-^ns ■"^f derris dust containing 0,75 percent of rotenone, from April to June, inclusive. Against the larvae boring in the root collar of the .cucurbits hardly a -measure can be advised' because 'they hide underground and their presence becomes evident only after the dajnagc is irreparable. Therefore, tho necessity '^f a auick and full control of the adults is stressed, A 50-50 mixture -f pure barii?.m ^r sodium fluoailicfite and derris dust is recommended, provided the whole mixture c^^ntains 0.75 percent ^f roten^'-^ne, ■ Cicindelidae Cicindel? campestris L. , a tiger bertle " , ' This insect on rogps was mitigated by a product containing 12 percent '■■f powdered -L^-ncho carpus nigou r^^ot (of 6 percent rotenone content) and 88 percent '.f talcum, accordintr to a lettfr from Etablissempnts H^tmia , to E.G. Roark in 1^38, - 63 - Clerid^.e ITecro"bia rufipes (Deg,), th^ rod-leeg^d ham "beetle ■ Hot. affected by derris.— Van d^r Laan (252) in I936. Coccinelliclae X pila.chna "borealis (F.), the souash "beetle Eoten^ne suspended in water, 1:500, pre^'^nted feeding "by the ad'ilt? and even at 1:2,000 feeding was curtailed, — Davidson, renortcd ty Canrtell (6b) in 1932. Ipilachna dodecagtig^a Muls, AlD^ut Uo larvae of differ -^nt inst^-.rg w-re lightly d'jst^d with "laleur" plus talc l!l (rotenruie 0.5 percent). These larvae, and also the raven'^us fourth instars, were paralyzed after a few h-^urs, ceased feeding, and dii^d v/ithin 2U h-^urs. An experiment with 15 adults gave cor- responding results; pupae that had "been dusted with the said pov/der mixture produced normal t'^etles. — Van der Vecht ( Uoi ) in I936, Ipilachna indica Muls. Most of the adults and larva.e dir within 2^^ h-^.urs aft-^r "beinfT r)laced on the leaves '"f Sr-lanun melon^;pna. which h?„ve TDe?n dusted v;ith a nixture of roten'^ne and tapioca fl'^ur. — Federated Malay States Department of Agri- culture (12 6) in 1938. [This repoi"* v^-s referred to ry the Imt)-rial Institut' (218) in 193s.] Epilachna varivestis (M^als.), the Mexican lean "bc-etle The West Virginia Depart'-ent of A.-ri culture (|fll) in 1929 stated that Dorris^l showed promising results as a repellent and killing ag^nt fnr adult Mexican "bean "beetles and as a killing a^ent for their larvae. Davidson (^7) in 1930 reported the following results with 8usr.ensi->ns of roten^ne in vratrr. Tests were made ~h "bean plants in the fir-Id. Insect etage C^nc^ntrati'^n Mortality F-rcent Overwintered adults 1:5,000 100 1:10,000 85 1:20,000 Fall-brood adults 1:500 -^50 treated in October 1:250 v'50 1:125 100 S~all larvae 1:'^0,000 93. 3 la field tests half--;Tovn lar'^ae were all killed with ?. dust ^f 1 part of r-tenone and 99 parts -f diatom-ce-us earth. - 6U - In 1930 the Unitod States Department of Agriculture (^SO) called attention to its research on rotenone, whinh was b^ing tested against the Mexican "bean beetle and other destructive insects with r^ronising results. Darley (96 ) in I931 sprayed adult Mexican "bean "beetles confined in small wire-screen cages with an aoueous suspension of rotenone made by add- ing a 2-percpnt solution in acetone to water. Rotenone at 1:50,000 was ineffective. Rotenone suspended in wat--^r 1:200 sprayed on lea""'es and fed to the larvae as a sandwich killed all. At 1:5,000 all adults on a sprayed plant were killed and at 1:10,000, 90 percent were killed, — Davidson, re- ported by Campbell ( 66 ) in 1932. Campbell also reviewed work by Howard, • who reported the failure of a dust -containing 0.15 percent of rotenone to protect beans from Mexican bean beetle attack, Tvro applications of 20 to 25 pounds per acre gave some temporary protection, bii.t at the close ^;f the experiment, 25 days after the second treatment, the folia^pe-had be^^n de- stroyed, whereas the magnesium arsenate plots remained green. Howard also used concentrated ftaueous suspensions of rotenone in cage" tests against the Mexican bean beetle, with disaTopointing results, Douglass (105) in 1933 report'-'^d the*results of 'tests of insecticides against the Mexican bean beetle in New Mexico , Derris dust a.nd Cubor dust killed more beetles than did arsenicpls and barium fluosilicatp, Derris dust containing 1 percent of rotenonS was m'-^re effective than Cubor xust against overwintered beetles, larvae^ and newly developc;'. bo' ties. Howard, Brannon, and Mason ( 193 ) in 1933 reported that in I93I they had found a commercial dust containing 0,15 percent of rotenone to be in- effective; in 1932 a- commercial dust containing 0.275 P^^rcent of rotenone gave fair results. A commercial extract of derris r^^^^t, containing 5 ^. of rotenone per 100 cubic centimeters, with other extractives, gp^p satis- factory control at Norfolk, Va, , in light to mediiim infestations, vrhcn used at dilutions of 1: 250, l: 500, l: 200, and l: 1,000. In medium t- heavy infestations, in Ohio in 1932,'at 1: 250 and l: 400, it gave results equal to or better than magnesi'im arsenate at 2 pounds to 50 gallons and cryolite at 2 pounds to 50 gallons 'of water, and better than a well-knovm pyre thrum extract at 1? U,00. Derris extract appears to be superi'^^r to r,.yrethrum ex- tract and equal to a comTb'iriation of the tiro, and far superior to pure rot- enone. The Suffolk County, IT. Y. , Farm Bureau ( 361 ) in 19-^3 called attention to: the use of rotenone and jjyrethrum insecticides for controlling the Kox- ican bean beetle on both string and lima beans. In spraying lima beans tho pyrethrum- or rotenone-spray extracts may be added to the bordeaux mixture. In this way the bean beetles, lice, and mildevr or pod mold may be controlled with '^ne spray. A-oparently the bordeaux decreases the killing properties of the rotenone or pyrethnm a little, but the sprays should gi^e .pod control if applied as soon as mixed, Borvdcaux is n'^t needed on string benns. Should beans require spraying -against the Mexican bean beetle after the pods have set, pyrethrum or derris oxtract«5 must be used. — United States Department of Agriculture , Bujreau of Entoraolog,y ( 3io6 ) in 19!''3. - 65- In I93U Cory (^iS) led a discu5«=i'n of field results with a.rser.ieal suostituteg for the control of ^'egeta'^l-:- ir.sectH. Eep.j.lee, cf I'ew Jersey, discussed derris f^r the contr-l ->f the i-lcxican "bern tcetle, ]>arlr;g the season nf 195^ ^-^ following matt".rlals were studied: (l) Hone-nixed derris dust cntaining 2o pprts of U percent rotrn^ne and 75 parts of talc: . (2) derris duet containing 16 parts of ground derris running 5 F^^*^'"'^^^* ^^ roten'^ne and 18 percent of t^tnl extractives, 25 parts "f finely"- ground dusting sulfur, and 59 parts cf finely ground clay; (3) derris dust contain- ing 16 narts of ground derris r^'.ot, running 5 percent of roten-ne and IB percent of total extractives, 20 parts "'f Coposil and 6U parts of talc; (^) a dust c^nei^ting --f a fine grade rf gypsu". impregnated with derris extract in onr.ntitios sufficient to give 0,5 percent ^f rctcn'>ne; (5)" & ^ Biiailar dust made "in the sajnc-wayj "ao'.as t-O: e^.rry OiT5 percent" of rotcnona; (6) a eimilor du?t mad^ so ae -to -contain 1 .pefccnt .of-'rotcnonov --Bach -Of thoso dusts vras u&-3(i-on •ljoans:in l/7-^^e::e "blocks. Two applicr.tions v^<^.e made Doforo tho "bcr-riB were .p.ijckod' for market. The material «5 made up with ground derris dust were much more effect- ive in reducing the feeding injury to folia-;e than ware the materials com- posed of impregnated dusts, Tho plants treated vrith gr'iund derris dusts showed about 10 percent ^f the foliage eaten at the time the "jeans were harvestf^d, whil-- the impregnated m.ateri«ls showed from 30 tr 60 percent r.f the folia,:e destr'-yed, A study of the "beetles returning t^ the treated blocks showed reinf estr.ti^n -^f the impre^P^ated material treatmrnts first, a.nd later the ground-derris-c'ust treatments, Furtherr.ore, . the last 'f the gro'.ind-derris-dust materials to be reinfested v;as the dsrris-sulfur-elay combination, indicating that this particular derris dust had a mnch greater residual effect than any -^f the others. These naterifls were applied by means of a two-rev; duster, using metal sir^le-r'-w h'-.ods 6 feet long, 12 inches vide, and lU inche? high. The use of these hoods m.ade it possible t*^ effect satisfactory covrragr and to ^btpin complete kill by the use nf 10 pounds of dust per acr=, as compared with 25 to 30 pounds per acre when applied without the hoods. In view of the fact that the derris dust** were 8'^ld to the consumer at the rate '^f from IS to 22 cents per pound, the re- sultant saving made the use '^f the hoods very attractive. Moreover, the use of the hoods made it possible t^^ apply the dust in the presence of consider- able wind, instead of ha'^ing t-^ work eprly in the morning or late in the evening or at night. These single-row hoods aro describr^d in Circular 711 of the !Irw Jersey Agricultural Expr-rimrnt Station, — Headlee ( ig^ ) in 1935- Crosb • and Chunp (91 ) in 19^^ recommended rotenone dust for u=e against the Mexican bean beetle aft^^r the pods have begun to forr^, Bordeaux should not be mixed with rcten'-^ne, Garman and Turner (161) in I'^^U discussed substitutes f'^r Iced arsenate for use in Connecticut on fruits and vcf;eta^les, A dust containing 0,6 percent of rotenone was recom'^onded for the control of the Mexican bean beetle, Huckett ( 202 ) in 193^ re-ojrted that during I937 on Long Island dusts containing from 0.5 to 1,0 percent of rotenone had been used successfully as substitutes for magnesium arsenate for the control of the Mexican bean beetle on snap and lima beans vhilo th* ^ods were fTming, . - 66 - Huckett ( 203 ) also reported in I93U that against insects attacking vcgeta'oles derris dusts were usuallj'- slightly superior to derris sprays. The Mexican "bean "beetle may Tje effectively controlled "by the us-^ of a derris-clay, kaolin, or talc dust mi^rture of not less than 0.5-percent- rotencne content, applied niuch in the pp-T.e manner as reconmrnded for arsenical dusts. Hydrat^d lime rir a nixtur'^ of hydrated line and nono- hydrated copper sulfate affect rctenone adversely, hence their use as a diluent for derris dust is not recommended. Durini- the sumer ncnths it will usually "be necessary to apply sprays or dusts once ev^ry 10 days t'^ 2 weeks, whereas with the shorter, cooler days of autu'in, once every 2' to 3 weeks may "be .quite satisfactory. If derris powder is applied in a spray mixture" it is advised th^t a strength comparable to 10 pounds of a derris- clay dust ^f 1 percent rotenone strength he used in 100 gallons of water, or 2 pounds of an undiluted powdered derris root of 5 percent rotenone content in 100 gallons of water, plust the addition in either case of a spreadf='r, such as dry skim-milk powder, U pounds, or a nisci"ble sulfonated oil or neutral coconut-oil soap, 2 quarts. Both derris powder and skin- milk powder, should be made into a paste "before Ijeing added to the tank. Hydrated line, "bordeaux mixture, o.r ordinary launvdry .soap are considered u:i- desirahle in a derris spray, owing to their adverse effect on rotenone. Al- though spraying may .he found to "be a, little cheaper than dusting, insofar as costs of ingredients are concerned, it vrill. gen^^rally "^oe found n^^cessary to spray at slightly shorter intervals to o"btain results similar to those o"btained with the dust. The South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Stotion ( 3U6 ) in .19,3^ reported the results of tests with various nonarsenical insecticides against the Mexican "bean "beetle. "Various commercial prepare tirn?. containing pyreth- rom, rotenone, ni'cotine, and other materials as, the active ingredients were tested. Best results were as follov/s: Dilut; ion Av.^ra.:o kill Material Old New Larvae Foliage .t^,-lultg . Adul t s in.iury Percent , ?.-rcrnt Prrcent . Frrcrnt Black Arrovr None 55 U7.7 30.6 None Kuhatox None 52.5 55.7 6U.6 Slight Red Arrow 1:200 17.5 Ib.U 35.3 None Average of two tests using 20' hi'Dornated adult-^ in e-^ch, 10' to lU tests using 25 recently raised adults,. and 6 tests using 25 larvae in each. Turner and Friend ( 378) in 193U reported tha.t the use of pyrethrum and rot'.'none dusts following applications of arsenicals prevented Mexican "bean "beetle damage, and a higher percentage of marketa''ole pods resulted. These n^npoisonous dusts were also effective when used' throughout the season The United States Depa.rtmont of Aericultur ■', Bureau of Siit;'--molo.;y and Plant Q;aarantine ( 387 ) in 193H made the following recom-nendation: "The "best control for the "bean "beetle is s-nraying vrith magnesium arsenate, the spray ^nixturc "being used at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of T^ratrr or 2 ounces to 3 gallons. If later treatments prove necessary, a derris or a rotenone dust (containing from 0.5 to 0,6 percent rotenone) should he used." - 67- Dorris dust (0,5 percent of roten^-r.e) ar.l spray (U po^onds of powder of U percent roten'^ne content) arn eff ^cti-^'c. — Alabana Polytechnic Institute (g) in 19^5. BotD (^)of the Virginia Agricultural Exporio^nt Station reported in 1935 that rcte-ono dust at certain ptrr^-ngthe vas effccti^'e in destroying Mexican "bean beetles. In 1935 Brannon ("^U) re^^ort-d that sprays were superior to dusts in control of the Mexican tran "beetle in Virginia,. A spray composed of 3 pounds of synthetic cryolite in 50 gallons of water and a derris-r^ot- powder spray .containing 0.025 percent "^f rotenone gave perfect folia^ee protection pgainst tlie uean "beetle and increased the yields 3^ and 33»5 '■percent,' respectively, s,s compared with similarly situated untreated plots, A dust .'fixture composed of synthetic cryolite and talc (60-U0) and a derris- talc 'dust ccntaii-.ing 0.22 percent of roten^ne .gave fairly satisfactory re- sults p'nd increased the yields 32,9 an.-". 23.8 percent, respectively, as com- pared with mitreated plots. These materials were applied with a traction dTister nnd a traction sprayer, respectively^ on l/2-acre replicated plots. Cory ( 388 ) in 1935 stated thpt Marcovitch, of Tennessee, reported in Decem"ber Vijh that Cutor, 1 pound to 50 gallons '^f wat^^r, gave the ""iest control of the Mexican lean "beetle. Turner, of Connecticut, reported that Cu"fcor spray and Oul-)or and Ku"batox dusts gave gor,d control of this insect. A dust containing O.U percent ^f rotenone applied once on first-generation and 3 times on socond-i--renorotion larvae ga^'e excellent control, Sherman, of South Carolina, reported that Ku"batox killed 52.5 percent of the old adults, 55»7 percent of the new adiilts, and 6U,6 percent of the larvae. N, F. Howard in a tj-pev/ritten rerort to the Division of Truck Gr^p and' Garden Insect Investigations in 1935 reported the results "-f tests with cuLe against 'the Mexican "bean "beetle at Columtus, Ohio. Cu"be (rotenone, 7.7 percent) at 3 pounds per 100 gs.llons , applied at the rate of IIS gallons per acre, and derris containing U.U percent of rotenone ga,ve 92 percent "better control than the check. The addition of 1 pound of Kayso or 1 pound of soap to the cule spray gave a"bout the same result. Both derris and cu"be 8prR.ys gave "betto-r control than cither magnesium arsenate or synthetic cry- olite. A cu"be powder diluted with talc to a rotenone content of 0,77 per- cent and applied as a dust rt the rate of 21 pounds per acre gave as good results as sprays of magnesium arsenate or cryolite. Derris and cu"be dusts did not f-ive s-- satisfactory controls as did th" s^^rays, Howard, Brannon, and Mason ( 19U ) in 1935 reported that finely c:round derris r^ot in water aprearrd to "be '■•ne of the cest insecticides ever tested for the control of the Mexican ""oean Irootle. Vhen used alone it gave "better results than when used with pow.'.ored soap, lime-casein, or "be- ntonite-siilfur. Derris stays in suspension and sticks well, even to ca"L'":ago leaves, and lias a"bout as lasting effect as any material yet treated. "Vrr;' go.od control was o"btained at dose.^cs of 3>'"*", ^•^'■'^'' 5 pounds of derris, of L|.,U percent roten-^nR content, in 100 gallons of water. The wat.-r suspensions of derris powder were superior to the extracts 'f derris r pyret';.rum, or a combination of the two. The increase in residual cff-ct of th--^ ground root over thjs.t of the extract was marked. L"''^oratory tests indicated that derris dusts and spr-'^ys are toric to the eggs of the bean "ueetle. ~ 6g - Ground derris r'-"-t vith' a carri ;r used a?' a dust ;~-'3."^.'^ very "r'-.nis- irrg results. The general C'.nclusi^n from a lar.^r numter of arplications WPS that a dust should contain from 0.5 to 0.75 percent cf rotennne (10 pounds of 5 percent derris to ^0 pounds of. carrier or 15 pounds of 5 per- cent derris to 85 pounds of carrier). Of six carriers, ?.nd con"l:in?tions of carriers, ccnpriiiing talc, tobacco dusts, infusorifil earth, ground narc (extracted pyrethrum flovrers) . inert cla;^, and hydrated lime, ta.lc is generrl proved to "be the test. Ycrv good control of the 'bean "beetle was '^'btained when 20 to 25 pounds was used to the acre. Eydrated li-ne in sor-e instance? appeared to reduce toxicity and should not "be recoTimended, The same authors ( 19^ ) in 1935 issued instnacticns for tlie eontr-^l of the Mexican "bean "beetle in the Eastf^rn States, Derris was one of the insecticides recommended. To prepare a derris spray use U or 5 P'^unds of finely ground derris (rotenone content ^ percent) to 100 gallons of wat-T, These sprays will ha.ve a pot-^nor.e content of approxinately 0,02 and 0,025 percent, respectively. No spreader or sticker is renuirod. Directions are given for preparing dusts containing 0,5 or 0.75 percent rotenore from derris of U percent rotenon^ content and talc. Other diluents which nay oe used are infusorial earth, kaolin (china clay), dusting gypsum, wheat flour, and totacco dust, Fine dusting sulfur may "be mixed with the infusorial earth or > clay to the extent of 25 pounds of the sulfur ■su"bstituted for a like fimoiuit of the earth or clay. Some prepared dusts may "be thoroughly mixed "byplacing the ingredients in a drum or "barrel, not over two-thirds full, and rolling and tilting for 5 minutes. Commercial dusts may "be o'btained alrcp.dy mixed, Dusta are usually applied at dosages of 20 to 25 pounds per acre on snap and "bush "beans, "but vdth careful application thr dosage may sometimes "bo reduced, Howard and Da""'idpon ( IQJ ) l^i 1935 tested the devil's -shoestrings root against the Mexican "bean "beetle in Ohio, They reported that. "both a dusting mixture of this root containing a- proximately 0t6 percent of rot en- one and a spray with a content of 0.01 percent of rotennne gave satisfactory control on small plots of heavily infested "beans in the field, Howard, Mason and Davidson ( 200 ) in 1935 reported that 3 po'^andfl of derris containing U.U percent of rotenone to 100 gallons of water was effective against Mexican "bean "beetle, Derris spray v^as "better than derris dust "but 20 to 25 pounds per acre of the dust (0.5 to 0,75 pf'-rcent of roten- one) was fairly effective, Huckett (20U) in Septemher 1935 recommended derris as a spray or ^ dust for the control of the Mexican tean "beetle. As a spray, use U pounds of derris (U.5 to 5 percent rotencno content and 15 to 18 percent total extractives) and U poimds of Kayso or skia milk powder to 100 gallons of water. A suita"ble dust may "be made "by mixing 12 pounds of derris of a'ove grade with 88 pounds of talc, clay, or r'ir-floate.d .lyT^sum, Huckett and Hervey (207, 388) in 1^35 roport'^d that derris and cube sprays and dugts have shown promising result.e for the control of the Mexican "bepn "beetle on lima and snaji "beans on L-ng Island, - 6-^ - Hutscn ( 211 ) in 19'^5 reported derris pre-ocr^tions to "be su-oerior to those of pyrethrujr. for Mexican tean "beetle control, chiefly TDecause they have a slight residual action, whereas there is none with the pyrethrum products. Derris dust? are usually made vrith some bland material such as talc, hentonite, chalk, tohacco dust, or flour, and contain at least one-half of 1 percent of rotenone. It is often possible to purchase the groxind derris and make up the dust by adding the diluent at home. From 25 to 35 pounds of dust per application per acre \nll usually give good ccnti-cl. The Kentucky Agricultural Experi'^ent Station ( 2-6 ) in 19^5 reported tha.t talc was more effective as a diluent and carrier for nicotine, pyreth- rum, and rotenone than was fuller's earth, bentonite or trit)oli, v/hen used to control the Mexican bean beetle. Very absorptive clays, like fj.llcr' s e^^rth, were difficult to use on mornings when plants were wet with heavy dew, if the machine drev/ air from around the plants. The Maine Agricultural Expcri-ncnt St-^ticn ( 270 ) in 193^^ mention'^d derris as effective for the control of the Mexican bean bf^-tle when proDcrly used, but somewhat expensive. The Massachusetts A'-^Ti cultural Experiment Station ( 275 ) in 1935 reported that rotenone sprays njid dusts gave excellent control of Mexican bean beetle larvae, and the sprays also gave a hi^ percentage of kill of adult beetles. The Hew Jerr.ey Agricultural Experiment Station ( 296 ) in IP35 reported that a comb"' nation of 16 parts of finely ground derris root containing U percent of rot-^none and 16 to 18 percent of total aoetone extractives, 2^ parts of finely ground sulfur (3OO mesh), and 59 parts of a finely ground clay gave practically 100-percent control of the Mexican b'-^a.n betle. R. J. Prentisp & Company, Inc. ( 323 ) in I935 argurd that for the evaluation of the insccticidal value of dusts less emphasis be placed on rotenone content and more on total rth:-r extractives. Dusts were prepared from derris containing 5 p»~rcent of rotenone and IS percent of toial ether extractives and also frcm another lot of derris testing 1 percent of rote- none and 18 percent of extractives. Dusts were made from them containing in each case 15 pounds of powdered derris and 85 pounds of clay. The first dust tested 0.75 perc< nt of rotenone and the second only 0.15 percent of rotenone, yet both gave substantially th*^ same s8>.isfactory results when Used in the field on several types of insects, including Mexican bean b-etler. In both cases the total active ingredients of the dust, of coiirse, wer-- the same, viz.; 2.70 pe'c-nt eth. r extractives. The South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station (_3jf7) in I935 reported the results of tests of rotenone dusts and spr^'ys on larvae and adults of Mexican bean bpctles placed on caged plants after the plants had been sprayed, T e derris and cube powders each contained 5 percent of rotenone. Results were as follows: UBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD 70 Material Av?.rag? kill cf- - liar vat? " '"Adults Percent Pt^rcent U7.2 '51a 32. S Ul.g 25.6 Us. 7 2U.g 22.2 uc.s U7.6 32.0 33.8 30. u 22.7 Dusts: Derris-talc (0.75 percent rot -none) Cu"be -r- talc (0.75 percent rotenono) Derris-totacco (0.75 percent rotenone) Cute-tolDacco (0.75 percent rotenone)' Derox CulDor dust KulDatox dust Sprays: Berris (3.5 lb. per 100 gal.) IS.U 20.5 Cute (3.5 It, per 100 gal.) 2.U IQ.O Cul)or spray (2 iJ). per 100 gal.) U. g IJjJ^ . Turner (J77) in 1935 reported that one applic-ition of derris ^ dust containing 0.6 percent of rotenono^ or pyrcthrum dust contain- ing 50 percent of pyrethrum, controlled a light infei'tation of "bean beetles. Three aiDplications of derris dust containing O.U percent of rotenone, or pyrethrum dust containing 25 percent of pyrt^thrum, controlled a moderate infestation of "becin beetles and also reduced the injury cpused by the bean leafhopper ( Empoasc^ fabae (Harr.), Both of thesp dusts controlled bean beetles as efficiently as did tvro sprays of magnesium a.rsenate at th-- rate of ^ pov.nds in 100 gallons of watrr. Bordeaux mixture (U-U- 50) applied to lima beans three tinies during the sea,son was slightly lese effective in control- ling bean beetles than copper-lime-calbium arsenate dust applied once and follovred by two applici^ticns of derris dust containing 0,6 per- cent of rotenone. Turnr-r and Friend ( 379 ) i-^ 1935 reporte''. results of tests for the control of the Mexican bean beetle in Connecticut. Derris dusts containing 0,h and 0.6 percent of rotenone , and pyrethrum dust con- taining 25 percent and 50 percent of pyrethrum flow-rs, were used in I93U. The 25~pe'rcent pyrethrum dust was less effective than the derris dust containing O.U percent of rotenone. All these dust applic^'tions vrere very effecti'-'e in producing a high percentage of ■ uriinjurcd pods. Use of derris and pyrethrum sprays following magnesium arsenate applic- atif^ns invariably caused foliage injury, prob'^bly due to the action of sos.p spreaders on the arsenical rf^sidue, S^ch sprays cannot be used with safety on vines previotisly sprayed with arsenicel compounds. Derris and pyrothrixm dusts caused no foliaii^e injury in any te^st. The United States Department of Agriculture, Burer-u cf Entomology and Plant Quarantine (^S^.) in 1935 if;sur>d chan^^-es and additions in the recommendations for the control of the Mexican bea.n beetle. The follow- ing were recommended as superior to magnesium arsenate: SPRAYS Derris (finely ground root), U-percent-rotenone content, 2 to 2.5 pounds to 50 gallons of water. Sprays to contain approximately 0.02 and 0.025 percent of rotenone respect- ively. - 71 - When derris contains a higher rotcnone content, loss of the material may "br usr-d to ottain sprays of the rotenone content mentioned above. No sprerder or sticlcer iatment was considerably greater from the application of cryolite spray than from the oth«r materials used in the experiment, partly because of the higher yield increase obtained with cryolit'- but mainly because of the lower cost of that treatment. - 72 - .Sro^-m (59) in IQ36 rofermd to th-^ use of dcrrl? dust (O. 6 percrnt rotenono contf''nt) for the control of Mex:' can bean "be'-^tlvs \rhen;:V--r these insects "become troulDlesomo. Trcm 25 to 3^ ;ooundp p^r acre a.rpli^d cncr- or twice is usually sufficient. Fenton (l27) i-i 193^ ref^Tr'^d to the recomni''^;ndntions cf Ra'ainfjcn of Alabama (S_) and Thorras of Texas (367) co^'cerning derris duf;ts and sprpys for the control of the Mexican TDca.n Dretle. Howard (l90) in 19;^6 reported t^sts made at Colunbu?^ Ohio^i:? 1^35 vith insecticides against the Mexican "be^'n beetle, Satipfactory control wss obtained v^ith svispensionn of derris-root powd-r ai.d cube-root povder i : v/at^r at dilutions of 0.01, 0,015, 0.02, and 0,25 p-^rcent of rooenone, Fairly satisfactory repult? viere obtained with derris spra:'s containing = 005 percent of rotenone, 'X'he incorporation of various vretting agents, spreaders, and stickers did not i.Tipro^^e the efficiency of these spray sus- pensions. In general, cube "cro^'ed to be ap"nroxi.'^ately ecual in cffecti'''e- nes= to derris when te^-ted at the sa.ni'^ dilution of rotonon-'^. Derris- and cube-dust mixtures containing OJ'J-, 0«5, ''^-^- 0.75 percent of rotenone with var- ious diluents J '•1.1 gave satisfactory control. As a. result of special t'^sts of "arious dilu"-nts, it was concluded that it was not important to obtain an." particular diluent for use with derris or cube dust, provided such dil- uent is nonalVraline in character. The r<^sults indicated that t^.lc-flotation ffulfur (50^50), v;hert flour, ground [pyrethrum] marc, talc, b'^-ntonite^ and finely ground dusting sulfur, in the ord'^-r named, with th-^: last two aLriost eoual in effectiveness, were as good as^ or flight] y supf^rior to, an" of the diluents tested. In gf-n"ral, derris dustr apperred to oe slightly superior to cub3 dusts in fffcctiveness. In a limited number of experim nit s the grcind root of devil' s-shoe- strings(Tephrosia vi-Vginiana L,) at a dilation of OfOl p'rcent of rotenone gave approxl'iateiy eoual rr suits to those obtained with derris-root ':^owder sprays containing the sanie proportion cf rotenone. Drvii ! g_ohoestring'^- root dust mixtures containing_ 0. 39 s,nd O-'-l- norcent of rotfnone^ respectively, gave satisfactory control and were approximately equal to derris-dust fixture? of the same rotenone content. Howard (l^Ji) ^^ 193^ reported some rather interesting r'^sults from a c.ooperati-'e experiment with other field laboratoiies of the BuTcvau to detf^r- rn'n.-' th(^ la.sting effects of derris on bean foliage. Bean plantings i-zoro made at the following locations throughout the United State's: F-^w Haven, Conn., ITorfolk, Va. , Colu/.ibur-, , 0hi6, Bfton Rouge, La., Madison, Wis., Man- ha,ttan, Kans . , Grand Junction, Colo,, Twin Fallc, Idaho, Ventura, C^^lif .. _, Cor'/allis, Greg, ^ Puyallup, Wash., and P;\.^onix, Ariz. These plantings vrere treated with a derris spray and samples of leaves were ta.ken at given inter- vals a,nd sent to Columbus for analysis. In cv^ry case derris was' recovcri^d in sufficient q-ua.ntities at the end of 2 wr-k? to be detected by the colcri- metric and goldfish methods. At i^dison, G-rand Junction, Twin Falls, Corvallif and Columbus derri<-, shovrf^d a slower lop<^. of toxicity than at othf--r la.boratr^ricf Light alone did not seem .to account for tV.e decomposition rate, neither did high humidity. At Pheonix, where daily temperatures a-"-era.ged ov^r 100'^ F„ , derrisi was recovered aft'T 10 days. At A''entura_, where no raiii fel] during the test, all the toxicity ha.d disappeared at the end of U wc'ks. During this test period Ventura, had 9 foggy Aays, .being the only laboratory where fog wa.s r^'ported. - 73 - Howard, Brannon, ?ini Mason ( 196 ) in 19?6 rrcoiinnendcd derria or cu"be sDray as the best control mpasxire for the Mexican tean bf^etle. Thrp>? pounds of powder (containing U percent of rotenone) p-^ r 100 gallons gi-'-'^s a roton- one content of about 0.015 perc^mt. The treatnent should be started when be; ties are found in the firld and should b' repeatrd at int^-rvals of 7 to 10 days. Dusts contpining 0.5 percent of rotenone may be us^d at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds per acre per ai-^plicatior.. Sprays are rccom-nended in preference to dusts for bean beetle control because spraying will giv<^ better control and longer protection to the plants. In the case of hoTie-mixed dusts, either talc, dusting 'sulfur, infusorial earth, kaolin (china clay) or oth/ r finely ground inert clay, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, vrheat flour, or tobacco dust may be used as a diluent or carrier, but recent experiments have indicated that talc is the most satisfactory. Dust?) applied at the rate of -:o.5 pounds per acre showed only U.g perce'-.t of th^ plants injured by beetles, whereas anoth'-r plot dusted with a rotenone dust containing 0.5 percent of rocenone applied at the same r^tc had beetle injv.ry on 22.1 percent of the plants. The S-uth Carolina Agricultural Exreri^eit Station (^IfB) in I036 rocor'imonded derris nr cub'"' s^or the control of the M, ::ican bean beetle. S-orays (3.5 pounds of powder containing 5 percent of rotenone per 100 gallons) ap- plied at thr rate of 100 to I50 gallons per acre gave slightly superior re- sults to dusts (0.5 or 0.75 percent of rotenone) applied at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds pf r acre at each dusting. T;-e Unit-d State? Departrrent of Agriculture ( 38!) in 1^36 refrrred to the effective use of derris and cube against the Mexic-r^n bean beetle. - (^ - The Bureau of Sntonology and Plant QvLJirantine of tha Unit-^d States DepartTient of Agriculture (_22J) ^^ ^93^ reportrd result? of various tests vitb rotencne,. derris, and cute,. Fiold experiments with insecticides in Ohio and Virginia, on "beans grown for the green-bean market or for canning, havo dera-nstratrd that . the Mexic&n "bean he-tle can "be controlled at a mini- muni cost by applying sprays or dusts cont.a.ining rotenone derived from derris " or cube without danger of incurring harmful residues on the mark'^^t product. Laboratory siudics disclosed that the active ingredients of derris were ad- sorbed and tran-slocatod in treated plants in. such a manner as to prevent extensive feeding of bean beetle larvae on foliag- that developed on the plant-s after- the insecticides had "bepn applied. This residual effect of rotenoiB-containing. insecticides ha.d been obs^'rvcd previously under field conditions, Wallis ( Upg) of Srand Junction, Colo., in 1936 rcportrd that the results of field-control exp^'riments performed against Epilachna varivestis in 193^ 0^ beans grov/n under irrigation- revealed that a derri.s-spray sus- pension containing 0,015 percent of rotenone is- as effective as a derris spray containing 0.02 pr-rccnt of rotenone. Sprays containing 3 pou^ids of cryolite to 50 gallons of water, or derris contai'iing 0.015 percent of rote- none, or cube sprays containing 0.02 percent of rotenone, were more efficient than a spr8.y containing 1 pound of zinc ers^nitc to 50 gallons of water. The latter sDray is most commonly used by growers of beans in the Grand Junction district", Eotenone .sprays or dusts after pods have formed were recomnended by Bourne and Boyd (^) in 1937. ; ■ Brannon (^) in 1937 summarized the results of ins«5cticide tests performed against the Mexican bean beetle in 193^ o^^ ForcLhook lima beans tt the ITorfolk, Va. , laboratory. The best control was obtained v/ith dust mixtures of dorris-sulfur and cube-sulfur, each, contain-'ng 0,5 percent of roteno:e. Derris-wettable-sulfur p,nd cube-wet table-sulfur sprays (each containing 0.01 percent of rotenone) also gave good control of the insect. The percentage of control vdth the dust mixtures V^as slightly superior to that obtained with the sprays. Brannon (U2) in 1937 reported that recent experi;nents at the Norfolk laboratory, designed to determine the relative effectiveness of derrip, derris-sulfur , cube, cube-sulfur, pyre thrum- sulfur, and sulfur alone, applied as dus-ts or as sprays for the control of the Mexican bean beetle in associ- ation with the greon clover worm ( Plathyoena scabra (F.)) infesting snap beans, showed tha.t in instances where this ppst occurs in association vrith a Mexican bean be-.tle infestation, sulfur should be used as a diluent for derris. or cube for the combined control of the two insects. The derris and cube dust mixtures contained 0.5 percent of rotenone, the derris and cube sprays contained 0.015 percent of rotenone, and the pyrethrum-sulfur dust mixture contained 0,1 percent of total pyrethrins. Wettable sulfur was used as a spray at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of wat'^T. The Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station (SU) in 1937 report f^d that a dust cottaining 0.75 pcrcert of rotenone used on the Mexican bean beetle failed to give satisfactory -control. A spray pf U pounds of derris containing U percent of rotenone to 100 gallons of water gavr. control eaual to th»t effected by zinc arsenite and magnesium arsenate or phenothiazine, h pounds to 100 gallons of wat^r, und^r heavy infestation. jf'ulton and Magor. ( 13I ) in l^'^J report-^d that vhen derris ir, sprayed on "bean plants its constituents are adsorbed and translated to new growth. Two varieties of beans (Pinto and Burpee Stringloss Grr-enpod) , grown in pots under greenhouse conditions, vrnre treated, before th.- first trifoliate leaves appeared, vrith suspension of derris in water, containing 0.025, 0.05, and 0.25 percent of rotenone. Some of the plants were treated by spraying the entire plant with a compressed-air hand sprayer, some by painting only the first pair of true leaves, and som»= by painting only thr stems. As soon after treatment as the first trifoliate Icavns had attained a fair size or about the ti-ne the second trifoliate lea-"-es were opening, the first trifoliate lea'^es were removed from the plants and used for test?!. Larvae of the Mexican bean ber-tle confined in open glass cells v;erf allowed to feed on these leaves and the leaf areas cons^-^-med were measured. There was very low mortality among the larvae feeding on the nevr growth from either the treated or the untreated plants. T'ere was, howev'-r, a definite reduction in feeding area of nrw grovrth on treated plants over that on' untreated plants. This reduction in folding area was obs<"'rvrd on the first, second, and third trifoliate leaves. Chloroform extracts, from the sp.mr plants as thosv'^ used for the feeding- tests, vre're prepared for biological and che^iical tests by evapor- ating to dryness and removing the residue with acetone. An aliquot of the acetonp solutions was tested against goldfish ( Carascius auratus ) in water suspension and 100-percent mortality was observed in ovf-ry case, i^o mortal- ity was observed in ev-ry case. ITo mortality was observed in extracts prepared from \intre?\ted plants. V/here sufficient leaf material was avail- able an alioMot was used for the colorin.etric analysis. The Georgia Agricultural Exp^ri-qcnt Station ( 163 ) in I937 reported the value of several nonpoi-sonous insecticides in controlling this insect vfhfn tested, in c'^gefs. A commrrcial dust containing 0,75 percent of rote- none in talc and one of Pyrocide, a tradf product made from pyr--thriiin, mixed with nine parts of kaolin, gave l^'O-pcrcent kill of beetles and complete protection to the bean plants. Egg massp*^ dusted with the rote- nore dust hatched but the larvoe died before leaving the et.gshjRll. A third commercial material, Florote, containiiig rotenb .e and other materials, killed beetles more slov/ly than the others but protected the plants-. Hamilton ( 172 ) in 19!^7 reported that Mexican bean be "ties on beens were controlled by a spray of U pounds of derris or cube povrder {'^ percent of rotf»no~e) and ^ pounds of rosin-residue emulsion per 100 gallons of water. The spray acts as a contact T)oison and as a repellent. The effect- ive pr-rio'-'. is g day:.' Eighty percent kill of larv>>-^ and 20 percent of re- pellency on beetles was obtained. Repeated sprayi:-^gs and Picrstorff ( ?i2 ) in iq;^s. Roark ( 327 '' in 1938 referrrd to the work of Howp.rd ( 19O ) . who found derris dust superior to cu"be dust, but "both derris and cube sprays equally effective ajgainst the Mexican "boan "boetle; also tc th? South Carolina Agricultural Experinent Station ( 3U7 ) ^ v;hich found derris and cube equally good whether "^n thr forti of dusts or sprays; and to the Nev York Agricult- ural Experiment Station ( 3OI ) . which found derris bcttrr than cube, whether in th'-^ form of dust«5 or sprays. The South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station ( 331 ) in 1^38 reported that the control recommendations as first advocated in 193^ have been v.^ry effective in all tests at this station. The recommended treatment is to spray with a mixture consisting of 3.5 pounds of 5-p<:''rcent rotenone in 100 gallons of water or to dust with a mixture of 15 pounds of 5-pprcent rotenone and S5 pounds of talc or inert clay. Todd ( 37'^ ) in 1938 reported that derris-talc dust containing 0,75 percent of rotenone applied to bean foliage did not afford protection against the Mexican bean beetle beyond 7 days of exposure under field (sun) conditions. In the shade derri? was effective for 2 weeks or as long as the' plants held up. A spray containing 0.018 percent of rotenone was less effective than the dust. The United State? Bureau of Entomology/ and Plajit Quarantine (398) in 193^ gave the results of much v;ork vrith rotenone products. Field experiments in Ohio and Virginia on beans grown for the greon-bean market or for canning showed conclusively that the Mexican bean beetle can be satisfactorily controlled b." the use of sprays or dust mixtures contain- ing rotenone derived from derris, cube, timbo, or devil' s-shocstrings. In Colorado the. results from test on irrigated beans grovm for the dry- bean market demonstrated that sprays containing derris and cube gave better results than any oth-r materials tested, and thpt cryolite sprays gave the next best results. Wallis (U09 ) in 1938 summarized the res'ilts of tests performed with insecticides against the Mexican bean beetle in Colorado in 1937. ^p rer)or.trd that sprays conta'ining derris and cube gave better results than anv other materials tested, the increase in yield ranging from 10, U to ^8,7 percent over the check plots, Brannon i]^) in 1939 summarized thr results of an experinent con- ducted on Fordhook lima bean<= at I'forfolk, Va, ^ late in the summer and early in the autumn of 193S- Dx^st mixtures or sprp. s containing cryo- lite con,trolled successfully an infestation of Epilachna varivestis in association with Heliothis ob so l eta (F,), The cryolite-dust mixtures consisted of 60 parte^ of cryolite to Uo parts of sulfur or of talc, by weight. The cryolite spra. s were made up at the rate of 3 pounds of cryolite to 50 gallons of water. Cryolite dusts and sprays increased the yield R-moroximatel" 70 percent, as comparvd with the check, whereas plots to which sprays of derris or cube had b'en aioplied showed yi:^ld increases ranging from 30 to ^0 percent. In view of t'le fact that the Mexican bean beetle infestation in the field where the experiment was' ^^taged was not usually severe, the larger yield increases from the uso of cryolito - g2 wero attributed principally to the superior eff ectivpr.rss of this material against the corn earworm, since previous erpcriment? have demonstrated th^t derris and cubi- are of little value against this pest. Good control of the Mexican "bean beetle can be obtained by using a dust containing from 0,5' to 0,75 percent of rotcnonc. Good results can also be obtained by spraying vrith U pounds of finely groxmd rotenonc- bearirig powder (k percent of rotenone) in 100 gallons of water to vrhich has been added about 2 pounds of skim-milk powder. — Crosby, Chupp, and Leiby (^2) in I939. ' " ■ in 1939 C. B. Dibble in a "Bug Flash" [post card] /advised Michigan farmers to apply derris or, pyrethrura sprays or dusts to control the Mexican bean beetle. Some preference seerns to be shown at present for derris dust, and thip material should contain from 0.55 to 0,75 percent of rotenone and should be applied at the rate of 25 to Uo pounds per acre of snap beans. To gi^-e effective results, the material must be blown under the plants and bo^mded back onto the under sides of the loaves. One treat- ment may be sufficient, if timed exactly right, but ordinarily two treat- ments are reouired for a season's protection. A mixture of I5 parts of ground rotenone-bearing root (5 percent of rotenone), 15 parts of lithopone-zinc s^ilfide pigment, and 70 parts of kaolin or other inert carrier vras toxic to bean beetles for a longer time (85 percent longer on bean plants) than ordinary rotenone dust. During thei^e tests there was a normal rainfall. — Faloon ( II7 ) in 1939* M. P, Jones ( 233 ) in 1939 rocom'-^-'ended derris or cube. for the control of the Mexican bean beetle. Kettles (29^-!;) in I93Q recom-iended derris dust (0.75 percent- of rotenone) or spray (3 pounds cube or derris of U percent rotenone content per 100 gallons of v;ater) for the control of the Mexican bean beetle in South Carolina. The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (_303)in I939 reported 'that rotenone dusts and sprays a.pparently are effective and pr?ictice.ble for control of the Mexican bean beetle in the field, Sherman and Todd ( 33^ ) in 1939 recommended rotenone dusts (0,5 or preferably 0.75 percent of rotenone) or sjjrays for the control of the Mc:irican bean beetle in South. Carolina. Tests are recorded with the pro- prietary rotenone products Cubor dust, Cubor spray, Kubatox, Red Arrow, and Fysol, and with dusts made by mixing cube or derris with talc, tobacco dust, kaolin, sulfur, hydratcd lime, and talc plus lampblack. The United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant G^uarantine ( ^99) in 1939 aiioted the County Ag-nt of Crawford County, Ind. , as reporting that roteno: e [derrisj-sulfur dust on the Mexican bean beetle gave 100 percent kill in every case. \ - g3 - 'l!pila?hna vigintioctomac^:lata ab. niponica Lov. Takagi and Ito (363) in 19?2 r^oorted that dcrri? is v^ry effecti-^o against Epilachna niponica Lev. [E. vigintioctoaaculata a'b. ni-ponica Low., according to Muoseteck] . Epilachna viginticctopunctata (F.) A potato field near Sindanglaja, Java, attacked by both adults and larvao rf different instars, was dust-d v;ith lalf^ur plus talc 1:1 by means of a ^and dustor, at about 9 o'cloclj: on sunny mornings. After the dusting 20 adults and the same number of lan'^ae were gathered from this :plot and from a neighboring untreated plot. The dusted beetles showed signs of paralysis after r^bout 1 hour and s.-^cretrd an abnormal amount of liquid; after 2 hours nearly all were complotoly paralyzed and only a few still tried to stretch their vrinrs. After 2^ hours, 12 were dead and the rest died the following day. Also, the larvae ceas'd frrding after the dusting; I7 were dead after 2^4 hours, ajid the other 3, which ^t that time still reacted to contact by moving their feet, died the following day. The untreated insects were observed for U dayr , and remained alive during tha.t time. — Van der Vecht ( ^01 ) in 1936. Ycshi-da ( Ulg ) in lo^6 r^port-d that adults in Formosa are killed by pyrcthrun with soap '>? a pT:)ray or with a,sh as a dust, sprays of derris or nicotine being much Ics effecti-"-e, Epilachna sp. Extracts of seeds of Tephrosia car.dida and stem bark ef Mundul ea sericea were effective at 2- and 3-p^rcent conc^'iitrations , respectively, in 2k hours against the larvao. — Bhatta and l^arayanan (2^) in 193?. Water suspensions and aJchcholic extracts of Derris elliptica roots (rotenone nearly 7 percent) grown in Mysore, India, w-re .-.f foctive against Epilachna grubs. — Mysore, Ir.dia, Depart'vnt of Agricultur-^ (^^l.) ir. 193S. Hippodamia conv ergons Guer. , th" conver^-r^nt ladybcetle De Ong ( 100 ) in 193^, in testing the comparative insecticidal value of four species of derris from the Philippine Islands, used this 8p' cies as one of tho test insects. Kau^r and Peterson (lo2) in 193?? trst'^d derris pcwdcr (5 pf^rcent of rotenone, lU percent rf etlier -^ytractivcs) at a concentration of 3 pounds por 100 gallons a^^inst th( convergent ladybeetle. T^.p. authors concludrd that of the insecticides tested, phenothiazine and derris proved to be the most toxic to all stages of this coccincllid. Phenothiazine killed 95 to 100 percent of t>-'^ adult^, ''-.{iS, and larvar , and derris killpd approximately 70 percent of the adults, U6 perc'nt of the larvae, and lU p<^rcent of thr eggs. The ogc-" mortality ro-ported with derris is much greater if the large numbrr of larvae that died a short time after they hatched are included vrith the numl't^r of dead eggs. - gU - • Ccccir.ellidae (unidentified spp,), ladyteetles/.^^.'^ ' McIndQ,o and Sievers (265) in 192U reported ;'derrind S-nith ( U19 ) in I936 report^-d the result? of fi-ld-pl^et p.nd c^ge testr; for boll woovil control. Derris dusts wcr.-^ mede by mix- ing derris powder, contrin'ing U percent of rotenono^ vith flour or with kaolin to rotenone contents of 2, 1, and 0.5 pfrcf-nt. In c-ges tho boll weevil mortality observed nt T^^llul^.h, Le., in IQ3U was a^ follows: Trcptmciit Avornge Hort-'lity Fercrnt Calcium arsenate 81.8 Derris dust (2 percent rotenone). 72-9 Derris dust .(l percent rot.-none) 52.6 Derris dust (0.5 TJercent rotenone) U2.5 Untre-oted 32.8 The authcrr concluded •?.? follov/s; Derris-root dust mixtures conteining 0.5, 1, ^'•nd 2 prrcent of rotenone, bnsed on the souare in'festption -nd yield records, gnvr very little ^ if any, weevil, control. The fnilure of thr plrts treated vith derris-reot dust in two tests to yielr oc, v/ell cs the untrc^^ted plats indic?^tes thnt the derris-root dust mixtures, when us.c'd at the rate of Ij to 6 pounds per Bcre, had no v^lue as a means of boll we-^vil control. The results with derris in cage, tests do not agrr,- vrith the result"! in fi-^ld-plat- tests. The higher boll wevil kill in the c^ges vas probf>bly 'due to the f^ct that the boll we<~"'ils were stupefied shortly after the ppplic- ^tions of derris-root mixtures vrere inade and vro'ulr fall to the c-^gr bottoms. whTf the." \^y eyposfd to the sun and were killrd befor th.-y rrcovr^d from the effects of thr derris. Th- Division of Cotton Insect Investig-nions, United States Bureau of Entonology 9nd Plant Quarantine, in a memorandum to the chief of the Bureau, d-^ted December 2, 1^36, reported the following rep-ilts of tests made at Tallulah, L^., and Port I^avaca, Tex., durin^: 1936: - sg - .. Treatment '■ Mortplity ■ . "■- Tercent Derri? Uo percent, gulfur 60 percent-, . (rotc-nonc 1»6 percent) Uq.1 Derris 20 percent, sulfur 80 percent ' (rot-nono 0.8 p--^rcent) . ., ^g".7 Derris 10 percent, sulfur 90 p-rcent (rotr^none O.U percent) 27.6' Ferris (rotnnone h -Dercent) . _ 72.5. Cube ( rot enone h percent) . ' S3?'-^ Devil^p-choestriugs (rotenone 1.7 percent) 37*'^ Calcium arsenate 77*0 Check 15»7, ' ■' S-^.ith and Sc^Ie? (^^2) in 1937 r-ported the rrpult? cf • insecticic'.- t-^^^te against 3 cotton insect?. Tests wer* Dlene.ec. to com-D">re derris, cube, and devil' s-shbe strings.:' containing equal, nuantities of rotenonr, in mixtures with sulfur. The mixture <=• were prepared, ho'rrev-r, b'-fore the analyses Vrere recei-ved, and- th.=! rotenone; cent '^nta of the mixtur's are only approxiriately eqiial. Cube contpining '^.'^ "':^ercent of rotenone produced a. higher mortality of boll wep'^-il- than did derris containing 3.9 perqontof rotenone, de^H' s-shoestrings Cl.7 p^^rcent of rotenone), or calcium arsenate. The .mortality from calcium arsenate, how-vrr, was higher than' that from derris, devil' n-shoogtrings, or mixtures of cube, derris, and devil' s-shocritri'-:gs with sulfv.r. The results were as follows! mterial Mortality . Co.ntrol P..-rc-r:t , P?rce.n^ Derris-'^ulfur Uo:6o (rotenone I.56) Derri=!-oulfur 20:80 (rot^^nonn 0.78) Derris-sulfur 10:90 (rotenon*^- O.39) Cube-sulfur Uo:6o (rotenone 1,96) Cube- sulfur 20:80 (rotenone O.98) Cube-sulfur 10:90 (rotenone O.ij-9) Lpvil' s-shoe.strings-sulfur 9^^:^ (rot^non- Devil' s-shoestri:-:gs-sulfur ^7^=3 (rotenrr,; Devil' s-shoestrlngs-sulfur 23.5: 7'-, 5 (rotenone O.U) I'erris (rot-none 3-9, tot^l extrecti'-'ep 11,6) Cube (rotcnonf U.9, tot^d extracti^^es 17) Devil' 3-shoestrings (rotenone 1.7, tot-'^l tract ives 7.5) Calciv'-m arsenate I'o, 2 Checks ^-19 ' uo, 39 27 28 . . , ih 53 U5 •■39 28 • 21 6 1.6) 37 25 0.8)38. ■■ 26 • ^1 18 .6) 72 . 67 83 80 :X- 37 ■ 26 77 73 16 — - gq - Cube with pyrcthrum and pulfui- was tri?d ag'^inst thi? boll weevil with the following results t Material Mo r t al i ty Control Percent Percent Pyrethrum-cube-sulfur 10:10: ?0 "^ 9 Pyrtthrxim-sulfur Uo:6o 36 12 Pyreithru-Ti (O.76 percent total pyrethrins) 37 1^ Checks 27 Anthonomus mugculus Say^ the cranberry v^eevil In 1937 the •"'apsachusetts Agriciiltur-^l Eyperiment H^tion ( 277 ) reported that 100 -oounds of derris dust (l percent of rotrnone) per acre, applied on June 5, g^^'c a poor '.'ill of the cranberry vreevil. A spray of 8 pounds of derris povrder (U percent of rotenone) and U pounds of fish-oil soap in 100 gallons of v/ater, used at the rate of ^00 gallons per acre, failed to give a good kill. In 1938 this , station ( 278 ) reported that at the Cranberry St'-^tion, East Wareham, %ss., a spray of 15 pounds of derris powder (U percent of rotenone) and 1/2 pound of Areskap in 100 gallons of water, used at the rate of UOO gallons per ?>cre on August 3, failed to give a good kill ,of the cranberry weevil. • "'■' '"'-.. Arthonomus porno rum (L.), an apple blossom weevil Tests of derris iust to prevent oviponition- vrere. of sufficient promise to justify further trials. — East Mailing Research Station ( ill ) in 19 ^.U. Hey, Mqo.Rce, and Sterr (I86) in 19'^U reported a test made in Kent, England, to control the ppplo blossom weevil. A proprietary derris dust of somewhat heavy type, containing 0.1"^ percent of recrystallized rotenone, was tested, ^'^en aptjlied at the grern-bUd stf>ge it h?l"ed the injury causf.d by the apple blos«!om weevil, but had no sppreciacle effect if applied a wrek carli'-r. The East Mailing ^rs^nrch Station (n2) in 1Q^5 reported dusting and sprfiying tests with 6.erris. Steer and Thom^p of tMs station reported that derris dust (lO parts o'f derris powder of 3«63 percent crude roten- one plus 90 parts of china clay) reduced the amount of capping by the apple blossom weevil 50 percent. It was concluded that derris dusts, in two consecutive seasons' ti'ials, ha.'^'^e given promising results, but to obtain a £;ntisfactory measure of control if would prob?ibly be nec- essary to make se^^eral applicfitions and renevr the dust deposit whenever it is washed off by rain, A dorris dust gave promising results in preventing ovipo-^-ition but wrpth^-r conditions impose a limit to the degree of control that cnn be obtained witi; it. - 90 - A derris dust containing P. 5 percent of rotenone and 1.25 percent of ether extractives prevents the adult insects from laying their eggs in the blossoms. — De Bussy., et al (61_) in 19t36. The En.st Mailing Researqh Station, England ( 114 ), in 1936 reported that a proprietary derris po-^der ^as used in the routine spraying program in 1935 for the apple hloss-om T^eevil on apples. Two applications of a dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone killed 50 to 80 percent. — Anonymous (2) in 1937. Kearns and Marsh ( 238 ) in 1937 reported that application of derris dusts at the early green-flower stage do not provide a sufficiently high control of the blossom T'eevil to warrant the expense. Sack banding applied to the boles of the trees in June at times prori-des a means of capturing large numbers of ^^eevils. It is desirable that the bands be removed from the trees before the end of October, and the p-eevils killed by immersing the sacking in derris wash. This' pest on apple trees vq.s mitigated by a product containing 12 percent of powdered Lonchocarpus nicou root (of 6 percent rotenone content) and 88 percent of talcum, according to Stablissements Rotenia in a letter to R. C. Roark in 1938. . Hanf (174) in 1938 reported on the control of the apple blossom weevil. Of many insecticides tested, the pyrethrum-derris' preparations were the best. Quassia was useless. Nicotine often acted more quickly than pyrethrum and derris but the insects were only stunned and later revived. The opinion was expressed that an insecticide should be at least 90 percent efficient in laboratory tests to be potentially of commercial value, as in. ^practice not all insects are hit; hence the over- all efficiency is reduced. It was recommended (1) that trap bands. be applied to the trees in Jebruary (2) that the usual preblossom spray with supplements of pyrethrum or pyrethrum-derris be applied just after the first green on the buds, and (3) that in small orchards, bands be applied in June. Kearns and Martin ( 239 ) in 1939 wrote on the use of post-dormant combined sprays on fruit crops in England. Sprays containing 0.004 percent of crystalline rotenone have been found satisfactory against fruit pests and are recommended for apple, plum, and Rubi crops. The addition of derris to the spray does not prevent severe infestations by the apple blossom weevil, although a high kill of weevils on the trees at the tine of spraying is obtained. The failure to prevent an appreciable infestation of the blossom is due' to the fact that it is only rarely that the greater part of the blossom weevil pop\ilation congregates on the tree at, any one time, and this may not coincide with the time of application of the spray, Niklas ( 305 ) in 1939 • reported that rotenone at 0.4 percent con- centration as a spray had killed. 100 percent of A. pomorum adults after spraying. - 91 - Anthonomus "prri Koll. Etablissementp Roteni?, in 1938 reported in a. letter to R. C. Roark that "Anthonomus cinctus " on cauliflovrrr v?,s killed by a product con- taining 12 percont of pov/dered Lonchoc^r-pus nicou root (of 6 percent rotenone content) axid ^S pprc^nt of talcuni, and on pe^^r tr^op was mitigatc-d by thi? product. [According to I^hiesebcck^ this species ia probably A. cinctus Redt,, a synonym of Anthonomus pyri Eollrr.] Nlklas/ in 1*^39 report-d that rotenone at O.U-percent concentration as a spray killed 90 percc^nt of Anthonomus pyri adults after 1 day ^nd 100 percent after 2 days. Anthonomus rubi (Hbst.), a strpvberry blossom vrcvil Derris spr-y w^s ineffective. — Spoon ( 332 ) in 19"^!^. Jary and Austin ( 225 ) in 193? rerortnd thn.t field trials vrith dorris dust (0,5 percent of rotenone) v/ere continued in Sussex for tho control of a strawberry blossom vcvil. Tv/o ser>arate plots of str^'Vrberries were used, one receiving 3 applications of dust and tho oth'r 10 applica- tiona, at 2- to 3-day intervals. The amo-mt of dust used w?s at the T^tc- of approyi lately 11 pounds per acre for each applicrtim. An un- treated plot, separated from the re^mainder by a la,rg-^ hawthorn hedge^ was used as a ro^^'ghly co iparable control plot, ^^o reduction in the nuijbers cf attac'--ed buds could b^^ detected, all plots showing an average of about 30 percent, and th^s result corroborates the information ob- tpined in previous years, Jary (22U) in 1937 reported the results of 3 years' tests of insecticides ag^^inst the stra.wberry blossom weevil, under insectary conditions in ^nglnnd. Dcrris dusts containi-g from 0.2 to 0.5 per- cent of rotenon;- anc\ a finely groun~. purc-derris root having an ether- extract valur of about 20 percent g^^^c poor results, Jancke ( 232 ) in 193^ reported th^t tests with several proprietary ineecticidp.l dusts in Kay 1937 against Anthonomus rubi on stravrberr.^' in a heavily infested field near Spoyor shov.'od that the best control (?,Z percent) vms given by a srngle application of p dcrris dust, which was more effective than others containing mixtures of pyrpthrum and derris, or pyrethru'i alcne. Dusting should be carried out when tho first injured blossoms are observed, Anthonomus sign^tus Say, the strawberry weevil W. A. Thomas ( 271 ) in 193h reported that n strawberry plot treated vrith f) dust cont-ining 0.5 p'^rcent of rotenone r-'nked first in production of markrtable fruit. Th.<^ most satisfactory material for reducing the number of weevil-cut buds was a mixture of 1 part of calcium arsenate and 5 p«^rts of stilfur. These mat-rinls were tested for the control of the str?5vrberry weevil at Chadbourn, F. C, - 92 - A mixture of calci'jm arsenate and sulfur wa? the most satisfactorv natorial for reducing the numlDor of ve-vil-cut buds on the straw"berry plant. Nonarsenical insccticidps proved to "be less effective, although dust mixtures containing rotenone resulted in the production of larger quantities of marketahle fruit thrn any of the other insecticides tested. United St?tos Departnent of Agriculture, Burea,u of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (393)'. in I936. Anderson and Walker ( 16 ) in 1937 reportpd that stravrterriea on the Eastern Shore of Virginia^ infested with the strawberry weevil, were dusted with a mixture of 85 pounds of dusting sulfur plus 15 pounds of derris (5 percent of rotenone) and with other insecticides. Each material Vfas applied at the rate of Uo pounds per acre per applic- ation to plats of U "beds, 5 feet wide "by 120 feet Ion", replicated U times. Untreated check plats of similar size were included with each replication. Treatments were made vrith a Niagara 6-nozzle 1-horse traction duster equipped with a 20-foot "burlap trailer covering 1 "bed at a tiTiO. Records were taken of the relative number of buds cut, by counting 3 representative sam.ples of 100 buds in each plat, making a total of 1^00 buds for each treatment. Such counts were made on April 2U, April 29, and May 6. Very little injury occurred after May 6. Yield records were taken nn May 22 and 25. The results are ishown in the following table; Increase in Buds Yield yield over Material cut ^1 per acre'^'' untreated plats Sulfur-lead arsenate 5^1 Lime-lead arsenate 5*1 Sulfur-derris (0.75 percent rotenone) Sulfur-calciiJjn arsenate 5'1 Untreated Percent (Quarts Percent 15 390 62 lU 390 62 lU 350 U5 7 3I8 35 39 2U1 .J.' A difference of 6.27 ^nay be considered significant, ^^ A difference of 59.9 may be considered significant Kolsall and Stulti ( 2U5 ) reported in 1937 that dcrris-gyT>sura dusts g?i.ve results as follows in laboratory tests! (Rotenone cent cnt) Mortality in 3 days Percent Percent 1.0 100 .5 100 . .5 90 .2 100 .2 80 .1 90 V, A. Thomas ( 368 ) at Chadbourn, N, C. , reported in I937 that two or three applications of a clay dust containing 0,5 percent of rotenone gave a significant degree of control agr^inst the strawberry weevil when measured in terms of the numbers of marketable strawberries, but not vrhen measured in terms of reduction in numbers of weevil-cut buds. - 93 - A mixture of rotonone (.dc^ripl 1 pnrt ani sulfur 9 parts, applied as a dust, grve as good control of ' the strawberry weevil as the standard treat-ient of line-calcium a.rsenate "but injury to the plants resulted. The experience seems to be that sulfur treatments may be safe in some reasons but {?Angerou« in others. Pyrcthrun proved inferior to the rote- none-sulfur or the linf^-calciur". arsenate treatments. In gen-ral, growers do not make applications frequently enough. Dusts are removed by rains and more freauei-.t applications are needed in rainy seasons. Satisfactory re.sults may be expected only where a good coverage is maintained through- out the da.nger period, — Few York County Agents' Training School ( 29^ ) in 193s. Derris (U percent of rotenone) at U pounds per 100 gallons of spray proved somewhat less effective tha.n cryolite spray or 85^15 ^lusts of sulfur with either lead arsenate or calcium arsenate. — Stearns ( 3^3 ) in 1937. Amos and Pierpont (_ll) in 1939 report 'd the results of dusting cxTDPriments for control of the strawberry weevil in Dola.ware, G-round derris root containi:ig U perc^^nt of rotenone vjas added to a mixtiire of inert clay, ^ parts, and Celite, 1 part, to make .dusts containing 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 percent of rotenone. Results vrere as follov/st Rate Incre; ase in uninsured per Buds buds over untreated Treatment acre cut check ?on.n:\<3 POTCrnt Percent Inert clay + Celite U:l 25 Rp; 11 Inert clay + Celite ^:1 + 0.5 percent rotenone 2? ^7 2k Inert clay + Celite U:l + 1,0 percent rotenone 25 72 50 Inert clay + Celite U:l + 1,5 percent rotenone 30 28 55 Lead arsenate-srlfur 1:5 30 ^1 2k Untreated check 62 — Haude ( I8I ) in 1939 recommended du-^ting with culie or derris plus sulf-r. Anthonomus vcstitus Boh,, the Peruvian boll vrcevil Wille, Ocniapo, Weberbauer, and Schofield ( U15 ) of the Agricultural Experiment Station at La Molina, Pfru, in 193? reported that dusts of ground cube root cf 5 "-nd 1 percent rotenone contents gave 50 and I5 percent mort^^lity, respecti^'ely, of --adults of this sDCcies in the labora- tory, Anthonomus sp. The Wageningen Plantenziektenkundige Dienst ( U02 ) 'in 197"^ reported a derris powder (2 percent of rotenone) at 1^50 in a l-porcent-soap solution to be ineffecti'-o ag'^inst Anthonomus on str^^wborriea.' _ qU - 1 Otiorh^Tichus i Brachyrhinus ov.tup (L.)^ the •str-'^.vr'bfrr;'' root we^i'^^'il Resistant to derris. — Anonj^.ous (2) ir: 1037. Eraqhy;rhinup singulpris (L,), a clr/'-colorod v/revil Kearns and Umpleby (2Ul ) , of the Long Ashton ReROP.rch Station, England, in 1937 roported that graft<^. c^n "br, offpcti^Tly protected from weevil injury iDy literally painting then vrith a mixture consisting of 1 poiind of derris or groimd "barbasco root containing not le?,? than 1,5 percent of rotennne, . ■ pl\is 2 pounds of lead arsenate powder (or U po\mds of paste or 2 quarts of colloidal), plus h ounces of size'. The derris and arsenate should he nixed with water to a consistency of thicl' cream and to this mixture the size n.ided (previously soaked- in 1 pint vrarrn water). The grafts should "be painted ^iu^t prior to "bud "burst, and in some seasons a second application may "be necessary, as the leaf wee^'-ils feed over a long period. These weevils are the clay- colored weevil^ "Otiorrhynchus" si'ngularis f Bra chy r h i nii s singuj^aris (1.), according -to Muese"bcck] prA the le^f-eating weevils PhyJlobius pyri and P, o"blongus . Brachyrhinus sulcatus (F.), the blac^' v.ine vre'evil ( Otiorrhynchus ) Brachyrhinus sulcr^tus is not affected by derris.— Van der Laan (252) in 19-^6. Calendrg sp., cor:T billbugg Not affected by derris. — Van der Laan (252) in I936. ■ Caulophilus latinasus (Say) The adult is not susceptible to derris. — Craufurd-Benson (^O) in l'^'J)S , Ceutp rhyn chus assimilis (Payk.), the cabbage s-^edpod v^eevil or turnip-seed weevil The Seale-Hayne Agricultural College , England (j^) in 1933 stated that no definitely successful control measures for the turnip-seed weevil attacking seed pods of broccoli are known, but that spraying with sprays containing derris or pyrethrum, =!uch as are us^'d in the control of the raspberry beetle, v.rould probably succeed, Ceutorhy.".chus macula -alba (Hbst.), a poppy vrcevil Szelcnyi ( 162 ) in I935 rv^ijorted that of insecticdes tested for the cont^-ol of a poppy wee-^il in Hungary, the best results were obtained with a derris Trenaration applied during the flowering period. C eut(;) rhynchus plf^urosti pna (Marsha.m), a turnip gall weevil K. M, Smith ( 3U3 ) in 1925 reported that tnpts were male with various insecticides for the control of t^^e turnip gall vreevll. A mixture of 1 ounce of derris vdth 2 ovmces of soot per sauare yard did not give results promising enough to justify further trials with it. - 95 - Oeutorhyr.chus gulcicollis (Fay'-c.) . This pept on cauliflov/or was killed by" a. product containing 12 p<=rcent of powdered Loncho carpus nicou root (of 6 percent rotenone contf^nt and 88 percent of talcu"!, according to a letter from Etablissements Rotenia, of Antviffrp, BelgiuTn, to R. C. Soark in 1938, Chalcodermug aoneus Boh. , the covrpoa curculio Arant (_12.) in 1^3^ reported tests of insecticides against the co\^rpea curculio. A suitable method of testing the efficiency of insecticides against the cowpea cixrculio consisted in confining the insect for 6 to 8 hours in a Petri diph containing a film of the powdered insecticide, then transferring the insect to food, and ma.king regular observations to deter- mine the percentage of kill. Large numbers of the beetles were used and tests of the various insecticides were conducted sinultaneously, Derris {k percent of rotenone), derris with talc, find derris vrith sulfur were relati'^'-el.' incff cctiv.-. Arant (20 ) later in ig^S further reported on the control of the cowpea curculio, in Alabama. This is one of the 'ne,1or insect pests in Alabana and other Gulf Coast States. Among the inf?ecticidr.l dusts tested during I93I- 35 were derris plus talc, and derris plus sulfur (each containing 2 percent' of rotenone), and Florotc, which is defined as follows* -^ commercial dust, containing rotenone, 5 percent; pyrethrins, 1 percent; nicotine, 1 percent; residual deposit of rotenc e, 2,5 percent; and inert materials, 90.5 per- cent. Later samples contained a lovrer percentage of active ingredients. The derris dusts a.nd Florote caused very little or no burning but gave negative or very low positive percentages of control. The author's con- clusions are as follows! According to result? of field experiments in I93I-35 calcium arsenate is significantly more efficient than any other insecticide tried for controlling the cowpea curculio; sodium fluosiliC'-'to is next in efficiency. The percentages of control for the various materials used in the experiments were as follows* Calcium arsenate, 7'^«53* sodium fluosilicate, 67.11; magnesium arsenate 6l.57; acid lead arsenate, 50.93» barium fluosilicate, Uo.Ob; cryolite, 26.22; pyrethrum, 28,68; riorote, 3*71; derris, -2.97 percent. Both calcium arsenate a>,nd acid lepd arsenate caused severe burning of foliage, Florote w^^s applied eight times; the derris mixture? five times each. A derris-kaolin dust (l percent of rotenone) vfas applied seven times in the field during the T)eriod June 29 to August 25, ^hr poas were picked four times in the p-'riod August 5' to September 27. The degree of ins ct control in the' fir?t picking was Uo.5 percent and for four pickings 7"^. 3 percent. — G-eorgia Eyprrimpnt Station (I'^U) in I93S. ^-,q6 - The South Oarolim Agricultural Exprrinent. Stp.tion (35l) in l'^3S roportod that la"boratorv tests wcro ^?.^.c- using lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, . ruaenesium arsenate, ?nd paris green as undiluted dust.p: for the control of the cowpep curculio. S^mthetic cryolite, natural cryolite, and derris vrere used p.^ spr'^ys in the same sopien of tests. Magnesium arsenate and calcium arsenate produced 20-pcrcent mortality, lead arsena-^e 10-percent mortality, and the othrr materi-^ls no mortality. Under lahor^- tory conditions paris green caused severe burning of the foliage. Only one series of test-^ was made, and the results werCi not conclusi'""e, . Eeplic^trd field plots v;ere trca.ted vrith undiluted lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, and magnesium arsenate', and a 0,75 percent derris-talc mixture was used on one replicated plot. Because of unfa^'-orable weather conditions ■ only one iiisecticid'-: treatm.ent was .alven the plots* All the arsenicals caused foli-nge injury under' field conditions vrhile the derris dust 'treatment re-suited in no injury. None of the treatments vrero entirely satisfpctory. Conotrachelus nenup'-'.ar (Hhst*), the plu'i curcTilio Flint ( lUii) in 1929 reported very poor control of the curculio in ?■ soutbrrn Illinois apple orchard "by the applic-.tion of a vhit^' Us.3 18. S. 35. S- Derris spray ' ' '., . 32. 22. U Check (pink sr)r^y only) 2U .U __^ 23 . 8' 1.^' ^ Fruit russet very severe^ Ts'.lc substituted for Coposil in July sprays. I - ">! - StecTns ( 335 ) in l'^37 tested derris, ^ -Do^ands p«^r 100 gallons, vith 1 po'md of ro?in repid\).e ss a sticker, in comparison vith lead, areena'^ e and other insscticides for the control of the plum curculio. From the standpoint of insect control alon'^, lead arsenate was unaueptionably the nopt effective. But if due consideration be given to eai-ally important factors, such as general foliage conditions and the size and finish of the peaches, there v;as tut a slight "balance, if any, in its favor. These results are significant in view of the increasing de^nand and the greater premium paid for fruit of high quality. Chp.pman ( 79) ii"^ 19!^? reported on control of the plum curculio in New York. This is probably the second iiost important insect pest of deciduous fruit trees in Kevr York. In a te<5t condiicted in 1^33, several trees sprayed vrith povrdered cube root, 2 pounds in 100 gallons of v;ater, showed considerable reduction in curculio in,^ury over control trees. Cube apparently inferior to lead arsenate and cryolite, ^'hich were also included in this experiment. Cylas fcrnicarius eleganti;lus (Summers), the sweetpotato v^eevil The Louisiana Agriculturrl Experiment Station ( 263 ) in 193^ reported th-'t derris dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone vras less effective than cc.lci^im arsenate or cryolite in controlling the Gweetr>otato weevil on growing plants in the insectary. Wl-.en a"oplied directly to the potatoes, derris dust containing 1 or U percent of rotenone v/as e.oual to calcium arsenate or cryolite in effectiveness. Diorymercllus laevimargo Champ,, nn orchid weevil Hamilton ( 173 ) i''^ 193^ re-oorted teste; to control the orchid weevil, Derris pov^der (3 percent of rotenone and 15 percent of total extractives) diluted with clay at 1:1 and also at 1:2 was less effective than dry Pyrocide (5 r)ercent of pyrethrins) at the same ' dilutions. P^'rethrum povrder (0.9 percent of pyrethrins) was more effecti^^e thrn derris powder (U percent of rotenone and I6 to 18 percent of total extractives) plus 5 percent of D. H. S. ( a pine oil activating agent made by the Hercules Pov/der Company) , Echlnocnemus bipunctatus Roolofs 1-eoton, 1 pound in from 36 to Uc inpt^rial gallons of water, kii "i fd all larvae: all adults were killed by 1 pound in 32 imperial gallons of water. — Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (220) in 1Q27. Hylobi^iF abiptls (L.) Tho-Tscn and Wichmand (V/l) in l'^^'^ re^^orted that in laboratory tt rt-^ against this species derris "nowder ■nro^'^'^d to b"" usel'^ss. Hype ra ^ostica (G-yll.), - the alfalfa weo^ii Hamlin, in type'-'rit ten quarterly reports to the D-ivision of ^eroal and Forage Insect Investigations of the Bureau, in 1938 reported tests made at Hedford, Greg* ^ by R. W. Burn and R. C, Fewton, with insecticid.-s for the control of the alfalfa weevil. Roteno r Syrays and dusts had consider- able effectiveness against tho Inrvao. In July 1939 he reported compar?tlv«> tests of calcium arsenate and derris sprays for the control of third and fourth instars of the alfalfa weevil in Utah. The sprays containing 0.015, 0,0175, or 0,020 percent of rotencne vrere less effective than calcium arsen- ate at 2 pounds per acre. It va.^ concluded th?t a derris sprny containing 0.020 percent of rotenone gives satisfactory control. Hynerq -punctata (FOj the clover leaf weeti'l Rockwood, in a tj'pewritteri report to the Division of Cereal and Forage Insect In^'estigations in 193^, stated tha.t a derris-infusorial-earth dust (1 percent of rotenone) killed v-eevils that had gathered on fence posts to escape flood waters, Listroderes oliliouus Klug, the vegetable weevil The Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (7_)_ in IPIS reported on the toxicit;' tests vrith larvae of the vegetable vrp-evil. Sodium fluosilic-' te kil].ed 50 percent in I9 hours and 71 percent in 23 hours. Cube root killed 57 percent in 23 hours and 71 percent in 36 hour^;. Other materials testod killed a much smaller percentage of the la.rvg-^ in the same period of time, except magnesium arsenate, which killed Jl percent in 36 hours. Toxicity tests with adult weevils resulted in the cube root and sulfur mixture (1:7), and sodium fluosilicatc , killing 100 percent within Ug hours. All the oth-r mat^ri'^ls test'^d wrre lesf; pff^-^ctivr, cryolite, and talc b^ing least toxic. Ka.-'rison ( igl ) in 1937 report-d on th--^ effici-'^ncy of rot-none compounds against larvae of the vegeta":'lr- weevil. In field ex-neri'^:rnts against the turnir aphid on turnips and mustard at th^- Bnton Rouge, La,, laboratory of th'~ Divis- ion of Truck Crop Insect Investigations of the Bureau it was incidrnt'-'lly shovrn th^t dust mixtures containing 1.0 pnrcent of rot^^nr^no, with enual parts of finely ground dusting sulfu?' and tobacco as th^ diluent, and derris sT^rnys containing aT^proxi-iately 0.0? percent of rotmon'-":, with or without alkylphonyl- br-nzrnesulfonic acid (lIlOOO) as a sr)roader and wetting agmt, w^ro effectiv.-^^ in protecting thr turnips and mustard from damage by larvae of Listroder'-^s obliouus . The check plots and also the plots tha*-. rec^iv-d applications of spra -s or dust mixtures, containing nicotine sulfat" vrwr'^ badly injured by th. larvF"-". Thr insecticide app] icp.tion'^ v^or'- begun when the -plants and thn i:a- frsting weevil Inrvee were sma.ll . They vrorn repeated at intrrvals of iH days, from ^ to 6 treat'Tients being applied. K. L. Cockerham and 0. I. Der>n, at th^ Biloxi, Miss., laboratory, foujid thn t sproys containing a->-^-nroximp,tely 0,02'^ percent of rotenone, with or without alkylph'-nylbenz.enesulf onic acid (l:6oo) as 0, snreader and wetting agent, vrcrr- not eff^ctivr against either quarter- grown or lo.rg'-r vegetable weevil larva'. Judging from thesf^ preliminn.ry ex- perimrnts, rot-^none compounds ma: br eff-'ctiv*^ against the v.-~gr tabl*- weevil when applird to plants infest<^d with nmaD.l larvrio, F. S. Cha^b-^rlin (75.) in 193^' report^-d that cubr— root povrder applied eitV'"r ns a du^t or in e i^w>^y gpve little control of vogotable vroevil lar"^''?V' in tobrcco plant b'ds. Cockerham and Deen (_^) in l''^3^ ronort^d in laboratory tests that a drrris-dust mixture containing 2 prrcint of rotenone vras effective against young larvae, causing g2,22 percent mortalit,)^. The l-p'^rcent-rotenone-du'^t mixtur*-' killed l.'-^J^,UU percent of the small larva.-.. The dust mixture contfiining - 99 - 0.5 pTcont of rotrnonr pnd. thr drrri<= sprpy contain^.ng 0.025 prrc<~nt of rotcnono in vatrr, vrith or vrithout a sprradrr, wctp not rffrctive against th" Inrva-. Prpliminp.ry field nxperimontF: in Louipiana. indicptr-d tha,t rotf'nonC' compounds may 'b'- off "cti-"'-^ against vog-tabl'- vr-^pvii lar"-ap if appli'^d at frfouont intervals to plants infost' d with small la.rv»r, .Ag-'^inr:t adult •^rgetatlp- w-'pvils, darris dust containing 1 Torrcf^nt of rot"nonr killed 6,66 pr-rcnt pnc. derria dupt containing 2 pr-rcnt of rotanonr killed 2^,ii- percr-nt. China cl?y vrap used as the diluent. All mortalities vr-r^ ots'-^rv-d ^ days after trentment. The Louisiana Agricultural Sxp^^rinont Station ( 26^ ) in IP3S called attention to the report of Harri??on ( igO ) , who foun:^ that a dust containing 1 pTcent of rotenone^ vrith eithrr tohacco dust or sulfur ac a carrier, is •^cry satisfactory for controlling th' vegetalDle vrervii on turni"Ds, mustard, swips ch^rd, ^nd oth^r leafy vegntablrs. G-ood control vras ohtainrd "by dust- ing one-' "■•"■' ry 2 weeks during th'^' gro^'dng season. Par, to moras Irucolom^' (Boh.), tho '-'hite-fringrd "b etl^. Englisi and G-r.^ha-, ( II5 ) in 193? r~port-^-d that experiments vrith a. number of ins cticideg for sterilizing soil contain'ng larvae of the white fring-d hr-etle, ( Uavpactus ) F^ntonorus lencoloma (loh.), gave negati^p results a.t concentrations which were s=^f'" for nur^^ry plants. Potassiim cyanide in aquoeu? solution vras the only chemical that showed definite toxicity to the larvee in the soil. This che-iical offers promis~ f^-^r sterilizing soil that does not contain plants. Results with hot vrat r, st'-'am, and electrical heat- ing devices were negative, Earth balls (12 inches in diameter) containing Inrvof vrere submerged for I5 m"=nutes in various insecticides -^nd wern examined Ug hourrs lat-r with the following results: In. F-ecticiee Dilution rail lerccnt Derris ex' bract (pine oil) 20 cc. p'-^r gallon of 1:500 "4/ IF U3g 21 Derris-1 8 cc, p.'-r gallon of 1 J 500" \/ li" i^3S 17 Cub' root 19 gra. ner gallon of 1:500 \VlH U^8 10 roliafu-ic 20 cc. T) r gr^llon of 1:500 4'-IiT-'-^3? 13 Florida v. olck (g^vc the highest kill) 1:8 90 ITurs -r ' ■-'( Dick 1:50 + cub- root 1:200 ^/' This i^ a sulfnt-d nlcohol. Phi 1 or) e don plagi-^ tus (Schall'r) (^yn, , ( Cn'-orhinus ) Curculio g^-min^t^xs F.) Resistant to derri^, — Anonymous (2) in l'^'^7, Phyllcbius oblongus (L . ) , a graft we.^vil P. pyri (L.), -i grpft '^.r^evil Sep Krarns end Umpl.-by (2-- 1) un^.-^r Er^chyrhinu^ ^ing^il-'ri"- (L,), -oagss 9.U and 39. ' -100- Phyllobiu? oblongu? ig rr^'^i^'.tAnt to derri?, p.nd P. p.j-ri cf^.n "be control Ird "by r dupt contpining 0.75 percf^nt of rot-^nrn?. — Anonymouf? (2) in 1037, Pipsodpp ptro"bi (Prck), t"'-o v^hitn pinr v^pvil Pott-, (321. .722) in IQ37 and 1038 ror^ortpd comploto control of the white pine weevil in an artificially infected tree "by n p-oray of dr-rris rcpins, and in Aug\ist 193^ stated that in sp-'eral Rra?ll plot-, treatrd with 'nirturrc^ c ntaining lead arsenate , derris, dcrris resinatc, cryolitr, and f rr p nicotinr in oil, dcrrip gavr the nio<=t promising result^ against thi? species, ■ ' ■ Rhinoncus pericarpius (I.) -5r--. Katsumata and Murae ( 235 ) ii"^ 1930/^^Ported deri-i-s spray with r^oap to "be effective for the control of this weeril attacking hemp in Japan. Rh ^ ynchrienus salicis- (L'. ) Rotenone-talc dust (0.15 percent of rotoiion'0)killed JiO percent of ( Orchestes ) Phynchaenus sal ici s (L.) S days after application in a dusting bell jar. — Trappmann' s.nd Intsche ( 375 ) in 1935. Bjaynchites aeneoviren? ah. minutup Hhst. Derris spr^y was ineffective. — Spoon ( 752 ) in 1933* Rh^'nchitea ajouatus (L,), an apple fruit rhynchites, or arple fruit weevil P. coeruleus (Deg, ) , an 8.pple twig cutter The East Mailing Research Station ( 112 ) in 1^3^^ reported that ^although experimental vrcrk has not "been carried out on the control of the apple fruit rhynchites, it is known that the application of a single derris dust \irill destroy this insect. It should he applied ahout 2 v^eeks after petal fall, or as soon a? the d^^mage is detected on' the fruitlets, I'iassee ( 280) in 1937 reported that the application of a derris dust seems to "be a foolproof remedy against the apple friiit rhynchites, "but that it mV'-st he applied soon aftf^r petal fall, or mMch of the dama-TO will ha.ve "been done. Should the infestation he very severe, more than one ap-nlic- ation may prove necessary. Jary and Austin (226) in 1938 reported that during 1^37 a good deal of fruit marking was caused hy the apple fruit weevil, R- ly n ch i t e s a. e q ua t n s , and thfit both in Kent and in Surrey the apiole twig cutter, Rhyiichitcs . co^'ru- leus , was serious on young trees. Derris dusts or spr'^ys appear to control both these weevils effecti^'ely. V Rhynchites hp'ros Rocl, Neoton, 1 pov.nd in Uo imperial gallons of water, was effective agninst the adults. — Instilutr. of Physicpl and Chemical -ttcscarch (220) in 1927. - 101 - Rhyr.chitea pauxillus G-er.'n. ■ Satisfactorily controll»^d oy derris povrder "dIur soap s-oray. — De -^ussy et al. (61) in 1036. Rhynchites sp. Etatlipsementp Rotenir^, Ant^rrrp, Belgium, reported in a letter to R. C. Roark that thi? pept on plum trees was killed "by a product contain:^ ng 12 percent of povrdcred LonchocarDUp nicou root (6 percent rotenone and 88 per- cent of talcum). Sitona lineata (l.) Unaffp'Cted oy derris powder plu-nts included the -^ame mixtures used in the field oxperi'-ient", and in ac'.diti on derris dust (5 percent of rotonone) and calciuTi arsenate undilutc^d. Calcium arsenate and derris dust gave 58-percent control, lead arsenate 35 percent, ^^nd sodiuni f l^iosilicate 7 percent. - 102 - - Curculionidae (unidentified sp.) . • ■ . ; T-eotony 1 potmd- in -2'-^ inp''^ri"^,l-:gallons of water killed SO: percent of adult arrovrliead "bud vccvils; 1 pon.nd in 32 imp .-rial, gallon '^ of vrater kill<=d UO percent. — In?^titute of P-iypical ond Chemical Research ( 220 ) in 192?. Derrisol plus oil (Vordol) was not so effocti^^e ^s lead arsenate against the curculio. — Farrar ( 118 ) .in-:1930., , ■■ The- Uni-ted -.-S tn, t^ s- Deparfmcnt .o f Agr i cul ture , Bureau of Ent omology ■ and Plant (Quarantine {^21) ^^ ^'^'3^ reported that" curculio control resulting from the us-e of a full schedule of derris powder was considcra'bly inferior to that obtained "by the use of lead arsenate. ■V ■• ■ '-■ . , ■. •: Demestldae -■ - : Anthrenup ?crophulariae (L,), the carpet beetle Back (22j_ in 1932 stated that when rotenone dissolved in acetone was a^^plied to 'fft'lDrics in laboratory te'stf? it imparted a real nioth, resistance. A m:ijnbcr of mothproofing solutions now on the market .contain rotenone. Back report f-d using rotenone on carpet beetles with consistently good results', ^nd -exhibited S'amplds (if treated and' untreated cloth to the subcomnittee of the Hcuse Committee on Appropriations. . ' ■ , ■■' Anthrenus vcrbasci (L,), the varied carpet' beetle ■ . . ■ ' .' : •' • Yamada "( Uiy ) in "1937 ^reported- that clothes treated x>rith rot'-^none (l ounce 'to 25 pounds of ; cloth, wcl^t'-) wojre not attacked by larv^^^e of ."this insect. Anthrrmxs vorax Watorh. Attp.genus piceus (Oliv.), the blnck carT)et beetle Bac'-, Cotton, and Roark {2V) in iq;^0 rrport'^d that acetone containing only 0,05 pf'rcent of rotenon-- . gave excellent -protc^cti on -to .vfoolf'n goods thoroughly impregnated .with the solution,- against; the- s^e species, Rotenone appears to coual an^; Torotirietar" mothproofing solution now offered the public in imparting moth rcsrifstance to fabrics-. -This work .Vras, Referred to by -the United Stater, Department of Agriculture, Burem^ of j^ntomology (ll5) i'-^ ^^^ annual'Teport fo2* -1930, ■'.'•• '■■'', - - -. •,- Derme'^tes lard^riu^^ L, , the larder beetle Th-r lar-"-a i^ su^c - ptiblo to derri^, but thr eff' ct is v- ry '-,lio;ht.^ — •" Craufurc'.-Benson (90) . in l^'^B.-'\ ■ .DermO'^. tes ' vu-lr^ir-us 4 . , th*^ 'hide bc'Otle • ■ ..,.,,, T'-'G larva if. suscciotible to ■ derris but the effect is very slight.- — ' Cr^^r^furd-Benson .(^) in-193g.- :, , -. ■'. - 103 - Dormestcs sp. Not nffrct-^d by derris.~V?»n dor Laan (252) in I936. Trogoderma vergi color (Crrutz) The adult i? definitely susceptible, "but thp larv=. is not su-^ceptible to dcrris. — Craufurd-Benson (90) in IQ'^S . Dynast idao Hct''roligu.s Claudius Klug. , a yam beetle • ' In 1929 the Imperial Institute of Great Britain( ?17 ) reported the results rf tests made liy the Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture in Figeria, Africa, with Tephrosia vogelii against yam bertles. Ysjns were soaked for a day or more in acueous extractions of the leaves of T. vogelii , and beetles were then put in a cage with the poisoned yam. The beetles readily fed on the yams, however strong the poison extract, without shovring any ill effect. Pieces of yajn were impregnated with the extract in vnc'Tum, and yam was .also coated vdth a mixture of casgava^tarch paste and Tcphrosia extract, but ?ill with negative results. The extract wp.s tested on small fish and found to be highly toxic. One of th:-' to^-ic principles of the plant v/as extracted with chloroform, and the extract vfas taken up in a very small Quantity of toluene and emulsified with water. This was then sprayed on yams, but the beetles vrould not touch it. ' Elateridae Limonius ( ct\'pus (Say) Morrill and I^acroix (289). ^^ ^9?^ tested cube-root powder against wirev'orms, the pri cipal species of vrhich is Limonius agonus (Say), now known as ectypus (Sa,y). It was applied to the vratrr used in connection with transplanting tobacco, but vas ineffective as a repellent, Dichloroethyl ether gevc the most rronising results. Ph^ Ictfs canus Lee. Campbell i^) in 1932 reported work done by Lehman, who tested a v/ireworm br'^it containing 10 gm. of ground whole vheat, 1 gm. of rotenone, and 6 gm of water at Valla. VTalla, Wash. The ball of bait was placed in a salve tin containing l6-mcsh soil, and 25 wirev;orms that had starved for 2 months were placed in the. tin. Five such tins were gi^t up and the larvae were examined after 2 vreeks. Sine the greatest mort^^lity wns only 2'' pnrcent, the results were not considered nronising. Elaterir.ae (unidentified sp.) The gro^ind containing many larva*: vras soak.d with a suspension of derris powder containing 7 percent of rotenone and I7 percent of ether extract, the rotenone conc'htration in the suspension being 1:6,000, 200 liters ^eing used for a surface of 6 souare meters. The larvae appeared to be insensitive to derris -^ovrder anplicd in this manner. — Do Bussy ot al, (61) in I936, ~ 104 - C. A. Thomas ( 366 ) in I-la.Y 19^0 r<'vievrcd wor^c done to control wirev^'orms. Reference was m^-de to the reports of Lacroix (253) and of Morrill and Lacroix (289 ) . ... Galcrucidac Agelastica alni (L.), an alder 'beetle Jancke (222) in I93I+ reported the results of tests with derris and other insecticides against the alder "beetle in Germany, An acetone extract of derris, at concentrations of 01., 0.2, O.U, and 1.0 percent, and powdered derris root applied as a dust killed all third ihstars and also the adult iDeetles, Trappmann, f3,nd Kitsche ( 375 ) inl935 tested a rotenone-talc aus't (0.I5 percent of rotenone) • and a spray containing 0.15 percent of rotenone vrith Tur- key rod -oil o6n- larvae of the dl.der "beetle under laboratory conditions. In all caBes the dosage vras regulated to give a deposit of 0.18 mg. of rotenone per. 500 cm. ^i' The dust caused SO-percent mortality in 8 days; the spray, 9.5 percent. Excellent control of this insect was obtained with derris dust. Field tests were made with. g;j,'p sum (specifiq gravity 1.25), talc (specific gravity 1.1), and; kieselguhr. (specific- gravity 0,6) as carriers for derris. The mix- tures contained 0^.5 percent of rotenone and 1.2 percent of eth'~r extractives. Talc prpivrd to "be the "best carrier. — De Bussy et al. (61) in I936. The destruction of the alder beetle "by derris in the Ncth-'r lands vras general practice in I936. — Krloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam (l2, 1_^), in I936, One of the principal uses cf derrig in the Netherlands is for the con^ trol. of this beetle.— -Van dcr Laan ( 252 ) in I936. Controlled "by a dust containing 0,5 "oercent o*f rotenone. — Anonymous (2) in 1937. This is one of the principal insects combated with derris preparations in the Netherlands. — Koloniaal instituut (lU ) in I938. ' " . Lyctidae Minth.ea rugicollis (Walk.) Feeds on derrig roots in storage, — Corbett (8_6) in I93I; Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture '(igU) and Miller ( 285 ) in 193^." Mcloidao Epioaut-?. gorhami Ma^f. ., K^tsu'aata (23U) in IQ38 reported that this meloid, whioh attacks' various crops in Japan, is, faitly rcsi-^tant to derris inseoticides. - 105 - Epicp.utg' marginata (F. ) , the margined "blister 'bpotlp Diotz and Zoisort ( l03 )in 1P"^U r^portrd ln'bor'>tor:' tests of ingocticidcs agninst the mprgin?d "blister "beetle and the "black "blist-r "bcctli!. The insects, confined in small scr"<-n cages, were ioimers.^d in 1.5-P'"'rcrnt concentrations of the plant extracts vrhich had each been dispersed in a O.U percent of coconut- potrsh soap (containing Uq percent of soap on a dry-weight "basis). Af t<' r such immersion and vhcn all excess liquid had' drained from the thoroughly v;etted insects, they v/crc confined as before with frrsh goldenrod f lovers in .Icily tximblers. As long as the insects were wet they remained immobile, but movp- ment and recovery began as soon as they dried. The tot^^l mortality based on records taJcen at the end of Ug hours was as follows 5 1-la.terial Active ingredient Beetles dead Percent Pyrethru.71 extrr-ct pyrothrins ,2.15 P' rcent 75 Derris plant resin?, U,5 percent Ficotire (50 per- cent free base) 80 These tests did not warrant further tests with more dilute application of these materi^'ls. Brannon ( 39 ) in I936 reported that the margined blister beetle on young Fordhook lima beans, grovn on the Eastern Shore of "\''irginia , was not controlled with derris dust (0.75 percent of rotenone) or a calci^om arsenate-sulfur-lime dust, but wnp controlled by the applicptipn of undiluted barium fluosilicate dust rt th- rate of 10 to 12 pounds per acre. Epicauta pennsylvaniea (Deg. ) , the black blister beetle See Dietz and Zoisert ( 103 ) under E. marginata (F.), on pagel05. Haude (181) in I939 recom-^.ended dusting v/ith cube or deri*is (0.5 percent of rotenone) for the control of the black blist- r beetle. Smith and Sullivan ( 3U0 ) in I9U0 reported that, in field test<^ on china asters, sprp:'s containing pyrethriim extracts (pyrethrins.'l.'lO, 000 and 1:22,000) killed 68.8 and U2.6 percent of the black blister beetle, as compared with complete mortalities of cucumber beetles, the tarnished plant bug, and^the garden flea hopper, on the plants at the s?me time. Derris powder and derris extract (rotenone 1:18,000) when added to sprays contain! g pyreth- rins 1:10,000 did not increase the mortality, but wheri; added to sprays contain- ing pyrrthrins 1:5,000 a higher kill was obtained. The most effective spray vrf^^ one containinir pyrethrum extract (pyrethrins 1:5000) and derris powder (rotenone l:U,000), which killed 91;6 percent of the beetles. The derris powder used alone killed 11.1 percent of the b'^( ties. A sprender containing "Ikyl- phenylbenz.rnesulfonic ^cid was ade.rd at the rate of 2 gm. per gallon, Lytte stygice (Lee.), ^ blister "beetle An application of 1-percent-rotenone dust caused the inf-^rnal blister b^'-^tle (L. Btygica ) to disnppe.nr. No dead ones could be found; howev.^r, follow- ing the dust ampl ice t ion th'^ b* etles brcn-ie very excited and imnedia^ely t^ck flight for short distances. — L.G. S-^ith ( 3UU ) in 193'^, - IOd - Moloidae (unidentified sp.) ' " ' . . • •' .■■.':- ... .;,■ The Idaho Agr-i cultural. Eyppriment. 'Sta%l-OJa'. < 2l6 )' In. 1939 riOTXjrted that 'prbriminarj- otseryatlong indicat'-d a jjossilale' effect iven.es.s- of rotenone dust ■against "bli'stcT -"b.eetlcs:, . ,. . ' , ' ■•-'■■■•■ .McBaniel^, a.^s reported ."by. O'Brien '( 3.0g ) in IQUq. stat'ed that "blister -iDeetleg '.can. "be stoPDed with .rotrnone dust, ■■'• •,.. •"': .'-- ■■: ■ ■ , Mtidulidae ■• ■ : ■, ,... Cprpophilus dimidiatus (F.) ' ••'.•.■ ; . , , The larva is not suscepti"blo to' derris.-.-Qraufurd-Benson (90) in I938 . Meligethes aeneus (F.) "■"'' ' ' '■ •.•■.; Unusuallj' sensitive to derri? dus.t containing 0,5 percent of rotenone and 1,2 porcr^nt of ether extract, Rotono-.e spray 1:3,000 plus Agral also gives satisfactory results. — De Bussy et al, (61) in 193^. Sensitive to derris. — Van der Lap.n' '( 2^2 )' in 1936-.; ■ Ti-'o applications of dust containing 0,7.5 percent of rotenone vfcre effect- iv&.^->Anon,\nnous- (2) in 1937. „ '' • '.; ; ; . ■ •; f , . ^ . , Ptinidae ' '"■' ' • '■•.•■ G-i'b'biujn psylloides (Csemp.) • .' ■ ,■ The adult is definitel- susceptible to derris,, — Cr.auf.urd-Bens&n- ( 90 ) •in 1938. .: , ; .■■:-, _-; •: .. . ^.. ^, , "" Mptus - hololeucue (Fp.ld.), the golden spider "beetle ITet affected "by derris. — ''.'"ah der L^-^an ( 252 ) in-lQ^'S.' .■ •■ •; ' PtlnUs ' fur (L;)-, the, vrhi.tc-markcd, spider- hectic ■' .■■■■■■■ ■..-; ■ ' .Speeds, on _derr.le roots .,ir>. s'tora^o a.,CcDrdi-ng' to a I'etter ,dP.t:ed_Decem"ber 1^, 19-37,' 'fi'&m-.-C., F:. !'/., .Mucsebock, to &,' A', trhompson, Jr.. ,:' Kingston., ^.. I. Ptlnus fectUi^. Bojeld^.a; spider , "bee tie '" ' ' ■' ■" •'■'■'^ ■ ,.,,..... ., , , '•■ The adult i.a.-susceptihl.e to _ derris "but the of ft^ct- is .v^ry slight. ' Craufurd^Bengon :(^6) in 1933.' '' ,' ,' ' ' .'/.,' ' ■'" ' '' ' ' ' '" ,,,,..■■.. .... Scara,hreida.e ■' '- ■; ■...'.' ■.''.; ■ - ^ A.nomnlfi, orientalis Waterh, , the oriental "beetle • • •■ Haude ( igl ), ifi 19"^9, recommended spraying v.'ith cu"be or derris powder (k percent.''.r. plus ;^ to 5 pounds 'of -wetter ?»nd stipker,, e.g. ,.,ro,Rin-,r.c'siduc -emulsion. This .acts a^s a; repell- ent. ■. : ' ,,1 .• .■.'■.'.._■■',' ■■'' " ■ ■ ■ ' ■■.■■■ - 107 - Apogonir. cri"brlcollls Burm. Adult«! of thii? beetle verc ur;cd "by tho F->der!^ted I'felny States DcpartTiont of Agriculturo (125) in I93U in te=;ting the insccticidp.l value of Derrls clllpticp and D. mplaccensiq . Adults vrre dusted with a povdcr made "by pre- cipitating an aqueous extract of dcrris root ( Perris malacconpig "ar, sarovak - cngis ) . The pa-no prei^aration mixc-d with an equal weight of tapioca flour was also tester!., Neither caus^^d anr mortality.- Miller ( 286 ) in 1935. Autoserica ca^stanea (Arrow), the Asiatic garr.'-n beetle Hamilton ( 172 ) in I937 reported that Asiatic garden beetles on various flowers wcrr frirly well controlled by a spray of U pounds of derris or cube povrdrr (U percent of rotenono) and U pounds of rosin-residue emulsion p^r 100 gallons of water. The spray acts r>o ^ repellent. The eff'-ctive period vras U to 5 days. C-^ntrol is not so good -as for Japanese beetle. The Few J.-rsey Stat" A-^ricultural Sxppriment Stv^tion ( 298 ) in I938 reported that Asiatic garden beetles were repelled for U to 8 days or more by tho application of a spray of derris or cube powd^-^r plus rosin-residue emulsion in water. Autoserica sp. Adults of this beetle vrere us-:d by the Federated 1-talay States Department of Agriculture (l25_) in 193^ in testing the insecticidal value of Derris ellip - tic=> and D, malaccensis . Adult beetles were dusted with a powder made by precipitating an aqueous extract of derris root ( Derris malaccensis ' var. sarfiv/akensis ) . Only 20 pT- cent were killed. The sane prepar,"' tinn nixed with an enual vreight of tapioca flour killed 15 percent,— hillrr (2f6_) in 19:^5. Cetonia aura t a (L.) This pest on rose^ wr, 9 raitig^ted by r product containing 12 percent of povrdcred LoncKoerrpus nicou root (of 6 percent rotenone content) and ^Si percent of trlcum^ acxcrding to a letter from EtablisseraentR Rotenia, jintwerp, Belgium, to R. C. Ronrk xn 193-=?. i'^acrodactylus subspinosus (F.), the rose chafer Accoraiiig to a sch- dul^ of treatments by Cory (SJ) in 19!^8 issued for the control of ro^e jjests in Maryland, ro tenon, dust was recommended for use against roc: tu.vrs. The How Jersey Stat'- Agricultural E:<,>-ri„.nt St--.tion (20S) in 1938 re-oortcd that rof?e chaf ^ r-^, wer-^ repelled for U to 8 days or moi-t by the applic- ation of a spiay of derris or cube powder r)lus rof^.in-re-:idue emulsion in water, Par'-rs and Pi^retvjrff (3_12) in 1^3? r^^cem - nd-d lotenope apr^y (U pounds of dcrris of k pf recent rotcnon<: content p.- r 100 gallons of wat -r) for the control of the rose chaf-r. - log - Mg.ladpra holosericea (Scop.) Neunann (2Q5,) ^^- 1937 reported th:^,t in r'>.tto.'npt^ to control thi? "beetle derris dusts gave no results. Melolontha sp. A rotenonp sprav applied at th;"^ rate of 0,18 mg. of rotononc- per 500 cm. ^/killed none of the larvao of this "bertlc within S days. — Trappmann and Nitsche ( 375 ) in 1935. Oryctes nasicornis (L.) 2 A rotenone: spray applied at the rato of O.IS mg. of rotenc^^.e pp.r 500 cm, ..'killed nc'-.e of the larvae of these insects within S days. — Trappmann and iJitsche (37,5) in 1935. Phyllopertha horticola (L.), a cockchafer Berris dust and lead arsenate spray were' ineffective against the cock- chafer.— East Milling Research St-.tion ( 112 ) in 1935. Ph;i.'-llophaga hirticula Knoch The Ifedison, Wi?;.^ la"boratory of the Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in a Quarterly report in 1937) reported tests made "by Fltiicr^ Seaton^ and Chamber- lin with insecticides against this species.. Derris and othfr .materials were tried "but lead arsenate spray appeared "best. June "beetles wci*e confined in large tin cans, 25 "beetles in each^ containing sift'x''. soil, a vial of water, and treated "bur-oak folia.^ce, and all tests were run in duplicate. Checks were carried for each series of tests. Phyllo-phaga ( Phytalus ) sp. De Sornpy in 19^1 (^^5) suggested th^t derris 1)^ tried against the scara"baeid Phytalus . Phyllophaga spp, Hamilton ( 172 ) in 1937 reported that June "bugs, (Lachno^-^terna)- Phyllophaga spp, on oak were fairly vrell controlled "by a spray of IJ- poujids of derris or cube powder (U percent of rotenone) and h pounds of rosin- residue emulsion per 100 gallons of vrater. The spray acted as a repellent. The effective period was 6 days, and feeding wrs checked for 6 or 7 days. K. Ishigai in 1937 stated in a let'er to C. C. Cmcannon of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce that Hn.y "beetles attacking thp Icfves of growing deri'is were driven away by spraying with ground fresh derris roots plus soap. The New Jer.-^iy State Agricultural Eyperinent Station (29g_) in 193S reported that June bugs were repelled from feeding for U to 8 da,yR or more by the application of a spray of derris or cube powder plus rosin-reoidue emulsion in wptcr. ■-^109 - ■ Poplllia ,1a.p,onica Hevmi. , the 'Japanese "beetle The United States Dcipa.r't'mont of Agric'ilture, Bureau of Entoraology ( j\Eh ) in 1929 stated that in testp against the Japanrso beetle derris was most effective when cxtra.cfed with coal-tar naphtha or ethyl alcohol. Extracts of pyrethrum and of' derris were atoxit eoua.lly effective. Davidson (^) in 193® reported- the following results with suspensions of rotenone in water against adults on smartvrced foliage in screen cages: Concentration Mortality G-rams: cc. Percent • 1:1,000 ■ 100 1:5,000 97.3 1:7,500 gg.e; 1:10,000 85.2 1:15,000 g6.i 1:20,000 60.9 Richmond ( 325 ) in 1931 reportr-d on the relative attractiveness or repellency of certain materials to the Japanese "beetle. A 5-pt"rcent solu- tion of Derrisine was mildly repellent to the Japanese "beetle in field tests in Few Jersey in 1925 and I926. A footnote at the end of the raper statrs: Since this paper was prepared, all the ma,teri^ls listed as mild repellents and as repellents have "been retested, and it is "believed thr,t none can be considered as practical repellents for the Japanese beetle. Metzgcr and Grant (28^) in IQ32 reported tests of U7U extracts representing 3*^0 plant species taken from 326 genera and 108 families, as repellents to th'- Japan.es beetle. Benzene, 95-pc'rcent alcohol, and ^7»5-pprcfnt-alcohol extracts of the dry roots of dcrris (stat'^d to be Derris malaccensis Benth.). applied at dilutions of 1:25, l!35, 1»50, and 1:100 (ratios of dry plant material to spra^y fluiJ in kg.: liters) were incffcct?-"' in repelling these beetles. The process of the United States Pharmacopoeia (lOth cd.) for preparing fluid extr'^cts v^-^s followed in making extr'-cts of these plants. Commercial derris ^nd pyrethrum povrdrrs used at the rat(. of 6 pounds to 100 gallons of water v/ere more repellent than were 11 of the more promis^'ng plant extract <=. An extract of the whole plant of Tephrosia virginiana L. in flower in U7. 5-percent alcohol ^t a dilution of 1:25 was ineffective. Gnadinger (165 ) in 19"^."'. referred to unpublished work by Ginsburg which indicates that the pyret'^rins arc more toxic than rotenone to the Japan e s e b «' e 1 1 e , The toxicit:' of rotenone and derris as contact insecticides to th- Japanese beetle is increa„sed by the addition of soaps. — United States De- partment of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomolog,v (386) in 1°"^3. - 110 - Fleming ».nf'. Baker ( 135 ) in I93U rrportcd thp off ectiv^npss of stonach- poison insocticides on the Japanese boetlo, Dihyclrorotenonr, rotenone, ?.nd drrris (U pprcent of rotr-none) wore spra.j'ed of dusted on the foliage of potted s-nartweed, FolvgemuB^pGnns^>^lvrnica'n . and after standing SU hours the plants were placed in glaps cages vrith Jat)ancse 'bcotleg. The cages were kept at 85° to 90° F., with a relative, hujniditr of 90 to 95 percent, under artificial yellow light of an intensity of ?5 candlenieters. Lead arsenate at g pounds per 100 g--^ lions was taken as the stand'=rd of co'np^r'ison (coefficient of effectiveness l.OOO), the mortality heing figured at the end of Ug hours. Results obtained vrith dihydrorotenone rotenone and derri<5 were as follows; : Concentration ! ■: of naterial '.Coefficient of Material : Ih./lOO gal. :effectiveneg5 Pure "Dowdercd dihydrorotenone plus fish oil (U:l) Do. ' Do. Do.- 2 6 dust Pure powdered rotenone Derris (U percent rotenone) Do. Do. Do. dust 20 Uo 60 SO O.lUg .•^gu .U21 .981 ■ .7:^2 ■^ .517 ■ .6go l.Ulo 1.275 When dihydrorotf-none vras dissolx'od in acetone at the r^tc of 2 gn. to 100 cc. and padded to water, it was found that a concentrption eouivfilent to 6 pounds to 100 gallons of water was the mp,ximura that could bn kei^t in suspension, and' it vras less than half as effccti-"-e n,s the standr.rd. The beetles were largely' repelled from folia.ge sprayed with derris powder mixed with vrat^-^r in conc^-ntrations ranging f row: 20 to gO pounds to 100 gallons. From the coefficients of effect i-"-ens<^.- it appears that about 50 pounds of derris powder should be eouivalent to g pounds of lead arsenate as a stoinach poison a.gainst the Japanese beetle, Lnter in IS^^theco authors, in a tyr)ewritten report to the Chi^f of the Eurepu of Entomolog?-- and Plant Q,uarantine, stated that under artificial conditions of hea'"'y infestation complete protection was afforded to the fruit and folirge of Yellovr Transparent apples by the application, of sprays con- taini-g derris or rotencne. Lime spra."-.s did not protect the fruit from attack, although thf feeding on foliage vras sonevrhet redviced. Beetles fed to only a limited extrnt on fruit fprayc d with acid lead arsenate. Hellebore and pyrothrum ha-e no value as stomach poisons or aa re- pellents against the Jap-nes beetle. Derris is a vreak stomach poison but a definit' repellent. The repellent action of derris appears to be due to the rotenone a.nd the deguelin. The toxicarol, tephrosin, and. resinous residue appear to be of no value as repellents. Degi.i.elin wa^^ foundu to bo equal to neutral potassiun-oleate soap as a contact insecticide, a.nd roten- one WPS 2,3 times as effective, -'-'orris vras only about one-third as effect- ive when used alone; but, vrhen O.I25 percent of potasslun-coconut-oil soa^p, an amount below that cffecti"e against the beetle, vras added, derris became 1.765 ti"ion more effective than the potassium-olcate soap in killing beetles. - Ill - Exposure to ultrn-violet light definitely ^.pcrep.s^a thf effecti'-'-eness of derris, rotenone, and deguflin as repellents. Phenothiazine had a narcotic effect on the beetle but vhen added to derrip decreased the effectiveness of derris as a repellent. The addition of fish oil or tannic acid to a derris suspension did not modify t\e repellent action of the material. Sodiujn- silicate solutions appeared to decompose derris. Derris can be readily washed from foliage. The action of rain in the fif>ld is believed to be one of the most important, if not the most important, factor limiting the effectiveness of derris sprays. Several materials vrere tested as stickeiB-for derris, the most promising being a paraffin emulsion. Miscellaneous tests with extract^: of petunia, carrot, devil' s-ehoestrings, and bittervrood showed that these materials were of little value as repellents against this insect. Cube resin, n-methyl phenothiazine, 2-phenyl benzo- thiazole, and picrasmin A and B also proved unsatisfactory as stomach poisons and as repellents. Fleming, Ba'-er^^and Koblitrky ( I39 . lUo) in I93U reported that chemically pure rotenone, 90 percent rotenone, and derris containing U percent of rote- none v/exe, ineffective as stomach poisons to third instars of the Japanese bfetle when added to soil at rates ranging from 5OO to 5,000 pounds per acre, Osburn ( 3II ) in 193^ reiDorted trials of repellents against the Japanese beetle. During the season of 1932 it was found tha.t the application of five sprays, each consisting of 1 pound of QO-porcent rotenone to 5OO gallons of water ,_ appreciably reduced the number of Japanese beetles on peach and apple trees; less concentrated sprays were less effective. In 193^ *^® fallowing sprays, containing 100 gallons of vrater, 01 pound and 0.2 pound of rotenone plus 0,1^ gallon of summer oil, 2,5 pounds and 5 pcunds of derris root ( U per- cent of rotenone), .„ j . . '• " t. '- r .. .-.. ..^ v . }, and 2.5 pounds and 5 pounds of derris root (U percent of rotenone) plus O.U gallon af summer oil, were applied to the following varieties of fruit treesJ Apple — Henry Clay,_ Star, Wealthy, Stayman Vincsap, Yellow Transparent, and V7illi?.ms Early Red; Peach — Kale and Elbcrta. The sprays were applied at weekly inter- vals, except that additional sprays vrere applied immediately after heavy rains, not more than six applications being made. The results may be summarized ns follows: Derris was more repellent to the Japanese beetle than rotenone, rotenone with oil was more repellent than rotenone alone, derris alonre w?s better than rotenone and oil, vrhile derris and oil gave the b^st results. That is, derris and oil > derris ;. rotmone jvnd oil ' rotenone. The check trees were defoliated rapidly. The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (390) in I935 reported various tests with derris. Derris is a wea'': stomn.ch poison but has a definite reprllenny for the adult Japanese beetle, the repellent action apparently bring due to the rotenone and deguelin content. Exposure to light decreased the effectiveness of derris, and the material was readily washed from foliage by rain. Several materials have been tested as sticker and as means to prev-nt the decomposition of derris in the field. Oils, while very effective sticker?!, have been found to accelerate the decomposition of derris when spread in a thin layer on the surface of the leaf. The emulsified residue from rosin stills has bren found to be the cheapest and ino«-t effecti'i'e sticker that does not rccnl- rate the decomposition. The addi- tion of magnesium silicate to the spray increased the r^eriod that the material is effective as a repellent. Derris without a sticker appeared to bo of little ■value in the. protection of early ripening aniDles from attack by the beetle. - 112 - Derris with the sticker has givon promising results. The derrig spr?iy has a- dis?.dv?jitagc in that it is neccssarv to repeat the aT^plication every week to maintain good control. The United States Department of Ai-riculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Japanes Beetle Latoratory ( 3 ^1 ) ^ found that samples ff Tephrosia F. virginianal were not effective as stomach poisons or repellents for vie JaDaneae "beetle. Bydrated lime was mixed with derrig as a spray without destroying the repellent vplue of the material. Exposure of rotenone to sun- light for 2 days definitely decreased the effectiveness as a repellent and stom^ich prison. Several different feils, waxes ^ resins, asphalt, latex, agar- ag^r, flour, and other materials ^rere tested to determioe the effectiveneBs ©f thp«!e materials as s-tickers for derris. It vras found that rosin residue, thF residual material left in the stil' during the manufacture of rosin, when emulsified vrith ammonium caseinate, vras a satisfactory and , inexpensive sticker for derris, as tested in the exp<"riment?il orchards. More recent experiments indicated that replacing the ammonium cas'inatc with gum arabic produced a "b'-tt'-r sticker for derris, A large num'b''^r of materials have y}r>s-n fidded to derris in various ways to overcome the decomposition of the mr'torial in sunlight. Some mixtures were ma.do hy adding derris to emulsions or disprrsions of the material in watf^y; other mixtures were made by cooting the derris with the material. In tjie lattei- case the coating material vras dissolved in a suitable solvent, the finely di- vided derrig added, and then the solvent removed by evaporation. It appears that, in gen- ral, better protection is obtained by th' latter r:rocedure. Among the materials which have been added to derris in different vrays are lamp black, white, black, and green pyroxylin, different grades ^f wood rosin, rosin resid- ues of different types, apphalt, coal tar, pine tar, pine pitch, paraffin, bees- wax, spermaceti, cariiauba wax, gilsonite, sulfur, lime-sulfur, bejttonit<^, tit- anium oxide, magnesium silicate, calcium tS^rbonate, aluminiim sulfate, montan vrajc, pine oil, blov/n sardine oil, blovrn castor oil, glue and formaldehyde, bone glue, boiled linseed oil, halowex, apple wax, ravr menhaden oil, and casein, Thr . oils, in genrral, were found to be good stickers for derris, but accelerated the decomposition of the derris, Me.gncr-ium silicate g^^vc indications under labora- tory te«it of retarding the decomposition, but und-' r field conditions it appearec to have no effect on the decomT)osition, Laboratory ted ur to a fevr day. befor'^ hprv-^st. Derris nnd rotenone were found' - 113 - unsatisfactory as stomach poisons for third instars of the Japanese beetle •hen mixed "-ith soil at concentrations ranging from 250 to 2,000 pounds per acre. rieraing ^nd Baker ( 136 ) in 1936 -reported as follows on the use of derris nd its components as repellents for the Japg.nese beetle: A study was made of der-^is and its components under artificially controlled conditions to obtain further information on the value of these materiqls for the control of the Japanese beetle. Rotenonc ^as found to be 2.3 times =>s effective as neutrql potassium oleate as a contact insecticide, deguelin was equally as effective as the soap, ^nd derris wqs 0.387 times as effective, '^en an equal weight of castor oil ^^s added to the derris, the coefficient of effectiveness w^.s increased to 0.556. ^en added to a 0.125-percent solution of coconut-oil soap, which alone did not kill beetles, the effectiveness of derris '"as increased to 1.765 times tha,t of potassium oleate. These data, indicate that if a small qua.ntity of soap is added to the derris spray in the field the effectiveness of the material as a contact insecticide may be greatly increased. Derris and its components, with the possible exception of rotenone, were found to be of little value as stomach-poison insecticides against this insect. Rotenone -"hen used at the rate of 4 pounds to 100 gallons "-as 53.4 percent as effective as acid lead arsenate used at the rate of 8 pounds to 100 gallons of water. Beetles fed only slightly on derris \''hen used g.t the rate of 2 pounds to 100 gallons. It is apparent that the repellent action of derris can be attributed to its rotenone and deguelin content. Toxicarol, tephrosin, and the der-ris resin frori Thich all crystalline substances had been removed had little deterrent effect on the insect. Under artificial conditions of heavy infestation, rhere the beetles v^ere stimulated to feed and had no choice between sprayed and unsprayed foliage, derris and rotenone afforded com- plete protection to the fruit and foliage of Yello"' Transparent apples, being superior to acid lead arsena.te and the lime sprays, which have given satisfactory results under favorable field con- ditions. Exposure to untraviolet light definitely reduced the value of rotenone as a stomach poison against the Japanese beetle. It was not possible to detect the change in effectiveness of derris because of the low toxic value of the material. The value of derris and rotenone as repellents "^as only slightly reduced by exposure to untraviolet light for 24 hours, indicating that the repellent effect is not destroyed so rapidly ^s the toxicity. Fish-oil and tannic acid did not modify the effectiveness of derris as a stomach- poison insecticide or ^s a repellent. Sodium silicate decomposed the derris and destroyed its v^lue as a repel- lent. Derris is readily crashed from foliage by water. It is be- lieved that this mechanical loss by the action of rain, and possibly dew, is one of the most imfjortant factors limiting the effectiveness of derris sprays for control of the Japanese beetle. Several stickers were tested, but none of them proved satisfactory. - llU - The stickers tried included light-prepged fiph oil; 'bone glue; bone glue and triethanolamine; rosin ^^nd castor oil; a mixture of cfstor oil, oleic acid, bone glue, and triethanol?»jnine; a mixture of parpffin, oleic aci' , and triethanola'nine; and tannic Pcid. Mat'^rials mixed with derris sn.^-. tested as ? stomach-poison insecticide and also as .a repellent included light-pressed fish oil, molasses, phenothiazine, sodium silicate, and tannic acid. In 1936 Fleming and B^Jcer ( 137 ) reported the results of tests of sprays for the protection of early ripening trer fruits from Japanese "beetle atteck. These studies were conduct-d in the laboratory unc.er controlled conditions of temperature, relati-^-e humidity, and light, in sp.-cial gless cages, as previously described by these authors ( l33 f 1"^3 ) » 'TJiey found that Tephrosia virgin! ana with a rotenone content of 1,7 percent was only about one-fourth as effectivp as a re-nellent as. was derris having a rotenone content of ^ to 5 pfTc^^nt. Cube and timbo vrith a rotf^none content and total extractives eouiv^lent to derris were only half f>s effective as repellents. The impregnation of derris with rosin to increase the resistance of the deposits to removal by water or decomposition by light significantly reduced the value of the derris as a repellent, vrhile the addition to th* rosin of a small auantlty of cresol, beta naphthol, thymol, quininf-, or nnphthfili-ne appeared to overcome the detrimental effect of the rosin. Th-^ addition of red, orange, yellovr, - gre^n, blue, Violet, and black dyes with the rosin used to impregnate the derris did not modify the repellency of the derris. Impregnation of derris vrith cumar, coal tar, or gilsonit- improved the resistance to removal by water and decomposition by light but completely destroyed the value of the material as a repellent. The impregnation of derris with pine products — pine oil, pine pitch, pine tar, or diprntene — improved the resistancf~ of derris to removal by water and decomposition by light, but completely destroyed the value of the materi^fl as a repellent. The addi- tion of bordeaux mixture appeared to .decrease the repellency of derris. Sulfur increased the resistrmce of derris to removal by water and decom- position by light, while sulfur alone had no repellent value. Limo-sulfur likewise increased the resistance of derris to removal by vrater and de- composition by light, although lime-sulfur nlone, or in combina'oion with alum- inum sulfate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, or zinc sulfate, was neither toxic nor rrpellent to the beetles; the addition of these ra?)terials to derris definitely increased the effectivrne^p of derris as a rex-'ellent and greatlj'' reduced th*^ removal of the repellent substance. by water, Fleming and Chisholm (1U2) in I536 rpported on derris as a repellent for the J'^panese beetle, A series of derris compounds containing rosin and vrhite pigments was prepared to determine the effect of these raa'c.erials on the adhesion of derris deposits and thr effect of sunligh': on these deposits. Of the several pigments tested, the best protection wa.s shown vrith zinc oxide, titanium pigment (barium, base), and tita.nium pigment (calcium base); ea 3h of these materials shovring over 50 percent of the initial deposit still acoive after the exposure period, the greatest initial deposit being obtained vdth zinc oxide. Derris compounds containing 10 percent of rosin and 2 percent of phenol and other orga.nic compoxmds were tested to determine their resistance to decomposition on exposure to light. The best protection resulted from the use of phenol, aniline, and quinine, there being in each case 50 percent of mati^rial undecomposed on exposure to light. - 115 - Fle-iing p.nd Metzgor ( li-'3 ) in IQ36 publishrd inf or^r-.tion on th^- control of tho J-^poncso "bf^otle on fruit ?,nd ph.<^.-\o treas. Pcachrrs th^i.t riprn in July- can "bp protected ty spraying with 3 pounds of derris, containing U percent of rotpnonc, and 3 pounds of ropln-residuo e-nulsion in 100 gallons of water, provided orch?rr. s^.nitr>tion is practiced. Preriaturely ripening or diseased fruit should be reriovrd fron the trees, a'^ such fruit is attacked by the be<-:tles, even when thoroughly coated with the spray residue, and when this fruit is consumed the beetles begin to fnrd on the sound fruit. All fruit on thf ^.Tound should also be removed, as its odor attracts beetles. A thin paste of derris is poured into the spray tank after the rosin-residup e-nul- sion and water havr b'-en added. The spray of derris-rosin residue c-nulsion is ?lso r-comendf^d for early ripening varieties of pluns. Header ( igU ) in IQ36 recon'i.ended, ns on'' of the n.atprids to -nqke foliege nnd fruit un^ttractiv to the adult Japanesf^ br-etle, a mixture of 3 pounds of T)owdered derris (containing: U to 5 percent of rot mono r.nd 16 to 18 percent of pcetonr extractives) plus 3 pounds of rosin-re?:idue rmul-sion (G-oodhue's formula) to 100 gallons of wat.-^r. Metzgrr ( 2B2 ) in I936 called attention to the derris plus rosin-r.-sidu-^ spr<^y as a repellent for Japanese beetles attacking early ripcni'ig peaches'. Three poixnds of derris (rotenone = U percent; total acetone extractives = 16 percent or more) plus 3 pounds of 50-porcent rosin-residuu emulsion are used to 100 g^-llons of water. The fir<5t application of this spr-'^y should be m^.'> wh'-n the b'-^etlrs first ar>pe?>r in thf^- orchnrd, ^^nd subseouent applic- ations should follow Pt intervals of 7 to 10 d^ys, the number of applications depending on the degree of inf est-'^tion in the vicinity. Van Gv.ndia (Uoo) in I936 reported th^t control of th- Js>panese beetle with ar)plications of rotenone dust, ripde from either cube or derris, was un- s^tisfectory. He said: "We are not particularly interested in killing thpm by contact vhere the foliage is sacrificed, but v;e are interested in ke.ping thorn aw^y from thos'^ treated plants," Baker and Fleming, in a typewritt-n report in January 1^37 on the work conducted during the summer of 1Q"=:6, on the protection of ^^pples and peaches from'Ptt^ck by the p.dult Japanese beetle, st^»trd that various derris ccm- bin-itions wer. tested in an attempt to increase the period of effectiveness of derris. Derris plus-rosin-residue e^.ulslon, the lc*=st expensive com- bination tepted, was as good as eny oth- r. The addition of rosin, rosin- phenol, or rcin-zino oxide did not improve the spray combine tion from the standpoint of of f<^ctiv-ness in controlling the beetle. In Febru-ry 1937 these author--- stat'"'d in a typewritten report th^t a spr^y containing 3 pounds of derris (rotenone U percent) end 3 pour^Ais of rosin- residue emulsion P'r 100 gallons of water maintained in effecti^-e control "gainst adult Japanese beetles on pzftleps for 11 days; and in Ma.rch 1<^'37 they (2U) reportt d tests of spreys for protecting orn^^mentnl plants ag?inst J-panese beeti" attnck. Derris end rosin-residue emultjlon maintained an effective cent'rol on a.zale?>s for 11 days, showing thf't this spray. was as eff'-cti"-e und>-'r conditions in the cof^^merci^'l nufsery as in the orchards, Bromley (^) in 1^37 stated th^-t derris or cubr vrith rosin-re = idue emulsion is p promising repellent for the Jjipant.se beetle. i - 116 - Fleming (I3U) in 1937 rpportnd te?ts with c'.erris as a repellent for tko Japr.nepr 'beetle. Fine powdor (200-nesh) i? morp effoctivn than coarcir. Materials ar.o.cd to inhilDit th" cloco-"iposition of dnrris "by sun- li|£.'ht failed to do so and in somo case=5 r-ducod thf initial rrpolloncy. Certain rosin oils cpv. "bn guhstituted for rosin rosiiup o.s a„ stickor for- dorris. Ploning and Baker (138) in IQ"^! r^ ported on largp-scal--^ fi-pld t"^tq, "indp during th-' 193^ season, of naterials us-^d for th- protection of early riiDoning peaches and applps fron' injury "by the adult Japanese beetle. Various coTihin-'^tions of derris were tested to a.scertain vrhether p.ny more' satisfactory conhinations than th^t of derris plus rosin-regidue emulsion, novr recommended, could hr dereloped. . It vas found th^^t the derris-rosin residue comhin^tion was eou^.lly as good, if not superior to, any oth^~r derris co.mhih^tion for protection of early riprnir.g peaches. Guy and Schmitt ( 170 ) in 1937 report rd on rep'^llenta for the Japanese "beetle. In 1^35 derris, thiura.m sulfides, phmothiazine, and lime vrere tested as repellents for the Japanese "beetle at "Torklyn, Del, on a„pple and peach tree Three sprays a.t 300-po^^'-"^s' prec^ure with a. single-nozzle gun were 9.pplied on ■ July 2, July 16, and i^ugust 30. Good coverage vras o"btained with every material at thr rate of 3.5 gallons p^r tree, l^one of them caused foliage injury. The first application was ma.de oefore th^^ Japanese "beetle ap"oearcd in la.rg^ nu'n'bers. VThen feeding "beca.i3^q noticeable the additional coverage w^.s provided. The "best protection /afforded by tetr^methyl thiuram disulfide plup; 1 pint of a UO-perccnt rosin-residue emulsion. Good resu.lts were given by certain oth>-r coibinations which, . although of almost equal efficiency, may be rated in th<^ following order: (l) Derris plus 3 pounds of rosin sticker ITo. 1 (50-percent emulsion); (2) tetramethyl thiuram monosulfidc plus 1 pint of rosin-residue (Uo-percent) em.ulsion; (3) derris plus 3 pounds of rosin-residua (50-pprcent) emulsion (Goodhue-Flening formula); (h) phenothiazine plus 1 pint of rosin- residue (UO-percent) em.ulsion; (5) derris plus 3 pounds of rosin-residue ■ sticker lio. 2 (50-percent emulsion). All the mixtures of hydrated lime were inferior to the«5e materials. The addition of 3 pounds of aluminum sulfate to hy^irated lime gave greater foliage protection than the addition of either ^ pounds of rosin-residue f^m-ulsion or I.5 pints of fish oil. Although the hydrated lime-fish-oil spray produced an unremova.ble residue on peaches, it was the least effective combination tested. All the hydrated-lime sprays were responsible for residues which rendered the early peaches unfit for the ma,rket. The synthetic com- pounds and derris combinations, on the contrary, had the advantage of leaving no conspicuous residues; in fact, there w^s no indication at harvest time of the spray? thr^.t ha.d been applied. The result-^^ indicate that eithf^r t*-^tra- methyl thiuram disulfide or derris 'plus ^ rosln-type stic^^er offers consider- able promise a<5 ^ J-^panepe b'-'^etle repellent, H-^milton ( 172 ) in 1Q37 reportpd that Jap^^nese bretlopc on various tre s, shrubs, a.nd flovrer<^ were fairly well -controlled by a spriy of U pounds of defris or cube povrder (U percent of rotenone) and U pounds of rosin-residue emulsion per 100 g-'^llons of wator. The spray acts as a repellent. The effec- tive prrio.''. is 6 to 7 '"l-'i-rp* ^atisfa.ctory repellency can be obtained by spray- ing 6 or 7 <^'-^y^ a.part. - 117 - Hoc'.gkiss ( 189 ) iii 1°37 rrcoTi^nd-^d dcrris for the r)rotrction of '^arly riprnine; pep.ches r.nc. pla-n? pgp.inpt the Jr-pamsp beetlr. T ,^ sprr>r consistf! of 3 pounds of dorris powdrr (U percent of rotonoac), 3 pcunr.s of ropin-residue emulsion (See ij. .S. Dept. Agr. Cir, 237, rev. 193^); ^nd 100 g-'^llons of vrp.ter. Start spraying as poon as the "beetloF get into the orchard and apply l-^ter treotrnents ev-r.y 7 or 10 dayp, C. L. Sn.ith (2Ii) in 1937 report.' d that a sprpy of derri^ povrd^r (^ percent of rotcnonr) U poujidp p'-r 100 gallons of water, plus 2-1/2 pounds of coconut-oil scat) (anhydrous Ijpsis), w^s sprayed on Japanese "beetler in- festing iiarigcld. At th'^; end of 2h hourr- Ug percent were killed; at the ■^nd of ^8 hours 82 percent vr-'-re killed. The pl'^nts sprayed with derris rrt-'in-d a r^arkod rcp-^llency and pr'"-"-ent- d a r-'^inf estation for rt le^.st 3 days. St'~qrns ( "^55 ) in 1937 reported that derris with ro<^in residue ^is a sticker provrd highly effrcti"''-" as a foliag-- prot.-ctant agp.inst t'le ravag-s of the Japanese beotle in Delaware. Britton and Johnson (_57.) in 1^38 reported on th-- control of th- Japanese Dretle in Connecticut. As a prot'^ cti-'e spr'^y for flovrrring nolant^, derris povrder (U to 5 perc-nt of rotenone) ^ I/3 pound in 10 gallons of wati'-r, will not leeve an undesira.tile residue ?>nd gi-'^fs ^ fair degree of efficiency, Eerly ripening perches and plu"is may "be protf-ctf^d ty spraying with 3 pounds of derris cont^^ining U percent of rotrnon- and 3 pounds of rosin-resieTue enul- sion in 100 gallons of wat'T, provided orch_ard sanitation is pr^ctic-d. This spray .oes not leave p.n o"b,1ectionabl" residue on the fruit at harv^sttime. Dir-tz and Pierpont ( 102 ) in IQ38 r-Tiorted te^.t-^ to deter'^in° th."- vrlue of t'.e-rri^., phenothiavjine, tetranethyl thiure-i disulfide, and other aateriPls as foliage protectants ag?.in?^t the ra-"-ag-'^s of th^' Jnp--nese "brctle. S-orays that included derris w-^re as followc;: Fcunds per Mat^rip.l gallon of vjp t tests were male with derris and cube having the sane rot-nonr content (U percent) and -oractically th-" qorri" percentage of total extractives (ih and 16 percent, respectively).' Fcith^r mat'^ri^l. appeared to have any approcia.ble valU'^ as a stomach noi^on. Derris, however, has a high rating as a repellent to thr be^-tle, and the tr-sts indicated th-^-t for repellent purpos-'^s- either cub^ or timbo could be substitutrd for derris^ pr::'Vidnd the rotenone content of th- materials was about U pi-rcent end th'- total ertrac- . tives about I6 percent. - ■ Gu^,' and Dietz (l6s) in I939 reported the results of tests with te-tra- methyl-thiuram disulfide as a Japanese brr-tle repellent, A mixture of 1 pcund of this plus 1 pound Qf derris (rotenone U percent) permitted 10 per- cent of the foliage of bean lolants to be eaten, as compared vrith I6 p.'rc'-nt when 2 pounds of tetranethyl thiuram disulfide vrr-, «; ap"olied. The best re- pellent consists of Tetranethyl-thiuram disulfide-' 80 -oercent, clay lU per- cent, bentonite 5 pr^rcent, and Lord alcohol 1 percent. This is referred to as 7*-'3 ■^pC'. Phonothiazine vras better than derrif:. Derri? plus Grnsselli Spreader-Sticker was better than derris plus rosin-residue emulsion, the least effc-ctive treatment. Two and one-ialf pounds of 793 ApO was mere effective th'-,n U pounds of derris (rotenone 3 percent) plus U pounds of rosin- residue emulsion. In field testr^ the mixture of rosin-residue emulsion and cube foamed so badly that the spray-tank a^l-tator ha' to be stor)ped. The oth-r cube sprays also foamed, but to a, lesser o.egrer. Johnson ( 230 ) in 19^0 wrot^- .that derris- (containing-,at least H percent of rote'-nonc) with r«sin Tcsidiie must, be used vreekly t.j give protection to the' foliage. . Derris and t-etra.methyl-thivira,m disvilfid'" lea>ve very little visual spray residue and may be used v^hrre white discoloration is undesirable. Two proprietary sprays containing h pprc"nt of rotenone wrre used and compared favorably with the derris spray meiition'-d above, Pierpont (319) in 1939 reported a study of repellents for the Japanese, beetle on American elm trer s in Delaware. He concluded from these results that '■ ith- r ground derris (U pounds) or tetramethvlthluram disjilfide (5 pounds' - IIQ - co^n'oined with a puitable ac'iiosivc, ?uch p.f the rosin-rosidur- c-nulsion of Goodhuo and PlGnin:^-, arc at presscnt thr 'nost rffp.ctix*o prctcct^^ats for the foliag^"^ of American elm trees against the ravages of the Japanese "beetle, Thesf combinations ma}'- "be usrd without fear of injur,'' to, or a building up of conspicuous j-esidue on, such trees-. An application should be nadr- prior to any heavy invasion by this insect ^'nd the spray should "br repeated as soon as any reinfestation is noted. Derris pcvrder was us'^d at the rate of ^ pounds per 100 gallons of wat^r plus 2 or U pints of thr rosin-rosidue emulsion. Scarabacidae (unidentified sp.) Coc':ch^fer booties in a rose garden may be controll'^d by spraying th'= folia.~e with lead ars~n'=tr (3 pounds per 100 imprri^l g-''llons of ^-^atrr) ^nd watering thr roots with Derriscl 1:600. — Andrics (ig) in IP'^S. Scolytidae H;^maothencm.us rruditus V/cstw. Feeds on derris roots in stora.? . — Corbett (Sb) in I93I; Federated M?>lr.y States DeT>artment of Ajericulture ( 12U) ; prA xMillrr (2^5) in I93U. Scolv'tup scolytus (F.), a larg' elm. '^ngrp.vrr brrtle The adults are sensitive to derris dust and derris sinra.'"; but. the larvae arc not affected by dusting with derris. Dusting mixtures containing 0.25, 0.5, ^nd 1.0 p'-rcent of rotrnone and 0.6, 1.2, and 2.U percf^nt of ether ex- tract g'lve respectivrly J 32, ?5, ?^nd 96 percent of dead insrcts. — De Bussy et al. (61) in I936. Not affpct'-d by derris. ~Y^n der La?n (252). -in.I'n36. Fransen (1U6) in 1937 r-pcrt-' t'-'at in n Tr'-li'iinary investigation of thr effect of derris on S; scclytus ad^ilts shaken up with a powder contain- ing 1 perc-^nt of rotrnon^:^ for 5 minutes, then blown clean anr( placed in a chamber at 10^' C. [50° F,] wore all dead the. next dai', • wh' reas only 2 per- cent of a batch tree ted in the seme w^^y with wheat -flcur died. In another test dis'':s of felt du'^ted vrith derris powder wrrr blown pnd be.atrn so as to leavp only traces of the po^rder. a11 br-etles Vp-rt betwe-^n two such disks (held 0.^ inch arjart by a vrire ring) for 15 hours at 10° G, died, whereas 95 percent cf thrsc between disks treated with whe-?t flour sur-'-ivcd. S tephanoderes hampei Ferr. , a coffee-berry borer Fricdrichs (IU7) in 192U report<"d th-^ results of tests .in J^va with Phytophyline, which is stated to be r pror^ri't'^ry preparation of the root cf iJcrrJji ellipticii. and soap. This frep.'^ration proved ineffective, and too costly for use against the coffer-berry borer, Crfvndrup ( 155 ) in 1Q2U rer)ort ^d te^to mad.^ in Javn for the control of the CO ffe, --berry borer. A special "Antibor'-r Phyt(^philinp" had no cff.^ct in cither laboratory or field tri-'ls. - 120 - Xyleborus ciigcolor Slandf . Att^.cks ■branches of boga 'it^deloa ( Tephrosia candi.'la ) in Coylon. — Light (260) in 1923. • ■ - Xyleborus fornicrtus Eichh. , a phot^holf borer of tpa Attacks Derris robusta Bonth in the fi^ld in Ceylon. — Light (260) in 192s. Scclytidae (unidentified sp,) A scolytid foods on derris roots in storage. — G-ater ( lS2 ) in 1925. StaphylinidP.o Ox,ytrles sculptus Gray . • Tv'o applications of dust containing 0.75 pcrcpnt of rotoncno w.-:re effective. — Anon^'^nous i2)_ in 1*^37. Tenebrionidao . . . ^ Alphitobius" . laevigatus (F.) [sic.]. Feeds on derris roots in storage. — Federated Malay Stptes Bo-nrrtment of Agriculture (igU) and Miller (285) in I93U. " Cameria £*£ni®ter"' ■ ■' . = ■ , Neoton, 1/2 pound plus ,1 pound of soap to ^0 in-prri--^ 1 gcallons of v/nt^^r killed 100 percent of the larv^.e. — Institute of Physic-^.l and Chemical Research (220) in 1927. Gnathocerus cornutus (F.) • Sensitive to derris powder containing 1 percent of rotonone. -Anon\^ious (2) in 1937. The larva of this species was used by Craufurd-Benson (90) in 193^ in testing the susceptibility of stored-product insects to', derris, but it wns killed by the wetter used. T enebri o molitor L., the yellow nealworra The larvae are insensitive to derris dust. — De Bussy et al. (61) in 1936, The larva is not susceptible to derrisv — Cr^ufurd-Bonson (90_) in 1938. Tenebrio obscurus F. , the dnrk mealworn The larva is not susceotiblc to derris. — Crraufurd-B^-nson (^O) in 1938. T riboli u--^ castaneum (Hbst.) (~T, f errugineum F. ) , the red flour beetle Resistant to derris powder. — Anon^.Tious (2) in 19^7' - 121 - Tho Hdult- i^ not susc^'otible tc •l-rri'^. — Craufurd-B-n'^on (20) in 1Q78. TrilJoliu" confusun ^u"-. , th-^ ccnfu<5od flour t-'-^tlp Billing?, pcccrdine to Ca-rob-'^ll (66) in 1*^32, tost^d th" action of rctpnour upon th-^ ccnfup' d flour b-'^-'^tlr^, "but thf r"sult?; ^v not rpcorded. The larva is not ^^uscpptibl'-^ to dprris. — Craufurd-Bt^n'^cn (^O) in 193S. TonclDrionidne (unid^ntif i^d pp.) A tf^nebrionid fr-rdc on dnrri'^ root^ in ptorag". — G-ator ( l62 ) in 1925. Colropterca .unidrntif iod sp.j For ""brown beotl'^," sp'^ Kcarns ( 236 ) undrr Phyllodecta sto. , on p^g.-Ts 55 and 121. D?.nirl5 (25./' i" 1905 st^t'^l that son.- colcopt'-rovis larvae ^rf- onlv temporarily injured by d-^rri^. Flippanco ( 1U5 ) in I92O =;uggac;t'-d d.-^rris r^ovi^r for ccab-^ting '^ariou?' snail bortle'5 attacking pains in thr- S^.r^it'^ S" ttl'nr-nts. Grist (167) of thr Fed^r-'tad i>ialqy St-'t' <= Dp>iartnrit of Agricult^orp, in 1^26 wrot- that tuba root ho. b' '-n f^und to contain borer^, which not only eat thr root but al^o d'?stroy it?? toric qU'-^liti.^?:. Ncoton, 1 p',-and in 20 L-nporial gallons of wat*r plus 2 pounds oif soap, killed 100 prrcnt of thr- larvae of tlir strawberry beetle and was effective against both adults and Irrvr^'^ of leafb-- -ties. — Institute of Physical and Chenic-1 Research ( 220 ) in 1927. Bock (^) in 193^ wrot>-- that an alcoholic extract of derris plus 9oap had pjTovGd equal to »n arsenical niyture when sprayed oti beetle's. Leaf beetles can be destroyed by derris. — Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterden (12, 1^) in I936 Cpl'lwell (_65) in 19^7 re--ort'^d on thf control of the rf^d-shouldprec* leqf b'-'-tle in Q,ue^-nsl^nd, Dusts containing either or bothr pyrethrun and derris as toxic ingredients were used on citrus trees carrying e fpirly hea'^y infestation of beetles. The results with pyrethrun were particularly satisfactory. There was an alnost ccnplete drop of senipnrr>lyzed b.eetl'^s within a few ninutes, and obsrrvations sut^gested that cnly a very small proportion of these recovered suf ficif^ntly to fly or to climb the trvmks of the trees. Growers are, th'-refor'^- reconnended to combat this pest by the use of a pyrethrum dust. If pure pyrt^thrum i" purchased, it ctn^be mixed with eqiial parts of weight of kaolin (a cheap fill-r) to reduce the cost of thi- treatment. As derris is <'omewhat slower in action and 'considerably less effective against this pes than pj'rethrum, dusts cont-'^ining the form^^r insecticide alone cannot as yet be recommended for the control of the ree'.- shouldcred lcr 1 rhyn chus la-oathis- --------------------- 101 Cicu^lidae SU Cucu.Tiber beetles -25,30,31,105 Curculin 96, 97, 102 Ourculi-nidae 85,102 Cylas formi carious elegnntul us ----------------- 97 Drrk neal'^'orm --------------------------- 121 lardariup ------------_-__-------_---- 102 vulpi nus - ---------------------------- 102 ■gp^. __ 103 Dcrrnestidao -------------------__-_---__ 102 Diabrotica — "balte^nta ?6,28 duodecirnp unptn ta ------------------------ 26 soror ------------------------------- 27 pp. J 31 *rLvllt£l.a 27 vittr-.tr " 2b,2S,30 - 126 - ■ Dinoderus - - . Difoi^eclatus --------__-----_ _______ — 3 ininutus ------.-----------------------3 Diorj'Tnerellus laevlmargo- -------------------- -97 Drug store weevil ----_-----------_--_--_--3 Dynastidae • IO3 Echinocnemus bipunctatus -- _______ ____ 57 Elateridae IO3 Elm leaf beetle Uh ,k'3 Bmpoasca f abae _---_---_------_--------- 70 E-nicauta - - gorhani ■-- --_ lOU marginata ^-------------------~------ 105 pennsylvanica _._-._ ______„„_-. I05 Epilachna - - "b oreal is ----------------------------63 dodecg.stigrna -------------------------- 6"^ indica __-._________«___^ _-__g3 niponica ----------------------------S3 varive stis 63,7^-781 vigintioctomaculata at. niponica --------------~-g3 vjgintioctnpunctata ---------------------- S3 sp. -" S3 Epitrix - - cucujrieris 32,Ul,U2,^3 par^mla 32,}S ,^1,^2,U3 European red mite ------------------------ SU Eire beetle 25 Flatheaded apple tree borer ------------------- 10 Elea - - beetle 11, 19,35-^^,52, 55-59, 6O-62 hopper ---------------------------- 22 Eruit pests 90 Fruitworm __________________ if G-alerucella - - rubi UU viburni U'-^ xanthomelaena ------------------------- kh Galerucidae 10^ Garden flea hopper ----------------------- -105 Gibbinjri psylloides 106 Gnathocerufs cornutus _---_--_---_---------- -120 Golden spider br-etle ---------------------- -I06 Gracilia rninuta ------------------------- IS Graft vreevil , -: 99 Granary weevil ------------------------- -101 Green clover vrorm ------------------------ 7^ - 127 - Haltica. ampelophaga ____-^___________ -ig Hellothlr^ obgoleta ' gl Heteroligug claudius - ____________ lo"^ Hide beetle 102 Hlppodamia convergens --■------------------_- S3 Hispid : 26 HoT5 flea beetle ^9,6l Hylobiu-s pbietis 97 Hyp era - - ... postica _______ 97 punctata ---- __________________«_ ^g Hypo the nrmus eruditus --------------------- -II9 Infernal blister beetle -------------------- -105 Insect pests - - of basket willovr 22,55 '^f small fruits, tobacco, and vegetables ---------- 6I-62 Japanese beetle 107,109-119 June -■ - beetles -lOS bugs ■ '■ 109 Kapok flea beetle 5B Lachnosterna sp. ------------------------ 108 Ladybeetle '■ 83, Sk Ladybird beetle gj?, ?U Laemophlorus turcicus ---------------------- S5 Larder beetle 102 Larg'e elm engraver bep.tlo ------------------- -IIQ Laaioderma. serriccrne ---------------------- 2 Leaf "beetle 121 weevil 9^ Leaf-eating weevils ---------- ____ _____5U Leaf hopper ___ _________ 3l'-,35 Lema - - oryzae ----_---------_------------- -U5 trilinoata ------- _________________ _U5 Leptinotarsa deccmlinesta - _-----_-----_---- -U6, 5I Lesser grain borer __--_--__---------------7 Lice Qi- Limonius - - agonus ______---_-__--------------- 103 ectypus ------ _______ __________ 103 Lina sp,- ------------_------_------- 22 Listrocereg c bliquus --------------------- Qg Locust leaf minor ----------------------- 22 Loganberry - - and raspbi rry beetle --___---------_------ 11 beetle 10,11 fruitworin -------__-_-__________-__-. 16 - 128 - Longl tarsus ~ ~ sutv^ell^us --------_---_----_ _____ 52 sp. 52 Luperodes praeustus - ---__-_----____________ 52- Lyctidae ■ lOU lytta stygica 105 Macr o dactylus su"bspinogus ------------__------ 107 Maggots 9^4,05 Maladera hologericea -- __________________ -loS Margined tlister beetle 10U,105 May "beetle 109 Melasoma pcpuli 22 Meligethes aeneu s -' I06 Meloid lOU Meloidae -. 10U,106 Melolontha sp. ---- _- ___ __ ______ log Metallic flea "beetle --IS Mexican "bean beetle 21,63-32 Minthea ruglcollis ----------------- ____ -IqU Mustard beetle 52 ITaupactus leucoloma _--_--------_---------- Qo Necrobig, rufipes ----------------_------- S3 lliptus hololeucus ------------------------ I06 Fitidulidae __--____---___ _ .____ _ 106 rodonota puncticollis --------_----__------- 52 Orchestes salicis -----_-------_--__-_----. 100 Orchid weevil -----_----_-__-_--________ 97 Oriental beetle I06 Oryctes nasicornis ----------------- ____ loS Oryzaephilus - - mcrcator -----__-------__------------85 surinemensis --------------------------85 Ojtiorh ynchus ovatus ----------------------- 9U singularis ------_-_----_------------- 9U sulc-itus -_-- _________ _____________ 9I4. Oxy teles sculp tus ____ _ 120 Fantom oru s leuc olom a -----------------------99 Pari a 'cPArlla 52 Pea weevil -------_-_--_-- __________ _^.y^ Pepper weevil _■_---__----_-___---------- -S$ Peri g PUS laetug -----__---_- __________ ig Phaedon - - brassicae __----___---_--------------- 52 CGchlea rine __--__-___-__--_--_------- -53 incertug ------__-________----------- 53 S2.> _' 5U Pheletes ca.nus _---_--....--------_-------- -I03 Philopedon plagiatus _____-___--__------_--- 99 -129 - Fhyllo'bius — otlcngus ■ ■ -" ■_--• 9U^99^ioO t)yri • 9U,99,100 Phyllodocta • vitellinae ----------__-~ _---___ _-_■__- ~^k v^ilgyi-tiBsina ----------------- ---_-:^_-_ -55 s^. _., -55,121 Phylloperfh?. horticola ________ ___■_ iQg ■ Fhyllophaga _ - ' ' ' ■ - his^icula • ___.- ._10S sp> -■- -108 Phyllotrpta alTjionica -----------------_------_■- --55 atra ----- _____ _ ___________ 55 "blpustulata -------__---- __- ______ 56 congobrlna --■----------------.■--_.--_-_ 56 cruel ferae ---.----------____-----_-__-_ 56 nomorum --__--------------_--_-_____- 56 nl,s:ripeg -__ ____ _-_________^__ 56 ■punctulata' ----------_--__-_-_------__ 56 sinuata ---_----------__--_--_-.__-_•_-- 50 2^. _ 57 undulata ------.-_----_----__-_______- 56 vitti^ta ___________ ____-_____5y vittata dlncedengi __-__---,-_-__-__________ 57 Phytalur^ sp. lOg Fissc:lep gtroti --_---------_-_-_-_______ -loO Plagiodcra inclusa ----------------- ____ 57^58 Plath:^^^)rna sca'bra ____-_--_--■--__----______ 7U Fie si spa reichei _-_-_-__-------__-_______ _5g Plum curculio ------- ________________ ,05^97 rodagrica ^iavpna --_----_---_-_-__-__----- 53 P';;dontia af finis ----------_---__--_--_-_- 5g Pop! Ilia Japonicp -___----_--_-___--_-____ -I09 Poplar "borer ___________________ _ loi Poppy vroevil ___________________________ 9U Potato — aphid --35 "beetle ^5-51 flRa "boetle -:•; ,3'2_3g^Uo,Ul Psylliod.-f^ - - ■ chry?ocephala _-------------_____--_-___ 55 punctulata _________________________ 59 ^, _19^59 Ptcrolophi" mrlrnura ______---_-__-_________ ig Ptinidae IO6 Ptinus fur I06 tcctus __-_ _ _ 106 Raspberry - - and log.^.nberry beetle _--_-_-_____-_-__ ■ 1'^ . 11 ^13_15 beetle _ -11, 12, I7, ^^U fruitworm ---____-_---.___--__--_____ 15 17 - 130 - Eed — flour ■beetle ------------------____-___ 120 legged hajn liertlc _______ ____ _____g-^ mr-lon "beetle ------_--____-_-_-__-_____ 62 pViouldered leaf "beetle 121, 122 Rhaphidopg.lpa - - femor?lis ---------------------------- ^<^ fOYeicollis ---------_-___----- ____ig^ 55 Ehinoncus pericarpiug _______ _ ________ _100 Bhizopcrtha - - ' •■ domiraca -----------_-___-_--_-_---t--'^ sp. --------- _________ — ________ 3 Bhynchaenus ^alici? ---____-______--_---_-i_ _100 ^hynchiteg! - - a€neovirenF! a"b. minutug ---_-_______________ -lOO aeauatus ---_--_----_-_---__-.__-____- 100 coeruleus^ _____ -loO heroR 100 "pauxilluR 100 sp; ^^ 100 Rice- weevil ___--___-_-_____--_-__-_--_ loo Rose - - bugs 107 chafer loj leaf "beetles 52 pests ---- ___~ _________________ 107 Saw-toothed grain "beetle __-___----__-_-_--_-- g^ Scara"baeidaG --_ 106, II9 Scarabaeid -' 108 Scolytid 120 Scolytidae IIQ, 120 Scolytus scolytus -- ____________________ -119 Shot-hole borer of tea 119 Silkworm 69 Sinoxylon - - anale -- __________________________ 3 conigerujii _--____--___________-______- 3 malaccanum ------------------------ ----J, rugi Cauda -- ________________________ 3 sp. ^ 3 Sitodrepa paniceum __-___--__-_-----_---_-__3 Sitona lineata 101 Sitophilus ' ■grp.nar ius _----_------ _______________ -loi oryza. __-_-__-__----__--_---------- -101 Soybeon leaf beetle 57 Spider beetle IO6 Spotted - - asparagus beetle _-_____-___------•_-_ — ---25 bollworm --__---__---_-___------ — ----8U cucufnber beetle __-__--__-_-_-------_-- 26, 27 - 131 - Sauash beetle 6"^ Staphylir.idae 120 Stegobium panlcoum -------------------------3 Std'huiioderes hamr^ci ----------------------- 119 Sternechus paludatug ----------_--__----___- lOl Stornochetus lapathl ----------------------- 101 Strpvrbrrry - - beetle 121 blospom weevil ------------------------- 91 crown borer -------------------------- -101 flea beetle Ig rootworm -- - ____-_-______-__- 52 weevil •• 9I-9U StriT}ed beetle -30 cabbage flea beetle ---------------- _____55 cucumber beetle -- - ___-_____-_---_ -26-28 flea beetle , -56,5/ Sweetpotato - - beetle 60 loaf b'-etlc 60 weevil 97 Systena frontalis 59 Tarniehed pl^^nt but; ----------------------- -105 Telophorus cp, — _________________________ I7 Tenebrio - - mqlitor ---------------------------- -120 obscurus ---------------------------- 120 Tenebrionid • 121 Tencbrionid?o -- _____ ___________ 120 T]-rGe-lincd - - lema ------------------------------- U5 potsto beetle ------------------------- U5 Tiger beetle 62 Tobacco - - flea beetle ^S-UU inRectB U2-U3 Tortoise beetle p _______ 20 Tribolium cast^i^eum -_---------------------__-- -120 confuaum -----------____-----_------ -121 ferr-j.f-^in^um ____ _120 Trogoderrna versic^l o r ---------------------- -I03 Truck-crot) insects ------_-----------_----- 80 Turnip aphid q? fler. bretlo 57 gall weevil ---------_-----__--________ 9I4. seed weevil _---------_-_-- ____________ 9U Twel^j-e-spotted — ladybird beetle -• "__ gU leaf beetle 122 - 132 - Tyloderma fragarlae -------------_-_-----_- loi Typophorus viridicyafteus ---------------_-___,_ go V.^ried carpet beetle -----------_---_-_____ -102 "Vego table - - insects 23, 26, 28, Ug, 60, 65-67 weevil _ _- _ gg Wallacea palmarum -------__--___ __- — ____go WeoTii- ^,6,7,S,9,S6,S7,90,93,97,9S,100-101 Western - - spotted cucumber beetle --------------______ -27 striped cucumber beetle ------__-_-_ __-___-_ -27 twelve-spotted cucumbor beetle -----------------27 White - - fringed beetle ------------------------- ^<^ grubs lOS pine vreevil -------- — ________________ -loi Willow - - beetle 5^ borer -- _________________________ loi leaf beetle 22 Wireworm ---------------------------- -IO3 Xyleborus - - discolor 120 fornic^.tus 120 Xylopsocus capucinus ----------------------- U Xylothrir.q flavipes k Yam beetle lO;^ Yrllow mealvrorm ------------------------- 120 Zabrus - - tenebriodes -------------------------- Ig gibbus - ---------- — ______________ ig Literature Cited 1 . AITOFYJCUS 1937* Science has pea vreevil on run. W.-^Ph. Farmer 62 (I7)i20. 2. 1937« Nederlandsche insecten en derris in 193^. Ti.ldschr, over Plantcnziekten. ^3;?bl-265. 3. 1938. Control of the red-shoiildered leaf beetle. Q,ueonsland Agr. Jour. 50:'v-52/ U, 1939. Insect pests of the cucurbits. P-Lestino G^-z. A.r. Sup. Ul: 96-99. - 133 - 5 . AIT0iTY2'I0US 19^0, Per. ir.dustry is r.aking v;covils bito the dust. OvQc%* Farnor 63(ii):5. 6 . jLoi c I D ^. l;:b or '.tori "'s 1939» Comparative value of insecticides forned vrith Agicido DC-U dust concentrrtc, with 5 percent rotcnone povdcr and v;ith load arsenate. Agicido Laboratories' Cir. 12 pp. "[Processed,] 7. KLi^idik AGRicuLiroR/x ::a?:iii:;.'^rT station 193s. The vegetable weevil (Listroderos obllquus) . Ala. Agr. Ijrot. Sta, Ann. Rpt. (1930) 1+7:25. . 2. ALA3AI^L\ POLYT-XHITIC IlISTITUT-' 1935 • The use of dcrris in controlling garden insects. Ala. P^lytech, Inst;, Agr. 'Jxpt, Sta,, Doot. Zool.-IZnt., issued Kay 20, 1935, 2 pp, [Processed.] 9. all::n, it. I93U. The turnip aphid. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Znt. and Plant '^uar. 2-321+ 3 pp. [Precessod.] (Revision of 3-265). 10. Ai^OS, J., BH'JID, P. H., moor::, M. H., and PAX IT 31, A. C. 1935- [Dorris vs. Byturus toncntosus.] liast Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (193U) 22:31. 11. AiXOS, J. M., and PI.1RP02T, R. L. 1939. Results of dusting exporiraento for control of strawberry weevil. Peninsula Kort. Soc, [Del.] Trans. (1939) 29: 15O-I57. 12. AI!STZRDAi"I KOLOiT. IHST. 1936. Insecticides of Dorris t^-po. Chem. and Drug. 125:2U^l--2^5. 13. . 193°. PlantenzieV:ten en -Plagen. Inlichtingen en onderz^ekingen van de a.fdeeling handelsntuseuin in 1935 • Amsterdar.i Kolfn, Inst. Afd. Handel srauseuin i^ieded. 39(l6) :7"-102, illus. lU. 1932. Plantenziekton on -Plagen. Voor^-'aarden voor derrisv.'ortel, -poedcr en -stuifmongsel , Inlichtingcn en onderzoekingcn van de afdeoling handolsrauseum in 1937. A;r.stord; m Kolon. Inst. Afd, Handel smuseum Meded. U5(lS) :bl-77. 15. .\I\D:21S0IT, L. D., and WALIQIR, H. G. I93U. The life history and control of the potato flea beetle, Dpitrix cucuiioris Hfirris, on the eastern shore of Virginia. Jour. ."^con. >.t . 27: 102-106. 16. . ^ and WALKSR, H. G. 1937. Dusting to control strawberry weevil in Virginia. Jour. Ik:on. 3nt. 30:U37-U38. ~1^U - 17. AiTDSRSOF, L. D. , and WALKER, H. G. 1937. Control of the potato flea "b.-rlle, Epltrix cucumoris Harris, on th.^ eastern shore ©f "'^'irginia. Amr-r, Potato Jour. 1^: 319-325. IS. AITDPJES, H. B, 1932. Controlling Plant Pewits in Southrrn Africa. I99 pp., illus. Johannosburg. 19. AEAi:^T, F. S. , 1938. Tho relative effici-ncy of certain fluorine and ars'-^nic in- secticides against th'- covrpea curculio. Jour. Econ. Snt. 31:309-313. 30. , , 193s. Liff" history and control of tho. covrpea curculio. Ala. Polytech. Inst., Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 2^6, 3U pp., illus, 21. AEKAITSAS -AGRI CULTURAL EXPERIi-EJ}'! STATION 193"« Strawberry crown borer, Tyloderma fragariae . Ark. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rot. (I936) kS:k^-kk. 22. BACK, E. A. 1932. 'J^Rotenone for mothproofing. Agricultural Department Appro- priation Bill for 193^. Hearing before the Subcommittee of House Committee en Appropriations, pp. 62U, 628. Washington "D.C i, 23. COTTON, R. T., and ROARK, R. C. 1930. Rotenone as a methproofing agent. Jour. Scon. Ent . 23:101^. Zk. and PLMING, W. B. 1937* Protection of ornamental pla,nts from Japanese beetle attack, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^^uar. News Let. ^(3): 2. [Processed.] 25. BALLARD, I. L. 1938. Control of pea weevil. Country Gent. 108 (U);S6. [Abstract in U. S. Dept. Agr., Daily Digest 68 (59) :2. March 25, I938,] 26. 3BARD, R. L. 1937. Control of the stri-oed cucumber beetle. Conn. State Ent. Ept. 36:391-392. 27. I9U0. Control of squash insects. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. ^3^:285-287. (Conn. State Ent. Rpt . 39 (1939)). 28. BELGIAN DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 1936. Compte rendu et rapports de la Conference Internationale pour 1' etude de la lutte en cfimmun contre le doryph©re. Brussells. 62 pp. - 135 - 29. 3HATTA, Z. L., and ITABAYAl ; AiT , B. T. . ' • 193s. Report of '"'or!': done in Mysore [India] on the insecticidal value of plant fish-poisons and other forest products. From April I936 to March 1937. ^'ied. Svo, 25 vp. Few Delhi. [Abstract in Hev. A.t>-j1. 3nt. (A) 26:360-361.] 30. BLUl^CK, H., and M3Y2R, S. . ■ ■ 1932. Srdflbhe. Biol . Reichsanst . f. Land u. Torstw. Flughl. 121, U pp . ■ ' 31. 3033, M. L. 1935* Sxoerir.ents on the control of the ilexican bean "oeetle 1933''3^» Va. A^r. Bxpt. Sta. 3ul . 296, 11 pp., illus. 32. BOCK, C. ■ . • I93U. Derris elliptica . Deut . Apoth. Ztg. 2:5gS-5S9. 33. 30UR1^^, A. I., and BOYD, 0. C. 1937* ?est control in the hone garden. .">iass. Agr. Col. 3xt, Leaflet 171, 12pp., illus. ' 3U'. BR-l-'^TOlT, L. W. 1935 • Spra^/s superior to dusts in control of Mexican "bean beetle in Virginia. U. S. Dept . Agr., Bur. 3nt . and Plant Q,uar. ITevjsLet. 2(l0):20. [Processed.] 35^ 36. 37. 3;^ 39. UO, 193^' Adding sulfur to Mexican "bean "beetle insecticides controls powdery mildevr on "beans. U; S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Znt, and Plant ^uar. Hews Let. 3(1) :19. [Processed.] 1936. Cryolite as effective as derris in control of Mexican "bean "beetle en lima "beans. U. 3, Dept, Agr., Bur. 3nt . and Plant Q,uar. ITev/s Let.3(5)jl7. [Processed.] 1936. Derrid root spra.'s effective a?,ainst "bean leaf "beetle. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 3nt . and Plant ^uar. ile^rs Let. 3 (7) :1S. [Processed.] 1936. Calcium arsenate proves toxic to sweetpotrto lea.f "beetle, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. "Snt . and Plant Q,uar. News Let. 3 (9): 21. [Proce;,sed.] 193<^. Bariuin fluosilicate controls nargined "blister "beetle on lipa "baans. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 'J^t, and Plant Q,uar, ITews Lot, 3(10) :2U. [Processed.] 1937* Rctencne-containing dust .iiixtures and spr.-^vs give good con- trol of Mexican "bean "beetle. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 3nt. and Plant i^unr. News Let. U(U):20. [Processed.] - 136 1937. Sweetpotato leaf "beetle an inrpcrtant pest iia ]!Torth. Carolina. U. S. Dept. Agr., Sur. Ent . and Plant Q,uar, News Let. k (5) ■2U. [Processed,] . ■ U2. ^3. hk. ^5. U6. U7. 1937' ■ Sulfur as a repellent against. green clover •vsrorm, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Bnt . and Plant Q,uar. ITex^s Let. U (l2)j2l-22. [Processed,] 1938. Relative' effectiveness of different insecticides' against Mexican bean beetle, IT. S. Dept. Agr.,' Bur. Snt. and Plant Q,uar. ITews Let. 5(9): 22. [Processed.] 1938. Derris, cube, and cryolite control Mexican bean beetle on pole beans. U.- S. Dept. Agr-,,, Bur. Snt. and Plant Q,uar. Hevrs Let. 5(l2).:21. [Processed.} 193s. The sweetpotato leaf beetle.- U. S. , Dept .' .Agr . Cir. U95, 10 pp. , illus. 1939' Control of joint infestation of Mexican bean beetle and corn ear voria'on lima beans. .U. S. Dept. Agr.^ Eur. Ent. and ■ Plant Q,uar. Hews- Let. 6(^-) !l9,, • [Pro-cessed.] 1939* Insecticide treatments against bean leaf beetle not practical, U.' S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Snt . and Plant ^uar. I'ews, Let. '6(10) :19 [Processed,] 1+8. BRHAP:EY, S. P., and OLCOTT, H. S, 193s. The non-toxicity of goss;v'Tiol to certain insects. Science 87(221+8) :87. 1+9. BPJ;-DL3Y, T. A, [\ ' ' .' ;■'.■-,■ 1937« Rotenone dusts give promise in control of pea v/eevil, U. S. De-^t. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,ua.r. Nevrs Let. 1+(1):20.' [Processed,] ,, • 50. ■ . ^ 193s. Insecticide tests against pea weevil. ' U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar. News Let. 5 (7): 20, [Processed.] 51.. ___ . r ■ . - 1939, Biology and control of the pea weevil in the Palouse area of Idaho and Washington, Jour'. Econ. Ent. 32:21-2U, 52-, . . CHAl-'iBERLI2I, J. C, and associates 1937 ■♦ Dust, mixtures containing rotenone effective against pea weevil, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar, News Let. U(9);2l+. [Processed,] - 137 - 53. BRIia)LZY, T. A. and LUHDUSKA., J. 1939. Adding conditioners to rotenone-containing dusts slightly increases efficiency against pea weevil. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Snt. and Plant Q,ijLar. ITevfs Let. "6(2) :l6 [Processed,] 5I+. BRISTOL (S-GLAilo) UlTIVSRSITY 1933* Report on advisory work I93I-32. Bristol Univ., Agr. and kort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1932:237-258, 55. 3RITTAI", ¥, Z. 1925. Some miscellaneous insecticide tests. Acadian Snt. Soc, Proc. (192U) 10:23-U2.- 56. BRITTOr, W. 3. 1932. Dahlias damaged Dy sTDotted cucuiii"ber beetle. Conn. State Snt, Rpt. 37 (1937). '• 57. and JOMSOF, J. P. 193s. ^he Jar)anese "beetle in Connecticut. Conn, (State) Agr. Expt. Sta." Bui 4 i+ll:U57-l|g6. 58. BROilSY, S. W. 1937. Insecticides for shade trees. ITatl. Shade Tree Gonf. Proc, 13:130-1^0. Sept. 1-3, 1937. 59. 3R0VW, h: D." 1936. Growing sweet corn and oth-'^r crops for canning. Ohio Veg, G-ro^ers' Assoc. Proc. 21:5-8, bO. BURKH0LD31, ¥. H., and CROSBY, C. R. 1938. Diseases, and insect and other pests, of th3 field bean in New York. i'. Y. Agr. Col. (Cornell) B^ul. 58, 38 r>p,^ illus. [Issued I923, rev. I93S] 61. BUSSY, L. P. de, LAAN, P. A. van der, and DIAKOITOPF, A. 1936. Bestrijding van nederlandsche insecten met derris. Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten, ^2:77-100, illus. 62. BUTAC, P. L, 193s. Life history and hab-its of the cotton bollvrorms in the Philippines v;ith suggestions for their control. Philippine Jour. Agr. 9(2): 137-I5O, illus. 63. CATFRUY, D. J. 1935. The raspberry fruitvorm. ■ U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Snt. and Plant v^ue.r., 3-3^46, 2 -pp. [Processed.] 6U. CAHl', R. S. 1935. I'otes on derris cultivation, Trop . .Igr. [Ceylon] SU (l):15-l7. 65. C.a.D'.f3LL, N. 3. H. 1937. The control of the rod-shouldered ler.f beetle. Q,ueensland Agr. Jour. Us(6):730. -133- , 66. CAI'4P3SLL, F. L. ■ ' 1932. Reviev; of information on the in^secticidal value of rotenone. tJ. S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Int. 13^298, 2S pp.. [Processed.] 67. CAHHOLL, J. ■ . . 1930. The raspberry "beetle (B yturus tomentosus) and its control. Saorstat Sireann Dept. Agr. Jour. 3i+(l) :119-123 6S. CHA1-33SLIN, T. S. 1933* Results vrith rotenone dusts and sprays, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Bnt. Monthly Let. 23^1:7. [Processed.] 69. 193^' Derris and cu^be dusts prove effective against totacco flea heetle. U. S. Dept.' Agr., Bur. Bnt. Monthly Let. 2^0:10, [Processed.] 70. ^_ _ 1936. Comparative toxicity of dust mixtures containing derris and cuhe to the tohacco flea oeetle under cage conditions. Jour. Econ. Snt. 29:217~2lS. 71; 193^" Effect of direct sunlight on toxicity of cube dust. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent . and Pie- nt ^uar. Hews Let. 3(7) :19. [Processed,] 1937' Relative effectiveness of cu"be dusts containiag various dil- utions of rotenone against tohacco flea "beetle. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar . Nev/s Let. U(2):20. [Processed.] 1937. Methods for control of to"bacco flea beetle, U. S. Dept. Agr,, Bur. Ent, and Plant Q,uar. Hews Let. U(ll):22. [Processed.] 7I+. 1933. Physic.?.! qualities of rotenone-tobacco dust mixture not improved by adding clay. U. S. Dept. Agr., Eur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar. ITev/s Let. 5(l):23-2U. [Processed.] 75. 193s. Lead arsenate effective against vegetable v/eevil larva.o in tobacco plant beds. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur, Ent. and Plant Q,uar. ITews Let. 5(6): IS. [Processed.] 76. -_ 1938. Duration of the toxicity of cube dust mixtures to the tob.tcco flea beetle on shade-grovjn tobacco. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar. News Let. 5(8) :2U. [Processed.] - 139 - 77. C"iiA:3SHLir, F.. S. and ilAJJDZ!:', A. H. 1937. Progress report or± dxxsts containing rotenone for the control of liea beetles attacking shsxle-grown cigar-v/rapper tobaccos, Fla. 3nt. 20:25-29. 78,. CHA::33E1IIT, J. C, and GRAY, K. W.' • 1938. Control of the pea veevil in Oregon v.'itli especial reference to peas QTO^'Ti for processing. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 12o, 23 pp., illus. 79. CHAPi'iAl^T, P. J. 1938. The' pl^jun curculio as an apjple pest. N. Y. Agr. Sxpt . Sta. Bui. SSk, 75 pp.., illus. 80. CHEIT (Fong-ge) 1937 f Notes on the biology and control of Clitea metallica Chen. Ent. and Phytopath. U(27) : 530-538. [in Chinese. Abstracts in Lingnan Sci. Jour. Ib(l):l29; and Eev. Appl. Ent. (A) 25:331.] ■ ■•■ 81. . CH2VA1IER, G. , and LAJFOiTI), P. 193". Contribution d 1 'etude des poudres rotenonees. Acad. d'A.'^r. de France Cornet. Rend. 24:380-386. [Abstract in Rev. A:pl. Ent. (A) 26:371-372.] 82. CH3r/ALI3R, J. 1937. Sur les plantes a' rotenone. 3ul. Agr. 57 (19I8) : 23-30. 83. C0CK::?:-iAi.l, K. L., and DE^iT, 0. T. " 1933. Laborptory tests with insecticides a.grinst the vegetable v/eevil. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31:695-697. SU. CCLOROO EXP^arlE^IT STATIOi; 1937. [Rotenone.] Colo. Sxpt. Sta. Ann. Rpt . (1936-37) 50:28. 85. COl-JECTICUT (STATS) AGRIC'JITURAL S:iZRL;Ei"T STATIOr 193s. [Derris,] Report of the director for the year ending October 3I, 1937. Conn. (Stctc)Agr. Exot. Sta. 3ul. ^09:296, 298-299. 80. C0?3ETT, G. H. 1931. Entomological notes, second quarter," 1931 • Malayan Agr. Jour. 19:'35l-355. 87. CORY, E. IT. 1932. Schedule for the control of rose pepts, 2 pp., illus. [Processed.] gg. 193s. Control of tobacco insects. Kd. Univ. [Agr.] Ext. Bui., 2 pp. [Processed.] 89. CRAUFURD- 322.1501% H. J'. l'^3'^> An improved method for testing liquid contact insecticides in the laboratory. Bui. Ent. Res. 29:Ul-56, illus. 90. OEAUFuRD-BSiTSOi^y, H..J. • '' ■ . 193s.. The selection of a stc?.ndard insect for the laboratory testing 'of insecticides. Bui. Snt. Res. 29:119-123, 91. CROSBY, C. R., and CirOPP, C , 193^' The control of diseases and insects' affecting vegetable . crops on Long Island. N. Y. Agr. Col'. (Cornell) Ext. 'Bui. 278, 87 pp., illus. 92. CFiPP, C, and LEIBY, R. W. 1939» The control of diseases and insects affecting vegetable 'crops on Long Island. N. Y. Agr. Col, (Cornell) Ext, Bui. 278, rev.,' 116 pp., illus. 93. CRUi'3,, S. E. 1935* Efficiency of insecticides against raspberry fruitworm, U.. S.' Dept. Agr., Bur. Snt. and Plant Q,uar. Kews Let. ■ 2(12): 19. [Processed,] 9U.- 193^' Insecticide program f dr. raspberry fruitworm control. -U. S, , Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent . and Plant '^uar. E-l+33, 3 pp. [Processed.] 95. DAillSLS-, G.-W, 1905. . A plea for the scientific study of native -drugs and poisons. Malaya Branch 'Brit . Med. Assoc, Jour. [Singapore] (n.s.) 2:3-5. [Reviewed in Brit. Med. Jour. 2373:lU75. I906] 96. DARL3Y, M. M. ' ' ' 1931' Some comparative tests with rotenone, nicotine, and pyrethrum. Jour. Bcon. Ent. 2i+:lll-115, 97. ' DAYIDSOIT, ¥. M. 1930- Rotenone as a contact, insecticide. Jour, Econ, Ent. 23:868-87^. 98. DAVIES, W. M. 1937, Prclininary tests with' slate-dust for the control of fleabeetles, Welsh Jour. Agr. 13:317-320.' • ' 99. DAVIS, J. J, . ■ , ' • 1936. Crop protectioif institute circular compiled by J. J. Davis, Purdue Uni-«,./10 (6 and 7):3« [Processed,] 100. DgOUG, E. R. ■ , ■ • 1930. The comparative insecticidal value of differ-cnt species of derris. Jour. Bcon. Ent. 23:6l9-62U. 101. DESATi^iARD, P. ' ^ ■ " - • 1939. Les produits i. base de roteno-nc et lour perf octionnement. Rev. de Vitic. U6 (2338) : 327-330. - lUi - 102. DISTZ, H. P., and PI:5R?0I:T, R. L. 1932. Japanese "beetle field control tests in Delaware. Jour. iScon. Ent. 31:200-20^. 103. and Z3IS3RT, S. 3. 193^* Bariuin fluosilicate (Dutox) in blister beetle control. Jour. Econ. Snt. 27:73-79. lOU. DORST, H. E. 1932. Flea beetle injurj^ to sugar beets in central Utah. Jour,' •Econ. Ent. 31:^55-^56, 105. DOUGLASS, J. R. 1933* Action of dusts and sprays against Mexican bean beetle in Hew Mexico. U. S. Dept . Agr., Bur. Ent. Monthly Let. 235:2-9. [Processed.] 10b. DTilLAP, A. A., and TURNER, N. 1932. Vegetable pest control schedule. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt . Sta. Cir. 121:27-^9, illus. 107. EAST MALLIFG R3S31ARC:: STATION 1930. [Derris.] East Hailing [Kent] Res, Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1929) ... 17:81. 108. 109. 110. Ill, 112, 113. 1931. [Derris.] Bast Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (I93O) 18:103. 1931. The loganberry beetle. East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann, Rpt. (1928-1930) 16-I8, Sup. 2:210-221. 1932. The' control of the ra'spberry and loganberry beetle by means of derris. East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1931) 19:81-83. 193^-. [Derris.] East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rot. (1933) 21:52-55. 1935. [EntoraologyJ East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt, (193^) 22:68-72, 165-172. 193^' Routine sprayi-^.g programme. East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta, Ann. Rpt. (1935) 23:22-25. - lU2 ^ 11^. 3DWARDS, S. E. 193s. Pield investigp.tion,s upon the control of the m\istard "beetle, Phaedon cochleariae F., on watercress. Ann, Appl. Biol. 25:197-205, i-llus.' 115. ENGLISH, L. L., and GRAHAI^l, C.-P. . 1938. Soil sterilization experiments on killing larvae of the white-fringed "beetle, Naupactus leucoloma Boh. Jour, Econ. Ent. 31:769-773. 116. EVANS, J. W. 1937. Strawberry "beetles. Tasmanian Jour. Agr. S(^) :199-202, illus. 117. PALOON, D. B. 1939. Insecticide. U, S. Patent 2,l6S,06U; issued Aug 1, 1939; assigned' to Hammond Paint and Chemical Co., Inc. lis. PAKRAR, M. D. 1930. Oil s-prays for late-"brood coiling moth. 111. State Hort, Soc". Trans. (I929) 63:1^7-1514. 119. PEDSRATED MALAY STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 1926. Annual report of the entomological division for 1925. Malayan Agr. Jour. 114:171-17^. 120. 121. 122, 123. 12U. 125. 126, 1931. Division of Entomology — Annual Report for the year 1930 < Pad. Malay States Dept. Agr. [Bui.] Gen. Ser. 6:l4S-6U, 1932. [Tu"ba (Derris)] Pad. Malay States Deot. Agr. Rpt . I93I-36, 1933. [Derris.] Annual report for the year I93I. Ped. Mplay States Dept. Agr. [Bui.] Gen. Ser. 12:145. 1933. [Derris.] Annual report for the year 1932. Ped. Malay States Dept. Agr. [BuI.] Gen. Ser. 1^4:145-^6, 51. I93I4. Division of Entomology. Ped. Malay States Dept. Agr. [BuI.] Gen. Ser. 19: 3S-5^. 1935. Division of agriculture. Annual report for the year 193^ » Pod. Malay Strtes Dept. Agr. [Bui.] Gen. Ser. 21:1-22. 193a. [Derris.] Ped. Malay States Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. I937: 28-29, -55, 58, 62-63, 6S, -- ii;3 - 127. ?E!TJO!T, A.' • • :. .: • ■•f;:.; .;';./.' -' "' • , 1936. The use of s-ilfiir ,iii the. control of true: crop rind cr.ne fr^ait insects -and ;dise-"ses. S6 pp. Texr.s G-ulf Sulph-ur Co., Houston, Tex. 12g. F3YTAUD, J. 1935. Lr. question doryphorique ^.u debut de la crjnpagne 1935 • "Rev. de Zool.-Agr. et Appl. 3U(5):69-S2. 129. 193^' Connont le dor;rphore envoJait I'Surope. X. k'oyens de lutte. Rev. de Zool.-Agr. et Appl. 35(12) : 183-151. ' 130, r.nd LA?PAR31'T, P.. de 1935 • Sur 1 'utilis.-vtion des p'roduits du pin comne insecticides et coriirne mouillants. Inst, du Pin Bui. 6 (3! Ser.) :105-108. 131; r,nd LAPPAh.^'T, P. de ^ 1935' Sur I'emploi de derives resinlques et terpeniques d-p.ns la preparation d'insecticides , Inst, du Pin Bui. 12 (3d Ser.):24l-2ii2, 132. and' LA??ARJi"T, P. de 1939 • Remarques sur la composition et sur la duree d' act ion des poudres rotenonees. Acad. d'Agr. de Prance Compt . Rend. 25:1039-10UU. 133. FLil.'irG, 'i. E. 193^' Developraent of :. standr.rd cage method for testing the effect- iveness of stomach-poison insecticides on the' Japanese beetle. Jour. Agr.'Res. ^8(2) : II5-I3O, illus. I3I1. ■ • 1937. Laborr.torv tests of insecticides for Japanese beetle. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent . and Plant Q,uar .'i^ews Let. U(l2):2 [Processed,] 135. . cvA B^Z.^., P. 3, 193^^' The effectiveness of stomach poison insecticides on the Japanese beetle. Jour. Agr. Res. ^91 39-^^'+. 136. r.nd. BAKER, E. S. 1935. Derris as a Japanese beetle repellent and insecticide. Jour. Agr. Res. 53^97-207. 137. and BAICIR,- F. E» 1936' Sorays for protection of e-rly ripening tree fruits from Japanese beetle attach, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant •'^uar. Hews L t . 3(10) :3-U. [Processed.] 138.' _ ftnd MESR, E. E. '' 1937* Field toots with Japanese beetle repellents. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant '.J.u-.r. Nev/s Let. U(2):2. [Processed.] - lUIl _ 139, JLSMIi^G, W. E., BlKiE, T. E. and K03LITSKY, L. I93U. Stomach poisons in soil. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent , .and Plant Q,uar. , JaiD. Beetle LaTo., Moorestown, K. J.,- R-ot (March) 193U:S-9. {Processed.] . 193'^' LalDoratory investigrtions of insecticides-7—stomach poisons in soil [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr,, Bur. Ent . and Plant Q;uar. Jap. Beetle lab., Moorestown, N. J., Ppt . (Anril) 193^:7. [Processed.] lUl. andBUEGESS, E. D. 1939. Derris and cube of little ralue as"' stomach poisons a^gainst Japanese "beetle. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent . and Plaint Q,uar. News Let. 6(l):2.- [Processed.] . , ll^2. and CHISHOLM, R. D. ■ 1935. Derris as a repellent for Japanese beetles. U. S. Dept, Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar. News Let. 3(6):^ [Processed.] 1I43. and METZGER, P.' \^. 1936. Control of the Japanese "beetle on fruit 'and shade trees. U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 237, rev., 12 pp., illus, ikk.. PLIFT, V^ P. 1929: Orchard insect control for 192S. 111. (State) Hort. Soc. Trans. (l92g) 62:97-109. IU5. FLIPPAFCl, P. 1920. A guide to the palm collection in the "botanic gardens. II. Gard. Bui. Straits Settlements 2:2^6-258. 1^6. PBAxISEK, J. J. 1937» Verslag over de onderzoekingen "betreffende iepcnziekte en iepenspintkevers verricht 'op het Laboratoriura voor Bntomologie van de Landbouwhoogeschool te Wageningen gedurende het ja-a.r 1935* T.ijdschr. over Plantenziekten. ^3:195-217. [Abstract in Rev. Appl . Ent. (A) 25:796-797.] 1U7. PRISDRICHS, K. I92H. Proeven'ter bostrijding van den koffiebesseiibooboek met twee chemischo middelon. KoffiGbossenbooboek Ponds [Java] Meded. 9:215-213. lUS. PRYER, J. C. P. 1935. Colorado beetle at Tilbury. II. [Gt. Brit.] Min. Agr. and Fisheries Jour. Ui:105B-1D62. l!+9. 1936. Report on insect oects of crops in England and Wales. I932-3U. [Gt. Brit.] Min. Agr. and Fisheries Bui. 99, 50 pp. - ii+5 - 150. rULTON, R. A., and HOV/AHD, ". ?. 193s. Residue properties of derris on "bern leaves. . U. S. Dept.. Agr., 3ur. Ent . and Plant Q,u?.r. Nev/s Lot. 5(U):l6. [Processed.] 151. and i'lASOi:, H. C. • ■ 1331 ' '^^'^ adsorption-absorption and translocr.tion of derris constituents in tean plpjits. Science 85(2202) :26U. 152. and I.'iASOF, H. C. 1937« The translocrtion of derris constitu'-^nts in bean nlnnts.. Jour. Af^r. Res. 55:903-907. 153. &Air3S, R. C, YOm^Q, M. T., and GARRISOT, 0. L» . ' . 1935. Tests for boll weevil control -t Tallul-li, la.. U. S. Dept. Agr., Sur. 3nt . and-Pl-nt Q,uar. ITcvrs Lot. 2^):17. [Procosscd.] • 15^. GAi^iBRELL, ?. L. 19^"^-0. Rotenone-be^ring insecticides for the control of the cln leaf beetle, Q-alarucolla xanthomelaona Schr. Jour. Scon. Ent. 33:26^-269. 155. OAiTDRUP, J. I92U. Pro oven over do bruikbaariieid van cnkelc insect iciden bij do bestrijding van den besscnboeboek. Koff iebcsscn- boebook Ponds [Java] •iledcd. 9:219-223. 156. GAFuAII, P. . ■ I93U. Control of the plum curculioon fruit tr os. Qonn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. 99: '"^7-53. , 157. 1936. Results of codling moth investigations., 1935* Part I. Work conducted by State agencies. 68 pp. (See p. 8.).", [Processed.] 158. 1936. Continued tests v;ith substitutes for .load rrscnate. Conn. (Str.te) Agr. E:rot . Sta. Bui 383:32^. Conn. Strte Ent. Rpt. 35 (1935) ,'pp^ 2U9-366. 159. 193s. Control of tho rosy rpplc aphid in Connecticut apple orchards. Conn. (State) Agr. Sxpt . Sta. Cir. 126, 16 pp., illus. 160. ond TOvr.-s?.:-D, J. P. 1938. Th'- Uurope-Xi rod mite and its control. Conn. (Strtc) A^•r. Expt. Sta. 3ul. Ulg, 3^ 9'^, illus. 161. and TURIHR, !'. I93U. Substitutes for load arsen-te on fruits .^nd vegetables in Connecticut.- Conn. (State) Agr. Sxpt. Sta. Cir. 100:55-58. - lUb - 162. aAT:3^, B. A. R. • • . 1925. Investig^-tions on "tuba". Mr.lay.-n Agr . Jour. 13:312-329. 163. GEORGIA 3X?3rJH3IJT STATIOIT 1937. [Entomology.] Gc-._Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt . (I937) 1+9:50. I6U. 193s. [Entomology.] Ga., E^t. Sta. Ann. Ept . (193S) 50:68. 165. GNADirGEH, C. B. 1933* Pyrcthruin ^lowers, 269 PP., illus. Minnorpolis. 166. GRAY, R. A. H., and BROOKS, H. E. 1935 • Spraying trials against the raspberry boetle ( Byturus tomentosus Eab.) . Roy. Hort . Soc. Jour. 6O: 339-341. I07. GRIST, D. H. 1926. Marketing of dorris (tuba root). Malayan Agr. Jour. lU:79-SO. 16s. Gm^DSHSOIT, H. 1938. Controlling garden insects in Iowa. lovra State Col. Ext. Scrv. I.e. 161, 22 pp. [Processed.] 169. GUY, H. G., and DIETZ, H. E. 1939* Eurther invcstig:,tions with Japanese beetle repellent. Jour. Econ. Ent. •32:2^2-252.* April. 170. and SCIiiiITT, J. B. 1937 • Repellents for Japanese beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent. 305 81-82. 171. HAiMILTOII, C. C. 1935« Hon-poisonous substitutes for arsenicals. Natl. Shiade Tree Conx. Proc. 11:83-89 .r.-jlug'ast 28-30, 1935. 172. ■- - 1938. Tests with dorris powder or cube povrder in rosin residue emulsion sprays for the control of shade tree insects. Natl. Shade Tree Oonf. Proc. 13:1^0-1^7. Seof ejl:^ aJ-. I-3, 1937. 173. -__ _ 1938. Studies on the control of the orchid v/eevil. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31:139-192. I7I+. and GEiMMELL, L. G. . I93U. Some field tests showing the comparative efficiency of derris, pvrethrum ft^d hellebore powders on different insects. Hour. Ecoii. Ent. 27:UUS-i+53. 175. IL'^.'IPP, H. 1937. Brdfloh-Bokampfungsvorsuche bei Hopfen auf dom Hopf enversuchsgtrtt in Hiill I927 bis 1936.' Nachrichtonbl. f. den Deut. Pflanzenschut?dicnst. 17(3):21-23. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A ) 25:388.] - lUy- 176. hU^?, H. and J3HL, J. 1938. Erdfloh-Bekanpfuii^sversucho l)3i HopfGn auf deu- Eopf onvor- suclisg^at in Hiill 1937* l^r-chrichtonl)!. f. den Dcut. Pflc-nzenschutzdicnst. 18 {^):k2, [Atstr.-ct in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 26:522.] 177. HAIT, M. 1938. The control of the apple- olossorr. ^roevil . Krcnlcc Pilrjize (1938) 15:Ul-U6. tAostract in Chem. Aos. 32:5570.] 178. HAITSor, A. J., and IVSBSTSR, R. L. 1938. Insects of the ■blac'';'berry, raspoerry, stravoerr.7 , currrnt , and gooseberry. Wash. Ag^- Srpt . Sta. Pop. Eul. 155> 38 pp., illus. 179.. HA?.=JS, R. V. 1936 • Growing healthy rasoherries. The control of disop.ses and posts. East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann.Rpt. (l935) 23:232-2^2. ISO. HARRISOr, P. K. 1937. Efficiency of rotonone corapoundi- ag-inst larv-e of vegetable weevil. U. S. Dent. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^^uar. Hows Let. lU(U):17. 181. HAUDE, W. J. 1939* Outline of uses and recommendations for rotenone- dusts and sprays. John Powell & Co., New York, N. T. , 20 pp. [Processed.] 182. lUiUG, G. ¥., .and PETERSOi:, A. 1932. The effect of insecticides on p. "beneficiol coccinellid, Hippodamir. convergens G-uor. Jour. Econ. Ent. 3I '37-92. 183 . HEADLSE, T. J. 1935. Derris as a.n arsenical substitute on vegetables. Jour. Scon. Ent. 28:605-607. IgU. 1936. JaiDancsc beetle control in comj.iercial fruit plantings. 7. J. Agr. E:cpt . Sta. Cir. 366, 7 PP. 185. H:1P...AIT, p. a., and HOOKEY, J. P. 1936. Control of potcato fler beetle, Epitrix cucuinoris H,?rr. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29:1173-117^. 186. HEY, G. L., MASSSE, A. i-i., and STEER, V/. 193^. Aia erperinent on the control of the apple blosson weevil ( Anthonomus porno rum (L.) Curt.) by r.ieans of r. dorris dust. East Mailing [Kent] Res. St-.. Aim. Rot. 21:217-219, illus, 187 . HirMAlI, P. G,, and PISHEH, R. A. 193s. Rotonone-containing dust mixtures control pc-' v;cevil. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar. Kov/s Let. 5(2) :15. [Processed.] - li+g - IgS. HINKilT, r. G., FISH3R, R. A., and BRIi'DLEY, T. A. ' ■1939 • Results of. dusting agairist pea weevil in Pacific Northwest. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Snt „ and Plant Q,uar. Hews Let, 6(2):17. [Processed.] 189. HODGKISS, H. E. 1937. Common 'insect pests of ITew York. II. The Japanese beetle, it; Y, State Agr. 3xot. Sta: Cir. '173, k pp., illus. 190. . HOWARD, N.. r. 1936. Insecticide tests against Mexicaji bean beetle in Ohio, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Snt. and Plant Q,uar. News Let. 3(i+); 12-13* [Precessed.] 191 192, 1936. Decomposition of derris when applied td bean foliage. U. S, Dept. Agr., Bur. .IJnt. and Plant Q,uari News Let. 3(ll)il5, CProcessed.] 193s. Insecticide tests promise control of striped cucumber beetle, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and 'Plant (^uar. News Let. 5(7): 61, [Processed.] 193. ___ BRA'.'TON, L. ¥., and MASON, H. C, 1933' Insecticides for the control of the Moxicpn. bean beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent. 26:123-129, I9I+. . BRAl'INON, L, W., and MASON, H. C,' 1935« Derris and other insecticides for the contrf 1 O'f the Mexican bean beetle. Jour. Scon. Ent. ZSikkk^-kkS, 195. _^ _ BRAiWON, L. W., and MA3DN, H. C, 1935* ^^G Mexican bea.n beetle and its control in the East. U. S, Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q^oar. ■E-3'^9> 3 PP« [ProcossccQ 196. , BEAI''N0N, L. W., and I^IASON, H. C. 1936* Mexican bea-n beetle in the East and its control. U. S, Dept. A^r., Farmers' Bui. 162U, 21 pp., illus. Rev. 1936. 197. and DAVIDSON, R, H. ■ ■, ■ • - ■ ' 1935. Derris sprays or dusts give best control of cabbage worms in Ohio. U. S, Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant '^uar. News Let. 2(ll):22. [Prrcessed.] 19s. and MSON, H, C. 1937. Results of experimental work with rntonone-bearing maturiEils for the control of vegetable insects. Ohio Yog. G-rcwers' Assoc. Proc. 22:19-23. 199. ___________ and liA-SON, H. C. 193s. Experiments against the Mexican bean beetle in Ohi*. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Snt. and Plant ^uar. News Let. 5(U):15-i6. [Processed.] - 150 - 200. HOWARD, Nv J., MASON, H. C, and DA7IDS01T, R. H. 1935' Derris for the control of certain vegetable insects. Ohio Veg, Growers' Assoc. Proc. 20:21-25. 201. HOWE, E. ¥. 1936, Cube dust mixtures effective against tobacco flea beetle, U. S. Le-pt . Agr., Bur. Ent . and Plant '^uar, Hews Let. 3(8) :15." [Processed.] 202. mJCESTT, H. C, 193*+. The situation in the vegetable industry vdth respect to the use of arsenicals and arsenical substitutes. Jour, Ecen. Ent. 27:156-^161, 203. 20U. 205. 206. 193^' -^ ^6^-^ insecticide with much promise, Derris, a tropical plant, found to be especially promising for cabbage worms and Mexican bean beetle. Farm. Res. [N. Y. State Sta,] 1(1):M. 1935* Common insect pests of New York. 2. The Mexicfji bean beetle. N. Y. State Agr. Sxpt. Sta. Cir. IbO, Upp,, illus. 13 jl ' Conuion insect pests of Hew York. 9* The asparagus beetle, N. Y. State Agr, Expt . Sta. Cir. I7I, U pp", , illus. 1938. Recent problems on Long Island in the control of bean insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 3I! 266-270. 207. . and HERVEY, G. E, R. 1935* Recent developments in the use of arsenical substitutes for vegetable pest control in Fex\' York. Jour. Scon. Ent. 22:602-603. 208. and HER7EY, G. E. R. 1935. Common insect pests of New York. 3. The striped cucumber beetle. N. Y. State Agr. E.>opt , Sta. Cir. 159, ^ pp., illus. 209 . HUS , I . P , 1933* Ziekten en bescha.digingen va.n klein fruit (Bessen, Prambozen, Aardbeien) . Wagoniugen Plant" on zioktenkund. Dienst Verslag en Meded. 70, ^+1 pp., illus, 210. HUTCHINSON, H. P., and KE.'iJlNS, H. &. H. 1935. The control of the brassv virillcw bQctlo>-> Phyllodecta vitellinao L. — vrith special reference to tlio use of dusts. Bristol Univ., Agr, and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 193iU-lU7-lU9, illus. -151- 211. HUTSON, R. 1935' The Mexican bean "beetle and its control. Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. i^uart. 3ul . lg(l):7-9. 212 . 1936. Derris and pyrethrum for insect control. Mich. State Col. 3xt.^Bul. 16U, ^pp., illus. 213. 1937. Che'-'ing insects affecting garden crops. Mich, State Col. Ext. Bui. ISO, ^Upp., illus. 21U. IDAHO AC-RICULTUR/X t^XPSRIMEITT STATIOIT - 1937. [Derris.] Idalio Agr. Exnt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (I936) Bui. 221:32. 215 . 1938. [Rotenone.] Idaho Agr. 3z-;t. Sta. Ann, Rpt. (1937) Bui. 225 :U6. 216 . 1939* High lights in agricultural research in Idaixo . Idaho Agr. B:cot. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (193S) Bui. 229 :2S. 217. IMP:^,RIAL INSTITUTE 1929. Tephrosia vogelii . Irnp . Inst. (Londoii) Bui. 27:^+37-^58. 21s. 1938. Insecticides. Derris. Imp. Inst. (London) Eul. 36:22^-228. 219. IITDIAM DIVISIOI:! 0? AGRICULTURj] 193s. Spray under side of bean leaves to control Mexican bean beetle. Outdoor Ind. 5(5) :13, 27, illus. 220. INSTITUT''] OF PHYSICAL AFD CIISI^CAL RESEARCH 1927. "Ileoton", vrhat it means to agriculturists. Inst. Phys. and Chern. Res. Japan, 12 pp.. 221. INT-^?:^ATI0FAL Il'STITLITS OF AGRICULTURE 1939- The new rotenone insecticides. Internatl. Inst. Agr. Press Serv., 1 p. [Processed.]' 222. JAITCKE, 0. I93H. Der Erlenkafer ( Agelastica alni L.) als Kirschschadling. Arb, iibcr Physiol, u. Angov;, Ent. 1:80-92. 223. - — 193s. Sur Bekampfung des Erdbeerbliitensti-chors. Obst. u. Gemuscbau. 8U(U):53-5U, illus. [Abstract in Rev. A?x)l. Ent. (A) 27:155.] ^ 152 - 22l|„ JJSY, S. G. 1937- Tests of insecticides against Anthonomus ru"bi (ifbst.) Southeast. Agr. Col. Jour. UO: 13^-1^7 . 225. and AUSTIN, H. D. . 1937 • Control of the straw"berry ^10530:11 weevil ( Anthonomus rubi ) . Southeast. Agr. Col. Jour. 39;13. 226. 1933. DepartTTient of Entomology. Southeast, Agr. Col. Jour. Ul;9-lU. 227. JM3TT, H. H. 1^37* Control of insects comr.ionly affecting tobacco plant "beds. Zy. Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. i+7, 23 pp., illus. 22s. 1937. Control of tohacco flea "beetle in iDlant "beds. Jour. Scon. Snt. 30^790-793. 229.- JOmiSOH, &. Y., and FSi:T01% E. A. 1939. Control of the flatheaded apple tree borer in Oklahoma. ■ Jour. 3con. Snt. 32:13^-1^2. 230. JOmiSOL', J. P. I9U0. The Jax)anese beetle, 1939. Conn. (State) Agr. Bxpt . Sta. Bui. 1+3^1; 2^8-250. Conn. State Snt. Ept. 39 (1939). 231. JOITSS, G. D. 193s. September-October insect control suggestions. Ho » Agr. Col. Sxt. Serv., U pp. September 2, 193S- [Processed.] 232. 1939' ^'Gw insecticides for garden and truck crop insect control. July-August insect control suggest iOiis, Mo. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv., July 12, 1939:3 pp. 233. JOFSS, i4. P. 1939. ^-H Club insect manual. U. S. Dopt. Agr., Hisc. Pub, 318, 63 pp., illus. 23U. KATSUFATA, K. I932I On the control of Bpica.ut a gorhami with insecticides. Jour. Plant Protect. 25(1)133-36^ [Abstract in Rev. Aopl . Sat. (A) 26: 265.] 235. — ajid iCPAS, K. 1930-31- Results of the studies on Rliinoncus per_icarpius (L.) . Insect World 3^:381-335, Uoi-Uob; 35: 12-1 6, U9-53. [In Japanese. Abstract in Rov. Ap^l. Snt. (A) 19:337-] 236. KEARl^S, H. G. H. 1935. The control of the insect pests of basket vdllows. Ivith special reference to the use of cor.ibined insecticidal and fungicidal washes and to methods of application. Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort . Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. I93U: I26-II+6 . ^153 - 237. KSAPJTS, H. &. H. 193^* -^ note on I-ialasona populi L. (Chrys-o;-. -lida:;) as a p-^st of basket willows. 'Bristol Univ., Agr. and Kc'rt. R.";s. Sta, Ann. Rpt. 1935:87-90. 23s. o,nd I'L^S?:, R. W. l'^37' A sujinary of frj.it spraying progra. ..os. I. Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. R^s. Sta. Ann. Rpt . 1935:75-S9. 239. — and YlARTIF, H. 1939. Th-n position of co .-.binnd washos in tlin -post-dornsjit spro.y prograr-.. II. The uso of post-dorr.ant eor-bin-d wash.:s in fruit crops. Sci. Hort. (1939) 7:105-11S. 2lK). and SV^ARSRICK, T. 1932. Farthr obsorvations on th.^ control of th:; appl d sawfly, Hoploca:.pa tostudinoa (Klug.) Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1932:90-9^. 2U1. ^j^± TOIPL3BY, E. 1937. TIa ■; control of the insoct posts of nurs ry fruit stock. Bristol Univ., Agr. ond Hort. Ros. Sta. Arm. Rpt. I936 ^0-98 . 2I+2. and WALTON, _C. L. 1933* T^- control of 'the logan"borry and raspberry "bjctlo ( Byturus tonontosus ) . Uxoori .cnts with pyrcthru.-' and dcrris ^'ashos .'and dusts. Jour. ?o:--ol. and Hort. Sci. 11:39-52. 2U3. and V/ALTO:^I, C. L. . ' • 1933* A note on th" control of the raspberry beetle ( Byturus to. .entosus Faor.) by neans of a bariu silicofluoridc wash. Jour. Por.ol. and Hort. Sci. 11:77-80. 2UU. K.:iLS;iL, A., SPITT.-.LL, J. P., CX)RHA:., R. P".,and V;ALIC3R, G. P. I92S. Dcrris as an insecticide. Ontr.rio ..iat . Soc . Ann. R-ot. (1925) 56:2i+-Uo. 2U5. and STULTZ, H» T. 1937. Pyrothrx': and dcrrif^ dust. Ontario lk\t . Soc. Ann. R-ot. (1936) 67:20-30. 214-6. ZmTJCZY AGRICULTORAL 33C?']RI1-:.1!I'T STATIOIT . 1935. [Rotcnono.] Ky. A£:t. E:c?t . Sta. A.m. Rpt. (193-) ^7(l):30, 32. 2U7. KrOTOTOi:, G. F. 1939. The aspoTcgus beetle in Utali. Jour. 3c6n. 3nt . 32:15l+-155. 2Ug. KOPP, A. 192^. Los dcrris insecticides. Rev. dc Bot. Arool . et d'Agr. Colon. Bui. U(3U):U00-^02. - 15^ - , 2^9. K:0RIT, G,, and BOHIITG, K. , 1933- I'or KoGrrGttich"blattkafor, soins Lco^nswoiso, u. Vcrsuciao arir seiner Bokar.pfung. Prakt. 31. f. Pflanzonoau u. Pflanzcnschutz. 11(3-^) : 93-100. 250 . EU^iTAYAi-ia, S . ; I93S. Studios on Lena or^'^zae Euvrava::a, tiio rico learDootlo. Part VI. Sxperi onts with contact poisons aga,inst the rice loafl^eetle. Hokkaido Agr. 3xpt . Sta. Ept. 37:^3-123. [in Japanese. Aostract in Rev. Ap'pl. 3nt. (A) 255 22b.] 251. and 3ndo, K. 1935 • Studies on the pea Weevil in Hokkaido. Part I, Spraying e:cperirients during the young-pod stage of pea-plant. HoMcaido Agr. 2xpt . Sta. Rpt ." 3^:1+3-63, illus.^ [In Japa- . ; nese, .ffith Snglish suvuiary.] 252. LAAIT, P. A. van der 193^* Verslag ven de i^egen-en-Zestigste V/inter'/ergadcring der Nederlandsclie -^ntonologischo Yereeniging, A-'isterda: , Tijdschr. v. 3nt. 79:52-58, 253. LACROIX, D. S. 1932. Tobacco insects in I93I. Conn. (State) Agr. I^brot . Sta., To-bacco Sta., 3ul. 335:261-27^. 25U. 1935. Tobacco insects in 193^. Conn. (State) Agr. E:cpt. Sta. Bui. 367:135-1^3. 255. LAilDIS, B. J., and BM3R, W. ;^. " 1939' G-rowors use insecticides for raspberry fruitwor;. control. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. :]nt . and Plant ^^uar, Hows Let, 6(1) :20. [Processed.] 256. LAi'-GPORI), G. .S.,-and CROSTHV/AIT, S. L. 1936' Scporinents on the control of the Ileozicen bean beetle. Peninsula Hort. Soc. [Del.] Trans. ^9:37-39. Dec. 18-20, 193 ■ 257. LA?PAR:r,NT, P \v'de I93U. Lo dorris contrc Ics cafards. Rev. dc Sool, Agr. ot Ap-ol. 33:1^5-1^9. 25g. LSI3Y, R. W. 1938. Asparag-us beetle control. ;T, Y. Agr. Col (Cornell) Sxt. Serv. Entomology letter E-329, 2 pp. [Processed.] April 20, 1938. 259. LIEESTER, G. _ ' I9U0. Die Verwendung pyrethrum- und derrishaltiger Staubemittel bei der Bekampfung des Ackerbohnenkafers, I aria ( Bruchus ) rufimana Boh. Anz. f. Schadlingsk. l6(2) :15-lS. - 155 - 260. LIGHT, S. S. 192s. ITewly-recordetL food plants of some pe'^ts of tea and green manures. Ce.ylon Tea Res. Inst. Tea Q,uart. 1(3) 5 77-79- 261. LITTL3, V. A, string 1931. Devil's shoe/ as an insecticide. Science 73«315-3l6« 262. 1931 • -A. preliminary reoort on the insecticid-^.l properties of devil's shoestring, Qracca virginiejia Linn. Jour, Econ. Ent. 2k'.f4])-1^k. 263. louisia::a a&ricultu?jil EX?^ax.E:T? statioi^ 1938. Entomological progress [Assembled by C. 0. Eddy.] La,. A£:r. Expt. Sta. 3ui. 298, '32 pp. 26U. I-icCAi'^aSLL, S. C. 193^' Control of cz^'bho.ge and cauliflov/er insects. Colo. Agr. Col. Ext. Serv. Cir. 79-A, g pp., illus. 265. McINDOO, K..B., and SIEVSRS, A. T, I92U. Plants tested for or reported to possess insecticidal properties, U. S. Dept . Agr., 3ui. 1201, ol pp. 2o6. SIEV3RS, A. E., and AB30TT, W. S. 1919. Dcrris as an insecticide. Jour. Agr. Res. 17:177-200, 267. McKIFOY, K. 3. 1935' Derris dusts effective f gainst cucur.ter beetles when applied directly. U. S. Dept. Agr., 3ur . Ent. and Plant (^uar. Nev's Let. 2(l0):20. [Processed.] 26g. 1936. Insecticides containing rotenone Vc^ry in toxicity to cucumber beetle species. 'J. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant C^uar. liievrs Let. 3(7):1S. [Processed.] 269 . 1936. Diist mixtures containing rotenone effective against western striped cucumber beetle. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar. l^e\"S Let. 3(9);2"2. [Processed.] 270. MUTE AGF:ICULTUR.\L EXPERIh.lS^TT STATION 1935. [Dcrris.] Maine Agr. Expt. Stn. Summary Progress Rpt . (1935) Bui. 380:139-258, illus. 271 . I93B. [Rotenone.] Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 391-:257. 272. MAi:SCEKE, R. 1937. Schadlingsbekampfung mit wasserigen Dcrrispulver-Losungen. Obst u. Gemusobau S3(U):5J+. - 156 - 273. i-'^J^Tir, J. T. I9U0. The problem of the evaluation of rotenons-containing plants. V. The relative toxicities of different species of derris, Ann. Aopl. Biol. 27(2) ;27'4-29U. 27U. i.-L^HYLAI-!!) Ul'IVJRSITY 19^0. Canning crops. Control of insects and diseases. Md. Univ. [Agr.] Ext. Ann. Rpt. (1939)25:70. 275. i-'IASSACiraSSTTS AGPICULTUIL^L SXFjIRI-.:Jx:T STATIOi: 1935. Department of Entomology. Mass. Agr. Ex:)t . Sta. Ann. Rpt. (193^) B-cd. 315:38-52. 276. 277. 275, 279. 1936. Department of Entomology. Mass. Agr. Ezpt . Sta. Ann. Ept. (1935) Bui. 327:^0-^2, hG, 47. 1937. [Derris.] Mass. Agr. Brpt . Sta. Ann., fipt. (1936) Bill. 339:36-^+0, U6-bl. 193s. [Derris. 1 Ma:;s. Agr. Bxot . Sta. Ann. i^^t . (1937/ Bui. 3^7, 99 pp. 1939. [Derris.] Mass. Agr. E:cDt. Sta. Bui. 355:Uo, 250. MASS IT., A. M. 1937' i'otes on some interest'.ng mites and insects o"bservod on fruit trees in I936. East Hailing [Kent] Res. Sta. A.nn. Rpt. C193S) '2^:222-222. 251. MTSUBAPA., S. 1937. The injuriousness and control of Cryptodactylus gracilis Schonf., a oest of chestnut trees. Agr. and Hort . [Tohyo] 12:1921-192^, illus. [in Japanese. Alostract in Rev. Appl . Ent .' (A) 25:676.] 2G2. METZGER, E. W. 1936. Control of the Japanese hoetle onpe..ches and apples. ^T., J. State Hort. Soc. ilev.^s 17(3):79S. 2g3. - , and GF.-f'T , D. K. 1932. Repellency to the Japanese beetle of extracts made from pants iffiKiune to att.ack. U. S. Dept . Agr. Tech. Bui. 299, 21 pp. 2i?T STATI OIT 1937. [Derris, cube.] if. Y. State Agr. Hx.^t. Sta. Ai'm. Rpt. (1936) 55; 5^, 5S-bO. 302. . — — 1933. Division of Sntornolog;^/ . IT. Y. State Agr. 3x-pt. Sta-. Ann, Rpt. (1937) 56:^, ^5, ^7, ^9-50. 303. 1939. [Rotenone.] IT. Y; State Agr. .lUxot. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (193S) 57:21. 30U, NSZU, R., SAI'L^'IOTO, I., and SOilOYAiviA, T. 193^+' Studies -on Lup erodes feino rails Motsch. 219 PP'> illus.^ Ghirnane. 1933* C^^- Ja-oanese. Abstract in Rev. Aopl. l^nt. (A) 225522-523.] ~ 305. ITII^GLAS, 0. F. 1939* Untersuchungen zur Lebensvreise und Bekampfung des Bir- nenknospenstechers Anthonoi.ius 'oy ri Xoll. Porschungs- dienst. Organ der Deut . Landbauwissenschaft . 8(2) ;ll+l-lU7. 306. iTORTH CSi^TRAL STATy^S .:31-T0M0L0GISTS 1938. North Cent. States ::ilnt . Ann. Meet. Proc. 17, HI pp. [Processed 307. ITOZU, R., and SOiTOYAi'iA, I. 1926. Results of studies on Phaedon incortum 3aly (Chrysomelidr.o) . Shimano Prefecture Ar^r. 3x;U . Sta. 192d:1-1o2. [in Japa- nese. Abstract in Rev. Aopl. T<]nt . (A) lU:6U?.] 303. O'BRI.^iT, H. R. igUO. Diarv of a plain dirt gardener. Better Homes and Gardens 19 (1):10, S3 - 159 - 309. OKAMOTO, G. 1936. On Phyllotrota vittrta Fs.'b. [Jepan] Dept. Agr. and Forestry, Bur. Agr., l^ogyc Kairyo Shiryo 109:129-131. [In Japanese. Aostract in Hev. Appl. Unt.' (A) 2^:696.] 310. ORr,GOI- AGRICULTUPAL 3X?-llII-:irT STATIGII 1937. Sffect of agricultur;d and home economics research on Oregon's agricultural progress. Oreg. Agr. 3xpt . Stj . 3ul. 350, 85 x>g., illus. 311. OSWPJ^, M. R. I93U. Sxperinonts v/ith rotenonc and derris to rapel the Japanese ■bnetlo ( Popillia japonica Ilevnr;.). Jour Ibon. 31nt . 2']i?.9'}, 312. P;jlKS, T. H., and PI.ERSTCPJT, A. L. 1138. Tlie control of garden insects and diseases. Ohio Agr. Col. 3xt. 3ul. 76, 56 yp,, illus, 313. PSA \/E:^IL CC.TJffljJFCS - SPOKAIL-^., V/ASi:ii:&TOi-,. January 2U, 1938. ISyo . Sutr;gcstions for the control of the pea, weevil in 193S, ^ P?» [Processed,] Prepared 07 the. Pacific i"orth"est Cooperative Pea V/eevil Control Project Comjiittoo Eopre- senting a nuL;bor of State Agricultural Sxperiaent Sta- tions, County Agricultural Agents and the 3uroa,u of Entomology ;md Plant Quarantine, U. S. Dopt, of Agr. [Distrihuted dv the U. S. Dnpt. Agr., 3ur. Ziit. and Plant 'iiUL-r.] 3lU. PSriCK, S. 3., and COl-PAi^Y 1933. Derris, the nv^vf safe iunocticide. ih 00., illus. I■■::^/ York [^d. U, 1936.] 315. P.lia'SYLVAl"IA AGSICULTIHAL :S?;mi.r:i7T STATICiT 1939. Flea Ijeeties on tohacco and potc^toes. Pa. Agr, -Irot. Sta. Ann. Rpt . 52 (B-ul. 3&2):bU. 316. ?:i.TH ^aSRIDC..:], p. R., and THO.,-JiS, I. 1933. The control of the ras-ohcrry -bsotlc. [Gt. Brit.] I-'iin. Aj^r, and Fisheries cTour . 39:1017-1028. 317. and TH0;:A5, I. 1''35. The control of flea "bcotlos in socd-b.^ds. [C-t. 5rit.] Min. Agr. and Fisheries Jour. Ul:1070-107o. 3I8 l''3'3. Further experiments on th;. control of flea lieetlos in socd-hods. [Gt. Brit.] i;in. A-n-. and Fishorioi' Jour. U2:10!?o-10Sfi. 3in. Pi:^H?0FT, R. L. l'?39. Japanese b.^v.-tlo control tests on Am. ric'Vi- olm trues in Delaware. Jour. Jcon. iit. 32: 253-25 5 • - i6o - 320. POOS, p. W4 19^0. The locust leaf minor as a -oast of Boy-oean. Jour. 3con. i]nt. 33:7^2-7^5. . . . ". 321. POTTS, S. P. 1937. Control of white pine weevil and Suropecn pine shoot moth. U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. 3nt . and Plant cj,uar. Uews Let. U(g):10 [Processed.] 322 . 193s. Spraj^s tested against white pine weevil anr. European pine shoot moth. U. S. Deot. Agr., Sur. 51nt , and Plant Q,uar. ITews Let. 1+(S): 12^.13 [Processed.] 323. PRZNTISS, R. J., and C 01 IF AIT Y, Inc. 1935 • Rotenone content of dusts. Important that manufacturers place less emphasis on rotenone analy-sis and more on total toxicity. Derris Developments ¥.0 . 5, ^ P?. 32U. El^J^I), ¥. D., and HOOKOM, D. tf. 1937' Dusts containing rotenone or pyrethrum not effective against adults of the cigarette heetle. U. S. Dept. Agr., Eur. Snt . and Plant ^uar . iJews Let. U(lO):27. [Processed.] 325. RICHMOinD^ 3. A. 1931- The relative attractiveness or repellence of certain materials to the Japanese heetle (Popillia japonica Kewm.). F. J. Dept. Agr., Cir. I90, 12 pp. 326. RIPP^, ¥. 1935. Louensweise und Bokam.pfung des Halmcrdflohes ( Chao toe noma aridul-a G-y l lh.) Ztschr. f. Angow. Snt . 23(3) : 370-Ul6~ 327. ROARK, R. C. 193s • Derris versus cuhe — Is cuh.: equal to derris as an insecticide? Soap lU(l)Ull-113, 120. 32s. ROBir, P. 1935* 1^32 poudros vegetalos dans la lutto centre le doryphore. Rev. de Path. Yog. et d':^nt. A-r. do Prance 22(U) : 2gS-297. 329. -_- 1936. Derris dust kills western spotted cucumber "beetle at low temperatures. U. S, Dept. Agr., Bur. .'-nt . and Plant «^uar. News Let. 3(^^)'^ [Processed.] 330. RO.-SUGK, A. 1937. The cabhage stem flea boetlo ( Psyl liodos chrysocephala L.). Derbyshire Parmer 17(5) :l69-170. Derb-, May I937. [Abstract in Rev. A.vol. 3nt . (A) 25:6ll. 1937.] - i6i ~ 331. SAKAI, K. 193^' -A- sccrlytid attacking the root of derris, Xont:Ai. Insect. 7(5-6) : 272-273. [In Japanese. Abj;tract in Rev. Appl. Snt. (A) 22:240. I93U] 332. SAV/ARAGI, M; 1936. On the control neth ds of the larvae of •- Rhaphidopalpa ferriorali s Hotsch. [Japan] -Dept. Agr. and Forestry, Bur. Agr., Nogyo Kairyo Shiryo 109:119-1284 [in Japanese. . Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent . (A) 2^:096,] 333. SCII0TT3, H. and GORNITZ, K, 1935. Insecticidal preparation. U. S. Patent 2,02U,3Q2; issued December 17, 1935. 33U. s:5AiE-HArr":': agr. Cql. 1933' '^''^s t^xrnip seed weevil. Seale-Hayne li^r , Col. Pam, U0:12. 335. S^IiLKS, K. • 1939* Versuche nit che.'ischen Mitteln -.-ur Bokar.pfung des Kartcfi- elkafers ( LeiJtinotarsa decenlineata Say). Arb. uber Physiol u. Angew. Snt. 6(2) :lh6-171 , illus. 33G. SH.\:'D3, W. A. , et al. 1937. Wind velocity affects efficiency of rotenone dust mixtures against tobacco flea beetle. U, S. Pept. Agr, Bur. Snt, and Plant -^uar. Nevs-L.^t. U(l2):22. [Processed.] 337. SHAW, H, 1939" The problem of spray residues on orchfird fruit. Ghem. and Indus. ^6{k) tS'^^-SS. 33g. SHZRI'.JU'I, P. and TODD, J. Iv. 1939. The Mexican bean beetle in South Carolina. S. C. Agr. . ExiDt . Sta. 3ul. 322, 32 pp. illus. 339. ShITH, C, L. 1937. Studies on the use of derris powder in the form of an aqueous suspei.sion. Canner 0^(5): 36, 38, kO (Ser. No. 2189) . " : 3^0. SMITH, P. P., and ZULIIY;^, W. r.. I9U0. Effect of pyrethrum and derris on the black blister beetJe. Jour. Econ. Ent. 33:807-810. 3U1. , CLARK, J. C, and SCALES, A. L. 1936. Toxicity tests for boll vreevil and lecf worms. U. S. Dept. A,'vr., Bur. "j]nt. and Plant «iuar. i'e'-;s Let. 3(7): 12. [Processed.] ■^ and SCAXSS^ A. L. 1937 • Toxicity- of a number of insecticides to thi'ee cotton Insects. Jour. Econ. 2lRt. 30:S6^-S69. 3U3. SiaTH, K. K. 1325. Further experiments in the control of certain raaggots attacking the roots of vegeta'bles. Ann. Apt)!. Biol. 12:77-92. 3V4. s::iTH, L. G. . . , ■•• 1939. [Eotenone,]- Bugs — rlTews aoout Washington insects. Coop. Ext. . Work in Agr. and Home ^con. State of Washington. Ho. IS, 2 pp. Auf.ust I6. 3U5. S0R17AY, P. de 1931. Derris elliptica plante a proprietes insecticides. Rev. Agr. de I'lle Wrice 6o':233-23U. 3U6. SOUTH C.:I10LIKA AGaiCuLTUS.'i SXPSRL.Ei^T STATION 193i4-. Mexican "bean heetle. S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (193U) ^7:63-6i+. 3I17 . __ . 1935. [Derris.] S. C. Agr. E>rpt . Sta. Ann. Ept . (1935) US:U7, 53-5^, 150. 3l|g.. 1936.- [Derris and cube.] S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. /mn. Hpt . (193^) 49j^i-0, ^6-^7, 93. 3U9. 1937. The Mexican bean beetle. S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. ijin. Ilt)t. (1937) 50:5S-59. 350. -— — 1937. Experiments in control of the tobacco flea beetle during 1937. S. C. Agr. Ex-ot. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1937) 50:112-117. 351 . _ 193s. [Rotenone, derris.] S, C. Agr. B:aDt. Sta. Ann. Rot. (193S) 51:71, 72-73, 190-192. 352. Sx^DOIT, W. 1933* ^©■'^ insecticide rotenon in de nederlandsche proktijk, eerste proefjaar.- Amsterdam Kolon. Inst. Afd. Handolsmuseum Bor. 83, 17 pp., illus [indische iiercuur 56(51) : 805-807.] 353. -—- and ROWAAIJ, P. A. 1933. G-rondstoffon voor hot insecticide rotenon in Ned. cost- en West-Indie. Amsterdo.m Kolon. Inst. Afd. Handelsmuseum Ber. 79, 17 pp., illus. [De Indische i'iercuur 56(2?): 32I-323.] ^163- 35^. STIiiluEY, W. W. , and IIARCO'/ITCH, S. 1935 • Calcium o^rsonate -as a control measure for the tobacco flea beetle and. hornworm. Jour. Scon..3nt.. 28:797-601. 355. STSAEIIS, L. A. 1937. Commonts on the control of several fruit and -vegetable insects. Peninr-ula- Hort . So-c . [Del.] Trans. 27(5) :120-12b, 356. STi3R, W. 1932. l?i''-e control of the raspberry and logc-nbcrry beetle by moans of derris. Kent Farmers' Jour. 3l(U) :16G-162. 357 353^ 359. 360, 1932. Further obsorvr tions on the Iv'.bits of the raspberry beetle ( Byturus tomentosus Fabr.) vrith special reference to the control of the pest by means of derris. Jour. Pomol, and Hort. Sci. 10:1-18. 1933- studies on Byturus tomentosus Fabr. III.- F^arth'jr 3:cp.;ri- ments on its control on raspberries,' loganberries and blaclcborrios. Jour. Poriol. and Hort. Sci, 11:19-37. 193'-'-* Studies on Byturus tomentosus Fabr. lY. 1933 oirperimonts on the control of the ras-oborr-- and lof^f-jibcrry beetle. Scst Mailing [I'-ont] Res. Sta. Ann. S'ot . (1533) 2l;18C- 196, illus. ' 193b. Insecticides and fuaigicidcs. Tli^ use of derris root as an insecticide. Sast Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Aim. R\ot , (1935) 23:225-227. 361, SUFFOLK COuTTY [IT. Y.] FAHI: 3UR3AU 1933. New insecticides for bean beetles. Suffolk County Farm 3ur. Nev's 17(7) :9. 3G2, 3Z3LEFYI, G. 1939. Some observations from the life history of the poppy- woevil ( C eut r rhy nc hus macula-alba Hrbst.). Hung. Agr. 3xpt. Sta. Rpt. 38 ( 5- b): 21 7-2 2^7 illus. [in Miigyar with German and English sumjna.rios. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Snt. (A) 2l+:U02.] 363. TArJlCI, S., and I TO, K. 1932. vitudies on Bpilaclina niponic Lew, F'.ilai8hi..>a .iVgr. Expt, Str?. , 50 pp., illus. (.In Japanese. Abstract in Rev. A\5pl. Snt". (A) 20:U95.] 30U. TAi'iAi-UZI, K. 1922. Studies on G--lorucolla rubi Tananuki, sp. n. Dopt. Agr, and For., Govt. Sakhalin Res. Bui. 1:1-19. [in Japanese. Abstract in R^;v. Appl. Snt. (A) l6:b0U-60p.] - lok - 365. TAlJltyUKI, K. 1929. Studies on Lup erodes praeustus Motsch. Preliminary report* Karafuto Agr. 3xpt . Sta. Rpt . , 24 pp., illus [in Japanese. Abstract in Hev. Appl, 3nt i (A) 17J706.] 30c. THO':AS, C. A. 19^0. The biolo|:y and control of wireworms. A revie'-' of the literature. Perm. Agr. 3x;;ot. Sta. Eul . 392, 90 pp. 367. T-iOiLiS, P. L. 1935' Hon-poisonons insecticides for use on vegetable crops. Tex. Agr. Expt , Sta. Press Bui. 352, 1 p.. [Processed.] 368. THOi/;AS, \I. A. I93S. Calcium arsenate and sulfur mixture r:;ive best results in controlling stra.wberry weevil. U. S. Dept . Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar. News -L^et . 3(5) :l6. [Processed.] 369. 1937* Insecticides promising against strawberry weevil. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent . and Plant Q,uar. Kews Let. U(7):23. [Processed.] 370. THOIl^SOVT, H. W. 1932. The control of a i-fatc^rcress leaf-beetle (Phaedon co chlerrire ) Welsh Jour. Agr. S: 233.-236. 371. THa.SEi', h.„ and i^ICHJiED, H. 1933* Ubor die Giftri2:denmothode und andere Bekampfungsmassnabucn gegon Hylobius a bictis . Ztschr. f. Pflanzenkrank. U3(I|): 1U5-I67. [Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. (A) 21:306-307.] 372. TOBACCO INSECT COUNCIL 193'3' Suggestions for the control of tobacco insects in 1932, 15 Y9' [Processed.] Prepared by the Recommondf'.tions Cominittec of the Tobacco Insect Council, Indianapolis, Ind., representing the agricultural cxperiraent stations located in the principal tobr.cco-producing States and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant 's^uarantino, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar., Morch 193S.] 373. 1939 • Proceedings of the second annual meeting of the Tobpcco Insect Council. Oxford, N. C, July 19-21, 193o, 28 pp. [Processed by U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^u:r.] 37U. TODD, J. IT. 1932. Effective, duration of toxicity to the Mexican bean beetle of derris deposits on foliage. Jour. Scon. Ent. 31:^+72-^79. 375. TB-^PPrjU-f!, ¥., and NITSCHE, G. 1935'- Beitragc zur G-iftwirkung von Rotonon und Pyrcthrincn auf verschiodone Insekton. Nachrichtenbl. f. den D^mt. Pflo,nzonschutzdienst . 15(l) J b-7. - io5 - 37o. rORlTSR, if. 1532* ITotes on rotonone as an ine.-;ctici3.e. Joiir. Hcon. -I^Tit. 25:1228-1237. 377. 1935' -Tests on tha control of certrvin vegetaolc insects. Conn. (State) Agr. SxxDt . Sta. Sul. 368:2^5-2^7. Conn. State 3nt. Rpt. 3^ (193^)'. 37^. and rRI31vT), R. 3. . I93U. Mexican "bean beetle investigc tions . &onn. (State) Agr. 3x^t. Sta. Bui. 360:^8 1-Ug 2. Conn. State 3nt. R-ot.. 33 (1933). 370. and IRIK^ID, R. B. 1935' Farther exrocriinents on Mexican "beau "beetle control. Conn. (.State) Agr. 3xpt . Sta. Bui. 371:^23-1+5^. 380. U!aT3D STAT3S DSPAHT13NT 0? AGRIC'JLTURZ 1930. Rotenone tested against destractive posts. U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1330:61+. 381 . 1936. [Dorris and cube.] 17. S. Dept. Agr., Rpt. 1936:69. 3^2. 1937. The Year in Agriculture. U. S. Dopt. Agr. Yearbook 1937:70. 323. 1937. Defense against crop tlireats strengthened by special funds. Tiraely action against insect pests and plant disease possible; new research provides bettor control measures; plant quarantine lines repel intruding throats to Ameri- can cropr. . U. S. Dept. Agr., Press Release 10^3-33, 7 pp. [Processed.] December 3I, 1937. 3Sl+. BUR'i^AU OF .T^OMOLO&Y 1929. [Dorris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Znt . ^mn. Rpt. I929, 39 pp. 385. BUR-iVJ OF -^I'TOilOLOrrY 1930. [Dorris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 3nt. Ar^n. Rpt. 1930, 76 pp. 386. BUR3;JJ OF :!Ii^Oi':OLO&Y 1933. [D.erris.] U. S.Dept. Agr., Bur. Unt . Rijt-. 1933, ^7 PP. 387. BURFJlU OF 1\T0M0L0GY 193^. tiomorandvun regarding the control of insects attacking . certain vegetables, small fruits, and tobacco, r.nd the elimination of harrr.ful insect icidal residues from the market product, 9 P?» [Rrocessod.] 3gS. BURZAU of I^TOMOLOGY A^TD PLA!'T ;iU;JlxUITIiTE 1935. liL a partial report of the Section of Extension of the American Association of Economic liJntomologists Mooting in Pittsburgh, Pa,, on Dec. 27, I93U. Informal discus- sion of field-results vdth arsenical substitutes in the control of vegetable insects. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 3nt. and Plant Q,uar., I9 pp. [Prococsed.] [Cory, p. 1.] - l6o - 3S9. Ui.TITSD STAT3S 3IH3AU 0? liTTOliOLOGY AlTD PLAITT Q,uAPJUITIi;3 1935- Changes and additions in recommendations for control of Mexican iDean "beetle in Jarmcrs' bulletin No. lb2U enti- tled "The Moxicyji Bean Beetle." U. S. Dept. Agr , , Bur. Snt. and Plant Q,uar., 2 pp. [Processed.] 39c. BUtUSAy 0? ^rTOMOLOGY MTD PLANT qUARAlITIFS 1935. [Cracca-.] U. S. Be^t. Agr., Bur. Ent . and Plant Q,uar. Ann. Rpt. I935: lU, k^-kS, 6I-62. 391 . BUSEjIU op Si^TTOMOLO&Y M^D ?lAm Q,UARAHTIHE 1936. [Derris.] U." S. Bcpt . Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar., Jap. and Asiatic Beetle Invest. Ann. Rpt. 1935:18, 21, 50. 392. BUREAU CP :ElITOIiOLOGY AlTD PLAINT qUARAITTIHE 1936. List of intercepted plant pests, 1935. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,ur.r. Serv. and Rcg-alat . Announc . , 131 pp. 393. -BUREAU OF Ei'TOMOLOGY AJyD PLANT Q,UARilJTTII\iE 1936. [Derris and cube.] U. S. DeiDt . A^r.,.Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar. Rpt. 1936:58-59, 61," 67, 76, S7. 39U. BURH^U OP SL-rTOI'iOLO&Y AID PLANT qUARiiNTI^TB 1937. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar. Ann, Rpt. I937. 9S pp. 395. BUREAU OP Sl^TOiiOLOGY M^ PLANT qUiiRAlTTINS 1937- Bostrichid in derris roots. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar.News Let. ^■(9):2S. [Processed.] 396. BUREAU OP ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE J 1933. Suggestions for the control of the pea weevil in the Pacific North^rest. U. S, Dept Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant quar. E-I135, 6 pp., illus. [Processed.] 397. BUREAU OP El'TTOMOLOGY AND PL.^IT '^U.^Ri\l^TINE 1933. Tests on insecticidal value of certain compounds. U. £. Dept, A,'?-r., Bur. Ent. and Plant ^uar., Div. Control Invest. Rpt. No. 3} ^1 pp. [Processed.] 39g. BUREu^VU OF El'TOhOLOGY AICD PLANT qUARMTIinS 1938. [Derris.] U. S. Dept. Agr.,, Bur. Ent. and Plant (^uar. J'jm. Rpt. 193s, g^ pp. 399. BUR:iAU OP El^TTOuOLOGY AND PLANT Q,UAILVNTINE 1939. The Mexican bean beetle, U. S, Do'ot . Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. Ext. Ent. 3 (2):10. , UOO. VAN GUNDIA, G. K. 1036. Possibilities of dusting shade trees for pest control. Natl. Shade Tree Gonf. Proc . 12:161-167 . Sept. 2-4, 1936. - Ib7 - UOl. V.XHT, J. van dor I93S. ProGYcri met dorris tegen insect enplafren in ITederlandsch- Indie. Landbouw. ll(lO) :U01-^65, illus; also Buitenzorg Inst. V, Plant enziekt en Korte Meded. 21, 65 pp., illus. U02. \JA(yimTl^a-^ PLA2'T31TZI-3CT31TKU1TDIGJ DI3N5T 1933. Sotonon en aftreksol van Derris alliptica (Akar tooba) . 'iageniugen Plantonziektenkund. Dionst Vorslag en Keded. 72:96-99. Uo^. IQ3U. Vcrslag over do V/orkza.anheden van den Plo.ntenziektenkrandic^en Dienst in het Jaar 1933 • VTageuingen Plant en zicktenicund, Dienst Vorslag. en Meded. fS, II6 pp., illus. kOk. WAHL, B. .^„ 1916, Antworten und BriofwechsGl. V/ien. Landv. ii".* 66:267. 1+05. 1937. Dcr Colorr^dolip.ior odor K.-rtoff clkaf or ( Dor;T)hora = Leptino- tars a docomlineata Say). Sup. to i^euheit. auf dem Gob. des Pfla,nzonsciiut?. kO pp., illus. April 1937. UOd. WAIK'^R, G. L. 193s. i'icv; vetting c.ncl spreading agent for spray materials. Jovs, Scon. "Int. 30:962-967. U07. ¥i-JLK.]R, H. G., and Jii1)-JRZ0:: , L. D. 1935. Suir.ino-rv of results obtained v/ith. arsonical substitutes for the control of vegotable crop insects at the Virginia Truck 3]:>rporiinent Sto^tion. Jour. Ilicon, lint. 2S:603-605. kO^'. ¥;j..LI3, H. L. 1936. Helativo efficiency of various sprays against Mexican bean beetle in irrigated fields. U. S. Deot. Agr., Bur. I3nt. and Plrnt Q,u,ar. ITe-rs Let. 3(l2):23. [Processed.] U09. Rotenono-contrining compounds give good coiitrol of I-lexican bean beetle in Colorado. U. S. Dopt . Agr., Bur. Jnt. and Plant '^uar. NevrsLet. 5(2) :17. [Proceased.] UlO. WAHWICK,- 193s* Summer application'^ of derri:;. Fort., Toed. Stuffs and xarm Supplies Jour. 23(11): 287. Ull. WSST VIRGINIA D^I'.mTl.JlIT OF AGRICULTURE 1929. [Derris.] \/. Va. Dopt. Agr. Bion. Rpt. (1927-2S) 8, 297 pp. U12. IfillT.], \L H. 1935' Reconunondations for the control of insects attacking certain vegetables, small fruits, and tobacco, and the olinination of harmful insect icidal residues from the market product. U. S. Dopt. Agr., Bur. 3nt . and Plant 'iuar. Ii-3^3, I3 pp. [Processed .] 1935^. Roc OEffiiendrt ions for the control of insects attacking" certain vogeta"bles, small fruits, and to'bc'cco. U'. S. Dept . Agr., 3ur. Snt . and Plant ^uar . -'^-376, l'4 pp. ['Processed.] kVJ., 1937* Sccoini'nend.rtions for the control of insects attackin.q;'' certain vegetaoles, small fruits, and to"bacco. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. J3nt . and plant Q,uar. E-376 (issued April I936, rev. March 1937) l'^ PP. [Processed.] ^15. i^ILLil, J., OCA^.IPO, J. A*., W33:iIRSAU:iR, A., and SCH0ri3LD, D. 1937. 31 cul3s ( Lonchocarpus nicou) y otros barbascos en el Peru. Lima, Peru, 3stac. Sxpt. Agr. du La Molina, Bel. 11, 117 p-5., illuB [Abstract in Rev. Ao-ol. Bnt. (A) 25: 760-761.] Ul5. ¥ISC01'SIF AGRICULTURAL 3K?:^I-..:i!lTT STATIOIT 1937. Pindin/^s in Parrn Science. Wis. Agr. ]icpt. Sta. Ann. R?t.' (1935-36) Bui. ^38:123-126, illus. hl-J, Yiu-uVDA, Y. 1937. 0^"- ■ti'^G insect pests of voolen goods. Bochu Kagaku liS"!^! illus. [in Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Aopl. Snt. (A) 25:675.] UlS. YOSHIDA, K. 1936. Report of the studies on the insect pests of vegetables i n Po rmo sa . 1 . Spilach na v i g i n t i c t opunc t at a P , Pormosa Govt. Res. Inst. Dept, Agr. Bui. II7, 2S pp., illus. [In Jaeanese. Abstract in Rev. Ap'ol , Snt, (A) 2^:USH.] U19. YOUl^G-, M. T., and SHITH, G. L. l^To, Pield-plat and cage tests for boll i-roovil control. Jour'. lilcon. 3nt'. 29:105-111. Junior Author Index Abbott, W. S., see I'.clndoo, II. I].,. 266 Anderson, L. D., see Walker, H, G. , U07 Austin, M. D., see Jary, S. G., 225, 226 Boker, P. 2., see Plcming, W. S., I35, 136,137, I3S, I39, 1^40 Baker, V/. W., see Landis, . 3.- J. , 255 Beard, P. K., see Amos, J., 10 Boning, K., see Korff, G. , 2'-;-9 Boyd, 0. C, see Bourne, A, I., 33 Brannon, L. U., oee Howard, N. P., I93, 19^, I95, I96 Brindlcy, T, A., see Hinman, P. G. , 188 Brooks, H. 3., see Gray, R, A. H., l6b Burgess, S. D., see Ploraing, W. 3., lUl Chpmborlin, J. C, see Brindlcy, T. A., 52 - 1^9 - Chisholni, R. D. , sco Flening, W. 3., lU2 Chupp, C, aee Crosby, C. R. , 91, 92 CIt'T-:, J. C, see Smith, G. L., 3U1 Cottoi-:, H. T., sou 3ack, 3. A. , 23 Crosty, C. R.,--5co Burkholdor, U. H./ 60 Crosthvait, S. L., soe Langford, G. S,, 256 Dayidsor-, E. H., see Howard, N. F. , 197,- 200 Been, 0. T., sjo Cockerhara, K. L., S3 Diriconofi , A., soo Bussy, L. P. do, 61 Diot2, H. ?., soo Guy, H. G., 169 Endo, K., SCO Kuwayama, S., 251 Fenton, F. A., see Johnson, G. V., 229 Tishor, H. A,, so: Hinman, ?. G. , 187, 188 rieming, W. 3., see Baker, T. 3., 24 • Friend, H. 3., soo Turner, H., 378, 379 Garrison, G. L., see Gr.inos, R. C, I53 Gommoll, L. G., soc Hcarailton, CO., 17U Gorham, R. P., soe Kelsall, A., 2U- Gornitz, K., s?o Schotte, H. , 333 Graham, C. P., see English, L, L., II5 Grant, D. H. , see i;et?.gcr, F. W., 283 Gray, K. V/., see Chaniterlin, J. G., 78 Hervey, G. 3. R., see Huckett , E. G., 207, 208 Hockey, J. F., see HorKan,F. A., 135 Hookom, D. W, , see Reed, ¥. D., Jdk Hovrard, H. F.,,se.3 Fulton, R. A., I50 and ilclson, R.H.,'293 I to, K., see Takagi , S:, 363 Johl, J., see Hsjnpp, H., I76 Johnson, J, P., sec Britton, W. E. , 57 Kerrns, H. G. H. , see Hutchinson, H. P., 210 KoTDlitsk", L., see Fleming-, W. E.; I39, lI<-0 Laan, P. A. •"•-an der, see Bussy, L. P. de, 61 Lacroi:-:, D. S., see Morrill, A. W. Jr., 28b, 289 Laffond, P., see Chevalier, G., 81 Lapparent, P. de, see Feytaud, J., I30, I3I, I32 Lei'by, R. V/., see Crosby, C. R. , 92 Liiiduska, J,, see Brindley, T. A,, 53 Madden, A. H. , see Ch^ijnuerlin, F. S., 77 Marcovitch, S., see Stanley, W. W., 35U Marsh, R. 'i., see Kearns, H. G. H. , 238 Martin, H, , sec Kearns, K. G. H., 239 Masaki, J., see Nakayajna, 292 M'son, H. C, see Fulton, R. A., I5I, I52, wid Howard, IT. F., 193, 19^, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200 Massee, A. M., see Hey, G. L., 186 Metzger, F. W., sec Fleming, W. E, , 1U3 Meyer, 3., soo Blunck, H., ^0 Moore, M, H., see Araos, J., 10 Murae, K. , see Katsiomrta, K., 235 Narayanan, B, T., soo Bhatt-, K. L., 29 Mtsche, G., sor Traopmann, V/., 375 - 170 - ,„ UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA .—,...,...-«..,,.,.« •"■illil Olcott, H. S., SGO Brealcoy, E. P., US Painter, A. C, see Aiiios, J. , 10 Peterson, A., see ^aug, G. V/., 182 Pierpont, R. L,, sec Amos, J. H.^ 11, and Dietz, H. ?., 102 Pierstorff, A. L., see Parks, 0^ . U, , 312 Roark, R. C, see Back, S. A., 23 Rowaan, P. A., see Spoon, W., 353 Sakamoto, I., see ITezu, R., 30U Scales, A. 1., see Smith, G. L., 3U1, 3H2 Schmitt, J. B., see Guy, H. G., I70 Schofiold, D., see ¥ille, J,, 415 Sievers, A. F., see Mclndoo, W. E., 2S5 , 266 Smith, G. L., see Young, M. "T., U19 Sonoyama, I., see ITozu, R., 307 Sonoyama, T., see i^'czu, R. , 30^+ Spittall, J. P., sec Kelsall, A., 2kk Steer, W., see Hey, G. L., 1S6 ' . Stultz, K. T., see Kelsall, A., 2U5 Sullivan, ¥, H. , see Smith, F. E.,.3^0 Swarl^rick, T., see Keo.rns, H. G. H., 2U0 " . ' TaUashi, I., see Nakayama, S., 292 •' ' Thomas, I., see Pethcrtridge, E.R,, 316, 317, 31g Thompson, 3 . G. , see Kote, D. C, 29O ' • ' Todd, J. H., see Sherman, P., 339 Tovrasend, J. P., see Garman, P., 16O Turner, IT., see Dunlap, A. A., I06 and' Garman, P., 16I' Umpleby, S., sec Kearns, H. G. H., 2U1 Walker, G. P., see Kelsall, A., 2.kk Walker, H. G. , see Anderson,. L. D., I5, lb, I7 Walton, C. L,, see Kearns, H. G. K., 2U2, 2U3 WeberlDauor , A., sec Wille, J., U15 WelDstrr, R. L., see Hanson, _A, J., 178 . ' ' VJichmand, H,, see Thomson, M, , 371 Young, i-I. T., sec Gaines, R. C., I53 Zoisert, B, E., see Dietz, H. P., IO3 ' ' ' I