Z-399 January 1937 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture 
 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine 
 
 THE USE OF PHENOTHIAZINE AS AN INSECTICIDE 
 By L. E. Smith, Division of Insecticide Investigations 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Phenothiazine, first prepared in 1885 by Bernthsen, is the parent 
 substance of a series of important dyes, among which is the very valuable 
 methylene blue. The insecticidal properties of this compound were first 
 reported by workers in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine during 
 the course of an investigation of synthetic organic compounds, especially 
 those containing nitrogen and sulphur, as possible substitutes for the ar- 
 senical s . 
 
 Although phenothiazine, in common with other organic insecticides, is 
 specific in its action on insects (highly toxic to some, practically nontoxic 
 to others), preliminary results of tests with it against some of our most de- 
 structive insect pests have been so favorable as to make it worthy of testing 
 against other insects. This review has been prepared to assist entomologists 
 seeking new means of combating insects. It is hoped that it will stimulate 
 further work with a very promising insecticide. 
 
 The use of phenothiazine as an insecticide is still in the experimental 
 stage. The results of tests against various insects which are recorded in this 
 review are only preliminary, and no recommendations with regard to the use of 
 this compound as an insecticide can be made at this time. A great deal of un- 
 published work (reports from Bureau entomologists) is recorded in this review. 
 These unpublished reports are not available for distribution, but when more ex- 
 tensive insecticidal studies have been made the results will probably be pub- 
 lished by personnel engaged in this work. 
 
 ORIGINAL TESTS 
 
 Phenothiazine was first tested as a possible insecticide against mos- 
 quito larvae by Bulger (6, 8), who found that it was more toxic than rotenone, 
 being effective at a concentration of 1:1,000,000. These results were so 
 promising that the Division of Control Investigations made tests on a variety 
 of insects, with the following results: Phenothiazine in benzene and acetone 
 solutions was not toxic to house flies. Against silkworms a dose of 0.06 mg 
 per gram of body weight by the sandwich method gave a rapid kill, indicating 
 that phenothiazine is considerably more toxic than lead arsenate. In toxicity 
 to the tent caterpillar phenothiazine was superior to lead arsenate. Pheno- 
 thiazine was not effective against mealybugs on coleus and Jerusalem cherry. 
 
- 2 - 
 
 Foliage tests on plum, apple, peach, quince, coleus, "beans, Jerusalem cherry, 
 and citrus seedlings showed no material injury "by sprays containing 2 pounds 
 of phenothiazine in 50 gallons of water. 
 
 Tests on house flies in another laboratory (12) verified the fact that 
 phenothiazine was not toxic when applied in "benzene or acetone solution, but 
 showed that when applied as a dust it was very toxic in 24 hours and had no 
 repellent action. Tests of other workers (llj also showed phenothiazine to 
 be very toxic to the silkworm. 
 
 The use of synthetic organic compounds as insecticides to replace the 
 arsenicals is discussed in the Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of 
 Entomology and Plant Quarantine, 1935 (18). 
 
 The possibilities of phenothiazine as an insecticide have been mentioned 
 in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine News Letter at various times. 
 A brief summary of its toxicity to codling moth and other lepidopterous larvae 
 is found in the May 1934 issue. 
 
 Brief mention has been made of phenothiazine, or of the type of syn- 
 thetic organic compounds of which it is a member, as a possible insecticide 
 (14, 15, 16). 
 
 Popular articles have appeared pointing out the possible uses of pheno- 
 thiazine as an insecticide (1, 2, 3, 9 , 17) . 
 
 CHEMISTRY OP PHENOTHIAZINE 
 
 Phenothiazine is a product of the reaction between diphenylamine and 
 sulphur, which can be expressed as follows: 
 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 H 
 N 
 
 2S 
 
 \/ 
 
 H 2 S 
 
 To improve the yield of phenothiazine and to lower the temperature at which 
 the reaction takes place, various catalysts have been employed. Por produc- 
 tion in quantity it has been found that when a trace of iodine is added the 
 reaction proceeds almost quantitatively at about 180° C. The resulting mate- 
 rial is practically 100 percent pure. When recrystallized from a suitable 
 solvent, such as benzene or toluene, it occurs as light yellow leaflets melt- 
 ing at 180° C. 
 
 TOXICITY TO MAMMALS 
 
 Acute toxicity of phenothiazine to warm-blooded animals is so low that 
 fatal doses have not been determined; therefore, the margin of safety appears 
 to be ample. When administered orally or gas trie ally to rats, rabbits, and 
 man, phenothiazine acts as a urinary antiseptic, as shown by effects upon ex- 
 perimental cystitis in rabbits and by preliminary clinical trials (4, 5, 10). 
 
- 3 - 
 
 TOXICITY TO BESS 
 
 Somerset, Md., 5ee Culture Laboratory (Division of Fruit Insect Inves- 
 tigations. Results of codling- moth investigations, 1934, Part II, pp. 33-34. 
 Mimeo.). — Fhenothiazine as a stomach poison had a slower action on honeybees 
 than lead arsenate, but phenothiazine was toxic to "bees in field experiments. 
 
 INSECTICIDAL TESTS AGAINST VARIOUS INSECTS 
 
 Mexican Bean Beetle 
 
 Ohio (N. F. Howard, L. W. Brannon, and H. C. Mason. Derris and other 
 insecticides for the control of the Mexican bean beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent. 
 28: 44 4 -448. 1935). — Phenothiazine at the rate of 3 pounds to 50 gallons of 
 water gave good control of the Mexican bean beetle in two experiments during 
 
 1934. In one experiment in which the material was used at the rate of 1 pound 
 to 50 gallons the control was only fair. No noticeable injury to bean foliage 
 resulted. 
 
 Olney , Md . (L. 77. Brannon. Annual report, Norfolk, Va., laboratory, 
 Division of Track Crop and Garden Insect Investigations. 1335. Typewritten). — 
 Phenothiazine gave good protection when used as a spray, 2 pounds to 50 gal- 
 lons, but the control was poor when used as a dust at the rate of 1 part to 
 10 parts of talc. 
 
 South Point, Ohio (N. F. Howard and H. C Mason. Annual report, Colum- 
 bus, Ohio, laboratory, Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, 
 pp. 2-75. 1935. Typewritten^. — In many field experiments phenothiazine proved 
 very effective as a spray at a concentration of 2 pounds to 50 gallons. The 
 control ranked with that obtained with derris and cube. At a concentration 
 of 1 pound to 50 gallons the control was good. When used as a 1:10 dust, how- 
 ever, the control was poor. Slight foliage injury was observed shortly after 
 application, but the injury appeared to be only temporary. 
 
 C olumbus , Ohio (N. F. Howard and H. C. Mason. Annual report, Columbus 
 laboratory, Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, p. 87. 
 
 1935. Typewritten) . — When used as a spray at a concentration of 2 pounds to 
 50 gallons, the control was very satisfactory. When used at 1 pound to 50 
 gallons, the control was only fair when the infestation of the bean beetle was 
 most severe. As a dust, diluted 1 to 5 with talc, the control was fair in the 
 only experiment carried out. However, a 1:10 dust proved to be ineffective. 
 
 A temporary foliage injury was observed. 
 
 Urbana , 111. (W. P. Flint, Illinois Natural History Survey and Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station, letter to L. A. Strong, Chief, 3ureau of Entomol- 
 ogy and Plant Quarantine, May 8, 1935). — phenothiazine used as a dust gave 
 fair to very good results in tests for the control of the Mexican bean beetle 
 in 1935. 
 
To"bacco Hornworm 
 
 Q uinc y , Fla . (F. S. Cham"berlain . Annual report, Quincy laboratory, 
 Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, pp. 9, 24, 28-32. 
 1935. Typewritten). — Preliminary tests with phenothiazine diluted 1:10 with 
 filter dust showed no foliage injury to tobacco plants. However, in field 
 tests this dust failed to control the hornworm. In cage tests at concentra- 
 tions from 0.062 to 2 percent phenothiazine was much less toxic than lead 
 arsenate. Both field and cage experiments indicate that phenothiazine shows 
 little promise as a satisfactory controlling agent of the hornworm. 
 
 Clarksville , Tenn. (J. U. Gilmore . Annual report, Clarksville labo- 
 ratory, Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations. 1935. Type- 
 written) . — In cage experiments the results using phenothiazine as a dust 
 were not promising. 
 
 Cotton Insects 
 
 T allulah , La. 1934 . (M . T. Young and G. L . Smith. Field-plot and cage 
 tests for boll-weevil control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 105-111. 1935). — Field 
 tests of phenothiazine 1:9 with dusting sulphur had little, if any, effect on 
 the boll-weevil infestation, but a plot treated with the mixture yielded 60 
 pounds of seed cotton per acre more than the untreated plot. This amount, 
 however, is not considered significant. In the cage tests the percentage 
 mortality with 1 part of phenothiazine to 9 parts of sulphur was greater than 
 in the untreated cages but much less than when calcium arsenate was used. 
 
 1935 . (G. L. Smith, J. C. Clark, and A- L- Scales. Com- 
 parative tests of phenothiazine mixtures with sulphur and clay, calcium 
 arsenate, and check for cotton boll weevil and leafworm control. Annual re- 
 port, Tallulah laboratory, Division of Cotton Insect Investigations. 1935. 
 Typewritten. See also Bur. Ent. and Plant Ouar. News Letter October 1935, 
 p. 17, and May 1936, pp. 13 and 16). — In cage tests phenothiazine alone and 
 in various mixtures with sulphur and clay was not so effective as calcium 
 arsenate when used against the cotton boll weevil. When used against the 
 cotton leafworm phenothiazine and various mixtures with sulphur and clay 
 proved to be ineffective. Phenothiazine mixed 1:9 with sulphur when used for 
 control of the boll weevil gave an increase in yield of cotton of 17.5 per- 
 cent as compared with a 23.7 percent increase when calcium arsenate was used. 
 
 Tucson , Ariz . (T. P. Cassidy and T. C. Barber. Hemipterous insect 
 investigations in Arizona crop season. Annual report, Tucson laboratory, 
 Division of Cotton Insect Investigations, 1935. Typewritten). — When used 
 against five species of hemipterous insects on cotton, phenothiazine was not 
 effective . 
 
 Port Lavaca , Tex . (K . P. Ewing and R. L. McGar. Quarterly report, 
 Port Lavaca laboratory, Division of Cotton Insect Investigations, July-Sep- 
 tember, 1935. Typewritten). — When used as a dust full strength or mixed with 
 equal parts of clay, phenothiazine gave poor control of adults and nymphs 
 
 of the cotton fleahopper. 
 
- 5 - 
 
 Lirr.a Bean Pod Borer 
 
 Ventura, Calif . (R. Cecil. Annual report, Ventura laboratory, Division 
 of Truck Crop and. Garden Insect Investigations, 1935. Typewritten) . — In five 
 experiments using phenothiazine diluted 1:10 with diatoraaceous earth as a dust, 
 the average control was 71.15 percent. This figure is reported to "be of 
 little significance owing to light infestation and other conditions that are 
 set forth in the report. 
 
 Crape Berry Moth 
 
 Venice , Ohio (pi vision of Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of 
 codling moth investigations, 1934, Part II, p. 31. Mimeo.). — Phenothiazine 4 
 pounds per 100 gallons with 4 pounds of bentonite and 1 quart of fish oil gave 
 7.0 percent of wormy grapes, while calcium arsenate 2.5 pounds per 100 gal- 
 lons, bordeaux mixture 2-4-50, and 1 pint of fish oil gave 6.7 percent of 
 wormy grapes. 
 
 Sandusky , Ohio (G-. A. Runner. Annual report, Sandusky laboratory, 
 Pivisicn of Fruit Insect Investigations, 1935. Typewritten). — In one series 
 of field experiments phenothiazine was used at a strength of 4 pounds in 100 
 gallons of water in three applications. In the first two applications fish 
 cil was added at a strength of 1 pint per 100 gallons. The percentage of 
 damaged berries was 18.5, as compared with 19.9 when calcium arsenate was 
 used. Because of the possibility that the injury to grapes might have been 
 caused by the combination of phenothiazine with fish oil, in mid-August 
 special experiments were started with phenothiazine alone compared with fish 
 oil. No injury of consequence appeared in either of these tests. 
 
 Codling Moth — Laboratory Tests 
 
 Takoma Park , Md. (L. E. Smith, F. Munger, and E. H. Siegler. Pheno- 
 thiazine. A promising new insecticide. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28:727-728. 1935).— 
 The toxicity of phenothiazine to mosquito larvae was so high that members of 
 the Division of Frait Insect Investigations made laboratory tests with this 
 material against codling moth larvae. Preliminary tests indicated that 
 phenothiazine was a potential insecticide for codling moth control, being as 
 effective as lead arsenate when used at the same concentration. 
 
 (E. H. Siegler, F. Munger, and L. E. Smith, labora- 
 tory tests of phenothiazine against codling moth larvae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 
 29:532-53-5) * — A large number of tests were then made using phenothiazine in 
 combination with oil, bentonite, various fungicides, etc. The results indi- 
 cate that phenothiazine was not compatible with oil, bentonite, and bordeaux 
 mixture . 
 
 Vincennes . Ind . (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of 
 coiling moth investigations, 1934, part II, p. 21. Mimeo.). — About 35 tests 
 were made with phenothiazine in 1934. At l/2 pound to 50 gallons it had an 
 average efficiency of 53.8 percent, at 1 pound to 50 gallons 85.8 percent, 
 and at 2 pounds to 50 gallons 91.5 percent. Flotation sulphur and soap low- 
 ered the efficiency slightly. A 2-4-50 copper phosphate-lime mixture had no 
 effect on the toxicity of phenothiazine. A marked loss in toxicity occurred 
 whsn bordeaux mixture or bentonite was added. There were very few stings 
 with any phenothiazine treatment. 
 
- 6 - 
 
 Yakima , Wash . (E. J. Newcomer. Annual report, Yakima laboratory, Divi- 
 sion of Gruit Insect Investigations, 1935. Typewritten). — phenothiazine was 
 found to be ineffective as an ovicide, but gave good control when used as a 
 larvicide . 
 
 Codling Moth — Field Tests 1934 
 
 Kearneysville , W. Va . (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Re- 
 sults of codling moth investigations, 1934, Fart II, pp. 4-5. 1934. Mimeo . ) . — 
 Phenothiazine was used at a concentration of 4 pounds per 100 gallons with 4 
 pounds of bentonite and 1 quart of fish oil. Some injury was noticed, and 
 the fruits carried a heavy black residue which could not be removed by com- 
 mercial methods. 
 
 Parma, Idaho (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of 
 codling moth investigations, 1934, Fart II, p. 13. 1934. Mimeo.). — A limited 
 test was conducted with phenothiazine. The single count tree used showed 
 284 worms per 100 apples as compared with 241 worms when lead arsenate was 
 used. The fruits were very spotted when the residue was rubbed off. 
 
 Codling Moth— Field Tests 1935 
 
 The phenothiazine used in all field tests in 1934 was subsequently 
 proved by chemical and biological examination (7, 18) to be only 55 percent 
 pure, and the 45 percent of impurities had no toxic properties. In 1935 the 
 method of preparation of phenothiazine was modified so that it was possible 
 to procure a chemically pure material, which, was used exclusively in the tests 
 of that year. The material contained 2 percent of sulphated lauryl alcohol 
 as a wetting agent. It is believed that this amount of wetter caused exces- 
 sive run- off when used in the field. 
 
 Yakima , Wash . (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of 
 codling moth investigations, Fart II, pp. 2-4. 1935. Mimeo. See also Bur. 
 Ent . and Plant Guar. News Letter, October 1935, pp. 4-5. Mimeo.). — When used 
 at a concentration of 4 pounds per 100 gallons, phenothiazine gave 4.5 per- 
 cent wormy fruit and 1.7 percent stings, or 94 percent clean fruit, as com- 
 pared with 10. 5 percent wormy fruit and 35.4 percent stings, or 59.3 percent 
 clean fruit, when lead arsenate was used at a concentration of 3 pounds per 
 100 gallons. The fruits were smaller and the ground color was a darker green 
 when phenothiazine was used. 
 
 Vincennes , Ind . (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of 
 codling moth investigations, Fart II, pp. 12-14. 1935. Mimeo.). — Phenothiazine 
 was one of the most toxic materials ever tested at the Vincennes laboratory, 
 although in the form used it appeared to be susceptible to weathering and 
 possibly some decomposition. With a single application phenothiazine showed 
 a higher initial toxicity than lead arsenate. Phenothiazine caused severe 
 injury when used with oil, and serious residue difficulties and some loss in 
 toxicity when used with bentonite or bordeaux. In experiments with second- 
 brood larvae the phenothiazine- soap combination was equal to lead arsenate- 
 bordeaux. There was a significant decrease in the number of stings when 
 phenothiazine was used. During hot weather workers were burned on face and 
 arms . 
 
- 7 - 
 
 St . Joseph , Mo. (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of 
 codling moth investigations, Part II, pp. 19-20. 1935. Mimeo.). — Pheno thiamine 
 at a concentration of 3 pounds per 100 gallons gave 85.1 percent clean fruit 
 (13.7 percent wormy; 3.9 percent stings), and lead arsenate at the same dosage 
 gave 84.5 percent clean fruit (4.8 percent wormy and 14,8 percent stings). 
 There was no visible injury to foliage, hut there was a retardation of the 
 normal coloring of the fruit. Phenothiazine caused some burning of the face 
 and arms of workers in hot weather. 
 
 Kearneysville , W. Va . (Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. Re- 
 s-alts of codling moth investigations. Part II, pp. 25-26. 1935. Mimeo.). — 
 The percentage of sound fruit was about the same for phencthiazine-bordeaux 
 and the standard lead arsenate treatment, but the control was less satisfac- 
 tory owing to the much higher proportion of wormy fruit when phenothiazine 
 was used, which would result in a heavier carry-over of worms. The pheno- 
 thiazine residue was very heavy and dark green in col^r, but no injury was 
 noted. 
 
 Newark, Del . , State E xperiment Station. (Division of Fruit Insect In- 
 vestigations. Results of codling moth investigations, Fart I, p. 10. 1935. 
 Mimeo.). — Phenothiapine was decidedly less effective than lead arsenate owing 
 either to wash-off by heavy rains, as it was used without sticker, or to 
 deterioration. 
 
 Wooster , Ohio , State Agricultural Ex perime nt. Station . (Division of 
 Fruit Insect Investigations. Results of codling moth investigations, Part I, 
 p. 42. 1935. Mimeo.). — Ph : nothiazine was used in field tests and, while owing 
 to low infestation the results were inconclusive, the material pppears to be 
 worthy of further trials. No injury was noted on f raits or foliage, but the 
 addition of a fungicide would be necessary for its use in Ohio. 
 
 grbana , 111 . (W. P. Flint, Illinois Natural History Survey and Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station, letter to L. A. Strong, Chief, Pureau of Ento- 
 mology and Plant Quarantine, May 8, 1936). — In orchard experiments phenothia- 
 zine was found to be incompatible with oil. Used alone it gave very good 
 results during the season of 1935, but th« results at the end of the season 
 were poor owing to lack of late applications. 
 
 A brief summary of the results obtained by the Pureau of Entomology 
 and Plant Quarantine with phenothiazine when U3ed against the codling moth 
 has appeared (13) . 
 
 Apple Maggot 
 
 New Haven , Conn . (p. Carman. Studies in breeding and control of the 
 apple maggot. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. , Rept. of Entomologist. 1935: 315-320.). — 
 In laboratory tests phenothiazine had considerable repellent action towards 
 oviposition by the apple maggot. 
 
 Plum Curculio 
 
 Fort Valley , Ca . (0. I. Snapp . Annual report, Fort Valley laboratory, 
 Division of Fruit Insect Investigations. 1935. Typewritten). — laboratory tests 
 with phenothiazine at strengths of 1, 2, and 4 pounds per 100 gallons showed 
 no toxicity to the plum curculio. 
 
- 8 - 
 
 Tomato Fruit Worm . 
 
 Quincy, FJLa. (F. S. Chamberlain. Annual report, Quincy laboratory, 
 Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, pp. 9, 24, 28-32. 
 Typewritten) .—In field experiments phenothiazine 1:10 with filter dust gave 
 only slight control of the tomato fruit worm. 
 
 Cabbage Worm 
 
 Columbus , Ohio (N. F. Howard and H. C. Mason. Annual report, Columbus 
 laboratory, Division of Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, pp. 108- 
 125. 1935. Typewritten). — When used as a spray at 1 and 2 pounds per 100 gal- 
 lons and as a dust at 1 part to 10 parts of talc, phenothiazine was ineffec- 
 tive against' cabbage worms. There was a slight injury to the foliage, which 
 had a spotted appearance. 
 
 Japanese Beetle 
 
 Moorestown , N_. J. 1934 (W. E. Fleming and F. E. Baker. Report on 
 derris and its constituents as insecticides and repellents against the Japanese 
 beetle along with tests with miscellaneous materials. Division of Japanese 
 Beetle Investigations. 1934. Typewritten). — A suspension of 2 to 4 pounds of 
 phenothiazine per 100 gallons of water with wheat flour had a slight narcotic 
 effect on the Japanese beetle when sprayed on foliage. When used at the rate 
 of 32 pounds to 100 gallons, the beetles coming in contact with or eating the 
 material passed into a stupor which lasted several hours. Upon reviving, 
 however, the beetles returned to the foliage. When phenothiazine was added 
 to derris, the effectiveness of derris as a repellent appeared to decrease. 
 
 1935 (W. E. Fleming and F. E. Baker. Report on 
 homologs of paris green, compounds of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, 
 derris, rotenone, organic sulphur compounds, and miscellaneous materials as 
 insecticides agains the Japanese beetle, Division of Fruit Insect Investiga- 
 tions. 1935. Typewritten). — Crude phenothiazine at the rates of 2, 4, 8, 16, 
 and 32 pounds to 100 gallons and the pure material at the rates of 8, 16, and 
 32 pounds to 100 gallons were not effective as a stomach poison against the 
 Japanese beetle and had only a slight repellent action. The feeding was 
 slight, however, when pure phenothiazine was used at a rate of 32 pounds per 
 100 gallons . 
 
 European Corn Borer 
 
 New Haven , Conn . (C. H. Batchelder. Infestation of dahlias by the 
 European corn borer and investigations of the insecticidal method of protec- 
 tion. Report, New Haven laboratory, Division of Cereal and Forage Insect 
 Investigations. 1935. Typewritten). — When used as a spray on dahlia plots 
 infested with the corn borer, pheonthiazine at a concentration of 4 pounds to 
 100 gallons reduced the infestation 92.4 percent, being as effective as when 
 used earlier in the season against the ear worm on sweet corn. 
 
 (N. Turner. Insecticides to control the European 
 corn borer. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. , Circ. 114, p. 75. 1936). — phenothiazine 
 when used in suspension at the rate of 2 pounds in 50 gallons of water with a 
 suitable spreader was very effective against the European corn borer. 
 
- 9 - 
 
 Glastonbury , Conn. (C. K. Batchelder and D. P. Questel. Annual report, 
 European corn borer research, Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investiga- 
 tions, pp. 167, 172, 175. 1935. Typewritten). — Phenothiazine was tested in 
 "both laboratory and field experiments in 1935. Effective protection was pro- 
 vided when the material was applied as a water suspension 2 pounds to 50 gal- 
 lons, but the control was poor when the material was applied as a dust 1:32 
 with talc. As a spray it reduced the "borer population 90 percent as compared 
 with 40 to 44 percent reduction in the dust plots. The use of phenothiazine 
 as a spray has taken a place with fixed nicotine and ground derris root as a 
 European corn torer insecticide. 
 
 Corn Ear Worm 
 
 New Haven , Conn . (G. W. Barber. Special report on corn ear worm, in- 
 secticide studies. Division of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations. 1935. 
 Typewritten}. — VJhen used as a spray at concentrations up to 4 pounds to 50 
 gallons with various common spreading agents, phenothiazine was ineffective. 
 At a concentration of 4 pounds to 50 gallons and used with such stickers as 
 powdered whole milk, gum tragacanth, molasses, bentonite, sulphonated castor 
 oil, fish oil, and casein cement, phenothiazine gave an 87 percent kill and 
 was more effective than nicotine tannate or rotenone. When used as a spray 
 in 12 tests, phenothiazine gave an average of 26.7 percent uninfested ears. 
 When used as a dust the average percentage of uninfested ears was 96.6, which 
 was the control obtained when lead arsenate was used. The concentration of 
 phenothiazine dust ranged from pure material to dilutions 1:8 with talc, with 
 no loss in effectiveness. 
 
 Tomato Pinworm 
 
 Penn sylvania (C. A* Thomas. Status of the tomato pinworm C-norimo schema 
 lycopersicella Busck in Pennsylvania. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 313-317. 1936). — 
 Phenothiazine, 1 pound to 50 gallons of water, was toxic to pinworms on tomato 
 plants when the plants were dipped in the suspension. 
 
 Fire Brat 
 
 Ames , Iowa (B. T. Snipes, R. E. Hutchins, and J. A. Adams. Effective- 
 ness of sodium fluoride, arsenic trioxide and thiodiphenylamine as food poi- 
 sons for the fire "brat. Jour. Econ. Ent. 29:421-426. 1936). — phenothiazine 
 had little toxic effect on the fire brat when used at concentrations up to 20 
 percent of its preferred food. Only a few insects died after 1 week's feed- 
 ing under controlled conditions. 
 
 Screw Worms 
 
 Dallas . Tex . , and V aldosta , Ga . (R. Melvin. Quarterly report, Divi- 
 sion of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, June 30, 1936. Typewritten). — 
 When used as a dust on Cochliomyia americana eggs on wounds of warm-blooded 
 animals, phenothiazine did not prevent the eggs from hatching bait did prevent 
 the larvae from "becoming established. 
 
 (E. W. Laake. Annual report, Dallas 
 laboratory, Division of Insects Affecting Man and Animals, 1936. Typewritten. 
 See also Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. News Letter, May 1936). — Phenothiazine 
 appears to be very promising as a larvicide against the screw worm, and a 
 summation cf preliminary experiments is of record. 
 
- 10 - 
 
 LITERATURE CITED 
 
 (1) Anonymous. 
 
 1935. phenothiazine. Food Industries 7: 492. 
 
 (2) -— * 
 
 1935. Phenothiazine. New Products Digest (Snraragen Engineering Corp.). 
 v. 1, no. 22, par. 1082. 
 
 (3) 
 
 1935. Synthetic organic compound in codling moth control. Indus, and 
 
 Engin. Chem., News Ed. 13: 475. 
 
 (4) — ^ • 
 
 1936. Antiseptic found in research work. Washington Star, March 25, 
 
 1936. 
 
 ( 5 ) ; • ; 
 
 1936. Remedy for cystitis may come from insecticide. Science News 
 Letter 29: 236. 
 
 (6) Campbell, E. L. 
 
 1934. Monthly report, Takoma Park, Md. , laboratory, Division of Con- 
 
 trol Investigations, Bur. Ent. and Plant Guar., U. S. Dept. 
 Agr., April 1934. Typewritten. 
 
 ( 7 ) 
 
 1935. Quarterly report, Takoma Park, Md.» laboratory, Division of Con- 
 
 trol Investigations, Bur. Ent. and riant Quar. , U. S. Dept. 
 Agr., April-June, 1935, pp. 5-6* Typewritten. 
 
 (8) , Sullivan, W. N. , Smith, L. E. , and Haller, H. L. 
 
 1934. Insecticidal tests of synthetic organic compounds — chiefly tests 
 
 of sulphur compounds against culicine mosquito larvae. - 
 Addendum. Jour". Econ. Ent. 27: 1176-1185. 
 
 (9) Catesj J. S. 
 
 ■1935. Something new in insecticides. Country Gentleman 105: 18, 84-85. 
 
 (10) DeEds, E. , Thomas, J. 0., Eddy, C. W. , and Stockton, A. B. 
 
 1936. Phenothiazine: A possible new urinary antiseptic. Presented 
 
 before the meeting of the American Society of Biological 
 Chemists, Washington, D. C. , March 25-28, 1936. 
 
 (11) Hartzell, A., and Yfilcoxon, F. 
 
 1935. Chemical and toxicological studies on organic thiocyanates . 
 
 Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 7: 497-5C2. 
 
 (12) Laake, E. W. ■ • 
 
 1936. Annual report, Dallas, Tex., laboratory, Division of Insects 
 
 Affecting Man and Animals, Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., IT. S. 
 Dept. Agr. Typewritten. 
 
-li- 
 
 tis) Torter, B. A. 
 
 1936. Results of tests of phenothiazine for codling moth control. 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agr., Eur. Ent. and riant Quar., Circ. E-377, 
 1 p. Mimeo. 
 
 (14) Roark, R. C- 
 
 1935. Insecticides and fungicides. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 27: 
 530-532. 
 
 (15) 
 
 1935. Insects for combating household pests. Exterminators Log 3 
 
 (11); 11-13. 
 
 (15) 
 
 1335. Household insecticides. Soap 11 (11): 101, 103, 117. 
 
 (17) Salsberg, p. L. 
 
 1936. Thio diphenyl amine , a new synthetic substitute for lead arsenate 
 
 in control of codling moth. Agr. News Letter (E. I. du Tont 
 de Nemours & Co . ) 4: 26-27. 
 
 (18) Siegler, E. H. , Hunger, P. , and Smith, L. E. 
 
 1935. Laboratory tests of phenothiazine against codling moth larvae. 
 
 Journ. Econ. Ent. 28: 532-536. 
 
 (19) United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant 
 
 Quarantine . 
 
 1936. Insecticide Investigations. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and 
 
 Plant Quar., Ann. Rept. 1935, pp. 62-65. (Press release, U. S 
 Dept. Agr., Jan. 13, 1936; resume, Chemical Industries 38: 
 170. 1936). 
 
I 
 
 I