December 1946 
 
 STATE PLANT BOARD E "' 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture 
 Agricultural Research Administration 
 Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine 
 
 NICOTINE INSECTICIDES. PART II— SEARCH TOR ACTIVATORS 
 
 By E. L. Mayer, Division of Control Investigations, Bureau of 
 Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and Florence B. Talley 
 and C. 7. Woodward, Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, 
 Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry \J 
 
 This is the second of a series of investigations on nicotine 
 insecticides' conducted by this Bureau in cooperation with the Bureau 
 of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry. Part I of this series 
 (E-646) reported a study of complex salts containing nicotine, usu- 
 ally combined with a metal. In the investigation- described herein 
 an effort was made to find activators for nicotine, partly to 
 stretch the limited supply of this insecticide and partly to make 
 its use more economical. 
 
 As before, the samples studied were prepared at the Eastern 
 Regional Research Laboratory of the Bureau of Agricultural and 
 Industrial Chemistry, for testing against plant-feeding insects by 
 the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine at its Sanford, 71a., 
 laboratory. 
 
 Previous attempts by other Investigators to increase the tox- 
 icity of nicotine Insecticides were concerned largely with the use 
 of various alkaline materials to liberate the alkaloid from nico- 
 tine sulfate. Tor example, dolomite and lime have been called 
 chemical accelerators by Headlee and Rudolfs (£), while Thatcher 
 and Streeter (&) have classed them as active carriers. In a few 
 cases, however, nonalkallne materials have been used, such as agar- 
 agar (£), karaya gum (4), lecithin (l), and hydrocarbon oils (5) . 
 
 In this investigation the entomological tests were conducted 
 on several species of leaf-feeding larvae. In order to minimise 
 losses of nicotine by volatilisation from the dusts in shipment 
 and on storage, the adjuncts to be evaluated as activators were 
 not tested with nicotine alkaloid, but in combination with (l) 
 nicotine bentonite in bentonite and (2) nicotine sulfate in pyro- 
 phyllite as the diluents. 
 
 l/The authors are indebted to E. R. McOovran and 0. T, Bottger 
 for supervision and technical guidance in this work. 
 
- 2 - 
 
 Thie report covers the teste on the firet 100 mixtures tried 
 and hence is in the nature of a progress report. Since it is al- 
 most impossible to predict what kinds of chemicals might act as 
 activators, or to deduce from the effect of one compound what an- 
 other might do, the materials reported herein were chosen more or 
 less at random. 
 
 Materials 
 
 As indicated above, two series of samples were prepared, con- 
 taining the same adjuncts. Pure nicotine was added to bentonite, 
 forming nicotine bentonite diluted with the excess bentonite. Nico- 
 tine sulfate was used in the pyrophyllite, since the nicotine loss 
 on standing was too great when the dust was prepared by mixing the 
 alkaloid with pyrophyllite. All samples contained 5 percent of ad- 
 junct, 5 percent of nicotine, and, with the exception of two samples, 
 90 percent of diluent. In these two sulfur was used at 10- and 20- 
 percent levels instead of 5-percent, thus reducing the amount of 
 diluent to 85 and 75 percent, respectively. Dusts containing 5 per- 
 cent of nicotine with no adjunct were also included in these groups 
 to be used as standards. 
 
 The fact that a liquid was involved in making a 5-percent nic- 
 otine dust with 40 percent of nicotine sulfate Influenced the dieper- 
 sibllity of the pyrophyllite samples. They completely settled in the 
 dusting chamber within 30 eeconds, while the bentonite materials re- 
 quired 3 or 4 minutes. 
 
 The following species of insects were used: Bean leaf roller 
 (Slianaa Pro t bus U)5, cabbage looper ( Autoeraoha brasslcae (Riley)) 
 (= Trlchonlusla nJL (Hbn.)). fall web worm (fiTPtanSrlfl SM1& (Drury)), 
 Hawaiian beet webworm ( Hvmenla faeclalls (Cram.)) , melon worm ( Diaphania 
 h.valinata (L.)) . southern armyworm ( Prodsnia erlda nia (Cram.)), and 
 southern beet webworm ( Pachviancla bluunc talis (?•)) . fourth instars 
 of all species were used and in addition firet instars of the southern 
 armyworm. 
 
 Methods 
 
 The procedure used in testing these materials was similar to 
 that described by Swingle (2) euad in part I of this series. The mate- 
 rials were first tested as dusts by placing dusted foliage in 9-cm. 
 petri dishes with the larger larvae, or in cloth-covered vials with 
 the flrst-instar armyworms. The mortality may have been due to con- 
 tact, stomach, or fumigating action, but since the most effective mate- 
 rials are relatively nonvolatile, it may be assumed that there was 
 little fumigating action. About 30 larvae were used in each test, and 
 mortality counts and estimates of the amount of feeding were made each 
 
- 3 - 
 
 24 hours for 3 day*. The deposit used depended upon the species 
 being tested and also upon the susceptibility of that species at the 
 time the tests were made, the desired mortalities being between 20 
 and 80 percent. Xach sample was tested on from 2 to 6 species of 
 insects. The melon worm and southern armyworm were used in all tests. 
 Since these tests were only preliminary, no replications were made. 
 
 The second step was foliage-injury tests, made on 4 or 5 varie- 
 ties of plants in an outdoor garden with the samples that showed 
 some increase in toxicity as dusts over the standard materials 
 against insects. The plants used were bean, collard, corn, cotton, 
 okra, potato, pumpkin, sweetpotato, and tomato. Materials were 
 sprayed on the plants twice, at an interval of 7 days and at a concen- 
 tration of 0.1 percent of nicotine. Records of the amount of injury 
 were taken on the third, seventh, and fourteenth days after the appli- 
 cation of the first spray. 
 
 The third stage of testing was with sprays. All materials that 
 showed some promise in dust tests, and which did not cause foliage 
 Injury, were used in spray tests on leaf sections which were fed to 
 larvae in petri dishes and In cloth-covered vials. 
 
 Discussion of Results 
 
 Ths adjuncts which in the dust test, with either carrier, gave 
 mortality of the melon worm or the southern armyworm, or both, 10 per- 
 cent above that given by the standard were considered as activators 
 of the nicotine. The following materials were found to be in this 
 class: 
 
 2, 2' -Allylidenebist 5, 6-dimethyl- 
 
 1 , 3-cyclohexanedlone 
 2-Butoxyethanol 
 2-Chloroallyl lactate 
 £-Dichlorobenzene 
 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 
 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 
 5, 5-Dlmethyl-l, 3-cyclohezanedione 
 Dodecanolc acid 
 2-Sthoxye thanol 
 
 Ethyl n-butylacetoacetate 
 
 o_-Phenylphenol 
 
 12- Hydroxy stearic acid 
 
 Kojlc acid 
 
 Lauryl acetoacetate 
 Lecithin 
 litrobenzene 
 2-Hi trobiphenyl 
 Paraffin 
 
 Pentachloroethane 
 
 Pentachlorophenol 
 Polylactlc acid 
 
 (115# lactic acid) 
 Stearic acid 
 T e t rahydro furfuryl 
 lactate 
 
-4- 
 
 The samples containing pentachlorophenol and nicotine were the 
 only ones that gave higher mortalities than the standards in every 
 test. In subsequent tests 97 percent of the melon worms and 100 per- 
 cent of the armywor&s were killed with rather light deposits of dust 
 mixtures containing only pentachlorophenol as the toxicant. Swingle, 
 Phillips, and Gahan (&) found this material to he toxic to 9 of 10 
 species against which it was tested, and it is also toxic to sub- 
 terranean termites ( 10) . 
 
 It appeared that only eight compounds in the list merited fur- 
 ther attention. Mare complete data on these eight materials are 
 given in table 1. With the exception of 2-nitrobiphenyl, these ad- 
 juncts were nontoxic when tested as 5 percent dusts without nicotine; 
 2-nitrobiphenyl was slightly toxic to the southern armyworm. Kojic 
 acid and o-phenylphenol appeared to be the most effective adjuncts 
 for nicotine sulfate in pyrophyllite. 
 
 Since none of these eight materials were injurious to plants in 
 phytotoxicity tests, they were tested as sprays. The results are 
 shown in table 2. 
 
 In table 3 a comparison of the two carriers as dusts and sprays 
 indicates that the mixtures are slightly more effective as sprays. 
 Furthermore, the indications are that dusts in which the materials 
 are diluted in pyrophyllite, using nicotine sulfate, are more effec- 
 tive than the nicotine bentonite dusts. On the other hand, when the 
 materials are applied as sprays the bentonite group is superior to 
 the pyrophyllite. 
 
 Table 4 includes the adjuncts which gave insect mortalities above 
 the standard when used in nicotine dusts or sprays. Since none of 
 these compounds were highly effective, no attempt was made to show the 
 degree of activity towards individual species. The table lists the 
 test insects used. 
 
 Several materials appeared to be specific in their activation of 
 nicotine toward different species of insects. The nicotine dusts con- 
 taining the following materials in both bentonite and pyrophyllite 
 were active agains the melon worm, but not against the southern army- 
 worm: Ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl 2-( 2-butoxyethoxyethyl) acetoacetate, 
 ethyl &-lauryl-acetoacetate, furll, lauryl acetoacetate, octadecyl 
 acetoacetate, octyl disulfide, and sulfur. Nicotine sprays containing 
 lauryl acetoacetate were also effective against the southern armyworm 
 in each series. Levulose was effective against the armyworm but was 
 ineffective against the melon worm. Four other materials were act- 
 ivators of the nicotine against one of these two insects in one series 
 
-5- 
 
 and against the other in the second eeriee. Cyclohexanol, 
 allyl maleate, and E-tolyl E-toluenesulfonat© In bentonite were 
 effective against the melon worn, and in pyrophylllte they were 
 effective against the armyworm. Another material, 9,10-epoxy- 
 stearic acid, in bentonite produced higher mortalities than the 
 standard against the southern armyworm, but in pyrophylllte the 
 melon worm was the susceptible insect. 
 
 The adjuncts which were inactive in all tests are listed in 
 table 5. 
 
 In this search for an effective activator for niootine none 
 of the adjuncts sufficiently increased the inseoticidal action of 
 the nicotine compounds in these preliminary tests to merit further 
 study on the test inseots used. 
 
-6- 
 
 Literature Cited 
 
 ( 1) Bousquet, B. w . 
 
 1935. Contact insecticides containing lecithin. tT„ S. 
 Pat. 2,006,227, issued June 25. 
 
 (2) Cox, A. J. 
 
 1943. Terminology of insecticides, fungicides and other 
 economic poisons. Jour. Scon. Int. 36: 813-821. 
 
 (3) Pelt, I. P., and Bromley, S. V. 
 
 1931. Tests with nicotine activators. Jour. Scon. Snt. 
 24: 105-111. 
 
 (4) Garman, P. 
 
 1939. Use of karaya gua as an activator for nicotine sul- 
 fate against Aphis rumicis . Conn. State Agr. 
 Expt. Sta. Bui. 428, p. 76. 
 
 (5) Headlee, T. J., and Rudolfs, V. 
 
 1923. Some principles which underlie the making and use 
 of nicotine dust. H. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 
 381. 47- pp. 
 
 (6) Sharp, S. S. 
 
 1939. Agar-agar, a new activator for nicotine sprays. 
 Jour. Econ. Ent. 32: 294-295. 
 
 (7) Swingle, M. C. 
 
 1943. Exploring the insecticidal possibilities of new 
 
 materials. I& Laboratory procedures in studies 
 of the chemical control of insects, edited by 
 F. L. Campbell and F. R. Moul ton, Amer. Assoc. 
 Adv. Sci. Pub. 20, pp. 82-84. Washington, D. C. 
 
 (8) , Phillips, A. N. , and Gahan, J. B. 
 
 1944. Preliminary tests of synthetic organic compounds 
 
 as insecticides. Part I. U. S. Bur. Int. and 
 Plant O^ar. S-621, 134 pp. (Processed) 
 
 (9) Thatcher, R. W., and Streeter, L, R, 
 
 1923. Factors which affect the volatility of nicotine 
 from insecticide dusts. V. T. Agr. Expt. Sta. 
 Bui. 501, 34 pp. 
 
 ( 10 ) United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, 
 
 Division of Forest Insect Investigations. 
 1942. Preventing damage to buildings by subterranean ter- 
 mites and their control. TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' 
 Bui. 1911, 37 pp., illus. 
 
S CO I OJ 
 
 + + I + 
 
 I I I + + I + 
 
 5 
 
 CO o 
 in cn 
 
 I « J IS w t 
 I I I CD CO 1 
 
 • I 
 
 c 1 
 
 i 1 • U O I 
 I I ® -d s 
 
 i 3 I 
 
 t I 
 
 9 8 I H H I 
 
 <T> O CAi <j< co cy> CD 
 
 * H rl N 
 + + + + + I *• 
 
 tO O O 0> (-4 
 <0 H <0 MM > 
 
 j g> <o 
 
 + + 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 o in 
 
 iH LO 
 
 CO O CA3 (H 
 
 CO iH CO 
 to CO 
 
 • I 
 
 •P i 
 
 (-t O O 
 
 N § S 
 H H H 
 
 HO 
 
 NH 
 
 + + 
 
 ! 3 £ 
 
 1 O O 
 
 » m m 
 
 1 01 uO 
 
 I H r-i 
 
 CO udOi 
 • + + + 
 
 & °* 
 in co is 
 
 o c o 
 
 T3 <r3 
 
 I I 
 
 c- _ 
 
 3d 
 
 H 8 
 
-8- 
 
 si 
 
 i 10 tO to 
 i w to 
 i + + + 
 
 I tO CA 
 
 C 
 
 I %>. • 
 
 I o o 
 
 i n c 
 
 i m in 
 
 ! S3 
 
 CD N M ifl 
 
 3 
 
 5* O ^ 
 
 to -tf in 
 
 o 
 
 -p 
 C 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 to m o 
 
 t + + 
 
 i m o 
 I to O 
 
 i in o 
 
 IO H n M 
 
 •<*< in 
 i i + + 
 
 to o o 
 in in o 
 
 • 
 
 +> 
 
 6 
 
 9 U • 
 
 *j a o 
 
 MO O 
 r-j << 35 
 H H H 
 
 I H H H 
 I + + + 
 
 i in m 
 
 I CI LO 
 
 « «J Oi <D 
 + + I + 
 
 3 
 
 CO H O 
 iO O M 
 
 (0 
 
 U 
 9 
 
 % 
 
 o 
 
 CD tO 
 cn — ( 
 
 I + + + 
 
 3 
 
 1 o 
 
 tO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 IN 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 u 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 'S 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 .3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 o o o 
 o- m cn 
 
 ffi o io M 
 rM if H 
 I + + f 
 
 3 
 
 H Mf) 
 tO N t» 
 
 O O 
 
 moo 
 
 w o> c-- 
 
 fil 
 
 is 
 
 w 43 
 CI fl 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 rt .cs ,d 
 o -p +» 
 
 © o 
 
 g 
 
 o s to ra 
 
 o 
 
 q 
 
 © 
 
 0) 
 
 o 
 
 43 
 •P 
 
 o 
 o 
 c 
 
 P 
 
 m 
 (S 
 
 43 « 
 
 ■p (3 
 
 g 8 2 
 
 O A -H 
 
 <i-t P P 
 
 3 O c3 
 
 n M 
 « o 2 
 
 o u P 
 ■tor; 
 
 S > 
 
 43 
 
 P 
 g 
 
 S3 
 
 V, 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 
 I 
 
 p 
 
 to 
 
 •H H HE 
 
 h! wl nl 
 
-9- 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 +» 
 cl 
 a 
 
 cj 
 rH 
 a 
 
 ft 
 
 to go o to 
 
 N H C3 
 4- + + + + 
 
 4 
 
 5«« <SJ ^ 
 
 lf5 «5 C O 
 
 is q <o 
 
 rH 
 
 geo« 
 i + » 
 
 to 
 
 rH 
 1 
 
 V 3 
 H 
 + 
 
 CM 
 1 
 
 iH 
 rH 
 + 
 
 rH tO 
 N 
 + + 
 
 «o 
 
 rH 
 + 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 rH 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 OJ N 
 
 
 rn 
 
 H 
 
 
 o 
 
 IS 
 
 in 
 o» 
 
 w 
 
 s 
 
 to 
 
 I I 
 I I 
 
 o o 
 
 I I 
 
 ! I 
 
 o o 
 
 U I 9 
 
 © o o 
 
 %1 * 
 
 © 
 
 c 
 p 
 o 
 
 e 
 
 p 
 u 
 o 
 Ph 
 
 10 
 
 in ts in 
 
 rl on H 
 
 rH rH 
 
 rH rH 
 
 in 
 
 io cs m 
 
 rH C tO rH 
 
 n 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 fit 
 
 O 
 
 U 
 9 
 
 0> 
 
 * 
 
 + 
 
 to 
 w to 
 + + 
 
 o 
 to 
 + 
 
 to 00 
 
 rH 
 1 + 
 
 GO 
 + 
 
 IS 
 
 1 
 
 + 
 
 CI 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 + 
 
 rH 
 
 + 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 + 
 
 rH CO 
 
 tO w O 
 
 + + 
 
 CO 
 
 in 
 + 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tO <4< 
 
 
 tO 
 
 
 
 tO 
 
 
 
 to to 
 
 
 IS 
 
 8 
 
 is ts 
 <J> o 
 
 
 IS CO 
 
 cn to 
 
 
 8 
 
 to 
 
 
 to 
 cn 
 
 rH 
 CO 
 
 
 o in 
 q to 
 
 ts 
 
 + + 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 +3 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 © 
 
 rH 
 
 t 
 
 rH 
 O 
 
 
 
 oj 
 
 4> 
 
 rH 
 © 
 
 g 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 *s 
 
 t3 
 
 
 f> 
 
 1 1 
 
 r i 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 ts 
 
 in 
 
 
 
 
 o to 
 • • 
 
 H 
 • 
 
 rH 
 
 • 
 
 rH 
 • 
 
 rH 
 
 • 
 
 o 
 
 m *©" 
 • n 
 m o 
 
 0J TJ 
 •H Q 
 
 rO 
 
 s 
 
 M O 
 « © S 
 
 HOD 
 Hri O 
 
 >» O r-l 
 
 I to 
 
 * * 
 
 CI H 
 
 9 
 
 +» 
 
 «s 
 
 © 
 
 rH rH 
 
 vS ' ' 
 
 • POO 
 P Q I I 
 
 h a i i 
 
 m 
 
 in t> in 
 
 HOW rl 
 
 • • • • 
 
 O 
 * 
 
 rrj o 
 
 •H rH 
 
 C 3 
 
 5 
 
-10- 
 
 > © rt 
 
 o 3 
 
 <tl to 
 
 5 c 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 ■a 
 
 C 4» +» 
 
 « § £ 
 
 ■H --> H 
 
 +? -2 • 
 
 O c o 
 
 si ° 
 
 s s1 
 3 € 
 
 d 551 
 
 4» «H S 
 
 o c 
 Eh is 
 
 1 I 
 
 4* es 
 • oh 
 
 cl 5 +» 
 •h B a 
 ■p •>-» • 
 OA o 
 o e « 
 
 •H O 
 
 -2 2. 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 tO If) 
 H rl H 
 + + + 
 
 If) o 
 
 rH rH 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 r-l tO 
 
 If) to 
 
 + + 
 4 
 
 tO iH 
 
 o o 
 
 ft I 
 
 h6 b 
 g 
 
 • 9 
 
 4 fid 
 P. O +> 
 •HH 3 
 JO • O 
 
 g 
 
 ^ t$< (71 
 + + + 
 
 tO 
 
 CO o 
 <0 04 
 
 a g 
 
 o e» ^ 
 eS h 
 .+ + + 
 
 to 
 
 to o 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 O 
 «3 
 
 t> to o> to to 
 
 H 
 
 + I I I I 
 
 <4» tO tf ^ 
 
 tON ON 
 CD rj» IS W 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 « 
 o « 
 
 If) 
 
 If) IS If) 
 HOCH 
 
 rH CO <7> 
 (O tO O tO If) 
 + + + + + 
 
 3 
 
 to to* to 
 
 H If) CD 
 
 as o <f 
 
 o 
 
 • u 
 o • 
 
 C5 • 
 
 65 
 
 in 
 
 If) O If) 
 HOfiH 
 
 •n n 
 o o 
 c, h 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 4* 
 
 CO 
 
-11 
 
 1 
 
 O 03 
 
 ll 
 n h 
 
 P 
 
 P4 -P 
 
 o 
 
 +> -p 
 
 « a 
 
 ts +» 
 o 
 
 • s 
 
 35 
 tt -p 
 S3 
 
 *s 
 
 i 
 
 «3 
 
 a o 
 
 | P. 
 
 2 
 
 to 
 
 5 
 
 <o to 
 
 tO H 
 + 1 + 
 
 I 
 
 33 
 
 «* to 
 
 -p 
 
 ■p 
 
 1 
 
p 
 
 8 
 
 n-4 
 ft 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 g 
 
 ft 
 
 9 
 
 CD 
 
 o 
 
 ss3 
 
 • • o 
 
 ff|H h 
 
 I 
 
 . • 
 
 I i 
 
 W .O 
 
 P 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 -12- 
 
 i i i i i i i i i i i i tit iiii ii 
 
 i I I • I I « I I I I H X MIMIIIHIIIIMII 
 
 » i K I I M I I H H 3 H H 9 SB H ! ! ! H ! M ! »H ! 
 
 l X M M 9 H S I I ' H H I H ' H H i 
 
 3 nHHH«SHHHHHHH H H m N « H H H W H « W 
 
 Shi I H I H H i I W M B H H B I » ! X X I X I X X I 
 
 H H h a ! I H H H H 
 
 I i iiii y, i i i i i i i i i i ill * H * 
 
 I IHIIIIHHIIHIH i i i i i i i X i i i i X i 
 
 Soil! 
 X as N O 
 
 P 
 ^ HH 8 
 
 +5 & & » 
 
 (x) ^3 & C 
 
 1 P P 
 
 www 
 
-13 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 ■H 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 ! 
 I 
 
 Eh 
 
 O O 
 
 * a 
 
 +» +a o 
 
 " O << 
 9 
 
 o 
 
 p< 
 o 
 
 . o 
 
 O rH 
 
 P 
 
 P>4 
 
 2 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 gVi <- 
 S3 r- 
 
 o o 
 
 9 
 
 P 
 9 
 
 B e 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 I I t l i .1 
 I ll I (Ml 
 
 1 1 1 i h a ! 
 
 I I I 
 I I I 
 
 : h 
 
 NUN N-N m 3 
 
 i i i i i i 
 
 I I I I I M I 
 
 ! ! S ! I ! 
 
 xj 
 p 
 
 9 
 O 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 Pi H 
 ■H 44 
 «M o 
 
 tig 
 
 Pm Ph 
 
 O 
 •H 
 •P 
 
 O 
 6 
 rH 
 
 LO 
 
 rH 
 
 H 
 H — 
 O 
 
 ft eS t3 
 
 O 
 
 h O 
 
 O -H 
 
 rH P 
 
 ■=» 2 
 
 o c5 
 
 9 
 
 ■P 
 
 c3 
 P 
 o 
 eJ 
 H 
 
 S 
 
 $H 
 O 
 
 >> 
 
 83 rH JH 
 P >» S 
 
 rt h a 
 c P 
 
 P* Ph CO 
 
 CO Eh 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 •H 
 
 o 
 
 9 
 
 ft 
 10 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 c 
 p 
 
 XJ 
 
 p 
 
 (0 
 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 
 $3 
 9 
 T3 
 
 ,1 
 
 9 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 rt 
 o 
 
 | 
 
 ■H 
 P 
 O 
 
 eG 
 
 P 
 
 M 
 CD 
 P 
 
 CO 
 
 % 
 
 u 
 o 
 p 
 
 a 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 
H I 
 
 H . 
 coo 
 
 e 
 
 O 4* 
 
 Xl » 
 
 P o 
 
 3 ,0 X> 
 
 O 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ■p 
 o 
 
 -d 
 g 
 
 CO 
 
 Q 
 
 ■P 
 
 M 
 •3 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 -H 
 +a 
 
 o o 
 d +> 
 
 O O 
 
 o >, 
 CtJ © 
 
 to P 
 
 d 
 
 ■H XI 
 -P O 
 
 g| 
 O P 
 
 tS g 
 
 O tH 
 
 d es 
 c 
 
 d 3 
 
 -d 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 ■p 
 
 o 
 
 ■d 
 
 < 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 5 & 
 
 43 S 
 CO +» 
 
 ■h d 
 
 o 
 
 op h 
 
 c o 
 
 X) p. 
 
 X» O 1 
 
 <c o 
 
 O H 
 
 rl 
 
 O H 
 
 H O 
 rl 
 
 g 
 H 
 O O 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 I I I M M 
 
 M I 1 M I 
 
 P . 
 o o 
 o £ 
 
 X> X> 
 O 
 
 5 
 
 I I I H I 
 
 I I I M I 
 
 M M M M I 
 
 M I I I I 
 
 M I M M M 
 
 M I I I M 
 
 I I t I I I I I I I 
 
 I I I M M I M M I M 
 
 I I I M M I I I H H 
 
 MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMMM 
 
 M 1 I M 1 
 
 H M M M I 
 
 M M M M M 
 
 o 
 x» 
 >» 
 
 a] 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 IfN 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 •H 
 
 •d 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 ■s 
 
 rH 
 
 O 
 >> 
 
 o 
 I 
 
 to 
 
 >» 
 
 XI 
 -p 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 •d 
 I 
 
 10 
 in" 
 
 rs 
 
 CO 
 •rl 
 
 •d d 
 •h o 
 
 ^"1 "rl 
 CO >» 
 
 o 
 
 H at 
 c o 
 
 ^3 
 
 •3 d 
 
 Hr3 
 
 >> I 
 
 8 N 
 o « 
 
 CP M 
 
 I I H H 1 
 
 M M M M M 
 
 MMMMM 
 
 I I M I I 
 
 O 
 4 s 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o O 
 
 rH rH 
 
 Xl g 
 
 31 J. 
 
 H rH 
 >> >» 
 X! XI 
 43 43 
 O o 
 
 ftp? 
 
 o o 
 
 rH rH 
 >> >> 
 H rH 
 rH rH 
 
 a a 
 
 rQ X» 
 
 U 8 
 
 o 
 
 1 I 
 
 rH rH 
 
 K CO 
 •H tH 
 
 e 
 
 4» 
 CJ 
 43 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 p 
 o 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 rl rH O 
 
 O >> P 
 XI Xj C8 
 4» 4» H 
 OOO 
 
 — r*r» -d 
 
 ft 
 
 p 
 © 
 
 & 
 o 
 p 
 
 O 
 
 4a 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 fa 
 
 en 
 
 •H I 
 
 m m w 
 
 d 
 
 CO CO — CO 
 
 M I I I M 
 
 M M I I M 
 
 MMMMM 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 -d 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 in 
 .1 
 
 CD 
 
 >d O 
 o o 
 
 C -d H 
 O >H 
 
 o -d o 
 
 I i s 
 
 m o o cj o 
 
 I I I M M I I I M M 
 
 MMMMM MIIMM 
 
 MMMMM MMMMM 
 
 I 1 I I I I I I I I 
 
 o o 
 d d 
 o o 
 
 4> 4 
 
 HH 
 I I 
 
 o o 
 © u xi 
 P -d P 
 
 € J f 
 
 d in m 
 
 rH I I 
 
 HHH 
 rH >, >> -rH 
 
 >. xl xl o 
 
 XI 43 4» 
 
 4» o © >d 
 
 S g g § 
 
 rl rl rl Q 
 
 o o o d 
 
 HHH O 
 
 fan* 
 
 CM CM Ol O Pi 
 
 © 
 
 d 
 
 I 
 
© 
 
 g 
 
 •H 
 13 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 L 
 
 © 
 
 H 
 43 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 
 © o 
 
 •H -P . 
 
 ■rH © O 
 
 c © s 
 
 c © 
 
 I I • I W 
 
 till 
 
 M M W W W 
 
 I I I I I 
 
 W W W W I 
 
 W W W H W 
 
 I ! I I I 
 
 •H 
 
 © 
 
 p © 
 
 H C 
 
 c3 o 
 
 -=» s 
 
 © 
 
 09 
 
 ■a 
 
 +> -p 
 
 •H T"t 
 
 Q O 
 
 © 
 P 
 
 aa 
 
 S 5 
 
 h 
 
 •H rH 
 >»« >> 
 A I O 
 P O © 
 
 © H <CJ 
 ■H • O 
 
 Q C> O 
 
 a 
 
 H r) rt 
 
 -15- 
 
 W t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 
 
 Mill W W W I I IIIIH Willi 
 
 W I W I Willi I I I I X Willi 
 
 WWMW WWWWW WWWMW WMWWW 
 
 WWWI Willi I I I I W WIWII 
 
 WIIW WIIWW WWWWW WWWWW 
 
 WWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW 
 
 till Willi IIIIW I I I I I 
 
 a © 
 
 c >, _ 
 
 H 5 §3 
 
 U <5 C5 
 
 © © 
 o o 
 
 oil 
 
 rH 
 
 r?£ 
 
 S3 
 © 
 
 1 
 
 © 
 ■p 
 
 o 
 
 •H 
 Pi 
 O 
 
 O 
 P 
 © 
 
 
 
 © 
 
 o 
 
 I >> £ 
 
 o © 
 
 rt o 
 
 © © 
 
 © 
 
 <n © 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 p 
 1 
 
 CM rH 
 
 I tH 
 
 r?° 
 
 O TJ 
 
 r< © 
 
 <cs © 
 t>» q 
 
 H 
 
 C5 
 
 C 
 H 
 >. 
 43 
 P 
 © 
 
 O 
 P 
 © 
 
 £ © 
 I p 
 
 ■as 
 
 rH C 
 C5 rH 
 
 © 
 
 o 
 
 -H 
 •O 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 © 
 
 o 
 
 rH 
 O 
 >> 
 
 o 
 I 
 
 to 
 
 * 
 
 rH 
 I 
 
 rH 
 >» 
 
 43 
 
 +> 
 © 
 
 •H 
 43 
 © 
 
 .-I rH Pi 
 >> >» © 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 •H © 
 
 O t3 
 
 © t2 
 P 
 
 CQ rH 
 >» 
 
 © 
 
 © 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 ■tH 
 rH 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 p" 
 
 rH 
 O 
 P 
 
 n 1 1 
 
 3 I 
 
 C 43 
 rH H P 
 >> >>© 
 
 43 43 s 
 
 p p T 
 
 © - 
 
 o © 
 
 £ o 
 t>> rH 
 
 O T-t 
 
 a S 
 
 Q I 
 
 a 
 
 •rl 
 H rH 
 
 >> o 
 
 2 a 
 
 © 
 p 
 
 Ph 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 p 
 © 
 
 c 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 HNIO hlrl PJ W W 3 p<( O CJ Ah Ph (k 
 
h i d 
 
 « e o 
 
 &p s 
 
 5 § I 
 
 o o 
 
 CO ? 
 
 p 
 
 ^ to 
 O :1 
 
 +» 
 m p 
 
 is 3 
 
 © 
 
 I o 
 
 C5 O 
 
 O H 
 
 4-1 O 
 
 © o 
 m h 
 
 c 
 
 H . 
 
 O O 
 
 a 5 
 
 •i-i P H 
 •H O O 
 
 s 
 
 -16- 
 
 I I I I I | I I H I II 
 K I I W I I I I M I »l 
 
 III I I I H I » 
 
 H M M M M HHKMM MM 
 
 II I I I M I II 
 
 HHIH M M M M M MM 
 
 MMMHH X M M M M MM 
 
 ,1111 I | I I I II 
 
 O 
 
 ■§ 
 o 
 H 
 
 rH O 
 
 P 
 O 
 
 I 
 
 in 
 
 n 
 
 § 
 
 o 
 ■0 
 
 ■M 
 rH 
 >> 
 
 o 
 
 — * 
 
 H 
 c3 
 
 0) 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 S 
 
 0) 
 
 * 
 
 P 
 
 w 
 
 p 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 p 
 
 n 
 
 <D 
 P 
 
 o 
 c 
 
 0) 
 
 T3 
 35 
 S 
 
 <n 
 
 aS 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 10 
 9 
 P 
 O 
 
 S 
 
 SI,! ? 
 
 5>» P 
 
 o 
 
 h t< a « 
 o p» o • 
 
 O