STATE F BOARD December 1951 E-833 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Administration Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine NICOTINE INSECTICIDES Part VI- -SEARCH FOR SYNERGISTS (Continued) By E. L. Mayer, R. H. Nelson, and Carl E. Robertson, Division of Stored Product Insect Investigations }J Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and J.J. Willaman, Eastern Regional Research Laboratory, Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry The search for compounds to replace some of the nicotine in insecti- cides and thereby make its use more economical has been continued. This paper presents the results of developmental laboratory work on adjuncts that appeared promising in preliminary screening tests, reported in Part V of this series (E-768). The compounds were furnished by the Eastern Regional Research Laboratory of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, and were tested against plant-feeding insects at the Anaheim, Calif., laboratory of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Materials and Methods In most of the tests the nicotine was in the form of nicotine sulfate or nicotine bentonite dust. The nicotine sulfate was diluted with attapulgite. For the tests against the pomace fly the free alkaloid was dissolved in ethyl alcohol. The dosages of nicotine alone ranged from 0.9 to 29.2 micrograms and of the adjunct alone from 1 to 29.6 micrograms per square centimeter. In the mixtures the dosages of nicotine ranged from 0.45 to 7.24 micro- grams and of the adjunct from 1 to 18.1 micrograms per square centi- meter. 1/ Formerly the Division of Control Investigations, '10 2 - The insects and the foliage on which they were fed are as follows: Insect Stage Foliage Alder flea beetle (Altica ambiens (Lee.)) Fourth instar Alder Armyworm (Cirphis unipuncta (Haw.)) Third instar Corn and barley Bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) California oakworm ( Phryganidia californica (Pack.)) All stages Nasturtium or rhubarb Fourth instar Live oak Celery leaf tier ( Phlyctaenia rubigalis (Guen.)) Third instar Diamond back moth ( Plutella maculipennis do. (Curt.)) Dock beetle ( Gastrophysa cyanea (Melsh.)) do. English grain aphid ( Macrosiphum granarium (Kby.)) Greenhouse thrips ( Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche)) Pea aphid (Macrosiphum pisi (Kltb.)) Pomace fly ( Drosophila melanogaster (Mei 6 en)) All stages Adults Swiss chard Collard Dock Barley Citrus First nyvnphal instar Windsor bean Adults (Fed on sugar) Variegated cutworm (Peridroma margaritosa (Haw. )) First instar Broccoli The materials were tested by infesting dusted foliage with first- instar larvae in cloth-covered vials and third- and fourth-instar larvae in 9-cm. petri dishes. The pea aphids were dusted directly on the plants on which they were feeding and were then confined in 16.5-cm. battery jars with cloth caps. The English grain aphids on barley were dusted and placed in petri dishes. The pomace flies were confined in shell vials lined with filter paper that had been dipped in ethyl alcohol containing the toxicants. The alcohol was allowed to evaporate completely before the flies were introduced. A few grains of granulated sugar were placed in the bottom of the vials as food for the flies. The greenhouse thrips -3- were also confined in shell vials, the open ends of which were held securely to a dusted citrus leaf until mortality counts were made. Approximately 50 aphids and 30 of all other insects were used per test. Mortality counts were taken on the aphids after 2 days and on the other insects after 3 days. Wadley's short-cut procedure (2) was used as the statistical approach in determining the presence of synergism, as was done in similar tests with phthalonitrile and pentachloroanisole (Mayer et al. 1). By this method the results are given in terms of the log ratio, which in this paper is the quotient of the difference between the log of the dosage at probit 5 (giving 50 percent mortality) for nicotine and the log of the same dosage for the nicotine equivalent, divided by the standard error. A log ratio of 2 is probably significant at the 5-percent level and 2.6 at the 1 -percent level. In Part V it was stated that where any mixture containing 5 percent of adjunct plus 2 percent of nicotine gave higher mortality than that given by the 5 -percent nicotine standard alone against two or more insect species (from three to nine species were used), the adjunct was considered to be a possible synergist for nicotine. By this criterion the compounds given in table 1 of that paper were selected as having some promise, and developmental work was done on them. The results are presented in table 1 of this paper. Only bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide and pentaerythritol diisobutyral showed definite synergism with most of the insects used; the other compounds showed not only no synergism but even antagonism. It is obvious that, if a more stringent criterion had been applied to the screen- ing data, considerable developmental work could have been avoided. In order to establish a basis for closer screening, two sets of data were compiled. One set, taken from tables 1 and 2 of Part V, included averages for the difference between the mortality caused by the mixture of nicotine and the adjunct (A) and that caused by the 5-percent nicotine alone (B), or for the difference between A and the sum of the mortalities caused by the 2-percent nicotine and the adjunct (C+D). The second set of data consisted of the average log ratios from table 1 of the present p-per. Both sets of data, arranged in decreasing order of log ratios, are shown in table 2 of the present paper, together with the coefficients of correlation between the log ratios and the data from Part V. Since, to be significpnt, this coefficient should be three times the probable error, the coefficients from table 1 are significant but not those from table 2 (Pnrt V). Therefore, the data in the latter table cannot be used in the selection of promising adjuncts. It should be pointed out that in obtaining these data the materials were tested against the pea aphid only, whereas in obtaining the developmental data cs many as nine other species were used, and only three adjuncts were tested against the pea aphid; also that in Part V a 3.5-percent nicotine dust was used in table 2 and a 5-percent in table 1. So it is not strange that no significant correlation exists between the screening data on pea aphids and the developmental data on other species. - 4- On the other hand, the data in table 1 of Part V are directly related to what may be expected when the Wadley technique is applied. The values for the screening data were plotted against those for the developmental work on square paper for the four comparisons above. Bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide and pentaerythritol diisobutyral consistently appeared in that quadrant having positive values for both abscissas and ordinates, an indication that these are the two best materials. If the average mortality against all insects for each material had been determined for table 1 of Part V and those compounds chosen for developmental work that averaged plus 10 or better for both A-B and A-(C + D), they would have shown but one good adjunct- -bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide. The question is: Why did so many of the compounds give antagonistic results (minus signs) in the developmental tests? A possible explanation is insect specificity. By the criterion previously explained, sesamin was chosen as a promising adjunct. In screening work this m.aterial was effective against the melonworm and the pea aphid, two species that were not used in developmental work. The armyworm and the diamondback moth were the only insects used in developmental work with sesamin. Antagonism was shown here as in the screening work. The use of different insects was unavoidable, since most of the screening tests were run on insects found in central Florida when the laboratory was located there, and all developmental work was done on California insects. The diamond- back moth and the pea aphid were the only species tested in both places. In table 1 of Part V nearly all the plus signs (an indication of synergistic action) in column A-B are opposite Florida insects. Almost without exception, where the armyworm showed promise in the preliminary work it was also effective in the developmental study. In other words, if the same species of insects had been used in both the screening and develop- mental work, there would probably not have been so many materials showing antagonism. The insect used in the developmental work were susceptible only to pentaerythritol diisobutyral and bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide. There is therefore less specificity with these two materials, so that they are far superior to the others. Even at the heaviest deposit of dust all allowed a moderate amount of feeding. Those containing the following adjuncts, however, allowed only a trace: Bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide, 2,4-dinitromesitylene, p-bromo- benzenesulfonamide, 1,4-ciiphenylsemicarbazide, pentaerythritol diisobutyral, and phenyl sulfide. Here again bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide and pentaerythritol diisobutyral were among the best materials. In table 3 the adjuncts are placed into groups that show synergism, antagonism, or nonsignificance with nicotine when tested by the Wadley procedure. Neither the sulfate nor the bentonite of nicotine showed antagonism for bis(p-chlorophenyl) sulfide and pentaerythritol biisobutyral. Literature Cited (1) Mayer, E. L., McGovran, E. R., Tal ley, F. B., and Willaman, J.J. 1950. Tests for synergism between nicotine and phthalonitrile and between nicotine and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentachloroanisole. Jour. Econ. Ent. 43: 533-537. (2) Wadley, F. M. 1949. Short-cut procedure for error estimate in laboratory studies of synergism in insecticides. U.S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. 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