/^i,nr-aa4 
 
 ^^^^\ United States 
 Department of 
 Agriculture 
 
 Combined Forest F^st 
 Research and 
 Development Program 
 
 Home and Garden Bulletin 
 
 No. 224 
 
 Gypsy Moth 
 Handbook 
 
 Major Hardwood 
 Defoliators of the 
 Eastern 
 United States 
 
Major Hardwood Defoliators 
 of the Eastern United States 
 by 
 
 Robert L. Talerico' 
 
 In 1974 the U.S. Department of 
 Agriculture initiated the Combined 
 Forest Pest Research and 
 Development Program, an 
 interagency eflFort that 
 concentrated on the Douglas- fir 
 tussock moth in the West, on the 
 southern pine beetle in the South, 
 and on the gypsy moth in the 
 Northeast. The work reported in 
 this publication was funded in 
 whole or in part by the program. 
 This manual is one in a series on 
 the gypsy moth. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 A variety of leaf-eating insects 
 periodically defoliates hardwood 
 trees in forests, on recreation sites, 
 and in residential areas in the 
 Eastern United States. An 
 occasional defoliation during the life 
 of a forest stand probably has little 
 effect on the overall growth of the 
 stand, but several years of severe or 
 varying levels of defoliation can 
 have negative impacts on the forest 
 community: Increased susceptibility 
 to other insects and diseases, 
 reduced foliage, and altered wildlife 
 habitat. 
 
 In recreation areas, the unsightliness 
 of defoliated trees can result in 
 decreased visitor use and revenue. 
 A homeowner with a wooded lot 
 plagued with defoliating caterpillars 
 may incur the expense of spraying 
 and possibly the cost of tree 
 removal if mortality occurs. 
 
 'Research entomologist. Forest Insect & 
 Disease Lxiboratory. Hamden. Conn. 
 
General Characteristics 
 
 The insects discussed here complete 
 one generation each yean The adult 
 moths lay eggs, and in the spring 
 these eggs hatch into caterpillars, or 
 larvae, the most familiar life stage. It 
 is the larvae that eat the leaves of 
 the trees. After 4 to 6 weeks of 
 feeding, larvae spin cocoons and 
 enter a resting (pupal) stage. In 
 
 about 2 weeks moths emerge, mate, 
 and begin the life cycle once again. 
 
 Caterpillars feed on leaves in 
 different ways. A "free feeder" will 
 eat most of the leaf material (fig. 1). 
 
 Figure 1 . — Leaves fed upon by 
 free-feeding insects. 
 
Figure 2. — Leaves tied or matted 
 
 together by insects for food and 
 
 shelter. 
 
 Figure 3. — A leaf roll formed by an 
 
 insect for food and shelter. 
 
Some larvae, called leaftiers. 
 construct feeding shelters by tying 
 several leaves together (fig. 2). The 
 caterpillar lives and feeds within this 
 mat of leaves, adding more leaves 
 for food as needed or moving to 
 other leaves. Other larvae are leaf 
 rollers, which make a feeding shelter 
 by rolling up the edge of a leaf and 
 live and feed within this roll (fig. 3). 
 Another roll is constructed when the 
 food supply is exhausted or the roll 
 becomes unsuitable for food or 
 shelter. 
 
 Some common names of these 
 insects are derived from their 
 peculiar method of movement — 
 measuring worms, inchworms, 
 loopers, spanworms, and 
 cankerworms. The movement is 
 produced as the larva brings its hind 
 legs up to the forelegs, forming a 
 loop with the body, and then 
 extends the forelegs forward. 
 
 A behavioral trait shared by the 
 loopers, tiers, and rollers is the 
 reaction of the larvae when they are 
 disturbed. The slightest jarring of 
 the branch or leaf they are on 
 causes larvae to fall or descend on 
 silken threads to other branches or 
 leaves, where feeding continues. 
 
 To help landowners and others to 
 identify these defoliating pests, this 
 booklet describes eight insects and 
 details their life stages. For positive 
 identification of these insects and 
 control recommendations, consult 
 your county agricultural agent. State 
 experiment station, or the U.S. 
 Department of Agriculture. 
 
Elm Spanworm 
 
 Ennomos subsignarius (Hiibner) 
 
 The elm spanworm is found in most 
 areas of the Eastern United States 
 and adjacent Canada. The 
 caterpillars feed on elm, ash, 
 hickory, and oak but rarely on 
 yellow-poplar. In the past this insect 
 has been a serious defoliator of 
 shade trees in large cities; more 
 recently, severe and widespread 
 outbreaks have occurred in forested 
 areas of the southern Appalachians 
 and Connecticut. 
 
 Spanworm eggs are laid in irregular, 
 single-layered compact masses on 
 the underside of twigs or large 
 branches or on tree trunks. They are 
 bright yellow green when first laid 
 in the summer but darken to a dull 
 olive or gray in winter (fig. 4). 
 
Figure 4. — Elm spanworm egg 
 
 mass. 
 
 Figure 5. — Elm spanworm larva. 
 
 Figure 6. — Elm spanworm pupa 
 
 and cast larval skin. 
 
 Figure 7. — Adult elm spanworms. 
 
 In the spring, egg hatch occurs 
 about the time tree buds begin to 
 unfold. The manner and location of 
 feeding change as the larvae grow. 
 Young larvae feed on the underside 
 of leaves, causing a shothole effect. 
 As they mature, larvae eat all leaf 
 material between the major veins. 
 Full-grown larvae are about 50 mm 
 (2 in) long and are usually dull, slate 
 black with a rust-colored head (fig. 
 5). Color variation occurs in mature 
 
 larvae in response to increased 
 population levels. Mature larvae 
 pupate in loosely constructed silken 
 cocoons between partially 
 consumed leaves, on branch tips, in 
 bark crevices, or on understory 
 vegetation (fig. 6). 
 
 The adult moth, which emerges in 
 July, is pure white and has a 
 wingspan of 30 to 37 mm (1 to 1.5 
 in) (fig. 7). 
 
Cankerworm 
 
 Alsophila pometaria (Harris) and 
 
 Paleacrita vemata (Peck) 
 
 Cankerworms have been 
 documented as native North 
 American tree pests since colonial 
 days. Spring and fall cankerworms 
 are similar in distribution, 
 appearance, and the damage caused. 
 The fall cankerworm lays its eggs in 
 November and early December, and 
 the spring cankerworm in late 
 February and March. The female 
 moths of both are wingless. 
 Cankerworm infestations have been 
 reported in the Canadian Maritimes, 
 southern Canada, and the Eastern. 
 Midwestern, and Western United 
 States. The spring cankerworm 
 tends to range further to the 
 Southwest and West. Both have a 
 wide range of hosts that include 
 deciduous forest, shade, and fruit 
 trees. Apple and elm seem to be 
 
 Figure 8. — Egg mass of fall 
 cankerworm. Old eggs can be 
 distinguished from new eggs by the 
 presence of holes in tops of eggs. 
 
 preferred, but many oaks, maples, 
 hickories, ashes, and beech are also 
 fed upon. 
 
 The fall cankerworm lays about 100 
 eggs in an aligned, compact, single- 
 layered, reddish-brown mass, which 
 becomes gray as it weathers (fig. 8). 
 The masses can be found directly 
 on small branches, at the juncture of 
 a branch and a tree trunk, and 
 directly on tree trunks. Occasionally 
 a single egg will be laid. It is 
 possible to distinguish old eggs from 
 new by the absence of a covering on 
 old eggs. 
 
 The eggs of both species of 
 cankerworms hatch in the spring, 
 and it is not unusual to find them 
 feeding together on expanding buds 
 and foliage. Larval feeding lasts 4 to 
 6 weeks. Feeding by young larvae 
 produces a shothole appearance on 
 the leaves. Older larvae consume all 
 leaf material but the major veins. 
 
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 Full-grown fall cankerworm larvae 
 vary from light to dark green and 
 are about 25 mm (1 in) long (fig. 9). 
 Mature spring cankerworm larvae 
 are 18 to 30 mm (0.8 to 1.3 in) long 
 and vary considerably in colon 
 ranging from reddish to yellowish 
 brown, yellowish green, or black. 
 The head is light and mottled with a 
 yellowish stripe along each side of 
 the body, and a broad, greenish- 
 yellow stripe runs the length of the 
 undersurface of the body. 
 
 Some older fall cankerworm larvae 
 have a dark stripe running 
 lengthwise down the back; light- 
 green larvae have white lengthwise 
 lines. Larvae of the fall cankerworm 
 have three pairs of hind legs or 
 claspers. One pair is smaller, 
 sometimes indistinct, and in front of 
 the two obvious hind legs (fig. 10). 
 The spring cankerworm lacks this 
 additional pair of hind legs. 
 
 When the larvae finish feeding in 
 early July and are ready to pupate, 
 they crawl or spin down on silken 
 threads to the ground and prepare 
 cocoons in the soU. Fall 
 cankerworm adults emerge in 
 November and early December, 
 frequently after some freezing 
 weather; spring cankerworm adults 
 emerge in late February and March. 
 Fall cankerworm male moths are 
 brownish gray with a wingspread of 
 25 to 35 mm (1 to 1.4 in) (fig. 11); 
 
 Figure 9. — Fall cankerworm larva. 
 Figure 10. — Side view of fall 
 cankerworm larvae showing the 
 three pairs of hind legs. 
 Figure 1 1 . — Adult male fail 
 cankerworm. 
 
Gypsy Moth 
 
 Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) 
 
 the wingless females are about 12 
 mm (0.5 in) long (fig. 12). 
 
 Spring cankerworm adults are 
 similar to the fall cankerworm. Male 
 moths have a wingspan of 21 to 30 
 mm (1.0 to 1.3 in). The forewings 
 are silky brownish gray, crossed by 
 three jagged dark lines. The 
 hindwings are pale ashy gray with a 
 darkened central spot. Females are 
 wingless, generally white, with 
 brown or black hairs, with a dark 
 stripe down the back. Both have 
 two transverse rows of reddish 
 spines on the back. These are more 
 prominent in the female and give the 
 back a reddish cast. 
 
 Figure 12. — Female adult fall 
 cankePA-orm. Note the lack of 
 wings. 
 
 Gypsy moth egg masses were 
 brought to the Boston area in 1869 
 from France for experimental 
 crossbreeding with the silkworm. 
 Unfortunately some of the larvae 
 escaped and became established on 
 the local vegetation. The insect has 
 now spread throughout New 
 England, the Mid-Atlantic States, 
 southeastern Quebec, and central 
 Michigan. Scattered infestations 
 have been reported along the east 
 coast to Florida and as far west as 
 California. Hosts include most 
 hardv/oods and any conifer that 
 might be mixed in with the more 
 favored hosts of oak. gray birch, 
 and poplar. Yellow-poplar and ash 
 are usually avoided, but in outbreak 
 situations the larvae will eat just 
 about anything. 
 
 In late summer, eggs are deposited 
 in masses (fig. 13) containing 75 to 
 800 eggs that are covered with buff 
 to light-brown hairs from the 
 female s abdomen (fig. 14). These 
 hairs insulate the eggs from low 
 winter temperatures. Most egg 
 masses are deposited on the trunks 
 and limbs of trees, but they can also 
 be found under stones, inside hollow 
 trees and stumps, on leaves, and on 
 various manmade objects. Eggs 
 hatch in late April or early May. 
 usually about the time the oak 
 leaves are expanding. 
 
 Newly hatched larvae move from 
 the egg masses toward the top of the 
 tree. When disturbed, larvae will 
 spin down on silken threads; this 
 behavorial trait, along with a small 
 body size and long body hairs, 
 makes this stage very susceptible to 
 
 10 
 
airborne dispersal by the wind. This 
 type of dispersal can spread an 
 infestation up to 1 .6 km ( 1 mile ) in 
 flat terrain or more than 7 km (4.4 
 miles) in hilly topography. 
 
 A full-grown larva is 40 to 60 mm 
 (1.5 to 2.4 in) long. The head has 
 patches of yellow markings; the 
 body is a dusty or sooty black with 
 tufts of hair on each body segment. 
 On the back is a double row of five 
 pairs of dark blue spots, followed by 
 a double row of six pairs of brick- 
 red spots (fig. 15). 
 
 Young larvae chew small holes in 
 leaves. Older larvae feed on leaf 
 edges, consuming entire leaves 
 except for the larger veins and the 
 middle rib. Feeding by the large 
 larvae occurs mostly at night. 
 
 During the day. the larvae 
 congregate in sheltered locations. If 
 trees are completely defoliated 
 before the larval stage is finished, 
 larvae leave the bare trees to search 
 for another food source. This short 
 distance movement can become a 
 nuisance in wooded residential 
 areas. The homeowner becomes 
 acutely aware of the wandering 
 larvae, which fall into swimming 
 pools and climb all over lawn 
 furniture, patios, and shrubbery. 
 
 Figure 13. — Gypsy moth egg mass. 
 Figure 14. — Closeup of eggs of the 
 gypsy moth. 
 
 11 
 

 Larval feeding is completed by mid- 
 June or early July and is followed 
 by pupation, which lasts about 2 
 weeks. The pupa is dark reddish 
 brown with a sprinkling of reddish 
 hairs. Adults emerge and mate from 
 mid-July through August. Egg laying 
 occurs at this time. 
 
 The male moth has a wingspan of 
 about 37 mm ( 1 .4 in) and is dark 
 brown with black bands across the 
 forewings (fig. 16). The female is 
 white with variable black bands 
 across the forewings (fig. 16) and 
 her abdomen is covered with buff or 
 light-brown hairs. She is larger, with 
 a wingspan of about 50 mm (2 in), 
 but rarely flies. 
 
 Figure 15. — Gypsy moth larva. 
 Figure 16. — Adult male (brown) 
 and female gypsy moths. 
 
 12 
 
Half- Wing Geometer 
 Phigalia titea Cramer 
 
 17 
 
 The half-wing geometer is frequently 
 found in association with 
 cankerworms, elm span worm, and 
 linden looper. Its distribution is 
 believed to be in the eastern half of 
 North America (southern Canada 
 and various States along the 
 Atlantic coast). Hosts of this 
 geometer are most hardwood trees, 
 including various oaks, hickories, 
 and red maple. 
 
 Eggs are laid in early spring in 
 protected locations on branches, on 
 tree trunks, and under loose pieces 
 of bark (fig. 17). The eggs hatch in 
 April, and the larvae feed until early 
 June. At first the larvae feed only 
 
 Figure 17. 
 eggs. 
 
 -Half-wing geometer 
 
 13 
 
on the leaf surface, but as they grow 
 and develop, they feed on all leaf 
 tissue between the major veins. A 
 full-grown larva is about 37 mm (1.5 
 in) long. The head and body are 
 cream colored with many 
 lengthwise black, wavy lines that 
 make the larva appear black (fig. 
 18). Usually by the first week in 
 June larval feeding slows, and the 
 larvae crawl or spin down on silken 
 threads to the ground and begin to 
 pupate in the soil. 
 
 The adult male moth is gray with 
 black markings and has a wingspan 
 of37mm(1.5in)(fig. 19). The 
 female is ash gray, resembling the 
 cankerworm, but with very small (3 
 mm, 0.13 in), functionless wings. 
 The adults emerge from late March 
 to mid- April, even in adverse 
 weather conditions. 
 
 Figure 18. — Half-wing geometer 
 larva. 
 
 Figure 19. — Adult male of the half- 
 wing geometer. 
 
 14 
 
Forest Tent Caterpillar 
 Malacosoma disstria (Hiibner) 
 
 Figure 20. — Forest tent caterpillar 
 
 egg mass. 
 
 Figure 21. — Forest tent caterpillar 
 
 larva. 
 
 The forest tent caterpillar is a native 
 insect that occurs throughout most 
 of the United States and Canada. 
 This caterpillar feeds on a wide 
 variety of hardwoods. In the North 
 and West, trembling aspen is 
 preferred. Forest, orchard, and 
 ornamental trees are also 
 acceptable, and several extensive 
 outbreaks of the insect have 
 occurred in the past. 
 
 Eggs are laid in masses containing 
 100 to 350 eggs. The mass is a 
 cylindrical band, ringlike in shape 
 and 25 to 37 mm (1 to 1.5 in) wide, 
 that encircles the twig (fig. 20). The 
 ends of the mass are square, and the 
 whole mass is coated with a dark- 
 colored, gluelike substance. Winter 
 is spent in the egg stage, and 
 hatching occurs in the spring about 
 the time the tree buds begin to 
 swell. 
 
 15 
 
Figure 22. — PupaJ case of forest 
 tent caterpillar. 
 
 Figure 23. — Adult male (left) and 
 female forest tent caterpillars and 
 an egg mass. 
 
 16 
 
Linden Looper 
 Erranis tiliaria (Harris) 
 
 Young larvae feed on the expanding 
 buds; the older ones eat the foliage. 
 Young larvae from one egg mass 
 feed together as a group on a leaf or 
 leaf cluster. As the larvae grou and 
 mature, the group breaks up and 
 each larva feeds alone on the 
 foliage. Full-grown larvae are about 
 50 mm (2 in) long with a light bluish- 
 black head and a fe\v scattered 
 white hairs. The back of the body is 
 marked lengthwise with a row of 
 whitish-yellow, keyhole-shaped 
 spots. The remainder of the body is 
 various shades of gray (fig. 21). 
 
 Larvae lay down strands of silk as 
 they move about. They also form 
 silk mats on the trunks and 
 branches on which they collect in 
 groups to rest between feedings. 
 Contrary to the common name, a 
 tent is not constructed by the larvae. 
 As they approach maturity, they 
 wander about individually in search 
 of food or places to pupate. 
 
 Pupation occurs in pale-yellow 
 cocoons about 25 mm ( 1 in) long 
 that are spun in folded leaves, bark 
 crevices, and other protected sites 
 (fig. 22). Depending on the 
 geographic location, the appearance 
 of adults occurs from late May in 
 the South to early July in the North. 
 The stout-bodied, light buff-brown 
 adults have a wingspread of 25 to 37 
 mm (1 to 1.5 in) (fig. 23). 
 
 This looper is a native defoliator 
 that may be found in southeastern 
 Canada and throughout the Eastern 
 United States. It defoliates forest, 
 shade, and fruit trees, such as 
 basswood, elm, hickory, maple, oak. 
 birch, and apple, and is often found 
 with cankerworms. 
 
 Eggs are laid singly or in small 
 groups, usually in bark crevices. 
 Winter is spent in the egg stage. 
 Hatching occurs in April and May 
 as the leaf buds are expanding. 
 Larvae feed on the foliage until July, 
 then they crawl to the ground and 
 burrow 25 mm (1 in) or more into 
 the soil to pupate. The full-grou n 
 larva is about 37 mm (1.5 in) long, 
 bright yellow, with 10 black wavy 
 lines running lengthwise down the 
 back. The head is rusty brown (fig. 
 24). 
 
 Figure 24. — Linden looper larva. 
 
 17 
 
Figure 25. — Adult male (left) and 
 female linden looper. 
 
 Male moths have a wingspan of 
 about 42 mm (1.7 in). The forewings 
 are buff colored and marked with 
 two transverse wavy brown bands 
 and a sprinkling of brown dots. The 
 hind wings are lighter and without 
 distinctive markings (fig. 25). The 
 female is wingless, about 12 mm (0.7 
 in) long and is colored from light 
 gray to brown, with two rows of 
 black dots on her back (fig. 25). 
 
Oak Leaftier 
 
 Croesia semipurpurana (Kearfott) 
 
 The tiers are a very important group 
 of defoliators. It is not unusual for 
 tiers, rollers, cankerworms, and 
 loopers to feed on the same trees. 
 The oak leaftier has been collected 
 in many States, from New York 
 south to Texas, ^om Massachusetts 
 west to Minnesota, and from 
 adjacent areas in southern Canada. 
 
 Tiers appear to have a preference 
 for red, scarlet, black, and pin oaks. 
 Periodically the tier has been a 
 serious defoliator of forested areas 
 in Pennsylvania, and tree mortality 
 has been attributed to tiers following 
 a number of years of sustained 
 heavy defoliation. 
 
 In June, eggs are laid singly on twigs 
 with rough bark, where they 
 overwinter. After hatching the 
 following April, the young larvae 
 enter unopened buds and feed on 
 the developing leaves. Large 
 populations can destroy nearly all 
 the buds on a tree. Surviving buds 
 produce leaves riddled with holes. 
 Major defoliation results from the 
 feeding of older larvae, which feed 
 more openly but from within their 
 protected webbing and shelter. The 
 full-grown larva is about 12 mm (0.5 
 in) long and dirty white to light 
 green (fig. 26). It has a pale brown 
 head and black to brown front legs. 
 
 Figure 26. — Oak leaftier larva. 
 Note black bar on lower side of 
 head or cheek area. 
 
 19 
 
Oak Leaf Roller 
 
 Archips semiferanus (Walker) 
 
 A black bar on the lower side of the 
 head or cheek area is a distinctive 
 character for identification. When 
 larvae mature in mid-May, they spin 
 down on silken threads to the 
 ground and pupate in the litter 
 beneath the tree. Adults emerge and 
 mate from late May through June. 
 
 The oak leaftier adult moth is small, 
 with a 12 mm (0.5 in) wingspan. At 
 rest the wings appear bell shaped. A 
 great deal of variation exists in the 
 color pattern of the moth's forewing, 
 which may vary from almost 
 uniform yellow to yellow with dark 
 brown markings (fig. 27). 
 
 Figure 27. — Oak leaftier adult 
 moth. 
 
 The rollers are a large group of 
 insects that are still being identified, 
 described, and studied by experts. 
 This roller is periodically a serious 
 defoliator of native oaks in the 
 eastern half of the United States and 
 adjacent Canada. Although all oaks 
 are fed on, defoliation is usually 
 most severe along ridge tops where 
 white and chestnut oak frequently 
 occur. Occasional feeding has been 
 reported on witchhazel and apple. 
 Severe infestations have occurred 
 recently in Pennsylvania. 
 
 During July, masses of 40 to 50 eggs 
 are laid at the base of large branches 
 and rough bark patches on both tree 
 trunks and limbs (fig. 28). The 
 masses are covered with hairs from 
 the female s body. These eggs begin 
 hatching in late April. The larvae 
 either fold or roll individual leaves 
 together, forming an enclosure in 
 which to rest and feed or from 
 which they move out to feed. Full- 
 grown larvae are about 29 mm (1.2 
 in) long. The head is black, and the 
 body can be various shades of green 
 (fig. 29). 
 
 Pupation occurs in silken cocoons 
 within the roll or in bark crevices 
 (fig. 30). The moths emerge in late 
 June and July. At rest, the wings of 
 the adult appear bell shaped. The 
 forewing varies in color pattern but 
 ranges from creamy brown at the 
 base to gray at the tip. Midway 
 down the wing is a distinct dark 
 brown or gray oblique band across 
 the wing. The wingspan is about 18 
 to 22 mm (0.7 to 0.9 in) (fig. 31). 
 
 20 
 
Figure 28. — Oak leaf roller 
 
 egg mass. 
 
 Figure 29. — Oak leaf roller 
 
 larvae. 
 
 Figure 30. — Oak leaf roller 
 
 pupae on tree trunk. 
 
 Figure 3 1 . — Oak leaf roller 
 
 adult female. 
 
 21 
 
Key to Identifying Larvae 
 
 Ke\ 
 
 Refer to 
 
 Key Refer to 
 
 No. 
 
 Key No. 
 
 No. Key No. 
 
 1. A. Larva feeds and lives 
 
 
 B. Larva dark blue 
 
 within a leaf roll or 
 
 
 black; whitish-yellow, 
 
 several leaves 
 
 2 
 
 keyhole-shaped spots 
 
 B. Larva feeds freely. 
 
 
 on back 
 
 does not construct 
 
 
 Forest tent caterpillar 
 
 leaf roll or leaf mat 
 
 3 
 
 (fig. 21) 
 
 2. A. Head pale brown 
 
 
 5. A. Larval body bright 
 
 except for a 
 
 
 yellow; back with 10 
 
 longitudinal black bar 
 
 
 black wavy 
 
 on the lower cheek 
 
 
 lengthwise lines; 
 
 (side of head); region 
 
 
 rusty-brown head 
 
 immediately behind 
 
 
 Linden looper (fig. 
 
 pale brown 
 
 
 24) 
 
 Oak leaftier (fig. 26) 
 
 
 B. Larval body not 
 
 B. Head with irregular 
 
 
 bright yellow 6 
 
 black markings on 
 other areas besides 
 
 
 6. A. Larval body and head 
 cream colored with 
 
 cheek; often most of 
 head dark brown to 
 
 
 many lengthwise 
 black wavy lines 
 
 black; region 
 immediately behind 
 
 
 Half-win^ geometer 
 (fig. 18) 
 
 head usually 
 darkened on top and 
 
 
 B. Larval body light to 
 
 dark green 7 
 
 sides 
 Oak leaf 
 roller (fig. 29) 
 
 
 7. A. Larva may have a 
 lengthwise dark 
 brown stripe on back 
 
 3. A. Larva hairy or with 
 
 
 or white lengthwise 
 
 tufts of hair on each 
 
 
 lines; three pairs of 
 
 body segment 
 
 4 
 
 hind legs, one pair 
 
 B. Larva with few body 
 
 
 smaller and in front 
 
 hairs, almost bare 
 
 5 
 
 of others 
 
 4. A. Larva dusty or sooty 
 
 
 Fall cankerworm 
 
 black; on back, a 
 
 
 (figs. 9 and 10). 
 
 double row of 5 pairs 
 
 
 B. Larval body a dull 
 
 of dark blue spots 
 
 
 slate black, variable; 
 
 followed by a double 
 
 
 two pairs of hind 
 
 row of 6 pairs of 
 
 
 legs; rust-colored 
 
 brick red spots 
 
 
 head 
 
 (iypsx moth (fig. 15) 
 
 
 Elm .span worm 
 (fig. 5) 
 
 22 
 
Acknowledgments 
 
 Photographs to illustrate the various 
 insects and their stages were 
 supplied by: D. C. Allen, State 
 University of New York, Syracuse, 
 N.Y.; A. T. Drooz, Forest Service, 
 Research Triangle Park, N.C.; S. 
 Jarrett, Forest Service, Delaware, 
 Ohio; E. E. Simons, Pennsylvania 
 Department of Environmental 
 Resources, Middletown, Pa.; and R. 
 T. Zerillo, Forest Service, Hamden, 
 Conn. 
 
 Issued November 1978 
 
 Available from the Superintendent of 
 
 Documents 
 
 U.S. Government Printing Office 
 
 Washington, D.C. 2(M02 
 
 Stock No. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 
 
 3 1262 08584 2945