LIBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD J\me 1950 B-802 United States DepsTtment of Agriculture Agricultural Research Administration Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine A DIGEST OF INFORMATION ON TOXAPHENE By R. C. Roark Division of Insecticide Investigations -2- CONTENTS Pa^e ChemiBtry of toxaphene .• if FornsilatlonB ^ Compatibility . , ; 5 Freight calscif Ication 7 Effect on plants 7 Effect on animale 9 Use of toxephene ae an ineecticide 12 Isoptera: Kalotermitidae I3 Rhinotermitidae 13 Orthoptera: Acrididae I3 Blattidae I5 Gryllidae 16 Anoplura: Pfeematoplnidae I7 Pediculidae I7 Mallopha^at Trichodectldao 18 Thysanoptera: Thripidae 18 Hoaoptera: Aleyrodidae I9 Aphidae I9 Cercopidae 21 Cicadellidae 21 Cicadidae 22 Coccidae 22 PByllidae 22 Hemiptera: Cidicidae 23 Coreidae 23 Lygaeidae 23 Miridae 23 Pentatomidae 25 Coleoptera: Carabida© 25 Chryeomelidae 26 Coccinellidae 27 Ourculionidae 28 Dermestidae 31 Elateridae • 31 Scarabaeidae 32 Scolytidae 33 Tenebrionidae 33 Lepldoptera: Ae^eriidae 3^ Crambidae 3^ Laeiocanroidae 3^ Ly?nftDtrildae 3^ Olethreutidae 3^ Page Lepidoptera: continued Phalaenldae 35 Pieridae 38 Psychldae 39 Pyralididae 39 Pyraustidae 39 Sphingidae 40 Tlneidae 40 Tortricidae kO ^ymenopterB: Apldae 41 Cephidae 41 Formicidae 41 Dlpterat ^ronryxidae 42 Calliphoridae 42 Culicidae 43 Hlppoboecldae 45 Hypodermatldae 46 Itonididae 46 Muecidae 46 Simaliidae 30 Tabanidae 5O Acarina: ArgaEldae 50 Ixodldae 3I Tetranychidae 52 Trombiculidae 53 The Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control annovmced on January 17, 1949, that the word toxaphene had been accepted ap a coined common name for the insecticidal chemical referred to as chlorinated can^jhene having a chlorine content of 67-69 percent. The term toxaphene applies to the tech- nical chemical produced and meeting the standard described abov<». Acceptance of the word toxaphene as a coined name for this insecticidal chemical be- came possible as a result of action taken by the Hercules Powder Company to surrender the trade- mark name Toxaphene. CHEMISTRY 0? TOXAPHKNI Toxaphene is a yellow ymxy solid with a mild piney odor; it melts in the range of 65* to 90* C; its density is 1.6 g./cc; it is insoluble in ^ter but readily soluble in organic solvents. For exan5)le its solubility in refined kproeene is over 280 grams per 100 ml. at 27® C. Technical grade DDT has a solubility in this solvent of only 4 grams per 100 ml. Toxaphene is made by chlorinating camphene to a chlorine content of from 67 to 69 percent which results in a material having the approximate empirical formula C^^qH^^qOIs* Camphene is made by isomerizing alpha-pinene , a major constituent of turpentine. The structural formulas of pinene and camphene are shown belowt alpha-pinene, Oj^qH^j camphene, ^iq^2 It is apparent from the structural formula of caicphene that when chlo- rine ie added to it the reaction may be substitution, addition, rearrange- ment, or a combination of these. It ie not surprising, therefore, that the structural formula of toxaphene is not known. Like DDT toxaphene slowly splits off HCl upon heating, the rate de- pending upon temperature and the presence of impurities such as certain iron compoxmds that catalyse the dehydrochlorination. Holding toxaphene for Zk hours at temperatures from 100* to 155* C. causes a slight loss of HCl. When exposed to ultraviolet light toxaphene splits off HCl faster than does DDT under the same conditions. In the absence of mositure a 5- percent toxaphene solution in kerosene did not attack commonly used con- tainer H»terial6, but a 50-percent water miscible concentrate corroded all metals except black iron coated with a special lacquer.— Parker and Beacher (231). Analysis There is no specific qualitative or quantitative chemical test for toxaphene. The total chlorine content of toxaphene may be determined by refluxing an isopropanol solution of it with metallic sodium and titrating the chloride formed as is done with DDT and other chlorinated insecticides. The factor used in the laboratories of the Division of Insecticide Investi- ^tions of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Q)aarantine to convert total chlorine to toxaphene is l*k6» This factor is based on a chlorine content of 68.54 percent in toxaphene, the theoretical amount demanded by the formula C^qH^^qCIq. Ard (11) has observed that when 100 ag. of toxaphene is reflxixed with 25 ml. of ieopropyl alcohol and 2.5 grams of sodium, a perceptible graying develops, also a strong odor of crude methylnaphthalenes. Chlordane gives similar reactions. FGEKULATIONS Toxaphene is sold for insecticide use in the form of solutions, dusts, wettable powders and emlsions. These are made in the same way that corresponding chlordane formulations are made. Mail ( 193 ) has pointed out that the extreme solubility of toxaphene in a wide variety of solvents makes emulsif ication a relatively easy natter. Many of the emulsif iers that work well with chlordane give good results with toxaphene iriien formulated in the same proportions, but finished emulsions may not have the same appearance or physical properties. Fr«ar et al. (£5.) have con^jiled a list of trade- marked insecticides, including those that contain toxaphene. The name of the manufacturer and the composition and use of each of these is given. The Ariiona Agricultural Experiment Station (12) has published a list of 1004 economic poisons registered in that state by 101 registrants and presents the results of analysis of 4 toxaphene formulations. The kind of formulation affects the amount of toxaphene residue r^ mining on various plants. Data on alfalfa have been published by Laakso and Johnson ( 173 )» All samples for these analyses were taken within 24 hours after application. Every precaution was taken to aiinimize the loss of toxaphene from the foliage through handling. Deposition of toxaphene on alfalfa Formulation Bate of application lb. /acre Avertvge deposition Percent Vliater emulsion 1-4 29 Wettable powder 2 24 Oil solution 2 14 Dust 1.5-2 7 -6- The *«ter emulsion consisted of 1 poxind of technical toxaphene, l/U- gallon of kerosene, 25 ml. of extra high concentrate of Igepal (a poly- Eerized ethylene oxide condensation product) and wter to make 8 gallons; the wet table powder contained 25 percent of toxaphene; the oil solution consisted of 1 pound of technical toxaphene in 2 gallons of kerosene; the duet contained 10 percent of toxaphene. The oil solution of toxaphene gave the most persistent residues. On the Bozeman, Montana, plots, losses of toxaphene up to 72.9 percent 31 days after application were noted for the w&teivemalsion type of formulation. The rate of loss of toxaphene was greatly decreased after the alfalfa had been baled and stored. COMPATIBILITY Tables and charts showing the compatibility of toxaphene with the common spray materials have been published anonymously in the American Fruit Grower (_1, 4) and by Frear (2k) » whose table is as follows: Toxaphene mixed wltfa t Lead arsenate Calcium arsenate Paris green Cryolite Hotenone Pyre thrum Nicotine DDT Chlordane Benzene hexechioride Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Parathion Summer oils Dormsmt oils Dinitro compounds Lime sulfur Wet table sulfur Lime Fixed coppers Bordeaux Dl thi ocarbama te 8 Glyoxalidines are listed as doubtfully compatible with toxaphene by the American Fruit Grower (4). Zinc sulfate plus line also is considered to have doubtful compatibility with toxaphene (f^) but Griffiths and King (122) consider the combination to be compatible. Ewlng and Parencia (^) reported that toxaphene appears to be compatible with parathion. Weather factors in spraying and dusting pome fruits and stone fruits with toxaphene are considered by an anonymous writer in the American Fruit Grower (2, l). Toxaphene is represented in a chart as safe to use on apples, pears, and stone fruits under five weather conditions: temperature above 85*, temperature 85* to 65*. temperature 65* to ^K)' . light rain; and high humidity with slow drying. Compatibility fully compatible compatibility questionable fully compatible tt n n n N H If N N N N N H N N M M N N N n N N N compatibility questionable fully compatible compatibility questionable fully compatible compatibility questionable fully compatible 7- FEEIGHT CLASSIFICATION Beginning J\ine 1, 19^8, toxaphene was shipped under a new item— "Polychlor agricultural insecticides and fungicides" in the consolidated freight classification. Polychlor is a name selected by the Classification Committee for a group of compounds, including DDT, benzene heiachloride , toxaphene and chlordame, \*hich contain three or more chlorine atoms. This name is used only for shipping purposes, not for labeling. It was selected to avoid confusion among carriers as well as shippers over the long chemical names of this group of products, whose importemce is increasing, and to avoid numerous requests for exceptions for individual products. All items in this group now will enjoy the same freight classification in their territory. Shippers should note that this new item does not cover the technical chemicals which should still be described as "chemicals, noibn"; likewise it does not cover liquid preparations, or dry formlations in excess of 50 percent of the chlorinated chemical. Such formulations will continue to be described as "insecticides or fungicides, noibn. "— Anon. (2). EFFECT ON PLANTS When added to the soil At Beltsville, Md. , the effect of toxaphene on plants was tested under greenhouse conditions in Chester clay loam, Sassafras sandy loam, Evesboro fine sand and nuck. Toxaphene depressed plant growth when applied to the soil at relatively low levels without causing any obvious symptoms. Soil type and character, especially the quantity of organic material or colloi- dal clay present are important factors in determining the toxicity of organic insecticides. The toxicity to plants of toxaphene added to the soil appears to decrease with time. This compound is evidently destroyed by soil fungi or bacteria.— Cullinan 63). When added to greenhouse soil toxaphene stimulated the development of the bacteria and fungi, with and without cottonseed meal; evidently these organisms were using it for food.— Smith and Wenzel ( 275 ). Toxaphene appears to be decomposed In the soil and rendered nontoxic after several months. — Foster (92). Toxaphene 5-percent dust was added to soil at the rate of 27.5 pounds of toxicant per acre, equivalent to l.Cl pounds per 1,000 cubic feet. Twenty-nine different vegetables plsmted in this treated soil showed no evidence of plamt injury.— htorri son et. al. ( 206 ). In preliminary tests in South Carolina in Grady sandy loam, a moder- ately heavy soil, 36- percent toxaphene applied to the soil at rates as hiffh as 2,000 pounds per acre at the time of seeding caused no apparent injurious effects to any of nineteen crops.— Watts ( 310 ) . 8- When applied directly to plants Toxaphene sprays were applied to 52 speclee of trees and ehrube and to 19 species of evergreens commonly present in ornamental plantings. It «AE tested for phyto toxicity, on tender new growth in the spring (Connecticut) and under mid-summer conditions of high temperature and high humidity (Delaware), at O.5, 1, 2, and k pounds per 100 gallons of water. It proved completely safe at these rates on all species, except two - Imperial Gage plum and siigar maple. — Stearns e_t al. ( 282 ). A 25-percent wettable toxaphene at 2 potinds per 100 gallons caused no injury when applied on apples, grapes, peaches, and on string and lima beans, but produced severe chlorosis followed by necrosis on cucumbers «uid on cantaloupes and a slight yellowing of the terminal growth on potatoes. The 50-percent water-dispersible formulation at the rate of 1 pound per 100 gallons, although apparently safe on apples, grapes, and peaches, pro- duced severe chlorosis on potatoes. When used as a dust, no difficulties were experienced on string and lima beans; cucumbers, cantaloupes, and squash, however, were adversely affected.— Stearns e_t al« (281) • Results of phytotoxicity tests indicate that 25-percent wettable powder and 32-percent water miscible and 50-P«rcent %*ater dispersible for- raalations of this compound are safe on potatoes at the concentration of 1 pound per 100 gallons of water.— Parker £t al. (23^). Toxaphene spray, prepared from an emulsion to give O.5 pound per 100 gallons of water appeared to be safe to use on Kalanch q globulifera coccinea (referable botanically to Kalanchoe blossf eldiana ). — Lumsden and Smith (185). Toxaphene practically destroyed a crop of cucumbers and sqtiash in Florida.— Zelsheimer (155). Additional observations of the effect of toxaphene on plants have been recorded as follows: No injurious effect on tobacco (66, 323. ) » beans ( 231 ) . clover ( 166 ) . cabbaige, cauliflower and broccoli (62 . 63) ; caused temporary chlorosis of potato terminal leaflets ( 231 ); injured potato plants (2i. 296 ) and decreased yield of tubers ( 296 ) ; caused potato foliage to be greener and increased yield of tubers (20^) ; produced an off-flavor in potatoes ( 120 . 122 ); burned pear leaves when applied with or following mineral oil (37); no injury to pear fruit or foliage ( 127 t 128); no injury to peach fruit, foliage, wood, or buds (60, 277 ); did not adversely affect the flavor of fresh or canned peaches ( 269 ); injured peach leaves but wettable sulfur prevented this injury (80, 268 ); caused noticeable injury to peach fruit and foliage ( 115 ); no injury to sugar- cane foliage ( 147 ) ; decreased yield of cane (20); severely burned concord grape foliage (^); injured cucurbits (^8, 20, 221.) except the variety Umatilla Marblehead in eastern Oregon (49)» '9' Iffect on germination Toxaphene at 5. 15 » or 30 pounds per acre (mixed with an 0-12-16 celery fertilizer) had no effect on the germination of cabbage, pepper tomato and bean seeds and did not give an luidersirable taste to the cabbage. — Hays lip ( 135 )» EFiUCT ON ANIMALS l!arthvorm Toxaphene as a 25-"percent wettable powder, 1 pound of toxicant per 100 gallons of water, reduced the earthworm population of the fairway of a Florida golf course but the control was not considered satisfactory.— Haysllp (135). Fish Laboratory tests made by the Fish and Wildlife Service at Leetown, West Virginia showed that toxaphene is considerably more toxic to fishes than is DDT and is lethal to silverling minnows, spotfin shiners, creek chubs, fallfish, and black-nosed dace in concentrations of less than 0.04 ppm. In outdoor ponds an application of 0.125 povind to an acre (0.22 ppm. ) killed all these species, but goldfish survived. Hepeated tests on blue- gill, sunfish and young rainbow and brown trout indicated that bluegills were less sensitive than trout, which were killed even at concentrations of 0.005 PPni* (one part in 200,000,000). The threshold limit for bluegills was 0.01 ppm.— Linduflka and Surber (180). The U. S. Public Health Service tested the effect of toxaphene on 32 species of fish in ponds and found it to be very toxic, giving complete kills at 0.2 and 0.1 pound per acre after two and three applications in deep ponds. Eills were obtained at dosages of less than 1 part in 2? million, indicating that this material is as toxic or more toxic to fish than rotenone and may be useful as a substitute for it In fish management work.— Tarzwell (288). In Alaska, experiments with toxaphene in running water indicated strong toxicity, but not to the degree that the still water work did. Toxaphene in xylene emlsion produced substantial mortalities with salmon and trout after 15- minute exposure periods at all strengths over 3 ppm. in streams and over 5 ppjo. in troughs. When toxaphene was tested in acetone suspensions, kills were noted above strengths of 5 ppm. Fuel oil solutions and Velsicol solutions were tested at strengths of 2 ppm. and below, causing no significant lethal effects. In the stream work done in Alaska in 19^+7, it was found that the dominant fish food items, the caddice larvae, were more resistant to every insecticide tested than were the trout and salmon. These insecticides were DDT, BHC, toxaphene, and chlordane and were applied as emulsions, acetone suspensions, and, in some cases, as fuel oil solutions and Velsicol solutions. --Cope (44) . -lo- in Alaska toxaphene wlb toxic to rainbow trout at O.5 to 5 ppio* de- pending on the formulation. — Ojullin ejt al ( 112 )» Birds In 1948 the Wyoming Game and Fish Commieslon determined the LD-50 of toxaphene to the chukar partridge, the pheasant and the sage grouse to be 50, 200 and 90 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. It *. ISOPTEEA Ealotermitldae Cryptotermee brevlc (Walker), the West Indian dry-ifood termite Wood submerged for 10 minutes in a 1 percent solution of "chlorinated terpenes" remained uneaten for 420 days. A 0.1 percent solution protected the wood for 296 days.— Wolcott ( 326 , 327 )» Rhino termitidae Reticulltermes flavipes (Kollar), the subterranean termite In laboratory tests in Florida, 1 part of toxaphene mixed with 10,000 parts of sandy soil remained toxic to termites for 3 years, but 1 to 20,000 failed after 6 months* Toxaphene was less toxic than benzene hexachloride and chlordane to these termites. — Hetrick (13, 7 )» GETHOPTEEA Acrididae The U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Qiciareuitine recommends tox»-- phane for the control of grasshoppers at the rate of 1 to I.5 poxinds per acre when applied as a spray or I.5 to 2.5 pounds when applied as a dust. Por use in the poison bran bait 1 pound of toxaphene may be used in place of 6 pounds of sodium f luosilicate. — Wakeland and Parker ( 308 ). The state entomologists of Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wisconsin have also recommended toxaphene for the control of grasshoppers in the form of sprays or dusts at dosages ranging from I.5 to 3 pounds of toxicant per acre. The experimental work upon which these recommendations are based is described by many investigators, especially Hinman and Cowan ( 138 ) . List and Hoerner (I8I) . Parker (228), Shotwell (267) . Weinman and Decker (319) . and Wilson (320). Comparative toxicities of toxaphene and other insecticides to grasshoppers Various investigators have reported that toxaphene kills grasshoppers more slowly than BHC (26, 227 . 2^8 ) , dinitro-Oi^cresol (222.) «^nd parathion (26, 2ke) and that it is less toxic than BHC T^S, IIZ. Hi), chlordane (28. ilZ. 2fi2. HZ. 112). parathion (^8, 219), and TEPP (319). Toxaphene Is more toxic thanDDT to adult grasshoppers ( Melanoplus dlf f erentlalis ) .««~ W«inman and Decker ( 319 ). In laboratory tests with M. femur^rubrum nymphs it was found that toxaphene acts principally as a stomach poison. It does not repel grass- hoppers. Toxaphene deposits on glass plates were less toxic to nymphs -1/4- than were those of BHC (3? percent gamma isomer), chlordane and DDT. This EHC was more than 62 times as toxic as toxaphene as a contact poison. As a stomach poison chlordane was nearly 7 times more active than toxaphene. The speeds of action of chlordane, 37 percent gamma- "benzene hexachloride , and toxaphene as stomach poisons at dosages above their LD-50'8 were almost uniform.— Weinman and Decker ( 318 ). In laboratory and field tests of insecticides in dust form in Brazil, their efficiency versus Schistocerca cancellata (Serv, ), in decreasing order, was as follows: parathion (0,25 percent), gamnia isomer of BHC (1 percent), HETP (2 percent), TEPP (2 percent), chlordane (5 percent), 4,6- dinitro-o-cresol (10 percent), 2 .^dinitrophenol (10 percent), 4,6-dinitro« o-cyclohexylphenol (10 percent), and toxaphene (20 percent). — Lepage et al . (179). In tests of emulsion sprays as contact poisons against the differential grasshopper the median lethal dose of certain insecticides as pounds of toxicant per acre was: toxaphene, 1.17; chlordane, 0.i^9; parathion, O.O5; benzene hexachloride 0,0k and lindane 0.08.— -Gaines and Dean ( IQ5 ) . Tests made in South Dakota in 19^7 showed that a spray of toxaphene, 1*5 pounds per acre gave as good control of the differential grasshopper in corn as did 32 pounds of poisoned bait (3 parts of sawdust and 1 part of bran by volume plus six pounds of sodium fluosilicate per 100 pounds, dry weight, of the mixed bait). — Shotwell ( 267 )' Cage and field tests nade in Texas during the spring of 19^ showed that as contact poisons benzene hexachloride and parathion were more effective than toxaphene or chlordane. The action of the four materials represents a combination of contact and stomach poison. Due to the con- tact action, benzene hexachloride and parathion gave a quicker kill than either chlordane or toxaphene. In order to obtain maxiiaam benefit from the contact action the materials must be applied under good dusting conditions.— Gaines and Dean ( 102 ) . Mixtures of toxaphene with DDT or with chlordane displayed no synergistic effects against M. dif f erentialis . — Weinman and Decker ( 319 ). Tests of toxaphene against specific kinds of grasshoppers are re~ corded as follows: Camnulla pellucida ( Scudd. ) Armitage (l^l, Hinman and Cowan ( l^S ) , Wilson ( 320 ) Chortoicetee terminif era Wlk. Allman and Wright ^6) Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) Brett and Rhoades (26), List and Hoerner (181), Munro eit al . (209). Rhoedes and Brett (2i^8). "15- Melanoplue mexlcanus devastator Scudd. Hinman and Cowan ( 136 ) Melfcnoplue dlf f eraatlalle (Thos.) Armita^e (ij) , Gaines (^S) , OaineB and Dean (102), Graham (117) . Hinman and Cowan (l^S) , List and Hoemer (181 ) , Ehoadee and Brett (246), Shotwell (267) . Weinman and Decker (319) . Wilson ( 320 ). Melanoplup femur^rubrum (Deg, ) Armitage ( l^.) , Graham ( 117 ) i Hinman and Cowan ( 138 ) . List and Hoerner (181) Melanoplus marginatus Scudd. Armitage (l^) . Wilson ( 320 ) Melanoplus mexicanue (Sauss.) Armitage (12,), Brett amd Rhoadee (26), Hinoan and Cowan ( 138 ) . Munro et al. (202), Riioades and Brett ( 248 ) Schistocerca americana (Dniry) Griffiths and King (12^) , Griffiths st al. vl24) . King and Griffiths (1^8) Schistocerca cancellata (Serv.) Lepage et al. ( 179 ) There seems to be no species variation among grasshoppers in their susceptibility to toxaphene; all species in the same growth stage are killed by it at approximately the same dosage. Approximately 35 species of firrasshopiDers in North Dakota were killed by toxaphene spray. — Severin (264, 266)." Blattidae Blattella germanica (L.), the German cockroach A 2.5-percent wt./vol. solution of toxaphene killed 100 percent of the adult male German roaches, and a solution of DDT of equal strength killed 95 percent. — Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). In a study of the factors involved in poisoning German roaches by exposing them to surfaces treated with several chlorinated hydrocarbons, toxaphene did not show the sharp drop in rate of paralysis fovmd with DDT, chlordane, and benzene hexachloride when the dosage was reduced to -16- the minimum that caused paralysis. The toxicity of toxaphene compared favorably with that of DDT on constant exposure. However, em exposure period of more than 1 hour was necessary for it to be highly effective. — Hamman ( 129 ) . A talc duet containing 50 percent of toxaphene applied at the rate of 100 m^. per square foot proved toxic to roaches, killing 26 out of 30 exposed for 10 seconds and 29 out of 30 exposed for 20 seconds. -«£ruBe (164). Among the more promising materials tested as dusts against the German roach in the laboratory and in infested buildings were BHC, toxaphene, and chlordane.— Gould ( II6 ). In laboratory teste on adult cockroaches DDT and toxaphene were relatively ineffective even when freshly applied. — Geihan et. al. ( 97 ). Periplaneta americana (L.), the Americem cockroach Tested against adult American cockroaches, toxaphene in a ureck> formaldehyde surface coating exhibited no toxicity in k8 hours. —Block (22). Same as for Blattella germanica . — Geihan at al. (97). Gryllidae Acheta assimllis F. , the field cricket A 10-percent toxaphene dust at 20 pounds per acre gave satisfactory although slightly lower control than was obtained with a 5-percent chlor^ dane dust. The applications were made in late afternoon to plots which were heavily infested. — *4anro ejt al. ( 209 ). ScapteriscuB abbreviatus Scudd. , the short %finged mole cricket Wheat bran baits containing 0.8, 3*2, and 6.4 percent toxaphene when sprinkled on top of the soil in pots killed 4-5, 60, and 50 percent respectively 10 days after treatment.— Hayslip ( 1^5 . 136 ). Scapteriscus acletue E. & H. , the southern mole cricket Toxaphene, 8 pounds of 25-percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water caused 100 percent mortality after 8 days. The insecticide spray was applied to the surface of the soil at the rate of 1 gallon per 10 square feet.— Hayslip ( 135 . 136 ). -17- ANOPLUEA Hae ma t op 1 nl dae Haemetoplnus adventlclus Neum. , the hog louse Only one test, involving a few animalB, has been run with toxaphene a^-ainst the hog louse. A wettable powder spray at 0.2-percent concentra^- tion gave apparently complete control of the lice.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Q^ar. ( 300 ). HaematoplnuE eurysternus (Nitz.), the short-nosed cattle louse H. quadripertueus Fahr. , the tail louse Linognathus vituli (L«), the long-nosed cattle louse When tested at concentrations of 0.25 and O.5 percent, toxaphene gave results that were comparable with those obtained with DDT, BHC, and chlor- dane against both short- and long-nosed cattle lice and the tail louse.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Q)ciar. ( ?00 ) . Toxaphene controlled the tail louse, Haematopinus quadripertueus with a single treatment.— -Laake ( 172 ). Pediculidae Pediculus humanus corporis Deg. , the body louse When tested against body lice, as a powder and when impregnated in clothing, toxaphene was found to be slightly superior to DDT in all respects, including minimum toxic concentration, speed of action, and persistence.-- -Knipling ( 1^9 ) « In tests at Orlando, Florida, toxaphene applied to cloth and evaliiated by the beaker test method was effective at a concentration of O.OO25 per- cent, whereas DDT and 2-pivalyl-l ,3-indandione did not adversely affect all the test insects at O.OO5 percent. Lice exposed on cloths impregnated with 1 percent of insecticide were paralyzed within I5 minutes by crude and gamraa-benzene hexachloride and 2-pivalyl-l ,3- indandione , but toxaphene required 5 hours. In arm-and leg tests toxaphene, which was the most effective treatment, remained lethal to lice after four 15-minute boilings in a 1 percent soap solution. Crude and gamma-benzene hexachloride with- stood only one boiling, whereas 2-pivalyl-l ,3-indandione was rendered ineffective by one laundering.— Eddy and Bushland (76). Toxaphene is the most promising of the new materials for bodv louse control. It is as effective as DDT in dust form and when impregnated into garments withstands laundering better than DDT. Toxaphene is highly effective against various species of biting and suckihg lice.— Bushland (30) » -18- MALLOPHAdA Trichodectidae Bovlcola spp. , the goat lice Toiaphene appeared to be at least equal, and perhaps superior, to DDT, chlordane, and BHC aa:ainst red and yellow goat lice. In limited tests apparently complete control was obtained with dips containing O.O5 cercent or a alightly lower concentration of toxaphene. Dips at 0.2- percent concentration have kept goats free of lice for at least ij- months. — U. S. Bur. Int. and Plant Q^iar. ( 300 ). THYSANOPTKEA Thripidae yranklinlella fusca (Hinds), the tobacco thrips In small plot tests in Louisiana, three applications of 20-percent toxaphene dust to seedling cotton at the rate of 10 poxinds per acre at weekly intervals, beginning with the appearance of the first true leaf, gave satisfactory control.— Newsom et^ al. ( 221 ) . Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), the flower thrips A 20-percent toxaphene- sulfur dust proved effective against thrips on cotton at College Station, Texas, in 19^7 and was superior to a 5- percent DDT-sulfur dust.— 3eines et al. (IO6). Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche), the greenhouse thrips In laboratory tests with adult female greenhouse thrips O.OO25 peiv cent concentration of toxaphene was required to give fifty-percent kill. — Metcalf ( 197 . 198 ); Metcalf et al. (199)» Scirtothrips cltri (Moult.), the citrus thrips In California toxaphene was not promising for the control of citrus thrips.— Ewart (^). Taeniothrips simplex (Mor.), the gladiolus thrips A 20-percent toxaphene dust was very effective in killing thrips within the leaf folds and flower buds in tests in Florida. — Magie and Kelsheimer ( 192 ). A 5-percent toxaphene dust and a toxaphene emulsion, O.5 pound per 100 gallons of water, were effective in small field tests, producing from 82 to 90 and from 86 to 95 percent clean flowers, respectively. — Smith (272); Smith and Boswell (273). -19- Thrlpe tabaci Lind. , the onion thrips In tests on seedling cotton at Bavview, Tejcas, in the spring of 19^+7 the greatest reduction (99 percent) 5 days after application was caused by a 20-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of 10 pounds per acre, and the least reduction (63 percent) in the same time was caused by a dust containing 2.5 percent of DDT plus 0.25 percent gamma BHC— Fife ejb al. (87) « In tests made at Twin Falls, Idaho, in 19^4-6 and 19^7 to control thrips on bulb onions, toxaphene, 1 potind of a 50-P«rcent emulsion per 100 gallons of water, reduced the thrips population 79 percent.— Douglass and Shirck (68)- Unidentified thrlpe In Alabama thrips on peanuts can be controlled with 10-percent toxa^ phene dust applied at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds per acre. Yield increases from the use of this material have varied from nothing to 92 pounds per acre.— Wilson and Arant ( 321 ). HOMOPTEHA Aleyrodidae Aleurocanthus wogluml Ashby, the citrus blackfly In experiments performed in Mexico preparations containing 1.67 peiv cent of light- medium emulsive oil with toxaphene at the rate of 0.9 oujice of toxic element per gallon of oil were not so effective as derris powder in oil containing 0.225 ounce of rotenone per gallon of oil. — Plummer and Shaw (237). Toxaphene exhibited low toxicity.— Woglum et^ al. ( 325 ). Aphidae Aphis gossypil Glov. , the cotton aphid A spray of toxaphene wettable powder gave good results against aphids (chiefly this species) on celery in Florida. — Wylie ( 333 ). A 20-percent toxaphene dust applied weekly six times at the rate of 16 pounds per acre was equal to calcium arsenate plus 2 percent nicotine sulfate in reducing high aphid infestations on cotton but was inferior to parathion. Doubling the dosage (32 pounds per acre) did not increase the effectiveness of the treatment.-- Loden and Lund ( 183 )» In one case aphids on cotton increased to damaging Immbers following applications of toxaphene- sulphur. — Gaines (99)» In Texas in 19^7 toxaphene- sulfur dust gave poor control of cotton aphids. — Gaines and Dean ( 100 ) . -20- The U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Q)aarantlne ( 303 ) in April 1949 recommended for the control of this insect a 20-percent toxaphene duet applied at the rate of 10 pounds of the duet per acre in every apDlicatlon. Aphie rumlf;i8 L. , the bean aphid IXistB containing 3 and 5 percent of toxaphene permitted 10 and k percent of the flower stalks of lima beans to be infested with the bean aphid as compared to 16 in the check. In the form of sprays toxaphene wettable powder and toxaphene emulsion were effective. Flower stalks treated with toxaphene 25-percent wettable powder, U pounds per 100 gallons of water were 6.5 percent infested; those treated with a 50-peru cent concentrated emulsion 1:400 were 4 percent infested as compared to 35 percent infestation in the untreated stalks. — Huckett ( 146 ). Toxaphene was about as effective as chlordane against the bean aphid* — Sun e_t al. ( 287 ) . Erevicoryne brassicae (L.), the cabbage aphid Toxaphene dusts at 3- and 5-percent strengths showed considerable toxicity to the cabbage aphid (62 to 95 percent reduction) and some toxicity to the green peach aphid (54- to 58'percent reduction) in limited tests, but were slower acting than nicotine or bensene hexachloride.— Reid and Cuthbert ( 24? ) . Macrosi-phum pi si (Kltb.), the pea aphid Chlordane was more toxic than toxaphene to the adult pea aphid.— Sun et. al. (287)» Macrosiphum solanifolii (Ashm. ) , the potato aphid In tests on potatoes in New Jersey in 194? toxaphene, O.5 pound per 100 gallons of water gave poor controj,.— Campbell ( 3 5 ) » MyzuB persicae (Suli.), the green peach aphid Experiments conducted in a tobacco seed bed in Florida showed that dusts containing 10 percent toxaphene with and without 20 percent Fermate gave excellent control of aphids without emy injurious effect upon the plants. — Wilson et al. ( 323 )« In Florida in the spring of 1948 toxaphene, 25-percent wettable powder at 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water reduced the number of aphids per 5O tomato leaves from 3l4 to 91 and the percent of mature leaflets with leaf- miner damage from 81 to 9. Of 5 other insecticides tested only parathion was better than toxaphene against these insects.— Hayslip ( 1 ^6 ) . -21. An aerosol of 5-t)ercent DDT with 5-percent toxaphene In 40-percent methylene chloride-30 percent methyl chloride was less effective than a 1-percent TEPP aerosol or a 0.66-percent TEPP dust or a 1-percent parar- thion dust. Tobacco foliage "burn resulted if the outlet nozzle of the bomh was held too close to the plant.— Kulash ( l69 ) » See under cabbage aphid.— Reid and Outhbert ( 24? ) . Rhopalosiphum ruf omsculatum Vilson, the green chrysanthenum aphid Air currents influenced the toxicity of toxaphene to these aphids. Toxaphene 1:2000 killed 98 • 3 percent in the absence of air movement and 64.5 percent when the air speed was 3.2 miles per hour.— Daetan et al. Sipha f lava (Forbes), the yellow sugarcane aphid The number of yellow sugarcane aphids present following treatment with 10-percent toxaphene dust for second-generation sugarcane borer control was significantly less than in the plots dusted with cryolite or 50-percent sodium fluosilic^te. — Ingram ejt al. ( 147 ). Toxaphene 5- 10-percent dusts effected a near perfect control of the yellow sxigarcane aphid»— Dugas et al. (62, 22,» 72). Unidentified aphids Ten-percent toxaphene dust was lees effective than 1-percent parathion dust and 1.5-percent gamma benzene hexachloride against aphids on tobacco in an infested seed bed, "but it had very little residual action.— Turner ( 294 . 221). A 25-percent wettable toxaphene at 4 poiinds per 100 gallons of water gave a good reduction of 7 species of aphids. — Hay slip ( 135 )» Cercopidae Philaenus leucophthalmus (L.), the meadow spittlebug In tests to control spittlebug on alfalfa in Wisconsin in 19^8, toxaphene either in emulsion or water suspension was superior to DDT, chlordane, benzene hexachloride and parathion. A dosage of I.5 pounds per acre was as effective as dosages up to 6 pounds per acre.— Chamberlin and Medler ( 40) . Cicadellidae Circulifer tenellus (Baker), the beet leafhopper In Utah curl:v»-top disease of tomatoes, transmitted by the beet leaf- hopper, was not effectively controlled by application of toxaphene dust to tomatoes. The leafhoppers fed upon the tomatoes thus transmitting the -22- dlsesBC before receiving a lethal doee. Four applications were mde at veeKlv intervale, be,pinriin^ with date of planting and during the period of leafhopper aovement.— Doret and Peay (67). Imp oa tea fabae (Harr.), the potato leafhopper Toxaphenp proved eqxial to DDT in leafhopper control on Irish cobbler potatoes in 19^5. — Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). Two pounds of 25-p«i'cent toxaphene per 100 gallons of water ^ve poor control of all insects, — Caii5)bell ( ) . Unidentified leafhoppers In Alabama four applications of 10-percent tozaphene d:u8t at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds per acre per application were effective in controlling the leafhopper on peanuts.— Wilson and Arant (221). Cicadidae Ma^icidada septendecim (L.), the periodical cicada In cage tests in Virginia in 19^8 the application of 6 pounds of tozaphene 25-percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water killed about 2/3 of the cicadas. — Woodside ( 330) » Toxaphene 50-P«i*cent wettable powder at 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water was unsatisfactory in tests in orchards in eastern Ohio in 19i^8,— Outright (^). Coccldae Coccus peeudomagnoliarum (Euw. ), the citricola scale Toxaphene did not give promising results in California.— Ewart (8l). PseudococcuB maritimus (Ehrh. ), the grape mealybug A 5-percent toxaphene dust killed 5O.6 and 33 percent of these mealy- bijLgs on yew in two tests at Perry, Ohio.— Ne is wander (214). Psyllidae Psylla pyricola Foerst. , the pear psylla In tests nade in British Columbia in 19^7 and in Chelan County, Vfashin^^ton , in 19i^8, toxaphene proved very effective as a foliage spray. — Carlson and Newcomer {^Z^* ^^ewcoraer ( 2l6 , 217 )« In field tests made near Poughkeepsie , N. Y. ,in 19^7, toxaphene 2^ percent wettable powder, U poiinds per 100 gallons of water gave immediate -23- kill of the nymphe and also showed promise from the standpoint of residual effectiveness. Immediate kill of adults \«is low.— Haicilton (12? . 125 ). HZMIPTEEA Cimicidae Cimei lectularius L. , the bedhu^ Tozaphene was toxic to nymphs and adults when comhined with Thanite (ieo'bornyl thiocyanoacetate with related terpenes). A miitiire of 0.2 perw cent toxaphene plus 0.8 percent Thanite killed 43 percent of the eggs. As a residual toxicant (lOO n^./sq. ft.), toxaphene is somewhat slower than DDT in its initial action, but equals or surpasses it in final kill. — Peo-ker and Beacher ( 231 ). Coreidae Leptocoris trivittatus (Say), the boxelder hvig A 2-percent toxaphene emulsion spray killed 90 percent of the bugs %d.thin UQ hours and displayed residual properties. — Munro and Poet ( 211 ). Leptoglossus phyllo-pus (L«), the leaf-footed bug A 20-percent toxaphene dust at 25 pounds per acre gave favorable results a^rainst this bug on citrus in Florida.— Thongjson and G-riffithe (290). Lygaeidae Blissus leucopterus (Say), the chinch bug A dust containing 10 percent of toxaphene killed 100 percent of the bugs after 3 days; a duet containing 5 percent of toxaphene killed 100 percent after U days; a dust containing 1 percent of toxaphene killed 42 percent after k days. A dust containing 1 percent of dinitro-o-cresol was the fastest acting of all materials tested, killing 100 percent of the bugs in one day.— Kearns et^ al. ( 162 ) . Miridae Adelphocoris lineolatus (G-oeze), the alfalfa plant bug A. rapidus (Say) In Wisconsin a dosage of I.5 pounds toxaphene (either in emulsion or water suspension) was very effective. — Chamberlin and Medler (40); Medler and Chamberlin ( 196 ). -24- Dlcyphus mlnlmue Uhler, the euckfly In the lower Rio Grande Valley in 19'^9 a 10-percent toiaphene plus 40-percent sulfur dust reduced the number of suckflies in 20 net sveeps from 601.7 on untreated tomato plante to 3»7 on treated plants nine daye after duetin^. — Wene ( 314 ) . lygue heBperue Knight A duBt containing 12.5 percent of toxaphene and 50 percent of sulfur «a8 as effective as a 1-percent pari*thion dust. These dusts \«re applied at the rate of 20 pounds per acre on cotton in California in July.— Smith (224). Lygue oblineatue (Say), the tarnished plant "bug Tests were made in 1948 to control the cat-facing of peaches near Staunton, 7a. A spray of toxaphene , 4 pounds of 25-percent wettable pow- der per 100 gallons of water applied at petal fall resulted in 5 percent of the peaches being scarred as compared to 8.2 percent in the check eind ? percent in the plot sprayed with DDT (2 pounds of 50-percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water).— Woodside (^32). In cage tests on cotton a 20-percent tozaphene dust was eqvial to 2- percent parathion dust, superior to 20-percent chlordane dust and inferior to 5-percent BHC dust. In another series of tests against the tarnished plant bug a 10- percent toxaphene dust was inferior to a 2.5-percent para- thion dus?t and a 3-percent gamma BHC dust but superior to a 10-percent chlordane duet. — Scales and Smith ( 2^9 )» Same as for Adelphocoris limeolatus . — Medler and Chamberlin ( 196 ). Lygus spp. DDT applied at the rate of 1.25 pounds per acre of seed alfalfa in Arisona gave slightly better Lygus control than did any of the other treatments tested, although I.5 pounds of toxaphene were almost as effe^ tive. The chlordane and toxaphene treatments controlled grasshoppers as well as Lygus spp. — Eussell ( 258 ). Psallus seriatus (Eeut.), the cotton flea hopper In tests in Texas during 194? control 24 hours after treatment was approximately as good from 5-percent toxaphene as from 5-percent DDT; and the residual control from 10-percent toxaphene was about equal to that from 5-percent DDT. In large-scale experiments at Port Lavaca gains in yield were greater from 10-percent toxaphene than from 5- percent DDT. At Waco cotton dusted with toxaphene began fruiting much quicker, and matured and was ready for harvest several weeks earlier than cotton dusted with sulfur. The increase in yield over the check was 30 percent from sulfur alone and 6? percent from both 20- and 10-percent toxaphene. — Parencia and E^ving ( 226 ) . -25- In Texas experiments in 19^7 a 5-P®rcent toxaphene sulfur duet \m.n effective. Sulfur alone was lese effective. One application of these materlale gave an economical increase in yield.— Gaines and Dean ( 100 ). In April 19^9 the U. S. Bureau of Entonology and Plant Quarantine ( 30i» ) recommended for the control of this insect a dust containing 10 per^ cent of toxaphene. Two applications will control fleahoppers throughout the season. Pentatomidae EuschistUB servus (Say) A dust containing 10 percent toxaphene - 5 percent chlordane - 85 percent pyrophyllite >*as highly effective in controlling these stinkbugs on spring planted cowpeas on the Texas Gulf coast. A dust containing 18 percent toxaphene - 5 percent DDT - 77 percent pyrophyllite was even nore effective.— Kiherd (250)» ^schictue spp* Same as for Lygus obi ineatus.' — Woods ide ( 332 ). Murgantia histrionica (Hahn), the harlequin bug Laboratory tests on adult bugs indicated that the median lethal dose of a 10- percent toxaphene dust %«i8 8.7 porinds per acre. In cage tests a 10-percent toxaphene dust caused 100 percent mortality 5 days after application in 19^7 and 65»1 percent mortality in 1948. — Gaines and Deaji (101). Nezara viridula (L.), the southern green stinkbug Same as for liuschistus servns .— Riherd ( 250 ) . Unidentified pentatomids In preliminary field tpsts toxaphene proved effective for the control of cat-facing insects.— Enns (80). COLEOPTJ^EA Carabidae Agonoderue comma (Fabr. ) A 5-p^rcent toxaphene dust applied to soil caused 100 percent of the beetles (introduced into the soil 7 days after dusting) to be moribund after 22 hours. Parathion, chlordane and BHC acted faster than toxaphene and DDT. — Johnson ( 151 ). ubrary OTATE PLANT BOARD -26- Chrysomelidae Dlabrotlca longlcornls (Say), the northern corn root worm Plot teste made in Nehraeka In 19^ showed that toxaphene ae a xylene- keroeene enaileion, 1, 2 or 4 pounds toxaphene per acre or 2 po\inds toxaphene plus ammonium nitrate (40 pounds N) per acre gave some reductions in root worm populations and lodging hut the reductions were not drastic and did not significantly affect yields.— Muma e_t al. ( 207 ) » Diabrotica tindecimpunctata howardi Barber, the spotted cucumber beetle, the southern corn rootworm Laboratory and field tests indicated that toxaphene sprays and duet were highly toxic to cucumber beetles. — Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). At Beltsville, Md. , in 19^7 a spray of toxaphene 25-percent wettable powder (O.l percent toxaphene) was ineffective in preventing injury to peanut pods by coleopterous larvae including this species.— Dobbins and Fronk (6 $ )» Toxaphene dust at the rate of 10 pounds of toxicant per acre reduced the percentage of corn plants damaged by rootworms from 27 (check) to 19»5» — Zulash (168). During 19^8 significant control of the southern corn rootworm in southeastern Virginia was obtained with toxaphene dust broadcast by hand at the rate of 40 pounds of toxicant per acre over the soil of small plots and raked into the upper 1-2 inches by means of a garden rake on June 3 or July 7-8. At Beltsville a dust mixture containing 10 percent toxaphene applied three times to the foliage at the rate of approximately 2.3 pounds of toxicant per acre-application gave excellent control but a 0.75 percent toxaphene emulsion was of little value. No toxaphene was found in peanuts. Foliage that had received seven applications of 10- percent toxaphene dust (1.9 poxrnds of toxicant per acre application) contained 17»5 ppm. of organic chlorine.— Fronk and Dobbins (96) . Same as for D. longicornis.— Muma £t al. (202). D. virglfera Lee, the western corn root worm Same as for D. longicornis. — Muma et al. ( 207 ) « Diabrotica vittata (F. ), the striped cucumber beetle Same as for D. -gndecimpunctata howardi Ipltrix cucumeris (Harr.), the potato flea beetle In field tests in Delaware during 1947, toxaphene and DDT gave approximately equal control of the potato flea beetle on early potatoes. —Parker et al. (233). -27- Toxaphene (2 pounde of 25-percent toxaphene per 100 gallons of water) fi:ave poor control of nil Insects on Katahdin potatoes in New Jersey in 1947.— Campbell (21^, Toxaphene spray pounds of 25-percent wet table powder per 100 gallons of water) reduced flea beetle damage to Katahdin potatoes in Connecticut in 19^7 72 percent compared to 86 percent reduction produced ^7 0.5 pound of micronized DDT spray powder. — Turner and Woodruff ( 296 ) » Epitrix hlrtipennis (Melsh. ), the tobacco flea beetle In Virginia in 19^7 1 pound of toxaphene 25-percent wettable powder plus 3 pounds of Termate per 100 gallons of water applied to tobacco plant beds produced 9^* percent uninjured plants as compared to 17 percent in the check. Toxaphene did not injure the plants.— Dominick (66). Leptinotarea decemlineata (Say), the Colorado potato beetle Loxite (a 50-percent toxaphene) controlled the Colorado potato beetle in Manitoba—Mi tchener (205)« In laboratory tests in France toxaphene was about 1/5 &8 active ae technical benzene hexachloride against Colorado potato beetle larvae. In the field it was necessary for a dust to contain 10 percent of toxaphene to combat this insect. — Eaucourt ( 2^5 ) « Coccinellidae Epilachna varivestis Muls. , the Mexican bean beetle Toxaphene dusts and sprays reduced the beetle population more than did DDT, but neither was equal to rotenone. — Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). Mexican bean beetle adults were very resistant to dust mixtures con- taining 5 percent toxaphene. Chlordane was about as effective as toxaphene against Mexican bean beetle larvae. — Sun e^ al. ( 287 ) » Toxaphene dusts (3 and 5 percent), wettable powder and emulsion, were only slightly effective against Mexican bean beetle on lima beans on Long Island.— Biickett {1^6). A dust containing 5-percent toxaphene (30 pounds per acre) gave 85 percent control of the larvae; a dust containing 10 percent toxaphene and 25 percent sulfur (26 pounds per acre) grave 75 percent control. — Brannon (21). Unidentified lady beetles Toxaphene was more destructive to beneficial species in Louisiana than any other material included in the tests. — Newsom et al. (220 . 222). -28- CurculionldBe Anthonoimie grand! s Bohu , the boll weevil Ten pounds of 20-percent toxaphene dust per acre Is recommended for the control of the boll weevil in Alabama, Georgia ( 109 ). Louisiana (184, 223 J, MissiBBippi, North Carolina (42), Oklahoma ( 283 . 284), South Carolina (51. 228, 279 ) . and Texas.— Natl. Cotton Council Amer. 1212 . 213 ); U. S. Bur. Int. and Plant Quar. — (228. 299 )» The experimental work upon which these recommendations are based has been described by: Arant (£) , Bondy (24), Swing and Parencia (^, 82, 84), Fife et al. (88), Gaines and Hanna TlO?). Kulash ( l65 . 167) . Walker et al. (309). Young (334) . and others. In Texas in 1947 a 20-percent toxaphene sulfur dust was inferior to a 3-percent garama-BHC-5-P®i*cent DDT-sulfur dust in controlling boll weevil. — Gaines and Dean (lOO). In cage tests a 20-percent toxaphene dust was more effective against the boll weevil than parathion (2-percent), chlordane (20-percent), benzene hexachloride (5-p«i*cent gamma isomer), or calcium arsenate dusts.— Scales and Smith (259). In cage tests with boll weevils, high temperature and high humidity had less effect on the toxicity of 20-percent toxaphene than on that of the other organics, although its toxicity was reduced appreciably by high temperatures. In tests conducted at a constant temperature, high humidity reduced the toxicity of calcium arsenate, 20-percent toxaphene, and 20- percent chlordane. Delay in releasing weevils 24 hours eifter dusting the plants and exposure of the dusted plants to the sun for 4 hours reduced the toxicity of 20-percent toxaphene.— Gaines and Dean ( 103 )» Treatment of cotton sqiiares with 20-percent toxaphene dust killed 36 percent of the boll weevils in the squares; 10-percent toxaphene dust killed 16 percent,— .Rainwater (244). The boll weevil emergence from cotton squares exposed to the vapor of toxaphene was 72 percent compared to 84 percent in the check. Weevils emerged from 63 percent of the squares which had been dusted 4 times with a 20-percent toxaphene dust as con^jared to 57 percent for the check.— Geines and Scales ( 108 ). In large scale tests in Texas 20-percent toxaphene dust gave slightly better control of the boll weevil and 10-percent toxaphene dust gave slightly poorer control than calcium arsenate. Aphids caused considerable damage in most of the plots dusted with calcium arsenate, but not in those dusted with toxaphene. As a result of the combined control of both weevils and aphids, both strengths of toxaphene effected higher yields than the -29- calcium arsenate. In experiments in which the dusted plots were strictly comparable, 20-percent toxaphene produced a gain over the check of 539 poTinds as compared to a gain of 360 poTinds from calcium arsenate, and 10- percent toxaphene a gain of i^9^ pounds as compared with 211 pounds from calcium arsenate. — "Bwing and Parencia (82). Toxaphene gave excellent control of several of the most important cotton insects in laboratory, cage, and field-plot experiments at '/faco, Texas, during 19^6. In cage tests a dust containing 20 percent of toxe^ phene applied at the rate of 8 pounds per acre controlled the boll weevil as well as did calcium arsenate or benzene hexachloride.-- -Ivy ejt al» ( 148 ) . As a result of field tests made in the Brazos river bottom, Texas, during 19^8 it was found that special calcium arsenate (lime free) mixed with either parathion or benzene hexachloride and 20 percent toxaphen©- sulfur were equally effective against the boll weevil. These materials were more effective than either the benzene hexachloride-DDT-sulfUr or chlordan-DDT-sulfur under the conditions of a hot season and heavy migration.— Gaines and Dean ( 104 ) . In tests made in Louisiana in 19^7 calcium arsenate-nicotine was superior to toxaphene, and DDT-BHC- sulfur mixture (3~5~^) the control of boll weevil, bollworm, cotton aphid, cotton fleahopper and tarnished plant bug. — NewBom e_t al. ( 223 ) * In April 1949 the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Qjiarantine ( 301 ) recommended a dust containing 20 percent of toxaphene plus 40 per- cent of sulfur applied every 4 or 5 days at the rate of 10 to 12 pounds of the dust per acre until weevils are bro\ight under control or until a crop of bolls is set. Anthonomus signatus Say, the strawberry weevil In field tests made in New Jersey in 1948 standard lead arsenate- sulfur dust and 5-psi*cent toxaphene dust reduced injury over the tintreated check approximately 50 percent, whereas the reduction with 1-percont benzene hexachloride and 5-p6rcent chlordane dusts were 93«5 percent and 85»5 per- cent respectively,— Christ and Driggers (41). Toxaphene, 1 pound per 100 imperial gallons of water used with bordeaux 10-10-100 was not particularly effective against the strawberry weevil in Cauiada. It was less effective than DDT and cryolite but more effective than chlordane, HETP and BHC. — Maxwell (195). Braclxyrhinus ligustici (L.), the alfalfa snout beetle A 10-percent toxaphene dust applied by hand reduced the infestation 76 percent in 144 hours; applied by helicopter the reduction was 55 percent in the same time.— (Jyrisco et^ al. ( 126 ). -30- Chalcodermis aenus Boh. , the cowpea curculio In teste on Purple Hall peae in Texas a 5-percent toxaphene dust applied three times at a dosage of 25 to 30 potmda per acre per applica- tion reduced the percentage of infested pods to zero. — Vfene ( 312 . 313 ), Conotrachelue nenuphar (Hbst.), plum curculio A toxaphene wettable powder (26.3 percent toxaphene) at 4 po-unds per 100 gallons of water was as effective as parathion and benzene hexachloride in orchard experiments in Georgia when the results were measured hy the infestation in peach drops.-— Snapp ( 277 ). In tests made in Delaware in 19^7 plum curculio damage was decidedly more severe with toxaphene than with lead arsenate.— Parker ejt al. ( 232 ). In North Carolina in 19^7 toxaphene (29 percent material) at the rate of U pounds per 100 gallons of water decreased the curculio population on peaches as much as or more than k pounds of BHC (6 percent gamma isomer) "but required a slightly longer time. — Smith (268). In Missouri one of the promising materials for the control of cat- facing insects, including the plum curculio, is toxaphene. — Enns (80). Two applications of 2 pounds of 25 percent toxaphene were as effective in reducing total injury to the fruit as two applications of lead arsenate. --Dewey and VanGeluwe (60). Toxaphene was ineffective.— Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). In cage tests made in Ohio in 19^9 a 25-percent toxaphene wettahle powder at k poxinds per 100 gallons of water proved superior to both technical and refined "benzene hexachloride but less effective than chlor- dAne , heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin. The phosphorus insecticides were mich more rapid in lethal action and exhibited better residual toxicity to plum curculio than did any of the chlorinated insecticides.— Rings ( 252 ). Cylas f ormlcarius elegantulus (Summers), the sweetpotato weevil In laboratory tests a dust containing 1 percent of toxaphene in pyro- phyllite killed 100 percent of the weevils in 7 days. Used in poison-bait tests 1 part of toxaphene in 80 parts of sweetpotato killed 48 percent of the weevils in 7 days. — Harrison ( I31 ). Hyper a postica (Gyll.), the alfalfa weevil A spray of 2 pounds toxaphene as an enulsion concentrate per acre on alfalfa in Montana in April 1948 caused 68 percent mortality in 24 hours and 92 percent mortality in 14 days. — Hastings and Pepper ( 132 ). Recommended in Colorado for 19kQ,__-^^^^ ^nd Hoerner (182). -31- Trlchobaris imicorea (Lee), the tobacco stalk borer A spray of toxaphene (2 pounds of 50-percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water) was less effective than BHC in preventing egg laying. Toxaphene was the slowest of any of the insecticides (DDT, BHC, chlordane) in paralyzing and killing the beetles.— Woodside ( 331 ) . Si tophi lus ^ranarius (L.), the granary weevil Ae a contact poison toxaphene was 1/6 as toxic as DDT. — Stringer ( 266 ) » Tyloderma fragariae (Riley), the strawberry crown borer In laboratory and field tests made in Kentucky in 19^9 a 20-percent toxaphene dust gave excellent control. — Ritcher ( 25^ ). Dermestidae Anthrenus vorax Cifaterh. ) , the furniture carpet beetle Toxaphene was effective against these pests and little or no loss in toxicity in the treated cloth occurred during one year. Toxaphene resists removal from cloth by soap and water but dry-cleaning fluids remove it.— Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). Attagenus piceus (Ollv, ), the black carpet beetle Woolen cloths impregnated with six chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti- cides at concentrations ranging from O.5 to 3 percent by weight of cloth were exposed to larvae of the black carpet beetle for 28 days. The following mortalities were obtained: Chlordane 75 to 100 percent; BHC (6 percent gamma) to 100 percent; toxaphene 25 to 52 percent; DDT I5 to 4? percent; TDE 3 to Ik percent; and methoxychlor 1 to 6 percent. According to the visual damage and frass weight noted during these tests, the greatest protection to woolen cloth was obtained with DDT, TDE, chlordane, methoxy- chlor, toxaphene, and BHC in the order named. Washing and dry cleaning seriously affected the toxicity and the protective value of all tne treated cloths, with the exception of those treated with DDT, which resisted one washing at all concentrations. — Laudani and f^arzke ( 17^ ). Same ae for Anthrenus vorax. — Parker and Beacher (2^1). Elateridae Aeolus spp. The results from one experiment made in Louisiana in 19^7 indicate that most of the wlreworm injury to fall-planted cane may be prevented by applying ^0 pounds of dust containing 1 percent of toxaphene per acre in the furrow with the seed cane at the time it is planted. — Bynum et_ al. (lU). -32- Agrlotes mancus (Say), the wheat wlrewnrm Toxaphene gave very poor control of these wireworas in up^state New York and wae not regarded as having promiee* — Rawlins ejt al. (2{46). Conoderus spp. Same as for Aeolus spp. — Bynum et al. (34) . Horietonotue uhlerii Horn. , the sand wireworm Toxaphene, 5 potmds per acre, applied by hand in the row Just previous to the 19^7 planting of corn gave promising results; the yield per acre wae 14.5 bushels as compared to 21 "bushels following the treatment with 1 pound gami-aa BHC per acre and 9 bushels in the check.— ^'loyd. (89)« Limonius agonus (Say), the eastern field wireworm Same as for Agriotes mancus .— Rawlins et al. (246). Melanotus spo. Same as for Aeolus spp. — Bjmum et al. (34). Unidentified Elateridae Toxaphene has been fotind to kill wireworms but its use for this pur^ pose is still in the research stage and therefore cannot be recommended at the present time. — Severin ( 265 )» In a laboratory test in Florida toxaphene 25-percent wettable powder at 20 pounds per 100 gallons of water was ineffective against wireworms in sugarcane seed pieces dioped into the mixture immediately before planting. — Hayslip (111). In tests in Connecticut toxaphene applied as sprays and dusts at 1, 2, 4, and 8 pounds of technical compoiind per acre was inferior to BHC and chlordane. — Greenwood ( 120 ). Same as for Diabrotica .— Dobbins and Fronk (65)« Scarabaeidae Cotinis nittda (L. ), the green June beetle In laboratory tests made in Kentucky in 1948 a 20-percent toxaphene dust was ineffective. — Ky. Agr. Expt. Sta. ( l56 ) . -33- Poplllife .laponica Newm. , the .Tapanese "beetle The application of 24 pounds of toxaphene per acre reduced the grub population 92.2 percent in U weeks and 3 days. Toxaphene gave good control at the end of 18 months.— Schread (260, 261). Strigoderma arhoricola (F. ) Same as for Diahrotica. — Dobbins and Fronk (65) ■ Scolytidae Hylagtinas obscurue (Marsh.), the clover root borer Toxaphene dust at the rate of 4 potrnds of toxicant per acre gave 50- percent control and was inferior to dieldrin, aldrin and benzene hexachloride in tests at Fulton, N. Y. in 19^9* One application left a residue of 1 ppm. or. the clover. — Gyrieco and Marshall ( 125 )« Tenebrionidae Tribolium confusum Duv. , the confused flour beetle Toxaphene in suspensions and in carbon tetrachloride solutions remained effective on glass surfaces for more than a year. On cement surfaces the duration of effectiveness was very short.-- -Cotton et_ al. (4?) . The mortality of flour beetles exposed to residues from toxaphene formulations 12 days after application of the sprays to unpainted and painted wood at a dosage of 50 milligrams of active ingredient per l/U square foot is shown in the following table: Percent Kill on Wood Surfaces Formulation Exposure Unpainted Co Id- Water Paint Flat Oil Paint Enamel (Hours) Emulsion 24 33 3 3 53 Wet table 2U 100 60 20 83 Powder — Cotton and Frankenfeld (4^). On glass surfaces the einuleion form of toxaphene was most effective. On unpainted wood surfaces the wet table-powder formulations were by far the most efficient in both initial kill and lasting quality.-— Cotton and Frankenfeld (^^6). -3^ LEPIDOPTERA Aegeriidae Mellttla cucurbltae (Harr.), the squftsh vine "borer In experiments at Geneva, New York in 19^+7 a 2-percent toxaphene dust vae effective against the borere. — Carruth and Howe (38) . Crambidae Diatraea eaccharaliB (T. ), the sugarcane borer In Louisiana in 19^6 a 10-percent toxaphene dust proved superior to cryolite but a 5 percent toxaphene dust was leas effective.— lugrt^iu at ul. ( IU7 ) • 19^5 it was found that toxaphene, 5 10 percent, was equal to undiluted cryolite in effectiveness. — Dagas et al. (62)« In 1948 and 19^9 toxaphene accounted for significant increases in borer infestations following second generation dusting, due apparently t<> its injurious •f-^'ect vrpon tb« pflLtural enewl#»p thin -o^pt. At one location toxaphene accounted for losses in yields of cane of 2.72 tons per acre, while cryolite produced an increase in yields of 2.33 tons.— Dugas £t al. (£0, 22). Las io camp idae Malacosona americana (F. ), the eastern tent caterpillar In Delaware in 19^7 toxaphene, 1 pound per 100 gallons of water, gave 100 percent control on wild cherry growth within one week. — Stearns e^ al. (282). Lymantriidae Sgproctis terminalis In laboratory teste of 5~p6rcent dusts applied at the rate of 10 and 15 potmds per acre, toxaphene was more effective than BHC, chlordane, DDT and lead arsenate.— Petty ( 2^6 ). Olethreutldae Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), the codling moth Toxaphene as a 25-percent wettable powder and as an emulsion concerv- trate at 1 pound of toxicant per 100 gallons of water was ineffective in protecting Winesap apples in Illinois from worm entry or stings. — Weinman (116). As a result of orchard tests made at Yakima, Wash, during 19^7, Newcomer ( 215 ) concluded that toxaphene had some effect on the codling moth. Toxaphene proved inferior to DDT in producing clean apples (75 ve. Q3.5 percent and 85 ve. 99 percent in two schedules). — I'trker and Beacher (231). Toxaphene wetteble powder, 1 pound of toxicaAt per 100 gallons of water, was ineffective in California even when used in a two-spray program. — Michelbacher and Middlekauff (201). Tests made in Delaware in 19^7 showed that toxaphene alone and toiar- phene with lead arsenate were approximately I5 percent less effective than lead arsenate alone. This reduction is due wholly to wormy rather than to stun^ apples. The combination of toxaphene and lead arsenate was no inw provement over toxaphene alone. There was no significant difference be- tween treatments in the size of the picked apples. Drop and harvest data asree closely.— Parker et^ al. ( 232 ) . Toxaphene was rather highly effective against codling moth, without any resulting build-up in red mite population. — Stearns e^ al. ( 28l )> Grapholitha molesta (Busck), the oriental fruit moth The substitution of toxaphene for lead arsenate in the early-season peach sprays did not influence t-wig injury by the Oriental fruit moth or the activity of its parasitic enemies.— Parker and Beacher ( 231 ) . Toxaphene decreased twig injury by second-brood Oriental fruit moth somewhat but, at the same time, was responsible for a reduction in the numbers of parasites of this pest .— Stearns ejt al. (281). Polychrdsis viteana (Clem.), the grape berry moth A spray of 3 pounds of toxaphene per 100 gallons of water gave 65.9 percent control in Pennsylvania in 19^7 1 which was regarded as ineffective. — Cox (kQ), Spllonota oce liana (D. AS.), the eye-spotted bud moth Toxaphene, 2 pounds of 50-percent wettable per 100 gallons of water proved inferior to parathion, TDE, DDT, and basic lead arsenate for the control of this insect on prune in California.— Madsen and Borden ( 191 ). Phalaenidae Agrotls orthogonia Morr. , the pale western cutworm When dissolved in oil and sprayed in various concentrations on the larvae in a spray tower the LIV-50 of toxaphene was 26 and the LD-9O was 50 micrograms per square centimeter. DDT was less toxic, but gamma benzene hexachloride and chlordane were more toxic— Brown et al. (27 )« -36- y-rotle ypellon (Eott.), the black cutvorm A 5~percent toxaphene duet gave good control of Agrotinae during one spring and one fall season in South Carolina. A suspensioh spray provid- ing a conqjarable dosage of active ingredient gave excellent reduction of these species. Toxaphene dusts of 3- and 5-percent strengths were, in general, about as effective as similar strengths of DDT. In a fall experi- ment at the time of thinning, there were significantly fewer caterpillar^ damaged plants on plots receiving a ^-percent toxaphene dust than on those given a 5-percent DDT dust. This difference was not so apparent during later observations. — Eeld and Cuthbert ( Zk? ) . Alabama arglllacea (Hbn. ), the cotton leaf worm The U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine ( 305 ) in April 19^9 recommended a 20-percent toxaphene dust for the control of leaf worms. Anticarsia gemmatilis (Hbn.), the velvet bean caterpillar In Alabama in 19^7 a 10-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of 25 po\inds per acre gave 97«5 percent control of these caterpillars on soybeans 2U hours after dusting and 100 percent control 48 hours after dusting. Toxaphene was faster in action than cryolite.— Arant (10). Against a heavy population of full grown velvetbean caterpillars, the following controls vrere obtained on the first and fifth day after the insecticidal application: 10-percent toxaphene, 92 and 9^+ percent.— Dugas e_t al. (7l)» The velvet caterpillar and ariny worm attacking peanuts are known as peanut worms. Preliminary investigations indicate that the dusting of peanuts with DDT or toxaphene in sulfur-copper for combined leafhopper- leafspot control during the summer months may greatly reduce or even eliminate the need for later dustings for the control of peanut worms.— Wilson and Arant ( 321 ). Feltia subterranea (F. ), the granulate cutworm Same as for Agrotis ypsilon . — Eeid and Cuthbert ( 2^7 ) . Hellothis armlgera (Hbn.), the com earworm, the bollworm, the tomato fruit worm In tests made in 19^6 in New Jersey a 3-percent toxaphene talc dust was inferior to a 3-percent TDE dust, equal or superior to a 20-percent lead arsenate dust and superior to a 3-percent methoxychlor dust in con- trolling corn earworms on early sweet corn. — Pepper and Wilson ( 2^4 ). In the Everglades area of Florida a 5-percent toxaphene dust proved ineffective in preventing corn earworm damage. — Hayslip ( 1^5 )« -37- A 10-percent toxaphene dust produced ^7«3 percent marketable sweet- corn ears as compared to 13.9 percent in the check. — Keleheimer ( 15^ ). In tests made on Long Island in 19^8 a 10-percent toxaphene dust applied three times per ear 6 and 8 days after the mean silking date) produced 75 percent or more noninfested ears at harvest. — Butler and Carruth (^i). A 25-percent wet table toxaphene at 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water was effective against the tomato fruit worm in Florida.— Heyslip ( 135 ). Toxaphene, 1- and 0.25-percent solutions in refined mineral oil in- jected into tips of ears of Golden Cross Bantam sweet corn was about as effective as DDT. Applied as high pressure aerosols 1-percent oil solu- tions of DDT, TDE, toxaphene, and chlordane all gave good control (87 to 97 percent wormfree ears). — Anderson and Hashe (£). Toxaphene talc dusts (both 5-P®rcent and 10-percent) applied 4 times in the lower Hio Grande Valley of Texas in 19^9 did not give commercial control of the earworm feeding in the whorls of sweet corn. Of the materials tried (DDT, chlordane, toxaphene, methoxj''chlor , aldrin and parathion) only parathion as a 1-percent dust gave good control. — Wene and Blanchard ( 315 )» In tests made in Louisiana ih 19^7 toxaphene, DDT and parathioh when applied once to the maturing ear gave significant controls over check plots; however, the oil-pyrethrum treatment gave a control that was sig- nificant over all other treatments and checks. Untreated plots contained only 18 percent of the ears free of worm injury, whereas, the oil-pyrethrum treatment gave 7^ percent of the ears free of injury. The degree of con- trol secured by the other insecticides ranged between that on the untreated plots and that on the oil-pyrethrum plots. — Floyd and Smith (90). In North Carolina in 19^7 a 5-P©rcent toxaphene dust gave less than 50 percent wori5-free ears.— N. Car. Agr. Expt. Sta. {22k). Good control of the bollworra with toxaphene has been reported by: Fife et al. (88), Gaines and Dean (100, 104), Ivy et al. (l48), Newsom et al. (222), N. Car. Agr. Expt. Sta. (22^ and Sparks (279TT For the control of the bollworm on cotton the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant ^arantine ( ^02 ) in April 19^9 recommended a 20-per- cent toxaphene dust. Whenever the red spider must also be controlled the dust should include at least 40 percent of sulfur. Same as for Ag r ot i ^s ypsilon . — Eeid and Cuthbert ( 24? ) . La-phygma f rugiperda (A. & S. ) , the fall arrayworm A 5-percent toxaphene dust applied to field corn in July at Norfolk, Va. , reduced the infestation 56 percent after 24 hours and 72 percent after 48 hours. Toxaphene was used successfully by many growers in the Norfolk area.— Hof master and Greenwood (l44). -38- A 10-percent toxaphene duet ^ave effective control of this insect on corn under the most severe conditions of infestation. — Tissot and Kuitert (201). Fifteen percent toxaphene ^ave very little control of a heavy infpptPtion in Louisiana in 19i^8. — Dugas et al. (73)» A 20-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of 10 po\inds per acre ii*a8 effective in controlling armyworms in a Ladino clover pasture in North Carolina. — Kulash (166). At the Everglades Experiment Station, Belle (Jlade, Fla. , a 25-percent wet table toxaphene at k poxinds per 100 gallons of water reduced the per- centage of infested buds of corn from 80. 5 to four days after the second treatment. A poisoned wheat bran bait containing 5-percent of tox- aphene reduced the percentage of infested buds from 9^.9 to 13«1 in one block and from 9^*8 to 2 in another block four days after treatmeht.— Hayslip (l^^, 135 )- Same as for Agrotis ypsilon .-'-Reid and Outhbert ( 2^7 ) . Platysenta sutor ( Gra. ) A 20-percent toxaphene dust killed 93»7 percent of these worms on celery in Florida one day after treatment.— Hayslip ( 135 )> In Florida toxaphene (3 pounds of 40-percent wettable powder per 100 gallons of water) is recommended for the control of green cutworm on celery. — Hayslip ( 136 ) . Trirboplueia ni (Hbn.), the cabbage looper Toxaphene was inferior to DDT but the differences were not significant. — Dills and Odland (6^£). See also \inder imported cabbage worm.— Reid and Outhbert ( 24? ) « Pieridae Colias philodice eurytheme Bdv. , the alfalfa caterpillar A 10-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of 2.2 pounds of tox~ icant per acre gave 83»9 percent control in 2k hours and 97 percent control in 96 hours.— Smith aind Allen ( 276 )« Pier is rapae (L«), the imported cabbageworm In tests made in Pennsylvania toxaphene, at 3-percent, was found to be very effective. At 2-percent it did not give signif icantly different results from DDT. — Dills and Odland (64). -39- In the one experiment in vrtiich they vrere compared, a 5-percent tox- aphene dust vias superior to a 3-percent one against the imported cabbage wrm at the time of the first of two insect counts and tended to be superior against the cabbage looper at the third and most in^jortant count. — -Reid and Cuthbert (24?). Psychidae Acanthopeyche .tunodi (Heyl.), the wattle bagworm In laboratory tests a 5-P®rcent BHC dust appeared to be slightly more effective than toxaphene and chlordane against the first two instars but there was some evidence that toxaphene was more toxic than BHC or cryolite against third and fourth instar larvae.-— Petty C 236 )» Thyridopteryx ephemeraef ormis (Haw. ) , the bagworm Toxaphene gave a 92 percent control in one week and 59 percent control over a fouivweek period.— Stearns ejt ajL. ( 282 ). Pyralididae Cnephasia longana (Haw), the omnivorous leaf tier In tests on the San Francisco peninsula in 19^8, toxaphene 60-percent emulsion at 1 quart per 100 gallons of %«ter was ineffective in controlling these caterpillars on asters. —Pritchard et^ al . ( 2^? ) > Blasmopalphas lignosellus (Zell.), the lesser cornstalk borer Toxaphene, 1 pound per acre, was less effective than DDT, 10 pounds per acre. — Dugas jet al. (73) » Pyraustidae Desmia funeralis (Hbn.), the grape leaf folder In 19^7 a duet containing 5 percent of toxaphene and 50 percent of sulfur applied at the rate of 30 pounds per acre at Exeter, California was less effective than a 50-percent cryolite, 5-psrcent DDT, iK)-percent sulfur dust, or a 1-percent parathion, 55-percent sulfur dust. — Frazier and Barnes (93). Hymenia fascialis Cramer, the Hawaiian beet web worm A 10-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of to 50 pounds per acre to fall spinach at Norfolk, Va. , gave highly satisfactory control, no living larvae being found after 72 hours. At the end of Zk hours the effect of the treatment was not sufficiently pronounced to distinguish affected larvae from normal larvae. — Greenwood and Hof master ( 121 ). Pyraueta nubilalis (Hbn.), the European corn borer A 5-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of 20 pounds per acre was less effective in teste made in Illinois in 19^7 than 5-percent DDT dusts. — Apole and Decker (8). Toxaphene gave fair control in 19^6 field tests in Illinois on yellow sweet corn. — Decker jet al. (56) > Id tests in Maine in 19^3 toxaphene dust was somewhat less effective than Eyania and DDT dusts applied in the same manner and in comparable amounts.— Hav^ins &nd Thurston ( 133 )» Sphingidae Protoparce sext a (Johan. ), the tomato hornworm P. qulnquemaculata (Haw.), the tobacco hornworm Toxaphene was tested as a 10-percent dust, as a 5- percent toxaphene plus 3-percent DDT dust and as a ^-percent wet table powder, all in coio- bination with sulfur for the control of the sulfur mite. The 10-percent toxaphene dust at the rate of 30 pounds per acre gave satisfactory control of caterpillars and the toxaphene- DDT combination gave excellent control. Toxaphene residues on tomatoes were less than 1 ppm. following the appli- cation of dusts and 4.4 ppm. following the application of a concentrated spray (7 •5 pounds of 40-percent wet table to 12. 5 gallons of v«iter). >feL8l>» ing the tomatoes reduced this residue to I.9 ppnu ; 0.8 ppm, vias found in the Juice and 15 • 3 ppm. in the tomato poinace. — Michelbacher et al. ( 202 ) . See under Heliothis armi^era.— Hay slip (125.) • Tineidae Tineola bisselliella (aim.), the webbing clothes moth Same as for Anthrenus vo rax .— Parker and Beacher ( 231 ). Tortricidae Argyro taenia citrana (Fern.), the orange tortrix A 10-percent toxaphene dust gave 82 percent control. The best control, 94.5 percent, was given by a 5-percent TDE dust. — Rosenstiel ( 256 )» Argyra taenia velutinana (Vlk. ) , the red-banded leaf roller In tests in New York in 1948 a 25-percent toxaphene wettable powder at 3 pounds per 100 gallons of water gave 77*9 percent control (based on feeding areas per 100 fruits). The best control, 100 percent, was given by TDE, 2 po\inds per 100 gallons of water. — Grlass and Chapman ( 114 ). -41- In teets in a plum orchard in Ohio in 19^8 the extent of leaf roller injury wae less in plots treated with parathion, acid lead arsenate, tox- aphene, and refined benzene hexachloride , whereas it was more severe in the technical benzene hexachloride and chlordane plots.— Rings ( 251 ) « HYMENOPTEEA Apidae Apis mellif era L. , the honeybee Toxaphene at a dilution of 1:4000 showed little toxicity to bees. The time required for a 100-percent mortality of bees treated with toxa^- phene was about the same as that of the unsprayed bees. — Butler and Shaw (H). Eckert (2^.) determined the comparative toxicities of the newer in- secticides to the honeybee. Of the 9 materials tested toxaphene was the least toxic. The LD-5O 72 hours was 22 micrograms per bee. In laboratorv tests bees in cages were dusted with a pre-deter mined dose of insecticide at 40 pounds pressure. The dust was allowed to settle for 30 seconds after which the bees were immediately transferred to other cages for observation. Toxaphene was practically non-toxic, 20 percent toxaphene-40 percent sulfur giving only 2.5 percent mortality at 36 pounds per acre.— Weaver ( 3II ). Cephidae Cephus cinctus Nort. , the wheat stem sawfly A 10-percent toxaphene dust applied at the rate of 20 pounds per acre to hard spring wheat permitted a 66 percent infestation as compared to 68 percent in the check plot.--Munro e_t al. (210). Formicidae Lasius niger alienus eunafricanus Emerv, the cornfield ant Toxaphene in the form of a 29.3 percent wet table powder applied at the rate of I.7 poxinds of toxicant per 1,000 squf^re feet caused only 1.4 percent reduction in the number of ant hills after 4? days.— Kerr ( 157 ). Pogonomvrmex barbatua (F. Smith), the red harvester ant Strong, well established colonies located in a typical Texas Cnilf Coast pasture were selected for the test. Each nest was treated five times during the test by strewing the dust over and around it. The duration of the test was 83 days. At the end of the test no colonies had been eradicated. Of the five colonies treated with 20-percent toxaphene three were in a weakened condition, one showed very little activity, and one was normal. — Riherd ( 249 )* -42- SolenopelE Baevlpslma Tar. rlchteri Jorel, the imported fire ant Experiments were conducted at two locations in Alabama. The most effective treatment of individual hills was opening the mound and mixing ineecticide with soil in the mound. Two ounces of 20-percent toxaphene dust applied in this manner was effective,— Eden and Arant (79)» In Mississippi in 19^7 several chemicals, including 25-percent toxa^ phene dust, were found very effective in laboratory tests when blown through the tunnels in the mounds with a small plunger duster having a short spout to penetrate the outside crust of the mound. —Lyle and Fortune (186). Vfasmannia auropunctata (Roger), the little fire ant An emulsion of toxaphene (O.5 pound of toxicant in O.5 gallon of No. 2 fuel oil per 100 gallons of water) was as effective as chlordane or DDT when sprayed on citrus trees. Fuel oil alone was ineffective. The infestation was held to a low level for 12 weeks. —Osburn ( 225 ) » DIPTERA Agromyzidae Lirioayza flaveola (ISall.), the serpentine leaf miner In 19"*? field tests to control this leaf miner on asters in southern California, toxaphene 50-percent eraulsifiable spray, two applications at a dosage of 1.25 po^ds toxicant per 100 gallons of water, permitted 9*9 miners per stem as compared to 32.6 in the check* Toxaphene proved more effective than chlordane or parathion and did not injure asters. — Jefferson and Pence (lf+2, 150 )» Calliphoridae Callitroga macellaria (F. ), the secondary acre»-worm Phormia regine (Meig.), the "black blow fly Toxaphene was the most promising of six materials tested as fleece worm larvicides at Kerrville, Texas during 19^7. Artificially infested sheep were treated with benzene solution, water suspensions, and emulsions of toxaphene and other insecticides. The sheep were infested by implanting the newly hatched larvae of several blow flies, principally these species, on a very small piece of ground beef which had been rubbed into the wool on the animl's rump. Elach of the chemicals was used at a concentration of 2 percent. Eight of the 10 sheep treated with toxaphene were protected againft reinf estation for the entire time they were in test, 55 to 82 daye,»~-G-raham and Eddy ( 119 )» Little ie known about the value of thie mHterial for controlling either of these parasites under practical conditions. — U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. (300)» Culicidae Aedes aegypti (L.), the yellow-fever mosquito A single dose of toxaphene, undiluted at 300 n^./kg. and as a 10- percent solution in corn oil at 5 given rabbits. Of mosqui- toes feeding on these rabbits 10 percent died after 2 days when the rabbit VIBE friven tindiluted toxaphene and 25 percent died after one day when the rabbit van given toxaphene in oil. — Knipling e_t al. ( l63 )» Toxaphene was very much less effective than DDT, BBC, and chlordane when tested as space sprays against adult mosquitoes and was less effective than DDT as a residual poison after 36 weeks on plywood. — Gehan at al. (97 ) » Toxaphene, chlordane, BHC, and methoxychlor are less toxic to mosquito larvae and are more toxic to gold fish than DDT.— Crins burg (110). Aedes sollicitans (VTLk.), the salt-marsh mosquito In laboratory and field tests toxaphene compared favorably with DDT. — Parker and Eeacher ( 231 ). In favorable weather four insecticides when sprayed on the ground re- (luced mosquito populations for 11 days, and their comparative value as residual treatments appeared to be in the following order: DDT, BHC, chlordane, and toxaphene. — Fltmo ejt al. (91). Toxaphene and DDT proved equally and highly toxic to larvae and pupae of Aede s sollicitans . At the rates of 0.2 and 0.4 pounds per acre, no adverse effect on other aquatic life was observed from either material. At the rate of 1.0 pound per acre, however, a kill of predaceous diving- beetles (Dytiecidae ) , small fish (up to one and one-half inches in length), and fiddler crabs was recorded for both insecticides, with a greater mortality of all forms in the case of toxaphene. — Stearns e_t al. ( 280 ). Aedes spp. In laboratory tests DDT emd gamma BHC were about equally toxic to mountain species and toxaphene, chlordane, and methoxychlor were somewhat less effective. — Both et al. (257). A fuel oil solution of toxaphene applied at the rate of 0.1 pound toxicant per acre caused an average mortality of 80 percent of the lai^ae in U8 hours; a similar application of DDT gave 93 percent mortality. Toxaphene was inferior to DDT applied to the surface of the streams against black fly larvae.— Travis ( 292 ). In prehatrhln,? treatment toxaphene disEolved in fuel oil applied at the rate of 1 pound per acre gave ^6 percent control of the larvae; the same dosage of DDT in fuel oil gave 83 percent control. — Travis e_t al . (293). A fuel oil solution of toxaphene was less effective than either a fuel oil solution or a water emulsion of DDT against larvae of both Aedes and Culiseta . Five-percent toxaphene in fuel oil at 0.2 pound toxicant per acre killed 7^ percent of Aedes lanrae in ^8 hours; the same dosage of DDT killed 98 percent. These tests were made in Alaska. — Sjullin et al. (113). In tests against arctic species of Aedes larvae made at Ft. Churchill, Manitoba, Canada in 19^8 and 19^9 • toxaphene was less toxic in oil solution than DDT but gave a comparable kill as an emulsion at a dosage of 0.1 pound per acre. — McDuffie et al. ( 188 ). Anopheles q\iadri macula tus Say, the common malaria mosquito Toxaphene was one of 175 compounds out of 6,000 tested which caused 50-percent mortality of larvae in 48 hours at 1 ppm. or less. Comparative tests of DDT and toxaphene yielded the following results: Concentration Mortality ppm. in Zk hrs. in kQ hrs. DDT .01 100 Toxaphene .01 28.3 98.3 DDT .005 96.6 98.3 Toxaphene .005 3.3 58.3 DDT .0025 58.3 85.0 Toxaphene .0025 1.6 30. C —Deonier et al. (iZ) Field tests in occupied and tmoccupied structures indicate residual toxicity of three months or longer with toxaphene. The irritant effect produced by DDT is much less apparent with toxaphene. — Cutkomp (54). The order of diminishing residual effectiveness of various insecti- cides over a 26-week period is DDT, BHC, chlordane, toxaphene, emd TDE. — Fay et. al. (86). Same as for Aedes aegypti Gehan »t al. ( ?7 ). In sectary- reared Anopheles quadriiaaculatus mosquitoes were released in rooms which had been sprayed with insecticides at the rate of 200 mg. of the active ingredient per squt^re foot. Toxaphene, whether applied as a 5-percent xylene emlsion or as a 5-percent suspension from a ?5-percent wettable powder was very slow acting and seemed to have a comparatively short residual life. — McCauley et^ al. ( 187 ). -45- Unidentified moBqultoes In laboratory tests toxaphene proved highly toxic to larvae of eleven species of California mosquitoes. — Michelbacher (200). When employed in space sprays toxaphene is less effective than DDT against "both flies and mosquitoes, and considerably less effective when used in aerosols. It has very little knockdown action and acts slowly. Although highly toxic to mosquito larvae, it Is slightly lees active than DDT.— Knipllng (1^, l60, l6l, 162 ). Tests on the control of mosquito adults during the 19^8 season in Alaska were conducted to determine the sice of area necessary to treat in order to prevent infiltration in annoying numbers from the surrounding \in- sprayed areas, to obtain information on the number of times an area must be treated to protect a community from mosquitoes, and to establish the minimum effective dosage of DDT. Formulations tested Included standard 20 percent DDT airplane spray containing either 40 percent toxaphene and 40 percent fuel oil; 2S percent toxaphene and percent fuel oil; or 15 per- cent toxaphene and 65 percent fuel oil. Fuel oil was used as a diluent to obtain reduced dosages. It was concluded that a dosage of 0.1 pound of DDT per acre is adequate If applied under suitable wind conditions.— Blanton et al. (21). Hippo bo scldae Melophagus ovlnus (L.), the sheep tick Puparla were dipped in O.5 percent suspension of insecticide and held at room temperature (67-80® F. ) or at a constant temperature of 80* F. and a relative humidity of 50 to 70 percent. Toxaphene caused little if any mortality of pupae and the addition of a wetting agent did not enhance its effectiveness. —Hoffman ( l40 ). Ticks were placed on cloth patches treated with an acetone solution of the Insecticide. Of the 20 Insecticides evaluated I5 failed to give 100 percent mortality in 24 hours after 30 minutes exposure on cloth tree ted at the rate of 25 mg. of insecticide per square foot. Among the insecticides that failed were DDT, THE, methoxychlor , chlordane, toxa- phene, cube powder, crude benzene hexachloride and its alpha, beta and delta isomers. Parathlon was the most effective material tested, causing 100 percent mortality in 24 hours at I.5 ng» dosage per sqviare foot.— Gjullin (111). Sheep ticks exposed for 120 minutes to 24 mg. toxaphene per square foot at 70* F. suffered 57- percent mortality and at 90® F. they suffered 94 percent mortality. Toxaphene and BHC killed more ticks at the higher temperature, whereas DDT, TDE and methoxychlor caused considerably higher mortality of sheep ticks at 70* F. than at 90* F. — Hoffman et al. (143). -2+6- Dlpping tests with wettable powders showed that 0.2 and O.5 percent concentrations of all the chlorinated hydrocarbons caused complete to nearly complete control of sheep ticks during the entire 110-day period of the test. Wool samples collected from the treated sheep and exposed to houseflies showed a high degree of toxicity for all chemicals at the O.C5-percent concentration. When Shropshire ewes in heavy fleece were sprayed with 2.7 quarts of the chlorinated hydrocarbons at 0.2-percent strength, none of the treatments consistently killed all the sheep ticks during the test period. Chlordane, BHC, toxaphene, and methoxychlor gave h«»tter results than DDT and TDE. — Fairchlld et al. (85)' Against the sheep tick toxaphene was superior to DDT \ifeen used as either a dip or a spray, but less effective than BHC and chlordane. In a few tests complete control was obtained with dips containing O.O5, 0.2, end 0«5 percent of the insecticide. However, its action appeared to be slower than that of the other insecticides.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant '^^^^ Hypoderimtidae Dermatobia ho minis (L. Jr.), "Berne", the htiman "bot fly Toxaphene had no effect on encysted larvae .—Laake ( 172 ) . %poderma bo vie (L.), the northern cattle grub H. linatum (De Vill, ), the common cattle grub Toxaphene was tried in 5 formulas all of which gave zero mortality except one (5O percent lanolin, 25 percent toxaphene and 25 percent liiw seed oil) which gave 80 percent mortality when applied by spatula*—- Telford (289). In small-scale tests toxaphene did not control larvae of the common cattle grub.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Qfiar. (300). In laboratory tests a 1.5-percent aqueous suspension of toxaphene prevented the eggs from hatching. In tests at Kerrville, Texas during 19^8 nine applications at two week intervals beginning in Janxxary of a 2-percent suspension of toxaphene reduced the average nujnber of grubs per animal from 39.9 in the \intreated check to 23. 1.— Graham ( 118 ). Itonididae Monarthropalpus buxi Lab. , the boxwood leaf miner Toxaphene, 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water gave 100 percent control. — Stearns et al. (282). Muscldae Hvlemya brassicae (Bouche), the cabbage maggot A 0.05 percent spray of toxaphene reduced the average iiifestatioli in radishes from ^Z.k to 12.2 percent Dills and Odland (62, 6^). Toxaphene dusted on cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli in Vfashington three weeks after the plants were up ^ave poor maggot control. This dust, when applied by a fertiliser or duster attachment on the trajisplanter , gave practically no control. Toxaphene caused no plant In jury.—Stitt and Eide (265)» Hylemya ci licrura (Rond.), the seed-corn maggot A 5-pprcent toxaphene duet used at the rate of O.5 poxind per bushel of bean seed was without value; also when applied to the soil at 80 porinde per acre.— Ristich and Schwardt ( 253 )» hfueeidae hfcisca domestic^ (L.), the house fly The effect of temperature on speed of knockdown and mortality of houpeflies exposed to residues of several chlorinated hydrocarbons was de- termined by exposing houseflies (l) continuously at constant temperatures of 70" and 90® F. and (2) for predetermined periods (1 to 20 minutes) at 70® and 90® and then holding them for 2k hours at the same temperature at which they were exposed. At a dosage of 50 mg, per square foot toxaphene required 299 minutes for knockdown at 70. P. and I9I minutes at 90° F. — Hoffman and Lindquist (1^2). As a space spray toxaphene was considerably less effective than DDT, chlordane, and BHC. — Gahan ejb al. (97)» In Brazil spraying barns and stalls with 0.5-percent toxaphene emulsion quickly eliminated heavy population of house flies and kept the buildings practically free from flies for 6 weeks, when the observations were discontinued. — Laake ( 172 ). In residual toxicity tests DDT and gamma BHC were initially the most toxic compounds followed by chlordane, TDE, and toxaphene. BHC gave the most rapid knockdown, followed by DDT, THE, chlordane, and toxaphene. The order of persistence of the residual treatments was, from the most to the least, DDT, TDE, toxaphene, chlordane, and BHC. — Bruce (28). When tested as a fumigant toxaphene caused high mortality.— Hoffoan and Lindquist ( lUl ). DDT proved superior to toxaphene as a space spray at all concentra- tions less than 0.10 percent and at all volumes less than 0.30 milliliters. Toxaphene does not give knockdown. As a residual toxicant, toxaphene coa>- pares favorably with DDT. However, DDT causes paralysis of the flies in a considerably shorter period of time than toxaphene. There was no differ- ence in the efficiency of the DDT and toxaphene deposits after nearly 12 months' exposure to diffused light in the laboratory. — Parker and Beacher -48- Toxaphene was less effective than DDT against house flies from the standpoint of both initial killing action and residual action. — U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Qpar. ( ?00 ). Nitrocellulose and urear-f ormaldehyde surface coatings containing 20- percent of toxaphene were more toxic after 26 to 35 weeks than v^en first apnlied, crobahlv due to migration of the toxicant to the surface. — Block (21) - Various surfaces, including pebbled p-lass, Tinpainted wood, Celotex, Texolite water paint, whitewash plus toxicant, and whiteviash on which the toxicant was sprayed after drying, treated with coinparable 10 percent (by weight) water emulsions of toxaphene and DDT to give a theoretical deposit of 100 n^. of toxicant per sq. ft. , were compared for residual effective- ness against the housefly over a period of 225 days. DDT proved superior to toxaphene in speed of knockdown and in six-hour mortality for all surfaces tested.— Beacher and Parker (17 )« S«e also tmder Unidentified mosquitoes . — Knipling ( 159 « 160 ). See under Anopheles quadrimaculatus .— Fay et al. (^). In these tests against adult house flies the water-wettable toxaphene was somewhat superior to the toxaphene- xylene emulsion, but neither combination was entirely satisfactory. Resistant housef lies Wilson and Gehan ( 322 ) found that a special strain of houseflies that was comparatively resistant to DDT space sprays was also resistant to other insecticides including toxaphene. On the other hand Barber and Schmitt (l4, 1^) in residual toxicity tests (144 mg. toxicant per sq. ft.) found that flies of the Ellenville, N. Y. line that were highly resistant to DDT and related compounds showed no resistance to certain other unrelated chemicals including toxaphene. The susceptibility or resistance of the various strains of flies studied was determined from data obtained by topical applications of the toxicant to the thorax of female houseflies. Acetone solutions of the insecticides were used in all tests. The do sage- mortality data were used to calculate the LD-50 values in terms of micrograms of toxicant per gram weight of fly. The 24-hour LD-50 of toxaphene to the NAIDM strain of flies was 29.16 (DDT = 16. 8) whereas to flies that had become resistant to DDT (18,728) this value was 76.4 micrograms per gram weight. — Bruce (22) . In Dennark DDT-resistant and control flies reacted imiformly toward toxaphene.— Kei ding and Van Deurs ( 1S3 ). Siphona irritans (L.), the horn fly Toxaphene wettable powder at a concentration of O.5 percent protected dairy cattle for an average of 3I days and was eqxial to DDT. Of all of the materials tested toxaphene gave the slowest knock-down of horn flies. — Smith (270). -49- Toxaphene wettable powder spray at 0.5*-percent concentration gave excellent horn fly control. In Kansas the average days* protection \- line went 50«2 days before the fly count averaged 25; those sprayed on both the topline and under went 62«4 days. The corresponding figures for the 0.5-percent DDT wettable powder spray were 41.5 •hd 42 days.— Cuff (5I). Toxaphene at 0.5~pez'cent concentration has given results similar to DDT for the control of horn flies. Although it is somewhat slower in killing flies coming to treated animals, and under certain conditions might appear to be inferior, final control has in general been coinparable with that obtained with DDT.— U. S. Bur. Int. and Plant Quar. (300). In laboratory knock-down tests against the horn fly, small screenwire cages were dipped in preparations containing O.5 percent of different chlorinated l^drocarbon insecticides. The methoxychlor caused coaplete knock-down in 5 niinutes, DDT in 8, TDB in 17, chlordane in 53 » and toxaphene in 73 minutes in tests made 24 hours after the cages had been dipped. After 2 months' exposure the methoxychlor, DDT, TDE, toxaphene, and chlordane caused conqjlete knock-down of flies in 12, 62, I52, 248, and 36O to 720 minutes, respectively. The knock-down of flies exposed to animals treated %fith the insecticides was the same as that determined in the laboratory, except that a longer time was required. In semi-field tests best results were obtained with DDT and toxaphene. In most of the tests wettable powders proved superior to emulRions regardless of the concentration of insecticides tested. — "Eddy and Graham (77)» In tests at Kerrville, Texas during 1948 DDT, TDE, methoxychlor and toxaphene applied as 0.5-percent emulsions to Jersey cows performed simi- larly. The protective values were about equal, lAether 1 or 2 quarts of the insecticide were applied over the entire body or 1 quart over the dorsal half of the cow's body. When herds were sprayed on the under line only, fly-free periods were diminished.— Mc®or ( 190 ). Stomoxys calci trans (L.), the stable fly The speed of knockdown and kill, and the duration of effectiveness of 11 of the more recently developed organic insecticides were studied in laboratory tests against the stable fly. Two l4-mesh copper-wire ceiges were dipped in a 1-percent solution of each test material in acetone. One cage was held indoors while its duplicate was stored outdoors, fully exposed to the effects of the weather. In the tests made 24 hours after the cages were treated, DDT and methoxychlor proved to be the fastest acting compounds and toxaphene and chlordane the slowest acting. — Eddy and McGregor (28). -50- Under comparable practical conditions DDT, TDE, methoxychlor , toxa^ phene, and chlordane in barn and premises tr«Rtai«nts seem to be equally effective in reducinif? the number of houseflies and stable flies that enter the milk "barns on treated farms. — l-tuma and Hixon ( 208 ). See under Tabanidae . — U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. ( 300 ). Slimliidae Simullum latipes Fries S^. venustum Say S, vlttatum Zett. Toxaphene as an emulsion xas effective against black fly larvae at a concentration of k ppra. ; DDT was effective at about l/6 this concentration.— Trjullin et al. (112). Toxaphene, tested in thp form of a 25-percent emaleion concentrate with 65 percent xylene and 10 percent Triton IflOO against blackfly larvae in streams was ineffective at 2,k6 ppm«/min. , or 1:6,000,000 for I5 minutes.— Hocking et al. (139). See under Aedes spp.— Travis ( 292 ) . Tabanidae The effect on horse fly populations of aerial sprays applied to wooded areas was studied. The insecticides were applied from a plane equipped with a standard spray boom. Ten-acre plots were treated with 2 poxinds per acre of one of the following insecticides, dispersed as a 10-percent solution in a mixture of cyclohexanone and No. 1 fuel oil: methoxychlor, DDT, toxaphene, and chlordane. The effectiveness of the materials was determined by counting flies attacking draft horses led through the test plots 1 day before spraying and 1, 2, J, 5. and 7 days after treatment. The results appeared somewhat erratic, and no appreciable effect on fly populations could be domonstrated for any of the insecticides tried. Tabanus abactor and T. sulcifrons were the two most abundant species. T. atratus, T. vittiger . T. mularis, and T. venustus were present in small numbers. A few species of Chrysops euid Si Ivius were also present.— Howell e_t al. ( 1^5 ). Toxaphene as a 2-percent spray did not protect animals from attack by tabanids or stable flies. — TJ. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Q]nar. ( 300 ). ACARINA Argasidae Otobius megnini (Duges), the ear tick Toxaphene was superior to DDT and comparable with chlordane and BHC for controlling the ear tick. — U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Qpar. (300). -51- Ixodidae Amblyomma americanum (L.), the lone star tick Toxaphene proved superior to DDT and equal to chlordane, but less effective than BHC against the engorged forms nf the lone star tick. Toxa- phene epravs at 0.75-percent concentration gave good control of all stages and protection against reinf estation for 2 weeks, comparable vrith that given by Dlfl and chlordane. — U. S. Sur. ICnt. and Plant Quar. (300). Amblyomroa macula turn Koch, the Qulf Coast tick Oood control of all stages resulted when cattle were dipped or sprayed with 0.5 to 0.75 percent of toxaphene and protection against reinfestation lasted for 2 to 3 weeks.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Q)aar. (300). EooY>hllus annulatus (Say), the cattle tick Extensive tests conducted in South America have shown that sprays con- taining 0.5 percent of toxaphene are highly effective against all sta/res of the cattle fever tick present on animals. Complete protection was obtained for 3 weeks and good control for 4 weeks. Protection after 3 weeks was comparable with that obtained 11 to 13 days after treat.T)ent with a sprey containing O.5 percent of DDT plus sufficient BHC to give 0.025 percent of the gamma isomer.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Qjaar. ( 300 ). Toxaphene applied as a spray destroyed all stages of the fever tick, Boophilus annulatus var. microplus , attached to cattle at the time of treat- ment and prevented reinfestation for 3 to practically i^ weeks, depending somewhat on the breed of cattle involved. The toxaphene emulsion was used in spray tests in concentrations of O.25, O.5O, and 0.75 percent and in dip tests at 0.53 percent active principle and was applied to four purebred breeds and several grades or mixtures of dairy breeds, including yoting and very young purebred and grade calves, without any visible injury to the animals or to the personnel handling or applying the emulsion. — Laeke ( 172 ) . In Australia Cooper Tox (65 percent toxaphene in emulsified form) at strengths of O.65 percent and 0.55- percent toxaphene concentrations gave practically a 100 percent kill of all ticks on heavily infested cattle. Toxaphene arrests the dievelopment of female ticks at once, '''ithin a few hours they detach themselves from the host and die within a relatively short period. No untoward effects on the animals have been noted. — Legg ( 175 )' Dermacentor albipictus (Pack.), the winter tick Toxaphene was superior to DDT and comparable with chlordane against the winter tick on cattle and horses, when employed either as a spray or as a dust. Good control of all stages was obtained with sprays containing as little as 0.75 percent and this concentration protected against reinfestap- tion for about 2 months. A O.5 percent spray failed to control all the engorged forms, but prevented further reinf esta tions for 6 to 6 weeks.— U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant (^r. (300). -52- Tetranychidae Paratetranychup citrl (McG.). the citrus red mite Toxaphene proved nontoxic at 1 percent to mites. — Metcalf ( 198 ): Metcalf et al. (199) » Para tetrany chug pilosus (C. & F. ) , the European red mite The application of a 0.125-percent toxaphene spray (as a 25-percent vettable powder) to soybeans permitted obly 25 percent of a normal population of mites and eg^B to develop.— Wingo and Thomas ( 324 ). On apples in Dela\<&re the red mite populations with DDT alone emd with DDT and lead arsenate were moderately large; and with toxaphene and lead arsenate and with toxaphene alone, small to negligible .—Parker e^ al. ( 232 ). Orchard tests in British Columbia showed toxaphene to be fairly effective against European red mite. — Boss and Armstrong ( 256 ). Tetranychue bimaculatus Harvey, the two-spotted spider mite Duets containing 3 to 5 percent of toxaphene were effective in con- trolling this mite on lima beans on Long Island but were less effective than duets containing 1 percent of parathion or 10 percent of aeobenzene. Toxaphene 25-percent wet table powder, 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water, and toxaphene 50-percent concentrated emulsion at 1:400 also were effective, yielding an increase of clean pods equal to that produced by heiaethyl tetraphoephate 1:800. — ftickett ( l46 ). In the greenhouse, toxaphene had considerable acaricidal value at high rates, e.g. 1 to 4 pounds per 100 gallons. There %«8 little ovicidal action but the residue effectively destroyed the yoxing of two-spotted mite hatching after spraying.— Poss and Armstrong ( 256 ). Same as for Paratetranychus piloeus .— Vingo and Thomas ( 324 ) . Tetranychus pacif icus McG, the Pacific mite In 1947 at Yakima, Washington, five applications of a 50-percent water miscible toxaphene at 1:800 controlled the mites and caused no injury to apples. — Newcomer ( 215 . 21? ); Hewcomer and Dean ( 218 ); Carlson and Newcomer (37). Yasatcs cornutus (Banks), the peach silver mite In Washington in 1947 toxaphene 1 pint (sic) to 100 gallons of water reduced the average mite population per peach leaf from 395 to 21. 5.— Carlson (36). Tromblculidae Trombi cilia ( Eutrombicula ) splendene Swing Trorablcula (Eutrombicula ) alf reddugeei (Oud. ), the common chigger In tepts made near Savsjinah, Ga. , in 19^, toxaphene applied as an eraulFlon spray at 8, and 2 pounds per acre gave control equal to that of hydrojypentamethylf lavan at k poxinds per acre throughout the 17-day period of observation. — Smith and Gouck ( 27l )» literaTiire cited (1) anonymous 19^. Compatibility chart for insecticides and fungicides. Amer. Fruit Grower 68(2): kO-Ul. (2) 19^3. New freight classification. A.I.F. News 6(5): 3. (3) 19^9* Weather factors In spraying and dusting pome fruits. Amer. Fruit Grower 69(2): 2U-25. ik) 19^9* Compatibility chart for insecticides and fungicides. Amer. Fruit Grower 69(2): 36-37. (5) 1949, Weather factors in spraying and dusting stone fruits. Amer. Fruit Grower 69(3): 21. (6) ALL14AN, S. S. , and 'BRIGHT, J. A. 19^8. Grasshopper control. Recent developments. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 59: 23>236, 28>288, 3^5-3^9. (7) ANDERbON, L. D. , and HASHE, J. W. 1949. Control of corn earworm on sweet corn in southern California. Jour. Econ. Ent. ^2: 933-9^1. (8) APPLE. J. W. , and DECKER, G. C. 1949. Insecticidal dust formulations for corn borer control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 88-92. (9) ARaNT, F. S. 1947. Results obtained from use of various insecticides in cotton insect control at Alabama Experiment Stations. Southeastern Cotton Insect Control Conference, Columbia, S. C. , Dec. 8-9, IW. pp. 2>25. -5^ (10) APANT, F. S. 1948. Preliminary field tests with new insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillar. Jour. Icon. Ent. kl: 803. (11) AED, J. S. 19^8. Detection of chlordan (octachloro-4,7-Jnethanotetrahydro- indane) in insecticide oil sprays. Analyt. Chem. 20: 858-859. (12) ARIZONA AGEICULTUEAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1948. Third Annual Report, Economic Poisons, Sp. Bui., 4-5 pp. (13) ARMITAGE, H. M. 1947. State of California, Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Qfiarantine , 28th Ann. Rpt. 36(4): 141-201. (14) BAEEEE, G. W. , and SCHMITT, J. B. 1948. Houseflies resistant to DDT residual sprays. N. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 742, 8 pp. (15) and SCHMITT, J. B. 19^9. Further studies on resistance to DDT in the housefly. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 287-292. (16) BATTE, E. G. , and TUEX, R. D. 1948. Toxicity of some synthetic insecticides to dogs. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 102-103. (17) BEACHER, J. H. , and PAEKER, W. L. 1948. Residual toxicity. Soap and Sanit. Chem. 24(6): 139. 1^1, 143. 163. 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D. , SMITH, C. L. , HUBaNKS, P. E. , and MANN, H. D. 1949. The chlorinated hydrocarbon content of milk from cattle sprayed for control of horn flies. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 116-118. (40) CHAMBITELIN, T. E. , and MEDLEE, J. T. 1949. TestJ? of insecticides against the meadow spittlebug on seed alfalfa. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 653-656. (41) CHEIST, E. G. , and DEIGGEES, B. F. 1949. Strawberry weevil control with new organic insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 559. (42) CLEJ4S0N aCtRICULTUEaL COLLEGE 1949. Cotton production and insect control. South Carolina 1949» Clemson Agr. Col. S. C. Ext. Serv. Cir. 324, 8 pp. (43) CONKER, J. T. , Jr., and KULASH, W. M. 1948. Cotton insect control in North Carolina. N. C. Agr. Col. Ext. Cir. 312, 7 pp. Reprinted for I949. (44) COPE, 0. B. 1948. Toxicities and tolerances of new insecticides in relation to wildlife &nd. fish. Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc. Proc. & Papers 1948: 26-29. (45) COTTON, R. T. , and FEANZENFELD, J. C. 1948. Laboratory experiments with residual sprays for control of confused flour beetles in the flour mill and warehouse. Assoc. Oper. Millers Bui. Apr. 1948, pp. I66O-I665. -57- {kS) COTTON, R. T. , and FEANKENTELD, J. C. 19^« Reeiduale, toxicity BtudieB with new tjrpes of insecticidal sprave. Amer. Miller and Processor 76(4): i^5-46; and (7): 36, 38. (U7) FR/INKENTELD, J. C. , and EENNIS, N. M. 19^8. EeEidual sprays for use against the confused £lour beetle. U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Qjiar. E-766. I5 pp. [processed. '] {Ud) COX, J. A. Field experiments for control of the grape berry moth. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 507-514. (49) CEOWELL, H. H. , and MOEEISON, H. E. 1950* The phytotoxicity to cucurbits of some new insecticides* Jour. Econ. Ent. 43: 14-16. (50) CUJT. R. C. 1948. Report farm tests of new fly killers. Successful Farming 46(7): 94. (51) 1949. Cattle sprays to use for flies, lice and grubs to get best results. Natl. Live Stock Prod. 27(9): 3. 12. (52) CULLINAK, F. P. 1947. Effects of some of the nevrer organic chemicals on plant life. Agr. Chem. 2(5): 18-20. (5?) 1949. Some new insecticides - their effect on plants and soils. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 387-391. (54) CUTKOMP, L. K. 1947. Residual sprays to control Anopheles quadr i macu la tu s . Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 328-333. (55) OUTRIGHT , C. R. 1949. Combating the periodical cicada with insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 359-362. (56) DECKER, G. C, APPLE, J. W. , WRIGHT, J. M. , and PETTY, H. B. 1947. European corn borer control on canning corn. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 395-400. (57) DEOMER, C. C. , JONES, H. A., and INGHO, H. H. 1946. Organic compounds effective against larvae of Anopheles quadr i macu la tus - laboratory tests. Jour. Econ. Znt. 39: Zi59_462. -53- (58) DESALBEES, L. , and LABATUT, E. 19^7« Ineectlcidee nouveaux, lee derives chlores de la serie terpenique. Chim. & Indue. [Parie] 58: (59) and EACHE, J. 19^8* Les terpenes polychlores et leurs proprietes ineecticides. Chim. & Indus. fParis] 59: 236-239. (60) DEWEY, J. E. , and VANOELIT/TE , J. D. 19^8. Some organic Insecticides for control of plum curculio on peaches. Jour. Econ. Ent. kl: 235-239» (61) DIEPHIUS, F. , and DUNN, C. L. I9U9, Toxaphene residues. IV. Toxaphene in tissues of cattle and sheep fed toxaphene- treated alfalfa. Montana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. ^61, pp. 22-26. (62) DILLS, L. E. . and ODLAND, M. L. 19^8. Cabha^e maggot insecticidal tests. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 98-101. (63) and ODLAl^D, M. L. 19^8. Several chemicals better than mercury compounds in combatting cabbage maggot. Sci. for the Farmer - Penn. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Supplement No. 2 to Bull. 488, pp. 9-10. (64) and ODLaND, M. L. 1949* Cabbage caterpillar insecticide experiments. Market Growers Jour. 78(6): I9. (65) DOBBINS, T. N. , and FEONZ, W. D. 1948. Insecticide tests for the control of coleopterous larvae attacking peanuts in the soil. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 8I5-8I6. (66) DOMINI CK, C. B. 1949, New insecticides for tobacco flea beetle control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 148-149. (67) DOEST, H. E. , and PEAY, W. E. 1949. Insecticides not effective in control of curly top in tomatoes. Farm and Home Science. Utah Agr. Expt. Sta. 10(1): 16. (68) DOUGLASS, J. B. , and SHIECK, F. H. 1949. Experiments for control of onion thrips. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 68-72. (69) DUGAS, A. L. , SMITH, C. E. , and CONCIENNE, E. J. 1947. Three new insecticides — benzene hexachloride , "3956" and Eyanex compare favorably with cryolite for sugarcane borer control. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Ept. 19^5- 1946: 5>5^« -59- (70) DUGAS, A. L. , SMITH, C. E. , and CONCIENNE, E. J. 19^» Sugarcane insect control. Louisiana Agr, Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 19^16-19^7: 5^55. (71) SMITH, C. E. , and CONCIENNE, E. J. 19^» Velvetbean caterpillar. Louisiana Afirr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 19^19^7: 55-56. (72) SMITH, C. E. , and CONCIENNE, E. J. 19^9« ^ii© new organic insecticides are unsafe to uee on sugar cane in Louisiana for sugar cane borer control. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rept. 19^7-19^8: 69-70. (73) SMITH, C. E. , and CONCIENIJE, E. J. 19^*9. Parathion found effective against the fall armyworm and the lesser cornstalk borer. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. jmn. Bept. 1947-19^8: 70-71. (7^) DUSTAN, G. G. , ARMSTRONG, T. , and PUTMAN, W. L. 19^7. The influence of air currents on the insecticidal action of DDT, "benzene hexachloride , Hercules Toxicant 3956, and Velsicol IO68. Canad. Ent. 79: 45-5O. (75) ECKERT, J. E. 19^9* Determining toxicity of agricultural chemicals to honey bees. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 26I-265. (76) EDDY, G. W. , and BUSHLAND, R. C, 19^8. Compounds more toxic than DDT to body lice. Jour. Econ. Ent. kl: 369-373. (77) and GRAHAM, C. H. 19^9* Tests to control horn flies with new insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. kZ: 265-268. (78) and McGREGOR, W. S. 1949. Residual action of organic insecticides against stable flies. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 547-548. (79) EDEN, W. G. , and ARANT, I. S. 1949. Control of the imported fire ant in Alabama. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42 : 976-979. (80) ENUS, W. R. 1949. Insecticides to control cat-facing of peaches. Mo. State Hort. Soc. Hort. News. pp. 8-9. May* (81) EWART, W. H. 19k9, The present status of the use of new insecticides on citrus in central California. Part I - Citrus thrips and citricola scale. Univ. Calif. Citrus Expt. Sta. News Letter 39: 2-6. [Processed.") -60- (82) EWING, K. P. and PjiPJlNClA, C. R. , Jr. 19^8. Control of boll weevil and cotton aphid %rlth duets con- taining chlorinated camphene , benzene hexachloride , or other new ineecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. '^l: 558-563. (83) and PARENCIA, C. R. , Jr. 19^9» Experiments in early-season application of insecticides for cotton-insect control in Wharton County, Teias during 19^8. U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Q)iar. E-7?2, 6 pp. [Processed. ] (84) arid PARENCIA, C. R. , Jr. 19'^9» Early-season application of insecticides for cotton-insect control. TJ. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. E-792. 9 pp. illus. [Processed. 1 (85) FAIRCEILD, H. E. , HOFFMAN, R. A., and LINDQUIST, A. W. 19^9. A comparison of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides for control of the sheep tick. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 410-414. (86) FAY, R. W. , COLE, E. L. , and BUCKNER, A. J. 1947. Comparative residual effectiveness of organic insecticid«»s against house flies and malaria mosquitoes. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 635-640. (87) FIFE, L. C, CHAPMAN, A. J., and SHILLER, I. 19^8. Toxicity of several chlorinated hydrocarbons to thrips on cotton. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 665-666. (88) WALKER, R. L. , and BONDY, F. F. 1949. Boll weevil control with several organic insecticides during 1948. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 682-684. (89) FLOYD, E. H. 19^9* Control of the sand wireworm in Louisiana. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 9OO-903. (90) and SMITH, C. E. 1948. Truck crop insect studies. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. iinn. Rept. 1946-19^7: 56-67. (91) FLUNO, J. A., RAUN, E. S. , DEONIER, C. C. , and FAULKIJF.R, F. 1949. Comparative toxicity of DDT and some of the newer ins»»cti- cides to adults of Salt-marsh mosquitoes. Mosquito News 9(1): 15-18. (92) FOSTER, A. C. 1948. Phytotoxic effect of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Assoc. Southern Agr. Workers Proc , 45: 143-144. -61- (93) FRAZIER, N. W. , and BARNES, D. F. 19^8. Experlmente -^or control of the grape leaf folder In California. Jour. Econ. Ent. ^1: ^1-442. (94) FREAE, D. E. H. 1949* ^"fhat the dealer should know about ineecticides. Agr, Chem. 4(5): 25-28, 85. (95) HILBOEN, M. T., and PEINCE, A. E. 1949. Pest control materiale, I9I+9. Maine Agr. Bxpt. Sta. Miec. Puhl. 613; Pa. A^r. Expt. Sta. Progress Rpt. k, 110 pp. (96) FRONK, W. D. , and DOBBINS, T. N. 19^19. Insecticide teste for control of the southern corn root- worm in peanuts. U. S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Qpar. I^782» 10 pp. [Pfocessed. T (97) OAHAN, J. B. , GILBERT, I. H. , PEFFLY, R. L. , and WILSON, H. G. 19^. Comparative toxicity of four chlorinated, organic coiEpoiiads to mosquitoes, houseflies, and cockroaches. Jour. Econ. Ent. klx 795-801. (98) GAINES, J. C. 19^7* Tests of insecticides for control of grasshoppers. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 896-899. (99) 1948. New organic insecticides for controlling insects. Cotton Gin and Oil Mill Press 49(4): I5. (100) and DEAN, H. A. 1948. Tests of insecticides for the control of several cotton insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 548-554. (101) and DEAN, H. A. 1948. Comparison of insecticides for control of harlequin bugs. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 8O8-8O9. (102) and DEAN, H. A. 1948. Comparison of insecticide dusts for grasshopper control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 9^5-948. (103) and DEAN, H. A. 1949. Effect of temperature and humidity on the toxicity of certain insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 429-433» (104) and DEAN, H. A. 1949. Insecticide tests for boll weevil control during 1948. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 795-798. grATE -62- (105) GAIHES, J. C. and DEAN, H. A. 19^9« Comparison of sprays and duets for grasshopper control. Jour. Econ. Ent. kZi 956-959. (106) DEAN, H. A. , and WIPPRECHT, H. 19^. Control of thrips on cotton. Jour. Econ. Ent. kl: 5IO- 512. (107) and HANNA, R. L. 19^*8. Comparison of diluents in insecticide mixtures for cotton insect control. Jour. Econ. Ent. ^1: 811-812. (108) OAIHES, B. C. , and SCALES, A. L. 19^4-9. Effectiveness of insecticides on the "boll weevil in cotton squares in 19^7. Jour. Econ. Ent. kli 519^520. (109) GEORGIA COASTAL PLAIN EXPERIMENT STATION 19'+9» Cotton insect control recommeadations for Georgia. Univ, System of Georgia Mimeo. paper No. 2 (revised) 2 pp. , Jan. (110) GINSBDRG, J. M. 19^7» Tests with new toxicants in comparison with DDT on mo^- quito larvae and fish. N. J, Mosquito Extermin. Assoc. Proc. (19^7) 132-135' (111) GJULLIN, C. M. 19'^9* Laboratory tests with various new insecticides against the sheep tick. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 984, (112) COPE, 0. B. . QpiSENBERRY, B, F. , and DuCHANOIS, F. R. 1949» effect of some insecticides on black fly larvae in Alaskan streams. Jour. Econ. Ent. kZt 100-105* (113) WILSON, C. S., TRAVIS, B. V., and HUTTON, G. L. 1949» The relative effectiveness of several insecticides against mosquito larvae in Alaska. Mosquito News 9i^)i {IW GLASS, E. H. , and CHAPMAN, P. J. 19'+9» Red-banded leaf roller problem in New York. Jour. Econ. Ent. kZi 29-35 • (115) GOULD, E. , and TAYLOR, C. F. 19^4-9. Effect of insecticidal sprays on incidence of peach scab in West Virginia. Plant Disease Reptr. 33s I6-I7. (116) GOULD, G. E. 1947. New insecticides show promise in roach control. Ind. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (19^7) 60: 72. -6> (117) GRAHAM, C. 1948. Control of graBshoppers in apple and peach orchards. Jour. Bcon. Ent. kl: 111. (118) GEAHAM, 0. H. 19^9. An attempt to protect cattle from grub Infestation by use of insecticides. Jour. Kcon. Ent. 42: 837. (119) and EDDY, (J. W. 19^8. Persistence of chlorinated cainphene as a fleece wrm larvicide. Jour. Econ. Ent. kl: 521. (120) GREENWOOD, D. E. 1948. The statiia of wireworm control, Connecticut, 1947. Conn. A^r. Expt. Sta. , Spec. Bui., Feb. I5, 1948. 3 PP« (121) and HOFHASTER, R. N. 1950. The efficiency of B«reral new insecticides for the control of Hymen ia fascialis on fall spinach. Jour. Econ. Ent. 43: 108. (122) GREENWOOD, M. L. , and TICE, J. M, 1949. Palatability tests of potatoes grown in soil treated with the insecticides benzene hexachloride, chlordan, and chlorinated camphene. Jour. Agr. Research 78: 477-462. (123) GEIITITHS, J. T. , Jr., and ZING, J. R. 1948* Comparative compatibility and residual toxicity of organic insecticides as based on grasshopper control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 389^392. (124) KING, J. E. , and THOMPSON. W. L. 1947. Grasshopper control in citrus groves in Florida. Pla. State Hort. Soc. Proc. (1947) 60: 80-86. Also in Citrus Ind. 29(4): 20-22, 26. 1948. (125) GYRISCO, G. G. , and MARSHALL, D. S. 1950. Further investigations on the control of the clover root borer in New York. Jour. Econ. Ent. 43: 82-86. (1?6) NEWSOM. L. D. , MARSHALL, D. S. , and SCHWARDT, H. H. 1949. New advances in alfalfa snout beetle control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 311-31^« (127) HAMILTON, D. W. 1948. Pear psylla control in the Hudson River Valley in 1947. N. Y. State Hort. Soc. Proc. 93(1948): 171-179. (128) 1948. Summer control of pear psylla during 1947* Jour. Ilcon. Ent. 41: 244-248. -6^ (129) HARMAN, R. E. 19^» fttctore involved in poisoning German roachee "by exposing them to surfaces treated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Jour. Zcon. Ent. ^1: 516-517. (130) HAENED, R. W. 19^7. Insecticides for cotton. U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook, 19^3- 19^7, pp. 655-658. (131) HARBISON, P. K. 19^9« Laboratory tests of new compounds as insecticides against the sweetpotato weevil. U.S. Bur. Int. and Plant Qixar. Ii-770, 5 pp. [Processed.] (132) HASTINGS, E. , and PEPPER, J. H. 1949. Field tests with new insecticides for control of the alfalfa weevil. Jour. Econ. Ent. kZi 55^^555» (133) HAWKINS, J. H. , and THURSTON, R. 19^9. Some phases of European corn borer control in Central Maine. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 306-3II. (134) HAYSLIP, N. C. 1948. Recent advances in the control of animal, pasture and corn pests. Mimeographed Rpt. No. 12. Everglades Expt. Sta. Belle Glade, Pla. 8 pp. (135) (136) 1948. A report of insect control investigations for the fiscal year July 1, I947-I948. Mimeographed Rpt. No. I7. Everglades Expt. Sta., Belle Glade, Fla. 26 pp. 1946. Insect control investigations. Vegetable Crops Field Day, Indiantown, Pla. April 29, 1948. pp. 3-12 [Processed.] (137) HETEICE, L, A. 1950. The toxicity of some organic insecticides to the eastern subterranean termite. Jour. Econ. Ent. 43 i 57-59* (138) HINMAN, E. J. , and C014AN, E. T. 1947. New insecticides in grasshopper control. U. S. Bur. Ent, and Plant Qpar. E-722, 21 pp. [Processed. J (139) HOCKING, B. . TWINN, C. R. , and McDUFEIE, W. C. 1949. A preliminary evaluation of some insecticides against immature stages of blackflies ( Diptera : Simuliidae ). Sci. Agr. 29(2): 69-8O. (140) HOFFMAN, R. A. 1949. Effect of several insecticides on sheep tick pupae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 984. 65- (1^1) HOFFMAN, B. A., and LINDQUIST, A. W. 19^9» Fiunlgating properties of several new insecticides. Joxir. Econ. Ent. ^2: 436-438. (142) and LINDQUIST, A. W. 1949. Effect of temperature on knockdown and mortality of house flies exposed to residues of several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Jour. Icon. Ent. 42: 891- 893. (143) BOTH, A. B. , and LINDQUIST, A. W. 19'+9« Effect of air temperature on the insecticidal action of some conipoxinds on the sheep tick and on migration of sheep tick on the animal* Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 893- 896. (144) HOFMASTEE, B. N. , and GBEEN^VOOD, D. E. 19^9' I^all armyworm control on forage and truck crops. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 502- 5O6. (145) HOWELL, D. E. , EDDY, G. W. , and CUFF, B. L. 1949. Effect on horse fly populations of aerial npray applications to wooded areas. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 644-646. (146) HUCKETT, H. C. 19^+8. Control of the two-spotted mite on lima heans , on Long Island. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: 202-206. (147) INGBAM, J. W. , BYNUM, E. Z. , and CHAEPENTIER, L. J. 19'^7. Tests with new Insecticides for control of the sugarcane borer. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 779-781. (148) IVY, E. E. , PAEENICA, C. E. , Jr., and EWING, Z. P. 19^7. A chlorinated camphene for control of cotton Insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 513-317. (149) JEFFEESON, B. N. , and PENCE, B. J. 19^+8. Aster leaf miner-chlordane and beniene hexachloride promising as control insecticides. Calif. Agr. [Calif. Sta.] 2(l): 11-12. (150) and PENCE, B. J. 19^8. Preliminary experiments on the control of the leaf miner Liriomyza f laveola on asters. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41: (151) JOHNSON, D. B. 1949. Chemical treatment of seed corn for control of Agonoderus comma . Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 8OI-8O5. -66- (152) EEARKS, C. W. , WEINMAH, C. J., and mCEKH, a. C. 19^9» Insecticidal properties of some new chlorinated organic coi^oxinds. Jotir. Icon. Int. 42: 127-134. (153) EEIDINa, J., and VAJI DEUHS, H. 1949- DDT reeiBteince in houaefliee in Denmark, Hature [London] 163: 96^4-965. (154) mSHEIMER, I. 0. 1947* The use of some organic insecticides in the control of eaiv worms attacking sweet corn. Pla. State Hort. Soc. Proc. (1947) 60: 121-123. (155) 1948. The control of insect pests of cucumber and sqoash. Market Growers Jorur. 77(12): 16, 27. (156) m'TUCKY AGEI CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOH 1943. Control of green June beetles. Ky. Agr. Ibcpt. Sta. Ann. Rept. 61(1948): 48-49. (157) EERE, T. W. , Jr. 1948. Control of the cornfield ant in golf greens. Jour. Icon. Ent. 41: 48-52. (158) KING, J. E. . and GRIJTITHS, J. T. , Jr. 1943. Results of the use of concentrated sprays in citrus groves in Florida. Fla. Ent. 31: 29, 31-34. (159) ZNIPLING, E. 7. 1947. Recent developments in insecticides of interest to pest control operators. Pests 15(2): 10, 12, 14. (160) 1947. Newer synthetic insecticides. So^ and Sanit. Chem. 23(7): 127, 124, 131. (161) 1947. Pests that attack man. U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 194> 1947. pp. 632-642, (162) 1948. New insecticides, acaracides, and repellents for the control of arthropods attacking man. Internatl. Cong. Trop. Med. and Malaria. Abs. 4: 141-142. (163) BUSRLAND, R. C , BABERS, E. H. , CULPEPPER, G. H. , and R&UN, E. S. 1947. Evaluation of selected insecticides and drugs as chemo- therapentic agents against blood-sucking i)ara8ites. Jour. Parasitology 34: 55-70, -67- (16**) ZEUSS. C. W. 19tv8. Hoach control. Soap and Sanit. Chem. 24(11): 131, 133. 135. 137. 139. 169. (165) rULASH, W. M. 1947. Beeulta obtained from use of various insecticides in cotton insect control at North Carolina Experiment Stations, Southeastern Cotton Insect Control Conference Proc. Columbia, S. C. Dec. 8-9. 19^7. pp. 19-22. (166) 1948. Dust treatments for fall armyworm control In North Carolina. Jour. Bcon. Ent. 41: 822-823. (167) 1948. New insecticides for cotton insect control. Jour. Icon. Ent. 41 : 986-987. (168) 1949* Further tests with soil insecticides to control southern corn rootworm. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 558-559. (169) 1949* The green peach aphid as a pest of tobacco. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 677-680. (170) ra. S. 1948. New insecticides for grasshopper control. Qkla. igr. Col. Ext. Cir. 483, 3 pp. (171) LAAKE, E. W. 1949. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides for the control of the horn fly on beef cattle in Kansas and Missouri. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 14>144. (172) 1949. Livestock parasite control investigations and demonstra- tions in Brazil. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 276-280. (173) LAAKSO, J. W. , and JOHNSON, L. H. 1949. Toxaphene residtues. II. Toxaphene residues on alfalfa. Montana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 461, pp. 5-I5. (174) LAUDANI, H. , and MARZKE, F. 0. 1949. Toxicity to fabric insects and the resistance to washing and dry cleaning of six chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 434-436. (175) LEGO. J. 1949. A preliminary note on the use of two recently Introduced insecticides, chlordane and toxaphene, in the control of the cattle tick ( Boophilus microplus ) . Austral. Vet. Jour. 25(4): 65-66. -68- (176) LEHMAN, A. J. 19^6. The pharmacology of the newer Insectlcidee. U. S. ?ood and Drug Adm. 3 pp. [ProceBsed. ] (177) 19^8. The toxicology of the n^wer agricultural chemicals. Bui, Assoc. Food and Drug Officials 12(3): 82-89. (178) LEPAGE, H. S. , and GIANNOTTI , 0. 19^9* Experiments in controlling cotton pests with some modem organic insecticides, (in Porttoguese. ) Biologico 15: 10-16. (179) GIANNOTTI, 0., and ORLANDO, A. 19^7. Experiments on the chemical control of the South American migratory locust, Schistocerca cancellata Serv. Inst. Biol. [Sao Paulo 1 Arch. 18(8): 135-160. (180) LINUTSKA, J. P., and SURBEE, B. Vf. 19^8. Effects of DDT pnd other insecticides on fish and wildlife Summary of investigations during 19^7« U. S, Dept. Interior, Pish and Wildlife Serv. Cir. I5, 19 pp. (181) LIST, G. M. , and HOERNTIP, J. L. 19'*7» Dtists and sprays for grasshopper control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 40: 138. (ie2) and HOERNEE, J. L. 19i^9. Spray schedule for 19^9. Colorado A. & M. College Expt. Sta. Misc. Series Paper No. 424, I6 pp. (183) LODEN, H. D. , and LUND, H. 0. 1948. Experiments with chlorinated camphene and parathion against the cotton "boll weevil and cotton aphid. Assoc. of Southern Agr. Workers Proc. , 45th Ann. Convention held in Washington, D.C. Feb. 12-14, 1948. pp. 86-87- (184) LOUISIANA STAT5 UNIVERSITY 1943. Control cotton insects. La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Agr. Ext. Leaflet 18, 4 pp. (185) LUMSDEN, D. V., and SMITH, F. F. 1943, Growth responses "by kalanchoes to DDT and other synthetic compounds. Aner. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. ^1: 619-622. (186) LYLE, C. , and FORTUNE, I. 1948. Notes on an imported fire ant. Jour. Econ. Ent. 4l: 833- 834. -69- (187) McCAULEY, H. H. , Jr., FAY, H. W. , and SIMMONS, S. W. 19^8« A compariBon of the residual ef f ectivenees of certain in- eecticidea against Anopheles quadri macula tus » Natl. Malaria Soc. Jour. ?: 29^299. (188) McDDITIB, Wm. C. , CROSS, H. F. . TWINN, C R. , BROWN, A. W. A., and HUSMAN, C. N. 1949, The effectiveness of DDT and other insecticides as larri- cides against arctic species of Aedes. Mosquito News 9(4): l/*5-l/i9. (189) SHARP, J. F. , CROSS. H. J., TWINN, C R. , and WILSOII, W. M. 1949« The effectiveness of prehatching treatments for the con- trol of arctic mosquitoes. Mosquito News 9^ 51-56* (190) McORSGOR, W. S. 19^9* Field teste of insecticides and spraying methods to con- trol horn flies in dairy herds. Jour. Icon. Int. kZt 641-6^*3. (191) MADSSN, H. F. , and BORDSN, A. D. 19^4-9. The eye-spotted "bud moth on prune in Californlli. Jour. Icon. Int. 42: 9I5-92O. (192) MAGII, R. 0., and KELSHIIMIR, I. 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Chlorinated camphene, chlordan, DDT and calcium arsenate compared for control of the Colorado potato beetle. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: I52-I53. (206) MORRISON, H. E. , CROWELL, H. H. , CRUMB, S. E. , Jr., and LAUEEPJlALE, R. W. 1948* The effects of certain new soil insecticides on plants. Jour. Econ. Ent. 41; 374-378. (207) MUMA, M. H. , HILL, R. E. , and HIXSON, E. 1949* Soil treatments for corn rootworm control. Jour. Scon. Ent. 42: 822-824. (208) and HIXSON, E. 1949. Effects of weather, sanitation and chlorinated chemical residues on house emd stable fly populations on Nebraska farms. Jour. Econ. Ent. 42: 231-238. (209) MUNRO, J. A., NOSTUAHL, W. , and ENGEL, K. 1948. Baits and dusts tested against grasshoppers and crickets. N. i:fek:ota Agr. Expt. Sta. Bimonthly Bui. 11(1): 11. -71- (210) KDNEO, J. A., NOSTDIHL, W. , and POST, E. L. 19^*9. Wheat stem BP.wfly. N. Dak. Agr. Expt. Sta. BinK)nthly Bui. 11(3): 85-91. (211) and POST, R. L. 19*19. Control of boxolder bugs. Jour. Econ. 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Ent. ^1: 401-ii03. -82- INDEX OF COMMON AND SCITOTTIFIC NAMUS OF INSECTS Acanthopsyche Jtmodl 39 Achet a assimtlls l6 Adelphocorls llneolatna 23 Adelphocorls rapldus 23 Aedes aegyptl h} Aedep soli Icl tanas U3 Aeolus spp 31 A^onoderus comma 25 A^rlotes mancus 3^ A^rotls orthogonla 35 ngro tie ypgilon 3^ Alabama arglllacea 3^ Al euro can thus vogluml 19 Alfalfa caterpillar 35 .Ufalfa plant bug 23 Alfalfa snout beetle 29 Alfalfa weevil 30 Amblyomma americsuium • 5I Amblyomna macula txim 5^ American cockroach I6 Anopheles quadrimaculatug Anthonomus grand! s 28 Anthonomus signatus 29 Anthrenus vorax ...» 3^ AnticarRia gemnatills 3^ Aphis gospypii 19 Aphis runicls 20 Apis mellif era ^1 Argyrotaenia cltrana Uo Argyro taenia yelutlnana ^ Attagenus piceus 3^ Bagwonn 39 Bean aphid 20 Bedbug 23 Beet leafhopper 21 Berne ^ Black carpet beetle 3^ Black cutworm 3^ Blattella gemar.lca 15 BlissMF leucopterus 23 Body louse 17 Boll weevil 28 Bollworm 36 Boophilus annulatus 51 Boophilus annulatus var, microplus 51 Bovicola spp 18 Boxelder bug 23 Boxwood leaf miner U6 BraclTyrhinug lignsticl 29 Brevicoryne braes icae 20 Cabbage aphid 20 Cabbage looper 3^ Cabbage maggot ^ Callltroga macellaria U2 Camntilla pellucida ih Carpocapsa pomonella 3^ Cattle tick 51 Cephug cinctus • Chalcodermus aenus • 30 Chinch bug 23 Chortoicetes term inif era lU Chrysops 50 Cimez lectularius • 23 Clrculif er tenellus 21 Citricola scale 22 Citrus blackfly 19 Citrus red mite 52 Citrus thrips 18 Clover root borer 33 Cnephasia longana 39 Coccus p 8 eudomagno 1 la rum 22 Codling moth 3^ Collae phllodice eurytheme . . . « 3^ Colorado potato beetle 27 Common cattle grub U6 Common chigger 53 Common malaria mosquito hk Confused flour beetle 33 Conoderus spp 32 Conotrachelus nenuphar 30 Corn ear worm rrr: 36 Cornfield ant ^1 Cotinis nitida 32 Cotton aphid 19 Cotton fleahopper 2h Cotton leafworm 3^ Cowpea curctilio 30 Cryptotermes brevis 13 Cylas formicarlus elegantulu9 « 30 Dermacentor albipictua 51 Derma tobia hominis 1+6 Desmia funeral is 39 Diabrotica longlcornls, . . , 26 Diabrotica tmdecimpuncta hov;ardi TTrTTT: 26 Diabrotica virgif era. . . . 26 Diabrotica vittata 26 -83- Dlatraea eaccharalls 3^ Dlcyphus minimus 2U Eastern field wlrewonn 32 Eastern tent caterpillar 3^ HagiDopalphuB lignosellus 39 1>npoa