y F .w. .. ■ DEPAR rMEN I I \\ VGRICUL1 UR rsioM o] < > M K MISCELLANEOUS RESULTS WORK OF TIIK DIVISION OF FNTOMOlJMiY in. PREPARED INUKi; CHE DIRECTION <>i L. O. HOWARD, ENTOMOLOGIST. WASHINGTON: GOVE R N >l E N T P R I N TING ' » F F 1 C E 1 898. DIVISION OF EXTOMOLOOT. Entomologist: L.O.Howard. Assist. Entomologists: C. L. Marlatt, Th. Pergande, F. H. Chittenden, Frank Benton. Investigators : E. A. Schwarz, H. G. Hubbard. D. W. Coquillett. Assistants : R. S. Clifton, Nathan Banks, F. C. Pratt, Aug. Busck, Otto Heidemano. Artist: Miss L. Sullivan. Bulletin No. 18-New Series. U. s. DEPAR I MEN rOl \< rRICl \. I I Rl |»I\ [8I0N "I INI' 'M' »l.< >G1 SOU E MISCELLANEOUS RESULTS ..I i in WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. III. PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF L. O. HOWARD, ENTOMOLOGIST. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1898. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Washington, D. C, November 1, 1898. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a bulletin which contains matter similar to that published in Bulletins Nos. 7 and 10 of the new series, namely, miscellaneous articles and notes which are too short for separate publication but which are of such importance that they should be promptly printed. I recommend the publication of this manuscript as Bulletin 18, new series, of this Division. Bespectfully, L. O. Howard, Hon. James Wilson, Entomologist. Secretary of Agriculture. 2 < ONTENTS Introduction 6 I in Ban Jose Scale on Drikd Faun ,L. Howard , 7 A \ i w i occn> on Birch [UnBtr&ted). Henry Q.Hubbard and Tkeo. Pergando.. IS The i*i lch Lbcanium Lecaniun nigrofaeciatum n. -|>. (illustrated 1'lnn. J', I'Kliui, Tin Work Aoainsi [cebyj Purchasi in Portugal, with an Account oi mi Introduction oi Noviua i ibdinalis / .. 0. Howard 90 T\\ K. Prunbrs and Allied Species Illustrated /'. //. Chittenden 36 ADestructivi Borer Enemy of Birch Trees (illustrated ..F.H.Chittenden n A New Nomenclatubj oi rra Broods of mi Periodica! Cicada C.L. Ma rial t. . A Consideration oi mi: Validity oi the Old Records Bearing on the Distribution oi mik Broods of the Periodical Ci< a.da, with Partic- ular REFEREN< k l" mi I U I DRRENCE OF BROODS VI AND Will IN L898 C.L. Marlatt.. 59 Somi Observations on the Cycle »>i mik Sexual Development of the "Blood Louse" {Schizoneura lanigera Hausm.) 8. MolcrzhetsH.. ix a Cecidomyiid Injurious ro Seeds of Sorghum I). W. Coquillett.. si A Leaf-tyer of Grape and Elderberry F. II. Chittenden.. 82 A Plea-beetle Living on Purslane F.H.Chittenden.. 83 Cotton Field [nsects 85 Geni ral Notes 89 The Introduction of Beneficial Ladybirds from Australia into India (p. 89); The Sugar-cane Borers of the Mascarene Islands (p. 90); Notes on Ticks p. 90); An Invasion of the Larger Digger Wasp (p. 92); Recent Injury l>y the Sugar-cane Beetle and related species (p. 92); A New Enemy of the Grapevine in Mexico (p. 93); Westward Spread of the Common Asparagus Beetle (p. 93); Biologic Note on Conotrachelus elegant Say > ]>. 94 : A New Sugar-beet Beetle (p. 95); A Leaf-beetle Injurious to Culti- vated Sunflower (p. 96); Recent Injury by Bark-beetles: a correction (p. 96); An interesting case of Myiasis (p. 97); The European Bat Bug in America (p. 97); A Radical Novelty in Chinch Bug Work (p. 97); Poisoned Potato Slices for Oniscus (p. 98). Notes i bom Correspondence 99 Eor House Ants (p. 99); Injury by the Orange Leaf-roller (p. 99) ; Injury by the Caterpillars of Scepsis fulvioollis Hbn. (p. 99); Poisoning for the Cotton Caterpillar (p. 99); Insect injury to Pecan buds (p.99); A late Outbreak of the Army Worm p. 99 : Extraordinary abundance of Io caterpillars (p. 99); Another very Beneficial Lady-bird (p.99); Leaf- beetle Injury to Coffee Trees in Guatemala (p. 100); The Giant Twig Girdler (p. 100) ; Recent Injury by Blister Beetles of the Genus Pompho- poea (p. 100); Swarming of Western Willow Plea-beetle (p. 100); New- food plants of the Oil Beetle, Meloe angusticollis (p. 100); The Flat- headed Apple-tree Borer Damaging Quilts (p. 100); Coemopepla camifex attacking Mustard (p. 100); The Big Bed-bug of the Far West (p im ; Nyeius califomicus injurious t<> lettuce (p. 101); Leaf-hopper injury to Potatoes (p. 101); The Hawthorn Tingis injuring Quince (p. 101); The Wheat Thrips injuring Plums in Florida (p. 101) ; The so-called " Cotton Flea" (p. 101). 3 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. ',. 1. Xylococcus betulce: work on birch tree 14 2. Xylococcus betulce: larvae, male and female 20 3. Xylococcus betulce: end of body of female 21 4. Xylococcus betulw: end of body of female, second stage 21 5. Xylococcus betulce: end of body of female, third and fourth stages 22 6. Xylococcus betulce: stages of female 22 7. Xylococcus betulcv: adult female 23 8. Xylococcus betulce: parts of male 25 9. Lecanium nigrofasciatum: adult female 27 10. Lecanium nigrofasciatum : antenna and leg 28 11. Elaphidion villosum: larva, beetle, pupa, etc 36 12. Elaphidion inerme, enlarged 41 13. Work of Elaphidion subpubescens 41 14. Elaphidion mucronatum, enlarged 43 15. Work of Agrilus auxins on birch limb 46 16. Work of Agrilus auxins on birch truuk 47 17. Agrilus anxius: larva, pupa and adult 45 4 INTRODUCTION. The present bulletin Is the third of the new scries of this Division to contain miscellaneous short articles and notes. It presents a number of article- of more than usual interest. The record of experiments on ying fruit affected by the San Jose scale is of international impor- tance in view of the recent Legislation by foreign countries barring American dried fruits from entrance. The account of the work against the tinted scale. Icerya purchasi, in Portugal contains another striking example of the value of the study of natural enemies of injurious insects. The articles by Mr. Chittenden on twig primers and a new borer enemy of the birch are of interest on account of the recent damage by these destructive insects and of importance since they bring to notice some species new to this form of damage. The peach Lecanium article by Mr. Pergande will, it is hoped, settle the long-mooted question as to the identity of the brown scale which so frequently damages peach trees, and that upon a new Coccid on birch describes with great care the life history of a remarkable insect which has ruined the bark of the beauti- ful white birch over a large extent of the Lake Superior region. The periodical Cicada articles by Mr. 31arlatt are also of special interest, the first one proposing for the first time a rational nomenclature for the different broods of this unique insect. L.O.H. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries with support from LYRASIS and the Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/ellaneouOOunit SOME MISCELLANEOl S RESULTS OF THE WORK DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. THE SAN JOSE SCALE ON DRIED FRUIT. Bj I.. I >. Hew aki>. We have made little mention as ye1 in the publications of the Divi- sion of the recent actions by foreign governments in prohibiting the importation of American plants ;ind fruits on account of the danger of introducing the San .lose scale. In Bulletin 12, new series, we gave the German edict <>f Februarys, which prohibited living plants and their packing as well as fresh fruit when examination of the latter indicated the presence of the scale. A later edict included fruit waste (cores and skins,, a by-product of evaporated apples. Still later, cus- toms authorities were notified to allow the importation of whole impeded dried fruit from the Tinted States without previous examination for the presence of the San Jose scale only when, without exception, it is wholly dry. hard, and brittle, so that without difficulty it can be rubbed line in the hand. Measures adopted by the Austro-Himgarian Government in April were prohibitive only in so far as related to the importation of living plants, -rafts, and layers, and also the packing and cover with which they were shipped. Measures adopted about the same time by the Canadian Government prohibited only nursery stock. A comprehen- sive law adopted by the Government of the Netherlands did not take action regarding dried fruit, the minister of the interior stating in the discussion of the bill that he did not consider such a course necessary. On the 14th of July the Federal Council of Switzerland promulgated a decree which in effect prohibited the importation into that country of all impeded American dried fruits. This decree, apparently working a hardship upon American exporters, has been the subject of a some- what extensive correspondence, in the course of which the Tinted States Department of State was appealed to by American exporters, aud in turn the United States Department of Agriculture was consulted for expert information. The Divisions of Pomology and Entomology were consulted by the honorable Secretary of Agriculture, and extracts from the reports of these divisions follow. FROM THE DIVISION OF POMOLOGY. Under this enactment it would appear that all American nnpeeled sun-dried or evaporated (raits arc denied entrance to Switzerland. This practically shuts out all American sun-dried or evaporated plums, prunes, apricots, nectarines, cherries, 7 8 raisins, and berries, all of which fruits are commonly dried without being peeled, as well as evaporated apple "chops" and "skins," which are largely exported to Euro- pean countries. It also affects the trade in both sun-dried and evaporated peaches and pears, of which only a part of the product consists of peeled fruit. The avowed intention of the prohibition, according to the press reports, is to prevent the introduction of San Jose scale on such fruits. In the absence of any recorded instance where this scale has been introduced to any fruit region through the agency of infested fresh fruit, the prohibition of the importation of the dried product seems unnecessarily severe. All American sun- dried fruits are subjected to a high temperature in the open air for several days dur- ing the drying process, and it is very doubtful whether the scale could long survive such treatment. If there is any doubt concerning such fruit it could easily be removed by requiring that all sun-dried fruits should be sterilized before packing, by being heated in a fruit evaporator, to a temperature to be agreed upon by test, for such length of time as would be sufficient to destroy all living scale, if such were present. In so far as it relates to evaporated fruits the prohibition is entirely unnecessary. In the evaporating process the fruit is subjected to a temperature of 150° to 200° F. for several hours, usually twelve or more. In the case of apricots, peaches, and pears, the fruit is subjected to the fumes of burning sulphur for from thirty to sixty minutes before being placed in the evaporator. In California the same treatment is applied to fruits that are afterwards dried in the sun, while in all prune-growing districts of the United States the fruit is dipped in hot lye to check the skin and hasten the drying process. This treatment undoubtedly destroys the life of any scale that may be upon the fruit. In view of these facts, which are capable of the most complete substantiation by observation in the portions of the United States which produce the dried and evap- orated fruits mentioned, it is my opinion that a strong protest should be made by the Department of State against the continuance of the above-mentioned prohibitive legislation. As it now stands, it unnecessarily and unjustly restricts legitimate trade in an important pomological product. Very respectfully, Wm. A. Taylor, Acting Pomologist. FROM THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. From an intimate acquaintance with the habits and life history of the San Jose scale, extending now over a period of nineteen years, or ever since it was first dis- covered in the United States, I can, with confidence, state that, in my opinion, the Swiss legislation works an entirely unnecessary hardship upon American exporters of dried fruits. With regard to evaporated fruits, the prohibition is ludicrously unnecessary. With regard to sun-dried fruits, it is my strong belief that it i§ equally unnecessary. I have seen the newspaper statement to the effect that the San Jose scale in living condition has been found upon the skin of American dried fruit imported into Ger- many, but firmly believe that this is a misstatement, and am of the opinion that the State Department would be perfectly justified in auy endeavor to secure a modifica- tion of the Swiss ruling, and would indorse the suggestion of the Acting Pomologist that : in case it should be found that it is impossible to secure the entire abolition of the ruling, in all fairness efforts should be made to remove evaporated fruits from the prohibited category and to secure the admission of sun-dried fruits which have been sterilized before packing. Respectfully yours, L. O. Howard, Entomologist. 1) Although the A.eting Pomologisl and the Entomologist • ■■mi dfii t of the Correctness of their views, ;i> expressed above, ilia! ex peri mentation Beemed hardly necessary,!! wta decided, in order to lend force to subsequent expressions of opinion bj the Department, to nndei take a series of experiments with Bolphored and ansnlphnred boo dried and evaporated fruits of different kinds, including apples, pears, and peaches, all well infested with the Ban Jose -rale, ami thex- weir carried <>m daring the months of September and October. Through the kindness <>f l>r. J. B, Smith, of New Brunswick, N. J.j Prof GL 11. Powell, of Newark, DeL; Prof. W. G. Johnson, of College Station, Md., Pro£ W, B. Alwood. of Blacksbnrg, Va., and Mr. B. I » Of Riverside, Md., the waiter was able to serine the desired fruit, viz, apples, pears, and peaches, all bearing a greater or smaller Dumber of living specimens of the San Jose scale. Some of the fruit was badly infested, while other specimens carried but a few scales. This fruit was t in i* -d over to .Mr. Taylor, who sliced ami dried it by both evaporating and sun-drying processes in accordance with the general customs, having dried a certain amount of each without previous sulphuring and sub mitting the rest to the ordinary sulphuring process. The lots of fruit were kept distinct, and the dried product was returned by Mr. Taylor to this Division. On receipt at this office the entire product was carefully examined. Each section of dried fruit was examined with a hand lens to locate the scales, and each scale found was examined under a com- pound microscope in order to ascertain whether it was living or dead. The examination was necessarily protracted and very tedious, but, in a word, not a single scale was found which showed the slightest signs of life. We consider this test to have been conclusive and to have demon- strated that prohibition of American dried fruit by foreign countries is unnecessary in order to protect their fruit-growing interests, and that the complaints of American exporters are fully justified. The details of the experiments follow, the reports of the evaporation experiments being signed by Mr. W. A. Taylor, Acting Pomologist, who personally conducted the work, assisted by Messrs. W. P. Corsa and W. X. Irving, of the Division of Pomology, and the results of the entomological exam- ination being signed by Mr. Nathan Banks, an expert assistant in the Division of Entomology, who conducted the microscopic examination of the scales. Mr. Banks's methods and results were tested by the writer and found to be perfectly satisfactory. i.xiKRiMENT I.— Evaporation of Angouleme (Duchess) Pears, Skptembxb 13, 14, 1898. These pears were " shipping ripe," rather immature to evaporate to good advan- tage. They were divided into two equal lots, A and B, by weight, and were then quartered, cored, and placed on trays. Lot A was spread upon two trays (1 and 2) and exposed to the fumes of 1 teaspoon- ful of sulphur for fifteen minutes in the bleaching box, which has a capacity of four 10 trays. They were then placed in the evaporator, No. 1 on the bottom ledge and No. 2 on the seventh ledge from the bottom. Lot B was spread upon two trays (3 and 4) and immediately placed in the evapor- ator, No. 3 on the fourth ledge and No. 4 on the top or tenth ledge. Temperatures were observed continuously by means of mercurial thermometers placed on bottom and top trays, with tubes extending out through small holes in side and top of evaporator. Temperatures were recorded at intervals of fifteen min- utes. The evaporator was opened at intervals of one hour to observe the condition of the fruit. After five hours of continuous heat it was decided that it would be necessary to divide the quarters into eighths, which was done to hasten completion of the process. At the end of nine hours all but the largest pieces were pronounced cured and were removed from the evaporator. The remainder were left in two hours longer. The temperature of the bottom tray during the process (with exception of short periods after the opening of the evaporator for inspection) ranged from 73° C. to 100° C, the latter temperature continuing but for a few moments on two occasions. It was found necessary to check the fire frequently to prevent a higher temperature, and as commonly operated the lower tray is undoubtedly subjected to a temperature several degrees higher than it was during this test. A temperature of 90° to 98° C. on the bottom tray was maintained during most of the period, 94° being the temper- ature sought. The temperature of the top tray under similar conditions ranged from 10° to 20° C. lower than that of the bottom tray, the maximum temperature of the top tray being 88°. The fruit on this tray cured much more slowly than on the bottom tray because of the lower temperature. Gross and net weights of fresh fruit and weights of cured fruit. Weight. Cured in- Total Gross. Net. a 9 hours. 11 hours. Lot A: Tray 1 Founds. 12.20 Pounds. Pounds. 11.69 Pounds. 0.16 0.34 Pounds. 1. 16 Trav 2 1.19 1 53 2.69 0.34 0.76 LotB: Tray 3 12.20 11.72 0.93 0.78 1 27 Tray 4 1.54 2.81 a After removal of cores and waste. / have found all the scales in this lot dead. W. A. Taylor, Acting Pomologist. Nathan Banks. Experiment II. — Evaporation and Sun Drying op Ben Davis and Baldwin Apples. On September 15, 1898, a mixed lot of Ben Davis and Baldwin apples, infested with San Jose scale, was divided into two equal parts, A and B, by weight. Each lot was sliced into eighths, without paring, and spread upon trays. Lot A was spread upon trays 5 and 6 and exposed to the fumes of one teaspoonful of sulphur upon live coals for 6fteen minutes in the bleaching box. After bleaching, tray 5 was placed in the evaporator on ledge 9, while tray 6 was exposed to the sun in the open air near the ground at the south side of the insectary. 11 I.ot I! P kfl iprtftd upon tra\s7and B. Tii\ 7 was |»1 m ««1 III the, rvapi.ratni OB ledg€ I. while ti.i\ B ITM OXpOOOd to the lOB D60id0 fcTi The kemperatnrea of the bottom ami top krayi • •! the evaporator were tal en at int«T\ aU of fifteen minutes a>* In I. » ic. a maximum tempt* rut nrr "' ■ought. For a few minatei at iwodifferonl timee the temperature of the bottom c. \tt.i leven hours expoenre to bet>1 Dearly one-half of the inut was pronounced cured ami was rouu'veti from tin- trays, the balance being taken <»ut t \\ o hours The u r " •"' s and iir t w . ighta of fresh fruit and the weight of onrea .rmi are shown In the follow ing table : II iiitd lift wHgkU of fre sh fruit and weight of curt il fruit . Weight. Cured in Net. 7 boors. . 88 i'o (/»'/*•. 8. 80 1 Pounds. . 77 1.74 Total eared fruit, lot a. Lot B mot Bulphared) : Tr:i\ 7 9.33 9.33 ■v 7.". 8.83 Total cured fruit, lot B 46 1.43 1 39 Tray- 6 and 8 were exposed daily to the sun in dry weather from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m., and were pronounced cured alter about ten days of such exposure. A small portion of the fruit from these trays was destroyed by mice at night. W. A. Taylor, Acting Pomologist. I have examined all these and found the scales all dead. Nathan Banks. Evaporation and Sun Drying of Peaches. A basket of white-fleshed, freestone peaches, probably Fox (Seedling), infested with San Jose scale, was divided, by weight, into two equal lots. A and B. The fruit was cut into halves, and after removal of stones was spread upon trays. As in the case of apples, lot A- (spread upon trays 1 and 2) was exposed to the fumes of sulphur, while lot li (spread upon trays 3 and 4) was not. Trays 1 and 3 were placed in the evaporator upon ledges 1 and 7, respectively, with the apples, while trays 2 and 4 were dried in the sun, with the same exposure and for the same length of time as the apples. After seven hours of heat most of the fruit on tray 1 was pronounced cured, and at the end of ten hours all was removed from the evapo- rator. 12 The gross and net weights of fresh fruit and the weight of cured fruit are shown by the following table : Gross and net weights of fresh fruits and weight of cured fruit. PEACHES. Weight. Cured in— Total. Gross. Net. a 7 hours. 10 hours. Lot A (sulphured) : Tray 1 * Pounds. 6.89 6.89 Pounds. 6.26 6.28 Pounds. 1 25 Pounds. 0.04 Pounds. 1.29 1.25 Tray 2 Total cured fruit, lot A 2 54 Lot B (not sulphured) : Tray 3 6.89 6.98 6.27 6.28 0.37 1.27 1.64 1 44 Total cured fruit, lot B 3 08 a After removal of stones and waste. A lot of infested peach twigs and leaves were exposed to heat on top tray, the coolest portion of the evaporator, for five hours. W. A. Taylor, Acting Pomologist. All the scales in this lot were dead. Nathan Banks. Experiment III. -Evaporation and Sun Drying of Vicar Pears and Ben Davis and Baldwin Apples. On September 30 a basket of Vicar pears, badly infested with San Jose scale, was divided into two equal lots, A and B, by weight, as in Experiments I and II, and after being sliced into eighths, was spread upon trays. Lot A was spread on trays 2 and 3 and sulphured. Lot B was spread upon trays 4 and 9 and was not exposed to sulphur fumes. Trays III-A-2 and III-B-4 were placed in the evaporator. At the end of six hours most of the fruit was found cured and was removed, the bal- ance being left until completion at the end of ten hours. The temperatures were practically identical with those of Experiment II. Trays III-A-3 and III-B-9 were placed in the sun for about eight hours each day on clear days, being exposed in this manner for about ten days, until sufficiently cured. The gross and net weights of fresh fruit and weight of cured fruit are shown in the following table : Gross and net weights of fresh fruit and weight of dried fruit. vicar pears. Weight. After— Total. Gross. Net. 6 hours. 10 hours. Lot A (sulphured) : Pounds. \ 10. 14 } 10.14 Pounds. 9.59 9 27 Pounds. ( 0.75 Pounds. 0.25 Pounds. 1 Trav III A 3 sun dried 1.02 Lot B (not sulphured) : f 0.63 0.20 0.83 Tray III B-9 sun dried 1.03 On October 1, 1898, about one-half bushel of inferior Ben Davis and Baldwin apples was divided into lots as in the former experiments and tested in the same 13 it tii- \ looi i" \n, I be diapoah Ion Mid 1 1 oat menl follow log talilo . truvM i I. Groti •111,1 it, t weight* oj fretk fruii a ml w< Igki of < «> < AN I S v \ I > 1 1 A I I > \\ I N .Mill- I. ..I V i : i\ 1 1 1 \ I'.-d nut sulphured i r.i\ in a i evaporated. Mulphured — u dried, sulphured Traj ill B^ son dried, not sulphured . . \it. Pound* > Imiir-* I ii. 79 L0.26 1.18 W. \. Tai LOB, .IctiiKj I'oinolot/ixt. All thr scalts in this fruit inn fount! dead. Nathan Banks. A NEW COCCID ON BIRCH. By H. <•. Hubbard and Th. Phbgandk. Pari I — r>> II. G. Bubbard. From my boyhood whenever I have visited the Lake Superior region my attention has been called to the general destruction of the bark of birch trees. It is difficult to find near the lake a tree of any size with smooth or natural bark, and I remember that in 1876, when Mr. Schwarz and I visited the north shore of the lake, at Michipicoten River, we were told that the Indians were obliged to go GO miles back into the interior in order to find sheets of bark of sufficient size for the con- struction of canoes. During a visit to the south shore, not far from Marquette, in September, 1896, I discovered that this widespread destruction is due to the attacks of a coccid. The outer bark is rough- ened, covered with curls and splits, blackened with sooty mold and in bad cases entirely removed down to the last layer. Often the cambium itself is invaded and the tree is killed or seriously injured. Figure 1, a illustrates injury to a branch of birch caused by this insect. The coccid introduces itself between the layers of the bark and by its growth and the formation of thick masses of wax along its flanks causes the bark to heave and the layers to separate in curls. On a smooth surface the first attack is made by the young larva 4 crawling into the lenticels, or breathing pores of the bark, those little elongate corky spots which give to birch bark its elegant ornamentation. Aft er wards successive generations of the insect force their way into the crevices thus formed and cause extensive separations between the lay- ers. (See fig. 1, b). The female insect during its growing period is a memberless sac, as in the DiaspinsB. Its color is orange red and when compressed beneath layers of birch bark the form is flattened, broadly 14 rounded anteriority, pointed behind and about the size of a grain of flaxseed. In young birch trees, the bark of which does not readily separate in layers, the insect infests knots, accidental wounds, or the vicinity of buds. In this case its form is not flattened but well-rounded and pyriform, and it occupies a deep pit sunk vertically into the cam binm and even into the young wood. Occasionally in white birch, and also in aspen, similar pits are formed, whenever an accidental wound allows the insect to gain access to the succulent inner bark, in which alone, by some obscure absorptive process, the formation of such a pit is possible. a ah FIG. 1. — Xylococcus betulce: a, branch of birch showing work; 6, section of inner bark, showing cyst occupied by the coccid; c, coccids in position, with layer of bark removed, showing waxy secretion, surrounding them and rods of wax protruding from anal tube; d, section of rod of wax, showing its compound nature— a, natural size; c, enlarged; b and d, greatly enlarged (original). Small curls of wax are given off from pores thickly scattered over the body of the coccid, but more copiously from the sides, where the excretion becomes consolidated into thick lamina of white wax. The anal extremity produces numerous stronger waxen curls, and in the midst of these there issues, from the anus itself, a tubular bundle of waxen rods condensed into an apparently solid thread, which does not curl, but forces its way out of the nearest crevice in the bark into the open air. (See fig. 1, c, showing coccids in natural position on bark; and d, which shows section of waxy rod.) In fair weather these glassy hairs may be seen issuing from every crevice in the bedeviled cortex, 15 often reaching a length of one or two inches, and giving a boarj appeal ance to certain spots ou the trunk, Clinging to every bail is a glittering drop of honej dew. The bundle of waxen bristles is in fact b oontriv- ance admirably adapted to remove the copious Mow of saccharine excre* mcnt winch would otherwise condense about the Insect and exclude communical ion * itfa the outer air. Mr. Pergande has made many slide mounts of the ooccid, and hi> preparations, cleared with potash, show thai the long anal thread is produced by an internal ohitinous tube, formed by the union around the end of the anal canal of numerous spinneret s. These are t lie chit i- dous terminations or formative tubes of major wax glands, which open into tin- intestine in two encircling ranks, one above the other. The union of these spinneret tubes forms a rigid chit I nous honey-dew organ, which is capable Of ;i forward and back motion and can be protruded a considerable distance out of the body. When withdrawn, the opening is closed by several ranks of stout converging spines. This internal organ is in truth the ninth abdominal segment. The eight preceding segments of the abdomen are marked by a pair of spiracles on cither side of each. The spiracles have large and simple openings, but within the body form trumpet-shaped tubes, iu the constricted necks of which are seen large pores, the openings of lubricating wax glands. The existence of one or of two rings of these spiracular pores is the most marked distinction between the sac-like females before and after the second molt. There are no spiracles anterior to the abdominal portion of the body in the female, nor are any other organs visible upon the exterior save the elevation of the clypeus, with its single-jointed lower lip. or clasper, from which issue the mouth bristles. The internal frame- work of the buccal organs is large and similar iu appearance to that seen in the Diaspiiue and the Lecanime. It does not appear to possess the sucking apparatus of the former group, and is probably as simple in structure as in the LecaninaB. The eye spots seen under the skin in living specimens disappear iu cleared specimens and have no external cornea. The sac-like females, when they have reached full size and have cast off their mouth bristles, undergo still another metamorphosis, in which they regain legs and antenna 1 , but lose all the organs of nutri- tion. The female iu this ultimate stage has a well-segmented body, rounded behind and sparsely clothed with hairs. The antenna' are long and nine-jointed: the legs are large and strong and of the normal adult type. There is uo trace of mouth parts or of anal tube. The adult is thus an ordinary monophlebid. It is capable of locomotion and does occasionally wander about. But ordinarily it is unable to leave its cell in the bark, and does not entirely free itself from the skin of the pre ceding stage, but merely ruptures the inclosing sac, shoves otl" the pygidial cap with its accumulations of wax, and presents the end of its body at the crevice in the bark for the reception of the male. After fecundation eggs are deposited and are collected beneath the body of 16 the mother in an external cavity formed by the collapse of the ventral skin into the depleted abdomen. The larva in hatching leaves behind both the eggshell and an embryonic pellicle (amnion?). As the partu- rient mother may be wholly inclosed within the inflated skin of the sec- ond stage, the young frequently appear to issue from this form of the female, and it is easy to understand that with scanty material and lim- ited opportunity for observation the adult female might wholly escape discovery and the sac-like female of the second stage be pronounced a mature viviparous insect. The newly-hatched larva is of a highly organized type. Its thoracic segments are distinct, and the form of the body resembles a young Gimex. The end of the abdomen is broadly rounded, without tubercles or long trailing hairs, but with the anal tube projecting slightly beyond the margin. The ventral surface of the abdomen shows a median row of five large pores. The young in both sexes form their waxen cells in a similar manner; but the males never form pits, and are apt to assemble in the vicinity of some older female and establish themselves under the protection of her accumulations of wax. After the first molt the females lose their legs and antennae and assume the sac-like form already described. The female undergoes four molts and has five stages, of which the larva and the adult are active and possess legs and antenna. The three intermediate stages are stationary and differ from each other only in minute details of internal structure. The male undergoes five molts and has six stages, in all of which, except in the third, it possesses legs and antennae. After the casting of the first larval skin the young male lives and feeds like the female, surrounded by a wall of wax. In this form it possesses well-formed legs and antennae and has external eyes. It produces honey dew and abundant wax, and forms a long waxen thread from a tubular anal spinneret. With the second molt the legs and antennae disappear, and the insect resembles a female of the second stage. With the casting of the apodous skin at the third molt the coccid regains both legs and antennae, but loses its rostrum. In this fourth stage, which may be called the first nymph of the male, the animal leaves its waxen cyst and wanders about. It is red in color and resem- bles a young Dactylopius in general appearance. Little tesselations of cottony wax soon arise all over the body, which becomes covered with a loose flocculent follicle, in which the insect rests until ready for the fourth molt. It then breaks out of its covering and casts its skin under some sheltering fragments of bark. The new form which now appears, the fifth, is a true nymph, with wing pads and a polygonal protuberance at the end of the body inclosing the rudimentary geni- tal organ. This second nymph, after wandering free for a time, in its turn covers itself with a cottony follicle, out of which it breaks again to cast the last skin and transform to the winged male. This last form 17 has been bred bj Mr, Pergandeand Is a marvelously beautiful in irith two large abdominal brushes wbicfa II spreads like ihe tailol a peacock, it has prominent faceted eyes, a Long, slender penis, and four hooks on the rudimentary hind wing, its structure la that of .1 male Colostoma. The transformations to the adull stage In both sexes probably take place in the spring and early summer, in the winter the only living forms to be found are In the encysted stages undei tin- bark . The insect lias at this lime a disagreeable odor of raucid tat. These remarkable transformations are do! without parallel in the OoccidsB, although tin- full lite bistorj has uever, to my knowledge, been worked out in any allied form. In Porphyrophora and Biarga- rodee there is a similar retreat into an enr\Me mature male, a jar containing two sections of branches <>t birch, I discos ered two living male larva?, one of the i the aci of casting Its skin, and found to mj surprise, after the insect had beeu extracted, thai the oast skin showed all the characters of ;i young female in the second Btage, in which there are neither antennae nor legs; whereas in the form which bad emerged from it these organs were highly devel- oped. The rostrum, however, had beeu lost. Thisorgau in the female is present in all Btages except the last. Alter examining and comparing the abundant material at hand of both sexes, l have arrived at the conclusion thai this small and apodous form of the male is the third Btage, differing from the second Btage of the female in its somewhat larger size, the darker brown color of the posterior half Of the body, and in minor characters. 1 append herewith a description of the different stages of the two sexes, including the e Xylococcus betulcs n. sp. 'Egg, — Length O.C> mm by 0.3 I,,m in diameter; regularly oval, highly polished, and of a pale yellow color. First larva, after hatching* — Length about 0.5"" u by 0..'V n,n across the broadest part of the abdomen. Color orange-red, the eyes purplish. Shape cimiciform. the abdomen very broad and semicircular behind. The thoracic and three or four anterior segments of the abdomen are highly developed, whereas the remaining segments of the abdomen form apparently a single piece. The anal or excretory tube is large, chitinous, and partly projecting. Antenna* six-jointed, very short and rather stout; joints one and six are somewhat the longest and subequal in length; the intermediate joints are shorter and also subequal in length, or the second slightly longer. The first is stoutest; all the others diminish gradually in diameter; the last is bluntly rounded at the apex. At the base of joint five externally will be noticed one long and stout, blunt and curved, spiue. There are two similar spines at the base of the last joiut, with four or more slender capitate hairs and one or two small spines at its apex, two or three of these hairs being at least as long as the antenna 1 . Eyes large and placed close to the antenna 1 . Legs long and stout; the tarsi longer than the tibiae; digi- tizes capitate, those of the claw somewhat the longest, stoutest, and curved upwards. Rostrum large, the sucking bristles extremely long. Each abdominal segment is provided with a large and projecting spir- acle and a pair of backward-directed spines each Bide, which grow gradually longer toward the end of the body; in addition, a number of stout spines surround the anal tube. There is also a rather long bristle each side of the seventh segment. (See tig. 2, a.) When the larvae are about to cast their first skin they measure nearly 20 0.9 mm in length by 0.6 mra in diameter, those of the male being slightly smaller. Their shape has also considerably changed; they are now of a regularly oval form, and are stoutest anteriorly. The cast skins (fig. 2, d) are pale yellowish, with the last three seg ments yellowish-brown and the anal tube dark brown. They present the following characters: The rostrum is very large, distinctly two-jointed, and situated at about the middle of the body. The orifices of the stigmata are very large and circular, their internal prolongation about twice the length of their diameter, with the external half cylindrical constricted at the inner end, while that part beyond the constriction is obconic or funnel shaped and connected with tracheae, running parallel with the sides of the body. On the under side of the abdomen and in front of the anal tube maybe observed a median row of five large pores, and similar pores, together with numerous smaller ones, on the upper side of the a e & Fig. 2. — Xylococcus betulce: a, first larva, male, female, ventral view; b, antenna; c, tarsus; d, cast skin of first larva — a and d much enlarged, b and c, more enlarged (original). two last segments and along the sides of the abdomen; there are also numerous rows of minute sharp points on the dorsum of the six anterior segments of the abdomen, and in addition a row of sparsely set short and backward-directed spines, all of which arise from small tubercles. The cephalic and thoracic segments appear to be smooth and without pores. There seems to be no appreciable difference between the sexes, except that the male larva3 are slightly smaller. In fig. 3, a and b respectively, are shown enlarged ventral and dorsal views of the end of the body of the female. At c, a stigma is figured highly magnified. Female, second stage (fig. 6, a). — In this, as well as in all the following stages, except the last, the legs and antennas are completely lost. All these stages are of an orange color, with the end of the body of a lighter or darker brown ; the eyes are minute and blackish; their bodies are ovoid, somewhat broadest anteriorly, quite hat or slightly convex, smooth and shining, and without any apparent segmentation. The 21 fully grown larvae <>i the second stage measure about i. » in length i»\ 0.9 in diameter. The oast skill Is almost colorless, exoept the last three or four ments of the abdomen, which an- pale yellowish brown, the anal t n l >** being darkest. The Bur t.i eof i he body is densely and finely granulated, the granulation being some w hat coarsest around the tube. See fig. i. There an- also small pores scat tered over the body, inter- mixed with a Pew larger ones on the last four seg- ments, « hich bear also a Fe w backward - directed .spines. The internal Rtig niatal tubes are now three times the length of those in the first stage: the out- er two-thirds or more is cylindrical and finely and densely aniiulated; the inner end of the tube is bell shaped, and ill the con- striction or neck of the tube may be observed a transverse row of large pores: the stigmata! tube is connected with the tracheae by a rather Ion-, aniiulated and bifurcate duct, of whicli one branch is longer than the other. Female, third stage {fif female; b, dorsal view of same; e, stigma, all much enlarged (original). t. XyloCOCCtU br ( u I if : dorsal view oi end of body ot so<-niid stage— much enlarged (original). 22 Female, fourth stage (Jig. 6, e). — Length 4 mm to 5 mm by about 2 mm in diameter anteriorly. In the cast skin of this final larva the surface is again densely and distinctly granulated, especially so on the last three segments, which are now of a rather dark brownish -yellow color. The pores have become still more numerous and are arranged in irregular M o ° o° o° o ; ' 0- Q 'n flai oo ° r>°- ° Jifc °°° °'° ho wgm o CO the iiini>. represented bj two backward-directed pointed pro w nil an oval opening in front of them. Adult femaU fig.7). Length 1 bj - In diameter; color, when living, bright orange; eyes minute and purplish-brown. The bodj Is elongated, elliptical, with both ends rounded; under side of the abdo- men concave, its lateral margins re volute; the dorsum convex. -Ml the segments arc well defined, The an. 1 1 opening is simple, situated on the under side of the abdomen, close to the concavity, and with diffi- culty to be seen. The rostrum is wanting. Legs -tout and ratner short; tarsi shorter than tibiae; the digitules simple. A.ntenna stout and nine, jointed : t lie fust joint is the longest and much the BtOUtest, being nearly twice the diameter of the second joint; joint two is Blightly longer than the last one and cylindrical: joints three to eight aresubequal in length, of nearly the same diameter and somewhat stoutest near the apex, where they bear a fringe Of filie hairs, which grows gradually longer toward the end of the antenna-: the last joint is rounded at the apex and bears three or four tine hairs and the same number of slender spines. The body is covered with short and stiff brownish hairs, which are stoutest and most dense at the end ot the abdomen. The pores are small and scattered. The stigmata! tubes are sini- similar to those in the previous stages. (See figs. 7, a, adult female and b an- tenna of same.) Male. — The young larva- of this sex re- semble those of the female in every respect, except that they are a little smaller. Male, second stage. — Length about 1.9 mni by about l 11 " 11 across the thorax. Color quite dark orange. The thorax, as well as the abdomen, is distinctly segmented; sides of the abdomen parallel, broadly rounded behind; head and thorax combined about one-third longer than the abdomen, the mesothorax being the largest. Antenna' seven- jointed, short, stout, and moderately tapering; first joint longest and stoutest, the second joint shortest: three to six subequal in length and somewhat longer than the second, the seventh about as long as the two preceding united, and bluntly rounded at tip; all bear long and tine hairs about the apex, and the seventh, in addition, a number of stout spines. Legs long and stout, the tarsi shorter than the tibiae, the digi- tules tine and hair-like. There appear to be numerous hairs scattered over the body, most dense around the end of the abdomen. Male, third staije. — In changing to this form the larva loses both the Fig. 7 .—Xylococcus betulce: a, adult female, seen from below, uracil en- larged; b. antenna of same mo larged (original). 24 legs and antennae and assumes the apodous type of the female in its second stage, differing, however, from the latter more particularly in its more elongate form and in the much darker brown color of the end of the body, which coloration here extends over the last six segments. It measures now about 2 mm in length by 0.8 mm in diameter at the anterior end. The last six segments in the cast skin are yellowish- brown, becoming darker toward the end, and all are densely covered with small sharp points. Pores and stigmatal tubes similar to those of the female in the second stage. Male, fourth stage, — This stage, upon casting its apodous skin, which act I fortunately observed, regains its legs and antennae, but loses its rostrum. Its length is 2.6 mm by l mm in diameter. Color orange, with legs and antenna? somewhat paler. Eyes dark purplish, rather large, and placed close to the antenna? on the under side of the head. Shape elliptical, rounded at both ends. All the segments are well developed, and the combined head and thorax is longer than the abdomen. The mesothorax now shows traces of the future wingpads. In the recently emerged larva of this stage the front -of the head is simply convex, but becomes more or less prominently conical with advancing age. The legs are rather long and stout, with the digitules fine and hair-like. The whole body is sparsely covered with brownish hairs, which grow more numerous and longer around the end of the body. Antenna? nine-jointed, although in the recently emerged larva the division between the second and third joint is not strongly marked. Joint one is stoutest; all the others diminish gradually in diameter. The three basal joints are longest, and nearly subequal in length; the following five joints are shortest, subequal in length, and somewhat stouter at the apex. The last joint is somewhat longer than the eighth,, cylindrical, and rounded at the apex. All bear a few fine hairs, which grow gradually longer toward the end; the last joint bears also a few short spines at the apex. Male, pupa, or fifth stage. — The cast skin only has thus far been observed. It measured about 1.4 mm in length. Its color is orange, with antenna? and legs dusky; the antenna? annulated with white. Antenna? nine-jointed, very long and stout, cylindrical and of equal diameter, reachiug to the abdomen; joint one is slightly stouter than the rest, but all are subequal in length; the last is bluntly rounded at the apex; all are destitute of hairs or spines. Wing pads very broad, reaching beyond hind coxa?. Legs very long and stout; the tarsi about one-third the length of the tibia, and apparently without a claw. Male, imago (fig. 8). — Length about 2 mra ; length of wings 2.4 mm by 0.8 ram broad; expanse 5 mm . General color red, with the under side of the abdomen brown ; the two basal joints of the antenna? reddisn, and the last three or four joints yellow, the intermediate joints black. Eyes, legs, mesothorax above, the mesosternal and metasternal plate, a curved line each side of the prothorax, as also two converging lines in 25 trout of it, and a median line on iinder side, the borders of the scutellum and media n line of the : i i m i « > 1 1 1 « - 1 1 all Mark ; median line of the bead and eight transverse bands on dorsum of abdomen dusky. Wlngscinere mis, the costal Bpace fuliginous, the veins blackish; a streak Deai the diacoidal vein in front and a narrow oblique streak behind the vein colorless. There appears i<> be Beveral branches t<> the discoidal vein, which however gradually disappear in the mounted specimens. Sur tacc of the wings Irregularly reticulated. Posterior wings present, though small, and broadly ^shaped, bearing tour Btout books at the apex. Antenna' ten jointed, reaching to the middle of the abdomen. Joint three is longest and somewhat stouter at the* apex; the joints following Fig. 8.— Xylococcxm bctirfce : a, antenna of male, second stage; b, male larva, fourth stage; c, antenna of male, fourth stage; d,pnpa skin; c, male imago, dorsal view: /, male. side view; g, end of body. of male, with sexnal organ : h, hind-wing of male— all much enlarged (original). are cylindrical and diminish gradually in length; the first joint is stoutest aud shortest, the second joint somewhat longer; all are pro- vided with rather long and fine, irregularly arranged hairs. Byes large, projecting, and quite coarsely facetted. Legs long and quite stout; the tibia' hairy: tarsi two-jointed, the first joint minute, though distinct; digitules extremely fine. Style short, stout, conical. The sexual organ is at least as long as the abdomen, stout, and densely covered with forward-directed, lanceolate scales. The insect is cov- ered above with a short and wool-like excretion, while the sixth and seventh abdominal segments bear each a dense, transverse, dorsal brush of delicate, white, and hair-like threads, exceeding the abdomen 26 in length. These brushes are raised arid spread out when the insect is touched. (Fig. 8.) In studying this remarkable insect and comparing its characters with those of the various subfamilies hitherto described, I have been greatly puzzled to refer it to its proper position. On the one hand, it is closely related to the genus Ccelostoina, though very different in all its characters from other Monophlebinae, at least as far as the genera Alonophlebus and leery a are concerned, while on the other hand there appears to be also a relationship with certain genera of the Brachys- celinse, and at the same time a wide divergence from the genus Brachyscelis itself, the characters of which, as represented in Brachys- cells coniea, I have had the opportunity to examine in a female. These considerations place it undoubtedly in the Acanthococcidae, somewhere near the genus Eriococcus. These acanthococcid characters of Bra- chyscelis conica are the large and distinct anal ring, surrounded by numerous long and stout bristles, and the abnormally elongated and slender anal tubercles. Since the characters of the two known species of Xylococcus and those of the species of Ccelostoina are unique and unlike those of all other subfamilies of Coccida?, as far as known to me. I propose to erect for the accommodation of these two genera the subfamily Xylococcina?, which properly may be placed between the Monophlebina? and the Acanthococcina\ They differ from the Monophlebinre in the absence of legs and antennae in the intermediate stages of the female and partly so in the male: the absence of a rostrum in the mature female; the highly developed stigmata of the abdominal segments; the strongly chitinous character of several of the terminal segments of the abdomen, and the presence of a highly organized and chitinous anal tube, which is capable of being projected out of and of being withdrawn into the body. In the true Monophlebinre the legs and antenna^, as well as the ros- trum, are present in all stages; the abdominal stigmata are wanting or not observable: the end of the body is not chitinous; the anal open- ing simple and the anal tube absent. From the Coccime they differ not only in the characters mentioned above, but also by the absence of anal tubercles, except minute ones in the young larva?, and the absence of a true anal ring with its accom- panying bristles. THE PEACH LECANIUM. {Lecanium nigrofasciatum n. sp.) By Theo. Pergaxde. Lecanium perineal Mod.— Murtfeldt, Bull. 32, Div. of Ent. U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894, p. 41. Lecanium jjersica.' Mod. — Howard, Yearbook U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894 (1895), p. 270. This handsome little species has been known to the writer since 1872, when it was discovered upon peach trees at Hillsboro, Mo., and since tin* 1 1 increased steadily ami hart been spreading gradually <»\ ei the j»eacli orchards of the Middle, Southern, and Eastern States and appeal to be al present m<»>i abnndant and most widelj distributed In the State of Maryland, w I lei her its original home s as I h<- Bast or West ia dit licuit to ascertain, though ite greater abundance in the tiei ofSl bordering the Atlantic seems to Indicate that its original borne n as in the region south <»t ' New fork and aortli <»i the Potomac River and thai from tii is region it had been distributed with cuttings and young b and to a lesser degree through the agency ot birds and iusects, over all tin- infested regions. Until recently this scale has been considered a Bpeciflc enemy of the peach, but while Btudying it in connection with the Large amount of material of various species of Leeanium infesting our fruit trees as well as those of our forest trees and Bhrubs, \\ hich had accumulated dm ing the last twenty years in the collection of the Department of Agricul- ture, I was struck by the great similarity of certain small scales, dif- fering from each other and from the peach scale but slightly in size and general appearance, and found, after preparations and examinations of scales from various plants and localities, that all of them belong to the same species and that the slight and superficial differences appear to be due to the difference in the food plant on which they were living and to a greater or less extent also to the age of the specimens when found. Food-plants: Most frequently, besides on the peach, they were found on various kinds of plum. They were m 9 . _/,,,«,„„,•„,„ found on cultivated plums at Kirkwood, Mo.; Chambers- nigrqfa$eiatum: burg. Pa.: Newark, Del.; Harmons, Md., and Knoxville, Ta^UoX^.' Tenn.; on a native plum at Buina, 111.; on damson plum at Baltimore, Md.; Prunus simonii at Waynesboro, Pa. ; and on wild goose plum at Augusta, Ga. They were also equally common on .leer saecharinum at Boston, Springfield, Holyoke, and Deerfield, Mass.: at Poughkeepsie and Ithaca, X. Y.; Paterson, X. J.; Richmond, Ohio, and western Ontario, Canada. At Beading, Mass., on Acer pseudo- platanus, and at Pine City, Ga., on Acer rubrum-drummondi ; at St. Louis, Mo., on apple, and at Washington, D. 0., on Crataegus; on syc- amore at Kirkwood, Mo.; on Bumelia and Lindera benzoin at Wash- ington, D. C. ; on olive at Crescent City, Fla.: and on Vaccinium at Manatee. Fla. Considering the various trees and shrubs on which this species has been found, the indications seem to point strongly to our native plums as original food plants. Living specimens, when being crushed, emit a disagreeable odor. As late as 1895 this species has been considered as being identical with the European Lecanium persica Modeer, but in order to settle this important point definitely, specimens of it were transmitted through 28 tbe Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture to the eminent and well-known English Ooccidologist, Mr. J. W. Douglas, of Loudon, England, for his opinion. He kindly examined them and pro- nounced them to be very different from persicw and to form an unde- scribed species. The life history of this scale has to some extent been studied by Miss Mary Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Mo., and is herewith reproduced from Bull. No. 32, Div. of Entom. U. S. Dept. of Agr., 1894 (pages 42 and 43). Oil May 2, my attention was called by a friend to a young Lombard plum in bis garden, which exbibited tbe worst case of attack yet seen — probably the unchecked development of several seasons. Tbe twigs and smaller branches were absolutely incrusted on all sides with the Coccids, presenting + o other than entomological eyes, a repulsive spectacle. Even at this late date segregation had not taken place. By the 20th of the month, however, the eggs were fully formed and every scale was crowded with them. The egg is broad, oblong in form, 0.5 mm in length, pale yellow in color, and in the mass quite free and granular. Hatching began June 10 and con- tinued for nearly a month. The young larva? were the largest species yet observed, very fiat, uniformly pale yellow, the carapace being indicated by a very thin lateral rim. The legs were rather long and well developed. Antennae five or six jointed, one-half the length of the body. By July 15 hatching was completed, and in the meantime, those first hatched, of which a part were separated and kept on fresh twigs in the rearing jar, had nearly all become stationary on the leaves and transformed to male pupae. Twigs brought me from the tree at this date had the foliage covered with the young in all stages, the ma- jority being still in a state of great activity, resembling in general appearance and in the peculiar wavy motion when crawling a myriad of small Tingitids. The sexes were undistinguishable. The mature larval scale is about 2 mm in length, slightly convex, of a translucent greenish- white color. Two converging carina? inclose a narrow flat dorsal space, from which a border, divided into six or seven panes, by similar, though finer, opaque, white ridges, slopes slightly on all sides. Under the scales, which were stationary, and which in no respect differed from those that were still moving about over leaves and twigs, were found male pupae entirely detached and displaying wing pads and other members as seen in nymphae of the higher Hemiptera. On the 22d of July winged males appeared in the rearing jar, the pupal period being about one week. In this stage, also, the insect is beautiful, with filmy, iridescent wings expanding 4 mm ; body rose red, with some dark brown shadings about the head and tip of the abdomen, and an especially distinct, dark-brown, transverse thoracic band. August 10 hundreds of winged males, fresh pupae, and active larvae were still found on the leaves. The act of copulation did not come under my eye, although the winged forms continually fluttered over those that were crawling. The life of the male seems to be of about a week's duration. My observations on this insect were interrupted by absence from home from the middle of the month until the 5th of September, when I found that the males had disap- peared and that the females had attached themselves to the bark of such twigs as still retained a measure of vigor. The scales were about one-half grown, had dark- ened, thickened, and become centrally elevated. As in all scales, growth by the exudation of waxy material around the margin was slowly progressing. At the Fig. 10. — Lecanuim nigrofas- ciatum: antenna at left ; leg at right — much enlarged (original). 29 !.«m 10 iii-- toalet n,- not in ih hi kwo-thirds the itse thai tii.-s u.i. ImI \..m. and not nearlj w nnmeroat, and drop wuilj from H" ' upon whi.ii the blaoh fangaa hM appeared I bit li irerj likelj due to the debilitj of the tree, vrhioh will scaroelj Borriye the w mi Ml. Si Kl PTIOK "1 \l»l I I I |.M \ II . The adult female Bg. 9) is from 3"" to A long bj 2.6 B ™ In diameter, and about 2 nui, higb, It is slightly broadest posteriorly, hemispherical, highly polished, and it' not robbed is Been to be covered with a very delicate, transparent, and glossy or waxy excretion, There are appar- ently twelve more <>r Less distinct and radiating ridges cadi side, which arc most noticeable around the margin of the body and Btarting at some distance from the disk of the scale those of the thoracic segments being generally more highly developed. The disk or medio-dorsal at ripe is smooth or but faintly rugose. The general color is of a lighter or darker red. with a broader or narrower blackish subdorsal band sur- rounding the disk composed of confluent spots, and a marginal row of elongated squarish spots or bands between the ridges of the same dark color, which frequently extend to the subdorsal band, which give to them a peculiarly pretty appearance. Frequently they may be entirely black, with the exception of the median stripe, or they may be entirely red, with but faint traces of darker shadings or markings, while in dry specimens all the markings disappear entirely. Alter boiling them in potash they become almost colorless or of a pale brownish yellow, while the fluid turns to a pale purplish color. The anal plates and a broad margin around the anal opening are darker and of a yellowish brown. Owing to the extreme transparency of the derm after boiling, the pores become invisible, except a medio-dorsal row of irregularly ar- ranged pores, reaching from near the end of the body to or beyond the region of the median pair of legs. The marginal spines are rather small and sparsely set, with three longer ones, of which the median one is much the longest in the lateral angles of the thorax. The antenna' (see tig. 10) are six-jointed and about 0.20 of a millimeter in length, the third joint being much the longest and about as long as the last three joints combined; the second follows next in length, then the sixth and first, while the fourth and fifth are shortest, subequal in length, and together somewhat shorter than the sixth. All bear the usual com- plement of hairs. The legs (see fig. 10) are rather long and slender and about (^.")L , of a millimeter in length and provided with the usual hairs or bristles. The digitules of the tarsi are slender, finely knobbed, and about three-fourths the length of the tarsi: those of the claw are much shorter, curved upward, enlarged toward the end, and but slightly longer than the claw. There is generally more or less variation in the length of both the antenna' and legs of specimens taken from the same twig, and even in the same individual: sometimes, though rarely, there appears to be a faint trace of a division of the third antennal joint. 30 THE WORK AGAINST ICERYA PURCHASI IN PORTUGAL, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE INTRODUCTION FROM AMERICA OF NOVIUS CARDINALIS. By L. O. Howard. In several of the previous bulletins of this Division mention has been made of the occurrence of the white or fluted scale (Icerya pur- chasi) in disastrous numbers in the orange and lemon groves along the banks of the river Tagus in Portugal. This insect, which reached Portugal some years ago probably from her colonies in the Azores, to which point it was probably introduced many years previously from Australia upon acacias grown as wind-breaks for the orange planta- tions, has attracted the attention of the Portuguese Goverument by its damage during the last two years. Senhor Alfredo Carlos Le Cocq, of the department of agriculture of Portugal, has published a number of communications upon tin's insect in the u Archivo Rural, Gazeta Dos Lavradores," and in the numbers of this journal for December 28, 1897, and June 28, 1898, gives excellent summaries of the spread of the insect, the work which has been done against it, and especially of the results of the attempts which have been made through the U. S. Department of Agriculture, aided by the State Board of Horticulture of California, to introduce and acclimatize the Australian predatory enemies of the scale. In the article first mentioned is given an account of the spread of the scale in the district of Lisbon. In and about the city of Lisbon nearly all of the private and public gardens and nur- series are infested and the insect is found in thirty-two other localities. Prior to the attempt to introduce natural enemies of the insect exten- sive experiments with washes were carried on under the direction of the Chemical- Agricultural Station of Lisbon. After much experimen- tation it was determined that an emulsion of bisulphide of carbon with soapsuds was the most rapid and effective of all. The formula used is as follows : Black potash soap kilograms . . 1. 5 Warm water liters . . 10 Bisulphide of carbon do . . 3 to 4 Cold water do 90 The soap is dissolved in the warm water and when the solution cools the bisul- phide is gradually added, agitating it constantly to make the emulsion homogeneous, the latter being finally diluted with the cold water, care beiug taken to stir well before using. It is reported that there is no inconvenience in preparing sufficient quantities for one or two days' use, but it appears that the emulsion prepared the evening before using is more energetic, fro in which we judge that there is a gradual evaporation of the bisulphide from the, emulsion. There is some danger of the pump rusting as the result of the action of the bisulphide, and it should be washed out with water several times after use and wiped dry. Moreover, only vulcanized rub- bex should be used for the boee, since the ordinary robber bo i attacked bj the bisulphide. TheVerraorel pulverisateur cau aol be osed for the reason thai bisulphide attacks the composition of the diaphragm and the small leather valves. This mixture baa also been found effective against other scales. The passage of a la^ [surged which shall enable the administration t<> take prompt measures in a case of bisect outbreak. The writer's first knowledge of this outbreak wasin September, L896, when he received a letter from Benhor Armando da Silva, accompanied by a copy of an article which he ha of the "Annaes de Sciencias Naturaeas" an extended article in which he gave an account of the work of Novius cardinalis in this country and urged its introduction. Curiously enough this publication, as we have recently learned from an editorial in ••( ) Jornal de Lisboa" for September 7, 1898, was considered by many prominent persons as based upon untrustworthy evidence and American brag [reclame], and it even seems that there were a few who insinuated in an agricultural review 7 that the whole article was simply an inter- ested petition for a commission to be sent to Australia ! Undaunted, however, by this home opposition, Senhor Le Cocq took up his corre- spondence with this office, and in October, 1897, the writer was able to secure, through the great kindness of the State Board of Horticulture of California, about sixty specimens of Novius cardinalis, in the adult condition, and some larva 1 , as well as a number of specimens of Novius I'oebelei. These were sent by direct mail from Washington, packed in moss, with a plentiful supply of Iceryas as food, just as they had been received from Mr. Alexander Craw, of San Francisco. But five of the Vedalias reached Portugal alive. These issued from the moss as adults and had quite certainly come from the specimens which left America in the larval condition. All of those which started from here as adults were dead. They were at once placed in glass jars at the Chemical- Agricultural Experiment Station at Lisbon, and were so successfully cared for that at the date when Senhor Le Cocq wrote his December •32 article there was already a numerous progeny. All of the specimens of Xovius koebelei were dead on receipt. On the 22d of November a second colony of the two species of pred- atory beetles was received from California. Inasmuch as the mail packet before had gone in a somewhat roundabout way, an attempt was made this time to hasten the journey. The writer took the packet personally to New York and placed it on cold storage awaiting the arrival of the direct steamer to Lisbon. Unfortunately the arrival of the steamer in New York was very considerably delayed, and upon its arrival in Lisbon it left for Porto immediately after the disembarkation of its passengers, and only on its return to Lisbon, December 19, was the packet containing the insects delivered to Senhor Le Cocq. The packet had left California on the 5th of November, so that it had been forty-four days on the journey. There were still alive, however, one male and live females of N. cardinalis, and owing to the great care which was taken of them they survived and multiplied. All specimens of JV". loebelei, as before, were dead, from which it seems that the former resists these long voyages in hermetically sealed boxes better than the latter. As to the further results of the experiment we can do no better than to quote the words of Senhor Le Cocq in the "Archivo KuraP of June 28. The article has been translated from the Portuguese by Mr. Frank Benton, of this office. In No. 24 of the "Archivo Rural/' published in December, 1897, we told our readers what we had done to introduce into Portugal Vedalia cardinalis, which is the most voracious enemy of Icerya purchasi, and what we had obtained and hoped to obtain up to spring in order then to commence its reproduction and breeding in the open air. Xow we see that we were then very modest in our calculation, because four moutli8 later, in place of hundreds of Yedalias that we counted on having, we pos- sessed already many thousands of the insects, and we were able to think of entering simultaneously upon its breeding on a large scale in the open air and its distribution in the localities invaded by Icerya. In order that our readers may form an idea as to the fecundity of redalia cardinalis, it will suffice to state that our entire breedings were all descendants of the six insects received on the 19th of December — that is, from the second sending that Mr. L. O. Howard made me. During this new apprenticeship we had occasion to try various modes of breeding the Yedalias in glass jars, and that which gave us the best result — the only one which we still follow to-day and that has also been adopted in the chemical-agricultural station of Lisbon, is the following: Small tables (tablets) of pasteboard are made, which, flat side up, pass into glass jars, leaving some space around them, the jars being cylindrical and tall; to each of the tablets there are glued four legs made of the same material, 2 to 3 cm. high and triangular. To give sufficient firmness to these legs each one is folded from the top to the middle of the base in the form of a piece of guttering, and is glued by the base to the lower side of the tablet near the cor- ners, with the vertex down. On these tablets, which are flat, there is glued an octave-shaped piece of paper whose edges, extending the breadth and length of the cardboard, are folded up so as to form sides around the tablets. It is on these small tables that, once or twice a week, a fresh repast of Iceryas is furnished to the Vedalias contained in each jar, the new tablets being placed above dread} in position. The various tablets pi form* lug within the jar a kim m JUtfhrt on wboei ihelv< oessh tions ot Vedalias go on reprodncin d distributing them* selvi i, The] in the earliei Feedings a i removed from th< n order do! to lose the eggs that the Ved alias place under th< oviferou eosoi the former, aor the small larva that bave already batched there, or whieh are found in search of [cerya eggs among the sacs mentioned aboi «-. Two or three tablets with fresh [oeryas ma; be inserted each time aooordJ the number of \ edalias s bioh exist In each jar and the larger 01 mailer numb* i "i Larva that one sees on the walls of the |ar on the side toward i In- 11 Pasteboard tablets in this form may be made np until thi jai is (Tiled to the top. Having reached this point and four to eight days having passed that is. when it hat beoome necessary to furnish Dew t I -the tablets are distributed in nev< placing one ortwo In each one and leaving one ortwo in the first jar to continue and develop the broods; or the tablets Btocked with larval and winged V edalias are utilized to establish colonies of the precious cocoinellids in orchards, groves, and gardens invaded by [cerya, In the flrsl case the same system is followed with each new jar until it is full of tablets. In the second case the jar with the material is taken where the colonies of ^eda- lias are to be established, and at each point the gauze which co\ era the mouth of the jar is loosened. One or more of the tablets is removed with their [ceryas and Veda- lias. Each one is placed in a small box made of wood, of pasteboard, or of Leaves of appropriate size < collar boxes Berve everj purpose . and these boxes are hound or nailed in an upright position to the trees or plants where it is desired to start the colony of \ edalias. As the larval and also the winged Vedalias are very delicate and the lightest pres- sure crushes them, we should therefore always avoid touching them, in order to preserve the largest number possible in the broods. It is tor this reason that we have contrived the simple process which we have described and which with good results is being followed in the chemical-agricultural station of Lisbon, both in t lie breeding and distribution of Vedalias. In order to favor the breeding of Vedalias his excellency, counsellor Elvino de I'.rito. director-general of agriculture, ordered the construction at the chemical-agri- cultural station of a tent of wire-cloth over a wooden frame. This tent covers an orange tree infested with /on/a purohasi, and can be easily taken down and put up when necessary to change its place, and is operated in manner similar to the one which was established for the same purpose in the United Mates of America under the name of U. 8. Propagating Station for Parasites of Scale Insects. Within the tent is found, beside the orange tree infested with Icerya, a shelf on which are placed tablets, according to our system, with Iceryas, not only to furnish eggs and larva' for the sustenance of the Vedalias because in a short time the [cer- yas of the orange tree would he insufficient, but also for the purpose of utilizing these tablets, after stocking with coccinellids, to continue their colonization in localities or estates invaded by scales. To stock this tent or station we presented to them early in .May several large jars where we had made the lirst breedings, which contained about a thousand Vedalias in various stages. At the same time we furnished to the chemical-agricultural sta- tion, to serve in the distribution of Vedalia colonies, two huge jars containing 12 tablets stocked with some thousands of the larva- and winged forms of the voracious coccinellid. With the breedings obtained in the chemical -agricultural station of Lisbon (Belem) and those that we had furnished to them, the station was advised to establish thirty- eight centers or colonies of Vedalias, litted out so a-> to be able to continue, each time 8193— Xo. 18 3 34 with more intensity and rapidity, these colonizations in the orchards, gardens, parks, and country places of Lisbon and its environs. Proprietors who had plants infested with Iceryas and wished to utilize this convenient and economical means of combat- ing them were to inform the director of the chemical-agricultural station, or the agriculturist of the district of Lisbon, or the director-general of agriculture. It should be known that Vedalia cardinalis attacks only the larv;e and eggs of Icerya, and that one must not decide that it is not an active destroyer of this scale because we continue to see for some time adult Iceryas that were already on the trees when the colonies or centers of Vedalias were established there. The adult Iceryas continue, then, to live. and. until they die, to place eggs in their sacs, but the eggs and young larva? of the Iceryas are the ones which are destroyed until a point is reached when none arrive at the adult stage. From this moment the white egg sacs of the Iceryas are left empty in the branches and leaves, and the invasion of the injurious scale has been overcome. After the colonies of Vedalias are established in any locality or estate, it is advis- able not to make treatments there nor in their proximity, in order not to destroy the young of the beneficial parasite of Icerya, which soon develop, because the adults spread about and lay their eggs, sometimes near at hand and sometimes at a distance, on the infested branches just below the colonies of Iceryas. For some time the larva' of Vedalia are not strikingly apparent, except they are quite numerous, well developed, and fat. At first they live somewhat concealed, among the Iceryas or within the oviferous sacs of the latter, next to the eggs and tender larvae just issued from the egg. With the rapid development which the broods of Vedalia cardinalis have, and in view of the large number of colonies already established, of the many more numer- ous oues which will be established still during the summer and autumn, and in view of its wide distribution, it is to be believed that even in the coining year it will be difficult to find a tree with Icerya, in Lisbon or its environs, without finding there likewise its terrible enemy, Xovius or Vedalia cardinalis. The treatment with insec- ticides, which has produced meanwhile good results, will become from that moment absolutely unnecessary, if it is not so already. Iii the mean time, not being aware of the remarkable success in rearing the Vedalia from the six specimens remaining alive of our last shipment, the writer sent on June 29, by direct mail, a consignment of about 5 dozen larvae of Xovius I'oebelei and X. cardinalis which had been received in Washington that day through the courtesy of the State Board of Horticulture of California. On August 10 word was received from Senhor Le Oocq to the effect that the shipment reached him on the 13th of July, thus making the time from San Francisco to Lisbon only twenty days — less than one-half the time occupied by the preceding sending. It resulted from this short journey that adults of Xovius Iwebelei reached Portugal in safety. There were twelve beetles of this species living on receipt, two of X. cardinalis, and some few larvae. In the same communication Senhor Le Cocq wrote as follows: The propagation of the Vedalia received from you in November and December, 1897, has been wonderful, particularly that of the second package, which reached Lisbon December 19. The chemical-agricultural station of Lisbon, to which I committed the first package which you sent me and many thousands of those I bred at home, has already established several colonies in about ninety farms, orchards, parks, and gardens in Lisbon and in the country around Lisbon. In the orange orchard around the propagating station [described in the preceding quota- t i.m 1 1 urn the ■• \i > lnv «• Km ii i i i "I Ian • ««t \ i iiltiin- :uul lu»rt if <> JornaJ de Lia boa of September 7, L898, in a quotation from Novidades of the day before, from which we extract the following: u Colonies <>i atocka <>f Vedaliaa were eatabliahed on n<»t less than 187 estates, whence naturally many others were formed by radiation. Gardens and orchards that were completely infested and nearly ruined areto-daj entirely clean, or well <»n the way toward becoming so." It would thus seem as though the wonderful little Nottius cardinally has fully sustained in Portugal the great reputation which it had pre- viously gained in the United states. The writer would not have been able to assist the Portuguese Government to thia admirable result had it not been for the enlightened policy of the state Board of Horticul- ture of California in continuing the breeding in confinement of these predaee0U8 beetles long after the apparent great necessity tor such work had disappeared in California, and had it not been for the cour- tesy of the board in promptly placing material at the disposal oi this office. TWIG PRUNERS AND ALLIED SPECIES. By F. II. Chittenden. THE OAK PRUNER. The attention of the curious is often attracted by numbers of t\\i_- and small branches which sometimes strew the ground under trees of various kinds, particularly oak and hickory, and the observer is usually at a loss to account for their presence. The severed limbs vary in length from a few inches to two or three feet, and one cut limb is mentioned by Dr. Fitch in his article on this species 5th N. V. Kept., pp. 797-804) that measured ten feet, and another that was 1 | inches in thickness. He farther remarks that young trees an- sometimes felled by this insect. An examination of one, and sometimes of both ends of a sev- ered limb will show a smoothly cut surface, near the center of which will be seen a more or less oval opening plugged up with a wad of a material composed of tine shavings and sawdust see tig. 11. 0, /). If one of these limbs be split open, a soft-bodied larva or pupa will be found resembling that shown in tig. 11, a. This is the larva of a Ceram- bycid or long-horned beetle. Elaphidian viUosum Fab., generally known in literature as the oak pruner. This larva is subcylindrical, sofl and fleshy, and of a whitish or light-yellowish color. It is provided with 36 legs (see g), which are, however, somewhat rudimentary and of little service to the creature as organs of locomotion. The beetle is slender and cylindrical in form, dark brown in color, and clothed with grayish, somewhat mottled, jmbescence. The antennae of the female are shorter, those of the male (illustrated at b) longer, than the body; the proximal joints are armed with small spines. Each elytron terminates in two small spines and the femora are unarmed. The length varies from about a half to three-quarters of an inch. The pruning process is not always in itself especially injurious, but the ultimate effects are apt to be more serious. The fallen twigs serve as a breeding place for hosts of other wood borers, many of which are Fig. 11.— Elaphidion villosum: a, larva; b, beetle; c, pupa; d, end of twig excised by larva from tree; e, reverse end containing insect; /, same from side, split to show pupa within; g, leg of larva; a, b, c, about twice natural size; d, e, /, natural size; g, greatly enlarged (original). injurious to timber. Among these are some which do not hesitate, in default of an abundauce of dead wood, to attack and injure living trees. LITERATURE OF THE OAK PRUNEE. Early in the present century an account of this species was given by Prof. William D. Peck in an article published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Eepository and Journal, of January, 1819 (Vol. V, pp. 307-313). In this article Professor Peck gave the main facts in the insect's life history, bestowing upon it the popular name of oak pruner and describing the species as Stenocorus putator. In later times this species, together with U. parallelum, which, is considered to be merely a synonym, has received treatment at the hands of most writers on economic entomology. Fitch, in his Fifth Eeport on the Insects of New York (pp. 17-24), furnishes an exhaustive article on the subject, dwell- ing at length upon the supposed marvelous intelligence of the insect. It is not within the province of the present article to discuss this latter Bubjecl in detail, sinoe if has been ablj treated by Mr. Frederick Clark bod and the late Dr. John I la mi I ton, and thereadei is therefore referred to their articles in the Canadian Entomologist Vol. \ \ I 1 1, pp. 188 L90 and in in and to the Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological Com mission pp. 83 90 . where the major portion of the accounts ol I itch ami l [amilton are reprodnoed. POOD PLANTS A\i> i \.i i BY. Phe list of known food plants of this species, as recorded by the Writer and others, includes: Oak. hickory, choliiut. maple, Abies (Haldeman, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc, Vol. X, p. 34), apple, plum, peach, grape, quince, locust, redbnd (Cercii canadensis), sumach, orange, and Osage orange Maclura aurantiaca . In past years the writer has seen pear trees very extensively pruned by this insect; also the climbing bitter-sweet [Celastrus SCandens). More recently this or allied BpecieS have been ascertained to attack almost every woody plant that grows. In the vicinity of Washington thegenus Elaphidion is not bo abundant as in many northern localities, but pruned twigs of various trees and shrubs arc of frequent occurrence, among which have been noted Bpicebush [Lindera benzoin), sassafras, sumach (/thus glabra and typhina). Walsh mentions the occurrence of pruned twigs on English or white walnut and Fitch mentions beech* and birch. An unpublished divisional note which adds a new food plant to this species should be inserted. In October of 1882 we received from Mr. If. 0. Bead, of Hudson, Ohio, specimens of twigs of Chinese Wistaria, which lead been pruned by the larva' which they contained. Adult beetles began issuing (in confinement) January (>, 1883. Of reported injuries by this species Prof. A. J. Cook says (Entom. Amer., Vol. Ill, p. 59) that in 188G "peach trees in portions of Michigan were seriously injured. The twigs were cut off so as to nearly desi my some of the trees." In Volume V of Insect Life (p. 50) mention is made of the extraordinary abundance of this pruner in Bucks County, Pa., and it is there stated, on the authority of Mr. J. B. Watson, that car- loads of the branches could be gathered up from the ground through the oak forests. In the writer's experience the oak pruner was extremely abundant in the early 80's in the neighborhood of Ithaca. Tompkins County, N. V.. and later near South Woodstock, Windham County. Conn., on the shagbark hickory, the severed twigs and branches occurring by the barrel-full under a single tree. In one instance pear trees in an orchard at Ithaca. N. V., had been very extensively pruned by it. It had appar- ently attacked healthy living twigs, and several trees had every appear- ance of having been killed outright. "The beech species i-* evidently, judging by Fitch's description of it^ work, the twig girdler, Onoideres cingulata Say. 38 Under the caption "Elapbidion injury," and evidently referring to the present species, Prof. J. B. Smith wrote in 1891* (Ent. News, Vol. Ill, p. 261): "One of the striking features noticeable now in riding througn New Jersey is the unusual amount of Elaphidion injury on oaks. In some localities every tree has several dead or dying twigs, and the ground beneath is strewn with branches broken off by recent nigh winds." A similar condition was observed and commented upon by Dr. Eiley at about the same time in the country lying between Washington and New York City, and noticeable from the railway cars in traveling between those cities. LIFE HISTORY. From our present knowledge of this species the following brief account of its life history may be given : The mother beetle inserts an egg. usually in one of the smaller twigs of a living tree. The young larva hatching therefrom first attacks the wood under the bark, following the grain of the wood and packing its burrow with its sawdust-like castings. The larva as it grows bores toward the base, often consuming the wood entirely around the limb and ejecting its castings through holes which it makes in the bark. Later it follows the axis of the twig, boring through the center and excavating a more or less oval channel, sometimes for a distance of several inches. Dr. Fitch has said that the larva is only about half grown when it severs the limb in which it is working, but it has more probably attained its full growth at this time. He described this operation, recounting at length how, with "consummate skill and seem- ingly superterrestrial intelligence, he varies his proceedings to meet the circumstances of his situation in each particular case." From Dr. Fitch's account it would seem that he imputed to this insect a reasoning power, which enables it to modify its operations according to the conditions, and to judge just how far the limb should be cut off to insure its ultimate amputation by the wind, without endangering its own safety. Whether guided by reason or by blind instinct, the insect is actually enabled to accomplish this purpose. After cutting away the wood in such manner that the winds will in time bring the limb to the ground, the contained larva retreats into its burrow and plugs up the severed end with castings. Here it trans forms to pupa (fig. 11. c,/), sometimes late in the autumn and often not until early spring, assuming the adult stage as early as November and appearing abroad in June and throughout the summer until September. A larva received through the kindness of Dr. A. E. Brunn, from South Woodstock, Conn., transformed to pupa May 3, and to adult May 21, having thus passed the pupal stage in eighteen days, the average temperature having been about 71° F. Although this species normally completes its transformations in ampu- tated or fallen limbs, it occasionally breeds in limbs that have not been 39 severed, ii doe- oof alwaj oaf ofl the twigi In vrhich n lives, :ni the tree, From the earlier accounts of Pitch and others it would !>•• inferred thai the insect requires a single year onlj for the completion of its life cycle. Dr. Hamilton, however, states thai a longer period is required, three years being the usual time, in individual cases four or more being consumed. The writer is strongly inclined to believe such excep- tionally long periods, even three years, t<> be the result of nnduedry oe88 caused by indoor breeding. , w liv in I. I ai;\ a \ Ml'i I A i Bti \ LEM B. The purpose <>!' the larva in cutting away the wood furnishes an interesting topic for speculation^ Theobjecl attained is its ultimate tall to the ground. Peck thought that the limb, if permitted to remain attached t<> the tree, would heeome too dry and that ;i certain degree of moisture was required tor the development of the insect, and that the limb was accordingly partially severed that it might eventually fall, and that then, lying on the ground amid the autumn leaves and beneath the winter's snow, the requisite degree of moisture was insured. In this belief Dr. Pitch concurred. Mr. Clarkson, however, takes issue with Pitch and believes that the main object of the larva is to obtain dead wood and to prevent the Mow of sap. Here we have two contrary views expressed, one that the object is to obtain moisture, the other to prevent it. Such an excess of moisture, as is obtained on the ground under the melting snow and the pools of water that collect in winter under the infested trees, could hardly be a necessity in the life history of any terrestrial animal. The ease with which these insects may be reared from dry twigs indoors is conclusive proof to the contrary. Why they should require more moisture than fifty or a hundred others that could be named that have similar food habits aud do not breed exclusively in fallen limbs, it would be difficult to explain. Again, that the small flow of sap of oak or hickory could seriously interfere with develop ment would seem unreasonable when we consider that these insects are able to survive the immersion to which they are sometimes subjected for days together during thaws and rainy spells in the winter. Another explanation of the limb's amputation occurs to the writer. Those who have reared beetles from hard wood cannot have failed to observe that the larva before transforming cuts through the wood until.it reaches the bark, which is left untouched and serves to protect the insect from marauding birds or other enemies. When the beetle develops it has only to gnaw its way through this thin layer of bark to effect its exit. There are undoubtedly some wood borers which are 40 provided in the beetle state with mandibles sufficiently powerful to enable them to penetrate hard wood (Monohammus, for example), but the majority, among them Elaphidion, are not thus favored, and would be utterly unable with their weaker boring organs to escape, and would perish in their burrows had they not, while larvae, excavated the neces- sary channel for their exit. These exit channels usually run at an angle to the axis of the wood. Now, in the case of our Elaphidion, which usually lives in a slender limb which it bores longitudinally, there is no room to place a branching, transverse channel; accordingly the larva severs the twig and when it becomes a beetle it cuts its way through the plug of castings. As to the larva apparently varying its operations to suit the different sizes of limbs, the average infested twig is of about the tbickness of one's finger, and it is probable that the larva commences proceedings late in the season with the approach of cold weather when it is about full grown and ready for hibernation. To cut off the limb is a labor of some magnitude for so small a creature and may require several days for completion. It has a limited amount of energy, being now toward the end of its active existence as a borer, and the cooler weather serves to repress this energy, which is sufficient for cutting away all the wood in a small twig, but is inadequate for a larger one. The wood of a large branch is harder, and the insect ceases work, perhaps from exhaustion or from cold, or because its instinct impels it to cut a certain amount, and when that is accomplished to cease, its work being ended. At the close of his narrative Dr. Fitch says, in spite of a previous assertion that the insect never miscalculates, that — in at least three-fourths of the fallen limbs no worm is to be found; and an exam- ination of them shows that the insect perished at the time the limb was severed and before it had excavated any burrow upward in its center, no perforation being present except that leading into the lateral twig. It is probable that in many instances the limb broke when the insect was in the act of gnawing it asunder, either from its own weight or from a wind arising whilst the work was in progress. As might be inferred from the manner of life of this insect, it enjoys as nearly perfect exemption from predaceous or parasitic attack as falls to the lot of any wood borer. Fitch, however, has stated that some of our insect-eating birds destroy the larvae, and the writer has reared the parasite Bracon eurygaster Brulle from twigs inhabited by the species. REMEDIES. In case this species becomes injuriously abundant, it may be readily controlled by gathering the infested twigs during the winter and burn- ing them before the following spring. The following summary of the known food and other habits of other species of Elaphidion is appended : II THE ORANGE SAWYER Pro. 12. — Elaphidion Inerme: enlarged 2| times (from Hubbard). Of this species, Elaphidion inenm Newra., the late Dr. Riley has stated American Entomologist, Vol. II I, p. 238) thai the perfect Insect w.is cut by Mi-, B, a. Bchwai From «li\ twigs ol Querent Enterprise, Fla. In Bulletin no. i. ftrel series, of this Divi si, m p, 9 . Mi. II. (i. Hubbard u;i\ e a few notes on this Bpe and in his Bpeeial dii i sional bulletin "Insects Affect- ing the i hrange " pp. 125 127) presented a few additional facts, proposing for the insect the name <>f orange sawyer, The injuries caused by this Elaphidion to orange trees result from careless pruning, from failure to properly trim the dead end of the stock above the insertion of the bud. These ends attract the female beetle, which deposits one or two egga in each. The larvae hatching from these confine their work to the dead ends until they are completely hollowed out and reduced to mere shells packed with castings. When the supply of dead wood becomes exhausted, the larva* descend into the living wood and thus weaken the bud, if they do not kill it outright by undermining the tissues which support it. One of the twigs sent by Mr. Hubbard to this office has every appear- ance of having been pruned, but not in the usual smooth manner as performed by the oak primer. The adult beetle is shown at figure 12. It is of much the same appearance as villosum; the antennae are compara- tively shorter, never longer than the body, the spines small. The femora are not spinose. The thorax has a small median smooth spot and no dorsal callosities. The tips of the elytra are tunicate and do not bear spines. In well-marked specimens the pubescence is arranged in a large white patch on the humerus and another across the middle of each elytron. ttk 4T Fig. 13.-Work Hi Elaphidion natural size (original). ELAPHIDION SUBPUBESCENS I On July 15, 1894, Mr. Th. Pergande found larva* boring in shoots of white oak Quereus alba) which were growing about the base of oak stumps, from which the perfect insect was reared June 15, of the following year. According to Mr. Pergande. who has kindly furnished me with Ins notes on the subject, the larva selects, by preference, shoots 42 which are not above a quarter of an inch in diameter, although some- times they are found to attack shoots of double this size. As a rule, the larvse bore nearer to one side than the other, though often but little more than the thin bark is left in the smaller shoots. There is evidence that the species is a perfect pruner, and appears to confine its attack to upright shoots when these are obtainable. A remarkable feature of the work of this larva, and one apparently peculiar to it in its regularity, is its habit of forming on the underside of the twig which it infests a more or less continuous and regular row of circular holes. These are evidently for the purpose of expelling the excrement of the insect as fast as it forms, since no pellets are to be found in the burrows, while numerous bits of excrement may be seen scattered about underneath infested shoots. In a small shoot that has been pre- served (illustrated herewith) in a space just 2 inches in length, an even twenty of these little holes have been formed at very regular intervals and in a nearly straight line, and several other small twigs present a similar appearance. In larger twigs the holes are less regularly placed, are larger, less numerous, and more widely separated. The holes in the smaller twigs measure from 0.6 to 0.8 of a millimeter in diameter, and those in the larger twigs are fully twice as large An approach to this habit is observable in the commou oak pruner. The larva begins operations very near the tip of a shoot, bores some- times also for some distance into the side shoots, and afterward pene trates the entire length of the main shoot, making its way into the stump itself where it forms its pupa in the more solid wood. The larva resembles that of other species of Elaphidion, having distinct thoracic legs. It has unusually long hairs at each side of the mouth. Fortunately this species is a very rare one, as it would be quite capa- ble, Mr. Pergaude believes, of serious injury, should it ever be suffi- ciently numerous in nurseries. The beetle is of about the same size as villosum, but is much nar- rower. The entire surface is very coarsely punctured, and sparsely and uniformly pubescent. It has previously been recorded from New Jersey and Texas. ELAPHIDION MUCRONATUM Fab. Elaphidion mucronatum Fab. has been found in dry twigs of live oak (Quercus virens) and in the dry leaf-stems of the cabbage palmetto (Chamcerops palmetto) in Florida, in healthy hackberry trees in Texas, and in large limbs of wild grapevine (Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 239). Prof. J. B. Smith writes that he has reared it from the stems of young trees or from larger branches of oak which had been girdled, and that it bores " clear down to the roots." The writer has reared it from large branches and trunks of redbud {Cercis canadensis and japonica) and Dr. A. D. Hopkins (Bull. 22, W. Va. Agl. Ex. St., p. 193) states that it u infests dead bark and wood of beech," the "green wood of living i:; sim. i! maple and bark oi black oak."' Thii ipeotea la nol ;i pram least .i-i.ii aa observatioi There is a divisional note on Its iiav lag bred February 8, 1 889, t'i ' 'in ;i piece ol dogwood Oornus which had been stored In a oarpentei shop some years to be used for hammer bandies. The larvae had worked principally nuder the bark where thej produced large and irregular channels, entering, when nearly full grown, the solid wood, in which thej transformed. The adult insect, represented at figure L4, is sitniliar in form, size, color, and pubescence io villosum. The antennas and elytra diffei in being armed with much longer spines; the femora are also spinose. The antennae ol the male arc longer than the body. This is our commonest Dortheru El aphid ion, next to villosum. HABITS OF OTHER SPECIES OF ELAPHIDION /■.'. tectum Lee. (1) — The stems of Yucca an- sometimes attacked by what Mr. A. Bolter supposed was perhaps this species. (Trans. Acad. Sciences St. Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 568). E. cinereum 01, is an inhabitant of I he West Indies, but is also very abund- ant at Key West, Fla. Mr. Schwarz has discovered that this species develops in the branches of the buttonwood, Cono- carpus erecta. (Pr, Knt. Soc. Wash.. Vol. I, p. 93.) /.'. irroratum Fab. inhabits the trunk of the black mangrove (A vezinnia nitida) in Florida (Hubbard, Am. Ent., Vol. Ill, p. 239), and the white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), (Schwarz, Proc Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. I. p. 93). E. a a icolor Band. — Dr. Leconte has recorded this species as occur- ring in the Judas tree or redbud (Cercis) (Trans. Aruer. Ent. Soc, Vol. IX, p. iii). A twig of plum was found by the writer at Colonial Beach, Va., July 1">. 1897, that showed castings of a larva on the amputated end remain- ing upon the tree. Wheu this was cut open, a living beetle was found within. 11. imbelle Lee. has been reared from oak in California .1. J. Rivers, Bui. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. 11, p. 70, etc. . Fig. H.—Elaphidion mucronatum: en lai-ed 21 times (original). 44 A DESTRUCTIVE BORER ENEMY OF BIRCH TREES, WITH NOTES ON RELATED SPECIES. By F. H. Chittenden. INJURY AT BUFFALO, N. Y. Serious injury to birch trees in the city of Buffalo, N. Y., has been reported the past fall, due to the ravages of the larvae of a buprestid beetle hitherto practically unknown as a destructive enemy to this genus of trees. In a letter dated October 13, 1898, Mr. M. F. Adams, of Buffalo, wrote that an insect, which was afterwards identified as Agrilus anxius Gory, was doing great damage to birch trees in that city. Specimens of infested European white birch, Betula alba, showing the mines of the larvae under the bark, were received, and later specimens of the beetles and larvae. A few years ago our correspondent noticed this same borer destroying a common white birch, Betula papyrifera. At that time the cut-leaf weeping birches, with the exception of a few trees in close proximity to the infested ones, were not infested, and he was of opinion that these trees had not been attacked until recently. White birches of every description in the city have since been destroyed, and not many trees that remain standing are entirely free from infestation. Through the medium of the daily press of Buffalo the matter has aroused widespread attention in that city. So much of value was obtained from Mr. Adams, through constant correspondence during the months of October and November, that it was not considered necessary at this time for anyone connected with this Division to make a personal inspection of the premises, particularly since little of value is to be accomplished in the. line of an investigation of the life history of the species until the springtime, when the larvae complete their growth and their transformation to pupae and adult beetles. Our correspondent has expressed the belief that if radical measures are not adopted the loss of every birch in the city of Buffalo in the near future is imminent. This insect has already destroyed the common white birch and, as previously remarked, many of the cut-leaf and European white birches. It even attacks trees planted but a year before. That this opinion is justified we have only to cite similar instances of recent injury by this same insect at Detroit, Mich., which will be men- tioned farther on, and by the related species, Agrilus bilineatus, the two-lined chestnut borer, to chestnut and oak in various parts of our country, and by the sinuate pear borer to pear in New Jersey. That injury was due to a species of Agrilus could readily be made out from the larvae and from the appearanee of the burrows under the birch bark. At our request Mr. Adams made diligent search for the parent beetles, which often die in their burrows in the wood, with I;> IraullirllLlI \ HplHiimeilH writ- male, W lllcli pl'o\ im corre Bpohdent is of the opinion thai injury in Buffalo is due primarily to the attack of tins borer, since it has been observed attacking \ igorous trees. That carelessness isoneof the principal causes that baa Led to its limine multiplication is evidenced bj information furnished l>.\ Mr. Adams. He states that the upper pari of the tree in which it was first noticed at work had been removed, but that about six feet of the trunk was permitted to remain tor use as a support for flower vases or for some similar purpose, a surface as Large as this would furnish oppor- tunity tor the development of perhaps many hundreds of this insect. The material from which the identification of the species was made was obtained by searching among wood piles which had been permitted to accumulate. It is not improbable that woodpeckers and other birds would keep this borer in check if unmolested by sparrows, and this invasion may be accounted for, in a measure at least, by the absence of the insect's natural enemies. A very singular thing in connection with the occurrence of this borer in birch is that in spite of frequent search, extending over a period of two years. our correspondent has been unable to find this insect attack- ing any other tree than birch — a remarkable condition of affairs when we consider the numerous observations by careful observers of its occur- rence on poplar and willow. DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION. Agrilus anxius is shown in the accompanying illustration (fig. 17, a). It is a rather large species of its genus, measuring between three-tenths and nearly half an inch in length (7.5-11.5 mm.). It is of moderately robust form, subopaque, olivaceous bronze in color. The last ventral segment is oval at the apex; the punctuation of the prothorax is trans- versely strigoso-punctate and its posterior angles are carinate in both sexes; the first ventral segment in the male is broadly grooved: the second more deeply, the groove being narrow and smooth (see b). The serration of the antenna! joints begins with the fourth joint. The elytra bear each a rather vague longitudinal costa and the scutellum is trans- versely carinate. As no common name seems to have been applied to this insect, it may be called the bronze birch borer. 48 The accredited distribution of Agrilus anxius as redescribed by Horn (Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc, Vol. XVIII, p. 306) is " Massachusetts and !New Hampshire; westward to Colorado." In the collection of the Xational Museum and that of Messrs. Hub- bard and Schwarz and of the writer the following localities for this species are taken, with addition of some that have already been recorded : Mouut Washington, X. H. ; Boston aud Plainfield ( !), Mass. ; Buffalo, Ithaca, "Adirondacks," Elk Lake, and elsewhere in Xew York; Allegheny, Pa. (Hamilton); Lake Superior, Marquette, Detroit, Agricultural College, and Port Huron, Mich.; Stone Creek, Va. ; Prov- ince of Quebec, near Ottawa (Harrington). The larva. — The larva (fig. 17, c) resembles that of other species of its genus, being elongate, flattened, the first thoracic segment — which is apt to be mis- taken for the head, the latter being retrac- tile within it — rather prominent, and the anal segment terminating in a pair of slen- der corneous forceps-like processes. The color is creamy white, the mouth parts dark brown, nearly black, the remaining portion of the head, the first thoracic, and the anal segments being darker yellow. Being foot- less, the dorsal and ventral surfaces do not differ so noticeably as in many larvae. In the absence of a large series of the larvae of other species of Agrilus, a specific descrip- tion need not be attempted at the present time, particularly since all of the examples of this species which we have are freshly killed, and the material in other species is alcoholic and has, for the most part, been preserved for several years. The larvae at hand appear to be unusually stout, but^ it is possible that this may be accounted for by the fact that they had gone into hibernation and are unable to recover from their torpor. They are between five and six times as long as wide at the widest abdominal segment. The first thoracic is of about equal width with the widest abdominal segments ; the second and third thoracic are a little narrower; all of the abdominal segments are subequal except the last two, the penultimate being about the same width as the second and third thoracic. The anal segment does not appear to differ from that of other species, the fork being of the same shape and bidentate on the inner surface. The length is a little less than three-fourths of an inch (17-18 mm.) and the width is a trifle less than an eighth inch (2-7 mm.). Fig. 17.— Agrilus anxius; a, female beetle; b, first abdominal segments of male from below; c, larva from above — all enlarged about 3£ times (original). 4!t PI 1:1 LBHSD EfcEOORTJ , The identification of this Bpecies as an enemj <■! poplar, and wh.it appears t<> be the first record <>f its food habits, was made by the late Dr. l.nitiM'i in ins report as State entomologist ol \. the original identified! ion of t he Bpecies as torpidus being altered to auxins, as the latter is now known to !><• ;i synonym. Mere mention is made of what is probably this species by Mr. W. II. Barriugton, who includes Agrilus torpidus ( I) m his list of insects taken on willow, published in the Canadian Entomologist for June, L884 Vol. XVI, \k 101 . In the list of the Buprestidse of Massachusetts compiled by Dr, Frederick Blanchard and published in Entomologica Americana (VoL v., p. 32, Feb. 1889) appears the following concerning this species, also mentioned as torpidus Lee.: "A few specimens were taken on the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, whither they had flown from below. The form described as gravis oceans in Massachu- setts on poplar sprouts and trunks." In Insect Life for October, 1891 (Vol. IV, p. 66), Mr. birofa borer feed npon th<- foliage of birch, willow, and poplar, .1- n maj l>«- possible to reach man.) iu this waj 1>> spraying free!] with ;i solution of Paris green, applied at the rate of a pound to LOO or L50 gallons ol water. Uninfested trees ma} be protected bj various mixtures, a rather full list of which has been published in Circular No 1, «'t this Division, copies of \Niii
  • 1 quart of oil, the resin melted and the oil poured in while hot. The resin can l><- < » i » t : » i 1 1 « -< J in lots <»t" \ pounds or more at 2 cents a pound, and the oil in single gallon lots at i<» cents ;: gallon. It may be applied to the trunk and branches with a paint brush. Dendrolene, raupenleim, and similar dark-colored mixtures, although of \ alue against related borers, as, for example, tin* sinuate pear borer, arc hardly to be recommended for birch trees with white bark, as they mar the beauty of the trunks. Light-colored mixtures are preferable, and it is possible that a considerable measure of protection would be afforded by a thick whitewash poisoned with a small quantity of some arsenite, Buch as arsenate of lead. There is danger in t lie application of a Btrong arsenical to voting trees, but it will not harm trees of older growth. In some instances it might pay, for the protection of valuable trees in private grounds, and for paper birch and trees with similar rough, papery bark, to cover the trunks thoroughly with paper wrappings and whitewash or otherwise treat the brandies. A mixture of hydraulic cement and skim milk of the consistency of thick paint i> worth the experiment against this insect, as it has been found of value against the peach-tree borer. The preventives used should be applied to the trees just before the issuance of the beetles, which may be, in some localities at least, as early as the latter days of May. If paper wrappings are used they can be removed as soon as the danger season is passed, which will be within two or three months of the time of first appearance of the beetles. If cement be the remedy employed it should be broken up with a broom or stiff brush as soon as the danger time is over; it is imperative that the cement be not left on the bark of young, growing trees longer than is necessary, as its presence might interfere with the tree's growth. A measure of utmost value for the protection of trees from the attacks of borers consists in keeping them in the best possible con- dition, free from fungi, moss, or abnormal growth, from loose bark, and. in short, keeping the trunks as clean as possible. In some cases the use of a fertilizer might assist the trees to withstand borer attack. 52 A NEW NOMENCLATURE FOR THE BROODS OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA. By C. L. Marl att. The writer reviewed the different nomenclatures suggested by various authors for the broods of the periodical Cicada in Bulletin No. 14, new series, of the Division of Entomology, and therefore a brief summary of the old systems is all that need be given here. It will be remembered that the earlier writers, viz, Prof. Nat. Potter, Dr. William T. Harris, and Dr. G. B. Smith, classified the broods solely according to the years of their appearance. The unpublished register left by Dr. Smith includes every brood now known classified according tp race, and gives the localities for one additional brood, the existence of which seems not to have been confirmed. Though lacking any spe- cial designation for the broods, Dr. Smith's classification is as complete and accurate as that published by Dr. Riley and since followed by all later writers. Dr. Asa Fitch was the first to introduce a numbering system for the different broods, enumerating nine altogether, but his data was very limited and he was not aware of the 13-year southern period, and there necessarily resulted no little confusion of the broods of the two races. The Walsh Riley enumeration of 1868 gave the records for sixteen broods, which were designated by roman numerals from I to XVI, the enumeration being based on the sequence of the different broods after 1868. In 1869, in his First Missouri Report, Dr. Riley, having in the meantime secured the manuscript paper of Dr. Smith, added the six broods lrom this paper not represented in the Walsh-Riley enumeration, increasing the number of the broods to XXII, and renumbered them again in accordance with their sequence, begin- ning with 1869. Several of these broods are rather unimportant, or lack confirmation, and one of them, Brood III, was founded on an erro- neous record and has been dropped. In the enumeration of the broods by Walsh-Riley, and later by Riley, the two races are mixed together and a sequence of numbers given, which, after the first thirteen years, lost all significance as a record of the order of the broods in time of appearance, and from the first obscured the true kinship of the broods iu each race. If, on the other hand, each race be considered separately and its broods be arranged in a series in accord- ance with their sequence in time, an important natural relationship in point of origin and distribution is plainly indicated. Taking first the broods of the 17 year race, it will be seen from the subjoined table that if the enumeration begin with Brood XI, the 17-year broods follow each other in regular succession for eleven con- secutive years ; then after a break of one year follows Broods V and VIII, and after another break of one year, Brood IX ; another break of oue year precedes the nexl recurrence o! Brood X I, with which th€ sei ies starts: ChronoloffUml order of th4 hrootU o) tin i .. ,1,1,1 <,,,,„ \l Ml Mil \l\ W W 11 M\ w \\ 1 Will II 11 VI Ml IMS W1I 1 ■ \ \ III . Will UUO 1 \ M 1 1 1901 X [1 \ I Taking up the L3-year broods in the same way, it will be seen thai if the enumeration start with Brood XVI, a L3-year brood follows in regular succession for si \ years. With t In- exception of the \ ery d< .ut >t- ful Brood X, which is separated from the last 13-year brood by three years, there follows seven successive years in which no L3-year broods occur. Under the supposition that the different broods of the 17-year and 13-year races sprang in the remote past from an original brood of each, it would naturally follow that the broods most closely related in time would also present a closer relationship in their range, and this, in fact, proves to be generally true. To show this relationship and to indicate the natural order of their occurrence. I have to suggest a new enumeration of the broods in which the two races are separated — the 17-year broods coming first, followed, for Dnvenience merely, by the 13-year broods. Thus Brood XI of the 17 year race becomes Brood I, and the others are numbered in the reg- ular order of their occurrence, except that I have assigned a brood number to each of the seventeen years. This leaves Broods XII, XV. and XVII, as newly numbered, without any definite colonies, s<> far accepted, as representatives of established broods. As will be shown later, however, there are records which indicate the existence of small or scattering broods tilling the three gaps mentioned in the 17-year seric-. In the renumbering the broods of the 13-year race J have continued for convenience from the end of the series of the 17-year race, the first 13-year brood becoming Brood KV1II, and I have assigned brood num- bers to each year of the 13-year period, making a total enumeration of the broods of both races of XXX. As already indicated, six of the numbers given to the 13-year race have had no brood assigned to them, although records have been secured which seem to indicate the exist- ence of scattering broods tilling some of the gaps, as will be noted in the records given further on. It does not necessarily follow, in tact it is quite unlikely, that Brood 54 I, as here designated, is the original or oldest brood of the 17 year race. Undoubtedly some of the 17-year broods, perhaps half or more of them, originated by retardation of individuals, and perhaps half by acceleration of individuals; so that the original brood, if it still exists, is more likely to be one of the intermediate ones. Brood X, being the largest of the 17-year broods, perhaps has best claim to this distinction. For the same reasons an intermediate brood in the 13-year series is doubtless the original brood of the 13-year race, and this title may pos- sibly belong to Brood XIX which has the widest range of all the broods of the 13-year race. The fewer number of broods in this race would seem to indicate that it is of later origin than the 17-year race, and this belief is further justified by the fact of its occupying, in the main, a territory of later geological formation. The following table, beginning with 1893, when the initial broods of both the 17-year and the 13-year series appeared in conjunction, illus- trates the new nomenclature suggested, and in parallel columns also are given the corresponding nomenclatures proposed by Professor Riley, by Walsh and Riley, by Fitch, and the year records in Dr. Smith's register: Xomenclature of the broods of the periodical Cicada. Broods of the 17-year race. Broods of the 13-year race. Tear. Proposed Riley enumer- nuru- ation. | bers. Walsh- Riley num- bers. Fitch num- bers. Smith register. Proposed Riley f^ffl?": Fitch enumer- nam- v • num- ation. 1 bers. v, era bers. Smith register. 1893 I XT 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 XVIII XIX XX XVI XVIII IT 1854 1894 1895 II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XIT XII xiii XIV XV XVII XIX XX XXI XXII I v" VIII VIII IX X XI XII 1 ..... XIII 3 1842-1855 1843 1896 XXI IV 1844 1897 1888 1899 XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI xxvn XXVIII XXIX XXX XVIII XIX XX XXI VI VII IV V 5" 1845 1846-1859 1900 XIV XV XVI I II III VI 2-8 5 4 9 6* 3 1901 X 1849 1902 . ]903 1904 1905... XIII 1906 XIV xvi XVIII II IV 1854 1907 XV XIII 3 1842-1855 1908 XVI XVII IX VII 1843 1909 1844 THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DIFFERENT BROODS. As a rule the relationship of the broods in point of distribution agrees with their kinship as indicated by their sequence in time of appearance. The relationship indicated by the latter, viz, their sequence in time, is doubtless untrustworthy as indicating origin, in some instances, on account of the uncertainty arising from the action of the principle of retardation on the one hand and acceleration on tbe other in tbe forming of new broods. In the case of a widely scattered brood, like Brood VI, it is quite 56 possible that certain swarms originated from a later-apix l>i I i»\ retardation of individuals, and othei swarms from an earliei brood t»\ aoceleration in time of appearance of individuals. This — ; i iii*- condition maj be true of other of the more scattered broods, but with the broods presenting ;i compact range ;i singlenc ni igin is r\ idem. Examination of the distribution of the broods in connection with their sequence in time of appearance indicates, however, a certain relationship between the different broods in point of origin, which may be indicated as follow 9 I ill REJ LTIONSHIP 01 I BE 17 \ \-\\u BROODS. Prom the standpoint of distribution the broods of the 17-year race may be grouped as follows: l Broods I and II: 2 Broods III and l\ " : 3 Brood \: i, Brood VI; (5) Broods \ II. \ '111. IV X,and \l: (6 Broods XII, XIII, XIV, and XV; 7 Broods XVI and XVII, the last connecting again with Brood I. Taking up these broods in regular order: The main body of Brood I occupies territory immediately west of the more important Brood II, and also present- a Dumber of colonies extending westward to Colorado. Broods I and II seem, therefore, closely allied in point of origin. Brood III presents little, if any, relationship to Brood II in point of location and distribution, but is closely allied to the following brood. I Wand the latter is evidently a western and southern extension of III. Brood V presents little. relationship with Brood [V in point of dis- tribution and covers a very compact territory. Brood VI. being a widely scattered one, and occurring usually in small numbers, does not seem to present any particular relationship with any of the preceding or following broods. Brood VII is local in distribution and not very important, and is divided into two sections by the territory occupied by the following Brood VIII, with which it thus seems to be closely allied. Brood IX is very distinctly a southern extension of Broods VII and VIII. These three broods seem, therefore, to be closely allied in their origin, and, curiously enough, occupy territory which divides the two main sections of the great 17-year Brood X, which next follows in regular succession. Brood XI, following X. is evidently an extreme northeastern extension of the latter. Brood XII. immediately preceding XIII. is represented by a series of colonies connecting the western Brood XIII with group 5. Brood XIII is the principal representative of group 6 and represents a large western group of the 17-year race of group 6, which comprises the main western branch of the 17-year race, as group 5 clustered about X is the principal representative of the eastern branch of the same race. Brood XIV has a very wide range to the eastward of XI 11, and connects with 56 the latter through the colonies in northern Illinois and Indiana. Brood XV, following XIY. is limited to the Atlantic seaboard with the excep- tion of one doubtful colony in Indian Territory, and connects directly with the eastern colonies of XIV. Brood XVI is based on somewhat doubtful records, the Colorado locality perhaps being due to confusion with some other species, and the other records needing confirmation. Brood XVII is intermediate between Brood XVI and Brood I, its western colonies connected with the former and the eastern colonies with the latter. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE 13- YEAR BROODS. The broods of the 13-year race break up into the following natural groups : (1) Belated closely to Brood XIX, and comprising Broods XVIII, XIX, and XX; and (2) related to Brood XXIII, and comprising Broods XXI, XXII, XXIII, and our new Brood XXIV. The first of these broods, Brood XVIII, is a rather insignificant one and is undoubtedly an eastern extension or otfshoot of the great 13 year Brood XIX, which succeeds it. Brood XX is undoubtedly a section of Brood XIX retarded one year, just as Brood XVI is an accelerated swarm of the same. Both represent eastern extensions of the parent brood. Brood XXI, separated from Brood XIX by two years, seems to bear little relationship to the latter, and a more logical arrangement consists in connecting it with Brood XXIII through Brood XXII, of which last it may be considered as an eastern and northern extension. Brood XXII is a very marked instance of the formation of a new brood by an acceleration in time of the appearance of a portion of a larger and older brood. Its relationship with Brood XXIII is very marked and can not be questioned. Brood XXIII, the main representative of this group, is followed by the new Brood XXIV, which is evidently a retarded swarm of the preceding brood. Of the new Broods XXIX and XXX, both of which need verification, no significant relationship can be pointed out. Brood XXIX is very doubtful, and the records are possibly based on confusion with the 17-year race. NEW BROODS, 17-YEAR RACE. Brood XII, 1904. — If his records are correct, this brood is the one referred to by Br. G. B. Smith as occurring in 1853 in Vinton County, Ohio, and Jo Daviess County, 111. Its recurrence seems not to have been recorded either in 1870 or 1887, and Smith's records are therefore open to question. Mr. J. B. Burke, Milton, Cabell County, W. Va., writing under date of May 22, 1897, says: "'The Cicada is not due here until 1904; its last visit was in 1887." Mr. W . 8. I l«'ii i< k. I'll ii i man. Allm ( onilty, I ml., w i ill- - Ulldei llatC of J ii im> 10, 1808, that " We had the 17-year locust in 1887, if 1 remember niihrii\." This i- also ;i doubtful record, and it is possible that be referred either to Brood XXII, occurring in L885, oi Brood \ , occurring in 1888. That all these records are open to some doubt i^ apparent, but thej arc i»i sufficient importance to warrant investigation In 1904, Brood \ i . ' ' , . This brood is represented l»\ the colonj appearing ai Tivoli, Duchess County, and Gal way, Saratoga County, N. 5 .. in eimir. L890, as recorded 1>.\ Prof. J, A. Lintner in bis Seventh Report, pages 297 301. Mi. Davis records the occurrence <»i scattering indi viduals the same year <>n Staten Island. In a letter of June 2, L890, Prof. J, B. Smith, New Brunswick, N". J., reports that the periodical Cicada bad been taken i>\ several Newark collectors, and bad also been observed at Anvjesca. Cape May ( ounty. Another record which perhaps applies to this brood is given by Mr. 1. N. Smith, Scotland Neck, Halifax County, X. C, in letter of June 22, 1885. lie reports that his" First recollect ion of the locust wasabout the year 1839 or 1840, when the whole of the white-oak lands were tilled with them. * * In L856 or 1856 they appeared again, but nothing to compare with the period first stated. The locust- were all on the white-oak land and on the Roanoke River and not on the pine Lands." Assuming the dates 1839 and L850 to be the correct ones, this would throw this swarm of ( 'icadas into Brood X V, and if there arc an\ i epic sentatives left they should reappear in 1907. The late Mr. \Y. S. Robertson, of Muscogee, End. T., in letter of dime 17. 1879, incidentally mentioned also the occurrence of a brood of Cica- das in 1839. This record could not fall in any one of the old broods, and if it belongs to the 17-year race it would be an extreme western outpost of X V. Brood X 17/. 1909, — A very defiuite record which may coincide with this brood is furnished by Mr. Theodore I'ergande, of this Division. who states that Mr. Kosseau. of Charlottesville. Albemarle County. Vn.. informed him that the Cicada was very numerous in that place in L875. His informant was positive as to the year from its being the one in which he made a trip to Europe. Another record is given by Mr. John I). Macpherson, lianassas, Prince William County, Va.. in letter of duly 3, 18 ( .)5. He writes: " I came hereon the 23d of dune, leaving the Cicada in full song in Washington (Brood X). Finding none here. I made inquiry and was informed that they appeared in full force in this county Prince Will iam) in the year 1875. This information I regard as reliable, the date being fixed as the year following the marriage ami arrival of my informant in this county." These Virginia swarms arc evidently pre- cursors of Brood I, with which they are therefore closely allied. A western extension of this brood seems to be indicated in the record furnished by II. J. (liddings. Sabula. Jackson County, Iowa. 58 He writes, " during last June (1892) the periodical Cicada was quite common here. * * * I thought it was unusual to find them in such numbers four years after their regular appearance. The last regular year was 1888." (See Insect Life, Yol. V, page 200.) If belonging to the 17-year race, the two records following should also be assigned to this brood. Mr. A. J. Julian, Woolleys Ford, Hall County, Ga., reports under date of June 14, 1898, that the Cicada was present there in 1892. Mr. J. W. Seaton, Strasburg, Cass County, Mo., writes under date of June 9 that the Cicada last appeared in that county in the summer of 1892 and in the summer of 1896, being numerous both years. The 1896 record refers to the 17 -year Brood IV, and hence the record of 1892 is probably also of the 17- year race occurring in the same district. The scattering specimens recorded by Mr. Davis as occurring on Staten Island in 1892 may also be assigned to this brood. NEW BROODS, 13- YEAR RACE. Brood XXIV, 1899.— Mr. P. Lynch, Commerce, Scott County, Mo., under date of December 27, 1874, reports that the Cicada appeared in the summer of 1873 in considerable numbers, coming in June and remaining about two months. "Their eastern limit in this county (Scott) was the Mississippi River, but they were as numerous on the opposite side of the river in Alexander County, 111." Mr. W. S. Campere, Pickens Station, Holmes County, Miss., writes under date of February 27, 1875, that the Cicadas appeared in great numbers in April, 1873. These two records would indicate a brood originating doubtless by retardation of individuals of Brood XXIII. Brood XXIX, 1904. — It is possible that the following records apply to a 13-year race, and in that case should be assigned to our Brood Xo. XXIX. Mr. C. J. Wellborn, Blairsville, Union County, Ga., writes under date of June 12, 1885, that "in May, 1878, locusts appeared south of this place and the northern limit then was the present southern limit of the territory covered now (by Brood X, 1885)." Mr. James Pagon, Winnsboro, Fairfield County. S. C, writes that locusts appeared in South Carolina in 1878, but does not give definite localities. Both these records need confirmation. Brood XXX, 1905. — Mr. B. H. Brodnax, Brodnax, Morehouse Parish, La., writes under date May 13, 1892, that Cicadas are scatteringly present, and in a later letter he asserts that the insect in question is the periodical Cicada, with which he is familiar. The records given above of new broods of the 13-year race are rather unsatisfactory, and it may be true that the 13-year race has not by any means distributed itself over its entire period, and the broods still cluster about the two main representatives of the race, namely Broods XIX and XXIII. A CONSIDERATION OF THE VALIDITY OF THE OLD RECORDS BEAR ING ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BROODS OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERKNCK TO T!IK OOOUBBEVd OF BROODS VI AND XXIII IN 1898. By < I M u:l \ I i. ■ I EBRORfi in i 11 I. OLD BBO< »BD8. In examining 1 1 1 * - records of the distribution <>i' the twenty-one broods ^)\' the Periodical Cicada hitherto accepted, it is seen that considerable uncertainty attaches to the data of certain broods, not only from the fact of then covering iu greater or less degree territory occupied by both races, bul more particularly because the records are frequently based on years in which broods bo overlapping have appeared in con- junction. Examining the 21 broods hitherto studied, it will be Been that in each period of 17 years between six and oine years are signal tzed by the joint occurrence of a 17 and L3 year brood. Owing t<> the difference in the periods between the recurrences of the southern race and northern race, different broods of both races are being constantly brought into relationship with each other, and in fact the same two broods can come together only once in 221 years. For example, the broods which unite in appearance the present year were last in conjunc- tion in 16!>7 and will not come together again until the year 21 L9. The overlapping of broods thus appearing in conjunction, including some of the more important ones of both races, h;is given much uncer- tainty to some of the records. In the case of the broods of the 1 7 year race, the following extend on their southern boundaries into the tern" tory of the l'i year race, and hence the records of t he southern localities are open to some question: Broods VI. X. XIV, XVI, I, IV. t<» a slight extent also in the case of Broods IE and III, and doubtfully in the case of Brood IX, the possibility of confusion in this last brood depending on the accuracy of the extreme northeastern extension of the i:; -year Brood XIX.* The following' broods of the 13-year race extend northward into the territory occupied by the 17-year race, and are hence open to some question : Broods X X 1 1 1 . X VI 1 1 . XIX. and X X . The records can not be questioned of the 17-year Broods VII, VIII, XI, XIII, and V. and of the 13-year Broods XXIV, XXI. and XXII. because these broods are limited in distribution to the territory of a single race. The most notable instance of the overlapping ami consequent prob- able confusion of the records is seen in the case of Brood X of the 17 year race with Broods XXIII and XIX of the 1.3-year race. The remarkable feature in the distribution of the broods named is the not * See map of races and liroo.ls giveD m Hull. It, new ser., U. 8. l>rj>t. Auric. I i - s . 2-19 (pp. 25-49). 60 able extension northward in Illinois and Missouri of the 13 year Broods XXIII and XIX, which till almost exactly a district which would nat- urally be supposed to belong to the 17-year race and probably to Brood X. As pointed out elsewhere,* this circumstance has special significance when it is remembered that the northward extension of the 13-year race is based on Broods XIX and XXIII, and that records of the former were collected for the most part in 1868, when this brood was in conjunction with Brood X, and of the latter m 1885, when Brood XXIII was also in conjunction with Brood X, tbe limits of which curi ously enough stop rather suddenly at or near the eastern State line of Illinois. A possibility is immediately suggested that the northern localities assigned to Broods XIX and XXIII properly belong to Brood X. It is true, however, that records obtained the present year in the main seem to sustain the accuracy of the older records, but thexe is still sufficient doubt to warrant the taking of considerable pains in future to obtain accurate and full records of the distribution on the occasions of the recurrences of the several broods mentioned. Fortu- nately, in 1902, the date of the next appearance of Brood X, there is no 13-year brood to confuse the records which may then be made. Many of the other scattering records of 13-year broods northward, or of 17-year broods southward, may possibly be based on similar con- fusions, arising from the overlapping of broods of the two races. The only way to accurately define the range of the different broods is to undertake with each recurrence a thorough and systematic investi gation of all the territory open to the least doubt. Such work has been repeatedly instituted, and rjarticularly since 18(58, and many of the more strictly limited broods have been very carefully recorded and their dis- tribution has been satisfactorily defined. Work of this kind has been done for Brood III in Iowa by Professor Bessey, and for Brood V in Ohio and West Virginia by Professors Webster and Hopkins. Similar work has been done for Brood II in New York and New Jersey by Drs. Lintner and Smith, and for X and XXIII by Riley in 1885, and Brood XIX by Walsh and Eiley in 1868. The value of a thorough and systematic canvass of the territory sup- posed to be covered by any brood is exhibited in much of the work referred to above, and notably in the case of Brood V studied by Pro fessors Webster and Hopkins in Ohio and West Virginia. In the case of this brood, however, there was no difficulty from an association with any 13-year brood. WORK UNDERTAKEN FOR BROODS XX1I1 AND VI IN 1898. The present year a very careful investigation was undertaken by the writer of the important 13-year Brood XXIII andthe widely distributed but less important 17-year Brood VI. By calling into requisition the * Bull. 14, etc., p. 26. 61 \ el \ 11 U HUM nils cnii ill \ < -i»| lr-|.u|i.|rlil B Ol t he >l a list lea I I >l\ I>Imii of I lit- Department of Agriculture, and also of the w eathei Sei \ ic< . in tuldi tiou to the regular correspondents «>i the Divisi I Kntomolo much more careful and thorough canvass was possible than liud evei before been made. The result lias been most satisfactory, the ran these two broods being mnefa more accurately defined than ever before. Several thousand replies were received in response to circulai out, many of which were negative tin' investigation (»•■ ended throughout .ill States in which there was any likelil I <»t the api>ea] ance of tin- Cicada, and necessarily covering man} oouuties and dia tricts w here the Cicada « as not expected. The results of thin canvass a I » to June 20 were recorded in Bulletin No. l I. new series, of i in- Divi- sion of Entomology, A large number of replies were received subse- quently to that date, and the corrected list of localities is appended, together with a list of tin 1 persons reporting and a brief indication of tlif nature oi the record. With the exception of the southeastern and northwestern range of Brood VI, most <»!' the records for this brood were of scattering indi- viduals, in many localities only a few specimens being observed. It is quite possible also tliat the records for Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia in some cases are l>ascd on stragglers from Brood V, which occurred in L897. Dense swarms of Brood VI were, however, reported from the mountain counties of North Carolina, South Carolina, and < leorgia, and the Hunts of the brood, in this portion of its range, are now determined with fair accuracy for the first time. The reports from the mountain counties of Tennessee and Kentucky belong undoubtedly also to Brood VI. A number of strong swarms of this brood are reported in Wisconsin and several in Illinois. Some of the latter assigned to Brood VI may. however, belong to Brood XXIII. The reports if they may be relied upon from northern Michigan (Chippewa and Boughton counties) and from northern Wisconsin (Burnett. Sawyer, and Wash- ington counties) carry the range of the Cicada farther north than any oi the old records. The reports of Brood XXllI nearly all indicate the occurrence of the insect in enormous numbers. Unfortunately, however, there enters again with this brood some doubt as to the correct reference of some of the localities in Illinois, Indiana, and perhaps northern Missouri, or. in other words, where the territory occupied by the two races overlaps. In most of the records assigned to this brood, however, in the States mentioned the evidence points pretty strongly to the accuracy of the reference. Where there is uncertainty a query follows the county. The records assigned to Brood VI, in North Carolina, South ( 'arolina, and Georgia, and in western Kentucky and Tennessee, can not be questioned. The counties represented are in the main in an elevated mountainous district, and the fact that the Cicada is of the 17-year race is established by the elevation or by the earlier records. 62 Local investigations have also been undertaken by entomologists in several States. A report from Illinois has been received from Pro- fessor Forbes, adding four or five counties to the records obtained for that State. Prof. J. B. Smith has reported from Xew Jersey, adding five counties to the records previously obtained. Professor Gariuan has added six counties from Kentucky not previously reported, all ill the eastern end of the State, and belonging to Brood XXIII. Professor Stedman sends an extended record of Missouri counties visited by the Cicada this year, one of which is new to our records. The detailed reports from the parties named and a few records from other sources are incorporated in the records given below. The records are summarized by States and cou ^ies for each brood. The counties marked with a star (*) indicate those in which the Cicada occurred in one or more dense swarms, in many cases several reports being received from the same county. In the unstarred counties the Cicada was reported in few or scattering numbers, or at least as not abundant. The counties in italics duplicate old records; the counties lacking confirmation by the records of this year are inclosed in paren- theses and incorporated with the others. COMPLETE KECOKD, BY STATES AND COUNTIES, OF 15KOOD VI. Delaware. — Newcastle. District of Columbia. — Several localities. Georgia. — Dade," Elbert. Floyd, Habersham," Hall," Paulding. Rabun,* Spaldiug, White. Illinois. — Dewitt,* Douglas, Kuox, McLean, Montgomery. Scott. Shelby, ~ Vermilion. Indiana. — Boone, Brown, Carroll, Grant, Johnson, Laporte, Wells. Kentucky. — Letcher. * Maryland. — Carroll, Cecil, Montgomery, Prince George, Washington. Michigan. — Barry, (Cass?), Chippewa, Genesee, ~ Houghton, * Kent P . Macomb ( ? ), Newaygo ( ? ), Ogemaw (?), Otsego,* Shiawassee," Washtenaw. Montana.* — Choteau, Flathead, Gallatin, Missoula. New Jersey. — Bergen, Cumberland, Essex, Hudson, Hunterdon. Mercer, Middlesex, Morris, Passaic, Somerset. New York. — Greene, New York, Richmond, Schenectady, (Westchester). North Carolina. — Alexander,* Bladen, Burke," Buncombe, Cabarrus, Caldwell,* Catawba,* Henderson," Iredell, Lincoln," Macon, * McDowell," Montgomery, Moore, Pender^ Polk," Randolph (?), Rutherford. Swain,* Transylvania." F/nion," Wilkes," Washington (?). Ohio. — (Ashtabula), Carroll, Champaign, Columbiana, Delaware. Madison, Mahon- ing, Montgomery, Morrow, Pickaway, Shelby, (Summit?), Union, (Vinton f). Pennsylvania. — Bucks, (Dauphin), (Lancaster), Montgomery, (Northampton and adjoining counties). (Philadelphia, Germantown), Westmoreland. South Carolina. — Oconee." Tennessee. — Bradley, Greene, Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox, Meigs, Polk, Sullivan. 'No authenticated repo.ts of the occurrence of the Periodical Cicada in Montana have hitherto been obtained. It is interesting to note that Mr. E. V. Wilcox, under date of July 14, 1898, reports that this insect was noticed in small numbers in the counties mentioned from June 15 to July 10, and that iu Missoula County some damage was done to young apple trees. 68 Charlotte, Chesterfield, Fairfax, Powhatan, Prli tli • Berkeley, Hampso on Mineral, Ohio, Wheeling f Pr< w ebetei Wisconsin Burnett, Columbia, < rawford, D ond 'i" I i Crosse Marquette, v Bawyer, Washburn, Waushara COMPLKTI i.i I < 'i:i>. v.\ STATES AND COUNTIES, Ol BROOD XXIII. ■Arkansas,* Ashley, Calhoun, Carroll, Chicot,* < head,' Crawford, Crittenden, Croee, Deeha Franklin . Fulton, Garland,' Hot 8pring, Howard, i ickaon , Jefferson, Lafa Linooln, Logan, Lonoke,' Marion, Mississippi.* Monroe, Newton, Phillip sett,' Prairie,' Pulaski, Randolph, St. Francis, 8harp, Union, Van Buren, Washington, Woodruff. Georgia. (Cobb, Coweta, Dekalb, Gwinnett, Meriwether, Newton, Illinois.— Alexander,* Crawford, Bdgar, Kdwards, Gallatin, Hardin,* Joel Jasper,* Jefferson, Johnson, Lawrence, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, l'< rry, Pike, Pulaski,* Randolph, Richland, Scott, St. Clair, Union, Wabash, Washington, \\ a\ in-. ' Williamson. Indiana. — Bartholomew, Daviess, Fayette, Floyd, Gibson, JaokBon, Jennings, Knox," Montgomery, Owen, Posey, Putnam, Ripley, Spencer, Sullivan, Van- derbui g, \ igo, Warrick. Kentucky. — Ballard, * (Barren t), Butler, Caldwell, Calloway, Carlisle, Christian, Clinton, < !rittenden, Daviess, Fulton/ Grant, Graves, ' Green, I Ian cock, Hardin, Hickman,' Hopkins, Livingston, Lyon, McCraoken, Marshall. McLean, Muhlen- berg, Ohio, Trigg,* Union, Webster, Wolfe. 1 Louisiana. — Bienville," (Bossier), Caldwell,* Claiborne, Concordia,* East Carroll,* Bast Feliciana, Franklin,' Madison,* Morehouse, Ouachita, Pointe Coupee.,* Red River), Richland, "St. Helena, Tallulah, Tangipahoa, Tensas. Vermilioni I , w ashington >, West Carroll. Mississippi. — Adams. Alcorn,* Amite,* Aitala." Benton, Bolivar,* Calhoun,* '"null,' Claiborne, Coahoma,*' Copiah,' De Soto,* Franklin, Grenada,* Hind*. Holmes," [ssaqnena), Itawamba, (Jasper), Jefferson, Lafayette, Lawrence, Leake, Lee,* Leflore,* Lincoln/ Lowndes, Madison,* Marion. Marshall,* Montgomery,* Ne- shoba. Newton, Oktibbeha,* Panola,* Pike,* Pontotoc,' Prentiss,* Quitman,* Rankin,* (Scott), Simpson, Smith, Tallahatchie. Tate,* Tippah, (Tishomingo), Tunica," Union,* Warren,' Washington,* Webster,* Yalobusha,* Yazoo.* Missouri. — Audrain,* Barry,* Benton, Iloone, Callaway, Camden, Cope Girardeau,* Cedar, Christian, Clark (f), Clinton, Cole. Cooper, Dade, Dallas, Dent, Douglas, onade, Greene, Hickory, Howell, Iron. Jefferson, Johnson, Knox, I Lawrence . Linn. Maries,' Miller. Morgan, New Madrid,* Osage, Ozark, Pemiscot,* Perry, Pettis, Phelps, Polk, Pulaski, Reynolds , [), Scott,* St. Charles,* St. Clair. St. Francois, St. Louis, Taney, Texas, Warren, Washington, Webster. Tennessee. — Benton,* Carroll, ('Iks',,, Crockett, (Davidson), Decatur,* l>i, Dyer,* Fayette,* Gibson,* Hardeman, Hardin,* Haywood, Henderson,* Henry,* Humphreys,' Lake,* Lauderdale,* Lewis. Madison,* McNairy,* Maury), Mont- gomery, Obion, Perry,* (Robertson), Rutherford, Shelby,* Stewart, Tipton,' Wayne,* Weakley,* Williamson. 1 None of these localities, all of which were queried, were confirmed in 1898, and the record of this brood in Georgia is undoubtedly erroneous. 64 LIST OF PERSONS REPORTING THE PERIODICAL CICADA, 1898, WITH BRIEF INDICATION OF THE NATURE OF THE RECORD. The exact records obtained by this Division relative to the occur- rence of Broods VI and XXIII in the early summer of 1898 are given below, arranged under each brood by States and counties. Upwards of 2.000 additional reports were received of a negative character from the States listed below and others, and of these no record need be made: these reports, however, are of considerable value as showing the reg- ions in the States listed and adjoining States in which presumably the Cicada did not occur. RECORDS FOR BROOD XXIII. Arkansas : Arkansas. — J. C. Wilcox, Stuttgart; June 8; plenty: no damage thus far. C. P. Hiumau, Arkansas Post; appeared "between middle and last of May. S. D. Jester, Wiggs; June 11; appeared near Gillett. Ashley. — Dr. Ben. H. Brodnax, Brodnax, La. ; extending south from Matoka, Ashley County, into Morehouse Parish, La., to Mer Rouge. Calhoun. — H. L. Lyon. Woodberry; very few: appeared last of April. Carroll. — J. W. Ash, Carrollton; June 11; few this year. Chicot. — William B. Streett, Lake Village; June 26; no general appearance; in spots quite numerous; no special damage to vegetation. W. R. Wallace. Car- mel; June ; have come; also in West Carroll County. La. W. H. Mathis. Grand Lake; June 17; appeared May 1, remained thirty days: no damage. C. F. Wells, Dermott; June 9: numerous, but mostly in patches. Clark. — L. L. Mock. Smithton : June 13; not so numerous as in 1881, though more than in 1888. Columbia. — F. M. strange, Buckner; June 13; few: no damage. Craighead. — J. C. Broudaway. sr. . Jonesboro: June 14; very few; we look for them next year. G. F. Gibson, Gilkeson ; June 13; few. hardly worth noticing. J. S. De Jarnette, Mammoth Spring; August 16; numerous in this and other counties along the Mississippi River. Crawford. — L. B. Byars, Alma ; June 9 ; few. Crittenden. — W. F. Madding: appeared here bet ween 1st and 15th of May. increas- ing in numbers until about June 1; now decreasing. J. S. De Jarnette. Mam- moth Spring; August 16; numerous. Cross. — J. Q. Thomas. Vanndale; appeared m great numbers about May 10. Carl Beard, Vanndale; June 18; large numbers: very little damage. J. W. Halk, Cherry Valley; June 10; present throughout the county. W. P. Brown, Wynne; June 10; present, but no damage noticed. Desha.— W. H. Goutt, Rotau: June 10; few. G. Waterman, Dumas: June 8; full force; came out of ground, Fulton. — J. S. De Jarnette. Mammoth Spring; August 16; few. Garland. — S. D. Jester, Wiggs ; June 11 ; reports appearance in 1893 m this section, and says " Some have appeared near Gillett. - ' Hot Springs. — J. D. Prince. Sanders: June 13; heard a few but none seen. D. I. Hendrix. Ops; June 11; no regular brood; heard three or four only. Howard. — T. G. Kennedy, Picayune; very few in May. Jefferson. — X. T. Roberts. Pine Bluff; here by the million : the earth in the timber perforated by them; June 10. A. F. MeNeill, Redfield ; here in superlative de- gree : Jane 8. R. D. McGaughy. Altheimer ; May 10; small quantities. Lafayette. —J. J. Stubbs, Mot, La. ; reports occurrence 20 miles north in Lafayette County, Ark; June 14. \rU.m- i- I "iitinihtl. i . . W, I ». Hopkln rd ; Jane IS; large quant it Moses Burke,] ; June 11; an 3 amount; here 1 ntl inu r . Q. O. Pruitt, Sylaraville; June Ll;appeared b< ill. -in. Haynes ; June 9 ; Appeared about Maj 1 Lnabundi I 1 • 1 1 Phillips ; .1 une 10; great abundai Linooln. — K. I >. Boyd, Cornerville ; Julj 12; few during M Fred \ . < oxter, Hobart; June 15 ; heard 1 o, but 1 1 . » \ e Men none .1. \. .1.11 1 .11 .1. Morrison Bluff* ; June 1 1 ; only ■in occasional «»in- 1 ^ heard. Lonoke. 3. W.Walls, Cobbs; June 15; great numbers about middle \\ . 1 1. r> burn, Lonoke ; Jun< ent. Marion. — 1 k Wiokerahain, Yellville; Jnne 1 1 ; small numb* Mississippi, k, rillman, Athelstan; June I s ; large numbers; no damage, w . I ». Henley, postmaster, t biokasawba; June 10; great numbers. Monroe.— -T.C. Dawson, Roe; June L4; appeared about May l : been rery numei ons; no damage; all gone now. T. D. Chunn, Holly grove; appeared about May 23 : not s<» numerous. \«'\\ ton. A. r. ( lasey, Bozley : Jnne 1 1 ; \ erj few ; not wort b attention. Phillips.— A. M. Scott, Nbrthcreek; June !': appeared. D.C.Gordon, Helena; Jnne L0; appeared May 23; bere now. Pike. — 1>. L. Bevis, Murfreesboro ; Jnne 15; small brood appeared about M.i\ 20. Poinsett.— W. <■. Godbey, EJarrisburg; .inn*' 8; present, mostly on hill lands; woodpeckers pounce on them; cicada found 17 feet under ground while dig- gingwell; fine fish bait. Bradford & Erchison, Weiner; June 12; none here, but said to be thick 6 miles cast of n>. h\ L. Cowan, Harrisburg; June 8; large numbers. Prairie. — A. J.Bassett & Co., Ha/en; June 8; been here two weeks, c. L. Bow- man, Ha /en ; .June 'J; here this season, but Beems smaller than in 1881 and does not make such a loud noise ; don't remember any thirteen years ago, but do in 1881. K. II. Toll, Devalls Bluif; June 10; here last week in May and Brst In .June. Pulaski. — W. A. Galloway, Jacksonville; June 10: few. Randolph. — John Antry, postmaster, Alberta ; June 1 1 ; none seen ; few hulls found. Saline. — C. D. Harris, Hensley; June: here in great numbers. Sebastian. — J. C. Galloway, Laraca; June 15; only a few seen. Sharj). — W. F. Stuart, Center ; June; few. St. Francis. — B. W. Payne, Wheatley; June 9; great numbers. M. X. Gaines, Forrest City; Jnne 8; great numbers. Union. — B, T. labors, New London: Jnne r> : only a few. Van Buren.— J. W. Beavers, Sang; June 10; very scarce. Washington. — W. P>. Praker, Westfork; few; dozen to the square mile. Woodruff. — John Shearer, McCnuy: June !); abundant; had them two weeks. W. B. Battle, Beebe; June 8; none here in White County: plentiful cast in Woodruff County. W. Movrman, Hunter; June 13; appeared last month; very numerous, but less than in IS Illinois : Alexander. — Prof. 8. A. Forbes, in letters of June 23 and July 2, reports great numbers. 8. II. fate, Willard; June 8; appeared about May. Crawford. — M. L. Cay wood, Odlong; June 8; numerous in timbered section. Edgar.— G. W. Legg, Scottland; June 18; few coverings found; no live ones. Edwards. — F. Wick, Albion: June 18; 3 miles cast there is a full brood. J. B. Jolly, Grayville; June 20; numerous; knew them bere sixty years or so ago. Gallatin. — M. Doherty, Shawneetown; June 20; few in timber. Hardin. — W.J. Banks, Karbers Bidge; June 8; heard a few since May 10, but none since storm. 8193— No. IS 5 66 Illinois — Continued. Jackson. — 6. H. French. Carbondale: July 11; have been here in considerable numbers. Edw. Davis. Elkville; June 18; plenty this season; a few for four years past. Prof. S. A. Forbes reports great numbers. Jasper. — J. Miehels, Bogota; June 13; appeared about fifteen days ago. Jefferson. — O. P. Xesmith, Bluford; June 11 ; very limited numbers about May 15. Johnson. — Prof. S. A. Forbes reports great numbers. Lawrence. — D. Horner. Olney; June 7; timber is full. Macoupin. — G. W. Bohannan, Chesterfield; few; not so many as in 1881 or 1894. (Forbes.) Eecorded in Bloomington Pantagraph, June 21; remarkable amount. Madison. Marion. — Prof. S. A. Forbes reports great numbers. Eecorded in Bloomington Pantagraph, June 21. Perry. — J. B. Ervin. Swanwick: June 13; appeared May 21. Pike. — Eecorded in Bloomington Pantagraph. June 21. Dr. E. H. Main. Barry: July 18: heard them three or four weeks ago in west side of county. (Forbes.) Pulaski. — W. E.Crain, Villaridge: June 8; appeared about May 20 and are yet in full force, doing much damage to young orchards. J. W. Gaunt. Xew Grand Chain; great numbers from latter part of May until June 10. J. S. Morris, Ullin; great numbers: came about May 25. Prof. S. A. Forbes reports great numbers. M. X. McCartney, superintendent of city schools; common at Grand Chain, near Johnson County line; said to be numerous across Ohio in Kentucky. (Forbes.) Eandolph. — Eecorded in Bloomington Pantagraph, June 21. Prof. S. A. Forbes reports no great numbers. Eichland. — John Camp. Berry ville : June 18: heard one or two; no damage. Scott. — Prof. S. A. Forbes reports no great numbers. St. Clair. — F. Helms, Belleville; June 8; heard few in timber; found remains of a few last year. William Galle, Marissa; June 8; not such numbers as four years ago. Otto P. Klopsch, superintendent schools, Maseoutah : heard it early in June ; since then but rarely ; secured no specimens. (Forbes.) Union. — J. E. Jarvis, Cobden; June 10: small numbers middle of April: large numbers middle May. Prof. S. A. Forbes reports ''large numbers."' Wabash. — A. B. Denhain. Cowling; June 9; great numbers; remember them in 1860, 1872 or 1873. and 1885 or 1886. Washington. — \V. L. Kugler, Okawville: not such numbers as heretofore. A. A. Hinkley. Dubois; few: only seen the "casts: " very scattering. (Forbes.) Wayne. — C. 0. Truscotr. Cisne: June 6: good many in timber lands. Williamson. — Prof. S. A. Forbes reports •■ great numbers." Indiana : Bartholomew. — Amos W. Butler^ Indianapolis: July 27; heard at Columbus July 24. Daviess. — W. M. A. Kirby. Bloomington; June 12; none here; but read that they are plentiful in Daviess County. Fayette. — Jonas Scholl. Lyons Station: June 11; few stragglers. Floyd. — G. E. Smith. Floyd Knobs: June 6: one here and there. Gibson. — Anton Zeitz, Haubstadt: June 7; great numbers. J. B. Jolly, Gray- ville, 111. : June 9: numerous. Ed. E. Wahnsiedler. Oakland City ; June; very numerous; considerable damage. John W. Johnson, Princeton: great num hers about May 25. C. F. Garrison, Fort Branch; June 8; vast numbers in forests; ground perforated with holes. Jackson. — O. M. Foster. Seymour: June 17: few; not so abundant as in 1885. Jennings. — H. E. Weeks. North Vernon: June 8; moderate numbers. Knox. — James W. Emison. Vincennes: June 6: woods are full. E. M. Eobinson, Wheatland: June 9; not very numerous. J. B. Jolly, Gray ville. 111. ; June 9; numerous, Amos W. Butler. Indianapolis: heard several at Vincennes July 8. 67 Iinli.iii.t- ( '. E. Everhai J nne 1 1 ; numerous. Vanderburg.- W. Knerr, Armstrong; June 7; large quantity ; "orchids" bag. John Pridy, Zipp; .June 8; appeared. Amos w. Butler, Indianapolis; July 27; heard a few s1 Evansville Julj 22. \ Igo. — William Lowe, jr., Terre Haute; June 11; heard of them. W'anick. — Jacob Mattel. Chandler; June 8; Large numbers. W. B. Sanders, Newburg ; .June !': few. Kentucky : Ballard. — J. E. Jones, < 'sen- ; June 9 : plenty. W. W. < twen, 1 [inkleville ; June 7 ; abundant. A. M. Shelby, Bandana; .July l':>: pretty general, no damage. (Garman.) .1. G. Clark. Lovelaceville ; July 28; were here by the thousands; Btayed bnl a short time. (Garman.) .1. B. Payne, M. D.,Ogden; plentiful in rivei bottoms, etc.; same variety as in L890 or 1891; young fruit trees dam- aged. (Garman.) Butler.— A. A. Chaddock, Berry's kick; June 13; very tew. A. Thatcher, Mor- gantown; July 22; heard of some. (Garman.) .1. \l. Kllis, Woodbury; July IS; have seen some. Garman.) Caldwell. — .1. II. Neel, Kelsey; June?; small numbers; also in Crittenden and Lyon counties. A. 1!. Coleman. Princeton- .July hi; very few. (Garman.) Calloway. — Sam. B.Watson, Backusburg; August 3; appeared in great numbers May 1; disappeared by third week in. June. (Garman.) A. K. Crawford, Flint; August 7: very few in this part, hut great many in southwest part of county. (Garman.) Carlisle. — O. A. Glass, Arlington; dune 12; immense numbers. W. Z.T. Smith, Bardwell ; dune 7: appeared about May 15; very numerous. Robert L. took, Arlington; July 18; great quantity. (Garman.) 0. A. Glass, Arlington ; July 17; were very numerous. (Garman.) T-E. Hall, Milburn; July 17: very plen- tiful six weeks ago. (Garman.) B. 11. Smither, Grahamville; good many; understand they were very numerous in Carlisle County. (Carman. Christian. — J. T. Ford, Crofton; June 21; few. P.B.Hancock, Casky; June6; \ ery few. (Garman.) Clinton. — L, 1'. Duvall, Savage; dune 14; heard one <>r two in the timber on mountains; some apple twigs killed. Crittenden. — J. H. Neel, Kelsey; dune 7; small numbers. J. N. Boston, Levias; duly 21 ; heard a t'.-u . I .arman. | Daviess. — s. H. Jesse, Ensor; dune 21 : very few. D. W. Howard. Utics : dune 15; few; no damage. C.H.Haynes, Ensor; duly 17: a few. (Garman.) Fulton. — daims II. Saunders, Hickman; dune 11: present also thirteen and twenty-six years ago. D. W. Dickinson, Hickman : millions; immense damage to young trees. (Garman.) Grant. — J. T. Points, Sherman : June 6; very tew. 68 Ken fcucky — Continued. Graves. — Moses Connor, Mayfield ; large numbers ; June 10. J. P. Morrill, Lowes ; June 9; plentiful. T. J. Cross, Pritchard; July 20; no damage; considerable noise. (Garman.) N. S.Allison, P. M., Pry orsburg; July 16; plenty; counted 16 boles in a foot square of ground. (Garman.) Green. — R. I. Taylor, Thurlow ; June 7 ; few. Hancock. — Jobn Friel, Victoria; July 1; very few; very abundant thirteen years ago. C. E. Friel, Patesville; "beard them singing;" June 15. Hardin. — G. K. Tichenor, Sonora; June 11; extremely limited; mere usual yearly quantity. Hickman. — James W. Blair, Moscow; June 23; appeared about May 1, J. M. Samuels, Clinton; June 13; not very many. (Garman.) Hopkins. — W. D. Crow, Madisonville; June 10; beard a few. Robt. Almon, Nor- tonsville; August 8; few; same as last year (annual ?). (Garman.) Livingston. — J. R. Summers, Salem; June 10; few; here in 1894 in full force. T. H. Robertson, Lola; July 17; few. (Garman.) Lyon. — J. H. Neel, Kelsey; June 7; small numbers. Essex Spurrier, Star Lime- works; not more than every year (annual ?). (Garman.) Marshall. — J. B. Wyatt, Briensburg; July 1; considerable numbers in May. (Garman.) W. E. Downing, Sharpe; July 26; a few. (Garman.) McCracken. — W. N. Bryan, Lamont; July 16; few. (Garman.) B. H. Smither, Graham ville ; good many. (Garman.) McLean. — R. N. Brown, Congleton; few. (Garman.) Muhlenberg.— Henry Tinsley, Central City; June 25; very few. J. M. Silvey, Dnnmor; June 11; very few. Ohio. — P. L. Wood, Ceralvo; June 13; few. P. L. Wood, Ceralvo; July 19; not numerous. (Garman.) D. B. Loudon, Rosine; July 16; inconsiderable. (Garman.) Trigg. — G. T. Wallace, Canton; June 8; appeared lirst week in May. H. C. Vincent. Cadiz; July 18; very few. (Garman.) Union. — Geo. H. Drury, St. Vincent; July 19; very few. (Garman.) Webster. — T. A. Stewart, Sebree; July 18; small number ; nothing to compare with live years ago (Brood I ?). (Garman.) Thos. A. Vaughn, Golds; very few. (Garman.) Wolfe. — J. L. Center, Campton; "does appear this season;" June 7. Louisiana: Bienville. — C. E. Whitley, Liberty ; "they have;" June 7. Caldwell. — J. S. Chick, Columbia; June 12; great numbers. J. A. Humphries, Kell}-; June 21; appeared. Hattie Hough, postmaster, Columbia; appeared about May 15 ; great many. Claiborne. — J. W. McFarland, Homer; June 10; few. M. E. Price, postmaster, Homer; June 3; very few; no damage. Concordia. — B. J. Wade, Frogmore; appeared about May 17. East Carroll.— James Beard, Lake Providence; June 10; "millions; no damage." C. A. Voelker, Panola; June 9; numerous in East Carroll and West Carroll parishes, and more abundant in Madison and Tensas parishes. Edw. Constant, Atherton; June 8; "greater numbers than I have ever seen before." N. H. Benjamin, Atherton; June 7; large numbers in and adjoining the forests. East Feliciana. — Joseph A. Stott, Olive Branch; July 1; heard two, seen none. Franklin. — A. McD. Baskin, Baskinton; present. G. W. Hodge, Crowville; June 11 ; abundant. J. B. Garcin, Liddieville; vast numbers in May and early part of June. Madison. — J. T. W. Clellan, Tallulah ; June 10; great numbers, kept to the forests. J. M. Herbert, postmaster, Tallulah : May 27; large numbers in forests. C. A. Voelker, Panola; very abundant. I ouialana ( lont Inned Morehouse W, \ t olli ae 16; limited numbera in M days. J. M. Stamper, Bon ita; Ju e«l altout April 15. Dr. Ik Brodnax, Brodnax; M tending wom! into \ Itlej I Ouachita. H. W. M. Elnery, Monroe I i Boa< o; Maj .' ." ; gi eat numb< Points < * » x i Lndren i, Fordo< be : Jui Richland. R. II Brown, Goshen ; large numbers ; Jane 6 \ B ( ooper, trcbl- i.aNI; June 8; appeared M.n 17, disappeared Jum - si. Helena. H I , Newsoni, Huns; June 18; verj few. Tallnlah. \. E. Adams, Tall nlah ; June 9; appeared in timber lands; no special dam i Tangipahoa R. B.Miller, Ponchatoula; June 9; have had few genuine locusts f\ ei j \ ear ; no damage, rensaa. B. F, Bonpey, St. Joseph ; large numbers in variona places. Robert J. Stewart, St. Joseph ; June 25; numerous in forests; no damage to crops. < \. Voelker, Panola ; numerous. Vermilion. — W. W. Edwards, Abbeville; July 6; fevi this year; do not think they are the 17-year race. West Carroll. S. T. Jackson, Forest; appeared April 10, ceased their "hum- drum" Juno !(>. \\ . R. Wallace, Carmel, Ark.; reported in hia card. Voelker, Panola ; nnmeroua, Mississippi : Adams. — D. (i. Ashley. Ashley. Copiah County ; June 23; vast UUmberB. Alcorn.— J. M. Walker, Kossuth; June 7; great numbers. J. N. Bynum, Rienzi; June 20; large numbers; now disappeared. Amite. — F. W. Stratton, Liberty ; June 8; appeared aboul May 1; now gone. c. H. Bates, Bates Mill ; June 9; great quantities laat of April ; Btillhere. 1>. <;. Ashley, Ashley, Copiah County; June i':'>; vast numbers. Attala. — D. J. Ellington, Sallis; present. Benton.— -C. F. Blakeslee, Hickory Flat; .Inner); appeared about May 20. Bolivar. — Y. E. Howell, Rosedale; June 6; very numerous in some localities. Calhoun. — C. G. IJentley. Ilently; June ll'; millions. G. L. Fox, St;ite Spring; June 15; very numerous. Sam Cooke, Walthall; abundant. Carroll. — S. C. Bains, Vaiden ; June 6; appeared about May 10; all gone June I; (|iiite numerous hut no damage. W. A. Reid, Money ; June 11: present; also in Holmes and Leflore counties. Claiborne. — .lames B.Allen, Port Gibson; June 7; not so man\ as last year. l>.(i. Ashley. Ashley. Copiah ( 'ounty : vast numbi Coahoma. — M. B. Collins, Jonestown ; dune 8; appeared about May 12 in great abundance. J. W. Stovall, Stovall; Jnly6; iu force about May. Copiah. — R. E. Ainswortb, Hazlehurst; dune 10; large numbers about Ma\ l. J. C. Smylie, Wesson ; June 6; deafening noise in woods. D>. G. Ashley, Ashley j May id and I'd: great numbers. De Soto. — Jobe Ilarral. Kudora : dune 7; been here two weeks; no damage. .1. D. Baker. Olive Branch.; dune 6; quite numerous in forests; no damage apparently. T.C. Dockery, Love station; great numbers May 15. Franklin.— D. G. Ashley. Ashley ; dune I'd: vast numbers. Geo. II. Kant.Mead- ville; dune 10; letter. Grenada. — O. L. Kinbrough, Grenada ; plentiful about May 15. Hinds.— W. A. Cook. Utica; dune 7; here this year; last year l' mil. J. A. Newman, Newman ; small numbers about middle of April, G. D.Casaity, Terry; June 1*; appeared about May 1. Walter Virden, Cynthia; May l'l'; more numerous than ever known: also in Madison County. D.G.Ashley; vast numbers. 70 Mississippi — Continued. Holmes. — F. A. Howell, Bowling Green; June 7; large numbers; almost gone now. W. Bridgforth, Pickens; June 10; very numerous; now gone. W. A. Reid, Money, Carroll County; present. Itawamba. — J. H. M. Harrison, Tilden ; June 15; not so numerous as formerly. Jefferson. — D. G. Ashley, Ashley; June 23; vast numbers. Lafayette. — J. F. Brown, Oxford; June 7; present. G. H Turner, Burgess; su- perabundance. Lawrence. — D. A. Dawson, Saulsbury ; June 11; small numbers. D.G.Ashley; vast numbers. Leake. — J. R. Lowry, Hopoca; June 15; few in May; great many in 1881 and 1894. Lee. — J. W. Burness, Baldwin ; June 14; here for a month; in Union County four years ago. Leflore. — W". A. Reid, Money ; present. Lincoln. — G. R. Robertson, Fair River; June 6; present. D. G Ashley, Ashley ; vast numbers. G. H. Kant, Mead ville; June 10; letter. Lowndes. — J. B. Brooks, Crawford ; May 1; limited number; large numbers in 1894. Madison. — W. B. Stinson, Canton ; June 11; numbers. Walter Yirden, Cynthia, Hinds County; more numerous than ever known. Marion. — J. M. Foxworth, Pickwick; June 18; reported. Marshall. — Geo. J. Finley, Holly Springs; June 8; very numerous. Montgomery. — J. E. Flowers, Kilmichael ; June 13; great numbers. J.A.Lane, Huntsville; June 20; very numerous. J. B. Simpson, Poplar Creek; great numbers in May. Neshoba. — D. H. Thaggard, Philadelphia; very few; very numerous in 1881. Newton — Eugene Carleton, Decatur; June; not numerous. Oktibbeha. — O. B. Cooke, M. D., Mabeu; June 6; large numbers now. Panola. — T. J. Hunter, Sardis; June 9; singing for two weeks; no damage. R. T. Hunter, Sardis; appeared May 15; disappeared June 6. G. W. Dyer, jr., Batcsville; here 1st of April; first I remember. M. T. Wright, Batesville, June 13; here April 10 to June 7. J. F. Williamson, Pleasant Grove; June 6; great numbers. Pike. — Mrs. L. H. Palmer, McComb; June 6; great numbers; letter of details. Pontotoc. — J. D. Phifen, Ecru ; June 8; very numerous. Prentiss. — L. M. Burge, Wheeler; June 10; appeared last of April. B. A. P. Sel- man, Booneville; June 7; some think them not as numerous as former years. Quitman. — J. A. Cooper, Belen; June 7; very numerous; clipping from u The Quitman Quill," woods alive; June 3. Rankin. — W. E. Johnson. Chapman; June 20; great numbers in forests during May. J. M. Palmer, Lynwood; immense quantities in some places, in May. Simpson. — W. G. Ashley, Ashley; June 23; vast numbers. Smith. — W. G. Ashley, Ashley; June 23; vast numbers. Tallahatchie. — J. P. Arnold, Rosebloom; June 17; present; no damage. Tate. — William Scott, Senatobia; June 13; large numbers m timber in May. W. R. Eason, Arkabutla; June 8; good supply. Tippah. — W. G. Rutledge. Ripley ; June 8; here now; no damage. M. T. Gardner, Blue Mountain; appeared about May 20. Tunica. — Thomas Byrn, Wanamaker ; June 8; large numbers. R. C. Kyle, O. K. ; has been very numerous. Union. — R. J. Alexander, Etta; woods alive with them iu May. F. W. Collins, Wallerville; June 17; appeared May 1; disappeared to-day. James H. Hevey, Ingomar; August 22; vast numbers; remained forty-five days. Warren. — John D. Watts, Redwood; June 7; appeared in the eastern part of county. I. V. Welch, Redwood ; June 8; yes. 71 lippl Continued. Washington. w . \\ Stone, Greenville; Jm i \ ille ; June 12 : pi eeeui I'M ler, 1 lollai nnmeroue dui Webet toe! Cooke, Walthall; M i >nndanoc ben end In I el boon » omit v. Yalobusha .1 P. Proving, Coffee ville; Jnne 5; large numbers in April end May. J.N. Del lie; Jnne 1 1 ; present. T. w appeared in April ; feti still. 0. R \ Powers, Palmetto Home; Jnnc 9; large nun All of Stats fr<>m south line i<> Washington Count plentiful bj Voelker, Panola, La., June 9. v r. tnii ii abonl 135 miles alonf bank of Mississippi 1 C 1 % Missouri : Audrain— .1. P. Llewellyn, Mexico, M<>. : Jnne 28; found none, but sends 1 lipp reporting plenty in woods. Rush Hill (Stedman Barry. — Petei MoNally, 4 .i>s\ ill,- ; Jnne l": present. Benton. — James Batcher, Zora; few about Maj r>. Boone. —Columbia (Stedman). Callaway.— L. D. Thompeon, New Bloomfield; Jnne 22; n I unden.— .1 . \l. Moes, Purvis; heard one. Mary J. B icb; Jun< \ si \ few. pe Girardeau. — J. J. Sawyer, Fruitland; Jnne 10; appeared May L; dii peered Jnne 10. L.M. Bean, Gordon ville; June 9; numerous. Cape Girardeau Stedman | Cedar.— W.T.Bay less, Stockton; Jnne IS; few. Christian.— Sparta | stedman'. Clarh.— James Boley, Ashton j June 15; very few. Clinton. — W. EL Walk up, Go wer; June 26; few. Cole.— A. .). 1 »;i\ is. Jefferson City ; June 14 ; few. ■■•per. — A. I. Ziegle, New Palestine : June: few. A. < .. 1 . Thomas, New Lebanon ; Jnne ; have seen two <>r tin 1 >ade. -' Ireenfield Stedman). Dallas.— Spi Ing Grove Stedman;. Dent.— William Barksdale, Gladden; not very numerous. Douglas.— John Souder, Denlow ; June 15; none, only two or three. Cold Spring edman . Gasconade.— Charles P. Pope, Bland; June 13; not in great number. E. J. Alberswerth, Stony Hill; .June 10; very Bcaroe. Bay (Stedman). sene. — H. D. Fnlbright, Willard; Jnne 16; few. Nichols (Stedman . Hickory. — Elkton Stedman). How. 11. —West Plains (Stedman . Iron.— T. P. Russell. Ironton ; .June 11; very few. Jefferson. — De Soto Stedman >. Johnson. — Holden | stedman . Knox.— Novelty Stedman). Linn. — C. G. Bigger, Maritime: Jnne 11: one now and again. Maries.— G. P. Skaggs, Van Clere; .June Hi: present. Miller. — H.C.Jackson, Ulman; Jnne 12; limited nun. Morgan. — C. N. Mitchell, Gladstone ; Jnne 10; Bmallnumb New Madrid. — R. 8. Mott, Point Pleasant; appeared about May 1. W. II. Mai- shall. Morehouse ; .June 9: not in this immediate vicinity, but near. Ristine Stedman 1. Osage. — W. F. McDaniel. Linn ; June 11; plenty. Chamois 1 Stedman . Ozark. — L. E. Brown, Igo; June 11; lew. 72 Missouri — Continued. Pemiscot. — J. M. Bullard, Cooter; June 11; large numbers. Pettis. — Greeu Ridge (Stedman). Perry. — A. H. Cashion, Derryville ; June 11 ; present. Clary ville (Stedman). Phelps. — J. M. Fleming, St. James ; June 18; few ; numerous in 1892. Polk. — Aldrich (Stedman). Pulaski.— J. K. Giddens, Big Piney ; June 11 ; few. T. T. O'Halloran, Richland ; June 28; few. W. H. Goodman, Hancock; June 11; very few. Reynolds. — J. E. Heaton ; July 6; few. Scott. — G. B. Greer, Sikeston ; June 8; appeared. Commerce (Stedman). St. Charles. — R. B. Bradshaw, West Alton; June 13; appeared. Gilmore (Stedman). St. Clair. — J. S. Manneriug, Lowry City; June 17; very few. St. Francis. — R. S. Banks, Bismarck; June 11; few. J. A. Shultz, Farmington; June; few. St. Louis. — Creve Cceur (Stedman). Taney. — Cedar Creek (Stedman). Texas. — Stanford (Stedman). Warren. — G. H. Martin, Tuque; June 14; few in timber. Holstein (Stedman). Washington. — J. G. Barlow, Cadet; May 27; plentiful in woods; saplings injured. William Goulding, Hulsey ; not many. Summit (Stedman). Webster. — T. G. Cardwell, Seymour; June; not as many as usual. Niangua (Stedman). Tennessee : Benton. — R. B. White, Big Sandy; June 8; "bulk came about June 1." W. H. Evans, Camden; June 17; great numbers; now gone. Carroll. — E. G. Butler, Westport; June 8; numerous. J. W. McMillin (corre- spondent Statistical Division), Post; letter of May 23; plentiful. Chester. — J. C. Miningham, Henderson; June 7; abundant. J. A. Miller, Sweet- lips; June 6; appeared May 10; plentiful yet. Crockett. — W. B. York, M. D., Chestnutbluff; present, but rapidly disappearing. Decatur. — C. F. Abston, Parsons; June 6; abundant. M. P. Haynes, Oakview; June 15; great numbers. Dickson. — J. E. Manson, Murfreesboro ; June 11; much damage. Dyer. — W. J. Flatt, Templeton; June 15; millions. J. W. Ledbetter, Finley; June 15; considerable numbers; here thirteen years ago. Louis M. Williams, Newbern; June 7; great numbers. J. N. Parker, Dyersburg; June 6; quite numerous. L. M. Michett, Heloise; June 11; apparently "more than usual." Fayette. — James H. Cocke, Lambert; June 7; "very thick." J. W. Dongan, Williston (2 cards); were very numerous in May; very few now; June 18. W. A. Douglass, Lambert; June 16; appeared about May 1. J. M. Jones, Somerville; June 7; large quantities. Gibson. — G. W. Terrill, Nebo; June 10; appeared about May 6. J. H. Koffman, Fruitland; June 11; great numbers. Hardeman. — A. Fitz, Whiteville; June 9; large numbers about May 10. E. B. Stewart, Newcastle; appeared last of May; stayed two weeks. J. L. Gibson, Whiteville; appeared about second week in June. Hardin. — E. T. Cronin, Saltillo; June; great numbers. J. T. Martin, Nixon; June 14 ; very numerous. Haywood. — F. B. Gause, Nutbush; June 13; appeared May 15; were here in 1885. F. E. Hunt, Stanton Depot; June 11; very numerous. Henderson. — T. C. Moore, Luray; June 14; present; here in 1885. Nathan Wal- ter, M. D., Atkins; appeared about May 20. Henry. — J. D. Poyner, Northfork; great quantities from May 15 until June. Trill i Mt iliueil. Humphreyi Geoi •■ M Tubh, Waverly; Jnui 'l'- numb some I"- slit ics | In "i bei i none. Lake. I Donaldsou, Tiptonville; Jane 14; nppeurvd euil ol \ l .nul.nl. lie Orysa; June 8; quite na John Conner, Rip lev ; .1 line > ; \ i>t nun:' btt j B :■;•.-.!.. i . . . | Toni Hale, I mall nnmbei i Madison. John ll. Lamer, ji ; June 10; unusuallj large nnmbere. W. II. Roohelle, Medon; M.n SI; great numben C. W. Hudson, Malesut; Jul quite niiiiu'i one. McNairy. '•. I.'. Wilson, Adamsville; June IS; very uumeroui in May; d now Montgomery. B J. Corban, Corbandale; June 23; \>r\ f< Obion. — .1. .1. Butler, I >' Arnicntl ; June ll ; appeared in Obion County : n • in oe County. W. ll. Nichols, Kenton; Jnne 13; "millions." «■ k Hoi man. Harris ; •' une 9 ; present. Perry, w . 11. Lancaster, Lobelville; June 10; great numbers. Elijah 1 »i\ inny, Lobelville; June 10; n<»\\ disappearing. M. B. Killrell, Farmers Valle) ; numbers. Rutherford.— J. E. Manson, Murfreesboro ; June ll; few in this oounty; much damage in 1 Dickson ( lonnty. Shelby.— R. S. Owen, Dexter; appeared; Jnne. Fred. Buttle, Arlington; June 25; plentiful. R. F. Malone, Capleville ; June 8; great numbers; now almost gone. Richard D'Ailey, 36 Equitable Building, Memphis; letter Ma plentiful; Bparrowa destroying them. Stewart.— J. 11. Bufford, M. 1>., Lesbia; June 8; few. G. W. Man,. jr.. Bear Bpring : June 16; few. Tipton.— S. W. Beddingtield, Gainsville; Jui I numbers May 10. W. I'. Billings, Tipton; June ll: come and gone. 11. J. Faught, jr., Covington; Jnne 10; appeared; first time since i v Wayne.— W. D, McAnally, Clifton; Jnne 13; appeared. Weakley. — W. W. Fuller, Dresden; June 8; large quantities. W. H. Copps, Peck; June 11: numerous; dying fast. Williamson. — J. 1". Buttrey, Naomi; June 8; very few. ];i < ORD8 I ■■« 'K BROOD VI. 1 Delaware • Newcastle. — Frank M. Jones, 1111 West Btreet, Wilmington, in letter of May 30, few specimens found. District of Columbia : During tin- last ten days of May and first of June scattering specimens were fonnd -within the limits of the District, chiefly in the grounds of the Department of Agriculture and of the United States National Museum. Just beyond the District limits, near Cabin John Bridge, quite a number appeared, sufficient to allow some boys to collect a half peek of pupal shells. The Bparrowa snapped up the locusts, however, bo promptly that they were not in evidence more than a few days. Georgia : Dade. — (>. I>. Austin, Trenton. Dade County: appeared about last of April; all gone at present date June 13). Elbert. — J. F.Scarborough, Elberton; June 7; heard :; or I about May 10. Floyd. — Isaac D. (iaillard. box 24, Koine; June 30; limited numbers on 19th and 20th of May. Habersham. — P. W. Green, Turnerville ; some: plentiful in RabunCounty. J.P. Wilson, CTarkesville; June?: appeared in some parts of county. 74 Georgia — Continued. Hall.— B. Niblack, Virgil; June 22, 1898. Paulding. — J. S. Watson, Brownsville; June 30; few about lirst days of May. Rabun. — See report of P. W. Green under Habersham County ; see report of B. C. Hawkins under Macon County, N. C. Spalding. — H. N. Starnes, Experiment; "advance guard" first heard in Spalding County June 10. White. — A. W. Smith. Tesnatee; none seen, hut few heard recently. P. S. Dorsey, Mossycreek; June 20; very few. Illinois : Dewitt. — John 1. Barnett, Hallsville; great numbers about middle of May. W. R. Carle, Wapella ; millions about first of June. Douglas. — Recorded in Bloomington Pantagraph, June 21, 1898. Knox. — Joseph W. Miles, Appleton ; heard few June 10. McLean. — C. N. Vandervoort, Randolph; few this year. Montgomery. — E. H. Donaldson, Xokomis; very few. Scott. — John C. Andras, Manchester; sporadic (XVIII, June 2, 1). Shelby. — Bernhard Manufacturing Company, Strasburg; plentiful in eastern part of county. Vermilion. — J. G. Baird, Indianola; few. Indiana : Boone. — T. R. Caldwell, Lebanon; limited numbers; June 10. J. C. Jaques, Thorntown; reported; June. Brown. — Thomas J. Cornelius, Cornelius; limited numbers ; June 11. Carroll. — W. B. Ray, postmaster, Rockfield; heard them just lately; June. Grant. — J. M. Miller, Upland; scattering in the timber; June 8. Johnson. — John B. Miner, Edinburg; few as yet; June 7. Laporte. — X. W. Garman, Rolling Prairie; several in the timber; June 13. Wells. — E. Y. Sturgis, Bluffton; very limited; June 9. Kentucky : Letcher. — W.B.Webb, Sergent; present; June — . Maryland : Cecil. — Frank W. Sempers. Blythedale; two specimens observed May 25; a year ago larva 1 found when excavating at depths of 2, 4, and 6 feet from surface. Montgomery. — August Busck, Cabin John Bridge. Prince George. — Frank Beriton, Berwyn. Washington. — H. B. Hawkins, Hagerstown; July 22; saw one specimen ; June 1, Michigan : Barry. — A. C. Boyes, Hastings; mostly on the forest trees ; June 17. Chippewa. — William P. McDonald, Pickford; plentiful; June 15. Genesee. — S. W. Pierson, Lmden; plentiful; June 6. Houghton. — JohnHolle, Jacohsville; very many; arrived in the middle of May; June 11. Also in letter of June 25 John Holle v reports great damage, but unable to send specimens. Kent. — C. L. Barrett, Kent City; appeared in this and adjoining counties, doing great damage; June 10; appeared May 15. Macomb. — D. H. Miller, Macomb; appeared; July 11. Xewaygo. — W. E. Gould, Fremont; sparingly; few last year; June 16. Ogemaw. — Malcolm McLean, Prescott; August 29; very small numbers from middle of Juue to July 30. Otsego. — H. L. Bonner, Vauderbilt; great numbers, forests nearly denuded; June 8. Shiawassee. — C. M. Kellogg, Perry; appeared: June 5. I Michigan Continued Waahtenaw. w \. Baeton notao Dumen -i iiit. Montana : Cbotean, fathead, Gallatin, Missoula l . \ . W numbers; tome damage t<« young apple trees in M from June 15 to Jul j i". in-i authenticated report 1 1 < >m Monte Bergen. William Beutenmuller, American Museum o( Natural Histe Park, Ken York City; rather common on June 5 al r<-it Lee, N. J.; letter dated June 8. Cumberland. Edwin W. Stars, Bridgeton; few; abundant I me 15. Report by Prof. J. B. Smith, July 5, al \ ineland. Bea< \ Report bj Prof. J, B. Smith, Julj 5, at Caldwell, i Hudaon. — Report bj Prof, J. B. Smith, July •"., at Arlington. Mercer. Report by Prof, J. B. Smith, July 5, at Titueville, ami also on count) line bet* een Hunterdon and Mercer. Middlesex.-— George \. Phillips, Franklin; Bwarma in timbered diatriote; June June 15. Also by Professor Smith.) Morris.— Report bj Prof. J. B. Smith, July 5, at Banover. Passaie. -J. B. Smith, letter of July 9, :u Charlotteburg. Somerset. — Swarme in timbered districts. George V. Phillips, Franklin Park; June 15. New York: Greene.— Hiram Van Slyke, New Baltimore; in limited quantities. New fork City. — Woodlawn Cemetery, James Angus, 1228 Clover Btreet, I Farms: few pupae cases found; letter dated June 15. Richmond. — William T. Davis, New Brighton, Staten Island: quite generally <>n east half of island west half not examined); June 21. Schenectady.— A. F. Vedder, East Glenville; fev. n years ago: uone here y«t : .June 10. North Carolina : Alexander. — R.Don Law-. Moravian Falls; May 28; extends from Brushy Moun- tain (see Wilkes County). W. F. Patterson, Mount Pisgah; thick in some places. J. P. Matheson. Taylorsviile ; not in every neighborhood; June 7. A. P. Matheson, Taylorsviile; abundant in some Bections of county, in others only a few; May 28. Bladen. — Charles T. Davis, Populi; many: June 13. Buncombe. — P. M. Westfeldt, Rugby Grange, Fletcher; abundant in part- of Buncombe and Henderson counties; letter dated .June 11. Burke. — W. C. Ervin, Morgan ton; abundant: May 26. Also in McDowell Comity. Herbert <>. Honk, Morganton ; appeared about : May 1. Cabarrus. — D. YV. Turner, Smiths Ford; few; June 18. Caldwell. — H. <;. Powell, Bibuten; very numerous; June 16. J. M. Spainhour, Lenoir; at Glenburnie; plentiful; letter dated June 8. Rain destroyed thou- sands. W. J. Harrington, Blackdale; June *>; some south of this place. John M. Houck, Lenoir: in letter of June 13; injury less than ever known before. Frank A. Clinard, Hickory ; June 8; present. Catawba.— Frank A. Clinard. Hickory; .June 8; present. George W*. Robb, Newton: June 27; appeared in portions of county about May 1. B. M. Mor- row, Clareinont: June 8; not very numerous except in certain Bections. J. W. Killiam, Maiden: appeared in pine woods. Henderson. — W.D.Miller, Eugby; June 16; present in thi< township. P. M. Westfeldt, Rugby Grange; June 1 1 ; abundant in parts of county. A. ( iannon, Horse Shoe; appeared about May 25; the woods are full; June 8. N.H.Hill, Columbus; June 8; numerous 76 North Carolina — Continued. Iredell. — G. H. Shepherd, Elm wood; very limited; appeared May 25, but soon disappeared. Lincoln. — J. H. Bernhardt, Reinhardt; appeared about May 1, and left about June 1. J. D. Mundy, M. D., Denver; June 11; only a few. R. M. Ruraon, Lincoluton; June 6; plentiful, but no damage. Macon. — Joseph Morgan, Etna; June 13; great quantities. B. C. Hawkins, Highlands; May 21; numerous in the mountains about 2,800 feet elevation ; also in Rabun County, Ga., and Oconee County, S. C. C. W. Slagle, Nonah; July 8; present in May. McDowell. — L. W. Williams, Greenlees; appeared about May 15. S. L. Ballew, South Toe, Yancey County ; June; "This year east of Catawba River, next year reach to Blue Ridge, and following year to here." Moore. — S. B. Worthy, Jouesboro; June 14; very few. Montgomery. — John F. Cotton, Pontop; June 16; very few. Piedmont section. — George S. Powell, Asheville ; May 23 ; " Understand it is now appearing in Piedmont section, and is expected in the mountain counties.-' Pender.— J. E. Henry, Long Creek; June 6; appeared. Polk. — C. W. Pearson, Saluda; Juue 7; appeared about May 1. T. F. Thorne, Mill Spring; June 7; vast amount. N. H. Hill, Columbus; June 8; numerous here, also in Henderson, Transylvania, and Rutherford counties. Rabun. — B. C. Hawkins, Highlands; in letter June 3; in mountains at eleva- tion of 1,500-3,000 feet. Randolph. — D. G. McMasters, farmer; few. Rutherford. — N. H. Hill, Columbus; June 8; numerous. Swain. — P. P. McLean, Whittier; June 7; present in parts. Transylvania. — J. M. Thrash, Calhoun ; large numbers in May. N. H. Hill, Colum- bus; June 8; numerous. Union. — S.J. Richardson, Waxhaw; June 11; some in woods. Washington. — James A. Chesse, Roper; June 13; "insect in apple trees." Wilkes.— J. J. Spicer, Joynes; June 9; not here, but in other parts of county. R. Don Laws, Moravian Falls ; May 28 ; " column extending from Brushy Moun- tains southwest some 28 miles." Calvin J. Cowles, Wilkesboro; July 26 ; gives boundaries of brood. Ohio: Carroll. — Jos. McGregor, Carrollton; very scarce; June 10. Champaign. — Dr. David O'Brien, Urbana; few ; no damage; May 9. Columbiana. — J. M. Dickinson, Lisbon; none except a few in one locality; July 11. Delaware. — H. A. Davis, Constantia; June 22; very few. Mahoning. — L. A. Wagner, Berlin Center; June 9; very few yet. Madison. — James S. Hine, 248 West Fourth street, Columbus; few. Montgomery. — James S. Hine, 248 West Fourth street, Columbus; few. Morrow. — R. A. Beatty, Cardington; June 10; saw two shells. Pickaway. — Ezra Hill, Darby ville; June 1; few in northern part of county. Shelby. — J. F. Ernest, Dawson; saw three, May 29; none now, June 9. Union. — J. P. Martin, Milford Center; limited numbers in particular localities; June 15. Pennsylvania : Bucks, Montgomery. — Robert Blight, Green Lane; June 17; great numbers at Durham, Bucks County, and few at Green Lane, Montgomery County. Westmoreland. — P. Jerome Schmidt, St. Vincent College, Beatty; June 27; seen none; had expected them. Robert Ellis, Youngwood; June 8; few; little early yet. 77 ■• stump I [ohm Mountain I '. 1 1 niiiji|ii\ , ( levrland ; . N I i orldi :. I »«■- .it iii ; Booth < larolina : Ooonee. I '• C 1 1 twkina, Highlands, M icon < onnty, \ C. j known to i» oonn Jone 8. Ernest Walker, Clenisen Coll< -luil nob n. -i- Count] Conriei of June 9 L808 r «l< i d I Loada 01 TtMim-ssec : Bradley. . 1894. Greene. — w , M. Lyle, Beulah; June 7; verj Hamilton. \. W. Duncan, Tyner; June 8; fen this year; four y< of them." Jefferson. George \. Zinkle, Mount Horeb; June LS; have seen no ;i few. Kik>\. — \l. P. Rudder, Knoxville; June 15; verj few. Meigs. — W. C. Godoey, Malonej ; June 29; onlj a few. Robert Bpaldi June 6 : \ ery few. Polk — N. s. Price, ( hesnul Mills; June; few. Sullivan. — E. 11. Barnaul, Clover Bottom ; June 23; in some portions of county, nia: Charlotte. — I. W. Elam, Terryville; June 8; heard two or three. Chesterfield. — Peter Traser, Granite ; June li: not in large numbs Fairfax. — Theo. Pergande, opposite Cabin John Bridge. Powhatan. — C. B. Chilton, Jeffersonton ; June 10; few. Prince Edward. — I. H. Booker, Briery ; June 10; heard two or three; not expected. West Virginia : Berkeley. — G. W, Van Metre, Martinsburg; June 6; noticed about two expected. 1 [ampshire. — J, 1\ I Gardner, M. I >.. Capon Bridge; few; June 7. Jefferson. — Joseph 1). Smith, Middleway; Juno t>: found Bhell of one. J Rider, Halltown ; June?; noticed few stragglers. Mineral. — J. W. Kinehart. Foote ; June": few; 17-year brood here in l v - Preston. — J.S. Brown, Kingwood ; June?: few; nothing like last year. Webster. — J.W. Bonner, Camden on Ganley; June 7: heard a few. Wisconsin : Burnett. — W. Busch, Spooner; June 10; reported 40 miles from here at Grants- burg, Burnett County. Columbia. — Prof. E. S. Goff, Agricultural experiment station, Madison ; appeared at certain places mentioned. Crawford. — W. C. Warren, Towerville; June 17; reports of its coming out of ground. "Not at this place. Tiny seem to follow the Mississippi and can be found within 8 miles of it. This place is about 13 miles from river. " William D. Merrell. Prairie du Chien; few about May 25. Dane. — George J. Kellogg, Janesville; July 2 ; very numerous and injuring the cane fruits; 75 miles of here in Dane County. He adds: "Write M - 1 Johnson. Baraboo, Wis., who is making inquiry through our State horticul- turist, George J. King." (See Sauk County.) Prof.E ports no indica- tion of them at Madison June 6. Fond du Lac. — T. F. Met lonnell, Ripon : June 1 1 ; great nnmb< Green Lake. — Samuel Owens, Dart ford ; June 7: present, but no damage bo far. Prof E. 8. Goff states that he is informed by L. G. Kellogg, Ripon, Wis., that they appeared in the town of Green Lake and occasionally elsewhere in state; June 23. Marquette. — Joseph Whitmore, Harrisville; June 24; herein full t Sauk. — Mrs. Franklin Johnson, Baraboo; June I. found hundreds just emerged heneath large oak tree; ground in blackberry field thickly perforated with not W. 78 Wisconsin — Continued. Sauk — Continued, holes. In the woods near by their noise resembles the distant roar of the sea. Chicago Times-Herald clipping, June 25, states that they appeared at Baraboo a month ago; much more numerous than seventeen years ago. Sawyer.— William Powers, Hayward; June 8; few in certain places. Washburn. — Andrew Ryan, Shell Lake; June 15; not to any extent. Waushara. — H. O. Kruschk, Aurora ville ; June 17 ; some in western part of county, according to report. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CYCLE OF THE SEXUAL DEVELOP- MENT OF THE "BLOOD LOUSE." (Schizonenra lanigera Hausm,) By S. MOKRZHETSKI.* Notwithstanding the fact that Schizonenra lanigera Hausm. was the subject of numerous observations in various countries, some stages of its post-embryonic development are still insufficiently investigated and their role in the life of the insect is not cleared up. The appearance of the "blood louse" in great numbers in the Crimea gave me an oppor- tunity last summer to turn my attention to those uncleared-up points in the development of the insect and I shall endeavor to lay down briefly my observations. It is well known that in the blood louse a double cycle of develop- ment is observed, one with a sexual generation and the other without it, and that after a number of broods of this insect which are born par- thenogenetically from wingless viviparous females — nurses — toward the fall among the wingless male nurses there appear individuals with rudimentary wings, so-called nymphs. In the past fall in the Crimea I did not find nymphs before Septem- ber $ on the 12th of September (old style) I found in one garden (on the Kacha) nymphs entirely ready to assume the winged state, and on the 14th of September I observed the flying of the winged blood louse. The ability of the winged insect to fly was a matter of doubt in our science. While some investigators (Kessler)t asserted that the winged blood lice move about little and are not capable of spreading the infec- tion on other unaffected apple trees since they are unable to fly over to them, other investigators, among them R. Goethe, ascribed to the winged insect the ability to fly well and to spread the pest to new places. My observations show that the winged blood louse flies well, but is a bad conveyer of the infection to new places. * Translated from the Russian by Prof. P. Fireman, Columbian University, Wash- ington, D. C. tDr. H. F. Kessler, "Die Entwickelungs und Lebensgeschichte der Blutlaus." Cassel, 1885. By the same author: "Die Ungefahrlichkeit und kostenlose Vertil- gung der Blutlaus" in the "Bericht fiir Xaturkunde zu Cassel," 1889, The period «>i High! of tin' winged insects in the present \< \ci\ long, having eontinaed a full month from September 11 t<> < i ber 15. After the middle of I found no winged in id no nymphs. All that time the vreathei was warm, and in th<- mnnj days it was easj to observe the convey era of the \ye tl [>o • well developed wings and flying over the twigs of healthy as well as in f< apple trees; on the latter I (band the winged lou I the injured places among colonies of sacking wingless lice, and al-<» on the lower side of the leaves of the apple tree on which the winged I feeds by making holes in them and Backing them. On the l ttli of September, while riding from Bebastopol to Simphe* ropol, J caught some winged lice on the window panes of the car. Another time, on September 28, while looking over apple trees on winch no wingless blood lice were round, in imc orchard near the vil- lage Biel, on the Alma, I observed many living and dead winged lice hang ap in the web woven by a spider <>n the twigs of the trees at the height of 7 feet. The nearest infested orchard was situated some 850 feet about 0.165 of a mile) from the place mentioned, and the winged louse flew over that distance. Later 1 repeatedly found winged blood lice entangled in webs on such trees where I could not discover any infection by the wingless lice. In observing the flight of the blood louse in the room under a glass bell jar I had frequent occasion to convince myself that the louse uses well its organs of dying, and is especially lively at noon in the sun. Notwithstanding the ability of the winged louse to make comparatively long (lights, it appears, however, a bad conveyer of its offspring to new places. This will be understood from the following observations: On the 19th of September T cut off some shoots of an apple tree which were strongly infested by the blood louse, placed them in a vessel with water, and covered them with a glass bell jar. After three days 1 noticed two winged lice, which L placed on a cover glass. | I) On the following day they gave birth to eleven sexual individuals, among which one was a male, while the others were females. After that, on every following day to the end of September, more and more lice assumed the winged state under the bell jar. 1 trans- ferred them to the cover glass ( .'). and on a small apple tree planted into a flower pot and covered by a bell jar. On the lower side of the the leaves the winged females gave birth (the embryos came in the world with the posterior end of the body forward i. usually on the ond or third day. to seven sexual individuals, on the average. The winged individuals live as much as a week, but the bringing forth of sexual ones stops on the third or fourth day alter the assumption of the winged state. Of the great number of the sexual individuals seen by me the greatest majority were females; to live, sometimes even to ten. females there is only one male. 80 With such a correlation of the sexes, in freedom, by far not all the females can become fertilized (although one male usually fertilizes two females), and consequently the greater part of them lay their eggs non- fertilized. Nature having provided the blood louse with a powerful means of preservation of its species, namely, with parthenogenetic multiplica- tion, left the sexual mode of multiplication, as it were, in reserve only (as auxiliary), not having perfected it to the necessary degree. Thus, although the winged blood lice are capable of flying over to uuinfested trees, the sexual females produced by them, owing to a lack of males and the difficulty of finding the females by the latter, lay, in the majority of cases, unfertilized eggs. The males and females of the blood louse, as is well known, have no proboscis and digestive organs and do not take food during the whole of their life, which lasts, according to my observations, fifteen to eighteen days. In the course of that time the sexual individuals grow, moult several times, and are in constant motion. The adult female is of a convex, ovate form, yellow red in color, with dark eyes. The antennas are rather short, five-jointed; the first two joints are the shortest ones; the following three are longer and nearly equal to one another; the last joint is somewhat pointed. The adult female is twice as large as the male; she is 1.1 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide. The male is better shaped and quicker in the movements than the female; five-jointed antenna*, about half as long as the body; the third and fifth joints are of about the same size; the fifth one has a hollow and is pointed. The color of the body is olive yellow. On the last seg- ment of the abdomen there are two pointed sexual stripes. The length of the adult male is 0.5 to 0.7 mm., the width, 0.2 mm. Both sexes are covered with a slender white down. About twelve days after birth the females become slow in their move- ments. When not at freedom (as in experiments), they gather at the lower surface of the leaves and into depressions of the latter. Through the integument of the adult female begins to shine through a large, long, oval egg, constantly increasing and filling the whole cavity of the female. About this time the mobile males hunt up the females for pairing; the male gets upon the back of the female, and in this position the in- sects remain more than an hour. One male fertilizes two, but some- times more females. Two days after the pairing the female lays its only egg, performing this act slowly during fifteen or more minutes, owing to the enormous size of the egg as compared with the insect itself. The laying of the egg appears as the last act in the life of the sexual female, from which there remains almost nothing more than the shriveled skin, of an olive yellow color, which continues to move for some time. The egg of the blood louse recalls to one that of the phylloxera. It is oblong, cylindrical, rounded at the ends; freshly laid it is smooth, -I shining, yellowish; later ou it beoomes dark cinnamon ng. 3), and on n the white down witb whioh the female oov< more marked. The length of the egg ii ,( . •'» to 0.7 mm., the width, 0.2 mm* The Aral egg waa laid, in confinement, bj one of the females on the 8th of October, at the lower Bide ol a leaf lu an angle of the flbei the latter. The other females laid their egga in the h"il<>\\^ of leaves. in the orchard I investigated the apple trees infested i»\ the blood lice ami on one of tin' trees fonnd on October 10, among winf nurses after they have been carefully removed from the twig, two i of the blood loose as described above; In other places, I.e., on the Leaves <>r in the bosoms of the latter, or in the depressions of the bark, etc, I did not succeed in finding cogs. Prom tin* eggs laid by the sexual females in a heated room young nurses hatched two mouths later. It is possible that in nature, in long continued warm weather, nurses are hatched still in the autumn, hut the other eggs hibernate until the spring. Thus, the egg of the blond louse may. with equal accuracy, be char- acterized as a tall one. as Ke>sler and Keller do. or as a winter one. as is done by K. < loethe. A CECIDOMYIID INJURIOUS TO SEEDS OF SORGHUM. By D. W. ( lOQUILLB ii In many portions of the Mississippi Valley the growing of sorghum is quite an important industry; and even when not grown for commer- cial purposes many farmers raise a sufficient quantity for the require- ments of their several households. The plants are raised from seed, and are treated like indian corn, and, although commonly known by the name of sugar cane, are scry different from the true sugar cane, the cul- ture of which is confined to the more Southern portion of this country, where the plants are commonly obtained by layering. Ou the 2d of October, 1895. two seed-heads of sorghum were received at this office from Mr. 0. 0. L. Dill, of Dillburg, Ala., and one from Thomas J. Key, of Montgomery. Ala. An examination of these revealed the fact that many of the seeds had been destroyed by the larva* of some species of OecidomyiidaB, which had already completed their 'Dr. H. F. Kessler, in his extensive work on the biology «>t" the Mood louse, " Die Entwickelung and Lebensgesctiichte der Blutlaus," L886, gives, in an appended table of drawings of the various stages of its development, some drawings which do not at all conform with the reality. Thus, in fig, ii of the table, is represented s nurse giving birth to a young louse, which makes its exit with the head forward, while the young lice produced by the wingless, as well as by the winged insects, come Into the world always with the posterior end of the body forward. Further, the drawings of the sexual individuals (of the male and female, figs. 12-13) are entirely incorrect. The egg is represented only diagrammatically (schematisch). In view of what has just been said, we give as accurate a drawing as possible of the egi; — female and male— of this plant louse.— S. M. 8193— Xo. 18 6 82 transformations and escaped, leaving behind them nothing but their cast-off skins to indicate their former presence. With these were several Chalcis Hies belonging to the genus Apostrocetrus, which had evidently preyed upon the Cecidomyians. No complaint of these insects again reached this office until nearly three years later. On September 26, 1898, a second sending of infested sorghum seed was received from E. H. Price, of College Station, Tex. This contained quite a large number of the adult flies in addition to the empty pupa cases out of which they had issued. In several instances these empty cases were projecting out of the tops of the seed-husks, the larva? having evidently lived in these husks next to the seeds, which they had caused to shrivel up by depriving them of their juices. A large number of the seeds had thus been destroyed by these pests. An extensive examination of the literature bearing on this subject has failed to reveal a single reference to a Cecidomyian that attacks the seeds of sorghum or of any closely related plant in any part of the world. There is every reason, therefore, for believing that this pest is as yet undescribed, and a detailed description of the adults is given herewith: Diplosls sorghicola new species. — Antennre of the male as long as, of the female almost on6-half as long as, the body, in both sexes composed of fourteen joints ; joints three to fourteen in the female each slightly constricted in the middle, each except the last one greatly constricted at the apex into a short petiole, a few bristly hairs not arranged in whorls scattered over each joint; in the male, joints three to four- teen are each greatly constricted, slightly before the middle, and again at the apex, except in the case of the last joint, the constricted portions are as long as the thick- ening at the base of each joint; each of the thickened portions bears a whorl of bristly hairs. In the living insect the head, including the palpi, is yellow, antenme and legs brown, thorax orange red, the center of the mesonotnm and a spot crossing the pleura and enlarging on the sternum black, abdomen orange red, wings grayish hyaline. The first vein reaches the costa noticeably before the middle of the wing; third vein nearly straight, ending slightly below the extreme tip of the wing, the basal portion of this vein, where it joins the first vein, distinct; fifth vein forked slightly before the middle of the wing, its anterior fork ending nearly midway between the tip of the posterior fork and the apex of the third vein. Length nearly 2 mm. Owing to the fact that this insect passes through all of its stages within the seed-husks, there is no chance of destroying it by the use of any known insecticide such as could be used against it with reason- able expense and labor. A LEAF-TYER OF GRAPE AND ELDERBERRY. By F. H. Chittenden. In the summer of 1897, during the first weeks of July, the larvae of a pyralid moth were observed by the writer at Colonial Beach, Ya., on the foliage of cultivated grapevine, occurring in considerable numbers in leaves which they fold together near the middle and join with their rather scanty web. The moth was reared and proved to be Phlyctcvnia tertialis Gn. The short study that was given to this species at the time was incited from its occurrence on grape. Subsequently the larva was found at the same place and in greater abundance upon a cultivated ornaments] plant of the genus Sambucus, called iI<>a. elderberry, and it is obvious thai the presence of the insecl upon the vine WM due ill pail to the pio\iimt\ <>| flu- ' ml. I Uimw di no record "i in i - having previously been fonnd apon grape* In oar most recent lists t w « » s\ uonj ma are [riven, namely, Botu plectilis G. & b. and Botyt tyringicola Pack. Guene< General Delt Pyral., Vol. VIII, p. res Vaccinium a plant, and Packard New «>r Little-known Injurious Insects, p. stairs that ilif larva was fonnd in the stem of lilac; hence the name tyringicola bestowed apon ir at that time, it would appear probable from what we no* know that this was a \ erj unusual, if not accidental, occurrence, as it docs not seem likelj that this larva is naturally 1 >< >t h a leaf-tyer and a stem-borer of woodv plants. The larva is of a delicate light-green color, with two broad white longitudinal b&nds extending along the dorsum. When full grown it measures about three fourths of an inch in length, dust before attain- ing maturity the ground color is light greenish, but within a few days of pupation this turns to pinkish or flesh-colored, particularly along the dorsum — a phenomenon of common occurrence in this genus. Such larwe as were collected began to mature duly L2. One which pupated on the 15th issued as a moth on the 26th, having remained in the pupa state 11 days. A second was noticed to form its pupal ease July 26 and to transform three days later, the imago appearing Angnst 9. Other divisional records show that the moth issued March 9, 1881, and duly 22, 1876, localities unknown. Comparison of the series recently reared, together with all the material preserved in the National Museum, with a small series of /'. sambucdlis Schiff. from France, in the same collection, show these two species to be so closely related that one might he very readily per suaded to believe in their specific identity. The American specimens are identical with others determined by Professor Fernald as Botis plniilis. The European specimens were received from the late M. Ragonot. The species is recorded or is represented in the national collection and in our Divisional notes from the following localties in this country: Maine; Xew Hampshire: Massachusetts; Kendall. New York City, and elsewhere in Xew York: Pennsylvania (Grote); New Jersey .1. B. Smith): Onaga, Kans. (Crevecouir : Colonial Beach, Ya.: northern Illinois (probably in the vicinity of Chicago), and Ohio. A FLEA-BEETLE LIVING ON PURSLANE. By F. II. Chittek July 30, 180S. while examining the firuil of melons at Marshall Hall. Md., for evidences of insect attack, an egg mass was observed which from the general appearance of the eggs was believed to be that of a species of Disonycha. The following day the eggs had all hatched. 84 In the jar in which they were placed, leaves of Chenopodiura, Amaran- thus and wild purslane (Portulaca oleracea) were placed, as these three plants were known to be affected by insects of the genus and were at hand for the purpose. The Chenopodium and Amaranthus were rejected, but the larvae fed with avidity upon the Portulaca, and in due time transformed to pupa and adult, the species proving to be Disonycha caroliniana Fab.* By the 9th of August the largest larva? had attained full growth, and on the following day had entered the earth. On the llth the remainder had buried themselves in the sand with which their rearing jar had been supplied. On the morning of August 17 all but one of these larvae had transformed to the pupal condition. One imago fully colored and one nearly so, were found on the morning of August 25, having remained in the pupal condition about nine days. The remainder passed the same time as pupa?. The quiescent stage of the larva was six days for the same temperature. The active stage was seventeen to eighteen days, which gives about thirty-seven or thirty-eight days, a figure that represents, in all probability, the minimum period, as the weather averaged about 85° F. On a previous occasion, July 17, eggs were obtained, which hatched July 22, or in five days. The egg did not present any character noticeably different from that of .ranthomehvua, which will be described in a forthcoming bulletin. Tbe larva and pupa, owing to their conspicuous coloration, were strik- ingly distinct. The larva. — The larva when full grown is subcylindrical in form, abdominal segments 2 to 7 subequal in width, the others gradually narrowing toward the extremities. Ground color either olive or green, variegated with red, forming with a dark-green inedio-dorsal and two submedial stripes, seven longitudinal stripes of alternate green and red. Sometimes red and sometimes green is the prevailing tint. Surface finely granulate, feebly shining. Aside from color the general characters are much the same as in xanthomeUvna, which has been described in Bulletin Xo. 22, first series, p. 77. Each segment is pro- duced into a transverse row of ten papillae, each surmounted by a small black piliferous wart, and terminating in a fine bristle. The first thoracic segment has an additional row of papilla?, and each spira- cle is surrounded by a ring of black. Head small, nearly circular, color shining black or very dark brown, triangular space in middle and clypeus brown. The posterior end of the body terminates in a prolog which is coucolorous with the surrounding portions of the terminal segment. This is surrounded with two rows of black bristles, one above and the other below. Legs considerably darker than the neigh- boring portions; sutures and some other portions marked with black, last joint nearly black. Length, 10 mm.; width, 3 mm. * Mr. F. M. Webster lias recorded Portulaca as a food plant of this flea-beetle (Ent. News, Vol. V., p. 41, May, 1894). Pit /hi.— Timi i i h«' variability In oolor of tin- larva ire iroald exp< similar variation in the papa. \> with tin- larva there are two p l**i 1 1 ground tints* in one, rose la tin' prevailing color; in the other, somewhat greenish orange. Probably thesecolors represent the simi lar colors in the larva, rose corresponding to red and orange to olive and green. Aside from oolor the papa of this spot bles thai of /'. i )nt in mi. The pink or rose-colored form of the papa lias pearly antennae, elytra, and legs, while the orange type lias orange yellow as the c<»lnr of the Bame parts. Length, 8.5 mm.; width, 3-3.2 in in. COTTON FIELD INSECTS. An esteemed correspondent, Bon. J. I>. Mitchell, of Victoria, Tex., on October l. w.»7. set out three nap lanterns in a cotton field near Victoi i;i tor one night and sent us the insects BO captured. The object of the experiment was to Bee whether the Mexican cotton-boll weevil Antho- nomua grandis), which was injurious in the vicinity, could lie captured in this wax. The results of the catch are interesting and worthy of record, bat it must be premised that not a Biogle specimen of Antho- nomus grandis was found in the material received. In all, the catch contained 24,492 specimens, representing approxi- mately 328 species, divided according to groups as follows: oup. i [mens. Sp< Lepidoptera Bemiptera < !oleoptora Nearoptera Dipten Hymenoptera Otthoptera Total Spiders Divided according to habits, whether injurious or beneficial, the result was: Injurious species, 13,113 specimens: beneficial >p< 8,262 specimens; of a negative character. 3.117. The condition of the material was very poor, since the insects caught in kerosene oil, and it was difficult, therefore, to determine with accuracy many of the species. In the Coleoptera the occurrence of Balaninus ol>t>t- li t »* l . i us frontalis Lee 1 olo ephala sp ; iih rugioepe Lee LeptoatyliiB bioa Pachj brachj a abdominal M \ i broua denticollia Say Diabrol i< a L2-ponctata "/ I tiabrotica balteata I < • 1 tiabrotica \ ittata Fab Haiti, a ignita III a ta niata Say Glyptina atriventria Horn I'lus Bmbriatus Cay Blapstinus pratenaia Lee Tribolinm ferrnginenm Fab Afeneceus fcexanua ( 'hamp ( txacia can a Lee Anaspia rnfa Say 10 l 1 1 9 l l l l ll Mordelliateua uubila / 1 • i !li-t. m.i puHtnlatu Mnnli -Hi-: • mill ina Fab . NotOXUfl e. ileal at us // i us monodon Fab . A ii t li it us floralia / Ami lii< us \ icinua Lmf .... Anthicua ap Ami biona ap Anthicua ephippial at /.- ) Ant biona inhi V\ rota terminate Lee Epi< auta lemniecata Fab Ifacropa obacurellna THeiz .... Ma. ropa h Mini I is Gyllk l'acli\ phatiea diacoidena I Endalua Beto8na Lee Endalua aeratua Lee Conotrachelna naao Lee Balaninna obtnaua Blanch Tomiona pini Say u 190 7 1 1 1129 1 LEPIDOPTERA. Aletia argillacea Anaphora Bpp. I mostly popeanelia) Hypoprepia fnacoaa Hbn ( !istbene nnifaacia Gr. & I! Kucliaits murina Stretch ( >eta anrea Fitch Hyphantria cum a Dry Enbaphe brevioornia Walk Enbaphe ferruginosa Walk Exyra semicrocea Gn Matigramma lsena Hare Draateria erechtea Cram Prothymia orgy i a- Gri Spragneia guttata Gri Acoutia lactipennia Hart Acontia aprica Hbn Schinia regia Strk Schiuia chrvsellus Gri l lii Plagiomimicna pityochromna Grt. 1759 Baailodea chryaopia Gri Chytoryza orbica Morr Lencania adonea Grt. (?) Xoiopsis hieroglyphioa Hbn Monodea nudicolora Gn Laphygma frugiperda S. & A Caradrina flavimacnlata Harv. .. 1 [asmatopaia grataria Fab Fernaldella fimetaria G. & /.' Tornia acolopacinaria an Macaria a-aignata Pack Stenaapilatea meakearia Hulet. ... Hymenia perapectalia Hbn Loxoetege helvialia Walk Titanio nucbalia Grt Euchromiua ocellus Haw Argyria nivalla Dry noMoi'i i i; \ Cixius stigmarticua Say 92 Oliariua Bp 11 Fnlgorid (gen. ?) 299 Delphax ap Delphacid (gen. ) Delphacid (gen.) Delphacid (gen.) Diedrocepliala mollipea Say. 21 L95 < rypona sp < rypona sp Diedrocephaki ap Tett igonia Bp Platymetopinaap Eutettix Bp Deltocephalua harrisii Fitch Idiocerua Bp 1 •> : l l 3 88 homoptera — continued. Phlepsius excultus Uh I . Phlepsius spatulatus Van D. Scapboideus sp Chlorotettix sp Limotettix exitiosa Uhl . . Typhlocyba sp Cicadula sp Undetermined (10 species) HETEROPTERA. Cyrtmnenus mirabilis Perty 4 Cydnus obliquus Uhl 1 Ainnestes pusillus Uhl 138 Thy antha custator Fabr 4 Harmostes retlexulus Stal 5 Corizussp 9 Nysius angustatus Uhl 103 Nysius pravidus Uhl 1 Myodocha serripes Oliv 2 Pamera bilobata Say 185 Pamera basalis Dall 4 Pamera curvipes Stal 3 F amera sp 1 Heroeus plebejus Stal 6 Ptochiomera formosa Dist 1, 108 Microtoma ( ?) sp 7 Dolichmerus sp 38 Anthocorid ( Bracby steles ?) 907 Anthocorid ( Lasiochilus ?) 1 Anthocorid (gen. ?) 1 Coriscus sp 2 Trigonotylus ruficornis Fall 7 Resthenia rubrovittata Sta I Calocoris rapidus Say Megaccelum catulum Uhl Megaccelum ( ?) sp Lygussp Lygus sp , Pcecilocapsus intermedins Uhl ... Pcecilocyrtus ( f ) sp Camptobrochis sp Capsus sp Psallns sp Episcopus ornatus Uhl Episcopus ( ?) sp Melinna sp Melinna ( ?) sp Capsid (gen. ?) Spilalonius geniculatus Stal Pnirontis infirma Sta I Pnirontis sp Oncerotrachelus acuminatus Say. Corisa sp Corisa sp 595 220 237 604 6 165 1 1 127 1 25 4 1 14 30 12 2 464 1 8 10 2 7 6 7 148 HYMEXOPTERA. Megachile exilis Cr Photopsis belfragei Blake Labidus harrisii Hald Sysphincta melina Bog Isobrachium rufiventris Ashm Porizon facialis Cr Paniscus geminatus Say Paniscus texanus Ashm Ophiou bilineatus Say Enicospelus purgatus Say . Rhogas parasiticus Say ... Ehogas graphicus Cr Ehogas atricornis Cr Opius sp Blacus sp Chelonus sp Zele melleus Cr Meteorus vulgaris Cr XEUROPTERA. Leptocerida 1 or caddice-fiies (sev- Chrysopa spp . eral species) ., 658 Mynneleonidae Ephemerida3 or May-flies (two spe- Termite cies) 57 ORTHOPTERA. Gryllus sp Nemobius sp . (Ecanthus sp. Xiphidium sp 37 Spharagemon sp 15 Oligonyx sp 1 Undetermined cricket 1 22 10 2 ARACHNID A. Plectana stellata Htz VERA! not; tin: INTRODUCTION 01 iumimi.m LADYBIRDS PROM m m:\i.ia INTO INDIA. Encouraged i>\ the favorable results which have followed the intro ductiou of certain beneficial ladybirds from Australia into California and later Into Hawaii, the United Planters' Association of Southern India, an organization composed chiefly of tea and coffee growers, raised a fund late in L897, amounting to something over 7,500 rupees approximately 13,000 . for the purpose of making an effoii to introduce beneficial insects from Australia winch should advantage their plants tUNlS. Mr. Howard <>. Newport, himself a planter, was commissioned by the secretary of the association earlj in January, 1898, to proceed to Australia and t<» place himself in relations with the Department of Agriculture of Queensland ami to make every effort to bring over t" India living specimens of desirable species. .Mr. Newport sailed on the ."10th of January and returned on the 20th of dune. His report, which is published in a journal called Planting Opinion of tin- 10th of duly, indicates that lie went about his work in a very intelligent and pains- taking manner, that he had the hearty cooperation of the authorities of the department of agriculture at Brisbane, and especially the expert advice and assistance of the well-known entomologist, Mr. Henry Tryon. He collected 2,540 specimens of Ovens australasice, 1,500 Cryptolwmus montrouzieri, and 246 Rhizobius ventralis; in all. some 4.300 odd insects. A special ice box was constructed and the journey was made without mishap, oi> days elapsing from the day the last insects were placed in the box until the time of opening. The insects were kept at a reason- ably uniform temperature of about 25° F., but when the box was opened the insects, although appearing fresh, were without exception dead. The expenses of the trip amounted to about 81,600. Not discouraged by this unfortunate result, the association at latest advices intends to try it again. They have not. we understand, met with encouragement at the hands of the Indian government, and the venture is purely a private one. It would not be at all surprising if the effort should eventually succeed. Theoretically. Australian ladybirds should flourish better in Southern India than in California, and it is very probable that Rhizobius ventralis will feed with avidity upon the Lecanium scales which affect the coffee and tea plants. The writer is inclined to believe that it will not be found necessary to go to the expense of keeping the insects on ice for a thirty days' journey, even in a tropical region. With plenty of food and a comparatively small number of ladybirds in all stages of exist- ence there is no reason why the insect should not breed during the entire journey. They have been sent in this way successfully in mid- 90 summer on a twenty-five days 7 journey from San Francisco to Portugal, and should certainly survive the trip from Sydney to Colombo in the same way. THE SUGAR-CANE BORERS OF THE MASCARENE ISLANDS. M. Edmond Bordage, director of the museum of the island of Ke- uuion, has recently published in the Revue Agricole, Saint-Denis, April, 1897, and in the Oomptes Bendus des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences for December, 1897, important papers upon the sugar-cane borers of Reunion and .Mauritius. In his last paper he shows that Diatrcea striatalis was introduced from Ceylon into Mauritius in 1848 in cane imported by Sir William Gomm. The cane was known to be infested and was destroyed shortly after being taken from the vessel, but the insects escaped. In 1862 it was again imported in cane brought in from Java. Sesamia nonagrioidcs var. albiciliata, a species which lives ordinarily in young sugar cane and which occurs also in Algeria in sorghum and in maize, was introduced into the Mascareues at some period between 1858 and 1861 from Java and was afterwards carried to Madagascar. He shows that Guenee's Borer saccharellus is not the Pyralis saccharalis of Fabricius, but must be considered as a synonym of Proceras sacchariphagus Bojer. Diatrcea striatalis Snellen is another synonym of the same insect. He further shows that Proceras sacchari- phagus is an oriental species, being found in India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, in the Mascareues (Bourbon and Mauritius) and in Mada- gascar; while Diatrwa saccharalis is a neotropical form occurring in Guiana, the West Indies, and tropical America generally, having also extended its range northward into the United States. NOTES ON TICKS. The following account of observations on the effects of the bite of Ornithodorus americana % seems to me to throw some light on the con- flicting statements regarding the bite of the reputed Argas persicus. From the observations of my correspondent, Mr. B. A. Plaskett, who resides in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in a district infested by this very local Arachnid, it appears that horses, which are generally bitten just above the hoof, seem not to suffer. The Argas drinks only from three to rive minutes and then drops without leaving a swelling. This is unlike the habit of the Ixodes and Trombidium, which will suck for a day or two, frequently causing swelling and suppuration. Generally these are supposed to be the effect of methods used to extract the insect, but occasionally they occur after the insect has left of its own free will, having satisfied its appetite. Another distinguishing characteristic in the habits of this insect is its dislike of green vegetation. It is always found on the top of dry, leatless twigs or in dust, never amidst foliage as are Trombidium and Ixodes j but this part of my friend's observations has to be taken cum 91 granc tali*, as he La not an experience! entomologist, and amid foliage ii is not bo easj to disoovei .1 dust col lien n 1 lated on the top of ;i drj twig, whence it lets itself do wu to the effect of the bite <>f this sp< tinman beinj mp tome vary; also the time of suction following the bite. The effect seems to depend cbietij ou the peculiar temperament of the victim. This seems to be the case also wheu we take into consideration the com- parative iin in 11 11 1 tics and receptivities iu regard to the bin- <»i icanthia [Cimex) Icctularia) Reduvius, and of the different Gulicictac. Mr. 1:. \. Plaskett has been bitten thrice, and in each case twenty four boura intervened before fever and swelling set in. The numbness <>f the i»ii ten parts, which Is a characteristic following the bite of Arachnid and Myriopod, and also of Borne Bymenopterous Btings, was not noticed in a single instance. These observations agree very well with the facts that are in our pos- session relative to t lie symptoms attendant upon t lie bite of the Axgas; at the same time they explain the discrepancies in statements of the effect of the bite of the dreaded Argas persicus, which seems to be as local as our California insect. The fatal cases of the l rgas pi rsicus bite, mentioned by old I [erodotus and by Pallas in modern times, may have their origin in malarious fevers which were very common in that district of tin- Persian province Ghilan, between the Caspian Sea and the Elbruz .Mountain, where the Argas is found. The bite of the insect is probably only a coincidence, of course not favorable to the condition of a patient already weakened by malaria. Here in California we have had to face an analogous error in regard to the fatal effects of Rhus diversiloba. All the fatal cases were malaria patients who had been sick for a considerable time before they came in contact with the Khus. As to the Argas persicus, even if its bite is not fatal, the consequences in some cases must be serious enough to induce the inhabitants of Persian villages to change the location of their settlements, as is men- tioned in Kot/ebiie's report of his travels through Ghilan. At the same time this change of location is another proof of the very local dis- tribution of Argas persicus. Argas eolumbee of Europe and the species of our own Santa Lucia .Mountains are likewise restricted to limited areas. Our Santa Lucia species seems to be both diurnal and nocturnal. The Argas rolumba' of Europe is nocturnal, and its habits closely resemble the common bedbug. The local name of our < lalifornia species is " Pajaronela," a word evidently derived from the Spanish "Pajaro," a bird, and it would indicate to me a similar mode of life to that of Argas eolumbee, wen 1 not the statements of Mr. Plaskett, founded on repeated observations of this locally very common insect, diametrically opposed to such a supposition. 92 I hope that the publication of these statements will excite some inter- est among practical students of entomology and lead to a closer study of those species which interfere with the well-being of our own kind. It may be that a closer study of the facts will furnish data that will explain why the sting of an insect which in some instances is followed by serious consequences, is in others perfectly harmless. Such data might throw some light on the mysterious play of idiosyn- crasies. — H. H. Behr, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cat. AN INVASION OF THE LARGER DIGGER WASP. August 8, 1898, Messrs. Gudewill & Bucknall, of New York City, sent specimens of the so-called larger digger wasp (Megastizus specio- sus), the well-known enemy of the dog-day harvest fly or cicada, with the accompanying report that this insect had appeared at Tarry town - on-the Dudson a few weeks previously and had taken complete posses- sion of a large croquet lawn, a bank alongside of it, and a long piece of gravel path. They had become a nuisance through their habit of excavating their burrows and throwing loose earth into large piles, described as being the size of a soup plate. Inquiry was made as to whether the sting of the insect was dangerous, and instructions were sought for the extermination of the insect in the places which it had invaded. This wasp had never been observed in that vicinity prior to this year. It would be interesting to learn if it will obtain permanent lodgment in a locality so much farther north than is usually inhabited by the spe- cies. It is a well-known insect in certain of the public parks of New York City, and it is common also in some places on Long Island, but we have no available records of its common occurrence farther north than this. RECENT INJURY BY THE SUGAR-CANE BEETLE AND RELATED SPECIES. During the last two years, and particularly during the year 1898, extensive injury has been reported to the corn and rice fields of the South by the sugar-cane beetle, Ligyrus rugiceps Lee, and the related species, L. gibbosus DeG. May 18, 1897, Mr. G. G. Gray sent specimens of the sugar-cane beetle from Poolville, Union County, Miss., with the accompanying informa- tion that this insect was rooting up and destroying the corn in that vicinity. June 23 of the same year Mr. John Duncan, Louisville, Ky., wrote that this species, specimens of which accompanied his letter, and which were received by him from Arkansas, exact locality not stated, "cuts the corn off just below the top of the ground and is very destructive to young corn from the time it comes up until it is knee-high." M.i\ 20, ivis. wmi.i was recivtMl Iroin Mr. Sarold W, Priug, Hester, La., thai this species was doing considerable damage to ntubble eaue in that \ leinit \ . \ Bimilar letter iras received from Mr. I . M. R cbardsou, Millhaveu Ouachita Parish, La., with complaint of the destruction to corn In thai parish, the letter being dated Ma} 22. November i, 1898, Mi. Eteue L Derouen, \ ille Platte, La., * nt speci mens of this Bpecies, with report that it was verj destructive to rfce and corn crops of that vicinity, attacking the plants when vet} young. The Bpecies has been treated Bomewhal full) in the Report of the Entomologist of this Department for the year L881 pp. L28, L29 . and in Volume l of Insect Life pp. 11, 12 . The related species. /.. aihbnsiis. was received Ma\ 9, L898, from Mi. doc Ha vcn port, who wrote that it was playing great havoc with stands of corn in the vicinity of Merrouge, La. The beetles were stated by Our correspondent to go down under the surface of the earth and com- pletely shred the cornstalks between the surface and the roots. A singular instance of injury by this latter species was reported Sep- tembei 23 of the same year by Mr. B. M. Vaughan, Grand Rapids, Wis. The beetles were Stated to be working into carrot roots and also into the tubers of dahlias. A NEW ENEMY TO THE GRAPEVINE IN MEXICO. Under date of July 1, L898, Mr. L. de Balestrier, of the editorial corps of the Progreso de Mexico, published at Mexico City, sent specimens of the long horned beetle, Heterachthes ceneolus Bates, in its various stages, with report that the species is causing damage to the vineyards of San Luis de la Paz, in the State of Guanajuato. I>r. Larragosa, who Bent the specimens to Mr. de Balestrier, wrote of the species as follows : The perfect insect, and also the papa, arc generally found lodged in the woody portions or in the medullar canal. It appears that the female deposits her egys beneath the bark, and the larva, naving once iorcert and gained sonic si/e. opens a gallery at the expense of the internal layers of the hark and the external layers of wood, reaching the center of the grape shoot, where it remains until it terminates its metamorphoses. All of the plants attacked perish. The rapidity with which the larva' bore tin- wood is remarkable, for one that I observed advanced in two hours one centimeter. WESTWARD SPREAD OF THE COMMON ASPAKAOI s BEETLE. April 23, 1898, Mr. L. R. Taft, horticulturist of the Michigan Agri cultural College Experiment Station, wrote that he had received from Benton Harbor, Berrien County, that State, the asparagus beetle, Crioceris <(spn hickory, on the leaves of which the larva: li\ • t.Soc, Vol. XXII, p. The writer has beaten this species from hickory at Ithaca, V \ .. \u July. The beetles have been collected about Washington late iu Ma} and early in June. — F, II. Clin I ENDBN. v m:\\ SUGAR BEE1 BEETLE. Under date of January I. 1898, Mi. Benry 0. Barron, of EJagenuan, N. Ilex., sent specimens of the little leaf- beetle. Monoi iapunctieollu with the statement that it was doing serious injury to the sugar-beet crop in his locality, [ts presence was not noticed until the year 1897. A tew of the beetles, locally known as the " French bug," were found on the date given by digging in the earth by the side of a beet to the depth of about six inches. Neither eggs nor larva- were to be found at this time. Our correspondent states that the beetles lay their eggs on the underside of a leaf, that they hatch in about six days, and that the young larva- commence feeding at once and continue for nine or ten days, when they dig their way into the ground, and. a few days later, come forth as beetles. Tlie principal damage is by the larvae, hundreds being found on a single small plant, which is either consumed or is apparently so injured that it shrivels and dies. This beetle is a maritime species, occurring near the seashore and in saline localities. It is known from Massachu- setts to Florida on tin 1 Atlantic coast, as well as in California. Colorado. Utah, New Mexico, and Texas. Until the appearance of Dr. Horn's Synopsis of the Galerucini, published in 1893, this species was repre sented in collections under the name of Galeruca maritima. According to Horn, morosa Lee. and erosa Lee. are synonyms of the same species, and the first description of tins insect was published by Say in 1 82 1 (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. HI., p. 458; Lee, ed. II. p. 222 . as GaL leruca puncticollis, from Mississippi and Arkansas. This is the first instance of this insect having been found upon any cultivated plant, and. so far as at present known, nothing has yet been published concerning its larval food plant. Mr. Schwarz, of this Divi- sion, has found it living in its larval stage upon the sea blite, Succda linearis^ maritime species, like the insect, and a member of the family Phytolaccaceae. A congeneric species, Monoxia guttulata, was repo injurious to the sugar beet in Oregon in 1890, and was made tin' subject of a special note by Mr. F. L. Washburn, in Bulletin No. 1 1 of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station — F. II. C. 96 A LEAF-BEETLE INJURIOUS TO CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER. August 14, 1898, Mr. M. J. Furlong sent to this office specimens of larvae and adults of the leaf-beetle, Chrysomela (Zygogramma) exclama- tionis Fab., with information that it was doing injury to cultivated sunflower at Fisher, Minn. August 25, our correspondent, in response to request, made another sending of the insect, with the statement that it was also found on sun- flower at the Minnesota Subexperiment Station at Crookston about two weeks previous to this writing. At this place it was controlled by hand- picking. It was anticipated that it would be necessary to " fight" the insect at Fisher early next year if it should reappear at that place. The beetles went into the earth as soon as received, although larvae were still living at the time. I am unable to find any reference to the habits of this species in any of the literature which I have consulted. Among the notes of the late Dr. Riley, however, I find that it was taken commonly in the larval and adult conditions on wild sunflower all through Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, and Colorado. Larvae of all stages were observed during August, 1873, always crowding head downward between the leaves when at rest, while the beetles were just coming out of the ground at this time. Dr. Eiley also took larvae and beetles at Greeley, Colo , in July, 1877. In the writer's collection, this species is represented also from Mon- tana and New Mexico, and it is recorded from Arizona.— F. H. C. RECENT INJURY BY BARK-BEETLES— A CORRECTION. During the past two years much injury has been reported by bark- beetles of the genus Dendroctonus to pine and other coniferous forest trees in different parts of the Northern States, from New England to Montana. Notice of injury by Dendroctonus rufipennis in New Hamp- shire was published in Bulletin 10, n. s., of this Division (p. v 98), and was again referred to in Bulletin 17 (pp. 07-69), the identification of D. rufipennis having been attributed to the writer. On looking through our Division records, I find that this is an error, as the bark-beetles seen by me from the infested locality were of a dif- ferent species. This species was received from West Stewartstown, N. H., July 28, 1897 ; while that identified as rufipennis was from Cole- grove, N. H., June 5, of the same year. The question of the identity of the species of Dendroctonus concerned in this damage is now receiv- ing attention at the hands of Dr. A. D. Hopkins, and until further study is made of the matter it will be premature to write concerning the species at work in the different localities. It is apparent that several undescribed forms are present in the infested region, either as secondary or primary enemies. — F, H. C. \\ I \ I l.lM'.s i | \,. , \ -i. . .1 MY I A There was received in February, through the Smithsonian Institu tiou, a specimen oi a lai pt from Dr. H. H. Thorpe, oi Li EI ill, Tex. This maggot, According to Dr. Thorpe, cat itfl w ay i li t • and came out of the Boalp of a child about eight years old. < me, still Bmaller, cul its waj out at the li i i » several weeks previously. A described by Dr. Thorpe, there was first a swelling on the side of the neck and high fever. The swelling gradually passed up the side of the head, disappearing l »«-l<»\\ , until it reached the top of the bead. Wheu the maggot cut through the scalp and was taken out the Bwellin once subsided. Similar cases have been brought to the attention of this office on t wo former occasions. Dr. J. M. Shaffer, of Keokuk, Iowa, wrote us, under date of March 1 7. L886, sending just such a Larva, which was taken from the back of a boy and exhibited at a meeting of the local medical society. There were said to have been a number of (anions spots or small abcesses in the boy's back, and in each of these was found such a mag got In January, L893, another similar maggot was received from Dr. T. B. Richardson, of Oroville, pal., which had been squeezed from the scalp of a child. The larva from Dr. Thorpe is a tri tie over half an inch in length, and closely resembles the third stage of the larva of Hypoderma lineata, the common "ox bot" of this country, known locally in Texas as the "heel worm." This insect, although occurring so commonly in cattle, attacks human beings very rarely. The only recorded instance known to US is recorded in Insect Life, Vol. II, pp.238-239, and Vol. IV. pp. 309-310. The latter reference calls attention to an article by W. M. Schoyen, the Government entomologist of Norway, who states that such cases are occasionally known in Sweden, and are there referable to Hypoderma bovis. THE EUROPEAN EAT BUG IN AMERICA. There is in Europe a close ally of the domestic bedbug known as Acanthia pipistrellij which occurs npon bats. It has been supposed that this insect might occur in this country, but it has never before been recorded, so far as we know. In July, however, a specimen was received from Mr. J. S. Holmes, of Bowman's Bluff, X. C, which he took from the common bat known as Nycticejus crepuscularis, which agrees perfectly with the description of the European Acanthia pipistrelli, A RADICAL NOVELTY IN CHINCH BUG WORK. In the latter part of July. L898, in several beautiful lawns in the city of Brooklyn the grass was observed to turn brown in large patches. Close examination showed that a small bug was present in numbers, specimens of which were sent to this office by Mr. Lewis Collins, the secretary of the Tree Planting and. Fountain Society of Brooklyn. A 8193— No. 18 V 98 glance showed that the insect was the true chinch bug {Blisstts leucop- terus). That this species should suddenly appear in injurious numbers in the midst of a densely populated city at a point hundreds of miles away from the region of any previous outbreak, and in a summer marked by an unusual rainfall, and upon lawns kept closely cropped and frequently watered, was a phenomenon of striking interest which completely upset all preconceived ideas of what this destructive species is liable to do. The writer visited Brooklyn early in August, collected specimens, studied the conditions, and returned to Washington strongly impressed with the unusualness of the phenomenon. No specimens of the insect could be collected by industrious sweeping or careful exploration at any point except in the immediate vicinity of the brown patches of lawn grass. On August 5 the insects had begun to migrate, and kerosene emulsion was so effectively applied that within a few days there was no further damage. The bugs were present in enormous numbers, all full grown, about one-third being of the long- winged form, and two thirds of the short-winged. No signs of disease were noticed, in spite of the unusual moisture conditions, which, when we consider the abundant rains of the summer and the frequent waterings of the lawns, is proba- bly unprecedented in the history of the species. The only previous destructive chinch bug outbreak in the State of New York of which there is record is that of 1882, in fields of timothy grass in St. Lawrence and adjoining counties in the far northern part of the State. The Brooklyn occurrence is to be attributed either to an accidental introduction into the heart of the city from the seacoast, or to an unusual multiplication of a species always present in small num- bers; but why should this unusual multiplication have taken place in the face of conditions which, in the West, have always proven destructive to the species ! POISONED POTATO SLICES FOR ONISCUS. A most admirable result of the use of slices of potato poisoned with Paris green in greenhouses to destroy the sow-bugs, or pill bugs, which are frequently brought in with soil and damage tender plants, has recently come to our notice. An extensive lettuce grower in Michigan (Mr. A. Loeffler) applied to us for a remedy against these creatures, which he said had already damaged his crop under glass to the extent of $400, and we advised the use of the potato trap. He had four houses, each 20 by 100 feet. He sliced good, juicy potatoes, and his men placed a slice to about every other lettuce plant. He followed Avith a small blower loaded with Paris green and purled it on the slices while they were in place. It took two days to make arrangements. As night came on, the sow-bugs emerged from their hiding places, but instead of going to the lettuce as usual, they all made for the sliced potatoes. He returned about midnight and found from six to eight sow-bugs upon each slice of potato. In the morning, as he expressed it, ''everything was riu* toil, th< i 1 1 * « - benches, antler the benches, and the walks were all covered with the dead creatures. At a rough estimate be ootioladed thai be bad destroyed about 24,000 specimens in t lu- t w «> nighta, NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENCE. Mi M ( \io!n. of Lealman, Fla., writes, under date ol temtx - - ...i w.i\ t<> prevent ants from Ascending the legsol ta food Bales, ate., t-> to take an om i «• <>i corrosive sublimate, mil ii with a tablespoon* in I ol lard, and applj If iu bands of from one-half to three-fourths of an inch wide, seeing thai the tables, eto., touch nothing except with their legs. Thisshonld be applied everj three or five months. Injury by the Orange Leaf- Roller.— Under date of January 21, 1898, Mr. William Chappekw writes tli.it the so-called orange Leaf-roller Tortrix citrana Pern. . speci- mens of the larva of which he sends, is doing injury to oranges in the neighborhood of Monrovia, Cal. The principal source of damage bj this species is due to the habit of the larvae of burrowing i nt * « green oranges, which cause- them to turn yellow prematurely and tin illy to drop from the tn<-. A short account of this specie- has he. n given bj Mr. D. W. Coquillett in Divisional Bulletin No. 32, 84. Injury by the Caterpillars of Scepsis fulvicollis Hbn.— June 26, 1898, Mr. W. L. Simpson wrote that the above-named caterpillar, specimens of which he sent, was pro\ niu \ -cry destructive to swamp meadows at .Jackson. Wyo. It confined itself chief! j to the lower bottoms, cutting the grass to a level with old stubble and eating it entirely away. Poisoning for the Cotton Caterpillar.— We learn from Mr. John J. Dix. Bena Tex., that in hi^ part of the country contractors treat cotton fields for the ordinary cotton caterpillar I Aletia xylina) at the rate of 25 cents per acre, using either Paris green, London purple, or arsenic. This insect is no longer a serious factor in cotton growing. It is generally considered in Texas that if a planter loses his crop a> a result of the work of this species it is due to carelessness or la/iness. Insect injury to Pecan Buds.— During the first week of August, 1898, specimens received of a larva found feeding upon leaves of pecan. Messrs. YV. H. McLeod A Sons, of Beabrook, B. C, who sent the specimens, wrote, under date of duly 27, that some insect was at work destroying the buds of pecans at that place, and that 100 trees had been destroyed that season. The larva' sent were reared and proved to be a Tortricid Known a> Proteopteryx deludana CI. It could not be ascertained whether or not this apecies was in any way concerned in the injury, but it is. we believe, the first recorded rearing of this species on pecan. A late Outbreak of the Army Worm.— The present autumn Mr. Frank W. Troth, of Accotink, Va.. found the army worm very abundantly at work in his millet when he cut it on the 26th day of September. This is an exceptionally late occurrence ol this insect in injurious numbers, and the caterpillars are undoubtedly to be referred to the third generation for the year, counting the offspring of the overwintering larva- as the first generation. It used to be considered that the first generation of the larva- only was the injurious one. hence the interest attaching to this instance. Extraordinary abundance of Io Caterpillars. — We have received from Dr. Ben. II. Brodnax, Brodnax, Morehouse Parish, La., specimens of the larva of Hypei io found upon cotton, with the information that he had found thousands of them in the same patch where they were eating leaves and squares and were so abundant as to clean the plants. This insect has long been kuown as an enemy to cotton, but we have never before received a report of its occurrence in such abundance. Another very Beneficial Ladybird. — The coffee plantations of Guatemala have been seriously affected for several years by one of the common mealy bugs, Dacty- loi)ius citri. Efforts have been made by persons interested to secure colonii - i 100 Cri/ploUvmus montrouzieri, the ladybird which cleared the coffee plantations of Hawaii from an allied scale insect; but, in the meantime, as we are informed by Senor Dieseldorff, of Coban, a native ladybird has developed in good numbers and has practically freed most of the coffee trees from the scale insects. This insect, of which he has sent us specimens, is Orciis caruleus Mulsaut, previously known from Brazil, Chile, and Central America. Leaf-Beetle Injury to Coffee Trees in Guatemala. — June 1, 1898, specimens were received of species of Noda cretifera Lef., and an unidentified species of the same genus from Mr. E. P. Dieseldorff, Coban, Guatemala, with the information conveyed in a letter, dated May 19, that they were doing harm to coffee trees in that vicinity. This information was received from Mr. Javier Grijalva, who wrote : " About twenty days ago a strong wind storm passed this plantation, and soon afterwards we noted a great quantity of insects (of which herewith a few examples) which suck the coffee leaves by making numbers of holes in them, thereby causing that they dry up completely." The Giant Twig Girdler. — We have received from Mr. J. E. Duerden, curator of the Institute of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica, a specimen of Onchleres amputator Fabr., with a branch which it had amputated. According to Mr. Duerden this insect cuts off branches of the cotton tree (Eriodendron anfracticosum), the Congo pea (Cajanus indictis), and the horsetail (Casuarina equisetifolia). This species is A-ery much larger than any of our native girdlers, and the branch sent by Mr. Duer- den has a diameter of 1| inches, the incision made by the beetle measuring three- eighths of an inch all round. Recent Injury by Blister Beetles of the Genus Pomphopcea.— March 17, 1898, specimens of Pomphopoca texana Lee. were received from Dr. J. D. Burch, of Aurora, Tex., with the accompanying report that the species had suddenly appeared at Rhoine, 2 miles from Aurora, on peach trees in bloom. In a brief time not a speci- men remained and the beetles then departed for some neighboring plum trees. This is, as far as we know, the first reported instance of damage by this species. Mr. D. L. Rozzell reports Pomplwpa>a wnea as injurious in March, beginning about the 15th, in 1898, in the vicinity of Short Mountain, Tenn., attack being observed on the bloom of peach, which was eaten entirely off the trees under observation. The beetles were reported to come in swarms like bees. When the trees were jarred they dropped to the ground and flew back to the tree again later. Swarming of Western Willow Flea-beetle. — AVe have received a number of speci- mens of this insect, which is Disonycha quinquevittata, from Mr. Herbert Brown, of Yuma, Ariz. Mr. Brown writes that on October 18, from 2 to 3 p. in., an immense swarm of these little beetles passed up the Colorado River. They held to the chan- nel of the stream, and there appeared to be a belt of them about 20 to 25 feet thick and about the width of the stream. They flew probably 50 feet above the water. When Mr. Brown's attention was first called to them, he thought it was an immense swarm of bees. This is a most interesting observation and nothing like it is on record for this species. It seems that the ordinary cause of migration, namely, lack of food, could not hold in this instance, and we are not informed as to whether the peculiar sultry condition of the atmosphere which sometimes induces swarming in other insects was present. New Food Plants of the Oil Beetle, Meloe' angusticoilis. —August 31, 1898, Mr. Charles M. Shafer, of Rogers, Ohio, sent specimens of Meloe angusticoilis found feed- ing upon two species of touch-me-not, or jewel weed, Impaiiens Iriflora (fulva) and Inqmtiens aurea (pallida). The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer Damaging Quilts.— October 6. 1898, Mr. Edw. B. Varney, Fall River, Mass., wrote that the larva of the flat-headed apple-tree borer, Clinjsobothris femorata. specimens of which he mailed to us, was found at Stevens Mill in that city after these larvae had damaged several quilts by eating into them. They had evidently come to the mill in lumber from which cases were made. Cosmopepla carnifex Attacking Mustard. — Mr. M. J. Furlong, of Fisher, Minn., 101 w rites an dei date ot Jolj it that I attacking \fii..w mustard fl j i that w< while thej writ- in blossom did not pel i I ■ • sap was noki fi on the l< i • August L4,o tod ill * t Injury bad been i •■ «i prioi to the t had n«\ ai bean so nnm< ions, [n all < an i be mustard was attacked when about ;i foot high, i li> leayea dropped ofl and t 1 1 « - plant died. If the plant waa mil grown, or n< i npon it. Onr correspondent bad not saen this Insect upon anj other plant ot 1 1 ■ « - mustard 01 :in\ other family, Tin bug oft .Vest. August 15, 1886, Dr. O. W. Harrej ot Ball , sent specimens of < 'onorhinus protractut Uhler, with the Informatiou that the spe< Les Inhabits houses and barns of the southern part of that State. It is said i i be :ni enemj of the bedbug, killing every one that is round, but tins is oot yet verified, although our correspondent admit- thai it may be true. I li<- species « lose!] resembles the so-called blood-sucking cone-nose, <>r big bed be tomguisugOy of the middle western States, and doubtless has very much the same habits and life history . Nysius californicus Injurious to Lettuce. — August I'. L898, Mi. Luca Deecalsi, of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, Cal., sent specimens of this species, which is a near n lative of the so-called false ehiuch bug, Nysius angustatus, with the accompanying information that the species was injurious t<» lettuce in his vicinity. Our corre- spondent stated th.it he was able to raise nearly as many of the insects as of salmi B< eds. Leaf-hopper injury to Potatoes. — July 13, 1898, Mr. Millis Knickerbocker, New Lenox, 111., sent specimens <>f the leaf-hopper, Ehipoasca viridesoens, with the accom- pany ing information that it was destructive to potatoes in that section and had been injurious for Beveral years. The Hawthorn Tingis injuring Quince. — August 17, 1898, wo received at this office from Mr. s. s. Wilson, of Libonia, Pa., specimens of Coryfhuoa arouoto Say., with the report that it was injuring the leaves of quince in that vicinity. The leaves sent with the specimen^ showed primary injury by the common pear slug, and the Tin- gitid was therefore all the more injurious. About 75 trees were affected, and injury vi .i- spreading. Pear was expressed that the entire orchard might be ruined. This Bpecies was treated in the Report of this Department for 1879, pp. 221-222, and is figured at Plate IV, figures 2 and 3. of the same report. The Wheat Thrips injuring Plums in Florida.— March 31, 1898, Messrs. McLean & v at us from Conant, Fla., specimens of Thrips tritici Fitch, with the report that this insect had caused injury tothe plum crop on their farm of 500 trees for six years, the insect being most abundant and injurious on the so-called -'Satsuma blood." other varieties of plums appeared t<> escape injury, owing to their blooming earlier. Injury begins with the first blooming of the trees, and the blossoms are soon destroy ed. An average of 20 individuals were counted on a single bloom. The so-called "Cotton Flea."— Through the kindness of the lion. .). D. Mitchell, of Victoria, Tex., we have learned that the delicate little Capsid plant-bug known as Psallus delicatus 1'hler. is locally known in Texas cotton field- as the "cotton ilea " Mr. Mitchell writes concerning their work during the past season that they commenced upon the cotton as sooo as it was ready to bloom, about May. They slacked up in July and disappeared about the middle of August. According to our correspondent, they go into the end of the grow ing limb and suck the juice from the embryo buds, which turn black and fall off as soon as they grow out far enough. The evidence concerning this statement is circumstantial, as the insect itself has not been observed at work. In all fields where these insects were numerous, not a bloom appeared; where they were not numerous a few flowers matured : and since the insects disappeared those fields bloomed out fully. Only certain sections were attacked: so far as observed, only sandy fields were infested. ■/ UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 09216 5868