LIBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD Kay 1943 E-5G4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF A< I [CI I :' T PE AC-PICULTIPAI P? C, ^.'C-' ADFINTSTPATIOM BUREAU OF EMCWOLOGY a" t D TLA':? QUARANTINE A .REVIEW OF THE INSECTICIDAL USES OF POTMONE AND ROTENOIDS FROI DERPJs', LONCHOCARPUS (CUBE AND TIMBO), TEPHROSIA, ATID RELATED PLANTS PART IV: HEMIPTERA By P.. C. Roark, Division of Insecticide Investigations—/ CONTENTS Page Introduction ---------------- ------------2 Hcmiptera: _____________„ _____________2 Cimicidae ------- — ____„_____ ___„____2 Coreidae ------ -_-_____„_.,_____.. ____3 Lygaeidae ---------------- »__-__„___-7 Miridae ------- _„__„__„_„__________9 Pentatomidae- _---.----------_--___-_-- -15 Pyrrhocoridae ---------- _____-___-__-_ _22 Reduviidae ------------ _ __- — _ ______ _23 Tingitidae — - — _-__ — _________ _23 Insect index ------------------ — ______ _?5 Literature cited ------- ______ __ _________ -28 Junior-author index- ----------_-----_----- -37 -/The manuscript of this publication was read by the folio-wing leaders of research divisions of this Bureau, who contributed helpful suggestions: D, L. Van Dine, Frv.it Insect Investigations; W. H. White, True": Crop end Garden Insect Investigations; R, W. Harned, Cotton Insect Investigations; F, C. Bishopp, assistant chief of Bureau, formerly in charge of Insects Affecting Man and Animals j C. F. W, Muesebe.ck, Insect Identification; L, A. Ham/kins, Control Investigations j and C. M, Packard, Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations. The assistance of specialists in the Division of Insect Identification in classifying the insects mentioned herein as to order and family is gratefully acknowledged. INTRODUCTION This is the fourth in a series of paperB designed to review all available inf ormatdon on the insecticidal uses of rotenone and the rotenoids. Part I reviewed tests with Derris, cube, timbo, Tephrosia, Mundi'.lea, and their constituents on members of the orders Collembola, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Odonata, Isoptera, Corrodentia, and Mallophaga, Apparently no tests have been recorded of the effects of the rotenone plants upon Thysanura, Ephemeroptera, or Plecoptera. Part II reviewed the tests that have been made on Thysanopteraj Part III, the tests on Homoptera; and part IV, the present paper, reviews the tests that have been made en Hemiptera. HETIIPTERA Cimicidae Cimex lectularius L., the bedbug Daniels (15) in 1905 wrote that for some time derris had been used most succes'sTef ly to destroy bedbugs in jails in Perak, British Malaya. Lclndoo, Sievers, and Abbott (59) in 1919 reporter! that derris was tested against bedbugs by placirg~ZO bugs in a jar with a quantity of excelsior and then thoroughly dusting the contents of the jar. In nine tests under these very severe conditions 24.4 percent of the bugs were killed in 24 hours and 52.8 percent in 4 days. The authors con- cluded that derris would be of no practical value against bedbugs. Kelsall et al. (53) in 192S confined a number of bedbugs in a vial with derris dust. They were active for 2 hours, but all were dead after 3-1/2 hours. DeBussy et al.. (7_) in 1"35 reported that the bedbug proved insen- sitive to rotenone and to derris powder. Van dcr Laan (55_) in 1936 reported that the bedbug was not affected by derris. Eau.de ( 59) in l r "39 discussed the pros and cons of bedbug control. One State (not specified) recommended rotenone spray for bedbug control. The use of powdored insecticides in bedbug control is generally unsatis- factory because of the difficult'' in getting -the material into cracks and crevices where the insects abound. Pyrethrurn and derris powders are vGr r toxic to bedbr.es when the*'' can be hit with the dust but have no value against- the eggs. In a liquid insecticide designed primarily for bedbug control, it is generally advisable -to have a concentration of approximately C.l to 0.2 percent of actual rotenone in an oil base of suitable viscosity. Ethylene dichloride, cyclohexanone, and a number of patented solvents are being used with petroleum oils to increase the solubility of rotenone therein. The toxic a'ction of rotenone sprays against bedbugs is slow but may be effective for a week or more, a characteristic not found in other commonlv used contact insecticides. - 5 - Hockenyos ( 41 ) in 1940 discussed bedbug control. Rotenone and derris are unquestionably effective. Derris powder kills bedbugs in a few hours. . V.all paper impregnated with rotenone kills bedbugs in contact with it. The kill does not start until about 48 hours after contact and some bugs survive for 96 hours. The sprays tested were made up in different ways, with the rotenone in true solution in some cases and in a state of colloidal suspension in oil in other cases „ One percent of rotenone was used ir these tests. The ivallpaper was dipped in the rotenone solution or suspension and then thoroughly dried. One suspension, in which dissolved rubber "was the suspending agent, was tried on a practical scale and, although it gave results superior to these obtained with ordinary nonresidual killing agents, it is doubtful whether the practice could be regarded as economical. Occasionally operator:; apply a paste to beds that are subject to frequent reinfesta- tion. Such a paste nay be made by dissolving 1 ounce of derris resin in 1/2 pint of oleic acid with gentle heating and then adding this solution to sufficient' vase! ine to make up a quart. This may be brushed into the cracks and other hiding places cf the bugs. Coreidae Acanthoc oris soabrator (F.) The Federated Falay States Department of Agriculture (23) in 1934 reported that adults and larvae of this bug were used as test insects in spraying and dusting experiments with derris. The adults were also used in tests made the following year (24). Filler (64) in 193' published a report on the toxic value of different specie" of derris in which tests on this insect arc recorded. Owing to its active habits, this species is unsuitable for use in- spraying experiments but was used in immersion experiments. The adults immersed in a suspension of rotenone 1:5,000 (prepared by adding an acetone extract to water), plus sulfonated castor oil, suffered an average mortality of 56 percent in 4 days; the sulfonated castor oil alone produced a mortality of 30 percent in the same time. with tannic acid added as a stabilizer rotenone at 1:2,000 killed an average of 60 percent and at 1:4,000 it hilled an average of 57, r percent in 3 days. The control of acetone and tannic acid caused no mortality. An a s a t r i s t is ( De g . ) , the s qu ash h u g A dust of equal parts cf derris and hydrated lime had apparently no effect on the squash bu .-••". elsail et al, (53) in 1526. Davidson (17) in 15 30 reported that when rayed on the hiber- nating adults and nymphs on squash a suspension of rotenone in water at a concentration of 1 gm, to 250 cc. cf water hilled 10 percent and at one-half this concentration it hilled 5 percent. A dust made by mixing 2 parts of rotenone with 98 parts of diatomaceous earth killed less than 50 percent. _ a - Sprays prepared by adding an acetone solution of rotenone to water wore ineffective against the iv mphs.--De.ricy (16) in 1931. Jones and Davidson (47) in 1931 reported that rotenone and derris extracts prepared with fish oil have a high toxicity to squash bugs, Campbell (b) in 1932 reviewed the rotenone tests me.de by Darley (16) and Davidson (17) on squash bugs, Gnadinger (33) ir. 1933 referred to unpublished work by Ginsburg, ■who found pyrethrins mere toxic than rotenone to squash bugs. The Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (l) in 1935 reported that derris alone was not very effective but when mixed with sulfur was of some value as a repellent. Derris dusts and sprays were ineffective, according to Kixson of Oklahoma, as reported by Cory (87) ir 1935, Elliott (18) in 1935 reported tests of insecticides for the con- trol of the squash bug. Rotenone dust -killed only about 25 percent of the third instars, Eotecide spray at 1:100 was effective against the second in star. Walker and Anderson (94) in 1935 "reported the results of tests made at the Virginia Truck Experiment Station, near Norfolk, Va, On two different occasions adult squash bugs migrated into small fields of young squash, and in each case ore dusting o r the infested plants with a derris dust containing 0.9 percent of rotenone gave very suc- cessful control. however, no tests were conducted under conditions of heavy infestation or where all stages of ore insect were present. The Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (43) in 1936 reported that cube-kaolin dust (0,2 percent rotenone) readily killed nymphs of the squash bug, but squash vines soon were reinfested, Iiaseman( (37) in 1937 reported testing derris dusts and sprays against the squash bug in Missouri without much success, C. L. Smith (79) in 19 37 obtained a 92-percent reduction in 48 hours with a spray oi 3 pounds of derris powder (4 percent rotenone) plus 4 pounds 11 ounces of soap; and a reduction of 73 percent in the same time ivith a dust containing 0,75 percent of rotenone. These tests wer3 made against nymphs. Beard (3) in 193C reported on. the control of the common squash bug in Connecticut, Several rotenone sprays and dusts were given laboratory trials, but none demonstrated sufficient toxicity against the bug to warrant field experiments. - 5 - Fulton and Howard (27, 28) in 19 38 reported on the effect. on the toxicity to plant bugs of adding oil to derris and other insecti- cides. Derris powder containing 4.5 percent .of rotenone and 14, percent of total.. extractives (carbon tetrachloride) was added to emulsions of tung, tea seed, corn, cottonseed., linseed, peanut, olive, and soybean cils, and also to heavy petrolatum oil, and was tested against squash bugs and the large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fascia tus (Dall.)). ~~~ r ~ The oil emulsions with derris were prepared with the following quantities: Technical sodium lauryi sulfate, 0.1 gm. (0.3 gm. in some tests); water 5 cc, oil 2 cc. (4- cc. for 2-percent emulsions); derris 0.44 gm. (for spray of 0.01 percent rotenone content); and water to make 200 cc, unless otherwise noted. The combined sodium lauryi sulfate and water v/as stirred with an electric mixer until the former was com- pletely dissolved. The measured quantity of the oil was then slowly added and the Mixture was stirred for several minutes until an emulsion obtained. The derris was introduced and the mixture again stirred. Water was then added to obtain the desired dilution. The derris in . acetone was prepared by mixing 0.555 gm. of derris with 5 cc. of acetone and allowing it tc stand for 24 hours before adding the other materials. The triethanol amine oleate used in the derris-acetone emulsions was ma.de by stirring together equal volumes oi triethanolanu ne and oleic acid in the mixer. It was used at the rate of 0.2 cc. to 200 cc. of the final solution. The results obtained with the squash bug may be summarized as follows: The tonicity of derris, nicotine, nicotine sulfate, and anabasine sulfate was markedly increased by the use of oils, especially peanut oil. Also, the toxicity oi' derris was greatly increased when acetone was added to the powder 24 hours before use, and still further increased when peanut oil was used. Freshly prepared derris extract was very effective. The vegetable oils increased the toxicity at much greater degree than the mineral product. The mi Ikweed bug is not so resistant to insecticides as is the squash bug, and it is relatively more susceptible at the higher humidity. In the few tests with the milkweed bug, -mineral oil was practically as effective as the peanut oil, but this was not the case in tests with the squash bug. However, all the cils increased the toxicity of derris. Foliage tests in the field on five varieties of half-grown squash plants indicated that two applications of sprays c i Ling derris (0.015 percent rotenone) and 1 percent of one o£ the following oils were not injurious to the plant: Olive, peanut, teaseed, and petrolatum. A cube or derris dust (l percent rotenone) centred led the nymphs and partially controlled the adults. — Haude (38) in If 39. , 6 - Cor i z i.i s Hyal i n us ( F . ) McKinney (60) reported in 193b' that preliminary cage tests at the Phoenix, Ariz., laboratory of the Bureau indicated that a dcrris dust mixture containing 1 percent of rotenone "..1th clay as a diluent "was effective in controlling the adults of £. hya l inus , which had been causing considerable damage to lettuce grown for seed in the Salt liver Valley of Arizona and in the Yuma Valley. This dust mixture, however, was not so effective against the nymphs as against the adults. Corizus sp. McKinney (61_) in 1940 reported that derris-sulfur-talc and paris groen.-sulftir-tp.lo dusts controlled Cori zus sp. in small experimental plots of letttu e being grown for seed at Phoenix, Ariz. In one test 3 applications of a derris dust containing 0.5 percent of rotenone in a mixture of 1 't of sulfur to 3 parts of talc gave 94-percent control of the ad (■'.Its and 91-percent control of nymphs where there was an average of S57 nymphs and 221 adults per plant on the undustcd plots. In the same test a mixture containing 1 part of paris green to 4 parts of sulfur and 5 of talc gave 93-percent control of the adults and 91-porccnt con- trol of the nymphs. The derris-sulfur mixture was applied at the rate of 60 pounds per acre per application, and the paris green-sulfur mixture at the rate of 49 pounds. During the period of these tests there were decided increases in the infestations o: r nymphs and adults of Corizus sp. on the unbrcat d plots in the series. Applications at intervals of 5 days cr loss may he necessary to combat rcinf ©station of the lettuce brought about by the influx of this plant hug from outside sources and the rapid rate of its development. Dasynus piperis China Van der Vecht (90) in 1935- reported that an infestation of this species on black pepper on the island of Banka v/as reduced to about 3 percent with a oust containing 1.5 percent of rotenone and to about 6 percent by spraying with a suspension containing 0.04 percent of rotenone. Dusts and sprays diluted to half these strengths failed to give satisfac- tory results. Leptoco risa acuta (Thunbg.) This insect did not thrive in captivity and proved unsatisfactory as a tes~ insect for spraying and dusting experiments with derris. -- Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture (23) in 1934. Leptocor i sa sp. . In Is insect on rice may be killed by spraying v r ith derris. --Van der Vecht (90) in 1C36. - 7 - Phthia picta (Drury), a tomato bug Fer.ton (26) in 1936 reported excellent control of this insect in the Rio Grande Valley by the liberal application of a derris-sulfur dust (0.5 percent rotenone). According to S. E. Jones (49) in 1938, P. picta has been a recognized pest of summer-grown tomatoes in southern Texas since 1933. It has been found in seven semiarid counties southwest of San Antonio and in the lower Rio Grande Valley. Preliminary control tests in v.-hich screen cages -fre re used to confine the insects on the tomato plants were conducted during August and September 1935, Both adults and nymphs were used in these tests and treatment -.1th each material was replicated six times or more. The average kills of nymphs and adults obtained in cage tests 'with the various dusts are tabulated as follows: Dust Mortality Percent Derris-sulfur, 0.75 percent rotenone 97 Derris-sulfur, 0.5 percent rotenone 85 Pyrethrum- sulfur, 0,125 percent pyrethrins 5 Hicotine-sulfate-lime, 10 percent nicotine sulfate 5 A derris-sulfur mixture containing 0.75 percent of rotenone was used on a field scale during 1955 and again in 1936. Two applications of this dust at the rate of 25 pounds per acre were effective in keeping this insect under control. Physomerus grossipes (F.) Used as a test insect by Killer (54) in 1935 in studying the toxic value of different species of derris. The insects were immersed in solu- tions and suspensions of toxic materials. Lygaeidae Bli ssus hirtus L'ontd., the hairy chinch bug Maxwell and IlacLeod (62) in 1936 reported tests of insecticides against the hairy chinch bug. hreas of turf 16 square feet or more in size were treated in preliminary experiments. The most satisfactory dry materials from the standpoint of cost, effectiveness, and safety were rotenone and tobacco dust. The 0.5 percent and 1 percent rotenone dusts used were commercial preparations. A dust containing 1 percent of rotenone, applied at the rate of 2 5 pounds per 1,000 square feet, caused 65-percent mortality in 1934, and 61-percent mortality in 1935; and a dust containing 0.5 percent rotenone caused 70.2-percent mortality in 1935. These results were referred to by the New York Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Cornell University (66) in its 1936 annual report (published in 1937). The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (13) in 1939 recommended tobacco dust .containing 1 percent of nicotine, or cube dust containing 1 percent of rotenone, at the rate of 25 pounds to 1,000 square feet of lawn area, fcr the control of the hairy chinch bug in Connecticut . It vras recommended that the first "brood be treated, preferably in the younger nymphal stages, about the first week of June. In very heavy infestations a second application should be made the following week. The second brood should bo treated about August 10, and a second application, if necessary, should be made about August 20, As the hairy chinch bug is difficult to control satisfactorily, examinations should be made to determine the growth stage of the insect, so that the insecticide may be applied at the best time. Hau.de (38) in 1939 recommended a cube or dcrris dust (0.75 to 1 percent rotenone) at 6 to 10 pounds per 1,000 square feet of lawn. The dust should be applied during the hottest part of the duy, and best results have been obtained by not watering it in. Blissus leucopterus (Say), the chinch bug The Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station ( 50 ) in 1934 reported that young chinch bugs on wheat in an experimental planting -..-pre con- trolled by an application of Derrisol. Richardson, Deonier, and Simantor (75) in 1957 reported tests of certair insecticides against the chinch bug. In laboratory tests pyre- thrum extract in dilute acetone solution was highly toxic en the basis of total pyrethrin content and about equal to derris extract when the concentration of the latter was expressed as rotenone. On the above- mentioned bases both pyrethrum extract and derris extract were much more toxic than rotenone. The latter was almost nontoxic to adults and fifth instars. There was no difference in toxicity between acetone and carbon tetrachloride extracts of derris. YJhen tested as a spray, rotenone was less effective in the field than in the laboratory, as were also the derris extracts. In the field powdered derris (5.7 percent rotenone) used as a dust against third and fourth insto.rs gave the following results Dosage per acre Estimated mortality in -— Pounds 2 hours 4 hours 24 hours Percent Percent Percent 7.2 5 15 25 25.1 10 25 75 The approximate order of toxicity in the laboratory of the various materials based on the median lethal concentrations for the adults was as follows: Pyre thr ins = derris extract (based on rotenene content) > nicotine "> sodium-base laundry soap ^> other potassium and sodium soaps y piperidine kerosene-naphthalene emu Is 5 on ^> kerosene emulsion. Rotenone is not included because the toxicity data are insufficient, Nysiu s ericae (Schill.), the false chinch bug Derris-fuller' s- earth dusts (rotenone 0.5 and 1.0 percent) gave practically nc kill of this insect on turnips in the lower Rio Grande Valley. —Fenton (26) in 1936. - 9 - Ono opeltu s fascia tus (Dall.), the large milkweed bug See Fulton. and Howard (27) under Anas a tristis (Deg.) on pag« 5, Oxycarenus spp . s Rutherglen bugs Jarvis (46) in 1931 reported that Katakilla, 5 pounds per l r, imperial gallons of water, hilled 7C.2 percent of both adults and immature stages. Liridae Calocoris fulvomaculatus (Deg.) Calocori. norveg icus Gmel., a two-spotted green bug Van der Laan (55) in 1956 reported these species to be sensitive to derris dust. Pear trees infested T/ith C. fulvomaculatus yielded more fruit vh en dusted with derris (rotenone 1 or 2 percent) than when sprayed with 0.1 percent of nicotine. --DeBussy et al. (6) in 1936. Dicyphus min imus uhl., the suckfly Excellent control '."."as obtained by dusting with derris-sulfur (0,5 percent rotenone) at the rate of 50 ocunds per acre, — Fentcn (26) in 1936. H alticus c itri (Ashm.), the garden flea hopper Chamberlin (ll) reported that during the 1933 growing season at Quincy, Fla. , a snail field of tobacco, very heavily infested with the garder flea hopper, was dusted with derris. A few rows were treated with undiluted, finely ground derris root and the remainder with dilute material. A total of nine applications were continued throughout the greater part of the growing season. I\o appreciable control could be observed. Helop el tis sp. Van der Scheer (75) in 1935 reported that a rctenone-benzene emulsion in water at s concentration of 1:5,000 rotenone gave good control. This species on tea r.av, perhaps, be controlled by ousts containing about 0.5 percent of rotenone. — Van der Vccht ('90 ) in 1935. He terocordylus malinus Rout., a dark apple redbug Lygidea mendax Rout.., the apple redbug Parrott, Glasgow, and J'acLood (71) in 1921 reported tests with a number of materials against two species of plant bugs, namely, the bright redbug (L. mendax) and the dark redbug ( Heterocordylus mal inus Peut.). A derris-soap compound xras used, a commercial preparation LDerrisol? - 10 - assumed to contain approximately l/2 pound of powdered dcrris root and 6 pounds of soap per gallon. This dorris-soap mixture was used at the rate of 10 pounds to 100 gallons of water. Applied at the rate of 13-1/3 gallons per tree, the derris-soap mixture killed 99.2 percent of the insects. This same mixture, in three different tests, injured 6, 6.3, and 14.1 percent of the apples, the average being 13.2 percent. Derris and tobacco dust, applied erthcr in dry state or with lime-sulfur, dis- played high toxicity against redbugs, Kopp (_5£) in 1924, in a review of the insecticidal uses of dcrris, referred to the above report. The New York County Agents' Training School (67) held at Ithaca on December 19, 1938, heard reports on rctenone products as follows: A spray of 3 pounds of cube plus wcttablc sulfur gave a control of 73.7 percent of the bright apple redbug on Mcintosh apples. Nicotine sulfate at 1:800 plus lime-sulfur gave the best control, namely, 93.9 percent. Ly gu.s api cal is Fieb. Smith, Clark, and Scales (80) at Tallulah, La,, in 1934 compared the ef feet iven ess of derris, cube, and other insecticides against L, apicali" in cages and in the field. Both derris and cube contained 4 percenx r.f rotenone. The insecticides were applied as dusts, according to the i ■"■-.! t "ocedure for field dusting, with a small hand dust gun. The results were as folio 1 / s: Treatment : Mor tali ty of : Adult'-; M;~:, ; ~ 3 Percent Percent Cube only 41.5 44.8 Derris only ----- 51.8 41,1 Derris + sulfur(l+7)- 68.6 71.6 Calcium arsenate- - - 33,3 58,6 Check 18.8 15.7 As shown in the table, cube was not equal to derris of equal rctenone content. The highest kill of both adults and nymphs was ob- tained with the derris-sulfur dust of highest sulfur content. Lygus campestris (L.) A ground mixture of 2.5 parts of Derris elliptica root, 7,5 parts of sab l.la ■ ieds, and 90 parts of talcum proved useful in exterminating these b ;, Instead of the drugs, their effective extracts or the al- kali .-covered therefrom may be used; for instance, by mixing 0,2 pen i roi none, 0.3 percent of veratrin, and 99,5 percent of kaolin. — Scfc ' i. and CoYnitz (76) in 1935. Lygus h ■ = rus Knight In 1936 Cassidy and Barber, in a quarterly report to the Division of Cotton Insect Investigations of the Bureau, stated that in plat tests cube was less effective (45.2-pe rcent control) than derris '( 52. 8-percent control) against L. hesperus. - 11 - Lygus oblineatus (L.)j the tarnished plant bug The Ontario Department of Agriculture (69_) in 1934 reported that derris extract was of little -value for the control of the tarnished plant bug on celery. Thompson (85) in 1934 recorded tests against the tarnished plant bug on celery in Ontario, Derris powder mixed with fresh hydrated lime was used at the rate of 1 pound of derris to 20 pounds of lime as a dust. The material was applied with a hand duster on a calm day. Penetration was poor, and examinations carried on over a period of 2 weeks failed to show any difference in the extent of damage on the treated rows, as con- pared with those in the check. Derris was also applied as a spray at the rate of 1 pound of derris to 20 imperial gallons of water to which a quarter of a pound of laundry soap had been added. The active principle of the derris was extracted by treating the pound of powder with 1 pint of methyl alcohol. Derris did not prove of any value against any stage of the tarnished plant bug, either as a dust or as a spray. Cory (37) in 1935 reported that rarcovitch of Tennessee obtained verv good cent. ol in case tests with a dust consisting of 1 part of v O O OX derris and 7 parts of talc. The Division of Cotton Insect Investigations of this Bureau, in a memorandum to R. C. Roark, dated December 2, 1936, reported the following results of tests against the tarnished plant bug at Tallulah, La,, and Port Lavaca, Tex., in 1936: Treatment Derris 40 percent, sulfur 60 percent ( rotenone 1,6 percent) - - - Derris 20 percent, sulfur 80 percent (rotenone 0.8 percent) - - - Derris 10 percent, sulfur 90 percent (rotenone 0.4 percent) - - - Derris (rotenone 4 percent)- --------- Check- -- _______________ Cube (rotenone 4 percent)- ---------- Sulfur -------------------- Tephrosia virginiana (rotenone 1,7 percent)- - Mor tality Nymphs Adults Percent Percent 43.1 47.1 36,7 68.2 28.9 64.5 O <^ # i? 43.3 46, ,7 76, ,8 59 4 78, ,7 66, ,6 67, ,5 45, 6 54, ,6 - 12 - Smith and Scales (8_l) in 1937 reported the foil-owing results of insecticidal tests on L. prat ens is confined in cages on cotton: Materials and proportions Pyrethrum-cube-sulSur 10 :1G : 30 ( rotenone 0.49 percent)- - - - Pyrethrum-sulfur 40-.-60 ------- Pyre thrum (0.76 percent total pyrethrins)? - - - - Sulfur Checks --------------- Cube-pyrethrum 40:60 (rotenone 1.96 percent)- - Cube- sulfur 20:80 (rotenone 0.98 percent)- - Cube-sulfur 10:90 (rotenone 0.49 : J : Nymp ortf hs ility Adul ts : Kymr Cor >hs r.t it rol adults Perce nt Perce nt Perce P ercent 79 52 71 21 74 78 63 63 90 83 86 SO 70 41 58 3 29 40 — — percent)- - 54 Cube (rotenone 4,9 percent)- 49 33 12 50 Derris dusts gave promising results against L, pratensis on chrysanthemum. A dust containing sulfur, derris, and nicotine seemed to be superior to one containing derris and nicotine and also to one consisting mainly of derris. — [Cheshunt] Experimental and Research Station (12) in 1938. ...-•■■ Smith, Scales, and Gaines (82) in April 1S39 reported tests made at Tallulah, La., in 1938 with insecticides on caged cotton plants out of doors. In tests against adults of the tarnished plant bug, derris containing 4.3 percent of rotenone was only slightly more effective than when diluted with sulfur to contain approximately 1 percent of rotenone, while both the derris and. the derris-sulfur mixture were more effective than sulfur alone. The same authors (83) in December ! r 39 reported the results of tests against L, pratensis adults with derris as follows: - 13 Treatment Net mortality on — Derris, 4,3 percent rotenone alone- - - - - - with 1 percent wetting agent B- - ■- - " with 1 percent wetting agent C- - - - " with .1 percent wetting agent A- - - - Derris-sulfur mixture 1:3 alone ------- with 1 percent wetting agent B- " " with 1 rercent wetting agent C- " " with 1 percent wettinz aeent A- Sulfur alone t! with 1 percent, wetting agent 3 - - - - with 1 percent wetting agent C - - - - with- 1 percent wetting agent A - - - - Check Cotton Percent 55 39 55 36 20 34 41 28 20 19 14 13 27 ca adensis 49 . 42 40 30 46 43 28 36 13 14 20 13 47 The addition of wetting agents to these insecticides and mixtures does not appear materially to affect the net mortality. These results are based on nine replications. L ygus simonyi Peut., a coffee bug See LePelley (57) under Ante stia orbital is (Westw.), page 16. Lygus sp. Cube dust gave 70-porcent control, derris dust (4 percent rotenone) 80-percent control, and pyrethrum dust 100-percent control in tests made on caged cotton plants in the field and in lantern -lobes in the insectary. 1 Cassidy and Barber (10) in 1935. Mertila malayensis Dist. Leefmans (56) in 1931 reported that a spray of derris and soap gave good results against the capsid Mertila malayensis Dist., attacking orchids in the Netherlands Indies. PI c s i o c o r i s rugic cllis (Fall.), a: Le capsid bug K earns, Larsh, and Pearce (52) in 1933 reported that derris spray gives a good measure of control of capsids (probably P. rugicollis ) on apple trees in England. - 14 - Kearns, harsh, and Martin (_5l) in 1936 reported tests in England with the following: 8 ounces of nicotine, 1.5 gallons of lime-sulfur, 1 pound of sulfonated Lorol to 100 imperial gallons of total solutions 1.2 ounces of rotenone, 1,18 pints of acetone, 1,5 gallons of line- sulfur, 1 pound of sulfonated Lorol to 1.00 gallon's of total solution. The rotenone spray was prepared by the addition of an acetone solution (5,13 percent) of rotenone to the dilute lime sulfm'- sulfonated Lorol solution. The washes were applied in drenching amounts on Lay 17, 1934, each to 4 trees selected at random, 4 other trees being left unsprayed as control. Immediately after spraying, small numbers of capsid nymphs and half-grown winter-moth larvae were collected from the sprayed trees and kept under observation, i.;any of the insects collected from the rotenone- sprayed trees remained active for an hour but paralysis then set in, and 15 hours later all the capsids and larvae were moribund. The nicotine wash proved equally effective insofar as the capsids were concerned hut about half of the winter moth larvae recovered and con- tinued normal feeding. The set of blossom on the trees was satisfactory and the total number of caps id-marked and clean fruit on each tree was ascertained during the third wee 1 : of August. The results show that nicotine and rotenone, at the respective concentrations used, were equally effective when applied in conjunction with lime-sulfur and sul- fonated Lorcl for the control cf the' apple .capsid, Fsallus scriat us (Eeut.), the cotton flea hopper The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (84) in 1925 reported that a spray of Derrisol reduced infestation by the cotton flea hopper, but sulfur dusts gave better results. Swing (19) in 1935 reported rotenone dusts to be ineffective. Cube powder (4 percent rotenone) gave a control of 9,7 percent oft adults and 14 percent of nymphs. Ewing (20) in 1936 reported the results of cage toxicity tests with 20 dusting materials against the cotton flea hopper. Results with cube and devil ' s-shoestrings (rotenone 1,7 percent, total carbon tetra- chloride extractives 7,5 percent) wore as follows: Insecticide Pyre thrum- cube- sulfur (10:10:80)- - - - - - Devil' s-shoostrings- sulfur (23.5:76.5) Devil 's-shoestrings-sulfur (47:53)- - - - - Devil ' s-sho: strings-sulfur (94:6) ------ Untreated checks!/- ------------ Mortality Adults Percent F5.0 11.8 9.2 8.4 6.0 Uymphs Average crccnt 67.0 Percent ~TT.0~" 63.8 57.8 42.2 25.7 20. 7 17.6 11.0 8.5 l/ Average mortality among 865 adults in 18 cages and 998 nymphs in 21 cage - 15 - The maximum mortality (82 percent) of adults was given by a mixture of 10 parts of air- floating par is green and 90 parts of sulfur; the maxi- mum mortality (95.5 percent) of nymphs was _iven by a mixture of 40 parts of pyre thrum (pyrethrins 0.9 percent) and 60 parts of sulfur. Erring and i'cGarr (21) in 1937 reported results of insecticidal tests against the cotton flea hopper in 1935, 1934. and 1935 at Port Lavaca, Tex. Cotton flea hopper nymphs and adults -.."ere introduced into screen cages late in the afternoon of the day preceding the beginning of the experiment. The dust applications were made earl:;- in the mornings, usually shortly after sunrise. Powdered derris root and cube root, each containing approximately 4 percent of rotenone, were tried against the flea hopper. Neither of these materials showed any promise. The kill of adults from derris root was about 4 percent and of nymphs about 7 percent. The cube root gave a kill of 2 percent of adults and no kill of nymphs. Derris mixed with sulfur, 1 part to 4 parts by weight, gave a mortality of both nymphs and adults below that caused by straight sulfur. The mix- ture of clay with 4 percent of rotenone showed no kill. A mixture with 50 percent of rotenone was then applied and still there was no kill of adults and only a 2-percent kill of nymphs. A mixture of sulfur with 4 percent of rotenone also failed to show any benefit from the rotenone. Cube root mixed with phenothiazine failed to give promising results. Ragmus impor t unitas Dist. It is possible that this species on crotalaria may be controlled by dusts containing about 0.5 percent of rotenone. — Van der Vecht (90) in 1936. Pentatomidae A ero sternum hilare (Say), the green stinkbug Underhill (86) in 1934 reported that Derrisol gave poor results against green stinkbug nymphs in laboratory tests. In field tests against nymphs on bush lima beans Serrid Super Agricultural Spray killed 67 per- cent at the end of 24 hours when applied at 1:200. At the same dilution plus 0.5 percent of soap, the kill was 72 percent; plus 1 percent of soap the kills in 4 tests were 100, 78 ; 85, and 100 percent. At 1:400 with 0.5 percent of scap this material killed 67, 65, and 93 percent of the nymphs in three tests; at 1:400 with 1 percent of soap the kill was 72 and 81 percent in two tests. It was concluded that nymphs can be killed by using strong solutions of soap or mixtures of sprays containing soap and pyrethrin or soap and rotenone. i T cne of the combinations proved effective against the adults and eggs. Hau.de (42) in 1939 recommerded spraying the nymphs with cube or dorris (4 percent rotenone) at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water plus a wetter. Agonoscelis rutila (F.), a red and black shield bug The New South Wales Entomological Branch (65) in 1955 suggested dusting with a mixture of 1 part of derris powder and 9 parts of talc by volume. - 16 - Antes tia orbitalis (Westw, ), a variegated coffee bug Le Pelley (57) in 1935 reported effective control of the coffee bugs A. orb italis van lineati col lips Stal and Lygus" simo ny i Reut, by spraying with a kerosene extract of pyrethrum, using IOC gm. of pyrcthrum powder (pyrethrin content, 1.25 percent per liter). The spray was applied with a small hand atomizer at the rate of 20 cc. of extract per tree, and the spraying was done under a cloth cover. Attempts were made to extract the toxic principles of Teph r osia vogelii and tobacco, in paraffin oil, in a similar simple method suitable for use on the plantation. It was found that the extracts pre- pared from 4-00 gm. of leaves and from 500 gm. of pulverized tobacco, each in 1 liter of paraffin oil, were only slightly toxic. A fairly large proportion of the insects present were brought down fro.-; the trees, but a very large percentage recovered. Laboratory trials showed that the extracts prepared from Te phrosia and tobacco, although not completely lacking in insecticidal properties, were so inferior to the ■nyrethrum extracts as to be hardly comparable by the methods used. [According to K. G. Barber, orbitalis and lineaticollis are different species of the genus Antestia, the proper name for the varie- gated coffee bug being A. orbitalis (TFestw. ).] Antestia sp. Yvbrsley ( lOO ) in 1934 reported that when tested in the laboratory sprays made by extracting Tep hrcsia vogelii seeds vdth paraffin til at the rate of 2 pounds per gallon were equal in effect to pyrethrum extracts of l/2 to 1 pound per gallon. Bagrad a hilar is (Burm. ), the Bagrada bug Gunn (35) in 1918 reported that both nymphs and adi^lts of the Bagrada bug, feeding en cruciferous plants in South Africa, can be destroye by spraying with ordinary Katakilla (a derris preparation), 1 pourd to 7 imperial gallons of water, or with a special Katakilla at the rate of 1 pound to 8 imperial gallons of water. Chlorcchroa sayi Stal, the Say stinkbug Gas sidy and Barber (10) in 1935 reported that cube dust ^illed none of these insects, and derris dust (the best of seven materials tested) ;ave a control of only 2c percent. Tests were made by dusting caged cotton plants in the field and branches of ccttcn enclosed in lantern globes in the insectary. In 1936 these same authPrs reported uc the chief of the Division of Cotton Insect Investigations of the Bureau that in plat tests, cube was less effective (45.2 percent control) than derris (62.8 percent control ) . Coptoscma siamicum 'falk. (C. pygmaeum Mont. ) Van der Vecht ( 90 ) in 1936 reported that this insect was easily killed by spraying, but attempts to control it by dusting have met with failure. . - 17 - Eurydema c ma tu rn (L, ) This bug or. cauliflower is repelled by a proprietary product con- taining 0.72 percent of rotenone, according to a letter from the manufac- turers, the Etablissements Rotenia, to R, C. hoark in 1938. Eurydema pulchru:: TTestw, Spraying with derris kills this insect on cabbage, — Van der Yecht (90) in 1936. o Euschistus impictiventris Stal, a brown cottonbug Cube dust gave 43-percent control (the b°st of seven insecticides tested) and derris dust 38-percert control in tests made on ceged cotton plants in the field and in lantern globes in the insectary. In plat tests cube was less effective (45.2-percent control) than derris (62.8-percent control). — Cass idy and barber (10) in IP 35. tlurga ntia histrionica (Hahn), the harlequin bug Brannon (4) in 1933 reported the results of tests against the harlequin bug with rotenone dusts and sp r:ys at Norfolk, Va. Very poor results were obtained with the trection duster, even though the nozzles were arranged in several different ways. lest results were obtained when heavy applications were made with a hard duster. Counts indicated that a commercial derris dust at the rate of 38 pounds per acre had a repellent action. Practically no kill vas obtained with a derris extract (5 gm. rotenone par 100 cc. of acetone) at 1:200 in an experiment made when the temperature was S8 f ° F. and the relative humidity 76 percent. The same materials gave excellent results when the temperature was 83° and the relative humidity 84 percent. Gilmore (32) in 1933 reported that at Clarksville, Tenn., a field test against the harlequin bug with a mixture o^ equal parts of derris dust and tobacco dust :;ava entirely unsatisfactory control. C. E. Smith (78) in 1933 reported on tests to control the harlequin bug at Baton Bouge, Lj. Dusts containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 percent of rotenone were tested in cages in the field. The following respective hills wore obtained within 144 hours: 71.4, 61.9, 90.4, and 95.2 percent. Because the kill obtained with the 2-percent dust was rather lo 1 ^, it was replicated, giving a 94-percent kill in 144 hours. halker and Anderson (92) in 1935 reported tests made at Norfolk, Va,, on the control of the harlequin bug with various pyre thrum and nicotine preparations and with the following four derris dusts: Ku-ba-tox, Sentone, Derrax, and an air-floated, powdered derris rcot alone an-; 1 in combination unti: an inert carrier; also three derris sprays, viz, Noxon Plant Spray, Serrid, and Super Agriculture] Spray, - 18 - The best results were obtained with materials in which rotenone was the active ingredient. The most extensive tests were carried on with Serrid, a derris extract with a rotenone content of 5 gm. per 100 cc. A 0.25-percent solution of powdered Ivory soap in combination with Sen id gave nearly as high kills in the insectary as a 2-percent-soap solution in combination rath Serrid in the field. Also, Serrid alone and the soap alone, even at weaker dilutions, gave higher kills in the insectary than in the field. The addition of soao to the Serrid greatly increased its effectiveness. Practical field control of adult harlequin bugs on young kale has been obtained with 1 uart of Serrid to 200 parts of a 1-pcrcent solution of powdered Ivory soap, applied under 150 to 200 pounds pressure. The Serrid and soap combination should be used as soon as it is mixed because rotenone deteriorates rapidly in the presence of soap, and the insects must be thoroughly covered with the spray material in order to obtain satisfactory control. hoxon Plant Spray was about half as toxic -as the Serrid and Soap spray. Ku-ba-tox, a rotenone dust, did not give satisfactory control, possibly because of its low rotenone content. Preliminary tests with Super Agricultural Spray, a derris product, at the rate of 1 part to 200 parts of ".voter, and with powdered air- floated derris root with a 4-percent-rotcnone content, used at the rate of 1 part to 2 and 4 parts of an inert carrier known as Inert C (a clay), have given satisfactory control both in the insectary and in the field. However, these tests were so limited in number that further experiments must be conducted under varied conditions before their use ean bo generally recommended. Sentone and Dcrrax, two rotenone dusts, were not quite so effective in insectary tests as was the powdered, air-floated derris- root dust. White and Brannon (97) in 1933 reported the results of tests made with many insecticides to determine their effectiveness against the harle- quin bug. Derris extract was tested at dilutions ranging from 1:200 to 1:1,200 with una without soap (0.5, 1, or 2 percent) and with whale-oil soap. Derris extract was used in a small series of experiments with white* oil emulsion, summer-strength oils, and tannic acid, and with spreaders. Several of these materials gave excellent results in cage tests, but were found to be inefficient under field conditions. The best results were obtained with derris extract (containing rotenone as the active in- gredient and a spreader or wetting agent) at a dilution of 1:200. This may be prop; red as fellows: Use 2 quarts of derris extract in 100 gallons of water or, in smaller quantities., 2 ounces (4 table spoonfuls) in 3 gallons of water. Measure the quantity of derris extract required to moke a 'iv;n quantity o r finished spray, and thoroughly dissolve this in a little water. Then add the dilute derris extract to the quantity ci water needed for the finished spray. Agitate the mixture and apply immediately. Fix only sufficient spray for immediate use. It should be borne in mind that only those insects actually hit ^oy the spray are killed. Thorough- ness of application is of prime importance. Preliminary tests indicate that commercial dusting powders containing approximately 0.5 percent of rotenone are also of value in controlling the harlequin bug. i - 19 - Brannon (5) in 1°34 reported on the close correlation between tem- perature and kilT of the harlequin bug \rith rOtenone sprays. In conducting field toxicity tests in 1933 Brannon observed that 20 adults in each treat- ment, when sprayed in the field and placed in field cages over sprayed plants, yielded the following data: Relative : Date of treatment : Temperature : hum-' dity : Mortality "F Percent Percent September 6 81 72 90 12 83 74 94 21 68 76 5 29 76 70 20 October 4 71 78 25 At the 1034 meeting of the American Association of Economic Ento- mologists, Cory (87) led a discussion of field results Y. r ith arsenical substitutes for the control of vegetable insects. Hixson of Oklahoma reported that derris dusts and sprays were ineffective. Marcovitch of Tennessee reported that a dust composed of 1 part of derr:s and 7 parts of talc gave very good control of the harlequin cabbage bug in cage tests. Robinson of Alabama reported that derris-talc or derris-sulfur dusts (0,5 percent rctenone) gave not over 85-percent kill of the adults. Gilbert and Popenoe (31) in 1934 reported that for the harlequin bug derris extract, 4 table spoonfuls to 3 gallons of water, with two 1-inch cubes of soap added, has been found to have some value against the young bugs, but the full-grown ones are almost spray-proof. T.alker and Anderson (93) in 1934 reported that in cage tests derris gave much better results than pyrethrum. Proprietary derris products tested included Cubor, Kubatox, and Sprayrite. The Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station (l) in 1935 reported that derris alone is not very effective but when nixed with sulfur is of some value as a repellent, Tialker and Anderson (94) in 1935 reported that thoroughly dusting harlequin burs with a derris dust containing at least 0.5 percent of rctenone usually givesbetter than 75-percent kill. However, sometimes the results arc erratic, with the dust failing to give more than 25- percent control. The exact cause of all this variation has not been determined, but cool, windy weather seems greatly to reduce the effective- ness of the dust. This material is not entirely satisfactory, but when thoroughly applied it has given better results than any other material tested, Pyrethrum dust containing nearly 1 percent of pyrethrins paralyzed the bugs to. porarily, but they scon recovered and apparently suffered no ill effects. A derris-sulfur dust (0,5 percent rotenone) when applied at the rate of 35 pounds per acre is ever 90 percent effective. — Fcnton (26) in 1956, -^•SSS?*** - 20 - Howard and Mason (42_) in 19S7 referred to Brannon's tests which indicated that derris spray or dust is a promising reredy. Walker and Anderson (95) in 1937 reported that derris dust and sprays have given promising results. Fulton and Howard (28) in 1938 reported that the addition of peanut oil or pine oil to a derris-talc dust mixture greatly increased its toxicity to the harlequin hug. In fact, a derris-talc dust mixture without an oil and containing 0.5 percent of rotenone is very near].;/ innocuous against the harlequin bug. The status of a wetting agent in the derris- talc-oil dust mixture has not heen determined definitely, but it is believed, on the basis of results obtained in preliminary experiments, that a wetting agent is unnecessary in this mixture and may be detrimental. Gunderson of the Extension Service of the Iowa State College (34) in 1938 recommended derris for the control of the harlequin bug. Parks and Pierstorff (70) of the Extension Service, Ohio State University, in 1338 rccommend"ed" a strong rotenone spray with soap as a spreader for the control o n the harlequin bug en cabbage and cauliflower,' Fulton and Howard (29) in July 1939 reverted that coconut, castor, linseed, and corn oils were"~more toxic to the harlequin bug after sulfona- tion; whereas the toxicity of olive, teaseed, and cottonseed oils was not appreciably increased by sulfonation, Sulfonation of soybean oil increased the toxicity to M, histrionica from 39 to 87 percent. These tests were all made with mixtures of the oils and cube powder under laboratory conditions. Mi P. Jones (48) ■ in the 4-H Club insect manual issued in 1939 recommended derris or cube for the control of the harlequin bug. Walker and Anderson (96) in 133 c recorded tests with derris powder and cube powders as sprays and" with Stantex E against the harlequin bug on cabbage. A cube-talc dust containing 2 percent of rotenone gave only 38-percent control when applied on a sunshiny day at a temperature of 64° F # and a relative humidity of 63 percent; but a cube dust containing 0.75 percent of rotenone, applied during a light drizzle of rain, gave 83-percent control. The authors concluded that thoroughly spraying plants infested with harlequin bugs with a mixture containing 8 pounds of derris or cube powder (rotenone content 5 or 6 percent) to 100 gallons of water, to which a good wetting agent has been added, wil] give good control of all harlequin bugs hit by the spray. Further, 1 part of Stantex R emulsified in 50 parts of water and thoroughly applied Till give good control of this nest, as will the concentrated derris extract plus soap sprag previously recommended. On large plants where the bugs are well protected it may be necessary to spray two or three times at weekly intervals to insure good control. Podops lurida (.'hvrm, ) inc ir- lS 27 reported 40 impcria" 1 at 675 gm. The Institute of Physical and Chemical research, Japan (44) in ported that Ecoton at 450 gm. plus twice its weight of soap in rial gal-Ions of water killed onlv 17.5 percent of the adults; gm. plus 750 gm. of soap it killed 100 percent of the third - 21 - instars; and at 900 gin, plus 750 gm. of soap it killed 94.1 percent of the fifth instars. Another agricultural experimert station in Japan reported that 55.3 percent of the adults were killed by 1 pound of TIeoton in 80 imperial gallons cf v/ater, and 86.6 nercent were killed by twice this concentration. Rhoecocoris sulciveiitris (Stal), a bronze orange bug The Queensland Department of Agriculture (72_) in 1923 reported tests to control the bronze orange bug on citrus trees at llontville, Australia. Salomia (10 ounces plus Derrisene, 1 ounce, ir 2 imperial gallons of water) and Katalcilla (4 ounces, in 2 imperial gallons of •water) were unsatisfactory, and the addition of resin as a sticker did not materially add to their value. Hely (40) in 1938 reported on the control cf the bronze orange bug which is a f -miliar pest ir citrus orchards in parts of the Forth Coast o£ New South Wales and in Queensland, and causes considerable con- cern also in the ^ocrlar.d and surrounding districts in some seasons. The earlier attempts to destroy late-stage bugs with nicotine and pyre thrum, extracts were not successful, though derris in dust form showed some promise. Later trials with derris and pyrethrum solutions indicated that further work with these materials was justified and, as a result of tests conducted in ITcvember 1P37, it xvas found that either cube po-.vder or ground derris root at the rate of 1 pound to 40 imperial gallons of v/ater with soft soap at the rate of 1.5 pounds to 40 imperial gallons gave an excellent kill of all stages present, including adults. Bugs in the secord, third, and fourth instars appeared most susceptible, while those in the late fifth instar just before changing into adults were the most resistant. Applications should therefore be mads when injury begins to become apparent in the spring, when few fifth instars are present. In preparation of the sprays the soft soap is dissolved in hot water and then the derris or cube powder is stirred into the soap solution. This mixture is then added to the water in the spray tank and the Thole kept well agitated during the spra; ing, Pyrethrum at the rates of 1 pound to 20 gallons and 1 pound to 40 gallons had the effect of droppin;; some cf the bugs, but many of them recovered, though at first they verc stupefied. Scoixinophara ccarctata (F.) I F.alay States Department of Agriculture (22_) in 1920 reported that in Fc-rak, durin October and hovcmbcr, experiments v. r cre conducted on the centre] o' Bona Kura ( Pod ps)Scoti nop] ra ccarctata F. , a medium-sized brovm bug. Sorry: - :erosen md with extract of tuba root (Derris sp.) v.r.r tried. The r suits were uncertain. Corbctt and Yusope (14) in 1' 24 stated t at ... s ray of tuba root has a marked killing effect c bh various stages, but since the quantity required would mane 'z]\c operation - ; too costly, unless derris plants were grevn by the cultivators, this of combating the insect - 22 - is not recommended. This insect did not thrive satisfactorily in captivit and proved unsatisfactory as a test insect for spraying and dusting experiments with derris. — Federated Malay States Department of Agricul- ture (_25) in 1.34. Spraying with derris was not very successful. -- Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture ('25_) in 1937. Thyanta custator (F.) Cassidy and Barber (12) reported in 1935 that in plat tests cube was less effective (45. 2-pe"rc"ent control) than derris (62.3-percent con- trol) in controlling this insect. Pyrrhocoridae Dy s d ere us c i n gu 1 a t u s (F.), a red cotton bug Gater (30) in 1925 reported that in dipping tests the nymphs are particularly susceptible tc derris. Dys dercus fasciatus Sign. Andries (2) in 1^32 recommended a sprav of Derrisol for the control of this ccttcn stainer. Dys aercus megalopygus Bred. Butac (0) in 1933 reported the results of tests with a derris dust (1.5 percent rotencne) on cotton insects in one of the plots of the Philippine Carnival Exposition. The dusting vas done at about 9 a.m. and amon^ the insects collected between 2 and 3 p.m. were 4 adults of this cotton stainer, all dead. Merino ard Otanes (63) in 1938 recommended derris in soapy water for the control of this insect on cotton in the Philippine Islands. Dysd ercus mimulus Irussey, the Arizona cotton stainer Cube dust gave 26-percent control and derris dust gave 10-percent control in t°sts made on caged cotton plants in the field and in lantern globes in the insectary. Of seven insecticides tested, pyrethruin dust gave the best (70 percent) control. In plat tests cube was less effective (45. 2-percent control) than derris (62.8-percent control). — Cassidy and Barber (10) in 1935. Dysd ercus nigrofasci atus Stal .Andries (2) in 1932 recommended a spray of Derriscl for the control of this cotton stainer. - 23 - Dysdercus ruficollis (L. ) Wille et al , (98) in 1137 reported bests made with cube at the La Molina, Peru, Agricultural Experiment Station. In laboratory tests against 20 adults cf D. ruficollis, a cube dust containing 5 percent of rote none killed 4 and~~paralyzed "th"e others in 24 hours, and after 4 days 19 were dead.. Dusts of lower rotcnor.e content also gave good results, one of 0,01 percent giving 80-percent mortality in 5 days. One unfavor- able resv.lt of this slow rate of toxicity was that females were able to oviposit normally and their eggs hatched. Sprays of 0.1 percent rotenone content in three tests gave 52-, 80-, and 100-percent mortality. Dysde rcu s supe rs titiosus (F. ) Andries (2) in 1932 recommended a spray of Derrisol for the con- trol of this cotton stainer. Dysdercus suturellus (K. S.), the cotton stainer Jaci: and Sends (45) in 1922 reported that spraying with tuba mix- tures is one of the means recommended for controlling the cotton stainer. D ysdercus sp. Dysd ercus sp, on cotton may be killed by spraying with derris. — Van der Veoht (90) in 1936. Eeduviidae Centrocnemis sp« Ridley (74) in 1912 wrote that in Sarawak there was a small, flattened, green bug, peculiar from having its sides fringed with tiny spines, which was identified as an immature form, probably of some species of Centrocnemis. The best method of dealing with this serious pest was stated to be spraying the vines with a decoction of tuba root (Derris elliptica ) . Tingitidae Corythucha arcuata (Say), a lacebug Hamilton (36_) in 1938 reported a kill of 90 to 100 percent of lacebugs on sycamore, azalea, and aster in three out of four tests made with a spray of derris or -cube pqwder (4 percent rotenone and 16 to 18 percent total extractives) zt the rate of 4 rounds per 100 gallons, with the addition of 4 pounds of rosin-residue emulsion. The spray acts as a contact poison. Coryt hucha cydoniae (Fitch), a lacebug The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (68) in 1937 reported that derris-talc dust had been tested against the - Tacebug on cotoneaster in the laboratory but that the results obtained were not consistent. - 24 - Corythucha ma rmor ata Uhl, a chrysanthemum laqebug McDaniel (_58) in 1934 reported that a good kill of this lacebug on chrysanthemum can be obtained with either a pyre thrum or a derris prepara- tion by following the recommendations of the maker." ( El a smo gna thu s ) Diplogom phus hewitti (Dist. ), a pepper lacebug Van der Vecht (89_) in 1935 reported that this lacebug on pepper ■was controlled effectively only with contact insecticides, among which tobacco extract is more commonly used in West Borneo. The too? ceo extract is frequently mixed with an extract of the roots of derris, which is Cul- tivated nearby for this purpose. Unsatisfactory spraying tests with derris root extracts have been made, probably because the extracts had a very low content of rotenone. In 1936 Van der Vecht reported (90) that this bug on black pepper may be killed by spraying with derris, Leptobyrsa rhododendri Horv., a rhododendron bug Wilson (99) in 1938 reported that this rhododendron bug is con- trolled by means of a reliable contact spray, e. g., nicotine-soap, derrre, or white-oil emulsion, which should be applied about mid-June and- again in mid-July to the underside of the leaves to destroy the immature stages. Two applications are desirable, owing to the protracted period- of hatching. Stephanitis pyri ( F. ) The Etablissements F.otenia in 1938 stated in a letter to R. C. Roark that a product manufactured by them, containing 0.72 percent of rotenone with talc as a diluent, kills (Tingis) Stephan itis pyr i on pear trees. Stepha nitis rhododendri Horv., the rhododendron lacebug Sh (77) in 1936 reported the following results from tests of derris: : Mortality Material : Larvae : Adults Percent Percent Derris dust --------- ----- - 19 73 Derris spray- -..___ 77 100 Derris spray +0.5 percent soap - - - - 100 100 Derris spray + 1 percent soap ----- 100 100 Derris spray + 2 percent soap ----- 100 100 Van G-undia (88) in 1936 reported that a rotenorc dust containing aboi 30 percent of sulfur in the form of fused bentonite- sulfur (which aids as a sticker for the rotenone and also acts as an activator) controls the lacefly on rhododendron. Unidentified species of Hemiptera Rotenone spray 1:5,000, plus 0.1 percent Agral I, gave unsatisfactory control of "Wantsen" on string beans. — h ; ageningen Plantenziektenkundige Dicnst (91) i:i IE 34. - 25 - T '3CT IFDEX Pa ge Acanthocoris scabrator ------------------ 3 Aero sternum hilars --------------------- 15 Ago noscelis rvt.i la ----------------- - -- - - 15 Anasa tristis- - - - - - - - - -3 ,9.. Ante stia — orbital is- ---------------------- - 16 orbi tal is var. l jneafiooliis -------------- 16 spV-~- - - - - ~'- '- - - - "_ -------------- 16 Apple— capsid ------------------------- -13 redbug ------------------------- 9 Arizona cotton stainer ------------------- 22 Bagrada bug- ----------------------- 16 Bagrada hila ris- --------------------- 16 "^e~aHTu~a Tr -"'™ _______ 21 Elissus — hirtus ------------------------- 7 leucopterus- ---------------------- 8 Bedbug -------------------------- 2 Bright a;i"le redbug- ------- _________ 9 Bronze orenge bug--------------------- 21 Brov^i cottonbug- --------------------- 17 Cal ocoris — ful vomaoul atu s --------------------- 9 norveglcus ----------------------- 9 Capsid bug ------------------------ 13 Centrocnenis sp. -------------- ------- 23 Chinch bug — ------- ----_-_-_-___---- 8 false ___-_..______ _ 8 hairy- ------------------------- 7 Chlorochroa sayi --------------------- 16 Chrysanthemum lacebug- ------------------- 24 C imex lectularius - -------------------- 2 Ci^cidae- -_-----.--__--_-_, 2 Coffee bug „ _ „ _ _ _ ie Cootoscra pffigmaeum -------------------- 16 Coptosoina s iamicun --------------------- 16 Coreidae ------------ ------ ------- 3 Corizus — hyalinus sp. — ---------_----_----_--_-- 6 Corythucha — arcuata- --------------------- „ _ _ 23 eydoniae ------ ------------------ 23 marmora ta- ----------- -- .. ___ _____ 24 Cotxcn— flea hopper- ------------ ________ 14 insects- ---------- __-_-_-_--_--- 23 stainer- ------------------------ 23 stainer, Arizona -------------------- 22 - 26 - Page Dark apple redbug ----------------------- 9 Dasynus piperis ---------------_-____--_ 6 Dicyphus minimus- ----------------------- 9 Diplogomphus hevdtti- ------- __-__-_______.-_ 24 Dysaercus — cingulatus- ------------------------- 22 fas oiat us'"- --------------------- - _ - - 22 megal ojpygu s ------------- ____„-___--_ 22 mimulus --------------------- ----- .... - _ 22 nig rofasciatus- ------------- ---------- 22 ruficollis- - - ----------------------- 23 sp. j __- -_-____„ „_ 23 sup er stitiosi^.s- ------,---•------------- -23 suture 11 us- ------------------------- 23 Elas mo gnathus hei/itti. See Diplogom v hus hevrixti. Eurydema — omatum ------------ — — - - ■ _--___--i7 pulchrum- ---------- --'----- — _______ 17 Euschistns implctjventri s -------------------17 False— apnle redbug- ------- -----.-------'----7- 9 chinch bug- --------'----------------- 8 Flea hopper - - • - • cotton - --------------------------14 garden- ---------------------------- 9 Green stinkbug- ------------------------15 Hair 1 / chinch bug- ------------------•<----- 7 Halticus citri- --------- ______ — --.--- 9 Harlequin — - bug" _-_--_---_ 17 # 19 cabbage bug. See harlequin bug. Helo nelti s sp.- ------------------------ 9 Hemiptera --------------------------- 2 Heterocordylus ra linu s- -------------------- 9 IlaVcTl'y" S~e~ lacebug." Lacebug ----------------------------23 Large milkweed bug- ---------------------- 5 Leotobyrsa rhododendri- --------------------24 Leptocorisa — acuta ---------------------------- 6 sp. ---------- ------------------- 6 Lygaeidae --------------------------- 7 Ly~_a ; s^- ' apicelis- -------- ----------- -------- 10 campestris- --------------------- -----10 hesperus- ----------------- — _______ 10 oblineatus- --------------------------ll pratensis --------------------------12 siinonyi ------------------------- 13, 16 sp. -_-- ---13- - 27 - Pa pre llertila. malaye nsis - -------------------- ~T3~~ Milkweed bug- -------------- — ------- 5,9 Miridae --------------------------- 9 , Murg a ntia hi_strioii ca ------------------- -17, 20 Nysius ericap ----------------------- 8 Cuc cpeltus fasciatus- ------------*------ 5, 9 Ox yoarenus 3;. p. ----------------------- 9 Pentatoisr dae- -___-__--------_---.---- 15 Pepper lacebug- ----------------------- 24 PhtMa pi eta ___-_____- 7 Physomerus grossioes- ------------------- 7 Plant tug- ~ ---.__--._--__„_--_ 6,9 Plesiocoris rugicoliis- ------------------ 13 Podops-- coarctata . See Scot ino phara coarctata. lurida - ---_____--_-_----------- 20 Psal_l\^s seriatus- --------------------- 14 PyrrrTcToridae - — - --------------------- 22 Ragruus importunitas -------------------- 15 Red and black shield bug- ----------------- 15 Red cot^enbug ----------------------- 22 F.edbugs --------------.------------. S Reduviidae- ------------------------- 25 Rhc d c d e n dr on- - bug -„____- „„__ 24 lacebug ------------------------- 24 Rhoecocoris sulc iventrio - ---------- — ______ 21 Rutherglen bugs ----------------------- 9 Say stinkbug- ----------------------- 16 Scot.:: 'c-,^ara coarctata - _---___-----__-_-_ 21 Squash bug- ------------------------ 4 Stephen itis -- - pyri - — _________„_...._-„..___-___ 24 rh ododendrj ----------------------- 24 Stinkbug— green --------------------- / - - — , - - 15 Say „__..._„„__„_____-_ 16 Tarnished plant bug -------------------- 11 Thyanta custator - --------------------- 22 Tingis piri. bee Stephanitis pyri. TTnglTiTae - - - - ~ T^i". _-_..__ ___ 23 1'onato bug _ '_ 7 Buckfly - — -_-__---- — „ — __ _ Two-spotted green bug ------------------- 9 Variegated coffee bug ------------------- 16 Vegetable. insects --------------------- 19 "Wantsen" „__.._„..__ 24 Winter moth ___---_.._- 14 - 28 - LITERATURE CITED (1) ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 1C35. The use of derris in controlling garden insects. Ala. Folytech. Inst., Agr. Expt. Sta., Dept. Zool.-Ent., -issued. May 20, 193!5, 2pp. [Processed.] (2) AFDPIES, F. E. . 193-2. Controlling plant pests in southern Africa. 199 pp, illus. Johannesburg. (3) BEA T -'D, P. L. 1933. Control of the squash bug. Conn. (State) Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 408: 243-248. (Conn. State Fnt. Ppt. 37 (1937).) (4) BRAT 01, L. W. 1933. Results with rotenone dusts and sprays. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Monthly Let. 234: 8. [Frocessed,] (5) .._„__„_ 1934. Tests show close correlation between temperature ard Fill of h;rlequ.:'n bug with rotenone sprays. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 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Tests with derris powder or cube powder in rosin residue emulsion sprays for the control of shade tree insects. Natl. Shade Tree Gonf. Proc. 13: 140-147. 1937. (37) HASEMAN, L. 1937. Controlling insect pests of melons, cucumbers, and re- • lated crops. Mo. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 391, 19 pp., illus, (38) HAUDF, W. J. 1939, Outline of uses and recommendations for rotenone dusts and sprays. John Powell & Co., New York, N. Y. 20 pp.' [Processed.] (39) -.- 1939. The pros and cons of bedbug control. Soap 15(10): 90-92, 123. (40) HELY, P. C. 1958. The bronze orargc- bug. A pest in citrus orchards, Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 49: 578-380. (41) HOCKEFYOS, G. L. 1940. Bedbug spraying. Pests 8 (5): 12-16. (42) HOWARD, N. F. , and MASON, H. C. 1937. Results of experimental work with rctenone-bearing materials for the control of vegetable insects, Ohio Veg. Growers' Assoc. Proc, 22: 19-25. (43) IDAHO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1936, [Cube-Kaolin Dust.] Science aids Idaho farmers. Idaho Agr. 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