E-354 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Division of Insecticide Investigations UbKARr STATE PI.ANT BOARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CYANIDE COMPOUNDS USED AS INSECTICIDES, 1930 By H. L. CUPPLES Washington, D. C , W^m 1935 E-354 Juno 1935 ■ A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CYAITILS COi'IPOUl'TDS -USIID AS IIISECTICIDES, 1930 By K, L. Cupplcc, Civi-.-.ion of Insocticidc InvcGti/.-ationc, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Dopartncnt of Agricultu.rc IITTHODUCTIOIT Hydrocyanic acid is one of the moot effective and widely used in- secticidal f-umigants. The literature relatin.'^ to its preparation, physical and chemical properties, methods of application, and toxicitj'- to plants and animals grows more vol-ominous each year. Cuprous c^ranide has given promise in tests as a stomach insecticide, and many organic cyanides, or nitriles, have been proposed as contact insecticides. There is need of a comprehen- sive treatise on the \..so of cr/anides as economic poisons. As a start in this direction the Division of Insecticide Investiga- tions of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Qaarantino has compiled the present oibliography. It is 'bolieved that the most important litero,ture is the latest and that a digest of the recent articles on the sujjcct v;ill "bo of great interest and usefulness. In view of the enormous nm.iher of journals in v/hich articles of in- secticido,! interest are ^/uhlished, it is mr,nifestly impossible to examine all of them, and dependence m-ast oe placed upon abstract journals. Accord- ingly-, this bibliogroph3'-, intended as the first of a series on the subject, was prepared by consulting the 1930 files of the follo^7ing abstract periodicals': Chemical Abstracts Chcmisches Zentralblatt Experiment Station Record QjLiarterly Cujmilative Index Medicus Review of Applied Sntomologj/-, Series A Review of Applied Entom.olog-y, Series 3 Obviously some articles on cyanides published late in 1930 were not abstracted until 1931 and hence arc not included in this bibliography. It is planned not only to keep abreast of current literature on cyanides used as insecticides, but gradually to work up, on a yocrly basis, the past literature so that eventurllj'- a complete digest of all information on the subject shall be available. The publication of this lt\rge volume of data can be accomplished more easily by thii:. plan of a series of bibli- ographies each covering one year. -2- A1TCM1.^0US (1) rUI>/iIGATOHS DISCUSS PROBLELS OF FEST CONTROL 0PERA.TIO1TS. Calif. Citrogr. 1?, (9): 322-325. 1927. [Abstract in Ezt)t. Sta. Rec, 62: 449. 1930.] Frof . H. J. ^uaylG stated that in their tcstr> "best results on the red scale were secured by a spraying follo\ved hy a fumigation, and that two fumigations v;ould not give as good results, as a large percentage of the scale which survived the first fumigation would likewise probahly survive a second. Prof, Quayle stated that the spraying pro^bahly loosened the waxj'' covering on the scale, putting it in a v/crkened condition so that it could "be killed "by the following fumigation. (2) EN3}0M0L0GY. 41st A.nn. Rpt. Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. , 143 p., 1928. 42nd Ann. Rpt. Tex. Agr, Expt. Sta., 153 p., 1929. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 624. 1930.] The California red scale is a major pest of Citrus in the lower Rio Grande Valley and is rapidly "becoming more prevalent through- out the fruit-growing section. Prom the standpoint of scale morto-lity, winter fumigation with calcium cyanide dust is satis- factory, hut rcinfcstation occurs in the latter part of July and in August, causing much damage to fruit "before harvest. (1928: 42-49; 1929: 41-47, 146-147). (3) DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY. Ann, Rpt, Tech. Scrv. Dept. Agr., Haiti, 1928-1929, Bui. 17, 213 p., illus. Fort-au-Frince. 1929, [Abstract in Rev. Appl, Ent. 18 (A): 553, 1930; 18 (B): 224, 1930.] Notes on a number of cotton pests observed in Haiti during 1928-29. Dysdercus andreae (cotton stainer) is the most important pest of cotton. The adults feed on the fallen bolls and lay their eggs on the ground beneath them. ¥hcn most of the nymphs had hatched, the soil around the plants was dusted v/ith calcium cyanide o.nd the plants jarred, thus causing the nymphs and adults thn,t had already crawled up them to fall to the ground. Fallen leaves and debris v/ere raked over, thus e:cposing a,ny bugs that were hiding beneath them. Almost complete control was thus effected. Bed bugs (Ciraox Icctularius ) v;erc effectively controlled in a large building by fumigation withcalciujn cyanide dust spread on papers on the floor at the rate of 2 lbs, per 1000 cu. ft. of space. The doors and windows v;ere sealed with paper, and all bugs were killed, even in the centers of mattresses or in deep cracks in the walls. (157-166) ALT, H. L. (4) INHIBITION OF RESPIEATION BY HYDROCYANIC ACID4 Biochcrn. Ztschr. 221: 498-501. 1930. [Abstract in Chen. Zcntbli 101 (H): 3166. 1930.] • • The respiration of animal cells (from kidneys, liver and spleen), investigated "by the method of Warhurg, is completely inhibited by sufficient concentration of hydrocyanic acid. The procedure and conclusions of Dixon and Elliott are rejected, AITOREWS, E. A. (5) THE TEA SEED BUG ( POECILOCORIS LATUS ) . Quart.. Jcyar. India Tea Assoc' 1930: 15-27. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent, 18 (A): 532. 1930.] An account is given of t.h attempt to control P. latus by machine dusting v/ith calcium cyanide. The machines mqtq fitted \7ith long .flexible nozzles which could be raised gradually up the tree. The operators moved backward in line against the wind, which carried ' the dust over the whole area in a uniform cloud. The results were irregular and unsatisfactory, but a decrease of 30^ of starred seed was secured by two applications, one on the 15th of July and the other on the 3d of September. It was found that two- thirds ounce to a bush was required for satisfactory dusting, so that the cost per acre of each application v/ould be 2' pounds 2 shillings for material alone, whereas the maximum benefit that might be obtained by reduction in injury is estimated at 2 pounds 14 shillings an acre, ANSON, M. L., and MIRSKY, A. E. • (S) REACTIONS OF CYANIDE T7ITH GLOBIN HEMOCHRQMOGEN. Jour. Gen, Physiol. 14: 43-54. 1930. [Cited in Quart. Cumulative Index Mcdicus 8: 352. 1930.] BACK, E. A., and COTTON, R. T. (?) CONTROL OP INSECT PESTS IN STORED GRAIN. U. S. Dept. Agr, Farmers' Bui, 1483, 33 p., illus. 1929. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 347. 1930.] The successful use of hydrocyanic acid as a fumigant for grain .in bulk is not possible for the average farmer at the present time; the method of application is very involved and its \ise is restricted "to elevators with modern machinery and technical v;orkcrs. The treat- ment consists in nixing fine granular calcium cyanide with wheat throughout the bin, by means of a motor-driven hopper installed over the stream of wheat at a point close to whore the wheat enters the bin. In this manner, 25 lbs, of the fumigant is incorporated in each 1,000 bushels of wheat; this can be conducted at a temperature as low as 40° F, , and should bo coatinucd for 72 hours. -4a BAG-LEY, G. D. (8) HYDROCYANIC ACID. U. S. Patent 1,731,331, issued OctolDer 15 » 1929; applied for FelDrtiafy 36, 1925; assigned to Cartide & CarlDon Chemicals Corp., New York, N, Y, [Abstract in Chem. Ats, 24: 209. 1930.] An electric arc is maintained Ijeneath the surface of a "bath con- taininj^ a hydrocarbon oil such as kerosene or fuel oil, and nitrogen is brought into reactive relation with the oil in the vicinity of the arc. An apparatus is described, BARSKY, G. • • (9) PEEPARATIQN' OP METHYLAIvilNE. U. S, Patent i, 736, 8 72, issued "November' 26, 1929; applied for March 30, 1926-; assigned to American Cyanamide Co., New York, N. Y. [Abstract in Chem, Zentbl. 101 (l): 1217. 1930.] Methylanine is prepared by the hydrogenation of hydrocyanic acid, A's catalysts pliatinum, palladium, lead, nickel, and platinum-irr- are useful, at 165-180°, and increased pressures may be used. :on BECKERS, W, (10) RECENT RESULTS IN THE FIELD OP HYDROCYANIC ACID. Pharm. Presse 1930: 86-87 .• 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl, 101: (ll) 1975, 1930.] A short review. BECKERT, A. C, and BERTELSMAlH^, W. (ll) SEPAR^ITION OP HYDROCYANIC ACID, AIvIMONlA, AND HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IROM GASES, Prench Patent 670,658, issued December 2, 1929; applied ' for March 1, 1929. [iri French. Abstract in Chem. Zontbl, lOl(l): 1880, 1930.] The gases are v/ashed with a solution containing ferric oxide . to which free ammonia is added. The r cquired ammonia is obtained by neatirig ammonium sulphate and the resulting ammonium hydrogen sulphate is used to acidify the wash liquors, BEGEMAM, H. (l2) ON COCCIDS lOTESTING COPPEE. Mcdod. Proof sta. Malang, No. 71 (1929). [In Dutch. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 362. 1930.] One of these pests is Plagiolepi s longiioos . which may be attracted into trenches half filled with loaf-litter, and there poisoned by strewing with co.lcitun cyanide d\ist. -5- BEIIIDL, C. ■ (13) HyDROCYAlIIC ACID. Aur.trir.n Pnt'..r.t. 116,253, iccuod Fetrur.ry 10, 1930; -nooliod for March 6, 1923. [Abstr-ict in Choc. Zcntol. 101(1): 2968. 1930.] Mixtures of nitrogen and gaseous hydrocarlDons are passed over heated catalysts at ordinary or increased prcssuro. Suitable catalysts arc the netals tungsten, titanium, vanadiijun, magnesium, aluminum, iron and alloys, preferably ;7ith addition of alkali carhonatc. BELLOGIN and VICIANO (14) A STUDY OF HYDROCYAIIIC ACID AHD ITS MIXTUPJ] WITH CYANOGEl^T CHE'OHIDE. Med. Paises Calidos 2 (l): 3-19. 1929. [In Spanish. Abstract in Rev. A^pl. Ent. 18 (B) : 155. 1930.] The amount of sodium cyanide used is 2.5 g. per cubic meter against rats and 5 g, against insects, half this ajnount of sodium chlorate being employed in each case. The two are dissoinred separately, then mixed and poured into a container. The hydrochloric acid, at the rate of 18 cc. per cubic meter, is poured into another vessel, and the liquids are allowed to mix in a lower chamber where the gas is generated. The dose for rats kills adult insects, but not the eggs of lice. At the insecticide dosage the eggs of Pedi cuius humanus are killed in 10-15 minutes, aild adult insects in '5 minutes at most. The lachrymatory effect is very pronounced, which, in conjunction with the fact that the lethal dose for man is 0,94 mg, per liter as against 0.33 mg, for hydrocyanic acid, renders this fumigant very safe. It is cheaper than hydrocyanic acid o-nd iDcnetratcs equally well. The effect on foods is similar to that of hydro- cyanic acid, and it does not injure the color of delicate fabrics. It only affects nickel plating at m.uch higher dosages, and such surfaces can be protected with grease. There is no fire hazard. (15) EXPERIL'IEHTAL STUDY OF THE USE OF A KilXTUPE OF HYDROCYANIC ACID Ai© CYANOGEN CHLORIDE IN DESTRUCTION OF RATS AND INSECTS ON SHIPS. Bui. Off. Intcrnatl. Hyg. Pub. 22 (2): 320-325. ' 1930. [in French, Cited in Q,ixart. Cumulative Index Mcdicus 7: 625. 1930.] BERGWERKSVERBAND ZUR VERWERTUNG VON SCHUTZRECHTEN DER KOHLENTECHNIK (16) G. M, B. H. HYDROCYANIC ACID. Gorman Patent 488,271, issued December 24, 1924; applied for December 24, 1924. Addition to 411,104. [in German. Abstract in Chcm. Abs. 24: 2552. 1930.] German Patent 411,104 describes the manufacture of hydrocyanic acid by treating the vapors of organic or inorganic thiocyanates with oxygen in the presence or absence of contact substances. This method is now extended to non-volatile thiocyanates, which arc atomized and then treated with oxygen. -6- (17) HYDROCYAinC ACID. Gorman Patent 489,132, issued JrJiuary 14, 1930; applied for March 18, 1925; in Poland April 19, 1924; in En.^lcnd April 23, 1924i " Addition to 410,418. [in Gornan. Abstract in Chera. Ats. 24: 2247. 1930.] According to German Patent 410,418 hydrocyanic acid is prepared by treating thiocyanic acid with gases containing o:>5rgen at a raised tenperat"are. This reaction is. noxr effected in the presence of aluminum, aluminum oxide, or an alloy of aluminum \7ith iron, etc, BIDEAU, J. (18) mrDP.OCYAHIC ACID PUI.ilGATI ON AGAINST INSECTS AND PjITS. Arch. Med. Pharm. Nav. 118: 352-89. 1928. [In French. Abstract in U. S. Pub. Health Sngin. Abs. E-880d: 34. Chem. Abs. 24: 189. 1930.] ■ _ ■ _ In spite of its manifest advantages the use of hydrocyanic acid should be forbidden because of its to::icity, except in particular cases T,7herc conditions can be completely controlled, such as in un~. inhabited buildings. Bibliography/. BLACKIE, W. J. (19) PRESERVATION OP BOOKS IN THE TROPICS. Agr. Jour. Fiji 3: 84-85. 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 617. 1930.] In order to minimize the serious damage caused to books and documents by insects and moulds in the tropics, the bookcases must have closely fitting glass doors and contain the vapor of some volatile chemical detcrrant. The books should be treated Tilth a suitable protective poisonous material, after fumigation with hydro- cyanic acid. BOD/iNSKY, M. (20) COMERSION OE CYANIDE INTO THIOCYANATS IN iv'ulN .il\ID IN ALKALINE SOLUTIONS OF CYSTINE. Jour. Pharmacol, and E:qDt. Ther. 37: 462- 474. 1929. [Abstract in Chom. Abs. 24: 2200. 1930. Physiol. Abs. 15: 210. 1930-1931.] Administration by mouth of 10 mg. of potassium cj'-anido in a gelatin capsule produces a rise in the thiocyanatc secreted in the saliva which corresponds with that produced when an cquimolcculai' proportion of potassium thiocyanate (15 mg.) is given, ilvi'dcncc is presented to show that KCN reacts with cystine, in alkaline solution, to yield thiocyanate. BOHEC, J. (21) FU1\IIGATI0N AlTD Ei'iT PROOFIITO CIT BOAHD SHIPS, /mn., Eyg* 8: 579-599. 1950. [in ?ronc.:i. Cited in Q;u.r.rt. Cuinvdativc Indc:;: Mcdicus 8: 492. 1930.] BORDEK, A. D. (22) ITOTSS ON SOME DECIDUOUS ?HUIT IlTSSCTS. Cr.lif. Dcpt. A^r. Bui. 19: 572-573. .1930. [Aljstrr.ct in Rev. Appl. Ent. 10 (A): 710. 1930.]' IJysiu s cricao (false chinch "bv.g) was observed in early June in an ar»plG orchard; 80 one-year-old apple trees vvere killed. In a similar outhreak in 1928, £:rape vines over an area of 6 acres \7ere .defoliated. Successful treatment was obtained in one instance oy dusting v;ith calcium cyanide early in the morning. BORESCH, K. ' ' • (23) IS THERE A RELATION BETWEEN TFJ] OCCURRENCE OP HYDROCYANIC ACID IN BUDS AND THEIR ABILITY TO SPROUT? Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 17: 259-271.-1929. [Aostract in Chem. Zenthl. lOl(ll): 3791. 1930.] The limited erperimental evidence does not permit of a general answer to the question. As far "as one may judge, the evidence is more positive than negative. Two new plants were found which pro- duce hydrocyanic acid. BRADDOCK, YI, H. , and TINGLE, G. R. (24) SO-CALLED CYANIDE RASH IN GOLD I.iINE MILL T70RICERS. Jour., Indus. Hyg. . 12: 259-264. 1930. [Cited in Quart. Cum^alative Index Modicus 8: 353. . 1930.] • • BRAL^ffi, H., and LINKE, R. (25) THE VISCOSITY OP GASES AND VAPORS. III. INTLUENCE OF THE DIPOLE MOIvIENT ON THE MAGNITUDE OP THE SUTHERLAND CONSTAlT. 2tschr. Phys. Chom. 148 (A):' 195-215. 1930. [in Gorman. Abstract in Chora. Ahs. 24: 4675. 1930.] : The viscosity of hj'-dro cyanic acid (and 13 other compounds) was measured over a temperature' range o-f several hundred degrees. BRINLEY, P. J. (26) THE EPPECT OP CYANIDE ON THE CARDIAC RHYTHM OP EIvIBRYOS OP PUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS . Physiol. Zool. 3: 263-290. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs.'24: 5884. 1930.] Six-day- old embryos of Punduius heteroclitus were placed in various concentrations' of potassimn cyanide solutions; the rate of heart beat and the time of cessation of the cardiac contractions were detemined. At various intervalG after the lieart rh;;/-thin stopped, the embryos \7ero removed from the cyanide and placed in sea water,, and the time.Knd rate of recovery were studied. The results of the- exporinonts seoin to show that (l) the' toxicity of cyanide to the omhryonic hoo^-ts is directly related to the concen- tration and to the lon.r*;th of cxjoosurc; (2) the time of recovery of the heart "boat depends on the concentration of cyanide hut is in- dependent of the length of exposure; and (3) the rate of recovery of, the heart rhytlv^ after the heart has started to contract is .constfint regs;rdlos,s of the concentration of cire:nld.o used or, the length of exposure. (27) THE EFFECT OE IIITRACELLULiB CYAiTIDS 01^ CLSA.VAGS OE AKBACIA EGGS, Physiol. Zool. 3: 3S6-372, 1930. [Abstract in Chcm. Ahs. 24: 5884. 1930.] Fnon fertilized Arhacia eggs \7ero placed for 30 seconcfc in 0,01 LI potassi-jjn cyanide solution and then returned to sea water, the first cleavage was dcla3rod for 10-15 minutes. The first cleavage was also somewhat retarded (4-5 minutes) when they v/cre injected with large doses of 0,01 M potassium cyanide solution; however, it was proven that this delay was duo to the disturbance caused by the micro injection. It is concluded thn.t the anesthetic action of pot.'^.ssiuin cjojiido is due to its effect on the plasma membrane and not on the intcrnr\l protoplasm. BRITTOIT, T7. E, (28) COITTROL ^OE AITT IMASIOITS. Conn. Agr, S:cpt. Sta., 3ul. lamed. Inform. 67: 25-30. 1929. [Abstract in Rev. Appl, Ent, 18 (A); 545. 1930.] In most cases calcivjn cyanide may be used as c?. f^iraigant for the nests in place of carbon bis^^lfide, but it is not recommended on lawns, as turf is usuallj' killed by it. BROCK, A. A. ' . (29) ORCHARD KJIuIGATIOxI lilJURY. Calif. Dept, Agr, I.Io, 3ul. 13: 570- 572. 1929. [Abstract in Cham. Abs, 24: 678. 1930.] Excessive concentration of hj'-drocynnic acid in tent fumigation for citrus scale resiilts in severe pitting of the fruit. Actinic rays of light, before or after fumigation, intensif;?- plant injur-r, Eor this reason night fumigation is recommended, especially- in hot weather. Navel oranges ore more resistant to injury than Valencio. oranges or lemons, Temperatvires _ above , 70° E, or high humidities shou.ld liko^.uso be avoided, else injury to fruit or foliage may result. It is imipossiblo effectively to fumigate citrus trees with hydrocyanic acid without burning back for a few inches the tendorer'.t shoots. Slight burning of the foliage is not considered injurious to the trees* (30) OIL SPRA.Y n;U;IAGE TO CITHUS. Calif. Dc:pti Agr. Moa 3u1. 18: 572- 574. 1939. [AlDstmct in Chcm. ATds. 24: 678. 1930.] Hydrocyanic acid fumigation v;as more effective in killing citrus scale than oil spraying, Onlj'- highly refined white oils were at all satisfactory. Oils mixed with lime sulfur and used during the late summer season or iDeforc periods of hot winds caused severe summer "burn. Oils not sufficiently refined or containing toxic materials often gave severe fruit or foliage drop, Eoo-vy oils retarded coloring of the fruit and resulted in a decreased rate of growth of the oranges. More damage is caused "by spraying v;hen ■ the trees are in need of irrigation rather than following irriga« tion— the reverse of fu'aig'^.tion injury. BRUl-JIE, S, C, AGETE, F. , and BOUCLE, L. (3l) REPORT ON TREATI.IEi'TS OF GREEil LIliA BEAITS AGAlliST THE PYRALID LIARUCA TESTUIALIS. Rev. Agr. Com. Trah. 12 (lO): 31-36. 1930, [In Spanish. Ahstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 507. 1930.] The experiments were made in Cuha to free green lima "beans, intended for export in the pod to the United States, from the pyralid liaruca t estulalis . Vacuum fumigation with h;;,'-dro cyanic •acid proved unsatisfactory, hut fumigation for 2-l/2 hours in a 20-inch VcLcravn with 9 pounds of car"bon 'bisiilfide per 1,000 cu, ft, seemed suita'ble for work on a commercial scale, BUCimiTAiT, G. H. (32) CYAlTOGEiT CHLORIDS-FfDROCYALTIC ACID I/IIXTURE (AS A rUi.ilGAKT) . U, S, Patent 1,738,280, issued March 12, 1929; applied for May 29, 1925; assigned to American Cyanamid Company, Hew York, U,Y, [Ahstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 913. 1930.] The froezir-g-point curve for mix-bur es of liquid hj^-drocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride is recorded, and it is proposed to use as a fumigant a mixture cont:iining from llfo to 61.4fo (cutectic) of C3'-anogen chloride, f^j'/i^^in;^ "between -18° and 45.5° (cutectic). BUTLER, 0., and JEMIWS, R. R. ' ■ (33) EFFECT ON PLAINS OF CYALIIDE FUillGATIOlJ FOLLOWIHG SPPAYIITG WITH BORDEA.UX MIXTURE. Phjrtopathologjr 20: 419-429. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 4577. ^1930. N. H. Sta. Bui. 250: 19-25. 1930. Expt. Sta. Rec. 63: 243, 543. 1930.] TiThcthcr injury follows cyo.nide fumigation of plants sprayed with Bordeaux mixture depends upon whether ctipric cj'-anidc is formed. Its formation does not occur if the ratio of cupric sulfate to calciujn oxide is •1:0,2, insoluble cuprous c^'-anide being formed instead, ajid it is formed in negligible amounts when the ratio is 1:4 -10- or higher (that is, with a greater proportion of calcium oxide). However, in mixtures of a ratio of 1:6 or higher a soluble douhle cyanide is formed v/hich is injvurioas if the plants are wetted. Betxreen the ratios 1:1. s:nrr-lc5- cupri.c cyaiii.ide is formed in s,mounts '!7hich decrease with increase, in calcium hydroxide. Where, plants must later he given a cyanide fiimigation it is recommended that an approximately neutral Bordeaux mixture "bo used (ratio around 1:0,2); it should not he used on plants, having a greater sensitivity to soluhle copper than the tomato. BUZZO, A., and GUERFA, C. (34) PAHKIITSONISM AND POLYNEURITIS AS SEQUELS OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE POISONING. Rev. de Espocialidades 5: 243-253. 1930. [In Spanish. Cited in Q;aart. Cu.mulativ3 Index Medicus 8: 353. 1930.] CALIFOPJTIA CYANIDE COIviPA^TY, INC. (35) HYDROCYANIC ACID. French Patent 662,569, issued August 8, 1929; applied for Octoher 19, 1928. [in French. Ahstract in Chcm, Ads. 24: 470. 1930.] ..... Dried and powdered alkali cyanide or alkaline earth cyanide is treated with supcrhoatod steam, proferahly containing carhon di- oxide or sulfur dioxide. (35) HYDROCYANIC ACID. Gorman Patent 490,710, issued Fchruary 3, .1930; applied for April 10, 1927, [In German, Abstract in Chcm. Ahs.. 24: 2247. 1930.] A calciwn compound giving off hydrocyanic acid at ordinary tem-pcraturcs is prepared Qy mixing solvit ions of a calcium salt and hydrocyanic acid, or a cyanide, in o-nhydrous liquid ammonia. The compound is.-prccipitated and ohtained hy filtering. In the example, solutions of calcium nitrate and ammonium cyanide arc mixed, giving the compound ar.imoniura calcium, cyanide, CAPOGROSSO, A. S. (37) INSECTICIDE CONSISTING OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF ALKALI CYANIDE, WITH THE OPTIONAL ADDITION OF CUPRIC SULFATE AND LEAD ACETATE, French Patent 659,739, issued July 2, 1929; applied for August 8, 1928. [In French. Abstract in Chem, Zcnthl. 101 (l): 121, 1930.] The. solution is finely vaporized ojid' hydrocyanic acid is evolved hy.thc action of carhon dioxide. from the air . or from the plants. The lead salt serves to reduce the alkalinity'- and the copper salt acts as a fungicide. GASSEE, H. (38) WORK OF THE HEART IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN. .V. INHIBITION OF THE ACTION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID BY DIHYDROXYACETONE AND GLYCER- .• "janEHYDE, Arch. Expt. Path. u. Pharmakol. 149: 240-246. 1930. [In German. Ahstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 5069. 1930.] -11- Dihydro:^acGtonG and glyccraldch3''do protect the heart against the toxic action of hydrocyanic acid, but not \7hcn the oxygen is re- placed by nitrogen. They also prevent potassium cyanide from in- hibiting the respiration of bird rod cells by forming cyanohydrin, CIIRISTI/iMI ■ (39) EDITORIAL NOTE. Prakt. Bl. Pflank:Gnb. 7: 237-238. 1930. CLAEK, A, J., and THITE, A. C. (40) ACTIOiT OF lOriC CEAl^GES Oil THE OXYGEN COITSUlvIPTION OE THE FROG'S AURICLE. Jour. Physiol. 68: 433-440. 1930. [Abstract in Cher.. Abs. 24: 3056. 1930.] The results obtained with the frog's auricle confirm those previously reported for the ventricle. Oxygen consumption of the auricle can be abolished by cyanide r/ithout affecting the mechanical response. COCK, S. A. (41) FUMIGATION OF CITRUS TREES. RESULTS OF SIX YEARS' I7CRK. Jour, Dept, Agr. Victoria 28: 445-448. 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 653, 1930.] Since the fumigation of citrus trees, owing to the failure of oil emulsions and other spra^-s against red scale ( Chrysomphalus aurantii ) in Victoria, has been made compulsory, some 193,000 trees have ^oeen fumigated by Government outfits at an average cost of 2 s, 2-3/4 d, per tree, Calciuin cyanide is now used for all trees, the G fumigant (granules) being used for lemons at the rate of 1 ounce to 100 cubic feet. The operations should begin, according to the condition of the young fruit, us'^oally late in December or early in January, provided that the temperature is not lower than 50° F. and the humidity is less than 75fo, and should end late in April or early in May, at which time the weather conditions produce danger of injury to foliage and fruit. The work is done at night. One fumigation sometimes gives incomplete control, duo to unsuitable weather or the resistance of the scale at certain periods of its growth. Trees showing infestation a year later should be sprayed (in January or February) with a white oil emulsion. In some localities shrubs, deciduous fruit trees, and vines become infested; spraying during the dormant season with oil emulsion of usual winter strength is recommended, COLLINS, C. D. (42) APPARATUS FOR USE IN FUMIGATING SKIPS FITH HYDROCYAiJiC ACID, ETC. U. S, Patent 1,745,078, issued January 28, 1930; applied for May 11, 1925; assigned to American Cyanaraid Company, New York, N. Y. [Abstract in Chem. Abs, 24: 1452. 1930.] Structural features. -12- coc?=^., :■:. ?. (43) ACI3. J. S. Patent 1,754,145, issued April S, 1930; applied for I'aj 24, 1S23; assigned to Ar:erican C^^nanid Co., New York, II. Y, [Acs tract in C>e-.~ Acs. 24: 2539. 1930.] Inert material such as talc, gas olaclz or cnina clay is mixed rith a.-etal cyanogen ccnpound, such e.s calcium cyanide, and calci"JLm oside and sodium chloride. At the time of^use the mixture is dusted on the plants and decomposed "by exposure to moist air, ::?2z::, :-, y.. (44) ZI7i::::i::-:3Al "CrZS. SZSCI~ rjAZIZ?., 193C. Malayan Agr, Jour. 15: 359-352. 1933. fA'cstract in ?.ev. Ar.pl. Snt, 15 (A): 557, 193C.] Calci'n cyanide has proven very efficacic^as against, the Fachyteria virescens, "ccrin^ in s-atta-xerchja . ~:, ^., anr :::zih;^sh, z, tt. j. (45) 63 (3): 1657-1555, 1330. [in Serr-.an, Acstract in Che", Ads. ■ 24: 4706. 19:^0.] Zhe spc-ctrosccpic detection of the keto and end ferns of acotoacetic ester, the- constitution of hydroc^'^anic acid and the synthesis of suh stances vith conjugate doucle "bonds are among the ff^ic.jc.cts discussed. The attempt to decide whether other molecular forms than H.CrN are present in hydrocyanic acid was not sviccessful :, -. -. :-. (46) i:r::i ?ueijic:.iici: (or gas) 3y soia ash solution. Gas Jour. 159: 157-159. 1930, [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 2271. 1930,] The Seaboard process for removing hydrogen sulfide and hydro- cyanic acid by washing with a weak solution of sodium carbonate, which is revivified by aeration, was unsatisfactory in practical operation with gas containirig hipi proportions of imparities, Ii2r;jrcing secondary reactions -iakc place: 2i:a:-:3 + cs^= i:s.pcs2^ ■*■ ^2^ IJagCS^ + SH^C" ITa2C03 + SH^S- The reactions f-orthermore were net simply reversible, sodium •sulfide being oxidized to colysulfide. thiosulfate, sulfite and sr.lfate. The polys^alfide may also react with hydrocyanic acid to form thio- cyanate, Trtiich was the main product of cyanogen extraction. Mixture; of sodiuTTi hydroxide and sodium carbona,te are'recomv.ended for more complete removal of hydrogen sulfide, A regover:'- of the thiocyanate as copper sulfocyanide appeared promising. -134. D2CKZRT, T7, (47) THCUGHIS ?R0L:?IZD 3Y Z-IZ CAIPAIC-IT I" ZZLTi'J^Z ASAIl'S" :-"L0r?.V?Z5 BAJULjS . Ztschr. Ange™. Int. 15: 537-63S. 192S. [ir. Gerr.an. Aostract in Rev. Appl, Ent. 18 (A): 137. 1930.] The fu-T-igation of houses rrith hydrocyanic acid eas against Hylotr'Jir'es ba.iulus is norr conmon in Deninar]:. In the s-Jinr.er of 1929 ever 50 ouildings v;ere thus treated. (43) LAT7S COIICERITIHC- ir.SlZZ ZZSirjCriOr 3Y :-7iI2lCCYAlTIC AC:r I" TAP.IXS COUilTHIES. Ztschr. Zecinfekt. u. Gsndhtew. 22: 115-152. 1930. [In German. Cited in Q:aart. G-jimlative Index Medicus 7: 524. 1930.] DELZPIIIE, H. (49) DICELOHQAGSTIG AGID. 5-^1. See. 3hi-. 45: 827-835. 1929. [in French. Aostract in Cher.. Ats. 24: 2423. 1930.] Experinents estahlish the catalytic action of h;;-droc"anic acid in the formation of dicliloroacetic acid fror. chloral and potassiiin • cyanide. A method is given for the preparation of dichJ.oroacotic acid. • DEUTSCHE GOLD- UITD SII^ZZ-SOIZIDZAITSTAIZ "0?:.:. P.CZSSi:^-. (50) STORnTG HYDRCCTAITIC ACID. C-ernan Patent 490,555, issued Feortiar:- 5, 1930; applied for reorcLcry 22, 1925. [in German. Abstract in-Chem. Ats. 24: 2247. 1930.] According to Ger.v.an Patent 447,915 liquid hydroc^'-anic" acid is absorbed in granular absorbents other thrJi active carbon, e. 3,, in kiosolguhr. This process is novr improved by treating the absorbents uith acids, acid salts, etc., to remove impurities, • and ^ith or vrithoiit heatina: in o::r.-^en. (51) HIDROCYAITIC ACID. Gcrm-Ji Patent 493,545, issued k'ay 27, 1930; applied for November 1, 1924. [in German. Abstract in Chcm. Abs. 24: 4592. 1930.] •Hydrocyanic acid is liberated from its addition compounds uith metal salts to fumigate rooms, etc., by substances rrhich release the hydrocyanic acid cither alone or to^-rcthcr rrith other irritants. Thus FeCl3.2HClT and calcium h;/pochloritc, in the proportions of 100:4 or 100:6, liberate hydrocyanic acid cjid chlorine rrhcn treated with rrarm *.7atcr. . Tao use of saturated chJ.orinc or bromine xx'.tcr is also mentioned. -14- -— — • (52) PROCESS AI-ID APPARATUS PCE CO:MDUt;TIlT& CHSMICAL RZACTIOIIS. German Patent 504,498, issued Auk,usf 4, ISSO; '"apblied for Au^^ist 18, 1S25. [Abstract 'in Chem. Zenttl. 101 '( H) :' 2553.- 1930.] The fluid reactants meet in a round vessel in which a stirrer revolves in a comparatively small quantity of the reaction products, causing the liquid to move* in a circralar manner. Centrifugal force drives the, liquid up to the edge of the container and the reaction products are continually removed over the top. Examples include the production of hydrogen peroxide and hj?-drocyanic acid, DICKEi-'S, P., and SILER, P. (53) OH TISSUE GLUGOLYSIS: THE EiTECT OP PLUORIDE AIID SOiviE OTHER SUB- STAl-ICES. Biochem. Jour. 23: 935-958. 1923. [Aostract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 869. 1930.] Cyanide" inhihits glucolysis -./hen present in very high concentration, DIXOIT, M., and ELLIOTT, PI. A. C. (54) EPPECT OP CYAITIDE OH TEE RESPIPATIOH OP AI^III.AL TISSUES. Biochem. Jour. 23: 813-830. 1929. [Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 426. 1930.] The respiration of typical animal tissues is made up of tv;o parts, one of which is inhibited by cyanide while the other is cyanide- stable. As all of irarburg's mechanisms arc cyanide-sensitive, the authors believe that his theory can no longer bo regarded as able to account for the whole of the respiration of ojiimo.l tissues, DOLLEY, P. T. (55) KYDROCYAHIC ACID. U. S. Patent 1,761,433, issued June 3, 1930; applied for October 19, 1927; assigned to California Cyanide Co., Inc., Hew York, IT. Y. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 3611, 1930.] Dried and powdered alkali cyanide, or o.lkalinc earth cyanide is treated with superheated steam, preferably containing carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide. DREIISKI, P. ■ (56) SPECIES OP BUGS 111 BULGARIA AilD IviEASlT.ES POR THEIR CONTROL, Trav, Soc, Bulg. Sci. Nat. 13: '63-96. 1928. [In Bulgarian, with suj-mary in German. Abstract in Rev. Appl, Ent. 18 (B) : 92. 1930.] An account of observations on the bionomics of cimicid bugs, carried out in 1926-1928 in Sofia and environs. The use of in- secticides for control is discxissed, and it is pointed out that f-umigation would be the best method, but has so far not been practiced in Bulgaria, Hydrocyanic acid at a concentration of 0.1-0.2^ kills all stages in 24 hours. -15- EDWAKDS, TI, H. (57) REPORT OF THE ENTOIvIOLGGIST. Arm. Rpt. Dept. Af;r. Jamaica 1929; 22-23. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 515. 1930.] Serious damage "by Cosmopolite s sordidu s in Jamaica was found only in a few "banana plantations where clean cultivation and the destruction of "breeding-places had not "been carried out. In experiments to find a practical method of destroying it inside the tissues of suckers intended for plantations, neither fumigation \7ith carbon bisulfide or hydrocyanic acid (under atmospheric pressure and during various lengths of time), nor submersion of infested suckers for periods up to 2 hours in a water solution of hydrocyar.ic acid gave satisfactory results. D'EI€,iEREZ DE CHARMOY, D. (58) CONTROL OF PHYTALUS SMITHI IN 1927-1928. Rev. Agr. Maurice 47: 164-165, 1929. [in French. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. IS (A): 141. 1930.] During 1927-1928 the numbers of Lachno sterna ( Phytalus ) smithi captured in variovis parts of Mauritixis amounted to over 133 millions. In tests with insecticides good results were obtained with calcrom cjranide . (59) REPORTS Oil THE OPERATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF PHYTALUS SI.ilTHI DURING THE SEA.SONS 1926-1927, 1927-1928, 1923-1929, (Mauritius, 1927- 1929). [In French, Abstract in Rev. AiDpl. Ent. 18 (A): 429. 1930,] In experiments with calcium cj'anide to control the larvae attack- ■ing full-grown and half-grown canes very poor results were obtained, probably because the texture of the soil prevented the diffusion of the gas, and further tests v;cro made with 3''0ung cane. It v;as found that 10 g, of calcium cyanide to each stool killed 90^ of the larvae after 24 hours, while 8 g, and 5 g. destroyed 77^ and 50^, respectively. When dry sand was mixed v.'ith the co.lcium cyanide in order to obtain a m.ore bulky substance that could bo applied more uniformly, v;ith a 5 g. dose the mortality was 73fo. Experiments reported by ¥. H, Edwards show that calcium cyanide dissolved in water, to be effective in fields of ratoon canes, hras to be applied when the soil is dry and absorbent. On young canes it is just as effective when dry as when applied in water. (50) INSECT PESTS IN ^aURITIUS IN 192S. Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Mauritius 1928: 6-8. [In French. Abstr-ct in Rev, Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 559. 1930.] -16- Pests occurring on sugar cane included Rhizotrogas -pallens . which was controlled v;ith calcium cyanide followed "by ploughing. S olenopsis geminata was troulDlesome in seed-teds, particularly tooacco, "b^.t was controlled 03'- applications of calcium cyanide. Jot the pyralid Srajn"b-as seychellelus , on lawns, a solution of calcium cj^anide, 1:500, gave the best results. ESCHERICH, K. (6I) THE OCCUSEENCE IN BAVAEIA OF IITSECTS INJIHIOUS TO FORESTS. Forstwiss. Centhl. 1930: 457-478. 1930. [in German. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 627. 1930.] Hylotrupes ha.julus . which is attracting increasing notice, should he comhated in "buildings "by fumigation with h^^drocyanic acid gas, FEIL, A. ■ (62) OCCUPATIOmL POISOKIITG WITH HYDROCYAI^IC ACID. Prog. Med. 1089-1101. 1930. [In French. Abstract in Q;aart. Cumulative Index Medicus 8: 353. 1930.] FELLEIIBUIG, TH. VOIT (53) HYDRCCYAITIC ACID DETERI.IIiTATlOH IK KIRSCH. Mitt. Lehensmtl. Untersuch. u, Hyg. [Switz.] 21: 43-52. 1930, [in German, Abstract in Chem, Abs. 24: 3317. 1930.] Zirsch is a liquor distill.ed from fermented cherry juice. In 14 samples the free hydrocyanic acid varied from to 36,5 rag. per liter, and the total hydrocyanic acid from 0.3 to 45.8 mg. per liter. Analytical methods are outlined, FELT, E. P., and BROIvlLEY, S. W. (64) SHADE TREE IITSECTS IH 1929. Jour, Econ. Ent, 23: 137-142, 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 395. 1930.] A paste of calcium cyanide and castor oil applied to areas infested by Saperda vestita (linden borer) has given encouraging results. FERi^IELIUS, W, C, and JOHNSON, W. C. • (65) LIQUID AM'IONIA AS A SOLVENT AND THE AlvHiONlA SYSTEIvI OF COJ/IPOUNDS, VI, ORGANIC AlwONlA COMPOTNDS. 2, THE NITROGEN ANALOGS OF THE ALDEHYDES, KETONES, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND CAP30NIC ACIDS, ALIIONO- CAEBONOUS ACID. Jour, Chem. Ed. 7: 1502-1616, 1930. (Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 3988. 1930.] -17- A review of the extension of Franklin's ammonia system to organic compounds, Franklin regards hydrocyanic acid "both as the anaramonide of ammonoformic acid and as ammonocarbonous acid. The cyanide (.'^roup also gives to tiydrocyanic acid many of the properties of an aldehyde. G-uanidine, melainine, cj/anamide, dicyanimide, etc., are aramono carbonic acids; their chemical behavior is consistent with such a view. FERRALORO, G. (66) THE TOXICITY 0? HYDEOCYAI^IC ACID III RELATIOIT TO TEE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGM. Sper. 84: 115-143. 1930. [In Italian. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 5380. 1930.] The toxicity of hydrocyanic acid was determined as a function of the partial pressure of oxj'-gen and a curve was constructed show- ing the time, until death occurs, as depending on the concentration of the oxygen present, FIiraEMORE, H., and COX, C. B. (6?) AUSTRALIAN PLANTS VrrilCH CONTAIN GLUCOSIDES YIELDING HYDROCYANIC ACID. Jour. Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales 62: 359-378. 1928. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl, 10l(l):;i806, 1930.] The following plants were found to contain varying amounts of cyanogenctic glucosides: Acaci a glaucoscons . Acacia ' c heclii . Euuhorb ia drummondii . Goodia lotif olia . Poranthera microuhylla . Poranthera cor.-'Tmbosa . E acal:/ptus coryno calyx . PLACES, K. (68) IIv'lPORTANT DISEASES AND PESTS ON VEGETABLES, Prakt, Bl, Pflanzenb. 7: 250-264. 1930. [Noted in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): l8l. 1930.] FLORLA.NI, L. (59) GLUCOSIDES CONTAINING HYDRCGEI^T CYANIDE. Rev. Cent. Estud. Farm. Bioquim. 17: 343-357. 1928. [in Spanish. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 1883. 1930.] A discussion of the significance of the occurrence of cyanogenetic glucosides in plants, R,nd of the hydrolysis of such glucosides. FRAZZETTO, S. . (70) THE ACTION OF CERTAIN ANIONS ON TEE TONE ACT ON THE AUTOI'.iATIC MOVEMENTS OF THE STOMACH OF THE FROG. Bol. Soc, Ital. Biol. Sper. 5: 514-516. 1930. [in Italian. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 5870. 1930.] The salicylate, benzoate, cyanide, and tartrate ions exert an inhibitory action on the tone and also on the automatic movements of the stomach of the frog. !7ith the first three, such inhibitory effect may be preceded by a brief transitory increase in the tone. -18- PREDEimAGEN, K., and CADEW3ACH, C-. (7l) SOLUBILITIES AITD COIvTIDUCTIVITISS OF INORGMIC M^D OEGAi:iC SOLUTES IIT HYDHOFLUORIC ACID. Ztsclir. Phys. Chem. 146 (A): 2-15-280. 1930. [Abstract in Chen. Zenttl. 101 (l): 2849. 1930.] Potassium cyanide dissolv3s in hydrofluoric acid with evolution of hydrocya.nic acid, 'out mercuric cyanide dissolves without libera^ tion of hydrocyanic acid. GALARDI, A.-N. (72) HYDHOCYAinC ACID. British patent 308,786, complete specifications not accepted; applied for March 29, 1928. [Abstract in Chem, Aos, 24: 470. 1930.] Liquid hydrocyanic acid is stabilized by the addition of small quantities of dilute sulfuric acid or aqueous acetic acid, or of formic acid or acetic acid containing sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide, or of sulfur dioxide alone. The sulfur dioxide may serve as an alarm gas in fumigating, (73) HYDROCYANIC ACID. French Patent 672,205, issued December 24, 1929; applied for March 28, 1929. [in French. Abstract in Chem. Abs, 24: 2247. 1930.] Liquid hydrocyanic acid is stabilized by the addition of sulfur dioxide, dilute sulfuric acid, acetic acid or formic acid contain- ing s-alfur dioxide or carbon dioxide. The sulfur dioxide also servos as a warning agent, GASSIIER, G., and EA3IE1T, H. (74) FORCIITG PIAITT GROWTH WITH HYDROCYAIIIC ACID GAS, Gartcnbauwisscnschaft 1: 585-402. 1928, [in German. Abstract in Exi)t. Sta. Rec, 63: 428. 1930.] Detailed rcsiilts of experiments with hydrocyanic acid supplied to various plants, GATER, 3, A. R. (75) AmiUAL REPORT OP THE DIVISION OF EI-ITOliOLOGY FOR THE YEAR 1928. Ann. Rpt. Med. Dept. F. I.i. S. 1928: 59-74, [Abstract in Rev, Ayjpl, Ent. 18 (B) : 14. 1930.] . Various substances of possible larvicidal value were tested against. A, vagus , but none was foxmd to compare v/ith mineral oil in price and efficiency. Commercial calcium cyanide killed all larvae in 1 houi" 40 minutes v/hon used at the rate of 1 part to 20,000, and was effective at lower concentrations, but could not be recommended for field use until more is knov/n of its possible toxic effects on other animals and plants. -19- GESELL, H., KRUEGER, H. , GORHAM, G. , and BERNTHA.L, T. (76) REGUUTION OF RESPIRATIOII: CORHELATIGIT OF mn.rSROUS FACTORS OF RESPIRATCRY COHTROL DURIIIG IwTRAVSHCUS IIIJECTIOIT OF SODITJlvi CYAIJIDS AiJD RECOVERY. Arnor. Jour. Fhyoiol. 94: 333-3G4. 1930. [Cited in Qjiart. Cumulative Index I\Iedic\iG 8: 35;j. 1930.] GLUUD, W. , ICELLER, K., and KLEI.'PT, 17. (77) THE OXIMTIOW OF HYDROGEI^T THIOCYANATE Al-ID AI'.liOITIULI THIOCYAiaTE TO FiYDROCYANIC ACID WITH THE KELP OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN. Ztschr. Anor^rm. u. Allg, Cherr., 188: 37-46. 1930. [In German. Aljstract in Chcm. Ats* 24: 2664. 1930.] Thiocyanic acid and ammonium thiocyanate can be vaporized without decomposition if the aqueous solution of the acid or salt is dropped into a heated flask or sprayed \7ith hot oir or super-heated steam. They can "be oxidized to hydrocyanic acid and sulfurous acid, the reaction depending on the contact surfaces of the oxidation flask* Glass, quartz and ceramic materials, and aluminum had small effect on oxidation, hut iron, steel, nickel and copper hastened the reaction decidedly. The temperature of reaction varies from 450° to 750° depending upon the contact sur- face used. Hydrocyanic acid is stable in the presence of o. large excess of air at 750° and the presence of sulfur dioxide increased this stability. . GRilSSS, P. P. (78) A FRUIT TREE PEST: ZEU2 ERA PYRIHA . Pro^. Af^. et Yitic. 92: 544- 547. 1929. [In French. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 176.. 1930.] For some years the larvae of Zeuzera 'oyrina have caused con- siderable damage to finiit trees in the south of France. The most effective method of control consists in inserting 0.1-0.2 g, calcium cyanide or 0.2-0.4 g, paradichlorobenzene in the galleries and subsequently closing up the openings, GRAY, G. P., and KIRKPATRICK, A. F. (79) THE PROTECTIVE STUPEFACTIOH OF CERTAIN SCALE INSECTS BY HYDRO- CYANIC ACID VAPOR. Jour. Econ. Ent. 22: 878-892. 1929. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 911. 1930.] When black scale (Saissetia oleae) and red scale ( Chry^omphalus. aurantii ) are first exposed to a sublethal concentration of hydro- cyanic acid and are then subjected to a concentration which is normal- ly lethal, more of the insects survive tlian is the case uhen the order of exposure is reversed. This "protective stupefaction" was observed in. both resistant and non-rcsistont strains of these insects. Apparat\is for the measurement of hydrocyanic acid con- centrations is described. To avoid "protective stupefaction" in fumigation practice a qiiick distribution of a high concentration -20- of hydrocyanic acid to all parts of the enclosed tree should be effected, A dosage higher than normf^l hut of correspondingly shorter exposure increased scale kill without greater dan^^er to the tree. It is advised to pull the tents from the trees against the wind so thc?vt the escaping hydroc^^anic acid -r/ill drift over trees .already treated and avoid stupefying the scale on trees ahout to he treated.. — and KIEKPATRICK, A. P. (80) THE RSSISTAIICE OF BLACK SCALE (SAISSBTLA. OLEAE BEHl'I.) TO HYDRO- CYAillC ACID imilGATIOIT. Jour, Econ. Ent, 22: 893-697. 1929. [Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 911, 1930.] The hlack sco.le from the so-called resistant district of the San G-ahriel Valley, California, are more difficult to kill than those in other districts. They ca.n he killed hy high dosages of hydrocyanic acid. The percentages of mortality secured at low, medium, and high concentrations were 75, 95 and 100^, respectively, with the resistant strain, and 100^ in every case with the non- resistant one. The higher concentrations arc liahlo to ca\ise tree injury. — and KIRKPATRICK, A. F. (Si) RESISTANT SCALE IIIVESTIGATIONS. Calif. Citrogr. 14: 308, 335, 364, 380-381. 19.29. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 41. 1930.] Black scales ( Saissotia olcae) and red scales ( Chrysomphalus aurantii ) from Borac districts v;ero more resistant than from others, hut the more resistant ones could he killed by a heavier dose of hydrocyanic acid that closely approached the tree tolerance. Early fumigation is undoubtedly an advantage, though manj'- vevY small scales survive, A scries of single and double fumigations variously timed through the season indicated that black scales are more difficult to kill during the second moulting period (a natural period of dormancy) , and such as survive are particularly acrdy ;ind sometimes o-blc to survive subsequent treatments. Black and red scales that have "ocon stupefied by a weak dosage of the gas are more difficult to kill than normal ones; co.ncontration of the go-s during the first fev; minutes of exposure is therefore of the utmost importance, A quick distribution, as nearly instantaneous a-s possible, of a high concentration of gas is the ideal method. This ca.n be accomplished by means of a blower, or by making use of the pressure developed when liquid hydrocyanic acid is va-porised; excellent diffusion is thus obtained in less than 30 seconds. Improvement resulting from this method will bo much more marked in v/intcr a^nd spring tha.n in summer, beca.use of the usual absence of favorable natural convection currents during the winter and spring seasons. Scales a.re sometimes stupefied by gas leaking from the tents a.nd drifting to adjacent trees; this may be avoided by working toward the wind. GROSS, P., I SEE, li., and SCm7ARZ, K. (82) THE SALTIilC-OUT AfiTION. Honr.tc} . Cho-. 55: 287-306, 329-337. 1930. [ATDjtr-ct ir. Chon. Zc-fbl. 101 (ll): 113B. 1930.] D^.tQrinir.c".tioni; wore TvAc of the prrtition of -.cctoriO .".nd hydro- cyanic acid uotuocn bunzono and aqucoxi'j colutions of variolic cr>n- contrations, GUERIII, P. (33) FiDP-GCYAlIIC ACIL COIZCSNT OF LOTUS. Conrot. Road. Acad. Sci. 189: 1011-1013. 1929. [In French. Atr.tract in Chen, Ats. 24; 1652. 1930.] Fifteen cpocics of Lotus -jcro found to contain iiydrocyanic acid in the form of ^"lucosido. For the dctcrr!iin;.\,tions 25 gramc of de- foliated atcns \7oro maccratod in 250 cc. of water for 24 hours at 20-22° in a liter f].ask. Distillation -ir.n then carried out until 80 cc. of dii>tillato had ^oon colloctcd. The distillate was divided into tv/o Tiortions; (l) to rarlzo qualit:\tivc tcctc "by the Prucsian "blue reaction, and (2) for quantitative determination of h^ydrocyanic acid oy titr".tion v/ith 0.1 l-I silver nitrate. The amounts obtained varied accordin^^ to reo^rr-.-ohical location, etc., fron 0.097 o. to 0,918 g, • (84) HYDHOCYAiJIC ACID III LEGULSS - ITS LOCALIZATICII III THE VARIOUS ORGAITS AS THE CYAITOGEITSTIC GLUCOSIDE, Cor.ipt. Rend. Acad. Sci, 190: 512-514. 1930. [in French. Abstract in Chern. Abs, 24: 2774, 1930.] In legu:ninous plants containing hydrocyanic acid the c'''anogenetic glucoside is differently located in different species and differs in a given species at various periods of its development, GUIvIP, W. (85) PEST CONTROL. • German Patent 4v30,349, issued Au;nist 31, 1929; applied for March 28, 1924; assigned to Chcmische Fabrik Dr, H. Stoltzenbcrg, Hambi.irg, German.y. ,... [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl, 101 (l): 732, 1950.] Use is made of the absorption compou.nd of anhydrous hj'-drocj^.nic acid with pure silica gel, which spontaneously regenerates the absorbed hydrocyanic acid. For exrmplo, 5 parts of finely powdered •silica gel, preferably purified by osr.osis, arc added to 2 parts of ice cold a.nhj'-draiis hydrocyanic acid, and the resulting dry powder is stored in a closed container. -22- C-YE, W, E., and PURDY, W. J. (86) THE ROUS SARCOMA NO. 1: LOSS OF. FILTPJITE ACTIVITY AT INCUBATOR TE1;IPERA'TURE: PROTECTION BY MEANS OF HYDROCYANIC ACID. Brit, Jour. Expt. Path. 11: . 282-236. 1930. .. [Abstract in Chem. Ats. '24:'. 5641. 1930.] Filtrates of the Rous sarcom a No, 1 are unstable at incubator temperature, and slowly "become inactive. This loss of potency is prevented by the addition of hydrocyanic acid. It is unknown whether such preservation is due to the prevention of an oxidation or to the inhibition of a proteolytic system. HA.GEN, S. K. (87) HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN LIlvLA. BEASTS. II. INFLUENCE OF HEAT -ON THE POISONOUS PROPERTIES OF THE BEANS, Ztschr. Untersuch. Lebensmtl. 59: 211-216. 1930. [in German. Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 5082. 1930.] • For analysis a 50 gram sample of beans is powdered, shaken for 3 hours with 400 cc. of Sorensen citrate "buffer pH 5.9, and the extract distilled with steam through a condenser, the end of which dips into 50 cc. of 0.04 N sodium hydroxide solution. When 250 cc. is ohtained, 1 g. of potassium iodide is added and the solution titrated with 0.05 N silver nitrate solution (l cc, = 2.70 mg, hydrocyanic acid), with the aid of a comparison solution titrated to the end point. The error is 0.1 mg. hydi'ocyanic acid, and amounts varying from 6.5 mg. in Madagascar heans to 53 rag, in Rangoon heans (per 100 g. sample) were found. If the sample has heen previously heated or treated with acid so as to destroy the enzyme, 25 g. should he mixed with 25 g, of an active meal of the same type hefore extraction, and allowance made for the hydrocyanic acid content of the latter. The enzyme is destroyed without affecting the glucoside content "by prolonged heating at 125°, but is unaffected after 3 hours at 80°. HAHIvIAN^I, C. (38) RED SPIDERS IN GREEN HOUSES, AND THEIR CONTROL WITH CYANOGAS. Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank. Pflanz ens chut z 39: 386-389. 1929, [Ahstract in Chem. Zenthl, 101 (l): 887. 1930.] Even at the high concentration of 3 mg. per liter Cyanogas is not effective in eradicating rod spiders. (89) TELEPKORID LARVAE AS PESTS IN THE GREENHOUSE. Ztschr. Pflanzenlo-ank. 40: 117-124, 1930. [in German. Ahstract in Rev. Appl, Ent. 18 (A): 431. 1930.] Chrysanthemum plants arc very sensitive to calcium cyanide. FJILL, W. J. (90) NOTES ON THE CONTROL OF SOME OF THE MORE IlvTORTAlIT INSECT PESTS OF ■ CITRUS IN SOUTHEHIT RHODESIA. Rhodesia Ap-t, Jour. 27: 737-747. 1930. [Abctro-ct in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 633. 1930.] Baring the rains bctwoon DecomlDcr and April attack occurs "by Coccus' hospcridum and Chi'.ysomphalus aurant i i . the latter heinc a major pest. 'Owing to climatic conditions fijjnigation with hydro- cyanic acid can only bo undertaken on a largo scale '.ihon the fruit is almost fully developed, that is, betv/ocn the end of April o.nd the end of June, when the raina have ended and the new growth h-as not yet appeared. Even if the scale is killed there is no time for it to drop off and the fruit to recover. Treatment is there- fore made to prevent infestation in the following year. Annual fumigation against C. a urant i i is now undertaken and has almost completely controlled Coccus hosTjoridu m. HA.MER, E. E. (9l) EXECUTION OF ROBERT H. miTE BY HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. Jour. An. Med. Assoc. 95: 651-662. 1930. [Cited in Qjj.art. Cumulative Index Modicus 8: 352. 1930.] HARDY, P. (92) FROGHOPPER INCIDENCE IN 1929. Minutes and Proc. Froghoppcr Invest. Comm. Trinidad and Tobago, pt. 18: 71-80. 1929. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 506, 1930.] Dusting with calcium cyanide succeeded in limiting froghopper incidence to the areas of infestation of the previous year, kARDY, F. , and ROSS, R. (93) CYANCGAS DUSTING FOR FROGHOPPER CONTROL. Minutes and Proc, FroghopiDcr Invest. Com.m. Trinidad and Tobago, pt, 17: 399-408. 1929, [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 223, 1930,] Experiments v/ith Cyanogas calciim cyanide on a suga.r-cane estate • infested with the froghopper ( Tomaspis sac char ina ) in Trinidad led to the conclusion that dusting with this insecticide can only be considered effective when the first generation is completely suppressed throughout the area treated. This is practically impossible unless the problem of the grasses harboring the insect in fields and traces can be solved, HARGREAVES, E, (94) REPORT ON THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. Section I - Rpt, Lands and Forestry Dept. Sierra Leone 1928: 20-22. [Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 98. 1930.] -24- In experiments against Balanogastris kolae infesting the nuts of kola, nuts placed in "brine remained in good condition, "but were rendered unpalatalile. Fumigation \Yith car"bon "bisiilfide or hydro- • cyanic acid destroj'-ed the weevils "but "badly vdiscolored the nuts. HAHTECK, P., and KOPSCH, U. (95) GASEOUS PJ:A.CTI01IS OP ATOMIC OXYGEN. Ztschr. Elektrochem. 36: 714-715. 1930. [In German. A"bstract in Chem, AIds. 24: 5512. 1930,] Hj'drocyanic acid reacts with atomic oxygen, with the formation of v;atcr and cyanogen. HAim, J. C. (96) RECOVERING CYANOGEN COKlPOUiroS FROM GASES. U. S. Patent 1,742,505, issued January 7, 1930; applied for March 23, 1923; assigned to The Merrill Co., San Francisco, Calif. [A"bstract in Chem. A"bs, 24: 1166. 1930.] A gas containing cyanogen compounds and hydrogen sulfide is "brought into contact with water to a"bsorl) su"bstantially all the hydrocyanic acid and part of the hydrogen sulfide; the hydrocyanic acid and hydrogen sulfide arc removed from the aqueous solution thus formed "by continuously diluting the atmosphere surrounding the aqueous solution with a condensahle gas such as water vapor; the gases arc partially condensed- at a pressure su"bstantially less than atmospheric pressure and the condensate is separated from uncondensed hydrogen sulfide. HEERDT-LINGLER G. M. B. H. * (97) PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PEST CONTROL. Australian Patent 19,006, issued October 15, 1929. [in English. Ahr.tract in Chom. Zenthl, 101 (II): 2563. 1930.] The protective material (cyanides, especially calcium cyanide) is used in the form of spheres or briquettes, A suitable apparat\is pulverizes the material o.nd blows it out by air; the pulverizer and air pump are actuated by the same handle, HERZOG, W. (98) PROTECTION FROM TEXTILE INSECTS BY- IvEANS OF HYDROCYANIC ACID. Ztschr. Gesell. Toxtilind. 33: 641-643. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (ll): 2850. 1930.] Hydrocyanic acid is the most suitable material for protecting textiles, leather, or books, as it does not attack metals or fibers. In Germany it is commonly used in the form of "Zyklon B" (two parts kicselguhr plus one part hydrocyanic acid) , usdng a hydrocyanic acid concentration of 0,1-0.2^, by volume.- -25- HEBIANS, J. P. ■" (99) DISIl^ECTION WITH SATUBATSD SOLUTIOII OF OXyfrEN IN PRESENCE OP , HYDROCYANIC ACID. Bui. Acad. Mod. [PariG] 103: 317-319. 1930. [In Prcnch. Cited in Q^art. Ciirmlativo Index Mcdicur. 7: 344. 1930.] HINDIiLARSK, W. L. (lOO) LETHAL DOSE OP HYDROCYANIC ACID FOR RUMINANTS. Jour. Council Sci. Indus. Ros. (Australia) 3:' 12-13. 1930. [AlDstract in Chcm. At 5. 24: 5065. 1930.] The lethal dose of hydrocyajiic acid for sheep is' 1 m^. per It, "body weight, and for the cow (one experiment) is rou£;hly of the same order. HIITKEL, L. E., and DUNN, R. T. • • ■ ■ ^^^^^ STUDIES ON HYDROGEN CYANIDE. II. THE COKIPOUNDS ,PORI.tED BY THE 'ACTION OF THE HYDROGEN HALIDES ON hTDROGEN CYiiNIDE. Jour. Chom. Soc. 1930: 1834-1839. 1930. [Abstract in Chcm. Ats. 24: 5655. 1930.] The preparation and properties of various compounds iDetvrocn hydrocyanic acid and the hydro.f^cn halidos are investigated, Bimolecular hydrocyanic .acid (imino formyl isocyanidc) , m, p. 85°, may he readily and quantitatively prepared hy heating 1 mol of chlormethyl;;ne-formamidine (2HCN.HC1) 'with 1 mol of quinoline and depositing from the vapor hy passing through a U-tuhe ■ cooled with solid carhon dioxide. HOBER, R., and TITAIEV, A. (102) THE SECRETORY ACTIVITY OP FROG LIVER. Arch. Gesell. Physiol. (Pflugers) 223: 180-194. 1929. [In German. Abstract in Physiol. Ahs. 15: 36. 1930-1931, Chem. Ahs. 24: 5880. 1930.] Dyes added in small concentrations to Ringer solution and per- fused through the isolated frog liver were secreted and concen- trated up to 1,000 times. Narcotics and cyanides have a reversible inhibitory action on this secretion, HULL, P, M. • ■ (103) THE PLANT LOUSE PROBLEM OP THE TEXAS GULP COAST. Jour. Econ. Ent. 22: 774-777. 1929. , [Abstract in Rev.' Appl, Ent. 18 (A): 65. 1930.] ■ In one of the important vegetable grov/ing centers along the Gulf coast of Texas, the standard control measures against aphids are rendered ineffective by low temperature and high winds. Attempts to discover a satisfactory method of control have included experiments in fujnigation beneath cheap tar paper covers, in which the most successful fumigant proved to be calcium cyanide, at a dosage of 0.0285 oz. to 70 cu. ft., with a one hour exposure. -2t3- HtJLSEIIBERG (104) EXPERIIviENTS-WlTH CALCIUII CYANIDE IIT COI.IBATIIIG GEEEmOUSE PESTS. Ztschr. Ange\7. Snt. 14: 2S5-315. 1923. [In Gernvan. Abstract in Expt. Sta. Rec. 62: 449. 1930.] An extensive table is presented giving results of various in- vestigators in the use of calcium cyanide, both, in regard to in~.- sect kill and injury to plants. It is concluded that calcium cyanide is an, outstanding material for protection against a whole series of greenhouse pests. The cost is less than for most other materials, especially nicotine preparations, and in comparison with spray materials it has the advantages of sLmplicity of application and freedom from soiling the plr.nts. mSD, C. D., and GARHAHA.N, F. L. (105) THEP.i;AL DEGOLIPOSITIOK OE ETHYL/UvIINE AKD BENZYLAIill^. Jour. Amor. Chem. Soc. 52: 4151-4158. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl, 101 (II): 3392. 1930.] Ethylamine at SOO'^ yields acetonitrile, hydrogen, and nome ethylene, ammonia, hydrocyanic acid, and methane. At 890-900° the products are ethylene (decreasing with increasing time of reaction), hydrocyanic acid, and a little ammoniijjn cyanide or acetonitrile, .Bcnzylaminc is completely stable at 275-300*^, and is stable for a short time at 535°. At 630° it yields bonzonitrilc, benzene, toluene, paraffins, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, and traces of secondary amines, I. G. EAEBENiroUSTRIE A.-G. • (l06) GAS PURIEICATION. British Patent 321,982, issued November 25, 1929; applied for Au,^ist 23, 1928. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. . 24: 2866. 1930.] ^. Gases such as . crude cool, gas arc washed with a liquor comprising ammonium polysulfide and ammonium thiosu.lfatc together with sufficient ammonia completely to absorb hj^drogcn sulfide and fix the hydrocyanic acid, (107) PEEPAIIATIOK OE COPPER CYAITICE AI'ID COPPER THIOCYAIIATE C0I'ff'0Ui\^DS. British Patent 323,802, issued January 10, 1930; applied for October 10, 1928, and December 1, 1928, and Ecbrurry 5, 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (l): 2791. 1930.] Insoluble compounds of copper cyanide and copper thiocyanate, suitable as dusting materials for insect control, may be prepared by cither of the following methods: (l) To a solution of a copper salt ammonia is added in insufficient quantity'- to dissolve the resulting precipitate, and the resulting product is mixed, preferably at a low temperature, with a cyanide or thiocyanate. -27- (2) A copper salt solution is directly prccipitntod uith a cyanide or thiocyanatc in the presence of an organic nitrogen-containing compound such as Tethylar.uno, ethylene diamine, urea, gi?.anidi"e, pyridine or piT)cridine. (108) HAIIDLIKG AIviliiONIA AT HIGH THvIPERATUEES . British Patent 325,557, issued Fe^bruary 17, 1930; applied for SeDtemter 15, 1928. [Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 4124. 1930.] Decoirrposition of ammonia at temperatures ahove 600° is lessened hy GO constructing?; the apparatus that the gases come into contact only v;ith surfaces containing silicon. The apparatus; is suitahlo for use in connection with the production of hydrogen cyanide from ammonia and carbon monoxide. (109) HYDROCYANIC ACID. Trench Patent 565, G33, issued September 20, 1929; applied for December 13, 1928. [in French. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 923. 1930.] Alkali metal cyanides, or mixtures containing alkali metal cyanides, are decomposed in the presence of water by moans of an excess of sodium bicarbonate at temperatures to 50°. The liberated hydrocyanic acid can be rem.ovod from the mixtiii'c by lowering the pressure. (110) HYDROCYANIC ACID. Germ.an Patent 485,989, issued ilovcm.bor 8, 1929; applied for March 2, 1923. [in Gorman. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 1185. 1930.] Hydrocj^anic acid is prepared by passing formamide, mixed with amm.onia or sim.ilar indifferent gas, over a catal^/zcr below 400°, IIvIPERIAL CKEMICAL liTOUSTRIES, LTD. (ill) HYDROCYANIC ACID. Trench Patent 653,995, issued November 8, 1929; - applied f or Decembor 31,- 1928; in Englaiid rebn;.ary 10,. 1923.. [In French. Abstract i.n Ch.::m. Abs. 24: 1V03. 1930.] Hydrocyanic acid is obtained by passing formamide over a dehydrating catalyst ouch as alujninuii: oxido, zirconiujn oxide or thorium oxide, vmich lias been heated for a prolonged tim.e at a temperature above lOOO'^, (112) CATALYTIC PREPARATION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID. German Patent 49S,7C issued June 2, 1930; applied for January 1, 1929. [in German. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 4592. 1930.] Zirconiiun oxide, thori\im oxide, or aluminum oxide (including commercial forms of alundum) may "be revived as catalysts for the production of hydrocyanic acid from, forraamide "by heating to temperatures over 1000°, JACKSOIT, R. M. (113) APPARATUS POP FUIAIGATING TREP.S WITH HYDROCYAHIC ACID. U. S. Patent 1,773,582, issued Aug-ast 19, 1930; applied for July 10, 192G; assigned to Owl Fumigating Corp., New York, N, Y, [Abstract in Chen. Ahs. 24: 5104. 1930.] JACOBSElvT, W. G. (114) (ISFOET POP 1928 OP TEE) BUREAU OP PLAI^'T QUARAilTIlIE AUD PEST COHTROL. Calif. Dept. Agr. Mo. Bui. 17: 653-683. 1928. [Aostract in Rev. Appl. Ert. 18 (A): 14. 1930.] The increasing numhcrs of the coccid C hrysomp halus dictyos'permi have resulted in the enforcement of strict inspection of plant material from the Southorn States, and such plants as palr.is v/ith irn'oricated leaf hases are required to he fumigated with hydrocyanic acid as a precautionary measure. Since the presence of the walnut husk fly (R ha-oletis jajrlandi s) hocame laiown in California, a specio.l prohlem has heen the treatment of wjalnuts with part of the husk adhering to them. The treatments tested hava included dipping in the standard walnut "bleaching solution, \racn.um fumigation with h^'-drocj'-anic acid or with carhon hisulfide, atmospheric fumigation with hydrocyanic acid, hot water treatments at tem.poratures from 110° to 125° P., hot air, and steam. The tests arc as yet incomplete. KAWAI'/IURA, C. (115) ACETALDEHYDE CONTAINED I!T RABBIT BLOOD UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS. Jour. Kyoto Prefectural Med. Col. 2: 225-256. 1928. [in German. Abstract in Chera. Ahs. 24: 417. 1930.] Under normal conditions rahoit hlood contains 1.2-4.2 mg. acetaldehyde per 1000 cc, mean 2,65 mg. In two cases no acetalde- hyde was .found. Cyanic acid poisoning decreaiBCS the content. (116) ACETOIIE IN BABBIT BLOOD UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS. Jour. Kyoto Prefectural Med. Col. 2: 257-280. 1928. [in German. Ahstroct in Chem. Ahs. 24: 417. 1930.] In rahbits, the acetone content of the "blood increases remarka"bly after hydrocyanic acid poisoning. KOmi-ABREST, E. (117) ACCIDEl-TTAL INTOXICATIONS DUE TO HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS. Ann. Mod, Lo/calo, do CriminolOj'^io ct do Police Scicntifiquo 9 (4): 132-135. 19.?9. [In Eronch. Abntr.'ict in Rev. Hy/^. Mod. Prov. 51: 689. 1929 Chcm. Abr,. 24: 189. 1930.] Recent deaths from fumifation vn th hydrocyanic acid arc traced largely to poor after-ventilation. In some cases supposedly ventilated rooms contained 10 parts per 1,000 of hydrocyanic acid. Strict regula- • tions relative to fumigation are recommended. CiiPUS, DESOILLE, and VILI^lRD (118) SEVERE INTOXICATION BY COlv'IPaUNDS DERIVED EROi.I BARBITAL AND EORi,i/.TION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID IN BLOOD. Bui. ct Mem. Soc, Mod, E&[), Paris 54: 261-267. 1930. [in French. Cited in Qaart. • Cumulative Index Ivlcdicus 7: 203. 1930.] md LUPU (119) THE FATE OF HYDROCYANIC ACID IN BLOOD. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 187 (6): 362-364. 1928. [In French, Abstract in Chcm. Zcnthl. 101 (I): 2439. 1930.] The rate of loss of hydrocyanic o,cid at 20° and at 37° \7as observed for blood (or blood sorum) free of glucose and for blood (or blood serum) containing 300 rag, glucose per 200 cc. At 20° glucose-free serum shov/ed no loss of hydrocyanic acid (24 rag, per 200 cc) in seven days, r/hereas that containing glucose lost 70,lfo in the same time. Glucose-free blood lost, at 20°, 10.8^ in seven days whereas that rrith glucose lost 21.8^ in the same time. It is concluded that the absence of hydrocyanic acid from the blood of those poisoned cannot be due to the effect of the blood sugars. — VILLARD, K., and CAPUS, L. (120) OCCURRENCE OF SULFOCYANIDES IN ORGANISIIS. POST-MORTEIvI CHANGE OF VEROtiAL, DIAL AND GARDENAL INTO HYDROCYANIC ACID COKiPOUl'IDS, TOXICOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 190: 281-284. 1930, [In French. Abstract in Chora, Abs. 24: 2506. 1930.] It is sho'.vn that in c;iso of barbituric acid poisoning thiocyanic acid v/ill be formed in the putrefaction of the blood or viscera, KREBS, H. A. (121) ' STUDIES ON THE PROTEOLYTIC ACTION OF PAPAIN. Biochem. Ztschr. 220: 289-305. 1930. [in German. Abstract in Chem. Abs, 24: 3804, 1930.] The digestion of protein "by papain is inhibited by heavy metals, and the heavy-metal content of protein preparations may be sufficient to account for the fact that the papain activity is very largely suppressed. Removal of those impurities from gelatin may increase the activity of the pr.pain proteolysis 30 times, and su"bstanccD which "bind- the heavy metals (sodium pyrophosphate, hydrocyanic acid, cysteine J end hydrogen sulfide) greatly increase the proteolytic • effect of the papain. Hydrocyanic acid ovA hydrO:r;en sulfide in a similar manner increase the activity of other iJ3,pain-like enzymes, KRIEBLE, V. K., and McMLLY, J. G. (122) HYDHOLYSIS 0? HYIDROGEH CYANIDE BY ACIDS. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 51: 3358-3375. 1929. [Ahstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 70. 1930,] The rates of hydrolysis of amygdalin and hydrocyanic acid uhen cats-lysed "by hydrochloric acid and hy sulfuric acid have heen quantitatively studied. For 5 IT concentrations hydrochloric acid hydrolyzes amj^gdalin ten times faster than sulfuric acid. For hydrocyanic acid the difference is even greater, l/Then the con- centration of hjrdrochloric acid v;as varied from 1.95 N to 7.84 II, the velocity of hydrocyanic acid hydrolysis increased ahout 1000 times. This increase in velocity corresponds to -he increase in activity icr corresponding concentrations of the undissociated hydrochloric acid. -molecule as noasurGdhy E. M. F. methods, and it is- suggested th.at this incr--;aso inTOlocitj- is di\c to an in- crease in the concontro,tion of o,ctivatcd hj'-di'ochloric acid molecules, A 4 IT hydrochloric acid solution is more than six times o.s effective in hydrolyzing h.ydroGyanic acid as o. corresponding hydrohromic acid solution. A tentative moch;misn is proposed, KUDO, F. (123) BIOCEEMICAL STUDIES OF HYDROCYANIC ACIB: I^IFLUEHCE UPON PROTEIIT METABOLISM. Jour. Oriental Med. 13: 19. 1930. [Cited in Quart. Cumulative Index Medicus 8: 352. 1930.] KUHK, R., and MEYER, K. (124) CATALYTIC OXIDATIOITS T7ITH HBHII. Stschr. Physiol, Chem. 185: 193- 216. 1929. [In German. Ahstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 1127. 1930.] • Compounds- containing one or more ethylene linl:ages represent a new group of sulistrates eapahle of catalytic oxidation by hom.in. Experiments are described with a nnjiiher of such compounds, including tests of the inhibitory action of hydrocyanic acid. LSHRECKE, H. (125) STA3ILIZATI01I OF HYDROCYA^IIC ACID. U. S. Patent 1,780,198, issued ■November 4, 1930; aropliod for June 25, 1926; in Germany July 3, ■ 1925. E-^-tstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (ll): 3114, 1930,] Hydroc5'-anic acid is mixed with a small amount of substance which may hydrolyzo to yield an acid, such as lead tetrachloride, stannic tetrachloride, arsenic trichloride, easily hydrolyzed salts of iron or zinc, neutral or acid esters of inorganic or organic acids, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichlorethyleno, etc. -31- LlrroElvLA-Fil, K. , ■ and WIEGIffiBE, L. (126) CONSTITUTIOIT OF COUCir.X'S I7ITH "I'lVALEIIT" GARBOil. 3er. Dexit* Chen* Gesell, 53 (B) : 1650-1357. 1930. [in German. Alj'otract in Chem. Al3s. 24: 5018. 1930.] For hydrocyanic acid, isonitriles, and cyanic acid, fornralas of the tirpe (I) C^ITX or (ll) => M, where X = H, H or OH, are contrary to the octet rule. It should "be possiljle to decide, at least for isonitriles, \7hetjier they have the structure C = ife (III) by deterraining their parachors, providing that in the liquid state they do not undergo extensive nolecular association, • Formula III, derived from the octet theory, seems to hold for six isonitriles; this formula also agrees "better than the older ones with the properties of those compounds, such as their stahility, the lack of any radical characteristics, and their addition reactions, LIlTDi^TER, F., and LIIIK, F. (127) HYIHCCYAIIIC ACID. U. S. Patent 1,751,933, issued March 25, 1930; applied for October 18, 1927; in Germany October 30, 1926; assigned to I, G, Farbcnindustrio A. G. , Frankfort- on- the-Main, Germany, [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 2552. 1930. Brit. Chem. Abs. 1930 (B): 419. 1950.] A mixture of carbon monoxide and ammonia is passed over a cataljrst comprising iron carbide and molybdenum, at a temperature of rbout 450". LOCKYJOOD, S. (128) THE GSAPE LEAF HOPPER III CALIFORIIIA. Calif. Dopt. Agr. Mo. Ml. 19: 582-584. 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Apiol. Ent. 18 (A): 711. 1930.] For many years the standard r emed^/ for the leaf hopper was spraying the lower surface of infested leaves witjh nicotine sulfate and fish-oil soap, but for large areas this has generally been sxiper- seded hy calcium cyanide dust. Although nicotine dusts appear to kill the nymphs more quickly than the adults, the reverse is found when calcium cyanide is used. From 15 to 30 lbs. of calcium cyanide have been used to the acre; 20 lbs. should be sufficient if there is no air movement. If calcium cyanide has been applied when the air is slightly moving, it is advantageous to use an oil spraj'- on the soil under the vines to kill the hoppers that have merely been knocked down. Tests have been made which indicate that a mixture of 2/3 calcrom. cyanide dust and 1/3 grajixiles is effective when apiDlied at the rate of 25 lbs. to the acre. The diist stupefies the hoppers, and the granules finally kill them. Such a mixture is, 'however, apt to clog the machine. A dust of even consistency/" but somewhat coarser than that nov; used ^70uld be desirable. iMAAS, J. (129) MPETHaLEI^:^ TOCOITTHOL HZD SPIDER. Gartcnwolt 33: 305. 1929. [In German. A-bstract in Hgv. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 26G. 1930.] G-reenhouse fumigation v/ith real ciiim cyanide against Totranychus telarius. often, injures' the plants. Ifephthalonc proved quite satis- factory, and directions for its use are given. MLEITOTTI, E. (130). EXPERII.IEHTS AGAINST THE PEAS. P SILL ID. Coltivatore 75 (26): 235-241. 1929. [In Italian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 4. 1930.] P syll a pyricola is a serious pest of pears in northern Italy, , Spra,ying with nicotine-soap "being inconvenient in some cases, experi- ments ^ere mo-de in July on fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, excellent results "being obtained \7ith 5 g. sodium cyanide per cuhic .meter, Volck emulsion, at a strength of 5/o, also gave good results. Relative costs in Italy, are given. MIDDLETOil, ¥. , and SMITH, ?. E. (I3l) • ITOTE. Oil A NEW IvETHOD OF DETERl.IINIMG SEFICIEITCY IH CONTROL. Jour. Econ. Ent. 23: 289. 1930. [Abstract in Rev, Ap-ol. Ent. 18 (A): 415. 1950,] In contr^nl of t"ne hoxwood leaf miner (Monar tbr opal r)us "b-jjci) "by hydrocyanic acid fut.iigation, auditor^/ ohser-.^ation hat; been found to he a good mc-tho'-"! of determining the efficiency'' of control. The larvae move '.-.'ithin their m.ines on v:arm spring days, producing a faint hut definite ru.stlc in the infested hush, which can he dis- tinctly heard hy a trained ohsorver. The value of such ohscrvations is very high if they are made in spring, from one to four weeks after fumigation. MLADOVEANU, -C, and GHEORGHIU, P. • (132) SODIUlvI NITRITE AS ANTIDOTE FOR EXPERII/iENTAL POTASSIUl'I CYANIDE POISONING. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol, 102: 154-165. 1929. [in French. Abstract in Chem. Zenthl. 101 (l): 2765. 1930.] Dogs withstood two to three times the lethal dose of potassium cyanide when 10-20- cc. of freshly prepared 10^ sodium nitrite solution were intravenously injected immedia.tely at the cessation of respiration. MtJLLER, D. (133) THE BEFJIVIOR OF GLUCOSEOXIDASE IN DIALYSIS AND TOWARDS HYDROCYAITIC ACID, CARBON MONOXIDE OR I.STKYLENE BLUE. Biochem. Ztschr. 213: 211-219. 1929. [In German. Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 387. 1930.] Glucoseoxidase catalyze? the oxidation of glvicose to gluconic acid, and this is inhibited b.y hydrocyanic acid only when the con- centration reaches 0.01 IT. (134) GLUCOSEOXIDASE. AND ITS EELATIOII. TO HYDROCYANIC ACID, CARBON MONOXIDE AI^D lvIET/fYLEl\^ BLUE. Beret. IBth Skand. No.turforskerm^de Copenhagen, Aug. 26-31, 1929. 557 p., illus. Copenhagen, 1929. [In Danish, Abstract in Cham. Abs. 24: 2769. 1930.] An enzyrne prepared from molds (A spergillus n iger ) catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid by oxygen. The enzyne is not an iron pyrrole compound (Warburg's universal respiration enzyrne) , since it is not inhibited by hydrocyanic acid or carbon monoxide (p. 426-431). I^ICH, H. . (135) THE IvlECHANISM or UREASE ACTIVATION. Ztschr. Physiol. Chem. 187: : 241-251, 1930. [In German. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 2476. 1930,] The activation of jack bear, urease by hydrocyanic acid and by glycine was studied from the point of viorr of changes in affinity between enzyme and substrate. Only v/ith lov; enzyme concentration and prolonged action can an increase in reaction-.velocity on addition of hydrocyanic acid or glycine be recognized. FICK, R. , and NICOLAI, F. (l36) DISINTECTING. German Patent 502,844, issued July 19, 1930; applied for January 29, 1927; assigned to I. G. Earb en Industrie A. G, , Erankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, [in German. Abstract in Chem, Abs. 24: 5437. 1930.] Hydrocyanic acid gas is produced directly in the_ room to be disinfected by the catalytic or thermal decomposition of formamide. The gas may be mixed with other substances such as esters of chloroformic acid. MUimO, J. W. , and THOMSON, W. S. ' ' . (137) REPORT ON INSECT lOTESTATION OF ST0PJ:D CACAO. E. M. B. 24, 40 p. London, 1929. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 174. 1930.] Cacao arriving in Loiidon is frequently found to be infested, the insects having probably attacked it during the drying stages in the country of origin. The most important of these pests are Araecerus fasciciilatus . Corcyra cephalonica , and gphestia elutella . Preliminary tests have been carried out to determ.ine the effect on E, elutella of fumigation of cacao in bags rrith hydrocyanic acid. The resvilt showed practically 100^ mortality of larvae, pupg,e and adults, after 9 hours' exposure to a concentration of about l,5/o, and the cacao iDeans were found to atsort a relatively low amount of the gas; in any case the roasting of the "beans during manufacture would elimi- nate any gas absorlied. NMETK, L. (1?8) THE EFEECT'OF POTASSIUIvI CYAIIIDE OR HYDROCYANIC ACID ON CULTURES Of CANCEROUS TISSUE. Arch. Erpt . ' Zellforsch. "bes. Gewehczuchtung 8: 177-180. 1929. [Abstract in' Chcm. Zenthl. 101 (ll): 3438. 1930.] The growth of cancerous tissue was aided hy the addition of small amo-unts of hydrocyanic acid, With 0.01 percent potassi-ara cyanide the cultures grew three times as rapidly as the controls. In higher concentrations there was sometimes no effect and some- times a checking of growth. Cultures in which growth has "been completely checked gave a positive reaction when used to 'ihociilate mice. NEUIvIAim, B,, and I/iA!-IKE, G. (139) THE CATALYTIC" OXI DAT I Ol-I OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE. Ztschr. Elcktrochcm. 35: 751-765. 1929. [in German. Ahstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 3702. 1930.] Catalytic oxidr.tion of hydrocyanic rxid in a ^ percent mixture with air was measured hotween 450'° and 900'"^ with rates of flow from 163 to 1092 cc. per minute. The products formed were nitrogen, nitrogen trioxide and nitrogen tetr oxide, and these were determined. On platinum, the highest yield of oxides was 94.9 percent at 700° at 1092 cc, per minute; on pure ferric oxide, 85,4 percent at 900°; on ferric oxide with hismuth trioxide, 90 percent at 700°; on ferric oxide v;ith 10 percent potassium oxide, 71 percent at 900°; on copper oxide, 46 percent; and on nickel oxide, 57 percent. It is concluded that at high gas velocities the reaction may he represented hy: 2 HCN + 3-1 /2O2 = HgO + 2N0 + 200^ 'NEWALL, H. E., SKILLING, W, J., and SINNATT, F. S. (l40) HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN THE GASEOUS PRODUCTS FROM THE PROPAGATION OF A ZOl^ OF COLIBUSTION THROUGH POWDERED COAL. Fuel in Science and Practice 9: 234-235. 1930. [Abstract in Chom. Ahs. 24: 5972. 1930. Brit. Chem. Ahs. 1930 (3): 648. 1930.] When a conical heap of fine coal is momentarily heated at its apex with a small flame, comhustion proceeds autogcnously through- out the whole. Hydrocyanic acid has hccn detected in the -ascous products of such comhustion in varying amounts, up to 161 parts per million. The amount of hydrocyanic acid produced increases with 'incre^ase in comhustion "temperature, and there is a wide variation in the minimum temperature at which hydrocyanic acid is formed from different coals. -35- NEWAN, L. J. (141) REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Ann. Rpt. Dept. A^;r. VI, Auct. 1928- 1929: 32-33. 1929. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 290. 1930.]. Calcium cyanide dust was successfully used at the rate of 25 Its, to the acre against Nysius v initor and N ezar a viridula . especially against the nymphs, and S myntharus viridis . For treat- ment of -stacking sites and flooring dunnage against the grain weevil ( Calandr a granaria ) it was only partly . successful, (142) THE RED-LEGGED EARTH MITE (PEIITHALEIIS DESTRUCTOR). Jour. Dept. Agr. W. Aust. 7 (2): 115-118. 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Appi, Ent. 18 (A): 454. 1930.] The mite may he destroyed with calcium cyanide dust. This should not he applied to moist foliage, nor when there is any wind. Powdered naphthalene dusted around the plants acts as a repellent. NIEUWEIOTJRG, C. J. VAN (143) ALKALIMETRIC TITRATION, INDICATORS, AND TITRATION ERRORS. Chem, Weekhl. 27: 143-146, 158-150, 174-176, 186-188, 206-209, 1930. [in Dutch. Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 5561. 1930.] Titration curves are reproduced and discussed for nitric acid, hydrocyanic acid and hydrochloric acid against potassium hj'-droxidc, OESTERREICHISCH-ALPINE l^ONTANGESELLSCHAFT (144) PURIFICATION OF WASH 17ATERS CONTAINING CYANIDE. Austrian Patent 118,009, issued June 10, 1930; applied for June 24, 1929. [In German. Abstract in Chem. Zontbl. 101 (ll): 1262. 1930.] The wash waters are passed through towers cov.nt or current to gases containing carbon dioxide, and the liberated h;;'-dro cyanic acid is collected by known methods. OLSEN, J. C., BRUNJES, A. S. , and SiVBETTA, V. J. (145) GAS PRODUCED 3Y THE DECCI.TOSITION OF NI'TROCSLLULOSE AITO CELLULOSE ACETATE PHOTCGRilPHIC FILMS. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 22: 860-863. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 4397. 1930.] Films of nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate, v;ith or without gelatin emulsion, vierc decomposed in flasks in air, in nitrogen, or in gases from a previous decomposition, Tiic highly toxic gases formed were carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroc^'^anic acid; the less toxic gases, acetic o,cid and hydrocarbons. The quantity of carbon monoxide evolved was about the same as from heated newspaper. The -36- quantity of nitric oxide may reach 40 percent with nitrocellulose ■film, -"but'ls absent "vzith acetate filiii. 'Eraul si on- coated acetate 'films produce connidera'ble hydrocyanic acid, derived from the gelatin. Explosion of the gases depends upon quantity Durnod and excess air; in large quantities e:^rplosions occurred, PADDOCK, F, B. -(146) THE BEE MOTHS. Jour. Econ, Ent. 23: 422-428. 1950, [AlDstract in Rev, "Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 485. 1930.] The moths G-alleria mellbnella and Achroia grisella have a world- wide distrihution. They cause considerahle loss among comhs in wealr ■colonies and among stored comhs. Nat^iral factors of control are lacking and artificial measures hitherto tried have proved unsatis- factory, Exijeriments indicate that fumigants lose their effectiveness at temperatures usually prevailing at the time of customary treatment, Paradichlorobenzene was not effective helov; VS"^ E, , carton "bisulfide is only partly effective at 71° F,, and calcium cyanide was not fatal at 70° F, It is difficult to ohtain a lethal concentration under practical conditions. PAOLI, G. (147) .SOLE APPLICATIONS OF SOLUTIONS OF SODILilvI CYANIDE AGAINST INSECTS, Bol.- R. Staz. Pat. Veg. Roma 9 (n.s.) 1929. [In Italian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent, 18 (A): 46, 1930.] A 3 percent solution of sodium cyanide destroyed Macrotermes "bellicosus . Solutions as weak as 0.3 percent are effective against the ant Tap i noma o rraticu m, and against the Argentine ant, Irido- myrex bomilis , in Italy, though a large amount of liquid must "be used over a large area of ground. In fumigating a room against Pseudococcus mamillariae . on Cereus . the sodium cyanide was simply placed on the floor. A dose of one-half ounce per 1,000 cu, ft. is recommended, repeated after 10-15 days, although the plants seem to be able to resist a dosage of one ounce per 1,000 cu. ft. PARFENTJEV, I. A. (148) RESEARCHES IN INSECT TOXICOLOGY, Fourth Internatl. Cong, Ent,, Ithaca, N.Y., 1928 (ii): 857-864. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 318. 1930,] It was found that the susceptibility to insecticides of the insects investigated was related to their capacity to lose water when placed in a desiccator, the more susceptible species losing more water in 30-40 minutes than the less susceptible. Dead in- sects lost more water than live ones, and this might be utilized to distingiaish dead weevils from stupefied ones, as individuals of C. granar ia after being fumigated with insufficient dosages of hydrocyanic acid remained in a state of torpor for about two weeks and then revived. -37- PEMTA.F. ■ (149) . THE INFLUEITCE OF A Hi ON I A UPON HYDROCYANIC ACID IN ILLUMIMTINCr GAS. Plyn a Voda 9: ISl. 1929, Paliva a Toponi 2t 158. [In Czechoslovakian. Atstract in Chem. Abs, 24j 5977. 1930.] Ammonium hydroxide removes hydrocyanic acid from ill-uminating gas; as the concentration of ammonia increases more of the hydro- cyanic acid is removed. In concentrations of 1 to 5 g, per 100 cubic meters of gas the ammonia is ineffective, but betiii^con 10 and 50 g, per 100 cilbic meters of gas the hydrocyanic acid is r cmovcd completely," The formation of sulf ocyanatos in cleaning liquids is increased by the presence of ammonia; the hydrocyanic acid removed as sulfocyanatc, however, docs not exceed 10-20 percent of the total hydrocyanic acid removed from the gas, PETROV, A. (150) NEW IvIETHODS OP APPLYING HYDROCYANIC ACID IN THE CONTROL OP PESTS. Izv. Prikl. Ent, 4: 288-290. 1929, [in Russian. Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 132, 1930.] A short review of the use of Zyklon products and of calcium cyanide for fumigating with hiydrocyanic acid, PIERGEITTILI, D. (l5l) PEST CONTROL. French Patent 659,733, issued July 2, 1929; applied for August 2, 1928, [In French, Abstract in Chcm. Zentbl. 101 (I); 278, 1930.] Pest control on fruit trees, using liydrocyanic acid evolved from potassium cyanide and sulfuric acid. Gas-tight tents are used, the walls being impregnated v/ith a soap and alum solution, QU^YLE, H. J, (152) NEW MTERIAL FO?. CITRUS FOlvIIGATION. Calif. Citrogr. 11: 296-298. ' 1926, [Abstract in Expt. Sta. Rec. 62: 448. 1930.] The nat ferial is calcium cyanide diist. Trees sprayed with water before an:', after d-j.sting showed no injury; the material is safe under any conditions cf ordinary fumigation, contrary to earlier experience with another calcium cyanide compound™ More than 90 percent of the hydrocyanic acid is liberated in 5 minutes, and 98 to 99 percent during 45 minutes. Hand and power dust applicators are illustrated. In tent fumigation a smaller amount of cyanide is necessary in the form of dust than as a liquid, to effect the same kill. This is probably due in part to the hydrocyanic acid being evolved from innumerable particles which arc often in close contact with the insects, and in part to the fact that when using dust there is less loss of hjrdrocyanic acid through the tent. This relationship docs not appear in tests in a tight fumigatorium. LIBRARY ^TATF, PLANT BOARD -38- In effectiveness against scale one ounce of this calcium cyanide dust (30 percent cyanogen) is equal to 20 cc. of 96-98 percent hjrdrocyanic .acid (one unit in the 110 percent dosage schedule) 4 The use of dust settles the important question of safety in the handling and transporting of hydro cyani.cj: acid, and excellent gas distrihution is ohtained. It appears tr^at -the- margin of safety "between 'the killing of the ijisects and injiiry-to the tree is greater with the use of the dust, (153) FUMIGATION AND SPRAY COIviBINATION FOR BED. SCALE. Calif. Citrogr. 12: 349, 360-361. 1927. [Abstract in Sxpt. Sta, Rec.. 62: 449. 1920.] A spraj;- and a fumigation nay he considered as more or less conplementary. For this reason, and for the reason that certain scales are' just as likely to survive two fumigations as one, there is an advantage of the spray- fumigation com'bination over, two fumigations. Likewise, there is s.n advantage of the com'bination over two sprays. Scales on outside fruit arc most apt to survive the fumigation, v/hile the same scales oughtto/be most readily hit hy a spray, 'While sprays following fumigation are fairly satis- factory, they are not quite as satisfactory as where the fumigation follows the spraying, and there are other reasons v/hy the spray should he applied first. Where an oil spray is applied there is more or less of the spray on the tree when the fumigation occurs later, and this is shown to protect the tree from injury during ' the fumigation. Oil sprays also tend to dissolve the via.iQr cover- ing of the scale and to loosen some of the scales. — . . (154) DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FUlvIIGATION OF CITRUS TREES. Fourth Internatl. Cong. Ent. Ithaca, N, Y. , 1928 (ii): 155-161, [Ahstract in Rev. Appl, Ent, 18 (A): 303, 1930.] A review of the fumigation of orchard trees, which i,s practically limited to citrus. The increased tolerance of certain coccids to hydrocyanic acid in some districts in California is discussed. Fumigation is more extensively practised in southern Ca,lifornia than in any other part of the world, and in 1927 about 65,000 acres, or nearly 6,000,000 trees were treated, at a total cost of about $2,000,- 000, or approximately $35 per acre. The most expensive part of the equipment is the tents for covering the trees, of which there arc about 20,000, representing an investment of about $1,000,000. Fumiga- tion is not considered satisfactory unless the results are sufficiently effective to last for two years or longer, althoiigh under certain conditions annual treatment is required. r -39- RA.MSAY, A. A. (l55) HYDROCYAIIIC AQID CONTEIIT; OF SORGHUlvI- SUDAN HYBRIDS. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 40: 735. .1929. [Abstract in Chem., Abs. 24: 1136. 1930.] S or ghum- Sudan hybrids were bred from female sudan grass and male Saccaline sorghum. The hydrocyanic acid content of the plants was: Sudan grass, 0.00001 percent; sorghum, 0.003 percent; hybrids, 0.0000 to 0.011 percent. and.HEIIRY, M. (l55) ROSEWOOD (HETERODENDRON OLEAEEOLIUl/i) AITO IIATIVE FUCHSIA (EREI.IOPHILA I'lACULATA), TFO POISOITOUS PLAIITS, Agr. Gaz. II. S. Hales 40: 834- 837. 1929. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 3811. 1930.] Hydrocyanic acid in native fuchsia, liberated by the enzyme naturally present in the plant, reached a maximum of 175 rag, per 100 g. of plant (dried at 100°) in May, dropped to 4 to 8 mg. during July to November, and then increased to approximately 155 mg, in December. In rosewood over 12 months old a maximum of approximately 4 mg. per 100 g. of dry plant was. reached in March; with plants under 12 months old a maximum of 15 rag, was attained. No marked effect of weather conditions on the' yield of hydrocyanic acid was noted, RANDALL, M. , and HALF ORD, J. 0. (157) EQUILIBRIA INVOLVING SOIiffi COIvIPLEX IONS OF SILVER AND THE FREE ENERGY OF SOME SILVER COIviPOUlTDS. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52: 178-191. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 1273. 1930.] A method is presented for the theoretical treatment of equilibria involving the solution of difficulty soluble compounds in weak acids or bases to form complex ions. The method is applied to nev; data for the solubility of silver chloride and silver oxide in ammonium hydroxide, and of silver chloride and silver cyanide in aqueous hydrocyanic acid. _- and HALFOHD, J. 0. (158) THE DISTRIBUTION OF Al.lMONIA BETWEEN TOLUENE AND AQUEOUS SILVER Al/IMONIA CHLORIDE AI^D HYDROXIDE, AND OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE BETWEEN BENZENE AND AQUEOUS HYDROGEN SILVER CYANIDE. Jour. Mer. Chem. Soc. 52: 192-194. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 1269. 1930.] The activity coefficient of hydrocyanic acid in HAg(CN)p(aq. ) in unity at 25°. RA3CH, Y;. (159) THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE USE OF HYDROCYANIC ACID IN THE CONTROL OF PESTS. Ztschr. Agnew. Ent. 14: 316-324. 1928. [in German. Abstract in Exp t. Sta. Rec 62: 449. 1930.] A review of contemporary practices in thp use of hydrocyanic acid. -40- (160). USE OF aUCIUlvI CYANIDE AS AIT IHSECTICIDE IN FILaJCE. Fourth Intcrntl. Cong, Snf., Ithaca, U. Y. , 1928 (ii) 37-B9. [Ahstract in Rev. Appl. Ent; 18 (A): 300. 1930.] In France the use of calcium cyanide as an insecticide has "been almost exclusively confined to the treatment of insects in dwellings and greenhouses. Field experiments were made, 'both "oy dusting and hy injecting it into the soil. As a dust it is ineffective against P-hjoichota, including aphids and coccids, \7hich can only "be 'destroyed when the insecticide is used in a confined space such as a green- house or a tent. In the case of subterranean larvae its efficiency depends on a numhcr of factors,, such as the individual resistance of the insect, its ability to escape from the gas, the na.turc of the soil and the 'degree of hiunidity'. In sandj'- soils the mortality never exceeded 20 percent, whereas in the clayc;;- varieties, which retain the gas, it reached as high as 80 percent. The evolution of cyanide is nearly twice as rapid under humid conditions as under dry ones, and it is recommended that o,ppli cat ions should be made in fine weather, Ivlcligothes acncus, a small beetle that is very injurious to rape in one locality, was killed in less than 30 seconds by dusting, EEICHSTEni, T. (l5l) ALDEHYDE SYITTHESES. COI/IPARISai OF THE TPmEE SIIviPLEST FIVE-Iffil.IBEHED HETEROCYCLIC COi.IPOUITDS. Helvetica Chim. Acta 13: 349-356. 1930. [In German. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 3782. 1930.] The G-atterman reaction (condensation with hydrocyanic acid) is used as an example to show that among the simple f ive-membered heterocyclic compounds, pyrrole is more reactive than furan, which in turn reacts with greater e'ase than does thiophene. " RENTZ, E. (162) DETOXICATION OF CYAIJIDES. Arch. Internatl. Pharmacodyn. et Ther, 36: 455-517. 1930, [In French. Cited in Quart. Cum-alative Index Medicus 7: 344. 1930.] RHEDIHOLD and CO. VEREIHIGTE KIESSLGUHR Ul'TD KORZSTEIlIGSSELLSCHArT (163) ADS0?3E:.tT K'ATZEHAL FROM GYPSUlvI. German Patent 499,316, issued May 5, 1930; applied for April 12, 1927. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (II): 2022. 1930.] Gypsum is made very porous by the process of allov/ing it to absorb an excess of water. The product may serve as an absorbent for hydrocyanic acid in pest control. -41- ROBERTS, H. • (164) • APPARATUS FOR FUMIGATING ANIIvIAL 3UPJlOrS ITITK HYDRCCYANIC ACID. U. S. Patent 1,742,149, issued December 31, IQ.^S; applied for October 5, 1925; in Ciiba March 20, 1925, [Abstract in Ghem. Abs. 24: 1191 1930.] Structural features. R0ER, 0. • (165) TITRATION OF CYAIHDES. Tidsskr. Kami og Bergvcsen 9: 127-129. 1929. [In Norwe^=rian. Abstract in Ghem. Abs. 24: 3727. 1930.] A discussion of a number of volumetric methods for the deter- mination of cyanides r/ith standardized silver or nickel solutions, and with Schulek's iodometric process. ROSFIITHALER, L. (166) THE HYDROCYANIC ACID QUESTION. XXV. THE DETECTION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID-CO^SINING SUBSTANCES IN DISTILLATES CONTAINING HYDRCCYAIIIC ACID. Pharm. Acta Helvetiae 4: 62-63. 1929. [in German. Abstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (l): 3086. 1930.] In investigating plants containing hydrocyanic acid, it is necessary to ascertain whether any of the hydrocyanic acid which has been volatilized with steam is combined with other compounds. The distillate is caught in water (insoluble portions are dissolved in alcohol) and diluted to 200 cc. In one-half of the liquid the free hydrocyanic acid is determined according to Volhard; in the other half, after 24 hours, the total hydrocyanic acid is determined according to Licbig-Dcnigcs, The difference represents the amount of combined hydrocyanic acid. (167) THE HYDROCYANIC ACID QUESTION. XXVI. NEW OCCURRENCES OF HYDRO- CYANIC ACID. Pharm. Acta Helvetiae 4: 196-199. 1929. [In German, Abstract in Chen. Abs. 24: 5796. 1930.] Supplementing a previous list of about 360 plants containing • hydrocyanic acid, a second list of about 150 species is now given containing the name, the family, the part vmere hydrocj^nic acid occurs, and references to the literature of its discovery, SAMUEL, G.,-BALD, J. G. , and PITTI\'AN, H. A. (168) INVESTIGATIONS ON "SPOTTED T7ILT" 0F_T0iaT05S. Bui. Council Sci. Indus. Res. 44, 64 p., illus. Melbourne, 1930, [Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 665. 1930.] -43- The experiments indicated that thrips may inoculate a plant with spotted wilt if they have fed on diseased plants. Unsatisfactory- results were ol)tained in c ontrolling the disease "by insecticide dusts and sprays or -"by fvjni^-ation with sodium cyanide in greenhouses. SANIG-AR, E. B. • • . (169) THE TITRATION OF POTASSIUM CYAinDE, AKD OF FREE CYANIDE IN SILVER PLA.TING SOLUTIONS, BY LffiANS OF SIL^/ER NITRATE. Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc. 58: 49-68. 1930. [Abstract in Chem, Ahs. 24: 5002. 1930. Brit. Chem. Abs. 1930 (B) : 1074. 1930.] A study was made of the effect of carhonate on the titration of potassiiim cyanide solution? with silver nitrate, and of the titration of the free cyanide in silver plating solutions. The presence of carhonate causes persistent precipitates during titra- tion of the cyanogen, hut these may "be avoided "by the use of dilute solutions, and otherwise car"bonatcs did not interfere. The removal of the carbonate by barium nitrate, barium chloride, calcium ; chloride, or strontium nitrate produced erroneous results and com- plicated the titrations by promoting precipitate formation. Additions of small quantities of 0.1 N sodium hj'-droxide wore without effect on the titration result or "on the' formation of precipitates. Additions .of ammonium hydroxide' obviated precipitate formation, but the con- centration of ammonium hydroxide had to be correlated carefully to the amount of potassium iodide used as indicator to obtain accurate results. Titrations without potassium iodide yielded slightly high results, SATO, S. (170) PHYSICOCHHvilCAL INVESTIGATION ON THE CASE IN- SPLITTING ACTION OP PAPAIN WITH SPECIAL REFERE^ICE TO THE FUNLAlviENTAL PROPERTIES OF ITS ACTION AS WELL AS TO THE MECHANISM OF THE ACCELERATION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID ON ITS ACTION. Jour. Faculty Agr. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 24, part 4: 101-151. 1929. [Abstract in Chem. Abs, 24: 390. 1930.] The quantity of casein digested in unit time is directly pro- portional to the concentration of jjapain. Potassium cyanide greatly increases the activity of papain, probably due to hydrocyanic acid molecules rather than cyanide ions; The action is reversible: if the hydrocyanic acid is removed by bubbling air, the reaction velocitj'- decreases to its original value without the hydrocyanic acid, SCHlvIIDT, M. (171) CYANIDE POISONING. NEW EFFECTIVE TPJATKffil^lT. Ugeskr. Laeger. 92, 548-550. 1930. [In Danish. Cited in Q;uart. dimulatiye Index Medicus 8: 353. 1930.] -43- •■ SCBIIEDER, F. (172) NEW IJEASUREIffil-TTS OF EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTIOITS FOR GASES AIID VAPORS. Ztschr. Elcktrochen. 36: 700-704. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zenttl. 101 (II): ;a738. 1930.] Curves of effectivG cross-section were determined for a rainber of compounds , _including ni trogen , hydrocyanic acid, and etiv/lone. Above 3 \rVolts the scries corresponds to the Grinn system, v/hcreas belo^T this value an individual behavior is evident which is perhaps related to the dipolc moments. SCHUSTER, F. (173) THE ACTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ON THIOCYAITATES. Ztscrj. Anorgan. u, Allg, Chem. 186: 253-256. 1930. [In German. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 2964. 1930.] By reactions analagous to the conversion of cyanide to cyanate and then to ammonia and carbon dioxide, thiocyanates are oxidized and hydrolyzed quantitatively by boiling for 15 minutes with 30 percent hydrogen peroxide in 0.5 N potassium hydroxide, yielding sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, and amjr.onia. The ajnmonia is further partially oxidized to nitric acid. Determination of the sulfuric acid by barium chloride gives the amount of thiocyanate in the original sample. The method can be used for the determination of sulfocyanic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and hydrochloric acid in mixtures 'by first determining all three by silver nitrate, then oxidizing the first two and determining in the resulting solution the hydrochloric acid and the sulfocyanic acid (as sulfuric acid) , finally obtaining the hydrocyanic acid by difference. SCHWA3, R. (174) THE INFLUENCE OF DEXTROSE UPON THE TOXIC ACTION OF POISONS. Ztschr. Gesell. Expt. Med. 67: 513-538. 1929. [Abstract in Chem, Zentbl. 101 (I): 2276. 1930. Chem. Abs. 24: 1155. 1930.] In experiments with animals, and with varied poisons, it was possible to confirm the favorable influence due to the administra- tion of dextrose. The best results were obtained with hydrocyanic acid, in which case only the tests with mice were negative. The effect of dextrose is probably in ■[nriny cases due to its reactivity with the poison, as in the case of hydrocyanic acid, together v;ith an effect on the functioning of the liver and a general strengthening of the organism due to the addition of large njnounts of carbo- hydrates. In some cases the poison is probably removed by combin- ation with glucuronic acid. SCHWARZ, L. (175) TIffi CONTROL OF PESTS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH BY HYDROCYANIC ACID. Ztschr. Dcsinfokt. 21: 1-13. 1929. [In German. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (B): 58. 1930.] -44- A survey of tho use of hydrocyanic acid against such insects, most of tho rofcroncos "boing from Germany. Tables shou the vo,rious dosages required, and tho absorption and .release of tho gas "oy cements and stones used in the construction of "buildings, (176) THE EVOLUTION OE THE USE OE HYDROCYAITIC ACID EOH PEST COilTHOL. Ztsclir, Desinfekt. 22: 394-395. 1930. [Abstract in Ghem. Zentol, 101 (II): 1600. 1930.] Historical description of the application of hydrocyanic acid in pest control. SEDLOil, H. R., and KIHG, R. 0. C. (17?) FATAL DOSE FOR SHEEP OF GYAHOGEIIST I G PLAITTS COI'TTAIITIITG SAI/BUITIGRIII OR PRUmSIlJ. Joiir. Co^jicil Sci. Indus. Res. (Aust.) 3: 14-2^. 1930. [Ahstract in Chem. Al)s. 24: 5065, 1950.] Experiments carried out "by feeding to sheep Acacia glaucescens and Eremophila m aculat a indicate that the administration of a cyanogenetic glucoside (in air-dried plant) at such a rate that the liydrocyanic acid content is equal to the minimum fatal dose of hj'-drocyanic acid itself is attended v;ith fatal results, provided that sufficient enzyme is present. Since the plants themselves are relatively deficient in enzyme, this was supplied by the addition of sweet almonds. Fncreas free hydrocyanic acid or the glucoside in the plants is fatal in doses equivalent to 1 rag. of hydrocyanic acid per pcrund of "body weight, the isolated glucosides were fatal only in doses corresponding v;ith 2 mg. per pound. Plants are con- sidered dangerous if the percentage of hydrocyanic acid is greater than 0.02 in the fresh plant and 0.05 in the air-dried material, SHI3UYA, T. (178) THE Ii>TFLUEIlCE OF HYDROCYANIC ACID UPON THE CULTIVATION OF FI3R03IA.STS, ■ LI'v^R CELLS AlTD SARCOI.IA CELLS. Japan Med. Uorld 9: 280-285. 1929. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 2174. 1930.] Sarcoma cells have an especially strong: resistance to hydrocj'-anic acid and can "be cultivated in iiydrocyanic acid media. Fibroblasts and liver cells are highly susceptible to hydrocyanic acid, shov/ing degenerative chanji-es in a dilution of 1 to 4,000. SKimiER, H. M. (179) THE GIAHT I.IOTH BORER OF SUGAR-CAiJE. Trop, Agr. , V. 7, ITo. 1. 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 250. 1930.] Castnia licus ^ which is confined to Trinidad, British Guiana, and some other parts of South America, has greatly increased in southern Trinidad. The insect attacks banana and coconut, . i/hich are -45- introduccd plants, as well as sug.or-canc . Calciun cyanido, blo\7n directly into the "burrows, was tested as a means of killing the larvae remaining in the stool after the cane had been cut, but it \70.5 unsatisfactory. SOCi:fiT^ ANON. HOLUNDO-BELGE POUR LA 7ABRICATI0N DU COKE (l80) PURIITING GASES. British Patent 314, 860, issued January 23, 1930; applied for July 3, 1928. [Abstract in Chom. Abs. 24: 1495. 1930.] Details of a process involving the separation of hydrogen sulfide and hydrocyanic acid from gases by washing them v/ith alkali carbonate solution and then expelling the hydrogen sulfide and hjrdrocyanic acid from the solution with carbon dioxide. SPEYER, E, R. (181) A TTHITE-FLY PARASITE (SNCARSIA FORI.iOSA GAHAlO . 14th Ann. Rpt. Expt, Res. Sta. Nursery Market Gard. Indus. Devlpmt. Soc, (1928): 96-100. [Abstract in Rev, Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 600. 1930.] The parasite E ncarsia formosa Gah:m is bred for the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum . In cases of severe infestations of T. vaporarium , fumigating with tetrachlorethane or hydrocyanic acid gas will destroy the adults without affecting the parasites. The dosage per 1,000 cu. ft. is 5 ounces tetrachlorethane or l/8 ounce sodium cyanide with l/2 fluid ounce of 33 percent sulfuric acid. STAiniAiro, L. N., and WALTON, G. L. (182) EXPERIIvIENTS ON THE CONTROL 0? PEAR MIDGE (CONTARINIA PYRIVORA) . PROGRESS REPORT. Rpt. Agr. Hort. Res. Sta. Bristol 1929: 124-129. 1930. [Abstract in^Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 597. 1930.] Calcium cyanide applied in Juno and worked into the soil to a depth of 4 inches at the rates of l/2, 1, and 2 ounces per square yard, effected complete control in the case of light garden soil, and when applied to heav;/- wet soil in October, resulted in a con- siderable reduction in infestation. A rate of l/2 ounce per square yard appeared to be the most satisfactory. STRAImD, A. L. (185) MEASURING THE TOXICITY OF INSECT FUlvIIGAl^ITS. Indus, and Engin. Chem., Anal. Ed., 2: 4-8. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 1185, 1930.] The methods used for establishing the relative toxicities' of insect furaigants are reviewed. The greatest error in these methods arises from the attempt to determine minimum lethal concentrations, A method 6f measuring relative values by comparing concentrations which kill 50 percent of the test insects in a period of 5 hours has been investigated. These concentrations maj'- be designated as the 5-hour median lethal concentrations. The method seems to possess greater possibilities for accurate work on fumigants than those now in general use. -46- TAjayO, M. L, (184) DETERIvIINATION OF CYAN IDS BY COPPER SULFATE. An.' Soc. Ecpan. Fis. Qp.i. 28: 724-727. 1930. [in Spanish. AlDstract in Chem: A1ds. 24: 4237. 1930.] Titration of copper "by, discharge of the color of the tartro- cupric complex hy potassium cyanide has "been descrihed, and the same reaction can he used inversely for the volumetric determination 'of cyanides hy cupric sulfate in the presence of alkaline tartrate. Results obtained hy this process are shovm and compared with those hy the Deniges method. TAMiAUH, G., and ROffivlAlH-T, A. (185) lEPLUEUCE OF PRESSURE OH THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE OF SALT SOLUTIONS, Ztschr. Anorgan. Allg, Chem. 183: 1-29. 1929. [In German. Abstract in Chem. Ahs.' 24: 286. 1930.] Determinations r/ere made of the effect of pressure from 500 to 3000 kilograms per square centimeter, at 20° and at 40°, on the conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium acetate, potassium cyanide, barium chloride, cerrous chloride, mercuric chloride, ammonium cyanide, ammoniiim acetate and hydrocyanic acid. TANAICA, K. (186) THE BTFLUENCE OP CHRONIC POTASS lUIA CYANIDE' POISONING ON THE lACTIC ACID AND LACTACIDOGEN OF THE LiUSCLES, AND THE REIATION OF POTASSIUl^i CYANIDE POISONING TO THE EFFECT OF INSULIN. Folia Endocrinol. Japonica 5: 34. 19.29. [in Dutch, Abstract in Chem, Zentbr. 101 (l): 553. 1930.] Continuous subcutaneous injections of 1 percent potassium cyanide solution in rabbits produce an increase of lactic acid and an appreciable reduction of the lactacidogen content. If insulin is simultaneously injected the effects are reversed, TAYLOR, H. (187) RESPIRATORY MOVEIvIENTS IN GRADUAL HYDROCYANIC ACID POISONING, Jo-or. Physiol. 69: 124-134. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zontbl. 101 (I): 3327. 1930.] An "investigation of the breathing of cats and rabbits when subjected to various doses of hydrocyanic acid. THORPE, ¥. H, (188) BIOLOGICAL RACES IN INSECTS AND ALLIED GROUPS. Biol. Rev. 5: 177-212. 1930. [Abstract in Rev, Appl, Ent, 18 (A): 691. 1930.] -47r. A review of the more important literature bearing on the subject of biological races. A biolof;ical race may be said to exist where the individuals of a species can be divided into ^oups, usually isolated to some extent by food ;-jreferenccs, occurrin/^ in the same locality and showin,^ definite differences in biolO(;^y, but with cor- responding structural differences either few or inconstant, or com- pletely absent. An instance of two races of a host differing in ability to resist parasitism is supplied by Chrysomphalus aurs,ntii . in relation to the parasite Comoeriolla bifar.ciata . The author also discusses the development of strains resistant to hydrocyanic acid gas in Chrysomnhalus aurantii , Saissetia olea e and Asoidiotus pcrniciosus . UTKIKA.-LYU30VTZ0VA, X. (13S) THE GEHEPAL ACTIVATION OF INTEACELLULA?. PHOTSASES OF ANILiAL AlTD PLAIJT CRIGIIT BY CYALTIC ACID. liocheia. Ztschr, 222: 404-406. 1930. [In Gernan. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 4797. 1930.] Digestion by animal cell enzymes i:4 activated by hydrocyanic aeid, particularly at pH = 4, but this diminishes and becomes practically zero at pH = 7. Glycerol extracts of liver, vmich of themselves have but very little digestive activity, arc con- siderably activated by hydrocyanic acid, VILLARS, D. S. (190) PHOTOCHEI'.:iCAL DECOI.IPOSITIOII OF TRiATOiuIC I.iOLECULES . HYmOGSII CYAITIDE." Jour. Amer, Chem. Soc, 52: 61-67. 1930. [Abstract in bhcm. Abs. 24: 1034. 1930.] The hydrocyanic acid gas was illuminated in a quartz cell in an electric furnace at 1000° C, A hydrog^-n discharge tube was utilized for radiation and a Kilger E]_ spectrograph for the measure- ments. The continuous spectrum was photographed after passage through the cyanide, both at 1 mm. and at 1 atmosphere pressure, and in neither case was any absorption observed. Hydrocyj?Jiic acid is not an "ionic" molecule. The brown coloration o-ssumed by the illumi- nated liquid hydrocyanic acid seems to be attributable to a,n initial decomposition into hydrogen and cyanogen, followed by a polymerization of cyanogen into paracyoji9gcn. VOGT, G. ' (191) THE ESTIMATION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID IN PFJ^MA-CEUTIC/lL PPJ^ARAT I ONS . Pharm. Jour. 124: 475. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 5433. 1930.] The vapors of hydrocyanic acid wore carried by means of suction into 20 cc. of a solution of silver nitrate (6.30 g. per 1.). The precipitator silver cyanide was then dissolved by adding to the solution 20 cc. of potassiiim cyanide exactly equivalent to the silver nitrate solution. After adding 1 cc. ammonium hydroxide and -48- 2 drops of 10 percent potassium iodide, the solution was titrated v/ith. silver nitrate to first turlDidity. Each cc. of silver nitrate consuned indicates 0.002 g, h^^-drocyanic acid. On a dilute solution of hj'-drocyanic acid, re^Tults were identical v/ith those o"btained hy the British Pharmaceutical method, Frashly prepared tincture of chloroform et morphine, Brit. Pharm. 1885, proved very unstahle in regard to its hydrocyanic acid content, VOTOCEIC, E., and KOTEBA, J. (192)" 1TET7 APPLICATIOiTS OP /iERClIRILIETRIC TITPATIOIT, Chim. et Indus, [Paris] 21: 164. 1929. [in Prench. Abstract in Chem, Zenthl. 101 (I): 1977. 1930.] A method of titrating cyanogen vrith mercuric nitrate, using sodiijm nitroprussiate as indicator, in nitric acid solution. TFABBUHG, .0., IIEGELSIIT, E. , and CHHISTlAn, U. (193) CABBYlAl,IIlJE-KEl.iCGL03IlT AHD THE PHOTOCHSLIICAl DISSOCIATION OP ITS CAZBOil ilOlTOXIDE COiTPOmiDS. Biochem. Ztschr. 214: 26-63, 1929, [In German. Abstract in Chora. Ahs. 24: 634. 1930.] The fact that hydrocyanic acid can displace carhon monoxide from iron-porphyrin compounds has led to the study of this reaction, I7ATS0L!,' J, R, (194) (HSPOHT OP THE DEPARTIIEiTT OP) ElTTOl.iOLOGY. Hpt. Pla, Agr, Ex^t, Sta, 1927-19S8. 42R-49R, [Abstract in Rev. Appl, Ent. 18 (A): 246, 1930.] Pumigation with hydrocyanic acid ga,s under tents was very satisfactorj;- against the Plorida red- scale ( Chr:/ s om-oha].u s f icus ) . ■ which is most difficult to kill with sprays. Por the pupae of white flies, a higher concentration of gas was necessary than for. either the rod or purple scale, WEDEiT, H. (195) DEPIITITION AlTD EPPECT OP COIvIPLEX HEAVY i/IETAL 1I1I7JVGES. Arch. Expt, Path. u. Pharmakol, 150: 332-353. 1930, [in German, Ahstract in Chen, Abs. 24: 4449. 1930.] Compounds of the heavy metals, particulo.rly of iron, v/ith pQlyalcohols, carhonic o.cid, gelatin, pcx^toncs, protalhinic acid, hydrocyanic acid -and a fcv; inorganic -acids, were studied with respect to their soliihilit^'-, formation of complex ions, and stability at various hydrogen ion concentrations. The properties of these linkages arc dcterr-ined in part "b;/ the relative numbers of o,cid and hydroxyl grau-os to '.vhich the m.ctal is bound. -49- WEIDIilGER. (i9G) PEST COiTTROL IN GREEffiOUSES WITH CYAilOGAS. Prrkt. Bl. Pflanzcnb. 7: '278-282., 1930. [llotod in Hcv. Aprl. Ent. 18 (A): 181.' 1930.] WERKER, 0. (197) THE DIPOLE MOliENT OP HYDROCYANIC ACID AlHD OF SEVER/.L NITRIDES. Ztschr. Phys. Chcm. 4 (3): 371-392. 1929. [in Gorixm. Aostract in Chon. Ats. 24: 7. 1930.] An improved resonance method ia described \/hich makes use of a piezoelectric quartz crystal as a frequency stabilizer; the dielectric constant is measured v/ith an accuracy of about 1 per- cent. The electric moments of hydrocyanic acid, acctonitrilc, propionitrilc, butyronitrile, and bcnzonitrilc ucre measured and the dielectric constant and density of solid hydrocyanic acid were redetermined. The measurements of moments suggest a nitrile bonding in hydrocyanic acid. WHEELER, T. S. (l98) HYDROCYANIC ACID. British Patent 325,860, issued March 3, 1930; applied for September 3, 1928. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 4123. 1930. Brit. Chen. Abs. 1930 (B) : 508. 1930.] Hydrocyanic acid is made by the action of an arc or spark discharge on a mixture of a hydrocarbon such as methane, or gases containing hydrocarbons, such as coal gas, "and nitrogen or ammonia which has been preheated at least to 800°. The gas mixture is preferably free from oxygen, WIELAIID, H., and DOPJffiR, E. (l99) SOICS OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACTION OP ffiTDROCYANIC ACID, HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND ALUI-ilNUM CHLORIDE ON Ul-JSATURATED COI.IPOmiDS. Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell. 63 (B) : 404-411. 1930. [in German. Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 2733. 1930.] Since unsaturated compounds undergo varioxis reactions with aluminum, chloride o,lone, it was possible to effect a definite reaction with hydrocyanic acid in only a few cases. WIETZEL et al. (200) PORlvIAlvIIDE AJID HYDROCYANIC ACID. Fed. I^t. 39 (2): 669-672. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 24: 3487. 1930.] The process of making formamide and hydrocyanic acid by exposing alkyl formate vapor and ammonia to a contact mass of dehydrating character, at 200-300°, was held unpatentable on appeal to the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals in view of prior literature cited during Patent Office proceedings. -50- WILLIAI.1S, H. (201) ACUTE HYLROCYAIJIC ACID POISOHIITG DUE TO SILVER POLISH. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc. 94: 527-629. 1930. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (ll) 2009. 1930.] In a series of hotels poisoning to dining; room patrons was observed in the form of acute gastro-enteritis. This was attributed to the use of a silver polish containing 24 percent potassium cyanide, flllKLER, A. •• (202) REGULATION OE RESPIRATION: EFFECTS OF HEMORRHAGE AlID REDTJECTION, AlID OF INTRA^vlJTCUS IlTJECTICl^ OF SODIUIA CAP301IATE AlID SODIWA CYAillDE UPON RESPONSE OF NEURO-I.IUSCULAR KIECFJLNISM. Amer. Jour. Physiol. 94: 224-234. 1930. [Cited in Qy.art. Cuiroilative Index Medicas 8: 353. 1930.] WOGLUM, R, S. (203) CONTROL OF RED SCALE BY SPRAYING AND FiJiilGATION. Calif. Citrogr. 12: 348, 364-365. 1927. [Abstract in Expt. Sta. Rec. 62: 499, 1930.] Data are presented ^from -jhich it is concluded that: (l) An oil spray such as Volck Concentrate or Triple X heav;;^, 'followed by fumigation, is the most dependable way to handle resistant red scale. (2) It is corroborated that fumigation alone gives a better kill on the wood than on the fruit. (3) Fnen using sprays alone, the kill on the fruit is better than on the wood. None of the sinf:le treatments gave a kill sufficient to meet commercial requirements (over 99 percent) , The -interval between the spray application and the fumigation has averaged from 1 to 15 days. No superiority between these limits has been found, s-nd the point needs investigation. It is evident that the spray loosens up a large part of the scale, but where this scale does not die it appears to settle back into its former position. An interval be- tween the two treatments of not to exceed 10 days "is recommended. Proper double treatment in Auj^st- Sept ember season will carry the fruit through the fall in a commercially clean condition, and in most cases handle the scale and red spider for a full year. The dosage recommended is I-I/3 percent Volck Concentrate or Triple X heavy followed by 100 or 110 percent fumigation. There is doubt as to the equal efficiency of the lighter oils when combined with fumigation. ,; — and.LA FOLLETTE, J. R. • (204) RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF RESISTAITT RED SCALE. Calif. Citrogr, 11: 396-397. 1926. [Abstract in Expt, Sta. Rec. 62: 448. 1930.] -51- Rcd Gcalc is easier to control on oranf;cs than on lemons; ordinarily 100- or 110 percent dosaf^e ;7ill handle this scale on ; oranges.- Comparative tests showed that 125 percent dosr.if^e eradi- cated non-resistant scale, "but in the case of resistant scale sur- vivors were found in every instance, A lime-sulphur spray, prior to fumigation, slightly increased the red scale kill over that of straight fumigation',, "but the superiority was so slight as to have no influence on commercial control. It was observed that where oil spray was used, especiallj'- during warm weather, it often caused the old red scale to loosen up and, furthermore, speeded up the hatch of young insects. This condition, coupled v/ith the complementary scale kill on fruit and wood "between oil spray and fumigation, led to the trial of comhination treatment. In a series of winter tests the follov/ing average results v/ero Ojtained: Method Total kill Fumigation ------- 91.0 percent Volck oil, 2 percent - - 92.0 " Oil and fumigation - 99.3 " WOJHICZ-SIANOZECKI, Z. (205) IITTEEPRETATIOH OF THE ELECTRICAL NATURE OF THE BOIU) BETWEEIT CARBON AilD HYDROGEN AND OTHER ELEIviENTS. Rocz. Chen. 9 : 628-639 . 1929. [In Polish. Abstract in Chem. Ahs. 24: 1554. 1930.] The acid and toxic properties of hydrocyanic acid are explained "by means of electronic relations, on the basis of a previous paper on the periodic law of eleraents. WOLF, K. L., BRIEGLEB, G., and STUART, H. A. (206) THE KERR EFFECT, DISPERSION AND i.iOLECUlAR STRUCTURE. Ztschr. Phys. Chem. G (B) : 163-209. 1929. [Abstract in Chen. Zentbl. 101 (I): 1101. 1930.] Based tip on the Kerr constant, the optical anisotropy and the dipole moment, calculations relating to the molecular structure are made for 31 substances, including hydrocyanic acid and qyanogen, WOLGAST, K. . (207) . CAEIBONATE-FREE ALKALI CYANIDES. German Patent 488,758, January 8, 1930} application March 19, 1925; assigned to I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. [Abstract in Chem. Zentbl. 101 (ll): 1536. 1930.] A solution or suspension of alkali or alkaline earth cyanide is saturated in the cold V7ith carbon dioxide, and in a separate operation the hydrocyanic acid is expelled by blov;ing with air or by reduced pressure, and absorbed in a solution of alkali. -52- WOODHILL, A. R. (208) THE CIISUS RED SCALE ( CHRIS OIvIPHA.LUS AURAITTII) . PRGRESS REPORT OIT FUMIGATION Am SPRAY IrIG EXPERIMENTS. Agr. Gaz. II. S. Wales 41: 125-130. 1930. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. 18 (A): 339. 1930.] A continuation of e:cperiments on the fumigation of citrus against red scale, in New South Wales. In most cases the trees were fumigated for 45 minutes, calcium cyanide dust "being applied during the day, and potassiun cyanide by the pot method during the late afternoon or at night. It \7as found that inspection shortly after treatment might show an apparently'- complete mortality and yet the scale might "be plentiful during the following season. It was, therefore, decided to allow 12 months to elapse hefore comparing the treated and untreated trees. Field ohservations liave shomi that the spread of the scale from tree to tree, is very slow, and that scales occurring the follow- ing season on treated trees are the progeny of those surviving fumiga- tion rather than migrants from \intreated trees, Eine calcium cj'anide at 1 ounce per 175 cuIdIc foot proved unsatisfactorj'-, and was only partially satisfactory at 1 ounce per 100 cuhic feet. The coarser form was also unsatisfactory at the latter concentration, and for "both forms a considerahle increase in dosage is nccessory. The pot method, using 1 ounce potassium cyanide per 125 cubic feet, gave satisfo,ctory hut not perfect results. None of these dosages cor^: . sistently produced results which were satisfactorjr over a period of two years. Lemons are very susceptible to injurjr from a deposit of calcium cyanide dust, and the coarser tj^po should r.lways he used except under very dry conditigns. YOUNG, H, D. (209) EVOLUTION OF hTDROCYAITIC AC ID FROM CALC lUlvI CYANIDE. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 21: 861-863. 1929. [Ahstract in Expt. Sta. Rec. 62: 448, 1930.] . • With any given calcium cyanide the rate of evolution of hydro- cyanic acid increases with increasing relative humidity. With a calcium cyanide, 80 percent of which will pass a 200-mesh sieve, 90 percent or more of the hydrocyanic acid will he liberated in about two hours, at 50 percent humidity, rJDENICH, N. A. (210) THE ABSOLUTE REFRACT OR^ PERIOD OF THE LlESVE ACTED UPON BY CYANIDE AND ARSEIJIC SALTS. Zhur. Expt. Biol. Med, 12: 370-375, 1929. [In Russian. Abstract in Chem, Abs. 24: 4860. 1930.] Sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide causes the absolute refractory period to increase 3-4 times, and the conductivity of the nerve then disappears. -53- ZI:.iAJ{OV, P. V. (211) CATALYTIC rOIu,LA.TION 01 HYDRCCYAITIC ACID FROM Al.:.i01TIA Ai{D CARBON liOilOXIDE. Jour. Hugs, Phys. Chem. Soc, 61: 997-1009. 1929. [In Russian. Abstract in Cliera. Aus. 24: 691. 1930.] The kinetics of the reaction were studied, the experiments being carried out in a /^lar.s tub'3 20 mn, in diameter and 750 mm. long placed in an electric f-urnace, a:id containin^^ a la^'-er of catalyzer over \7hich f.7nmonici, and carbon monoxide were passed. The no in re- action, HH^^ + CO - HCK + HpO, is usua,lly acconpanied by the follov;- ing three side reactions: tl) 2NK^ == Ng + '^^2' ^'^^ 2C0 ^ C + COg; (3) CO + HgO _- Hs + CO2. The COo thus produc^'d is very harmful, causing rapid ].os-. of activity of the catalyst, ZWAITCK, A. (212) USE OP HYDROCYANIC ACID. Rev. do Especial idades 4: 1707-176G. 1929. [In Spanish, Cited in Qp.art, Cxinulativc Indc:; Medicus 8: 492. 1930.] - 54 - StJBJECT INDEX (References are made to the citations "by numter) Absorbents, for hydrogen cyanide, 163 Acetic acid, as stabilizer for hydrocyanic acid, 72', 73 Achroia gris ella, control with hydrocyanic acid, 146 Ammonia, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 110, 198, 200 Ants, control with calci"um cyanide, 28 Aphids, control with calciiim cyanide, 160 hydrocyanic acid, 103 Aphis vagus , control with calciirn cyanide, 75 . Balanoa:astris kol ae. ccr.trol with hydrocyanic acid, 94 Beans, cyanide f'omigation of, SI Bed bugs, control with hydrocyanic acid, 3 Books, f-umigation with hydrocyanic acid, 19, 98 ' Bordeaux mixture, and cyanide fumi^'atlon, injury from, 33 Borers, control with calcium cyanide, 64 .Bulgaria, cyanide fumigation in, 56 Cacao beans, cyanide fumigation of» 137 Oalandra granaria, control with calcium cyanide, 141 Calcium cyanide, evolution of hydrocyaiiic acid from, 209 for various pests and insects, 3, 5, 12, 22, 28, 44, 58, 59, 60, 64, 75, 78, 89, 92, 93, 104, 128, 141, 142, 160, 179, 182 in cyanide fumigation, 2, 7, 41 » 43, 97, 103, 129, 146, 150, 152, 208 Carbon dioxide, as stabilizer for hydrocyanic acid, 72, 73 Castnia licus . control with calcium cyanide, 179 Celluloid, decomposition of, foraiation of hydrocyanic acid during, 145 Qelluose acetate, decomposition of, formation of hydrocyanic acid during, 145 Cereus , cyanide f\imigation of, 14? Chrysanthem"um, sensitivity to colcium cyanide, 89 Chrysomxihalus aurantii , control wi^h hydrocyanic acid, See "Red Scale, con- trol with hydrocyanic acid." Chrysomphalus dictyospermi , control with hydrocyanic acid, 114 Chrysomphalus ficus , control with hydrocyanic acid, 194 Cimex lectularius , control with hydrocyanic acid, see "Bed bugs, control with liydro cyanic acid." Cimicids, control with hydrocyanic acid, 56 Coccids, control with calcium cyanide, 160 Coccus hesperidum , control with hydrocyanic acid, 90 Coffee plants, protection with calciura cyanide, 12 Combustion, formation of hydrogen cyanide during, 140 Contarinia pyrivora . control v;ith calcium cyanide, 182 C osmopolites sordidus . control with, hydrocyanic acid, 57 Cotton stainer, control with calcium cyanide, 3 Crambup seychellelus . control with calcium cyanide, 60 - 55 - Cyanides catalytic action pf, 170, 189 detection of, 83 determination of, 63, 79, 83, 87, 143, 165, 166, 169, 173, 184, 191, 192 in preparation of hydrocyanic acid, 55, 109, 144, 207 in production, of hydrocyanic acid, 53, 54, 55, 109 physiological action of, 4, 6, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 34, 38, 40, 53, 54, 62, 70, 74, 76, 102, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 138, 170, 178, 186, 187, 189, 193, 201, 202, 210 reactions of, 6, 20, 71, 107, 119, 193 Cyanogen chloride, as irritant with hydrocyanic acid, 14, 15, 32 Denmark, cyanide fximigation in, 47 Dextrose, antidotal action for cyanide, 174 Dihydroxyacetone, antidotal action for cyanide, 38 Dysdercus andreae , control with calcium cyanide, 3 Bphestia elutella , control with hydrocyanic acid, 137 Execution, by lethal gas, 91 False chinch hug, control, with calci^jm cyanide, 22 Films, photographic, decomposition, formation of hydrocyanic acid during, 145 Poods, cyanide fumigation of, 31 Formamide, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 110, 111, 112 Formates, alkyl, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 200 Formic acid, as stabilizer for hydrocyanic acid, 72, 73 France, use of calciijm cyanide in, 160 Froghopper, control with calcium cyanide, 92, 93 Fumigant mixture, 32, 36, 43, 51 Fumigation with hj'-drocyanic acid, 39, 159, 176 apparatus and methods for, 14, 42, 43, 51, 79, 81, 85, 97, 103, 113, 136, 151, 152, 164, 203, 204 efficiency of, determination of, 131, 148, 183, 208 for various pests and insects, 1, 2, 7, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 29, 30, 31, 41, 47, 57, 61, 68, 79, 80, 81, 88, 90, 94, 98, 103, 114, 130, 131, 137, 147, 153, 154, 168, 175, 181, 194, 196, 203, 204, 208 investigation of, 15 laws concerning, 48 of "books, 19 of buildings, 3, 18, 47, 61, 117, 175 of greenhouses, 196 vacuum fumigation, 31, 114 Galleria mellonella . control with hydrocyanic acid, 146 Glucosides, cyanogenetic determination of, 83, 87, 166 hydrolysis of, 122 occurrence of, 23, 67, 69, 83, 84, 87, 155, 156, 167, 177 poisoning from, 177 toxicity of, 177 56 - Glyceraldehyde, antidotal action for cyanide, 38 Grains, f'umigation with hydrocyanic acid, 7 Grape leaf hopper, control with calci"um cyanide, 128 Greenhouse pests, control with calci-um cyanide, 104 Growth of plants, effect of cyanides, 74 Haiti, use of calcium cyanide.in, 3 Hydrocarbons, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 8, 13, 198 Hydrocyanic acid absorption of, 11, 46, 50, 85, 96, 106, 149, 175, 180 activity coefficient of, 158 catalytic action of, 49, 86, 99 density of, 197 dielectric constant of, 197 dipolar moment of, 197 formation of, 71, 105, 118, 120, 140, 145 hydrolysis of, 122 molecular structure of, 45, 65, 126, 172, 190, 197, 205, 206 oxidation of, 139 partition coefficients of, 82, 158 photochemical decomposition of, 190 , polymer iaat ion of, 101 preparation and production of 121, 124, 133, 134, 135, 170, 189 101, 8, 11, 13, 16, 17, 35, 52, 55, 77, 96, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 127, 136, 144, 180, 198, 200, 207, 211 119, 122, 139, 149, 157, 161, 193, reactions of 9, 36, 46, 95 195, 199, review on, 10, 212 solvent power of, 157 spectrum, absorption, 190 spectrum, Raman, 45 stabilization of, 72, 73, 77. storage of, 50 . titration of, 143 viscosity of, 25 Hydrocyanic acid, bimolecular, preparation of, 101 Hydrogen cyanide, aqueous solutions of, physical properties Hylotrures bajulus . control wi th hydrocyanic acid, 47, 61 125 185 Iraino formyl isocyanide, preparation of, 101 India, use of calcium cyanide in, 5 Insecticidal mixtures, 37, 86, 107 Insects, susceptibility to insecticides, relation to and rate of loss of water, 148 Insulin, antidotal effect for cyanide, 186 Iridomyrex humilis . control with sodium cyanide, 15, 147 Irritants, for admixture with hydrocyanic acid, 14, 15, 32, 51 La chno sterna smithi , control with calcium cyanide Leaf hoppers, control with calcium cyanide, 128 Leather, fumigation of, 98 Lice, control with hydrocyanic acid, 14 58 Macro termes "bellicosus . control with sodiiun cyanide, 147 Maruca testulalis , control with hydrocyanic acid, 31 Meli^ethes aeneus , control with calcium cyanide, 160 Methane, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 198 Mites, control with calcium cyanide, 142 Monarthropalpus buxi, control v.lth hydrocyanic acid, 131 Moths, bee, control with hydrocyanic acid, 145 Nezara viridula , control with calcium cyanide, 141 Hitrocellulose, decomposition of, formation of hydrocyanic acid during, 145 Nitrogen, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 8, 13, 138 Nysius ericae . cor.trol ^"ith calcium cyanide, 22 Nysius vinitor . control with calcium cyanide, 141 Oxygen, partial pressure oi, effect on toxicity of hydrogen cyanide, 66 Pachyteria virescens . control with calcium cyanide, 46 Pear midge, control with calcium cyanide, 182 Pedi cuius humanus , control with hydrocyanic acid, 14 Penthaleus destructor , control with calcium cyanide, 142 Phy talus smithi . control with calcium, cyanide, 58, 59 Plagielopis longipes , control v/ith calcium cyanide, 12 Plant lice, control with hydrocyanic acid, 103 Poecilocoris latus, control with calcium cyanide, 5 Poisoning, cyanide antidotal action for, 38, 132, 162, 174, 185 following cyanide fumigation, 117 from metal polish, 201 post-mortem detection of, 118, 120 treatment for, 171 Potassium cyanide, in cyanide fumigation, 151, 208 Protective stupefaction, in cyanide fumigation, 79, 81 Pseudococcus mamillariae . control with hydrocyanic acid, 147 Psylla Tjyricola , control with hydrocyanic acid, 130 Pyralids, control with hydrocyanic acid, 31 Rats, control with hydrocyanic acid, 14, 15, 18, 21 Red Scale, control with hydrocyanic acid, 1, 2, 41, 79, 81, 90, 153, 188, 203, 204, 208 Red Spiders, control with hydrocyanic acid, 88, 129, 203 Rhizotrogus pallens, control with calcium cyanide, 60 Rhodesia, cyanide fumigation in, 90 Rha^'oletis .juglandis . control with h^'dro cyanic acid, 114 Rhynchota, control with calcium cyanide, 160 Saissetia oleae , control with hydrocyanic acid, 79, 80, 81 Saoerda vestita , control with calcium cyanide, 64 Ships, fumagation with hydrocyanic acid, 15, 21, 42 Smynthui-us viridis . control with calcium cyanide, 141 Sodi"arri bicarbonate, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 109 So dram cyanide for various pests and insects, 147 in fumigation, 14, 147, 168 - 58 - Sodi"uin nitrite, antidotal action for cyanide, 132 Soil, insecticides for treatment of, 160, 182 Soleno-psis . gefflinata, control with calci"uin cyanide, 60 Spotted wilt, control with hj/drocyanic acid, 168 Spray-ftmigation combination' treatment, 1, 153, 203, 204 Storage, of hydrocyanic acid and cyanides, 50 Sugar- cp.ne, dusting with calciiam cyanide, 93 Sulfur dioxide, as stabilizer for hydrocyanic acid, 72, 73, 77, 181 Sulfuric acid, as p.tabilizer for hydrocyanic acid, 72, 73 Trialeurode s v aporariorum . control with hydrocyanic acid, 181 Tapinoxaa errat iciiin, control v-ath sodium cyanide, 147 Tea seed bug, control with calcium cyanide, 5 Tents, gas-tight, in cyanide fumigation, 151 Tetranychus telarius . control with hydrocyanic acid, 129 Textiles, fumigation of, 98 Thiocyanic acid and thiocyanates, in production of hydrocyanic acid, 16', 17,77 Tbmaspis saccharina . control with calcium cyanide, 92, 93 Toxicity of cyanides and cyanogenetic glucosides, 100, 177 Toxicity of hydrogen cyanide, influence of oxygen concentration, 66 Trees, cyanide fumigation of, 151 citrus, 1, 2] 29, 30, 41, 79, 81, 90, 154 palm, 114 pear, 130 Victoria, cyanide fumi,-;ation in, 41 Walnut fly, control with hydrocyanic acid, 114 Weevils, control with calcium cyanide, 141 White fly, control with hydrocyanic acid, 181, 194 Zeuzera py rina , control with hydrocyanic acid, 78 Zyklon, in cyanide fumigation, 98, 150