'A IT I* 
 
 I 'In. 
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BUBl \y 01 11 an I l\l>i sti:v areolar No. 56. 
 li i '. ILLOWAY, i hid "f Bn 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) 
 IN EUROPE. 
 
 JOHN 1). SHANAHAN, 
 Chop Technologist is Chargb, 
 
 AM' 
 
 CLYDE E. LEIGHTX and EM IE (',. BOEKXEK. 
 Assistants, Grain Standardization. 
 
 "OS : GOVtRNWEST pris'isg OFFICE \ 1«I0 
 
 DoffuM^- 
 
 OSITORY 
 
o 
 
 4. 
 
 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 
 
 Chief of Bun an, BEVERLY T. Calloway. 
 Assistant Chief of Bureau, G. Harold Powell. 
 Editor, J. E. Rockwell. 
 Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 2 
 
ii r i 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) 
 IN EUROPE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION.. 
 PRODI i I l<>\ wi> i:\i'i >RT8 ' >r CORN. 
 
 Statistics as given in the various Yearbooks of the Department <>f 
 riculture show thai the quantity of corn (maize) produced in the 
 United States during a period of ten years, from 1898 <<> 1907, inclu- 
 . was 23,092,986,802 bushels. During the Bame period there 
 were shipped out of the counties where it was grown 1,733,298,990 
 bushels, or 20.5 per rent of the production, the remaining "'.>.. "> per 
 cent presumably being used on the farm or in the counties where it 
 w as grown. 
 
 For a corresponding period of ten years beginning duly l, 1898, 
 and ended June .'in, 1908, the domestic exports of corn (corn meal 
 not included) were 1,060,856,485 bushels, or 1.6 per cent of the 
 production and 22.4 per cenl of the quantity shipped out of the 
 counties where grown, the quantity shipped out of the producing 
 counties constituting practically the whole of the possible commerce 
 in corn of the 1'nited State-. 
 
 I UK VALUE ok III K EXPORT TRADE in <<u:n. 
 
 Corn i-. in number of bushels, the principal grain that enters into 
 
 the export grain trade of the United State-. The percentage of corn 
 that i- exported, while hut- a small proportion of the total production, 
 is in point of the percentages of the possible commerce in corn, the 
 
 QUmber of bushels exported, and the money values involved jiii 
 enormous trade, which naturally has an important bearing upon the 
 presenl and prospective wealth of the country. The prices that are 
 obtainable for the corn exported are naturally influenced to a greal 
 degree by the quality and condition of the corn at the time it is laid 
 down in foreign countries, and the foreign prices obtainable have in 
 turn been an influential factor in fixing its dome-tic value-. 
 
 i i BOPI IH OOMP1 \i\ i - 
 
 For several years an increasingly large number of more or less 
 forcible and persistent representations were made to the Secretary 
 
 of Agriculture and other officers of the Federal Government, to the 
 effect that much of the grain, and especially the corn, that was being 
 exported from the United State- was not being delivered abroad in a 
 
 [Or. 66] 3 
 
4 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 satisfactory condition, that it was not of the quality represented by 
 the inspection certificates accompanying the shipments, and that 
 material injury was in consequence being done to the export grain 
 trade of the United States. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS BEGUN. 
 
 In order to secure definite and reliable information regarding the 
 condition in which American grain was arriving in European countries, 
 an investigation was undertaken by the United States Department 
 of Agriculture. As most of the dissatisfaction seemed to arise from 
 shipments of corn, special attention was given to that grain. Under 
 instructions from the Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Mr. 
 Clyde E. Leigh ty, one of the writers of this paper, was engaged upon 
 the work for a period extending from January 22 to June 30, 1906, 
 during which time he visited eight of the more important European 
 grain-receiving ports and made examinations of the corn in thirty- 
 two ships arriving from the United States. 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS CONTINUED. 
 
 Continuing the investigations in order to secure additional data 
 and to verify that already obtained, Mr. Emil G. Boerner, also one of 
 the writers, was engaged upon the work for two periods, one period 
 extending from October 21, 1906, to June 15, 1907, and the other 
 extending from December 20, 1907, to October 30, 1908. During 
 the first period 88 corn-laden ships were examined at 22 European 
 ports and during the second period 53 ships containing corn were 
 examined at 12 European ports, all of the shipments having been 
 made from the various Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States. 
 
 EUROPEAN CONDITIONS STUDIED. 
 
 Under instructions from the Secretary of Agriculture and the Chief 
 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Mr. John D. Shanahan, in immedi- 
 ate charge of the work, was engaged during August, September, and 
 October, 1908, in reviewing these investigations and studying grain- 
 trade conditions in Europe, during which time he visited practically 
 all of the important European grain-importing countries in which 
 American grain is received and nearly all of the principal grain mar- 
 kets and grain-receiving ports in those countries. 
 
 The results of these investigations are here set forth in a serir 
 tables and diagrams, together with such conclusions as could be 
 drawn from and recommendations that were suggested by the work. 
 It is believed that the information is of a character which, if placed 
 before the grain industry of the United States, will exert an influence 
 toward the use of more care in the handling and shipping of corn and 
 toward placing our export grain business on a more satisfactory and 
 profitable basis. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
\\li BICAN BXP0R1 OOBM ( M UZ1 ) IN 1 UROP1 , •"» 
 
 THE RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS. 
 BUMMAB1 01 CARGO EXAMINATION. 
 
 The babies and diagrams Bhowing the details of the three seasons' 
 work, collectively, sho* thai a total of 15,077,987 bushels of corn, 
 n,l of which was certificated as being either "No. 2 Coin." 'No. 
 2 Corn, Sail Grade," or "Prime (Sail) Mixed Corn" (grades of simi- 
 lar requirements as to quality and condition) al the different exporl 
 points on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, and for- 
 warded in 17.") steamships, were examined on arrival bI the various 
 European grain-receiving ports; Hint, as a resull of careful examina- 
 tions and estimates, 1 ,91 1 ,37 I bushels, or 12.7 per cent, of thai total 
 quantit) were found on arrival to be in a heating <>r hot condition, 
 Borne portions of which were bo badrj damaged a- to be entirely unfit 
 for feeding purposes. The percentage of heating and hot corn varied 
 in the <lilViT.Mii cargoes and parcels, 100 per cent heating or hoi being 
 reached in a total of eighl cases during the whole of the three seasons. 
 
 1 aim \\\ii<>\ OF Mil. TERMS 08ED IN TARLES. 
 
 The columns headed " Date of loading" in the tables, excepl \\ here 
 other* ise specified, show the dates Koine on the certificates of inspec- 
 tion accompanying the different shipments, and are consequently 
 the dates when the loading at the American port was completed. 
 The columns headed "Days in boat" represent, in most cases, the 
 number of days from the dale of loading to the date the Bamples were 
 drawn in Europe ai the time the cargo was being discharged. 
 
 The percentages of Dirt and foreign material" in each case 
 include all tin. l\ broken corn particles that would pass through a 
 26-gauge 10 by 10 mesh wire sieve, and any other material not corn 
 which was found in the samples as drawn. Great care was exercised to 
 obtain sample- that would represent the correct average of the dirt 
 and foreign matter in the grain being sampled, the percentages given 
 being determined 1>\ actual separations and weighings. All of the 
 samples drawn from the cargoes were placed immediately in air- 
 tight containers in order to guard against any change in their moisture 
 content before being tested. 
 
 r ACTORS CONCERNING WHICH WO [NFORMATIOM WAS w AILARLE. 
 
 Some of the factors concerning which no data were available, and 
 which no doubl have their own peculiar influence on the condition of 
 corn in ocean transit, include whether or not fermentation had started 
 in the corn at the time of loading; the temperature of the atmosphere 
 and the temperature of the <;raiu at the time of loading; the char- 
 acter and condition in all cases of other freight loaded next to or on 
 top of the grain; the treatment to which the grain was subjected 
 [Or. :.;.i 
 
6 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 after loading, including whether or not t lie ship's batches were left 
 uncovered during rainy, foggy, or damp weather; and the tempera- 
 tures encountered by the ship en route after the grain was loaded. 
 
 AMERICAN CORN CERTIFICATED AS "NO. 2 CORN," " NO. 2 CORN, SAIL 
 GRADE," OR ''PRIME (SAIL) MIXED CORN " EXAMINED IN EUROPE 
 DURING FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, AND MAY, 1906. 
 
 Table I shows in detail the results of the personal examination of 
 thirty-four cargoes of corn upon their arrival during February, March, 
 April, and May, 1906, at eight of the principal European grain-receiv- 
 ing ports. These thirty-four ships carried an aggregate of 4,354,681 
 bushels and were loaded on various dates between December 28, 
 1905, and May 15, 1906, at seven of the principal Atlantic and Gulf 
 ports of the United States. 
 
 Careful examinations and estimates of the corn on board those 
 ships showed that 526,192 bushels, or 12.1 per cent, were in a heating 
 or hot condition, 100 per cent heating or hot being reached in two cases. 
 The length of time the corn was in the vessels varied from thirteen to 
 forty-nine days. The percentages of dirt and foreign material varied 
 from 0.3 of 1 per cent to 3.8 per cent. The moisture content of the 
 cool corn varied from a minimum of 14.4 per cent to a maximum of 
 19.3 per cent. The percentage of moisture in the heating corn, where 
 such tests were made, varied from 13.8 to 21 per cent. 
 
 Table I. — American corn certificated as "No. 2 Corn,'" "No. 2 Corn, Sail Grade," 
 or "Prime (Sail) Mixed Corn," examined in Europe during February, March, April, 
 and May, 1906, showing the quantity found heating or hot, etc. 
 
 6 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Qnantil 
 
 y found 
 
 1* 
 
 a 
 O 
 
 examined. 
 
 heating 
 
 or hot. 
 
 m. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 i 
 
 94,285 
 
 6 3,600 
 
 3.8 
 
 2 
 
 55, 714 
 
 1,785 
 
 3.2 
 
 3 
 
 111,429 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 4 
 
 209,829 
 
 el,785 
 
 .9 
 
 fi 
 
 145,714 
 
 d 1,785 
 
 1.2 
 
 6 
 
 51,942 
 
 e 40, 140 
 
 77.3 
 
 7 
 
 85, 714 
 
 (Slight.) 
 
 .0 
 
 8 
 
 232,882 
 
 c788 
 
 .3 
 
 9 
 
 150,000 
 
 e 17,865 
 
 11.9 
 
 10 
 
 85, 714 
 
 c4,810 
 
 5.6 
 
 11 
 
 249, 963 
 
 e 56, 000 
 
 22.4 
 
 12 
 
 205,994 
 
 c7, 140 
 
 3.5 
 
 13 
 
 222,754 
 
 <:2,500 
 
 11.2 
 
 14 
 
 145,714 
 
 60 
 
 .0 
 
 15 
 
 166,415 
 
 6 900 
 
 .5 
 
 16 
 
 90,000 
 
 / 90, 000 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 
 
 43,085 
 
 be 360 
 
 .8 
 
 18 
 
 302,013 
 
 (Slight.) 
 
 .0 
 
 19 
 
 34,285 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 20 
 
 176,209 
 
 1,000 
 
 .6 
 
 21 
 
 147,040 
 
 6 c 2, 462 
 
 1.7 
 
 No 
 
 1905. 
 
 Dec. 28 
 
 Dec. 29 
 
 1906. 
 
 Jan. 4 
 
 Jan. 6 
 
 Jan. 13 
 
 Jan. 15 
 
 Jan. 16 
 
 Jan. 20 
 
 Jan. 23 
 
 Jan. 26 
 
 Jan. 26 
 
 Jan. 29 
 
 Jan. 31 
 
 Feb. 23 
 
 Feb. 23 
 
 Feb. 26 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 Mar. 6 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 Mar. 15 
 
 Mar. 30 
 
 Days | Dirt and 
 foreign 
 boat. matter. 
 
 No. 
 
 Moisture 
 in cool 
 corn, a 
 
 .4 
 1.0 
 2.5 
 2.2 
 
 .9 
 1.8 
 2.2 
 1.4 
 
 .8 
 
 .6 
 1.8 
 2.6 
 3.2 
 1.6 
 3.8 
 2.4 
 
 .3 
 2.4 
 2.3 
 
 Percent. 
 
 16.0 
 15.5 
 
 14.4 
 14.6 
 16.7 
 19.2 
 16.6 
 17.2 
 18.2 
 18.0 
 17.9 
 16.8 
 17.9 
 16. 8 
 17.9 
 17.5 
 17.5 
 17.5 
 15.0 
 17.9 
 18.8 
 
 a Except where the entire cargo was heating or hot. 
 
 6 Near propeller-shaft tunnel only. 
 
 c Near engine or boiler room bulkhead only. 
 
 d Near shifting boards in one hold. 
 
 t General, but worse near engine and boiler room bulkheads. 
 
 / In all places of stowage. 
 
 Moisture 
 in heating 
 
 corn. 
 
 /'.' r ci ill. 
 
 13.8 
 
 16.0 
 18.8 
 
 16.0 
 18.7 
 
 IS. 5 
 
 ls.l 
 
 18.3 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
\Mi BIC \n i SCPOH i CORN (MAIZE) in ii ROP1 . ' 
 
 Tabu I I \\ficated as Vo Con Vo Vail Grade' 
 
 or " " ■ in, ,n, d in l'.iiK,j„ during Februw 1/ 
 
 and l/'/t/. 1906, showing On quantity found heating or hoi ■■■ I ontii 
 
 
 
 » 1 1. . t 
 
 Qn iniltj round 
 
 hi ii Ing di hoi 
 
 pled, 
 
 
 111 
 
 Dili 
 
 in 1 
 
 in 1 
 
 ■ urn 1 
 
 /■< 1 
 
 17 1 
 
 17 8 
 18.3 
 17 8 
 16.8 
 
 ITS 
 
 Is. 7 
 18. 1 
 
 
 \ 
 
 Iirj. 113 
 103,314 
 
 (811 
 
 •< 14,300 
 i 106,340 
 
 1) 
 
 /'< I ami, 
 
 Ik l) 
 
 .11 
 
 .11 
 
 s 
 
 K.i 
 .11 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 > 
 1 
 
 Apr, 1 
 
 Apr. I 
 \|.r. 1 
 Apr. 1 
 Apr. | 
 Apr. :. 
 Apr. ID 
 Apr. 13 
 \pr. _'i 
 Apr 27 
 Apr. 28 
 M iv |fi 
 
 N 
 .'1 
 -'I 
 .'1 
 .11 
 
 II 
 
 is 
 
 1 1 
 1.1 
 
 /Vr cent. 
 
 .7 
 .9 
 1 1 
 
 I.S 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ja 
 
 17 B 
 
 
 is -. 
 
 
 1 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 1 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 ■I Except whan the antlra cargo m is heating or hot 
 
 1 engine or boiler room bulkhead, and n.-.ir shifting board* in one hold 
 ' General, bill worse near engine and boiler riMim bulkhi 
 J ai top of some holds, hm principally near engine and boiler room bulkhe 
 proiM>ller-shari tunnel 
 
 Ine or boiler room bulkhead only. 
 t Principally In upper portions of grata In all hold*. 
 * Examined but no samples secured. 
 ■ In all pi ins of iton 
 
 Figure l illustrates the data contained in TaDle I and shows the 
 
 strong tendency in corn to "go ou< of c lition" and heat in ocean 
 
 transil as the moisture content is increased. 
 
 ace. 
 
 JAA/UAffr 
 
 FCB. 
 
 MARCH 
 
 APRIL 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 X 17 
 
 sy 
 S/tf< 
 
 1 
 
 /3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 80 
 70 
 
 w 
 
 sol 
 
 «>x 
 
 30 \ 
 ^20% 
 
 to% 
 
 9 3 
 3 § 
 
 6 A 
 5 
 
 3 
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 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 0—0 PCRce/vr Mo&ruKf | 
 
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 ^<\I^^^V5rN<^0)O\eM^>sr>VpN»0>Ci^CA|P»>^Vs K 35.0, 
 
 CARGO A/OAffffR. 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 Vu..\ Diagram showing in ehronolog&l ocdat I ., shipment, the monthi durfau 
 
 T IV ..I.Mh...... oicorn found 
 
 dnug«d in M I ,rri\ :il In BUTOpe .luring the m 
 
 [fir. .v.] 
 
8 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 AMERICAN COEN CERTIFICATED AS " NO. 2 CORN," " NO. 2 CORN, SAIL 
 GRADE," OR "PRIME (SAIL) MIXED CORN," EXAMINED IN EUROPE 
 FROM NOVEMBER, 1906, TO MAY, 1907, INCLUSIVE. 
 
 Tabic II shows in detail the results of the personal examination 
 of eighty-eight cargoes of corn on their arrival during the months 
 from November, 1906, to May, 1907, inclusive, at the principal 
 European grain-receiving ports. The eighty-eight cargoes contained 
 an aggregate of 0,598,351 bushels, of which quantity 1,120,900 bush- 
 els, or 17 per cent, were found to be in a heating or hot condition. 
 The cargoes were loaded at the different Atlantic and Gulf ports in 
 the United States on various dates from October 17, 1906, to May 9, 
 1907. The corn in forty-five of the cargoes arrived cool throughout. 
 The corn in forty-three of the cargoes was found to be more or less 
 heating or hot, 100 per cent heating or hot being reached in five car- 
 goes aggregating 254,073 bushels. 
 
 The length of time that the corn was in the vessels varied from 14 
 to 58 days. All of the corn which was in the vessels under 16 days 
 arrived cool. One of the cargoes examined was en route 58 day-, 
 with 60,000 bushels of corn containing 14.4 per cent of moisture, but 
 sustained no damage. Another cargo carrying 17,142 bushels of 
 corn containing 16.7 per cent of moisture was en route 56 days and 
 24.5 per cent of the cargo was found to be heating or hot on arrival- 
 
 The moisture content of the cool corn examined on arrival during 
 the period varied from 12 to 20.6 per cent, an average of 17.1 per 
 cent. Approximately 2,748,000 bushels, or 50.2 per cent, of the cool 
 corn- contained moisture exceeding 18 per cent. The dirt and for- 
 eign material, with one exception, varied from 0.2 of 1 per cent to 
 4.5 per cent. In one cargo, the above exception, one sample analyzed 
 62.5 per cent of dirt and foreign matter but was representative only 
 of a considerable quantity of corn that was located just under one of 
 the hatches of one of the ships. 
 
 Table II. — American corn certificated as "No. 2 Corn," "No. 2 Corn, Sail Grade," 
 or" Prime (Sail) Mixed Corn" examined in Europe from November, 1906, to May, 1907, 
 inclusive, showing the quantity found heating or hot, etc. 
 
 6 
 to 
 t~ 
 eS 
 O 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Quantity found heat- 
 ing or hot. 
 
 Holds 
 occu- 
 pied. 
 
 Date of 
 
 loading. 
 
 Days 
 
 in 
 boat. 
 
 Dirt and 
 foreign 
 
 matter. 
 
 Moisture 
 in cool 
 corn. a 
 
 Moisture 
 in heat- 
 ing corn. 
 
 No. 
 101 
 
 Bushels. 
 94, 281 
 32, 214 
 16,270 
 34,285 
 21,400 
 42, 857 
 38,920 
 09. 2SS 
 154, 285 
 85,542 
 35, 340 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 0.0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 .0 
 
 No. 
 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 
 1906. 
 Oct. 17 
 Oct. 18 
 6 Oct. 19 
 i>Oct. 24 
 fcOct. 29 
 b Nov. 1 
 b Nov. 7 
 Nov. 12 
 b Nov. 14 
 b Nov. 22 
 b Nov. 21 
 
 No. 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 c20 
 
 <"36 
 
 c39 
 
 c23 
 
 <-24 
 
 15 
 
 '14 
 
 cl9 
 
 <M.-. 
 
 Percent. 
 
 0.7 
 .6 
 
 1.6 
 .4 
 
 4.5 
 .7 
 .6 
 .5 
 .5 
 .fi 
 
 1.0 
 
 Per cent. 
 12.2 
 12.6 
 12.3 
 12.5 
 12.7 
 14.1 
 12.4 
 12.0 
 12.4 
 14.4 
 14.8 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 102 
 
 
 103 
 
 
 104 
 
 
 105 
 
 
 106 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 108 
 
 
 109 
 
 
 110 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 « Except where the entire cargo was heating or hot. 
 b Date of loading given is the sailing date. 
 c Days from sailing to discharge. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
Wll RICAN EXPOB I CORN I M \l/l ) IN M BOPB. 
 
 9 
 
 Tabli II Imerican cot Own," ' Gradt " 
 
 or ''Prime {Sail) \fixed Corn" examined in Europe fro ,1906, to '•' 
 
 inclusive, thovnng the quantity found heating or / ootinued. 
 
 
 Qnao 
 
 Ined. 
 
 itltj found 
 bi ittUgOI hot. 
 
 II. .1.1. 
 
 D )teol 
 
 loading. 
 
 III 
 
 Dirt and 
 foreign 
 
 III liter. 
 
 In OOOl 
 
 iii bi 
 
 112 
 
 Kuihrtl 
 
 17. I)J 
 
 17,142 
 
 20,714 
 
 71,345 
 22,000 
 10,2117 
 21,000 
 
 17,142 
 
 77,142 
 
 218,219 
 
 108,785 
 
 114,821 
 
 10,353 
 
 17,142 
 
 41.001) 
 
 - 
 
 85,714 
 
 25,714 
 
 1 1 1 . 4> 
 
 25, 71 1 
 197,143 
 
 l".7..tns 
 25,714 
 17,142 
 
 1 
 17. 142 
 
 US, SI : 
 1 1 1 . 428 
 
 Buihtl>. 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 1,568 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 1 12,000 
 
 <- 4 . _•< X) 
 
 
 
 tight. ) 
 
 ■ 25, 720 
 
 9 1 . 240 
 ' 111 
 
 a 
 
 ■ 511 
 
 * 11. -'.no 
 
 
 
 
 
 1300 
 
 • 
 
 » 18, 000 
 
 » .', 700 
 
 
 
 "Slight.' 
 
 ii 
 
 »• 17 
 
 Mil, 428 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 M7.'i 
 C2.000 
 
 r 20, ooo 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 n 
 
 * 16,300 
 
 n 
 
 
 * 12,000 
 » 13,200 
 
 
 
 * l<i.000 
 
 l',r . 
 
 0.0 
 .0 
 
 -II 
 .0 
 
 10 
 
 .1) 
 
 .0 
 
 ■ I 
 ." 
 a 
 
 .0 
 II x 
 
 a n 
 
 
 
 .11 
 
 .0 
 
 .ii 
 
 100. II 
 
 1.8 
 
 .0 
 
 12.3 
 
 ." 
 
 .0 
 
 t 
 
 is 7 
 I B 
 1 '■ 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 .ii 
 B 7 
 
 1110. 
 .0 
 
 - - 
 
 28 l 
 .0 
 .1 
 
 100.0 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 U.o 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 100.0 
 
 15 l 
 
 100 .i 
 
 471. 1 
 
 If 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 1 
 ■2 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 J 
 1 
 
 '-' 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 
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 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
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 4 
 2 
 G 
 5 
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 4 
 
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 1 
 
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 1 
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 1 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
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 190«. 
 
 ■■ 
 
 i 
 
 N 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 l>.v. 12 
 D.v. 12 
 Deo. 13 
 
 {>••,-. 17 
 
 •i Deo. 17 
 i Deo. 18 
 
 Deo. 28 
 Dec 29 
 
 Jan. 1 
 Jan. 3 
 Jan. 3 
 Jan. 8 
 Jan. 8 
 Jan. 9 
 Jan. 11 
 Jan. 15 
 Jan. 21 
 Jan. 23 
 Jan. 23 
 Jan. .'4 
 Jan. .'". 
 Jan. 28 
 
 Ket.. 19 
 reb. 23 
 
 Feb. 26 
 
 ! 
 
 Mar. 12 
 Mir 11 
 NUr 16 
 Mar. 16 
 
 Mar. 20 
 
 m ii n 
 
 Mar. 21 
 Mar. V. 
 
 Mar. IS 
 
 Mar. 27 
 
 ' M .- 19 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
 'In 
 
 (20 
 
 #15 
 
 „ 
 
 ... 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 .17 
 
 17 
 38 
 
 24 
 
 IN 
 
 In 
 .11 
 -'1 
 .'I 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 • 29 
 
 .'> 
 30 
 
 .•' 
 
 :~t 
 -•i 
 
 41 
 20 
 
 /'. t . 
 
 1 
 1 n 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 ■• 
 .6 
 1.0 
 
 1 -• 
 
 .9 
 1 1 
 1 5 
 1.3 
 
 .1 
 .7 
 .9 
 
 ..! 
 
 1 
 
 .8 
 
 1 2 
 
 2 7 
 1 
 
 3.4 
 
 2 j 
 
 1 B 
 
 t 
 1 B 
 - i 
 
 l "■ 
 
 - 
 
 1 i 
 
 1 ', 
 
 ..' 
 
 .7 
 1 4 
 
 12 •■ 
 
 II . 
 1 1 •' 
 
 I I : 
 
 II 1 
 
 it 9 
 i i B 
 16 : 
 
 18 1 
 it 1 
 15. 1 
 
 I 1 6 
 
 II 1 
 14.9 
 16.7 
 
 lv 1 
 
 IN N 
 
 11 
 
 19 4 
 
 18 .' 
 16 l 
 ig o 
 17.7 
 16 B 
 
 19 j 
 18.8 
 
 19 7 
 
 16 7 
 
 19 l 
 19 5 
 
 30 ii 
 ig >. 
 
 |N j 
 
 19.9 
 
 17. 1 
 
 17 1 
 
 I 1 2 
 
 In 7 
 
 lfi.O 
 19 7 
 16 '1 
 
 19 7 
 
 18 l 
 
 It ii 
 it ". 
 
 II N 
 
 
 i: i 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 115 
 
 
 llri 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 lit) 
 
 
 l.l) 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 122 
 
 
 124 
 
 128 
 127 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
 
 
 
 
 .' In '. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i «> 
 
 
 111 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 I'.l 
 
 21 1 
 
 
 
 in 
 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 
 
 157 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 |.-ji 
 
 
 1-1 
 
 
 iaa 
 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 '■ 
 1. "• 
 
 .7 
 
 
 i;o 
 
 
 171 
 
 
 i:: 
 
 
 •i Kxcrpt wlu'ii ra 'inc or hut. 
 
 .rival. 
 - propeller-shaft runnel only. 
 ■i Dete of loading given Is the sailing date. 
 ■ Pays fr ii 
 
 one bold. 
 i In all pi v>-s ol Ha* i 
 
 •;e or boiler room bulkhead only. 
 • General; but wot r room hulk' ■ 
 
 I These Broresshow the percentage of moisture foond In the m o re aav welj : irtlons of the cargo. 
 
 t Principally In upper p train In all holds 
 
 -engine or boiler room hulkhea.l. a: one hold. 
 
 ■ At top of some holds, hut principally near engine and holler room bulkhe i 
 
 27807— Cir. v>_io 2 
 
10 
 
 A.MKliK AN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 Table II. — American corn certificated as "No. 2 Corn," "No.t Corn, Sail Grade," or 
 I'linu [Sail) Mixed Corn" examined in Europe from November, 1900. to May, 1907, 
 inclusive, showing the quantity found heating or hot, etc. — Continued. 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Quantity found 
 heating or hot. 
 
 Holds 
 occu- 
 pied. 
 
 loading. 
 
 Days 
 in 
 
 boat. 
 
 Dirt and 
 foreign 
 matter. 
 
 Moisture 
 m cool 
 corn. o 
 
 Moisture 
 
 in heating 
 
 corn. 
 
 No. 
 173 
 
 Bushels. 
 30, 739 
 81,427 
 85,713 
 102, 8.% 
 145,713 
 111,427 
 30,000 
 34,284 
 78,542 
 103,357 
 59,999 
 115,711 
 17,142 
 182,143 
 110,322 
 102,932 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * (Slight.) 
 
 
 
 <-4,000 
 
 c 30, 000 
 
 b (Slight.) 
 
 3,375 
 
 171,023 
 
 c 42, 857 
 
 7, 050 
 
 09,000 
 
 d 100, 608 
 
 C 55, 368 
 
 c 22, 700 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.0 
 
 .0 
 
 No. 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 1907. 
 Apr. 1 
 Apr. 2 
 Apr. 4 
 Apr. 10 
 Apr. 11 
 Apr. 12 
 Apr. 13 
 Apr. 15 
 Apr. 17 
 Apr. 24 
 Apr. 29 
 Apr. 30 
 Apr. 30 
 May 4 
 May 8 
 t May 9 
 
 No. 
 
 29 
 21 
 20 
 26 
 20 
 24 
 24 
 29 
 21 
 28 
 16 
 25 
 22 
 19 
 21 
 /22 
 
 Per cent. 
 2.1 
 .4 
 .5 
 2.8 
 4.3 
 3.6 
 2.3 
 .5 
 2.7 
 1.4 
 1.5 
 2.0 
 3.4 
 2.9 
 2.7 
 3.6 
 
 Per cent. 
 14.2 
 18.7 
 
 1.5. 1 
 1.5. .5 
 15.8 
 16.2 
 17.7 
 19.2 
 17.6 
 18.3 
 17.9 
 14.3 
 16.9 
 17.3 
 17.3 
 17.0 
 
 Per (tni. 
 
 174 
 
 
 17". 
 
 .0 3 
 .0 3 
 
 .0 4 
 
 
 17i. 
 
 
 177 
 
 
 ITS 
 
 3. 6 
 
 100.0 
 .0 
 4.3 
 
 68. : 
 
 71.4 
 8.1 
 52.5 
 55.3 
 .50.2 
 22. I 
 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 1 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 179 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 181 
 
 
 182 
 183 
 
 19.8 
 
 184 
 
 
 185 
 
 
 186 
 187 
 188 
 
 22. 3 
 19.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,598,351 
 
 1,120,900 17.0 , 226 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a Except when entire cargo was heating or hot. 
 
 Principally in upper portions of grain in all holds. 
 
 c In all places of stowage. 
 
 d General, but worse near engine and boiler room bulkheads. 
 
 « Date of loading given is the sailing date. 
 
 / Days from sailing to discharge. 
 
 Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the data contained in Table II and cor- 
 roborate figure 1 in showing the tendency in corn containing high 
 percentages of moisture to heat and "go out of condition" in ocean 
 transit. 
 
 —JZ 
 
 
 CARGO A/L/MSEff. 
 
 Fig. 2. — Diagram showing in chronological order the cargo number of each shipment, the months during 
 which shipments were made, the percentages of moisture in the corn, and the percentages of corn found 
 damaged in each cargo on arrival in Europe during the fore part of the season of 1906-7. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
ami i:u \.\ BXP0B1 COBH ( M UZE) in i i BOP] , 
 
 1 1 
 
 -13. 
 
 CARGO A/VMBCff 
 
 ■ igx mi drawing in chmoologlcal order the oargo Dumber ofe urn shipment, t iio months during 
 which shipments were m ide, the percentage! of motstnre In t ho oorn, end the pereenl il-i^ oi com found 
 ,:'i\ in each c irgo on arrival In Europe daring die remainder ol the iieawni of It 
 
 ami i:k \\ CORN CEBTIFIOATED IS "no. 2 corn," "No. 2 CORN, SAIL 
 QSADE," OB " PRIME (sail i MIXED CORN" EXAMINED IN EUROPE 
 DUBING JANUARY, EEBR1 \\:\ . MARCH, kPRIL, \ND MAY, L908. 
 
 Table III shows in detail the results of the personal examination 
 of fifty-three cargoes of American corn on their arrival at European 
 port- during the month- from December, 1907, to May. L908, inclu- 
 sive. The fifty-three cargoes contained an aggregate of 1,124,955 
 bushels, of which 264,282 bushels, or 6.4 per cent, were found to 1><> 
 in a heating or hot condition. 
 
 The corn was loaded in the United State- on various date- from 
 December 17. 1907, to May l. 1908. The corn in twenty-four cargoes 
 arrived in an entirely cool condition throughout, while that in twenty- 
 nine cargoes was found to he more or less heating or hot. loo per cent 
 heating or hot being reached in only one case. 
 
 The moisture content of the cool corn in the cargoes varied from 
 1 1 to '20 per cent. The dirt and foreign material varied from 0.3 of 1 
 per cent to 12.3 per cent. Of the total of 264,282 bushels found t<» be 
 heating or hot during the period. 177.170 bushels, or 07 per cent, 
 were located in the holds of the ship- next to the engine and boiler 
 room- or over the propeller-shaft tunnels. The r emaining s0,so_> 
 [fir. ."..".J 
 
12 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 bushels, or 32.9 per cent, of the damaged corn were so located as not 
 to be affected by the heat radiated from the engines and boilers of the 
 ships. 
 
 Table III. — American corn certificated as "No. 2 Corn," "No. 2 Corn, Sail Grade," or 
 "Prime (Sail) Mixed Corn" examined in Europe during January, February, March, 
 April, and May, 1908, showing the quantity found heating or hot, etc. 
 
 No. 
 
 201 
 
 202 
 
 203 
 
 204 
 
 205 
 
 20fi 
 
 207 
 
 208 
 209 
 210 
 211 
 212 
 213 
 214 
 215 
 216 
 217 
 21S 
 219 
 220 
 221 
 222 
 223 
 224 
 225 
 226 
 227 
 228 
 229 
 230 
 231 
 232 
 233 
 234 
 235 
 236 
 237 
 238 
 239 
 240 
 241 
 242 
 243 
 214 
 245 
 246 
 247 
 248 
 249 
 250 
 25) 
 252 
 253 
 
 Quantity 
 
 examined. 
 
 Bushels. 
 18,060 
 47, 142 
 88,284 
 121,113 
 68, 154 
 15,867 
 12.X57 
 
 12,857 
 
 31.2X5 
 
 38,571 
 
 25, 71 1 
 
 149,525 
 
 18, 452 
 
 29,999 
 
 60,000 
 
 265,704 
 
 161, 037 
 
 138,206 
 
 131.141 
 
 75. 857 
 
 262, 462 
 
 104,000 
 
 100,325 
 
 65, 184 
 
 51,04 1 
 
 156,854 
 
 60,010 
 
 8,571 
 102, mil 
 155.564 
 
 85,714 
 102,857 
 154,282 
 
 (is. 57H 
 
 51, 128 
 
 102,857 
 
 12,857 
 
 115.714 
 8, 530 
 60,107 
 12,857 
 12,437 
 94, 182 
 47, 142 
 17,142 
 68,571 
 77.142 
 81, 128 
 
 107,142 
 25.714 
 34,285 
 25.714 
 25.714 
 
 4,124,955 
 
 Quantity found heat- 
 ing or hot. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 360 
 
 £8,900 
 
 
 
 <-900 
 
 d'HHI 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 2, 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 51, 500 
 
 '500 
 
 ' 28,900 
 
 b 400 
 
 
 
 ••100 
 
 I 11.400 
 
 
 
 
 
 S7 8.O0O 
 
 t 1,700 
 
 (50,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 2. 000 
 
 . Hi. IKK) 
 
 (-8,600 
 
 
 
 l> 9 2. 228 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.000 
 
 (7 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 50 
 
 ell, 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 <■ 1 , 000 
 
 (7 600 
 
 6(71,680 
 
 c800 
 
 «"1,400 
 
 
 
 e 34, 284 
 
 <■ 1 7, 5(H) 
 
 6 (Slight.) 
 
 264,282 
 
 1'er cent. 
 
 0.0 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 .2 
 
 13.1 
 
 .0 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.1 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 .0 
 1.5 
 .0 
 .0 
 
 .2 
 
 18.0 
 
 .3 
 
 .0 
 
 .1 
 
 4.3 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 12. 2 
 
 3. 1 
 
 31.9 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 2.0 
 10.3 
 
 10.0 
 
 .0 
 
 1.4 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 . I 
 
 26. 6 
 
 .0 
 
 .0 
 
 5.8 
 
 .9 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.3 
 
 .0 
 
 100.0 
 
 68. 1 
 
 .0 
 
 Holds 
 occu- 
 pied. 
 
 6.4 
 
 No. 
 1 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 Date of 
 loading. 
 
 1907. 
 
 Dec. 17 
 
 Dee. 19 
 
 Dec. 21 
 
 Dec. 24 
 
 Dec. 24 
 
 Dec. 24 
 
 Dec. 26 
 
 1908. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 Jan. 2 
 
 Jan. 3 
 
 Jan. 4 
 
 Jan. 6 
 
 Jan. 11 
 
 Jan. 16 
 
 Jan. 17 
 
 Jan. 21 
 
 Jan. 24 
 Jan. 
 
 Jan. 29 
 
 3(1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Jan. 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 Feb. 
 
 Feb. 8 
 
 Feb. 10 
 
 Feb. 11 
 
 Feb. 11 
 
 Feb. 12 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 Feb. 17 
 
 Feb. 20 
 
 Feb. 27 
 
 Mar. 19 
 
 Mar. 21 
 
 Mar. 27 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 Mar. 5 
 
 Mar. 7 
 
 Mar. 11 
 
 Mar. 12 
 
 Mar. 20 
 
 Mar. 27 
 
 Mar. 27 
 
 Mar. 28 
 
 Apr. 6 
 
 Apr. 13 
 
 Apr. 16 
 
 Apr. 22 
 
 Apr. 25 
 
 Apr. 30 
 
 May 1 
 
 137 
 
 Days 
 
 in 
 boat. 
 
 No. 
 28 
 26 
 24 
 23 
 15 
 23 
 44 
 
 Dirt and 
 foreign 
 matter. 
 
 Per a tit. 
 2.4 
 
 .7 
 2.1 
 
 .3 
 1.4 
 2.0 
 
 . 1 
 
 1.5 
 
 .9 
 
 .9 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.0 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 .9 
 
 .6 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 .7 
 
 . 1 
 
 .9 
 
 1.2 
 
 2.2 
 
 .3 
 
 .9 
 
 3.3 
 
 1.7 
 
 .8 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 3.1 
 
 .8 
 
 .6 
 
 .9 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.9 
 
 .9 
 
 3.4 
 
 1.9 
 
 .9 
 
 1.5 
 
 .7 
 
 3.1 
 
 12.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 5.9 
 
 Moisture 
 in cool 
 corn .a 
 
 Per cent. 
 15.0 
 
 14.2 
 16.0 
 17.2 
 
 16. 9 
 15.1, 
 16.7 
 
 16. I 
 
 16. li 
 18.4 
 17.8 
 19.1 
 15.8 
 18.7 
 18.6 
 18.3 
 19.5 
 19.1 
 18.6 
 19.6 
 20.0 
 
 17. 1 
 17.2 
 19.3 
 18.5 
 18.9 
 17.7 
 19.6 
 15.3 
 17.8 
 
 16.0 
 17.0 
 20.0 
 17.3 
 18.4 
 18.3 
 17.2 
 16.2 
 14.0 
 16.9 
 16.4 
 16.2 
 15.8 
 16.9 
 IX. 
 1 7. 6 
 15.9 
 16.7 
 16.6 
 15.8 
 15.8 
 ■ 17.1 
 15.6 
 
 Moisture 
 
 in heat- 
 ing corn. 
 
 J'ir cml. 
 
 2*.0 
 16. 5 
 
 25. 2 
 
 26. 5 
 
 21.4 
 
 25. 3 
 
 i - 
 
 15. 
 18.5 
 20.4 
 
 
 16.6 
 
 
 a Except where the entire cargo was heating or hot. 
 
 t> Principally in upper portions of grain in all holds. 
 
 <■ Near engine or boiler room bulkhead only. 
 
 <l Near engine or boiler room bulkhead, and near shifting boards in one hold. 
 
 f General, but worse near engine and boiler room bulkheads 
 
 ; A t to]) of some holds, but principally near engine and boiler room bulkheads. 
 
 (7 Near propeller-shaft tunnel only. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
\mii;|i\\ EXP0B1 OOBK (M\l/i) iS BTJBOPE. 
 
 18 
 
 Figure I illustrates the data contained in Table 111 with regard to 
 tlic moisture content of tin* corn and the quantities <>f corn found 
 heating <>r hoi in the different shipments. 
 
 
 CARGO /Vi/MSSR 
 
 ■ tm showing in chronolot;ii:il order tin- cargo Dumber of each shipment, the month* during 
 which shipments were made, the percentage) of moisture in the corn, and the percentagee of corn (band 
 ged in each r krgo mi arrival in Europe diirint; the goaoon of I 
 
 SIMMVKV OK THE 1IIKKK SEASONS' WORK. 
 
 Table IV i- a summarized Btatemenl <>f the foregoing tables showing 
 the quantities of coin examined and the quantities and percentages 
 found heating or hot during the three seasons of L905 6, 1906 7. and 
 
 l>»i)7 g. 
 
 Table IV. — American "No. 8 Corn." "No. ! <'<>rn. Sail Grade," or "Prim* 
 
 ! Com" examined on arrival at European jioris during 1905 S, 1906 7. ami 
 in mi/ /In quantity found healing "/• hoi . 
 
 "1 .■ ir 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Quantity found he ii- 
 ingor hot on arrival. 
 
 19UW,... 
 
 Ru*htl». Butheli. 
 
 81 526,192 
 
 • SI 1, 120,000 
 I 124,956 
 
 IX l 
 17.0 
 
 • 
 
 
 12 ; 
 
 THE EFFECT OF STOWAGE OS CORN EXAMINED DURING THE SEASON 
 
 OF 1907 B. 
 
 Table V shows the influence of stowage in the ship-; toward causing 
 damage in transit to the corn examined on arrival in Europe during 
 
 the -(>:!>! >n of 1007 B. 
 
 [fir 66] 
 
14 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) IN EUROPE. 
 
 Table V. — The effect of stowage on corn examined during the season of 1907-8. 
 
 Location of heating or hot corn. 
 
 Total corn 
 found heat- 
 ing or hot. 
 
 
 
 In holds adjacent to 
 engine and boiler 
 room bulkheads and 
 shaft tunnels. 
 
 In holds not adjacent 
 to engine and boiler 
 room bulkheads and 
 shaft tunnels. 
 
 Sea-damaged corn. 
 
 Bushels. 
 177,170 
 
 I'tr cent. 
 
 1,7.1) 
 
 Bushels. 
 80, 802 
 
 I'tr cent. 
 32.9 
 
 Bushels. 
 263,972 
 
 Bushels. 
 310 
 
 Percent. 
 
 i). 1 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE MONTHS IN WHICH THE CORN" WAS SHIPPED AND 
 THE QUANTITIES FOUND HEATING OR HOT ON ARRIVAL. 
 
 Table VI shows the quantities of corn examined and the quantities 
 found heating or hot, arranged according to the months during which 
 the shipments were made. From this table it will be seen that con- 
 siderable quantities of the corn snipped during the winter months, as 
 well as that shipped during the spring months, or during the so-called 
 "germinating season," arrived in a heating or hot condition. The 
 highest percentage of heating or hot corn was found in the shipments 
 made during May. The next highest percentage, was found in the 
 corn shipped during April, while the percentage found heating or hot 
 in that shipped during March was less than was found in the ship- 
 ments made during either January or February. The corn examined 
 which was loaded during October and November was to all appear- 
 ances "old crop" corn containing low percentages of moisture, none 
 of which was found "out of condition" or heating. 
 
 Table VI. — Comparison of the months in which the corn teas ship/in! and the percentages 
 found heating or hot on arrival. 
 
 
 1905-0. 
 
 1906-7. 
 
 1907-8. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Month. 
 
 Car- 
 goes. 
 («) 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 
 or hot. 
 
 Car- 
 goes. 
 («) 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 
 or hot. 
 
 Car- 
 goes. 
 (») 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 
 or hot. 
 
 Car- 
 goes. 
 («) 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 found 
 
 heat- 
 ing 
 or hot. 
 
 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 5 
 9 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 17 
 13 
 3 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 198. 480 
 
 529,609 
 
 622,765 
 
 1,001,570 
 
 1.491,405 
 
 1.359,209 
 
 996.910 
 
 395,397 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 0.0 
 .0 
 
 3.4 
 24.1 
 18.0 
 17.9 
 16.8 
 45.2 
 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 r.ct. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 5 198. 480 
 9 529. 009 
 
 P.ct. 
 0,0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .0 
 
 December. . 
 
 January 
 
 February . . 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 2 
 11 
 
 3 
 5 
 11 
 2 
 
 149,999 
 1.751,935 
 402.129 
 702, 632 
 1.296.434 
 51,552 
 
 3.0 
 
 7.6 
 
 22.6 
 
 .5 
 
 20.6 
 
 49.9 
 
 : 
 
 13 
 14 
 12 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 401.507 
 1,171,348 
 
 1.481.137 
 693.824 
 351,425 
 
 25.714 
 
 2. - 
 7.2 
 6.8 
 2.0 
 15.8 
 .0 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 30 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 
 1.174.271 
 3,927,859 
 3,374,671 
 2,755,665 
 2,644,769 
 472,663 
 
 3.1 
 11.7 
 13.6 
 
 9.5 
 18.6 
 42.3 
 
 a The number of cargoes examined during the month in each case is shown. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
\.\li IRK \N BXP0R1 CORN (MAIZE) IN EUROPE. 
 
 i:, 
 
 COMPARISON OF Mir LENGTH Ol mmi PHI OORN WAS in Mil. VESSELS 
 \\i ,>i wmmks mm \i> mi ITING <>i: HOT ON \i:i:i\ \i. 
 
 Table VII shows the length of time the com examined was in the 
 vessels and the quantities found in a heating or hoi condition. The 
 table is arranged in periods of 10 days each, with the exceptions of 
 the firsl and last periods which arc from 13 to 15 days, inclusive, and 
 from .")ti to 58 days, inclusive, respectively. It will be seen in the 
 totals of this table thai of the com examined during the three years the 
 percentage thai was found heating or hoi increased directly (with 
 but one exception, which is explained) a- the length of time in the 
 ships increased. TIh> percentages of damage vary from 3.5 per cenl 
 in the firsl period to 12.5 per cenl for the period from 16 to 55 days. 
 
 Table VII Comparison of ii» length of tirru tht corn was in the vessels and tht qnantit 
 found heating or hoi <m arrival. 
 
 Number ol da] j In boat 
 
 
 
 
 Quanttt] 
 i ii.-. 1 . 
 
 Quantity found 
 ■ t hot. 
 
 Quantity 
 examined 
 
 Quantity funnel 
 beating i> r hot. 
 
 Quantit} 
 examined 
 
 Quantlt; found 
 heating <>r hot. 
 
 1905-6. . 
 
 flu.tA./... 
 510.504 
 
 1 V.I 
 
 IP 
 
 
 
 .ii 
 .ii 
 
 1, 180, H i 
 19,014 
 
 188, 170 
 341, in 
 
 107,90? 
 
 12.7 
 
 9 i 
 i o 
 
 2, 1 1 
 
 1. 796,808 
 
 17, 109 
 
 BuiktU. 
 302,719 
 145,793 
 
 13 'i 
 24 B 
 
 
 v.: .!,.-> 
 
 
 3.5 
 
 7.-.II 516 
 
 637,815 
 
 
 6,02 
 
 
 
 Number ol days In boat 
 
 
 
 16 to 
 
 
 ." 
 
 6 to 68. 
 
 
 Quai intltj bond 
 ting u hot 
 
 Quan 
 examined 
 
 Quantity bund 
 Be il iml; or hot. 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Qn on ii y found 
 heating or hot. 
 
 • 
 ■ ■ 
 
 Ua. Butktli 1 
 
 i> ii 
 
 ■ 
 
 '.;«. 
 
 in i> 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 fill.«A. 
 
 II 
 i 200 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 108 II 1 
 
 
 77, 142 
 
 4.200 > 
 
 lobture of tl 
 
 ire >>( Mii^ i orn 15.1 inge 15 to 16 p 
 
 id 16.7 per cem moisture; the former < ontained no heating or t 
 
 ■ l.N In T iblt« II . 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE PERCENTAGES Ol MOISTURE in THE CORN \\l> 
 IMF. Ql INTmXS OF <<>k\ FOUND BEATING OR HOT ON ARRIVAL. 
 
 Table ^ III shows the corn examined arranged in divisions of 2 
 |vr cent of moisture, from 12 to l \ per cent, l 1.1 to 16 peT cent, and 
 
 Ki.l to In per cent, and a division of from 18.1 per cent to 20.6 per 
 ctsit moisture, respectively, and the quantity found heating or hot 
 
 in each division. 
 [Clr .-.M 
 
16 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 In this table it will be seen that the percentage of corn found 
 heating or hot on arrival increased with but few exceptions as the 
 moisture content increased. The exceptions being almost wholly 
 due to most favorable shipping conditions, which materially reduced 
 the percentage of damage in the corn containing from 18.1 to 20.6 per 
 cent of moisture. 
 
 Table VIII. — Comparison of the percentages of moisture in the corn and the percentages 
 of corn found heating or hot on arrival in Europe. 
 
 
 1905-6. 
 
 1906-7. 
 
 1907-8. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Moisture content, a 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 or hot. 
 
 Quantity 
 
 examined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 or hot. 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 or hot. 
 
 Quantity 
 examined. 
 
 Pro- 
 por- 
 tion 
 found 
 heat- 
 ing 
 or hot. 
 
 Per cent. 
 12tol4 
 
 Bushels, b 
 
 ]'. ct. 
 
 Bushils. 
 563,835 
 1,340,090 
 1,946.142 
 2,748,184 
 
 /'. cl. 
 '■ 6. 7 
 10.7 
 33. 2 
 10.6 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 8,530 
 
 735.813 
 
 1,474.590 
 
 1,906,022 
 
 /'. cl. 
 0.0 
 6.3 
 4. 1 
 
 Bushel*. 
 
 572, 365 
 2,581.445 
 fi 454 fl:<7 
 
 P. cl. 
 6.6 
 
 14.1 to Hi. 
 
 505,542 
 
 3,034.205 
 
 763, 382 
 
 1.4 
 8.3 
 31.5 
 
 7.7 
 
 16.1 to IX... 
 
 14.9 
 
 18.1 to 20. 6 
 
 8.2 1 5.417.588 
 
 12.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 a According to tests made of the cool corn in each cargo, except in cases where all the corn was heating 
 or hot. 
 
 b Except cargoes Nos. 33 and 34. 
 
 <• This corn contained 14 per cent of moisture and was only slightly heating and not discolored, a condition 
 known in Europe as "dry heat." 
 
 COMPARISON OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE CORN AND THE NUMBER 
 OF CARGOES CONTAINING HEATING OR HOT CORN ON ARRIVAL. 
 
 Table IX shows the number of cargoes examined and found to 
 contain heating or hot corn on arrival arranged according to different 
 percentages of moisture and the percentage of the cargoes found to 
 contain heating or hot corn. 
 
 Table IX.— ( 'omparison of the moisture content of the corn and the number and percentage 
 of cargoes containing heating or hot corn on arrival. 
 
 
 Car- 
 goes 
 ex- 
 am- 
 ined. a 
 
 Range of moisture content (cool corn). 
 
 Year. 
 
 12 to 14 per cent. 
 
 14.1 to 16 per 
 cent. 
 
 16.1 to 18 per 
 cent. 
 
 18.1 to 20.6 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 Car- 
 goes 
 ex- 
 am- 
 ined. 
 
 Cargoes 
 containing 
 heating or 
 hot corn. 
 
 Car- 
 goes 
 ex- 
 am- 
 ined. 
 
 Cargoes 
 containing 
 heating or 
 hot corn. 
 
 eo^s Car s°? s 
 ^ containing 
 
 ■ " heating or 
 toed. hot ™ r "- 
 
 Car- 
 goes 
 ex- 
 am- 
 ined. 
 
 • 
 
 Cargoes 
 
 containing 
 
 heating or 
 
 hot corn. 
 
 1905-6 
 
 No. 
 32 
 88 
 53 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 No. 
 
 2 
 
 
 P. ct. 
 
 0.0 
 
 18.2 
 
 .0 
 
 No. 
 5 
 25 
 13 
 
 No. 
 3 
 9 
 4 
 
 P.ct. 
 60.0 
 36. 
 30.8 
 
 No. 
 20 
 22 
 22 
 
 No. 
 17 
 17 
 13 
 
 P. cl. 
 85.0 
 77.3 
 59.1 
 
 No. 
 
 7 
 30 
 17 
 
 No P. ct. 
 7 100.0 
 
 1906-7 
 
 615 50.0 
 
 1907 ^. . . 
 
 612 70.6 
 
 
 
 
 173 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 16.7 
 
 43 16 
 
 :;:. .' 
 
 64 47 
 
 73.4 
 
 54 
 
 34 63.0 
 
 n Except cargoes Nos. 33 and 34. 
 
 b winter shipments from northern ports in most cases. 
 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) in EUROPE. IT 
 
 'l ill' CORN EXAMINED i\ EUROP1 GRADED ACCORDING I" ORAOE 
 KOISTUR] LIMITS O] im GRAIN DEALERS' NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The Grain Dealers' National Association at its annual convention 
 held al St. Louis, Mo., in October, 1908, adopted rules and specifi- 
 cations for commercial grain grades and recommended thai the) be 
 adopted for general use in the grain business. These rule- limited 
 the percentages of moisture to be allowed in the different grades of 
 corn as Follows: "No. I Corn," i~> per cent: "No. 2 Corn," 16 pel 
 cent; "No. 3 Corn," 19 per cent; and "No. l Corn," 22 per cent, 
 these grades t«> include cool corn only. 
 
 Table X shows the corn examined arranged in grades according to 
 it- moisture content as tested in Europe and according to the limits 
 of moisture fixed for each grade by the association rules. Prom 
 this table it will be seen that according to those rule- 2,815,795 
 bushels, or 18.7 per cent, of the corn examined and that was shipped 
 So. J " or equivalent grades would have been graded "No. 2" 
 or better; that 7,528,941 bushels, <>r 50.1 per cent, would have been 
 graded "No. 3;" that 2,796,058 bushels, or L8.6 per cent, would 
 have been graded "No. i:" and that 1,885,641 bushels, or 12.7 per 
 (■nit, would have been graded "Sample," on account of being heating 
 or hot. Had the heating or hot corn in the shipments arrived cool 
 it would have been classed among the other grades, as in th.it case 
 it is believed none of the corn would have shown moisture contents 
 of more than 20.6 per cent, the highest percentage of moisture found 
 in any of t he coo) corn. 
 
 T uui \ .1 m» ■ * on i m "J\ / in 
 
 oj tl<, rule* adopted '"/ the 
 National A St. 1 
 
 
 hire 
 tim- 
 
 
 
 191V 
 
 
 
 Gra 1'' 
 
 
 
 
 ■lily 
 
 dnM. 
 
 
 'it v 
 
 ■o 
 
 Quantity 
 
 examine'!. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 Number l . . 
 
 N'uml ■ 
 
 
 
 Bu-'hrlf 
 
 - 
 11 .. 
 
 
 Rwhrl.t. 
 
 t - 
 
 in 
 
 ButktU. 
 
 I - 
 
 l.M. 
 
 39 
 
 Bu*h(h. 
 
 11.3 
 7.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IB i it k i \i.ii dried t <>i:\. 
 
 era! cargoes that had been shipped as "artificially dried" corn 
 
 examined. This corn was certificated as No. j or equivalent 
 grades and the data relating thereto are included in the tables 
 and diagrams. Various terms in addition to the grades were used in 
 
 27507 I — 3 
 
18 AMERICAN EXPORT COBS (MAIZE) IN EUROPE. 
 
 the certificates of inspection accompanying these shipments to indi- 
 cate that the corn had been artificially dried. During the season 
 1907-N, 1,209,075 bushels of such corn were examined on arrival 
 and 54,314 bushels, or 4.1 per cent, were found to he in a heating 
 condition. 
 
 None of this so-called "dried" corn which arrived cool showed a 
 moisture content of less than 15.2 per cent, while some of the cool 
 corn contained as high as 19.4 per cent of moisture, and the corn 
 found heating in the various cargoes was quite evenly distributed 
 from that containing the lowest to that containing the highest per- 
 centage of moisture, showing that the partial drying of corn con- 
 taining liigh percentages of moisture so disturbs conditions as to 
 cause it to be generally unsafe for ocean shipment. 
 
 THE GRADES OF " STEAMER " AND " NO. 3 CORN." 
 
 Aside from the better grades of corn heretofore considered consid- 
 erable quantities of the lower grades of "Steamer" and "No. 3 
 Corn" were examined, but the data relating thereto are not included 
 in the tables or diagrams. 
 
 Of this corn 51,428 bushels in two cargoes, winch were loaded and 
 shipped in January and February, 1908, and the voyages of which 
 consumed 17 and 20 days, respectively, showed a moisture content 
 ranging from 19.2 to 22.5 per cent, an average of 19.8 per cent. 
 The corn was stowed in holds free and away from boiler or engine 
 room heat, and no heating or hot corn was found in either cargo. 
 
 HEAT-DAMAGED CORN ARTIFICIALLY DRIED. 
 
 Several shipments or parcels, amounting in all to 79,847 bushels of 
 badly discolored heat-damaged corn, sometimes known as "ma- 
 hogany," which had been artificially dried before shipping, were also 
 examined in Europe. These shipments bore certificates as "rejected 
 corn," "dried," and the data relating thereto are not included in 
 the tables and diagrams. The moisture content of this corn varied 
 from 13.2 to 17.4 per cent. Such corn is used almost entirely for 
 distilling purposes on the continent of Europe. 
 
 EXPORT CARGOES OF WHEAT. 
 
 t 
 
 Several cargoes of wheat which were exported from the Atlantic 
 and Gulf ports of the United States were also examined on arrival in 
 Europe, and many complaints, some of which were verified, accom- 
 panied by samples and data, were submitted to the writers. These 
 complaints were largely centered about shipments of hard winter 
 wheat from the Gulf ports, which were, in some cases, received in 
 Europe in a badly heating and damaged condition, due to an excess 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
vmi UUC \\ (M m/i I IN El ROP] . I 9 
 
 amount of moisture in the grain ;ii the time of shipment. In other 
 es ilir cargoes arrived cool, hut the wheal contained large per 
 centages of damaged kernels caused l>\ the wheal having been 
 heated before shipmenl . 
 Other complaints of American wheal shipments brought to the 
 
 notice of the writers had relation i" the relatively | r quality and 
 
 dirt} condition of deliveries of No. I Northern Spring wheat; to 
 deliveries of semihard wheal, mixtures of Bofl and haul wheals, ami 
 entirel) soft red winter wheats upon haul winter wheal purchases; 
 to deliveries of damp, smutty, and heat-damaged durum wheal upon 
 purchases of No. I . No. 2, and No. 3 Durum wheat; and to deli \ eries 
 of wheal containing considerable quantities of wild garlic on pur- 
 chases of No. 2 Soft Red Winter wheat. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 1 \< TORS \iii< mm. GENERA] CONDITIONS. 
 
 Till-: MOISTURE CONTENT 01 "\n. J CORN" ami " Ml \ I ■ n CORN." 
 
 The rules and specifications defining the grades of "No. 2 Corn" 
 and "Mixed Corn" (the latter being used almosl exclusively by one 
 export market : of both the interior and export grain markets of the 
 United States definitely require that corn of those grades Bhall be 
 "sound" and "dry," and the addition of the t< rms "Sail Grade" or 
 " Prime Sail " are used upon t he inspect ion certificates of some export 
 markets to emphasize the factor of dryness, yet the cool corn which 
 bore certificates of those grades and was examined in Europe con- 
 tained on arri\ al all I he way from 12 to 20.6 per cent moisture. 
 
 So far as these investigations have progressed, it is nol thought 
 possible under ordinary conditions of ocean transportation for corn 
 or other grain, confined as it i^ in the holds of the ships, to take on 
 moisture from the air, as wheat from semiarid regions is said to do 
 when otherwise transported to more humid regions, especially when 
 the moisture content of the grain as shipped is high. 
 
 BOW CHANGES IN MOISTUBI CONTENT MAY TAKE PLACE ON BOARD SMTP. 
 
 There are two means by which the moisture content in anv part 
 or the whole of a ship's corn cargo may be increased during transit: 
 (1) The transfer of moisture bj air currents caused by changes in 
 temperature: and 2 by chemical changes within the corn kernel. 
 
 La to the first means, com containing excessive moisture and 
 situated so the moisture can escape when subjected to heat will give 
 olT moisture and become drier. The moisture thus given off in a 
 ship's hold, in case the temperatures in the hold are not uniform, 
 finds its way to the usual air space above the corn and under the 
 [CU.B6] 
 
20 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) IN EUROPE. 
 
 deck, passing thence as water to other parts of the hold, where it 
 condenses on the cooler corn, the cooler deck, and the sides of the 
 ship. This process, augmented as time goes on by the second means, 
 may increase considerably the moisture content of the corn in some 
 portions <if the hold or cargo. 
 
 The second means by which the moisture content of the corn may 
 be increased is by changes in the chemical composition of the kernel, 
 the effect of which is more evident in corn that is heating badly. 
 Conditions of temperature and moisture may be favorable in some 
 part of a cargo for fermentation to begin and continue with more or 
 less vigor. The heat generated in this process is gradually trans- 
 mitted to the surrounding portions, starting and increasing fer- 
 mentation, which, decomposes the grain and liberates its water of 
 composition, thus increasing the amount of moisture in some por- 
 tions or in the whole cargo, if conditions are not disturbed, without 
 any addition whatever of moisture from outside sources. 
 
 From these causes the corn in many of the ships examined was 
 found to be damp and heating at the top, while that beneath was 
 cool, and the iron decks and sides of the ships were found to be quite 
 wet with the condensed moisture from the heating corn. 
 
 THE "GERMIXATIXG SEASOX." 
 
 In the grain trade the "germinating season," so called, is under- 
 stood to be a special season of the year during which grain is cus- 
 tomarily planted in the ground. The limits of this season are not 
 very clearly defined, but it is generally understood to extend from 
 about the middle of March to the middle of June. It is generally 
 believed that there is a natural and inherent tendency in grain to 
 germinate during that season, and that the heating of grain in storage 
 and in transit during those months is due primarily to this tendency. 
 
 From the nature of the damage usually found in corn in a heating 
 or hot condition in storage or in ships in transiuthere seems to be 
 good reason for doubting that the germinative processes are respon- 
 sible for the damage, as such corn does not usually appear to have 
 germinated. Sprouted coin was occasionally found in the cargoes 
 examined, but only at the top of the bulk, where considerable addi- 
 tional moisture had been supplied, either through condensation, as 
 described elsewhere, or from outside sources. 
 
 CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO <; ERMIN ATIOX. 
 
 In order that corn or any of the grains may germinate there must 
 
 be present: (1) Air or oxygen: (2) heat: and (3) moisture. If one 
 
 or more of these are absent germination will not take place, but if 
 
 all are present at the same time and insufficient quantities and the 
 
 [Clr.55] 
 
 
\Mii;i<\\ EXP0B1 < HUN (MAIZE) in EUROPE. -\ 
 
 in of llif grain be alive, germination will take place regardless of 
 the time, tin' place, or the season of the year. 
 
 There can l>e no doub( thai the same conditions of temperature and 
 moisture thai favor germination or the active growth of the germ <>f 
 the grain are favorable also to the growth of molds mid bacteria, 
 well as the production and action of certain ferments which have the 
 power of changing the composition ■>! the grain kernels, and which in 
 their action produce heal sufficient to cause the heating of the grain. 
 
 There is too tittle known of the great Bubject of fermentation in 
 nature t<> enable more t<> !><• said than that some kind of fermentation 
 does frequently take place in bulk grain and thai this is the principal 
 danger to which damp grain in storage or in transit is exposed. 
 
 SHIPMENTS "i "WINTER-8HEIAED" COBN. 
 
 In the Northern Bemisphere during the spring months the proper 
 combination of the elements favorable to the production and action 
 of ferments is more likely to exist than during the other seasons of 
 the year. The fact thai the corn shipped for export during the early 
 spring months of the past several years has been mostly •winter- 
 shelled " corn, which still retained a relatively large percentage of its 
 moisture and in which fermentation had frequently begun before 
 shipment . and the further fact that much damage has been sustained 
 through the shipment o( such corn is what undoubtedly originated 
 and what has perpetuated the idea of a "germinating season." 
 
 Corn in which fermentation has begun need no! necessarily be hot 
 or even perceptibly heating, bul the action is usually indicated by a 
 peculiar faintly sour odor present. The presence of this odor should 
 serve as a warning to the shipper or handler of corn, because corn in 
 .which the odor i-> presenl soon becomes hoi if not frequently and 
 thoroughly ventilated, more especially if its moisture content i- high. 
 
 IIIK IMPORT w< i; OF MOISTXJBE CONTENT in CORE l\ < >< I w I i: w-ll. 
 
 These investigations have led to the conclusion, which is believed 
 to have been clearly demonstrated in the tables and diagrams, 
 that the moisture content of corn, and of other grains as well, is the 
 primary factor determining their capacity to carry safely in ocean 
 transit without deterioration, and the importance of this factor has 
 been emphasized throughout the work. Corn in which the moisture 
 content is sufficiently low will carry safely under ordinary conditions 
 of ocean transit for any reasonable length of time during any season 
 of the year, no matter where it is stowed in the vessel, while corn con- 
 taining a high moisture content is constantly in danger of heating at 
 any time owing to a variety of contributing causes. 
 
 It has been shown that although somewhal drier corn was shipped 
 to Europe during the spring months, its moisture content was —till not 
 
 [Cir. .".] 
 
22 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 sufficiently Low in man}' cases to enable the corn to carry safely at 
 the naturally increased temperatures encountered en route. 
 
 Thoroughly air-dried corn contains about 12 per cent of moisture. 
 Such corn may be shipped for export at any time under ordinary 
 conditions with little or no danger from heating in transit, and this 
 is practically true also of corn containing up to 14 per cent of mois- 
 ture, provided fermentation has not started in such corn." 
 
 CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR SHIPPING DAMP CORN. 
 
 The fact that certain lots of corn contain high percentages of mois- 
 ture does not necessarily mean that they will not stand ocean ship- 
 ment safely. The voyage may be short, the air temperature at the 
 time of loading and during the voyage may be low, no disturbing 
 influence such as heat radiated from the ship's boilers may be en- 
 countered, and the corn kept practically in cold storage. Under such 
 most favorable conditions a high percentage of moisture may often 
 be safely carried in corn. Cargoes of such corn are often landed upon 
 the quays in Europe in a perfectly cool (cold, in fact) condition, 
 which corn upon being exposed to warmer atmospheric conditions 
 soon "goes out of condition" and becomes hot and unfit for reship- 
 ment via the waterways of Europe, as is required of much of the grain 
 received abroad. 
 
 THE EFFECT OF HIGH AND LOW MOISTURE CONTEXTS. 
 
 When corn goes out of condition, the effect of its relative moisture 
 content immediately becomes evident. Corn with a low moisture 
 content*requires a much longer time to reach that stage designated as 
 "hot" or to become discolored or "damaged" by the process of heat- 
 ing than corn with a high moisture content, while corn with a high, 
 moisture content will heat, become discolored, and lose weight by 
 evaporation quickly, and the processes of deterioration are accelerated 
 with each additional per cent of moisture much more rapidly than 
 the proportionate increase in the moisture content. 
 
 When corn of a low moisture content is found in a heating condi- 
 tion, it can ordinarily be restored to its original condition with but a 
 slight amount of handling and ventilating and without much, if any, 
 loss in value through discoloration, while corn with a high moisture 
 content, when heating in any considerable bulk, quickly becomes 
 badly discolored and damaged and is with great difficulty and a 
 great amount of handling restored to a cool condition, and then only 
 with more or less damage to its quality and a corresponding loss in 
 value. 
 
 ° None of the corn examined in Europe which contained less than 14 per cent of 
 moisture was found in a heating condition, excepting in cases where moisture had 
 been expelled through the heating processes, regardless of its location in the ships. 
 [Cii •.•->•-.] 
 
AMI RICAN I XPOH I CORN I \l \l/l ) IX 1 CROPS. 
 mi MOI8TUR] CONTEN1 •>) CORN FROM ARGENTINA. 
 
 With reaped to its moisture content, the com received in Europe 
 from Argentina appears t" have an advantage over corn from the 
 United Stiites, notwithstanding thai it musl cross the equator and 
 the Torriil Zone in transit t'> Europe. A number "f tests "I Argen- 
 tine corn showed moisture content-- ranging from 12.2 i>> L5.5 per 
 cent. The corn with tin 1 higher moisture content frequently arrived 
 in a heating condition but was restored to condition, without much 
 or any change from it- original appearance and color, with l>ut little 
 handling and ventilat ing. 
 
 i in: DIRT \M' FOREIGN MATTER i\ CORN. 
 
 During tlif process of loading grain into the hold of a -hip. the 
 finely broken particles of corn, dirt, and foreign matter tend to collect 
 and remain directlj beneath the hatches, the whole kernel- shifting 
 and rolling much more readily than the broken particles and dirt. 
 Owing to this tendency large amounts of dirt and finely broken corn 
 were frequently round immediately beneath the hatches ol the ships 
 examined, and heating and moldy corn was also frequently found 
 in those localities. The heating processes were undoubtedly aided 
 1>\ these collections of finer matter, especially when found in contact 
 with damp shifting hoard- or other cargo introduced into the hold in 
 a dan") or w et condit ion. 
 
 rill'. STOWAGE OF EXPORT GRAIN l\ SHIPS. 
 
 Practically all of the grain that i- exported t<» Europe from the 
 Atlantic and Gulf ports of the Tinted State- i- carried in hulk, with 
 the exception of small quantities placed in sacks, which is used in 
 trimming cargo in order to prevent the hulk grain from shifting with 
 the rolling ami pitching of the ship. When a ship carries a full cargo 
 each hold is, of course, filled or nearly Idled with grain, hut when 
 
 grain forms only a portion of the cargo one or more hold- are some- 
 times filled with grain only and the remaining hold- contain other 
 freight , w Idle in other cases the grain i- distributed along the bottom 
 •>f the ship, each hold containing about the same depth of grain, in 
 which cases other cargo i- -towed on the top of the grain. 
 
 Til i I OF DRY AND DAMP CORN 
 
 When the corn is thoroughly air dried it is not a matter of great 
 importance where or how it i- stowed, SO long a- it doe- not come into 
 contact with sea water, green or wet shifting hoards, or damp or wet 
 
 freight, such a- cotton that has been exposed to rain before being 
 
 loaded, wet lumber, etc. 
 [Or 
 
24 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (MAIZE) IX EUROPE. 
 
 Where the shipments of corn contained a percentage of moisture 
 much above that of thoroughly air-dried corn it was found in a large 
 percentage of the holds examined that at least some of the com was 
 heating, and in some cases that all of it was in that condition: 
 
 In many cases the damage was confined to the corn at the top of 
 the cargo, where the grain was loaded under and came in contacl with 
 damp cotton, copper, or other heavy or wet freight, and where the 
 corn was located against wet shifting hoards or along the sides of 
 the ship, where condensation had taken place, while in other cases 
 the heating grain was apparently protected from boiler heat and had 
 no other freight loaded upon it. 
 
 THE HEAT. KADIATED FROM THE SHIP'S BOILERS AND ENGINES. 
 
 Where the heating occurred, the temperature as well as the degree 
 of damage in the corn was not uniform in the damaged portions. 
 When the damaged corn was located in that section of the ship con- 
 tiguous to the boiler and engine room bulkheads, to the propeller- 
 shaft tunnels, or in the coal-bunker holds, as it was in the greatest 
 number of cases, the greatest heat and the most severe damage were 
 usually found nearest to those bulkheads and shaft tunnels, and less 
 heat and a less degree of damage the farther the distance from them. 
 The usual situation in such cases is indicated in figure 5. 
 
 THE LENGTH OF VOYAGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CORN. 
 
 The length of voyage of grain steamships from Argentina to Europe 
 averages about thirty-five days, from the American Atlantic ports 
 about thirteen days, and from ports on the Gulf of Mexico about 
 twenty days. 
 
 The available information and data regarding the length of voy- 
 age of the cargoes examined in Europe seem to warrant the con- 
 clusion that if corn when loaded into ships is sound and dry, the 
 length of the voyage has little or no effect upon its condition, but when 
 it is shipped with a high moisture content and is stowed in such a 
 way as to be subjected to heat from the inside of the ship or is shipped 
 during the warm seasons of the year when it is subjected to con- 
 siderable heat from the outside atmosphere, the length of the voyage 
 is a very important factor, especially if the heating begins early in 
 the voyage, in which case the heat is gradually diffused with each 
 succeeding day and a higher temperature is developed in the corn 
 already heating. Thus with each succeeding day more of the sound 
 corn begins to heat and the corn already heating becomes more 
 severely damaged. 
 [Clr. "■•"'] 
 
AMERICA*) BXP0R1 CORN ( MAIZE ) I .. EUROPE. 
 
 25 
 
 •B r ' 
 
 z sff 
 
 
 
 ENGINES ft BOiLERS - 
 
 HBjPy? 
 
 u 
 
 [iir. 65] 
 
26 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 A DESIRABLE ARRANGEMENT IN GRAIN-CARRYING SHIPS. 
 
 The danger of grain, and especially corn, going out of condition 
 or heating when Loaded against the unprotected boiler acid engine 
 room bulkheads and over the unprotected or nonventilated propeller- 
 shaft tunnels of grain-carrying ships has led to the construction in 
 many such ships of second or false bulkheads, so placed as to form 
 air spaces of from 12 to 18 inches between the bulkheads of the cargo 
 holds and those of the engine and boiler rooms, and the installation 
 of ventilators for the propeller-shaft tunnels, the air spaces formed 
 by the false bulkheads being also provided with ventilators extend- 
 ing through the decks on the port ami starboard sides of the -hip-. 
 
 This arrangement tends to keep the superheated bulkheads, with 
 which the grain would otherwise come in contact, and the shaft- 
 tunnel coverings in a reasonably cool condition by allowing the heat 
 to escape. Ships arranged in this manner, and especially when the 
 additional bulkheads and the shaft-tunnel coverings are further 
 protected by a plank sheathing next to the cargo, are very desirable 
 ships for carrying grain or any other perishable cargo that may be 
 affected by high temperatures. This arrangement is illustrated in 
 figure 6. 
 
 FORMS OF GRAIN CONTRACTS. 
 
 In a general way. and so far as they affect the quality of the grain 
 bought or sold, there are four forms of contract upon which grain is 
 purchased in Europe from the United States, as follows: (1) That it be 
 of fair average quality of the season's shipments at the time and place 
 of shipment; (2) that it be equal to a sealed sample (agreed upon: at 
 the tune and place of shipment; (3) that an official certificate of in- 
 spection be final as to quality; and (4) American rye terms, which 
 last form provides that the seller shall guarantee the condition of the 
 grain on arrival in Europe, ' "ship or sea " damage excepted, differences 
 arising out of the contract, if any. to be arbitrated in Europe. 
 
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONTRACTS. 
 
 By far the greatest portion of the export grain business of the 
 
 Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States is done upon the basis of 
 the third contract or "certificate of inspection final" terms, because 
 the American exporter has heretofore' generally refused to sell grain 
 for export upon any other terms. On the other hand, the European 
 importer has found this contract advantageous, in that resales in 
 Europe to small dealers and consumers have heretofore been more 
 easily negotiated than was the case with grain bought upon the basis 
 of any of the other contracts. 
 
 ruder the terms of the third contract the purchaser has no recourse 
 other than to accept the American inspection certificate as repre- 
 
 [ Cir. 55] 
 
AMERICAS BXP0B1 CORK (\l\i/.i) i\ EUBOPE. 27 
 
 Benting the quality of grain purchased and to assume all risks of 
 deterioration in transit. Therefore, the greater portion of the corn 
 exported is purchased a-- "No. 2 Corn" and "Mixed Corn," because 
 those jrades are presumed to be of a qualitj thai maj be expected to 
 carrj in transit with reasonable safety from deterioration. The lower 
 grades are \er\ little dealt in, principally because of the presumably 
 greater risk from deterioration in transit. 
 
 The Bale of grain ii| >> >n any of the other contracts than thai of the 
 ' • inspection certificate final" term-; places the American exporter at a 
 disadvantage, because l>\ their terms all differences are required 
 to be arbitrated in Europe. They also place the European importer 
 at a disadvantage because, first, he is necessarily obliged t<> puree 
 at a higher price to cover the added risk assumed by the exporter, and, 
 second, unless the purchase is made for his own use or consumption 
 it involves reselling in Europe al a relatively higher price upon samples 
 or special representations as to the quality <>f the grain, a process 
 which makes the marketing <>f the grain cumbersome and undesirable 
 
 from the standpoint of grain-trade practice-. 
 
 nil Mini <>i [JNSATISFACTORl DELIVERIES <>i AMERICAN GRAIN. 
 
 European interest in the condition of grain, and especially the 
 condition of corn, in the United States, as well as in the cargoes of 
 such grain arriving in Europe, is very keen, and t he means of dissemi- 
 nating information is good. Information to the effect thai the corn 
 is in poor condition or that one or more cargoes have arrived in 
 Europe in a damaged condition has been known to cause a consider- 
 able apprehension among the importers, resulting in sufficiently 
 reduced bids to cover the presumably greater risk in purchasing and in 
 some cases the avoidance for long periods at a time by some importers 
 of purchases of corn from the United States, in favor of corn from 
 other countries in which the moisture content is generally nol 30 
 high, their risk in handling consequently not so great, and which may 
 generally be purchased upon European terms or upon a basis of 
 arbitration in Europe of any differences arising out of the transactions. 
 
 LHERIC W ( <>i:n PRE] BRRED. 
 
 Generally the American Dent corn. "Flat maize," as it is known in 
 Europe, i- preferred to the corn from most of the other corn-exporl ing 
 countries, because better results are said to have been obtained from 
 its use when it is received in good condition. This i- especially tine 
 with the disl illing interests, which use large quantities of corn and are 
 said frequently to pay large premiums for American corn when it is 
 not plentiful on the European market-. 
 
 Prominent grain merchants of nearly all of the grain markets of 
 the grain-importing countries of Europe were questioned regarding 
 
 [Cir.55] 
 
28 AMERICAN" EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 the relative prices that should he obtainable for American corn, as 
 compared with the prices obtainable for corn from other exporting 
 countries under equal and normal market conditions, provided the 
 American corn was delivered in Europe in equally good condition as 
 that from other countries. 
 
 In Great Britain the consensus of opinion as expressed was that 
 American corn would hring at least 1 shilling per quarter (equal to 2.8 
 cents per bushel) more, although some merchants maintained that it 
 would be worth from H to 2 shillings per quarter more: while in 
 France, Germany, and the Netherlands the invariable answer was 
 that American corn under such conditions would command at least 
 5 percent higher prices than the corn from Argentina and most other 
 corn-exporting countries. 
 
 LONDON CORN" (.MAIZE) PRICES. 
 
 Observations from time to time during the past several years of the 
 various European market reports have indicated that the prices quoted 
 for American corn upon those markets were often lower and fluctuated 
 at times to a greater degree than seemed reasonable or than was the 
 case with the prices quoted for corn from most other corn-exporting 
 countries. 
 
 Table XI shows, in addition to the average of the monthly prices 
 quoted for ' ' No. 2 Corn" at Chicago in cents per bushel, the average of 
 the prices (ex granary) for American corn, compared with the average 
 of the prices for corn from other exporting countries quoted "off stands," 
 Mark Lane, London, as reported each Monday by the Mark Lane Ex- 
 press in shillings and pence per quarter of 480 pounds of corn, for a 
 period of six years, extending from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1908, 
 these quotations being reduced to equivalents in cents per bushel. 
 The Chicago prices shown in the table are based upon the average of 
 the high and low prices for each month, and the London prices arc 
 based upon the average of the high and low prices for each week as 
 quoted. That is to say, that the prices shown were obtained by aver- 
 aging the highest price and the lowest price quoted for the period in 
 each case. In the London prices quoted the range for any one week 
 in the prices for the corn of any individual country seldom exceeded 
 1 shilling per quarter, but the range was more often 6 pence to 1 shil- 
 ling per quarter. 
 
 This method does not, of course, give the average prices obtained 
 or that were obtainable as considered from the standpoint of the num- 
 ber of bushels bought or sold, but so far as data are available it shows 
 the average of values per unit of measure for the indicated limited 
 periods, and the prices shown are comparable upon that basis only. 
 
 The table is divided into periods of three months, the ""lumber of 
 weeks the corn of the various countries was quoted as being on the 
 
 [Clr. 55] a 
 
AMERICAN EXPORT CORK I \l \l/i ) in EUROPE. "_".» 
 
 markel at one and the same time duringeach three-month period being 
 shown, together with the average price quoted for the corn of each 
 country for each period. From this table it will be seen thai the aver- 
 age <>f the price- quoted for American ruin for 301 weeks of the whole 
 period of six years was 66.13 cents per bushel; thai for 288 weeks of 
 the whole period the average <>t' the prices quoted for corn from 
 Argentina was 65.9 cents per bushel; while for another -' v ^ weeks "f 
 the period the average of the prices quoted for Russian corn «:h 
 
 55 cents per bushel. 
 
 American. Argentine, and Russian corn were * 1 1 1< > i < ■* I as having been 
 on the market _'7."> of the same weeks during the whole period, and 
 the averages of those quotations are as follow-: American, 66.16 
 cent-: Argentine, 65.75 cents, and Russian, 69.54 cent- per bushel, 
 respectively. 
 
 Based upon the average prices shown for each three-month period 
 and the number of weeks the corn of the ~\ arious countries was quoted 
 as having been on the market during each of those period-. Ameri- 
 can coin was quoted at an average of 8.82 cent- per bushel above the 
 a\ eiaire <piot at ions for all com on the markel at the same time during 
 the period ended September 30, 1902, and 2.79 cent- per bushel above 
 the average of quotations for all corn on the market at the Bame 
 time during the period ended December 30, 1902. 
 
 During the two following periods, ended March 31 and dune 30, 
 1903, the a\ erages for American corn were, respectively ,3.86 cent- and 
 i 73 cent- per bushel below the averages of the quotations for all corn 
 on the market at the same time during those periods. By referring 
 to the periods ended March 31 and June 30, 1905, i1 will he. -ecu that 
 the averages of the quotations for American corn were below the aver- 
 ages of quotations for all corn for those periods, 9.63 cents and 9.28 
 cents per bushel, respectively, and during the period ended March 
 31, 1906, the average of the quotations for American corn reached 
 1 1.8 cent- per bushel below (he aver ige of the quotations for ail corn 
 on the market during that period. Since duly 1. 1906, the prices a- 
 ahown have been more favorable t( the American corn. 
 
 Based upon the London pi ices quoted for all corn on the market 
 during the whole period of six years, and considered by the mi 
 of week- the corn of each count ry was quoted during the per'. 
 
 average of the quotations for American corn was 1. 12 cen ushel 
 
 below the average of the price- quoted for the corn oi all countries on 
 the market for the whole period. 
 
 Based upon the prices quoted for all corn on the market for the 
 288 weeks previously referred to out ol a total of 301 week-, the 
 prices quoted for Argentine corn averaged 1.69 cents per bushel below 
 and for another 288 weeks Russian corn averaged 2.05 cents per 
 bushel above the averages of the price- quoted fo the corn of all coun- 
 tries for a like number of the same weeks. 
 [Ctr. ."..".) 
 
30 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
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AMERICAS BXP0B3 COBE ( MAIZE ) IN BUBOPE. 
 
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32 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN (iiAIZB) IN EUROPE. 
 
 LONDON CORN PHICE8 FOR FRAGMENTARY PERIODS. 
 
 Table XII is supplementary to Table XI and compares the prices 
 quoted at London for American corn and those quoted for corn of 
 other corn-exporting countries, especially corn from Bulgaria, Turkey, 
 India, and North and South Africa, when the corn of the latter coun- 
 tries was on the market for fragmentary parts of the periods shown in 
 the preceding table and was therefore not comparable in that table. 
 
 The data shown in this table were derived from the same sources, 
 and the results were obtained through the same processes as were 
 those in the preceding table. The quotations shown for American. 
 Argentine, and Russian corn are necessarily duplicated, but those for 
 the other countries shown are not. 
 
 The table shows the averages of the quotations for a total of 69 
 weeks, during 29 weeks of winch the quotations for American corn 
 averaged above and during 40 weeks of which those for American 
 corn averaged below the average of all quotations for the respective 
 periods, showing a total average for the whole period of 69 weeks of 
 3.07 cents per bushel below the average of quotations for all corn 
 shown. 
 
 Quotations for "Cinquantina" corn have been omitted from these 
 tables. This corn is similar to the pop corns of the United States, is 
 composed of small, hard, and flinty kernels, is very much prized, 
 especially in Great Britain, for feeding to poultry and pheasants, 
 and usually brings much higher prices than corn of the ordinary 
 commercial classes. 
 
 CORN PRODUCTION, EXPORTS AND DOMESTIC VALUES. 
 
 With regard to the economic factors which influence corn prices, 
 those of supply and demand naturally occupy a prominent place and 
 in order to enable the reader to weigh those factors and without 
 attempting to draw elaborate conclusions therefrom, the following 
 diagram and tables, which deal with the production, exports, and 
 domestic values of corn, are inserted. 
 
 Figure 7 is a diagram showing the production of corn, in 10 million 
 bushels, in the United States, the exports of corn (including corn 
 meal), in 1 million bushels, from the United States, and the average 
 of the high and low prices of December "No. 2 Corn" at Chicago, in 
 cents per bushel, each year for forty years, from 186S to 1907, inclu- 
 sive. 
 
 The diagram shows the enormous general increase in the produc- 
 tion of corn in the United States during the past forty years, the 
 curves of export following the curves of production with remarkable 
 fidelity up to the year 1S96. During the years from 1S96 to 1900, 
 inclusive, the exports reached the highest points shown for the whole 
 
 [Ctr.55] 
 
VMI RIC V s - EXPOB1 I "i;.\ ( M \l/l ) IN M ROP] . 
 
 
 period. From 1901 to 1907, inclusive, or during the last seven years 
 of the period, the exports compared with the production show a re- 
 markable proportionate decrease in the foreign corn trade. 
 
 The curves of export compared with the curves of price Bhow prior 
 to 1902, where the exports of an\ one pear reached 50 million bushels 
 or more, that the average Chicago I December price, on the basis before 
 me ni toned, w ;^ Id cents per bushel >>r lirlc.w , « it h the follow ing'fiicep- 
 tions: During 1X75,50 million bushels were exported al 13 ceifl 
 busnVl; during 1*70, 7"_M million bushels al HJ cents; during LWr7,87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 M0 
 
 2rr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 346 
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 110 
 
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 -COM/ fXPOMTS (MCAL IMCIUOCDJ /M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l\ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Art*AS£ Of NIGM AMD LOW ptnees Of 
 
 OCCCM3CR MO i COf>M Ar CHICAGO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Fig. 7. Diagram showing the production of corn, In 10 million bushels, In ti 
 of com (Including i orn meal), in 1 minion bushels, from 
 
 and low prices of December ■■ No. - Corn" al Chicago, In oanta per bushel, e ich y.-,ir (or !.>rty j ears, from 
 - • to 1907, Inclusive. 
 
 million bushels al 16 cents; during 1879, 99$ million bushels al 11 J cents, 
 and during 1891 there were exported 76$ million bushels al ('» cents 
 per bushel. From 1902 to 1907, inclusive, or during the lasl live vents 
 of the period, the exports each year have exceeded 50 million bushels 
 and the December price has remained above H> cents per bushel. 
 The largesl quantity exported al the highesl December price during 
 any one year for the whole period was during 1905 when 1 19 million 
 bushels were exported at an average Chicago December price of 46$ 
 cents per bushel. 
 
 [Cir. .V)] 
 
34 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IB EUROPE. 
 
 CORN PRODUCTION IN EXPORTING COUNTRIES. 
 
 Table XIII shows the percentages of tiie world's corn crops pro- 
 duced in the five principal corn-exporting countries of the world each 
 year for a period of ten years, from 1898 to 1907, inclusive. During 
 the whole period these countries together produced an average by 
 years of 83.4 per cent, while the United States alone produced an 
 average of 75.18 per cent of the world's corn crops. Argentina stands 
 next to the United States in the production of corn and in showing the 
 most substantial increase in the quantity produced. 
 
 Table XIII. — Percentages of the world's crops of corn produced in (hi fiw principal corn- 
 exporting countries during the years from 1898 to 1907, incltmvt . 
 
 Country. 
 
 1898. 
 
 1899. 
 
 1900. 
 
 1901. 
 
 1902. 
 
 1903. 
 
 1904. 
 
 1905. 
 
 1906. 
 
 1907. 
 
 A \ erage. 
 
 United States 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 71.71 
 2.09 
 1.71 
 3.80 
 1.42 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 76. 29 
 
 2.42 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.02 
 
 .73 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 75. 37 
 
 2.01 
 
 1.22 
 
 3] 04 
 
 .64 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 64.34 
 4.18 
 2.87 
 4.94 
 1.06 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 79.20 
 
 2.63 
 
 1.51 
 
 2.13 
 
 .56 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 73.17 
 
 4.82 
 
 1.63 
 
 2.60 
 
 .75 
 
 P.cl. 
 
 79.35 
 
 5.63 
 
 .83 
 
 .64 
 
 .41 
 
 P.cl. 
 
 78.49 
 
 4.08 
 
 .96 
 
 1.71 
 
 .57 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 75. 32 
 
 5.01 
 
 1.82 
 
 3. 37 
 
 .51 
 
 P.ct. 
 
 78. 55 
 
 2.17 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.74 
 
 .36 
 
 I'(T CI lit. 
 
 75.18 
 3.50 
 
 European Russia. . . 
 
 1.52 
 2.50 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 .70 
 
 
 
 
 80.73 
 
 81.59 
 
 82.28 
 
 77.39 
 
 86.03 
 
 82.97 
 
 86.86 
 
 85.81 
 
 86.03 
 
 84.36 
 
 83.40 
 
 PERCENTAGES OF CORN CROPS EXPORTED FROM EXPORTING 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Table XIV shows the percentage of the corn crops exported from 
 the five principal corn-exporting countries of the world each year for 
 a period of ten years, from 1898 to 1907, inclusive. From this table 
 it will be seen that an average, considered by years, of more than one- 
 half of the. corn produced in Argentina and more than one-half of 
 that produced in European Russia was exported from those coun- 
 tries during the period; that more than one-third of the crops of Rou- 
 mania and Bulgaria was exported; while the exports from the United 
 States for the same period amounted to only 4.86 per cent of the pro- 
 duction, the exports from the United States showing a gradual reduc- 
 tion in the percentage of the yearly exports. In considering this 
 table, however, it must be remembered that the statistics relating to 
 the United States are based upon a year beginning July 1, while those 
 relating to the other countries shown are based upon the calendar 
 year, and also that the crops in Argentina ripen and are exported 
 practically six months before those of the other countries shown. 
 
 [Cir. o5] 
 
\\li i:i< \N EXPOB I COBS ( \i \i/i > IN 1 (7BOP1 , 
 
 35 
 
 Taiu I \ I \ / 
 tllllf 
 
 ir> 
 
 
 
 
 /■ ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inll.-.l -i iti 
 i 
 . 
 Koun inl . 
 link- Ul 1 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 r ■■ 
 i i . 
 
 • 
 
 22 11 
 
 11 01 
 18.24 
 
 /■ ■ 
 30 16 
 
 l\r etnt 
 
 1 M 
 
 si la 
 
 13 ii 
 
 (ports from the United S boning Jul] I; from the other oountrV ilen- 
 
 Ified 
 
 i in in i i i;\ \ in >\ \i i RADE in CORN. 
 
 Table XV Bhows the percentages of the total international trade in 
 corn represented l>\ the exports of the five principal corn-exporting 
 countries each year for a period of eight years, from 1901 to 1907, inclu- 
 sive. The deductions were made from atableof exports, which, to- 
 gether with n table of imports, is published in the Yearbook of the 
 Department of Agriculture under the caption "International Trade 
 in Corn mid Corn Meal." It is Dot claimed thai the figures given in 
 those tables ai e exact , but t hat the \ represent su list ant iallv the inter- 
 nal tonal corn i rade of t he world. 
 
 On the basis of this table it will be seen that for the whole period 
 
 tin 1 ii\-' countries shown supplied an average of 92.1 per cent 
 of the total international trade in corn: that the United States and 
 Argentina each BUpplied an average of more than one-third of that 
 trade. It will also be seen thai from 1901 to 1905, inclusive, the per- 
 centages supplied by the United States increased rapidly and that 
 since the latter year those percentages decreased almost as rapidly, 
 while the percentages supplied by Argentina show a rapid and sub- 
 stantial increase from the beginning of the period. 
 
 Table XV. I'h. percentages of total international trad* in corn represented by exports oj 
 ve princip n /'«</ to r>"7, mclv 
 
 itry. 
 
 1901. 
 
 
 
 
 
 United .-i i ■ 
 
 Per etui. /'• 
 
 17 18 
 37. l 1 
 11.93 l» M 
 
 I'tr r.nt. Prrcrnt. I'rrcrnt. 
 
 sa si 
 
 - '■ 
 
 11 85 3 11 
 
 l'rr crnt. 
 B 17 
 
 I'rr crnt. 
 
 ."> II 
 
 l'rr crnt. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 ' n7 
 
 Bulgaria. . . 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 91 ... 
 
 
 93. 26 i 93. 95 
 
 
 87.59 
 
 
 THE INFLUENCE OF POOB CONDITION UPON »<>i:n PRICES 
 
 The economic features of the world's trade in corn r as represented 
 in the diagram and tables relating to the production, exports, and 
 international trade in that grain, undoubtedly account to a large extent 
 
 l fir. .V. | 
 
36 A .MEM CAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) [M EUROPE. 
 
 for the fluctuations and variations in European prices as indicated by 
 the prices quoted for corn on the London market. However this may 
 be, there can be no doubt that one of the important factors that has 
 influenced the fluctuations in the prices of American corn and that 
 originated and has fostered the strong prejudice found existing 
 ftgainst that grain, both among importers and consumers in Europe, 
 was the poor and unsatisfactory condition in which many American 
 corn cargoes have been delivered in Europe during the past several 
 years. 
 
 A MARKET FOR BETTER QUALITIES' OF GRAIN. 
 
 There seems to be every evidence that there is in Europe, and more 
 especially in Great Britain and Germany, a market for the better 
 classes and varieties of American grain in good condition at higher 
 prices. There can be no doubt that the wide range and great varia- 
 tions in the condition and quality of the recognized best export 
 grades of corn and wheat of the Atlantic and Gulf ports, of which 
 under the present grain-trade practices there is practically but one 
 grade for each kind or class of grain and into which the greater bulk of 
 the grain exported from those ports has been included, have to a large 
 extent precluded the possibility of discrimination by the buyer in 
 favor of the better classes and qualities of grain, because of the fact 
 that practically all of. the grain exported is sold and purchased upon 
 certificates of grade, issued at the time of loading at the American 
 port and upon which final settlement is usually made before the cargo 
 reaches Europe. This method of doing business is undoubtedly very 
 desirable from the grain-trade standpoint, as it simplifies and facili- 
 tates the handling of a business of considerable proportions, but it is 
 also desirable that the grades of grain upon which trades are based 
 have a less wide range in quality and condition for the reason that 
 the grading as at present practiced tends to reduce values to a basis 
 of the lowest common level for each kind or class of grain. 
 
 With the exception of a comparatively few of the best-posted im- 
 porters, the European trade, and especialty the consuming trade, is 
 inclined to look at American grain from a common standpoint and to 
 condemn all American grain for iniquities that may be practiced in 
 the grading of grain at any one point. It is, therefore, also desirable 
 that the grades of grain for export, at least in their essential funda- 
 mental requirements, such as the limits of moisture, the soundness, 
 and the natural development of the grain, should be alike at all 
 points. Considered as a whole, the European trade desires this in 
 order to facilitate business, and there seems to be no sound economic 
 reason why it should not be so. 
 [Cir. .").") | 
 
\\iii:i« \n EXPOR1 CORN (MAIZE) in EUROPE. .'57 
 I in; OOLOB LND U'l'i IRANCE "i CORN, 
 
 As ;i general statement it maj be — .- 1 i < i that with reaped to ili«' size 
 .if kernel the corn of most other countries usually found upon the 
 markets of Europe is aboul two thirds tin' size of the American corn, 
 i- generalh round in Bhape, flint} in character, and does not differ 
 material!} in appearance from the Him coin grown in some of the 
 \ru England and Middle States. 
 
 Hence the commercial designation of " Round maize." The term 
 "Flal maize" applies largely to American corn, although consider- 
 able quantities of corn known as •• 1 1 )i i maize" are received from Ron- 
 mania and adjacenl territory, but this corn does nol differ materially . 
 in size anil appearance at least, from the round maize. Some small 
 shipments of entirely while corn and of entirely yellow corn have of 
 late been received in Europe from South Africa which in size, shape, 
 and appearance I ally almost exactly with some varieties of American 
 corn. 
 
 The color of the corn from all countries except the United Stale- is 
 either almost entirely yellow or entirely white. Generally the coin 
 of the other countries found on the markets of Europe is yellow coin 
 of various shades and usually has a bright, fresh appearance, while 
 American corn is mostly mixed, white, yellow, and other colors, and 
 because of early shelling, while the coin contains bigh percent aires of 
 moisture, and because of much rough handling through elevators, etc., 
 usually presents a rather dull and comparatively inferior appearance. 
 When not purchased for specific purposes as while corn, there i 
 marked preference in Europe for bright-yellow com, and this prefer- 
 ence undoubtedly militates at times and to some extent against the 
 sale of American corn in some European grain markets. It there- 
 fore seems that it would benefit the American export corn trade if 
 more attention was paid to the color of the corn exported. 
 
 EUROPEAN COMPLAINTS CONSERVATIVE. 
 
 During these investigations it was found that the European com- 
 plaints of deliveries of American corn were conservative, at least in 
 numbers, as several cargoes were known to have been delivered in 
 Europe in a more or less damaged condition and upon which cargoes 
 no complaints were made because of the conditions of the contracts 
 under which the purchases were made and the apparent uselessness of 
 making complaints. The delivery abroad of corn and other grain 
 shipments in had condition, as shown, has surely had a detrimental 
 effect upon the export grain trade of the United States and has |, 
 duced a condition which under the present trade methods precludes 
 fair treatment on its merits of American corn in Europe, a condition 
 that is not desirable at times when the United Mates ha> considerable 
 
 [fir 
 
38 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE- 
 
 quantities of coin to sell. With a view toward overcoming as far 
 as possible the undesirable effects of these conditions the following 
 recommendations are made. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 (1) That the moisture content of all grain exported be kept as low- 
 as possible, in order that high temperatures, long voyages, and other 
 harmful conditions encountered may not cause it to become heated 
 and damaged in transit. 
 
 (2) That corn containing more than 13£ per cent of moisture and 
 wheat containing more than 12 per cent of moisture, at the time of 
 loading, be not stowed in ships against or near unprotected boiler and 
 engine room bulkheads, unprotected propeller-shaft tunnel coverings, 
 or in the coal-bunker holds of ships." 
 
 (3) That partially artificially dried corn which before drying con- 
 tained high percentages of moisture or which had been in a heating 
 condition before being partially dried be not shipped for export. 6 
 
 (4) That corn that has been partially or wholly artificially dried 
 and that has been mixed with corn not dried that contains high 
 percentages of moisture be not shipped for export/ 
 
 (n) That all corn shipped for export be made as clean as possible 
 and that care be taken to distribute evenly through each hold broken 
 particles of corn, dirt, and foreign matter not removable from the 
 grain, which usually collect under the hatches of the ships during the 
 process of loading. 
 
 (6) That grain for export be not loaded into ships when it is raining 
 and that care be exercised not to admit water in any manner into the 
 holds where grain is stowed. 
 
 (7) That all shifting boards and all dunnage of every description 
 placed in holds where grain is stowed be dry. 
 
 " The investigations of the Office of Grain Standardization into the subject of air- 
 dry grain have not been completed, but sufficient is known from observations made 
 during three years' work to enable it to be said that thoroughly air-dried corn contains 
 about 12 per cent of moisture and that corn considered commercially dry contains 
 about 14 per cent of moisture. 
 
 Tests made with wheat considered commercially dry ranged from 9 per cent of 
 moisture in wheat from the Pacific coast to from 12 to 13 per cent of moisture in that 
 from the East and Middle West. Indications are that the air-dry basis of other grains 
 will be found slightly lower than that of corn. 
 
 6 Observations of such corn in storage and in transit have indicated that it was 
 strongly inclined to heat very quickly, especially in ocean transit. Such corn should 
 be thoroughly dried and thoroughly cooled after drying. 
 
 c As in the case of the corn referred to in the above footnote, such corn also showed a 
 strong tendency to heat quickly in ocean transit. No attempt will be made to explain 
 these phenomena until these investigations have been completed. 
 [l Mr. 55] 
 
wiikm w BXP0B1 OOBS (mai/.i.) in BUBOPE. 89 
 
 - Thai lu-:i\ \ freight, and especiall] damp cotton or wel lumber, 
 In not Btowed in the holds <>f the ships upon t ln> t<>|> <>( grain for 
 
 l'\|X>l't . 
 
 (9) Thai grain for export be not loaded into ships at anj consider- 
 able time before they are ready to leave pun. 
 
 (10) That all grain-carrying ships In* provided with additional or 
 ■ false" bulkheads in such manner as to provide airspaces of from 12 
 to I s inches next to and between the boiler and engine room bulk- 
 heads and those of the cargo holds; that these false bulkheads and all 
 metal Bhafl tunnel coverings be reenforced with plank Bheathing nex1 
 to tin 1 cargo and that the air spaces thus formed between the bulk- 
 heads, as well as the propeller-shafl tunnels, be connected with venti- 
 lators, a~- shovi d in figure ti. 
 
 ill 1 That when export ing wheal which contains considerable quan- 
 tities of wild garlic the advisablity of artificially drying and cleaning 
 the wheat in order to remove the garlic be considered." 
 
 (12) That the commercial grades of corn for export be recast and 
 the grading be done in such manner that the corn may he bought and 
 Bold upon the basis of its dry-matter content, considered together 
 with its apparent quality, and that 12 per cent of moisture he con- 
 sidered as a commercial basis from which to figure corn value-. 
 
 THE RELATIVE WORTH OF GRAIN ON A DRY-MATTER BASIS. 
 
 Table XVI is here inserted as a guide to a better understanding 
 of the relative values of commercial corn upon a dry-matter basis. 
 This table shows the comparative values of the dry-matter content 
 of grain containing from 12 to 25 percent of moisture, inclusive, and 
 at prices ranging from 10 cents to $1 per unit of measure, that is. per 
 bushel hundredweight, etc. The comparative values as shown in this 
 table, a- w.ll as the principle upon which they are based, will apply 
 equally well to all grains, although the air-dry basis of other grains 
 is likely to be found slightly lower in moisture than that of corn. 
 
 MOW TO USX 'NIK DBY-MATTEB BASIS. 
 
 Through the use of this table the relative value of the dry-matter 
 content of j^rain containing various quantities of moisture may he 
 quickly ascertained. Thus, if grain containing 12 per cent of moisture 
 is worth 40 cents per bushel (or other unit of measure) then grain 
 containing 22 per cent of moisture is worth 35.45 cents, and grain 
 containing 25 per cent of moisture i> worth 34.09 cents on the same 
 basis, because corn containing 12 per cent of moisture at 10 cents 
 
 ■ Bulletin loo. pt, :?. Bureau of Plant Industry, V . 8. Dept. <>f Agriculture, gives 
 
 details and result.-; o! experiment.- in artificially drying wheat in order to remove 
 garlic. 
 
 [Or. .".:>] 
 
40 
 
 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 Table XVI /' — The relative worth of grain on a dry-malter basis, shotting the price per 
 unit of measure from 40 cents to fl and the difference in mine for each i -per cent of 
 moisture from l '. to 25 per cent. 
 
 « 
 
 Muisture content and relative worth per unit of measure. 
 
 
 
 Worlh 
 of each 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 1 per 
 
 ccnl dry 
 
 Cents. 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 (fill. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 cent. 
 
 Ct ills. 
 
 ris. 
 
 
 a*. 
 
 Cls. 
 
 Cls. 
 
 ct». 
 
 Cls. 
 
 Cls. 
 
 Cts. 
 
 Cls. 
 
 CU. 
 
 Ct3. 
 
 cu. 
 
 40. 00 
 
 39. 54 
 
 39.09 
 
 
 38. is 
 
 37. 72 
 
 37 27 
 
 30.81 
 
 30. 30 
 
 35.01 
 
 35.45 
 
 35.00 
 
 34.54 
 
 34. 09 
 
 0.4545+ 
 
 41.00 
 
 40. 53 
 
 10 n7 
 
 39. 00 
 
 39. 14 
 
 38 67 
 
 38. 20 
 
 37. 71 
 
 37. 27 
 
 30. 81 
 
 36. 34 
 
 35.87 
 
 36. 41 
 
 34.94 
 
 . 4059+ 
 
 42. 00 
 
 41.53 
 
 41.05 
 
 40.57 
 
 40.00 
 
 
 39. 1 4 
 
 
 38. 18 
 
 37.71 
 
 37. 23 
 
 30. 75 
 
 30. 27 
 
 
 .4773- 
 
 43. 00 
 
 42.51 
 
 42. 02 
 
 41.53 
 
 41.04 
 
 40.55 
 
 40.07 
 
 39.58 
 
 39.09 
 
 38.00 
 
 38.11 
 
 
 37. 13 
 
 
 
 44.00 
 
 13.50 
 
 43. 00 
 
 42. 50 
 
 42.00 
 
 41.50 
 
 41.00 
 
 40.50 
 
 40.00 
 
 39.50 
 
 39.00 
 
 38. 50 
 
 38.00 
 
 37. 50 
 
 .5000 
 
 45.00 
 
 44.4!) 
 
 43. 98 
 
 43.47 
 
 42.96 
 
 42. 45 
 
 41.93 
 
 41.42 
 
 40.91 
 
 40.40 
 
 39.89 
 
 39. 38 
 
 
 
 .5114- 
 
 46.00 
 
 45.47 
 
 44. 95 
 
 44. 43 
 
 43.91 
 
 43.38 
 
 42. so 
 
 42. 34 
 
 41.82 
 
 41.29 
 
 40. 77 
 
 40. 2.5 
 
 39. 73 
 
 30. 20 
 
 .5227 + 
 
 47.1)0 
 
 46.47 
 
 45. 93 
 
 45. 40 
 
 44.86 
 
 44. 33 
 
 43. si) 
 
 43. 20 
 
 42. 73 
 
 42. 10 
 
 41.00 
 
 41. 13 
 
 40.59 
 
 40.IK 
 
 .5341- 
 
 18.00 
 
 47.40 
 
 40.91 
 
 40. 37 
 
 45, 82 
 
 45.28 
 
 44. 73 
 
 44.19 
 
 43. 04 
 
 43. 00 
 
 42.55 
 
 42. (X) 
 
 41.40 
 
 40.91 
 
 .5455- 
 
 19.00 
 
 48. 44 
 
 47. 88 
 
 47.33 
 
 40.77 
 
 40.21 
 
 45.00 
 
 45. 10 
 
 44.54 
 
 43.00 
 
 43. 43 
 
 42. s7 
 
 42. 32 
 
 41.70 
 
 
 50.00 
 
 49. 43 
 
 48. S7 
 
 48. 30 
 
 47. 73 
 
 47.10 
 
 40. 59 
 
 40.02 
 
 45.41 
 
 44.89 
 
 44.32 
 
 43. 75 
 
 43. is 
 
 12.62 
 
 . 5082- 
 
 51.00 
 
 50. 42 
 
 49. 84 
 
 49.26 
 
 48. 08 
 
 48. 10 
 
 47.52 
 
 40.04 
 
 40. 30 
 
 45. 7 s 
 
 45.20 
 
 44. 02 
 
 44.04 
 
 4:'.. 46 
 
 .5795 + 
 
 52.00 
 
 51.41 
 
 50.82 
 
 50. 23 
 
 49. (14 
 
 49. 04 
 
 48. 45 
 
 47. so 
 
 47. 27 
 
 
 40.09 
 
 45.. '..I 
 
 44.91 
 
 44. 32 
 
 .5909+ 
 
 53.00 
 
 52.40 
 
 51.80 
 
 51.20 
 
 50. 59 
 
 49.99 
 
 49. 39 
 
 48.79 
 
 4s is 
 
 47.58 
 
 40. 98 
 
 46.38 
 
 45. 77 
 
 45. 17 
 
 .6023- 
 
 54.00 
 
 
 52.77 
 
 52. 10 
 
 51.54 
 
 50.03 
 
 50.32 
 
 49. 70 
 
 40. 00 
 
 48. 17 
 
 47. 80 
 
 47. 25 
 
 40. 03 
 
 40.02 
 
 .0130+ 
 
 55.00 
 
 54.38 
 
 53. 75 
 
 53. 13 
 
 52.50 
 
 51 ss 
 
 51.25 
 
 50. 03 
 
 50.00 
 
 49.38 
 
 48. 75 
 
 48.13 
 
 47.50 
 
 16.88 
 
 
 56.00 
 
 55.37 
 
 54.73 
 
 54.00 
 
 53. to 
 
 52. 82 
 
 52. is 
 
 61.55 
 
 50.91 
 
 50.28 
 
 49. 04 
 
 49. (X) 
 
 48. 37 
 49.23 
 
 47. 73 
 
 . 0304- 
 
 57. 00 
 
 
 55. 70 
 
 55. 05 
 
 54.41 
 
 53.76 
 
 ■53. 11 
 
 52 4o 
 
 51.82 
 
 51. 17 
 
 50. 52 
 
 49.87 
 
 48.58 
 
 .0477 + 
 
 58.00 
 
 57.34 
 
 56.68 
 
 56. 02 
 
 55.30 
 
 54.71 
 
 54. 05 
 
 53. 39 
 
 52. 73 
 
 52. 07 
 
 51.41 
 
 50.75 
 
 50. 09 
 
 49. 43 
 
 .6691- 
 
 59.00 
 
 58. 33 
 
 57.00 
 
 50.90 
 
 50. 32 
 
 55. 0.5 
 
 54.98 
 
 54.31 
 
 53. 04 
 
 52. 07 
 
 52. 30 
 
 51.03 
 
 50.96 
 
 50.29 
 
 . 0705- 
 
 60. 00 
 
 59.32 
 
 58.63 
 
 57.95 
 
 57. 27 
 
 50. 59 
 
 55.91 
 
 55. 23 
 
 54.54 
 
 53.80 
 
 53. 18 
 
 52. 50 
 
 51.82 
 
 51.14 
 
 . 6818+ 
 
 61.00 
 
 60. 31 
 
 50. 02 
 
 58. 92 
 
 58. 23 
 
 57.54 
 
 50. 84 
 
 50. 15 
 
 55. 40 
 
 54.70 
 
 54. 07 
 
 53. 3s 
 
 52 68 
 
 51.99 
 
 
 62.00 
 
 61.29 
 
 60.59 
 
 59.80 
 
 59. is 
 
 58.47 
 
 57.77 
 
 57.06 
 
 50. 30 
 
 55. 1.0 
 
 54.95 
 
 54. 25 
 
 53. 54 
 
 
 .7045+ 
 
 63.00 
 
 62.28 
 
 61.57 
 
 60. 85 
 
 00. 14 
 
 59. 42 
 
 58. 70 
 
 57. 99 
 
 57. 27 
 
 Sfi 56 
 
 55 84 
 
 55. 12 
 
 54.41 
 
 53.69 
 
 .7159+ 
 
 C4.00 
 
 63.28 
 
 62.55 
 
 01.82 
 
 ol.oo 
 
 60.37 
 
 59.04 
 
 58.91 
 
 58. 18 
 
 57. II 
 
 50. 73 
 
 50.00 
 
 55. 27 
 
 54.55 
 
 . 7273- 
 
 05.011 
 
 04. 20 
 
 63. 52 
 
 02. 78 
 
 62.04 
 
 01.30 
 
 60. 57 
 
 59.83 
 
 59.09 
 
 58.35 
 
 57. 01 
 
 50. 87 
 
 50. 13 
 
 
 
 00.00 
 
 65 25 
 
 04. 50 
 
 03. 75 
 
 63. oo 
 
 02.25 
 
 01.50 
 
 00.75 
 
 00. 00 
 
 59. 25 
 
 58. 50 
 
 57. 75 
 
 57. (X) 
 
 50. 25 
 
 
 07.00 
 
 00.24 
 
 65. 4s 
 
 04. 72 
 
 03.00 
 
 63. 20 
 
 02. 43 
 
 61. 07 
 
 60.91 
 
 60. 15 
 
 59. 39 
 
 it 
 
 
 57.11 
 
 
 68.00 
 
 07.22 
 
 66. 45 
 
 65.68 
 
 (.4.01 
 
 04. 13 
 
 63.36 
 
 02. 59 
 
 61.82 
 
 01.04 
 
 00.27 
 
 59.50 
 
 
 
 .7727+ 
 
 69.00 
 
 68. 22 
 
 07. 43 
 
 66.65 
 
 65. 86 
 
 65.08 
 
 04. 30 
 
 63.51 
 
 62. 73 
 
 01.04 
 
 01.10 
 
 00.38 
 
 59.59 
 
 58.81 
 
 .7841- 
 
 70. 00 
 
 69.21 
 
 OS. 41 
 
 07. 62 
 
 66.82 
 
 66. 03 
 
 65.23 
 
 04. 44 
 
 03. 04 
 
 i2. si 
 
 02.05 
 
 
 
 
 
 71.00 
 
 70. 19 
 
 69.38 
 
 68.58 
 
 07.77 
 
 66.96 
 
 66. n 
 
 0.5.35 
 
 04.54 
 
 63. 74 
 
 02. 03 
 
 02. 12 
 
 01.32 
 
 60.61 
 
 
 72.00 
 
 71. IS 
 
 70. 37 
 
 69. 55 
 
 os. 73 
 
 07.91 
 
 07.00 
 
 66. 27 
 
 65. 10 
 
 04.04 
 
 63. 82 
 
 03.(10 
 
 02. is 
 
 01.37 
 
 .8182 
 
 7.'!. 00 
 
 72. 17 
 
 71.34 
 
 70.51 
 
 00. OS 
 
 OS. 85 
 
 OS. 02 
 
 07. 19 
 
 00. 30 
 
 65. 53 
 
 01.70 
 
 63.87 
 
 63. 04 
 
 62. 21 
 
 .8295+ 
 
 74.00 
 
 73. 16 
 
 72.32 
 
 71.48 
 
 70. 04 
 
 69. 70 
 
 OS, ! 15 
 
 OS. 11 
 
 07.27 
 
 00.43 
 
 05.59 
 
 64.75 
 
 63.91 
 
 <a. 07 
 
 
 75.00 
 
 74. 15 
 
 73.30 
 
 72. 45 
 
 71.59 
 
 70. 74 
 
 09. 89 
 
 09.04 
 
 08.18 
 
 07. 33 
 
 oo. 48 
 
 05. (13 
 
 i.l 77 
 
 63. 92 
 
 
 7t;.i)ii 
 
 75. 13 
 
 74.27 
 
 73.41 
 
 72. 54 
 
 71.68 
 
 70. 82 
 
 09. 95 
 
 09.09 
 
 68 22 
 
 
 00.50 
 
 65.63 
 
 04,77 
 
 
 77.00 
 
 70. 13 
 
 75. 25 
 
 74.38 
 
 73. 50 
 
 72. 03 
 
 71.75 
 
 70.88 
 
 70.00 
 
 00. 13 
 
 68 25 
 
 
 00. 50 
 
 65.63 
 
 
 7s. 00 
 
 77. 12 
 
 76.23 
 
 75.34 
 
 74.40 
 
 73. 57 
 
 72.68 
 
 71.80 
 
 70.91 
 
 70. 03 
 
 09. 14 
 
 68.25 
 
 07. 37 
 
 1,., 4- 
 
 
 79.00 
 
 78.10 
 
 77.20 
 
 70. 30 
 
 75.41 
 
 74.51 
 
 73. 01 
 
 72.71 
 
 71.82 
 
 70.02 
 
 70. 02 
 
 09. 12 
 
 
 67.33 
 
 .8977+ 
 
 80.00 79 09 
 
 78.18 
 
 77. 27 
 
 76.31 
 
 75. 40 
 
 74.55 
 
 73. 04 
 
 72. 73 
 
 71.82 
 
 70.91 
 
 70.00 
 
 09. 09 
 
 08. 18 
 
 .9091- 
 
 81.00 so. os 
 
 79. 16 
 
 78.24 
 
 77, 32 
 
 70.40 
 
 75. 4 s 
 
 74.50 
 
 73. 04 
 
 72. 72 
 
 71. so 
 
 7n ss 
 
 09. 90 
 
 69.04 
 
 .9205- 
 
 82.00 si. 07 
 
 80.13 
 
 79.20 
 
 78. 27 
 
 77.34 
 
 70.41 
 
 75. 48 
 
 74.54 
 
 73. 01 
 
 72. 08 
 
 71.75 
 
 70, -J 
 
 gg jg 
 
 . 9318+ 
 
 83.00 82.06 
 
 81. 12 
 
 80. 17 
 
 70. 2: 
 
 78.29 
 
 77. 34 
 
 70.40 
 
 75.40 
 
 74.51 
 
 73.57 
 
 72.63 
 
 71. OS 
 
 70.74 
 
 .9432- 
 
 SI. 01 
 
 83. 04 
 
 82.09 
 
 81. 13 
 
 80. 18 
 
 70. 22 
 
 78.27 
 
 77.31 
 
 70.31 
 
 75.41 
 
 74. 45 
 
 73.50 
 
 72.54 
 
 71.59 
 
 .9545+ | 
 
 85.00 
 
 84.03 
 
 S3. 07 
 
 82. 10 
 
 81.14 
 
 so. 17 
 
 79.20 
 
 78. 24 
 
 77.27 
 
 70. 31 
 
 75. 34 
 
 74.37 
 
 7.3.41 
 
 72. 44 
 
 .9059+ 
 
 86.00 
 
 85.03 
 
 84. 05 
 
 83.07 
 
 -J H< 
 
 81. 12 
 
 80.14 79. 11 
 
 78.18 
 
 77.21 
 
 70. 23 
 
 75.25 
 
 74. 27 
 
 73. 30 
 
 . 9773- 1 
 
 87.0( 
 
 so. 01 
 
 85.02 
 
 84.03 
 
 83.04 
 
 si. 05 
 
 81.07 80 os 
 
 79.09 
 
 7s. Hi 
 
 77.11 
 
 76. 12 
 
 75. 13 
 
 74. 15 
 
 . 9880+ 
 
 ss. 1)0 87.01 
 
 86.00 
 
 85.01 
 
 S4.0I 
 
 83.00 
 
 82. (K) 81. (X) 
 
 80.00 
 
 79.00 
 
 78.00 
 
 77. (XI 
 
 70.1X1 
 
 75. (XI 
 
 1.0000 
 
 SO. 01 
 
 B7.99 
 
 80. 9S 
 
 85.97 
 
 84 9f 
 
 83.95 
 
 82.93 81.92 
 
 80.91 
 
 79.90 
 
 78.89 
 
 77.--- 
 
 7o.s7 
 
 75 S] 
 
 1.0114- 
 
 oo. on 
 
 8S.97 
 
 87.95 
 
 86.93 
 
 85.91 
 
 si 88 
 
 83 36 82 st 
 
 81.82 
 
 80 79 
 
 79.77 
 
 7 s 75 
 
 77.73 
 
 70.70 
 
 1.0227+ 
 
 91.01 
 
 89. 07 
 
 88.93 
 
 s7. 01 
 
 
 
 84.80 s3.7i 
 
 82. 73 
 
 81.89 
 
 
 79. 03 
 
 7s. :.o 
 
 
 1.0341 
 
 92. 0( 
 
 90. 90 
 
 89.91 
 
 ss. 87 
 
 87.82 
 
 si i.7s 
 
 85.73 B4.6) 
 
 B3 64 
 
 82.59 
 
 
 
 
 7S 41 
 
 1.0455- 
 
 93.01 
 
 91.94 
 
 Oil. ss 
 
 so. s: 
 
 ss. 77 
 
 87.71 
 
 86 66 85.61 
 
 84. 54 
 
 
 82.43 
 
 81. 37 
 
 80. 32 
 
 
 1. 0568+ 
 
 94.00 
 
 92. 93 
 
 91.87 
 
 90.81 
 
 89. 73 
 
 B8.66 
 
 87.59 86.52 
 
 85. 4( 
 
 
 83. 32 
 
 82. 25 
 
 si is 
 
 80. 12 
 
 
 95 hi 
 
 93.92 
 
 92.84 
 
 91.71 
 
 90.68 89 60 
 
 88.52 87.44 
 
 86 31 
 
 85. 28 
 
 
 - 
 
 82. 04 
 
 SO. 96 
 
 1.0795 + 
 
 96. oi 
 
 94.91 
 
 93.82 
 
 92.7 
 
 91.04 90.54 
 
 so.45 88. 31 
 
 87. 27 
 
 80. is 
 
 85.09 
 
 S4.00 
 
 82. 01 
 
 
 1.0909+ 
 
 '17.01 
 
 05.01 
 
 94. si 
 
 03. 71 
 
 92 59 91.49 
 
 90.39 89 -' 
 
 Ss is 
 
 87. OS 
 
 85.9s 
 
 84.88 
 
 si. 77 
 
 82.67 1.1023- 
 
 OS. OI 
 
 96. sv 
 
 
 ol.oo 93 54 92. 13 
 
 91.32 90.20 
 
 
 S7.07 
 
 86.81 
 
 85. 75 
 
 - 
 
 1. 1130+ 
 
 99. oi 
 
 97.88 
 
 96.75 
 
 
 94.50 93.38 
 
 02.25 91.13 
 
 90.00 
 
 
 87. 75 
 
 ' 
 
 85.50 - 
 
 1.1250 
 
 100. oc 
 
 Os. s7 
 
 
 90.59 
 
 95. to 94.32 
 
 93. IS 92.05 
 
 90.91 
 
 so. 7 s 
 
 
 87. 50 
 
 80.37 S5.23 1.1364- 
 
 [Cir. 7-5] 
 
LMEBICAN IAI'oki COBB (MAIZE) in BUBOPB. 11 
 
 per bushel contains ns per cent of dr\ matter, ami each i per cenl <>l 
 dry matter is therefore worth fa of 10 cents, whioh equals .4545 H <»f 
 l (tuI; corn containing 22 per cenl of moisture which c o nt ains but 
 per cenl of tin matter would, on the same basis, be worth 7*x 
 .4545 of I cent, or 35.45 cents, per bushel, and corn co n t aining 25 
 per cenl of moisture and 75 per cenl of dry matter would be worth 
 i ;, 1 5 of 1 cent, or 34.09 cents, per bushel on a -li> matter 
 basis. The worth of each l per cenl of <lr\ matter for each price 
 per unit of measure given is shown in the column al the right of the 
 table. 
 
 The table may be used either way to ascertain these relative values. 
 \ for instance, if a maximum of 16 per cenl of moisture is allowed 
 in •• No. 2 Corn" and thai grade of corn is worth 70.64 cents pel 
 bushel, then corn of the same grade containing only 12 per cenl of 
 moisture would be worth 7 1 cents per bushel, while corn containing 
 22 per cent of moisture would be worth bul 65.59 cents per bushel on 
 ;i dry-matter basis. 
 
 nil RATIO Ol Mil MOI8TUBE CONTEN1 l'> TUB DETERIORATION <»l 
 
 QB \l\. 
 
 li will be noted in the table thai no account is taken of the accel- 
 erated risk from deterioration in grain as it- moisture content is 
 increased, nor the consequent reduction in value of the grain for stor- 
 age and transportation purposes." It will also be noted that the 
 difference in value per each I per cent of dry matter increases in 
 direct proportion to the increase in the price, so that as the prices 
 of grain increase the differences in value per each I per cent of dry 
 matter or of moisture become of more material importance to the 
 producer and consumer of grain. These greater differences in actual 
 value in the higher priced grain are sufficient to reimburse the pro- 
 ducer or seller for the cost of reducing the moisture content of the 
 grain and to enable the consumer to purchase it at the increased 
 
 it, provided the grain is bought and sold on a basis of it- dry- 
 matter content. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS RELATIVE I <> GRADING CORN. 
 
 The results o( these investigations so far as they have progressed, 
 
 indicate that commercial corn, in order to fix it- intrinsic worth as 
 nearly as possible by grades, should be divided into at least two 
 classes: (1) To include only well-matured and well-developed corn 
 containing not more than 2\ per cent of held <>r mold damaged 
 
 "It i> confidently hoped thai the investigations now befng < .i rri«-<l mi by the 
 Office of Grain Standardisation will threw some liu'ln upon the ratio of increased ri-k 
 to increased moisture in commercial grains for *t<>r.n;<' and transportation p«ir| ■ 
 [Cir.fiS] 
 
42 AMERICAN EXPORT CORN ( MAIZE ) IN EUROPE. 
 
 kernels, and (2) to include the ordinary sorts of commercial corn 
 containing not more than 5 to 6 per cent of field-damaged kernels 
 (commercial basis, heat-damaged or "mahogany" kernels excluded)," 
 regardless of the moisture content of the corn, that each of the 
 suggested classes be subdivided into grades based upon the mois- 
 ture content of the corn, that no one grade should contain a greater 
 range than 2 per cent of moisture, 6 and that no corn should be 
 graded, shipped long distances, put into storage, or exported on 
 grades unless it be commercially clean and free from indications of 
 fermentation. 
 
 The necessity for some arrangement of this kind in the grading of 
 corn and for more care in the methods of handling corn becomes more 
 apparent as the prices and values of grain continue to increase, and 
 as they continue to increase the advisability of still narrower limits 
 of moisture within the grades will become more apparent. 
 
 Approved : 
 
 James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 Washington, D. C, February 8, 1910. 
 
 a The analyses of samples taken from various cargoes of corn, representing approxi- 
 mately A\ million bushels of all grades exported from the United States during No- 
 vember and December, 1908, and February, March, April, and October, 1909, showed 
 a maximum of 10.2 per cent (December, 1908), a minimum of 2 per cent, and an aver- 
 age of about 2.5 per cent of field and mold damaged kernels. The maximum of 10.2 
 per cent was unusual and undesirable. It is the opinion of the writers that corn 
 containing more than 5 to 6 per cent of such damaged kernels and also corn containing 
 heat-damaged or "mahogany" kernels, should be bought and sold "on samples" or 
 on special grades. . 
 
 ft Bulletin 99, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, describes the 
 Brown and Duvel apparatus for and method of making moisture determinations in 
 grain quickly. The apparatus has been recommended by the Department of Agri- 
 culture and is extensively used in the grain trade for the purpose. 
 [Cir. 55] 
 
 o 
 
UNIVERSITY 
 
 IDA 
 
 3 1262 08928 9911