'e> :<4~ 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OP ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 48. 
 
 ( ATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 EXHIBITS OF INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS 
 AND FOREST PRODUCTS 
 
 AT THE 
 
 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 
 ST. LOUS. MO., 1901. 
 
 PREPARED ONDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST BY 
 
 A. I). HOPKINS. r>^_ 
 
 In Clun 
 
 WASHIXGTOX: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1904. 
 
 / 
 

 JXIYISION OF EXTOMOLOGY. 
 
 L. O. Howard, Entomologist. 
 
 ('. L. MaRLATT, in charge of experimental field work. 
 F. H. Chittenden, in charge of breeding experiments. 
 A. D. Hopkins, in charge offorest insect investigations. 
 \k Benton, in charge of apiculture. 
 
 W. D. Hunter, in charge of cotton boll weevil investigations. 
 
 A. L. QUAINTANCE, in charge ofbollworm investigations. 
 
 D. W. COQDTLLETT, Th. Pergande, Nathan Banks, assistant entomologists. 
 
 K. A. Si'iiwarz. E. S. G. Trrrs. investigators. 
 
 H. A. Kelly, special agent in silk investigations. 
 
 < JliftoN, F. C. Pratt. August Busck, Otto Heidemann, A. N. Caudell, 
 J. Kotinsky. H. 8. Barber, assistants. 
 \Y. B. IIinp-. W. F. Fiskk, Gh H. Harris, H. E. Burke, A. W. Morrill, J. C. 
 Cb iwpord, Jr.. A. A. Girault, C. T. Brues, F. C. Bishopp, Springer Goes, 
 M". Walker, temporary field agents. 
 Misa L. L. Howenstein, artist. 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 48. 
 
 CATALOGUE 
 
 OF 
 
 EXHIBITS OF INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS 
 AND FOREST PRODUCTS 
 
 AT THE 
 
 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, 
 ST. LOUIS, MO.. 1904 
 
 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST BY 
 
 A. D. HOPKINS. 
 
 In Charge of Forest Insect Investigai 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington, D. 0., May 23, 1901 
 Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith manuscript of a cata- 
 logue of the exhibit of insect enemies of forests and forest products 
 of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held at St. Louis, Mo., during 
 the present year. It has been prepared under my direction by Dr. 
 A. D. Hopkins, in charge of Forest Insect Investigations, in the hope 
 of increasing the economic value of the exhibit, and is practically a 
 continuation of the catalogue of the general exhibit which has been 
 published as Bulletin 47 of the present series. The catalogue has 
 been divided into four sections, as fully explained by its author. In 
 the preparation of the exhibit Doctor Hopkins has had the expert 
 assistance of Prof. W. E. Rumsey. of the West Virginia Experiment 
 Station, and. later, of Mr. W. F. Fiske, of this Division, who has 
 also assisted in the preparation of the catalogue. I recommend its 
 publication as Bulletin No. 48 of this Division. 
 Respectful ly, 
 
 L. O. Howard, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 
CONTEXTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introductory 7 
 
 Character of the exhibit 7 
 
 General description of the exhibit 9 
 
 Insects injurious to fruit or seeds 13 
 
 Insect injury to forest products 14 
 
 Beneficial insects 14 
 
 Method of preventing losses 14 
 
 Catalogue of exhibit: 
 
 Section I. — Insect enemies of forest trees in the northwestern and north- 
 eastern United States 15 
 
 Section II. — Insect enemies of forests in general 27 
 
 Section III. — Special investigations 43 
 
 Section IV. — Photographs 46 
 
 Index of scientific names 49 
 
 Index of common names 52 
 
 5 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 Plate I. Fig. 1. — The pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills. Fig. 2. — De- 
 structive pine bark-t>eetle. Fig. 3. — Spruce-destroying beetle 56 
 
 II. Fig. 1. — Work of the Lawson's cypress bark-beetle in twigs of living 
 trees. Fig. 2. — The Lawson's cypress bark-beetle. Fig. 3. — The 
 
 redwood 1 >ark-beetle ( Phlceo&inus sequoise Hopk. ) 56 
 
 III. Work of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills 56 
 
 IV. Figs. 1 and 2. — Work of the Oregon Tomicus. Fig. 3. — Work of the 
 
 yellow pine wood-engraver 56 
 
 V. Work of the spruce-destroying beetle 56 
 
 VI. Work of the destructive pine bark-beetle 56 
 
 VII. Work of Dendroctonus frontalis and Dendroctonus terebrans 56 
 
 VIII. Work of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills 56 
 
 IX. Work of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills 56 
 
 X. Work of the Oregon Tomicus 56 
 
 XI. Work of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills Forest Reserve. 56 
 XII. Fig. 1. — Cocoons of Bracon simplex, a parasite of the spruce-destroying 
 beetle. Fig. 2. — Work of the pine-destroying beetle of the Black 
 
 Hills 56 
 
 XIII. Galleries and mines of the spruce-destroying beetle 56 
 
 XIV. Galleries and mines of the spruce-destroying beetle in spruce 56 
 
 XV. Old galleries of the spruce-destroying beetle 56 
 
 XVI. Work of the yellow pine wood-engraver 56 
 
 XVII. Work of timber and bark beetles in spruce 56 
 
 XVIII. Work of secondary and other enemies of spruce 56 
 
 XIX. Galleries of the spruce bark-beetle, showing different stages 56 
 
 XX. M ines of the destructive spruce wood-borer 56 
 
 X XI. Dead spruce; also fir and birch 56 
 
 XXII. Work of the redwood bark-beetle 56 
 
 6 
 
CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS OF INSECT ENEMIES OF 
 
 FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS AT THE 
 
 LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The extent of depredations by insects, on the principal kinds of 
 trees in different sections of the country, the magnitude of the prob- 
 lems demanding investigation, and the growing demand for informa- 
 tion on causes and remedies led to the establishment of a section of 
 the Division of Entomolog}' for forest-insect investigations, which 
 was organized on July 1, 1902. 
 
 The object of this section is to conduct original research in the field 
 and laboratory,' to determine the principal insect enemies of forest 
 trees and forest products, and especially to determine facts relating to 
 life histories, habits, distribution, character of injury, and natural 
 enemies on which to base recommendations of methods for preventing 
 losses. 
 
 Information acquired from observations by the author in all but one 
 State, relating to the character and extent of the work of insects which 
 are either detrimental or destructive to the forest resources and prod- 
 ucts of the country, leads him to estimate the average annual losses at 
 §100,000,000. This is based on late stumpage values and wholesale 
 prices of commercial products. 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE EXHIBIT. 
 
 The object of the exhibit is to show the character of work and 
 injury, the various kinds of insects which cause the injury, and also 
 the kinds which are beneficial on account of their habits of preying 
 upon the injurious ones. 
 
 The labels give brief information as to the common or English 
 names and technical or Latin names of insects, followed by brief 
 descriptions of the character of their work, habits, and distribution, 
 and the kinds of trees or wood injured. When the species is of special 
 importance, reference is made to the principal publications concerning 
 them. 
 
 7 
 
Iii the preparation of sections 2, 3, and 4 of the exhibit, including 
 labels, the author wishes to acknowledge the valuable service of Mr. 
 \Y. V. Fiske. 
 
 'The exhibit is in four sections, and consists of iifty-four cases, one 
 large wall case, and a set of photographs. There are in all 789 speci- 
 mens of insects. 623 specimens of work, and 18 photographs. Sec- 
 tions l. 2, and 1 are in the Division of Entomology exhibit in the 
 Government Building, while section 3 is in the forestry building, 
 with the Bureau of Forestry exhibit. 
 
 Section I.— INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN 
 AND THE NORTHEASTERN STATES. " 
 
 This exhibit consists of material collected by the author during 
 special investigations for the Division previous to the organization of 
 the forest-insect investigations as a separate section. 
 
 The labels are copied in this catalogue with such revisions, correc- 
 tions, and additional matter as seems necessary. 
 
 Reports of the two special investigations, during which the speci- 
 mens were collected, will be found in Bulletin No. 21, n. s., of the 
 Division of Entomology, entitled, " Preliminary Report on the Insect 
 Enemies of Forests in the Northwest;" and Bulletin No. 28, n. s., 
 "Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the Northeast." The exhibit was 
 prepared by the author, assisted by Mr. W. E. Rumsey, of the West 
 Virginia Experiment Station. 
 
 Section II.— INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS IN GENERAL. 
 
 This section consists of material collected since the 1st of July, 1902, 
 and such other specimens in the general collection of the Division of 
 Entomolog} T and the National Museum as were not represented in the 
 forest insect collections. It will be found in cases 25 to 48, inclusive, 
 and in a large wall case. In this section the transformations and 
 work of several representatives of each class of insects are shown, 
 while other species, having analogous habits and transformations, are 
 represented by the adult insects alone. 
 
 Section III. —INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS (SPECIAL PROBLEMS 
 UNDER INVESTIGATION, IN COOPERATION WITH THE BUREAU 
 OF FORESTRY). 
 
 This section comprises specimens collected by the author and assist- 
 ant- during special investigations of sonic of the principal depreda- 
 tion- by forest insects now attracting attention. It will be found in 
 -i\ Large cases, numbered 49 to 64, in the Forestry Building, in connec- 
 
 o This exhibit was shown at the Pan-American Exposition, at Buffalo, New York, 
 in 1901, and al tin- Interstate and Weal Indian Exposition at Charleston, 8. C, 
 in L901 2. 
 
tion with the exhibit of the Bureau of Forestry. The exhibit shows 
 the character of work of some of the most destructive enemies of for- 
 ests and the insects which are responsible for the damage. The labels 
 give general information regarding the insects and their habits, which 
 will aid the forester and the lumberman in recognizing them when met 
 with. 
 
 Section IV.— PHOTOGRAPHS OF INSECT DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 
 
 The photographs of insect damage are enlarged from 4 by 5 and 5 
 by 7 negatives taken by the author and his assistants, and show some 
 of the features of insect work which could not well be represented by 
 specimens. 
 
 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EXHIBIT. 
 
 A large amount of the material in the exhibit represents the first of 
 the kind collected, and many of the descriptions of the work, host 
 plants, habits of the insects, etc.. on the labels and in this catalogue, 
 are original. 
 
 The exhibit represents several quite distinct classes of enemies, as 
 related to orders and groups of insects, the parts of trees attacked, 
 primary or secondary injuries, etc. This is indicated to a certain 
 extent by the arrangement of the specimens in the cases, and by the 
 labels: but in order to prevent duplication in the catalogue, the 
 descriptions of the principal classes of insects and the character of 
 their work are included in the introduction, classified primarily accord- 
 ing to the part of the tree or kind of product injured, and secondarily 
 according to the class of insects which have similar habits. 
 
 The term "trunk and branches" not only refers to living trees, but 
 to dying, dead, and felled trees, sawlogs. and like crude products. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE BARK. 
 
 BARK-BEETLES. 
 
 [Plates I-VIII.] 
 
 This class of beetles attacks living, dead, and recently felled trees. 
 The parent adults excavate their brood galleries through the inner 
 layers of bark and often groove the outer surface of the wood. Their 
 eggs are deposited along the sides of the galleries and the young 
 broods develop in the bark and transform to the adult either in the 
 bark or outer sapwood. Some of the species attack living trees, 
 causing their rapid death, and are among the most destructive enemies 
 of American forests; others are of secondary importance in attacking 
 the injured trees and contributing to their death, while still others 
 attack only the bark and twigs of dying and dead trees. 
 
10 
 
 BABE AND wool) BORING GRUBS. 
 
 Thia class of enemies differs from the preceding in the fact that the 
 parent beetles do not burrow into the wood or bark, but deposit their 
 a in the surface. The elongate, whitish, round-headed (Ceram- 
 bycid), flat-headed (Buprestid), or short, stout (Curculionid) grubs 
 hatching from these eggs cause injury by burrowing beneath the bark 
 or deep into the sapwood and heartwood of living, injured, and dead 
 trees, sawlogs, etc. Some of the species infest living trees, causing 
 serious injury or death. Others attack only dead and dying bark and 
 wood, bul this injury often results in great loss from the so-called 
 worm-hole defect-. 
 
 BARK-WEEVILS. 
 
 This class of insects includes species which injure and kill the central 
 shoots of pine and spruce, such injury often resulting in deformed 
 and worthless matured trees. Others attack the base of young trees 
 and apparently cause their death, or breed in the bark of injured and 
 dying standing trees, and logs and stumps of those recently felled. 
 
 BARK AND WOOD BORING CATERPILLARS. 
 
 This class includes the young of clear-winged, wasp-like moths, 
 which mine in the bark and wood of living trees, causing masses of 
 pitch to form over the wound. They often cause serious damage to 
 reproduction and plantations of conifers and other trees. 
 
 INFESTING THE WOOD. 
 
 AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES. 
 
 This class of insects attack living, dead, and felled trees, sawlogs, 
 green lumber, and stave-bolts, often causing serious injury and loss 
 from the pin-hole and stained-wood defects caused by their brood 
 galleries. The galleries are excavated by the parent beetles in the 
 sound sapwood, sometimes extending into the heartwood, and the 
 young stages feed on a fungous growth which grows on the walls of 
 the galleries. 
 
 TIMBER WORMS. 
 
 This class of true wood-boring " worms," or grubs, are the larva' of 
 luetic- of the families LymexylicUe and Brenthidse. They enter the 
 wood from eggs deposited in wounds in living trees, from which they 
 burrow deep into the heartwood. Generation after generation may 
 develop in the wood of a tree without affecting its life, but the wood 
 is rendered worthless for most purposes by the so-called worm-hole 
 and pili hole defects resulting from their burrows. The same species 
 also breed in the wood of dying and dead standing trees, and in the 
 
11 
 
 stumps and logs of felled ones, often for many years after the trees 
 are felled. One species sometimes attacks freshly sawed oak lumber, 
 new stave bolts, etc. They are among the most destructive enemies 
 of hard- wood forest trees, especially in reducing the value of the wood 
 of the best part of the trunks. 
 
 THE CARPENTER WORMS. 
 
 These are large pinkish caterpillars which are the larvae of stout- 
 bodied moths. They enter the bark and wood of living oak, locust, 
 poplar, and other trees from eggs deposited by the moths in the 
 crevices of uninjured bark, or in the edges of wounds. They burrow 
 deep into the solid wood, where they live for two or three years before 
 transforming to the adult. The wood is seriously injured by the very 
 large worm-hole defects, and while the life of the tree is but slightly, 
 if at all, affected by the earlier attacks, the continued operations of 
 this class of borers year after year finally results in the decay of the 
 heartwood, or a hollow trunk and a dead top. 
 
 HORN-TAILS. 
 
 This is a class of borers which are the larvae of the so-called wood 
 wasps. They may enter the exposed dead wood of wounds of living 
 trees, but more commonly attack the wood of dead standing conifers 
 and hard woods, in the sapwood of which they excavate irregular bur- 
 rows, which are packed with their borings. When the adults emerge 
 they leave the surface perforated with numerous round holes. Water 
 and fungi entering these holes cause a very rapid decay of the wood. 
 
 POWDER-POST BEETLES. 
 
 This is a class of insects representing two or three families of 
 beetles, the larvae of which infest and convert into fine power many 
 different kinds of dry and seasoned wood products, such as hickory 
 and ash handles, wagon spokes, lumber, etc., when wholly or in part 
 from the sapwood of trees. Oak and hemlock tan bark is sometimes 
 injured to a great extent, and the structural timbers of old houses, 
 barns, etc., are often seriously injured, while hoop poles and like 
 products are attacked by one set of these insects, the adults of which 
 burrow into the wood for the purpose of depositing their eggs. 
 
 INSECTS INJURING LEAVES. 
 
 THE TRUE CATERPILLARS. 
 
 These are the larvae of butterflies and moths, and include a great 
 variety of forms which feed on the leaves of all kinds of forest trees. 
 Some attack the opening buds, others the very young leaves, while 
 
12 
 
 oilier- consume the mature foliage. The greater Dumber cause no 
 perceptible injury, yet there arc sonic, like the forest tent caterpillar, 
 the pine butterfly, the western hemlock span-worm, etc., which are 
 capable of widespread devastation. 
 
 FALSE CATERPILLARS. 
 
 These are the larvae of a class of insects which are related to the 
 bees, but have very peculiar habits as compared with other insects of 
 the order ( 1 1 ymenoptera) to which they belong. The adults are called 
 sawflies, on account of the peculiar saw-like ovipositor, by means of 
 which tiny make incisions in the living plant tissue for the reception 
 of their eggs. The larvae are often found in great numbers on pine, 
 dogwood, birch, (dm, cultivated currant, etc., completely defoliating 
 the plant in a short time. Some of the species are capable of wide- 
 spread destruction of certain kinds of trees, as, for example, the 
 larch sawfly {X<m<ttus erichsonii), which between 1882 and 1885 
 destroyed to an alarming extent the eastern larch or tamarac in New 
 England and Canada. 
 
 THE LEAF-BEETLES. 
 
 This is a class of defoliators of which both the adults and the larvae 
 \\hh[ on the leaves. The willow and elm leaf-beetles are common 
 exam pies of the more destructive kinds. 
 
 GALL INSECTS. 
 
 The galls on the leaves of various trees are produced in great vari- 
 ety by several distinct classes of gall-making insects. As a rule, each 
 species, or a class of allied species, make galls of peculiar forms, by 
 which the species or class to which they belong may be identified. 
 Some galls are caused by four-winged gnats of the order Hymenop- 
 tera, others of the two-winged gnats of the order Diptera, and still 
 others by plant-lice. Psyllids, etc., of the order Hemiptera. 
 
 PLANT-LICE. 
 
 This is a class of soft-bodied insects which cluster in great numbers 
 on the Leaves, injuring them by sucking out their sap. causing a faded 
 Or curled appearance, and often doing serious damage. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE TWIGS. 
 TWIG-BEETLES. 
 
 These are small bark-beetles, which confine their operations to the 
 smaller twigs, and either mine under the bark or into the pith. They 
 rarely attack living twigs, but are exceedingly abundant in those of 
 
 dyingand recently felled trees, and may in some cases contribute to 
 
 the rapid death of tree- attacked by other insects. 
 
13 
 
 TWIG-WEEVILS. 
 
 This is a class of snout beetles or so-called weevils which deposit 
 their egg* in the living, dying, and dead twigs of trees, and the larvae 
 mine in the bark and pith. When they infest the twigs of living trees 
 they often do considerable damage. 
 
 TWIG CATERPILLARS. 
 
 These are the larvae of moths, which burrow into the terminal twigs 
 of pine and other conifers and often cause serious harm. There are 
 also certain kinds which attack the bark of the twigs and cause masses 
 of pitch to form, in which they live. 
 
 SCALE INSECTS. 
 
 This is an extensive class of insects which infest the bark of all sorts 
 of trees and are often very injurious. The young, after hatching 
 from the eggs or mother scales, crawl about and attach themselves to 
 the bark by means of their long, slender beaks. Many species exude 
 a kind of wax which forms a scale-like covering which protects them 
 during their period of growth. 
 
 PLANT-LICE. 
 
 These are similar to the plant-lice which infest the leaves, but cer- 
 tain kinds confine their attack to the twigs, especially some of those 
 belonging to the genus Lachrvus. Some of them are covered with a 
 cottony or wool-like substance, while others are large, black, and 
 shining. 
 
 GALL INSECTS. 
 
 There are many kinds of gall insects which produce galls on the 
 twigs of forest trees, and like those causing galls on the leaves 
 represent several orders and families. 
 
 CICADAS. 
 
 This is a class of insects of which the periodical cicada is a common 
 example. They often cause serious injury to the twigs, which they 
 puncture for the purpose of depositing their eggs. 
 
 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUIT OR SEEDS. 
 
 This designation refers to insects which attack the }'oung to matured 
 fruit and seeds on the living tree, or after they have fallen. 
 
 WEEVILS. 
 
 This is a class of snout-beetles which are often very injurious to 
 acorns and various kinds of nuts. The eggs are deposited in the young 
 fruit and the young larvae live on the inner portion until the nut or 
 fruit has matured and falls to the ground, when they burrow their way 
 out and go into the ground to transform to adults, which come out 
 the next year in time to repeat the operation. 
 
14 
 
 CONE AND NUT WORMS. 
 
 The cones and fruit of pine, spruce, and other conifers and nut- 
 bearing trees arc often infested by small caterpillars which prevent 
 the development of the cones and seeds. 
 
 CALLS. 
 
 There are certain gall insects which attack cones and cause a 
 deformed development either of the cone or the seeds. 
 
 INSECT INJURY TO FOREST PRODUCTS. 
 
 Insects injure various kinds of crude and finished forest products 
 and reduce their value or render them entirely worthless. 
 
 INJURY TO FRESHLY CUT PRODUCTS. 
 
 This is caused by a class of insects which attack freshly sawed lum- 
 ber, square timber, stave bolts, etc. (See Timber beetles and Timber 
 worms.) 
 
 INJURY TO DRY AND SEASONED PRODUCTS. 
 
 This is caused by a class of insects which attack the sap wood of sea- 
 soned lumber, handles, spokes, and the like; also tan bark. (See 
 Powder-post beetles.) 
 
 BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 
 
 Prc<J(icr()iis ///.svy/v.— This is a class consisting of beetles, wasps, and 
 true bugs, which feed on injurious insects and are often very benefi- 
 cial in reducing the numbers of some of the more destructive kinds. 
 
 Parasitic insects. — This is a class which is represented by the four- 
 winged and two-winged flies, the larvae of which either live within the 
 bodies of the Larvae and adults of injurious insects or attach them- 
 selves to the bodies of the larvae and pupa? and Mil them. This class 
 is a very extensive one, and is of enormous benefit in reducing the 
 numbers and keeping in check the ravages of the destructive species. 
 
 METHOD OF PREVENTING LOSSES. 
 
 The met hods of preventing losses from depredations by forest insects 
 consist mainly in the adoption of improved methods of forest manage- 
 ment, based on a knowledge of the life histories and habits of the 
 primary and secondary enemies of the trees and the natural enemies 
 of the insects. Recommendations for the application of any method 
 must be based on a knowledge of the special insect or group of insects 
 found to be primarily to blame for the Losses, and must necessarily 
 vary in the details to Buit the requirements of local conditions, differ- 
 ent kind- of insects, different kinds of trees, and different kinds of 
 forest products; it is therefore difficult and scarcely advisable to give 
 any general recommendations in this connection for preventing losses. 
 Tin- will be brought out in future publications, reports, and special 
 correspondence. 
 
CATALOGUE OF EXHIBIT. 
 
 Section L— INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN 
 
 AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 Section IE— INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS IN GENERAL 
 Section III.— SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. 
 Section IV.— PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF FOREST TREES IN THE NORTHWESTERN 
 AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN STATES. 
 
 INJURY BY AMBROSIA BEETLES. ORDER COLEOPTERA, FAMILY 
 
 SCOLYTEDiE. 
 
 CASE 1. 
 
 1. The Western Platypus (Platypus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates long, branching galleries in the sapwood and heartwood of injured, 
 dying, and recently felled Douglas spruce, western hemlock, and giant arbor ritae. 
 California to northern Oregon; also reported from Washington. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 2. Western Hemlock Wood-Stainer (Gnathotrkhus suicatw L 
 
 Excavates numerous branching galleries from a central burrow, the broods living 
 in closely joined side chambers; in the sapwood and heartwood of western hem- 
 lock, Douglas spruce, giant arbor vitae, and grand fir. California to northern Wash- 
 ington; common in hemlock. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 3. The Western Pine Wood-Stainer (Gnathotrichus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates transverse galleries in the surface of the wood and branching ones deep 
 in the sapwood and heartwood, the broods living in short side chambers: western 
 yellow pine and Douglas spruce. Cascade and Rocky Mountain region, California 
 to northeastern Washington. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 4. The Eastern Pine Wood-Stainer (Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch). 
 Excavates several branching galleries from a single-entrance burrow, the broods 
 
 living in short side chambers in sapwood and heartwood of injured, dying, and 
 recently felled pine and spruce. Eastern United States and Canada. Very common 
 and injurious. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 15 
 
16 
 
 5. The Spruce Timber-Beetle (Trypodendron biviUatus Kirby). 
 
 Excavates several branching galleries from a single entrance burrow, the brood 
 developing in short Bide chambers in the sapwood of injured, dying, and recently 
 felled Bpruce, pine, hemlock, cedar, fir, and larch. Eastern, northeastern, and western 
 United States, Canada, and British Columbia to Alaska; very injurious. 
 
 I'. Miliar: Adnll and work. 
 
 6. The Birch Timber-Beetle (Trypodendron n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates branching galleries from an entrance burrow and the broods develop in 
 short Bide chambers in Bapwood and heart wood of paper birch. Kootenai, Idaho, 
 and northwestern Maine; also other birches in Maine. 
 
 l'.Miir.i i : Adult and work. 
 
 7. The Cosmopolitan Timber-Beetle (Xylebornx s<ursnii Ratz.). 
 
 Excavates branching galleries and broad brocd chambers from an entrance burrow- 
 in Bapwood and beartwood of Douglas spruce in Oregon, red oak in Maine, apple and 
 hemlock in West Virginia, and oak, beech, maple, lime tree, poplar, pine, Bpruce, 
 
 and fruit trees in Europe. Widely distributed in different countries of the world, 
 especially in Europe, North America, and Japan. 
 El initrr: Adult and work. 
 
 INJURY BY BARK-BEETLES. ORDER COLEOPTERA, FAMILY 
 
 SCOLYTHXffi. 
 
 CASE 2. 
 
 8. The Hairy Cryphalus (Oryphalus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates broad, irregular chambers in dying and dead bark of grand fir. Port 
 Williams, Wash. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 9. The Western Oak Bark-Beetle {Pityopkihvru* pubipennis Lee). 
 
 Excavate- two transverse gall^les from a central entrance burrow in the bark of 
 injured, dying, and recently felled California black oak, Oregon white oak, and pos- 
 sibly other oaks. California to Oregon. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 10. The Densely-punctured Bark-Beetle (Pityophthorus confinis Lee), 
 Excavates a large central chamber and several radiating primary galleries with 
 
 very deep egg cavities in living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled western 
 yellow pine. Northern California, eastern Washington, and western Idaho. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 11. The Lodg-epole Pine Bark-Beetle (Pityophthorus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates radiating curved longitudinal galleries from a medium-sized central cham- 
 ber in living bark on large branches of dying lodgepole pine. Eastern Washington. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 12. The Knobcone Pine Bark-Beetle (PUyopMhorus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates several radiating galleries from a large central chamber in living bark on 
 branches of injured and dying knobcone pine and western yellow pine. Berkeley, 
 
 ( "al.. ami Albany. < >reg. 
 1 1 kit: Work. 
 
 13. The Monterey Pine Twig-Beetle (PUyopkthonu puneHeoUis Lee). 
 
 avatefl Small radiating, curved, naileries from a large central chamber in twigs 
 and branches of dying and felled Monterey pine, shore pine, western yellow pine. 
 knobcone pine, Sitka spruce, and mountain <>r silver pine. Middle California to 
 northern Washington. 
 Exhibit: Adult and w ork. 
 
17 
 
 14. Tlie Sitka Spruce Twig-Beetle {Pilyophthorus nitkhdm Mann.). 
 Excavates three or four radiating galleries from a medium-sized central chamber in 
 
 bark of Sitka spruce, mountain pine, shore pine, and Douglas spruce. California to 
 Alaska, coast and Cascade region. Common. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 15. The Jeffrey Pine Twig-Beetle | PityopJiihorus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates small central chambers and long longitudinal galleries in living bark of 
 twigs and branches on living, injured, dying, and recently felled Jeffrey pine and 
 western yellow pine. Mount Shasta. California, to Albany, Oreg., and Moscow 
 Mountains, Idaho. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 16. The Smaller Fir Bark-Beetle (Pifyophthorus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates transverse galleries from a central chamber in the bark of dying grand 
 fir and mountain or silver pine. Kootenai, Idaho. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE 3. 
 
 17. The Mountain Pine Wood-Engraver (Pityogeitt* n. - 
 
 Excavates large central chambers and numerous curved primary galleries in the 
 bark and surface of wood of injured, dying, and recently felled mountain or silver 
 pine and grand fir. Kootenai, Idaho. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 18. The Yellow Pine Wood-Engraver {Piiyogenes carinulattis Lee). 
 Excavates numerous radiating galleries from a large central chamber in living bark 
 
 and surface of wood of injured, dying, and recently felled western yellow pine and 
 Jeffrey pine. California to eastern Washington, western Idaho, and Colorado. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 19. The Western Fir Bark-Beetle i Tomicus n. B 
 
 Excavates several radiating, curved, transversa galleries from a small central 
 chamber in the bark and surface of wood of injured, declining, or dying grand fir, 
 California white fir. Mount Shasta, California, and Moscow Mountains, Idaho. 
 Common. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 20. The Smaller Sugar Pine Tomicus (Tomicus Intuitu* Lee). 
 
 Excavates two or three longitudinal galleries from a small central chamber in living 
 bark of branches of dying and recently felled sugar pine. Grants Pass, Oregon; 
 also California to Colorado. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 21. The Sitka Spruce Tomicus ( Tom nmuMaon.). 
 
 Excavates irregular central chambers, and three or four short curved galleries, in 
 partly living bark of injured, 'lying, and recently felled Monterey pine, shore pine, 
 and Sitka spruce. Coast region, middle California to Alaska. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 22. The Oregon Tomicus i Tom ictu oregoni Eichh.). 
 
 Excavates two or three longitudinal galleries from a small central chamber in the 
 bark of living, injured, dying, and recently felled western yellow pine, lodgepole 
 pine, silver pine, and probably other pines in the Northwest. Destructive to the 
 western yellow pine in western Idaho. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 $235— No. 
 
18 
 
 23. The Western Five-Spined Tomicus ( Tomicus confusua Lee). 
 
 Excavates one to three Long Longitudinal galleries from a medium-sized central 
 chamber in the Living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled yellow pine. 
 M->init Shasta, California, and Grants Pass, Oregon; also recorded from southern 
 California and Arizona. 
 
 Exhibit: A.tult and work. 
 
 CASE 4. 
 
 24. The Silver Pine Tomicus (Tomicus n. sp.). 
 
 ExcaVates very long, straight, longitudinal, and transverse curved galleries from a 
 Large central chamber in the bark of living, injured, dying, and recently felled moun- 
 tain or silver pine and sugar pine. Grants Pass. Oregon, and Kootenai, Idaho. 
 Common and evidently a destructive species. 
 
 K\ BIB] t: Adult and work. 
 
 25. The Four-Spined Tomicus ( Tomicus integer Eichh.). 
 
 Excavates several longitudinal primary galleries from a large central chamber in 
 living bark of western yellow pine and lodgepole pine. Eastern Washington; also 
 recorded from California, Washington, and Colorado. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE 5. 
 
 26. The Sugar Pine Wood-Engraver (Carphoborus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates several long, curved, longitudinal galleries in the surface of the wood 
 from a deep central chamber in injured or dying sugar pine, yellow pine, Douglas 
 spruce, and Sitka spruce: Grants Pass, St. Helen, and Ahlers, Oregon; also middle 
 California. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 27. The "Western Cedar Bark-Beetle (Phlozosinus punctatus Lee). 
 Excavates a single straight longitudinal or curved subtransverse gallery from a 
 
 basal chamber in the living bark and surface of wood of injured, dying, and recently 
 felled giant arbor vitse, incense cedar, and Port Orford cedar. California to northern 
 and eastern Washington and Rocky Mountain region. Common. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 28. The Sitka Spruce Dolurgus (Dolurgus pumilis Mann.). 
 
 Excavates irregular, confused galleries in dying and dead bark of dead and felled 
 Sitka spruce. Southern and central Oregon. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE <;. 
 
 29. The Redwood Bark-Beetle ( PfUceosinvs sequoise Hopk.) . 
 
 Excavates a long, straight, longitudinal gallery from a basal chamber in living 
 bark of injured, declining, and recently felled redwood and giant arborvita'. Cali- 
 fornia to northern Washington. Very common in redwood. 
 
 K\ iiinir: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE 7. 
 
 30. The Western Pine-Destroyer {Dendroctonus brevicomis Lee). 
 
 Excavates Long, winding galleries through the bark of living and injured western 
 yellow pine and BUgarpine. Cascade and Rocky Mountain region, New .Mexico to 
 British Columbia. Closely allied with the destructive pine bark-beetle of the East 
 and Capable Of greal destruction of the largest and best timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
19 
 
 CASE 8. 
 
 31. The Dark-Red Turpentine-Beetle (Dendroctonus valens Lee. ) . 
 
 The largest North American bark-beetle. Excavates very broad and long primary 
 galleries, the broods developing in broad side chambers in the bark of living, injured, 
 dying, and recently felled yellow pine, lodgepole pine, and doubtless most of the 
 other western pines. California to British Columbia and eastward to Kansas and 
 northern Michigan. A variety extends into the eastern United States. Common 
 and injurious, but not necessarily destructive to living timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 32. The Mountain Pine Dendroctonus (Dendroctonus n. sp. ). 
 
 A medium-sized black bark-beetle, excavating very long, winding galleries in the 
 bark of living, injured or declining, and recently felled mountain or silver pine and 
 sugar pine. Northern California to Washington eastward to Idaho and Montana. 
 Very common and capable of great destruction of the best timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 cases 9 a:>t:d io. 
 
 33. The Douglas Spruce Dendroctonus {Dendroctonus n. sp. ). (Dendroctonus 
 
 shndis in Division of Entomology, Bui. 21, n. s. ). 
 A large, reddish bark-beetle, excavating long longitudinal, slightly curved primary 
 galleries in the bark of living, injured, and recently felled Douglas spruce and west- 
 ern larch. New Mexico to British Columbia, Pacific coast and eastward through the 
 mountain regions. Very common and capable of destroying much valuable timber. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE lO. 
 
 34. The Western Pine Hylurgops (Hylurgops subcostulatus Mann.). 
 Excavates short, slightly curved, longitudinal galleries in the living bark of 
 
 injured, dying, and recently felled sugar pine, western white pine, western yellow 
 pine, lodgepole pine, and probably other pines on the Pacific coast. Cascade and 
 Rocky Mountain region. Common. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 35. The Sitka Spruce Hylurgops (Hylurgops rugipennis Mann.). 
 
 Excavates a short, curved, longitudinal and subtransverse gallery from an entrance 
 in the living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled Sitka spruce and shore pine. 
 Coast region, California to Washington and Alaska. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE 11. 
 
 36. The Fir Wood-Engraver (Hyksluus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates a small central chamber at one side of the junction of two short trans- 
 verse, slightly curved egg galleries, which are deeply grooved in the surface of the 
 wood; the larvye also groove or engrave the surface of the wood in an ornamental 
 manner. Infests the grand fir and Douglas spruce. Port Williams and Port Angeles, 
 Wash. Common. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 37. The Larger Fir-Tree Bark-Beetle (Hylesinus gronvlatus Lee.). 
 Excavates one or two transverse galleries from a central burrow in the bark and 
 
 surface of wood near the base of dying grand fir. Port Williams, Wash.; also 
 recorded from California. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
20 
 
 38. The Grand Fir Bark-Beetle {HyUtinus n. sp. ). 
 
 ivatee two separate, transverse galleries from a central entrance burrow in the 
 hark and surface of wood of recently felled grand fir. Port Angeles and Port Williams, 
 Wash. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 39. The Shore Pine Hylesinus (Hylesinus senceus Mann.). 
 
 Excavates one short, Longitudinal gallery from the entrance burrow and small side 
 cavity in living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled shore pine. Newport and 
 Seaside, Oreg. Common. Also recorded from California and Alaska. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 40. The Ash-Tree Bark-Beetle (Hylesinus aculeatus Say). 
 
 Excavates two long, transverse galleries, from a central entrance burrow and side 
 cavity in the living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled ash. Atlantic to 
 Pacific coast. Common. Specimens from Oregon ash, St. Helen, Oreg. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 41. The White-Alder Bark-Beetle (Hylesinus aspericollis Lee). 
 
 Excavates a moderately long, longitudinal gallery from a basal entrance burrow 
 in the bark of living, injured, dying, and recently felled white alder. Newport, 
 Detroit, and Astoria, Oreg., and Seattle, Wash.; also recorded from California. A 
 destructive enemy, causing the death of large trees. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 42. The Western Hemlock Bark-Beetle (Hylesinus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates one or two transverse galleries from a central burrow in bark and sur- 
 face of wood of living, injured, and recently felled western hemlock, causing "gum 
 spot" defects in the wood of living trees, and may cause the death of the best tim- 
 ber. Newport, Oreg., and Port Angeles, Wash. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE 12. 
 
 43. The Douglas Spruce Hylesinus (Hylesinus nebulosus Lee). 
 
 Excavates two short, straight, longitudinal galleries from a central entrance bur- 
 row in the living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled Douglas spruce. Cali- 
 fornia to British Columbia, and eastward to Idaho and Colorado. Very common. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 44. The Single Spine Scolytus (Scolytus unispinosus Lee). 
 
 Excavates two short, straight, longitudinal galleries from an entrance burrow in 
 living bark of injured, dying, and recently felled Douglas spruce and western larch. 
 Pacific coast, Cascade and Rocky Mountain region. Common. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 45. The Fir-Branch Scolytus (Scolytus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates two short, Longitudinal galleries from a central burrow and side cavity 
 in living hark of the branches of recently felled grand fir. Cascade Mountain- near 
 ( rrants Pass, ( nvgon. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 46. The Smaller Fir-Tree Scolytus (Scolytus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates two transverse or oblique, Slightly curved galleries from a central 
 entrance burrow and side cavity in the bark and surface of wood of injured and 
 dying grand fir. Kootenai, Idaho. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
21 
 
 CASE 13. 
 
 47. Tlie California White Fir Scolytus (Scolytus prseceps Lee). 
 
 Excavates two, nearly straight, transverse galleries from a central entrance burrow 
 and basal cavity in living bark and surface of wood of California white fir. Mount 
 Shasta, California, and grand fir, Sand Point, Idaho. Closely allied in character and 
 habits to Xo. 48. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 48. The Fir Tree Destroyer (Scolytus subscaber Lee.). 
 
 Excavates two long, nearly straight, transverse galleries from a central entrance 
 burrow and central or side cavity, in bark of living, injured, and declining grand fir, 
 California white fir, and doubtless other species of fir. California to British Colum- 
 bia, eastern Washington, and western and northern Idaho. The healed-over wounds 
 in living trees cause serious defects and rapid decay of the heartwood. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 BARK AND WOOD-BORING GRUBS. ORDER COLEOPTERA, FAMI- 
 LIES BTJPRESTIDiE AND CERAMBYCEDiE. 
 
 CASE l~i, ANT3 PAET OF CASE lo. 
 
 49. The Douglas Spruce Bark-Borer (Asemum nitidum Lee.). 
 
 A round-headed, bark-boring grub, boring transverse and winding galleries in the 
 bark of living, injured, and declining Douglas spruce and hemlock. Cascade Moun- 
 tains, near Detroit, Oreg., St. Helen, Oreg., and Port Williams, Wash. A very com- 
 mon and destructive enemy of the Douglas spruce. The healed-over wounds in the 
 wood cause serious defects, and the trees die from successive attacks. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 50. The White-Pine Sawyer {Monohammus scutellatus Say.). 
 
 A large, whitish round-headed, bark and wood-boring grub, excavating burrows 
 through the sapwood and deep into the heartwood of fire-scorched, declining, dying, 
 dead, and recently felled mountain or silver pine. Kootenai, Idaho, and white pine 
 in eastern and northern United States. Common and destructive. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 51. The Ponderous Sawyer (Ergates spiculatus Lee). 
 
 An exceedingly large, round-headed, bark and wood-boring grub, excavating large 
 and deep burrows in the sapwood and heartwood of dead and felled western yellow 
 pine: destructive to the wood of timber that has been dead or felled one or more 
 years. Southern Oregon. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 52. The Western Cedar Bark-Borer (Hylotrupes amethystinus Lee). 
 
 A medium-sized bark and wood-boring grub, excavating long, winding burrows in 
 the living bark and surface of the wood and boring into the sapwood of injured, 
 dying, and recently felled giant arbor vitas and incense cedar. Northern California 
 to Washington. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 53. The Bronze Birch-Borer [AgrUus anxius Gory). 
 
 A long, flat-headed, slender, wood-boring grub, excavating long, winding burrows 
 in the bark and surface of the wood of living and injured birch and poplar trees in 
 northern Idaho, northern Maine, and mountains of West Virginia; also recorded 
 from northern Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Quebec, and Ontario. 
 A destructive enemy of the birches and poplar. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
22 
 
 INJURY BY GALL INSECTS. ORDER HYMENOPTERA. 
 PAET ( >K < ask IS. 
 
 54. Bird's-eye Pine ( Chalcididf) . 
 
 A common condition of the wood of the western yellow pine evidently caused by 
 a minute foar-winged gnat, fragments of which were found in pitch grails in the bark 
 <»f the main stem of young living pine. The formation of corky wood cells around 
 the accumulation of pitch in the wound produces in the subsequent layers of wood 
 the wavy and so-called birds-eye effect in the wood of larger trees. Insects found in 
 specimen at Albany, Oreg. Specimen of wood from Grants Pass, Oreg. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 55. The Oak-Twig Ormyrus (Ormyrus sp. ). 
 
 A minute four-winged gnat breeding in small gall-like cavities in the living bark 
 on the branches and twigs of the Oregon white oak in western Oregon, causing the 
 small and large oak trees to present a dying appearance, due to the great number of 
 dying twigs and dead leaves. The healed-over wounds produce deformed branches 
 and defective wood. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 INJURY BY BARK AND WOOD-BORING GRUBS. ORDER COLEOP- 
 TERA, FAMILY BUPRESTID^. 
 
 CASE 1<>. 
 
 56. The Western Hemlock Bark-Borer [MdanophUa drummondt Kirby). 
 
 A medium-sized, flat-headed, bark-boring grub, excavating shallow, winding bur- 
 rows through the inner layers of bark of living, injured, and recently felled western 
 hemlock and Douglas spruce; California to northern and eastern Washington and 
 western Idaho, and in the noble fir near Detroit, Oreg. A very common and 
 destructive enemy, killing the largest and best trees, or causing serious "gum spol " 
 defects in the wood of living ones. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 INJURY BY BARK-WEEVILS. ORDER COLEOPTERA, FAMILY 
 
 CURCTJLIONID7E. 
 
 FAJRT OF CASE 17. 
 
 57. The Sugar Pine Bark- Weevil (Pissodes sp. ). 
 
 Adult snout-beetle deposits eggs in the outer bark of young living and injured 
 sugar pine, producing small whitish grubs which mine through the inner bark and 
 change to the adult in oval cavities excavated in the surface of the wood, causing the 
 death or abnormal development of the trees. Grants Pass, Oreg. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 58. The Douglas Spruce Twig- Weevil (Ourculionid) . 
 
 A small snout-beetle which deposits eggs in cavities in the bark of the small cen- 
 tral shoots and terminal twigs of young, living Douglas spruce. The small whitish 
 grata mine through the inner bark and enter the pith to change to the adult, killing 
 the t\\ igs and causing a deformed development of the tree. St. Helen. < >re-_r. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 59. The Pine Fungus-Gall Weevil ( ( kircuUonid). 
 
 A small snout-beetle breeding in the bark and wood of a common fungus gall on 
 the shore pine and western yellow pine, caoaing the death of the branches and young 
 Newport, Oreg., and MOSCOW Mountains, Idaho. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
23 
 
 INJURY TO DEAD WOOD AND BARK BY POWDER-POST BEETLES. 
 
 ORDER COLEOPTERA, FAMILY PTINIDiE. 
 
 PART OF CASE 17. 
 
 60. The Pine Wood Perforator (Ptinid f). 
 
 Small white grubs burrow through the dead wood of western yellow-pine logs, 
 causing rapid decay. Grants Pass, Oreg. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 61. The Giant Arbor Vitae Ptinid {Ptinid). 
 
 Small white grubs boring in the dead heartwood of living giant arborvita?, con- 
 tributing to the rapid decay of the heartwood. Port Angeles, Wash. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 62. The Giant Arbor Vitas Dryophilus (Dryophilus sp.). 
 
 A small whitish grub and brownish beetle, breeding in the outer bark of the giant 
 arborvita?. Its work is very common. Detroit, Oreg., and Port Angeles, Wash. 
 "Represents a European family and genus heretofore unrecorded from Xorth 
 America. ' ' ( Schwarz. ) 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 INJURY TO TWIGS BY BARK MAGGOT. ORDER DIPTERA, FAMILY 
 
 CECIDOMYILEXa:. 
 
 PART OF CASE 17. 
 
 63. The Pine Twig Maggot {Cecidomyiid). 
 
 Minute reddish maggot, living hi the bark of terminal twigs of the western yellow 
 pine, causing the leaves to turn yellow and die. Moscow Mountains, Idaho. 
 Common. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 INJURY BY GALL INSECTS. ORDER HEMIPTERA, FAMILY 
 
 APHIDIDiE. 
 CASE 18. 
 
 64. The Sitka Spruce Gall-Louse (Cherme* tnbiricug f). 
 
 A minute insect forming cone-like galls on the terminal twigs of the Sitka spruce 
 at Newport, Oreg. Very common and injurious to young trees. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 65. The Englemann Spruce Gall-Louse ( Ckermm sibiricus f, var. ). 
 
 Same habit as 64, but probably a variety or different species. Common on Engle- 
 mann spruce at Sand Point, Idaho. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 INJURY BY CICADA. ORDER HEMIPTERA, FAMILY CICADLDiE. 
 
 CASE 18. 
 
 66. Small Western Cicada [deada sp.). 
 Injuring twigs of Douglas spruce, St. Helen, Oreg. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 INJURY BY TWIG-MINER. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA, FAMILY 
 
 TORTRICLDiE. 
 
 CASE 18. 
 
 67. The Pine Twig-Miner (Tortricid). 
 
 A caterpillar of a moth with similar habits to that of the pine moth of Nantucket, 
 excavating burrows through the pith of the terminal twigs and shoots of young west- 
 ern yellow pine. Moscow Mountains, Idaho, where it was common and quite 
 injurious. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
24 
 
 NORTHEASTERN STATES. 
 
 INJURY BY BARK AND TWIG-BEETLES. ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
 FAMILY SCOLYTID^. 
 
 CASE L9. 
 
 68. The Balsam Fir Cryphalus ( Uryphdlusn. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates irregular, broad, elongate egg chambers to one Bide of the entrance bur- 
 
 niw in the l»ark and surface of wood, the larval galleries radiating in all directions and 
 deeply grooved in the surface of the wood of the branches of dying and dead balsam 
 fir. Shores and islands of Parniacheene Lake and Rump Mountain, Maine. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 69. The Spruce Cryphalus ( Cryphalus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates broad transverse egg chambers in the bark and surface of wood; the 
 larval galleries but slightly grooved in the surface of the wood of dying and dead red 
 
 spruce and balsam iir. Islands and shores of Parniacheene Lake and near Portland, 
 Me. Common in bark of small dying and dead red spruce. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 70. The Minute Oak Bark-Beetle (Pityoplrfhoriis minutissimus Zimm.). 
 Excavates two straight transverse galleries from a central entrance burrow and 
 
 elongate longitudinal chamber in the bark and surface of wood of branches on living, 
 dying, and felled trees, rarely in the thicker bark on the main trunk, of red oak, 
 southern Maine, and other oaks in the eastern United States. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 71. The Minute Birch Bark-Beetle (PityopMhorus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates galleries like that of the minute oak bark-beetle ( 70) in the living and 
 • lying bark of branches of the paper birch. Southern Massachusetts. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 72. The White Pine Twig-Beetle {PityopMhorus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates several long, winding galleries from a central chamber in the bark; 
 deeply grooved in the surface of the wood of small dying and broken branches of 
 white pine. Camp Caribou, Maine. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 73. The Minute Spruce-Twig Wood-Engraver (PUyojthihorun n. sp.). 
 Excavates a large central chamber and several curved galleries in the bark and 
 
 deeply grooved in the surface of the wood of small branches of felled red spruce. 
 Shore- of Barkers Lake, Maine, and West Virginia. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 74. The Spruce Wood-Engraver ( PityopMhorus cariflicepe Lee). 
 
 Excavates many short, radiating, curved galleries from a large central chamber in 
 the bark and surface of the wood of twi<rs and branches of dying trees and main 
 stem of young, dying red spruce. Western Maine to Morgantowh, W. Va., and 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 75. The Black Spruce Wood-Engraver (PityopMhorus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates short longitudinal galleries from the entrance burrow in the bark and 
 surface of wood of small, dying black spruce. Shores of Parniacheene bake, north- 
 western Maine; Peakes Island, in Casco Bay, Maine, and Adirondaeks, New York. 
 [IB] i \i lult and work. 
 
25 
 
 76. The White Pine Wood-Engraver (Pityogcnes n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates numerous short, radiating, curved egg galleries from a large central 
 chamber in the bark and surface of*wobd of large and small branches and small, 
 dying white pine. Northern Maine to West Virginia. Common. Heretofore rec- 
 ognized as Pityophthorus sparms Lee. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE SO. 
 
 77. The Small Red Spruce Bark-Beetle (Dryoccetes n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates three or four short, curved galleries from a small central cavity in the 
 bark and surface of the wood of injured, dying, and recently felled red, white, and 
 black spruce, Maine to northern New York, and the red spruce in the mountains of 
 West Virginia. Common. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 78. The American Spruce Bark-Beetle (Dryoccetes n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates short, irregular galleries in the living bark of injured, dying, and recently 
 felled red, white, and black spruce in Maine, spruce and pine in West Virginia; 
 also in spruce and pine in Europe. Widely distributed in Europe and eastern North 
 America. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 79. The Birch Bark-Beetle (Dryoccetes n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates irregular galleries in the bark of living, injured, and dying birch. North- 
 western Maine and mountains of West Virginia. Common. Under favorable condi- 
 tions causes the death of large trees. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 80. The Balsam Fir Bark-Beetle (Tomicus bahameus Lee). 
 
 Excavates several radiating, curved, transverse galleries from a small central cham- 
 ber in the living and dying bark of injured and dying balsam fir and red and black 
 spruce. Western Maine; also recorded from northern Michigan and New York. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 81. The White Spruce Bark-Beetle (Tomicus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates several long, radiating, longitudinal egg galleries from a large central 
 chamber in the living bark of recently felled white spruce. Near Camp Caribou, 
 northwestern Maine. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 82. The Hudson Bay Tomicus (Tomicus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates one or two longitudinal primary galleries from a central burrow and 
 small central chambers in the living bark of recently felled white and red spruce. 
 Northwestern Maine; also recorded from Canada and British Columbia. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CASE 31. 
 
 83. The Spruce Bark-Beetle (Polygraphia rufipennis Kirby). 
 
 Excavates three or four short, curved egg galleries from a large central chamber in 
 the surface of the inner bark, through the bark and slightly grooving the surface of 
 the wood of injured, declining, dying, and recently felled black, red, and white 
 spruce, and rare in balsam fir. Very common throughout the northern and Appa- 
 lachian spruce regions. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 84. The Cedar Bark-Beetle (Phlceosinvs dentatus Lee). 
 
 Excavates a single short longitudinal egg gallery from the entrance burrow and 
 basal chambers, in the bark and surface of wood of injured and dying juniper and 
 eastern arborvita?. Eastern and northwestern United States and Canada. Common. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
26 
 
 86. The Pnrmacheene Bark-Beetle I Xylochinus n. sp. ). 
 
 Excavates short, irregular egg galleries io the dead hark of small red Bpruce and 
 
 balsam lir. Inlands of I'armacheene Lake. Maine. 
 
 Exhibit: \\'<>rk. 
 
 87. The Red Spruce Scolytus [Scolytus n. sp.). 
 
 Excavates two longitudinal egg galleries from a mitral entrance burrowand small 
 lateral cavity in the Living bark of branches of dying and recently felled red spruce. 
 Northwestern Maine and Peak's Island, near Portland, Me. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 CAS1-; 33. 
 
 88. The Minute Spruce Bark-Beetle (Qrypturgu* atomils Lee. ). 
 
 Enters the galleries of other bark-beetles, from which it excavates numerous very 
 small. irregular galleries through the inner bark of dying and dead black and red 
 Bpruce and white pine. Northwestern Maine. 
 
 K\ iiiiut: Adult and work. 
 
 89. The Spruce-Destroying- Beetle (Dendroctonus piceaperda Ilopk.). 
 Excavates Long, Longitudinal egg galleries from a basal entrance burrow in the 
 
 bark, and grooving the wood of Living and injured red and white spruce trees. Very 
 destructive to the largest and best timber. Northern Maine to New York and New 
 Brunswick. This is the'great enemy of the red and white spruce of the northeastern 
 Bpruce region, having caused the death and loss of avast amount of timber. For 
 methods of preventing losses, see Bulletin 28, n. s., Division of Entomology, U. S. 
 Department of Agriculture. 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 ENEMIES OF BARK-BEETLES. BIRDS AND INSECTS. 
 PART OF CASE ,*J.i. 
 
 90. Work of woodpeckers in spruce bark, when infested with the spruce- 
 
 destroying beetle. 
 These birds are exceedingly beneficial in destroying the greatest enemy of the 
 spruce. 
 
 !•'. 1 1 1 1 hit: Work. 
 
 91. The Cloudy Bark-Beetle Destroyer {Thanatimus nubUtu Kl.). 
 
 Theadulte feed on the adults of the spruce-destroying and other bark-beetles, 
 and its young or larvae prey upon their developing broods. Very beneficial. The 
 specimen .»f bark shows the pupa case of the Clerid in an egg gallery of the spruce- 
 destroying beetle. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 92. Polyporus volvatus Peck. 
 
 A fungus growing from entrance and exit burrows of the spruce-destroying beetle 
 in the bark, and the spruce-timber beetle in the wood, and from those of other bark 
 and wood boring insects in dying ami recently chad spruce trees killed by thespruce- 
 destroying beetle in the Northeast, and the (ir-destroying scolytus in the Northwest. 
 
 The presence of this fungus usually indicates the destructive work of insects. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 93. Parasitic Enemy of the Spruce-Destroying Beetle (Bracon rimplex Ci 
 
 The adult deposits eggB in tin- hark with the developing brood of the bark-beetle: 
 
 the young maggot-like larva feed upon and kill the young. Very common and bene- 
 ficial. Maine to West Virginia. A.lso attacks numerous other bark-infesting insects. 
 
 Tli' bark Specimen .-how- tin- cocoon in which the matured larva develops to the 
 adult. 
 
 iimi : Adult and work. 
 
27 
 
 INJURY BY BARK AND WOOD BORING GRUBS. ORDER COLE- 
 OPTERA, FAMILIES BUPRESTID2E, CERAMBYCIDiE, AND MEL- 
 ANDRYED-ffi. 
 
 CASE 34. 
 
 94. Buprestid. 
 
 Work of flat-headed bark and wood miner in wood of dying balsam fir. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 95. The Destructive Spruce-Wood Borer (Tetropium ckmamopterum Kirby . 
 
 A slender, round-headed, bark and wood boring grub which excavates winding 
 burrows through the inner bark and surface of the wood, then enters the sapwood and 
 changes to the adult. Infests slightly injured, declining, and recently felled red, black. 
 and white spruce. Maine to West Virginia. Common, and very destructive to the 
 wood of dying trees, and may also cause the death of slightly injured ones. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 96. The Cedar Tree Borer ( Hylotru pes ligneus Fab.j. 
 
 A slender, whitish, bark and wood boring grub, excavating winding burrows in 
 the bark and surface of the wood of living arborvita?, causing the death of the trees, 
 and serious defects in the wood of living ones. Common in northwestern Maine. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult and work. 
 
 97. The Blazed-Tree Borer (Serropalpus varbatus Schall). 
 
 A slender, whitish, wood-boring grub, which enters at wounds on living trees and 
 bores deep into the sapwood and heartwood, causing a rapid decay of the infected 
 parts. Common in "blazed" wounds on balsaru fir and spruce trees along the trails 
 in northwestern Maine. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 98. The Mountain Ash Borer (Saperda sp.). 
 
 A destructive enemy of the mountain ash, boring in the healthy wood of the main 
 stem. Northwestern Maine. 
 Exhibit: Work. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS IN GENERAL. 
 
 INJURING THE FOLIAGE. 
 
 CATERPILLARS OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. ORDER 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 CASE 25. 
 
 99. The Violet-Tip Butterfly (Grapta inten-ogationis Fab.). 
 Larvae on elm. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
 100. The Mourning Cloak Butterfly (Euvanessa antlopa Linn.). 
 Larvae on foliage of elm, willow, and poplar, sometimes defoliating trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva? and pupa. 
 
 101. The Viceroy Butterfly ( Basilarchia archippus Cram.). 
 Larvae on willow and poplar. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 102. The Buff-Tipped Butterfly (Lunenitis bredouii Hub.). 
 Larvae on oak in California. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
2S 
 
 103. The Common Hackberry Butterfly t ( Tdorippe ceUU Bd. & Lee). 
 Larvae on hackberry. 
 
 I'\ iiii'.i i : Adult, papa. 
 
 104. The Pine Butterfly i Neophobia menapia Fold.). 
 Larvae defoliate pine in the Pacific states. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 105. The Locust Leaf Folder (Epargyrem < Eudamus) tiiyrus Fab.). 
 
 Larvae <»n locust. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, pupa, cocoon. 
 
 106. The Walnut Sphinx ( Qreesomajuglandis 8. & A.). 
 Larvae on hickory and walnut. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 107. The Pine Sphinx (Lapora coniferarum S. A: A.). 
 Larvae on pine in the Eastern states. 
 
 El uiiti i : Adults, larva. 
 
 108. The Catalpa Sphinx ( Ceratomia catalpx I'd.). 
 
 The larvae feed upon and frequently defoliate catalpa wherever this tree is native. 
 Exhibit: Adult, larva. 
 
 109. The Wavy Ash Sphinx (Ceratomia unduloaa Walk.). 
 Larvae on ash. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult, larva. 
 
 110. The Ash Sphinx | Hyloicus kalmist 8. & A.). 
 Larvae on ash in the Eastern states. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 CASE 36. 
 
 111. The Four-Horned Sphinx (Ceratomia amynior Hub.). 
 Larvae <>n elm. 
 
 l'\ iiihit: Adults, larva. 
 
 112. The Western Poplar Sphinx ( Pachyspfdnx modesta var. occicL nialis 1 1 y. Edw. ). 
 Larvae <»n poplar in the Western states. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 113. The Polyphemus Moth i Telea polyphemus ('ram. I. 
 
 The large green larvae occur on maple, oak. birch, and a variety of other forest 
 
 eiibit: Adult. 
 
 114. The Hickory Horned Devil i Oitheronia regalia Hub. I. 
 
 Larvae on hickory and walnut. 
 \.\ MBIT: Adults, larva. 
 
 115. The Imperial Moth | BotUona imperiaHt I>ru. . 
 
 The larvae feed upon pine and many other species of coniferous and deciduous 
 
 I cm bit: Adults, larva, pupa. 
 
 116. The Orange-Striped Oak Worm | Anisoia senatoria Hubn. |. 
 The larvae defoliate oak in the Eastern States. 
 
 I . iniu i : Adult-, larvae, pup 
 
 117. The Spiny Oak Worm tigma Hubn.). 
 
 . in large colonies on oak. sometimes defoliating trees. Eastern state-. 
 
 ii inn. \dult-. larvae, pupae. 
 
29 
 
 CASE 118. 
 
 118. The Green- Striped Maple Worm [Amaota tubicwnda Fab.). 
 Larva- in colonies on maple, sometimes defoliating trees. Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, egg*, larva?, pupa?. 
 
 119. The Buck Moth | HemUeuca maia Dru.). 
 
 The black spiny larva? feed in colonies on oak. Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 120. The Pale Tussock Caterpillar [Halisidota tessettaria Harris . 
 
 The pale-yellow, black tufted larva? feed on elm, sycamore, maple, walnut, oak. etc. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 121. The Pine Tussock Caterpillar | Euschausia argentata Pack. . 
 
 The larva- feed in colonies on pine, cedar, Douglas spruce, etc. Northwestern 
 States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, pupa?, cocoon, work. 
 
 122. The Hickory Tussock Caterpillar Halisidota oaryx Han 
 
 The white wooly caterpillars, tufted with black, feed in large colonies on hickory, 
 walnut, elm. and other forest trees, sometimes becoming very destructive. Eastern 
 States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, cocoons. 
 
 123. The Oak Tussock Caterpillar [Halisidota maculata Harris . 
 
 The orange and black tufted larva? on oak, elm, alder, etc. ' Northern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 124. The Fall Web-Worm Hyphantria textor Harris 
 
 Larva? construct large tents on most species of deciduous forest trees. At times 
 very destructive. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva-, pupa. 
 
 125. The American Dagger-Moth i Apatda americana Harr. ). 
 The larva? occur on maple, elm, and a variety of other forest trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
 126. The Smeared Dagger-Moth [Apatda ohlhuta S. & A.). 
 Larva- occur on nearly all varieties of deciduous trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva-. 
 
 casf: se. 
 
 127. The Underwing Moths (Genus Cato<: 
 
 The large gray larva? of these moths, of which there are many species in the United 
 States, are nocturnal in habit, and conceal themselves during the day in the crevices 
 of the bark on tree trunks and limbs. They devour the foliage of oak. hickory, wal- 
 nut, poplar, birch, and other species of forest trees. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults of the following species: Catocala reteeta Grote, Oatocala vidua 
 B.& A.. Oatocala obscura Strk.. Catocala cerogama Guen., Catocala unijuga Walk.. 
 cola concumbens Walk., Catocala cara Guen. 
 
 128. The Semi-Looping Maple Worm [Homoptera lunata Dru.). 
 
 The slender green larva? occur on maple, willow, etc. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, pupa. 
 
 129. The California Phryganidia (Phiyganidia californica Pack.). 
 Larva? on oak, sometimes defoliating trees in California. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva?. 
 
 130. The Poplar Tent-Maker [Mdaiopha indusa Hubn.). 
 Larva? construct small tents on poplar and willow. Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
80 
 
 131. The Black Hickory Caterpillar ( Daiana integerrima <i. & R. ). 
 
 Larvae in colonies on hickory and walnut, sometimes defoliating tin- trees. East- 
 ern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult, larva, pupae. 
 
 132. The Yellow-Necked Apple-Tree Caterpillar (Datana ministra Dru. ). 
 Larva? in colonics on birch, oak, and other forest trees, as well as on apple. East- 
 ern States, 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, eggs, larvae, pupa. 
 
 133. The Striped Hickory Caterpillar {Datana angum <i. A: R.). 
 Larvae in colonics on hickory and oak. Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 134. The Green Oak Caterpillar (Xadata gibbosa S. & A.). 
 Larvae on oak, maple, and other forest trees. 
 
 El mmr: Adult, larva'. 
 
 135. The Rosy Hyparpax {Hyparpax aurora S. & A.). 
 Larvae on oak in the Eastern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 CASE 29. 
 
 136 The Red-Humped Oak Caterpillar (Symmerista aibifroru S. & A.). 
 Larvae on oak. sometimes defoliating trees in the Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, pupa. 
 
 137. The Rusty Tussock-Moth (Notolophus antiqua Linn.). 
 
 Lar\;c on most species of deciduous forest trees iii America ami Europe. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 138. The California Tussock-Moth {Hemerocampa vetusta Bd.). 
 Larva- on various species of deciduous forest trees in California. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
 139. The White-Marked Tussock-Moth [Hemerocampa leucostigma S. & A.). 
 Larvae sometimes defoliate elm, maple, and other deciduous forest trees in the 
 
 Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, egg-mass, larva, cocoon. 
 
 140. The Dark Tussock-Moth ( Olene achatina S. & A.). 
 Larvae on various deciduous forest trees in the Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 141. The Brown-Tailed Moth [EuproctU chryaorrhcea Linn.). 
 
 Introduced from Europe and destructive to deciduous forest trees in Massachusetts 
 
 and New I lampshire. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 142. The Gypsy Moth ( Porthetria dispar Linn.). 
 
 Introduced from Europe and very destructive to nearly all deciduous and a few 
 Coniferous forest trees in Massachusetts. 
 
 I'.Miii-.i i : Adult-, larvae. 
 
 143. The Forest Tent-Caterpillar [Malacotoma {Clisiocampa) duttria Eubn.). 
 
 Larvae at times very destructive to maple, oak, poplar, gum, and nearly all other 
 
 deciduous forest trees throughout the United states. 
 
 Hir.M \duit-. eggs, Larvae, pupa, cocoons. 
 
 144. The Tufted Tent-Caterpillar {Malacotoma [CUt&ocampa) corutricta Stretch). 
 
 Oak in ( 'alifornia. 
 
 Ei mi'.i i \duiN. eggs, larvae. 
 
31 
 
 145. The American Tent-Caterpillar (Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) amerieana Fab.). 
 Larvae principally destructive to fruit trees, but also to cherry and a few other 
 
 forest trees in the Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, eggs. 
 
 146. The Rocky Mountain Tent-Caterpillar (Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) fragilis 
 Stretch.). 
 
 Larvae feed on deciduous forest trees generally and are at times very destructive. 
 Rocky Mountain States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, eggs, larva?. 
 
 147. The Northwestern Tent-Caterpillar (Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) pAuvialis 
 Dyar.). 
 
 Larvae on most species of deciduous forest trees in the Northwestern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, cocoon. 
 
 148. The Californian Tent-Caterpillar (Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) califomica 
 Pack.). 
 
 Larvae on oak in California. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
 149. The Spring Canker-Worm (PaUacrita vernata Harr.). 
 
 The larvae feed upon the surface of the leaves of various forest and shade trees; 
 especially upon elm in the Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, pupa. 
 
 CASE 30. 
 
 150. The Cherry-LeafWeb-Worm (Calocalpe undulata Linn.). 
 The larvae live in webs on the terminal shoots of black cherry. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 151. The Western Oak Span- Worm ( Therina somniaria Hulst. ). 
 
 The larvae occur on oak in the Northwestern States, sometimes defoliating trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, pupae. 
 
 152. The Large Forest Span- Worm (Sabulodes transversata Dru.). 
 Larvae occur on maple, poplar, oak, etc. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
 153. The Crinkly Flannel Moth (Lagoa crispata Pack.). 
 
 The larvae, which somewhat resemble the slug caterpillars, feed upon oak, poplar, 
 and a variety of other deciduous trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 154. The Oak Web-Worm (Archips (Caccecia) fcrvidana Clem.). 
 
 Larvae live in colonies on oak, sheltered by a web inclosing leaves and a mass of 
 excrement. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 155. The Slug Caterpillars (Family Cochlidiidx.). 
 
 These bright-colored slug-like larvae feed very generally on foliage of most decidu- 
 ous trees. 
 
 Exhibit: the following species: Sibine stimulea Clem., adults, larva, cocoon; Euclea 
 delphinii Bdv., adult; Euclea indetennina Bdv., adult. 
 
82 
 
 THE FALSE CATERPILLARS OR SAWFLIES. FAMILY TENTHRE- 
 
 DINID^. 
 
 PART OF CASI<; 31. 
 
 156. Abbott's White-Pine Sawfly | Lophyrtu abbotti Leach I. 
 
 This species, together with several closely allied forms, isal times very destructive 
 
 to pine. 
 
 L\ II T III I : Adults. larVSe, cocoons. 
 
 157. The Larch Sawfly ( Xemntutt irichsouil Ilartig). 
 
 One of the most destructive forest insects; the larv;e at various times past entirely 
 
 defoliated the larch throughout the Northeastern states and caused the death of a 
 large proportion of the trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 158. The Large American Sawfly [Cirribex americana Leach). 
 Larva- destroy foliage of elm, willow, poplar, and linden. 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FOLIAGE INSECTS. 
 PART OF CASE 31. 
 
 159. The Common Walking Stick {Diapheromerafemorata Say). 
 Young and adults devour foliage of deciduous forest trees. 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 160. The Katydid (MicrocerUrum laurifolium Linn.). 
 Young and adults feed on foliage of trees. 
 Exhibit: Adult, eggs. 
 
 LEAF-BEETLES. FAMILY SCARAB.ffiIMS. 
 
 161. The Rhinoceros Beetle [Dynastes ttiyus Linn. |, 
 
 Larvae mine in decaying stumps; adults destroy foliage of ash. 
 Exhibit: Adult-. 
 
 162. The Goldsmith Beetle (Cotalpa lanigera Linn.). 
 
 Adults on oak, poplar, and other deciduous trees, sometimea defoliating them. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 THE LEAF-BEETLES. FAMILY CHRYSOMELUXffi. 
 PAL'T < >m CASE 31. 
 
 163. The Imported Elm Leaf-Beetle | GaleruceUa luteola Mull.). 
 
 A very serious enemy to the elm in the Eastern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 164. The Larger Elm Leaf-Beetle ( Monocesta coryli Say). 
 
 \dults and larvae destroy foliage of dm in sections of the Middle West 
 
 L\ mi'.i i : Adults, work. 
 
 165. The Striped Willow Leaf-Beetle {Mdasoma scripta Fab. 
 
 Both larvae and adults ii^'d on foliage "f poplar and willow, and are at times very 
 destructive to these tree-. An especial enemy of the osier willow industry. 
 L\ mini : \dult>. pupae. 
 
 166. The Spotted Willow Leaf-Beetle {Melcuoma lapponica Linn.). 
 Habits similar to the above, hut Less abundant and injurious. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
33 
 
 INJURING THE FRUIT. 
 
 THE WEEVILS. FAMILY CTJRCTJLIONnxa:. 
 
 PART OF CASE 31. 
 
 167. The Nut Weevils (Genus Balaninus). 
 
 There are numerous species, the larvse of which live within acorns and nuts of 
 various sort-. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults of the following species: Bakunxnua naricu* Say, Balaninus caryx 
 Horn. Balaninus qucrcus Horn. 
 
 168. The Walnut Fruit Weevil (Oonotrachelus juglandis Lee). 
 The larva? live in green fruit of walnut. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 CONE AND NUT WORMS. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 
 PAET OF CASE 31. 
 
 169. The Hickory Husk- Worm (Gi'apJioli.tha caryana Fitch). 
 
 The larvae live within the immature nuts and husks of the hickory and pecan. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 170. The Spruce Cone-Worm (Pinip> Idla Grt.). 
 Larva? attack cones of spruce. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult, work. 
 
 171. The Southern Pine Cone-Worm. 
 
 An insect closely allied to the spruce cone- worm which attacks the cone of the 
 Southern long-leaf pine. 
 Exhibit: AVork. 
 
 INJURING THE T1VIGS AND SMALLER BRANCHES. 
 
 THE CICADAS. FAMILY CICADLDiE. 
 
 PAET OF CASE 31. 
 
 172. The Seventeen-Year Cicada ( Tibkea septewkci/n Linn.). 
 
 The most destructive species, but owing to the long period required by the young 
 to reach maturity only injurious some years. 
 Exhibit: Adults, pupa. work. 
 
 THE SCALE INSECTS. FAMILY COCCLDiE. 
 FART OF CASE 31. 
 
 173. The Cottony Maple Scale [Puloinaria innumerabili* Eath.). 
 Becomes at times very abundant on twigs of maple. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult scales on twigs. 
 
 174. The Gloomy Maple Scale [Aspidiotus ten ComsL). 
 
 At times very abundant on maple. Principally injurious to shade trees in the 
 neighborhood of towns. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult scales on bark. 
 
 175. The Hickory Soft Scale [Lecamumep.). 
 
 At times abundant on hickory and pecan in the Southern State-. 
 Exhibit: Adult scales on tw 
 
 15— No. 48—04 3 
 
THE TWIG WEEVILS. FAMILY CURCULIONIDiE. 
 PA RT < )l-' < IASE 33. 
 
 176. The Western Spruce Weevil i Pissodea Bp. I. 
 
 attacks and kills the terminal shoots of Bitka spruce, causing deformed trees. 
 Northwestern St 
 
 1 1 i-.i i : \dult-. Larvae, work. 
 
 177. The White-Pine Weevil | Pissodes strobi Peck.). 
 
 Attacks and kills the terminal Bhoots of white pine, spruce, and deodar, causing 
 Berious deformity to the tree; also breeds in the bark of the lower portions of the 
 trunk of pines and spruce, hastening the death of injured trees. Eastern Stafc 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. Sections of young white pine showing nature of injury to 
 terminal shoots. I Large caa 
 
 ROUND-HEADED BORERS. FAMILY CERAMBYCIDiE. 
 
 i 'Airr ( >k < 'ask 33. 
 
 178. The Oak Pruner (Elapkidion villosum Fab. . 
 
 The larvae bore in twigsof living oak, hickory, etc., causing them to break and fall. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 179. The Hickory Twig- Girdler (Ondderes cingukUa Say). 
 
 The adult girdles the twigs of oak, hickory, persimmon, and other trees, some- 
 times bo extensively as to cause serious injury. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work, figure. 
 
 INJURING THE INNER BARK AND S AIMYOOP. 
 
 THE BARK WEEVILS. FAMILY CURCULIONIDiE. 
 CASE 33. 
 
 180. The Cypress Weevil {JEudocimus moMierheimii Boh.). 
 
 The adults feed on the hark of bald-cypress twigs, causing their death, and the 
 larvae mine the inner hark of injured and recently felled trees. Southern State-. 
 Exhibit: Adult, larva, work. 
 
 181. The Pales Weevil (Hylobvus pales Hbeb.). 
 
 The larvae bore Into the inner hark of stumps and roots of recently felled, dying, 
 and injured pine. Eastern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 182. The Pitch-Eating- Weevil ( Pachylobvus picworus ( term.). 
 
 I hi- habits similar to the pales weevil. Eastern states. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 183. The Walnut Weevil ( Oryptorhynchus parockua Hh.-t.). 
 
 The larvae mine the inner hark and sapwood of weakened and recently dead 
 
 walnut. 
 
 El MBIT: Adult-, work. 
 
 184. The Fir Weevil i Pissodes dubhu Hand.). 
 
 The larvae mine the inner hark of balsam fir, hastening the death of injured I 
 Northeastern Sti 
 
 dibit: Adults, larvae, work. 
 
35 
 
 THE ROUND-HEADED BORERS. FAMILY CERAMB YCID^E . 
 
 CASE 3~±. 
 
 185. The White-Pine Sawyer [Morwhammug scutdkUusJS&j). 
 
 Larvae mine the inner bark and bore deep into the sap wood of white and silver 
 pine, hastening the death of dying trees and injuring saw I _- 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 186. The Common Pine Sawyer [Mbnohammu* oonjwor Kirby). 
 
 The larva? mine the inner bark and bore large holes into the sapwood of dying 
 trees and saw logs of pine and spruce. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
 187. The Ponderous Pine-Borer (Ergata tpiculatus Lee). 
 
 Larvae bore in dead pine logs, injuring them for timber. Northwestern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, work. 
 
 188. The Knob-Horned Pine-Borer (Aocmthocmu* I ab. ). 
 The larva? mine the inner bark of pine stumps and large logs. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 189. The Obsolete Pine-Barer (Acanthocmw ob a o le tus Qliv.). 
 
 The larva? mine the inner bark of freshly killed pine. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 190. The Small Pine Bark-Borer CeratograpMs pusUhts Kirby). 
 
 Larva? mine the inner bark of dead and 'lying pine. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 191. The Lesser Pine Borer [Asemum mcatum Hald.). 
 
 Larva? bore into sapwood of dead pine and spruce logs and stumps. Eastern 
 
 States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 CASE 35. 
 
 192. The Poplar Borer | Sapcrda calcarata Say). 
 
 Larva? bore in trunks of living poplar, cotton wood, and willow, causing great 
 destruction to these trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 193. The Common Elm-Tree Borer {Sapcrda tridentata Oliv.). 
 
 The larva? mine the bark and sapwood of dead, dying, and healthy elm, often 
 causing great destruction. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 194. The Poplar Girdler (/Sapcrda concoior Lee). 
 
 Larva? mine in green bark of poplar saplings, girdling the trunks and causing 
 large swellings; also attack willow. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 195. The Sug-ar Maple Borer (Ffagionotou Say). 
 
 Larva? mine the inner bark and sapwood of recently dead, dying, and living 
 maple, often causing the death of weakened trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 196. The Locust Borer [OyOene robinix Foist ). 
 
 Larvae mine the wood and bark of living black locust, causing great damage and 
 destruction. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
36 
 
 197. The Linden Borer (Saperda vattoa Say ■ 
 
 Larvae mine the inner hark and bore into the trunk of linden, causing much injury. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 198. The Chestnut Callidium (CaUidium sereum Newm.). 
 
 Larva- mine inner hark of chestnut, hastening, and perhaps causing, death of aged 
 or injured trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, pupa. 
 
 199. The Belted Chion (Chion ductus Dru.). 
 
 The larva- mine the inner hark and ho re into the wood of trunk and branches of 
 dying and recently dead hickory, chestnut, oak, etc. 
 EXHIBIT: Adults, larva, work. 
 
 200. The Dusty Oak Borer (Romaleum atomarium Dru.). 
 Larva 1 in stumps and logs of recently dead oak. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 case :u>. 
 
 201. The Beautiful Hickory Borer [Goes pulchra Hald.). 
 Larva' Lore in hickory. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 202. The Tiger Hickory Borer (Goes tigrina DeG.). 
 
 Larva 1 mine the inner hark and sapwood of living hickory and oak. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 203. The White-liined Cypress Borer (Physocnemum andrcv Hald.). 
 
 Larvse mine the inner hark and outer sapwood of cypress logs. Southern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, work. 
 
 204. The Common Hickory Borer (Saperda discoidea Fah. ). 
 
 Larva- mine the inner hark of injured, dying, and recently dead hickory. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 205. The Blue-Winged Walnut Borer (Gaurotes cyanipennis Say). 
 Larva' infest walnut. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 206. The Lichen-like Beetle (Lepfostylua aculiferas Say). 
 
 Larva' mine the inner hark of dying and dead tulip (Linodcndron). 
 ExniBrr: Adults. 
 
 207. The Ash-Colored Mulberry Borer (Hetoemu cinerea Oliv.). 
 
 Adults feed on the foliage and larvse mine the green hark and sapwood of dying 
 and injured mulberry. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 208. The Painted Hickory Borer ( OyUeru picta Dru.). 
 
 Larva- Lore in the trunks of dead, dying, and sometimes healthy hickory tn 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 209. The Curious Cypress Borer ( Curias dentatus Newm.). 
 Larvae mine the smaller branches of young hald cypn 
 
 K\ ii im i : Adults, work. 
 
 210. The Banded Ash Borer (NeodyttM caprsea Bay |. 
 
 Larva very injurious to dying trees and saw Logs of black ash, horing numerous 
 
 holes through the * <><>d. 
 Exhibit; Adults, vrork. 
 
37 
 
 211. The Rig-id Cypress Borer (CEme rigida Say). 
 Larva? mine inner bark of girdled cypress and dying cedar. 
 Exhibit: Adult, larva, work. 
 
 212. The Southern Oak Borer {Mallodon dasystomus Say). 
 
 Larva 2 bore in healthy live-oak, hackberry, and hickory trees, greatly injuring 
 them. Southern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 213. The Live-Oak Root-Borer {MaUodon melanopuslArm.). 
 
 Larvae bore into the roots of young oaks, causing dwarfed and worthless trees. 
 Southern States. 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 214. The Variable Oak Borer (Phymatodes variabilis Fab.). 
 
 Larva? mine inner bark of dying and recently dead oak; are also injurious to tan 
 bark. 
 Exhibit: Adult, work. * 
 
 215. The Thunderbolt Beetle (Arhopalusfidminans Fab.). 
 Larva? mine the inner bark and sapwood of chestnut and oak. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 216. The Lesser Prionus (Orthosoma brunneum Forst. ). 
 Larva in decaying logs and stumps of nearly all forest trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 217. The Cottonwood Root-Borer (Plectrodera scalator Fab.). 
 Larvae in roots of poplar and cottonwood. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 218. The Broad-Necked Prionus (Prionus laticollis Dru.). 
 
 Larva? in roots of oak and poplar. Sometimes destructive. Also in stumps of pine. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 CASE 38. 
 
 219. The Destructive Spruce Wood-Borer (Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby). 
 Larva? mine green bark and wood of injured and dying spruce, hastening death 
 
 and promoting decay. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva?, work. 
 
 220. The Wavy Spruce Borer (Xylotrechus undulatus Say). 
 
 Larva? mine the inner bark and sapwood of Douglas spruce, fir, and hemlock. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 221. The Canadian Leptura (Leptura canadensis Fab.). 
 
 Larva? mine sapwood of dead spruce and hemlock, inducing rapid decay. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 222. The Red-Headed Clytus (XeocJytus erythrocephalus Fab.). 
 
 Larva? mine in dead and dying bark and sapwood of a great variety of forest trees, 
 maple, ash, hickory, sweet-gum, cypress, etc. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 223. The Ribbed Pine Borer (Rhagium Uneatum Oliv.). 
 
 Larva? mine the inner bark of dying and dead pine, spruce, and some other 
 conifers. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva?, pupa, work. 
 
 224. The Black-Horned Pine Borer (OdHdium antennaium Newm.). 
 Larva? mine inner bark and wood of dying and dead pine, cedar, etc. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
38 
 
 225. The Four-Marked Ash Borer ( El, una quadrigeminata Say). 
 Larvae invest ash and hickory. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 226. The Cedar Borer ( Hylotrupes lign* us I 
 
 Larvse mine inner bark and aapwood of cedar, causing the death of the trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larvse pupa, work. 
 
 227. The Banded Urographis ( Urographis feuciatus Horn). 
 
 The larva- mine the inner hark of dead oak, maple, chestnut, sweet-gum, hickory, 
 walnut, Boorwood, dogwood, and probably nearly all deciduous trees. Eastern 
 
 States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 228. The Rustic Borer {Xylotrechus colonus Fab.). 
 
 Larvse mine the inner hark and Bapwood of recently cut or dying oak, chestnut, 
 hickory, maple, and other hard woods. 
 Exhtbit: Adults. 
 
 THE FLAT-HEADED BORERS. FAMILY BTJPRESTIDiE. 
 
 CASE 30. 
 
 229. The Bronze Birch Borer (AgrUus auxins Gory). 
 
 The larva- mine the inner bark of living and injured birch and poplar. Very 
 destructive in the Northern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 230. The Two-Lined Chestnut Borer {AgrUus btiineatus Web.)- 
 
 The slender larva' mine the inner bark of recently dead, injured, and healthy 
 chestnut and oak. One of the principal causes for the wholesale destruction of 
 chestnut in the Southern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 231. The Eastern Hemlock Bark-Borer (Melanophila fulvoguttala llarr.). 
 Larva' mine the inner bark of recently dead and injured hemlock in the Eastern 
 
 States, 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 232. The Flat-Headed Apple-Tree Borer [Chrusobothris femoraia Fab.). 
 
 The larva' mine the inner bark of recently dead and injured oak, chestnut, hickory, 
 maple, and some other deciduous forest trees. Eastern Mater-. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva?, pupa?, work. 
 
 c^si-: i < ». 
 
 233. The Flat-Headed Pine Bark-Borer [Chrysobothris dentipes Germ.). 
 
 Larvae mine the inner bark of recently dead and dying pine. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 234. The Flat-Headed Hickory Borer | Dicerca obseura Fab.). 
 
 LarV83 bore into the trunk and limbs of hickory, maple, and some other deciduous 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 235. The Western Hemlock Bark-Borer [MelanqphUa drummoncU Kirbyb 
 The larva' mine the inner bark of dead and health} hemlock and Douglafi spruce, 
 
 causing defects in the lumber and killing trees. Northwestern states. 
 
 l'\ imur: Adults, larva, pupa. work. 
 
39 
 
 INJURING THE WOOD. 
 
 THE FLAT-HEADED BORERS. FAMILY BUPRESTLOffi. 
 PART OF CASE 40. 
 
 236. The Turpentine Borer (BupresHs apricans Hbst. ). 
 
 The larva? bore into the solid resinous heartwood of long-leafed pine after "box- 
 ing" by turpentine workers, so weakening the trunk as to cause it to break and 
 spoiling portions of it for lumber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult, work. 
 
 237. The Golden Buprestis (Buprestis aurulenla Libm.) . 
 
 Larva^ bore into trunks of dead pine, spruce, fir, and other conifers. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 238. The Heart-wood Pine Borer (Chalcophora virgifdensia Dm). 
 
 Larva? bore into trunks of dead pine and spruce and into heartwood of living trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 WALL CASE. 
 
 239. The Cypress Sapwood Borer [AcmasoderapulcheOaWoBL). 
 
 Larvae mine the sapwood of girdled cypress several years after death. 
 Exhibit: Work. Cypress board showing injury to the sapwood (large case). 
 
 THE TIMBER BEETLES. FAMILY SCOLYTID-ffi. 
 
 PART OF CASE il. 
 
 240. The Hickory Timber-Beetle (Xyleborus cdsus Eich. ). 
 
 The adults excavate long branching galleries in dying tree- and logs of hickory. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 AVALL CASE. 
 
 241. The Pan-American Platypus {PUtfypux oomposiius Say . 
 
 The adults bore into the sapwood and sometimes into the heart woo. 1 of dying 
 hardwoods and coniferous trees of numerous species. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. Boards from girdled cypress showing pin-hole defects caused by 
 the galleries. 
 
 THE POWDER-POST BEETLES. FAMILY PTLNTOffi. 
 
 PART OF CASE 41. 
 
 242. The Red-Shouldered Ptinid Borer (Shw.vylon basilars Say). 
 
 Adult bores short curved galleries in branches of dead hickory, persimmon and 
 most other deciduous trees; the larva:- bore the solid wood. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 243. Powder-Post Beetles (Genua Ly&us). 
 
 Exhibit: Work, sections of seasoned ash and hickory showing characteristic 
 injury by the beetles and larv;e. (Large case.) 
 
 THE TIMBER WORMS. FAMILIES BRENTHLDiE AND LYMEXYL- 
 
 IDiE. 
 
 FART OF CASE 41. 
 
 244. The Northern Brenthis | EupsoHa tnmuia Dru. ). 
 
 The larvae excavate extensive galleries in solid wood of recently dead and dying 
 oak, chestnut, beach, elm, cypress, and most other species of deciduous forest trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
40 
 
 245. The Chestnut Timber Worm ( Lymexylon s< riot um Harr. ). 
 
 The larv.e excavate extensive galleries in the lieart \v< k ><1 and Bapwood of living and 
 dead chestnut and oak. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult, work. 
 
 THE CARPENTER WORMS. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. FAMILY 
 
 COSSLTXffi. 
 
 CASK I'J. 
 
 246. The Leopard Moth (Zeuzera pyrina Fab.). 
 
 An introduced species very injurious to forest, shade, and orchard trees in the 
 vicinity of New York City. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva-, papa, work. 
 
 247. The Oak Carpenter Worm (Prionoxystus robinia Peck). 
 
 The larva 1 mine in living oak and locust and are sometimes very destructive, espe- 
 cially t»> aged trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 248. The Poplar Carpenter Worm (Cossus centerensis Lint). 
 The larva- mine in trunks of poplar. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 THE HORNTAILS OR WOOD WASPS. FAMILY UROCEREOffi. 
 
 CASE 43. 
 
 249. The Pigeon Tremex ( Tremex columba Linn. ). 
 
 Lame mine thesapwood of hickory, oak, poplar, maple, and other deciduous forest 
 trees, hastening the death of those weakened by other causes. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 250. The Pale Tremex (Tremex sericeas Say). 
 Habits like the pigeon tremex. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 251. The White-Horned Horntail (Urocena albicornis Fabr.). 
 
 Attacks spruce, hemlock, and fir. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva, pupa, work. 
 
 252. The Blue Horntail (Paururus cyaneui Fab.). 
 Attacks spruce and fir. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult. 
 
 253. The Banded Horntail {Urocerus abdominalis Harris). 
 
 Attacks spruce. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 254. The Yellow- Winged Horntail (Urocenu flavipennis Kirby). 
 Attacks spruce. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 255. The Small-Pine Horntail {Paurwriu pinicola Ashm.). 
 Larvae in pine. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 256. The Black-Pine Horntail ( Paururus hopHnsi Ashm.). 
 Larvae in pine. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
41 
 
 PARASITIC ENEMIES. FAMILY ICHNEUMONTD^E. 
 
 PART OF CASE 43. 
 
 257. The Lunated Long-Sting (Thalessa lunator Fab.). 
 
 There are several quite similar species of these insects, which by means of the long, 
 thread-like appendage to the body, deposit their eggs within the galleries of the 
 horntail larvae upon which their own larvae are parasitic. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 INJURING INNER BARK. 
 
 THE BARK-BEETLES. FAMILY SCOLYTID^J. 
 
 CASE 44. 
 
 258. The Pine-Destroying Beetle of the Black Hills (Dendroctonus ponderosse 
 Hopk.). 
 
 Attacks healthy pine and spruce in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and Rocky 
 Mountain region. The adult beetles excavate characteristic galleries in the inner 
 bark of dead, dying, and healthy trees. Their eggs are deposited along the sides 
 of these galleries, and the larvae developing from them mine the inner bark. It 
 is estimated that it has been the primary cause of the destruction of 1,000,000,000 
 feet of bull pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the Black Hills. _ 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. Sections of trunks of western yellow pine attacked by 
 beetles showing pitch tubes on surface and marks of galleries in inner bark. (Large 
 case.) 
 
 CASE 45. 
 
 259. The Destructive Pine Bark-Beetle {Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. ). 
 Attacks healthy pine and spruce in the Southern States. It is capable of enormous 
 
 destruction and, though usually held in check by natural causes, has at various times 
 past so increased as to seriously menace the entire stand of pine and spruce in portions 
 of the Southeastern States, notably in West Virginia in 1891-92. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. Markings on surface of wood of beetle-killed tree; appear- 
 ance of outer bark of beetle-killed trees; outer bark of tree scaled off by woodpeckers 
 in search of beetles and their larva?. (Large case. ) 
 
 260. The Oregon Tomicus (Tomicus oregoni Eich.). 
 
 A secondary enemy of pine, attacking and hastening the death of trees primarily 
 attacked by the pine-destroying beetle. 
 
 Exhibit: Work. Section of top of western yellow pine, showing galleries of adult 
 beetles in inner bark. (Large case. ) 
 
 261. The Companion Bark-Beetle (Tomicus avulsus Eich.). 
 
 A common species infesting pine in the Southern States. When abundant it 
 attacks and kills healthy trees, but is especially common as a secondary enemy in 
 company with the destructive bark-beetle Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 CASE 46. 
 
 262. The Lawson Cypress Bark-Beetle (Phlozosinus cupressse Hopk.). 
 
 Attacks transplanted Lawson and Monterey cypress in California. It also attacks 
 redwood. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 263. The Hickory Bark-Beetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus Say). 
 
 A common bark-beetle in hickory, frequently causing the death of trees. The 
 adults also do some damage by gnawing the base of small twigs, causing their death. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
42 
 
 OA8B IT. 
 
 264. The Mountain-Pine Dendroctonus ( Dendroctonus n. sp. ). 
 
 Attacks living, injured,, and recently felled mountain or silver pine, sugar pine, 
 and Lodge-pole pine in the Northwestern Mate-. Very common and capable of greal 
 destruction to the besl timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 265. The Arizona Dendroctonus ( Dendroctonus n. sp. ). 
 
 A common bark-beetle in the southern Rocky Mountain region, attacking healthy 
 western yellow pine, and, in company with several closely allied species, causing 
 great destruction of large quantities of the besl timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 266. The Bald Cypress Bark-Beetle ( PfdaBOSinus n. sp.). 
 
 Attacks recently felled and girdled bald cypres- in the Southern States. 
 Exhibit: Adults, work. 
 
 PREDACEOUS AND PARASITIC ENEMIES OF DESTRUCTIVE 
 FOREST INSECTS. THE CLERIDS. FAMILY CLERID^. 
 
 CASE 48. 
 
 267. The Dubius Clerid ( Thanasimus dubius Fab.). 
 
 The hectics destroy the adults, and the larvae prey upon the developing br Is 
 
 Of many species of bark-beetles in pine and spruce, and are frequently of the 
 greatest benefit in holding in check the more destructive of these. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 268. The Spider-like Clerid ( Clerus sphegeus Fab.). 
 
 The adults feed upon the adults and the larvae upon the developing broods of 
 
 numerous destructive bark-beetles in pine, spruce, and fir. Western Stati 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 269. The European Bark-Beetle Destroyer [Thanasimus formicarius Linn.). 
 
 Is very destructive to bark-beetles infesting pine and spruce in Europe, and was 
 introduced into America in 1892 to act as a check to the alarming increase of the 
 destructive bark-beetle [Dendroctonus frontalis) in West Virginia. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 270. The Orange-Banded Clerid ( c/ems ichneumoneus Fab.). 
 
 The larvae prey upon the developing broods of the hickory bark-beetle {Scolytus 
 quadrispinosus ). 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 271. The Hairy Clerid (Chariessa pUosa Forst.). 
 
 The larvae prey upon and do much toward preventing the increase of several of the 
 destructive flat-headed borers I Buprestida i in deciduous tre 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 THE CLICK BEETLES. FAMILY ELATERLDJE. 
 
 272. The Eyed Elater (AlaUB oculotus I. inn. ). 
 
 \- a larva preys upon numerous species of bark and wood boring insects in 
 
 deciduous tree-. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 273. The Small-Eyed Elater (Alous myops Fab.). 
 
 \m i larva preya upon the larger Bpeciee of borers in coniferous trees. 
 Exhibit: Adults, larva. 
 
43 
 
 274. The Four-Winged Parasites (Order Hymenoptera. Families Ichneumonidsc, 
 Braronichv, Chalcidid;r, etc.). 
 
 Exhibit: Two larval galleries of the rigid cypress borer ((Erne rigida), in one of 
 which the insect attained full development, while in the other it was attacked and 
 killed by a parasite, Bracon sp. 
 
 Adults and cocoons of several species which attack larvae of butterflies and moths. 
 
 Adults and cocoons of several species which attack larvae of wood-boring insects. 
 
 THE TROGOSITLDS. FAMILY TROGOSITIDiE. 
 
 275. The Green Trogositid [Trogosita virescens Fab.). 
 
 A very important enemy of nearly all the larger and more destructive bark-beetles. 
 The adults conceal themselves in the outer bark, and the larvae enter the galleries 
 and prey upon the insects therein. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 THE COLYDIIDS. FAMILY COLYDIIDiE. 
 
 276. The Tuberculate Colydiid (Aulonium tuberculatum Lee). 
 
 The adults enter the galleries and with the larvae feed upon various species of bark- 
 beetles in all their stages. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 277. The Line-Marked Colydiid (Colydium lineola Say). 
 
 The adults enter the galleries and their larvae feed upon the developing brood of 
 various species of Ambrosia beetles. 
 Exhibit: Adults. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS. 
 
 [In connection with the exhibit of the Bureau of Forestry.] 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF PINE BY BARK-BEETLES IN THE BLACK HILLS 
 FOREST RESERVE, SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 CASE 49. 
 
 278. The Pine-Destroying- Beetle of the Black Hills (Dendroctonus ponder- 
 
 osse Hopk. ). 
 
 Attacks healthy pine and spruce in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and Rocky 
 Mountain region. The adult beetles excavate characteristic galleries in the inner 
 bark of dead, dying, and healthy trees. Their eggs are deposited along the sides 
 of these galleries, and the larv?e developing from them mine the inner bark. Very 
 destructive. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults, larvae, pupae, pitch tube on bark of living tree at entrance to 
 gallery of adult beetle; completed galleries of adults and mines of young larvse in 
 bark of living pine, showing characteristic appearance of bark in August of the year 
 of attack; surface of wood grooved by galleries of the adult, showing characteristic 
 appearance in August of the year of attack; gallery of adult, larval mines, and 
 pupal chambers in inner bark, showing characteristic appearance in June of the 
 year following attack; appearance of inner bark in August of the year following 
 attack, after the emergence of the brood; scoring chip from railroad cross-tie from 
 tree killed by beetles, showing characteristic markings on surface of wood. 
 
44 
 
 279. The Yellow-Pine Wood Engraver (Pityogene* carinulat&u \.< 
 
 A secondary enemy oi pine. Attacks branches ami twigs <»f trees dying from 
 attack of tin- pine-destroying beetle. 
 
 EXHIBIT: Adults; work of adults and larvae in bark and surface of wood. 
 
 280. The Oregon Tomicus {Tomicus oregoni Mich.). 
 
 A secondary enemy of pine forests in tin- Black I [ills, attacking the larger branches 
 
 and upper portions Of the trunks of trees injured by <>r dying from an attack of the 
 
 pine-destroying beetle. Occasionally a primary enemy of living trees. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; galleries of Oregon Tomicus and pine-destroying beetle side by 
 side in hark of pine; work of adults in hark; groovings in surface of wood. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF PINE FORESTS BY BARK-BEETLES IN THE 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 CASE 50. 
 
 281. The Destructive Pine Bark-Beetle (J kndroctonus frontalis Zimm.). 
 Attacks healthy pine and spruce in the Southern States. It in capable of enor- 
 mous destruction and, though usually held in check by natural causes, has at various 
 times past so increased as to seriously menace the entire stand of pine and spruce in 
 portions of the Southeastern States, notably in West Virginia in 1891-92. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; markings on surface of wood of beetle-killed tree; appearance of 
 outer bark and surface of wood of beetle-killed tree; section of trunk of pine, show- 
 ing galleries of adult beetles in bark two to three weeks after first attack, surface of 
 wood marked by galleries of adult beetles and mines of larva- nix to eight weeks 
 after attack, outer bark of tree scaled off by woodpeckers in search of beetles and 
 their larva-; work of adults and larva* in bark. 
 
 282. The Companion Bark-Beetle (Tomicn* avuisus Eich. ). 
 
 A common species infesting pine in the Southern States. When abundant it may 
 attack and kill healthy trees, but is especially common as a secondary enemy in 
 company with the destructive pine bark-beetle. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; appearance of work of adults and lame in bark; galleries of 
 destructive pine bark-beetle and companion bark-beetle side by side in bark of large 
 beetle-killed tree. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF WESTERN YELLOW PINE BY BARK-BEETLES 
 IN THE SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. 
 
 CASE 51. 
 
 283. The Arizona Dendroctonus {Dendroctonus n. sp.). 
 
 A common bark-beetle in the southern Rocky Mountain region attacking healthy 
 Western yellow pine, and in company with several closely allied species causing 
 destruction of large quantities of the best timber. 
 
 EXHIBIT: Adults; work of adults and larva- in bark. 
 
 284. The Colorado Dendroctonus {Dendroctonus approximatw Diets). 
 
 Attacks recently-dead and living western yellow pine in the southern Rocky 
 .Mountain region. Often found working in the same tree and side by side with the 
 
 Arizona Dendroctonus. 
 
 EXHIBIT: Adult; surface of wood showing marks of work; gallery of adult and 
 mines of young larva in bark. 
 
 285. The Pine-Destroying" Beetle of the Black Hills (Dendroctomu ponderotst 
 Hops.). 
 
 Exhibit: Adult-: surface ol wood showing characteristic groovings; gallery of 
 
 adult and mine.- of young larv.-c in bark. 
 
45 
 
 INJURY BY BARK-BEETLES TO PINE AND OTHER CONIFERS IN 
 
 THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 CASE 52. 
 
 286. The Mountain Pine Dendroctonus (Dendroctonus n. sp. ). 
 
 Attacks living, injured, and recently felled mountain or silver pine, sugar pine, 
 and lodge-pole pine in the Northwestern States. Very common and capable of great 
 destruction to the best timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; work of adults and larva? in bark; surface of wood showing 
 characteristic marks of work. 
 
 287. The Doug-las Spruce Dendroctonus (Dendroctonus n. sp. ). 
 
 Attacks living, injured, and recently felled Douglas spruce and western larch. 
 Rocky Mountain region and Pacific coast. Very common and capable of destroying 
 much valuable timber. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; gallery of adult and mines of young larvae in bark; inner bark 
 of tree showing characteristic appearance of larval mines. 
 
 288. The Redwood Bark-Beetle (Phlceosinus sequoix Hopk.). 
 
 Attacks living, injured, and recently felled redwood and giant arborvita?. Cali- 
 fornia to northern Washington. Very common in redwood. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; surface of wood grooved by adult galleries and larval mines. 
 
 289. The Lawson Cypress Bark-Beetle (Phlceosinus cupressse Hopk.). 
 Attacks transplanted Lawson and Monterey cypress in California. It also attacks 
 
 redwood. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult; section of small beetle-killed Lawson cypress, showing beginning 
 of gallery of adult in living tree; section of small Lawson cypress showing character- 
 istic grooves in surface of wood, and exit holes of beetles in bark; branch of Mon- 
 terey cypress showing grooves in surface of wood of adult and larval galleries. 
 
 INJURIES BY AMBROSIA OR TIMBER BEETLES. 
 
 CASE 53. 
 
 290. The Apple Wood-Stainer (Pterocyclon mali Fitch.). 
 
 A small timber beetle first described from the apple, but attacking a great diver- 
 sity of woods. It has proven very injurious to the wood of girdled cypress trees 
 and sawed mahogany lumber. In its work in mahogany it is accompanied by the 
 oak wood-stainer (Pterocyclon fa, malum) , a closely allied species with similar habits. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; cypress lumber showing pin-hole defects caused by adults; 
 mahogany lumber seriously injured by the apple wood-stainer and oak wood-stainer; 
 cross section of mahogany plank, showing single gallery of the oak wood-stainer. 
 
 291. The Pan-American Platypus (Platypus compositus Say). 
 
 A timber beetle causing injury to the wood of a great variety of trees and the prin- 
 cipal cause of pin-holes in cypress. It attacks girdled trees before cutting. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; cypress lumber showing injury in sapwood (pin-holes usually 
 accompanied by staining). Cypress lumber showing injury to heartwood (pin-holes 
 not accompanied by staining). 
 
 292. The Sugar-Cane Ambrosia Beetle (Xyleborusn. sp.). 
 
 An extremely common species throughout the southern United States, "West 
 Indies, and Mexico. It attacks a great variety of woods and is also an enemy of 
 sugar-cane, excavating its galleries in living stalks. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult; injury to wood of cypress logs after cutting and before being 
 sawed, showing entrance galleries on surface of wood and galleries in sapwood; 
 injury to mahogany logs before, during, and after importation; injury to mahogany 
 caused by entrance of beetles at end of logs. 
 
46 
 
 293. The Large Mahogany Timber Beetle (Platypus sp.). 
 Attacks mahogany trees and saw Logs before importation. 
 Exhibit: \\'<>rk. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING CYPRESS. 
 
 casj^: r, i . 
 
 294. The White-Lined Cypress Borer (Physocnemum andrea llald.). 
 
 Laryse mine the inner Itark and outer Bapwood of cypress Logs. Southern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; larva; gallery; complete larval mine on surface of wood of 
 
 girdled cypress tree. 
 
 295. The Rigid Cypress Borer ((Erne rigida Say). 
 LarVSB mine inner bark of girdled express and dying cedar. 
 Exhibit: Adult; larva; work; larval mines in bark of girdled cypress. 
 
 296. The Bald Cypress Bark-Beetle (PJUceosinus n. sp.). 
 
 Attacks recently felled and girdled bald cypress in the Southern States; beneficial 
 to girdled trees as it hastens death and causes the logs to dry more rapidly. 
 
 Exhibit: Adults; inner bark from girdled cypress, showing characteristic galleries 
 of adults and larvae. 
 
 297. The Cypress Sapwood Borer (Acmseoaera pulchella Hbst.). 
 
 A white grub which mines the sapwood of girdled cypress two or three years after 
 death, causing rapid decay. 
 Exhibit: Adult; larva; work. 
 
 298. The Cypress Weevil (Eudocimus marmerheimii Bob.). 
 
 The adults feed on the bark of bald-cypress twigs, causing their death, and the 
 larvae mine the inner bark of injured and recently felled trees. Southern States. 
 
 Exhibit: Adult; section from trunk of living cypress, showing partially healed- 
 over galleries made by larvae of this beetle which would eventually result in defects 
 in the timber. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 
 Western yellow pine trees killed by the pine-dest roving beetle, Black Hills, South 
 Dakota. 
 
 Section of yellow pine tree killed by the destructive pine bark-beetle. North Car- 
 olina. 
 
 Trunk of western yellow pine killed by the Arizona Dendroctonus, showing work 
 Of beetle-. Xew Mexico. 
 
 Western yellow-pine tree, showing injury caused by the dark-red turpentine beetle 
 at base. New Mexico. 
 
 Monterey pine tree, showing injury of the dark-red turpentine beetle at base. 
 California. 
 
 Hemlock trees killed in L892 by the hemlock span-worm. State of Washington. 
 
 Trunk of hickory tree killed by the hickory bark-beetle, showing growth of white 
 fungus following attack. Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Silver-pine tree- killed by t he mountain-pine Dendroctonus. Priest River Forest 
 
 Reserve, Idaho. I 2. ) 
 
 Barb from trunk of giant arborvitee, .-how [ng mine- of the cedar bark-beetle, state 
 of Washington. 
 
47 
 
 Log of Douglas spruce, showing galleries of the Douglas spruce Dendroctonus. 
 State of Washington. 
 
 Storm-felled Douglas spruce offering favorable conditions for the propagation of 
 the Douglas spruce Dendroctonus and other bark-beetles. State of Washington. 
 
 Bark from storm-felled log of Douglas spruce, showing galleries of the Douglas 
 spruce Dendrocti >nous. State of Washington. 
 
 ( rroup of long-leafed pine killed by so-called "worm deadening." Eastern Texas. 
 
 Young Sitka spruce, showing top killed by western spruce-weevil. State of 
 Washington. 
 
 Cottonwood tree killed by the bronzed Agrilus, showing the galleries of larva? in 
 trunk. Priest River Forest Reserve, Idaho. 
 
 Young chestnut killed by the two-lined chestnut borer. Western North Carolina. 
 
 Large chestnut, the death of which was hastened by insect injury. Western 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Girdled cypress tree injured by timber beetles. South Carolina. 
 
 Trunk of hickory killed by hickory bark-beetle, showing galleries on surface of 
 wood. Western North Carolina. 
 
INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Acanthosinus nodosus 35 
 
 obsoletus 35 
 
 Acmaeodera pulchella 39, 46 
 
 Agrilus anxius 21, 38 
 
 bilineatus 38 
 
 Alaus myops 42 
 
 oculatus 42 
 
 Anisota rubicunda 29 
 
 senatoria 28 
 
 stigma 28 
 
 Apatela americana 29 
 
 oblinita 29 
 
 Aphididae 23 
 
 Arcbips f ervidana 31 
 
 Arbopalus f ulminans 37 
 
 Asemum moestum 35 
 
 nitidum 21 
 
 Aspidiotus tenebricosus 33 
 
 Aulonium tuberculatum 43 
 
 Balaninus caryse 33 
 
 nasicus 33 
 
 quercus 33 
 
 Basilarchia archippus 27 
 
 Basilona imperialis 28 
 
 Bracon simplex 26 
 
 sp 43 
 
 Buprestidx 21, 22, 27, 38, 39 
 
 Buprestid (in Abies) 27 
 
 Buprestis apricans 39 
 
 aurulenta 39 
 
 Cacoecia . (See Arcbips . ) 
 
 Callidium antenna turn 37 
 
 aereum 36 
 
 Calocalpe undulata 31 
 
 Carphoborus n. sp 18 
 
 Catocala cara 29 
 
 cerogama 29 
 
 concumbens 29 
 
 obscura 29 
 
 retecta 29 
 
 unijuga 29 
 
 vidua 29 
 
 Cecidomyiid sp. (Pine twig maggot) 23 
 
 Cerambycidx 21, 27, 34, 35 
 
 Ceratographis pusillus 35 
 
 Ceratomia amyntor 28 
 
 catalpse 28 
 
 undulosa 28 
 
 Chalcid (causing birds-eye pine) 22 
 
 Cbalcophora virginiensis 39 
 
 Chariessa pilosa 42 
 
 Cbermes sibiricus 23 
 
 var 23 
 
 28235— No. 48—04 1 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cbion cinctus 36 
 
 Chlorippe celtis 28 
 
 Chrysobothris dentipes 38 
 
 femorata 38 
 
 Chrysomelidx 32 
 
 Cicada sp 23 
 
 Cicadidse 23,33 
 
 Cimbex americana 32 
 
 Citheronia regalis 28 
 
 Cleridx 42 
 
 Clerus ichneumoneus 42 
 
 sphegeus 42 
 
 Clisiocampa. (See Malacosoma.) 
 
 Coccidse 33 
 
 Colydiidx 43 
 
 Colydium lineola 43 
 
 Conotrachelus juglandis 33 
 
 Cossidse 40 
 
 Cossus centerensis 40 
 
 Cotalpa lanigera 32 
 
 Cressonia juglandis 28 
 
 Cryphalus n. sp. (Balsam fir Cryphalus) 24 
 
 n. sp. (Hairy Crypbalus) 16 
 
 n. sp. (Spruce Cryphalus) 24 
 
 Cryptorhynchus parochus 34 
 
 Crypturgus atom us 26 
 
 Curculionid sp. (Douglas spruce twig-wee- 
 vil 22 
 
 sp. (Pine fungus-gall weevil) . . 22 
 
 Curculionidse 22, 33, 34 
 
 Curius dentatus 36 
 
 Cyllene picta 36 
 
 robinise 35 
 
 Datana angusii 30 
 
 integerrima 30 
 
 ministra 30 
 
 Dendroctonus approximatus 44 
 
 brevicomis 18 
 
 frontalis 41, 44 
 
 piceaperda 26 
 
 ponderosse 41,43,44 
 
 valens 19 
 
 n. sp. (Mountain pine Den- 
 droctonus) 19,42,45 
 
 n. sp. (Douglas spruce Den- 
 droctonus) 19,45 
 
 n. sp. (Arizona Dendrocto- 
 nus) 42, 44 
 
 Diapheromera femorata 32 
 
 Dicerca obscura 38 
 
 Dioryctria reniculella 33 
 
 Dolurgus pumilis 18 
 
 Dryocampa. (See Anisota.) 
 
 49 
 
50 
 
 Page. 
 Dryocoetee n. sp. (Small red spruce bark- 
 beetle) 25 
 
 n. sp. i American spruce bark- 
 
 beetle) 26 
 
 n. sp. i Birch bark-beetle) 26 
 
 DryophilUB Bp. (Giant arbor \ it:i- Dryo- 
 
 philus) 28 
 
 Dynastes tityus 32 
 
 Eburia quadrigeminata 38 
 
 Edema. {Set Bymmerista. | 
 
 Elaphidion villosum 34 
 
 ElaU ri'hr 42 
 
 Eparg] reuatityrufl 28 
 
 Ergatee spiculatua 21,35 
 
 Euclea delphinii 31 
 
 Indetermina 31 
 
 Budamus. {Set Epargyreus.) 
 
 lit i< loci mi is mannerheimii 34,46 
 
 Euproctis chrysorrhcea 30 
 
 Eupsalis minuta 39 
 
 Euschausia a rgentata 29 
 
 Buyanessa antiopa 27 
 
 Galerucella luteola 32 
 
 Qaurotes cyanipennis 36 
 
 Gnathotrichua materiarius 15 
 
 sulcatus 15 
 
 n. Bp. (Western pine wood- 
 
 stainer) 15 
 
 Goes pnlchra 36 
 
 tigrina 36 
 
 Graphisurus. {See Ceratographis.) 
 
 Grapholitha caryana 33 
 
 Grapta. {Set Polygonia.) 
 Balisidota. {SeeaZso Euschausia.) 
 
 caryae 29 
 
 maculata 29 
 
 teasellaris 29 
 
 Semerocampa leucostigma 30 
 
 vetusta 30 
 
 Eemileuca maia 29 
 
 Betcemis cineria 36 
 
 Bomoptera lunata 29 
 
 H> levin us aculeatus 20 
 
 aspericollis 20 
 
 granulatus 19 
 
 aebulosus 20 
 
 serious 20 
 
 ii. Bp. i Fir wood engraver) 19 
 
 n. Bp. I « brand Br bark-beetle) 20 
 
 ii. Bp. ' Western hemlock bark- 
 beetle) 20 
 
 Bylobius pales ;;i 
 
 Byloicus kid in ia 28 
 
 Bylotrupes amethystinuA 21 
 
 ligneufl 27,88 
 
 Bylurgops rugipennls 19 
 
 Bubcoetulatus 19 
 
 Byparpas aurora 80 
 
 ll> phantria textor 29 
 
 Ichthyura. {Set Melalopha.) 
 
 • i Ispata 31 
 
 Lapara coniferarum 2s 
 
 l.ecaiiiuin Bp. i Hickory soil Kale) 88 
 
 I.< pidoptt m i foliage Insects) 27,:::* 
 
 rtj lun aculllerus :'••'■ 
 
 Leptura canadenaifl '■'•' 
 
 Page. 
 
 i.iineiiitis bredowli 27 
 
 Una. {Set Bfelasoma. I 
 
 Lophyrus abbotti 32 
 
 Lyctussp. (Powder-post beetles) 39 
 
 Lyinexyloii sericeuin 40 
 
 Malacosonia aniericana :;i 
 
 calil'ornica 31 
 
 constricta 30 
 
 disstria 30 
 
 fragilifl 31 
 
 pluvialis 31 
 
 Mallodon dasystomus 37 
 
 melanopus 37 
 
 ftfelalopha Inclusa 29 
 
 M elanophila drummondi 22,38 
 
 fulvoguttata 38 
 
 Bielasoma lapponica 32 
 
 scripta 32 
 
 Microcentrum laurifolinm 32 
 
 Monarthrum. {See Pterocyclon.) 
 
 Monocesta coryli 32 
 
 Monoharumus conf usor 34 
 
 Bcutellatus 21,35 
 
 Nadata gibbosa 30 
 
 Nematus erichsonii 32 
 
 Neoclytus capraea 36 
 
 Neocly tus erythrocephalua 37 
 
 Neophasia menapia '. 28 
 
 Notolophus antiqua 30 
 
 GEme rigida 37, 43, 46 
 
 Olene aebatina 30 
 
 ( mcideres cingulata 34 
 
 Orgyia. {See Notolophus and Hemero- 
 campa.) 
 
 Ormyrus sp. (Oak twig Ormyrus) 22 
 
 Orthosoma brunneum 37 
 
 Pachylobius picivorus 34 
 
 I'acliysphinx occidentalis 28 
 
 Paleacrita vernata 31 
 
 Parasitic Bymenoptera 41 
 
 Panrurus cyaneus 40 
 
 bopkinsi 40 
 
 pinicola 40 
 
 l'hheosinus eupress;e 11, 1"> 
 
 dentatus 26 
 
 punctatns 18 
 
 sequoias I s . i"> 
 
 n. Bp. i Bald cypress bark-beel L< 
 
 Phryganidia californica 29 
 
 riiymati >des variabilis 37 
 
 Physocnemum andreaa '. 86, 16 
 
 Pinipestia {Set Dioryctria.) 
 
 l Msm tdes dubius M 
 
 strobi 84 
 
 sp. (Western spruce weevil) 34 
 
 sp. (Sugar pine bark-weevil) 22 
 
 Pityogenes carinulatus it. n 
 
 n. sp. i Mountain pine wood-en- 
 engraver) 17 
 
 n. Bp. (White pine wood-en- 
 graver) 86 
 
 Pityophthorus cariniceps 24 
 
 conlinis 16 
 
 lniiiulis^inius 
 
 nitidulus 17 
 
 pubipennis 16 
 
51 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pityophthorus puncticollis 16 
 
 n. sp. i Black spruce wood- 
 engraver | 2-1 
 
 n. sp. (Jeffrey pine twig 
 
 beetle 1 17 
 
 n. sp. (Knobcone pine bark- 
 beetle) 16 
 
 n. sp. (Lodgepole pine bark- 
 beetle) 16 
 
 n. sp. (Minute birch bark- 
 beetle) 24 
 
 n. sp. (Minute spruce twig 
 
 wood-engraver) 24 
 
 n. sp. (Smaller fir bark- 
 beetle) 17 
 
 n. sp. (White pine twig- 
 beetle.) 24 
 
 Plagionotus speciosus 35 
 
 Platypus compositus 39, 45 
 
 n. sp. (Western Platypus) 15 
 
 sp. (Large mahogany timber- 
 beetle) 46 
 
 Plectrodera scalator 37 
 
 Polygraphus rufipennLs 25 
 
 Polygonia interrogationis 27 
 
 Polyporus volvatus 26 
 
 Porthetria dispar 30 
 
 Prionoxystus robinse 40 
 
 Prionus laticollis 37 
 
 Pterocyclon fasciatum 45 
 
 mali 45 
 
 Ptinida: 23, 39 
 
 Ptiuid sp. (Giant-arbor vita Ptin:d) S3 
 
 sp. (Pine wood-perforator) 23 
 
 Pulvinaria innumerabilis 33 
 
 Rhagium lineatum 37 
 
 Romaleum atomarium 36 
 
 Sabulodes transversa ta 31 
 
 Saperda calcarata 35 
 
 concolor 35 
 
 discoidea 36 
 
 tridentata 35 
 
 vestita 36 
 
 sp. (Mountain ash borer | 27 
 
 Sroli/tidr 15, 16. 24, 39. 41 
 
 Scolytus praeceps 21 
 
 quadrispinosus 41 
 
 subseaber 21 
 
 unispinosus 20 
 
 u. sp. (Fir branch Scolytus) 20 
 
 Page. 
 
 Scolytus n. sp. (Red spruce Scolytus ) 26 
 
 n. sp. (Smaller fir tree BcolytOfl ).. 20 
 
 Serropalpus serratus 27 
 
 Sibine stimulea 31 
 
 Sinoxylon ba.silare 39 
 
 Sphinx kalmiae 28 
 
 Symmerista albif rons 30 
 
 Telea polyphemus 28 
 
 Tadhrcdinidx 32 
 
 Tetropium cinnamopterum 27. 37 
 
 Thalessa lunator 41 
 
 Thanasimus dubius 42 
 
 nubilis 26 
 
 f ormicarius 42 
 
 Therina somniaria 31 
 
 Tibicen septendecim 33 
 
 Tomicus avulsus 41. 44 
 
 balsameus 25 
 
 concinnus 17 
 
 confusus 18 
 
 - integer 18 
 
 latidens 17 
 
 oregoni 17. 41. 44 
 
 n. sp. (Hudson Bay Tomicus) 25 
 
 n. sp. (Silver pine Tomicus j 18 
 
 n. sp. (Western fir bark-beetle)... 17 
 
 n. sp. (White spruce bark-beetlej . 25 
 
 Tortricid 23 
 
 Tremex columba 40 
 
 sericeus 40 
 
 TrogoBitidx 43 
 
 Trogosita virescens 43 
 
 Trypodendron bivittafus 16 
 
 n. sp. (Birch timber beetle) . 16 
 
 Uroceridx 40 
 
 Urocerus abdominalis 40 
 
 albicornis 40 
 
 fla vipennis 40 
 
 Urographis fascia tus 38 
 
 Woodpeckers 26 
 
 Xyleborus celsus 39 
 
 saxeseni 16 
 
 n. sp. (The sugar-cane ambrosia- 
 
 ' beetle 45 
 
 Xylochinus n. sp. (The Parmacheene bark- 
 
 beetle) 26 
 
 Xyloterus. (See Trypodendron.) 
 
 Xylotrechus colon us 38 
 
 undulatus 37 
 
 Zeuzera pyrina 40 
 
INDEX OF COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Alder, white, bark-beetle 20 
 
 Ambrosia-beetles L6,45 
 
 Ambrosia beetle, sugar-cane 45 
 
 American dagger-moth 29 
 
 saw-fly, large 32 
 
 tent-caterpillar 31 
 
 Apple-tree borer, flat-headed 38 
 
 caterpillar, yellow-necked 30 
 
 wood-stainer 45 
 
 Arbor vitse, giant, Dryopbilua 23 
 
 ptinid 23 
 
 Arizona Dendroctonus 42,44 
 
 Asb borer, banded 36 
 
 four-marked 38 
 
 Sphinx 28 
 
 wavy 28 
 
 t ree 1 >ark-l >eet le 20 
 
 Banded horntail 40 
 
 Urographis 38 
 
 Bark and wood-boring grubs 21,22, 27 
 
 Bark-beetle, American spruce 25 
 
 ash-tree 20 
 
 bald cypress 12, Hi 
 
 balsam-fir 25 
 
 birch 2n 
 
 cedar 25 
 
 companion n. it 
 
 densely punctured 16 
 
 destroyer, European 42 
 
 destroyers, i See Clerids. | 
 
 destructive pine 44 
 
 grand lir 20 
 
 hickory 41 
 
 knobcone pine 16 
 
 larger flr-tree 19 
 
 Law -oil cypres- II 
 
 lodgepole pine 16 
 
 minute birch 24 
 
 oak 21 
 
 spruce 26 
 
 Parmacheene 26 
 
 redwood Is. I> 
 
 smaller lir 17 
 
 small red spruce '25 
 
 spruce 25 
 
 western cedar 18 
 
 lir 17 
 
 hemlock 20 
 
 oak 16 
 
 white alder 20 
 
 spruce 26 
 
 boo 1 1 OS 16.21 
 
 Bark-borer, Douglas spruce 21 
 
 52 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bark-borer, eastern hemlock 38 
 
 flat-headed pine 38 
 
 small pine 35 
 
 western cedar 21 
 
 hemlock 22 
 
 Hark maggots 23 
 
 weevil, sugar pine 22 
 
 Belted chlon 36 
 
 Birch bark-beetle 25 
 
 minute 24 
 
 borer, bronze 21, 38 
 
 timber beetle 16 
 
 Birdseye pine 22 
 
 Blazed tree-borer 27 
 
 Blue horntail 40 
 
 Borer, ash-colored mulberry 36 
 
 banded ash 36 
 
 beautiful hickory 36 
 
 black-horned pine 37 
 
 blazcd-tree 27 
 
 blue-winged walnut 36 
 
 bronze birch 21, 38 
 
 cedar 38 
 
 cedar-tree 27 
 
 common elm-tree 35 
 
 curious cypress 36 
 
 cypress sapwood 39,46 
 
 destructive spruce wood 27,33 
 
 dusty oak 36 
 
 flat-headed apple 38 
 
 hickory 38 
 
 pine 38 
 
 knob-horned pine 35 
 
 large hickory 35 
 
 linden 36 
 
 locust 35 
 
 mountain ash 27 
 
 obsolete pine 35 
 
 painted hickory 36 
 
 pine, lesser 35 
 
 heartwood 39 
 
 poplar ">•") 
 
 ribbed pine 87 
 
 rigid cypress 
 
 rustic 38 
 
 southern oak 37 
 
 sugar maple 35 
 
 tiger hickory 36 
 
 two-lined chestnut 38 
 
 variable oak 37 
 
 wavy spruce 37 
 
 white-lined cypress 36,46 
 
 borer-, wood and bark 35 
 
53 
 
 Page. 
 
 Borers, flat-headed 3 s 
 
 round-headed 35 
 
 Brenthis. northern 39 
 
 Bronze birch borer -1- : > s 
 
 Brown-tailed moth 30 
 
 Buck moth 29 
 
 Buff-tipped butterfly '. 27 
 
 Buprestis, golden 39 
 
 Butterflies and moths 27 
 
 California tussock moth 30 . 
 
 Caliiornian Phryganidia 29 
 
 tent-caterpillar 31 | 
 
 Callidium. chestnut 30 
 
 Canadian Leptura 37 
 
 Canker worm, spring 31 
 
 Catalpa Sphinx 
 
 Cedar bark-beetle 25 
 
 western 18 
 
 borer, western 21 
 
 borer 3S 
 
 tree borer 27 j 
 
 Cherry-leaf webworm 31 
 
 Chestnut-borer, two-lined 38 
 
 callidium 36 
 
 timber- worm 40 
 
 Chion, belted 36 
 
 Cicada, seventeen-year 33 
 
 small western 23 
 
 Clerid, clouded 26 
 
 dubius 42 
 
 hairy 42 
 
 orange banded 42 
 
 spider-like 42 
 
 Clerids 42 
 
 Click-beetles 42 
 
 Clytus, red-headed 37 
 
 Colorado Dendroctonus 44 
 
 Colydiids 43 
 
 Companion bark-beetle 41 
 
 Cone-worm, spruce 33 
 
 southern pine 33 | 
 
 Cosmopolitan timber-beetle 16 
 
 Cottonwood root-borer 37 
 
 Crinkly flannel moth 31 
 
 Cryphalus balsam fir 24 
 
 hairy 16 
 
 spruce 24 
 
 Cypress, bald, bark-beetle 42. 46 
 
 borer, curious 36 
 
 rigid 37, 46 
 
 white-lined 36, 46 
 
 Lawson, bark-beetle 45 
 
 sapwood borer 39, 46 
 
 weevil 34, 46 
 
 Dagger-moth, American 29 
 
 smeared .' 29 
 
 Dark red turpentine beetle 19 
 
 Dark tussock-moth 30 
 
 Dendroctonus, Arizona 42. 44 
 
 Colorado 44 
 
 Douglas spruce 19, 44 
 
 mountain pine 19, 42. 44 
 
 Densely punctured bark-beetle 16 
 
 Destroyer, fir-tree 21 
 
 western pine 18 
 
 Page. 
 
 Destroyers, bark -beetle 26,42 
 
 Destroying beetle of the Black Hills, pine 41 , 43. 44 
 
 spruce 26 
 
 Destructive pine bark-beetle 41 
 
 spruce wood-borer 27,37 
 
 Dolurgus. Sitka spruce 18 
 
 Dryophilus, giant arborvita 23 
 
 Dubius clerid 42 
 
 Elater, eyed 42 
 
 small-eyed 42 
 
 Elm Leaf-beetle, imported 32 
 
 larger 32 
 
 Eyed elater 42 
 
 Fall web-worm 29 
 
 Fir, balsam, bark-beetle 25 
 
 Cryphalus 24 
 
 bark-beetle, smaller 17 
 
 western 17 
 
 branch scolytus 20 
 
 California white, Scolytus 21 
 
 grand, bark-beetle 20 
 
 tree destroyer 21 
 
 Scolytus, smaller 20 
 
 weevil 34 
 
 wood-engraver 19 
 
 Fi ve-spined Tomieus, western 18 
 
 Flat-headed borers 38, 39 
 
 Foliage insects 32 
 
 Fi 'rest span-worm, large 31 
 
 tent caterpillar 30 
 
 Four-horned Sphinx 28 
 
 Four-spined Tomieus 18 
 
 Fruit and seed insects 
 
 Fungus following bark-beetle attack 
 
 Gall insects 22,23 
 
 louse. Englemann spruce 23 
 
 Sitka spruce 23 
 
 Girdler, hickory twig 34 
 
 poplar 35 
 
 Golden Buprestis 39 
 
 Goldsmith beetle 32 
 
 Green trogositid 43 
 
 Gypsy moth 30 
 
 Hackberry butterfly, common 28 
 
 Hairy clerid 42 
 
 Cryphalus 16 
 
 Hemlock bark-beetle, western 20 
 
 bark-borer, eastern 38 
 
 bark-borer, western 38 
 
 wood-stainer, western 15 
 
 Hickory bark-beetle 41 
 
 borer, beautiful 36 
 
 common 36 
 
 flat-headed 38 
 
 painted 36 
 
 tiger 36 
 
 caterpillar, black 30 
 
 striped 30 
 
 horned devil 28 
 
 husk-worm 33 
 
 soft-scale 33 
 
 timber-beetle 39 
 
 tussock caterpillar 29 
 
 twig-girdler 34 
 
 Horntail, banded 40 
 
54 
 
 Page. 
 
 Horntail, black pine 40 
 
 blue 40 
 
 small pine 40 
 
 White horned 40 
 
 yellow winged io 
 
 Borntaila 10 
 
 Hudson Bay Tomlcm - j."> 
 
 Hyleslnus, Douglas aprnoe 20 
 
 shore pine 20 
 
 Syluxgopa, Sitka spruce 19 
 
 western pine 19 
 
 Imperial moth 28 
 
 Katydid 32 
 
 Large mahogany Umber-beetle 46 
 
 Larch sawfly 32 
 
 Leaf-beetles 32 
 
 Leaf-beetle, Imported elm 32 
 
 larger elm 32 
 
 spotted willow 32 
 
 striped willow 32 
 
 Leaf-folder, locust 27 
 
 Leopard moth 40 
 
 Leptura, Canadian 37 
 
 Lichen-like beetle 36 
 
 Linden borer 36 
 
 Line-marked colydiid 43 
 
 Locust borer 35 
 
 leaf-folder 28 
 
 Lunated long-sting 41 
 
 Mahogany timber-beetle, large 46 
 
 Maple scale, cottony 33 
 
 gloomy 1 33 
 
 sugar, borer 35 
 
 worm, green-striped 29 
 
 worm, semi-looping 29 
 
 Mourning cloak butterfly 27 
 
 Mountain ash borer 27 
 
 Mulberry borer, ash colored 36 
 
 Northern Brenthis 39 
 
 Northwestern tent-caterpillar 31 
 
 Nut weevils 33 
 
 oak bark-beetle, minute 24 
 
 western 16 
 
 borer, dusty 36 
 
 southern 37 
 
 v a riabl e 37 
 
 carpenter worm 10 
 
 Caterpillar, green 30 
 
 red humped 30 
 
 live, root-borer 87 
 
 primer 8 1 
 
 span-worm, western 31 
 
 timber-worm. {Set Northern Brenthis.) 
 
 tUSBOCk caterpillar 29 
 
 twig Onnyrui 22 
 
 weh- worm 31 
 
 wood-stainer 45 
 
 worm, orange-striped 28 
 
 worm, spiny 28 
 
 ( trange-banded clerid 42 
 
 < Oregon Tomlcm 11,44 
 
 Ormyrus, oak twig 22 
 
 Pales weevil 34 
 
 PaleTremex 40 
 
 tussock caterpillar 29 
 
 Page. 
 
 Parasites, four-winged 43 
 
 Of rigid cypress borer 49 
 
 spruce-destroying beetle 26 
 
 wood-boring insects 42 
 
 Parmacheene bark-beetle 26 
 
 Pigeon Tremex 40 
 
 Pine bark-borer, flat-beaded 38 
 
 small 35 
 
 birdseye 22 
 
 borer, black-borned 37 
 
 knob-horned 35 
 
 lesser 35 
 
 obsolete 35 
 
 ponderous 35 
 
 ri bbed 37 
 
 butterfly 28 
 
 cone-worm, southern 33 
 
 destroyer, western 18 
 
 destroying beetle of the Black EUlls. 41,43,44 
 
 fungus-gall weevil 22 
 
 horntail, black 40 
 
 small 40 
 
 heartwood borer 39 
 
 hylurgops, western 19 
 
 Jeffrey, twig beetle 17 
 
 knobcone, bark-beetle 16 
 
 lodgepolc, bark-beetle 16 
 
 mountain, Dendroctonus 42, 44 
 
 wood-engraver 17 
 
 sawyer, common 35 
 
 shore, Hylesinus 20 
 
 silver, Tomicus 18 
 
 Sphinx 28 
 
 sugar, bark-weevil : 22 
 
 smaller Tomicus 17 
 
 wood-engraver 18 
 
 tussock caterpillar 29 
 
 twig maggot 23 
 
 miner 23 
 
 white, Abbott's, sawfly 32 
 
 Bawyer 35 
 
 twig-beetle 24 
 
 weevil 34 
 
 wood-engraver 25 
 
 wood-perforator 23 
 
 stabler, eastern 15 
 
 western 15 
 
 yellow, wood-engraver 17,11 
 
 Pitch-eatingweeyil 34 
 
 Platypus, Pan-American 39,45 
 
 western 15 
 
 Polyphemus moth 28 
 
 Ponderous sawyer 21 
 
 Poplar borer 35 
 
 carpenter worm 40 
 
 girdler 35 
 
 Sphinx, western 28 
 
 tent-maker 29 
 
 Powder-post luetics 23,39 
 
 Prionus. broad-necked 37 
 
 lesser 37 
 
 Primer, oak 34 
 
 Ptinid, giant arbor vitsa 23 
 
 borer, red-shouldered 39 
 
 Bed-headed Clytus 87 
 
55 
 
 Page 
 
 Red-shouldered ptinid borer 39 
 
 Redwood bark-beetle 45 
 
 Rhinoceros beetle 32 
 
 Rocky Mountain tent-caterpillar 31 
 
 Root-borer, Cottonwood 37 
 
 live oak 37 
 
 Rosy Hyparpax 30 
 
 Round-headed borers 34. 3-5 
 
 Rustic borer 38 
 
 Rusty tussock-moth 30 
 
 Sawnies 32 
 
 Sawfly, larch 32 
 
 large American 32 
 
 white pine 32 
 
 Sawyer, common pine 35 
 
 ponderous 21 
 
 white pine 21 
 
 Scale insects 33 
 
 Scolytus, California white flr 21 
 
 "fir branch 20 
 
 red spruce 26 
 
 single-spine 20 
 
 smaller fir tree 20 
 
 Seed and fruit insects 13 
 
 Seventeen-year Cicada 33 
 
 Single-spine Scolytus 20 
 
 Slug caterpillars 31 
 
 Small-eyed Elater 42 
 
 Smeared dagger-moth 29 
 
 Span-worm, western oak 31 
 
 large forest 31 
 
 Sphinx, ash 28 
 
 catalpa 28 
 
 four-horned 28 
 
 pine 28 
 
 wavy ash 28 
 
 western poplar 28 
 
 walnut 28 
 
 Spider-like clerid 42 
 
 Spring canker worm 31 
 
 Spruce bark-beetle 25 
 
 American 25 
 
 minute 20 
 
 black, wood-engraver 24 
 
 borer, wavy 37 
 
 cone-worm 33 
 
 Cryphalus 24 
 
 destroying beetle 26 
 
 Douglas, bark-borer 21 
 
 Hylesinus 20 
 
 twig- weevil 22 
 
 Englemann, gall-louse 23 
 
 red. ScolytDB 26 
 
 small bark-beetle 25 
 
 Sitka. Dolurgus IS 
 
 gall-louse 23 
 
 Hylurgops 19 
 
 Tomicus 17 
 
 twig-weevil 7 
 
 timber-beetle 16 
 
 twig wood-engraver, minute 24 
 
 weevil, western 34 
 
 white, bark-beetle 25 
 
 wood-borer, destructive 27. 07 
 
 Spruce wood-engraver 24 
 
 Page. 
 
 Sugar-cane ambrosia-beetle 45 
 
 Tent-caterpillar, American 31 
 
 Califomian 31 
 
 forest 30 
 
 northwestern 31 
 
 Rocky Mountain 31 
 
 tufted 30 
 
 maker, poplar 29 
 
 Thunderbolt beetle 37 
 
 Timber-beetle, birch 16 
 
 cosmopolitan 16 
 
 hickory 39 
 
 large mahogany 46 
 
 spruce 16 
 
 worm, chestnut 40 
 
 oak. [See Northern Bren- 
 this.) 
 
 Tomicus, four-spined IS 
 
 Hudson Bay 25 
 
 Oregon 17. 41 . 44 
 
 silver pine IS 
 
 Sitka spruce 17 
 
 smaller sugar pine 17 
 
 western five-spined 18 
 
 Tremex, pale 40 
 
 pigeon 40 
 
 ! Trogositids 43 
 
 Tuberculate colydiid 43 
 
 Tufted tent-caterpillar 30 
 
 Turpentine-beetle, dark red 19 
 
 borer 39 
 
 Tussock-caterpillar, hickory 29 
 
 oak 29 
 
 pale 29 
 
 pine 29 
 
 moth, California 30 
 
 dark 30 
 
 rusty 30 
 
 white-marked 30 
 
 Twig-beetle, Jeffrey pine 17 
 
 Monterey pine 16 
 
 Sitka spruce 17 
 
 white pine 24 
 
 insects 12 
 
 maggot 23 
 
 miner, pine 23 
 
 weevil, Douglas spruce 22 
 
 Two-lined chestnut borer 38 
 
 Dnderwing moths 29 
 
 Ur< tgraphis, banded 3S 
 
 Viceroy butterfly 27 
 
 Violet-tip butterfly 27 
 
 Walking-stick, common 32 
 
 Walnut borer, blue-winged 36 
 
 fruit weevil 33 
 
 Sphinx 28 
 
 weevil 34 
 
 Web- worm, cherry-leaf 31 
 
 fall 29 
 
 oak 31 
 
 Weevil, cypress 34, 46 
 
 fir 34 
 
 nut 33 
 
 pales 34 
 
 pine fungus-gall 22 
 
56 
 
 Page. 
 
 Weevil, pitch-eating 84 
 
 walnut 34 
 
 fruit 33 
 
 white pine 31 
 
 western spruee 31 
 
 White-horned horntail 10 
 
 White-marked tussock-moth 30 
 
 Willow leaf-beetle, spotted 32 
 
 striped 32 
 
 Wood-engraver, black spruce 24 
 
 iir 19 
 
 minute spruce twig 24 
 
 mountain pine 17 
 
 Page. 
 
 Wood-engraver, spruce 24 
 
 sugar pine 18 
 
 white pine 25 
 
 yellow pine 17,44 
 
 Woi ><1 1 >ecker work 26 
 
 Wood-perforator, pine 23 
 
 stainer, apple 45 
 
 eastern pine 15 
 
 western hemlock 15 
 
 oak 45 
 
 western pine 15 
 
 Yellow-winged horntail 40 
 
 o 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate I, 
 
 Fig. 1.— The Pine-destroyinq Beetle of the Black Hills. 
 a, Adult beetle, enlarged; b, adult beetle, natural size; c, larva; d, pupa. 
 
 Fiq. 2.— Destructive Pine Bark-beetle. 
 
 a, Adult beetle, enlarged; b, adult, natural size; c, pupa, enlarged; d, larva, enlarged; e, young 
 larva, enlarged; /, egg, enlarged; g, larva, natural size. (After author, in Bulletin No. 56, 
 West Virginia experiment station. ) 
 
 Fiq. 3.— Spruce-destroying Beetle. 
 
 a, Dorsal view of adult beetle; b, side view of larva; c, dorsal view of pupa— all greatly enlarged; 
 
 d. natural size of beetle. 
 (From Yearbook, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1902.) 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Work of the Lawson's Cypress Bark-beetle in Twigs of Living Trees. 
 
 a, Burrows at base of twig; 6, b, wounds covered with gum; c, deformed twig; d, wound where 
 
 twig has died and fallen 
 
 ? - " 6 
 
 Fig. 2.— The Lawson's Cypress Bark- 
 
 BEETLE: ADULTS, MALE AND FEMALE. 
 
 Fig. 3.— The Redwood Bark-beetle 
 (Phlceosinus SEQUOI/E Hopk.): 
 Adult, Enlarged. 
 
 (From Bui. 38, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate III 
 
 Work of the Pine-destroying Beetle of the Black Hills. Primary Galleries 
 and Larval Mines in Inner Surface of Living Bark. 
 
 a, Entrance and basal chamber: b. ventilating holes in roof of gallery; c, termination. 
 The larval mines radiate from the primary galleries. About one-half natural size. 
 (Author's illustration, Bui. 32, n. s., Div. of* Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
Bu 1 . 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. cf Agriculture. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 Work of the Spruce-destroying. Beetle. 
 
 a, Primary gallery; 6, borings packed in side; c, entrance and central burrow through the packed 
 borings; d, larval min es. (From Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1902.) 
 
 28235— No. 48—04- 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Work of Destructive Pine Bark-beetle. 
 
 o. a. a. a. Characteristic forms of primary galleries: b, normal forms of larval mines: c. abnormal 
 forms of larval mines— all slightlv reduced. (.Author's illustration, Yearbook. U. S. Dept. of 
 Agriculture. 1902.) 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 
 9- 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 _J« 
 
 I 
 
 | 
 
 j 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 Work of Dendroctonus frontalis and Dendroctonus terebrans. 
 
 a. Dendroctonus frontalis: A. adult: B. pupa: C, larva: D, adult of D. ml, us: E. larva.—*. D. 
 frontalis: A. tibia; B. tarsus; C. I>. E. antenna-: F, G, mouth part-. 1>. valens: 11. Tibia: 
 '/. tarsus: J. K. L. M. N, antenna?, all enlarged. — c. Pitch tube made by D. frontalis, natural 
 Size. — d. Healing wounds, from living pine tree, made by D. frontalis, reduced. — '. Pupa cases 
 of D. frontalis in outer pine bark.— -f. D. frontalis: A. B, Longitudinal section of primary gal- 
 leries; ''.egg in egg cavity inside of gallery, the latter enlarged, others reduced.— g. Healing 
 wounds in living tree: E. D. frontalis; E. i>. valens.— h. Work of D. frontalis in pine bark is 
 shown at A, C, D, E, E. G; work of /'. terebran* in pine bark at /-'. //. I: larva at work at //. 
 Both I>. frontal,:-- and D. terebrans attack spruce. (From Bui. 28, n. «... Div. of Entomology, 
 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. | 
 
Bui. 4E - • Entomology, U. 5 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
Bui. 43 1 ■ f Entorr >gj - 5. Dspl 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 51 £ 
 
 - _. a 
 
 "" ~ m 
 
 — "" CO 
 
 -= H 
 
 ~ = < 
 
 
 
 
 
 fc"r^i^?a 
 
 
 DD 
 
Bui. 48 Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 r ^ EL 
 
 T-. ' '2- 
 
 — = 2 
 x §.« 
 
B f E tomology, U. 5. Dep1 
 
 Plate XI. 
 
 Fig. l. 
 
 Fie. 3. Fig. 4. 
 
 Work of the Pine Destroying Beetle of the Black Hills Forest Reserve. 
 
 Fie. 1. Small freshly attacked pine tree, showing pitch tubes.— Fig. 2. Mark- of primary galleries 
 on the surface of wood when bark is removed.— Fig. 3. Freshly attacked tree, showing pitch 
 tubes. Adjoining tree not attacked.— Fig. 4. Dead tree: outer bark removed by woodpeckers. 
 
 (,Fr..m Bui. 32, n. s., Div. of Entomology. V. S. Dept. of Agriculture. - 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of En1 a J. S. Oc 
 
 Plate XII. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Cocoons of Bracon simplex, a 
 Parasite of the Spruce-destroying 
 Beetle. 
 
 The cocoons of E lex, in the larval 
 
 mines of Dendroctonus piceaperda, are shown 
 at n. I From Bui 28, n. >.. Div. ui" Entomol- 
 ogy, L". S. I>ept. of Agriculture.,/ 
 
 Fig. 2.— Work of the Pine-destroying 
 Beetle of the Black Hills. 
 
 a. Pitch tubes on surface of bark, much re- 
 duced: h. same, two-thirds natural size. 
 From Yearbook. U. S. Dent of Agriculture. 
 1902. 
 
Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept. I 
 
 Plate XIII. 
 
 Galleries and Mines of the Spruce-destroying Beetle. 
 
 Showing parts of six primary ^allerit-s. reduced about one-fourth. From Bui. 
 28, n. s., Div. of Entomology, P. S. Dept of Agriculture, i 
 
Bui. 48, D ; v. of Entomology, U S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate XIV. 
 
 Galleries and Mines of the Spruce Destroying Beetle. 
 (From Bui. 28, n. b., Div. of Entomology, r. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 
 
Bu 1 . 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept of Agncultu-e. 
 
 Plate XV. 
 
 Old Galleries of the Spruce Destroying Beetle. 
 
 a, Grooves on the surface of the wood of a tree that had been dead about twelve 
 years: b, wounds, or incomplete galleries, in bark of living tree: wound rilled 
 with pitch; c, from dead tree: d, from living tree, in which some of the wounds 
 were healing; e, from old dead tree, the sapwood of which was decaying, 
 i From Bui. 28, n. -., Div. of Entomology, l\ S. Dept. of Agriculture. | 
 
B'j . 48. Div. of Entomology. U. S. Dept of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate XVI 
 
 Work of the Yellow Pine Wood Engraver. Galleries in Inner 
 Bark and Surface of Wood. 
 
 About one-third natural size. Author's illustration. Bui. 32, n. s.. Div. of 
 Entomology, U. S. Kept, of Agriculture.) 
 
Bu!. 48, t ' _ -:^oiogy, U. S. Deo* "■ - -- 
 
 Plate XVII. 
 
 Work of Timber and Bark-beetles in Sfruce. 
 
 a. W«>rk of the spruce timber-beetle in the sapwood of spruce, natural >ize: h. fungus I Polyponu 
 volvattis) growing from mines <>t spruce timber-beetle on the surface of the wood after the 
 ltark had been removed, natural size; c, work of Phlaxttribw picea Hopk. MS. in spruce. 
 Prom Bui. 28, n. .-.. Div. of Entomology, I". S. Dept. <>i" Agriculture. 
 
- ~ ~ f Errl - J. S. Dept. of Ag 
 
 Plate XVIII. 
 
 ™ . 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 tf 
 
 . | ;.* 
 
 Work of Secondary and Other Enemies of Spruce. 
 
 a, Work of the white spruce bark-be s) in white spruce bark: b. work of spruce 
 
 (rood-engraver [Pityophthorus carinieeps Lee. in spruce bark and grooving the outer 
 wood; c, galleries of the destructive pine bark-beetle [Dendroctonus frontalis in pine 
 bark: also attacks spruce: d, work of the small red spruce bark-beetle - n. sp. | 
 
 on the surface of spruce wood; -. galleries of the spruce bark-beetle (Polygraphus rufir 
 - Kirbyi on surface of pieces of spruce driftwood, found in Parmacheene Lake. 
 (From Bui. 28, n. s.. Div. of Entomology, 17. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
Bui. 48 Div. of Entomology, U. S Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Platf. XIX. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Galleries of the Spruce Bark-beetle, Showing Different Stages. 
 
 <:. b, <■. Freshly excavated galleries in living bark: '/. old galleries in dead bark. From Bui. 28, 
 ii. b., Div. of Entomology. T". s. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology. U. S. DeDt. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate XX. 
 
 Mines of the Destructive Spruce Wood-borer. 
 
 Surface of the wood of a ' 
 size, i From Bui. 28, n. 
 
 peeled*' and felled spruce, showing mines, natural 
 s., Div. of Entomology. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, i 
 
- E - nology, U S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate XXi 
 
 Dead Spruce; also Fir and Birch. 
 
 a. Old dead spruce and a dead birch in cutting; hi, remains of very old dead spruce; ?>?. appear- 
 ance <>i spruce tree after it has been dead rive to ten years or more; -•. white spruce, dead three 
 or four years; '/. dead spruce, tir. and birch, killed by fire: >. dead spruce and rir on summit of 
 Rump Mountain. Maine. I From Bui. 28, n. s.. Div. of Entomology, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture.) 
 
Bui. 48, Div. of Entomology, U. S. Dept of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate XXII. 
 
 Work of the Redwood Bark-beetle. 
 
 a. Surface of wood grooved by primary galleries and larval mines: b. bark with galleries and 
 mines through inner layer: c, primary or egg gallery. | From Bui. 3S, Bureau of Forestry, 
 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) 
 

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA