/ /' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 115. L. O. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. CONTENTS AND INDEX. Issued February 5, 1915 WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1915. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY— BULLETIN No. 115. L. O. HOWARD. Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. PAPERS ON DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. I. LIFE-HISTORY STUDIES ON THE CODLING MOTH IN MICHIGAN. By A. G. HAMMAE, Entomological Assistant, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, 11/ THE ONE-SPRAY METHOD IN THE CONTROL OP THE CODLING MOTH AND THE PLUM CURCULIO. (SECOND REPORT.) By"A. L. QUAINTANCE, In Charge of Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations, AND E. W. SCOTT, Entomological Assistant. III/. LIFE HISTORY OF THE CODLING MOTH IN THE SANTA CLARA VALLEY OF CALIFORNIA. By P. R. JONES and W. M. DAVIDSON, Entomological Assistants, Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1915. B UREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. 0. Howard, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marlatt, Entomologist and Acting Chief in Absence of Chief. R. S. Clifton, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant. F. H. Chittenden, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. F. M. Webster, in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. Quaintance, in charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Phillips, in charge of bee culture. A. F. Burgess, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations. Rolla P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. Mabel Colcord, in charge of library. Deciduous Fruit Insect Investigations. A. L. Quaintance, in charge. Fred E. Brooks, John B. Gill, R. L. Nougaret, A. C. Baker, R. A. Cushman, J. F. Strauss, W. F. Turner, J. H. Paine, E. H. Siegler, W. B. Wood, F. L. Sim anton, E. B. Blakeslee, H. B. Scammell, entomological assistants. E. J. Newcomer, W. M. Davidson, A. J. Ackerman, R. J. Fiske, Dwight Isely, E. W. Geyer, A. I. Fabis, B. R. Leach, H. G. Ingerson, H. K. Plank, scien- tific assistants. E. W. Scott, W. S. Abbott, J. E. Dudley, Jr., employed in enforcement of insecticid* act of 1910. v CONTENTS. Page. Life-History Studies on the Codling Moth in Michigan. A. G. Hammar . . 1 Introduction 1 Definition of terms used 2 Seasonal-history studies of 1909 3 Time of emergence of moths of spring brood 3 Time of emergence of moths of the first brood 4 Band-record experiments in 1909 5 Seasonal-history studies of 1910 6 Wintering larvae 6 Spring brood of pupae 8 Spring brood of moths 11 The first generation 14 The second generation 23 Band records of 1910 26 Summary of seasonal-history studies of 1910 31 Seasonal-history studies of 1911 32 Source of rearing material 33 Winter-killed larvae 33 Spring brood of pupae 34 Spring brood of moths 37 The first generation 42 The second generation 55 Band records of 1911 60 Summary of seasonal-history studies of 1911 65 Weather records for 1909. 1910, and 1911 66 Comparative life-history studies for the seasons of 1909. 1910. and 1911 70 Insect enemies 73 Predaceous insects 73 Parasitic insects 74 Nematode worms 76 Miscellaneous observations 76 Number of larval instars and molts of the codling moth 76 Cannibalism among larvae of the codling moth 83 Codling moth larvae remaining two seasons in the larval stage 83 Codling moth larvae feeding on apple foliage 84 Summary 84 The One-Spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum Curculio (second report). A. L. Quaintance and E. W. Scott. . 87 Introduction 87 Experiments in Virginia 88 The codling moth 89 The plum curculio 91 VII VIII DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. The One-Spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum Curculio (second report) — Continued. Page. Experiments in Michigan 92 The codling moth 94 Experiments in Delaware 98 The codling moth , 100 The plum curculio 102 Experiments in Kansas 102 The codling moth 105 Summary of results 107 Conclusions 110 Life History of the Codling Moth in the Santa Clara Valley of Cali- fornia P. R. Jones and W. M. Davidson. . 113 Introduction 113 Seasonal-history studies of 1909 114 Spring brood of pupae 114 Spring brood of moths 115 First generation 115 Second generation 118 Seasonal-history studies of 1910 119 Spring brood of pupae 119 Spring brood of moths 122 First generation 126 Second generation 135 Review of life-history work of 1910 142 Seasonal -history studies for 1911 143 Spring brood of pupae 143 Spring brood of moths 147 First generation 150 Second generation 156 Natural enemies of the codling moth 160 Parasitic insects 160 Predaceous insects 161 Band records of 1909 161 Band records of 1910 162 Band records of 1911 163 First-brood emergence v. overwintering emergence, 1911 164 Review of life-history work of 1911 165 Comparison of life history in 1910 and 1911 165 Weather records for 1909, 1910, and 1911 166 Comparative life-history studies for the seasons 1909, 1910, and 1911 170 Control of the codling moth on pears and apples in the Santa Clara Valley. 171 The O'Toole pear orchard at Alviso, Cal 172 Spraying operations 172 Season of 1910 172 Season of 1911 175 The Northern apple orchard 177 Season of 1911 177 Conclusions from experiments in control 179 Summary 180 Index 183 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Plate I. The codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella). Fig. 1. — Variation in size of moths of the spring brood. Fig. 2. — Two moths resting on the trunk of an apple tree, showing protective coloration. Fig. 3. — Larva in winter cocoon. Fig. 4. — Larva in the act of remodeling the winter cocoon. Fig. 5. — Modified winter cocoon, with exit tube and silk partition. Fig. 6. — Cocoon after emergence of moth. Fig. 7. — Variation in size of wintering larvae 1 II. Outdoor shelter used in rearing the codLng moth in 1910 and 1911 at Douglas, Mich 6 III. Insect enemies of the codling moth. Pig. 1. — Ascogaster carpocapsse, a hymenopterous parasite of codling-moth larvae. Fig. 2. — Cocoon of Ascogaster carpocapsse within a cocoon of the codling moth. Fig. 3. — Pinacodera limbata, a predaceous beetle destructive to cod- ling-moth larvae. Figs. 4, 5. — Tenebroides corticalis, beetle and larva, which feed upon the larva and pupa of the codling moth 74 IV. Fig. 1. — Picked apples from three trees of Plat I (demonstration) in the Edward Hutchins orchard, Fennville, Mich. Fig. 2, — Picked apples from three trees of Plat III (one spray) in the Edward Hutchings orchard, Fennville, Mich. Fig. 3. — Picked apples from three trees of Plat V (unsprayed) in the Edward Hutchins orchard, Fennville, Mich 96 TEXT FIGURES. Fig. 1. Emergence curve of spring brood of moths in 1909 at Douglas, Mich. Records of R. W. Braucher 3 2. Emergence curve of first brood of moths in 1909 at Douglas, Mich 4 3. Curves showing maturity of larvae of first and second broods; band- record curve of 1909 at Douglas, Mich 5 4. Device in obtaining pupal records of the codling moth 8 5. Diagram showing time of spring pupation of codling moth in 1910 at Douglas, Mich 9 6. Emergence curve of spring brood of moths in 1910 at Douglas, Mich 12 7. Emergence curve of summer brood of moths in 1910 at Douglas, Mich. . 18 8. Cage used in determining feeding period of codling-moth larvae 26 9. Burlap bands on apple tree to catch codling-moth larvae 28 10. Curves made from band-record experiments in orchards at the lake shore near Douglas, at Saugatuck, and at New Richmond, Mich., 1910 30 11. Diagram to illustrate seasonal history of the codling moth as observed during 1910 at Douglas, Mich 32 12. Curve of spring pupation of the codling moth in 1911 at Douglas, Mich . . 35 13. Curve showing relation of temperature to the duration of the pupal stage in the spring brood of the codling moth ; Douglas, Mich., 1911 . . 36 IX X DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Page. Fig. 14. Emergence curve of moths of the spring brood in 1911 at Douglas, Mich 38 15. Curve showing relation of the temperature to the time of incubation of first-brood and second-brood eggs of the codling moth at Douglas, Mich., 1911 45 16. Emergence curve of moths of the summer brood in 1911 at Douglas, Mich 50 17. Mailing case used for shipping codling-moth larvae 62 18. Curves made from band-record experiments in orchards at the lake shore near Douglas, at Douglas, and at New Richmond, Mich., 1911. . * 64 19. Curves made from band-record experiments in orchards at Pentwater, Douglas, and Benton Harbor, Mich., 1911 66 20. Diagram illustrating seasonal history of the codling moth as observed during 1911 at Douglas, Mich 67 21. Diagram showing time of emergence and relative abundance of spring- brood and summer-brood codling moths, and blooming period of apple trees, during 1909, 1910, and 1911, at Douglas, Mich 71 22. Diagram showing time of leaving the fruit by the first-brood and second-brood larva? of the codling moth during 1909, 1910, and 1911, at Douglas, Mich 72 23. Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the W. F. Gilkeson orchard, near Fishersville, Va 88 24. Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the Edward Hutch- ins orchard near Fennville, Mich 93 25. Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the F. C. Bancroft orchard, near Camden, Del 99 26. Diagram showing arrangement of plats and trees in the Thomas fruit farm orchard, near Wichita, Kans 1 03 27. Diagram showing emergence of moths, derived from band-record material collected in 1909 117 28. Diagram showing emergence of moths, derived from band-record material collected in 1909 118 29. Diagram showing time of pupation of spring brood of pupa?, 1910 119 30. Diagram showing emergence of first-brood moths for 1910 133 31. Diagram showing seasonal history of the codling moth during the season of 1910 142 32. Diagram showing pupation of spring brood of larva?, 1911 144 33. Diagram showing emergence of moths; overwintering brood of 1911 144 34. Diagram showing first-brood pupa?, 1911 152 35. Diagram showing emergence of first-brood moths, 1911 154 36. Diagram showing band record of 1909 162 37. Diagram showing band record of 1910 163 38. Diagram showing band record, Northern orchard, 1911 164 39. Diagram showing seasonal history of the codling moth during the season of 1911 1 66 ERRATA Page 1, after Assistant, replace period by comma. Page 3, legend to figure 1, for Emergency read Emergence. Page 32, legend to figure 1, after Douglas insert a comma. Page 42, legend to Table XLII, for emale read female. Page 161. line 20, for Melachius read Malachius. INDEX Arsenate of lead — Page. against codling moth 172-180 and Bordeaux mixture against codling moth, plum curculio, and apple scab 94-98, 104-107 and lime-sulphur, commercial, against codling moth and plum curculio . . 89-112 and lime-sulphur, home-boiled, against codling moth and plum curculio. . 93-98 distillate-oil emulsion, and tobacco extract against codling moth and pear thrips 179-180 Ascogaster carpocapsse, parasite of codling moth ! 6, 74-76, 86 Bordeaux mixture — against apple scab 94 and arsenate of lead against apple scab, codling moth, and plum curcu- lio 94-98,104-107 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) Chelonus carpocapsse. (See Ascogaster carpocapsse.) Chrysopa sp., enemy of codling moth „ . . . 74 Codling moth in Michigan — band records of 1909 5-6 band records of 1910 26-31 band records of 1911 60-65 cannibalism among larvae 83 cocoon of wintering larva 6-7 life-history studies for the seasons of 1909, 1910, and 1911, comparison 70-73 definition of terms used 2-3 first-brood eggs, effect of temperature on time of incubation 44-45 first-brood eggs, length of incubation 14, 42-44 first-brood larvae, larval life in cocoon 15-16, 47 first-brood larvae, length of feeding period 15, 46 first-brood larvae, percentage of those transforming and wintering 15, 47 first-brood larvae, time of hatching 14-15, 46 first-brood larvae, time of maturity 15, 47 first-brood moths, egg deposition by individual moths 19-20 first-brood moths, length of life 20-21, 52-53 first-brood moths, time of emergence 4, 18, 50-51 first-brood moths, time of oviposition 18-19, 51-52 first-brood pupae, length of stage 17, 49 first-brood pupae, time of pupation 17, 48-49 first generation 14-23, 42-55 insect enemies 73-76 larvae feeding on apple foliage 84 larvae remaining two seasons in larval stage 83-84 larval instars and molts, number 76-83 life cycle of first generation 21-23, 53-55 miscellaneous observations 76-84 poison spray applications, time to apply them 86 75716— Bull. 115—15 2 183 184 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES. Codling moth in Michigan — Continued. p age> rearing material, source 33 seasonal-history studies of 1909 3-6 seasonal-history studies of 1910 6-31 seasonal -history studies of 1911 32-66 second-brood eggs, effect of temperature on time of incubation 58 second-brood eggs, length of incubation 23-24, 55-58 second-brood larvae, length of feeding period 25, 60 second-brood larvae, time of hatching 24-25, 58-60 second-brood larvae, time of leaving fruit 25, 60 second generation 23-25, 55-60 spring-brood moths, egg deposition by individual moths 38-40 spring-brood moths, egg deposition in stock-jar experiments 40-41 spring-brood moths, length of life 13, 41-42 spring-brood moths, period of egg deposition 41 spring-brood moths, time of emergence 3-4, 11, 37 spring-brood moths, time of oviposition 12-13 spring-brood moths, variation in size 11 spring-brood pupae, length of pupal stage 10-11, 35 spring-brood pupae, methods of recording pupation 8-9 spring-brood pupae, relation of temperature to duration of stage 35-37 spring-brood pupae, time of pupation 9, 34 summary, general 84-86 summary of seasonal-history studies of 1910 31 summary of seasonal-history studies of 1911 65-66 weather records for 1909, 1910, and 1911 66-70 wintering larvae 6-8 wintering larvae, cocoon 6-7 wintering larvae, variation in size 7 winter-killed larvae 7-8, 33-34 Codling moth in Santa Clara Valley of California — band records of 1909 161-162 band records of 1910 162-163 band records of 1911 163-164 comparative life-history studies for 1909, 1910, and 1911 170-171 comparison of life history in 1910 and 1911 165-166 control on pears and apples 171-180 first-brood eggs 115 first-brood eggs, incubation period 126-128, 150-151 first-brood emergence v. overwintering emergence 164-165 first-brood larvae 115 first-brood larvae, larval life in cocoon 129-130 first-brood larvae, number developing in one apple 128, 151 first-brood larvae, period of feeding in fruit 128-129 first-brood larvae, time of hatching 128, 151 first-brood moths, oviposition period 134, 154 first-brood moths, time of emergence 117-118, 133-134, 154 first-brood pupae 115-117 first-brood pupae, length of stage 130-133 first-brood pupae, time of pupation 130, 152-153 first generation 115-118, 126-135, 150-155 life cycle of first generation 134-135, 155 natural enemies 160-161 review of life-historv work of 1910 142-143 INDEX. 185 Codling moth in Santa Clara Valley of California — Continued. Page. review of life-history work of 1911 165 seasonal-history studies of 1909 114-118 seasonal-history studies of 1910 119-143 seasonal-history studies of 1911 143-160 second-brood eggs 118 second-brood eggs, incubation period 135-140, 156-159 second-brood larvae, feeding period 140-141, 159-160 second-brood larvae, time of hatching 159 second-brood larvae, time of leaving fruit for wintering 141-142,160 second generation 118, 135-142, 156-160 second series of larvae 143-146 spring-brood moths 115 spring-brood moths, longevity 149-150 spring-brood moths, period of oviposition 125-126, 149 spring-brood moths, relative percentage of larvae wintering from band material and percentage emerging as first-brood moths the year larvae were collected 124-125 spring-brood moths, time of day moths emerged 125, 148-149 spring -brood moths, time of emergence 122-123, 147 spring-brood moths, time of emergence versus time wintering larvae leave fruit preceding year 123-124, 148 spring-brood pupae 114 spring-brood pupae, comparative length of pupal periods of male and female larvae 122 spring-brood pupae, length of spring pupal stage 120-122 spring-brood pupae, time of pupation 119, 143 summary 180-181 temperature conditions for spring brood of pupae, 1911 146-147 weather records for 1909, 1910, and 1911 166-170 Codling moth, one-spray method in control — conclusions 110-112 experiments in Delaware % 98-102 experiments in Kansas 102-107 experiments in Michigan \ 92-98 experiments in Virginia 87-91 summary of results 107-109 Davidson, W. M., Jones, P. R., and, paper, "Life History of the Codling Moth in the Santa Clara Valley of California " 113-181 Distillate-oil emulsion, tobacco extract, and arsenate of lead against pear thrips and codling moth 179-180 Hairworm, enemy of codling moth 161 Hammar, A. G., paper, ' 'Life History Studies on the Codling Moth in Michigan" . 1-86 Jones, P. R., and Davidson, W. M., paper, "Life History of the Codling Moth in the Santa Clara Valley of California " 113-181 Lace wing fly. (See Chrysopa sp.) Lime sulphur — commercial, against codling moth and plum curculio 89-102 commercial, and arsenate of lead against codling moth and plum curculio. . 89-112 home-boiled, and arsenate of lead against codling moth and plum curculio. 93^98 Malachius xneus 161 Malachius auritus, enemy of codling moth 161 Mermithidae. (See Hairworm.) Nematode worms, parasites of codling moth 76 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 186 DECIDUOUS FRUIT INSECTS AND "" "3 1262 08928 8434 One-spray method against codling moth and plum curculio— Page. conclusions 110-112 summary of results 107-109 paper 87-112 Pinacodera limbata, enemy of codling moth 74 Platynus placidus, enemy of codling moth 74 Plum curculio, one-spray method in control — conclusions 110-112 experiments in Delaware 98-99, 102 experiments in Kansas 102-104 experiments in Michigan 92-94 experiments in Virginia 88-89, 91-92 summary of results 107-109 Quaintancb, A. L., and Scott, E. W., paper, "The One-Spray Method in the Control of the CodL ; ag Moth and the Plum Curculio " 87-112 Scott, E. W., Quaintance, A. L., and, paper, "The One-Spray Method in the Control of the Codling Moth and the Plum Curculio " 87-112 Tenebroides castanea, enemy of codling moth 74 Tenebroides corticalis, enemy of codling moth 73-74 Tobacco extract, distillate -oil emulsion, and arsenate of lead against pear thrips and codling moth 179-180 Trichogramma preliosa, parasite of codling moth 160-161 o