^ ubrary E-467 STATE PLANT BOARlJei^raary 1939 >^\ri/3 miriSD STATES DEPAHTMEilT OF AGRICJLTUHE Bureau of Entomology and Plant Qjui^rantinc CHEIvIICALS Airo METHODS USED IH TREATMENTS OE TREES 3Y INJECTIONS, WITH AITI'IOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY By R. K. Carter, Division of Insecticide Investigations The injection of dieinicals into trees and grovring plants has been of interest for many years. Some of the earliest records date hack to the early part of the seventeenth caitury. Craighead and St. George (24) have recently published a review of the work that has "been done by the United States Department of Agriculture on the control of forest insects "by this means, and they include a historical resume of the early work in the field. Many methods of introducing chemicals into trees have hcGn proposed and several have heen patented. They arc all based on tlx; idea of in- troducing chemicals into the sap stream of the living plant, to he dis- trilDuted throughout the plant "by the circulation of the sap. The objectives of these treatments are varied and include (l) the tracing of the course of the sap stream by colored solutions, (2) the coloring of the v/ood for special purposes, (o) the preservation of the viood from decay, (4) the treatment of diseases rcsiilting from the deficiency of certain chemicals, (5) the poisoning of undesirable tree ^ species, (6) stimulation and fertilization by nutrient solutions, (?) the control of fungous organisms and diseases, and (8) the control of insects attacking the plants. In cases v;here tree injections arc practiced with the idea only of .* , introducing a preservative into the v/ood, saving the life of the tree is of minor importance. Attempts to kill insects attacking living trees by means of the introduction of chemicals into the sap stream and v/ithout harming the host have not been uniformly successful. Craighead and St. George (24) state that to their knov;ledgc no practical method of killing the parasite without ha.rming the host has been developed. The successful control of insects attacking trees by injection of chemicals has, however, ^ been reported by several other investigators. Others have reported very C' favorable results from the injection of nutrient and fertilizing solutions V into trees, without harmful effects. Beneficial effects from the in- \ "J jections of antiseptic and fungicidal compounds have also been reported > ^ as v/ell as the curing of mineral deficiency diseases, such as chlorosis, ^ by the injection of solutions containing the missing element. Consideration of the list of chemicals that have been used in this kind of vrork reveals the fact that a systematic investigation of the dif- ferent classes of chemical compounds has not been made. It should appear ^^ ■^ ^ <. - 2 - possible to find, among all the compounds availaljlo, certain ones tliat could "bo injected into trees vithout harmful effects, and which vould render them toxic or repellent to insects and fungous organisms. The chemical and ph-^siological principles arc apparently sound, and the in- creased application of tree injections avraits only the discovery of the right compounds for the particular purposes desired. There is presented herewith, for the information of those interested, an annotated hihliography of the references in the literature on the subject of tree injection and medication with chemicals. The references are ar- ranged alphabetically, and the list is intended to be complete up to January 31, 1938, A list of United States patents relating to injcctiojis into trees is also included. Anonjrmous (l) 1709. Sur la. circulation de la seve dans les plant es. Hist, Acad. Roy, Sci. 1709:44-49, (Cited by J. Sachs, G-eschichte der Botanik, p. 508, 1875, (Munich.) Magnol introduced colored solutions into plants in order to find through v/hat channels the sap passed, AnonjT-mous . (2) . 1927-28 Inoculation of trees for scale tried in South Africa, Calif, Citrograph 13-14:439. Reference is made to a recent issue (not specified v;hich) of The South African Citrus Grower in v/hich a process of injec- tion with a serum is recommended for the control of scale insects on citras trees. The (jLiestion is raised as to the efficacy of this treatment. Anonymous ( 3) 1935. Injection of fertilizers into fruit trees, research in progress at East Mailing, Chcm. Age (London) 32:528. ' Reference is made to the annual report for the 22nd year of the East Mailing Research Station under the auspices of the Kent Incorporated Society for Promoting Experiments in Horticulture, The invigoration of trees by the injection of fertilizers as an altei-native to applying them to the soil v/as one of the nev/ de- velopments. The cure of chlorosis in a peach tree by injections of iron sulphate is also mentioned, Anon;^aiioiis • (4) 1937. Beetles in trees controlled by poison carried in sap stream 'oy new method. DuRont Agr. ITev/s Letter 5:11-12. Excerpts, Canad. - Ent. 69:23. - o - • An a-ostract .of in-'orTTiation in the article "Experinental work vath treo medication" v;hich F. C. Craighead and R, A. St^ . Geor^'B presented at 8th annual meeting of the Eastern .Branch of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Zinc chloride and copper sulphate are mentioned. Bcdard, ¥, D, 1938, Control of mountain pine 'boctlcs hv means of choL;icals, Jour.- Eorcstry, 36:55-40, (5) The article descriocs experiments for the -control of mountain pine "ocotles hy the introduction of chemicals into trees oy in- jections. The materials used included sodium arscnitc, zinc chloride, sodium fluoride, copper ' sulpha to, potassium cyanide, sodium arsenate, sodium fluosilicate, mercuric chloride, amnonium fluoride, sodrom thiocyanate. All hut copper sulphate, sodixm arsenate, and zinc chloride have iDoen discarded "because of their ineffectiveness or their extreme toxicity ?Jid consequent danger in tise. Bennett, J, P. (6) 1931 The treatment qf lime-induced chlorosis with iron salts. Univ. of Calif,. Agr. 3::pt. Sta. Circ. 521, 12 pp. Dry salts as well afj solutions were injected into trees for the temporary cure of chlorosis. Any soluhle iron salt may oe used for this purpose. Mention is m.ade of iron sv.lphate, iron • chloride, iron nitrate, ferrous or ferric citrate or tartrate, and iron ammoniLim tartrate. Holes v/ere hored i-nto the tree trunk and the materials vrcre put in dry and also in solution, Blin, H, (7) 1935. -La regeneration des arhros fraitiers par la nutrition artif iciclle. La nature, 63 ( l) : 304-6, il^us. Injections of nutrient solutions were made into fruit trees v/ith very good results. Blinlcs, L. R. (8) 1928, The injection of sulfates into valonia. Jour G-en, Physiol, 12: 207-8. Potassi'jm chloride and sulphate v;ere injected into the cells of Valonia (a species of oaJc) . The surviving cells tolerated the presence of these solutions. - 4 - Bolley, H. L. , (9) 1903. Tree feedins and tree medication. 1^1. Dale. A,^r, Expt. Sta. (I4th) Ann. Rept., pp. 55-58. Mention is made of the injection of solutions of chemicals into apple trees and Cottonwood troes, "but no data are given as to the compouiids xised, Bolley, H. L. ( 10) 1904, E:^erimcnts on internal tree fcedin;?; and medication. IT. Da]:, Afzv, Expt, Sta, Ann. Rept,, p. 56, A "brief statement is made concerning the v/oi^.c on tree medication out no details are {^ivon. Bonnet, Charles (ll) 1754. Rechcrchcs sv.r 1' usage de fcuillcs dans los plants, ct sur quclques autrcs, Sujccts rolatifs a 1' histoire do la vegetation. 343 pp. illus, Boucher ic, A. (12) 1840, Mem.oire sur la conservation dcs "bois. Ann, Chim, et Phys. 74:113-157, In injection ercperiments the author uc-ed an 8-percent solution of crvide pyrolignite of iron, a 15-Tbercent solution of calciiom and sodium chloilde, an alcoholic solution of sodium sulphate and rosin, iron sulphate, mercuric chloride, arsenic acid, sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, and zinc siilphate for the preservation of './ood against decomposition, Boucherie, A, (15) 1841, ITou.velles recherche s sur la conservation des "bois, CornDt. Rend, Acad, Sci. [Paris] 12:337-339, A continuation of the ^.'ork on the injection of chemicals into trees "by means of holes and sav; cuts. Broohs, E, T,, and Bailey, H. A, " (14) 1920, Silver loaf disease (including oDservations upon the injections of trees vith antiseptics). Jour. Pomol, l(2):81-103. Iron sulphate, artificial manures, salicylic acid, neo- salvarsan, cosin, methyl violet, congo red, gentia;i violet, and mcth2''lcne hluc , vrore injected into tree through the roots. Corrosive suhlimate, quinine sulphate, and sodium arsenate were also tried. _ 5 - Buff on, G. L. L. • . (l5) 1755, Histoire naturelle des arlores. Bull, Heiary, and Chapma:i, S, A« (l6) 1935. Killing undesiralsle ha-rdvoods in Southern forosts, U. S, D&pt, Agr, Forest Scrv, Occas, Paper 50, 19 pp., "biolioc* The most effective method of poisoning is to sv/ah or, pour the poison into a complete girdle or frill around the tree. In general arsenlcals have "been more v;idely used. Amor^ otiier suljstances tha,t have heen found effective in killing trees and shruhs, the follov/ing may he mentioned as representative: Sodium and calcium chlorates, potassium diromate and bichromate, copper and iron sulphates, copper, sodium, harium, and zinc chlorides, aramoni-o-m thiocyanato, formalde- hyde, carholic acid, sodium fluoride, ethylene oxide, cresylic acid, kerosene, and creosote. Different investigations in vrhich the same poison v;as used have frequently given different results. It is vovy difficult to drav; specific conclusions. Calvino, K. (l?) 1919. Intra organic injections for the purpose of increasing the yield of plazits, o:pcrimcnts in Mexico and Cuha, Rev, Com, y Trao, [Cuha] 2:237-291. Havana. Old por?.r trees vroro revised and made to "boar fruit oy injections of nutrient solutions. Coffignies, J. (l8) 1910, L' emploi du sulfate de for pour comhattre la chlorose des arores fruitiers. Rev. Eort. [Paris] 82:496-497. Fruit trees were injected vith iron sulphate in the control of fungi7.s diseases such as chlorosis, Collison, R, C, Harlan, J. D., and Sv/eeney, M. P. (l9) 1932, Direct tree injection in the study of tree nutrition proDlems. H. Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta, Tech, Bull. 192,36pp. ," hiDliog. The purpose of these injections v;as to supply nutrients to the trees "by direct injection. The materials included potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, Liagnesium nitrate, urea, aminonium su?-phate, potassium nitrate plus potassium di-hydrogen i^hosphate, magnesium nitrate plus sxigar, and potassium di-hydrogen phosphate. Cope, Joshua A., and Spaeth, J. ITclson. (20) 1931. The killing of trees v/ith sodium arsenitc. Jour, Forestry 29:775-783. - 6 - A sodi-jjn arscnitc sqlAition injoctccl into the trcG3 thro"J.ch an axe cut, or "by a r.pocially designed tool vrhich is dcGcri-lood, is rcconncndcd. Cotta, PI. (21) 1806. iTaturlDcolDachtungcn llocr die 3cvc'^n{; und FunJction dos Saftos in don G-ovT'dchsen, mit vorziiglicher Hinsicht auf Holzpflanzen, 96 pp. , illus, l/einar. Crai.^head, F. C. , and St. G-eorge, R. A. (22) 1930 iJevr tecliniaue in tree medication for the control of "bark "beetles, Sci, (j.3.) 72: 433-435. A method of injection of chemicals into trees is described. The solutions used vjere '.'ood alcohol, caroon disulphide plus kerosene 50:50, copper sulphate, oth2'l monochloroacctate, ethylene dichloridc, formaldehyde and v/atcr 40 percent solution, hydrocj^'anic acid in water 5 percent, mercuric clilorido solution, potassium cyanide solu- tion, sodiu.i arscnito soltition, sodiujn fluoride solution, zinc chloride, Craighead, F. C, St. aoorgo, R. A., and '.?ilford, 3. H. (23) 1937. A nothod fo:.' prcvonting insect injury to materials used for posts, polos, and rustic conc'trjction. U. S. Dopt. Agr. Circ. E-405, 8 pp. , illus. ilethods of injection for living trees arc dcscrihod. RecOi.incndations arc made for the correct dosages of copper sulphate and zinc chloride for medicating shortloaf pines of various height and diameter cls.sscs, Craighead, ?. C, rnd St, G-oorge, R. A. (24) 1938, !E:-perim^;ntal I'ork ''ith the introduction of chom.icals into the nao stream of trees for the control of insects, Jolu-. Forestry 35:26-34, oioliog, A review of the vrork of the Bureau of Entom.olO:';^ and Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture, on the introduction of chemicals into the sap stream of trees for the purpose of pro- tection against hark beetles and other insects and for preservation of the vrood. The chemicals listed as effective for insect control are zirc chloride, copper sulphate, mercuric chloride, zinc meta- arscnite, sodium arse:iato, sodium arsenite, sodi-jjn fluoride, ammonium hifluoridc, and ammonium copper ars.onito. Also tried hut \'ithout much success v;ere sodium "borate, sodium nitrate, potassiiom nitrate, pj'-ridinc, ethvlene dichloridc, forr.aldohydc, ethyl alcohol, mcth-^1 alcohol, "butyl alco''-ol, po':as3ium cyanide, h-'drocyanic acid, car'bon disulphide, and ether. Listed as ineffective are sodium sulphide, potassium dichromate, ethyl mercuric chloride, ethyl m.ercuric sulphate, chromic acid, picric acic". , orthodichlorohcnzone, gasoline, kerosene, and creosote. - 7 - Dcu"bcr, Carl, G-. 1929. (25) Theory of tree, injections. Proc, Ann. Ileetin/; 5th "Tat' 1. Shade Tree Conf., pp. 37-38. The author discusses the v'ork of various e::qperinenters in this field. He points out tlia.t ihis is an extremely difficult field of research "but that there is a possi"bility of the control of certain plant and insect parasites. Dezeani, S, (26) 1913, Sul comportamento dell' acido cianidrico iniettato nelle piante. Arch. Farnacol. Sper, e Sci, Aff, 16:539-5'i6, This is a study of th.e effect of cyanides v/hen introduced into plant s , Elliot, J. A, (27) 1917. The conduction of cyanide of •r)Otassium in "olants. PhytoTDathology 7:443-449. Experiments were conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the path of condiction of potassium c^.-^anide in plants, "both heroaceous and v;oody. Tests for cyanide v/ere made "by ferric chloride, and ferrous sulphate r.olution. The injury to the plants exactly corres- ponded to tlio distrioution of tjiO potassium cyanide. Flint, I'J. P. (23) 1915. The effects of cyanide on tho locus Sci. n.s. 41:725-7,?7. Ijoror an:, the locust tree. ?ron, G-, 1909. The author injected a 98-pcrccnt-pu.rc potassium cyanide and a sodium chloride-sodium carDonatc-sodiiim cyanide mixture containing 35 to 38 T)crcont sodium q,''anido into iDorc holes in locust trees with injury to tho trees, lyo apparent control of the locust "borers v;as noticed. Many trees died, some from tho cyanide perhaps, some from borer injury'-. Many untreated trees died. ITo diemical tests were made for tho presence of cyanide. . . (29) Contrioution a 1' etude dc 1' alimentation cxtraracinairc dcs arbrcs fruiticrs. Jour, Soc. Fatl. Hort . Prance (Scr. 4) 10:54-59, illus. Pc-ir trees were treated ^dth solutions of iron sulphate and calcium, nitrate. The vigor of the trees appeared to "be increased "but the improvement v^as confined to. portions of the tree only. The author 'bclicvod this method to he of little practical value in frait culture. Gaudichaud, M. (30) 1841, Note .•relativement ai quelqu.es points de la derniere conmuT-ication de M. le docteur "boucherie sur la vascularites do vegetaux. Compt, Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris] 12:3,69-372. The author discusses the vrork of Boucherie on tree and plant injection, G-aunersdorfer , J. (3l) 1887, Das Verhalten der Pflanzon hci Veri'^iftun^en spezioll durch Lithiurasalz. Landv;. Vers, Sta, 34:171-206. Lithium sulphate vras injected into plants and trees including small conifers, Gordon, A, (32) 1925. Injection of dicmicals into trees, Calif. Countryman 12:9,22,23, iKiring the course of investigations of the injections of chemicals into trees hy a ncv/ly invented method, the author v/oricing v.dth Lipman met v.'ith success in destroying the aphids on the leaves of certain trees v/ithin 24 hours by the use of a certain soluble compound, ITo mention is made of the compound used, Magnesi^jim nitrate had a sti".ulating effect on trees i-fnen injected into them. Gordon, A., and Lipman, C. B, (33) 1925, further suggestions for the application of the Lipman-Gordon method of tree injection. Sci. n.s, 6-1:602, Suggestions arc that injections may he valuable for (l) the protection of citrus and similar trees against freezing by in- jections of electrolytes and non-electrol2''tos, (2) the stimulation of fruit trees to a much groatcr fruit-bud production than the normal, and (3) the cure of the chestnut blight, Graliam, R. J. D. , and Stcv'-art, L. 3. (34) 1927-28, Injection e~ocrimcnts on trees, Bot, Soc, Edinb. Trans, and Proc, 30:19-20, Solutions of copper sulphate ^'^cre i?it reduced into trunks of trees ( Sali:: alba, ?agus s^^-lv ostris, TJlmus campc stris, Acer p s judoDlat amis , Tilia europao , and Pvrus malus) about 3 feet above the ground, the course of the solutions being traced by the use of -ootassium ferro-cvanidc. - 9 - Hal OS, St ox/ncr., . ( 55 ) 17ri7, ■'.''o^x^la'oio stVoicks, or an account of somo statical experiments on the 3a.p in vcgotaolcs, Dcinr; an ossa;^ toviard a natural history of V j-'^o'^-'^tion. 376 p'o., illus, Haring, C. M. (36) 1022, ICillirj trees and stvjnps >/itli cnemicalr, Calif. Agr. -]:cpt. Sta.. Ropt. 95, Annual Report of the Director. The a^ith'-^r used v.f'^ito arsejiic oxide 1 pound, 'fasliing soda 1 pound or caustic soda 1/2 pcmd and 4 ;7-allons of "fater. Solvations poured into a::e cuts made near the "base of eucaljrptus trees uere very offoctivo ir killing; them. Hearman, J, 3-oodnan, Levy, 3. 7., and Roach, ':!. A. (37) 1936, Tree injection 1955 c:cperimcnts. East Hailing Ror.oarch Sta. Rept. , pp. 137-141, illus., oihliop, A discussion is given of the i: jirry caa:;:cd "by injections of fertili:;or solutions into trees. Jacol's, K. L. (38) 1928. Injectior;^ of shade trees for the control of in'^:;ccts and diseases. Davey Tr.ic Hz-pcrt Co., Rcseardi Dcpt . Sull 3:1-4. Kent, Ohio, Rev. Appl. Mycol. 8:473, Tv;o ^/-ears' o^^orincntal vork on the injections of chomica.ls (C3 cp.arts of solutions ol 26 unspecified chouicals) into 201 shade trees y± 12 ':r,pccics liavc shov/n no favorahle ros--\lts e::ccpt in one case, that of the injection of iron coiupo^unds for the cure of lime- induced chlorosis. Host of the chemicals caased severe injury to the trees. Improved apparatus and raethods cf injection have heen developed, Jacohs, H. L, (32) 1929, I'ho practice of tree injections. Proc. Ann. Meeting 5th ITat' 1 Shade Tr-c Conf,, pp. 39-42. Rev. Appl, llycol. 3:^01-502. yuuerotis povrorful gcrnicides and fun-^lcidos v/cre injected into chostni-'.t trees in attempts to control chestnut "blight and iron def'.clency chlorosis. Aniline dyes, gentian violet, a^cil fuchsin, aloes, str'-cVrnine sn.lphate, nicotine svJ.phate and arsenic are mentioned, 'Tie '/hole subj'ect of tree injections is discussed. Kendall, Jamej (40) 1950. Histological and cytolojical studies of stems of plants injected v/ith certain chemicals (A contrihution to the -'^all problem) 40 pp. illus. Sofia, Bulgaria, Inaugaral dissertation for attainment of doctorate. - 10 Lipman, C. B. , and Gordon, A. (41) 1925, Tree injection care for chlorosir. in citru-S trees, Proc, 5th Ann. PlL^cex- Coanty Fruit G-rov/cra Conv, , pp. 92-97. A\ilmrn, Calif, TliG a\ithor3 clai/i-: that +-heir nothod of injection of citnas trees v;ith iron palt sclations has "been vcr7 succossful in the care of chlorosis, Dyinj aiid defoliated trees \joro put into extremely vigorous condition 'oy the treatment. The authors claimed to he ahle to rid trees of ^.phids oy injections of chemicals, toxic to the aphids, .and tolerated ty -^'le trees. Lipraan, C. B. , and Gordon, A. (42) 1925, Further studies on nc-/ methods in the -onyvyiolor^r and pathology of plants. Jour, Gen. Physiol. 7:515-623. Tl.e authors discuss the injection of chemicals into trees for various purposes. They used so2.utions of "cotassium cyanide, dicyandianide, sodiv.m nitrate, pot£issii?jn nitrate, na;;^esium nitrate, calcium nitrate, Tpotassi^aiii dihydrogen phosplia.te, potassium hydrogen phosphate, mn-gnesium hydrogen phos}Dhate, calciui.: hydrogen phosphate, calciura chloride, and calcium sulphate. Lipowitz (43) 1841, Anleitung 2nir ZoL.sorvation dos liolzes nach Bouc'ierio, Q;a.otcd oy Craighop.d and St. George. The author verified the findings of Boucheric. 1-IacKinncy, A. L. , and Korstian, C. P. 1932. The killing of trees with sodiujn arsonitc. Jour, Forestry 30:169-177, (44) Unmerchantahlc, undesirr.hlo hardv/oods v;ere removed from different portions of o partially cut over area hy foiling, girdling v;ith a V-shaped notch c.uid poisoning "by the introduction of sodium arsonitc into "frills." McLarty, H, P.. (45) 1936. Tree injections v/ith heron and otlxir materials cs a control for drought B-pnt r.nd. corky core of apples, Sci, Agr, 16:625-633, hihliog, illus. Thirty cheiiiiea.ls alone r>nd in various comhinations vrerc tested, Si;gnificant control of "both trouhles vras ohtained v.dth "boric acid or manganese "borate, ITo- foliage injury v/as noted vith amounts of "boric acid up to 5.92 g, although slight injury occurred at the point of injection. Materials i\sed include ammonium car"bonate, ammonium nitrate, ammonivjn phosphate, ammonium tartrate, ar.-imonium sulphate. - 11 - calciura citrate, calciiijn cliloride, calcir''jn nitrato, oa-lcium phosphate, calciuTn sulphate^ ferric citrate, ferrous sulphate, potassiiin carhonate, pctassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassi^nii hydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate, potassiuia, pc; rmanganate, potassiuan sulphate, "boric acid, n^anjanous "borate, nagiiesium anvmoniixm ^oliosphate, magnesivim carhonate, ma gnesi\iin sulphite, sodium chloride, super- phosphate, and zinc sulphate. McITao, W. R. (45) 1871, Experiments on the transpiration of watery fluids "by leaves. ICdinh. Bot, Soc. Trar.s. 11:45-65. Branches vrero injected v.lth lithiun citrate and the rate of movement mcasiired. McL"at), \U R. (47) 1874-1375. E3cporimcnts on tho movcr:dnt of water in plants, Roy. ' . Irish Acad. ::rans. 25:7AZ-o71, 567-579, illus. Expori:'.ients o.ro dcvcrited on the injoction of lithrum, t^nallium, and casciiim solutions into trees to moasurc the rate of ascent of tho li^y.iid. Mcl'/liortcr, 0. G. (48) 1934, Response of s'-rcot cherry trees to zinc sulfate treatment for little leaf at the Dalles, Oro,^. St^ite Hort. Soc, ?-6th Ann, Rcpt., pp.5o-5S, Holes 1-1/2 inches deep and o/S inch in dia^;eter v;orc cored 4 inches apsrt in the tree tn;ji> Just "oel-.w the ground line and extending slightlj?- dov.Txvrard and around the tree. The holes v/ere then filled vrith pov/dered zinc sulphate and plf.,5ged v.dth grafting;;; v;ax. This proved to be an effective treatment of "little leaf" in si-'cet cherries. Mcl'uiorter, 0. T, - (49) 1936, Zinc sulfate treatments for little leaf condition of deciduo^is fruits, Oregrou State Hort. Soc, 25th Ann. Rept,, pp. 121-124. The condition is controlled in old trees hy boring holes l-l/2 inches deep and 3/4 inch in diameter ahout 4 or 5 inches apart around the tree tnuf: at the ground line and filling v;ith zinc sulphate crystals to v/ithln l/2 inch of the cutside, Mangin, L. ' (50) 1898, Sur j.a nutrition et la defense de la vigne par injection. Jour, Agr. Prat, 2:918-920, - 12 - Ti.c r.utlxor uniavoraoly critic;^ zoo. p].ant injoctions, GRpocially tho idea that ^'grapevines' could 'be protcctod from fun/^i "by injoctions. Ho regarded plant ii'.jocticns as inpractico-l in agi-icalturG. Mc3soiif:or, C. jj, (5l) 1920. Good fiction, p^or h or t i uul a^ re , Crlif, Cuitivrtoi- 5Li541. Tho author discuP'oGR "briefly tho hiGt")ry of tree injoctions enC t'lin v7orlc of C, Hunbold. Motcalf, M. M. . (52) 1918. Poisoning tree psrasitcs vlth. ".lotacsiura cyanide, Sci. (n.s.) 47:344-345. Injected chcraically pure pctassirjn cvanide through Ijore holes and reported that it uM roc in,~ure pear an'-'' apjjlo trees. All scale in^.ectb on these trees died lut socle insects on untreated trees also died. Metzger, E. (53) 1927. EauiTiO v/erden gegen ICrankheiten reirpft. Die 'Qmschru. 51:666-667, illus. Protection of trees (elr/.s) against disease is recoranended "by the injection of the ^.'ator extract of resistant varieties of trees. Mokrzechi, S. A. (54) ].903, Ueher die Inner Therapie der Pflanzcn. Zcitcchr. Fflanzchlirank. 15:259-265, illus. Sxpcrimcnts on the r.iedication of plants arc do.ncri'i'.ed. Dry materials as v/ell as solutiors vore used. Ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate, salicylic acid, potassium cyanide, arsenic salts, and nutrient solutions wore used, Moll, Fredrick. (55) 1915, Die Impi'S-gnicrung dcs Holzos, '.em. Apparatus 2:'^9-53, illus. Kethodr. are doscrihcd for tho injection of chemicals into living trees. Moore, "I'J. , and Ruggleo, A. G. (56) 1915. The action '^f rjot'"ssium cyanide v.^hen introduced into the tissues of a p lant . S c i . ( n . s . ) -12 ; 55-36 . Experiir.ents v;ere miide on the injection of potassium cyanide into apple trees for the control of 'borers. The results v^ere not entirely i satisfactory. - 13 - miler, A. (57) 1924. Zur inneren Therapie der Pflanzen* Verhandl, Deut. Gosell. Angew. Ent. 4:26-33,. (Also Monog. Agnow* Snt* 8:1-26, illus., bioliog.) The author's investigations endeavored to ascertain the harmless and toxic doses of various chemicals. He stood tvrigs of lilac in solutions of various dieraicals, copper sulplmtc, sulphuric acid, phenol, and formic acid until the twigs had ahsorbcd not less than 75 percent or more than 100 percent of their o\-m weight. Stems of Vicia faha v/ore cleared of aphid s hy a solution of pyridine. The solutions used included sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, al\aminum sulphate, magnesium sulphate, oarium chloride, potassium diloride, sodium chloride, copper sulphate, copper acetate, zinc acetate, mercuric chloride-, alcohol, acetic acid, chloral hydrate, phenol, and pyridine, MTiller, A. (58) 1926, Die Inner Therapie der Pflanzcn. Monog. A^^ev/, Snt. 8 (supplement to Zeitschr. Angev/, Ent. 12) 206 pp., illus. (Aos. in Rev. Appl, Ent. A. 14: 505,) Laboratory experiments were made wi-th aphids, a great number of chemicals being used. Both pyridine and alximinum sulphate caused the vrooly apple aphid to leave the treated tvdgs. Concentrations that proved harmless to plants and those that v/ere injurious are given. In the field, apple trees and bushes infested vith Eriosoma lanigerum v;ere injected by means of bore holes. Injection of 5 percent pyridine cleared the plant, A mixture of equal parts of rhubarb sap, tobacco sap, tomato sap, and an aqueous extract of tobacco plus 1 per- cent of boric acid had some effect on the infestation. Solutions used contained sulphuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, aluminum sulphate, magnesiTim chloride, bari^om chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, copper sulphate, copper acetate and ammonia, zinc acetate, mercuric chloride, alcohol, chloral hydrate, formic acid, acetic acid, phenol and pyridine, Pachassky, I. K, (59) 1903, Enemies of agriculture in the Province of Cher son. Report of the Government Entomologist for 1903, Translation by U.S, Dept . Agr. , Forest Scrv, The author reported favorably on the injection of iron sulphate, either as a pov/der or in solution, in the treatment of diseased fruit trees. Pearson, G. A. (60) 1937, Poisoning conifers in stand improvement and timber sales practice. Jour. Forestry 35(6)587-590, - 14 - The use of sodiuin arsoiiito solutions to kill v;orthloss lov;- grado pcndcrosa pine trees is described, Pf offer, \K ■ -. (61) 1886, Ubcr Aufnahmo von AnilinfarTDon in Icbcnde Zellon, Untcrs. Bot. Inst. Tubingen 2:179-332, illus. The Pl:iysiological action of chemicals on. plants is- discussed. Pfit.zer, 3. (62) 1878, U"ber die Gcschxvindigkcit dcr ''Jasscrstr'6mung in acr Pflanze, Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 11:177-217. Salts gf thallium vere injected into plants and trees and the rate of rise of the solutions :neasured. . Pierson, H. 3. ' ' (63) 1927, Control of the hronze birch borer by forest management. Jour. Forestrjr 25:68-72. Aloes' v;as injected into bore holes in infested trees but the treatment did not control the bronze birch borer. ;. . Rankin, If. ,H, ' 1917, The penetration of foreign substances into trees. Phytopathology 7:5-14. Injections v/ere made of lithium nitrate solution into chestnut trees. Injections wore made by connection between a. solution and a hole bored into the tree. Cross sections were taken and analyzed for the spcctru-m of lithium, -.'he materials penetrated to all sections of the tree v/h ore there v;as active translocation. Complete pene- tration of heartvrood v/as obtained in trees less than 3 inches in diameter. Roach, \I. A. / (65) 1933, Tree injection — A Progress Report, East Mailing Research _Sta, 21st Ann. Rept,, pp. 137-141. Simple methods are described for injecting solutions into trees A v;hole tree can be injected uniformly v/ith a single substance. Each main branch can be injected independently v/ith different materials. In tv/o cases attacks of apple mildew were controlled by injections of sodiiim thiosul'phate. Roach, ';!. A. ■ (56) 1934, Injections for the diagnosis and cure of physiologica.1 disorders of fruit trees, Ann, App. Biol. 21:333-343., illus., bibliog. x 15 - The author summarized in -part that ''Direct injection of solu- tions into trees is therefore sn.ggcstcd a.s an additional method for studying and possihly even ci.u-ing phyr.iolo.t^ical disorders, especially those of the deficiency type. Methods for injecting vhole trees, scpo.ratc hranchos v/ith or v/ithout their corresponding roots, or separate tv/igs arc dcs:crihcd. Some effects of injection on the vigor of the tree and on disease arc mentioned, " Esporimcnts arc reported on the injection of sodiura thiosulphatc for the control of apple mildcv;. The experiments succeeded tv;ice and failed tv;icc, Eiqpcrimcnts arc also reported on the injections of nutrient solu- tions into apple trees. Roach, !•;. A. ' (67) 1934, Tree injection — iuvigoration by the injection of fertilizers. Progress report, East Mailing Research Sta, 22d Ann. Kept,, pp. 135- 138 , Coz' s orange pippin apple trees v/cre injected vdth solution containing potassi-oia phosphate (C,25 percent) and urea (0.25 percent) at the rate of 0.033 to 0.157 pound per tree or 10 to 50 pounds per acre. Attacks "by the apple leafhorjper and red spider v/ere markedly less severe on the injected trees than on the control. Fertilizer was applied in a single hole (0.25 in, diameter) drilled diametrical- ly through the main stem, and all oranches of the tree wore uniform- ly affected. Roach, ^'J", A. The diagnosis and cure of chlorosis in a peach tree, loid, , 139-41. Lime-induced chlorosis in a peach tree vas cured "by injections of 0.05 percent solutions of ferric chloride through one quarter inch holes hored diametrically through the main stem. This treat- ment had no ill effect on the tree. Roach, U. A. (68) 1935. Leaf injection. East Mailing Research Sta. .25d Ann, Rept,, pp, 134-136. Various solutions were used in leaf- inject ion work. They in- cluded zinc sulphate, uangancsc sulphate, iron tartrate, and copper sulphate, A tree v;as cared of chlorosis hy injecting a solution of ferric tartrate through a hole passing through its main stem. - 16 - Hotli, C. (59) 1896. Sine Methode der Idinstlichen Baumer-n'A.hrang. Che;?.. Ztg. 20:344-34-5, illus. The atithor descrioed a method and apparatvis for injecting trees. He used solutions of potassiuti nitrate, ca.lciLijTi sulphate, calciujn orthophosphate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulpha.te, and ferric chloride. He also used antisejptics such as salic7lic acid and solutions such as sugar, etc., v;ith "beneficial results to the trees. Rumhold, C. ' (70) 1913. Report of the -physiologist, Report of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Coranission. Harrishu.rg, July 1 to Dcceraoer 31, 1912, pp. 45-47, illus. Illustrations arc given of sections of trees injected '-/ith vari ous chcni cal s , R-ujnoold, C. ., (71) 1915. Methods of injecting trees. Phytopatholo^-^ 5:225-229, illus. A discussion of the various methods used "by the author for the injection of liquids in chestnut trees in a study of the chostn'at hlight. RujTioold, C. (72) 1920, Effect on chestnuts of substances injected into their tra'dcs, A:ncr, Jour. 3ot. 7:45-56, illus. The effects of a la.rgc nu'iocr of choraicals injected into chestnut trees is descrihcd, (Sec ioid. , pp. 1-20.) Ruinbold^ C. T. (75) 1920, C-iving ncdicinc to trees. Jou.r. ?or..stry 26:359-362, A study of the injection of d^enicals into chestnut trees as cure for the hlight is descrioed, Pift;'"-six organic and inorganic substances in solution v;ere injected (the compounds ?.rc not > mentioned) , Lithiiijn hydroxide and lithiujn ca-roonatc scorned to have a temporary inhi citing effect. R-anhold, C. T. . (74) 1920. The injection of chemicals into chestnut trees. Amer. Jou.r, 3ot . 7:1-20, illus,, bioliog. Injections of chemicals v;ere made into clBstnut trees for the purpose of controlling the blight. The s-abstances injected v;ere copper sulphate, copper chloride, zinc carbonate, merciiric chloride, - 17 - potassif-n chrcinate, potasr-iurn oichi-omatc, oari\-'jn cMori'.'.e, colloidal cr.pron.s livdro::idG, colloidal metallic silver, pctassif::i carconato, potp&sitan hydroiido, potassium sulphate, anmonirji car Donate, arvroni-um chloride, a:mngTJ.xim hydro'cide, ammonium sulphs-te, sodirjn carlDonate, sodium ch;".oride, sodi-am hydroxide, lithixim carbonate, litliium chloride, lithium sv.lphatd, lithium hydror'-ide, lithiu-n nitrate, neth-T-l alcohol, formalin, rcetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, aniline sulphate, phenoj. , sodi-'joii car"jolate, "phenol sodio;!j.e" (carooj.ic acid llaOH) , para nitro phenol, ortho nitro phenol, picric acid, meta cresol, pa.ra cresol, thymol, pyrocatechin, ■o3^ro;f;allic acid, phlor;;lucin, oil of "bitter aLr.onds, "benzoic acid, salicylic acid, "bark ei'tracts, v;ater ei^ctract of chestnut tree "bar'-:, vratcr extract of chestnut blight canker, met-V'-l .i;reen, rriethylono "brae, eonin, con'^-o rod, rnd tr-'jian "blue. Solutions of organic compounds vent into tlj.e trees more readily than solutions of inorganic conpoujids, Sachs, Julius von, (75) 1875, G-cschichtc dor Botanik, vom 16 jahrhundcrt "bis 1850. 612 pp., illus. I'lunchcn. Sachs, J. (76) 1882, nin Boitrar sr-ar Kcntniss dcr a.uf stoigondcn Saftstroms in trens- • pirirondcn Pflanzcn. Ar"b. 5o-:. Inst, imrzhur,.^ 2: 148-184. This v;as an investigation of the physiologicaj. action of chemicals on plants and trees. The author found that substances suc'i as lithiujn solutions v:ould progress in the stem a-lmost as rapidl;- as v;a.ter itself, v.'hile solutions ^/hicli dye t"ie cell vralls do not rise nearly so rapidly or so far, since thoy are largely filtered out. Sachs, M, A. (77) 1C'31. Injection troatnont of c'nlorotic citr.\E trees. Calif. Citrograph 16:250-251. Pov;dered ferrous citrate '.'as injected dry into ooro holes in trees and these i-rore then scaled over. I'ho treat--ir:nt gave good results in some cases a.gainst dilorosis. Sanford, F. _ (78) 1914. An cxperinent on l-illing tr^c scales oy -poisoning the sa-' of the tree. Sci.(n.c.) 40:519-520. Potassium q-anidc v/as considered "beneficial to a -pe ach tree infested ^.Ith the cottony- cushion sc-^le. The material vras inserted through a bore hole and the treatment conioletely eradi- cated the sca,le vath no bad effects on the tree. ^,~C Sanford, F, (79) 1915, In re;^ard to the -:)oisonin£: of trees 07 potassiiim cyanide, Sci, (n.s.) 41:; 313, * " _. The r.uthor rep or-':: ^d that a tree th3,t had 'bcon in-'ectod ^.rith potcssittm cyan.iue the r"-viuiTS ^ear ;.'as examined and found to "be un- injured. Saussure, Nicolas Theodore de. (80) 1840 Rechcrches chimiqaes sur Z.a Ycg^taticn, 3o7 pp. Paris, Scheror, C, M, (8I) 1927. Tree injections for the control of fuiiPious uiscesos and insect pests, Phytopatholog'- 17:51. CliGstnuts^. hircho"^-, end ar-^lo troes v.cvo injected '-^ith chemicals to control chestnut olii^rt, tho oronse "oirch horor, and the European eln scale' out ^-ithout success. The chestnut trees -rere injected vith acid fuchsin, 3a7/er com- pound, hrilliant green, ferrous s-.ilpliat e , i^entiaxi violet, lithium carhonate, malachite green, ncthyl "olue, safranin, "Semisan", sodium carhonate, sodiur: fluoride, "s-.ilphocide" , th^^nrol, zinc chloride, and sonito; the oiro'/.c-s v/i'th cTscnic trio:;ido, "Baver Coinpo"and" , "Black- Leaf 40", and str/^hnino sul-phrte; the apples '.1th acrd fuchsin, gentiar violet, and th3'-:'.:ol ; and the cl::i v^ith str7.-chnine sulphate. All result o vrerc ne--iati"C "ith the exception thp.t the apple trees that './ore injected vlth thymol sconcd to shov; a definite resistance to the progress of Bacillus fimylovorus . Shattuck, C. E, 1915, Effect of potassium cyanide in trees. Sci« (n.s.) '^1:324, (82) Tho author reported that ho -lad -ased potassi-am cyanide many times vcr;'' successfully for ]:illing v;ood horcrs in clr. and olack locv.st trees and vrithout injur;;- to the trees. Sheviryev, I. (83) 1895. On impregnating the x-rood-^ fihert. o2 living trees \rith coloring solutions, TriAdi, Imp. St, Potersotirg Ohstachestva Yestycstvc- ispitatyclyei, 3ota.-:ical Section v. 25, 109 pp., illus. The author rotes the import--:ice of findin;^ a suost?.nco thc't can Tdc introduced into living pleats in sufficient quantities to destroy parasites i/ithout injuring tho plants, A method was discovered hy v'hich this could 00 done. Gompo-o.nds that arc satisfactory \.'ill rc- cuirc further investigation. - 19 ~ Shcsvroz, Ivan (Shcv3'rcv J. , Schcv-irov: or Chovc/rcuv) , (34) 1394, Extrr.radicatc nutrition of disco.scd trees I'ith the aim of curing them end destroy inj!^ their y^trasitos, (Records cf the Botanical Div. St, Peters''DL\rj2' Imperial Society of naturalists. Conference of February 16, 1894. - Supplement to "Sxtradicate nutrition of diseased tree." 1, Rex^rint from the A;^ricultural C-azette Kos. 3,4,5, and 6, St, Pctersbur^-e Translation "by U, S. Dopt. Agr, Forest Serv.) Experiments are reported on injections of liying trees v/ith stains to prove that substances forcii^n to trees could be injected v/ith safety, The e:^erimonts vrore made for^/^ purpose of destroying insects that burrov; beneath the baric of trees. It vas su;-gcsted that fungous diseases could be controlled by the same method, Simon, J, A, (35) 1906, Rcchcrch.es &ur 1' alimentation ortificiclle dcs plantes, Jcur, Soc. 17at. Hort, France (ser, 4) 7:574-678. illus, Apple and poach trees, grapevines, and potatoes '-/ere injected v/ith vater solutions of pui'in and pot as siviii nitrate and nutrient solutions. Copper sulphate injected into grapevines v/as at first injurio'o.s but later the vines produced ncj leaves free from fungi. Stover, 17. M, , and Hop'cins , 3. S. • (86) 1927. Fungicidal and bactericidal action of soleni-ir.i and telluri-uin compounds Indus, Eng. Chen, 19:510-51C, l"o fungicidal action of solutions of sodium selonite, sodium tellurite, potassium solenite, potassima tellurite,' and titanitim acid tartrate in concentration ':f 0.05 to 0,0005 IT vas observed on the fung'j.s v/hich cruses chestnut ":light. Selonious acid in concentration 0.10 J. to 0.04 IT did not control opplc blotci:. Solutions of sclenious acid v;ill enter the circu.latory s^z-stom of r)car and chestnut trees. A successful mctiod of tree injection is described in detail, Strasburger, Edv;ard, (87) 1S91. Hictolo-isclie botrage. Heft 3. Uobcr don 3rca und die Verrichtungcn der Lcitungsbahuen in den Pfl-r^^nzon, 1,000 pp., illus, (See pp,551, 555, 556,) Jena, The physiological action of chemicals on plants is described. Surface, H. A. (88) 1914, C--anide of potassium in trees, Sci,. (n.s.) 40:852-354. The author repoi^ted serious injury to orchards in Peimsylvejnia by injections r-,f potassium cyanide, ferrous sulphate, potassium chloride, and other salts for curing frait trees of insect troubles rnd other diseases. Many of the trees uero killed oy injections through boro holes. - 20 - Thomas, E. E. , ^r.a Haas, A. R. C. (89) 1928. Injection method as a moans of improving chlorotic orange trees, Bot« Gaz. 86:355-362, bilDliog. Injections wore made using, iron sij.lphatc and iron tartrate, with good results, Thomas, L, A., and Hoach, W. A. ...... (90) 1934, Injections of fruit trees, preliminaiy cxpcriracnts \jith artificial manures. Jour. Pomol. 12:151-156. illus. 'bioliog. Small trees \\rcro injected vrith various solutions through a single hole in the main stem. A description and an illustration of the apparatus arc given. Solutions used contained potassium nitrate, potassium phosphate, potassiujn s\ilphato, poto.ssium chloride, .sodium nitrate, sodiur.i sulphate, nag:icsiun nitrate, magncsiujn srulphato, magnesiijm chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, ammonium phosphate, arimoniur. nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammoniijj;; chloride, and urea. University of California Agricultural Experiment Station. . (9l) 1924, Plant nutrition. Calif, Agr. E:cpt. Sta, Rpt, 1924, pp, 48-49. A nev; method of injecting clicnicals into trees offers great possilDilities in overcoming chlorosis and also in protecting trees against certain plant diseases. Voider, G. " ' (92) 1902. The eradication of prickly pears. Agr. Gaz. IT.S. T'alcs. 13:59-62, illu". The author reported that solutions of sodium, arscnite were very effective in killing the tops of prickly pear. He also injected copper sulpliate, sulphuric acid, carbolic acid, potassium oxalate, -^ potassium ferrocyanide, sodiiom arscnite, caustic potash, iron sulphate, and sodium chloride into the lower portions of plants without much success. Wallace, T. ' (93) 1935. Investigations on chlorosis of fruit trees; V, control of lime-induced chlorosis "by injection of iron salts. Jour. Pomology'' 13:54-67, bilDliog, The experiments consisted of the injection of various amounts of powdered citrate of iron, either ferrous or ferric, into tlie v/ood of the trunk or branches of affected trees. The results indicate that the method of dry salt injection is of considerable value as a means of controlling limo-induced chlorosis. I - 21 - \^eelcr, G. S. (94) 1927. ^ov dye process nay solve the eastern hard\;ood problon. Jour. Porcstry- 25:357l61.(Also in Aunt. Forcstiy Jour. 10:124-127.) A process is dcscritcd for injecting dyes into ha.rdv/ood trees for the purpose of coloring the wood. Aniline dyes are used. A system of connecting holes are "bored into the trees and then connected oy tuhing \cLth a reservoir of solution. Wieler, A. (95) 1838. Aufnahme von Methylenblau und Puchsin durch die Wurzeln le.;t;endor Pflansen. J-ohrlD. Wiss. Bet. 19:119-137, illus. . The physiolO;:;;ical action of chemicals on plants is discussed, Wislicenus, H, (96) 1937, Zur Technik de LeToendurchtr^nkung (Vergiftung) von B'Aumen mit Konservierungsmitteln. Tropenpflanzer 40:432-444, illus, The theory of tree impregnation and the manner of applying preservatives through trionk horini'^s is descrihed and illustrated. Young, L, C, and Sailey, C. P, (97) 1936. Progress report on the investigations of corky core on apples, Sci. Agr. 17:115-127. Bioliog. (Siimmary in i'ronch) . Injections of wet and dry materials were made through "bore holes in limts of trees. The matcria^ls included magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate, "boric acid, and "borax. PATEIITS Behr, Fritz, von (98) Impregnating process for dyeing or preserving \Joo6., U. S. Patent 1,740,484, Appl. June 2, 1926. Issued DcccmlDcr 24, 1929. A process for injection of dyes and preservatives into the roots and stems of living trees. Aniline dyos or com"binations of aniline dyes distri'outod in a solution containing a"bout eq;aal parts ("by v^eight) of alum, "borax, zinc chloride, sodium pcr"boratc, r-nd acetic acid are claimed. Dahl'bcrg, Arnold V. (99) Method of fertilizing trees and shru'os. U. S. Patent .2,044,003, Appl. Fohruar:/ 3, 1936. Issued June 16, 1936. - 22 - A method of fccdin/^ fruit trees b-'- introdu.ciiv^ nutrient nclutions into the tree by injccti.on, independently of the no.tural r-ot system of the tree ia claimed. Dcrbv, Ira H. , and Cislal:, Francis Edward, (lOO) Proccns for trcatinr^ wood, U. S. Patent 1,995,499, Appl. September 17, 1931. Issued March 26, 1935, Relates to a preservative trcatmient for vrood consisting of a prelininp.ry treatment v/ith a r^a.B such as sulphur dioxide and then preservative liquids such as creosote oil, G-ardner, Levi S, (lOl) Art of colorin{?; v/ood, U. S. Patent 952,245, Appl. December 8, 1908. Issued March 15, 1910. The injection of living trees with coloring matter and preserva- tives is described. Coloring matters that may be used include copper sulphate, copperas, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, potassium cyanide, liouid dyes, silver nitrate, and coal-tar colors. SubstantieJly the sav; kerf method is described. Plabegger, Hars. , (102) Method of impregnation for preserving vrood by tr-:atmcnt of living standing trees. U, S. Patent 1,927,776, Appl. August 18, 1932, Issued September . 19, 1933, Living trees arc injected through bore holes v/ith a solution of sodium nitro-chlorophcnol. Hartman, Ernest, ?., and I'A-iitmorc, IJillct P. (103) Composition for impregnating v;ood and other cellulose ma.tcrials, U. S. Patent 1,994,073. Appl. July 12, 1930, Issued March 12, 1935. The treating solution may contain zinc chloride and other water-soluble zinc salts, copper sulphate and other v;a,t or- soluble cojopor salts, a^mmonriim chloride, sodium fluoride, ammonium sulphate, mono anmoninm phosphate, di ammonium x^J^osphato, boric acid, sodium chromo.to, and sodium borate. Laffin, James E, (l04) Method of treating trees, U. S. Patent 1,682,760. Aiopl. August 26, 1925, Issued September 4, 1928. A method of dyeing \irood by injecting dye solutions into living trees is described. I - 23 - Lipnan, Cl-^f.rlcs, 3., and Gordon, Ar.ron, (105) Method of inpro2:nating v;ood v/ith C5ul)stanc03 toxic to aninal o,nd iDactorial lifo and fan^oun growths, U. S. Patent 1,693,930. A-p-pl. Soptor.i'bor 9, 1925. Issued DcccinTDcr 4, 1928. The injection of chonicals into living trees is doscrl"bed. The natorials ncntioncd include copper arsenate, copper sailphatc, copper chloride, copper nitrate, '^r sny other copper srlt. Soluble srits of nercur7, 2inc, lead, and creosote or the soluble and toxic con- stituents thereof. Any soluble chemical compound or conbination of ccrnpounds vxhich is toxic to i'oo U. S. Patent 1,727,939. Appl. March 7, 1924. Issued Se^ot ember 10, 1929. ■ . A method of dyeing ^'food by injections of dyes into living trees is claimed. - 95 - Schmittutz, Carl (ll5) Method of i.ixprc^iating wood. U. S. Patent 1,97.?, 394. Appl. July 26, 1933. Issued September 11, 1934. A v/at or- soluble impregnating substance in pastry form is applied to the smootl'i, bared portion of the stem. Impregnating materials may bo coLiposed of zinc fluosilicate, potassium fluoride, or other myocido salt of hno'm composition. Yates, Alvin, (116) Composition for treating diseased trees, U. S, Patent 2,017,269. Aiopl. March 20, 1935. Issued October 15, 1935. A tr':atnont is described for injection of chemicals into fruit trees, pc■.^r, apple, qj.inoc, and others. Materials used were turpentine and oil of -oinc tar. iSiir'"" 3 1262 09224 6700 III