/\ C f l VilV/wtt/fJi Technical Series No. 19. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OW ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD. Entomologist and Chief «f Bureau. TECHNICAL RESULTS FROM THE GIPSY MOTH PARASITE LABORATORY. CONTENTS AND INDEX Issued October 18, 1910. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1916. Technical Series No. 19. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. O. HOWARD. Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. TECHNICAL RESULTS FROM THE GIPSY MOTH PARASITE LABORATORY. I. THE PARASITES REARED OR SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN REARED FROM THE EGGS OF THE GIPSY MOTH. , By L. O. HOWARD, Ph. D. II. DESCRIPTIONS OF CERTAIN CHALCIDOID PARASITES. By J. C. CRAWFORD, Assistant Curator, Division of Insects, United States National Museum. III. INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE HABITS OF CERTAIN SARCOPHAGIDJE. By T. L. PATTERSON, Assistant in Biology, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University WITH AN INTRODUCTION By W. F. FISKE, In Charge of Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, Bureau of Entomology. IV. THE CHALCIDOID GENUS PERILAMPUS AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF PARASITE INTRODUCTION. By HARRY S. SMITH, Expert. V. EXPERIMENTAL PARASITISM: A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF LIMNERIUM YALIDUM (CRESSON). By P. EL. TIMBERLAKE, A. M., Agent and Expert, Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory. WASHINGTON: GOVKRN&IENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1916. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. L. 0. Howard, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. C. L. Marlatt, Entomologist and Assistant Chief of Bureau. E. B. O'Leary, Chief Clerk and Executive Assistant. F. H. Chittenden, in charge of truck crop and stored product insect investigations. A. D. Hopkins, in charge of forest insect investigations. W. D. Hunter, in charge of southern field crop insect investigations. , in charge of cereal and forage insect investigations. A. L. Quaintance, wi charge of deciduous fruit insect investigations. E. F. Phillips, in charge of bee culture. A. F. Burgess, in charge of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth investigations. Rolla P. Currie, in charge of editorial work. Mabel Colcord, librarian. Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Investigations. A. F. Burgess, in charge. D. M. Rogers, assistant in charge of gipsy-moth quarantine. L. H. Worthley, agent. C. H. T. Townsend, S.'S. Crossman, C. W. Collins, F. H. Mosher, R. W. Glaser, • Reginald Wooldridge, J. J. Culver, and C.W. Stockwell, entomological assistants. J. N. Summers, J. W. Chapman, J. B. Schaffner, Jr., H. A. Preston, W. B. Turner, C. E. Hood, J. J. Pillsbury, H. W. Allen, R. T. Webber, D. W. Jones, and John W. Bradley, scientific assistants. G. E. Clement, Willis Munro, and D. O. Ingall. assistants in forest management. PREFACE. In the course of more than three years' work with the parasites and natural enemies of the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth, nearly all imported from Europe or Japan, it has been necessary to work with a number of species new to science and to make the most careful life- history observations upon all the species concerned in order to ascertain points of possible importance in the practical handling of the material. It is proposed in this Technical Series No. 19 to include a series of short papers giving; some of the systematic and biological results of this work, the practical deductions for the most part being reserved for consideration in the bulletins of the general series. Technical Series No. 12. Part VI, entitled "A Record of Results from Rearings and Dissections of Taehinidac," by Charles EL T. Townsend, published September 18, 1908, really should have started this Technical Series No. 19, since it directly concerns itself with results of work at the gipsy-moth parasite laboratory. The laboratory in question, it should be stated, is now stationed at Melrose Highlands, Mass. (No. 17 East Highland Avenue). It is conducted with the cooperation of the State of Massachusetts and the United States Department of Agriculture. L. (). Howard. January 28, 1910. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries with support from LYRASIS and the Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/resultsOOunit CONTENTS. 1 Page. The parasites reared or supposed to have been reared from the eggs of the gipsy moth L. 0. Howard. . .1 Introductory 1 Family Encyrtidee 2 Subfamily Encyrtinae 2 Tribe Mirini 2 Genus Schedius i 2 Genus Tyndarichus 5 Subfamily Eupelminae 7 Tribe Eupelmini 7 Genus Annstatus 7 Family Pteromalidse 8 Subfamily Sphegigasterinse 8 Tribe Pachyneurini 8 Genus Pachyneuron 8 Family Eulophida? . 9 Subfamily Elachertinse 9 Tribe Elaehertini 9 Genus Atoposomoidea 9 Subfamily Aphelininiv '. 11 Tribe Aphelinini 11 Genus Perissoph ru& 11 Family Proctotrypidse 12 Subfamily Scelioninae 12 Tribe Telenomini 12 Genus Teh nomus 12 Descriptions of certain chalcidoid parasites J. C. Crawford. . 13 Introduction 13 Family Chalcididae 13 Subfamily Chalcidinae 13 Tribe Chalcidini 13 Genus < 'hniris 13 Family Perilampida? 20 Genus Perilampus 20 Family Pteromalidse 21 Subfamily Pteromalinse 21 Tribe Pteromalini 21 Genua Hypopteromalus 21 Family Eulophidge 22 Subfamily Entedoninse 22 Tribe Entedonini 22 Genus Pburotropis 22 Subfamily Eulophinae 24 Tribe Eulophini 24 Genus THmmochia 24 1 The five papers constituting this bulletin were issued in separate form on Jan. 2S and Apr. 30, 1910, Mar. 22, 1911, and Apr. 22 and May 29, 1912, respectively. VII VIII RESULTS FROM GIPSY MOTH PARASITE LABORATORY. Investigations into the habits of certaiu Sarcophagidae T. L. Patterson. . Introduction (by W. F. Fiske^) General conditions Collection of gipsy-moth pupse for maggots of Sarcophagid* Experiments with adult Sarcophagidae Experiments with first-stage maggots on living and dead material Relation of decomposition to oviposition Conclusion The chalcidoid genus Perilampus and its relations to the problem of parasite introduction Harry S. Smith . . Introductory Biology of Perilampus hyalinus Say r Oviposition Reproductive capacity 1 'esoription of planidium Habits of planidium Life as a parasite of Vcariehu ta As a parasite < if Lim nejium validum Cresson As a parasite of summer-issuing Hymenoptera As a parasite of other hosts Later larval stages Pupati< in Food habits of the adult Longevity and oogenesis Length of life cycle and influence of temperature Effect of parasitism upon host Percentai:* 1 of parasitism Superparasitism Perilampu8 versus Perilampm P< rilampus versus Dibrachys Perilampus, u species A" Development of Orasema Planidium of Orasema viridis A.shmead Relationship of Eucharidse and Perilampidfle Rhipiphorw and other coleopterous parasites Host relations of the genus Perilampus Rearing records of Perilampus hyalinus at the laboratory Other American rearing records of Perilampus European rearing records of Perilampus European species of P< rilampus reared at the laboratory Resume of host relations of the genus The economic aspects Experimental parasitism: A Btudy of the biology of Limner i am validum son) P. IT. Timberlake . . Introduction ■ Experiments General methods of experimentation Behavior of Limnerium validum (Cresson) in confinement Limnerium validum as a parasite of Euproctis chrysorrho'a (Linnaeus).. First experiment Second experiment Amoebocytosis as a protective reaction of the host Adaptation of parasite to host Further experiments with Euproctis chrysorrh&a Page. 25 25 27 27 20 30 30 31 33 33 34 37 39 39 41 42 43 44 45 45 47 49 49 51 52 53 55 55 : >7 59 59 60 61 61 62 64 65 66 67 71 71 72 72 73 73 74 74 CONTENTS. TX Experimental parasitism — Continued . Experiments — Continued. Page. Limnerium validum as a parasite of Malacosoma qmericana (Fabricius 78 Results of experiments as determined by dissection 78 Emergence of adults of Limnerium from reproduction 79 Length of the stages in the life history of Limnerium 80 A possibly normal parasite of Malacosoma 80 Limnerium validum a^ a parasite of Nbtolophus antiquus (Linnaeus) ^ . . 81 Limnerium validum as a parasire of P&rthetria dispar (Linnaeus) 82 Experiments with other hosts 83 Notes on development and anatomy of the larva 83 The egg 83 The first-stage larva 84 Description of the newly hatched larva 84 Function of the tail appendage . . £o Appearance of older larvae 85 Xotes on the anatomy of the larva 86 The second-stage larva 87 The third-stage larva 87 Description of the full-grown larva . 87 Feeding habits of the imprisoned larva 8S Respiration of the larva in the third stage 89 The cocoon 90 Results of the dissect i -ia during the fall of 1910 90 General summary 91 Bibliograph y 92 Index 93 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 1. Schedius kuvanae: Female 4 2. Schedius kuvanae'. Antennae of male and female 5 3. Schedius kuvanae: Tore and hind wings of female 5 4. Tyndarichus navae: Antennae of male and female 6 5. Tyndarichus navse: Fore and hind wings of female 6 6. Anastatus Hfasdatus: Female 7 7. Atoposomoidea ogimae: Female and details 9 .8. Chalcis <>vata, female: Head, showing carina at front of malar space ... 15 9. Chalcis ovate, female: Ventral view of hind coxa, showing tubercle... 15 10. Chalcis ovata. female: Hind femur and tibia, shoving markings 15 11. Chalcis robusta, female: Hind femur and tibia, showing markings 15 12. Chalcis incerta. female: Hind femur and tibia, showing markings 16 13. Chalcis fiskei, female: Hind femur and tibia, showing markings 16 14. Chalcis fiskei, female: Head, showing carina at front of malar space. ... 1G 15. Chalcis obscurata. female: Bind femur and tibia, showing markings i7 16. Chalcis obscurata. female: Head, showing carina at front of malar space 17 17. Chalcis flavipes, female: Hind femur and tibia, showing markings ' 18 18.. Chalcis flavipes. female: Head, showing carina at front of malar .-pace. . 18 19. Chalcis minuta . female: Hind femur and tibia. .showing markings 18 20. Chalcis minuta. female: Hind femur, inner side, showing tubercle near base IS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA ■III RESULTS FROM GIPSY MOTH PARAS1' 3 1262 09216 5512 rage. 21. Chalcis minuta, female: Head, showing carina at front of malar space. . 18 22. Chalcis paraplesia, female: Hind femur and tibia, showing markings.. 19 23. Chalcis paraplesia. female: Head, showing carina at front of malar space 19 24 Perilampus hyalinus: Planidium. ventral view 40 25. Perilampus hyalinus: Planidium. dorsal view 40 26. Pupa of Varickseta aldrichi. parasitized by Perilampus hyalinus; pupa of same unparasitized: planidium of Perilampus hyalinus. before and after feeding 46 27. Perilampus hyalin us: Mature larva 47 28. Perilampus • Fresh pupa 48 29. Perilampus hyalinus: Pupa just previous to eclosion 48 30. Perilampus. " species A '': Planidium. ventral view 56 31. Perilampus. "species A ": Planidium. dorsal view 56 32. Limnerium validum: Adult female, abdomen of male, metascutum, cocoon 72 33. Limnerium validum: Egg 83 34. IAmnerium validum: Eclosion of larva 83 35. Limnerium validum: First-stage larva , newly hatched 84 36. Limnerium validum: First-stage larva of large size, showing silk glands and nervous system 37. Limnerium validum: Mouthparts of first-stage larva 86 3S. Limnerium validum: Second-stage larva 87 39. Limnerium validum: Mouthpai i larva 87 40. Limni Hum validum: Thin rva 88 41. Limnerium validum: Anterior view of head of third-stage larva, show- ing mouthparts 88 « ERRATA. Page 1, line 3, for On some read 7 I Page 18, line 4, after German insert period. Page 6b, line 18, omit comma after parasites. Page 68, line 19, omit comma after encountered. Page 72, line 9, for Hypantria read Hyphantria. Page 76, line 23, for incapsulatedie&d encapsulated. Page 76, line 24, after always omit comma. Page 76, line 25, after frequently insert comma.