A 7. j:m / ■L- i-r U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. BULLETIN No. 21 - ^^ REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR BY DIFFUSK MACiNOLIA STATION. LAWREX SEASON OF 1888-'89, CCILFOIM) L. SPENCER. ISIIKD BY AUTH >RITY OF I Hi: SECRETARY OF AGRK WASHINGTON: GOV BRl [NO OFFK I 1 >■ yfco~Wuji** t^ CM- 1 J. M. RUSK, c/eaefaiy • tSaaitbu/faie U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. BULLETIN No. 21. REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR BY DIFFUSION, AT MAGNOLIA STATION, LAAVRLXCE, LA.,. SEASON OF 1888-'81), BY GUILFORD L. SPENCER. Prr.USHKD BY AUTII iKITY OK THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. WASB I \<:t<>\: GOV KB n m i:.\ t PRINTING 0 ii'ici: L880. ¥ PREFATORY NOTE Sir: In submitting for your inspection Mr. G. L. Spencer's report of work done at Magnolia plantation during 1888-'89 I desire to call your attention to the advancement inatfe in the last few years in the sugar industry of Louisiana. In 18S4 the Department established, in connection with the exposition at New Orleans, a complete sugar laboratory. At the same time the experimental diffusion battery, used by the Department in its work of the preceding year, was placed on exhibition. During the same year the Department of Agriculture established at Magnolia plantation, Lawrence, La., a complete chemical control of the sugar factory. In December of the same year I delivered an address before the Sugar Planters' Association of Louisiana, in which the attention of sugar growers was called to the importance of chemical control and new methods. In 1885 the Department made an attempt to introduce the process of diffusion into Louisiana on a manufacturing scale. By reason of de- tective machinery, however, this attempt resulted in failure. In 188G, through the joint efforts of Mr. J. B. Wilkinson, the late Mr. R. J. Gay, and the Department of Agriculture, 150 tons of Louisiana cane were Shipped to Kansas and worked by the process of diffusion, securing a yield fully 30 per cent, greater than the average milling process would have given. In 1887 the diffusion process was successfully introduced by the Department on Magnolia plantation. During the coming season the diffusion process will he used on foor large plantations in Louisiana.1 Many other planters have also insti- tuted a chemical control of the factory, and a sugar experiment station has been in successful operation at Kciiner for four years. The practical result of the work fust undertaken in Louisiana by the Department of Agriculture is seen already m a more scientific agri- culture, a better knowledge of the problem of sugar manufacture, a more scientific method in the sugar-house, and the introduction of recent and improved machinery. Before the time Ural mentioned the average yield of sugar per ton on the hot plantations in the State was scarcely 1 i.~> pounds. It is now over 200 pounds. 1 Magnolia, Dei Lignee, Berwick, Legonda, Perhaps there has never been an instance in the history of the De- partment where its efforts have been so promptly manifested in such wonderful practical results. It is but just to the Department, in sub- mitting the data herein contained, to call attention to the above facts in the history of the sugar industry of Louisiana. The progressive element among the sugar planters, aided by the scientific work of the sugar station at Keuner, has taken up the line of work first pointed out by the Department of Agriculture, and the result is a new era of prosperity and a future of assured success for a great agricultural in- dustry. Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chetnixt. lion. J. M. Eusk, Secretary. LETTERS OF SUBMITTAL. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Chemistry, Washington, D. (7., August 2, 18S9. Sir: By arrangement with your predecessor, Hon. Norinan J. Col- man, Mr. G. L. Spencer, an assistant chemist in this division, was de- tailed to perform the chemical work in connection with the manufacture of sugar by diffusion at Gov. H. C. Warmoth's Magnolia plantation during the season of 1888-'S9. Governor Warmoth was also x>ermitted to use the machinery of the De- partment at Magnolia, which was employed in making the experiments recorded in Bulletin No. 17 of this division. Mr. Spencer's report is herewith submitted for your approval and, thereafter, for publication. Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. Washington, D. C, July 31, 1880. Sir: I have the honor of submitting my report of the work ;it Mag- nolia plantation the past season for your inspection and publication. This report has been considerably delayed by the non-arrival of neces- sary samples and data. The chemical work was largely confined to the control of the battery and to a study of diffusion. Respectfully, G. L. Spbnoer, Assistant Chemist. Dr. II. W. Wii.nv, Chemist, 5 THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR BY DIFFUSION AT MAGNOLIA, SEASON OF 1888. The beginning of tbe work at Magnolia was a series of disappoint- ments. First of all, the cane cutter did not work satisfactorily, but finally, after many vexatious delays on this account, we succeeded in obtanr'ng a maximum cutting capacity of less than 200 tons of straight cane per day, and often when the cane was very crooked less than 150 tons were cut. As soon as our cutting difficulties were fairly overcome all the calorisators of the battery were discovered to leak so badly that all work was stopped for repairs. During the intervals when the bat- tery was not in operation, milling was employed for the extraction of the juice. This alternate use of the mill and battery has complicated results to such an extent that it is impossible to separate tbe work of the early part of the season, hence I am compelled to credit all, up to a certain period, to the mill. It must surely prove a disappointment to all Louisiana sugar producers that these irregularities prevented a care- ful study of diffusion throughout the season. The diffusion work, of which we have a complete separate record, commenced December 1, and continued to the end of the season. In this time we had a serious loss in the bone-black room. Unfortunately we are compelled to include this in our record of diffusion work. This of course affects in some degree the value of these results, especially to planters who do not use bone-black filters. In the general averages for the crop, the diffusion work is compelled to help out the average of the mill work. This is a heavy burden to bear, since the work of the mill on 2,700 tons, augmented by that of the diffusion buttery on 500 tons of cane, will average at least 40 pounds of sugar less than the diffusion yield on two thirds of the crop. I have made a separate statement of the work of the diffusion bat- tery, and trust that those interested in the investigation of this process will examine this statement without being biased by the comparatively low average of the entire crop. THE CUTTER. The cutting apparatus was the same as that used in the Depart- ment's experiments last season. It was built by the Sangei hauser Company, of San gerhansen, Germany. The cutter consists essentially 7 8 of a horizontal disc carrying twelve knives set parallel to the radii of the disc, and revolving in a cast-iron shell. There are six cane chutes or hoppers placed at an angle of about 45 degrees to the surface of the disc. The cane, thrown lengthwise into the chutes, descends by gravity to the knives, where it is sliced diagonally. A suitable arrangement for throwing the chips into the elevator boot is provided. This cutter was designed by the builders to revolve one hundred and ten revolutions per minute, and its capacity was guaranteed to be from 200 to 250 tons of chips per twenty-four hours. After overcoming numerous and serious faults in the construction of the cutter and increasing its speed to one hundred and eighty revolutions, an increase of 03 per cent, we were enabled to cut 195 tons of chips from straight cane in twenty-four hours, the largest day's work we accomplished. Mr. Fred Hinze, au able and experienced sugar manufacturer, had charge of this work, and through his skill we were enabled to overcome the difficulties in preparing the cane for the battery. Last season, after the first failure of the cutter, Dr. Wiley ordered small steel scrapers to be attached to the upper surface and side edge of the cutting disc. The cane was very juicy in 1887, hence he was enabled to cut nearly 1,000 tons of cane without appreciable wear of these scrapers. This season, on the contrary, the cane was exceptionally woody, and scrapers of the best tile steel were worn out in cutting less than 400 tons of cane. In addition to the trouble with these scrapers, it was found that the libers from the cane collected between the disc and outer shell and soon com. pletely blockaded the cutter. Mr. Hinze had openiugs cut both in the cover and upper part of the shell to relieve the disc of the accumulations of liber. It was only after these alterations w7ere made that we were able to use the cutter at all. Economical diffusion of sugar caue demands an exceedingly thin slice or chip. With our best work we were unable to obtain a chip less than an eighth of an inch thick. This is double the thickness required by good work. Taking into consideration the large labor bills, difficulty in regular adjustment Of the knives, and impossibility of obtaining a sufficiently thin chip, this cutter is not suitable for diffusion work in Louisiana. THE HUGHES CUTTER. The system Of cutting cane used at Colonel Cunningham's estate in Texas and in the sorghum houses in Kansas is the invent inn of 11. A. Hughes, of Cape May City, N". J. This cutter consists of a metal cyl- inder, carrying a number of knives, whose blades project from the cir- cumference of tin- cylinder in the direction of rotation. The cylinder is rapidly revolved iii front of a dead knife set parallel to its face. The Cane, previously CUJ into short pieces, is thrown into a hopper, where it LS caught by the knives and carried against the dead knife. A small piece of cane is cut oil" and carried between tin' knife and dead knife, arid by the centrifugal force is thrown into a receiver below. This cut- ter or shredder is always used in connection with an ensilage cutter, which latter furnishes the short pieces of cane. The rapid advancement of cane diffusion is largely due to Mr. Hughes's successful cutting apparatus. THE NATIONAL CANE SHREDDER. Many visitors at Magnolia Plantation this season suggested the adaptation of the cane shredder to the preparation of cane for the bat- tery. This machine has been used several seasons by Governor War- moth in the shredding of whole cane for the mill. If its work during this time can be taken as a criterion, the shredder could be readily adapted to the requirements of diffusion. THE DIFFUSION BATTERY. The diffusion battery was built in 1887 by the Colwell Iron Works of New York. It was enlarged in 18S8 by Edwards & Haubtman, of New Orleans, according to the directions of Governor H. C. Warmoth. In the enlargement of the battery the only changes made were in the length of the cells and calorisators or heaters, and the addition of two new cells. The battery as used the past season consists of fourteen cells arranged in a circle, and charged from a central reservoir by means of a revolving chute. THE CELLS. The cells are 11 feet long by 44 inches in diameter. The net cane space is 107 cubic feet. The upper doors are 30 inches in diameter and the net opening at the discharge gate is 44 inches, the full diameter of a cross-section of the cell. The joint between the discharge gate and the bottom of the cell is the ordinary hydraulic closure. CALORISATORS. The calorisators (heaters) as originally constructed were 41) inches long and 11 inches in diameter, inside measurements. There were eight copper tubes 49 inches long by 2 inches in diameter in each, giv- ing a heating surface of 17.1 square feet. In enlarging the battery seven tubes U by 41 inches were added, giving an additional heating Burface of 9.2 square feet, and a total of 26.3 square feet per calorisator, r\ ne heating surface was sufficient for the work, but it would have been a wise precaution to have increased it considerably more. The heating surface per cubic fool of cell space is .346 square feet, or nearly l cubic feet per square foot of heating surface. The juice and water pipes are of cast-iron and have a net diameter of 4 inches. The compressed air pipes are \S inches in diameter. The 10 accumulator for compressed air has 75 cubic feet capacity. A 2-iuch main furnishes ample steam for the battery. METHOD OF REMOVING EXHAUSTED CHIPS. A circular track under the cells, provided with a flat-car having its axles fixed in the direction of the radii of the circle, served to carry the chip car from cell to cell. The flat-car was fitted with a piece of track of the same gauge as that of the permanent railroad leading to the river. When a cell of exhausted chips was discharged into the car the flat-car was drawn by a mule to a point opposite the main line and the chip car run oft' and taken to the river to be emptied. The round trip required less thau seven minutes. A large flat-boat projecting into the river served to carry the track far enough out for the curreut to wash the chips away. CRITICISMS ON THE DIFFUSION MACHINERY. The question of arrangement of a diffusion battery will generally de- pend upon local conditions. The batteries built for this Department previous to that at Magnolia were of the type known as line batteries. The circular arrangement was selected for Magnolia in order to give the planters an additional example of the different types of diffusion batteries. The circular arrangement has many advantages. It also lias disadvantages with which the line battery is not compelled to contend. The principal of these latter is the difficulty attendant upon the removal of the exhausted chips. A builder of this class of machinery informs me that there is no difficulty in arranging to move the chip car from cell to cell by power and finally run it outside the building for dumping. A circular battery possesses decided advantages over all other forms in ease and regularity of charging the cells with cane chips, neatness of arrangement, and facility of controlling the work. The valves should be so arranged that they can be manipulated from inside the circle. The measuring tank should also be placed inside the circle, preferably at the center. DEFECTS IN THE MAGNOLIA BATTERY. The defects in the battery are not doe to the workmanship, but rather to the designers and to oversights when increasing its capacity. The Department is in do respect responsible for these latter. the cnip chuti:. The chute should be entirely supported from above, a counterpoise relieving the strain caused 1>\ the weight of the chute coining entirely on one Side* Instead of a sliding door, to block the How of chips when moving from one cell to another, the end of the chute should be provided with a hinged Spout, balanced in such a manner that it can be thrown 11 back and stop the flow of chips, the bottom of the spout becoming a gate. An illustration of such a chute is given on Plate 1, Bulletin 5, of this division. When this arrangement is adopted there is ample room to place the measuring tank in the center of the upper platform. The valves and pipe-lines being on the inside of the circle, the battery man has easy control of the work, and can not be pardoned for over- heating the cells or making other errors. In the enlargement of the battery the size of the pipe-lines was not proportionately increased. We found for rapid work — i. e., a cell every seven and one-half minutes — that a pipe area of 12J inches is not quite sufficient, but I believe 20 inches would be ample for a cell of the dimensions of those at Magnolia. The calorisators or heaters were of sufficient capacity. In enlarg- ing the calorisators, the original outlets for water of condensation were retained. This oversight caused considerable annoyance, since, owing to the insufficiency of the outlets, several check-valves were broken and the heaters clogged with water. At present the lower doors of the battery are managed from below by means of a block and tackle. The hydraulic method of opening would have saved considerable annoyance and the labor of one man. A slight change in the position of the drainage-valves will render the work under the battery more comfortable for the laborers and will entail but a small expense. The hydraulic method of opening large doors is used in a number of places in Europe. In 1882 I visited the works at St. Just, near Clere- mont, France, and was much pleased with the management of the large doors of their line battery by this method. GENERAL REMARKS ON DIFFUSION BATTERIES AND THEIR AR- RANGEMENT. As I have previously stated, local conditions largely control the arrangement of a battery. A single line requires a very long building, but ease of removal of the exhausted chips and favorable conditions for enlarging the plant make this arrangement of the cells a favorite one. The great length of the return pipes is objectionable. The double line also facilitates the use of a simple method of removal of exhausted chips. The return pipes are very short and the manipulations art' as Simple as in the circular battery. In both the single and double line batteries there is difficulty in charging the last cell in the series with cane without either having chips left over, which fall on the floor, or giving this cell an irregular supply. The circular arrangement of a battery requires a very high square building. The more complicated method of removing the exhausted chips and the space occupied are the principal objections to this form of battery. The cost of construction \.niv> but little in the different forms of batteries. 12 ACCUMULATION OF AIR AND VAPORS IN THE DIFFUSION CELLS. In the battery at Magnolia we have been troubled quite often by the accumulations of air and vapors in the cells. The men at the battery have 'instructions to "blow off7' these accumulations at frequent inter- vals. In working a battery at high temperatures, through carelessness the battery man will often neglect to reduce the steam pressure on the calorisators at the proper time and the juice will be heated above its boiliug point, and large quantities of steam will form in the cells when the pressure is reduced. These vapors and the air in the cell are liable to " trap v and prevent a uniform extraction of the sugar from the chips. To overcome this difficulty the attachment illustrated in the accom- panying figure, was devised by K. Leyser, of Oschersleben, Germany. This apparatus consists of a float //, connecting by means of a spherical joint at its upper end with the valve ft, and guided at its lower end by Pro. i. means of a rod at the center of the strainer e. The tube a communicates with the diffoser. If vapors of any kind collect in the diffuser, they will pass out through the tube a around the lloat //, through the valve b and tube//, into the open air. Any foam thai may have accumulated in the cell will also pass out. As soon as the juice in the cell rises Sufficiently the flottl 0WiU lift, and close the valve € and prevent its 13 escape. The object of the small funnel m is to catch any fine pieces of pulp which may pass the strainer and prevent them from clogging the apparatus. This funnel should be removed from time to time and emptied. A valve between cc is provided, which is to be closed when the apparatus is not in use. CONTROL OF DIFFUSION WORK. In order to arrive at comparable results and place the records beyond the possibility of error through neglect or forgetfulness of the workmen, some automatic device for registration is essential. Those investigators making a serious study of diffusion of sugar-cane will realize the neces- sity of some such device. A number of German and other beet-sugar manufacturers have devised instruments for recording all that is essen- tial in the work of a battery. These records, the work of an instru- ment, and made entirely without prejudice or fears of punishment for negligence, become valuable data for locating and correcting errors. The first cost of such instruments will be many times repaid. A bat- tery man, no matter how faithful aud capable he may be, is liable to make errors that may prove very expensive and render valueless stud- ies to improve the work. The diffusion of sugar-cane presents many conditions quite different from those which exist in the beet. The com- paratively small amount of work that has been done in the diffusion of cane in this country and many of the conditions under which it has been done, have prevented a careful study to determine the most favorable conditions for such work. Now that the success of the process is fully demonstrated, we should turn our attention to improving the work of our batteries. IIORSIN-DEON'S AUTOMATIC REGISTER.1 " A cylinder rotated horizontally by clock-work carries a roll of paper divided into hours, quarter hours, and fractions of live minutes; a pencil car attached to an arm bears directly upon the paper ; this pencil, moved by a float, follows and registers every change of level in the measuring tank. "It will be seen that this instrument records every change thai takes place in the measuring tank, whether it be charging, discharging, or irregularities of the work of any kind. The lines 1 raced from the lower to the upper part of the paper show the Charging of the measuring tank, and rice versa those traced from above downward — the discharg- ing. The lines are more or less inclined according to the rate of charg- ing Or discharging. A counter records the total Dumber of cells filled. Mr. Ilorsin-Deon has so arranged this apparatus that it may be located at a distance from the diffusion battery, preferably in the office or lai>- 1 This description is a free translation of one in Bulletin <1<- ['Association Chim- istes, 6, No. •-', l<*>0. 14 oratory. In order that the work may be regular and the extraction uni- form, two electric bells are couuected with the apparatus and indicate the proper moment to open or close the battery valves. FlO.2. "With this apparatus, where a complete record of the ditVusion work is automatically made, one can attain absolute certainty that all orders from the laboratory or office have been strictly carried out, and that time, has not been lost at certain hours of the night only to be made up by hurried work in the morning." EUGENE LANGEN'S (COLOGNE, GERMANY) AUTOMATIC REGISTER* The following-described apparatus was designed by Bogene Laogen, a very prominent beet sugar manufacturer, and was constructed by Fischer & Stecht, Essen am Ruhr, Germany. This apparatus is designed not only to register the measurement of the juice, but also to determine. its density. 15 u The measurer1 of the volume of the juice drawn consists essentially of a cylinder of copper containing; six compartments, and is similar in its action to a gas-meter. The juice from the diffuser passes immediately Fir.. 3. into the measurer, thence to the carbonatation (or clarification). The quantity of juice is indicated in cubic meters by means of the counter on a cylinder, R, Fig. 3. To accomplish this, the counter communicates with the axis a, which makes a complete turn for each diffuser of juice drawn. The axis a transmits its mo- tion to the toothed wheels Z, /_> (variable at will), to the axis b, upon which is fixed a crank 1c and a projecting arm d. The crank, by means of the connecting-rod s, raises or lowers the wagon t, carrying a pencil and travel- ing on the guides nn, in such a manner as to trace a diagram on the slowly-revolving cylinder B, which is driven by clock-work. The arm d, touching the electric contact c, closes the circuit and rings an electric bell, which notifies the battery man that he must close the juice-valve. Pig. I indicates the form of tlie diagram traced. "The lines in the diagram which are very nearly vertical indicate the time required to discharge a diffuser of juioe. The short horizontal lines show the length of time between discharges of juice, and their height above the center line shows whether the correct amount of juice was drawn. 1 Translated from " Revue Univeraelle dee Progrea do La. Fa brioatioo da Sucre " ~" et 3C Aiiiht.s, pp. ;.<;,;,;. 16 u The automatic determination of the density of the j uice depends upon the principle of communicating vessels. A column of juice of an inva- riable height counterbalances a column of water whose height is proportional to the density of the juice. UA portion of the juice measured by the meter passes through the small reservoir H into a tube S, provided with an overflow at r. Inside the tube S is another tube, FD, which terminates above in a funnel-shaped vessel and below in a flexible rubber bulb, P. The interior of this tube, including the bulb, is filled with water, whose height is registered upon a cylinder, B,by means of a float carrying a pencil. a The variable temperatures of the juice have no influence upon the apparatus, provided the column of water is of the same temperature as the juice surrounding it. For this reason the tube F is spiral 'at the lower end. The specific gravity of the juice so obtained is reduced to the normal temperature and the degrees Brix or Bail me* noted. Mr. Langen has substituted a bundle of very fine copper tubes for the spiral in the original apparatus, in order to more readily equalize the temperature of the juice and water. "Foam and mechanical impurities do not affect the accuracy of the apparatus." If this apparatus is used independent of the automatic meaurer, a double ball-valve should be employed, to prevent wastage from the overflowing of the juice. AUTOMATIC SAMPLING OF THE JUICE. Fig. 5. The simplest method of sampling the juice automatically consists of a three-way valve opened ami closed by the rise or fall of a float in the measuring tank. One opening of the valve communicates with a Stand-pipe, extending above the greatest height to which the tank is ever filled; the second opening serves to connect the stand-pipe with the bottle in which the sample Is to be stored j the third opening con- nects the stand-pipe with the measuring tank. The float is so arranged and connected with the stem of the valve that when the juice rises to a given height it lifts, and, opening the valve, places the stand-pipe in communication with the tank. When the juice level in the tank falls, the opening from the stand-pipe to the tank isolosedat the same time that connecting the stand pipe and bottle is opened, and the juice which filled the tube passes Into the bottle. This is repeated every time a cell of juice is drawn, and provides a method of sampling both certain and accurate. A certain amount of subacetato of lead, in proportion 17 to the amount employed in analytical work, must be placed in the bottle in order to preserve the juice. Before making the analysis add suffi- cient acetic acid to the sample to give a decided acid reaction. An aliquot part of the sample is taken for polarization and the determina- tion of the glucose. Before making the glucose determination the lead should be precipitated aDd removed by filtration. The opening in the three-way valve should be at least £ inch in diam- eter, to prevent clogging. The tube leading from the tank should also be provided with a fine strainer. In order that the valve may work with sufficient rapidity to prevent placing the bottle in communication with both tube and tank at the same time it should be fitted as follows: A section of the valve through the openings should show a T-shaped groove, in order that a quarter turn may suffice to connect the stand- pipe with either the sample bottle or the measuring tank. The stem of the valve should be prolonged and fitted with a pinion f inch in diameter, which in turn engages a spur-wheel 4 inches in diameter. The spur-wheel shaft is fitted with a drum 8 inches in diameter. The wire extending from the float makes a couple of turns around this drum and is then weighted. The float is so arranged that it has a rise or fall of about 1 inch. The entire apparatus is of course provided with a suitable framework, and should be enclosed and under lock and key. The delivery tube from the stand-pipe extends nearly to the bottom of the sample bottle in order that the stream of juice may thoroughly mix with the sub- acetate of lead and with preceding charges. The dimensions of the gearing and drum given are such that a very slight change in the level of the juice in the measuring tank will open or close the valve. FURTHER CHECKS ON THE BATTERY WORK. All the apparatus described above is under lock and key and out of sight of the battery man. This workman must be provided with a cheeking system that will promptly notify him of errors. For this purpose blanks ruled as below were furnished the men at Magnolia. Date-- MAGNOLIA T I. A STATION. U'f.t,!. (Ml No. Time u In n drawn. Density. Temper- Attire. Liters drawn. Cell N<>. Time when tll.lU [1. Density. Temper- ature. Liters dran n. ! 3S1M— No. L>1 18 The men were required to fill in the blanks and enter on the back of each sheet the cause of delays. The most frequent error is drawing two or three times from oue cell. An immediate fall in the density of the juice notifies the workman of his error. The failure of the cell number to correspond with the num- ber automatically registered notifies the chemist or superintendent of the error. To illustrate the above-mentioned error, I have given below a transcript of the battery report for two watches, December 9. The numbers in the column headed "Temperature" indicate the tempera- ture of the juice at the time of determining its density, and not necessa- rily at the time of drawing the charge. It will be noticed in this report that the density of the juice began to fall rapidly at 5A8 p. m. MAGNOLIA PLANTATION Date.— December 9. Watch.— Second day and first night. Battery man Cell No. Time when drawn. Density. Temper- ature. Liters drawn. Cell No. Time when drawn. Density. Temper- ature. Liters drawn. °Baume. °o. °Baume. °C. >4 1.21 6.0 38 1,360 13 7.45 5.8 37 1,360 5 2.06 6.1 37 1,360 14 7.54 5.8 38 1,360 6 2.15 4.6 50 1,360 1 8.04 5.7 43 1,360 7 2.25 5.3 38 1,360 2 8.15 5.4 48 1,360 8 3.34 5.2 37 1,360 3 8.24 5.5 45 1,360 9 3.49 4.2 50 1,360 4 8.33 5.4 47 1,360 10 4.12 5.0 40 1,360 5 8.42 5.5 47 1,360 11 4.22 5.0 39 1,360 6 8.53 5.5 48 1, 360 12 5.21 4.3 50 1,360 7 9.02 5.6 46 1,360 13 5.30 4.9 55 1,360 8 9.11 5.7 46 1,360 14 5.39 3.4 57 1,360 9 9.20 5.7 16 1,360 1 5.48 3.3 50 1,360 10 9.29 5.8 46 1,360 2 5. 57 2.0 58 1,360 11 9.38 6.0 43 1,360 3 COG 1.8 57 1,360 12 '.». 68 6.1 M 1,880 4 Nol (1 rawn. 18 10.08 f». | 50 1,888 fi 6.25 3.9 44 1,860 14 10. 17 r>. 6 49 1,860 6 8, 68 4.2 40 1,360 1 L0.84 5.6 4 'J 1,360 7 6. 4.~) 4.5 41 1, 360 2 10.44 5. 1 52 1,360 8 6.58 5.0 37 1, 360 3 10.68 5.1 52 1,360 9 7.07 5.2 H 1, 300 4 11.14 5. 4 46 1,888 10 7.16 5.5 30 1,860 5 11.23 r.. .; M 1,860 11 7. 26 5.6 38 1, 300 6 II. i:: 6.0 in 1,880 is 7.35 5.8 37 1,360 7 11.53 6. i 40 1,860 1 Work very Irregular during woond watch, 1.8] to 6 p. m., <»n aooouni <>f trouble \Nith the cane cutter. This sudden fall in density is due to more than one draw being made from one, cell, or, in Other words, the workman neglected to close a cer- tain valve connecting with the juice main, and he instead of draw- ing from the cell last tilled with IVesh chips drew repeatedly from a preceding cell through this neglected valve. The battery man oo&iing 19 on duty the first night watch detected the error from his predecessor's report and corrected it. Considerable irregularity in the recorded den- sity of the juice is due to great variations in the temperature at which the reading is made. It is perhaps needless to add that the battery man who made these errors was relieved from duty the following day, when he carelessly repeated the above mistakes. It would be very easy for a workman to conceal his error by making a false entry in his report. The use of the automatic registering apparatus I have described would effectually pre- vent or detect such false entries. DIFFUSION WORK. The diffusion battery having been used three days continuously, it was decided to clear the yard and sugar-house and begin test runs. These runs began December 1 aud were continued until the end of the season. In this time there were few delays chargeable to the battery. There were numerous delays caused by the inefficiency of the cutters and the extremely foul condition of the Taryan quadruple effect. This latter failed to work up to its guaranteed capacity on account of a thick deposit of scale on the tubes. Late in the season Mr. Yaryau visited the plantation and recommended boiling out the pans with caustic soda. This treatment was very effective, and the capacity was soon amply sufficient for the work required. In preparation for further en- larging his sugar-house, Governor Warmoth has contracted for an 18- coil quadruple effect of the Yaryan system. Some considerable delay was caused at the beginning of the season on account of the clarifiers not being in readiness. It was Governor Warmoth's intention to depend entirely upon the clarification of the juice in the diffusers. This work was unsatisfactory, so he returned to the ordinary method. MANIPULATION OF THE DIFFUSION BATTERY. The method of operating a battery in the diffusion of sugar-cane has been so often described in the reports of the Chemical Division, that I shall, only give a brief resume of the practical work, in order to render subsequent portions of this bulletin more intelligible to those who arc not thoroughly posted. THE FIRST OPERATIONS. Fill two or three cells with water heated to near its boiling-point. Let these cells precede1 cell No. 1 ; i. e., the first cell tilled with fresh chips. By a proper manipulation of the valves force water into t he first of the cells containing hot water, driving the latter forward and into cell No. 1 at the bottom. By admitting the water at the bottom of the 1 FVw convenience of re fen nee I will refer to the cells in numerical Older, invaria- bly calling t lie one in Immediate OOnneetiOD with the water supply No. 1. ami that containing fresh chips (after the firsl ronndof the batter; f No. 12. No, L3 is open for the discharge of exhausted chips, ami No. 11 is filling with fresh ciiips. 20 cell the air is driven out at the vent in the cover. In the meantime cell No. 2 is tilled with fresh chips. When Xo. 1 is full of juice the valves are changed, and the circuit established through the valve connecting with the upper part of the diifnser. The valve connecting with the bottom of Xo. 2 is then opened, and the juice from Xo. 1 passes in at the bottom of this cell, water taking the place of this juice. Cell No. 3 is filled with chips, and the same operations are repeated, and so on, until six or seven cells are filled. The number of cells so filled is dependent largely on the temperature of the water entering cell No. 1 and the probable extraction. Let us assume that seven cells have been filled. A charge of juice must now be drawn. The juice having passed through seven cells of chips, no draw having been made, has about reached its maximum density. The work is now continued, a charge of juice being drawn from each cell filled. When cell No. 12 is reached the hot water in No. 13 is discharged into the ditch ; while No. 13 is filling the water in No. 14 is discharged. The first round of the battery is now com- pleted. The chips in No. 1 have been treated twelve times with fresh water and are now ready to be rejected. While cell No. 14 is filling with fresh chips the exhausted chips in No. 1 are being removed. This routine continues without variation. A few hours7 practice at a battery is sufficient to train an intelligent laborer to do this work. INFLUENCE OF THE DIMENSIONS AND FORM OF THE CELL.1 If we place cuttings of cane in a vessel and surround them with water, no matter what may be the size or shape of the vessel, an equi- librium will soon be established, and the diluted juice bathing the chips will be sensibly of the same density as that contained in the cuttings themselves. If, in the construction of a diffusion cell, we give it a diameter of 4 feet and a depth of but a few inches, there is no reason why the ex- traction should be either better or poorer than in a cell a few inches in diameter and several feet long, provided the circulation is equally good in each case* It is this proviso which should control the dimensions and form of a diffusion cell, and not the possibility of an increased or diminished extraction through variations in length of the column of chips which the water must traverse. The length of the column of chips has no influence whatever upon the extraction, but should not be sufficient to impede the circulation. In the manufacture Of BUgar from beets there is a serious objection to a large cell, hence the tendency to make a capacity of 300 tons per day per battery a limit. This objection is the liability of the beet cat- lings packing or matting, and thus interfering with the circulation. In the diffusion of cane even at, high temperatures we find no such tendency to matting. The extraction in the .Magnolia battery this Season was very uniform, notwithstanding the increased length of the cells. Tor theory of diffiwion, *eo Bulletin No. S, p. '>, Division of Chemistry. 21 In cells of large diameter there is a possibility of difficulty in uni- formly distributing the juice. The experience in cane work has been so limited, and so few batteries have been erected where a careful study of the work has been made, that we have little data on this point. A cell of small diameter can be built for less money than one of the same cubical contents but greater diameter. This refers especially to large batteries. The lower* doors of a cell of large diameter should have more than the two supports, viz, the hinge and latch, in order to pre- vent springing. If the length of the cell is excessive, the great length of the column of cane chips will retard the current of juice, and it will be necessary to increase the water pressure. The essential conditions which must be observed in the construction of a diffuser are that the form and dimensions must be such as to secure the best circulation of the juice through the chips. CLARIFICATION IN THE DIFFUSION BATTERY. The first few days of the season, as meutioned above, an attempt was made to use lime in the cells of the diffusion battery for the purpose of clarification. Sufficient milk of lime was added to each cell of fresh chips to neutralize the acids of the juice. The temperature of the tbree cells preceding that containing the fresh chips was maintained at as nearly 95° 0. (203° F.) as possible. The results may be summed up briefly as follows : The diffusion juice was bright and perfectly clear. In order to be certain that the clarification was complete, the juice was run into the clarifiers and heated to the boiling point. Quite a " blanket" formed, considering the preliminary clarification which had already been made. These impurities evidently resulted from the partial clarification that had taken place in cell No. 12 of* the battery. The fresh chips, being very much colder than the juice coming from the preceding cell, lower the temperature below the point necessary to a good clarification. At the beginning of this work, Mr. Fred llinze suggested drawing from the second cell from the last, i. e., No. 10. The juice from this cell, having been heated to the highest temperature practicable in the battery, is thoroughly clarified. This plan was not adopted, since it reduces the number of cells under pressure to ten, and necessitates driving two cells of juice ahead. The juice in these cells soon reaches its maximum den- sity, and serves to heal the chips to such a temperature that a good clarification can be obtained. An attempt was made bo heat the chips in cell No. 12 in the follow- ing manner: Cell No. 12 was Oiled with chips and juice in the usual manner, except that compressed air was used to force the juice through the cells; without changing the main battery valves the air vent on No. 1 was opened, that on No. L2 closed, and the current reversed, forcing air into No. L2. The air vent on No. L2 was again opened and tbecell filled with juice as usual in regular work. 22 It may be seen that the chips in iSO. 12 were twice bathed in hot juice, the first time raising their temperature considerably, and the second, sufficiently high for claritication. The draw was made from No. 12 as usual. This method of working, although it accomplishes the desired result, was too complicated, hence was not adopted. NOTES ON THE USE OF LIME IN THE DIFFUSION BATTERY. Mr. Fromentin1 advises " the use of a small quantity of lime in the diffu- sion of beets, 2 to 3 liters of milk of lime at 25° Baume being added per diffuser. An iucrease in the purity of the juice and a better extrac- tion are obtained." In the same place Mr. Fromentin cites an experi- ment in which the purity of the juice was increased 2 degrees. In the above experiments a complete clarification of the juice was not claimed. Subsequent treatment by the carbonatation process was nec- essary. In 1883 O. B. Jennings, of Honey Creek, Wis., was granted letters patent2 for certain processes in sugar manufacture, in which he specifi- cally states that he uses either dry lime or lime whitewash mixed with the cane cuttings for the purpose of obtaining a thorough defecation in the diffusion apparatus. Mr. Jennings also claims that this process is applicable in the diffusion of sugar-cane. Lime3 was used in the diffusion cells at Wonopriugo, Java, the past season for the purpose of clarification. Lime was also used in the diffusers at the Planters7 Experiment Sta- tion, Kenner, La. I am informed that Dr. W. C. Stubb's experiments with this process, which were made entirely independently of the work of other experimenters, were very successful. This method of clarification is discussed in Bulletin No. 20, Division of Chemistry, pages 23-25. I made a few experiments at Magnolia on a small scale, to determine how perfect a clarification can be obtained by this process. A pressure flask, such as is used in analytical work, was nearly filled with cane chips; sufficient lime was added to neutralize the acids in the juice, and the flask was finally filled with clarified diffusion juice, closed and heated ten minutes to a temperature of 95° 0. (203° F.). The flask was cooled, opened, and the juice was filtered through linen cloth. The filtered juice was then heated to its boiling point in the open air. It re- mained perfectly clear, and even on boiling did not show signs of tur- bidity. The conditions of this experiment Ware the same as those existing in regular diffusion work, except that in (he latter case it is impossible to heat the last Cell tO as high a temperature as that obtained in the ex- 1 Revue Universalis des Progrcs d€ La Fabrication dn Sucre, l883-,84, p. 81. 'Letteri Patent N<>. 28754 l, dated October :'>", L883, application filed April 2, L883. 'Journal des Fabrioents deSuore, Ootober :'.. 1888. Translation and comments is Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, vol. I. No. it. 23 periraent. This experiment shows that as soon as we obtain some simple method of carrying the juice in the last cells of the battery to a sufficiently high temperature, we can obtain a clarification superior to that obtainable in the ordinary manner. The use of lime is especially to be recommended when the work is irregular or the cane damaged by frost and subsequent fermentation. WORKING TEMPERATURE OF THE BATTERY. Owing to the thickness of the chips furnished by the cutter it was necessary to work the battery at a high temperature in order to obtain as good an extraction as possible with a low dilution. There is a de- cided inconvenience in working at high temperatures, due to the liability of the juice boiling in the heaters and steam collecting in the cells. It is possible for steam and air to collect to a sufficient extent to interfere with the circulation of the juice near the top of the cell. In the preliminary work with the diffusion battery the temperature of cells ^os. 8, 9, and 10 was maintained as nearly as possible at 85° C. (185° F.). The juice issuing from cell ]So. 11 was kept as hot as consistent with rapid work. The temperature of cells Nos. 2 to 7, inclusive, ranged from about G5° G. to 70° C. (149° to 158° P.), and of Xo. 1 about 60° C. to 65° C. (140° to 149° P.). With thin chips and a moderate dilution the extraction was very good. Owing to a lack of cutting capacity we were compelled to increase the thickness of the chips and work the bat- tery at a very much higher temperature. In the early part of the work we passed the water for the battery through a large heater ; later on we found that we could obtain as good results without the heater as when using it. The range of temperature during the greater portion of the season is shown in the following table. It must be remembered in examining this table that the Magnolia battery has 14 cells, 12 of which are in activity, 1 tilling and 1 emptying. The small amount of heating sur- face in the calorisators should also be taken into account. Cell number. T.niperature. Cent. Fahr. 1 o 60 1 J 95 85 70 o 140 158-176 203 m 185 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 l'_' 24 A comparison of the above table of temperatures with a similar table for the sugar beet will be of value : Cell number. Temperatnre. Cent. Fabr. 0 40 60 1 1 1 >■ 80-85 G5-70 40-50 0 104 140 176-186 149-158 104-122 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The low temperature of cells Kos. 1 and 2, 11 and 12 in the second table is noticeable. In cells 11 and 12 this low temperature is due to tin1 moderately-heated juice in cells 3 to 10 coming" in contact with the cold beet cuttings. The temperature of cells 3 to 10 is purposely main- tained at a moderate degree to prevent the cuttings from swelling and impeding the circulation. Even if it were practicable, so far as the capacity of the calorisators is concerned, to raise the temperature of cell No. 1 above 40° C. (104° P.), it would be decidedly objectionable on account of the effect of high temperatures on the beet cuttings. Practice has demonstrated that a temperature above 40° C. in this cell is liable to seriously interfere with the pressing of the exhausted cuttings. Is it not possible that the high temperature at which we usually con- duct cane diffusion is largely the cause of the difficulty that has been experienced in milling the exhausted chips? In the experiments made in L887 at .Magnolia considerable difficulty was experienced in milling the chips; so much, in fact, that t he experiment was practically a failure. In the battery work the water entering cell No. 1 was heated to about 71° 0.(160° F.), and by the time it reached the second cell its tem- perature was little below the boiling point. On the contrary, this season, when the milling experiment was very successful, the tempera- ture Of the ftref cell did not exceed 60° 0. (140° P.) There will be no Opportunity to continue these ex perinients at Magnolia, since Governor Warmotfa has disposed of his mill. Owing to the trouble with the cutter we had no further opportunity to make experiments in conducting the battery work at different tem- peratures. With thin chips, however, 1 am confident tin' maximum temperature need not exceed 85 ' < \ ( L86° F.) There is little doubt 25 but that the relatively lower purity of the diffusion juices as compared with the normal juice was due to the high temperature at which we were compelled to work. Juice extracted at a temperature of 85° 0. (185° F.) admits of easier and more thorough treatment in the sugar-house. DILUTION. Two methods of stating the dilution of the normal juice are employed in this report, viz, apparent dilution and the actual dilution. In ad- dition the extra evaporation in terms of the diffusion juice is also given. Owing to the frequent variations in the juice content of the cane we have a variable dilution even with a constant draw. For the same reason we have a variable reduction in the percentage of sucrose in the juice aside from irregularities of extraction. The relation of the diffusion juice drawn to the actual amount contained in the cane is termed the apparent dilution. It has been customary in diffusion work in this country to arbitrarily assume a juice content of 90 per cent, of the cane, and reduce this weight to volumetric terms based upon the density of the normal juice; a comparison of this volume of juice is then made with the volume of diffusion juice drawn. In this report the actual volume of juice in the cane is compared with the volume of diffusion juice drawn and the result is termed the apparent dilution. The nearer we approach a perfect extraction, the nearer the apparent dilution approaches the actual. The actual dilution is the proportion of water added to the normal juice to reduce its percentage of sugar to that of the diffusion juice; hence the actual dilution represents the evaporation necessary, per cent, normal juice, to remove the added water. In calculating the dilution we take the sum of the percentages of sucrose and glucose in order to diminish the errors resulting from inversion. In figuring coal consumption in the comparison of mill and diffusion work all statements should be based on the actual dilution. GENERAL ANALYTICAL DATA. DIFFUSION WORK. Iii the following table, giving general analytical data, and in subse- quent tables giving special analytical and manufacturing data of each "run," all the analyses necessary in deducing the results stated are printed in full. An attempt has been made to tabulate these analyses and deductions as completely as possible, and in such a manner that there may be no difficulty in others making any further deductions permitted by the scope of the work. At the beginning of the diffusion work it was my intention to make three sets of analyses per day, but irregular work very often prevented me from doing so, and on several occasions the samples fermented be- fore a sufficient quantity had been collected for an analysis. Several sets of analyses were rejected in the final tabulations owing to manifest errors in the battery work. Reference to the battery reports was usu- ally sufficient to decide the rejection or retention of doubtful analyses. On three occasions, when, owing to irregular work, no analysis was made, that of the previous day was taken to represent the average of the day's work. The1 method of sampling pursued in former seasons was the only one available. One hundred cubic centimeters of juice were taken from each charge and stored in a large bottle until a sufficient quantity tor a fair sample bad been taken. A handful of fresh and one of exhausted chips were also taken from each cell. The former was passed through a small hand mill, and the juice so obtained was analyzed and the analysis taken to represent the normal juice of the cane. Probably some of the perplexing and seemingly conflicting results obtained should be attributed to the method of sampling the diffusion juice, and the lack of a reliable check on the amount of juice drawn. The battery work was followed up as carefully as possible, both by my- self and Mr. Fred Hin/e, the latter having immediate supervision of the work. Many of the irregularities in the amount of juioe drawn, as shown in tin' tabulated statements of each "nm/' were due to errors 96 27 on the part of the battery men. In justice to these men, who performed their duties conscientiously and faithfully, I wish to say that these errors are perhaps largely attributable to faulty measuring apparatus and irregular work, which had a tendency to confuse them. In case the Department decides to continue its experiments at Mag- nolia next season the very best control apparatus should be provided. Table I. — Comparison of normal and diffusion juices. ZSTOEMAL JUICES. Date. Xo. Degree Brix. Degree Baum6.1 Specific gravity. Sucrose. Reducing sugars (glacose, etc.). Co-effi- cient of purity. Glucose per 100 sucrose. 1888. Per cent. Per cent. Dec. 1 1 1G.2 9.0 1. 06C5 14.2 .58 87. 65 4.08 Dec. 1 2 1 ."). .") 8.6 1. 0634 13.7 .46 88. 22- 3.36 Dec. 2 3 15.7 8.7 1.0643 13.7 .46 87.27 3.36 Dec. 2 4 15.9 8.8 1. 0652 13.7 .46 86.17 3.36 Dec. 3 5 16.3 9.0 1. 0009 14.3 .49 87.66 3.43 Dec. 3 6 16.3 9.0 1.06G9 14.5 .39 88.88 2.69 Dec. 3 7 16.2 9.0 1. 0665 14.1 .48 86.43 3.40 Dec. 4 8 15.8 8.8 1.0647 14.0 .39 88.27 2.78 Dec. 4 9 16.3 9.0 1. 0669 14.1 .52 86.43 3.69 Dec. 4 10 1G.2 9 0 1. 0665 14.4 .53 88.85 3.20 Dec. 5 11 16.3 9.0 1. 0669 14.4 .42 88.27 2.91 Dec. 6 12 1G.2 9.0 1.0665 14.0 .52 86.38 3.71 Dec. 6 13 16.0 8.9 1. 0656 14.1 .48 88.12 3.40 Dec. G 14 16.2 9.0 1* 06C5 14.1 .51 87.00 3.62 Dec. 7 15 1G.0 8.9 1. 0656 14.0 .51 87.50 3..71 Dec. 8 1G 15.7 8.7 1.0643 13.5 .54 86.00 4.00 Dec. 8 17 17.0 9 4 1. 0700 14.6 .44 85.85 3.01 Dec. 9 18 16.9 9.4 1. 0695 14.5 .52 85.84 3.59 Dec. 10 19 17.1 9.5 1. 0704 14.6 .53 85. 41 3.63 Dec. 11 20 16.6 9.2 1. 0G82 14.6 .44 87.89 3.01 Dec. 11 21 15.7 8.7 1.0643 13.6 .67 86.63 4.92 Dec. 12 22 16. 4 9.1 1.0674 14.:: .60 87. 23 4.19 Dec. 12 23 16.8 9.3 1. 0691 15.0 3.80 Dec. 13 24 16.8 9.3 1.0691 14.7 .02 87.40 -4. •:■: Dec. 13 17.0 9.4 1.0700 14.7 .60 86.44 4.08 Dec. 13 26 17.0 9.4 1.0700 11.7 .60 80.44 4.08 Dec. 14 •J 7 17.1 9. 5 1.0704 15.2 .6.' 4.08 28 16.8 14.5 .GO 4.14 Deo. i:, 29 17. 1 9. 5 1.0704 15.3 . ;7 3.07 Dm. L8 30 15.8 1.0647 12.9 1.(0 81. 00 7. 77. Dec. 17 31 17.1 9. 5 .81 8d.]4 5. 91 Deo. LS 17.2 !'. ."- i:..:: .51 3.33 I). ,. li 83 17. 1 :i. 8 1.0719 15.2 87. 35 Deo. i • 34 16.8 1.0691 3. 66 Deo. i l 17.0 9 1 .GO 87. 02 Deo. 20 30 17.:: 1.0718 l '.. •_' 3. 02 17.3 9.6 1.0713 15.2 3.48 Deo. 21 38 17. t 1.0717 149 17. 1 9 8 1.O701 4. 98 Degreee Boojd5 ere from the old oeloaletione m glTen in : lauL 28 Table I. — Comparison of normal and diffusion juices — Continued. XORMAL JUICES. Date. No. Degree Brix. Degree Baurne.1 Specific gravity. Sucrose. Reducing sugars (glucose, etc.). Coeffi- cient of purity. Glucose per 100 sucrose. 1888. Percent. Per cent. Dec. 25) Dec. 26£ 40 17.4 9.6 1.0717 14.9 .64 85.68 4.29 Dec. 27 41 17.1 9.5 1. 0704 14.8 .72 86.58 4.87 Dec. 27 42 17.2 9.5 1. 0709 14.7 .61 85. 41 4.35 Dec. 28 43 16.9 9.4 1. 0695 14.4 .79 85.25 5.48 Dec. 28 44 17.3 9.6 1.0713 15.0 .69 86.70 4.62 Dec. 28 45 17.8 9.9 1. 0735 15.2 .74 85. 42 4.87 Dec. 29 46 17.8 9.9 1. 0735 15.1 -•■> 84.86 4.77 Dec. 29 47 17.3 9.6 1. 0713 14.5 . 72 83.81 4.97 Dec. 29 48 17.1 9.5 1. 0704 14.9 .62 87.16 4.16 Dec. 30 49 16.9 9.4 1. 0695 14.6 .61 86.43 4.18 Dec. 30 50 16.4 9.1 1. 0674 14.0 .58 85.40 4.14 Dec. 31 51 16.5 9.1 1. 0678 14.0 .67 84.84 4.78 Dec. 31 52 16.5 9.1 1. 0U78 14.5 .63 87.87 4.35 1889. Jan. 1 53 16.0 9.2 1. 0682 13.7 .83 82. 47 6.06 Jan. 2 54 16.3 9.0 1. 0669 14.0 .61 85. 82 4.36 Jan. 2 55 16.1 8.9 1. 0660 13.6 .73 81.46 5.37 Jan. 3 56 17.1 9.5 1.0704 14.9 . 55 67.16 . 3.69 Jan. 3 57 16.0 8.9 1. 0656 13.5 .70 84.37 5.19 Jan. 42 68 15.5 8.6 1. 0634 13.2 .55 85.14 4.16 Jan. 4 59 16.0 8.9 1.0656 13.6 .70 85.00 5.15 Jan. 5 60 14.6 8.1 1. 0596 11.9 .81 81.51 6.80 Jan. 5 61 14.0 7.8 1. 0570 11.3 .74 80.68 6.55 Jan. 6 62 12.9 7.2 1. 0523 10.1 .62 78.27 6.13 Jan. 6 63 16.3 9.0 1.0669 14.6 .41 89.50 2.81 Jan. 7 61 16.2 9.0 1. 0665 14.4 .41 88.85 •2. 85 Jan. 8 65 16.2 9.0 1.0665 14.4 .33 88.85 2. 2!) Jan. 8 66 16.2 9.0 1.0665 14.1 .::: 87.00 2. 62 Jan. 9 67 15.9 8.8 1.0652 14.2 .40 2. 82 Jan. 9 68 16.0 8.9 1. 0656 13.9 .40 86.87 2.88 Jan. 10 69 16.1 8.9 1. 0660 13.9 .10 86.32 2. B8 Jan. 10 70 15. 9 8.8 1.0652 13.4 .33 B4.29 2. 46 Jan. 11 71 15.4 8.5 1.0630 13.3 .41 86.82 3.08 Jan. 11 72 15.4 8.5 1.0630 12.8 .42 83.07 3.28 Jan. 12 73 15.7 8.7 1.0643 13.6 . 18 86.63 3.30 Jan. 12 74 15.5 a 8 1.0634 i3. a .44 85.14 3.33 Jan. 18) Jan. Us M i.iii i . . 75 15. 3 8.5 1. 0626 13. 0 . 11 ^. 03 3. 38 16.4 9.1 1.0672 14.1 . 56 85. 97 3. 97 1 Degreei Baamtfan from the old calculations m given In "Tuoker's Manual." * Battery work Irregular, due t<> heavy rains ami consequent short supply of cauo. 29 Table I. — Comparison of normal and diffusion juices — Continued. DIFFUSION JUICES. Date. Xo. Degree Brix. Degree Baume.1 Specific gravity. Sucrose. Eeducing sugars (glucose, etc.). Co-effi- cient of purity. Glucose per 100 sucrose. 1888. Per cent. Per cent. Dec. 1 1 12.6 7.0 1. 0510 10.8 .42 85.79 3.88 Dec. 1 2 12.8 7.1 1.0519 11.1 .42 86.85 3.78 Dec. 2 3 13.2 7.3 1. 0536 11.4 .43 86.30 3.77 Dec. 2 4 13.6 7.5 1.0553 11.4 .43 83.79 3.77 Dec. 3 5 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.6 .40 85.44 3.76 Dec. 3 6 12.8 7.1 1. 0519 11.2 .26 87.47 2.32 Dec. 3 7 11.6 6.4 1.0468 10.4 .34 89.65 3.27 Dec. 4 8 12.0 6.7 1. 0485 10.4 .39 86.63 3.75 Dec. 4 9 12.2 6.8 1. (3493 10.5 .47 86.10 4.48 Dec. 4 10 13.1 7.3 1.0531 11.3 .30 86.22 2.65 Dec. 5 11 11.7 6.5 1. 0472 10.6 .42 90.63 3.95 Dec. 6 12 12.2 6.8 1.0493 11.1 .38 91.62 3.42 Dec. 6 13 12.8 7.1 1.0519 11.0 .34 85.91 3.09 Dec. 6 14 12.7 7.0 1.0514 10.9 .39 85.78 3.58 Dec. 7 15 12.6 7.0 1. 0512 10.8 .39 85.75 3.59 Dec. 8 16 12.6 7.0 1.0510 10.7 .41 84.96 3.81 Dec. 8 17 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.7 .36 86.24 3.35 Dec. 9 18 13.0 7.2 1. 0527 10.7 .42 82. 28 3.91 Dec. 10 19 13.7 7.6 1.0557 11.7 .42 85.41 3.59 Dec. 11 20 13.0 7.2 1.0527 10.9 .30 83.82 2.75 Dec. 11 21 12.8 7.1 1. 0519 10.6 .67 82.78 6.30 Dec. 12 22 12. 6 7.0 1.0510 10.7 .65 84.96 6.07 Doc. 12 23 12.8 7.1 L0519 10.8 .58 84.35 5.34 Dec. 13 24 13. 0 7.2 1. 0527 10.9 .40 83. 82 3.67 Dec. 13 25 12. 2 6.8 1.0493 10.7 .44 87.74 4.09 Dec. 13 26 13.1 7.3 1.0531 11.6 .48 89.51 4.14 Dec. 14 27 12.9 7.2 1. 0523 11.0 .45 85. 25 4.09 Dec. 15 28 13.2 7.3 1.0530 11.1 .60 84.03 5.40 Dec. 15 29 12. 5 6.9 1. 0506 10.6 .41 84.80 3.86 Dec. 16 30 12.5 6.9 1. 0506 10.1 .60 80.80 5.94 Dec. 17 31 12.7 7.0 1. 0514 10.3 81.06 5.33 Dec. 18 32 13.8 7.6 1.0561 11.0 .51 84.10 4.40 Dec. 18 33 14.6 8.1 1.6386 12. 5 .47 85.62 3.76 Dec. 19 34 13.9 7.7 L6666 12.0 .49 4.08 Dec. 19 35 13.7 7.6 1. 0557 11.9 .48 86.87 4.03 Dec. 20 36 18. 2 7.3 1. 0530 11. 1 .42 86. 30 3.68 Dec. 20 37 14.0 t a L6670 12.0 85.68 4.33 Dec. 21 38 13.8 7.6 1.6561 11.6 .47 84. 10 4.05 Dec. 23 f Dec. 24 £ N 13.7 7.6 1.6567 11.7 .50 i 88 Dm. 23) Dee. 26j 40 13.8 7.6 1.0661 11.9 .51 Dec. 27 41 12.8 7. 1 1.05 11) 10.8 .51 4.69 Dec. 27 42 18.3 7.:; LP. 9 . ir Dee. 28 12.8 7.1 1.0518 11.0 Dec. 28 44 IS. 1 7.3 11.0 Dei 45 18.6 7.5 1.0548 n. a .58 Dec. 29 16 16 :: 7.4 1.0640 11.0 .00 Deo, 29 47 i:: 1 7.3 M BMUD4 hiv I'nmi die oid lalculutiuns a* given In Tiuki-r'.i Manual." 30 Table I. — Comparison of normal and diffusion juices — Continued. DIFFUSION JUICES— Continued. Date. No. Degree Brix. Degree Baume.1 Specific gravity. Sucrose. Reducing sugars (glucose, etc.). Co-effi- cient of purity. Glucose per 100 sucrose. 1888. Per cent. Per cent. Dec. 29 48 13.1 7.3 1.0531 11.0 .70 83.93 6.36 Dec. 30 49 13.2 7.3 1. 0536 11.0 .70 83. 27 6.36 Dec. 30 50 13.5 7.5 1. 0548 11.3 .71 83.73 6.28 Dec. 31 51 13.3 7.4 1. 0540 10.9 .67 81.97 6.14 Dec. 31 52 13.6 7.5 1. 0553 11.6 .55 85.26 4.74 1889. Jan. 1 53 12.6 7.0 1. 0510 10.7 .66 84.96 6.16 Jan. 2 54 12.7 7.0 1. 0514 10.6 .45 83. 42 4. 23 Jan. 2 55 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.2 .47 82.21 4.64 Jan. 3 56 13.4 7.4 1.0544 11.2 .57 83. 55 5.09 Jan. 3 57 12.9 7.2 1. 0523 11.0 .57 85. 25 5.18 Jan. 4 58 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.2 . 75 82.21 7.35 Jan. 4 59 13.4 7.4 1. 0544 11.1 .75 82.81 6.75 Jan. 5 60 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.2 .63 82. 21 6.17 Jan. 5 61 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.2 .55 82. 21 5.39 Jan. 6 (52 11.5 6.4 1. 0464 8.8 .54 76.47 6.16 Jan. 6 63 13.6 7.5 1.0553 11.5 .28 84.52 2.52 Jan. 7 64 13.3 7.4 1.0540 11.6 .29 87.23 2.50 Jan. 8 65 13.2 7.3 1. 0536 11.3 .45 85.54 3.98 Jan. 8 66 13.7 7.6 1. 0557 11.7 .39 85.41 3.33 Jan. 9 67 13.1 7.3 1. 0531 11.3 .41 86. 22 3.63 Jan. 9 68 12.4 6.9 1.0502 11.4 .38 91.88 3.33 Jan. 10 69 12.5 6.9 1. 0506 11.0 .34 88.00 3.09 Jan. 10 70 13.6 7.5 1. 0553 11.0 .43 80.85 3.91 Jan. 11 71 12.4 6.9 1. 0502 10.6 .38 85.44 3.57 Jan. 11 72 12.1 6.7 1. 0489 10.0 .38 82. 60 3.80 Jan. 12 73 11.9 6.6 1. 0481 10.4 .37 87.36 3.55 Jan. 12 74 12.2 6.8 1. 0493 10.6 .42 86.92 3.95 Jan. 13> Jan. 145 75 11.9 6.6 1. 0481 10.4 .40 87.36 3.85 12.9 7.2 1.0622 11.0 .48 85.27 4.36 1 Degrees Bauin6 are from the <>1<1 Oftloulej Lon.8 U given In ' "Tucker's Manual." Jtexume shoiciiiu the mnai OOmpOtitUm Of the normal and diffusion jtt&ees, the maximum and minimum density, percentages of sucrose, reducing sugars {glucose, etc), coefficient of i>ii ni i/, etc, 75 analyses. Degree Brix Degree Beaml spec i He gravity Bncrooe per - 1 el Reducing sngafrs(gluoos< ,• \< I «i... Coeffleienl of parity , I Uuooee p. i loo raoroee [aversion, pei sent diffa lion jaioe . Norma] juioe. Means. Maxima. Minima 16.4 9.1 LO072 li. i . M 17.8 9.9 1.0788 16.8 1.0 12.!) 7.2 1.0523 10. 1 2. 29 Diffusion jaioe. Maxima. Minima 1 2.8 7.2 1.H.V22 11.0 . 18 88, 27 I ::.; . 066 14.6 8.1 L.0686 13.fi .72 01.88 7. 86 2. 88 11.5 (i. 4 1.0464 8.8 . 28 2. 5 0.0 31 DISCUSSION OF TABLE I. An inspection of Table I shows that the normal juices were of excep- tional richness and purity. (Compare similar tables in Bulletins 5, 11, 15, 17, and 18.) The purity of the diifusion juice is generally lower than that of the normal. The glucose per 100 sucrose is generally higher in the diffusion than in the normal juices. This indicates an inversion, although the same glucose per 100 sucrose in the two juices would not necessarily indicate that there had been no inversion. A lower glucose per 100 sucrose in the diffusion juice is not an absurdity, as will be shown further on. A lower glucose per 100 sucrose might exist in the diffusion juice and still an inversion of sucrose have taken place. This question will be dis- cussed further on under the heading " Inversion," page 32. The lower mean purity of the diffusion juice is in a measure attrib- utable to inversion, but the greater part of this reduction is a result of the high temperature at which battery work was conducted. It is no- ticeable ^that from the 1st of December to the 8th, during which time lime was employed in the battery for clarification, with the exception of four instances the purity of the diffusion is lower than that of the normal juice. This continues during the remainder of the season with rare exceptions, which latter raise the mean purity of the diffusion juice to nearly that of the normal. The experience of beet sugar manufact- urers is that too high a temperature in certain cells of the battery has a tendency to produce an impure juice. Keasoning from analogy, no other source of deterioration being apparent, we must attribute the lower purity of the cane diffusion juice to the same cause. All the evidence we have seems to indicate that the method of con- ducting the battery must be modified. With thinner chips next season it is hoped that a lower range of temperature can be employed except in the last three cells, in which a high temperature is requisite. It must be understood that these statements are made for battery work in which lime is not used for clarification in the cells. In this latter case a high temperature is essentia] to a good clarification. Commencing December 31, a small quantity of lime was used in the battery as a precautionary measure. This amount was not sufficient to prevent the large inversion of January 4. It may be of interest to call attention to the analyses of the normal juices commencing December 20, the date of a severe freeze, at which time ice one-eighth of an inch thick formed. There were still 200 acres of cane left standing in fields at, the time Of this freeze. None of this cane was windrowed. It was cut as fast as possible and covered with trash. The cutters finished work about January 9. The meteorological conditions for a tew days after the freeze were as follows: December L'l and lili, clear ami cool; 23 and 24, temperature maximum, 65° V. j 2&, rain; L'i;, heavy rain j L'7 and L'S, cool. 32 A small amount of cane left on the yard was injured to a slight ex- tent. The first cane cut after the freeze was worked January 3. The cane of the 5th and half the Gth was from tile-drained land. This land had been used as pasture a great many years and cane had never before been grown on it. There are no indications from the analyses that the cane had been damaged by the freeze, but notwithstanding liberal doses of lime in the cells the losses from inversion were more frequent than at any time previous to January 3, the date of working the first cane cat after this freeze. This cane, although the relative proportions of sucrose and the reducing sugars show little if any change, may still have been affected. The fermentation attacking the dextrose first and reducing its quantity might leave the proportions of the sugars so little changed as not to be detected by the ordinary routine analyses. The acidity of the ends of the cane, due to acetous' fermentation subsequent to the freeze, is probably the cause of the inversion the last few days of the season. INVERSION. The actual inversion in the battery can not be determined with cer- tainty when lime is employed in the cells for clarification. A slight excess of lime over that required to saturate the organic acids combines with the dextrose usually present and forms compounds readily decom- posable even at low temperatures. The destruction of these compounds naturally reduces the percentage of glucose present in the diffusion juice, and proportionately lowers the ratio of the glucose to the sucrose. A second difficulty in determining inversion arises from possible in- accuracy in estimating the glucose l in the very dilute solutions obtained from the exhausted chips. There is no necessity for this determination except when the battery work is conducted very rapidly. Glucose, be- ing a body which diffuses comparatively slowly, in the case of rapid work would not be extracted in the same proportion as the sucrose. In order, under these conditions, to determine the inversion, the amount of glucose in the exhausted chips must be known. Ordinarily it is suf- ficient to figure the glucose in the exhausted chips from the ratio of glucose to sucrose in the diffusion juice, assuming that the sugars iu the diffusion j nice and exhausted chips are in the same ratio. As no determinations Of glucose in t he exhausted chips were made this season, I have used this method of calculation. The work was rarely con- ducted with sufficient rapidity at .Magnolia to render the retention of glucose beyond the proportion in the diffusion juice probable. During the first few (lays' work lime was used in the kiltery. The lower glu- cose per 100 sucrose in the diffusion juices at this time is probably due to its II >e. The increase in the ratio of the glucose to the sucrose of a diffusion 1 The term glucose is used in this Article for the take of brevity, It includes (u« employed here) all rednoiog sugars present. 33 juice over that of the corresponding normal juice is not directly a meas- ure of inversion, but an exaggerated statement of the loss from this source. To illustrate this point I give the following example : Per cent. Normal juice : Sucrose 13.20 Glucose 55 Glucose per 100 sucrose 4. 10 Diffusion juice : Sucrose 10.20 Glucose 73 Glucose per 100 sucrose 7. 35 Increase in glucose per 100 sucrose 3. 19 The actual inversion was 2.81 per cent, of the sucrose contained in the normal juice. It is evident that any inversion is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the percentage of glucose. In figuring the glucose per 100 sucrose after inversion an augmented glucose percentage is divided by a diminished sucrose percentage, and while the ratio obtained for this modified juice is correct we do not obtain a direct measure of inversion. There is still another source of exaggeration due to the amount of iu- vertose formed being greater than the weight of sucrose inverted. The relative proportions of sucrose and iuvertose are as 95 to 100. The following formulae have been employed in this report in calcu- lating inversion: »E = evaporation necessary to concentrate the diffusion juice to the density of the normal, expressed in terms of the diffusion juice. P=per cent, glucose (reducing sugars) in the normal juice. j> = percent. glucose (reducing sugars) in the diffusion jttioe-r-100. [j> — (100 — E) P] .95== sucrose inverted, expressed in terms of the diffusion juice. * Example. P«r cent. Normal juice: Sucrose 13.20 Glucose 55 Diffusion juice : Sucroso 10.20 Glucose ?."> K\ aporation = E = 20.3. By substituting the values of the letters in the formula, as given in tin* example, we have : [.75— (100— 20.3).0055].95=.296 per cent, sucrose inverted, expressed in terms <>r the diffusion juice. 1 A slighl error isintroduoed here, due to the invert sugar formed beii than the vreighl of sucrose inverted in the proportion L00; 96. This error, except in ex- treme oases, would oof exceed a total of 20 pounds of sugar on ■ large orop at Magnolia 1 10,000 ttms ;i\ erage orop ). 'Actual analyses Jan uar j I, the date of the greatest inversion. See Tables I and II. 3824— No. 21 3 34 Referring to Table V, Part T, we find, the total weight of diffusion juice for this analysis was 90,090 pounds, and the tons of cane 44.47. 90 0MG ' _ =jnice drawn per ton of cane=2,101 pounds, and 2,101 x. 290=0.4 pounds sucrose inverted per ton of cane. As stated in the foot-note, this formula does not give exact results, but, since the error is so very small as to be almost inappreciable, it saves the labor of calculations by the longer and more exact methods. The greater the inversion the larger the error will be. If, by an inspec- tion of the glucose ratios of the diffusion and normal juices, we find a very large inversion indicated, use one of the longer formula} given below. [Formula by Lieut. A. B. Clements, U. S, Navy.] (1) .r=sucrose inverted per cent, diffusion juice =a !"~^ ~ 95~ ^=105.26315 r,=glueose per 100 of sucrose in diffusion juice. r2= glucose per 100 of sucrose iu normal juice. a=per cent, sucrose in diffusion juice. [Formula i>y Lieut. A. B. ( ilements, I '. s. Navy. ] I1 —F (2) #= sucrose inverted per cent, diffusion juice — 1> v f ' •' L+100Fa ^t=-= 1.05263 95 „ _per cent. sucrose in diffusion juice. I— per cent, glucose in diffusion juice. „_]>er cent, sucrose in Hernial juice. '""per cent, glucose in normal juice. 6= per cent glucose in diffusion j nice. The calculations by this formula, are simpler than by (l) or (3). [Baaed od Prof. W. C. Stnbb'a general formula for sngar-houee work.] (3) sucrose inverted percent, diffusion juice, a = sucrose per nnil of diffusion j nice. &= glucose per anil of diffusion juice. o= sucrose per unit of normal juice. ti=glucose per nnil of normal juice. 9t500(6o-4 Deo. 3 ■5 Dec. 3 >0 Dec :: '7 Dec. 4 '8 Dec. i 9 Deo. 1 10 Die. 5 11 Dec. (1 12 Dec t; 13 Dec <; 14 Deci 7 l.-> Dec. s 10 Dec. S 17 Deo. :i 18 Dec. in 19 Deo. 11 20 Deo. il 21 Dec. 12 23 D« . 1 : 24 Dec i:t 26 Deo. 13 n.-. il 27 Dec I-"- 28 Dee. 16 Notes on the character of the work. Work regular ; lime in cells do do do do do do Work stopx>ed six hoars; lime in cells. Work regular; lime in cells do Numerous delays, tine to cutter, etc. ; lime in cells. Work regular; Lime in cells do do Woik irregular; lime in cells W'oi b regalar ; lime in cells do Work Irregnlar; stopped i wo hoar 8; no lime in cells. W<>: k regalar ; no li in cells ... do Work irregular ; no lime in cells . w ~ ^1 a iisf! Per cent. .440 .374 .384 .384 .305 .300 . 354 .293 . 390 .412 .312 .412 .373 . 894 .419 . 323 .385 . 426 . 327 . 529 .457 ,418 i i > ■a* t u& Per ct. 044 .044 044 .033 ,092 . 103 035 ,033 . 134 154 Pounds. 184, 793 170,473 175,234 175, 523 191,677 54, 509 56, 375 119,214 71'. 206 81, 127 25i), 576 86, 565 54, 907 269,358 96,373 229, 368 312,957 807,731 197,769 92, 570 215,087 113,261 119,715 U9,297 110,018 178,053 .= it rounds. 75. 9 77. 1 77. 2 109.7 54.9 258. 1 80.8 103.3 124. 1 221.5 1 Lime used iii .1 illusion battery, to neutrality, Pot the pw pose of olarifloation, Deoember llo 8 lnolu< Hive. 1 Water pump stopped, eells overheated, 36 Table II. -Shoicina tJie character of the work for each day of the season, tlie percentage of inversion, and the loss of sucrose from this source — Continued. Date. No. 3 on the character of the work. a -~ 0 ~ t.E t * c- c 5 &-^ fill ~— - ■ Z - _ r *~ ' HI Z _ £ -—I. .-_ - I I* - £.— h E Pi O si .£ r. i i §■-• p -I — - ■-~i ■ S -r" »j3 « , O 3 Cfl Q GO. 1888. 1 Per efc Pounds. Pounds. Dec 16 30 Work regular; no line in cells do Numerous delays ; nu lime in cells .60 770 305, 162 176,534 Dec. 17 Dec. 18 31 . .55 .600 .391 .51 .118 199. 5 Dee. 18 33 do .47 .400 .061 102. 8 Decl9 34 Woi k regular : no lime in cells . . . .49 .440 .047 71.9 I>< 1- 19 - do .. .48 4-4 L86, 181 154, 165 151, 077 Dec 20 Dec 20 '36 '37 38 do .42 .47 . 347 . 422 .429 .069 .093 128.5 143.4 do , Work very slow and irregular, due to foul condition of quad- ruple effed : no lime in cells. Dec. 23? Work very, irregular; UO limo in ] .50 . 17_' . 027 462, 723 108.7 Dec24J cells. Dec. '.'"/ Dec. 26) 40 Work regular; lime in cells .51 .511 348, 071 Dec 27 Dec. 27 D« 28 41 42 do .. .51 .47 .00 . 525 .4 75 .603 185,691 180,003 120,331 do Work irregular; lime in cells Deo. 28 44 Work regular; lime in cells .59 . 516 . 070 120, 472 91.5 Dec. 28 Dec 28 45 40 do . 58 .60 .552 . 528 .627 128,682 113,524 88.4 77.2 Work irregular; lime in cells 47 Work regular : no lime in cells .72 .545 .166 116,586 193. 5 Dec 29 48 49 do .70 .70 . 167 .409 .221 .219 113,577 251.0 416.8 Stopped three hours on account of broken belt and trouble with cut- ter; no lime in cells. 50 Work regular ; no lime in cells .71 .478 .220 179,848 DecSl 'I do .67 . 55 . 529 . 505 .184 .043 178,916 177,916 76. 1 Work regular ; lime in cells Jan. i do .06 .6441 . 010 4.8 Jan. 2 M do .45 . 163 159, 165 •I. m 2 Jan. 8 .Ian. 8 .l:m. 1 57 do .47 .57 ..-.7 .419 . 579 .141 1 0, 003 132, 158 l.:j. 128 186.8 do do Work stopped sis hours January .7.". . 291 96, 096 3 ; lime ill cells. Jan. 4 Work ver> .-dow ; delays caused bj (rouble m Ufa tbe engine : lime in .ells. .78 . 161 .Ian. ". \\'oi k regular . lime in cells .691 160,802 .I.i n 5 Jan. 8 Jan. 8 Jan 7 01 63 do .!,. .:.! . 587 4. 1 do . 822 do • . 836 1 Lime used in diffusion batterj to neutrality, for the purpose of clarification, Dcoembei i lo8, Inolu. I ,i k stopp. d six DOW - A pom f this juice I .nned forward to .Ianuar.\ 8, aniih 37 Table II. — Showing the character of the work for each day of the season, tlic percentage of inversion, and the loss of sucrose from this source — Continued. Date. No. Notes on the character of the work. c 9 1.x. mS £-— "i — •B i.S Sg-2 - • 1 ! arose (reducing su- gars) that would be prssa r.t in diffusion juice had there been no inversion. • »| s> — o •IS - - - OQ © a 3 .= - r. a P _ a Z r z ~ > - - - -. GO 1888. Jau. 8 Jan. 8 Jan. !) Jan. '.) Jan. 10 Jan. 10 Jan. 11 Jan. 11 Jan. 12 Jan. 12 Jan. 135 Jan. 14^ 65 66 C7 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 AVork regular; lime in cells ...do Per ct. .45 .39 .41 .38 .34 .43 .38 .38 .37 .42 .40 Per cent. .263 .309 .321 .330 .317 .275 .329 .330 .345 .356 .354 Per ct. .178 .077 .084 .047 .022 .147 .048 .047 .024 .061 .044 Pounds. 144, 870 145, 156 162, 168 164, 613 167, 563 168, 304 187,715 187,473 155, 628 158,704 492, 098 Pounds. 257. D 111.8 136. 2 77.4 36.9 247.4 90.1 88.1 37.3 96.8 216.5 ....do --. (lO do (lO do do ...do do do .48 .055 Tota 1 12, 803, 464 6, 701. 8 We may notice from this table that, when working regularly with lime in the eelis for clarification, the inversion was either very small or there was DO loss from this source; we may also notice no loss from inversion when the work was regular and no lime used in the cells. The greatest inversion was during irregular work or complete stop- pages. I can not account for the inversion the last few days of the sea- son, unless it is due to the action of the freeze of December l'(). We may conclude, from an inspection of this table, that when the work is regular the danger of loss from inversion is very small. It is well, especially when tliere is danger of delays and consequent irregular work, to add a small amount of lime to each cell of chips. The lime Should be added near the bottom of the cell, that it may be distributed l>y the incoming current of juice. 38 a S r. t- — -T ^H -r i- e » 01 if} © — •Q r-l CO / T z r - a ql 00 00 a .-' .-" X o CO ^ i- i- 00 CO x x' 00 z - 7 -~ - = oq*S ■=■--- -"- &S 5^ r. -3 - r .0. * § ,- -r *- « , -; _ — a - — — 1- so 1- © ■* 00 t». e i- id o I c4 t~ P * B* <* 00 i Tl -- CI 71 : i -.X Tl : l 71 .- 1 ; i r i -t Tl 01 Tl Tl ~> "- 7- 5 ^ ~- 77 - ~ JC 00 o CI CO r © _- — ,_. 77 Tl © 00 © - _ - . ■ / « S 71 — i. •^ sd s a' — '■ C3 © -'. ~ L S» r-» rH 7.~ ~ ' 2^ ~ ►^ X ~ -* a © o r _ — 3 © r: ci -t i - ,- _ ,. — %i © o 1- .-. — f 3 I - — ." •o (5 , 0 ~ s v. C K 5 ftl - - r - - SO pH . ■ 1 - -f s as i- -* a s O) m b i a i - -1- i0 0 1 X ft ss is a* 5 I- I- i - T :- (N © CO 00 -> ~ r . CO CO 1- o x 01 CO X - ' 1- — © © -* — ■ .0 01 mt w a, os I- ^ — EC - X SS§S a a © 'j- Cl a o DO r^ 00 BO ■ -. ia o n io © 5 of at a ©" rf i - a vo r. © ©" CJ ©" -r CO n CI 71 — i CI IO " 7. " © CI i to . CI (M CO CO = © -f OS i- © CI CO -*J« CO ^ CO CO CO CO ^J< CO 00 "3 3 2 ti 4 « T»l T — 01 CO CO ^ CO "3 a oo s V •^ . 00 rH -<* ■* © CI ■* ■>* iO CO © rH © a oo h t- a - i e 2 2 pH rH -' r-i ©' =' -' r^ ©" ^H ,- 1 ©'©*© © ©' 9 *3 s s . >» © l~ CO 71 i - ^ o '-' c • oi t- -* (M >o -.: n 01 00 "S - ~ >;= ? 1 3 g ■o m i- i - a -f © a> 01 I- CO >f} 00 3 © O; ■ .-. :i CO CO CI Cl Cl CO 3*3* 4 " Cl H ^_ © © © CO n C5 00 >-. M -t CI © CI CO _ : - CO •-. s — X c a co F- at 3 IO i -. 1 • S - io m — Q 4 « K9 © © O © © o o o © © © S : o © - - 6 -.1 - 3 -. d o ci o o Ifi - Ifi '-. in CI »f} CI CJ © =: PH - BS • - 3 fc f CO 1 -' r- tt" - '5 8 2 i o* c> © ©' CO © CO CO ©■©'©'©■ * * ca S CO CO CO CO ill awn cell ot ohi] ^ CO CO CO CO n CO CO w" --: CO CO CO CO CO _ K -f -r o»| -1 1- -)l © CI If} CO © © CO - — I - CO IO i-' i - -; -r' -r ?i „ or} ^ — ' ©' o ^ 3» e oo oo 00 00 a >-. .^5 .1 " f C-l :i .-i — r »r 1 o tag © © 8 8 •9 co oo n M oo © © a © © CO CO 00 1- ini 1- K 6 H CI CO <* ■ -. '. o- 9 *2 oi ft) -* io «o e- ' - : M Z. 01 '1 - — ■ o 00 5 Q p ------QQ 39 t_, • ■H to ie o BO 0 BQ 7T. O BQ L- 00 Cl 1- 00 -f U0 t- .= z a Sj -- _; — -', 7 1 -; CM :i 7 1 :i CI 71 7 1 71 7 1 7 1 71 71 71 ct Cl +2 fit o w "*1 -r r~ Q _» 3* is 3*3 t~ O i- t- ■* ca B> BQ 71 t> '-. u- CO ^ CO 77 0 ■<* 5 5 = « = z - -1 M X •*• 0 CO - -. GC •^ C5 CO 71 :-. C 1 BQ BQ 7 1 :: : 1 CO <^._-^ o s e i -, -- DQ —5 0 _ 9B 1- - Ci X __ -. ca _ •-0 00 »* 7 1 -- ■: BQ BB n CO £ -i d cc ~ »• £ "r n -' ^ t t: - »o - *J •n oo -f T* BO Tl -f ■f m BQ O O OS 00 t- 1- ca ©n-j S t» s> _: _• „• 77' J d O 0 J 77' _: _• 77' 77" 77" 77' 0" >J p • 3 5 < cc *-i ao co ca ca 00 O 00 l~ M -. oc c-. CO 7 1 ** .- o a qj e a BQ BQ CB r. OB J 3B c / -r 00 77 CM p>J2 = = •~. < so ^ — _ C B t es CD — Tl CS Of 1- M co 71 ■• O. _ 00 "- 77 r-: 1 - - * 2 e o o s O s O © C7- 77 e O - _ ^ 0 -7 0 g ►§ = '/. - — tx - a a. «e o cm c O >.-. O 0 tQ »ft CM 1- 71 71 0 0 BN •-. ~ 5 « » . sc 1 - r- - 3 Q s O O CD — — " — — M BQ BQ s :: BQ DQ BQ BQ 77 77 BB CO S-»5 ° b <5 «* 1 y = - K BO CD CO ca 9B X OS 7 1 -7 71 7 i X „ _ _ 30 fl ' - s § x^ ^ ~ - - k - - £ 71 r- I- co ■ -. O — O O kC BB — 1 i •j - B a BQ 1 t" _ - gp,o; a — H = - BB - O O co O CO 0 CD O CO A 2 .- /. 1 1 - 1 - 1- a 1- 1 - 1-' 1 - •I 1 -' '- -O 1- - - — 5 o o « « :i n Tl 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 : 1 71 71 71 71 71 71 ?l y- = <£ — ^ ■- -I - ■ - 1- in ■ -. 1- BC X - _. s - _ EC ~ •_ K - ■•_ 5 i __ - _• 3B SB -. Ci ca » - " O = -T - / /- 1 K' CO 00 00 1 '- R X 1. X t 1- •- i • - V :- - - i g — : - e c - - - z a r - 5 z : - — — — ~ „ e i — >-. c 1- <■ z _ -1 n - .7 ■ 1 - : ■ H n n K — — - • -. i a I P 4 a - P P - - - p - P P I : P P P 40 a 1 f!l tfio 0 00 aooooooiaoooo^aD^oriooo 0 ci — . ~r — 1 06 00 cm" « -r 0 0 c — c d 0) 0 si ~ ■= q 00 w C s 5 Tl b-^^HOhVONtta^UfilOH Cl r. 00 00 x -.1- i- ac 0 0 Ci 1- t- ot cc or. 00 Sucrose obtaim CO CO t- © I- O O © I- t- © O O • - cc M re "* 1- 0 00 0 CO O 00" © © 00 0 ©° -r -f -r 10 in 0 -* »n in 1-5 ~r 1.-5 m -^ -t B CMCMCMdClClCMCMCMCM -" -' ■> : 1 CI CI • - . 1 Exhausted chips. Sucrose. la ^r e»©«© — -*c©MeM-*t~iij»HGO-* OB » X 3 1 - 3 | i g 50 '0 « — - . "Be ■ 3 -1 :: r: O O -# O 1- O ?l 00 ■* O 0 - O Tji^-^-yciroco-* .1 n •♦ cs 1= ■ 6 0 % a 1 OC h -* t S -1 - — ■ -. ro O h 0 O tt 1- 1- a - — T-t.— ©.-!©©©^©.-!,-!,-!©©© - or! O 9 § es C o '3 ■^ | c = .1 ■_ v. ac ©©0© ©oo©cicoc-icicor-i-*-r -f ■"* ~t T T CO T — . ■ — • M 03 B 0 0 . CI — l-l-l-nU5HOH')l'JIOHHOIOO — E •- 111 55 • 0 eft 0 © © © © © © © © © © © © © t od od 1 1 1 1 1 i © 00 < - rt> © © — CI CO -* UO T t- Date. '- TJ 00 91 s 9 9 41 t- ? i » 00 O 00 CM CO CM T O CI O rH O r-l 00 lO © © IC CO CO © Hi 00 t-i CO © © Hi CO © O © ri ^ m •«* - M 3 03 c B c, t- - *1 fl E h S g o S £ w w « V O 5 3ti 1*2 H N^ c s 4 si Hs3 00 © © © © co « © ci © cv ©'■**©© © V U Q Q = a '.i -. bt2 » fe C -r 42 _ - c £ O u - 7 - 0 g . P - • s a ■ _■ - .-. -- - = - — t> n m co' >* ■** ci © O o o O! C5 W f 00 00 ^ ei ci X 00 X '-. BB o m o © © X aii co ■ - id -. ? i r- EC _J - ; ri -i cm -> CM CM Tl CM ©00C0O-Hi©cM00©t~ * 00 n 00 © C) cm cm cm cm cm cm cm o QCj Of) ■ I a 0* c o* o 1 Ci ~ 3 5 a a 2 I « "-1 — . .5 < .. s 2 s § ■ CI © © HI CM © go © © n x o 'I © co O I- © T 00 © o oo * © «0 © ■J. ^Ty 5 x § J -2 i-i t- rt o cc r^ — ■ i~ m -h, r~mm©- _ - - /. - ~ E ' ? = i •« h n f © -n CI ^H CO T © © O lO 00 O C4 O I - c- c. n w n CO © —I O ITS CM 00 CO CM 00 o -* CI GO CO I- O O ^ h ii v a n _, ^ o — oo CO CO CM CM i-i ^r « 3 to co c-i o ci /. : i . . 00 •■* 00 t-~ .5 -' -' £53 ^ -. © ci ci o t- m Hi -X CO CO CO 00 O H. GO in m ^i hi hi h> o m r-i t~ © co in m •«*• r»< 5 51 t~c-©coc~oo©t^- o'^hoooocoo CO O -H CO r-1 CO CO J -5 —J © o o .-i m © © t ".o-h 0 « co © r> go t^ © in i~ © — ■ — • m t- i- m © cm i- ci © m © © HI CM Hi © CO C I 0 M ' CO £ m ^r © © ci i ■ — c S — © © © © ©»CO CI 00 i~. © C1 _ ,-, „ — , CI i~ oo © © r- CO CO rH i-l / - - z. - — - - - H 5« t^ i- i~ © © © i- CO -J ci in ci —i — • — ci © co .- o "" «n o in m -» >n ©©©©©©©©© © ci ci cm cm cm © ci © cm © o co m i- i- i- Cl CI 2 © © 5 m co ^ co co co co ©©©©©©©©© ^i co h. m m m co m © © © CO © CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCO co m © • -1 -r i.O in © © 10 , ,-1 — . ^ I - . . ' I I I l.O M I - I - m o h- moo co co i^ oo i- i- uo i- © '—> a . suso1 ssssssas S 3 8 ' i3 » 8 S S •-J iS .■;;;^aflfl 43 C S | S g J COCO-**©©!--*©© ^ S '*" ob ri d cd ©' ©' i-' o" ■-■•c ci —1 ci Cl CI CI CI CI CI J** o g i- c 1 - c Cl Cl 30.0 22. 0 2.'». 0 © ©* -»f r-f tH ri C PC © 7 DC 1 ° 00 1 7 1 Actual dilution of normal jui< ■ .i-ioociococot-ooco ~ id h! -r 6 -I 6 o i-' d SwwwNconncsci *-> © co ©* CO Cl Cl © t- CO © CO •*> CM CO CO O CO ■«> 0 © © -r ci Cl 7 1 7 1 :: © : i © OC CM t> 1 © 1 W © 1ft a _o '5s H V. V o o co ►» a 9 M>d .cici©t-ioao©-*oo -~rr-'l © ■** © © © —. CO IO m ••: i-5 © © © © © 1 - 1 77. CO ■ft © Diffusion juice drawn per cell. CI Cl © Cl © CI CI CI 7 1 Cl © CM © Cl © IO CO ift t- t^ .- "* ScidedooJood S .- CO -r « -r ■ " IO KS ro ^cococococococococo © © • O -f CO CO Ci © © ■ -. -* • - CO CO CO — CO © CO © Cl ~ Cl CO CO CO CO CO CC © OC CO CO CO 09 B - "3 1 o 3g|^ = * 2 - - - .cico-*>t~©r-ci©© Cl © T* © CO «3 © CO © © t «n © t M IS LO 1ft © IO G o k a o - DO .«n~ J" -"' id Cl l~ © © 8 l. Normal juice per c. Uol i , » ■» o e h » ci i- i- J i- i- i- od d »' -j 6 6 C i - i - i - i - i - .2 Ci c i 7 1 :i c i : i ;i : | IS 6 1- CO ©' oo i- © : i .i *# CO CO © i- i- 71 71 71 X 1- cc 71 « « a i.o ' - 1 -" 77.' 77.' E - i - _ 71 Cl Cl Cl -. - 71 - 1 i-O © CO -i © © ^H 1- -C 1- 1- © © © © 7 7 1 - o 1 - s © — u a 3 s S fc'S - 1-1- t» t- CO M 00 » * i -" i -' i -' i - © © od od cc, odwuoticioauooo* CO TT I CO CO •+ © © t-* © ©" B) O O W ift OC CO CO CO X iO GO- CO a ce o ■tjoooooooo S ::::::: : «J s ■ i s : pu . 2 g -r -r -r 'r G - — ■ 6 00 o co co co co C7 Cl 4 fi » © — • — Cl 7i ■ * a o> © fi fi Q fi fi fi / p p SflPP 44 •- H _ __ g •**« trci'*e^o«0'*c^-^"c:ocoac«5cjoco-<* r-i — 1 «-H 1— 1 i-( f* t-i 0 - .~ ?1 . 0 so = 7T DC B -- i a j. 05t~ ". O ■•»• -»• -rr C t S"3 M Md 00 e; 0 06 0" o> ©' ' 7-= •c ^ e b 0 K ^-i^-ococi>-'>-~ cc 0 ^f 00 m 0 ^h 0 in m i~ 0 ao ?j c^l t~ © CB ,4 -* ■»*'COO«0»o-q',«j<,^>''<»<©eD N 1 (D 6 •j -' ^oo'oooor-Ir-ir-io'oo^eMc^i^^-i^ <». " ,3 V) Z •~ s 7. & e 7 0.2 ~ : 1 r- = 1- -1 © 0 CI © l- 0 i-h t-i OJ ,~r 0«Oi.OOO©OtBTj<©00»n-<9'0©-*0»0 OS od i 1- s -* ■JJ ^ cd 0 .-. «j 0 0 rt © 1- 1- 1- ci m n as 1- co ci ic 00 fc> t* Q 06 eo a coaoooa>a>u.uoooooooooAc7>oooooooout «3 .Z B • >. 00 5 B u B| 0 y 6 BC 0 0 h :i m - ■iP5oi-ooo>© i-ao .-0 co co co « co co co fe * -. o 1 ! .' <■-' d d fippMGPPfiPfifiOflPfiQPOfiQft S 1 45 n x o L-5 f tO if! 00 O O O 00 05 i-h Oi iO t~ t~ r~ © o ->*> to © w O -* © CO © ci t-i -* Ej c8 E Q a Cfl 00 « O O E € CI t- 00 t- c*> © H I o is ra w 00 i-< CJ CJ ci ad ©'©'©'© ©' ■s j3 "O o 3 .2 "3 t; = u ■» .- .2, - : "3 a — © « i P j a 2 I e a -s S • 5 z ? - •- _ - ! J u * i- ■" 1 || ► _. el « — •- a 3 - I 1 - - — "-' 46 *a CI o © co 00 1 00 »- 1 - M o C-* •^s o •s til trS — c - . » 00 lO © r> X iO to CO — i-l X c~. <« K" a CO ^r OQ 71 - --« £ - : i ia §.§ "- 1-1 1-1 *~ ~ " 1-1 1-1 r"' — a - - c- ~z fp1 US ^2 N- 1ft o ■ -' O :- a id d X CJ oo X lO o ia ie CM CO --7 Att S — CQ T -fl" CJ Ci N CM .-i CM N CM :i ri * -, CM -»< CO 00 © _ — n © to © X iZ E^ o _ a OB 71 1- St - CG I-5 • _, r^ „ _, at <* iO ,_ ,. ^ s « t~ i- et . - , lO --. i - C X U0 © -r i~ IO « OT" e • §■ -: «J m3 ° &q a fti - = = i § 5 £ ~ = § « IB ^ ■a r~ — -, _ 1- — © <-. _ ,. s 3 1 - 1- 1 i- 1 - --7 C4 Bt N © t- c- i - i- _ © ~ .2 00 © as — to (M O 00 _ ■•- r. CM SD CO a i- a „ to °o 12 ft o oj -»r — a lO pa a »- UO X - - * p*> c M CO Cl -> _ s a © '-. >-. To weig SUCIO una! « , bfS^ . o ^ „ r~ 5 C5 s s ?l = - _ .o « t^ h- >i cTt-j io O l~ i- IS m - IC 1- a ^ x^ <» V ■ V. © '3 09 — i© -7-: « . t> Ci 00 - o O CO © ■/. « e M - to i- IS 71 -1 © 71 o » g ^ ~ - 3 PH — -4 ^ 3* ~ _; H z. -4 o a' a -1 pH C •5 £ «J p © GQ (5 1 ^ a 08 ^ M __ IN -i — - 1 - M ~ © -i IA .-7 ,-: (C ts "5 . 1- .. 1 - -->■ © i-.' a -f co" co" •-' .-?' 1 - r. ra i " — a" -' .; ■ i d 5 i n i - -r X f © o a £ * ro ••n «« ,_, oo © _ •- < © CO a — - 1 — -- I . : - S J -- DC .-: — 71 -E- 5*3 9 S . - s = •-. o c — r> o © © = a - - © © - d © - ^ - ;Tr si i- i - :i »* (M 1 T CM a :i d 71 N a a' a* a -!< KJ ■ —J • - i -r A M 3*5 : - - % .2 co co H M n CO CO :: a . ■a - «o a a e tB •7 r- o a 5 ft c tfi o © m 1 - ^- -T 1 - —■ H ■-< 1 - — el P. < o 2 to © lO o _-' ^_ HJ -»• < > _- ^ © ■ "... • -. IQ • < O0 I ^ T = o 5 - 9 5 9 5 5 8 - a 5 § a 9 - p 5 s § i- Si ■ -. 9J # -K CO i - M i - C3 0 o e to s a 5 1 M 1 — t; " ^ ■ a o -r Z 5 01 s n rt ift o m :- ~~>^ * pp i - a rr p * Tl -' :-. N -r p PP P P I pS P j p d d 1 Hi 1 H| Hi d 1 Hi 47 oinftt-HO^HtinoHoooooot- lo" ci © ©" © © o a> c© c> i-^ co i> l~* i- co NCOeOCCriCO»OCOeOC-IO«Dr-IIOlOlC ci co co' •** o t-i 'O ~t uo © 06 ei © t- ici" iri CM»©t~- o ift m m ci a w oo ^ n « CO ** W CO ^ CO UOCOCOt^CO^©© o o co © © © © Tl Tl Tl M ~ ©©CCCOCO-**"lf}COCO T i - 1 - CC s CO 00 —1 _i _ © ■ -. 95 1 - -»< © i~ © ■ - — ' —" V erf co -r CO :t — © -* -r (O K '_ CO la / .-. ■ -. 0 Tl Tl -* CO © © © © © in -r ro h- i-h «M O CO O CO © = i". ■ -. 1-5 ifj 10 ci o —" co ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© I- I - a : 1 - • : 1 G 1 T 1 T 1 :i .-1 : 1 - 1 : 1 : 1 -'©'©©"©'©' CO CO CO CO CO CO © © © c. a, co co co -r ro CO CO © 1.0 - © © © - - tO ift [ I - I a a i - •"5 *t *S "3 "J 1 - 1- 1 - 1 - "I *? ^ -. TT 48 if H i 5 1 i a ^ < n CO >-( X «o rl — to TT o lH 09 ^H o 00 CO 03 X >.T M ■ ,_; o t^ >T P5 ea '- © ^ r? i- „ © _; _" o X TT .1 : i .-i Tl CJ Tl Tl Tl - s = n s — — - ^ ■*■> 2 > — 5J fi -5* c «« — 1 o l> 03 IT, © — lO c >s a - £ "O T. -_ - S g a © t. a t~ a DO rs O o m © ao © © B0 © © t- © Cl CM © Cl - ■— . o o - a -1 m Bs 43 r-4 a © CM Tl M OB © © ^ H _, _, pparei ilul ion run in juice. j« ci 99 O CJ CO -H — • ©' e 1- i - l •--' •-' :t o CO (N Tl CM Tl { <~-1 ■ o - t~ _ CS © CS _, BO - _^ 80 r - rt © -* o -" 09 -1 N Speolfl ravity lill'usio juice. o irs i- i- >- i- i- 1 - O O © s © — 3 © © o © _ © © © U" Q lis CO C- t- ti Cl Tft ■* CI IM ■* -<• CM Tl CM Cl -- ■* <* 09 09 CO iT in — co n CO ee N :: n 10 09 DO N M TT n CO 09 09 rt 09 SSI pjft e <5 ■ - ■ t( a = Ti o w © >* Cl * — 3) *+ Tl (M Cl ^ r 1- 00 CO _ "- s = lO d I S o t" i- t- 1- b 1 a 1 © 5 '3 S (- <— CS © tc ^ OB i © © K i- T* © CM H 1.-5 - CO © © lO t~ S © © <-. -l "-5 © *} 1 a E o d CO < ■sis a - . £ - — o « 0 i 00 id id O © id © id © id 83 irf X 1- id X OS 09 00 CO Cl CO a Tl © a i- lO [m ci Tl Tl CM Tl Tl Tl Tl CI Tl CI Tl CM Tl a <3 «« 3 _„ Irt 03 i- _ ^. '<- 00 Cl a -? _ 8 -fl . ; _ "- r- — 1 - fc i o *3 a | (p r © © O 3 - © s o a a _ a a © © s a iO i« U0 i- Hi IQ iO ■ -- '-5 — - iT •n Hi a -. -1 - i- 00 oo • 1 c / 1 1- X t i ^ s ^ oo CO T 1 9J - i- = 000003000000 oooooo : :::::'■''::: ::•':: ci ei ci ci a s s - QQQaaQQQQQ Cl Cl CO CO «s« t a a QQQQQQ ^^^^^h, 49 l-f r- d ■ © ci ^ ci re." ■£ X 83 t-" d- CI I- ■£ oo — rc Cl -; to oo © i - o ci 00 M r- Cl - re ■-'." -. i SB 71 o5 Cl p oo Cl N 3 t- :c Cl C-J d CM ■ - i- O C5 -. 1 es to — ""! BO X oo X DO >• o (M O - d Cl s oo od ie BO i - -f o o O O Z. d d • -' r. -* c' - X Ci 30 © 00 00 -'. r. OB iC C3 00 00 /-' o 00 ci s - 1 e • -. © cc bo © 3 — - - -.- >-. o 1 - • -. '-. rr, DO >-- CI : w o — c; 'c; B0 .- O Cl — - a X - 3C — z- r. o So C-l O o © BO o 1- m - ri ce- re cc :- re Cl ~' -- re Cl re rr CI s M CI d -. c CI c; M re CI Ci re :: Cl 03 re c: CS :c CO Cl BO Cl BO BQ Cl d CO CO CO CO o BO 2 71 — — m i- £ o O -c — C 1 — -*< — oo o bo -. n =' O -*• — z CI C5 BO S3 '.-. r: ci •J -c Cl B0 o CO o CO id CI BO -' 30 Cl ti r - i. ■ > ■- OS 1 -' i- Cl 1- i - N i - :i X X 1 - 71 1 - i - i i -' I - : i 1- i- ' - CI CI d i - r i ■ -. • -. i - Cl - 1 - Cl e i >z C5 i - Cl 1- c-J 1 - Cl 1- CM •-- ■ ". od 5 i - • - 'ci :i • - r. - - ■2 - - ■ •- 5 — • -. to - - I 3 - i • -. - - z o - ■- cc o Cl 3 1-5 i o i- i - n CI - - X X GC X /- ad • CI X c-: '- i- -1- CO © ee CM © m .5 5 - - i s ©' ~ 9 ri m ri CO --i - Z 7 '- ~ - - -ts s H -§aa ~ •' ia ire o O C-3 i-H Irt 00 a H oo oo H m m o ■r CM 77 71 77 a ' © ~ -. id oo od in 6 -t ci rre id i- ri ri Tf ■* I - «. d 71 ri r -a 3 . T m 4 — •«" -^ t - ~* t^ •H ^ t- oo ■»*■ ire t~ t^ •-< ire oo t— a r^ 1- -*■©-* S o t- • -. ■-. C- OJ rH 00 »re © t- oc co ire S IQ ire - ~ 8 b ~ e o "-1 = ,- 5 3 2g MS ° ^ -^ W w &< o i-H _ ,_ O OJ OO O CJ B o to co i- © © — ' 1- l- B m t- t- i- .re o co X --._= -J o 0 m — l- t~ I- - * -* m .re i- i~ © ■- 1 = "I 0 5 £> § ; - « a - - - 1 -~ - o •3 — ■* £ u t- OS X. OS O © ere <=> r* © © CO « © t- - -i CM © CM ^- 71 . sS ©' ©" JH - 77' ^ © o u c ~ | a k 5 0Q * .8 1 ' s CI s » cs f :i :i i- to 1 - 1 - 1 - cm i-i oo r~ co H ^ CO ire - Ifl © — i a ti-J 5 * 8 C3 C3 IO O Q t 3S 1- 00 "3 •- • i ~ - 1 . i = © C3 '- 1 - -*• © CM H IO as co © © «n t— o CO - i- 71 •■-> e rf l" ■^ -^ ^ irf i- -r -r -* — ' -*' ri —' ri —' 3 i \ 0 c 6 V. iS p 0Q ire m KJ 10 io «re ire ire m m -*• o» ire io • -. a> a i-, ~ 1 - i - i lis ai Of od od oo* oo oo 1 00 oo oo ci j. i ■ S S - _ d HB8 "■ - s o 5 :i 2 IB £k ~* -* 2 fc II a - 1 i - - fi P ^ « P P P fl P Q 4 5 S •-3 »-5 - M d i •-3 1- re - d re re "3 *S 61 O I- H S -' ES © © '£> «* C: -r — irt © CP 06 00 :i «f » i- i- P5 X —l EX Ifi CC -r -* re iO ^ 0 ■£> ti ?i a CI TI TI CI TI TI TI TI TI TI 71 TI O CJ CI IT O I - I - Li I - o - -. i - i - m m o cj ■ ft C I © lA lA -. TI TI Ti TI ^©©irsxt-~xx It} T *T T T ~- Z I -!• m © ifl •• s c. il a h -* CO 00 X t- CI ITS © " i - O O © O -r © ri ~i © C> O* © -: i - c © © re. -^ CI X -H -1 -1 o ad ad X r-»- X) x x E • - •:- Ed ' 3 © ■ - 1 - - 1 rr - i - ■ - i .-. B i - ' i - 9 ■z - -* d ^ - - d - - d - a - d - 1 - - -. »"S - - -: - *» - -. "l - - " ^- © — X x © o t- — — ox — rr. ti TI i- r. ?i z. ci r- — 3 © x © t- :i o O* » 00 «H :t ' >-' -t - 52 Nl lO ">»• O CM © 10 o ro iM o o" -c" eg o t— ° © a i o jo 3 3 ra r-i " u ^ rst v: ££ 5 5 £ s- « a 6 S. 5 a = tg .9 M ■a G 3 1 J3 > III C4 •< -1 <5 W 5 => j 2 o a 1 s = 9 • -a 2 ° -2 s H S *- ~ cS a g, -jz g s u ft -3 t: x ^ «1 <1 «^ W od cm oo m cm CM M O —I Mi ft tfl o ! a o a a 2 a a o 5 & ft i< = 3 a * S. 5. J a" a' a" £ -3 -= r3 O O Ills 53 Table VI.-» Showing the mean composition of fourth masaeeuites. Sucrose, direct polar- ization. Sucrose, double polar- ization Glucose. Per cent. 44.45 Per cent. 48.79 Per cent. 17.45 Table VII. — Showing the mean composition of molasses from fourth sugars. Di ?re< Brix. Degree Baume. Sucrose, direct polar- ization. Sucrose, double polar- ization. Glucose. Coefficient of purity uhit el polar- ization). Coefficient of pnrity (double polar- ization). 79. 5 42.0 1'er cent. 30.00 Per cent. :;:;. 93 Per cent. 17.0 37.93 42. 08 TABLE VIII. — Showing the mean composition of tin- sugars (130 analyses). Grade. Sucrose. Glucose. Remarks. First sugar1 (white) Firsi BUgar3 (yellow C) Per cent. 97. 94 96.00 97*60 ' 98.40 89. 75 84. 60 Per cent. 6 strikes '■ wagon" from fermented sirup. Mean composition of all Brat sugars. 2.28 3. 33 1 All the sugars were boiled in a low pressure pan (7\ pounds back pressure). The tiisi sugars were illy .snii. being boiled in a very high vacuum, and often polarized as low as 96 to 97 degrees. 2 During early part of the season, on mill work, the second sugars were grained directly from the molasses from iiist Bugars, but during the greater portion of the campaign a small nuoleus of Bret masBecuite was left in the pan. ■Owing to the exceptionally high grade of first and second sugars the fourth maseeouites were very rich, and j ielded a Large propori ion of fourth sugar. TABLE IX. — Crop report- diffusion work. Period. Cllle worked. Weight of BUgar per ton of cane. Total weight of sugar. Total BUgar per ton of cane. First sugar (\\ llite). ond BUgar (yel- low ' 1 Second BUgar (wag Third BUgar i w agon I Fourth BUgar (wagon). Third inn1 .. Fourth run . . Fifth run — Total Tons. 1,079.6 1,790 111.21 84.98 76 l1'. Pounds. 6.60 29.37 39. 50 87.50 Pounds. 20. (io Pound*. 230, 189 ■t3i,:ir.«) Pounds. 213.23 •_'4(). 1 1 LM4.45 5, 940. 5 1,31*. K08 •• <>:< 36. <•>:: 30.00 222. (mi 1 The third "run" contains six striked of flrst Bugars which were grained in wagons during tr in bone-black room, due to fermentation, etc balf of this in i was estimated from the half swung out. Fourt ha are divided between pig and diffusion In proportion to the yield of the other auga /,'• unit', shotting yield of sugar*. Total sugar per cent. oane. . First sugar (white) do Second nugai (yello rained In vaouum pan do Second sugar grained in wagons ,!, Third sugar grained In wagons do Fourth sugar grained in wagous do ouble will 11. Ki 10 1.00 54 Tables III, IV, and V, showing- diffusion work by "runs," are in a large measure self-explanatory. The "run" numbers are continued from those of the mill-work which preceded diffusion. During the third run numerous experiments were made to determine the best method of conducting the battery work. The thickness of the chips soon neces- sitated work at high temperatures and compelled me to abandon further experiments. The irregularities in the amount of juice drawn and other irregularities are largely due to the experimental nature of the work of this " run." The yield of sugar in proportion to the sucrose present was larger in subsequent "runs." This is partly due, in addition to richer cane, and in the fourth "run" abetter extraction, to losses resulting from fermentation of the sirups. This fermentation was due to two causes. The failure of the vacuum-pan traps to operate satisfactorily prolonged the boiling from ten to twelve hours, five hours usually being sufficient time in which to boil a strike. This caused an accumulation of sirup in the storage tanks. At this time a supply of new bone-black was substituted for the char which had been in use many years. The sugar- maker never having had experience in the use of new bone-black was unprepared for the difficulties in its use. Tn his justification it should be stated that his lack of experience in the use of char was well known to ( Governor Warinoth. The writer was also inexperienced in the manip- ulation of chars except in beet-sugar work and in the manufacture at Magnolia. The facilities for washing bone-black at Magnolia are very crude j hence the char was sent to the filters badly washed. On the admission of the hot sirup to the filters dense volumes of ammonia tilled the room. The. sirups so filtered fermented with extreme rapidity, entire tanks of sirup showing a viscous fermentation in two or three hours. It was often impossible to centrifugal sugars grained in the pan, from these Sirups; hence several strikes were boiled to string proof and sent to the hot room. This fermentation and the consequent difficulties in manu- facture undoubtedly caused a large loss of sugar. The following com- parison of the yield for the three diffusion "runs" indicates the extent ol* this loss : ivaildble Buorose. (Suorote minus ii timetgluoot Kim Dumber. Available ra< Field • a reliable sucrose obtained In BUgara. 'i bird 280. h Lb*, //. / t,m oj cant. 228. 7:; M.01 i ..in i h i ,tii. 1 The available cured on the diffusion Ja The degree of extraction was practically the same in the third and ftfth ''i'iiiis;" the cane was considerably belter in the third, the glucose 55 per cent, sucrose being, respectively, 3.40 and 4.17. The necessity of ap- portioning the fourth sugars equally among the diffusion unuis" probably gives the third " run" a better record than it should have. The difficulty in estimating this loss emphasizes the necessity of facilities for keeping the products from each "run" separate, if one desires a thorough chemical control. Owing- to the molasses from the entire season's work beiug mixed in the cisterns, and several losses known to have taken place, but which could not be determined, the inversion cannot be calculated for this or the other u runs." There is nothing exceptional in the results of the fourth and fifth "runs." The lower proportionate yield in the fifth "run" is probably due to the methods of manufacture. COAL CONSUMPTION. The value of the figures on the consumption of fuel is very much lessened by the adverse conditions under which steam was generated in the bagasse boilers. The bagasse chute was arched over with brick, and coal was used for firing. It is evident that economical steaming was out of the question under these conditions. The bagasse burner was built under the Fiske patents. The boilers are cylindrical. In the rest of the steam plant the boilers are of the double-flue type, designed for burning coal. The figures given on coal consumption are not designed as an exhibit of economical management, but arc .simply a statement of actual work. The total coal consumption for the diffusion work was 2, 074, 585 pounds. This includes all the coal used, except in bone-black room. The fuel burned in swinging out sugars after the close of the season is divided between the mill and the diffusion work in proportion to the yield of Sugar. The only basis for estimating the coal Consumption for each "run" is the relative actual dilution. Ii'rsiimr showing tin: <<>• r oandfl -Hi.. n . 'I in' III • llll ... ■ 1,942 2w. ' . on In examining the coal statement reference should be made to Table 11, in which the comparative regularity of the sugar-house work is shown. In general it is safe to estimate verj nearly ac Fuel oon« 56 sumption doling irregular work a* when the house is working to its full average rapacity. Since the introduction of diffusion at Magnolia the coal bills have been more than doubled. Taking- into account the numerous delays and the failure of the cutter to furnish sufficiently thin chips for work at a low dilution, a lower consumption of coal could hardly have been reasonably anticipated. It is hoped that a fair test of the increased consumption of coal can 1m- made next season. An entirely new steam plant and the Hughes system of preparing the cane for the battery will be in use at that time. It is conservative to estimate a coal consumption of from 1,200 to 1,400 pounds per 1,000 pounds of sugar as sufficient under favorable conditions. In this estimate no account is taken of the exhausted chips, which ought to furnish a large proportion of the fuel. THE MILLING OF EXHAUSTED CHIPS. On page 1*4 attention is called to the probable effect of high tempera- tures <>n the cane, especially in regard to the subsequent milling of the exhausted chips. In 1887 the milling experiment was practically a fail- ure, whereas the past season on the contrary it was successful. No spe- cial adjustment of the mill was made for the experiments in either case. These experiments are discussed at the reference cited. In the experiment the past season the following percentages of water were left in average samples from each mill : (1) Chips from three-roller mill retained t',n.-."> per cm. water. I .'hiii- from live-roller mill retained 52.66 pel e.-nt. water. The chips burned1 freely ; those from the three-roller mill would prob- ably have burned fairly well, but no test could be made. I believe the milling and burning of the chips is a less difficult prob. lem than it is usually considered. It would certainly be much more economical than the present practice at Magnolia of dumping them into the Mississippi River. DfOREASE Of THE EVAPORATION IN THE DIFFUSION PROCESS LS COM- PARED Willi KILLING. In comparing the figures on coal consumption manufacturers should not neglect to note the exceptional richness of the juice, and, further, that in the evaporation at Magnolia- Plantation a quadruple effect, Yur- > an system, Is employed. The following table shows the relative quantities of water to be evapo- d in mill and diffusion work. I have taken the data from Table I II, since the third -'luir' is approximately an average <>f 'he season's work. The estimation of the mill year is arbitrary, ami is based on the pre- vious work and the total juice in the cane. ption of the Flake bagaeac burner eee Bulletin 11. page 6. 57 Evaporation in diffusion work as per Table III compared with thai oj 72psr cent, milling. Mill work. Total evaporation. Diffusion work. Evaporation due to the dilu- tion. Evaporation «. t . _____ . Increase due to increased lotal £* over 72 per cent, extraction. milling. Lbs. water per ton cane. 1, 195. 7 Lbs. water per ton Lbs. water per ton Lb*.v:ater. cane. cane. cane. 481.7 193.1 1.870.5 Per cent. 5G. 4 The above shows an actual increase in the coal consumption for evap- oration of over 56 per cent., assuming that the entire fuel supply is ob- tained from coal. In addition to this increase there are still others due to a larger product to centrifugal and to the greater surface exposed for radiation. The increased evaporation in quadruple should not require, with good boilers well tired, more than 175 pounds additional coal per 1,000 pounds sugar. According to IIorsm-Deon the best equipped beet sugar houses, em- ploying quadruple effects, etc., burn 4.23 kilograms of coal per hecto- liter of juice; comparing this with the Magnolia work,. basing the fig- nres on the same dilution, we have 100 pounds coal consumed per average of 4T7 pounds, in the cane-sugar house. Even the Austrian bouses in their best work, where nearly twice as much diffusion juice is drawn per hundred pounds of beets as was drawn from the cane at Mag- nolia, burn only 180 pounds per 2,000 pounds of beets. These bouses employ quadruple effect evaporation, with all Rillieux's improvements. The large fuel consumption at Magnolia can not be charged to the Yaryan apparatus or to the vacuum pan. Repeated tests have demon- strated the high efficiency of the Yaryan. The vacuum strike pan is of the low-pressure type and of the best modern construction. Bearing these facts in view, we must look to other sources for Magnolia's excessive fuel consumption. One source is no doubt the use of coal under boilers designed for an entirely different class of fuel. The fuel burned under the coal boilers, as estimated by several experts, was approximately l pound per <; pounds of water evaporated. There was probably a large increase due to the wastage of the waters of conden- sation from the battery heaters. The beet-bonses cited not employ bone-black, hence the fuel consumed in preparing the Liquors for filtra- tion, etc., should be deducted in this comparison. In the heet-sugar-housc work all the evaporation and heating of juices and sirups etc., ia in multiple effect. This is accomplished by the im- proved methods <»t Rillieux. All such work at Magnolia is in single- effect except the evaporation. All the available data in diffusion work indicate that with vcr\ best modern appliances the fuel consumption need not exceed 100 pounds of coal per ton of cane or 500 pounds per 1,000 pounds ol BUgar, 1 am 58 aware that this is as low a coal consumption as is obtained in our best cane houses, economizing the wet bagasse directly in their furnaces, but, if the Germans and Austrians can work with this high degree of economy, can not the American do so as well I I believe the day is not distant when coal will be only required as an auxiliary in tiring after Stoppages, the exhausted chips furnishing the fuel required. Planters estimating on diffusion and intending to use the evaporating appliances already in place for milling must not neglect to note that they will be compelled to work less cane per day, to compensate for the increased evaporation and extraction. In other words, they must en- large the capacity of their houses in proportion to the increased yield and dilution. In case the chips are not burned, at least two and one-half times as much coal must be provided for diffusion as would be for milling, where in the latter case the bagasse is employed as fuel. SUMMARY. The results of the diffusion work, though unsatisfactory in some respects, thoroughly demonstrate the practical manufacturing value o\^ the process as applied to sugar-cane. The cane will submit to rougher treatment in the diffusion battery than the beet, and consequently the. manipulations .are simpler. This very property of the cane often tempts the battery-men to careless work, resulting in loss to the planter. Every possible precaution should be taken to secure regularity of work. It should be remembered that the battery-man is placed in a responsi- ble position, and he should be remunerated accordingly. Delays incident to the diffusion battery were of rare occurence. With satisfactory cutters, there is very little probabilty of delays except from bad weather. The results of this season's work indicate the possibilities of diffusion and justify a rapid introduction of the process. MANUFACTURING DATA, MILL ^Y()MK. As stated at the beginning of this report, mil] work has unfortunately complicated the crop data to such an extent, that it is impossible to make a separate statement of either the mill or diffusion work of the early part of the season. No data of value could be obtained of the mill extraction. An automatic juice weigher1 was ordered, but reached the plantation after diffusion work had commenced. This apparatus was afterwards tested, and after slight alterations worked satisfactorily. In consequence of the failure to determine the quantity of juice extracted by the mill, I shall only give general analytical and manufacturing data in the accompanying tables. The milling was apparently as good as in past seasons, but owing to the exceptionally high proportion of woody fiber, the yield of juice was probably considerably lower. Table X. — Composition of raw juices. [Samples were takes at Sa. m. and 4 p. m.; also once .it l p. in. ) Date. \o Brix. o Specific gravity. Sucrose. K< (lacing ire. (gltw Coefficient of purity. 0 /•■ r ta 1 1.- 1 10. II 1.07 IS 10.2 1. 19 Nov. 1a •J L& 1 10. 0 1.0748 10.2 1.13 Nov. i:; .1 17.7 15,5 1. 11 13 1 17. - 15. 5 Nov. ll 17. 8 !■ :i L5.5 l.(i:. 13 0 17.7 Mot. IS 7 17.7 i. or to it. 17. J 1.0700 \,.v. in :• \u\. 17 LO 17.:: :•. 6 1.0718 l » 2 . in. are from the ol«l calculal n I anal." 1 Monarch Automa! Lo 4 (rain Plaid >■ oie I ouipauy, •'•'• Longwortb Btreet, Cincinnati. Ohio. D0 60 Table X. — Composition oframjmioes Continued. Date. No. Brix. Bauuie.1 • Specific gravity. Sui tosl'. Reducing - igars, (glu< etc.) Coefficient of parity. o o . J' r Xuv. 17 11 17.3 9.0 1.0713 14.0 .12 84, 4 Nov. is 12 r.2 9.5 1.0709 14.0 .55 84.8 Nov. IS 13 17.4 9.6 1.0717 15.0 . ;.:; 86.2 Nov. 19 14 17.9 9.9 1,0739 15.6 .42 87.1 Nov. 20 15 17.7 9.8 1.0730 15.0 .47 88.1 Nov. 20 16 17.7 9.8 1. 0730 15.0 .41 88.1 Nov. 20 Nor. -l 17 18 17.7 17.3 9.8 9.0 1.0730 1.0713 15.7 15.1 -.7 87.2 .60 Nov. 21 19 17. 3 0.0 1.0713 15.1 .50 87.2 Nov. 22 28 17.1 9.5 1.0704 14.9 .64 87.1 Nov. 22 21 17.2 9. 5 1.0709 15.8 .46 91.8 Nov. 2.', 22 19, 3 10.7 1.0801 10.4 .50 84.4 Nov. 23 Nov. 24 23 24 16.9 17. 5 9.4 9.7 L0885 1. 0722 14.4 I.". 9 85.2 90.8 .46 Nov. 25 25 17.0 0.4 1. 0700 14.8 87.1 20 18.0 10.0 1. 0744 If,, l .44 01. 1 Nov. 20 27 17.1 9.5 1.07(14 15.1 .42 .^8 :; Nov. 27 28 18.9 10.5 1.078.S 10.0 ..".7 87.8 Nov. 28 29 17.4 9.0 1.0717 14.9 .46 Nov. 28 30 17.0 9.4 1.0700 L4.8 . 11 Nov. 2!) 31 10.6 9.2 1.0082 14.4 M 1 Nov. 29 32 16.9 9.4 1. 0895 1 ."». 0 Nov. 29 33 10.8 9.3 1.0691 14.5 . 11 86. :; Nov. 28 34 17.4 9. G 1.0717 if.. :; 87 0 Nov. 30 Meai s 18.8 9.2 L.0882 14 i 80. 7 17.5 9.7 1.0722 15.3 .62 S7.4 1 Degrees Banme we from the old calculations a- given in " Tucker's Manual." Besume' showing H" mean composition of raw juices, also the maxima ami minium, Novem- ber L2 /" :'>". inclusive (35 analyses). Specific gravitj Bria (per tint, tot il solids) . Degree BatuDe1 Baorose per cent Reda< mi: sagai - (glucose, etc) do. - ■ Hi of purity M.aii-. 1.0722 17.5 0.7 15.3 . 62 87.4 Maxima. Minima 1 OH.| 19.8 10.7 1. l:> lo. 8 14.2 . 11 - 1 ■Degrees Baume are from the old calculations as given in " Tuoker's Manual.'' Analyses of clarified juices, simps, etc, were also made, bul arc not published on acconul of being rendered practically valueless by the luck of definite data in regard t<> the extraction. Prom November '•> to 30, Inclusive, 521.5 tons of cane were worked by diffusion and 2673 tons by the mill. It is impossible i<> separate the mill work from thai of the diffusion battery, so l shall only stale the yield of sugar per toil. 61 Tablk XI. — The yield of sugars1 per ton of cane, November 12 to 30, 1888. [First run, November 12 to 18 inclusive: Cane worked, 1.324.5 tons; mill work, 1.217 tons; diffusion work, 107.5 tons.] Description. Yield Sng*/ Per lie"a- ton of cme. Poii, 116,851 63, 008 26, 601 15, 126 Pounds. 88. 22 47. 57 20.08 11.42 Second sugar (yellow C) Total 221, 58G 167.29 'Second run, November 19 to 30 inclusive: Cane worked. 1,870 tons; mill work, 1,456 tons; diffusion work. 414 tons J First sugar (white) 163, 5:j9 88,814 6, 833 34, 295 21,355 87.46 47.49 3.12 18.34 11.42 Second sugar (wagon) Fourth sugar (wagon) Total 314,836 167.84 'For average analyses of sugar, see page 53. DISCUSSION OF TABLES X AND XI. An inspection of Table X will show that the juices were remarkably rich the past season. The character of the season producing exceed- ingly woody cane and a small tonnage will account for this. The first few analyses show a high percentage of glucose. This is due to the deterioration of the cane left on the yard during the preliminary work. The delays were unusually frequent at the beginning of this season, hence considerable cane was left on the yard for several days. The percentage of available sucrose, based upon an extraction of 72 per cent., and calculated by the formula per cent, sucrose minus one and one-half times the glucose = available sucrose, was 10.31. The available sucrose in pounds per ton of cane = 206.2, corresponding to approximately 214 pounds of commercial sugar. The actual yield of sugar obtained was about 45 pounds per ton Of cane less than this amount Not having reliable data of the mill work it is impossible to locate the responsibility for this shortage. It is fair to presume that it was partly due to a lower extraction than 72 per cent., but this alone will not account for the shortage. It is very probable that the class of sugars made will also account in pari for the low yield. The "firsts" generally graded as ••choice white." In order to obtain this grade it was necessary to USC a Large quantity <>t* water in the centrifugals. The "seconds" were grained in the pan. The molasses from "firsts" were diluted, treated witb super- phosphate of lime and alumina, relimed and filtered through bone-black, Again, considerable water was required to he used in the centrifugals 62 in order to obtain a high grade of sugar. The u seconds" polarized as high as the "'firsts," and were sold at about the same price. Owing to the fact that after the first few days of the season a siuali nucleus of "firsts" was left in the pan for the formation of the "seconds," these sugars should both be termed ''firsts," and the "thirds" and "fourths" would then be respectively "seconds" and "thirds." The "thirds" and "fourths" were boiled to string proof as usual. In making these grades of sugar, necessitating a doable filtration of the sirup, double the loss was experienced in the bone-black room. The loss of which I now speak is that due to the absorption of sugar by the char and the losses in the waste waters. The filters at Magnolia are of the form termed Dumont or open filters. Owing to the difficulty of properly washing the char, without employing a very large quantity of water, the waste waters contained considerable sugar, as the following table will show: Table XII. — Analyses of waste waters from bone-black room. Date. No. Sucrose. Per cent. Nov. 21 1 2.82 Nov. 22 2 .91 Nov. 22 3 1.12 Nov. 22 4 .44 Nov. 23 6 .7.\ Nov. 24 6 .91 These analyses show an enormous loss in the filter room. After No- vember 24 orders were given the filternien to wash their filters a very considerably longer time than they had been doing. Samples were frequently brought to the laboratory for examination, and whenever the proportion of sucrose exceeded .60 the washing was continued. It is impossible to estimate the loss from this source, but it was certainly very large. Under the conditions at Biagnolia the past season it was impracticable to vary the mode of work in the bone- black room. The quantity of waste water was variously estimated at from L,000 to 1,600 gallons per twenty-four hours; this would indicate losses ranging from less than 100 to Dearly 300 pounds of sugar per day. Or from .6 to L.6 pounds per tOD Of Cane. As there were DO means of ascertaining the exact ai d1 of waste water, t hese figures are a rough approximatioD of Little value. THE USE OP SUPERPHOSPHATES. I have frequently objected to the use of superphosphates of lime and alumina, but il was not until late in November that their use was dis- continued. These superphosphates usually contain an excess of the sulphuric acid used in their manufacture, and the sto.de at Magnolia was no exception to the rule, it is difficult to And apy advantage aris- ing from the use of these superphosphates. 63 Magnolia Plantation . Crop report, 1888. [First run, November 12 to 18. inclusive: Cane worked, 1.324.5 tons; mill work, 1.217 tons; diffusion work. 107..") tons. J Description. Field. IT per ton of cane, First sugar (white) Second sugar (yell Third sugar (wagon) ... Fourth sugar1 (wagon). Total Pounds. 116,861 63,008 26,601 15,126 Pounds. 88.22 47. 57 20.08 11.42 221,586 107. 29 [Second run. November 19 to 30, inclusive: Cane worked, 1,870 tons; mill work, 1,456 tons; diffusion work, 414 tons. J 163, 539 88,814 6,833 21, 355 87.46 47.49 3.12 18.34 11.42 Fourth sugar ' (wagon) Total 314, 836 167. S3 [Third run, December 1 to 8, inclusive: Can.- worked, 1.079.5 tons; diffusion work.] 120, 085 56, 805 31,705 21,500 111.24 52. 62 29.37 20.00 Fourth sugar1 (wagon) Total 230, 185 213.23 [Fourth run, December 0 to 22, inclusive: Cane worked, 1,709 tons; diffusion work. I 160,002 12,037 71,050 84. 98 6.69 39.50 20.00 Total 431,050 240.11 [Fifth run, December 23 to January 14, 18t tons; diffusion work.] 114,828 61,240 76.46 20. 00 Total f.5i i, 664 1 One-half of tbie ited from the half Bwun Foil n Im are divided between milling and diffusion In proportion to the j leld of the other - Crop, tots] pounds Crop, a\ i rage pounds per ton of cat 208. l do Mill.avi do Diffusion, Increase do m. i INDEX. A. Page. Air, accumulation of, in the diffusion cells 12 Arrangement of diffusion batteries 11 Automatic register, Eugeue Langen 14 Horsin-De'on 13 sampler, description of 16 Available sucrose in diffusion juices 54 B. Battery reports, blank form for 18 work, check on the 17 C. Calorisators, dimensions of 9 Cane Shredder, the National 9 Cells of the diffusion battery, dimensions of 9 Chip chute, the 10 Clarification in the diffusion battery '21 Clements. Lieut. A. B., U. S. Navy, formula of 34 Coal consumption 55 of, in beet sugar houses 57 Compressed-air pipes, diameter of 9 Consumption of coal 55 Cutter, the 7 Hughes 8 D. Data, general analytical 26 Difficulties experienced Id the preliminary work 7 Diffusion batteries and their arrangement, genera] remarks on 11 description of 9 battery, elari liea t ion in -Jl t'n st operal tons in the manipulation of 19 manipulation of 19 notes on the use of lime in working temperature of eell, influence of the dimensions and form of 90 machinery, criticisms on 10 work 96 available suerose 8824— No. 21 5 66 Page. Diffusion work, control of 13 general remarks on 19 yield of sugars 53 Dilution 25 actual 25 apparent 25 Doors, hydraulic method of opening 11 E. Evaporation, comparison of, in the diffusion and milling processes 56 increase in, due to the diffusion process 56 in diffusion work, compared with that in 72 per cent, milling ... 57 Example, showing calculation of inversion 33 Exhausted chips, the milling of 56 P. Fromentin, Mr., experiments of 22 H. Heaters, dimensions of 9 Hinze, Mr. Fred, suggestions of, in regard to clarification 21 I. Inversion 32 formulae for 34 J. Jennings, O. B., patent of 22 Juice, automatic determination of the density of 16 sampling of 16 mains, diameter of 9 L. Letters of transmi ttal 5 M. Magnolia hattery, defects in 10 plantation, crop report of, season of 1888 63 Mains, juice and water, dimensions of 9 Manufacturing data, mill work 59 Milling the exhausted chips, remarks on 24 Mill work, manufacturing data 59 P. Prefatory note 3 B. Removal of exhausted chips, method of 10 Komi m 6, showing coal consumption for esch diffusion run' 66 moan composition Of raw joiOM 80 Desna Of manufacturing data tor entire season 68 yield of sugars, diffusion work 53 67 s. Pa^e. Stubb8, Dr. W. C, successful experiments of, in clarification at Kenner, La .. 22 Summary 58 Superphosphates, the use of 62 T. Table No. 1, comparison of normal and diffusion juices 27,28,29,30 discussion of 31 No. 2, character of work for each day of season 35, 36, 37 No. 3, parts 1, 2, and 3, analytical and manufacturing data, third run. 38, 39, 40 re'suine' of analytical and manufacturing da* a 41 No. 4, parts 1,2, and 3, analytical and manufacturing data, fourth run. 42, 43, 44 re'suine* of analytical and manufacturing data 45 No. 5, parts 1, 2, 3, analytical and manufacturiug data, fifth run 46,47, 48,49,50,51 resume' of analytical data 51 manufacturing data 52 No. 6, mean composition of fourth massecuites 53 No. 7, mean composition of molasses and fourth sugars 53 No. 8. mean composition of sugars 53 No. 9, crop report, diffusion work 53 No. 10, composition of raw juice •. . 60 No. 11, yield of sugar per ton of cane, mill work 61 No. 12, analysis of waste waters from bone-black room 62 Tables 10 and 11, discusssion of 61 V. Vapors, accumulation of, in diffusion cells 12 W. Wonopringo, Java, use of lime for clarification at 29 Water mains, diameter of .% 9 II UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA lilllillllll 3 1262 09216 6544