I INFORMATION LEA- FOREIGN WOC, Forest Prcdu cJ;s_i&b_Qrc.t. ory - Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture 1951 AZOBE, BONGOSSI, EKKI Lophira alata Banks var. pro cera (A. Chev.) B. Da\ J Family: Ochnaceae 1— ELOIS E GERRY, Technologis t Division of Silvi cultural Relations The Lophiras occur at comparatively low elevations in the central and Atlantic coastal areas of tropical Jest Africa, frc:.. ^al to Gabon and ranging into Uganda and East Sudan (5 ; 35; 48) J= This is the only genus of commercial importance for its timber in the family Ochnaceae . Next to Khayas , Lophiras are the commonest trees found, for example,, in the Nigerian forest (48), and ^n all large foresxs of tropical Africa (35) . Locally and in export trade, the wood from these trees is kno T ..-n by a variety of names , mainly as azobe, bongossi, or ekki. It is also known as ironpost and red ironwood, with reference to its hardness. The trees are also known as meni-oil trees, and misleadingly, due to superficial resemblance, as African oak (5, 9> 41, 47). The Tree . ' " ze and Form Lophira alata var. procera Burtt Davy is the botanical name applied recently to the trees producing azobe wood (5, 17, 18, 24, 35) . These trees are light- loving trees (48) . Two forms of Lophiras have previously been recognized as distinct species (5), and distinguishing characteristics of these forms, particularly as related to mtained at Kadison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. p ^Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to the list of numbered references at the end of the article. Report No. R1913 -1- Agriculture -Madison the seeds, amount of parenchyma in the wood, and habits of growth, are cited and used by forest officers in Africa, To a considerable extent, however, the differ- entiations recognized appear to result from the conditions under which the trees grow (5, 9, 46, 48). Lophira alata Banks is generally described as the smaller form, attaining a height of 20 to 50 feet and a girth of 5 feet. It has steeply ascending branches and a narrow crown. It may be gnarled and crooked, is slow growing, and super- ficially resembles an oak tree. It is found in the open savannah, orchard, or dry- zone areas and is resistant to the annual grass fires (5, 10, 45 ; 48) . On the other hand, Lophira procera and L . alata var. procera trees (24, 56) are among the largest and most characteristic trees in the moist, evergreen rain forests. They grow on the sea coast at the inner edge of the mangrove forests (48), in freshwater swamps, and along rivers at elevations of a few hundred feet (5, 48) . They may have heavy crowns and clear cylindrical boles without marked buttresses, although they may be somewhat enlarged (up to 12 feet) at the base (5, 35). These trees may attain a height of loO feet and girths of 15 to 20 feet at breast height, or up to 6 feet in diameter. They often have long boles free of branches (2) . Strong shoots often develop from stumps. Lophiras have been favored for planting (45). Leaves The leaves, when they first appear, are brilliant red. They may grow to a foot in length and are almost tongue-shaped (5, 43) - Bark The bark is gray to orange-red, turning to ash-gray or black. It is thick, corky, and deeply fissured. The "slash" is red with a yellow edge (5, 10, 48) . Fruit and Flowers The flowers are white or yellowish and have five petals . They have a musk-like fragrance and are much more conspicuous in L . alata than in L. procera (2, 48) . The fruit is winged in both species. One wing is twice as long as and broader than the other in L. procera . In L. alata , one wing is nearly three times as wide as the other. The. fruit and seeds contain 50 to 40 percent of a semisolid yellow fat (Huile de Mene) that is used in treating leprosy (2, 5, 9, 50, 51). Report No. R1915 -2- The Wood Color The sapwood is pinkish, 2 to k inches vide, and distinct, when fresh, from the heartwood; which varies in color from dull ; dark red to vine or chocolate brown with a purplish tinge. The heartwood may appear speckled due to light-colored siliceous deposits in the vessels (5, 9, l6 ; 2k, 29, 55, kl, k2) . Grain, Texture, an d Figure The grain is typically interlocked, and the texture is medium to rather coarse and uneven (5; 9, 2k). Luster The luster is rated as rather low (5, 9) • Odor and Taste The wood is odorless and tasteless when dry. Weight Azote is heavy (2) and will sink in water when green, "but may float when dry (Ik) . The weight, at 12 percent moisture content, is reported as 56 to 71 pounds per cubic foot (5, 2k_ y kX) , Specific gravities are recorded of 0.95 "to 1.15 at 15 percent moisture content (2b, 27, 3j+, 55) and Jjk to 0.90 based on oven-dry weight and green volume (5) . The wood of L. alata tends to be less heavy than that of L. procera (k8) . The wood of L. procera consists of more than ko percent of lignln (55) . Mechanical Properties Azobc is a hard, strong wood with very high "voar-and-tear" resistance (55). Mechanical tests have been made in France (1, 5, k, 6, 55, 58), Germany l26 ; 27 , 55 ) j and England (15, 22) and show that its mechanical properties are higher, for the most part, than comparable properties for teak, oak, or pitch pine (55) . For equal volume, the azobe-oak static -bending ratio is reported as nearly 1.6 to 1 in favor of azobe (55) . Its strength in compression and static bending is particularly high (55); its shock resistance is excellent and nearly the same as for greenheart. Impact resistance values are also high (55). Report No. Rl r :i5 -5- II. results of a series of tests by the Imperial Institute, London (22). are Ten ir. table 1, They are directly comparable, "because of the methods employed; with tests by the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, the Forestry Be parti'.:'.*-/ in Canada and India, and the Forest Products Research Laboratory in n eland. ciscnin~ '. bi-c ■■'•'- ir.-:i '. In md 11; 11' azobe is considered an extremely refractory species on the "casis of th€ limited tests thus far reported. Not only does this timber give up relatively small amount of moisture very slowly (35), but severe checking and splitting 22 and some distortion are likely to occur during seasoning. • material; more _ "er, needs to be carefully piled (lA, kl) . It is thought to lesirable tc air dry the material before it is kiln dried. .'. mi] .:le i2 recommended by the English Forest Products Research Labora- tory for kiln drying azobe (12), such as is given in table 2. Shrinkage during kiln irying tc 12 percent moisture content from the green is as follows (12): [Tangential -- 5*5 percent Radial -- -.1 percent mens fc] ie t were dried to equilibrium at 60 percent relative humidity and F. after previous drying tc equilibrium at 90 percent relative humidity and I. shrunk 2.5 percent ir. the tangential direction and 2.0 percent in the radial direct!:::. >be has been regarded as a wood that holds its shape veil when manufactured (9). Its absorption :f moisture is extremely slow. Purac-lity r.ira frocera is rated as one of the most durable timbers in V, r est Africa Locally, it is rated as very resistant to insects, teredo (7> 3k_, -1 white ants and decay [2k } 35; ^6; 48) . Files have been reported as being soun r . years' service (57T "•r.:.::~ raraci-risiics th Its din teristic hardness and interlocked grain, is considered 1 : cult tc saw even when /reen (22, kl) t and extremely difficult to work with Is. It can be handled successfully, however, with machine tools (5> 22, 35: • Azobe is rated as similar to greenheart in working characteristics and is about twice as hard as Burma leak (5) • It is also reported that it can be ; _• es illy on the tangential surface, and with care will give a th surface [22, kl, 1 ri . It is necessary to bore or drill azobe, preferably with power-driven tools, for nailing or bolting, but the good results obtained are thought to compensate for the extra work (35). It is possible to obtain strong joints, but care is needed to prevent splitting. A fairly clean cut can be obtained on a turning lathe (22) . Glue adheres well to this wood (22) . Stains are not readily absorbed, and a filler is needed for finishing (22) . Uses Although too hard for many purposes, azobe has been found to be suitable for heavy construction, especially for wharves, piles, dock gates, decking, bridges, truck floors and bodies railway ties, and mine slides. It is used for canoes and boats, floors, parquet material, tanks, stairsteps, turnery, engraver's blocks, and handles and for novelties because of its color. It is suitable for fuel and for making charcoal. Although azobe has been considered rather heavy and hard for cabinet and furni- ture making, it has been used for billiard tables and has been recommended for switchboards on account of its high electrical resistance. Since production of azobe has recently been encouraged by the U, S. Economic Cooperation Administra- tion, it is planned to develop utilization for furniture also, especially because of the wood's characteristic shape-holding power and resistance to wear. Azobe is even preferred over metal and reinforced concrete for certain maritime installations and is generallv rated as a construction wood of the first order (L £*> §9, 35, hi, hi, k8). Bypr oduc ts The leaves, bark, and oil-containing seeds are used medicinally in Africa for treating jaundice and leprosy (5. 9 ; 20, 46) . The oil is also a possible source of material for soap making (10, kO) . The bark has been used as a remedy for malaria (5, 20) . Supply Azobe is reported as being available in flitches, or logs of 3 to h feet in diameter and up to Uo feet long (24), or in squared timbers JO by 30 inches and 18 to 25 feet or more long {lh, 357. Production of azobe and other tropical woods is reported to have been encouraged by the Iconomic Cooperation Administration through the supplying of sawmill and logging machinery to the French in the Cameroons (£2). Prior to 1939, more than a million tons were exported annually from the French cole.. Structure Gr owth Kinr:s .--Seasonal growth rings are absent or indistinct without ma. .. -a- tion (5) . Report No. R1915 -5- Vessels . --Vessels are relatively fev, rather large, and frequently blocked by deposits of yellovish-vhite siliceous material. They are fairly evenly distri- buted, sometimes in radial groups (5). Rays.--Ravs are not readily visible on cross sections without magnification T5T9). Parenchyma . - -Parenchyma in tangential bands is abundant and has been used by some to differentiate species or varieties (5, 9; 36) • Report No. R1913 -6- List of References 1. A,ubreville, A.. 19 U8. Les Essais 1 iques des Bois Coloniaux Africains. pp. 133-lhlj. 11 it 2. Earner, J., and Muller, J. F. 19h3m Die Nutzholzer der Welt. Vol. 3, pp. 102-105. Neudamm, Germany. 3. Campredon, J. 19ii2. Proprietes physiques et mecaniques du bois. 18 pp. Conf. au Centre de Perfectionnement Technique. h. Pois Mat< riau de la Construction Moderne. p. 30. Paris. 5. Chalk, L., Davy, J. B., Desch, II. E., and Hoyle, A. C. 1933. Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire. Vol. II, Twenty West African Timber Trees, pp. 75-83. Oxford, England. 6. Collarcet, J. 1530. Nos Bois Coloniauxi Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux. pp. 91, 95, 103, 106, 110. Paris. . t 7. (LcJ Comite National des Bois Tropicaux. 19h9. Nos Bois Tropicaux. p. 16. Paris. 8. __^ 19 1.5. To ira (Main supplies from Cameroons). Bois et Forets des : ; . : . No. 12, p. U53» Paris. 9. Cooper, G. P. and Record, S. J. 193L The Evergreen Forests of Liberia. Yale School of Forestry Bull. ho. 31, pp. 30-31, illus. 10. Eggeling, '".'. J. .0. The Indigenous Trees of the Uganda Protectorate, pp. 15U-155, illus. Entebbe, Uganda Protectorate, E. Africa. 11. Forest Products Research Labora J - %Lish). 1928. . mical and Physical Pro] rl . of Iron Fost or Hendui ( ^ophira procera ;. Forest Products Research Laboratory. Princes Risborou port, Project 0, . . ;ation 6. Aylesbury, England. 12. _ 15 1. ■ The Si isoning Properties of Exotic Timbers, pt. 1. Forest Products Research Laboratory Leaflet No. Liii, p. h. Aylesbury, England. 13. Foster, E. " . 191U. Notes on Nigerian Trees and Plants, p. 2. Guildford, England. Report No. R1913 1U. Hedin, L. 1929. Sur quelques essences forestieres exploitees au Cameroun. Rev. Bot. Appl. et d'Agr. Tropicale. Vol. 9, No. 89, pp. 39-51. (reviewed in Tropical Woods No. 20, pp. U3-50, 1929). 15. Hopkinson, \. D. 1912. Beitrage zvr Mikrographie tropischer Holzer. Beitr. bot. Zbi. Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. UU1-U56. 16. Howard, ft.. L. 19U8, k Manual of the Timbers of the For Id, 3rd ed., p. 86. London. 17. Hutchison, J., and Dalzier, J. /.. 1927. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 1. (Reviewed in Tropical Woods No. 18, p. 27.) 18. 1931. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 2. 19. Imperial Institute (London) 1908. Timbers from Southern Nigeria, Imperial Institute Bull. No. 6, pp. lUi-155. London. 20. ___^ 1906 . Seeds of Lophira alata from Sierra Leone. Imperial Inst. Bull., pp. 2143-2I5, 366-367. 'London. 21. 1910. Some West African Timbers. Imperial Institute Bull. No. 8, pp. 231— 2h5. London. 22. 192.K Timbers from the Gold Coast, I, Imperial Institute Bull. No. 2U, Pt. 3, pp. ii 17 -hh 3. London. (Reviewed in Tropical Woods No. 9 } P. 30, 1927.) 23. Irvine, F. R. 1930. Plants of the Gold Coast. Oxford, England. 2I4. Jay, B. 195°. Timbers of West Africa, 3rd ed. , pp. 32-33. Timber Bevelopment Assoc, Ltd., London. 23>. Jentsch, F. and Appel, E. 1936. Rhizopl or a mangle, Lophira procera, Chlorophora excelsa, ilusanga smithii Beschreibung trop. Holzer aus dem Urwalde Kameruns Zeitschr. fur Weltforstvdrtscbaft, Vol. 3, PP. 110-120, 235-2U6, 331-3U, U97-506. (Reviewed in Tropical Woods No. ^0, p. 53, 1937.) 26. Kollmann, F. 1939. Holzeigenschaftstafel Pockholz und Bongose. Holz als Rohund ".'.'. rkstoff. Vol. 2, p. h5. Report No. R1913 -8- List of References 1. A. ubreville. A.. 19 U8, Les Essais ^ecaniques des Bois Coloniaux Africains. pp. 133-luu. 11 it 2. Barrier, J., and duller, J. F. 19U3. Die Ihatzholzer dcr V.'elt. Vol.3, pp. 102-105. Neudamm, Germany. 3. Campredon, J, 19U2. Proprietes physiques et mecaniques du bois, 18 pp. Conf. au Centre de Perfectionnement Technique. h. ______ 191*6. l"e Bois 1.1 at- riau de la Construction Moderne, p. 30. Paris. p. Chalk, L., Davy, J. B., Desch, H. E., and Hoyle, A. C. 1933. Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire. Vol, II, Twenty West African Timber Trees, pp. 75-83. Oxford, England. 6. Collarcet, J. 1930. Nos Bcis Coloniauxj Elude F e et ::ecanique des P^is Coloniaux. pp. 91, 95, 103, 106, 110. Pari; . . 1 7. (Lej Comite National des Bois Tropicaux. . . Nos Bois Trcpicaux. p. 16. Paris. 8. 19U9. _q;. I ira (Main supplies from Cameroons), Bois et Forets des r piques. No, 12, p. L'J3« Paris. 9. Cooper, 0. P. and Record, S. •' . 1931. The Evergr* rests of Liberia. Yale School of Forestry Bull, ho. 31, PP. 30-31, illus. 10. Eggelin ;, ". J. 19h0. The Indipenous Trees of the Uganda Protectorate, pp. 15U-155, illus. Entebbe, Uganda Protectorate, E. Africa. 11. Forest Produc + arch Labora 4 r -lis;.). 1928. Mechanical and PI l1 Properties of Iron Fost or i'endui ( ^opbira procera j. Fon I r ducts ho£.earch Laboratory. Princes ...sboroe port, Froject 0, bion 6. Aylesbury, England, 12. _ I; I . he : (. ironing Properties of Exotic ■ rs, pt, 1. Forest Products Research Laboratory Le flet he. Lu, p. A. Aylesbury, England. 13 . Foster, E. ".'A 19LL. Notes on Nigerian T] ■rid Plants, p. 2. Guildford, England. Report No. R1913 -7- III. Hedin, L. 1929- Sur quelques essences forestieres exploitees au Cameroun, Rev. Bot. Appl. et d'Agr. Tropicale. Vol. 9, No. 89, pp. 39-51. (Reviewed in Tropical Foods No. 20, pp. U3-50, 1929). 15. Hopkins on, \. D. 1912. Beitrage zur Mikro graph! e tropischer Eolzer. Beitr. bot. Zbl. Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. Ma-1;56. 16. Howard, 1. L. 19U8. \ Manual of the Timbers of the For Id, 3rd ed., p. 86. London. 17. Hutchison, J,, and Dalzier, J. M. 192?'. Flora of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 1. (Reviewed in Tropical Woods No. 18, p. 27. ) 18. 1931. Flora of Fest Tropical Africa, Vol. 2. 19. Imperial Institute (London) 1908. Timbers from Southern Nigeria, Imperial Institute Bull, No. 6, pp. 1UU-155- London. 20. 1906. Seeds of Lophira a lata from Sierra Leone. Imperial Inst. Bull,, pp. 2U3-2U5, 366-367. London. 21. 22. 1/10. Some West African Timbers. Imperial Institute Bull. No. 8, pp. 231-2U5, London. ~l.92.Fi Timbers from the Gold Coast, I, Imperial Institute Bull. No. 2U, Ft. 3, pp. Ul7-Uh3. London, (Reviewed in Ironical Foods No. 9, P. 30, 1927.) 23. Irvine, F. R. 1930. Plants of the Gold Coast. Oxford, England. 2)4. Jay, B. 1.50. Timbers of Fest Africa, 3rd ed. , pp. 32-33. Timber Development Assoc, Ltd., London. 25. Jentsch, F. and Appel, T - , 1936. Rhizop! ora mangle , Lop hira procera , Chlorophora excelsa , Musanga smithii Beschreibung trcp. Holzer aus dem Urwalde Kane runs Zeitschr. fur Feltforstvlrtscbaft, Vol. 3, pp. 110-120, 235-21*6, 331-3U1, L97-506. (Reviewed in Tropical Foods No. 50, p. 53, 1937.) 26. Kollmann, F. 1939. Holzeigenschaftstafel Pockholz und Bongose. Holz als Rohund Ferkstoff. Vol. 2, p. h$* Report No. EL913 -8- 27- 19^2. Holzeigansohaftstaf el Pockholz ur.d Bongase. Holz als Rohund Werkstoff, Vol, 5, p. I83. 28. 195^ • Technologie des Holzes, Vol. 1» 29. Lamb, G. N. 1950* Foreign '.Toods — Lophira . ",7ood Froducts, Vol. 55# No. 5/ P ; 23. 30. Lecompte, H, 1 )2J % Les Bois Coloniaux. Paris. 31. 192d. Une Qchnacee novelln d'Indochine. Bull. Wis* Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. 32, pp. 95-IOO. 32. Lely, II. V. I925. The Useful Trees of Northern Nigeria. London. 33 • Marmasse, Pierre 1931 • Contribution a 1* etude analytique de quelques bois coloniaux. Assn. Colonies — Sciences and Comite Natl, des Bois Coloniaux. Paris. (Reviewed in Tropical Woods, No. 29, p. ^8, 1931 •) 3^-. Keniaud, Jean 1930» L f act ion du service forestier de la Cote d' Ivoire, II. Revue International des Products Coloniaux. Vol. 5, No. 51, pp. 113-llb. Paris. (Reviewed in Tropical Wood3 No. 23, p. 37, 1930.) 35. 19S0. L'Azobe et ses utilisations. (Translated by E. Gerry, I95I.) Bois et Forets des Tropiques No. 15~3 e Trimestre, pp. 261-266, illus. 36. Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk, L. 195°» Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, pp. 219, 33°, 338. Oxford, England. 37 • Monnin, M. 1925» Comparaison entre bois coloniaux et bois metropol itains. Travaux du Congres forestier international de Grenoble de 1925* Grenoble, France. 3S. 1931 • Methodes internat ionales d'essai et de debit des bois. Methode francaise des essais de bois, ^0 pp. Communications au Congres Internatl. du bois et de la cylviculture, Paris. 39 • Normand, D. 193^* Note sur quelques bois du Gabon. Rev. Bot. appl. Vol. 15^» pp. l+lW+21. leport No. R1913 r Q~ kO» Record, S. J. and Mell, C. D. 192^-. Timbers of Tropical America. p. *+33» New Haven, Conn* lj-1. Scott, M. H. 1950» Notes on the more important African timbers imported into the Union (S. Afr.) with special reference to Portuguese East African species. Jour, S. Afr, For, Assoc. No. 19, pp. 18-62, illus o ^4-2. Sierra Leone (W. Africa) Forest Department. 19^2. Sierra Leone Native Timbers. Sierra Leone Forest Dept. Notes. Freetown, Sierra Leone, W, Africa, 1*3. Stebbing, E. P. 1937* Forests of West Africa and the Sahara. London and Edinburgh, Uij-. Stone, H. 192^, The Timbers of Commerce. London. ^5, and Cox, H. A. 1922, A guide to the identification of the more useful timbers of Nigeria. London. 1+6. Thieme, Hans W. (institut fur angewandte Bot . , Hamburg) 1929. Das Bongosiholz und seine abstammung. Bot. Archiv., Vol, 26, Nos. 1-2, pp. lt^—233, illus, Leipzig, Germany (see Chalk), (Reviewed in Tropical Woods No. 2k- 9 p. kj, I929.) 1+7. Thompson, II. N. 1920, Statements by Nigerian Forest Authority for British Empire Forestry Conference, London, M-g. Unwin, A, H. 1920. West African Forests and Forestry, pp. 26, 356-359* London. 14-9. Vestal, P. A. 1937* The significance of comparative anatomy in establishing the relationship of the Hyper icaceae to the Guttiferae and their allies, Philipp, J, 3ci., Vol. &+, pp. 199-256. 50. Wehmer, C. 1931* Die Pf lanzenstoffe, p, 77^. Jena, Germany, 51, Wiesner, J. von 1928. Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, Vols. 1-2, pp. 763, 1532-3 • Leipzig, Germany. Report No, R1913 -10- Table 1. -- Results of mechanical teats on Lophlra procera— conducted by the Imperial Institute, London (22) Mechanical test Results Maximum Minimum Mean Static bending: Maximum calculated longitudinal shear lb . per sq . in . Fiber stress at elastic limit lb . per sq . in . Modulus of rupture lb . per sq . in . Modulus of elasticity lb. per sq. in. Work in bending to elastic limit in. -lb. per cu. in. Work in bending to maximum load in . -lb . per cu . in . per sq. in, Compression parallel to grain: Fiber stress at elastic limit lb Maximum crushing strength lb . per sq . in . Modulus of elasticity lb. per sq. in. Compression perpendicular to grain: Fiber stress at elastic limit lb . per sq . in . Shearing parallel to grain: Shearing strength: Radial lb . per sq . in . Tangent ial lb . per sq . in . Cleavage : Splitting strength: Radial lb . per inch width Tangential lb. per inch width Tension perpendicular to grain: Tensile strength: Radial lb . per sq . in . Tangent ial lb . per sq . in . Hardness: Load required to imbed a 0.444-inch-diameter steel sphere to a depth equal to one -half its diameter: Radial surface Tangential surface .... End surface Specific gravity 2 -.... Moisture Weight per cubic foot. lb. lb. lb. .percent lb . 896 15,420 25,460 3,000,000 4.12 44.6 10,260 11,610 3,388,000 2,870 2,650 2,790 682 869 1,452 2,315 4,i4o 3,980 4,650 0.968 20.8 70.5 693 11,960 19,400 2,240,000 2.82 16.5 6,700 8,990 1,674,000 2,140 1,680 2,460 389 603 813 1,140 3,430 3,580 4,010 0.872 12.2 65.6 810 13,850 22,870 2,732,000 3.56 33-5 8,470 10,450 2,734,000 2,420 2,335 2,652 483 727 1,226 1,884 3,810 3,810 4,310 0.930 17.3 68.5 ■^The material used was two air-dry planks, 10 feet long, 33 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. p —Based on weight when oven-dry and volume at test. Report No. R1913 Table 2. — Kiln schedule for dryinr azobei. Moisture content of the : Temperal wettest timber on the air-inlet : (dry bulb) side at which changes are to be made Temperature : Relative (vet bulb) : hunidity : (approximately) Percent • 1I± : °C. ! °F. : °C. ; Percent Green 105 : hC 5 l 101 : 38.0 s 85 35 105 s : U0.5 ! 99 : 37.5 ; 80 30 110 ! 1F3.5 i 102 : 39.0 - 75 25 110 : ! U3.5 i 100 : 38.0 ! 70 22 115 i : 16 .0 : . 103 : 39.5 i 65 20 120 i U9.0 . 105 : U.O \ 60 18 125 i ! 51.5 i ! 107 ; h2.0 \ 55 16 130 i 5U.5 i 109 : U3.0 i ! so Ill i 135 ! 57.0 ! Ill : 1x3. S h< —Revised Kiln Schedule 2, Leaflet No. U2, 19l;8. Forest Aylesbi Prodi: ( lry, Ei ;ts Rese; " -land. irch Laboratory (English) Report No. R1913 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08927 5258