. S. G. S. A.-G. I.-Form No. 90. Revised January, 1928 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU] BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONO LTU MICJ DS RE 3 HANDBOOK of OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDAR] 5eFpt. STANDARDS IN EFFECT.ON SEPTEMBER J5, 19?J M • -POSITORY ^fflfek E UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF1C1 WASHINGTON 1928 ■ .. I.-l orm No. 90. 1 January, 192S U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS for Wheat, Shelled Corn, Oats Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats Rye, Grain Sorghums and Barley STANDARDS IN EFFECT ON SEPTEMBER 15, 1927 Tabulated and Abridged Description of the Official Grain Standards of the United States as Established and Promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION Compiled by E. G. BOERXER, Grain Division UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1928 CONTENTS Page Wheat standards --«-.. 4 Hard Red Spring wheat (Class I) 4 Durum wheat (Class II) ' 6 Hard Red Winter wheat (Class III) _ _ 8 Soft Red Winter wheat (Class IV) 10 White wheat (Class V) 12 Grades for mixed wheat, mixed durum, treated, garlicky, smutty, and weevily wheat 14 Definitions 18 Shelled-corn standards 22 Classes of shelled corn 22 Definitions., 24 Oats standards 26 Grades for bleached and weevily oats_ 28 Definitions 29 Feed oats standards 32 Mixed-feed oats standards 36 Rye standards 40 Grades for garlicky, weevily, ergoty, and smutty rye 40 Definitions 43 Barley standards 47 Barley (Class I) 48 Western barley (Class II) 50 Two-rowed barley (Class III) 52 Black barley (Class IV) 54 Grades for mixed, bleached, garlicky, weevily, and smutty barley 56 2 CONTENTS 3 Page Grain sorghum standards 61 Definitions 66 Important features of grain inspection 69 Basis of inspection 69 The sampling of grain 71 Sampling devices 74 Grain trier (probe) and sampling canvas 74 Spout sampler (Pelican) 76 Sample divider 77 Method of making moisture tests 79 Equipment for separating dockage in wheat and rye 84 Test weight per bushel 87 Method for detecting sulphur-bleached grain 91 Apparatus for grading grain according to the official grain standards 93 Appeals and disputes under the United States grain standards act 96 Appeals 96 Disputes 97 Fees and charges 97 Secretary's findings 97 How to file an appeal or dispute 98 Agreed samples in appeals and dis- putes 98 Further information 100 WHEAT STANDARDS HARD RED SPRING WHEAT (CLASS I) This class shall include all varieties of Hard Red Spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other wheat or wheats. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: SUBCLASS (a) DARK NORTHERN SPRING This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring, consisting of 75 per cent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of wheat of the variety Humpback. SUBCLASS (b) NORTHERN SPRING This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring consisting of less than 75 per cent and more than 25 per cent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of wheat of the variety Humpback. SUBCLASS (c) RED SPRING This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring consisting of not more than 25 per cent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring consisting of more than 10 per cent of the variety Humpback. Note.— The subclass Dark Northern Spring is divided into seven grades as follows: No. 1 Hard Spring, and No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and Sample Grade, Dark Northern Spring. The subclasses Northern Spring and Red Spring are each divided into five numerical grades and Sample Grade. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class I.— Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirements for — (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring - I ,2 s ft — - - E 3 I 3 9 Maximum limits of- © = 'c D am aged kernels Foreign material other than dockage Wheats of other classes Grade No. Total Beat damage "3 o - - m T.E ~ £ o a li 2 X6s. 1 58 57 55 53 50 P.ct. 14.0 14.5 15.0 16.0 16.0 P.ct. P.ct. 2 0. 1 4 .2 7 .5 10 1.0 15 ! 3. P.ct. 1 2 3 5 7 P.ct. 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 P.ct. 5 10 10 10 P.ct. 2 5 3 10 4 10 5 10 10 Sample grade. .. Sample grade shall be wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, respectively, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive, or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut, garlic, wild onions, or is very sour, or is heating, hot, or is otherwise of distinctly low quality, or contains small, inseparable stones, or cinders. 1 Xo. 1 Hard Spring shall consist of 85 per cent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels and shall have a test weight per bushel of at least 60 pounds. In all other respects the require- ments for this grade are the same as for the grade No. 1 Dark Northern Spring. (1) The wheat in grades Nos. 1 to 4, inclusive, shall be cool and sweet. (2) The wheat in No. 5 shall be cool, but may be musty or slightly sour. (3) The wheat in grade No. 1 Hard Spring, in grade No. 1 Dark Northern Spring, and grade No. 1 Northern Spring may contain not more than 5 per cent of the Hard Red Spring wheat variety Humpback. O OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS DURUM WHEAT (CLASS II) This class shall include all varieties of Durum wheat, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other wheat or wheats. This class shall be divided into three subclasses as follows: SUBCLASS (a) AMBER DURUM This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum consisting of 75 per cent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of wheat of the variety Red Durum. SUBCLASS (b) DURUM This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum consisting of less than 75 per cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of wheat of the variety Red Durum. SUBCLASS (c) RED DURUM . This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum consisting of more than 10 per cent of the variety Red Durum. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 Class II. — Durum Wheat. Grade requirements for — (a) Amber Durum, (b) Durum, (c) Red Durum Maximum limits of — Damaged Foreign material Wheats of other - kernels other than Mini- dockage mum test weight Grade No. Soft per Mois- Red bush- ture Mat- Win- el Total Heat dam- age Total ter other than cereal grains Total ter, and White singly or com- bined Lbs. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. 1 60 58 56 54 51 14.0 14.5 15.0 16.0 16.0 2 4 0.1 .2 1 2 3 5 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 5 10 10 10 10 2 2... _ 5 3 7 .5 10 ' 1.0 15 | 3. 10 4 10 5 10 S a m pi e l Sample grade shall be wheat of the subclass Amber grade. Durum, or Durum, or Red Durum, respectively, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive, or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut, garlic, or wild onion, or is very sour, or is heating, hot, or is otherwise of distinctly low quality, or contains small, in- separable stones or cinders. (1) The wheat in grades Nos. 1 to 4, inclusive, shall be cool and sweet. (2) The wheat in grade No. 5 shall be cool, but may be musty or slightly sour. (3) The wheat in grade No. 1 Amber Durum and grade No. 1 Durum may contain not more than 5 per cent of wheat of the variety Red Durum. 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS HARD RED WINTER WHEAT (CLASS III) This class shall include all varieties of Hard Red Winter wheat, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other wheat or wheats. This class shall be divided into three subclasses as follows: SUBCLASS (a) DARK HARD WINTER This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter, consisting of 80 per cent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. SUBCLASS (b) HARD WINTER This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter, consisting of less than 80 per cent and more than 25 per cent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. SUBCLASS (c) YELLOW HARD WINTER This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter, consisting of not more than 25 per cent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. OFFICIAL CHAIN STANDARDS 9 Class III.— Hard Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for — (a) Dark Hard Winter, (6) Hard Winter, (c) Yellow Hard Winter JB ,5 u S -4-3 3 ! i s Maximum limits of— Grade No. a o Damaged kernels Foreign material other than dockage Wheats of other classes O © a n S o ~ z V. z -- — g - "3 C a 3 5 1 L6». 60 58 56 54 51 P.ct. 13.5 14.0 14.5 15. 5 15.5 P.ct. 2 4 7 10 15 P.ct. 0.1 .2 . 5 1.0 3.0 P.ct. 1 2 3 5 P.ct. 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 P.ct. 5 10 10 10 10 P.rf. 2 2 5 3 10 4 10 5 10 Sample grade __. Sample grade shall be wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, respectively, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to Xo. 5, inclusive, or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut, garlic, or wild ' onions, or is very sour, or is heating or hot, or is otherwise of distinctly low quality, or contains small, inseparable stones or cinders. (1) The wheat in grades Xos. 1 to 4, inclusive, shall be cool and sweet. (2) The wheat in grade Xo. 5 shall be cool, but may be musty or slightly sour. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT (CLASS IV) This class shall include all varieties of Soft Red Winter wheat and may include not more than 10 per cent of other wheat or wheats. This class shall be divided into two subclasses as follows: SUBCLASS (a) RED WINTER This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of Soft Red Winter wheat possessing the characteristics of wheat of this class as grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. SUBCLASS (b) WESTERN RED This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter consisting of more than 10 per cent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States or any wheat of this class possessing the character- istics of Soft Red Winter wheat as grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class IV.— Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for — (a) Red Winter, (b) Western Red 11 — ■f. a - Maximum limits of- • i Foreign z p. Damaged material Wheats kernels other of other 1> than classes Grade Xo. 'Z — E dockage CD E z - — £ 5 'E E '3 s Seal di Total Matter than main Total E g & Q Z£*. P.ct. P.ct. P. ct. P. ct. p. a. p. ct. P.ct. 1.. _.. 60 58 56 54 51 13.5 14.0 14.5 15. 5 15.5 2 4 ■ 10 15 0.1 1 .2 [ 2 .5 3 1.0 5 3.0 7 0.5 5 1.0 10 2.0 10 3.0 10 5.0 10 2 2... 3 3 10 4 10 5 10 Sample Sample grade shall be wheat o] the subclass Red grade. Winter or Western Red. respectively, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to Xo. 5, inclusive, or which has any commercially objectionable for- eign odor except of smut, garlic, or wild onions, or is very sour, or is heating, hot. or is otherwise of distinctly low quality, or contains small, inse parabl e stone s or ci] iders. (1) The wheat in grades X'os. 1 to 4, inclusive, shall be cool and sweet. (2) The wheat in grade X"o. 5 shall be cool, but may be musty or slightly sour. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS WHITE WHEAT (CLASS V) This class shall include all varieties of white wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other wheat or wheats. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows: SUBCLASS (a) HARD WHITE This subclass shall include wheat of the class White consisting of 75 per cent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of wheat of the varieties Sonora and White Club, either singly or in any combination. SUBCLASS (b) SOFT WHITE This subclass shall include wheat of the class White consisting of less than 75 per cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per cent of wheat of the varieties Sonora and White Club, either singly or in any combination. SUBCLASS (c) WESTERN WHITE This subclass shall include wheat of the class White consisting of more than 10 per cent of the varieties White Club and Sonora, either singly or in any combination. OFFICIAL GRAIN" STANDARDS Class V.— White Wheat 13 Grade requirements for — (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White, (c) Western White s CO Maximum limits of- Foreign Damaged kernels material other than Wheats of other classes Grade Xo. to 8 dockage co ® 2? «5 bfi — £ | © c3 E *3 t! P a v. 3 9 "S a It o -0 CO — o "3 - a g Q Lbs. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.cf. P.d. 1 60 13.5 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 2.... 58 14. 4 . 2 2 1. 10 3 3.... 56 14. 5 7 . 5 3 2] 10 10 4 54 15.5 10 1. 5 3! 10 10 5 51 is a 15 a n a n in in Sample Sample grade shall be wheat of the subclass Hard grade. White, Soft White, or Western White, respec- tively, which does not come within the require- ments of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive, or which has any commercially objec- tionable foreign odor except of smut, garlic, or wild onions, or is very sour, or is heating, hot, or is otherwise of distinctly low quality, or contains small inseparable stones or cinders/ (1) The wheat in grades Xos. 1 to 4, inclusive, shall be cool and sweet. (2) The wheat in grade No. 5 shall be cool, but may be musty or slightly sour. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRADES FOR MIXED WHEAT, MIXED DU- RUM, TREATED, GARLICKY, SMUTTY, AND WEEVILY WHEAT Mixed wheat. — Mixed wheat shall be any mixture of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to V, inclusive. Grades for mixed wheat. — Mixed wheat shall be graded according to each of the grade requirements common to all of the subclasses of the class of the wheat which predominates over each other class in the mixture, except that all of the grade requirements in any sub- class as to the maximum percentage of other wheat or other varieties of wheat shall be dis- regarded. The grade designation of mixed wheat shall, except in the case of Mixed Durum, include, successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words "Sample Grade," as the case may be, the words "Mixed wheat, and, in the order of its predominance, the name and approximate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes 10 per cent or more of the mixture, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 per cent of the mixture the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be added to the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. Grades for mixed durum. — Mixed Durum shall be mixed wheat consisting of 70 per cent or more of Durum wheat other than the variety Red Durum and may contain not more than 5 per cent of soft red winter and white wheat, OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 15 singly or combined. Mixed Durum shall be graded according to the requirements of the grades for Mixed Wheat. The grade designa- tion of mixed durum wheat shall be Mixed Durum, preceded by the number of the grade, or the words " Sample Grade," as the case may be. TREATED WHEAT Treated wheat. — Treated wheat shall be wheat which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by the numerical grade designation, including Sample Grade, alone. Grades for treated wheat. — Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standard applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, its grade designation a statement indicating the kind of treatment. GARLICKY WHEAT Garlicky wheat. — Garlicky wheat shall be all wheat which has an unmistakable odor of garlic or wild onions, or which contains garlic or wild onion bulblets in a quantity equal to one or more bulblets in 1,000 grams of wheat. Grades for garlicky wheat. — Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standard ap- plicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky, 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS and there shall be added to, and made a part of, its grade designation the word " Garlicky.' ' Note.— The regulations pursuant to the United States grain standards Act provide that " (o) unless issued for an export shipx_i3nt, in the case of wheat graded ' Garlicky' on account of the presence of garlic or wild onion bulblets, there shall be stated in the space for 'Remarks' the approximate quantity of garlic or wild onion bulblets present, using the following terms: 'Light garlicky,' 'Medium garlicky,' or 'Heavy gar- licky,' 'Light garlicky' is hereby denned to mean garlic or wild onion bulblets in an amount equal to 1 to 3 bulblets, inclu- sive, in 1,000 grams; 'Medium garlicky' is hereby denned to mean garlic or wild onion bulblets in an amount equal to 4 to 15 bulblets, inclusive, in 1,000 grams; and ' Heavy garlicky' is hereby denned to mean garlic c 1 : wild onion bulblets in an amount equal to more than 15 bulblets in 1,000 grams." SMUTTY WHEAT Smutty wheat. — Smutty wheat shall be all wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains spores, balls, or por- tions of balls, of smut in excess of a quantity equal to two balls of average size in 50 grams of wheat. Grades for smutty wheat. — Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (6) of this section. (a) Before the determination of smut dock- age as provided in this paragraph, the wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standard appli- cable to such wheat if it were not smutty, except that smut balls shall not be considered as for- eign material other than dockage. The loss in weight caused by the removal of smut from the wheat shall be ascertained by scouring, wash- OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 ing, or otherwise, and shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain free from dockage. The percent- age so calculated shall be stated in terms of whole per cent and half per cent. A fraction of a per cent when equal to, or greater than, a half shall be treated as a half, and when less than half shall be disregarded. The percentage of the ''smut dockage," so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation preced- ing the statement of dockage, if any. (6) Smutty wheat shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standard applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty, except that (1) smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material other than dockage, and (2) when the amount of smut present is so great that any one or more of the grade requirements of the grades from No. 1 to Xo. 5, inclusive, can not be applied accu- rately, the wheat shall be classified as Sample Grade. For all grades there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation pre- ceding the statement of dockage, if any, the word ''Smutty." WEEVILY WHEAT Weevily wheat. — Weevily wheat shall be all wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades for weevily wheat. — Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word "Weevily." 79885* — 28 2 18 OFFICIAL GRAIK STANDARDS DEFINITIONS For the purpose of the official grain standards of the United States for wheat: Wheat. — Wheat shall be any grain which before the removal of dockage consists of 50 per cent or more of wheat and when free from dock- age contains not more than 10 per cent of cereal grain of a kind or kinds other than wheat. The term wheat in these standards shall not in- clude emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish, and pou- lard wheat. Basis of determinations.— Each determina- tion of dockage, moisture, temperature, odor, onions, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain shall be upon the basis of the grain including dockage. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascer- tained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of moisture in wheat shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Circular No. 72 and supple- ment thereto, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, or ascertained by any device and method giving equivalent results. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bui- OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 10 letin No. 472, dated October 30, 1916, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method giving equivalent results. Note.— Under regulations pursuant to the United States grain standards Act, licensed inspectors are required to state under " Remarks" in all certificates issued by them for wheat, unless issued for an export shipment, the test weight per bushel in whole pounds and tenths of a pound . Dockage. — Dockage includes sand, dirt, weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than wheat, and any other foreign material which can be removed readily from the wheat by the use of appropriate sieves, cleaning devices, or other practical means suited to separate the foreign material present; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which can not be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quan- tity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 per cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole per cent, and when less than 1 per cent shall not be stated. A fraction of a per cent shall be disregarded. The percentage of dockage, so determined and stated, shall be added to the grade designation. Foreign material other than dockage. — Foreign material other than dockage shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS separated from the wheat in the proper determi- nation of dockage, except as provided in the case of smutty wheat. Cereal grains. — Cereal grains shall include rye, barley, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, corn, grain sorghums, oats, and rice, and shall not include buckwheat, flaxseed, and wild oats. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat which have been distinctly discolored by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. SHELLED CORN STANDARDS CLASSES OF SHELLED CORN Shelled corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows: WHITE CORN This class shall consist of corn of which at least 98 per cent by weight of the kernels are white. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white corn. YELLOW CORN This . class shall consist of corn of which at least 95 per cent by weight of the kernels are yellow. A slight tinge of red on kernels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as yellow corn. MIXED CORN This class shall consist of corn of various colors not coming within the limits for color as provided in the definitions of white corn and yellow corn. White-capped yellow kernels shall be classified as mixed corn. 22 OFFICIAL GRA1 \ STANDARDS 23 Shelled corn Grade requirements for white, yellow, and mixed Grade Xo. Mini- mum test weight per bushel 1 2 3!~~~"~~~~"~~ 4 5 6 Sample grade Lbs. Maximum limits of— Mois- ture Pet. 14.0 15.5 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.0 Foreign material and cracked Pet. Damaged corn Total Pet. 2 4 6 8 10 15 Heat damage Pet. 0.0 . 1 .3 . 5 1.0 3.0 Sample grade shall be white corn, or yellow corn, or mixed corn, respectively, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to Xo. 6, inclusive, or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor, or is heating, hot, or is otherwise of distinctly low quality. (1) The corn in grades Xos. 1 to 5, inclusive, shall be cool and sweet. (2) The corn in grade Xo. 6 shall be cool, but may be musty or sour. WEEVILY CORN Weevily corn. — Weevily corn shall be all corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades for weevily corn. — Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards appli- cable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word ''Weevily/' 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS DEFINITIONS For the purposes of the official grain standards of the United States for shelled corn (maize) : Corn. — Corn shall be shelled corn of the flint or dent varieties. Basis of determinations. — Each determina- tion of color, damage, and heat damage shall be upon tlffe basis of the grain after the removal of foreign material and cracked corn as provided in the section defining foreign material and cracked corn. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain including such foreign material and cracked corn. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascer- tained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of moisture in corn shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Circular No. 72 and supplement thereto, issued by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, or ascertained by any device and method giving equivalent results. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 472, dated October 30, 1916, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method giving equivalent results. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 Foreign material and cracked corn. — For- eign material and cracked corn shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn, and all matter other than corn which will pass through a metal sieve perforated with round holes twelve sixty-fourths of an inch in diameter, and all matter other than corn remaining on such sieve after screening. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been distinctly discolored by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OATS STANDARDS For the purposes of official grain standards of the United States. Oats. — Oats shall be any grain which con- sists of 80 per cent or more of cultivated oats and not more than 10 per cent of foreign material. Color classification. — All oats shall be designated as white, red, gray, black, or mixed according to the color of the oats, as the case may be. For the purposes of this classification, white oats include yellow oats. Oats shall be white, red, gray, or black, respectively, when they consist of oats of such color, and not more than 10 per cent of other colors of cultivated and wild oats, either singly or in any combina- tion. Mixed oats shall be all other oats. Grades. — All oats shall be graded and desig- nated as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, or Sample Grade, white, red, gray, black, or mixed, as the case may be, according to. the respective re- quirements thereof as specified in these stand- ards, except that in the case of mixed oats the requirements as to the maximum percentages of other colors shall be disregarded. 26 IAL GRAIN STANDARDS Oats 27 /. gray, Mark. ar> — § eg n iition and Grade general - 11 - 3 - 2 — — 1! -- appearance ! _~ — ■: £ 8 *S 3 * — •3 c | q 3 = - — r ^ O Not to exceed— » 1 ShaU be cool and :tt^: --:■-.:?:-,; £fe Pd. Pet. P:v Prt. P.-. 2 Shall be'coorand _ 96 2 a '2 :. and may be slightly staine'd 29 95 .3 2 3 *5 3 Shall be cool and sweet, and may be stained or slightly weath- ered 26 BO LO 3 ■ 10 4 Shall be cool, and may be musty. weathered, or badly stained 23 N r.O 5 10 10 Sample grade. Shall be white, red, gray, black, or mixed oats, re- spectively, which do not come within the require- ments of any of the grades from No. 1 tc inclusive, or which have any commercially objec- tionable foreign odor, or are heating, hot, sour, or are otnerwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The percentage of moisture in grades Nos. 1, 2, and 3 shall not exceed 14^, and in grade No. 4 shall not exceed 16. * In the case of white oats, No. 1 shall be cool and and of good white or creamy white color. 3 Foot per cent of other colors allowed in No. 1 red, gray, or black oats. This column does not apply to mixed oats * Ten per cent of other colors allowed in No. 2 red, gray, or black oats. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRADES FOR BLEACHED AND WEEVILY OATS BLEACHED OATS Bleached oats. — Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or other bleaching chemicals. Grades for bleached oats. — Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, such grade designation the word " Bleached." WEEVILY OATS Weevily oats. — Weevily oats shall be all oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades for weevily oats. — Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word " Weevily." : [GIAL GRAIN STANDARDS DEFINITIONS Basis of determinations. — All determina- tions shall be upon the basis of the lot of grain as a whole, including foreign material, other grains, and wild oats. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percej tained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — I _e of moisture in oats shall be ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof described in Circular N . 72, and supple:.. thereto, issued by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant Industry, except that the graduated measuring cylinder used shall be that described in Departme:. Agriculture Bulletin N :ch perce:: shall be ascertained by any device and method giving equivalent results. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the test weight pes Winchester bushel as determined by sting appa: and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 472, iated October 30. 1916, issued by the United States Department of Agrieull or as determined by any device and method giving equivalent results. Note.— Under regulations pursuant to the United - grain standards Act, licensed inspectors are required r under "Remarks" in all certificates issued by them for oats, unless issued for an export shipment, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole and half pounds. For this purpose a fraction of a pound when equal to or greater than a half shall be treated as a half, and when less than a half shall be dis- regarded. 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Foreign material. — Foreign material shall be all matter other than grains and pieces of grains of cultivated oats, except other grains and wild oats, and shall include oats clippings. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, corn, rye, barley, emmer, spelt, einkorn, grain sorghums, rice, cultivated buckwheat, and flaxseed only. Sound cultivated oats. — Sound cultivated oats shall be all grains and pieces of grains of cultivated oats which are not heat-damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, badly- weather damaged, or otherwise distinctly damaged. Heat-damaged grains. — Heat-damaged grains shall be grains and pieces of grains of cultivated oats, other grains, or wild oats, which have been distinctly discolored or damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS FEED OATS STANDARDS For the purpose of official grain standards of the United States for feed oats: Feed oats. — Feed oats shall be any grain which consists of 30 per cent or more but less than 80 per cent of cultivated oats; may con- tain not more than 25 per cent of other grains; and may contain not more than 10 per cent of foreign material, which 10 per cent may include not more than 5 per cent of fine seeds. Feed oats shall consist of not less than 65 per cent of oats, which may include wild oats. Grades. — All feed oats shall be graded and designated as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, or Sample Grade, feed oats, as the case may be, accord- ing to the respective requirements thereof as specified in these standards. Bleached feed oats. — Bleached feed oats shall be feed oats which in whole or in part have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or other bleaching chemicals. Bleached feed oats shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade desig- nation the word "Bleached." L GRAIN STANDARDS 33 FEED OATS Grade requirements for feed oats __ _ 1 - xa i a ^ a 1 * s material - td DO d z - M — GO ! - ._ ~- c — ■ General appearai * 5 .2? — gfl =: - e» - w r o -I Dfl r. «3 - £ P w — fe c - > 3 ^ Not to exceed — 2 r_. rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains spo: rtions of t : smut - of a qua: lal to two balls of average size in 50 gram- Grades for smutty rye. — .Sri. be graded and ording to the grade requi: : the standards applica: 3 not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade < nation the word "Smut DEFINITIONS Basis of determinations. — Each deterr:.. of dockage, moisture, tempt -dor, - garlic, and injuri s to si I be upon I of the grain including c determinal LI be upon the bt grain when free : ^age. Percentages. — Percei _ i by weight. Percentage of moisture. — P< moisture in rye shall I the moisture ( 1 the method of use thereof described u 72, - ipple- part ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Indus- letermine giving equivalent re~ Test weight per bushel. — _ Lei as determined I ;■ fcesl and the method - ribed in Bullet 172, dated October 30, 1916, issued by t : of Agriculture, or as determined e and method giving equ: i -V:::: :^i:.:.::> :.'ir?-.z ; under in all certificates issued by tbem for rye. 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Cereal grains. — Cereal grains shall include wheat, barley, emmer, spelt, einkorn, corn, grain sorghums, oats and rice only, and shall not include nongrain sorghums, buckwheat, flaxseed, and wild oats. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be all grains and pieces of grains of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise distinctly damaged. Heat- damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been distinctly discolored by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. Foreign material other than dockage. — Foreign material other than dockage shall in- clude all matter other than rye, which is not separated from the rye in the proper determina- tion of dockage. Dockage. — Dockage includes sand, dirt, weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves, cleaning devices, or other practical means suited to separate the foreign material present; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which can not be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight ff fi KM 45 of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 per cent or more, shall be stated in ten: whole per cent, and when less than 1 per shall not be stated. A fraction of a per cent shall be disregarded. The percentage of dock- age, so determined and stated, shall be added to the grade designation. BARLEY STANDARDS For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United .States for barL Barley. — Barley shall be any grain which consists of 50 per cent or more of barley, and contains not more than 25 per cent of cereal grains of a kind or kinds other than barley. The term barley in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Note. — Barley for the purposes of the standards is divided into classes and subclasses as :' isfl I Barley; II Western B Western and (b) Western; Class III Two-Rowed — divided into sub- classes (a) Bright Two-Rowed and 'I, Two-Rowed: C. i Black Barley; and Mixed Bar! Note. — Barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the s will be inspected and graded on a "dockage" Barley grown east of tl .Mountains will be ted and graded under a system of grading which not provide for "dockage." 47 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS BARLEY (CLASS I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains and may include not more than 10 per cent of other barley or barleys. Grades for barley (Class I). — The class barley shall be divided into seven grades as follows : No. 1 Barley. Special No. 2 Barley. No. 2 Barley. No. 3 Barley. No. 4 Barley. No. 1 Feed Barley. Sample Grade Barley. OFIICIAI. GRAIN STANDARDS 49 v. _^ h ^_. c: c; c-4 •'. C BQ - «] c — B ' o3 — *• «C O O C : - - ~ — — • i z 15 - ftj T3 ~ r- C O O f. isJJ* "t; 1 ii fc E id •'3 *■ ci ri ~ — a --c -if sd s - - r 3 * ■Q 3 i • - a t ~ i 3-e a»o : jfl ftl - a" *£ — ri ic tC o z. ^ — -r -- — s, . _ r.-. .~ ~- (j rl - ao x a i - — — g DQ — "< -*-a — = -w— . s S tags s~" : : : i- S «g ! 5 \SS x § 7 2 pi s h - - ~ u~ 1 E — § >. e g ;^.E x .2 J fi-E -=~~'~ X3 ! c £ ~- -— ■£ — >> >. ^ >. 3 >. 3! s ^ |§ ^ ^ z ; c^ ; a ! o ! — T3 :fc : ; - J- r-J-gdw - d Sod c d £ £ X — £ H ~ x- c ■ C § «-'c S fJ* fl c ~ ~ &S§ c* - c si* •_ JB — — J" •£ 3.2>> >~ u- !~ ~ — •— o -•?•- ra *a -_ iii 8 i b^ 3 a o-SB S„ dq ^~'Z a — l5 s J!li 79885°— 28- 50 OFFICIAL GRAIN" STANDARDS WESTERN BARLEY (CLASS II) This class shall include the white (glumes) 6-rowed barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other barley or barleys. This class shall be divided into two subclasses as follows : Subclass (a) Bright Western. — This sub- class shall include barley of the class Western Barley which has a good color (bright). Subclass (b) Western. — This subclass shall include barley of the class Western Barley which is stained, weathered, or discolored in any manner. Grades for Western Barley. — The sub- classes Bright Western and Western shall be divided into nine grades for each subclass as follows : FOR SUBCLASS BRIGHT WESTERN No. 1 Choice Bright Western. No. 1 Bright Western. No. 2 Choice Bright Western. No. 2 Bright Western. No. 3 Choice Bright Western. No. 3 Bright Western. No. 4 Bright Western. No. 5 Bright W r estern. Sample Grade Bright Western. FOR SUBCLASS WESTERN No. 1 Choice Western. No. 1 Western. No. 2 Choice Western. No. 2 Western. No. 3 Choice Western. No. 3 Western. No. 4 Western. No. 5 Western. Sample Grade Western. [AL GRAIN STANDARDS 51 900 2 - 3 - wioooo © , a c' b> J g 3 2 -§ § s £ ?"| 2 « ^ 2 &s 1 s = o « c 5 i! • — — r BC — Z - v. - —• - -- _ = ._ 3 u w H W b "i_= c — S — '_ «.iitT" y /? ? ? "ci >3~ ' 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS TWO-ROWED BARLEY (CLASS III) This class shall include the white (glumes) 2-rowed barley, grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States and may include not more than 10 per cent of other barley or barleys. This class shall be divided into two subclasses as follows: Subclass (a) Bright Two-Rowed. — This sub- class shall include barley of the class Two- Rowed Barley which has a good color (bright). Subclass (b) Two-Rowed. — This subclass shall include barley of the class Two-Rowed Barley which is stained, weathered, or dis- colored in any manner. Grades for Two-Rowed Barley. — The sub- classes Bright Two-Rowed and Two-Rowed shall be divided into nine grades for each subclass as follows: FOR SUBCLASS BRIGHT TWO-ROWED No. 1 Choice Bright Two-Rowed. No. 1 Bright Two-Rowed. No. 2 Choice Bright Two-Rowed. No. 2 Bright Two-Rowed. No 3 Choice Bright Two-Rowed. No. 3 Bright Two-Rowed. No. 4 Bright Two-Rowed. No. 5 Bright Two-Rowed. Sample Grade Bright Two-Rowed. FOR SUBCLASS TWO-ROWED No. 1 Choice Two-Rowed. No. 1 Two- Rowed. No. 2 Choice Two-Rowed. No. 2 Two-Rowed. No. 3 Choice Two-Rowed. No. 3 Two-Rowed. No. 4 Two-Rowed. No. 5 Two-Rowed. Sample Grade Two-Rowed. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS » 4 3 0) X! o> o A W PQ P w o 1 o 1 s a a W U © O Us »- «£ © # ooo "3 ■53 *o ^ cs ox? Skinned and/or broken kernels Oats, wild oats, and foreign material other than dockage ■h » O 03 QQ.C V) C5 C5 OJ C5 GO Test weight per bushel • t^ 1^ Tj< -H 00 i ©^ © x §£ — u I§ 6 1 >> c3 a Slightly stained... do... Stained Badly stained or do d © X £ I j, © Good color... do do do do T3 »-i e^ cc ■<*< 6 6 6 6 6 fill s s°°> 2 .is >- •• § t. J3 i © ~ ©1*T3 «(M t*^ j>a 0-3 uf, .g« > v. © c © Q d c BQ CJ "C >» c - •_^3 a a a DO 9 c •d S3 ^ ad © © o* w d a a 5*3 3 6 d d r^ BO c3 8- . p* d ♦3 r-d 5 a^B^GGgO.d. Sd w ot^J C3 ^ © % £ § g2af 2o^S- M c 1©e fld^gS cQ-S-did-gf^oNg^g o' 1 ' ^ ' 5 'r^•'- < .bP^'-- , x 55 © ■dS^w «vt^ • » * « §|||^ts|5-sl 54 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS BLACK BARLEY (CLASS IV) This class shall include all varieties of black barley, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other barley or barleys. Grades for black barley. — The class Black Barley shall be divided into six grades as follows : No. 1 Black Barley. No. 2 Black Barley. No. 3 Black Barley. No. 4 Black Barley. No. 1 Black Feed Barley. Sample Grade Black Barley. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 BLACK BARLEY Grade requirements for class Black barley Mini- mum Maximum limits of— © c3 fl Condition and .—■ 11 "3 o Grade general appearance • - '~ on >> 1* 5*3 Hi © £« M - ,2 §? T3 3 ->• = oa « to "o t-l o a a 2 H m ~ o-a P=H :£ p. P. £6*. P.ct. P.rf. P.ct. ct. rf. No. 1— May be slightly discolored. 48 95 0.1 3 2 3 No.2_„ May be discolored. _ 46 92 .2 5 2 6 No. 3... May be discol- ored or slightly weathered. 43 88 .5 8 4 10 No. 4... May be badly discolored or weathered. 40 80 1.0 15 5 No. 1 35 70 3.0 25 6 Black Feed. Sample Grade: Shall be barley which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive, or No. 1 Black Feed, or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor, except of smut, or is musty, sour, heating, hot, or contains stones or is otherwise of dis- tinctly lew quality. 1 The barley in each grade above Sample Grade shall be cool and sweet. 2 The barley in each grade above Sample Grade may con- tain not over 14.5 per cent of moisture. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS GRADES FOR MIXED, BLEACHED, GARLICKY, WEEVILY, AND SMUTTY BARLEY MIXED BARLEY Mixed barley. — Mixed barley shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the Classes I to IV, inclusive. Mixed barley shall be graded according to each of the grade requirements common to the class of the barley which predominates over each other class in the mixture, except that all of the grade requirements in any class as to the maximum percentages of other barleys shall be disregarded. The grade des- ignation of mixed barley shall include, suc- cessively, in the order named, the number of the grade (including the word " Special" or "Feed" when applicable), or the words " Sample Grade," as the case may be, the word " Mixed," and, in the order of its pre- dominance, the name and approximate per- centage of each class of barley which consti- tutes 10 per cent or more of the mixture; but if only one class exceeds 10 per cent of the mixture, the name and approximate percent- age of that class shall be added to the grade designation, followed by the name and ap- proximate percentage of at least one other class. BLEACHED BARLEY Bleached barley. — Bleached barley shall be barley which in whole or in part has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or other bleaching chemicals. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 57 Bleached barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word "Bleached." GARLICKY BARLEY Garlicky barley. — Garlicky barley shall be all barley which has an unmistakable odor of garlic or wild onions, or which contains garlic or wild onion bulblets in a quantity equal to one or more bulblets in one thousand grams of barley. Garlicky barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, its grade designation the word " Garlicky." WEEVILY BARLEY Weevily barley. — Weevily barley shall be all barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Weevily barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily.' ' SMUTTY BARLEY Smutty barley. — Smutty barley shall be all barley which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of a quantity equal to 0.2 per cent. 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not smutty, except that when the amount of smut present is so great that one or more of the grade requirements of the numer- ical grades can not be applied accurately, the barley shall be classified as Sample Grade. For all grades there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, pre- ceding the statement of dockage, if any, the word "Smutty." Basis of determinations. — (a) In the case of barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains, each determination shall be upon the basis of the lot of grain as a whole, including foreign material, wild oats, and cereal grains, (b) In the case of barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States each deter- mination of smut, dockage, moisture, tempera- ture, odor, and live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain shall be upon the basis of the grain including dockage. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascer - tained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of moisture in barley shall be that ascertained by the moisture tester and the method of use there- of described in Bulletin 1375, dated February, 1926, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method giving equivalent results. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the test weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof as described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agri- culture, or as determined by any device and method giving equivalent results. Note.— Under regulations pursuant to the United States grain standards Act, licensed inspectors are required to state under "Remarks" in all certificates issued by them for bar- ley, unless issued for an export shipment, the test weight per bushel in terms of whole and half pounds. For this pur- pose a fraction of a pound when equal to or greater than a half shall be treated as a half, and when less than a half shall be disregarded . Dockage. — In the case of barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, dockage includes weed seeds and other foreign material except cereal grains and wild oats which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of appropriate sieves; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material specified and which can- not be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dock- age. The percentage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 per cent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole per cent; and when less than 1 per cent shall not be stated. A fraction of a per cent shall be disregarded. The percentage of dockage, so determined and stated, shall be added to the grade dr<- I ion. 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Foreign material other than dockage. — In the case of barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States foreign material other than dockage shall include all matter other than barley which is not sepa- rated from the barley in the proper determina- tion of dockage, except cereal grains and wild oats. Foreign material. — In the case of barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains foreign material shall include all matter other than barley, cereal grains, and wild oats. Cereal grains. — Cereal grains shall include wheat, corn, rye, oats, hull-less barley, emmer, spelt, einkorn, grain sorghums, rice, and cultivated buckwheat. Sound barley. — Sound barley shall be all grains and pieces of grains of barley, in- cluding skinned barley, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or other- wise distinctly damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-d a m a g e d kernels shall be grain and pieces of grains of barley, cereal grains, or wild oats, which have been distinctly discolored or damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. GRAIN SORGHUMS STAND- ARDS For the purpose of official grain standards of the United States for grain sorghums: Grain sorghums. — Grain sorghums shall be any grain which consists of kafir, milo, durra, feterita, darso, freed sorgo, kaoliang, schrock kafir, and shallu, and any hybrids between these classes, and not more than 35 per cent of nongrain sorghums, other cereal grains, and " foreign material and cracked kernels, ,, as defined in these standards, either singly or in any combination. Grades. — The subclasses white kafir, kafir, yellow milo, milo, white durra, and durra, and the classes feterita, darso, freed sorgo, brown kaoliang, schrock kafir, shallu and mixed grain sorghums shall be divided into five grades for each subclass or class, as the case may be, according to the respective require- ments thereof as specified in these standards, except that in the case of mixed grain sor- ghums the requirements as to the maximum percentages of other classes or other colors shall be disregarded. 61 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS CLASSES AND SUBCLASSES OF GRAIN SORGHUMS Grain sorghums shall be divided into classes and subclasses as follows: Class I. Kafir. — This class shall include all varieties of kaflr and hegari, except schrock kaflr, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows : White kafir. — This subclass shall include all kafir and hegari, except schrock kafir, con- sisting of 90 per cent or more of white kernels, including other classes and nongrain sor- ghums. Red spots or other natural coloring upon kernels otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white kafir. Kafir. — This subclass shall include all kafir and hegari, except schrock kafir, not coming within the classification for white kafir. Class II. Milo. — This class shall include all varieties of milo, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sor- ghums. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: Yellow milo. — This subclass shall include all milo consisting of 90 per cent or more of yellow kernels, including other classes and nongrain sorghums. Milo. — This subclass shall include all milo not coming within the classification for yel- low milo, OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 63 ~ - ■ - - - i lJdo& ogofl •» aa 8 2 « - - r- - -- a r 9 .' *^ s - L : tx— r _ 3 Ddp - 3 « "^: *" Ol gjgC •r ■ J 1 33^ 111 - ■ S - - r 2| Z • O • 01 c ^"5 k- ? o3 o'a o s -_ a □ "o c a _ © _, © °"C S - S - ! * I So '•= £ J2E ._ : z — g ♦?■ " f*l '"I 2 2 :5 o° 3 B Co si O O g P ; |2l c ~ ■- B - 9 - _— ■ = ~ I ■ooa 1 •_ ■ P - 2 fl - •-: - aS g Jp - ~ * - - ■ - — B 3 . 9 -x. > — x •- '7 — ■ - a ii -i: "if = .= - oq dq a. a. »H p* rt "* -— 6 > P o X — ' - fl 7 %_ i « S 81 a 2x3 Z~ c ■11 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class III. Durra. — This class shall include all varieties of durra, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sor- ghums. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: White durra. — This subclass shall include all durra consisting of 90 per cent or more of white kernels, including other classes and nongrain sorghums. Red spots or natural coloring upon kernels otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white durra. Durra. — This subclass shall include all durra not coming within the classification for white durra. Class IV. Feterita. — This class shall in- clude all varieties of white feterita, and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. Red spots or natural color- ing upon kernels otherwise white shall not affect their classification as white feterita. Class V. Darso. — This class shall include all varieties of darso and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. Class VI. Freed Sorgo. — This class shall include all varieties of freed sorgo and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. Class VII. Brown Kaoliang. — This class shall include all varieties of brown kaoliang and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. Class VIII. Schrock Kafir. — This class shall include all -varieties of schiock kafir and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 Class IX. Shallu. — This class shall include all varieties of shallu and may include not more than 10 per cent of other grain sorghums. Note.— Any grain sorghum or grain-sorghum hybrid not mentioned in classes I to IX, inclusive, shall be included in the class which it most nearly resembles. Mixed grain sorghums. — Mixed grain sor- ghums shall be any mixture of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes I to IX, inclu- sive. Mixed grain sorghums shall be graded ac- cording to each of the grade requirements common to the class of the grain sorghums which predominates over each other class in the mixture. The grade designation of "Mixed grain sorghums" shall include, suc- cessively, the number of the grade or the words "Sample grade," the word "Mixed," and, in the order of its predominance, the name and approximate percentage of each of at least two classes. Weevily grain sorghums. — Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the grade applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word u Weevily.'" Smutty grain sorghums. — Smutty grain sorghums shall be all grain sorghums which have an unmistakable odor of smut or which contain smut masses. : 385 — 2* — 5 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the grade applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to and made a part of the grade designation the word "Smutty." DEFINITIONS Basis of determinations. — Each determi- nation of general appearance, temperature, odor, smut, moisture, test weight per bushel, "foreign material and cracked kernels," "sand, dirt, and finely broken kernels," and insects injurious to stored grain shall be upon the basis of the lot of grain as a whole, and all other determinations shall be on the basis of the grain when free from foreign ma- terial and cracked kernels. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascer- tained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of moisture in grain sorghums shall be that ascer- tained by the moisture tester and the method of use thereof for kaflr, as described in Cir- cular 72, and supplement thereto, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, Bureau of Plant Industry, or ascer- tained by any device and method giving equivalent results. Test weight per bushel. — The test weight per bushel shall be the test weight per Win- chester bushel, as determined by the testing OFFICIAL. GRAIN STANDARDS 67 apparatus and the method of use thereof as described in Bulletin 472, dated October 30, 1916, issued by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method giving equivalent results. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, nongrain sorghums, corn, oats, bar- ley, rye, emmer, spelt, einkorn, rice, culti- vated buckwheat, and flaxseed only. Nongrain sorghums. — Nongrain sorghums shall include the grain of sorgo (commonly called "cane seed")* broomcorn, Sudan grass, and Johnson grass, and hybrids between any combination of the groups of the nongrain sorghums. Foreign material and cracked kernels. — Foreign material and cracked kernels shall be grains and pieces of grains of grain sorghums, and all matter other than grain sorghums which will pass through a No. 8 sieve, and all foreign material, except other grains, remaining on such sieve after screening. Sand, dirt, and finely broken kernels. — Sand, dirt, and finely broken kernels shall be finely broken kernels, sand, and all other material which will pass through a No. 2J^ sieve and all inert matter remaining on either the No. 2J^ or No. 8 sieve after screening. (a) No. 2}/2 sieve. — A metal sieve perfo- rated with round holes 2^ sixty-fourths of an inch in diameter. 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (b) No. 8 sieve. — A metal sieve perforated with triangular perforations 8 sixty-fourths of an inch long on each side of perforation. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be all grains and pieces of grains of grain sorghums which are heat-damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, moldy, or otherwise distinctly damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged kernels shall be grains and pieces of grains of grain sorghums or other grains which have been distinctly discolored or damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION BASIS OF INSPECTION The Regulations of the Secretary of Agri- culture governing licensed inspectors provide in part: "Sec. 17. Inspection to be based on represen- tative sample. — Xo licensed inspector shall issue a certificate of grade for any grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and representative sample of the grain and be made under conditions which permit the determination of its true grade. Each licensed inspector shall take proper pre- cautions that no sample be exposed to manipu- lation which would deprive it of its representa- tive character at any time after its collection. "Sec. 17 (a). In the inspection and grading of lots, parcels, and cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors shall be governed by the following requirements: "1. If such a lot, parcel, or cargo tendered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an average sample thereof. "2. If such lot, parcel, or cargo so tendered is not uniform in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material por- tion of grain of a different grade the licensed inspector shall consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and shall separately inspect, grade, and certifi- 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS cate as to grade such different portions; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a state- ment to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approximate quantity of which shall be specified. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 THE SAMPLING OF GRAIN The obtaining of a representative sample is essential to the determination of the true grade of a given lot of grain. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in mak- ing determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain sampled. Consequently, great care should be taken in sampling in order that the sample on which the grade of the grain is to be based shall truly represent the grain sampled. Regulation 5 of the regulations of the Secre- tary of Agriculture under the United States grain standards act, given in Circular No. 70, Office of the Secretary, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, states: "Sec. 7. For the purposes of an appeal or dispute no samples shall be deemed representa- tive unless of the size and procured in accord- ance with the methods prescribed in instructions issued by the Chief of the Bureau of Agri- cultural Economics in effect at the time of taking the appeal or referring the dispute.'' Copy of the current instructions in effect at the time of taking an appeal or referring a dispute may be obtained upon application to any office of Federal Grain Supervision. In accordance with this regulation, the follow- ing revised instructions were issued by the chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, under date of July 29, 1925: I. It shall be approximately 2 quarts in size. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STAHDARDS sample and the determination of grade would permit of such change in the condition of the sample as to affect the grade, at least 1J^ pints should be inclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a clean cloth sack. II. In case of bulk grain in a carload lot, or in a wagon, at least five probes (with a double-shell compartment trier 60 inches long, or one giving equivalent results) , and as many more as may be necessary in the discretion of the sampler, shall be taken from the grain in different parts of the car or wagon, as the case may be. III. In case of bulk grain in a canal boat, barge ship, or other vessel, at least five probes (with a double-shell compartment trier, or one giving equivalent results) , and as many more as may be necessary in the discretion of the sampler, shall be taken at points through each hatch or opening in the deck, or may be drawn from the spout or on the belt or other conveyor from the vessel if taken in such a way as to be representative of the entire lot or parcel. In case of bulk grain being loaded aboard a canal boat, barge, ship, or other vessel, the sam- ple may be taken from the spout or other con- veyor to the vessel if taken in such a way as to be representative of the entire lot or parcel. IV. In case of grain in sacks, samples shall be drawn from as many individual sacks selected at random as will enable the sampler to pro- cure an average and representative sample of the entire lot. OFFICIAL GRAIN 8TANDA1 73 V. In case it shall appear that a material por- tion of a. lot or parcel of grain is in any manner distinctly inferior to the remainder of the lot or parcel, and or if loaded, or to be loaded aboard a canal boat, barge, ship, or other vessel, is of a different grade or class than the remainder of the lot or parcel, a separate sample otherwise complying with these instructions shall be taken from such portion and from the remain- ing portion. There shall be filed with such sample a statement showing the estimated quantity of each portion of the grain from which each such sample was taken. 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING DEVICES GRAIN TRIER (PROBE) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain the use of the double tube, separate compartment grain trier (probe) shown in Figure 1 is recommended. The use of such a trier makes it possible for the sampler to note any unevenness in loading and also to ascertain the approximate location and quantity of any mixture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. In order to assist in doing this it is advisable to use a canvas 5 by 2 feet in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the trier. The grain should be emptied length wise on the canvas, each separate trierful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compartment can be noted separately. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 75 INNER TUBE OUTER TUBE OPENING IN TUBES INNER TUBE i ; loUTEIf TUBE B Fig. 1.— Grain trier (probe). Double-tubed, separate- compartment grain trier (probe), recommended by the Department of Agriculture. A, trier closed; B, trier open; C, cross section, showing double tubes; D, sectional view; and E, longitudinal view, show- ing compartments. 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SPOUT SAMPLER OR "PELICAN" For obtaining a representative sample from a falling stream of bulk grain, and particularly for sampling bulk grain being spouted into the holds of a vessel, a spout sampler, generally referred to as a "Pelican," (shown in fig. 2), is recommended. Fig. 2.— Spout sampler (Pelican). The use of this device makes it possible to obtain complete cross sections from the stream of grain being sampled. In operation the stream of grain is cut at frequent intervals and the samples obtained are then reduced in size by being put through a Boerner sampler. (Fig. 3.) OFFICIAL G&AIN STANDARDS , / SAMPLE DIVIDER BOERNER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size consider- ably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of different specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original is, hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 illustrates a device, generally re- ferred to as the " Boerner sampler." which will divide a sample into smaller portions and still maintain the proper proportions for the various factor^ of the original sample. In the opera- tion of this device the grain is placed in a hop- per at the top of the machine and released, when it passes through an opening at the bot- tom of the hopper, down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on. merge into two streams. Streams Xos. 1, 3. 5, etc., unite into one stream which empties into one recep- tacle, and streams Xos. 2. 4. 6. S. etc.. unite into another stream which empties into a sec- ond receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in L'nited States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Xos. 2S7 and S57. SPACES W/Y/C// 0/>£Wj ///TO OC/7&? / C Z/MV£Z 0t/crs i