U.S. DEPARTMENT )l AUiRICUL/yJ^E; OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLE. "a. c. thue, I CALIFORNIA SGRICULTURAL i:\PKKI\lENT STAIin\. 1 1901-1902. U.S. depository. By M. K. JAFFA, M. S.. Assistant 1'i:-i essor <>k Agriculture, Uxh rrsit\ of California. WASftlNGTON: GOVERNMENT riMNTINi, OFFIG 1 :h>;;. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS ON THE FOOD AND NUTRITION OF MAN. Note. — For those publications to which a price is affixed application should be made to the Super- intendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D. C, the officer designated by law to sell Government publications. Publications marked with an asterisk (*) are not available for distribution. *Charts. Food and Diet. By W. o. AtwaHer. (Four charts, 26 by 40 inches.) Price per set, unmounted* 75 cents. *Bul. 21. Methods and Results of Investigations on the Chemistry and Economy of Food. By W.O. Atwater. Pp.222. Price, 15 cents. Bui. 28. (Revised edition.) The. Chemical Composition of American Food Materials. By W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 87. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 29. Dietary Studies at the University of Tennessee in 1895. By C. E. Wait, with comments by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp. 45. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 31. Dietary Studies at the University of Missouri in 1895, and Data Relating to Bread and Meat Consumption in Missouri. By H.B.Gibson. S. Calvert, and I). W. May, with comments by W. O. Atwater and C. B. Woods. Pp. 24. Price, 5 cents. *Bul. 32. Dietary Studies at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., in 1895. By W.E.Stone, with com- ments by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp. 28. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 35. Food and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in 1895 and 1896. By E. B. Voorhees. Pp. 40. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 37. Dietary Studies at the Maine State College in 1895. By W. H. Jordan. Pp. 57. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 38. Dietary Studies with Reference to the Food of the Negro in Alabama in 1895 a'nd 1896. Con- ducted with the cooperation of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute and the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College of Alabama. Reported by W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp. 69. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 40. Dietary Studies in New Mexico in 1895. By A. Goss. Pp. 23. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 43. Losses in Boiling Vegetables, and the Composition and Digestibility of Potatoes and Eggs. By H. Snyder, A. J. Frisby, and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 31. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 44. Report of Preliminary Investigations on the Metabolism of Nitrogen and Carbon in the Human Organism with a Respiration Calorimeter of Special Construction. By W. O. Atwater, C. D. Woods, and F. G. Benedict. Pp. 64. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 45. A Digest of Metabolism Experiments in Avhich the Balance of Income and Outgo was Determined. By W. O. Atwater and C. F. Langworthy. Pp. 434. Price, 25 cents. Bui. 46. Dietary Studies in New York City in 1895 and 1896. By W. O. Atwater and C. D. Woods. Pp. 117. Price, 10 cents. Bui. 52. Nutrition Investigations in Pittsburg, Pa., 1894-1896. By Isabel Bevier. Pp. 48. Price, 5 cents. BuL 53. Nutrition Investigations at the University of Tennessee in 1896 and 1897. By C. E. Wait. Pp. 46. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 54. Nutrition Investigations in New Mexico in 1897. By A. Goss. Pp. 20. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 55. Dietary Studies in Chicago in 1895 and 1896. Conducted with the cooperation of Jane Addams and Caroline L. Hunt, of Hull House. Reported by W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bryant. Pp.76. Price, 5 cents. * Bui. 56. History and Present Status of Instruction in Cooking in the Public Schools of New York City. Reported by Mrs. Louise E. Hogan, with an introduction by A. C. True, Ph.D. Pp. 70. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 63. Description of a New 7 Respiration Calorimeter and Experiments on the Conservation of Energy in the Human Body. By W. O. Atwater and E. B. Rosa. Pp. 94. Price, 10 cents. Bui. 66. The Physiological Effect of Creatin and Creatinin and their Value as Nutrients. By J. W. Mallet. Pp. 24. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 67. Studies on Bread and Bread Making. By Harry Snyder and L. A. Voorhees. Pp. 51. Price, 10 cents. Bui. 68. A Description of Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials.and Their Nutritive and Economic Value. By W. C. Blasdale. Pp. 48. Price, 10 cents. Bui. 69. Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy in the Human Body. By W. <>. Atwater and F. G. Benedict, with the cooperation of A. W. Smith and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 112. Price, 10 cents. Bui. 71. Dietary Studies of Negroes in Eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898. By H. B. Frissell and Isabel Bevier. -Pp. 45. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 75. Dietary Studies of University Boat Crews. By W. (). Atwater and A. P. Bryant. Pp. 72. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 84. Nutrition Investigations at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896-1898. By M. E. Jaffa. Pp. 39. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 85. A Report of Investigations on the Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Bread. By C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill. Pp. 51. Price, 5 cents. [Continued on third page of cover. J U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS— BULLETIN NO. 132. A. C. TRUE, Director. INVESTIGAT1 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1901-1902. By M. E. JAFFA, M. S., Assistant Professor of Agriculture, University of California. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1903. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. A. C. True, Ph. D., Director. E. W. Allen, Ph. D., Assistant Director and Editor of Experiment Station Record. C. F. Langwoethv, Ph. D., Editor arid Expert on Foods and Animal Production. NUTRITION INVESTIGATIONS. W. O. Atwater, Ph. I)., Chief of Nutrition Investigations, Middletown, Conn. C. I). Woods, B. S., Special uigent at Orono, Me. F. G. Benedict, Ph. D., Physiological Chemist, Middletown, Conn. P. D. Milner, Ph. B., Editorial Assistant, Middletown, Conn. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington, D. C, June 00, 1903. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report of investiga- tions among fruitarians carried on at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California in 1901-2 by M. E. Jaffa, assist- ant professor of agriculture at the University of California, and recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 132 of this Office. The special object of this and the earlier work which it continues was a study of the value of fruits and nuts when these articles consti- tute an integral part of the diet. Nine dietary studies and thirty-one digestion experiments were carried on. In the majority' of the dietary studies and all but one of the digestion experiments fruit and nuts constituted all or almost all of the diet. The results of the investiga- tion emphasize the fact that both fruit and nuts should be considered as true foods rather than food accessories, a fact which is common^ overlooked. Credit is due Prof. G. E. Colby and Mr. C. A. Friebel for assistance in the chemical work incidental to this investigation. Respectfully, A. C. True, Director. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. 3 CONTEXTS. Page. Introduction 7 Composition of the fruits, nuts, and other materials 8 Composition of feces and urine obtained in digestion experiments 12 The dietary studies 19 Dietary study of a fruitarian (Xo. 355) 19 Dietary study of a vegetarian (Xo. 356) 21 Dietary study of a boy (Xo. 357) 22 Dietary study of a girl fruitarian (Xo. 358) 23 Dietary study of a fruitarian (Xo. 359) 24 Dietary study of a student (Xo. 360) 25 Dietary study Xo. 361 26 Dietary study Xo. 362 Dietary study of a fruitarian ( Xo. 363 ) 29 Discussion of the dietaries 30 Digestion experiments 34 Experiments with W. 8. M 35 Digestion experiment Xo. 388 35 Digestion experiment Xo. 389 36 Digestion experiment Xo. 390 37 Digestion experiment Xo. 393 37 Digestion experiment Xo. 394 38 Digestion experiment Xo. 396 39 Digestion experiment Xo. 398 39 Digestion experiment Xo. 401 40 Digestion experiment Xo. 403 41 Digestion experiment Xo. 405 42 Digestion experiment Xo. 406 42 Discussion of digestion experiments with sul >ject W. S. M 43 Experiments with C. P. H 47 Digestion experiment Xo. 391 47 Digestion experiment Xo. 392 48 Digestion experiment Xo. 395 49 Digestion experiment Xo. 397 50 Digestion experiment Xo. 399 51 Digestion experiment Xo. 400 52 Digestion experiment Xo. 402 53 Digestion experiment Xo. 404 53 Digestion experiment Xo. 407 54 Digestion experiment Xo. 408 55 Digestion experiment Xo. 409 56 Digestion experiment Xo. 410 56 Digestion experiment Xo. 411 57 Digestion experiment Xo. 41 2 58 5 Digestion experiments — Continued. Experiments with C. P. H. — Continued. Page. Digestion experiment Xo. 413 59 Digestion experiment Xo. 414 59 Digestion experiment Xo. 415 60 Discussion of digestion experiments with subject C. P. H 61 Experiments with A. V. and J. E. R , 66 Digestion experiment Xo. 416 66 Digestion experiment Xo. 417 67 Digestion experiment Xo. 418 68 General summary of digestion experiments 69 Income and outgo of nitrogen 70 Amount of feces on a fruitarian diet 72 Metabolic nitrogen in the feces 73 Pecuniary economy of fruits and nuts 76 Summary 80 INVESTIGATIONS AMONG FRUITARIANS IN CALIFORNIA, 1901-2. INTRODUCTION. An investigation of the nutritive value of fruits, instituted by the Office of Experiment Stations, was undertaken at the University of California in 1900-1901, and dietaries of five fruitarians— two women and three children — were studied. At the same time with one of the children — a girl — a digestion experiment was made in which fruit and nuts constituted the entire diet. A study of the income and outgo of nitrogen and the estimation of the so-called metabolic nitrogen in the feces were included in the digestion experiment. The results, which were given in an earlier publication, showed in every case that though the diet had a low protein and energy value, the subjects were appar- ently in excellent health and had been so during the five to eight years they had been living in this manner. In continuing the investigations on the nutritive value of fruits and nuts it was deemed advisable to extend the work to include, in addi- tion to the women and children previously studied, subjects whose lives and habits differed considerably from those of the earlier inves- tigation. Accordingly four men were selected, two being past the middle age and two young men university students. The elderly men had been more or less strict vegetarians and fruitarians for years. One of the young men had been experimenting with the fruitarian diet for several years, while the other was accustomed to the ordinary mixed diet. The purposes of the inquiry were in brief: (1) To make dietaiy studies and digestion experiments in which the diet should consist exclusively or largely of fruit and nuts; (2) to obtain information regarding the practicability of maintaining- nitrogen equilibrium in the body with an exclusive fruit and nut diet, and (3) to collect data on the digestibility of fruit and nuts. In studying these problems 9 dietaiy studies have been made in which, with 2 exceptions, the food consisted chiefly of fruit and nuts, and 31 digestion experiments with the four subjects just referred to, in 13 of which fruit and nuts constituted the main and in IT the entire diet. The income and outgo of nitrogen was determined in each of the digestion experiments, and the so-called metabolic nitrogen in the feces was also studied. " r. s. Dept. Agr., Office <»t' Experiment Stations Bui. 107. COMPOSITION OF THE FRUITS, NUTS, AND OTHER MATERIALS. Samples of fruits and nuts and of some cereal preparations were analyzed in connection with the dietary studies and digestion experi- ments. The methods were those adopted by the Association of Offi- cial Agricultural Chemists/' In addition to the usual analyses, the crude liber was determined in all samples examined as being of special interest in a fruitarian diet. The results obtained for this constituent, however, are not fully satisfactory, since the determinations of liber in the fresh sample of fruit and in the same sample dried in the usual manner gave disagreeing results. The study of so-called crude fiber in fruits deserves to receive further attention. The heat of combus- tion of the feces and of many of the foods was determined at Wesle} 7 an University, Middletown, Conn. The analytical results obtained in the present inquiry are summarized in Table 1. Detailed descriptions of the different samples of fruits and nuts analyzed are hardty necessaiy. The only fruit which requires special mention is No. 201, scarlet haw, a small red fruit, from the tree of same name {Crataegus coccinea), which is about the size of a cherry and has a comparatively large seed. It is not commonly used as food. Nos. 243 and 244, "Granose" and "Optasite," are wheat prepara- tions. No. 246, "Gono," is a combination of cereals, roasted until quite brown, and then finely ground. It is eaten dry or moistened with water, milk, hone3 T , or fruit juice. This food product is largely used by the inhabitants of the Canary Islands. Nos. 247, "Fruit Nuts," 248, "Fruit Nuts Malted," and 249, "Malt Nuts," are also cereal preparations, and apparently the grain used has been malted during the process of manufacture. Table 1. ■Composition of food materials used in dietary studies and digestion experiments — composition determined. 6 % o a £ 6 £ -J Sx ^5. Carbohy- drates. < as, o ^ Food materials. rr-i *H Is FRESH FRUITS. Apples: Bellflower, edible portion Bellflower, as purchased Newtown Pippin, edible por- tion 209 209a 242 242a 227 227a 229 229a 230 230a 232 232a Per ct. "i6.3"* 'vi.2," "i5."i" "ifj.T" 14.5 "ii.'o" PercL 87.54 73.28 82.68 72.51 88.04 74.74 88.50 73.99 86.74 74.16 83.75 72.03 Per ct. 0.64 .53 .63 .55 .38 .32 .36 .30 .48 .41 .51 .44 Per ct. 0.65 .54 .15 .13 .42 .36 .14 .12 .16 .14 .10 .08 Per ct. 9.77 8.18 15.15 13. 29 10.02 8.51 10.14 8.47 11.55 9.87 14.59 12.54 Per ct. 1.11 .93 1.21 1.06 .87 .74 .61 .51 .77 .66 .73 .63 Per ct. 0.29 .24 .18 .16 .27 .23 .25 .21 .30 .26 .32 .28 Calories. 0.249 .208 .320 Newtown Pippin, as purchased Winesap, edible portion Winesap, as purchased Pearmain, edible portion Pearmain, as purchased Rhode Island Greening, edible portion .281 .228 .194 .210 .176 .237 Rhode Island Greening, as .203 Spitzenburg, edible portion Spitzenburg, as purchased ,301 .259 Average, edible portion 86.21 73. 45 .50 .43 .27 .23 11.87 10.14 .88 .75 .27 .23 .257 Average, as purchased 14.8 .220 aU. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemistry Bui. 46, revised. Table 1. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies and dit experiments — composition determined — Continued. Food materials. FRESH FRVITS- Bananas: Edible portion As purchased.. nitinued. Grapes: Muscat, edible portion . . . Muscat, as purchased Tokay, edible portion Tokay, as purchased Verdal, edible portion Verdal, as purchased Cornichon, edible portion Cornichon, as purchased. . Average, edible portion Average, as purchased. . Oranges: Navel, edible portion. Navel, as purchased . . Navel, edible portion. Navel, as purchased . . Average, edible portion Average, as purchased . . Pears: Easterbury, edible portion — Easterbury, as purchased Duchess, edible portion Duchess, as purchased Glout Morceau, edible portion Glout Morceau. as purchased . . Winter Neliss, edible portion.. Winter Neliss, as purchased. . . Guava, edible portion Guava, as purchased Average, edible portion. Average, as purchased . . Japanese persimmons: Large Seedling, edible portion Large Seedling, as purchased . Tane Nashi, edible portion. . . Tane Nashi, as purchased Yemon, edible portion Yemon, as purchased Average, edible portion. Average, as purchased . . Olives: Mission, edible portion. Mission, as purchased.. Mission, edible portion. Mission, as purchased.. Average, edible portion. Average, as purchased . . Scarlet haws: Edible portion As purchased.. Watermelon: Edible portion As purchased . . DRIED FRUITS. Raisins. Edible portion As purchased.. Prunes: Edible portion As purchased . . 212 212a 202 202a 205 205a 211 2lla 207 207a 236 236a 237 237a 238 23Su 204 204a 224 224a 225 225a 226 226a 235 235a 51 51a 203 203a 215 215a 216 216a 52 239 240 240a 201 201a 200 200a 257 267a Per ct. "36." 92' 14.1 20.9 22. 6 23.1 20.2 25. 65 21.8 13.6 20.1 13.2 Per ct. 77.15 48.67 84.83 72. 87 87. 12 68.92 85.06 65.85 86.78 66.73 85.95 68. 59 86.26 61.59 86. 72 67.03 Per ct. 1.60 1.01 .70 .56 1.45 1.04 1.07 .83 Carbohy- drates*. 32 "& Pircf. Perct. 0.24 I 19.68 .15 12.41 13.38 11.49 11.36 8.98 12. 68 9.81 11.39 8.76 *£ O* 0.52 Pi r ct. 0.81 .51 ' c .20 .17 .29 .23 .47 ,28 Calories. 0.424 .267 0.291 .250 .241 .191 .286 .221 .266 .205 12.20 9.76 ] , 16 10. 84 .11 7.74 .20 10.84 .15 8.38 86.49 64.31 18 I 10.84 13 8.06 19.14 82.93 1.15 .72 64.86 .89 .56 85.00 .80 .26 73.45 .69 .22 80.60 .83 ..50 64.40 .66 .40 76.08 1.02 .28 55.54 .74 .20 80.00 1.13 .57 69 43 .98 .50 80.92 .99 .47 65. 53 .79 .38 13.30 10.40 12. 97 11.21 16.59 13. 26 19.17 14.00 16.60 14.41 15.73 12.66 22. 4 18 8 30.7 16.8 18.' 9' 17.85 20.0 9.5 2.56 29.14 256a 11.9 25.67 77.04 59.77 81.93 66. 53 81.66 56.59 80. 21 70.33 58.51 63.68 51.66 67.00 55. 08 75.83 60 65 92. 17 35. 03 28.47 25.77 1 61 1.25 1.16 .94 1.32 .92 1.36 1.04 2.44 2.03 2.52 2.04 2.48 2.04 1.98 1.58 4.55 4.12 2.54 2. 24 11.13 9.26 23. 01 18.66 17.07 13.96 .65 .52 Hi .52 19.39 15.05 12. 81 10.40 13.19 9.14 15 13 11. 53 8.81 7.33 2. 52 2.04 5.67 4.69 60 .69 I 43 .49 I 60 .57 46 . 45 .63 .47 1.48 1.16 .70 .60 1.10 .88 2.78 2.03 1.31 1.14 1.47 1.16 .43 .34 .93 .72 2.93 2.38 2.37 1.64 2.08 1.58 3.64 3.03 3.05 2.47 3.35 2.75 18.57 14.85 6.41 2.44 62.57 56.63 63.37 2.13 1.74 .18 .07 .66 .59 1.65 1.45 .72 .56 .62 .50 .61 .42 .65 3. 65 3.04 5. 22 4.23 4.43 3.63 .27 .10 3.14 2.84 2. 71 .271 .217 .254 .181 .246 .190 .250 .186 .338 .265 .268 .232 .379 .1503 .444 .324 .370 .321 .320 .289 .429 .333 .346 .281 .376 .261 ,384 ,292 713 , 593 .876 .897 .735 .374 .148 .0.56 1.336 1.209 1.292 1.140 10 Table 1. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies and digestion experiments — composition determined — Continuf*}. Food materials. CANNED FRUITS. Peaches, as purchased Per ct. j - NITS. Almonds: Edible portion As purchased Blanched, as purchased Brazil nuts: Edible portion As purchased Shelled, as purchased Cocoanuts: Edible portion As purchaseda Pecans: Edible portion As purchased Shelled, as purchased Peanuts: Edible portion As purchased Pignolias (pine nuts), as pur- chased Walnuts: Edible portion ! As purchased Nut preparation: Nutandfig^bromose," as pur- chased Cereals: Bread (St. Helena Sanitarium, Cal. i, as purchased Granose, as purchased Optasite, as purchased Rice, as purchased Gofio, as: purchased Fruit note, as purchased Fruit nuts (malted i. as pur- chased Malt nuts, as purchased 249 249a 49.2 250 254 254a 49.6 210 231 j 231a 82.03 234 234a 50.8 233 ®« :- 1 = ^S ► Per ct. Perct. 86.45 0.55 4.42 17. 28 2.25 8.78 4.00 17.68 5.28 18.00 2.69 9.18 4. 33 19.78 19.17 5.25 13.03 3.57 3.50 12.17 1.72 5.99 4.30 15. 67 Carbohy d rates" Per ct. 54.30 27.58 .54. 75 66.07 33.70 63. 31 Per ct. 12.20 18.64 9.47 19.19 3.78 1.93 6.00 It 5-g 255 255a 32.5 2.V2 223 223a 4.88 3.29 13 3.97 1.57 14.-- 32.51 243 9.56 244 11.76 245 11.90 J4M 6.37 247 11.18 248 259 8.31 4.74 32.64 22. 03 33. 70 24.58 9.73 16.54 11.57 10.94 11. 12 10.98 12. 87 13.48 13.20 4.46 51.00 34.66 9.67 6. .57 69.39 34.14 71.52 9.14 4.50 3.79 47.33 31. 95 10.61 7.16 47.00 7.-17 62.92 24.92 4.75 1.88 21.83 42. 17 . 62 1.03 .44 .06 2.82 6.05 •54.01 74.39 74. 5s 76. 35 70.43 67.21 :;. 42 71. 75 87 07 Pt r ct. 0.37 2.58 1.31 1.68 4.22 2.15 2.96 13.77 4.29 2.11 3.17 1.98 1.34 2. 52 . 52 1.82 .45 .41 5.10 1.30 2.00 .42 Perct. 0.43 J > 1.41 2.70 2.65 1.35 3.62 1.14 .78 1.51 .74 1.55 2.56 1.73 4.15 1.91 .76 2.06 .77 2.26 1.65 .30 2.41 .78 1.32 3.06 = L C - Hi Calories. 0.247 3. 129 1 . 589 3.147 3.397 1.732 3.125 2.712 1.843 3.437 1.690 3. 551 3.040 2. 052 3.318 1.314 1 . 344 1. 775 1.748 1.718 1.883 1.870 1.837 1.732 "Shell and milk included in rei A number of the foods were not analyzed, as it was believed their composition could be assumed with sufficient accuracy from anal\ ses previously reported. The following- table includes the data for such foods : Table 2. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies — composition assumed. Refer- ence No. Water. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Energy per gram.« Food materials. Sugar, ( . . ANIMAL FO - Beef: Medium fat, edible portion Corned, edible portion 1 2 B 4 5 6 Per <-t. ■ 2. : 53.6 6-5.5 62.6 92.9 40.3 l'< r ct. 18. j 15. 3 19.8 16.0 4.4 16. 1 Per ct. 18.0 26.2 13.6 20.4 .4 38.8 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 1.0 4.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 4.8 Calories. 2.436 3.076 Hamburg -teak, edible portion. Beef heart, edible portion Beef soup Pork, ham, edible portion 2.095 2. 5.58 1.1 .265 4.277 •i Fuel \alue. not heal of combustion. 11 Table 2. — Composition of food materials used in dietary studies, etc — Continued. Food materials animal foods — continued. Fish: Striped bass, edible portion. Lobster, edible portion Milk Butter Cottage cheese Eggs VEGETABLE POODS. Cereals: Bread, corn Bread, white Cake, cup Crackers, Graham Gluten flour Oatmeal, boiled Pie, pudding, etc.: Apple pie Custard pie Tapioca pudding Rice custard Gelatin Vegetables: Artichoke Beans, edible portion Beans, baked Cabbage, edible portion Canteloupe, edible portion .. Cauliflower, as purchased Lettuce, edible portion Potatoes Tomatoes, as purchased Fresh fruits: Pomegranates, edi ble portion Dried fruits: Apricots Figs, edible portion Dates, edible portion Dates, as purchased 6 Berries: Loganberries Strawberries Raspberries, red Preserves: Apple sauce Nuts: Filbert, edible portion Hickory nuts, edible portion Peanut'butter Cocoanut milk Sugar, starch, and oil: Sugar Sago Honey Olive oil Whiskyc Refer- ence Water. No. Perct. < 77.7 8 79. 2 9 87.0 10 11.0 11 72. 12 73.2 13 38.9 14 32. 15 15. 6 16 5.4 17 12.65 18 M.:. 19 42.5 20 62.4 Pro- tein. 4.101 3. 605 3.351 9.304 4.030 a Fuel value, not heat of combustion. J»6.5 per cent of refuse in this sample. <• Proportion of alcohol assumed to be equivalent to 51 per cent carbohydrates. 12 COMPOSITION OF FECES AND TJRINE OBTAINED IN DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. The composition of the water-free feces from the digestion experi- ments reported beyond (pp. 35-68) is given in Table 3, while Table 4 records the amount, specific gravity, and percentage and amount of nitrogen of the urine, the data in both cases being arranged accord- ing to subjects. Table 3. — Composition of water-free substance of feces. Lab- Whence obtained. Weight of feces per day. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of ora- torv No. Sugar, starch, etc. Crude fiber. combus- tion per gram. 15 SUBJECT AW S. M. Experiment No. 388: First day Grams. 28.85 15.00 25.40 58.50 Per ct. 3.79 4.05 4.50 3.49 Per ct. 23.70 25.31 28. 15 21.83 Per et. 22.30 22. 56 17.72 26. 74 Per ct. 29.27 26.22 30.38 28.99 Per ct. 11.46 12.67 9.35 10.59 Per ct. 13.27 13.24 14.40 11.85 Calories. 5 434 16 Second day 5.290 17 Third day 5.104 18 Fourth da v 5.515 Average Experiment No. 389: First day 18a 31.94 3.96 24.75 22. 33 28.71 11.02 13.19 5.336 19 57.40 40.28 20.82 34.34 3.88 3.09 2.89 3.81 24.23 19.31 18.08 23.80 29.91 26.83 45. 83 36.78 26.90 34.89 17.76 18.55 6.75 5.52 2. 54 5. 32 12.21 13.42 15. 79 15.55 5.690 20 21 '2'2 Second dav Third day 5. 982 6.076 5.824 22a 38.21 3. 42 21.36 34.84 24.53 5. 03 14.24 5. 893 Experiment No. 390: First dav 23 31.81 63.06 30. 54 43.10 4.20 3.57 3. 55 3.56 26.22 22. 34 22. 18 22.26 28.21 30.06 29. 25 36.07 21.23 23. 46 27.83 20.94 11.07 9. 56 7.34 7.57 13.27 11.58 13.40 13.16 5.586 21 Second dav 5.516 25 Third dav 5.434 26 Fourth dav 5.839 Average Experiment No. 393: First dav 26a 42.13 3.72 23. 25 30.90 23. 37 8.89 13.60 5.594 34 88.50 11.20 34. 78 15. 75 4.43 5.17 4.72 5.32 27.69 32. 29 29. 50 33. 26 31.32 37.87 33.21 33.53 17.90 12. 75 15.50 9.58 8.58 4.69 10. 15 11.10 14.51 12. 40 11.64 12. 53 5.659 35 Second dav 6.041 36 Third dav 5.885 37 Fourth dav 5.902 37a 37.56 4.91 30. 69 .33. 98 13. 93 8.63 12. 77 5. 872 Experiment No. 394: First dav 38 60.30 53. 50 85.00 34.09 3.82 3.02 3.39 3.29 23.89 18.90 21.17 20. 57 26.39 25. 17 20. 98 21.70 21. 94 39. 24 45.09 45. 45 10.40 5.29 3.47 3. 63 14.38 11.40 9.29 8.65 5.478 39 Second day 5.828 40 Third dav 5.676 41 Fourth dav 5.722 41a 58.22 3.38 21.13 23. 56 38.68 5.70 10.93 5.676 Experiment No. 396: First dav 46 53. 30 58.80 24. 20 48.18 4.01 3.78 4.18 3.98 25. 07 23. til 26. 14 24. 87 20.86 23. 29 28. 58 29.06 26. 15 25. 27 18.90 17.34 17.43 18.86 18.47 21.81 10.49 8.94 7.91 6.92 5.501 47 Second dav 5.610 48 Third dav 5. 913 49 Fourth dav 6.120 Average 49a 46.12 3.99 24. 93 25. 45 21.92 19.14 8.56 5.786 Experiment No. 398: First dav 54 39. 59 33.69 49.79 52.38 3.49 3.48 2.93 3.12 21.84 21. 75 18.30 19.48 35.14 32.15 25. 67 27.85 17.40 17.54 21.58 21.67 16.39 19.02 26.47 23.44 9.23 9.54 7.98 7.56 6.027 55 Second dav 5.908 56 Third dav 5.657 57 Fourth dav 5.778 Average 57a 43.86 3.25 20.34 30.20 19.55 21.33 8.58 5.842 Experiment No. 401: First dav 66 53. 80 55.28 41.17 70. 98 5. 27 4.88 5.48 5.94 32. 91 30.53 34.26 37.10 25.02 23.36 25.16 21.52 13.55 18.61 15. 39 12.62 12.88 15. 72 14.11 17.02 15.64 11.78 11.08 11.74 5.346 67 5.574 68 Third dav 5.810 69 Fourth day 5.630 69a 55. 31 5.39 33.70 23. 77 15. 04 14.93 12.56 5.590 13 Table 3. -Composition of water-free substance of feces — Continued. Lab- Whence obtained. Weight of feces per day. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of ora- tory No. Sugar, starch, etc. Crude fiber. combus- tion per gram. 74 75 subject W. s. H. — cont'd. Experiment No. 403: First day Qrams. 69. 70 68.70 47. 55 34.60 Per ct. 5.27 4.55 5.29 4.35 Per ct. 32.93 28.44 33.04 27. 16 P< r ct. 19.67 38.70 37.10 32. 43 Per ct. 21. 78 18.64 15.35 23.93 Per ct. 11.19 4.88 5.10 5. tif, Per ct. 14. 43 9.34 9.41 10.82 Calories. 5.326 6.344 76 Third day 6.314 77 Fourth day 5.990 55.14 4.87 30. 39 31.97 19.93 6.71 11.00 5. 994 Experiment No. 405: First dav 82 47.07 47.49 30.00 35. 20 4.33 4.58 4.97 4.39 27. 04 28.65 31.04 27. 47 16.55 23. 21 21. 70 34.10 28. 4] 25.36 28.50 21.04 14.48 11. 82 7.26 5. 27 13.53 10.96 11.50 12. 12 5. 242 83 Second dav 5. 704 84 Third day 5. 310 85 Fourth dav 6.138 85a 39.94 4.57 28. 55 23. 89 25.83 9.71 ]2.03 5.598 Experiment No. 406: First dav 86 20. 49 65.00 29.40 50.50 4.89 5.11 4.93 5.33 30.57 31.94 30. 84 33.33 21.49 26. 74 33.08 30.90 30.12 #20.88 20. 46 18.09 5. 60 8. 21 3.90 4.68 12. 22 12.23 11. 72 13.00 5.566 87 5.852 88 Third dav 6.080 89 5.970 89a 41.35 5.06 31.67 28. 05 2-2.39 5.60 12. 29 5.867 Average of averages. SUBJECT C. P. H. Experiment No. 391: 44.52 4.23 26.43 28.09 23.08 10.61 11.80 5.732 27 20. 30 17.60 19.50 4.61 4.14 4.40 28.81 25.93 27.50 19.84 12. 30 8.93 33. 07 44.64 49.50 5.32 4.25 2. 31 12. 96 12. 89 11.76 5. 374 28 Second dav 5. 139 29 Third dav 4.938 29a 19.13 4.38 27.41 13.69 42. 40 3.96 12. 54 5.150 Experiment No. 392: First dav 30 54.00 2.79 30.00 85.24 4.72 4.94 4.42 3.99 29.49 30.87 27. 64 24.94 21.37 16.14 12.81 30.27 24. 52 26.98 35.84 26.30 7.32 7.26 5.38 3.03 17. 30 18.75 18.33 15. 46 5.063 31 4.663 32 Third dav 4.935 33 5. 829 33a 43.01 4.52 28. 23 20.15 28.41 5.75 17.46 5.122 Experiment No. 395: First dav 42 29.38 38.49 65. 78 30.41 3.98 4.00 3.66 4.08 24.87 25. 02 22. 85 25.52 23.09 19.40 29. 09 25.86 27.82 29. 11 28.59 34.96 9.45 10.93 6.68 3.19 14.77 15.54 12. 79 10.47 5. 510 43 5 437 44 45 Third day Fourth day 5. 751 5.924 45a 41.02 3.93 24. 57 24.36 30. 12 7.56 13.39 5.655 Experiment No. 397: 50 69.86 79.51 9.10 56.98 4.78 5. 22 5.92 4.77 29.88 32. 65 37. 02 29.79 21.32 31.90 41.49 46.43 25.01 18.15 9.27 1.61 8.27 5.88 2.59 2.14 15. 52 11. 42 9.63 20. 03 5.268 51 5.938 52 Third day 6. 528 53 Fourth day 6.613 Average Experiment No. 399: 53a 53.86 5.17 32. 33 35. 29 13. 51 4.72 14.15 6. 087 58 38.99 43. 52 35. 48 44.49 4.69 4.81 4.49 4.00 29. 28 30.04 28.03 25.02 21.11 30.97 40.92 48.93 26. 96 16. 13 14.20 8.72 10.14 12. 89 5.47 5.83 12. 51 9.97 11.38 11.50 5 314 59 6 189 60 Third dav .. 6 603 61 Fourth dav 6 897 Average Experiment No. 400: First dav 61a 40.62 4.50 28.10 35. 48 16.50 8.58 11.34 6. 252 62 37.79 83.58 26.20 28.90 5.49 4.60 5.16 4.70 34.33 28. 74 32.23 29.35 18.18 23. 75 22. 85 26. 21 23.07 27.50 27.73 31.73 7.70 4.82 4.91 2.34 16.72 15.19 12. 28 10.37 5.259 63 5 648 64 65 Third day Fourth day 5.880 6 273 Average 65a 44. 12 4.99 31.16 22.75 27. 51 4.94 13.64 5 765 14 Table 3. — Composition of water-free substance of feces — Continued. Lab- Whence obtained. Weight of feces per day. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of ora- tory No. Sugar. starch, etc. Crude fiber. combus- tion per gram. 70 subject c. p. h. — cont'd. Experiment No. 402: First day Grams. 36.99 52. 98 55.98 59.40 Per ct. 4.96 4.48 4.61 3.99 Per ct. 30.97 27.99. 28.78 24. 92 Per ct. 20. 27 16.88 35.57 41.65 Per ct. 27.01 29. 10 18.35 18.32 Per ct. 9.44 11.35 3.58 2.44 Per ct. 12.31 14.68 13. 72 12.67 Calories. 5 804 71 Second dav 5 714 72 Third dav 6 046 73 Fourth dav 6 538 Average 73a 51.34 4.51 28. 17 28.59 23.19 6.70 13.35 6 025 Experiment No. 404: First day 78 90.82 30.79 37.40 23.30 3.17 2.80 4.13 4.20 19.78 17.52 25.78 26. 25 15. 94 17.33 21.85 15.48 35. 95 38. 20 28. 79 39.20 12.50 10.04 6.16 4.61 15.83 16.91 17.42 14.46 5 383 79 Second day 5 425 80 Third dav 5 564 81 Fourth dav 5 748 Average Experiment No. 407: 81a 45.58 3.58 22. 33 17.65 35.54 8.33 16.16 5.530 90 15.50 36.70 65.80 55.80 3.77 3.60 3.83 4.45 23.59 22.48 23.96 27.78 22.21 22. 99 25. 43 23.48 31.81 28.75 32. 12 32. 79 6.04 10. 42 4.19 3.52 16.35 15.36 14.30 12. 43 5 350 91 Second day 5 605 92 93 Third day * Fourth day 5. 598 5.810 Average Experiment No. 408: First day 93a 43.45 3.91 24.45 23. 53 31.37 6.04 14.61 5. 591 94 38.00 78.00 45. 00 103.50 3.37 :;.71 4.37 4.32 21.04 23.39 27.30 27. 02 16.18 19.97 16.52 18.37 37. 92 29. 57 33. 70 30.00 7.24 L2.62 10. 82 9.30 17. 62 14. 55 11.66 15.31 4.975 95 Second dav 5. 354 96 Third dav 5.410 97 Fourth dav 5. 062 97a 66. 13 3.95 24.69 17.76 32. 79 9.97 14.79 5.200 Experiment No. 409: First dav 98 28. 60 29. 50 32. 30 72.80 4.09 4.15 ta 25. 53 25. 96 28. 51 29. 71 16. 23 19.19 28.40 30. 53 30. 62 32.16 26.90 22. 21 11.04 8.99 3.93 1.57 16.58 13.70 12. 26 12. 98 4.829 99 Second dav 5. 309 100 Third dav 5.780 101 Fourth dav 5.744 Average Experiment No. 410: First dav 101a 40.80 4.39 27. 43 23. 59 27. 97 7.13 13.88 5.415 102 56.50 50.80 55.88 66.70 3.99 3.92 4.15 4.26 24. 93 24.47 25. 92 26. 59 25. 22 17.04 13.68 13.96 24.56 34.08 34.85 33.65 10.90 10.37 11.89 10.44 14.39 14.04 13.66 15.36 5. 400 103 5.144 104 Third dav 4. 962 105 Fourth dav 4.822 105a 57.47 4.08 25. 48 17.47 31.79 10.90 14.36 5. 082 Experiment No. 411: First dav 106 30.53 52. 48 34.40 4.26 4.40 3.82 26.61 27.48 23.90 19.55 42. 87 37.90 35. 22 13.83 22. 61 5. 56 5.13 6.00 13.06 10.69 9.59 5.134 107 Second dav 6.444 108 Third day 6.224 Average 108a 39.14 4.16 26.00 33.44 23.89 5. 56 11.11 5.934 Experiment No. 412: First dav 109 29. 10 118. 00 54.00 83.66 3.67 3.16 2.80 2.97 22.96 19. 72 17.50 18.55 35. 80 17.91 24.62 31.80 21.95 44. 25 40.83 33.32 6.49 7. 52 7.76 6.58 12.80 10.60 9.29 9.75 6. 272 110 Second dav 5. 736 111 Third dav 6.098 112 6.132 Average Experiment No. 413: First dav 112a 71.19 3.15 19.68 27. 53 35. 09 7.09 10.61 6.060 113 36.00 129. 30 48.00 69.20 3.68 2.71 2.69 2.98 23.02 16.96 16.84 18.60 28. 05 26. 73 24.73 24. 05 26. 07 38.58 43. 24 39. 92 6.92 7.92 6.33 6.88 15.94 9.81 8.86 10.55 5.861 114 Second day 6.324 115 Third dav 6.365 116 5.962 Average 116a 70.62 3.01 18.86 25. 89 36.95 7.01 11.29 6.128 Experiment No. 414: First dav 117 60.00 45.80 96.48 81.06 3.43 3.37 3.03 3.01 21.41 21.09 18.93 18.82 33.84 21.44 24. 89 26.00 24.12 37.88 39.91 33.36 8.22 8.04 7.07 11.04 12. 41 11.55 9.20 10.78 5.987 118 Second dav 5.641 119 Third dav 6.049 120 Fourth dav 5.834 Average 120a 70.84 3.21 20. 06 26. 54 33. 82 8.59 10.99 5.878 15 Table 3. — Composition of water-free substance of feces — Continued. Lab- Whence obtained. Weight of feces per day. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of ora- tory No. Sugar, starch, etc. Crude fiber. combus- tion per gram. 121 subject c. p. h. — cont'd. Experiment No. 415: « drams. 31.80 105. 50 I'< r ct. 4.36 4.86 Per ct. 27. 22 30.39 Per ct. 9.30 7.22 Per ct. 39.48 38.02 Per ct. 11.45 14.62 Per ct. 12.55 9.75 Calories. 4.932 122 Third day 4.885 122a 45. 77 4.61 28.81 8.26 38. 75 13.04 11.15 4.908 Average of averages, omitting experi- ment No. 415 SUBJECT A. v. Experiment No. 416: 49.89 4.09 25. 56 24. 61 29.43 7.05 13. 35 5. 680 123 81.14 72.36 117. 70 115. 30 4.03 3.83 3.53 4.09 25. 18 23.91 22. 09 25.53 26.12 21.32 23.64 23.42 28.49 33.30 35.60 33.54 5.45 . 6.67 6.12 4.46 14.76 14.80 12.55 13.05 6.054 124 5. 735 125 Third dav 5.493 126 5. 849 126a 96.63 3.87 24.18 23.63 32.73 5.67 13.79 5.783 SUBJECT J. E. R. Experiment No. 417: First day 127 128 71.67 62. 28 55.22 39.50 3.85 3.67 3.98 4.09 24.08 22. 92 24.86 25. 55 37.90 38.30 31.88 27. 49 24.75 25.04 29.63 32.59 3.04 4.07 3.80 3.84 10.23 9.67 9.83 10. 53 6.442 6.382 129 Third dav 6.210 130 Fourth day Average Experiment No. 418: First dav 6.144 130a 57.17 3.90 24.35 33.89 28.00 3.69 10. 07 6.295 131 41.41 72.38 51.50 66.84 4.04 3.64 3.57 3.83 25.27 22.73 22.34 23.95 27.76 39.86 45. 73 32.97 31.60 22. 94 15.54 27.17 4.43 3.09 4.26 4.50 10.94 11.38 12.13 11.41 6.198 132 Second dav 6.474 133 • Third day 6.506 134 6 266 134a 58.03 3.77 23.57 36.58 24.31 4.07 11.47 6 361 Average of experi- ments Nos. 417 and 418 57. 60 48.30 49.86 3.84 4.14 4.13 23.96 25.88 25.83 35. 23 26.05 25.97 26.16 27.19 27.37 3.88 8.34 8.26 10.77 12. 54 12.58 6.328 Average of 30 ex- periments, omit- ting No. 416 Average of 31 ex- periments 5.716 5. 718 « Three-day experiment; no feces passed on second day. Table 4 summarizes the analytical data for the urine, the results having been determined in connection with the studies of the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen reported beyond pp. 35-68. Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine. Labora tory No. Whence obtained. subject w. s. M Experiment No. 388: First day Second day Third day Fourth day Average per day Total amount. Grams. 1,314 1,512 1,554 1,312 1,423 Specific gravity. 1.011 1.008 1.009 1.009 Nitrogen. Per cent. 0.470 .331 .281 .239 1.009 Grams. 6.18 5.00 4.37 3.14 4.67 16 Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine — Continued. Labora- tory No. Whence obtained. Total amount. Specific gravity. Nitrogen. 20 subject w. s. m. — continued. Experiment No. 389: First day Grams. 1,326 1,264 930 709 1.012 1.0115 1.011 1.0135 Per cent. 0.426 .421 .449 .511 Grams. 5 62 21 Second dav 5 35 22 Third dav 4 18 23 Fourth dav 3 62 Average per dav 1,057 1. 012 .444 4 69 Experiment No. 390: First dav 25 1,267 1,269 1,219 1,240 1.0135 1.015 1.016 1.012 .403 .471 .474 .404 5 11 27 Second dav 5 98 29 Third dav 5 78 31 Fourth dav 5 01 Average per dav 1,249 1. 0141 .438 5.47 Experiment No. 393: First dav 36 1,832 1,217 857 816 1.012 1.014 1.020 1. 020 .343 .464 .593 .653 6 28 37 Second dav 5. 66 38 Third day 5 08 39 Fourth dav 5 33 Average per dav 1,180 .474 5.59 Experiment No. 394: First dav 40 1,215 1,138 1,018 1,167 1.013 1.016 1.018 1. 015 .453 .645 .822 .717 5.50 41 Second dav 7.34 42 Third dav 8.37 43 Fourth dav 8.37 Average per dav 1, 135 .652 7.40 Experiment No. 396: First dav 52 1,680 1,269 1, 215 1,266 1.012 1.015 1.013 1.013 .380 .386 .442 .387 6.38 53 Second dav 4.90 54 Third dav 5.30 55 4.97 Average per dav 1,358 .397 5.39 Experiment No. 398: First dav 56 1,963 2,028 1,622 1,179 1.012 1.014 1.014 1.0165 .354 .318 .326 .397 6.95 57 Second dav 6.45 58 Third dav 5.29 59 Fourth dav 4.68 Average per dav 1,698 .344 5.84 Experiment No. 401: First day 64 1,518 1,357 1,500 1,270 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.016 .382 .393 .409 . 525 5.80 65 5.33 66 Third dav 6.14 67 Fourth dav 6.67 Average per dav 1,411 .425 5.99 Experiment No. 403: First day 76 1,825 1,424 1,319 1,325 1.014 1.017 1.015 1.019 .376 .556 .508 .616 6.86 77 Second day 7.92 78 Third dav 6.70 79 Fourth dav 8.16 1,473 ..503 7.41 Experiment No. 405: 84 1.618 1,558 1,315 1,257 1.012 1.012 1.012 1.014 .332 .473 .371 .481 5.04 85 7.37 86 Third day 4.88 87 Fourth day 6.04 1,412 .414 5.83 Experiment No. 406: 88 1,619 1,276 884 1,276 1.012 1.013 1. 0165 1.013 .332 .404 .589 .536 5.37 89 5.15 90 Third dav 5.21 91 6.84 1,264 1,333 .446 .436 5.64 5.81 17 Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen qfurint — Continued. La bora torv No*. Whence obtained. Experiment No. First day . . . Second day. Third dav . . .subject c. P. H. 391: Average per day Experiment No. 392: First day Second dav Third day Fourth day Average per day. Experiment No. 395: First day Second dav Third day* Fourth day Average per day Experiment No. 397: 4^ First day 49 Second dav 50 Third day. 51 Fourth day Average per day. Experiment No. 399: First day Second dav Third day* Fourth day Average per day Experiment No. 400: First day Second dav. Third day*.. Fourth dav. Average per day. Experiment No. 402: 72 First day 73 Second dav 74 Third day* 75 Fourth day 81 82 Average per da\ Experiment No. 404: First day Second dav Third day" Fourth dav Average per day T.-vpt-riment No. 407: 92 Fir>t day 93 Second dav 94 Third day 96 Fourth dav 99 Average per day Experiment No. 408. Fir-t day Second dav Third day Fourth dav Average per day 1453— No. 132— Oa Total Specific amount, gravity. Nitrogen. Grams. 717 1.177 _- 807 1.024 1.024 1.016 Per ••< at. Grams. 0.640 4.59 .413 4.86 1.021 1,238 820 625 1,067 1.015 1. 0245 1.025 1.016 '■_■ 1,006 1,317 915 1.717 1.013 1.017 1.010 1,198 654 644 854 1.015 1.0215 1.023 1.017 838 1. 052 1.016 1,118 1.067 1.012 1.016 1.016 1.016 1.063 1.157 1.437 1,036 1.015 1.012 1.016 1,238 1,020 1,219 1,299 1.015 1.020 1.016 1.015 1.194 947 715 819 728 1.018 1.022 1.024 1.025 188 .441 .609 .902 . 435 .644 450 321 512 405 . 469 . 659 .573 it to . 332 .496 . 529 .518 469 .376 .480 72g .703 , 565 . 458 607 .831 .932 1.044 1.147 2.58 5.46 4.99 5.64 4.64 937 . 553 5.18 766 1.021 .675 5.17 634 1.022 .712 4.51 776 1.021 .543 4.21 614 1.023 .665 4.08 4.49 1,656 1 1.010 .389 1 6.44 642 1.019 .561 3.60 863 1.015 .497 : 4.29 863 1.015 .441 3. 81 4. 23 4.69 6.95 1,176 1.014 4.58 1,281 . .399 | 5.11 5. 62 4.55 4.24 4.89 4.^2 3.49 5.04 5.91 4.' 5.40 4.97 1.177 1.015 .513 6.04 1.202 . .464 9.01 7.17 6.89 5. 95 25 7 -7 8.35 L86 18 Table 4. — Amount, specific gravity, and nitrogen of urine — Continued. Labora- tory No. Whence obtained. Total amount. Specific gravity. Nitrogen. 100 subject c. P. h.— continued. Experiment No. 409: Grams. 1,797 1,472 1, 217 1,520 1.015 1.015 1.014 1.013 J'i r c< at. 0.441 .441 .398 .343 <;rup, 454 grams, 5 cents (5) Pork, ham, 227 grams, 11 cents (6) Fish: Striped bass, 113 grams, 5 cents (7); lobster, 85 grams, 3 cents (8) Eggs, 66 grams, 2 cents (12) Butter, 198 grams, 11 cents (10) Milk, 563 grams, 3 cents (9) Cents. Grams. 6.28 25. 95 1.57 8.83 .43 2.58 .71 2.85 1.57 5.22 1.14 .28 1.57 .43 Total animal food. 13. VEGETABLE FOOD. Cereals: Oatmeal, 1,219 grams, 27 cents (18); bread. 1,985 grams, 22 cents (14); cake, 340 grams. 8 cents (15) Pie and puddings: Apple pie, 85 grams, 2 cents (19) ; custard pie, 85 grams, 2 cents (20j; tapioca pud- ding, 85 grams. 3 cents (21); rice custard, 85 grams. 3 cents (22); gelatin, 2 grams, 1 cent<23). Sugar and starch; Sugar, 321 grams, 4 cents (46); sag* >. 9 grams, 1 cent (47) Vegetables: Beans, 170 grams. 2 cents (25); pota- toes, 1.332 grams, 4 cents (31); cauliflower, 57 grams (29) Fruits, fresh: Apples, 198 grams, 1 cent (242): oranges, 193 grams, 3 cents (238); banana-. 85 grams, 1 cent (212) Total vegetable food Total food 8.14 1.57 .71 .86 .71 4.95 1.32 .28 2.65 54.63 Gram*. Grams. 25.51 6.06 3.29 . 26 0. 71 12.58 . 67 . 05 1.13 24.04 ' 3. 21 4. 02 76. 75 4. 78 Caloms 341 92 41 17 135 27 16 212 55 58 9.78 217. 79 -.01 2.90 15.60 .11 46.86 41.32 7.38 5.90 .72 .12 10. 23 1,091 96 181 237 40 11.99 39.80 18.70 331.80 I 1,645 25. 97 y4.43 336. 58 2, 581 The protein and energy furnished by the present diet are consider- ably below the tentative standard for a man with light to moderate muscular work, namely, 112 grams protein and 3,050 calories, but since the subject had the opportunity to eat all he wanted and gained in weight it would seem that the 91 grains protein and the 2,600 calories per da} T were sufficient for his bodily needs. DIETARY STUDY NO. 361. The study commenced March 26, 1902, and ended April 3, lasting nine days. The total number of meals eaten was twenty-seven, or three per day. The subject weighed 168 pounds at the beginning and 170 pounds at the close. As previously stated, the proportion of fruits and nuts eaten was large, the purpose being to thus accustom the sub- ject to such foods and avoid a sudden change from ordinary fare to a fruitarian diet. 27 Table 11 shows in detail the results of this test. Table 11. — Weights awl cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study X". -I'll. Cost and composition of food per person per day, Kin: cabbage, 85 grams, 1 cent (27); artichokes, 113 grams, 2 cents (24) Fresh fruits: Apples. 170 grams. 1 cent 242 : bananas. 1.247 grams. 19 cents 1 212 : oranges. 1.724 grams. 22 cents I 2:38) Dried fruits: Raisins. 6H) grams. 15 cent- 2E apricots;, 907 grams. 6 cents 1 34 1 Cooked and canned fruits: Apple sauce, 255 grams. 3 cents (41); peaches, canned, 113 grams, 4 cents 22- Nuts: Walnuts. 397 grams, 13 cents (223 1 36. 58 49. 99 3.22 17.29 10.20 150.74 Gsisriss. 473 133 606 1.33 .45 1.84 1.81 13.01 4.61 4.31 4.42 _* v 5. 34 .79 59. 61 9. 20 1. 65 124. 60 Total vegetable food. Total food 7.78 1.45 .14 12. 20 .25 31.22 13.63 3.28 52 314 22.01 50.32 50.34 432. 06 .25 2,261 148 209 494 30.68 86. 100. 33 432. 64 2. -67 It will be seen that the present dietary furnishes 7 grams less protein and 300 calories more energy than study No. 360 with the same sub- ject. It is interesting to note that while in the previous study fruit furnished only 0.72 gram protein, in the present study it supplies 11.7 grams, and nuts 1:2. 2 grams, protein per day. The total animal protein in study No. .'->♦"><> was 54.6 grams, and in the present study only 36.6 grams per day. In this period of change from the ordinary mixed diet to one con- taining a considerable quantity of fruit and nuts, the subject stated that on the fourth and tifth days of the study, in addition to his regu- lar college duties, a large amount of extra work was performed, involving mental strain and loss of sleep. Notwithstanding this extra demand on his vitality, his physical condition bo far as could be judged was unchanged and his weight increased two pounds. The subject stated that, having made the comparison, he preferred a fruit- arian breakfast to any other. In general he relished the diet consist- ing almost exclusively of fruit and outs. DIETARY STUDY NO. 362. Thi> study began April 9 and continued for eight days. The total number of meals eaten was twenty-four, or three per day. During the six days' interval between this and dietary study No. 361 the sub- 28 ject continued to use a largo proportion of fruit and nuts in the diet. With the exception of about 10 grams of cane sugar per day, the diet in the present study consisted entirely of fruit and nuts. The subject weighed at the commencement of the experimental period 170 pounds, and 168 pounds at its close. The details of the study follow: Table 12. — Weights and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 362. Kinds, amounts, and costs of different food materials. VEGETABLE POOD. Fresh fruits: Bananas, 4,196 grams, 65 cents (212); oranges, 6,294 gram , 83 cents (238) Dried fruits: Dates, 737 grams, 16 cents (36); figs, 425 grams, 14 cents (35); raisins, 454 grams, 10 cents (257) Canned fruits: Peaches, 340 grams, 11 cents (228) . Nuts: Almonds, 567 grams, 19 cents (249); peanuts, 85 grams, 1 cent (255); walnuts, 1,418 grams, 47 cents (223) Cane: Sugar, 85 grams, 1 cent (46) Total vegetable food Cost and composition of food per person per day Cost. Cents. 18.50 5.00 1.38 12 Protein. Grams. 18.30 7.54 .23 59. 28 85. 35 Fat. (•'rams. 2. 68 156. 03 158. 70 Sugar, starch, etc. Grams. 195.95 126.29 5. 34 28.11 10.63 366. 32 Fuel value. Calories. 789 488 20 1,598 41 2,936 There were no restrictions regarding the kind and amount of fruit or nuts to be used in this dietary. On the other hand, the subject was instructed to eat all he wished of any fruit and nuts which he desired. Bananas and oranges, dates and raisins, almonds and walnuts were his favorite foods, though some other sorts of fruit and nuts were eaten. The protein in the diet thus selected is almost identical in amount with that furnished by the diet in stiHry No. 361, though less by 9 grams than in study No. 360, while the fuel value is higher in this test than in either of the other two. In all these tests the protein is below the requirement of the tentative American standard for a man at mod- erately active work. In the present test, however, the energy is equal to that called for by the standard. It will be seen by noting the data in Tables 50 and 51, experiments Nos. 117 and 418, that the unre- stricted fruitarian diet selected by the subject himself , which furnished nearly as much protein and rather more energy than was consumed by^ him when using his ordinary mixed diet, was superior as regards both protein and energy to the restricted diets of bananas, dates, and walnuts, and bananas, oranges, and walnuts, used in digestion experi- ments made with the same subject. As noted above, there was a loss of 2 pounds, but the initial weight was above the subject's normal, and during the test he was under unusual strain, both physical and mental, particularly on three days (April 11-13). It seems, therefore, that it is not just to ascribe the loss in weight during the experiment entirely to the fruit and nut diet. 29 As the loss is not great, and indeed quite within the range which is observed in the weight of persons under normal conditions during a period of equal duration, it would seem fairer to give the diet much credit for being able to carry an active, energetic, healthy man through a period of unusual strain, both physical and mental, attendant upon some' special work in addition to his regular college duties. DIETARY STUDY OF A FRUITARIAN (NO. 363.) The study eommeneed April 23. 1902, and continued for ten days. The subject was a man who had been experimenting with the fruitarian diet for several years. He was 25 } T ears old and did not gain or lose weight (without clothes), the weights for the different days, with the exception of the third and ninth days, when no weight was recorded, being 151.1, 153, 151.3, 153.1, 118.1, 150.3, 150.8, and 151.1 pounds. On the fifth day the subject ate no supper and on the ninth day no lunch. On other days three meals were eaten. The total number of meals taken was therefore 28, which in this case was assumed to be equivalent to one man for ten days. The details of the studv are shown in Table 13. Table 13. — WeigJtts and cost of food and nutrients consumed in dietary study No. 363. Cost and composition ol food per person per day. Kinds, amounts, and cost of different food materials. c°st. S; Fat. Sugar, starch, etc. Crude fiber. Fuel value. VEGETABLE FOOD. Fresh fruits: Apples, Pippin, 7.068 grams, 23 cents (242a); bananas, 5,498 grams, 85 cents (212a); oranges, navel, 13,440 grams, 178 cents (238a); Cents, 28. 8 12.3 . 7 1.7 .5 Grams. 22.30 15. 90 Grams. 5. 47 •J. Ml Grams. 270. 67 256. 32 5.10 17.47 Grams. 31.81 25. 48 7.43 Calories. 1,210 1,087 Dried fruits: Dates, 1,799 grams, 40 cents (36); 20 Nuts: Almonds, 565 gniins, 19 cents (249); cocoa- nuts, 357 grams, 4 cents (231); walnuts, 733 29. 66 .05 95.00 984 . 19 . 57 4 47.0 67.91 102. 97 550.13 H4. 72 a.ans This diet furnished practically 68 grains protein per da} T , or about two-thirds the amount called for by the commonly accepted standards for a man at light muscular work. The fuel value, however, slightly exceeded the limits of the standard. Notwithstanding the variety of foods in this diet which were selected b\ T the subject, it did not furnish as much protein as did the diet limited by the experimental conditions and consisting of bananas, oranges, and almonds, used in a digestion experiment (No. 116, Table 19) with the same subject. 30 DISCUSSION OF THE DIETARIES. In the study of a fruitarian diet previously published a it was noted that the foods used were almost exclusively fruit and nuts, the latter being the main sources of protein and fat, while the fruit furnished the bulk of the carbohydrates, consisting chiefly of the different 'sorts of sugar, with considerable crude fiber and a small amount of starch. All the food was eaten raw. The cost of the diet varied from IT cents to 27.5 cents per person per day, and was on the average 20.7 cents. Both the protein and the energy in every case were far below the limits called for by the tentative American standards for persons per- forming a like, amount of muscular work. Xo general conclusions were drawn, as the data did not seem sufficient to warrant them. An examination of the data recorded above will show that the present studies agree essentially with those previously reported. In discussing the general question of a fruitarian diet it is of interest, for purposes of comparison, to quote the results obtained by other investigators in studies of a vegetarian diet with subjects whose daily fare included a considerable amount of fruit and nuts. Voit^ studied the dietary of a vegetarian 28 years old, height 5 feet 5 inches, weighing 125 pounds, whose average dailv diet con- sisted of 131 grams pumpernickel, 438 grams graham bread, 777 grams apples, 114 grams dried figs, 247 grams dates, 66 grams oranges, 8 grams olives, and 21 grams olive oil. Ten years later Rumpf and Schumm- reported a metabolism exper- iment with a vegetarian 19 years old. weighing 138 pounds, whose daily consumption of food was as follows: 330 grams graham bread, 1,100 grams apples, 260 grams dates, 14<) grams Quaker Oats, 100 grams rice, 75 grams sugar, and 30 grams nuts. Albu, rf in 1901, made a digestion experiment lasting five days, with a vegetarian, a woman, 42 years old, whose weight was 83 pounds and height 4 feet 3 inches. Her average daily diet included 12<> grams graham bread, 400 grams apples, 400 grams plums, 200 grams grapes, 64 grams nuts (without shells), 170 grams dates, and 100 grams lettuce. The same author reports a twelve-day dietaiy study of one of the leaders of the vegetarian movement in Germany, a man 48 years old, height 5 feet 8 inches, weighing (with clothes) 153 pounds. The aver- age daily diet consisted of 1,000 grams potatoes, 166 grams hazelnuts, 12.5 grams peanuts, 83 grams plums, 71 grams sugar, 93 grams raisins, 354 grams apples, 63 grams oranges, and 50 grams olive oil. In Table 14 are given the results of all the dietary studies made with " V. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107, &Ztschr. Biol., 25 (1889), p. 232. ''Ztschr. Biol., 39 (1899), p. 153. tfZtschr. Klin. Med., 43 (1901), p. 75. 31 - ' fruitarians at the University of California, and. for purpose of com- parison, the tabulated results of the German dietaries referred to above, the average results of a number of American dietaries, and the tentative American standards for a man at sedentary and at moderately active work and for a woman at light work. In making the calcula- tions it was assumed that a woman would consume seven-tenths as much as a man at moderate muscular work. The usual factor for a woman is 0.8, but in the present instance the subject was very small of stature, below the average in height and weight, and did only light housework. The factors used for the boy and girl were 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. Table 14.— Comparison of daily dietaries of fruitarians and vegetarians with commonly accepted standards. Weight Nature of of subject. dietary. STUDIES "WITH WOMEN AND CHILDREN, VALUES AS DETERMINED. Woman, 33 years old, diet- ary No. 328. « Woman, 34 years old, diet- ary No. 35*9. Boy* 9 years old, dietary No. 33*1. « Boy, 10 years old, dietary No. 357. Girl, 6 vears old, dietary No. 332. « Girl. 7 years old, dietary No. 33*3. « Girl, 8 years old, dietary No. 35*8. Woman. 42 years old (Albu). Do Pounds. 90.0 9 5.5 45.0 58.0 33.0 35. 37.0 83.0 STUDIES WITH WOMEN AND CHILDREN, VALUES CAL- CULATED TO BASIS OF MAN AT MODERATE MUS- CULAR WORK. Woman, 33 vears old, diet- ary No, 32*8. « Woman, 34 years old, diet- ary No. 35*9. Bov, 9 years old, dietary No. 33*1. « Boy, 10 vears old, dietary No. 357. b Girl, 6 years old, dietary No. 332. a Girl, 7 years old. dietary NO. 333. a Girl, 8 years old, dietary No. 358. Woman, 42 years old (Albu). Do STUDIES WITH MEN. Man, 63 vears old, dietary ; 124.0 No. 3-55. Man, 64 years old, dietary j 136.0 No. 356. Man, 22 vears old, dietary 169.0 No. 360. b Fruitarian Vegetarian . . . Fruitarian Mixed Fruitarian do Vegetarian : . . do do Fruitarian... Vegetarian . . Fruitarian... Mixed Fruitarian... do Vegetarian . . do do Fruitar'an Vegetarian . . Mixed Cost. Cents. 23.7 15.8 19.9 16.0 17.0 27.5 15.7 33.9 21.0 39.8 27.0 34.0 55.0 31.4 23.0 18.1 26.0 Pro- tein. Grams. 33 43 27 48 24 40 32 34 49 Fat. Car- bohy- drates. Grants. G 59 j . 56 84 116 112 113 116 144 164 43 61 54 77 runts. 150 167 152 260 134 134 165 227 324 214 239 304 433 268 268 328 272 390 311 312 337 Fuel value. Calories. 1,300 1,430 1,255 1,730 1,190 1,385 1,403 1,399 1,998 1,850 2,050 2, 510 2,880 2, 375 2, 770 2, 805 1,679 1,712 2,044 2,582 Nutri- tive ratio. 1: 8.6 8.0 10.3 7.6 11.1 7.4 10.9 9.1 9.1 8.0 10.4 7.6 11.1 7.4 10.9 10.9 9.0 •xSee U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107, p. 18. b Not included in average. 32 Table 14. — Comparison of daUy dietaries of fruitarians and vegetarians with commonly < 1 1 -t-epted stan da rds — Continued . Weight subject. Nature of dietary. Cost. Pro- tein. Fat. Car- bohy- drates. Fuel value. Nutri- tive ratio. STUDIES WITH MEN— cont'd. Man, 22 years old, dietary No. 36i.a Man, 22 years old, dietary No. 362. Man, 25 years old, dietary No. 363. Average Pounds. 168.0 170.0 151. Mixed Fruitarian do Cents. 30.7 33.4 47.0 Grams. 87 85 68 62 63 54 74 103 100 112 118 125 90 Grams. 100 159 103 98 66 22 2S 138 Grams. 433 366 615 401 Calories. 2,870 2,937 3,305 9 .1Q3 1. 7.6 8.5 12.3 10.0 11.8 11.6 10.3 7.3 6 1 Man, 48 vears old ( Albu) . . . 153.0 125. 138.0 Vegetarian ... 593 s' so? Man, 28 rears old (Voit)... do 573 700 436 2, 775 3,431 3,500 2,700 3,0.50 3,055 3,400 2,450 Man, 19 vears old (Runipf do and Schumm). Average of 53 studies of well-to-do families in the United States. DIETARY STANDARDS. Man at sedentarv or wo- Mixed man with moderately active work (Atwater). Man with light to moder- do 6 1 ate muscular work (At- water). Man with moderate mus- do 56 500 5 3 cular work (Voit). Man with moderately ac- tive muscular work (At- water). Woman with light to moderate muscular work, or man without muscular exercise (At- water). do 6 2 do 6 1 " Not included in average. It will be seen from the table that the results of the two investiga- tions at the University of California (1901 and 1902) correspond very closely and also agree in the main with the findings of the German investigators quoted in showing a uniformly small amount of protein in the daily diet. This appears to obtain whether the diet is exclu- sively or partly fruitarian. It will be noted that the nutritive ratios of dietaries Nos. 359 and 357 are narrower than in previous dietary studies with the same subjects. This and the increased fuel value and the decreased cost of the dieta- ries also observed are presumably partly due to the use of cereals in the latter studies. A comparison of dietaries Nos. 332, 333, and 358 shows that at less cost the latter furnishes more protein and energy than No. 332. Dietary No. 333 furnishes more protein with nearly the same fuel value as stated for No. 358, but the daily cost of the former (27.5 cents) greatly exceeds that of the latter (15.7 cents). The tabulated results of the fruitarian and vegetarian dietaries for men show that the minimum quantity of protein (40 grams) and energy (1,712 calories) per day are found in dietary No. 355. It is of more than passing interest to observe that the maximum daily protein con- tent for the fruitarian dietaries (85 grams) is not reported with a 33 fruitarian or oven with a vegetarian, but with a student accustomed all his life to a mixed diet, who followed the fruit and nut diet for the first time during the period covered by study No. 362. It appears from the table that, notwithstanding the high price of meat, the cost of the mixed dietary No. 360 (26 cents per day) is less than that of either of the two succeeding studies made with the same subject. The fuel value, however, is greatest in stud}' Xo. 362. with a strictly fruitarian diet, the protein being but 9 grams less than in stud}' Xo. 360. The average value for the daily protein (62 grams) of the American vegetarian and fruitarian dietary studies made with, men is practically identical with the corresponding average for German experiments. There is not. however, such a close agreement in the case of energy. for in the German studies the minimum, 2,775 calories, reported by Voit exceeds by 10 per cent the average of the American studies. Finally, it should be noted that as regards protein all the dietaries here recorded are decidedly deficient as compared with the commonly accepted American dietary standard for men at similar work. The question how much protein is necessary daily for a man in order that he shall maintain his nitrogen balance at the most satisfactory protein level is an exceedingly important one. The fuel value of the dietaries here reported seems to approach much nearer the accepted standard than the protein, and in one case (study Xo. 363) is slightly in excess of it. The cost of the daily diets varies from 18.1 cents in study Xo. 356 to 46.5 cents in study No. 363. It would thus seem that for a man at moderate work a strictly fruita- rian diet would not be economical. At the same time it seems certain that a vegetarian diet fulfilling all the requirements of our tentative standards could be arranged which would cost no more than the aver- age conventional diet and might in many cases cost less. The fruita- rian diet possesses an advantage in that there' is practically no waste. In the case of nuts and fruit of the best quality the only refuse is the uneatable portion, such as shells of nuts, stems of fruit, etc.. and in the case of prepared cereals even this does not obtain, as the waste (hulls, etc.) is supposed to have been removed before they have been marketed. It appears to the writer from his experience that one serious and very common fault with the vegetarians is their ignorance of the nutri- tive value of the different fruits, nuts, and vegetable foods in general, which accounts for the selection of foods furnishing at a fairly high price much less nutritive material than could be furnished for the same sum or less by other vegetable foods or by more reasonable combinations. 1453— Xo. 132—03 3 34 DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. The object of conducting' the experiments here recorded was to gather data relative to the digestibility of fruit and nuts, not only for the purpose of ascertaining the quantities of nutriment utilized by the vegetarian and fruitarian, which is of course of great physiological interest, but also in order to learn whether fruit and nuts should be considered as sources of nourishment in any consideiable degree and not merely as luxuries or as articles of supposed hygienic or medical value. Thirty-one digestion experiments, which included also determina- tions of the nitrogen balance, were made with four different men. Two of them, W. S. M. and C. P. EL, subjects of dietary studies Nos. 355 and 356, respectively, were upw 7 ard of 60 years old. They had been, as already noted, accustomed to the fruitarian and vegetarian diet for man) years. Subject C. P. H. was in excellent health throughout the entire experimental period. Subject W . S. M. complained at differ- ent times of numbness in the feet and lingers, which had been troubling him for several years." The other two men were university students in good health. J. E. R. , subject of dietaries Nos. 360, 361, and 362, was accustomed to a mixed diet and was placed on the fruitarian diet for purposes of comparison. A. V., the subject of dietary No. 363, had been experimenting with the fruitarian diet for several years. The usual method was followed in conducting these experiments, which, with two exceptions, lasted four days each. All the food eaten and the resulting urine and feces were carefully weighed and analyzed. The energy of the urine was computed by assuming that for every gram of protein in the digested material there would be 1.25 calories of energy lost in the organic matter of the urine. 6 The separation of the feces was made by means of charcoal, taken either in the form of compressed tablets or in gelatin capsules. It w r as somewhat difficult at times to make an accurate separation, but in the majority of the tests the line of demarcation between the feces colored by the char- coal and those not so marked was clear and distinct. In nineteen of the experiments the feces were examined for the so-called metabolic nitrogen. It was planned to make tests with single fruits and then combine them in succession with the different nuts ordinarily used, as it was thought that in this way the digestion coefficients of the different nuts alone could be obtained by making the usual calculations and that their comparative digestibility would also be shown. In all, ten a Six months after the conclusion of the experiment the subject became ill, and the physician diagnosed the case as ocomotor ataxia, which later terminated fatally. &U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 53, p. 27; Bui. 121, p 21. 35 different varieties of fruit and six of nuts were experimented with. The subjects ate ad libitum of the fruits and nuts decided upon for the experiment. In some eases the diet of a single fruit or of a fruit with nuts proved so unpalatable that it was deemed best to supply small amounts of olive oil. tomatoes, or other materials in addition, in a number of cases these articles being taken simply as relishes. When this was done the diet was regarded as palatable. It is to be regretted, however, that owing to the difficulty of following such a diet for any length of time only two experiments were made with a single fruit. EXPERIMENTS WITH W. S. M. The experiments with each Those with W. S. M. follow: »f the subjects are grouped together, DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 388. Kind of food. — Grapes, with small quantities of olive oil. tomatoes, and olives. Subject.— Vf. S. M. Weight (with clothing). — At the beginning of the experiment 56.3 kilograms (124 pounds) and at the close 55.3 kilograms (122 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast November 19, 1901. Table 15. — Results of digestion exj)erimerd No. 388. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight Total of ma- organic terial. matter. Nitro- Pro- gen, tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Heat of Ash. combus- | tion. Sugar. starch, . Fiber. etc. 205a 202a 207a 49 Grapes. Tokay Grapes, Muscat... urn pes Ccmichon Olive oil Tomatoes Olives Total - water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Energv of urine . . Grams. Oram*. 4,835 481.07 649 B3. 45 4. 305 407. 93 52 52. 00 Grams. Grams. 4. 02 25. 14 .73 | 4.54 3. 51 21. % Grams. 5. ,80 2.01 6.89 52.00 Grams. Grams. 4:34. is : 15.95 74.-56 . 2.34 377.10 1.98 Grams. Calories. 11.12 2,040 1.10 357 12.05 1,732 483 32 240 58 3.01 113 35. 15 .08 .52 .46 .23 26.00 1.91 , .35 .29 14 2.85 ■ 3.45 5.90 282 10,012 1.062. h] , s.sQ 55.01 92.93 890.60 24.07 ' 30.46 4.908 18a 127., 4 111.33 951. 28 4.s9 30.55 29.96 3. 91 24. 46 62. 97 44.43 44.46 67.76 37.05 13.77 16.41 . 688 853.55 10.30 14.05 i 4,220 89. 52 95.84 42.80 46.13 1 86.00 31 Energy of food oxidized in the ! 4.189 Per cent of energy utilized 85.35 During the experiment the subject eliminated 5,692 grams urine, containing 0.33 per cent or 18.69 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 8.8 grams: outgo in urine -1.67 grains, and in feces 1.22 grams; indicating a loss of 3.69 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 23.06 grams protein. 36 The diet of grapes only was so monotonous that it was hardly possi- ble to consume the required quantity. To obviate this difficulty a small amount of olive oil and some olives and tomatoes were also eaten, the total nutrients supplied by these foods being small as compared with the grapes. The subject considered this diet quite appetizing. During the last two nights of the period, however, sleep was inter- mittent and toward morning a hunger was experienced. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 389. Kind of food. — Grapes and Brazil nuts, with small quantities of honey, milk, and olive oil. Subject— W. S. M. Weight (with clothing). — At the beginning and end of the experi- ment, 56.2- kilograms (121 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast November 26, 1901. Table 16. — Results of digestion experiment Xo. 389. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight Total of rna- organic "terial. matter. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 205a 202a 207a 210 48 Grapes, Tokay Grapes. Muscat ... G rapes, Cornichon Brazil nuts Grams. Grains. utilized During this experiment the subject eliminated -1.722 grams urine, containing 0.1:73 per cent or 22.84 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day therefore was as follows: Income in food 8.62 grams: outgo in urine 5.59 grams, and in feces 1.74 grams; indicating a gain of 1.29 grams nitrogen, corresponding to xjh> grams protein. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 394. Kind of food. — Japanese persimmons and peanuts, supplemented by small quantities of tomatoes, granose, olive oil, and milk. Subject.— W. S. M. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning and at the close of the experiment 56.2 kilograms (12-1 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, commencing with break- fast December IS, 1901. Table 19. — Results of digestion experiment No 394. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight Total of ma- organic terial. matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar, starch, Fiber. etc. ' 52a Japanese persim- Grams. Grams. Grams. 7,338 1,069.87 12.21 Grams. 76. 32 Grams. 41.10 Grams. 836. 50 90.50 1.49 84.06 Grams. 115.9') 16.89 .27 2.06 Grams. 3-5.96 21.84 .22 2.55 ( 'alories. 4,725 255 853 789. 49 45 I 2.35 113 99.64 28 ! 28.00 227 27.92 ■1 1. 54 .07 1.98 27s. 10 403. 70 .41 .18 12.36 1.16 ."., 715 32 11 243 444 49 28. 00 9.08 260 9 Milk 1.'>0 7. 4') 11.35 1.59 172 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Energy of urine .. 8,604 2.017.27 60.00 1 374.98 I 483.22 1,023.90 , 135.17 | 62.16 11,327 41a 232.89 207.27 1,810.00 7.92 52. 08 86.80 49.52 54.60 1 89.86 326.46 > 428.62 934.04 13. 29 121.88 90.16 25.62 36.54 68. 78 1,320 10,007 89. 72 86.80 1 88.70 91.22 88.83 407 Energy of food oxidized in the body 9,600 JVrcentof energy utilized 84.76 ' 39 During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,538 grams urine, containing 0.652 per cent or 29.58 grams nitrogen. The average daily nitrogen balance therefore was as follows: Income in food 15 grams; outgo in urine 7. -to grams, and in feces 1.98 grams; indicating a gain of 5.62 nitrogen, corresponding to 35.12 grams protein. This unusual diet was of the subject's own selection and apparently was satisfactory. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 396. Kind of food. — Pears and walnuts, with small quantities of granose and milk. Subject.-^W. S. M. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 57.1 kilograms (120 pounds) and at the close 56.7 kilograms (125 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast December 26, 1901. Table 20. — Results "/digestion experiment No. 396. Sam- ple No. 51a 223 243 Kind of food. Weight Total , N - l of ma- organic ' terial. i matter gen. Pears Walnuts. Milk Granose . Grams. .1 9,778 ,| 771 227 113 Grams. 1,465.74 725. 64 27.92 99.64 Grams. 12. 36 30.31 1.20 Total 10,889 2,318.94 Pro- tein. Grams. 77.25 189.50 7.49 12.36 Carbohydrates. Fat. Sugar. ' starch, Fiber, etc. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Grams. 37.16 485. 10 9.08 1.16 Grams. 1,237.90 36. 62 11.35 84.06 46.85 286.60 532. 50 1,369.93 Feces (water-free) 1*4.48 168.38 Amount digested 2, 150. 56 Per cent digested 92. 74 Energy of urine Energy of f 1 oxidized in the | "body 7.29 I 45.57 38. 56 84.10 241.03 84. 1C 45.73 41.72 186.77 1,328.21 91.41 96.98 Pe¢of energy utilized .J. Grams. 113. 43 14.42 2.06 Grams. Calories. 33. 25 6, 287 14.73 5,641 1. 59 171 2. 55 444 129.91 52.12 12, .542 35.36 16.10 1,061 94.55 36.02 11,481 72.80 69.11 91.54 301 11,180 89.12 During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,1*30 grams of urine, containing 0.397 per cent or 21.55 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 11.16 grains; outgo in urine 5.39 grams, and in feces 1.82 grams; indicating a gain of 4.25 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 26.56 grams protein. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 398. Kind of food. — Pears and cocoanuts chiefly, with cheese, tomatoes, and olive oil. Sufyect—W. S. M. Weight (with clothei). — At the beginning of the experiment 57.1 kilograms (126 pounds) and at the close 56.3 kilograms (124.5 pounds). 40 Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning" with breakfast January 6, 1902. Table 21. — Results of digestion experiment No. ->98. Sam- ple No. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Kind of food. of ma- | organic terial. matter. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 51a Grams. 9,986 971 57 14 63 Grams. 1, 496. 91 773. 77 14.93 .73 63.00 Grams. 12. 62 8.16 1.91 .02 Grams. 78.89 50.98 11.91 .13 Grams. 37. 95 495. 20 .57 .06 63.00 Grams. 1,264.23 93.89 2.45 .46 Grams. 115. 84 133. 70 """68" Gram*. 33. 95 11.07 1.03 .07 < 'alorirs. 6, 421 5 804 231 11 32 Cottage cheese . . . 81 5 49 Olive oil 586 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. 11.091 2,349.34 22.71 141.91 596. 78 1,361.03 249. 62 46.12 i 12,897 57a 175.45 160. 65 2, 188. 69 93.16 5.65 17.06 75. 12 35.30 106.61 75.12 52.11 544.67 91.27 34.89 1,326.14 97.44 38. 35 211.27 84.64 14.80 31.32 67.91 1,022 11,875 Per cent digested. 92. 09 133 Energy of food oxidized in the body 11, 742 Per cent of energy utilized 91.06 ' During this experiment the subject eliminated 6,792 grams urine, containing 0.344 per cent or 23.37 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 5.68 grams; outgo in urine 5.84 grams, and in feces 1.41 grams; indi- cating a loss of 1.57 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 8.81 grams protein. The diet used in this experiment was chosen by the subject and proved appetizing. The pears were ^aten in three different ways, i. e., raw, baked, and combined with tomatoes in a salad, which was dressed with a little olive oil. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 401. Kind of food. — Apples, dried figs, and walnuts, with some granose and milk. Subject.— W. S. M. Weight {with clothes).- — At the beginning of the experiment 57.6 kilograms (127 pounds), and at the close 58.1 kilograms (128 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast January 14, 1902. 41 Table 22. — Results of digestion experiment No. 401. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight Total of ma- organic terial. matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Sugar. starch. Fiher. etc. Heat of combus- tion. Qrams. Figs, dried 1.012 Apples 7.792 Walnuts 657 Milk 227 Granose 113 35 230a 223 9 i 2-13 Grams. 709.11 863. 36 618. 36 27.92 99.64 Grams. 6. 96 5.11 25. 83 1.20 - Grams. 43. 51 31.95 161. 49 7.49 12. 36 Grams. 7. us j 10.91 413.38 9. UN 1.16 Grains. 632. .50 769. 07 31.21 11.35 84.06 I Grams. 86.02 51.43 12.2s "■2. W Grams. 13.16 20. 26 12. 55 1.59 2. 55 Calorics. 3.133 3,488 4,sll 172 444 Total 9,801 b, 378. 39 41.08 _" - 441.61 1,528.19 151.79) 50.11) 12.04* Feces water-free) 221.23 193.41 Amount digested 2. 184. 98 Per cent digested 91. 86 Energy of urine Energy of food oxidized in the body 12.00 29. as 70. 79 75. 02 181.78 70.79 Percent of energy utilized 52. 01 32. 87 .60 1.495.32 £>y. ou i, -wo. as. lie. zo zz. 88.22 97. 85 77.95 44. $, 51 27. 82 118.28 22.29 1^ 1,23-5 10.M3 ■ >■>- 10,-586 -7. -7 During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,645 grams urine, containing 0.424 per cent or 23,84 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 1<>.27 grams: outgo in urine 5.99 grams, and in feces 3 grams: indi- cating a gain of 1.28 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 8 grams protein. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 403. K'md of food, — Apples, dates, and peanuts, with some granose, olive oil. tomatoes, and milk. Subject.— W. S. M. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 58.1 kilograms (128 pounds) and at the close of the experiment 58.2 kilo- grams (128.5 pounds). DureUion. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast January 21. 1902. Table 23. — Results of digestion experiment No. 403. Carbohydrates. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight Total Si of ma- organic terial matter gen. Pro- tein. Fat. 242a Apples 37 Dates Peanuts . . Tomatoes. Olive oil.. Granose . . Milk Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. Grams. 255 32 49 243 3, 105 917. 57 605.02 642. 38 2.80 1,071 694 .54 64 113 227 4.63 33. 57 28. 92 36. 23 226. 51 .08 .48 7.94 3. 21 328. .50 .22 Sugar. starch, etc. Grams. 811. 35 550. 40 73.63 1.78 Fiber. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Grams. Grams. Calories. 64. 00 64. 00 99.64 1.98 12.36 1.16 27.92 1.20 7.49 9.08 64. 71 9. 77 22.49 13.92 17.77 . 32 . 27 84.06 11.35 2. 06 1.59 Total Feces (water-free i 220.55 Amount digested 2. 163. 48 Per cent digested 91. 70 Energy of urine Energy of food I oxidized in the | body 10.82 67.60 69.15 43.-56 15.54 24.70 38.67 241.73 344.96 1,489.01 87.78 21.17 7V14 7s. 14 S3. 29 97.16 84.96 46.15 Per cent of energy I utilized 3,782 2, 495 4,651 13 595 444 172 2,359.33 49.49 309.33 414.11 1,-532. 57 103.32 45. S7 12,152 1,315 10,837 89.16 302 10, 53-5 86.70 42 During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,893 grams urine, containing 0.503 per cent or 29.64 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 12.37 grams; outgo in urine 7.41 grams, and in feces 2.70 grams; indicating a gain of ±26 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 11.13 grams protein. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 105. Kind of food. — Apples, dates, pecans, with a little granose and cottage cheese. Subject.— W. S. M. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning and close of the experi- ment 59 kilograms (130 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast January 28, 1902. Table 24. — Results of digestion experiment Xo. 405. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. 242a Apples. 37 233 11 243 Dates . Pecans Cottage cheese Granose Total Feces (water free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Energy of urine . . Energy of food oxidized in the body Per cent of energy utilized Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Gram*. Grams. Grams. 1,365 594 45 45 1,248.24 771.22 559. 23 11.80 39.68 7.31 5.90 14.90 1.51 .79 Carbohydrates. Pro- tein. '•rams. 45.68 36. 85 93.08 9.41 4.92 Fat. Sugar, starch, Fiber. etc. Grams. Grams. Grams. 10.80 1,103.73 88.03 . 1,103.73 4.10 I 701.60 424.81 ! 22.51 . 45 1. 94 . 46 33. 48 88.03 28.67 18.83 Ash. Heat of combus- tion. .82 Grams. 13. 29 17. 75 9.21 .81 1.02 Calories. 5,145 3,182 4, 652 65 177 10, 354 2, 630. 17 | 30. 41 189. 94 440. 62 1 , 863. 26 136. 35 j 42. 08 13. 221 159. 76 140. 48 2, 489. 69 94. 66 7. 25 23. 16 76.16 45.32 37.32 41.37 16.47 144.62 403.30 1,821.89 119.88 76.16 91.53 97.78 87.92 19.28 22.80 54. 18 893 12, 328 93. 23 181 12, 147 91.88 During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,618 grams urine, containing 0.413 per cent or 23.33 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 7.60 grams; outgo in urine 5.81 grams, and in feces 1.81 grams; indicating a loss of 0.05 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 0.31 gram protein. Concerning the diet used in this test the subject stated that it was enjoyable throughout and eaten with increasing relish. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 106. Kind of food. — Apples, raisins, and walnuts, with peanuts, peanut butter, granose, cottage cheese, and butter. Subject.— \s. S. M. 48 Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning ment 59.4 kilograms (131 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning February 4, 1902. ind close of the experi- witli breakfast Table i2o. — Results of digestion experiment No. 406. Sam- ple No. 242a 257 223a 10 243 255 44 11 Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Apples Raisins Walnuts Butter Grano-e Peanuts Peanut butter Cottage cheese ... Grams. 7,824 1,338 1.039 28 113 73 59 Total 10,-547 Total organic Nitro- Grams. 1,175.93 915. 05 387.12 24. 08 99.64 G7. 58 54.81 19.13 Grams. 6.88 9.74 16.16 .05 1.98 3.81 2.77 2.44 2. 743. 34 43. 83 Feces (water-free) 165.39 144.92 Amount digested 2, 598. 42 Per cent digested : 94. 72 Energy of urine Energy of food j oxidized in the | bodv 8. 46 3-5. 37 80.70 Carbohydrates. l'r. Fat. Sugar, .starch, etc. Grams. 43. 03 60.88 101.00 .28 12.36 23. *3 17.29 15. 26 Grams. 10.17 8.16 258. 90 23. 80 1.16 34. 55 27. 43 .73 Grams 1,039.80 s37. is 19.53 Fiber. 68.54 Heat of combus- tion. ( 'alaries. 4,847 3,941 3,009 325 444 186 395 105 13,552 52. 93 221.00 47.10 j 31.89 317.80 1,966.66 87. 10 98. 25 Pereentof energy utilized 10.00 92. 96 90.30 20. 47 48.07 70.14 975 12,577 92. 80 276 12, 301 90.78 During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,055 grams urine, containing- ()A±(\ per cent or 22.57 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 10.96 grams: outgo in urine 5.64 grams, and in feces 2.12 grams: indicat- ing a gain of 3.20 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 2<» grams protein. The subject stated that the combination of fruits and nuts used in this test was quite satisfactory. The raisins were seeded and with the nuts made into a sort of mincemeat, which was eaten with erreat relish. DISCUSSION OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SUBJECT W. S. M. A study of the foregoing experiments brings to light a large amount of interesting data. In order to facilitate a review of these the results have been summarized in the following tables. Table 26 shows the weight, composition, and fuel value of the food eaten per day during the different experiments; Table 27 summarizes the coefficients of digestibility for each of the eleven experiments, and Table 28 gives a summary of the income and outgo of nitrogen as determined for the individual experiment-. 44 Table 26. — Weight f food. — Bananas. Subjet't.'— C. P. H. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning and close of the experi- ment, 61.7 kilograms (136 pounds). Duration. — Three days, with eight" meals, beginning' with breakfast December 2, 1901. Table 29. — Results of digestion experiment No. 391. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Nitro- Pro- F gen. tein. | rai - • Sugar, starch, Fiber, etc. 212a Bananas Feces ( water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Grams. Grams. 6,520 j 906.28 Grams. 10.53 Grams. 65.85 Grams. 9.78 Grams. 809. 13 Grams. Grams. 21.52 33.25 Ca/m ;rs. 3,839 29a 57.40 1 50.21 | 856.07 2.52 8.01 76.07 15.78 50.07 76.04 7. 93 1 . 85 18.92 24.22 | 2.28 784.91 19.24 97.01 1 89.40 7.19 26.06 78.38 296 3,543 92. 30 63 Energy of food oxidized in the 3,480 Per cent of energy 90.66 «This subject usually ate but two meals per day. 48 During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,422 grams urine, containing 0.497 per cent or 12.03 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 3.51 grams; outgo in urine 4.01 grams, and in feces 0.84 gram; indicating a loss of 1.34 grams, corresponding to 8.38 grams protein. The subject usually rose at 6.30 and took a cold-water sponge bath, followed by gymnastic exercises. He was engaged in literary work, though he also exercised about four hours daily in the open air. This -diet of bananas became exceedingly monotonous, and the subject craved some variation soon after the commencement of the experi- ment. The fruit was eaten both raw and cooked, and was most pleasing when toasted, with a little salt added. It was noticed that when raw bananas were eaten the subject was not hungry as soon as when the toasted fruit was eaten. Ordinarily the subject ate but two meals a day. but he found that two meals of bananas were not suffi- cient to keep him from being hungry all the time. He stated that he felt as well at the close of the experiment as at the beginning, except that he was hungry for something which bananas did not furnish and which he thought nuts or something akin to nuts would supply. He did not think that bananas should have all the credit for his continued health and good physical condition, since he believed that he could have fasted for the three days and still have been strong and well, provided be could have had at least eight hours sleep per day. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 392. Kind of food. — Bananas and almonds. Subject.— C. P. H. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 62.8 kilograms (138.5 pounds), and at the close 6'2.$ kilograms (138 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast December 10, 1901. Table 30. —ResuU s of digestion experiment No. 392. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. & ** Carbolr rdiates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 212a Gram*. 7, 058 481 Grams. 981. 05 446.38 Qrams. 11.41 13.30 Grams. Grams. 71.28 10.59 83.12 261.19 Grams. 875. 89 89.66 Grams. 23.29 12. 41 Grams. 36.00 13.37 4,154 249 Almonds 3,317 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested . 7,539 1,427.43 24. 71 1.54. 40 271. 78 965. 55 35.70 49.37 7,471 33a 172.03 143. 49 1,283.94 89.91 7.41 17.30 70.01 46.34 41.63 L08.06 230.15 70.00 84.70 47.16 918. 39 95.13 8.36 27. 34 76.59 28.54 20.83 42.19 931 6, .540 87. 53 136 Energy of food oxidized in the bodv 6,405 Per cent of energy 85.73 1" 49 During- this experiment the subject eliminated 3,750 grams urine. containing 0.553 per cent or 20.73 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food ♦3.18 grams; outgo in urine 5.18 grams, and in feces 1.86 grams: indi- cating a loss of 0.86 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 5.38 grams protein. During the first day of this test the subject ground the almonds to a tine paste, thereby causing a separation of the oil. This pasty mass, closely resembling peanut butter, did not digest well. During- the suc- ceeding three days he ate the nuts without grinding, and thev seemed to digest more easily. The diet was appetizing and very satisfactory to the subject, who believed that he could follow it much longer than four days and also work hard, both physically and mentally. The results of the experiment, however, do not bear out this belief. The nitrogen equilibrium was not kept up, the energy utilized was very low. and there was a slight loss of body weight. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 395. Kind "ff<><>d. — Bananas and walnuts. Subject.— €. P. H. Weig/U {with clothes).- — At the beginning of the experiment 63.2 kilograms (139.5 pounds), and at the close of the experiment 62.1 kilograms (137 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with six meals, beginning with first meal December 18, 1901. Table 31. — Results of digestion experiment No. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbon j drates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar. starch. etc. Fiber. 212a 223a Bananas Walnuts Total Feces I water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Gram-<. 6,180 1,050 Grams. 859. 07 391.33 Grams. 9.99 16.34 Grams. 62.41 102. 17 Grains. 9. 27 261.65 Grams. 767. 00 19.74 Grams. 20. 39 7.77 Grams. 31.52 7. 98 Calories. 3,637 3. 0-58 7. 230 1,250.40 26. 33 164.58 270. 92 786.74 2s. 16 39. 50 6. 695 45a 164.0t> 142. 14 1,106.26 88.60 6.36 19. 97 75. 85 39.73 124. 85 75. B5 41 . 25 229. 67 -1.7'.' 48.81 737. 93 93. SO r 12. 35 15.81 .56.12 21.92 17.58 44. 52 9:30 5, 76-5 156 Energy of food oxidized in the 5,609 Percent of energy S3. 78 During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,790 grams urine, containing 0.644 per cent or 17. '.'7 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 6.58 grams: outgo in urine 4.49 gram> and in feces 1.59 grams; indicating a loss of 0.50 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 3.13 grams protein. 1453— No. 132—03 4 50 As above noted, only six meals were taken during this test — on the first da\ T , one; on the second day and third day, two meals each; and on the fourth da}', one meal. The subject noticed that the diet used was monotonous, and that he did not look forward to mealtime with any degree of pleasur- able anticipation. < He also observed that while his general health remained good, when running up hill his legs became weak before reaching the top, which did not happen when using a diet of cereals, legumes, fruit, and nuts. Undoubtedly the loss of weight would have been much less and more meals would have been taken during the experiment had the subject been able to eat the food with more relish. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 397. Kind of food. — Apples and walnuts. Subject.— C P. H. Weight (with elothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.1 kilograms (139 pounds), and at the close of the experiment, 61.9 kilo- grams (136.5 pounds). Jjiwation. — Four days, with nine meals, beginning with breakfast December 26, 1901. Table 32. — Results of digestion experiment No. ->97. Sam- ple Kind of food. Weight Total of ma- j organic terial. matter. seii- Ni tr< •- Grams. Apples j 4,593 Walnuts I 1,589 209a 223a 53a Grams. Grams. 467.56 ! 3.89 592.23 24.74 Pro- tein. Carbohydrates. Ash. Fat. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber.' lira, us. 24.34 154. 60 . fifi 25. 24 17.31 40.68 1,006 7, 725 Per cent digested. 88.47 198 Energy of food oxidized in the ! 7,527 86.20 Per cent of energy utilized During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,350 grams urine, containing 0.575 per cent or 19.30 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 8.51 grams; outgo in urine 1.82 grams, and in feces 2.16 grams; indicating a gain of 1.53 grains nitrogen or 9.56 grams protein. The bananas were sliced and cooked to a mush without adding water or salt. They were found to be more palatable than when eaten either raw or toasted. This test was much more satisfactory than the previous one in many ways. The weight was slightly increased and there was an appre- ciable gain in protein. The subject remained in good physical con- dition during the entire experimental period, exercising and taking long walks. On the second day he ran almost a mile in six minutes, and remarked that he could have kept up the exercise longer. He also performed considerable mental work during the four-day experi- ment, writing as late as midnight on two occasions. 53 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 402. Kind <>f food. — Apples, bananas, almonds. Subject.— C. P. H. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning and end of the experiment, 64.2 kilograms (141.5 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast January 21, 1902. Table 35. — Results of digestion experiment No. 402. ... Carbohydrates. 1 Heat of combus- tion. Sam- ple Kind of food. No. Weight iuuu Nitm- of ma- organic J J™° terial. matter. g Pro- tein. Fat. Sugar, starch, etc. 1 Ash. Fiber. 209a 212a 249 Apples Grams. 3,515 3,572 Grams. 357. 81 496. 52 Grams. 2.98 5.77 36. 85 Grams. 18.63 36.07 230. 32 Grams. 18.98 5.36 723. 80 Grams. 287. 51 443.30 248. 47 Grams, drams. Calories 32.69 | 8.44 1,612 11.79 i 18.22 2,100 1,333 1 . 936. 98 34. 39 37. 06 9, 199 Total 8,420 ! 2,091.31 45.60 ■ 235.02 74S. 14 979.28 78.87 i 63.72 12,911 73a Feces (water-free) Amount digested. 205. 35 177.81 1, 913. 50 91.51 9.16 36.44 79.93 57.20 | 61.09 227.82 1 087.05 79.93 j 91.84 46.56 932. 72 95.24 12.96 1 27. .54 65.91 36.18 83.57 j 57.25 1,244 11,667 Per cent digested. 90.36 285' Energy of food oxidized in the 1 1 , 382 Per cent of energy 88.15 , 1 During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,253 grams urine, containing 0.469 per cent or 19.97 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 11.41 grams; outgo in urine 4.94 grams, and in feces 2.29 grams; indi- cating a gain of 4.13 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 25.81 grams protein. The diet of apples, bananas, and almonds was eaten with consider- able relish. The subject believed that he could, if necessary, main- tain his condition on this diet; but for the sake of variety he felt that it would be well to add food made from cereals and relishes, such as honey, etc. On such a diet he believed he could perform heavy man- ual labor. During the study he exercised a great deal every day, and was also occupied with considerable mental work. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 404. Kmd of food. — Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts. Subject.— Q. P. H. Weight (wtt/i clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64 kilograms (141 pounds), and at the close 63.5 kilograms (140 pounds). Duration. — Four days with eight meals, beginning with breakfast January 28, 1902. 54 Table 36. — Results of digestion experiment No. 404- Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Total Nitro- organic ! Wlt J° matter. &eu - Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 209a 212a 254a Grams. Grams. 5, 840 594. 50 3, 374 468. 97 1,021 j 469.45 Gi'ams. 4.96 5.45 14.99 Grams. 30.95 34.08 93.72 Grams. 31.53 5.06 334. 08 Grams. 477. 70 418. 70 19.70 Grams. 54.32 11.13 21.95 Grams. 14.02 17.21 13.78 Calories. 2, 679 1 986 Brazil nuts 3,897 Total 10,235 1,532.92 25. 40 158.75 370. 67 916. 10 87.40 45.01 8,562 81a Feces (water- free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Energy of urine . . 182. 31 152. 83 1, 380. 09 90.04 6.27 19.13 75.34 39. 12 119. 63 75.34 31.59 339. 08 91.47 64.31 851. 79 92.98 17.81 69. 59 79.62 29.48 15. 53 34.51 998 7,564 88. 31 150 Energy of food oxidized in the body 7,414 Per cent of energy 86 61 During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,807 grams urine, containing 0.464 per cent or 22.29 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 6.37 grams; outgo in urine 5.57 grams, and in feces 1.57 grams; indicating a loss of 0.77 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 4.81 grams protein. It appears from the above results that although the subject consid- ered this diet pleasing and appetizing he did not partake of the bananas and Brazil nuts quite so freely as he did of bananas and almonds in the previous combination. There was a constant craving for greater variety and especially for cereals and vegetables. The general health of the subject continued excellent throughout the experimental period. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 407. Kind of food. — Apples, bananas, pecans. Subject.— Q. P. H. Weight (with clothes). — At the commencement and close of the experiment 63.5 kilograms (140 pounds). Duration. — Four days with eight meals, beginning with breakfast February 4, 1902. Table 37. — Results of digestion experiment No. 4°7. Sam- ple No. Kind of food Weight Total of ma- organic terial. matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 209a Grams. Grams. 4,110 418.40 4,818 669.68 453 1 426.52 Grams. 3.48 7.79 11.35 Grams. 21.78 48.66 70.99 Grams. 22.20 7.22 324.00 Groin*. 336. 20 597. 90 17.17 Grams. 38. 22 15. 90 14.36 Crams. 9. 86 24. 57 7.02 Calorics. 1 . 884 212a 2,i 836 233 3,551 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. 9,381 4,514.60 22.62 141.43 353. 42 951. 27 68.48 41.45 8, 271 93a 173.80 | 149.28 1,365.32 6.91 15.71 69.46 43.18 98.25 69.46 41.71 311.71 88.19 54.91 896. 36 94.24 9.48 59.00 86.16 24. 52 16.93 40.85 981 7,290 1 90. 15 88.13 123 Energy of food oxidized in the body 7,167 Per cent of energy utilized 86.65 1 1 55 During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,776 grams urine, containing 0.607 per cent or 29.02 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 5.68 grams; outgo in urine 7.25 grams, and in feces 1.73 grams; indicating a loss of 3.3() grams nitrogen, corresponding to 20.63 grams protein. From the above results it appears that the diet during this test was less sustaining than that used in experiment No. 401. The subject had been suffering from a slight laxative condition, which quickly disap- peared upon the present diet. The general impression is that fruits are more or less of a cure for constipation, but in the case of this sub- ject the combination of fruit and nuts had the opposite effect. The subject during this test again felt a craving for some kind of cereal food, but maintained his usual good health and spirits, notwith- standing the loss of body protein. Had the experiment lasted for eight or ten da}^s this probably would not have been the case. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 408. Kind of food. — Apples, bananas, pecans, and granose. Subject.— C. P. H. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.6 kilograms (142.5 pounds), and at the close, 64.2 kilograms (141.5 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast February 11, 1902. Table 38.- —Result. ! of digestion experiment No. 408. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. \ Carbohydrates. L Nitro- 1 Pro- j Vat gen. tein. Fat " Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. Ash. combus- tion. 209a Apples Grams. 568 2,042 340 992 Grams. 57.82 283. 82 320. 10 874. 74 Grams, (i mm*. 0.48 3.01 Grams. 3.07 3.06 243. 15 10. 22 Grams. 46.46 253. 40 12.89 737. 95 Grams. 5.28 6.74 10.78 18.05 Grams. 1.36 10.41 5.27 22.42 Calories. 260 212a 3.30 8.52 17.37 20.62 53.28 108. 52 1,203 233 Pecans 2,663 3,887 243 Granose Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. 3,942 1,536.48 29.67 185.43 | 259.50 1, 050. 70 40. 85 39.46 8,013 97a 204. 50 225. 35 1,311.13 85.34 10.64 19.03 64.16 66.49 118. 94 64.16 48.16 211. 34 81.45 83.68 967. 02 92.04 27. 02 13.83 33.86 39.15 0.31 1/374 6, 639 82.88 Energy of urine.. 149 Energy of food oxidized in the body 6,490 81.02 Per cent of energy utilized 1 1 1 1 During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,209 grams urine, containing 0.980 per cent or 31.43 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 7.42 grams; outgo in urine 7.86 grams, and in feces 2.66 grams; indi- cating a loss of 3.10 grams, corresponding to 19.38 grams protein. 56 A thick pudding was made of the bananas cooked in their own juice with the addition of granose. This dish the subject declared to be very palatable and satisfying. The apples were eaten either baked or stewed. The subject considered this diet very palatable and did not crave any other foods. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 409. Kind of food. — Oranges, bananas, pecans. Subject.— C. P. H. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.9 kilograms (143 pounds), and at the close, 64.2 kilograms (141.5 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast February 18, 1902. Table 39.- — Results of digestion experiment Ao. 409. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight; Total of ma- i organic terial. ! matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat, Carbohj -drates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 238a Oranges 1 Grams, j Grams. 2,381 227.86 4,480 ! 622.76 567 ; 533.81 Grams. Grams. 3. 57 22. 38 Grams. 3.10 6.72 405. 50 Grams. 191. 90 556. 00 21.49 Grams. 10.48 14.79 17.97 Grams. 11.19 22. 85 8.79 Calorics. 964 212a 7.24 14.21 45.25 88.85 2,638 4,439 233 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. 7,428 '1,384.43 25. 02 156.48 | 415.32 769. 39 43.24 42. 83 8,041 101a 163. 20 141. 01 1,243.42 89.82 7.33 17.69 70.70 45.80 110. 68 70.72 41.69 373. 63 89.96 43. 11 726. 28 94.40 10.41 32.83 75.93 22.19 20.64 48.19 900 7,141 88.80 138 Energy of food oxidized in the 7,003 Per cent of energy 87.12 1 During this experiment the subject eliminated 6,006 grams urine, containing 0.407 per cent or 24.46 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 6.25 grams; outgo in urine 6.11 grams, and in feces 1.83 grams; indicating a loss of 1.69 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 10.56 grams protein. It was noted b}^ the subject that the diet used in this test was very "weakening.' 1 It had been his custom to exercise an hour each day by climbing a steep hill, and to run part of the distance. This he could do without difficulty when on a diet which includes cereals, but not on the diet used in the present test. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 410. Kind of food. — Oranges, bananas, pecans, granose. Subject.— C. P. H. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.2 kilo- grams (141.5 pounds), and at the close, 63.7 kilograms (140.5 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast February 25, 1902. 57 TABLE 41). — Results of digestion experiment No. 410. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic- matter. Grams. 551.51 135. 71 273. 02 775. 96 Nitro- gen. Grams. 6.41 2.13 7.27 15.41 Pro- tein. Fat. Carboh} Sugar, starch, etc. -drates. 1 Fiber. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. 212a 238a Bananas Grams. 3,968 1,418 290 880 Grams. 40.07 13.33 45.44 96.26 Gravis. 5.95 1.84 207. 40 9.06 Grams. 492. 40 114. 30 10.99 654.62 Grams, i 13.09 6.24 9.19 16.02 Grams. 20. 24 6.66 4.50 19.89 Calories. 2,336 582 233 2,273 243 3,444 Total Feces (water- free) Amount digested . Per cent digested. 6,556 il,736.20 31.22 195. 10 224. 25 1,272.31 44. 54 j 51.29 8,635 105a 229. 88 196. 74 1,539.46 88.67 9.40 21.82 69.89 58.75 136. 37 69.89 39.86 184.39 82.23 73. 09 1,199.22 94.26 25.04 1 19.50 43.78 j 33.15 18.14 35.37 1,165 7,470 86.51 171 Energy of food oxidized in the i 7,299 Per cent of energy 84.53 During this experiment the subject eliminated 5,372 grams urine, containing 0.589 per cent or 31.63 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 7.81 grams; outgo in urine 7.91 grams, and in feces 2.35 grams; indicating a loss of 2.45 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 15.31 grams protein. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. till. Kind of food. — Oranges, dried prunes, walnuts. Subject— C. P. H. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of experiment, 65.8 kilo- grams (145 pounds), and at the close, 64.0 kilograms (141 pounds). Duration. — Three days, with six meals, beginning with breakfast March 4, 1902. Table 41.— Results of digestion experiment Xo. 411- Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Sugar, | starch, Fiber, etc. Ash. Hert of combus- tion. 238a Grams. 1,532 1,587 1,388 Grams. 146. 62 952. 81 517. 32 Grams. Grams. 2.30 14.40 5.69 \ 35.55 21.61 135.06 Grams. 1.99 S. 25 345. 90 Grams. Grams. 123. 49 6. 74 886.00 23.01 26. 09 10. 27 Grams. 7.20 37.93 10. 55 Calorics. 6'»8 256a 3,990 223a 4,021 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. 4,507 1,616.75 29.60 , 1S5.01 356. 14 1,035.58 40.02 55. 68 8,639 108a 117.41 104. 51 1, 512. 24 93. 53 4.92 24. 68 83.38 30. 76 154.25 83.38 41.51 314. 63 88. 34 25.79 i 6.45 1,009.79 33.57 97.48 ! 83.89 12. 90 42. 78 76.85 709 7,930 Per cent digested .1 91.80 Energy of urine . . 193 Energy of food oxidized in the 7,737 Per cent of energy utilized 89. 58 During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,195 grams urine, containing 0.657 per cent or 14.42 grams nitrogen. The average 58 nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 9.87 grams; outgo in urine 4.81 grams, and in feces 1.64 grams; indicating a gain of 3.42 grams nitrogen, or 21.38 grams protein. This experiment was originally planned as a four -day test, but owing to the laxative character of the diet, which the subject attrib- uted to the prunes, it was deemed advisable to shorten it to three days. The subject noted that while this diet did not make him ill, it did cause him to feel very weak. Had a smaller quantity of prunes been used, perhaps the results would have been different. Notwithstanding this intestinal trouble and loss of body weight, the results indicate an appreciable gain of body protein. This is more important than the loss of body weight, which was presumably due to the loss of fluids occasioned by the diarrhea. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 412. Kind of food.— Dates, olives (pickled ripe), walnuts. Subject— C. P. H. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.5 kilograms (140 pounds), and at the close. 64.1 kilograms (142 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast March 11, 1902. Table 42. — Results of digestion experiment No. 413. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Sugar, starch, Fiber, etc. j Ash. Heat of combus- tion. 37 Dates Grams. Grams. 2,129 1,202.88 908 j 228.88 623 232.14 Grams. 9.20 2.96 9.71 Grams. 57.48 18.52 60.62 Grams. 6.39 169. 41 155. 20 Grams. 1 Grams. 1,094.30 44.71 18.52 ! 22.43 11.71 4.61 Grams. 27.68 38.40 Calories. 4,957 240a Olives 1 752 223a Walnuts 4.74 j 1,800 Total 3,660 1,663.90 21.87 136.62 | 331.00 1, 124.53 | 71.75 70.82 8, 509 112a Feces (water-free) Amount digested. Per cent digested. Energy of urine . . 284.76 255. 35 1,408.55 84.71 8.79 13.08 59.81 54. 92 81.70 59.81 71.15 259 55 78.41 108.52 20.46 1,016.01 | 51.29 90.35 71.48 29. 41 41.41 58.47 1,702 6,807 80.00 102 Energy of food oxidized in the bodv 0,705 Per cent of energy utilized 78.80 1 During this experiment the subject eliminated 3,665 grams urine, containing 0.523 per cent or 19.15 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 5.47 grams; outgo in urine 4.79 grams, and in feces 2.20 grams; indicating a loss of 1.52 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 9.50 grams protein. The subject believed the combination of dates, olives, and nuts to be an ideal fruit diet for him; and his physical condition and the fact that 59 he increased his weight during- the experimental period showed that at least it agreed with him. In order, however, that the nitrogen equilibrium be maintained the proportion of nuts in the diet should have been increased. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 413. K'md of food. — Dates, olives, and almonds. Subject.— C. P. H. Weight {with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.4 kilograms (142 pounds), and at the close, 64.0 kilograms (141 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast March 18, 1902. Table 43. — Results of digestion experiment No 413. Sam- ple Kind of food. No. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Carbohydrates. Fat. Sugar. starch. Fiber, etc. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. 37 Dates 240a Olives 249 Almonds Grams. 2,494 1,389 312 Grams. 1, 409. 08 350. 18 289. 53 Grams. 10.78 4.53 8.63 Grams. 67. 33 28.33 53.92 Grams. 7.48 259. 20 169. 40 Grams. 1,281.90 28.34 58.16 Grams. 52.37 34. 31 8.05 Grams. 32.42 58.75 8.67 Calories. 5,814 2, 681 2, 159 Total 4,195 2,048.79 23.94 149.58 436. 08 1,368.40 94.73 99.84 10, 6.54 116a Feces (water-free) Amount digested . Per cent digested. Energy of urine . . 282.50 252. 53 1,796.26 87.68 8.18 15.76 65. 84 51. 17 98.41 65.80 73.17 362. 91 83.22 107.66 1. 260. 74 92.14 20.53 74.20 78.34 29. 97 69.87 69.98 1,747 8,907 83.60 123 Energy of food i oxidized in the body 8,784 Per cent of energy utilized 82. 45 i During this experiment the subject eliminated 4,156 grams urine, containing 0.577 per cent or 23.97 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 5.98 grams; outgo in urine 5.99 grams, and in feces 2.05 grams: indi- cating a loss of 2.06 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 12.88 grams protein. The subject seemed to relish the diet. The only criticism made was that for a longer period the diet would have been greatly improved by the addition of some cereal food. If the kind of food was unchanged more nuts would have been required to maintain nitrogen equilibrium. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 414. Kind of food. — Dates, olives (pickled ripe), almonds, granose. Subject.— G. P. H. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 63.5 kilograms (140 pounds), and at the close. 64.6 kilograms (142.5 pound-). Duration. — Four days, with eight meals, beginning with breakfast March 25, 1902. 60 Table 44. — Results of digestion experiment No. 414- Sam- ple No. Kind of food. /Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar, starch, Fiber. etc. 37 Dates . Grams. 1,502 340 566 680 Grains. 848.61 315. 51 142. 69 144. 35 Grams. 6.49 9.40 1.85. 11.90 Grams. 40. 56 58.76 11.55 74.39 Grams. 4.51 184.60 105. 61 7.00 Grams. 772. 00 63.38 11. 55 50.58 Grams. 31.54 8.77 13.98 12. 38 Grams. 19.53 9.45 23.94 15. 37 Calories. 3,499 249 2, 347 240a Olives 1,095 243 2, 663 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. 3,088 1,451.16 29. 64 185. 26 301.72 897. 51 66.67 68.29 9,604 120a 283. 34 252. 98 1,192.18 82. 15 8.96 20.68 69.77 56.03 129. 23 69.76 75.20 226. 52 75. 08 97.37 800. 14 89. 15 24.38 42. 29 63.42 30.36 37.93 55.54 1,674 7,930 82. 59 162 Per cent digested. Energy of urine . . Energy of food oxidized in the body 7,768 80.89 Per cent of energy l utilized 1 During this experiment the s containing- 0.657 per cent or nitrogen balance per day was 7.41 grams; outgo in urine 5 indicating a loss of 0.47 pram protein. The subject was well pleased but stated that he would have i tables or some ripe, fresh fruit abject eliminated 3,431 grams urine, 22.56 grams nitrogen. The average therefore as follows: Income in food .64 grams, and in feces 2.24 grams; nitrogen, corresponding to 2.94 grams with the diet used in this experiment, dished occasionally a few green vege- i ii addition. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 415. Kind of food. — Gofio" (a parched cereal preparation). Subject. -C. P. H. Weight (jrlfji clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment, 64.0 kilograms (141 pounds), and at the close, 63.1 kilograms (139 pounds). Duration. — Three days, with seven meals, beginning with break- fast April 1, 1902. Table 45. — Results of digestion experiment No. 415. Sam- ple No. Kind'of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Carbohydrates. P ?°- Fat tein. v:2. with a diet of apples, bananas, and almonds. During this experiment about three and a half time- as much protein and energy were consumed as in experiment No. 391. In this case the maximum average daily gain of protein (4.13 grains) was also observed. It is of interest to note that during the two experiments, representing, respectively, the maximum and minimum amounts of food eaten, the body weight remained constant. The fact that 79.9 per cent of the protein was digested and 8S.15 per cent of the energy was available indicates the high nutritive value of the combination of apples, bananas, and almonds. The high digestibilty of the almond, as compared with walnuts, Brazil nuts, and pecans, is shown by a comparison of the results of experiments Nos. 399 and 4<>:2 with those of experiments Nos. 4<><» 5 404. and 4< >7. The coefficients of digestibility in experiment No. 397, where walnuts were used, are all lower than in No. 399. where almonds were eaten in place of walnuts. This is especially true of the protein and energy, the percentages being 62.56 and 78.87, and 74.48 and 86.17. respec- tively. In the other four experiments the combination of apples and bananas remained constant, while a change was made in the variety of the nut. In No. 402, where almonds were eaten, the coefficients are the highest, and in No. 407. in which pecans were used, the coefficients are the lowest. A reference to Table 46 shows that during experiment No. 4<>7 the amount of protein furnished by the diet was but 35.36 grams per day. the lowest reported for any of the experiments in question. Again it is of interest to note that, with the exception of experiment No. 400, the coefficient of digestibility of protein varied directly with the amount consumed per day during the four experi- mental periods. 64 The great difference between the quantities of food eaten during these four experiments may have arisen from .several causes. It may be that the almonds were more palatable, and that this accounted for the increased consumption of food in No. 4:02; or possibly the diet became too monotonous during the fourth period (experiment No. 407), and therefore less food was eaten. On the other hand, it will be observed that the maximum amount of food ingested was not with experiment No. 400, the iirst of the scries with apples and bananas with nuts, but during experiment No. 402, the second of the series, and that in the third experiment, No. 404, when Brazil nuts were used, there was a sudden drop of over 45 per cent in the protein and nearly 35 per cent in the energy in the diet. A comparison of exper- iments Nos. 412 and 413, in which there was an entirely different com- bination of fruits, also emphasizes the high digestibility of the almond. Notwithstanding the fact that almonds were used in experiment No. 413, thus putting it at a disadvantage as regards the monotoiry of the diet, the coefficients of digestibility of all the nutrients and energy are appreciably higher than in experiment No. 412. In view of these data the conclusion seems warranted that almonds possess a higher coeffi- cient of digestibility, at least for this subject, than do either walnuts, Brazil nuts, or pecans. The reason of the low coefficient of digestibilit}' for protein in exper- iment No. 392, as noted earlier, is that the almonds eaten were ground to a paste and in this form did not agree with the subject, but caused indigestion. In view of this fact almonds Avere not compared with the other nuts in the foregoing discussion. It appears from the tables that the diet which resulted in the highest coefficients of digestibility furnished next to the highest protein and energy per day, and induced next to the highest net increase in body protein, was a combination of oranges, prunes, and walnuts. This dietary, however, was so laxative for the subject that the experiment had to be terminated at the end of the third day. The diet consisting of dates, olives, and walnuts, used in experiment No. 412, } T ielded the lowest coefficients of digestibilit} 7 . While it appears from Table 47 that a combination of apples, bananas, and pecans (experiment No. 407) is as digestible as a diet of oranges, bananas, and pecans (experiment No. 409), a reference to Table 48, showing the income and outgo of nitrogen, indicates thai in the latter case the loss of body protein is only about one-half that noted for the former,^ But it must be remembered that in experi- ment No. 409 about 25 per cent more pecans were eaten, thus sup- plying a notable increase in the daily protein as compared with experiment No. 407. Chemical analysis has shown that the apple contains ver} 7 little pro- tein, and a study of the data in Table 47 would seem to indicate that. 65 for this subject at least, the quantity present has a very low coefficient of digestibility. The coefficient for the protein in a diet of bananas and walnuts was 75.85 per cent. When apples were substituted for bananas the coefficient was 62.56 per cent, and again when apples and bananas were used in combination with walnuts (experiment No. 400) the coefficient was 74.63. Comparing experiments Nos. 407 and 408 and Nos. 409 and 410 it would seem that the addition of granose to the diet lowered the coeffi- cients of digestibility of all the nutrients and the coefficient of availa- bility of the energy. In view of the relatively high coefficients of digestibility of foods like granose it is more than likely that the lower values observed were due to the granose interfering with the digestion of the nuts. The coefficients of availability of the gofio used in experiment No. 415 compared very favorably with the averages obtained for the 16 experiments with fruit and nuts with the same subject given in Table 47. Considering all the experiments, the average coefficient of digesti- bility of fat, 86.16 per cent, implies that the fat of the nuts possesses a high nutritive value. This average would be materially increased if experiment No. 391, showing the minimum 18.96 per cent, were not included in the calculation. The maximum digestibility, 91.84 per cent, w T as noted for experiment No. 4<>2. in which the diet consisted of bananas, apples, and almonds. The results given in Table 47 indicate that in every experiment the sugar and starch of the fruits and nuts were very well assimilated. The minimum, maximum, and average coefficients of digestibility for sugar, starch, etc., are 89.15 per cent, 97.48 per cent, and 93.73 per cent, respectively. The digestibility of the crude fiber ranged from 19.71 per cent in experiment No. 388 to 89.41 per cent in experiment No. 411, and was on the average 74.36 per cent. The highest coeffi- cient of digestibility for the mineral matter (78.38 per cent) was noted in experiment No. 391, and the lowest (34.51 per cent) in experiment No. 404. As may be seen by reference to Table 48 there was a loss of body protein in eleven of the sixteen experiments. The average daily loss of nitrogen ranged from 0.04 gram (0.25 gram protein) in experi- ment No. 397 to 3.30 grams (20.63 grams protein) in experiment No. 407. The maximum gain (4.12 grams) is reported for experiment No. 402 and the minimum gain, 0.21 gram nitrogen, in experiment No. 399. It thus appears that in order to attain nitrogen equilibrium this subject required about 8 grams of nitrogen (50 grams protein) per day. when the daily food furnished not far from 1,800 calories of energy. It must be remembered, however, that much depends on the source and digestibility of the protein. In experiment No. 408 the daily diet of 1453— No. 132—03 5 66 apples, bananas, pecans, and grano.se furnished 7. 42 grams of nitro- gen, which evidently was insufficient, as there was recorded an average daily loss of 3.1 grams nitrogen. Again, in experiment No. -1<>7, with a diet of the same fruit and nuts but no granose, the daily income of nitrogen was 5.68 grams and the loss 3.3 grams. EXPERIMENTS WITH A. V. AND J. E. R. The digestion experiments made with the subjects A. V. and J. E. R. follow. Both were young men, university students, and in good health. Neither subject was used to a vegetarian or fruitarian diet, though A. V. had been experimenting with such diets for a number of years. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 416. Kind of food. — Bananas, oranges, almonds. Subject. — A. V. Weight {without clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 68.9 kilograms (152 pounds), and at the close 69.4 kilograms (153 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast. May 5, 1902. Table 49. — Results of digestion experiment No. 416. Sam- ple Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Fat. Carbohydrates. oEanic * organic t - matter. &en - ieiIK Sugar. starch, Fiber, etc. A sli. combus- ' tion. 21"a Bananas Gram*. Grams. Grams. 7,081 j 984.31 11.44 Grams. 71. 52 Grams. 10.62 Gram*. Gram*. 878. 80 23. 37 Grams. 36.11 Calories. 4.16* 236a ' )rangt-s 10.474 , 976.30 17.43 990 | 918.73 1 27.37 108. 94 171.07 11.52 537. 60 810.80 45.04 184. 52 25. .54 49. 23 27. 52 4.1*1 249 Almonds 6, 821 Total 18.545 2.879.84 | 56.24 351.53 559.74 1.874.12 93.95 112.86 15, 170 126a Feces t water-free) Amount digested. 386. 50 333. 99 2,539.35. 88.20 14.91 41.33 73. 51 93. 16 258. 37 73.51 91.45 127.78 . 21.60 468.29 1.746.34 72.35 83.64 | 93.18 77.02 52. 51 (iO. 35 53. 47 2. 227 12. 943 Percent digested. 85. 26 323 Energy of food oxidized in the 12,620 Per cent of energy utilized 83. 19 ; I ! ! During this experiment the subject eliminated 6.191 grams urine, containing ".69 per cent or -12.71 grams nitrogen. The average nitro- gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 14.06 grams; outgo in urine 10.68 grams, and in feces 3.73 grams; indicat- ing a loss of 0.35 gram nitrogen, corresponding to 2.19 grams protein. Owing to the larger consumption of nuts the protein supplied per day during this test was 30 per cent more than the daily protein aver- age for the same subject in dietary No. 363 (p. 29). The fuel values for the two studies (3,305 and 3,155 calories, respectively) show 67 a much closer agreement. In spite, however, of the comparatively larger quantity of protein consumed there was a slight loss of nitrogen, thus implying that this subject required between 15 and 16 grams per day, with about 3,300 calories of energy, in order to attain nitrogen equilibrium. The data recorded indicate that the body assimilated the food very thoroughly. DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 11 T. Kind of food* — Bananas, dates, walnuts, with a small quantity of sugar. Subject— J. E. R. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 76.7 kilograms (169 pounds), and at the close 75.3 kilograms (166 pounds). Duration. — Four days, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast May 6. 1902. Table 50. — Results of digestion experiment No. 417. Sam- 6 ] o e Kind of food. Weight Total of ma- organic terial. matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Carboh\ •drates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Fat. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 212a 37 Bananas Dates Gram*. Grams. 3, 005 417. 68 964 544. 66 1,290 480.71 258 258.00 Grams. 4.86 4.16 20.08 Grams. 30.35 26.03 125. .50 Grams. Grams. 4.51 372.90 2.89 495.50 321.41 24.25 258. 00 Gram*. 9.92 20.24 9.55 Grains. 15.24 12. 53 9.80 Calories. 1,768 2, 250 223a 3, 722 46 Sugar Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. Percent digested. Energy of urine . . 989 5,517 1,701.05 29.10 181. 88 328.81 1,150.65 39.71 37.57 | 8,729 130a 228.67 205.73 1,495.32 8.86 20. 24 69.56 55. 36 126. 52 69.56 79.47 62.56 249.34 1,088.09 75.83 , 94.58 8.34 31.37 79.00 22.94 | 1,415 14.63 7/2S4 87. 90 38.94 83.44 158 7,126 SI. 64 Energy of food oxidized in the body Percent of energy utilized 1 1 1 1 1 During this experiment the subject eliminated 2,225 grams urine, containing 1.10 per cent or 27.51: grams nitrogen. The average nitro- gen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 7.2S grams; outgo in urine 6.89 grams, and in feces 2.21 grams; indi- cating a loss of 1.82 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 11.38 grams protein. This experiment was preceded by a preliminary period of three days, during which the subject followed the same diet as in the diges- tion experiment. During this time there was no appreciable loss of weight. The subject had to perform an unusual amount of hard work during the test proper, which accounts, in part at least, for the loss of weight experienced. Furthermore, he drank very little water. 68 DIGESTION EXPERIMENT NO. 4:18. Kind of food. — Bananas, oranges, walnuts, with a small quantity of sugar. Subject. — J. E. R. Weight (with clothes). — At the beginning of the experiment 75.3 kilograms (166 pounds), and at the close 75.9 kilograms (167.5 pounds). Duration. — Four clays, with twelve meals, beginning with breakfast May 13, 1902. Table 51. — Results of digestion experiment No. 418. Sam- ple No. Kind of food. Weight of ma- terial. Total organic matter. Nitro- gen. Pro- tein. Fat. Carbohydrates. Ash. Heat of combus- tion. Sugar, starch, etc. Fiber. 212a Bananas Grams. 2,438 4,051 1,304 190 Grams. 338. 88 387. 93 486. 05 190. 00 Grams. 3.93 6.09 20.30 Grams. 24. 62 38.11 126. 89 Grams. 3. m 5.27 324. 99 Gram*. 302. 55 326. 70 24. 52 190. 00 Grams. 8.05 17.85 9.65 Grams. 12.43 19.05 9.91 Calories. 1,434 238a 223a Oranges, navel . . . 1,663 3,784 46 Sugar 751 Total Feces (water-free) Amount digested. 7,986 1,402.86 30. 32 189. 62 333.92 843.77 35. 55 41.39 7, 632 134a 232. 13 205. 48 1,197.38 85.35 8.71 21.61 71.28 54.41 135. 21 71.31 85. 93 247. 99 74.26 55.86 787. 91 93.40 9. 28 26. 27 73.90 26.64 14. 75 35. 64 1,479 6, 153 Per cent digested. 80. 63 Energy of urine . . 169 Energy of food oxidized in the body 5,984 Per centof energy utilized 78.41 During this experiment the subject eliminated 1,657 grams urine, containing 1.76 per cent or 29.16 grams nitrogen. The average nitrogen balance per day was therefore as follows: Income in food 7.58 grams; outgo in urine 7.29 grams, and in feces 2.18 grams; indicating a loss of 1.89 grams nitrogen, corresponding to 11.81 grams protein. The subject considered the diet of bananas, oranges, and walnuts more palatable than the previous one of bananas, dates, and walnuts, but a comparison of the results of the two tests does not indicate that the amount of nutrients eaten or assimilated was increased. In dietery study No. 362, p. 27, with the same subject, the daily diet furnished 85 grams protein and 2,937 calories of energy, amounts which are far in excess of the average values for the two experiments just reported. In no case was the amount to be eaten limited, but in the digestion experiments the diet was limited to two kinds of fruit and one of nuts, while in the dietary study the variety of fruits and nuts was larger, as may be seen by reference to Table 12. Considering this and the preceding experiment, the average daily income of protein, 46.44 grams, was evidently below the limit of tolerance for this subject. In both experiments a loss occurred which was almost identical. It would appear, then, that the nitrogen limit of this subject was about 10 gram* per day, when the diet furnished about 1,900 calories of energy. GENERAL SUMMARY OF DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS. It is of interest to compare the average amount of nutrients digested by the different subjects, as is done in Table 52, which also includes the average results of a large number of tests with young men on a diet consisting- of ordinary food materials, but in many cases supplying a large proportion of fat or carbohydrates as compared with protein, and of a large number of tests with young men on an ordinary mixed diet. Table 52. — Summary of digestion experiments. Subjects and number of experiment^ Carbohydrates. Total ; organic Protein. Fat. Sugar, matter. starch. Fiber. etc. Energy Ash. avail-" able. Subject C P. H., 16 experiments . Subject W. S. M.. 11 experiments Subject J. E. R.,2 experiments . . Subject A. V., 1 experiment Per cent. 88.71 92.56 86.74 r cent. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 71.76 H",. 16 93.70 74.60 79.96 88.61 96.88 81.86 70. 44 75.05 94.06 76. 58 73.51 83.64 93.18 77. 02 Pi r ct. Per ct. 54.02 84.76 58.47 B8.78 37.21 Hi. 14 53. 47 83. 19 90. 26 Average. 30 experiments Average of 50 experiments with young men on diet of ordinary food materials supplying in many cases large proportions of fat or carbodydrates a 90. Hi 95 Average of 93 experiments with young men on ordinary diet i> 93. 30 95 5. 30 86. 43 95. 10 ,54. 76 86. 13 a Conn. | storrst Station Rpt. 1901. p. 235. bConn. (Storrsi Station Rpt. 1899. p. J>7. The lowest coefficients of digestibility were found with subject J. E. R.. and the highest with subject W. S. M. The high coeffi- cients noted for the latter subject may be accounted for in part by the addition to the diet of small quantities of relishes, such as olive oil, tomatoes, and olives, which possibly increased the How of digestive juices, or may be due to the fact that he had been longer accustomed to the diet. As will be seen from the figures in the above table, the average coefficients of digestibility of carbohydrates obtained for the fruits and nuts compare favorably with those quoted for a mixed diet. While coefficients of digestibility can easily be calculated from the foregoing data for the several fruits and nuts alone, it seems unwise to do so at present. Later, when more data have accumulated, par- ticularly regarding the digestibility of fruits and nuts in a mixed diet, it should be possible to obtain coefficients of digestibility which will stand the test of criticism and be of practical use in determining the real nutritive value of dietaries containing- such foods. 70 INCOME AND OUTGO OF NITROGEN. As will be seen by reference to the tables reporting the results of the individual tests, there was considerable variation in the income and outgo of nitrogen with the different subjects. Table 53 summarizes the data on this topic, recording the tests in which maximum and minimum gain or loss was noted, and also shows the energy in the several cases. Table 53. — Income and outgo of nitrogen — Summary of daily maxima and minima gains and losses. Exper- Nitrogen. Energy iment No. In food. In urine. In feces. Gain ( + ) or loss i - i. Grams. -3.33 - .04 -4.12 + .21 -3.69 - .05 -5.62 + 1.29 -1.89 -1.82 - .35 of daily diet. 407 SUBJECT C. P. H. Maximum loss (16 experiments). Grams. 5.66 7.18 11.40 7.14 2.20 7.60 15. 00 8.62 7.58 7. 28 14.06 ( Trams. 7.25 4.53 4.99 5.11 4.67 5.84 7.40 5.59 7.29 6.89 10.68 'Trams. 1.73 2.69 2. 29 1.82 1.22 1.81 1.98 1.74 2.18 2.21 3. 73 ( 'alories. 3, 279 397 402 399 388 Maximum gain . . . Minimum gain ... SUBJECT W. S. If. Maximum loss (11 EXPERIMENTS i. 2.768 1,712 405 2,870 394 Maximum gain ... Minimum gain . . . 393 418 SUBJECT J. E. R. (2 EXPERIMENTS). 2,544 417 Minimum loss 2.910 416 SUBJECT A. V. (1 EXPERIMENT). 3,793 As may be seen by reference to the table, the daily excretion of nitrogen in the urine in these experiments with fruitarian or vegeta- rian diets was small. It must be remembered in this connection that under ordinary conditions the daily excretion of nitrogen in the urine depends mainly on the amount of nitrogen ingested in the food and not on the nature of the diet, and in these tests the amount of protein in the food eaten per day was small. It appears that for subjects W. S. M. and C. P. H. the minimum daily losses (0.04 gram and 0.05 gram) are reported for the experi- ments where the nitrogen ingested is 7.18 grams and 7.60 grams, respectively, thus implying that to attain nitrogen equilibrium, with the same amount of energy as was furnished by the diet studied, these subjects should receive at least 8 grams of nitrogen per day. The loss of nearly 2 grams of nitrogen per day, experienced by subject J. E. R. in the two experiments with an income of 7 to 8 grams per day, would seem to indicate that, at least in a fruitarian diet with the same amount of energy, the nitrogen required daily would be about 10 grams. The comparatively large daily income of nitrogen (14.06 grams) reported for subject A. V. was insufficient for the maintenance of his nitrogen equilibrium, although it was practically twice as great as that 71 (7.14 grams) of subject C. P. H. in experiment No. 399, where a slight gain of nitrogen was noted. It is true that the above results are not in harmony with those observed with the ordinary mixed diet, yet at the same time they are not unique. Yoit. Rumpf. and Schumm, and Albu. as already pointed out (p. 30), have reported experiments with vegetarians whose average daily income of nitrogen was far below the tentative standards but yet was found to be sufficient either to just maintain the nitrogen equilib- rium or to cause a slight gain. Hirschfeld." Kumagawa, 6 Klemperer, c Peschel,** Caspari/ Siven/' Neumann. 5, and others have conducted metabolism experiments with subjects on mixed diets furnishing much less nitrogen than the commonly accepted standards call for and have found that the nitrogen equilibrium can be maintained with -mall amounts of protein in the food. As regards the experiments quoted, it will be seen that the minimum amount of protein necessary to maintain the nitrogen balance varies between wide limits. Klemperer reports the minimum amount 33 grams of daily protein and the writer the maximum $7.9 grams. In the former case a gain is noted and in the latter a loss. It thus appears that with one subject, weighing 141 pounds. 33 grams protein and 5,018 calories were more than sufficient to attain nitrogen equilib rium; another subject, A. V.. weighing 150 pounds, with a diet fur- nishing S7.9 grams protein and 3.155 calories, suffered a slight loss of nitrogen. These findings serve to emphasize the conclusion of Caspari that the minimum amount of daily protein required varies with the individual and may even vary with the same individual at different times. It must be remembered that although again of nitrogen was reported by Albu when the daily diet supplied only 34 grams protein and 1,400 calories the subject was a very small woman, weighing but 83 pounds. Si ven h brings out one point in his conclusions, in full accord with the results of the present investigation and which should serve as a warn- ing to anyone contemplating any appreciable decrease in the protein of the daily diet, namely, that when the protein of the food is increased after the body has suffered a loss of nitrogen, there is at once an effort to attain nitrogen equilibrium, and it appears that any gain of nitrog- enous body material is a comparatively slow process. This apparently indicates that the living substance must be slowly formed from the protein furnished by the diet. "Arch. Physiol. [Pfluger], 41 (1887), p 533. &Arch. Path. Anat. u. Physiol. [Virchow], 116 (1889), p. 370. '•Arch. Path. Anat. u. Physiol. [Virchow], 116 (1889), p. 362. 'Der Eiweissbedarf des gesunden Menschen, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1890. 'Arch. Anat. u. Physiol., Physiol. Abt., 1901, p. 323. /Skand. Arch. Physiol., 11 (1901), p. 308. ?Arch. Hyg., 45 (1*902), p. 1. h Skand. Arch. Physiol., 11 (1901), p. 330. 72 Even if it could be proved by a large number of experiments that' nitrogen equilibrium can be maintained on a small amount of protein^ it would still be a great question whether or not it would be wise to do so. There must certainly be a constant effort on the part of the human organism to attain this condition, and with a low protein supply it might be forced to do so under conditions of strain. In such a case the bad results might be slow in manifesting themselves, but might also be serious and lasting. It has also been suggested that when living at a fairly high protein level the body is more resistant to disease and other strains than when the protein level is low. AMOUNT OF FECES ON A FRUITARIAN DIET. It is interesting in this connection to compare the composition of the water-free feces from the digestion experiments here recorded with similar data from other sources, as is done in the following table: Table 54. — Comparison of composition of water-free feces. Whence obtained. Nature of diet. Weight Nitro- of feces, gen. Pro- Fat, | Car- bohy- drates. As]). Heat of combus- tion per gram. Average 11 experiments; subject, W. S. M. Average 16 experiments; subject, C. P. H. Average 2 experiments; subject, J. E. R. Average 1 experiment; subject, A. V. Average of above 30 ex- periments. Average 12 experiments, n. Average 14 experiments. l>. Average 10 experiments, d. Fruitarian. do do do do Bread and Mixed Bread and milk mii'k" < IT. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 117. c Heat of combustion calculated. d\J, S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 121. An examination of the above table shows that the average amount, 49.38 grams per day, of water-free feces from the 30 digestion experi- ments with fruitarian diet is much less than the corresponding amount reported for either bread and milk or mixed diet. It is also consider- ably below the average weights, 71.16 grams and 56 grams, of water- free feces from digestion experiments with vegetarians reported by Voit" and Albu^, respectively. It will be observed that the feces from the experiments with mixed diet and the average from the 12 experiments with bread and milk diet are much larger in amount and contain more protein than the average of the feces from the fruitarian experiments. The latter, however, contain more fat and carbohydrates. "Ztschr. Biol., 25 (1889), p. 234. fcZtschr. Klin. Med. [Berlin], 43 (1901), p. 75. 73 It thus appears from the table that the feces from the digestion experiments made with fruitarians here reported are not excessive in amount, as has usually been found to be the case with experiments with a vegetarian diet containing very little or no fruit. METABOLIC NITROGEN IN THE FECES. When considering the digestibility of any article of food it is quite important that allowance be made for the so-called metabolic prod- ucts/' At present there is no accurate method in vogue for the separation of the metabolic nitrogen from the nitrogen belonging to the undigested residue of the food in question, which is necessary in determining the true or absolute digestibility. The coefficients of digestibility of protein, therefore, which are obtained without taking into account the metabolic nitrogen, are lower more or less than they should be. If, however, the digestibility of any food or combination of foods is looked at in another light, the matter appears somewhat differently. Whether a certain amount of nitrogen is lost to the body through the undigested residue of the food, or whether it is lost through the metabolic products, makes practically no difference as regards the net income of nitrogen from the food; or. in other words, the real value of that food or food combination as a source of nitrogen to be utilized for other functions of the body than digestion. The metabolic nitrogen in the feces in nineteen of the experiments was determined, the method followed being the same as that previously used;* that is. the feces were treated successively with hot ether, hot alcohol, hot water, and cold limewater, reagents which experiment has shown dissolve the metabolic products present. The results of these analyses are given in Table 55. Table 55. — Total nitrogen infers* and nitrogen corrected for metabolic product*. Ex- peri- ment No. Kind of food. Dura- tion of test. Amount of feces i water- free). Nitrogen — In un- treated feces. In feces treated with re- agents. In meta- bolic prod- ucts. 391 SUBJECT C. P. H. Bananas 1st day Days. Gravis. 20. 30 17.60 19. -50 Per cent. 4.61 4.15 4.40 Pt r cent. 3.20 3.65 3.69 Per cent. 1.41 Bananas, 2d day .50 Bananas, 3d day .71 For whole period Bananas and almonds, 1st day 3 57. 40 4.41 3.50 .91 392 54. 00 2.79 30.00 85. 24 4.72 4.94 4.42 3.99 3.30 3.59 3.52 3.29 1.42 Bananas and almonds, 2d day 1.35 90 Bananas and almonds, 4th day .70 For whole period 4 172.03 4.31 3.34 97 "See discussion of the subject in U. 8. Dept. Agr.. Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 85 and 107. 6 U. S. Dept. of Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107. 74 Total nitrogen in feces and nitrogen corrected for metabolic products — C't'd. Ex- peri- ment No. Kind of food. • Dura- tion of test. Amount of feces ( water- free). Nitrogen— In un- treated feces. In feces treated with re- agents. In meta- bolic prod- ucts. 395 .subject c. P. h.— continued. Bananas and walnuts, 1st day Bays. Grams, 29. 38 38.49 65. 78 30.41 Per cent. 3.98 4.00 3.66 4.08 Pi r cent. 2.78 2.92 2.88 3.30 Per edit. 1.20 Bananas and walnuts, 2d dav 1.08 .78 78 For whole period Apples and walnuts, 1st dav 4 164.06 3.88 2.95 .93 397 69.86 79. 52 9.10 56.98 4.78 5.22 5. 92 4.77 3.19 3. 53 4.22 3.34 1.59 Apples and walnuts, 2d day 1.69 Apples and walnuts, 3d dav 1.70 Apples and walnuts, 4th dav 1.43 For whole period 4 i 215.46 4.99 3.40 1.59 Apples and almonds, 1st dav 399 38.99 4.69 4.81 4.49 4.00 3.69 3.59 3.69 3.15 1.00 Apples and almonds, 2d dav 43. 52 35. 48 44.49 1.22 Apples and almonds, 3d dav .£0 .85 For whole period 4 162. 48 4.49 3.52 .97 400 402 Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 1st dav 37.79 83. 58 26.20 2S.90 5.49 4. 60 5.16 4.70 4.05 3.31 3.73 3.33 1.44 Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 2d 1.29 Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 3d day 1.43 Apples, bananas, and walnuts, 4th day 1.37 4 176.47 4.89 3. 53 1.36 Apples, bananas, and almonds, 1st day 36.99 52. 98 55. 98 59.40 4.96 4.48 4.61 3.99 3.81 8.47 3.53 2.99 1.15 Apples, bananas, and almonds, 2d dav 1.01 Apples, bananas, and almonds, 3d day 1.08 Apples, bananas, and almonds, 4th 1.00 For whole period 4 ; 205.35 4.46 3.41 1.05 404 Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 1st day 90. 82 30.79 37.40 23.30 3.17 2.80 4.13 4.20 2.61 2.24 3.35 3.48 .56 Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 2d day .56 Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 3d day .78 Apples, bananas, and Brazil nuts, 4th dav .72 4 | 182.31 3.44 2.81 .63 166. 90 4.36 3.31 1.05 SUBJECT W. S. M. I8J 28.85 15. 00 25. 40 58.50 3.79 4.05 4.50 3.49 2. 92 3.23 2.99 2.49 .87 .82 1.51 1.00 4 ! 127.75 3.82 2.77 1.05 3f food. Dura- Amount subject w. s. M. — continned. Grapes, walnuts, granose. 1st day. Grapes, walnuts, granose. 2d day . Grapes, walnuts, granose. 3d day . Grapes, walnuts, granose. 4th day """'"'' Twite? I " 11 "- touted I »'"««- Days. Grams. ....... 88. 50 11. 20 34. 78 15.75 Per cent. 4.43 5.17 4. 72 5. 32 agents. Per cent. 3.04 4.03 3.37 3.74 For whole period 1-50. 23 4.65 394 Persimmons and peanuts, 1st day. Persimmons and peanuts, 2d day . Persimmons and peanuts. 3d day. Persimmons and peanuts, 4th day For whole period 8-5.00 34.00 3.82 3. 02 3.39 3.29 3.41 Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams), granose (113 grams.. 1st day Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams'), granose (113 grams |, 2d day Pears, walnuts, milk (227 grams'), granose 1 113 grams | . 3d day Pears, walnuts, milk (227 gram.- . granose U13 grams). 4th day 53. 30 58.80 24. 20 48.18 4.01 78 4.18 3.98 For whole period 3.95 Per cent 1.39 1.14 1.35 1..58 3.26 2.44 2.23 2.43 2. 32 \. 05 2.71 I 1.39 .79 .96 .97 1.04 1.13 1.10 1.13 1.59 1.24 398 39. 59 33.69 49.79 52.38 3.49 3.48 2. 93 3. 12 2.40 2. 23 1.76 2.05 1.09 1.25 Pears and coeoanuts, 3d dav 1.17 Pears and eocoanuts. 4th dav 1.07 For whole period 4 175. 45 3.22 2.08 1.14 Dried figs.apples.and walnuts, lstday. Dried figs.apples.and walnuts. 2d day. Dried figs.apples.and walnuts. 3d day. Dried figs.apples.and walnuts, 4thday For whole period 401 53. 80 56. 28 41.17 70.98 5.27 4.88 5.48 5.94 3.44 3.56 3.43 3.59 1.83 1.32 2.05 2 35 4 221. 23 5.43 3. 52 1.91 Apples, dates, and peanuts. 1st day. . Apples, dates, and peanuts, 2d dav .. 403 69. 70 68.70 47. -55 34.60 5.27 4.55 5.29 4.35 3.28 2.42 2.50 2.31 1.99 2.13 Apples, dates, and peanuts. 3d dav . . 2.79 Apples, dates, and peanuts. 4th day . For whole period 2.04 4 • 220.55 4.91 2.69 2.22 405 47.07 47.49 30.00 35. 20 4.33 4. 58 4.97 4.40 3.18 3.81 3.59 3. 38 1.15 Apples, dates, and pecans. 2d dav . . . .77 1.38 Apples, dates, and pecans. 4th dav.. 1.02 4 159. 76 4. 55 3.49 1.06 406 20. 49 64.98 29. 40 55. 50 4.89 5.11 4.93 5.33 3. 25 3. 23 3.81 3.15 1.64 Apples. raisins. and walnuts. 2d dav.. 1.88 Apples. raisins. and walnuts, 3d dav.. 1.12 Apples. raisins. and walnuts. 4th day. 2.18 4 165.37 5.12 3.31 1.81 178. 10 4.21 2.86 1.35 As will be seen by the figures in the table, the metabolic nitrogen is equal to the total nitrogen in the untreated feces less the amount remaining in the feces after treatment with the reagents: that is. it is equivalent to the amount dissolved out by the reagents. In a previous experiment'' it was found that the solvents above mentioned dissolved 4*2 per cent of the total nitrogen present. '< U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 10/ 76 The average amount of metabolic nitrogen in the feces in the experiments with the three subjects was 42.0, 32.1, and 2-t.l per rent, respectively, or a general average of 32.7 per cent, a value which agrees very closely with that found by Woods and Merrill a for a man on bread and milk diet, viz, 32 per cent. In later experiments not yet published the same authors with a different method of examina- tion obtained much higher results. They state, however, that they consider that the ether, alcohol, and limewater method yields the most trustworthy results. It would seem desirable and necessary to accumulate more data regarding metabolic nitrogen before drawing any definite conclusions. PECUNIARY ECONOMY OF FRUITS AND NUTS. The object of this discussion is to present one side of the pecuniary economy of food, especially fruit and nuts. The composition and digestibility of nuts and fruits has been discussed in the foregoing pages, but little has been said regarding their comparative cost as sources of nutrients and energy. The table below shows the comparative cost per pound of the total protein and per 1,000 calories of energy when furnished by different fruits and nuts and food products derived from them, and also the amount of nutrients and energy furnished for 10 cents rating the foods at certain average prices per pound. For purposes of com- parison a few of the more common foods have been included also. As already noted, fruits contain very little protein, therefore no matter how low the price of the fruit per pound the cost of the protein must of necessity be high. Nuts, on the other hand, being rich in protein, would supply this nutrient at a much lower cost. The principal nutri- ent in fruits belongs to the group carbohydrates. Nuts are rich in fats. Both fruit and nuts therefore are sources of energy, the amount varying within rather wide limits. Table 56. — Comparative cost of total nutrients <>n<1 energy 4<> calories of energy. If more peanuts and dried beans had 80 been used by the fruitarians studied, the diet would have been enriched and the cost decreased. The almond, so much in favor with fruitarians, furnishes for 10 cents about one-third the protein and less than one-half the energy supplied by peanuts. SUMMARY. A review of the results of the studies of the fruit and nut diet seems to bring out the following points of interest perhaps more promi- nently than some others: While some of the dietaries make it plain that it is possible to obtain the requisite amount of protein and a proper fuel value from a fruita- rian diet, still the majority of those studied fell far below the tentative standards. At the same time it is not just to ascribe this entirely to the form of diet. These same people might have consumed no larger quantities of nutrients on a mixed diet. The nutritive value of the fruitarian diet is shown most clearly in the case of the university student, who, though entirely unaccustomed to such fare, gradually changed from an ordinary mixed diet to one of fruit and nuts without apparent loss of health or strength. He was then able for eight days to carry on his usual college work and also for part of the time to perform heav} T physical work on an exclusively fruitarian diet without any material loss in weight. It would seem from the data that it was more difficult for two of the subjects to obtain the requisite amount of protein when on a limited diet of one kind of nut combined with fruits than it was when they were unrestricted and ate of a variety of each. In nearly all cases where the diet was limited in variety, consisting of combinations of one or two fruits with one kind of nuts, the subject uniformly complained of a constant craving for something else, as green vegetables or cereals. At such times it was found that the coefficients of digestibility were lower than those recorded when the subject ate some vegetables or cereals which made the diet more appetizing. The dietaries which included cereals furnished more protein and energy in most cases than those which were limited strictly to fruit and nuts. The chief sources of nutriment in fruits are the carbohydrates, which, judging by results of the experiments here reported, possess a coefficient of digestibility only slightly lower than the carbohydrates of the mixed diet. The cost of the food per person per day in the nine dietary studies varied from 18 cents to 46 cents. The amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine was small, as would be expected when the diet contains so little protein. Nitrogen equi- librium was maintained in 14 of the 31 digestion experiments, and in 81 some cases this was done with a smaller amount of protein than was usually consumed by the same subject during the dietary studies. The feces excreted per day during the digestion experiments were less in amount than has been noted in some experiments with a mixed diet or a diet of bread and milk. This is contrary to what has been found usually with a vegetarian diet made up of bread and other cereal foods, garden vegetables, etc., and containing little or no fruit and nuts. The percentage of so-called metabolic nitrogen in the feces examined did not exceed that found by other investigators in feces from a bread and milk diet. Although it is undoubtedly advisable to wait until more data have been gathered before making definite statements regarding the digest- ibility of different fruits and nuts, enough work has been done to show that they are quite thoroughly digested and have a much higher nutritive value than is popularly attributed to them. In view of this it is certainly an error to consider nuts merely as an accessory to an already heavy meal and to regard fruit merely as something of value for its pleasant flavor or for its hygienic or medicinal virtues. As shown by their composition and digestibility, both fruit and nuts can be favorably compared with other and more common foods. A- sources of carbohydrates, fruits at ordinary prices are not expen- sive: and as sources of protein and fat. nuts at usual prices are reasonable. In the present investigations the question of the wholesomeness of a long-continued diet of fruit and nuts is not taken up. The agree- ment of one food or another with any person is frequently more or less a matter of personal idiosyncrasy, but it seems fair to say that those with whom nuts and fruits agree can. if they desire, readily secure a considerable part of their nutritive material from such sources. O 1453— No. 132—03 6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS ON THE FOOD AND NUTRITION OF MAN-Continued. Bui. 89. Experiments on the Effect of Muscular Work upon the Digestibility of Food and the Metab- olism of Nitrogen. Conducted at the University of Tennessee, 1897-1899. By r. e, Wait. Pp. 77. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 91. Nutrition Investigations at the University of Illinois, North Dakota Agricultural College. and Lake Erie College, Ohio. 1896-1900, By H. S. Grindley and J. L. Sammis. E. F. Ladd, and Isabel Bevier and Elizabeth C. Sprague. Pp. 42. Price. 5 cents. Bui. 98. The Effect of Severe and Prolonged Muscular Work on Food Consumption. Digestion, and Metabolism, by W. O. Atwater andH. C. Sherman, and the Mechanical Work and Efficiency of Bicyclers, by R. C. Carpenter. Pp. 67. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 101. Studies on Bread and Bread Making at the University of Minnesota in 1899 and 1900. By Harry Snyder. Pp. 65. Price. 5 cents. Bui. 102. Experiments on Losses in Cooking Meat. 1*98-1900. By H. S. Grindley, with the coopera- tion of H. McCormack and H. C. Porter. Pp. 64. Price, 5 cents, Bui. 107. Nutrition Investigations Among Fruitarians and Chinese at the California Agricultural Experiment Station. £$$-1901. By M. E. Jaffa. Pp. 43. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 109. Experiments on the Metabolism of Matter and Energy- in the Human Body, 1^9^1900. By W. 0. Atwater and F. G. Benedict, with the cooperation of A. P. Bryant. A. W. Smith, and J. F. Snell. Pp. 147. Price. 10 cents. Bui. 116. Dietary Studies in New York City in 1896 and 1897. By W. O. Atwater and A. P. Bryant. Pp. v :>. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 117. Experiments on the Effect of Muscular Work upon the Digestibility of Food and the Metab- olism of Nitrogen. Conducted at the University of Tennessee, 1899-1900. By C. E. Wait. Pp. 43. Price, 5 cents. Bui. 121. Experiments on the Metabolism of Nitrogen. Sulphur, and Phosphorus in the Human Organism. By H. C. Sherman. Pp. 47. Price. 5 cents. Bui. 126. Studies on the Digestibility and Nutritive Value of Bread at the University of Minnesota in 1900-1902. By Harry Snyder. Pp. n2. Price. 5 cent-. Bui. 129. Dietary Studies in Boston and Springfield, Mass., Philadelphia, Pa., and Chicago, 111. By Lydia Southard, Ellen H. Richards. Susannah Usher, Bertha M. Terrill, and Amelia Shapleigh. Edited by R. D. Milner. Pp. 103. Price, 10 cents. FARMERS' BULLETINS. # *Bul. 23. Foods: Nutritive Value and Cost. By W. O. Atwater. Pp. 32. Bui. 34. Meats: Composition and Cooking. By C. D. Woods. Pj Bui. 74. Milk as Food. Pp.39. Bui. 85. Fish as Food. By C. F. Langworthy. Pp. 30. Bui. 93. Sugar as Food. By Mary H. Abel. Pp. 27. Bui. 112. Bread and the Principles of Bread Making. By Helen W. Atwater. Pp. 39. Bui. 121. Beans. Peas, and other Legumes as Food. By Mary H. Abel. Pp. 32. Bui. 128. Eggs and their C :. By C. F. Langworthy. Pp. 32. Bui. 112. Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food. By \V. O. Atwater. Pp. 4s. (TRCULAR. Cir. 46. The Functions and Usee of Food: P.y C. F. Langworthy. Pp. 10. SEPARATE-:. •Food and Diet. By W. O. Atwater. Reprinted from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for ;. Pp. 44. Some Results of Dietary Studies in the United States. By A. P. Bryant. Reprinted from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1898. Pp. 14. Development of the Nutrition Investigations of the Department of Agriculture. By A. C. True and R. D. Milner. Reprinted from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1S99. Pp. 16. The Value of Potatoes as Food. By C. F. Langworthy. Reprinted from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1900. Pp. 16. Dietaries in Public Institutions. By W. O. Atwater. Reprinted from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1891. Pp. 18. The Cost of Food as Related to its Nutritive Value. Reprinted from Yearbook of Department of Agriculture for 1902. Pp. 22. Scope and Results of the Nutrition Investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations. Reprinted from Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations for the year ended June 30, 1901. Pp.50. Dietary Studies of Groups, Especially in Public Institutions. By C. F. Langworthy. Reprinted from Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations for the year ended June 30, 1902. Pp. 3-1. &•;■ UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08927 8617