\X)M : R.(UC-^ 
 
 2? ' 
 
 REDUCTION 0? WASTE IN THE VENEER AND PLYWOOD IiTDUSTRY 
 
 
 3y HERBERT 0. FLEISCHER, Technologist 
 
 Eorest Products Laboratory,- Forest Service 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture 
 
 The Occurrence of Waste 
 
 
 UNIV. OF Fl 
 .DOC 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U.S. DEPOSITORY 
 
 
 All stages in the conversion of wood from the standing tree to the final 
 veneer or plywood product are accompanied by incidental waste in some form 
 or other. This report deals with that portion of the waste that occurs at 
 veneer and plywood plants. Waste occurring in the woods is discussed in 
 another Eorest Products Laboratory report.— 
 
 Contrary to popular opinion, the waste that occurs in converting a log into 
 veneer is considerable. In a study conducted by the Forest Products 
 Laboratory^ it was found that the average yield of veneer from a yellow circh 
 log is only about 47 percent of the cubic volume of the log. The conversion 
 of veneer into plywood entails additional wastes that probably average about 
 50 percent in the typical hardwood plywood plant, so that the yield in terms 
 of veneer actually made into plywood often is as low as 20 to 25 percent of 
 the log volume. 
 
 In the Douglas-fir plywood industry the relative volume of waste is lower 
 because larger logs are involved and the plywood product is such that a large 
 percentage of the veneer produced can be used in panels. The yield in terms 
 of plywood is considered average if the square footage of the 3/8-inch plywood 
 obtained equals 2 to 2-1/2 times the board-foot volume of the log. On the 
 basis of a log with an average diameter of 40 inches, this yield amounts to 
 about 55 to 68 percent of the cubic- foot volume of the log. These yield 
 figures do not lend themselves to direct ^nmpa-rjU^ w ■■■ fJa-j^whoT-y^ p.]fl f^ n^c 
 because the finished plywood product is general LyJ4|f|feM5i I if© ©WW*^ 1 !*- ty as 
 to be ready for final application without much 
 requires a great deal of trimming, resurfacing, 
 
 Also, plywood goes further because it is generally us^rwiQthi/«i£j: sheets 
 than lumber for similar applications. 
 
 r— — > ii^ 
 
 trimming, wrrefrcas^&nbei often 
 and the like by the cor sumer. 
 
 tf^Sr--trn;v. of Florida 
 
 -Maintained at Madison 5, Wis., in cooperation with "tKe~T7nrrers±*y-©# ' 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 -"Woods Waste," FPL .report No. R1665-3. 
 
 — tt 
 
 Waste in Veneer Manufacture," FPL Report No. R1493. 
 
 Report No. R1666*-4 
 
 -1- 
 
 July 1947 
 
'•'aste can occur in many ways. In its most obvious form it consists of log 
 onds , veneer and plywood scraps and trimmings, cores, reject panels, and the 
 like, that often find their way to the scrap box. Sometimes it exists in the 
 form of a low-grade product that might have been a high-grade product were it 
 not degraded because of improper cutting, handling, drying, gluing, and other 
 improper operations. Sometimes it exists in the form of brash veneer, com- 
 pression wood, or other naturally occurring defects that result in an 
 inferior product. 
 
 Some forms of waste in the primary operation are unavoidable, such as veneer 
 roundings and trimmings and veneer cores, but these wastes can often be re- 
 duced by refining the production operation. Other forms of waste can be 
 eliminated entirely or reduced considerably within the limits of economy. 
 Finally, the reduction of waste can be brought about by salvaging what might 
 be considered waste in the primary operation and utilizing it for some 
 secondary product. 
 
 Reduction of v aste in the Primary Operation 
 
 The first and most important step in a waste-reduction program is to adopt 
 measures that will prevent the occurrence or reduce the volume of material 
 that is normally considered waste. The operator should therefore analyze 
 each step in the production process with this in mind. The following dis- 
 cussion presents examples of how other operators have attacked this problem. 
 
 The selection of logs by grades suited to the product to be cut from them is 
 an important step in reducing wacte. Many high-grade logs are "butchered" 
 into low-grade veneer under conditions that do not justify the practice. On 
 the other hand, the cutting of low-grade logs in an operation geared to the 
 production of high-grade veneer may mean a financial loss to the operator. 
 The veneer operator who is cutting woods-run logs into veneer would do well 
 to give some thought to costs, yields, and the selection of logs to suit his 
 particular operation. He should examine the possible outlets for logs not 
 handled to best advantage in this plant. 
 
 Unwarranted waste might occur in logs that had been stored in a yard 
 improperly or for too long a time. End checking and rot occurring under 
 these conditions are preventable either by providing underwater storage for 
 logs, or by using end coatings to prevent checking— and chemicals to prevent 
 stain and dccay.H 
 
 a certain amount of loss may result from the handling of logs with cant hooks, 
 pike poles, and axes. Time taken to train men handling logs and peeling bark 
 to wield their tools carefully so as to avoid damage to the outer portions of 
 
 4 
 
 ""Forest Products Laboratory Report No. R1435. 
 
 5 
 
 Forest Products Laboratory Technical Note No. 225. 
 
 Report V,o. r-1666-4 -2- 
 
logs, from which the highest quality veneer is normally cut, will certainly 
 pay for itself in the reduction of waste. When bucking the logs into bolts, 
 due attention should be given to taper, sweep, knots, and other defects, so 
 that the veneer produced will be of the highest grade possible. In a study 
 conducted by the Forest Products Laboratory- the importance of sweep on the 
 final veneer yield, both in quantity and in quality, was analyzed. It was 
 found that sweep was one of the more important controllable factors affecting- 
 yields; its effect can be minimized by carefully selecting logs so as to 
 provide the long bolts required from the straight logs and cutting the logs 
 having excessive sweep into short bolts. Greater care should be used in the 
 woods to eliminate excessive sweep by proper bucking practices. Solts should 
 not be so long that an excessive amount of veneer will be lost in the form of 
 end trimmings or in the spurring operation. 
 
 The heat-conditioning of veneer bolts for cutting is a process that requires 
 careful control to prevent excessive waste in the form of degrade. Over- 
 heating of some species results in excessive end checking of the bolts a;*d in 
 poorly cut veneer. Underheating may result in loose veneer that is not suit- 
 able for a high-grade product. The practice of heating various species of 
 wood and logs of different diameters together, on the same schedule and 
 possibly in the same tank, will sometimes result in some avoidable degrade 
 because of improper temperatures for some of the species and diameters. The 
 practice of heating wood in log length instead of bolt length, as is commonly 
 done in Europe and occasionally in this country, is one that can be used to 
 reduce the amount of split veneer obtained because of end checks in the bolts. 
 
 The part of the lathe operator in reducing waste in veneer and plywood manu- 
 facture is a most important one. His technique in handling the lathe deter- 
 mines to a large extent the use for which the veneer is suitable. Improper 
 lathe settings may result in veneer that is too loose, too rough, or too 
 variable in thickness to be used for high-quality products. The condition of 
 the lathe — whether it is in proper working order or whether it is worn and 
 subject to vibration — and the condition of the knife and nose bar are all 
 critical items. 
 
 In rotary cutting, a reduction in core diameter is often thought of as being 
 a desirable method, of reducing waste. It is not so important, however, as 
 it might at first appear. To cut to core diameters smaller than the conven- 
 tional diameter requires the addition of special lathes having small spindles 
 and the rehandling of partially cut bolts, and in addition wood cut from the 
 central portions of logs is generally of low quality. Consequently, cutting 
 the cores to small .diameters has not usually been found economically feasible. 
 Where long lathes are used so that it is not practical to cut to a 6-inch 
 core because of the deflection of the bolt in the lathe, some operators have 
 nevertheless installed a shorter, lighter lathe, cut the long cores in half, 
 and turned them down to smaller diameters on the small lathe. 
 
 c 
 
 -J. Harry Rich, "Effects of sweep in the bolt on rotary cut veneer yields," 
 1944. 
 
 Reoort No. R1666-4 -3- 
 
A certain amount of avoidable waste occurs in the handling of green veneer 
 from the lathe to the clipper. In large operations where it is possible to 
 handle the green veneer mechanically through automatic clippers the utiliza- 
 tion is at its best, for tears in the veneer do not commonly occur and si:. 
 sheets are clipped to best advantage so as to eliminate defects. The mini. 
 width of veneer clipped by present-day automatic clippers is 2 inches. This 
 .minimum results in a certain amount of waste, since many defects could be 
 
 liminated by clipping out only a 1-inch width. In smaller operations where 
 expensive automatic conveying and clipping equipment is not justified, the 
 veneer is often torn into sheets and then clipped to standard widths in 
 multiple. This results in a certain amount of waste at each tear, in the 
 introduction of additional splits because of manual handling, and in sheets 
 that are not clipped to best advantage from the standpoint of elimin-.ting 
 defects. A method of winding the green veneer on reels directly from the 
 lathe, which is now used to some extent in hardwood plants, is one that 
 can be used in smaller plants to reduce veneer v/aste. Clipping sheets singly 
 to random widths so as to eliminate defects, even if manual handling is 
 necessary, is a practice that will reduce waste because it results in a 
 higher percentage of high quality veneer. 
 
 A practice that is doubly wasteful is the clipping of veneer from spiral- 
 grained or interlocked-grained woods without regard for grain direction. 
 When veneer of such woods is torn at the lathe into sheets for handling and 
 then clipped pe^-pendicular to the ends, lar^e^tri angular sections are 
 inevitably clipped at each tear and are wasted. Furthermore, the grain 
 direction of the clipped sheets is not perpendicular to the edges and plywood 
 made from such veneer usually warps. If, on the other hand, the veneer is 
 clipped along the grain direction and then squared by trimming at the ends, 
 the quality of the veneer is improved and the amount of waste incurred in 
 producing it is reduced, especially if the veneer is clipped to fairly narrow 
 pieces. When green veneer is handled on reels, it is easy to provide for 
 setting the reel at an angle to the clipper knife so that veneer cut from 
 s;.iral-grained bolts is clipped parallel to the grain. 
 
 The process of drying veneer sometimes results in waste because of degrade 
 that occurs in the form of splitting, honeycombing (in thick veneers), and 
 buckling (especially at ends). When veneer is dried in a kiln, special pre- 
 cautions should be taken to ile it so that it is free to shrink during 
 drying. If this is not done many of the veneer sheets may split. In all 
 types of vt.nccr driers it is necessary to use drying schedules adapted to the 
 type of veneer being dried so as to avoid degrade during drying. The storage 
 of dry veneer, its subsequent handling, and its redrying may result in 
 further losses, many of which can be reduced. It is sometimes desirable to 
 store veneer and veneered products in humidity-controlled rooms to prevent 
 development of defects related to dimensional changes that occur with changes 
 in humidity. The adequate control of humidity in plants and in storage sheds 
 is not difficult. Z 
 
 7 
 Forest Products Laboratory Reports Nos. P.1140 and R1612. 
 
 ort Ho. R1666-4 -4- 
 
Much opportunity for the reduction of waste exists also in making plywood. 
 Good gluing practice is necessary to produce good plywood and to reduce to 
 a minimum the number of reject panels.- Much of the warping that causes 
 rejection of plywood panels can "be eliminated by careful control of veneer 
 quality and gluing conditions.— In the production of diagonal-grained 
 panels and panels having matched- face veneers, there is necessarily a great 
 deal of waste in cutting the veneer to size. Waste-reduction practices in 
 this case would require the utilization of narrow widths and small pieces of 
 veneers. When clipping veneers to size for matching, it is desirable, from 
 the standpoint of waste reduction, to clip in small piles instead of large 
 piles, so that the veneer can be arranged to best advantage. Waste occur- 
 ring in clipping a large portion of a single flitch to uniform width can 
 occasionally amount to one-third of the volume of the veneer being handled. 
 3y clipping this same veneer in two piles instead of one, this volume of 
 waste veneer could be reduced to one-half that occurring before, or to one- 
 sixth of the total volume of veneer. 
 
 The Reduction of Waste T hr ough Secondary 
 Utilization Within the Plant 
 
 The universally accepted method of utilizing veneer and plywood waste is for 
 fuel. This method has the advantage that all wastes, bark, veneer, cores, 
 and plywood, green and dry, can be used.— In many cases the use of wastes 
 for this purpose may be justified, but most operators are, nevertheless, 
 constantly casting about for more profitable outlets, 
 
 A reduction in veneer waste is often made possible by the application of a 
 certain amount of ingenuity and the introduction of new machinery. In one 
 plywood plant a reduction in the proportion of veneer that normally went to 
 fire the boiler was brought about by construction of a machine, called a 
 "veneer retrieve," for rapidly cutting to size smaller pieces of veneer. 
 The veneer passes rapidly on a conveyor through this machine, in which a 
 12-foot clipper knife cuts it to width. A series of undercut saws at 1-foot 
 intervals, under push-button control, cuts the veneer to lengths determined 
 by the operator. Veneer pieces down to 24 by 4 inches in size are salvaged 
 in this way, and the machine is said to salvage a quantity of veneer per 
 8-hour shift equivalent to 5,000 board feet flog scale). 
 
 The introduction of various types of edge splicers, such as one incorporating 
 a large heated drum about 5 feet in diameter about which the veneer passes 
 and from which it emerges as a continuous sheet made up of edge-glued pieces, 
 has made it possible to produce economically core and cross-banded veneer 
 
 -USDA 3ulletin Ho. 1500, "The gluing of wood." 
 
 9 
 
 -Forest Products Laboratory Report No. H1252. 
 
 10 
 
 Forest Products Laboratory Report Ho. R1666-13. 
 
 Report No.. R1666-4 -5- 
 
sheets from a large number of narrow widths. Other types of edge- jointing 
 
 splicing equipment are available for rapidly and continuously edge- 
 splicing veneers of various thicknesses and grades. 
 
 Patching equipment is available for cutting cut knots and other defects in 
 veneer or on lywood faces and for replacing them with patches. Cracks in 
 face plies can be patcned with shims. Plastic-wood compounds are being used 
 in some instances to fill defects in plywood faces and for plugging core 
 s v ips appearing on plywood edges. Plywood panels having large defects that 
 cannot be patched, are generally cut back to a smaller standard size. 
 
 In many instances it is possible to reduce waste in a plant by increasing the 
 number and widening the variety of products produced in the plant. A plant 
 making bushel baskets may produce a large number of "shorts," or pieces of 
 veneer not large enough for the standard bushel. If, however, 1/2 bushel 
 baskets or other containers of a smaller measure are also made, many of the 
 shorts can be used profitably. The theory of diversification of products, of 
 which this is a very simple example, and the theory of integrating the wood- 
 utilization practices of several types of plants, as between a sawmill, a 
 veneer plant, and a pulp or a chemical conversion plant, should be considered 
 by every operator who has any volume of waste wood on his hands. 
 
 During recent years the use of paper and paper plastics as surfacing mate- 
 rials for veneer and plywood has been developed and affords a metnod of using 
 waste veneers. One panel product is made by edge splicing many narrow strips 
 of defective veneer, that are normally clipped out as waste, and bonding a 
 heavy kraft paper to each panel surface. The product is used for shipping 
 containers, luggage, toys, cabinet backs, and the like, another similar 
 product is cade by gluing waste veneer strips together with faces parallel to 
 each other to form a two-ply laminate, but overlapping each other so that a 
 continuous v/ood panel is obtained, and by bonding resin-treated paper to each 
 surface to add stiffness and to cover the defects. Operations of this kind 
 are generally set up on a large scale and require a continuous large supply 
 of waste pieces to maintain operation. 
 
 A very common method of using veneer cores in the veneer plant is to saw them 
 into crating lumber for use by the plant itself. In the southern container 
 industry cores obtained from cutting basket and container veneer are often 
 sawed into lumber for use as head sticks and hamper bottoms. Special small 
 circular or sash gang saws for rapidly cutting veneer cores arc obtainable 
 and are commonly usod for this purpose. In the southern container industry 
 it is also common to cut yellow pine and hardwood cores into excelsior. 
 
 Sale of '.'aste 
 
 Under favorable market conditions it is possible to dispose of large 
 quantities of veneer cores (and sometimes trimmings) for use in the manufac- 
 ture of wood flour, mechanical fiber for boards, roofing felt, and the like, 
 
 Report Y.o. R1666-4 -6- 
 
and for use in pulp production, in distillation and extraction, in charcoal 
 production, and as fuel.— 
 
 The sale of veneer cores for sawing into lumber is not uncommon. A small 
 West Coast sawuiill is currently buying the entire output of cores from a 
 veneer plant and sawing them into dimension lumber. It is reported that the 
 daily output of the mill is 16,000 feet, 80 percent of which is in the form 
 of 2 by 4' s 8 feet long. 
 
 Veneer cores can be used as rollers for moving houses, heavy machinery, and 
 the like, but this outlet is somewhat limited as to volume. 
 
 Cores of certain lengths can readily be used for fence posts, markers, and 
 the like, for which purposes their smoothness and general appearance is an 
 asset. Cores of larger diameters can be quartered for use as posts. Many 
 species of wood used for veneer, however, are not particularly durable 
 when in contact with the ground. Preservative treatment of the heartwood of 
 some species is very difficult. Buyer preference for woods of certain 
 species and the adherence to specifications on the part of large consumers, 
 that in many cases would rule out the use of cores because of cracks, knots, 
 and other defects, are other obstacles. 
 
 Veneer cores are sometimes used in the construction of log cabins, either in 
 the round or after sawing in half. In this case considerations concerning 
 the durability of the wood are not so important. 
 
 The use of veneer waste for the manufacture of containers, such as baskets 
 and berry boxes, is a good one. The container industry, however, is one that 
 requires specialized equipment and is generally built around its own veneer 
 supplies, since it is often cheaper to cut low-grade veneer for the purpose 
 than to try to handle veneer scraps from another plant. The container 
 industry is also somewhat localized at points where the containers are 
 required and, consequently, is not a suitable outlet for veneer waste from 
 other regions. 
 
 Hardwood veneer waste is used, especially in the Northeast, in the production 
 of small novelties, such as cards, greenhouse and nursery labels, ice-cream 
 spoons, surgical splints, tongue depressors, candy sticks, and cocktail mixers, 
 Most of these items are stamped out. They are often made of white birch and 
 are^a byproduct of the toothpick industry. Other species, however, such as 
 yellow birch, hard maple, yellow-poplar, black tupelo, and sap sweet gum, also 
 possess the qualities desired in these products, namely, light color, freedom 
 from taste and odor, ease of manufacture, and ease of polishing. 
 
 Plywood waste in the form of p r anel edgings is usually burned. One West Coast 
 firm, however, has equipped itfs/sKinner with two saw blades, instead of one, 
 at each side, so that panel trimmings are equalized as to width. These trim- 
 mings are bundled and sold to woodworking plants that can use the narrow 
 stock in making small items or as trim or framing on larger items. 
 
 ^Forest Products Laboratory Reports Ho s. R1656-6, R1666-9, R1666-10, R1666-11, 
 and R1666-13. 
 
 Report No. R1666-4 -7- 
 
Another possible use for plywood trimmings is the gluing of such trimmings 
 to-.ether flatwise so that the saved surfaces are exposed and furnish a sur- 
 face that may be well-adapted for a use such as flooring. One v est Coast 
 plant is exploring the possibility of using high- frequency equipment in a 
 machine designed for continuous production of flooring frcm plywood trim- 
 mings. The trimmings are to be set on edge, one behind the other, and fed 
 through the gluing machine continuously to cure the resin glue. 
 
 Panels rejected because of pressing difficulties or other serious defects 
 are often sold for uses whose requirements are less exacting, sucn as crat- 
 ing. Reject .jortions of cut-back panels can be made to serve a similar use. 
 
 5, nail segments of panels remaining after cutting out circles or irregular 
 snapes find their most acceptable outlet among manufacturers of novelties, 
 toys, and small articles. They can also be glued together to furnish blocks 
 for turning into pulleys or other articles. 
 
 Limitations on the Use of Vaste 
 
 Once the decision has been made to undertake a program of waste reduction, 
 elimination, and utilization in a plant, the next consideration is the 
 economic factor. In many cases waste wood is used as fuel, and as such it 
 has a real economic value in the plant. The return to be obtained from 
 diverting waste wood to other uses must, therefore, be sufficient to cover 
 at least the added cost of its rehandling and tne cost of fuel tnat must be 
 bought to replace it. 
 
 The various examples cited show what can be done to reduce or utilize wood 
 waste. Certain limitations should, however, be pointed out. Veneer cores 
 represent the least problem. They are easy to handle in the form of cord- 
 wood, and handling and shipping them to considerable distances, as is now 
 done with pulpwood, is justified. 
 
 Veneer scraps, however, are not easy to handle. The majority of all waste 
 veneer is green, so that a large part of its weight is water, and it is 
 generally not in standard shapes and sizes that lend themselves to stacking 
 and handling. Because of its high moisture content, it is subject to rapid 
 deterioration because of stain and mold. The most practical place for Hand- 
 ling it is in the parent olant , or perhaps at an adjoining plant so located 
 that mechanical conveying is possible. 
 
 Plywood scraps may be of various shapes and sizes, or they may be somewhat 
 uniform in pattern and size. In the first case, they can re used economically 
 only by the operator who can afford tc spend time in sorting, handling, and 
 devising uses for small pieces. In the second case, the scraps can be 
 bundled, shipped some distance, and handled on a production basis provided a 
 customer is found who has a quantity use for the particular shapes and sizes 
 
 Report No. R1566-4 -8- 
 
available. The species and grade of tfhe plywood are an important considera- 
 tion. If the grade is of high quality, considerable expense in handling is 
 justified; if it is of low quality, the user might find it to his advantage 
 to buy full-sized plywood sheets rather than to handle many small pieces. 
 
 Uses for Waste Wood from Veneer and Plywood Plants 
 
 Table 1 lists possible uses for waste wood from veneer and plywood plants in 
 a manner to permit individual analysis with respect to local conditions. It 
 contains the chief outlets that are known at present. It is subject to 
 revision as more information becomes available. 
 
 Copies of the Forest Products Laboratory reports referred to in the table and 
 elsewhere may be had upon request to the Forest Products Laboratory, 
 Madison 5, Wis. 
 
 I 
 
 Report No. R1666-4 -9- 
 
Title 1, — Uses for waste wood frog veneer and plywood plants 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 :^ ^* 
 
 3 1262 08924 3454 
 
 Dm 
 
 Type of 
 material 
 
 I Species 
 
 tmmsrks 
 
 cards 
 
 Vanaar 
 
 iHlgh-grade hardwoods 
 
 Mot a large outlet; often produced aa a oowelty Itsa by tne parent 
 > plant 
 
 Cuarcoel 
 
 Cora* 6 Incnei 
 or mora lr 
 diameter 
 
 ■Denser epeclea ere 
 : preferred 
 
 See PPL Boport Bo. Hlot.6-11 
 
 Container panels, 
 2- and }-ply 
 
 Vanaar 
 
 imany 
 
 Container plywood plants can use low-grade venae n for tnls product 
 
 Conlelasrs; 
 basksls. naapers. 
 light cratas 
 
 Vanaar 
 
 :Many 
 
 The container Industry Is a specialised Industry generally producing 
 Its own veneer. Veneer, dry or partially dry, 1/J2 to 1/w loch 
 thick. In various sites, can be used 
 
 JllllUttlOD 
 
 Cores 
 
 : Mostly beoch, birch. 
 
 : aaple. oak, and southern 
 
 I yelloe pine 
 
 Potentially a large outlet. See PPL fieport lo. BI666-IO 
 
 Excelsior 
 
 Coras 
 
 iBasseood, aspan, southern 
 : yellow pine, end cotton- 
 : wood preferred 
 
 Excelsior plants are often operated In connection with veneer-cutting 
 operations. Bolt lengths of 18 lnchee, free of knots, are preferred 
 
 fiber, nacuuilctl 
 
 Coraa, vanaar 
 
 iliapla, birch, and aspan 
 1 preferred 
 
 Used by manufacturers of roofing felt and the like. Veneer, if used, 
 should be hogged, free of dirt and bark. See PPL Report lo. RI066-6 
 
 rioorlo^. ol^e-graln 
 
 Plywood 
 
 :Douglas-f lr 
 
 Panel edgings, trimmed to uniform width, are glued together to for* 
 edge-grain flooring 
 
 Puei 
 
 Coraa. veneer, 
 plywood, log 
 end a , s» w - 
 
 duat, slabs. 
 bark 
 
 ■ many 
 
 Generally uaod In parent plant. Sometimes sold locally. See PPL 
 Baport Bo. BI666-I3 
 
 Lumcsn 
 Bozai, headetlcks, 
 and hamper bottomi 
 
 Cores 
 
 ■ Many 
 
 Generally ueed In parent plant. See PPL. Baport lo. Blboc-8 
 
 Dimension 
 
 Coraa 
 
 :Chlefly Dou^lae-flr 
 
 Material should be 8 feet long or longer. Entire output of one 
 Douglas-fir mill going to a eaall sawmill located nearby, at 
 pressnt the lumber produced has an excellent market. See PPL 
 Baport lo. HI066-8 
 
 Latn and snosf ones 
 
 Coraa 
 
 :Uany 
 
 
 Poata. stakes, and 
 m&rksrs 
 
 Coraa 
 
 iPreferably durable and 
 I treatable 
 
 Use of cores for posts varies with the locality. They are eoaetlmea 
 quartered for small posts 
 
 Pulp 
 
 Cores. Tenser 
 
 :lany 
 
 Cores can be used by pulp mills located at asms distance, ae snipping 
 Is seas as for pulpwood. Veneer Is being used by pulp mills located 
 very near to veneer mills, but It must be hogged to chips of uniform 
 site. See PPL Baport Mo. BI660-6 
 
 Plaatlce filler 
 
 Sander dust 
 
 :ktany 
 
 Sander dust is sometimes preferred to wood flour aa a filler for 
 plastic molding resins 
 
 Soil on for moving 
 houaee. machinery, 
 and tne Ilka 
 
 Cores 
 
 iPrsferably herd wood 
 
 Mo large market. Coras free of cracks would be preferred 
 
 Seed flata 
 
 Veneer 
 
 : Hardwood a 
 
 Veneer l/32-lnch or thicker, to be creased so as to fold Into bottoxt- 
 leaa squares 
 
 Siding, log-cabin 
 
 Cores 
 
 :Many 
 
 Long cores of uniform site would be preferred. They would most 
 likely be sawed In two. There Is no established market at present 
 
 Stamped r.ui: 
 greenhouse and 
 Qura6r7 labels. Ice- 
 cream apoona, surgi- 
 cal epllnte. tongue 
 depreetora, candy 
 atlcxe. cocktail 
 mlisrs, and tha Ilk* 
 
 Veneer 
 
 :Colefly waits birch. 
 
 s Could probably use hard 
 
 : maple, yellow birch, 
 
 : yellow-poplar, black 
 
 : tupelo. and sap 
 
 : swsetgua i 
 
 Tne as Items are generally produced at the parent veneer plant. 
 Veneer .craps can be used in thicknesses of approximately l/l6-lnch 
 
 Toys, novelties, and 
 
 nobtlss 
 
 Vaneer, 
 plywood 
 
 imany 
 
 Trimmings of high-grade panels are preferred. Sold la unassorted 
 bundles through retailers of craftsmen's and hobbyist's supplies 
 
 fall covering, 
 fabric- wood 
 
 Plywood 
 
 :lsany 
 
 Unselected plywood, but uniform in thickseae, la glued to fabric. 
 The plywood is Jewel-cut Into 1-lnch squares so that the product 
 la flexible and can be glued to curved wall sorfacee 
 
 woodworking articles 
 
 Plywood 
 
 :Dou*lae-flr (at present) i 
 I 
 
 Panel edgings, trimmed to uniform width, are ueed for various small 
 articles 
 
 Report lo. Hlb66-* 
 Z M 74092 F