Circular No. 102.
United States Department of
urc,
AU OF ENTOM
WAfcl). KiitomologUt
in: v^r vi; vi. i h
i . ii. < in i n
INTRODUCTORY
ettlers
\ -|>:l! :lL r ll> WBS i III l< M I Hit. 1 lllto tlll> < « H 1 1 1 1 I" \ \\ 1 1
from Euroj)e, and is credited
with having been cultivated
here for two hundred years
before being troubled with
insects.
Several species of native
American insects have been
observed to feed upon this
plant, but none, so far as we
know, has become sufficiently
attached to it to cause se-
rious injur}'. I-Vw of our
edible plant-, in short, down
t.i the time of the civil war
have enjoyed such immunity
from the ravages of insects.
In the ( )lil World two in-
sects, called asparagus bee-
tles, have been known as
enemies of the asparagus
since early times. In the
\ ear 1862 one of these insects,
the common asparagus beetle
L.) was
the occasion of considerable
alarm on asparagus farms in
Queens County. N. Y.. where
it threatened to destroy this,
one of the most valuable crops grown on Long Island. Subsequent
Fio. 1 Spraj ol asparagus, with comm.
I>nr:. . mpara
Up at right, m.I Injury.
ID).
ier account* of these Insects have been published i» earlier yeai
follows: Yearbook fj. 8, Dept. Agric. f. 1896 (1897), pp. 841 382; Bui. 10, Dir.
Knt.. IT. s. Dept. Agrlc, pp. 54 69, 1898; Bui. 88, Pt I. Bur. Bat-, U. 8.
Airri... pp. .". 1". ;
(42 Car. 102 OS
inquiry developed the fact thai the species had begun its destructive
work at Astoria, near New York City, in I860, where, it is now
conceded, it was introduced about 1856."
In 1881 another European importation was detected on asparagus
near Baltimore, Md. — the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle (CriocerU
duodecimpunctata L.), sometimes called the "red'* asparagus beetle
to distinguish it from the "blue" species.
THE COMMON ASPARAGUS BEETLE.
(Crioceris asparagi I., i
From the seat of it- introduction at Astoria. X. Y.. the common
asparagus beetle soon spread to the asparagus farms of Queens
County. X. V.. and by 1S<'»2 was reported to have occasioned the lo-
ot' over a third of the crops in certain localities,
the loss being estimated at $50,000.
Injury is due to the Avork of both adults and
g-gf^ larva' upon the tender shoots, which they render
P^VQP '' A P| unfit for market early in the season. Later they
I^Rn . J destroy by defoliation the high-grown plants.
^m |( particularly seedlings, the roots of which are
W U M J weakened by having their tops devoured. The
larva? are sometimes so abundant that the black
molasses-like fluid which they emit from their
mouth- soils the hands of those engaged in bunch-
ing the -talks for market : anil the ('ISil> are some-
time- laid upon the stalks in such number- that
the latter are rendered unsightly and even slip-
pery by their presence. Larva', as well as beetle-.
attack the tenderest portions of the plants, but the beetles gnaw with
seemingly equal relish the epidermis, or rind, of the stem-. The
beetle- are also accused of gnawing young shoots beneath the surface,
causing them to become woody and crooked in growth.
In some localities it is in establishing new beds that the greatest
trouble and expense are incurred. The plants must grow a year as
seedlings and two more in the beds before being cut for table use, and
during these three year- they are constantly exposed to the attack- of
this insect.
The beetle is a beautiful creature, slender and graceful in form,
blue-black in color, with red thorax, and with lemon-yellow and
Fig. 2. — Common as-
paragus beetle I Cri-
oceris asparagi i : ".
Dark form of bee-
tle : b, light form.
Enlarged (author's
illustration).
The rapture of this species was recorded early in the past century in Penn-
sylvania — presumably near Hanover — and again in the vicinity of Chicago and
Rock Island. III., about ten years after the discovery on Long Island: but. as the
insect diil not obtain a permanent foothold, but died out in these localities,
these importations can not be considered introductions.
[Cir. 102]
dark-blue wing covers having :i reddish border. A c mon form
aboul the District of Columbia is illustrated in fig. •"•. a. Farther
north the prevailing form i- darker, the lighter coloring 3ometimee
showing onh as a reddish border and six small submarginal yellow
spots (fig. 2, \.n extreme, light form nol uncommon in the south
(in range "i the insect is shown (fig. 2, 6) for comparison. The
length i- ;i trifle less than one fourth inch.
ii rsTom "i bpri u>.
From tin- -rciic of its firsl colonization in Queens County, the
insecl migrated to the other truck growing portions of Long [sland.
1 1 -i ><»ii reached southern Connecticut, and has no^ extended it - range
northward through that State and Massachusetts to the State line of
N ■• Hampshire, Southward ii has traveled through NeM Jersey,
where ii was firsl noticed in l s, ''S. eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware,
and Maryland to southern Virginia and North Carolina.
It- distribution by natural means has been mainly by the flight of
the beetles. Undoubtedly, also, the beetles have been transported
from place to place by water, both up and down stream by rising
and falling tide, as the fact that it has nol until recently deviated far
from the immediate neighborhood of the seacoasl and of large water
courses near the coast bears abundant testimony.
Another reason for the prevalence of this species in these localities
i- that asparagus was originally a maritime plant and has escaped
from cultivation and grown most luxuriantly in the vicinity of bodies
of water. It is well known thai it i- usually upon wild plant- that
these insects first make their appearance in new localities. There is
evidence also that their disseminat i < > 1 1 may be effected by what I >octor
Howard has termed a "commercial jump," either by commerce in
propagating root-, among which the insects may be present either
as hibernating beetles or as pupa', or by the accidental carriage of
the hectic- i>n railmad train- or boats.
B) some such artificial mean- the asparagus beetle had round its
way to northwestern New York, between Koine and Buffalo, and to
Ohio, between Cleveland and the Pennsylvania State line. During
1896 it- course was trace. I along the Hudson River above Albany.
[nquiry concerning the Ohi icurrence disclosed the fad that the
plant- in one locality were brought from New York. The presence
of this insecl in eastern Massachusetts at about the same time was in
like manner probably due to direct shipments of root- from infested
localities to Boston and vicinity.
It i- noticeable that up to this time it- inland spread, except in the
neighborhood of water, had been extremely limited.
[Or. 102]
DISTRIB1 llnN IN L908.
This species is presenl now in what is known as the Upper Austral
life zone, although in certain point- in New England it has Located
in what is considered the Transition zone. Its course up the Hudson
River lies within a rather narrow strip of Upper Austral. In all
probability it is destined in time to overspread the entire Upper
Austral zone and to make its way to some extent into neighboring
areas in which it may find conditions for its continuance.
Its distribution in Massachusetts, though wide, is local. In New
Hampshire it has been recorded from Nashua and Portsmouth. It
is possible that in a few years it may be able to encroach slightly upon
the bordering States of Vermont, in the vicinity of the Connecticut
River Valley, and Maine, near the New Hampshire seaboard. It is
well established in Connecticut, occurs in Rhode Island, and is gen-
erally distributed through New Jersey. Delaware, and Maryland,
and in southeastern Pennsylvania near the Delaware River. It was
predicted by the writer that, although this species in 189G was still
local in New York and Ohio, we might expect within a few years
to hear of its invading other portions of those States lying within
the Upper Austral zone: Canada, of which there is a strip of
Upper Austral bordering the northern shore of Lake Erie: and.
later, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and States farther west. By
l!S!)7 the species had occupied the strip bordering the southern shore
of Lake Erie, being recorded from nine counties of eastern Ohio.
The following year it was noticed in western Virginia. In 1898 it
was reported from Benton Harbor. Mich., where, however, it had
been present since 1896. By 1899 it had appeared in Canada in the
Niagara River region and was accompanied by the twelve-spotted
species. The insect obviously received more or Less severe setbacks in
succeeding years, but by 1904 the common form was observed about
Toronto, Canada, and about 4 miles west of Chicago. 111. It has
now become very generally distributed in the asparagus-growing sec-
tions of New York State, having reached Glens Falls, its northern-
most recorded limit in the United States. In Ohio the species has
been established near Columbus since l ( .Hi:'>. and near Cincinnati since
1905. but has not been reported from Kentucky or Indiana, although
it has probably invaded the latter State.
In 1904 the occurrence of this insect at Bouldin Island. California,
was reported, but the following year it could not be found. Its dis-
appearance was attributed to the fact that the island had been flooded.
causing the death of the pest. In 1906, however, the beetle was
reported in abundance near Oakley. Cal.
In North Carolina the species is well established in the east-central
part, including portions of "Wake. Wayne. Warsaw, and Duplin coun-
[Cir. 102]
ties. The species has also been reported in Wisconsin, bul nothing
has I'irii learned regarding ii- actual distribution in thai State.
ii m'.i rs \ \i> i ii i ii i-ii >m .
The common asparagus beetle passes the winter in the adull state
under convenient shelter, such as piles of rubbish, sticks, or stones,
or under the loose bark of trees and fence
posts. Toward the end of April or in May,
according i" locality, al about the season for
immon as] newly
batched i; •. pupa. All enlarged (author's Illustration).
cutting til*- asparagus for market, the beetles issue from their hiber-
nating quarters and lay the eggs for the firsl brood.
The egg is very large in proportion to the beetle, being nearly a
sixteenth of an inch in length, and of the elongate-oval form illus-
trated ;ii b i fig. 3). 1 1 is nearly three times as long ;i- wide and of a
dark-brown color. The eggs are deposited endwise upon the stem or
foliage and in early spring on the developing
(stalks, usually in rows of •_' to 7 or more i fig. t ).
In from three to eight day- the eggs hatch,
the young larva?, commonly called "grubs" or
u worms," presenting the appearance indicated
in fig. 3, - . The head of the newly hatched larva
is large, black, and bead-like; its body is gray;
and its three pair- of legs, Marl,. Ii al once be-
gins to feed, and is from ten day- to a fortnight,
according to Fitch and others, in attaining full
size. When full grown the larva appears as in
fig. 3, d. Ii is soft and fleshy, much wrinkled,
and of a dark grav or olive color, some! imes light,
•
Km not infrequently very dark. The head is shining black, as are also
the six legs. Each segment is proi ided with a pair of foot-like tuber-
cles, which, with the anal proleg, assist it in crawling and in clinging
to th«' plant. The mature larva enter- the earth, ami here, within a
little rounded, dirt -covered COCOOn which it form-, the pupa -tate i-
Li'ir. 102]
-
-• rial).
assumed. The pupa is yellowish in color, and its appearance is suffi-
ciently shown by the illustration (fig. '■'>. e). In five to eight or more
days the adult beetle is produced, which in due time issues from the
ground.
THE LIFE CYCLE.
Of the duration of the life cycle Fitch has remarked that it is about
thirty days from the time the egg is laid until the insect grows to
maturity and comes out in its perfect form, but that the time will be
shorter in the hottest part of the season than in the cooler days of
May and June. These periods are for Long Island.
During a hot spell in midsummer the minimum period of ovulation
and of the pupa stage was observed at Washington, D. C. Eggs that
were laid on the 5th of A.UgUSt hatched on the 8th, or in three days.
A larva transformed to pupa on August 4 and to adult August 9. or
in five days. Allowing ten days as the minimum credited period of
the larval stage, a day or two for the larva to enter the ground and
form its cocoon, and two or three days more for the beetle to mature
and leave the earth, the insect i- again ready to attack it- food plant
and to continue the reproduction of its kind in about three weeks
from the time that the egg is laid.
This may be fairly taken to represent the minimum midsummer
life-cycle period of the species in the District of Columbia and south-
ward. In the colder climate of Xew England, ami elsewhere in spring
and autumn weather, the development from cg<x to beetle will require
from four to perhaps -even week-. The hibernating beetles appear
in the latitude of the District of Columbia as early as April, and
beetles of a later brood have been observed in abundance in October
as far north as northern Connecticut. In its northern range two and
perhaps three broods are usually produced, and farther south there
is a possibility of four or five generations each year.
NATURAL CHECKS.
The common asparagus beetle has very efficient natural checks in
the shape of predaceous insects of many kinds, which prey upon it>
larva' and assist very materially in preventing its increase. One of
the most efficient of these is the spotted ladybird, Megitta n>(t<i<Litn
DeG. The beetle is rose-colored, with numerous black spots. The
convergent ladybird (Hippodamia convergent Guer.), the spined
soldier-bug (Podisus niacidiventris Say), and the bordered sol-
dier-bug (Stiretrus anchorago Fab., fig. 5) are also active de-
stroyers of asparagus beetle larvae, which they attack and kill by
impaling them upon their long proboscides and .-licking out their
juices. Certain specie- of wasps and .-mall dragon-flies also prey
upon the asparagus beetle grubs. Two of the most abundant of
[fir. 102]
these are Foliates pallipes Lep. and Ischnura (Xehalennia) posita
Hagen. These insects hover about the infested plants until a larva
is descried, when the} pounce upon it and carry it away.
Asparagus beetles are ver} susceptible to sudden changes of tern-
perat ure, and it has been frequently noticed b) Mr. C. W. Prescott, of
Concord, Ma--., thai immense numbers of the hibernating beetles are
killed in winter during severely cold spells following " open ■" weather,
millions of their dead bodies being sometimes found under bark and
in other hiding places.
The intense heat that prei ailed al times during the summer of 189G,
especially during the first two week- of August, though conducive to
the undue propagation of some forms of insects, had tl pposite
effect upon certain species that Iced in the larval condition freely ex
posed upon the plants. In the vicinity of the District of Columbia
this was particularly not iceable in the case of the larva? of this aspara
Ni IS
I-,,, 5 Bordered BoldJi Uirctrui anchorago) : a, Adull bug; '<. last si
of nymph. BoUi enlarged lanthor's II lustra I
gus hectic. It- eggs also seemed to be 'hied up by the heat. What
with the decimation caused by their natural enemies and the heat.
scarcely a beetle or larva was to be found that year after the last of
August.
KEHEDIl S.
Fortunately, the common asparagus beetle is not difficult of control,
and ordinarily may be held in restraint by the simplest mean-.
Hand-picking i- of value in small beds but must of necessity give
way to more approved methods for the vast numbers of the beetles
that concentrate their forces upon the large area- devoted to this
crop in the suburbs of our large cities.
Chickens and ducks arc efficient destroyers of asparagus beetles,
and as they do no injury to the plant their services are -till in requi-
sition for this purpose at the present day.
ICir. 102]
8
Cultural practices. — A practice in high favor among prominent
asparagus growers is to cut down all plants, including seedlings and
volunteer growth, in early spring, so as to force the parent beetle- to
deposit their eggs upon new -hoots, which are then cut every few days
before the egg- have time to hatch for the first new brood.
Other measures that have been employed with advantage consist in
cutting down the seed Mcnis after the crop has been harvested, and
again once or twice during the cutting season, or in permitting a por-
tion of the shoots to grow and serve a- lure- for the beetles. Here
these may be killed with insecticides, or the plants, after they become
covered with egg-, may be cut down and burned, and other shoots
allowed to grow up as decoys. The trap plant- should be destroyed
a- often a- once a week.
With conceited action on the part of growers in following out any
of these last methods the in-ects may be held in check, at lea-t in
a region where asparagus doe- not grow wild in too great profusion.
Where this is not practicable, insecticide- must be brought into serv-
ice. It is well in any case to employ insecticide- after the cutting
season, since if the insects are destroyed at this time their number-
will be lessened for the next year.
Lime. — One of the best remedies against the larva' i- fresh, air-
slaked lime, dusted on the plants in the early morning while the dew
is on. It quickly destroys all the grub- with which it come- in
contact.
Pyrethrum i- credited with being useful, and a mixture of -oft
soap, quassia decoction, and water (about equal parts of the first two
to .") of the la-t named) is effective against the larvae; but these
remedies hardly commend themselves for extensive use.
Arsenicals. — The arsenicals, applied dry mixed with Hour, a- for
potato beetles, answer well: they possess the advantage of destroying
beetles as well a- grub-, and are of value upon plant- that are not
being cut for food. Some use a mixture of Pari- green and air-
slaked lime, or plaster. *2 pounds of the former to a barrel of the
latter. To produce satisfactory results the lime or arsenical must
be applied at frequent intervals, or as often as the larva- reappear
on the beds.
Arsenate of lead has given excellent results. This insecticide has
come into very general use in recent years for the control of leaf-feed
ing beetles, such as the potato beetles and asparagus beetles. In Con-
necticut Dr. W. E. Britton tested it on asparagus, spraying the plants
from all four sides in succession because of the slight leaf exposure
a- compared with most other forms of plants. Good results followed.
The same amount of benefit should be accomplished with scarcely
greater expense by spraying from opposite sides and repeating this
[Cir. 102]
before the beetles of the last generation develop or mi least in time
in destroy them before thej get into winter quarters. In Pennsyl
vania Prof. II. A. Surface n ia • l<- :i comparative test "I tin- value of
Paris green and arsenate <>i lead, learning that nol re than ■•"
per cent of tin' insects were killed when Paris green and lime were
used, while 90 per cent were killed with arsenate of lead. In a third
experiment, in winch resin — « »: » | » \\:i- added to make the latter in
cide adhere more » l< >-•• 1 \ ti> the plants, all of the insects were killed <»ii
50 plant- treated. In tin- case the arsenate <>!' lead was used at the
rate of 1 pound to _l gallons of water, ami 2j pounds of resin soap
was added t" render the mixture more adhesive.
In the North, where these experiments were made, they were begun
the first <>f June. Arsenate of lead has been used with satisfactory
results "ii asparagus at the rate of l pound in IC gallons of water,
Inn some additional experiments arc necessary i<> ascertain the exact
amount of the poison thai can In- used economically to produce the
required result. In ordinary weather a second spraying of arsenate
of lead with a resin soap added i- desirable, especially if rainfall
intervenes.
Moic specific information in regard to the method of preparing
and applying arsenate of lead i- given in Circular No. s ~. winch maj
be obtained gratis on application.
Everything considered, injury by tin- species is most noticeable
when the beetles are working on the asparagus tips at the time they
ate being cut for f 1 or market, a- more fully described on paj
It i-. of course, impossible t<> apply arsenicals to the edible product
owing to the danger of poisoning human beings. About all that can
he done ai this time i- to cut a- frequently a- possible, but after the
cutting season is over the arsenicals may be freely used in accordance
with the direction- already given.
The brushing method. A simple ami inexpensive method of kill-
ing the larva' in hot weather i- to heat or brush them from the plants
with a -tick so that they will drop to the hare ground.. The larvae
are delicate creature-, and. a- they crawl \er\ -lowly. |V\\ arc able
to regain shelter of the plants, bul die when exposed to the heated
earth. The same method is in use against the pea aphis.
THE TWELVE-SPOTTED ASPARAGUS BEETLE.
[Crioceris duodceim punctata L.)
A rarer, and consequently less injurious species than the pre-
ceding i- the twelve-spotted asparagus hectic. It i- generally dis-
tributed in Europe, where it i- apparently native and. although
common, not especially destructive. Like the preceding, it lives ex-
clusively on asparagus, and the chief damage it doe- i- due to the
[Cir. 102]
10
depredations of the hibernated beetles in early spring upon the young
and edible asparagus shoots. Later generations attack the foliage,
living, for at least a considerable portion of the larval stage, within
the ripening berries.
• INTRODl CTION AM) SPREAD IN THE UNITED STATES.
The presence of this bisect in America, as lias been stated, was first
discovered in 1881. and in the vicinity of Baltimore, Md. This
beetle was noticed in considerable numbers from the first, showing
that it had probably been introduced several years earlier. At that
time it was quite local, occurring- only at the mouth of the Furnace
Branch of the Patapsco River at a point a few miles south of Balti-
more. It was then seen only on volunteer asparagus growing on the
salty margin of this river, although beds of cultivated asparagus were
plentiful in the immediate vicinity. Two years later it had proved
even more troublesome than the common asparagus beetle.
Assuming Baltimore to have been the original center of distribu-
tion, the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle has been traced southward
through Anne Arundel and Prince George counties to the District of
Columbia, where it was detected live years from the time of it- first
discovery.
In 1892 it was reported to have appeared in considerable numbers
on asparagus stalk- that had been cut down upon a farm in Carroll
County. Md. The same year its appearance was announced in Glou-
cester County, in southern New Jersey, and the following year in
Cumberland and Camden counties of the same State. To have
reached these points the insect, obviously, had traversed the inter-
vening territory in Maryland, the northern half of Delaware, and
Salem County. X. J. It was also found to have reached Virginia,
near Washington. In 189-1 it had extended northward to Burlington
County. X. J., and westward to Philadelphia County, in Pennsyl-
vania. The same year it was detected in Queen Anne County. Md..
and near Rochester, X. Y. Two years later it established it -elf in
Charles County. Md.. and had penetrated as far south in Virginia
a- Westmoreland County.
In May. 1896, a serious invasion was reported in Prince George
County. Md.. where the beetles attacked the young shoots, gnawing
ell the heads as soon as they showed above ground, thus entirely unfit-
ting the crop for market.
Nearly every year since, it has been reported in new localities in the
United States and Canada until now it is well distributed westward
and northward. In 1898 it had become generally distributed in New
•Jersey " south of the shale from the Atlantic coast to the Delaware."
Next year it was recorded in twelve counties in New York as far west
[Clr. 102]
II
.i- Buffalo and in the following years generally throng] t N'\\ York
State, as also in the Niagara district in Canada.
An interesting fact in the occurrence of the asparagus beetles in the
ira peninsula was that the two species arrived almost simulta-
neously and that the twelve-spotted form was the dominant one. By
1902 the latter had ap
peared in Connecticut,
ii Ni'u I ln\ en, ami later
in oilier port inn- uf i hat
State, \ rill / h ^
4
hi S< RIP] ION . 1 .11 I lll<-
roai . wi> ii \ ui rs.
The mature beetle ri-
vals the common species
in beauty, Init iiki\ be
distinguished by it-
much broader elytra and i''< 8 rweive-spotti
1 ,| ,. |.'. .1 tluodt larva
orange -red color.
■ in of larva
d
ond
o, ''. Knl. i
Author's illu-i-
vring cover is marked
with six black dots, and
the knees and a portion of iln 1 under surface of the thorax are also
marked with black (fig. 6, a). The beetle, as ii occurs on the plant
when in fruit, very closely resembles at a little distance the ripening
asparagus berry.
The common asparagus beetle, as is well known, dodges around a
stem like a squirrel when disturbed, but the twelve-
spotted form appears to trust to ili:_ r lit. taking
wing more readily. Both species make a loud
creaking sound when handled, by what is called
stridulation, produced in the present species by
rubbing the tip of the abdomen against the elytra.
The full-grown larva i- shown at b (fig. 6). It
measures, when extended, three-tenths of an inch
i s nun. i. being of aboul the same proportions as
the larva of the common species, but is readily
separable by it- orange color. The ground color
is lii_ r ht yellowish cream with an overlap of ochra-
ceous orange which is most pronounced on the ex-
terior portion- of the abdominal segments. The
head, with the exception of the mouth-part's, is also ochraceous,
the thoracic plate is prominent, divided into two parts, and is of a
dark-brown color. Enlarged figures of the second abdominal seg-
ment of both species are presented at < and d (fig. 6) for comparison.
[Cir. 102]
I'll - .. 7
mpunctaia. Egg,
on as
ignt leavi
risiit : same, en-
- .1. at loft. iAu-
- - Illustration, i
12
In Europe, where this species is native, it is common, but not
especially destructive*
The chief damage is from the work of the hibernated beetles in
early spring upon the young and edible asparagus shoots. Later
beetles as well as larvae appear to feed exclusively on the berries.
The eggs are deposited singly, and apparently by preference, upon
old plants, toward the end- of shoots, which, lower down, bear ripen-
ing berries, and they are attached along their sides I fig. 7), instead of
at one end as with the common species. Soon after the larva hatches
it finds its way to an asparagus berry, enters it. ami feeds upon the
pulp. In due time it leaves this first berry for another one. and
when full growth is attained it deserts its last larval habitation and
enter- the earth, where it transforms to pupa and afterwards to the
beetle. The life cycle does not differ materially from that of the
common species, and there is probably the same number of genera-
tions developed, or nearly as many.
REMEDIES.
The remedies are those indicated for the common asparagus beetle,
with the possible exception of caustic lime and <ome other measures
that are directed solely against the larvae of that specie-, hut the
habit of the larva of living within the berry places it for that period
beyond the reach of insecticides. The collection and destruction of
the asparagus berries before ripening might be a solution of the
problem, but it is questionable if recourse to this measure would
necessary, save in case of an exceptional abundance of the insect.
Approved :
James Wilson,
Secretary of Agriculture.
Washington, D. C, April 15, 1908.
[Cir. 102]
o
DOCUMENI
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
3 1262 05252 3320