ft I 7- r • J I 
 
 
 U. S. DEPAR rMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 Bl Kl M OF PLANT INDUSTRY— Circular No. 51. 
 ■ -\\ LOWAY, I 
 
 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN 
 
 THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN 
 
 GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 IT. P. GOULD, 
 Pomologisi i\ Charge of Fri m District 
 
 I w I STIGATIONS. 
 
 
 WASHINGTON \ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1910 
 
 D^ClJMgNT^^EPT 
 
 
BlREAl OF PLANT IMMSTRY 
 
 Chief of Bureau, Beverly 'I'. Galloway. 
 
 i.ant Chief of Bureau, G.Harold Powell. 
 Editor, .1. E. Rockwell. 
 Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 
 
 [Cir.51] 
 2 
 
FRUITGROWING FOR HOME USE [N THE CENTRAL 
 AND SOUTHERN GREAT PLAIN 
 
 LOCATION OF THE REGION UNDER DISCUSSION. 
 
 The geographical position of the Great Plains is indicated by the 
 map shown in figure I. This map was first used in the Yearbook of 
 the Department of Agriculture for L907 in connection with an article 
 1>\ Prof. E. C. Chilcott, of this Bureau, entitled "Dry-Land Farming 
 in the Great Plains Area ". The eastern boundary of the Great Plains 
 from an agricultural standpoint is considered somewhat arbitrarily 
 to be the ninety-eighth meridian. The western boundary is likewise 
 assumed to be the 5,000-foot contour. It extends south as far as the 
 thirty-second parallel of latitude and north to the Canadian line. 
 
 For the purposes of the present discussion, western Kansas and 
 eastern Colorado comprise the section referred to as the central Great 
 Plains: western Oklahoma, the Panhandle of Texas, and eastern New 
 Mexico constitute the southern portion. 
 
 In this c lection it should he stated that between the 5,000-foot 
 
 coni our and the Rocky Mountains there are points which have an ele- 
 vation exceeding 5,000 feet, where fruit is grown with some success 
 without irrigation. In fact, two of the most successful nonirrigated 
 orchards in eastern Colorado are considerably above this elevation. 
 One of these is near Littleton, with an elevation of about 5,350 feet; 
 the Other, near Parker, with an alt it ude of nearly 6,000 feet. 
 
 " In the rapid settlement of the semiarid region, the matter of home building is a 
 very important feature of the development thai is in pro id supply of fruil 
 
 may be made to contribute very materially to this end and add greatly to the well- 
 
 ofthefamily. During the summer of 19i I iderable number of repre 
 
 tive fruil gardens and orchards in eastern Colorado, western Kansas, and the Panhandle 
 i - were visited by Mr. II. P Gould, Pomologisl in Charge of Fruil District Inves- 
 ts, for the purpose of studying conditions, varieties, methods, etc., and with a 
 view to making the information thus obtained available for the benefil of the large 
 number of new settlers who arc rapidly coming to these sections to make 1 
 This paper is largely an account of the methods thai appear to be best suited to the 
 ic and other conditions in this region and which thus far have given promising 
 results, supplemented l>y such suggestions as the investigations of the writer have 
 1 forth A I'. Wo< ids, Actini 
 [Cir. 51] 3 
 
4 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 THE PRESENT STATUS OF FRUIT GROWING. 
 
 Comparatively little attention has been given to fruit growing in 
 the Great Plains area, except at a few points where water is available 
 for irrigation, yet in the aggregate there are many ranchers who have 
 started a small orchard or fruit garden. The product from these 
 
 Fig. 1. -Map showing the geographical position of the Oreat Plains area and the annual and 
 
 seasonal rainfall. 
 
 iills an important place in the economy of the household and in the 
 pleasures of the family. In some sections, notably in certain por- 
 tions of the Panhandle of Texas, a considerable proportion of the 
 farm homes have small orchards adjacent t<> them. Grapevines and 
 
 I' u. 51] 
 
I i;i n GROWING FOB HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 5 
 
 some of the small fruits are also frequently round. The orchard 
 fruits comprise principally apples, cherries, and native plums. 
 Peaches are quite common in sonic sections, while occasionally pears 
 and apricots are seen. 
 
 In a lew instances fruil plantations of commercial size liave been 
 developed entirely without irrigation, in to 20 acres -in a ver\ few 
 cases more being devoted by a single individual to fruil growing. 
 But such plantations are exceptional. Where they do exist they 
 have been developed gradually with the increasing experience of the 
 o\\ ner. 
 
 The fruil from commercial orchards in this region, and from the 
 home fruil gardens w henever t here is a sm plus, always sells very read- 
 ily, buyers sometimes driving -tn and 50 miles across the plains to 
 obtain it. 
 
 'The possibility of growing fruil at many points m the central and 
 southern Greal Plains ma} he said, within certain limits at least, to 
 have been demonstrated. In the majority of the orchards and fruit 
 gardens investigated the results have just died the efforts that have 
 been made. In numerous widel} separated cases \cr\ satisfactory 
 return- have been secured. In many sections a complete crop failure 
 is rare. 
 
 Nol all of the efforts to grow fruit, however, have been successful. 
 Many things have contributed to failure. The one ever-present diffi 
 < - 1 1 1 1 \ where onhj the natural rainfall is available is lack of moisture. 
 Yet after the trees are well established it is not often that this causes 
 more than temporary losses, as a crop of fruit for a single season. 
 In some sections hail is frequent and occasionally causes great dam- 
 age not onh tothefruit but to the trees. Many regard it as the most 
 serious factor that has to be considered. Late spring frosts are also 
 a cause of much injury. But with all the difficulties, rarely is the 
 effort to grew fruit one to he regretted. Those who have been suc- 
 cessful prize beyond any commensurate monetary value the product 
 of t heir t rees and bushes. 
 
 THE OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE. 
 
 The vasl majority of settlers on the Greal Plains must depend upon 
 their own plantations for a supply of fruil for home use. Most of 
 those who do nol have home-grown fruit are obliged to do without it. 
 
 The chief interest, therefore, in the cultivation of fruil in this region 
 centers about the home and the production of enough to meet the 
 need- or desires of each family. 
 
 Here and t here, a- above stated, t here are fruit plantations of com- 
 mercial si/.e. Doubtless others will he developed in the future. But 
 
 [Clr. r.i I 
 
6 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 such plantations will be located as are those now in existence (1) on 
 especially favorable sites where more or less water is available for 
 irrigation" in times of extreme drought and where hailstorms and 
 late spring frosts occur but rarely, or (2) they will be owned by men 
 with sufficient capital to enable them to resort to unusual and rela- 
 tively expensive methods of tiding the trees over such crises, or 
 (3) they will be developed gradually by the extension of small home 
 orchards as the owners gain experience and the conviction that their 
 location and personal qualifications warrant it. 
 
 The matter of reasonably successful fruit culture in this region, at 
 least for home use, resolves itself largely into two questions: (1) 
 The selection of varieties adapted to the conditions, and (2) the appli- 
 cation of suitable methods of orchard maintenance. The primary 
 object of this paper is to discuss some of the factors that contribute 
 to these ends. 
 
 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 
 
 The rainfall and temperature conditions are the most important 
 climatic factors in connection with fruit growing. The seasonal and 
 annual precipitation in the Great Plains are shown by the broken 
 lines in figure 1. Hailstorms are serious in some sections and some- 
 times cause much damage to fruit and fruit trees. 
 
 Of the temperature conditions that characterize the region under 
 discussion, late spring frosts are perhaps the most serious feature. 
 Injury to the fruit blossoms is rather frequent from this cause. 
 
 The data collected in table 1, on page 7, will give the reader a 
 general conception of prevailing conditions as to precipitation and 
 range of temperature in this region: 
 
 a In Bulletin 130 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, which is composed of papers pre- 
 sented at the second annual meeting of "The Cooperative Experiment Association of 
 the Great Plains Area," held at Manhattan, Kans., June 26-27, 1907, there occurs 
 one by Mr. J. E. Payne, superintendent of (he substation of this Department at Akron, 
 Colo., entitled " Fruit Growing on the Plains." This article gives a general account of 
 fruit culture in this region and discusses, among other matters, several different meth- 
 ods of collecting and storing water for use on small areas of land. A number of diagrams 
 are used which aid very materially in giving clearness to the discussion. These mel h- 
 ods are applicable in many locations in the region included in the present discussion. 
 The reader is referred to the bulletin mentioned for information relative to them. 
 [Cir. 51] 
 
nail GROWING FOB HOME USE I \ CHE GREAT PLAINS. i 
 
 Table [.—Records of temp frost, and precipitation at several points in tfu • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 lion. 
 
 
 
 
 Tempera' 
 
 ure. 
 
 Absolute 
 
 mini- 
 mum 
 (February 
 
 
 
 Locality. 
 
 
 Absolute 
 ma\i- 
 liium 
 
 1902). 
 
 with 
 
 maxi- 
 mum 
 above 
 
 Kays 
 with 
 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Maxi- 
 mum. 
 
 Mini- 
 mum. 
 
 mum 
 below 
 32° F. 
 
 Garden City, (Cans 
 
 4,663 
 5, 700 
 
 °F. 
 17 
 
 56 
 
 °F. 
 
 °F. 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 :« 
 ii 
 
 112 
 100 
 
 103 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 12 
 
 ill 
 179 
 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 Vmarillo, Tex.. . 
 
 111 
 
 
 First kill- 
 ing in 
 autumn 
 
 
 I..im in Earliest 
 spring killing 
 
 111113- " 
 
 i larden City, Kans 
 
 Colo.... 
 
 Hoehne, Colo 
 
 Amarillo, Tex. Nov. . 7 
 
 
 Precipi- 
 tation, 
 annual. 
 
 2 Sept. 7 
 May I 
 
 Apr. 28 Sept. 12 
 
 ept. 13 
 
 Apr. 12 Oct. 16 
 
 May 
 June 
 May 
 July 
 May 
 
 26 
 
 14.6 
 11.6 
 13.0 
 21.9 
 
 <i January, 1901. I 
 
 SITES FOR FRUIT PLANTATIONS. 
 
 In the central and southern Greal 1 Ma ins the sites for orchards and 
 other fruit-producing plants should be selected as a rule with refer- 
 ence to the besl supply of soil moisture. On some of the ranches. 
 especially the smaller ones, there is little or no choice, as the conditions 
 are so nearly uniform. Convenience of location in such eases will 
 probably be the ruling factor. 
 
 In many instances, however, the soil conditions with regard to 
 moisture can be taken into account. Streams of considerable size 
 pass through some of the ranches. The bottom land adjacent! to 
 such streams frequently has an underflow which can be reached by 
 the roots of fruit trees. Under such conditions trees often make a 
 remarkable growth. 
 
 The water from small streams, even if they are dry a considerable 
 portion of the tune, can often be utilized to good advantage for fruit 
 growing if the plantations are hunted with reference to such sources 
 of supply. On many ranches that are not traversed by streams of 
 any description there is still some choice of site. Wherever a slight 
 elevation or slope occurs from which there is surface drainage during 
 showers or more protracted rains, the area which receives the run-oil", 
 other things being equal, is a relatively favorable site for fruit grov ing. 
 This is because of the additional quantity of water that ii receives. 
 
 [Clr ..I] 
 
8 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 By taking advantage of such conditions as these with regard to 
 sites it is often possible to make results reasonably certain where 
 otherwise there would be much risk. 
 
 PREPARING THE LAND FOR PLANTING. 
 
 Generally speaking, the primary aim should be to so manage the 
 soil that it will contain the greatest quantity of moisture possible 
 when the trees and other plants are set out. This is for the purpose 
 of insuring a sufficient supply to enable them to start into vigorous 
 growth at once. 
 
 So far as possible, the preparation of the land for planting fruits 
 should be begun two years before they are to be set out. A course 
 suggested in the present connection by one of much experience in the 
 Great Plains is as follows : 
 
 The first step should be to thoroughly prepare the land for a crop 
 of corn, potatoes, beans, or some other cultivated crop. Sorghum, 
 however, should not be used in this connection, as it is likely to take 
 too much moisture from the soil. 
 
 This preparation should consist of deep plowing; that is, to a 
 depth of 8 to f inches. Then thorough cultivation should he given 
 before planting the crop, followed by frequent and thorough tillage 
 throughout the season. This treatment under fairly favorable con- 
 ditions should result in a good crop, and will also aid in keeping the 
 soil in that condition which best permits deep plowing in late summer 
 or early fall. During the next season the land should be thoroughly 
 summer fallowed to conserve in the soil to the fullest extent possible 
 the rain that falls during the warm season. This treatment consists 
 of disking or harrowing every few days. By this means vegetation 
 of all kinds will be kept down and a good surface mulch maintained. 
 
 If the soil is heavy or becomes very compact below the surface 
 mulch during the summer fallowing, it should be plowed again in the 
 fall before the planting, which should be done in the spring. 
 
 A practice that has given good success at the time of this plowing, 
 or during the fall if late plowing is omitted, is to lay the ground oil' in 
 narrow lands so that there will be a dead furrow where each row of 
 trees is to stand. These furrows serve to hold rain that might other- 
 wise be lost. It is a good plan, after these dead furrows have been 
 made, to open them still deeper by plowing as deeply as possible. The 
 soil should then be harrowed thoroughly and compacted. 
 
 To sum up the foregoing suggestions, the best preparation of the 
 soil lor fruit trees consists— 
 
 FIRST SEASON. 
 
 (1) In thorough preparation for a cultivated crop, such as corn and potatoes 
 
 (2) In thorough cultivation of the crop throughout the Beason, 
 
 (3) In deep full plowing after the crop is harvested. 
 [Cir. 51 I 
 
FBI II GROWING FOB HOM] L T SJ IN Nil GREA1 PLAINS. 9 
 
 SECOND -I \-"\ 
 
 l lii thorough summer fallowing. 
 
 In plowing 8 to 10 inches deep in the fall before planting the trees, unless this 
 has been done for a pr. \ ious crop. 
 
 In opening furrows a d< i p is can be done with a plow where the rows of trees 
 are to stand. This should be done in the fall and the trees planted the nexl spring. 
 
 [n addition to opening a dead furrow where the rows of trees are to 
 stand, one verj successful grower in this region during the fall digs 
 the holes where the t ices are to be planted, making them large and 
 
 deep. The furrows and holes eaieh any run-off that ina\ occur dur- 
 ing rains, and in t he winter, where t here is a considerable fall of snow . 
 i lie\ lil I up with snow when it drifts over the ground. As it melts in 
 the spring or on warm days in winter additional moisture is collected 
 
 where it is mosl needed and -oaks into 1 he ground deeper than it 
 
 oi he i u ise w ould. 
 
 ruder ordinary climatic condition- tin- method of preparing the 
 land should result in its being well supplied with moisture. Under 
 these conditions the trees should start into growth readily and make 
 a, good development of roots. 
 
 NURSERY STOCK. 
 
 Only nursery -lock of good grade and quality should he used in this 
 region. In Tact, it i- usuall} poor economy to plant poor stock 
 Under an\ condition-. It is difficult, however, to indicate just what 
 nursery stock of "good grade and quality " is without entering into a 
 more extended discussion of the matter than the limits of this paper 
 permit. 
 
 Manx factors need consideration in this connection. Varieties 
 differ in habit of growth in the nursery a- well as when they reach 
 mat me age. For instance, some varieties of the apple are weak 
 growers, while others are relatively vigorous. Hence a large tree of 
 a particular variety and age might represent in size a Small tree of 
 some Other SOrl of the same age. Some varieties are drooping, 
 scragglj growers; others make an upright growth. The conditions 
 under which the stock i- grown as to soil, moisture, etc. and the 
 standards of differenl nurserymen are all factors which enter into 
 the matter. It may he -aid in general, however, that nursery stock 
 should he free from injurious diseases and insect pests, well rooted, 
 and well grown in every way. In many cases undoubtedly much 
 responsibility with regard to the suitability of the stock secured must 
 rest with i he nurserj man who supplies it . 
 
 Aside from the general healthfulness of the stock, perhaps no other 
 
 factor is of so great importance as that it he well rooted, [f planted 
 
 m a section where their is usually an abundance of moisture and 
 
 where other climatic conditions are favorable, poorlj route, I -tuck 
 
 23902— Cir. 51— 10 2 
 
10 FRUIT GROWING FUR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 may have some possibility of overcoming and outgrowing defects 
 incident to a poor root system. Under the semiarid conditions of the 
 Great Plains, however, the risk is too great to warrant the planting 
 of such stock. 
 
 The age at which nursery stock is planted varies more or less with 
 different growers; it also depends upon the kind of fruit. In the case 
 of apples, pears, plums, and cherries, two-year-old trees are generally 
 used. These are trees that have grown in the nursery for two sea- 
 sons after being budded or root grafted. One-year-old peaches and 
 apricots are usually preferred. One-year grape roots are frequently 
 used, but more commonly two-year roots are planted. Either one or 
 two year old plants of currants and gooseberries are used. Most 
 of the small-fruit stock, however, is suitable 1 for planting after one 
 season's growth in the nursery. 
 
 It is a question whether good-sized one-year-old trees of all the 
 above kinds of orchard fruits are not fully as satisfactory for planting 
 in this region as older trees. This view is probably not in accord 
 with the prevailing opinion and usual practice. It is, however, sup- 
 ported by the opinion of a considerable number of experienced 
 growers in this region. The writer is convinced that in many cases 
 the younger trees can be planted with a, good degree of success. The 
 results obtained at the dry-hind fruit garden maintained at the depart- 
 mental substation at Akron, Colo., likewise point in this direction. 
 
 There is considerable interest in this country at the present time 
 in regard to dwarf apples. These are trees propagated on Paradise 
 or Doucin stocks, which has the effect of greatly dwarfing the growth 
 of the trees. Quite a number of these trees have been planted as an 
 experiment at Akron, Colo., in the dry-land fruit garden just men- 
 tioned. No conclusions, however, are warranted at this time. 
 
 PLANTING THE TREES. 
 
 If the nursery stock is not to be planted within a very few days 
 after it is received, it should be unpacked and "heeled in." To do 
 this make a, dee]) furrow and place the roots of the trees or other plants 
 in it, with the tops, in the case of trees, nearly horizontal, back 
 moist soil about the roots so as to keep them from becoming dry. 
 Light watering ma} be necessary occasionally to maintain the soil 
 in ;i sufficiently moist condition. In some cases the tops may need 
 protection. If the branches become dry and the hark begins to 
 shrivel in the least, soil should he thrown over the entire trees or 
 some other means of protection provided. With these precautions 
 stock may be held in good condition for some time if necessary. 
 
 When the stock is handled for planting, the roots should still be so 
 protected that they will not become dry. This may be done by cover- 
 ing I hem with wet gunny sacks or some other suitable material. It 
 [Cir. 51] 
 
I'IMIT GROWING FOB HOM1 I'SE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 11 
 
 is a good practice to "puddle" the roots before planting. This con- 
 sists in dipping them in rather thin mud, which gives the roots a 
 moist covering of soil. This furnishes considerable protection if they 
 arc iioi exposed too long. 
 
 Spring planting is advised, as the winter conditions would doubt- 
 less be very hard on stock planted in the fall. 
 
 In general, the advice about trimming oil' injured roots, cutting 
 back the top, etc.. usually given for planting trees and other plants 
 in humid sections, applies in this region. Low-headed trees are 
 undoubtedly to be desired; that is trees t he tops of which are formed 
 not more than 1 •"> inches to 2 feet from the ground. To produce such 
 trees a more severe heading back when the trees are set out may be 
 Decessary than many persons with experience elsewhere are accus- 
 tomed to give. It will not be difficult to develop trees with low 
 heads, however, if one-year-old trees are planted. This is an addi- 
 tional advantage in planting trees of this age. The heads of older 
 trees are formed when received from the nursery and they may not 
 meet the wishes of the planter in this respect. 
 
 In starting the head of a tree, four to six main branches should 
 usually he allowed to remain. Or, if desired, a single "leader" may 
 be left iii the center of the tree and the head formed by a considerable 
 number of comparatively small branches radiating from it. 
 
 Reference has already been made to digging the holes in which 
 to set the l rees. If t hey have been made large and deep, as previously 
 mentioned, they may need to he partially Idled before ihe trees are 
 place. I in them t" avoid too deep planting. In filling in the soil about 
 the roots, the usual precautions need to be observed in regard to 
 packing the soil firmly. If it is not sufficiently moist to insure the 
 prompt starting of the tree into growth, enough water should be 
 poured into the hole after it has been partially Idled with soil to 
 thoroughly wet the portion in close proximity to the roots. The 
 hole i- then tilled, though many leave the surface about the tree a, 
 little lower than the general level in order to retain in the little 
 "basin" thus made the rain which might otherwise drain away. 
 Such a practice is of particular value during heavy showers when 
 there is considerable run-off, more water being retained about the 
 tree than would be the case if the surface was perfectly level. 
 
 While many trees are planted only two or three inches deeper than 
 they were in the nursery, as in other regions, many advise setting 
 them at least six inches deeper than they stood in the nursery. This 
 places the roots where they are less influenced by surface conditions. 
 The t rees arc more I irmly lixed in the ground than if planted shallow 
 and are therefore less affected by the winds. In other ways there 
 appear- I" lie good reason for this deep planting. 
 [Cir. :.i I 
 
12 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 Strong winds are characteristic of the Great Plains — so much so 
 that in many exposed sections the tops of the trees by its force are 
 distinctly inclined away from the direction of the prevailing wind. 
 At most points this is from the southwest. To overcome the influ- 
 ence of these prevailing winds the trees when they are set should be 
 inclined somewhat toward the quarter from which these winds come. 
 The direction for setting as given in one instance is to "incline the 
 trees toward the 2 o'clock sun." 
 
 By leaning the trees, as suggested, the injury to the trunks which 
 often occurs where they lean toward the north or northwest — that is, 
 away from the sun, may be largely avoided. This injury is generally 
 attributed to the intense heat of the sun shining on the exposed 
 trunks, but it is probably more often the result of too rapid thawing 
 in the sun after heavy freezing. 
 
 The general principles that apply in planting fruit trees apply in 
 regard to small fruits, etc.; hence, no special comments about han- 
 dling them appear necessary. 
 
 WIND-BREAKS. 
 
 Another method of preventing the undesirable effects of the winds 
 is to plant a wind-break, or "shelter belt," on the side or sides of the 
 orchard from which the prevailing winds come. A wind-break is 
 made by planting hardy trees of some kind that will grow as rapidly 
 as or faster than the fruit trees. It should usually be started at the 
 same time the fruit trees are put out, unless the planting of the 
 orchard has been anticipated and trees for the wind-break started in 
 advance of the fruit trees. 
 
 If the space is restricted, a single hedge row of some strong-growing 
 tree will amount to something as a shelter for the orchard. But 
 better results will follow if several rows of trees be planted. A 
 common practice is to set at least three rows 8 feet apart and the 
 trees 8 feet apart in the rows. The trees in the different rows should 
 alternate, so that in one row they will stand opposite the center of the 
 space between the trees in the adjoining ones. 
 
 A number of different kinds of trees are used in the central and 
 southern Great Plains for wind-breaks. Mr. J. E. Payne, a super- 
 intendent of the departmental substation at Akron, Colo., recom- 
 mends the Russian mulberry, the black locust, and the wild Russian 
 olive. The Russian mulberry, however, is not entirely hardy in all 
 parts of the central Great Plains. In many places, seedling Russian 
 apricots would probably be satisfactory to use with other kinds of 
 trees and possibly some seasons when not injured by spring frosts 
 they would produce fruit. 
 
 "See Bulletin 130, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, p. 65. 
 [Clr. 51] 
 
FRUIT GROWING FOR [IOMK I SI-: I \ THE GREAT PLAINS. 1 •"• 
 
 The Forest Service" of this Department suggests for planting in 
 eastern Colorado the green ash, the honey locust, the white and 
 golden willow, the white elm, the Russian olive, and the Carolina 
 poplar, and in the Panhandle of Texas, the black locust, the honey 
 locust, the ( >sage orange, and the Russian mulberry. The latter, 
 besides forming a dense wind-break, in favorable seasons produces 
 considerable fruit that is much liked by birds. When there is a 
 supply of this fruit at hand, it is said that birds will eat it in prefer- 
 ence to cherries. Hence the planting of mulberries is frequently 
 recommended as a means of protecting the cherry crop from bird 
 depredal ions. 
 
 Professor Longyear, 6 of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
 tion, gives the following advice about wind-breaks: 
 
 For the taller growing tree in this region the common cotton wood may be used, 
 setting them about 8 feet aparl for the outer or uorth and west rows. A second row 
 of some denser grov ing kind should !><■ planted about 8 feet from the first and as close 
 as [ feet in the row. For this purpose l>ox elder is a suitable tree, except in dry situa- 
 tions, in which case the green ash is recommended. 'The trees in the third row may 
 he planted in the same as in the second rew, using a more compact-growing kind. The 
 Russian golden willow is recommended for this purpose as a rapid grower. The 
 in wild olive is a more compacl tree of lower growth and is particularly desirable. 
 White or American elm is also a suitable tree for the inner rows in many places, espe- 
 cially where a fair amount of moisture can be depended on. 
 
 In cases where the wind is exceptionally strong, ii may be found necessary to plant 
 a belt Is wide in order to secure complete protection. The outer two rows 
 
 may consist of Russian olive, the third and fourth rows of black locust, the fifth and 
 sixth rows of hex elder or ash, the seventh and eighth rows of American elm, and the 
 inner two or three rows of cottonwood or Carolina poplar, the rows being about 8 feet 
 apart . The golden Russian willow may l>e used in place of the el in. and honey locust 
 may take the place of the black locust. 
 
 [f the wind-break consists of several rows of trees as above sug- 
 gested the time will come in many cases when it may be possible 
 to cut some of the trees for posts and other uses. This may be done 
 whenever the trees are dense enough to give the necessary protection 
 to the orchard alter being thinned out somewhat. 
 
 ORCHARD MAINTENANCE. 
 < I I TIVATION. 
 
 In the semiarid central and southern Great Plains the most im- 
 portant thing, so far as cultivation is concerned in its relation to the 
 production of general crops, is the conservation of moisture. This is 
 equally t rue in relation to the growing of an orchard and the produc- 
 tion of a crop of fruit. In general, the methods and the tillage im- 
 
 a Letter dated November 16, 1909, from the District Forester of l>isiri<t \'o. 2. 
 & Bulletin L23, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, p 16. 
 [Clr. ml 
 
14 
 
 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 plements that have been found most satisfactory in any given section 
 may also be used in cultivating the fruit plantation, with a single 
 exception. In plowing the orchard and in the use of other imple- 
 ments of tillage, care must be taken not to work the soil so deep that 
 the roots are injured. If the trees are set deep when they are planted, 
 there will be little danger in this respect. A well-cultivated apple 
 orchard located near Plainview, Tex., is shown in figure 2. The 
 surface has been maintained in good condition for conserving moist inc. 
 The maintenance of soil fertility by frequently renewing the supply 
 of humus is essential to continued success. Nothing is better for this 
 than stable or barnyard manure. The turning under of some green- 
 
 FlG. 2.— Apple orchard six years old grown without irrigation a1 Plainview, Tex. Thetop n i ill loo 
 
 e, but formed at a desirable height from the ground. A good soil mulch has been maintained. 
 
 manure crop, however, makes an efficient substitute. A good supply 
 of humus is also of the greatest importance in connection with the 
 supply of moisture and its conservation. 
 
 IRRIGATION. 
 
 The possibility has been mentioned of resorting to irrigation in 
 order to tide over the trees or other fruit-producing plants in times 
 of severe drought. Figure 3 shows a small earth reservoir used for 
 retaining a supply of water for this purpose. There are many of 
 them in this region. One may be constructed on almost any ranch 
 and in most yards where there is a good well of water and a windmill. 
 [Cir. 51 1 
 
1 1 ; I II GROWING FOB BOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 15 
 
 It is made by excavating the earth and mounding it up somewhat 
 aboul the edge or rim of the reservoir. The inside is then puddled 
 with clay or in some other u ay made sufficiently impervious to water 
 to prevent seepage. The water may be siphoned out for distribul ion. 
 
 spb \vin<;. 
 
 On account of the dry atmosphere in the Greal Plains region, fun- 
 gous diseases will probably nol be serious, but the more common 
 insect pests may be expected to do more or less damage unless means 
 of control are applied. 'The insect problems, however, are doubtless 
 so similar to those of other regions that the methods of control that 
 are effective elsewhere will prove satisfactory here. 
 
 - An earth " lank," or reservoir, for irrigating small gardens and fruit plant: 
 
 Much information about spraying for fruit diseases and insects is con- 
 tained in publications of this Department. The more import am ones 
 are as follows : 
 
 Bulletins.— ±$o. 127, Important Insecticides; No. 243, Fungicides and 
 Their Use in Preventing 1 1 Fruits; No. 283, Spraying fur Apple I > 
 
 the Codling Moth in the Ozarks; X". I'M, Insect and Fungou I m mi''- of the i 
 i i!m' Rocky Mountains. 
 
 No. '-'<>, The Woolly Aphis of Ihe Apple; No. l'H. 
 The Pear Slug; No. 29, The Fruil Tree Hark Beetle; No. 32, The Larger Apple-Tree 
 Borers; No. 5 1. The Peach-Tree Borer; No. 73, The PlumCurculio; No. 81, The Aphides 
 Affecting the Apple; No. 98, The Apple-Tree Tent Caterpillar; No. KM. The Apple 
 'road Worm. 
 au of Plant Industry. — No. 27, Lime-Sulphur Mixl arcs for the Sui 
 Spraying of < )rchards. 
 [Or. :,i] 
 
16 FKUIT GROWING FOR HOME T7SE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 Yearbook Papers. — No. 50, Pear Blight: Its Cause and Prevention; No. 386, The 
 Principal Insect Enemies of the Peach; No. 4?>?>, Lime-Sulphur Washes for the San 
 Jose Scale; No. 460. The Codling Moth or Apple Worm; No. 480, Information ahout 
 Spraying for Orchard Insect-. 
 
 These publications are all for free distribution and may be secured 
 upon application to the Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 PRUNING. 
 
 A great many of the fruit trees now growing in the region in ques- 
 tion are in serious need of judicious pruning. The chief fault at 
 present is that too many branches have been allowed to grow and 
 the tops of the trees have become too brushy. They have not been 
 kept sufficiently open for the best results. 
 
 Of course the other extreme is also accompanied by serious results. 
 The top must not be too open. If large limbs, and especially the 
 trunks, are exposed to the direct rays of the sun, "sun scald," as the 
 splitting of the bark in the spring is usually called, will often occur. 
 This will greatly injure the tree. 
 
 It is difficult to give specific directions for pruning, as every tree 
 presents its own problems and difficulties. But with the objects of 
 pruning and the dire results of both extremes fully in mind, a desir- 
 able mean should not be difficult to reach. 
 
 The aim should be to cut out all branches that cross or in any way 
 interfere with others that are more important and to thin out the tops 
 enough to keep them comparatively open for the admission of air and 
 sunlight. Where a vigorously growing tree is allowed to go year after 
 year with no pruning, the limbs that compose the top become much 
 crowded. The struggle for existence grows so intense that only weak, 
 poorly nourished buds develop. 
 
 If the orchard is looked over every year dining I he winter or early 
 spring ami such branches removed as may be necessary to meet the 
 ends in view, very little pruning will need to be done in any one year. 
 Only rarely will there be occasion to remove large limbs. 
 
 In pruning lite first year to form the head of the tree it will often 
 be possible to leave branches which will effectively shade the trunk 
 from the sun, especially if the tree is headed quite near the ground. 
 This will make possible the development of an open-headed tree 
 without danger of any serious secondary results. Leaning the tree 
 toward "I he afternoon sun" when it is set out, as previously sug- 
 gested, will also reduce the danger of injury which might result if the 
 tops were made loo open at any lime. 
 
 Another reason for thinning out the tree lops as much as is consist- 
 ent with their healthl'ulness and crop-producing capacity is its rela- 
 tion to the soil moisture. This feature is generally overlooked in this 
 semiarid region. Within certain limits the more branches there are 
 
 [CIr. 51 I 
 
FRUIT GROWING FOB IH'M! USE IX THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 17 
 
 in ;i tree top, and consequently the more foliage there is, the greater 
 the amounl of moisture that is taken up from the soil and passed off 
 through tlu 1 leave- into the .atmosphere. 
 
 Two \ei\ strong reasons are thus indicated why fruit trees should 
 he thoroughly and systematically pruned: (1) It results in the pro- 
 duction of better fruit and in many cases more of it. (2) It is a 
 factor in consen ing the soil moisture. This i- always of greal impor- 
 tance in this region. 
 
 There i- a great difference in different kinds of fruit trees and even 
 in differenl varieties of the same kind with regard to the amount of 
 pruning that is nec- 
 essary or desirable, 
 some requiring very 
 se"\ e re treat men! . 
 w 1 1 ill" others call for 
 \rr\ little. But 
 with the underlying 
 principles in mind 
 the application of 
 t hem is not difficult. 
 
 Reference to the ac- 
 companying illus- 
 
 t rat ions w ill he SUg- 
 
 ■ ive in regard to 
 t his o per at ion. 
 Figure 1 shov 
 peach t ice about 
 four years old t hat 
 stands in a yard in 
 Plainview, Tex. It 
 
 l- low headed its Fio.4.— A well-formed peach tree about four yeai 
 
 branches are not too numerous, and in general it may be considered 
 
 a well-formed, well-pruned tree. 
 
 Figure •">" is a Ben Davis apple tree that stands in a dry-land orchard 
 about 18 miles southeast of Denver, Colo. This tree has not keen 
 
 allowed to develop a top thai is too dense, and in other respects it is 
 
 desirable as to form. 
 
 The trees shown in figure 2 also arc headed low and have other de- 
 sirable features, but the tops should be 1 lunned out somewhal to make 
 them more "pen 
 
 e owner of the orchard in which the tire shown in figure •"> i- located ha. c a 
 Geld of alfalfa on a creek bottom that passes through his ranch. Be was irrigating 
 this alfalfa at the time the photograph was taken. This is why lie was wearing rnl>- 
 ber boots. The orchard has never been irrigated. The roots of this tree probably 
 
 do no) reach tin' water table. 
 I fir. r,l | 
 
18 
 
 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 
 --•Sir-.. 
 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Perhaps the most serious question relating to fruit growing in the 
 central and southern Great Plains is the "matter of suitable varieties 
 to plant. It is likewise one of the most difficult problems concerning 
 which to make suggestions or give advice. To be successful', the 
 t ices or other plants must be able to withstand severe climatic con- 
 ditions. The moisture supply is always scanty. The winds are 
 
 often very drying 
 and may cause the 
 soil moisture t o 
 evaporate to a se- 
 rious degree. Dry- 
 ing winds also cause 
 large quantities of 
 water to be given 
 off through the 
 leaves. In some 
 sections the tem- 
 perature drops very 
 low at times. When 
 all these conditions 
 prevail at once and 
 for any extended 
 period, a combina- 
 tion exists the se- 
 verity of which can 
 hardly be exceeded. 
 If there is no snow 
 on the ground at 
 such times to pro- 
 tect- the roots from 
 very hard freezing, 
 the danger of seri- 
 ous injury to the 
 trees is greatly in- 
 creased. 
 
 The varieties of the various kinds of fruit grown in the region under 
 discussion are quite limited in number. With few exceptions, the 
 plantings are young, so the merits of the different sorts that have 
 been planted are not yet fully determined. Under these conditions 
 it is not possible to make any very definite recommendations as to 
 
 Fig. 5. A well-formed Ben Davis apple tree, grown without irrij ition 
 near Littleton, Colo. The roots of this tree probably do not reach the water 
 table. It would be better ii moreof the lower, small secondary branches 
 had been left to shade the larger limbs and trunk. 
 
 varieties for this 
 [Cir. r,i | 
 
 However, the following lists, composed 
 
nail GROWING OME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 L9 
 
 largely of varieties thai growers thus far regard favorably, will be 
 estive in the extension of fruit growing 
 [1 should lx v understood, however, thai the suggestions as to 
 varieties to plant are only tentative. Further experience and obser- 
 vation will doubtless resull in many changi 
 
 APPl 
 
 Suggested for tin 
 
 III /'linns 
 
 ait iimed. 
 
 Early variel tea 
 
 Benoni. 
 
 t Ihenango. 
 
 Karl B 
 
 Jefferis. 
 
 en Blush. 
 
 < lldenbur 
 
 Red June. 
 
 Summer Queen. 
 
 Vellow Transparent. 
 Mid-season varieties. 
 
 Grimes 
 
 Jonathan. 
 
 Wealthy. 
 Winter varieties. 
 
 Arkansas I Mammoth Black '/' 
 
 Arkansas Black. 
 
 Ben Davis. 
 
 Coffelt. 
 
 .Missouri ' Missouri Pippin 
 
 Xnrihw i Vorthwesti ■ 
 
 ing). 
 
 Rail 
 
 Beauty. 
 
 Shackleford. 
 
 Stayman Winesap. 
 
 rowers have supplied information regarding varieties both in personal interviews 
 with the writer and by correspondence. 
 
 i> Some of the varieties mentioned in these lists are more commonly known in this 
 regioD by a synonym than by the name thai conforms to the rules of nomenclature 
 adopted by the American Pomological Society. As these rules are follow' 
 
 le, the accepted name is given in each case. Wherever this course is likely to 
 cause confusion as to the identity of any variety, the synonym by which it is com- 
 monly known is given in italics after the leading name. 
 
 'Much confusion i irding the identity of the cherries grown in America 
 
 under the name- Montmorency, Montmorency Ordinaire, and Large Montmorency. 
 Growers in the Greal Plains area commonly use the name Montmorency without 
 distinguishing one variety of this group from another. Many nurserymen also fail to 
 discriminate between them. It appears probable thai the variety most commonly 
 
 ed in this area is the sort commonly known in the New York nurseries as Mont- 
 morency Ordinaire, though it has also been distributed more or less under the name 
 I Montmorency. The Large Montmorency variety of the eastern nur- 
 
 claimed to be of better quality than Montmorency Ordinaire, but it is considered a 
 -h\ heater. 
 
 [Clr. 51] 
 
 Crabs. 
 Ron 
 
 Siberian Yellow 
 Transcendenl . 
 Whitney: 
 
 MS. 
 
 America. 
 
 1 lamson. 
 
 lie Soto. 
 
 Forest Garden. 
 
 German Prune. 
 
 Goldei 
 
 Italian Prune. 
 
 Ki'oh i Pooh 's /'■ 
 
 Lombard. 
 
 Pride ( Shipper's Pru 
 
 Waugh. 
 
 ose. 
 
 CHERRIES. 
 
 Dyehouse. 
 
 Montmorency Ordinaire I Mont 
 
 Morello t English l/on Uo 
 
 Richmond t Early I: 
 
 Suda (Suda Han 
 
 Agaw 
 
 Concord. 
 
20 
 
 FEUIT GROWING FOIt HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 Varieties Suggested/or the Central Great Plains — Continued. 
 
 grapes — continued . 
 Diamond (Moore's Diamond). 
 Niagara. 
 Worden. 
 
 GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 Champion. 
 
 Downing. 
 
 Houghton. 
 
 gooseberries — continued. 
 Industry. 
 Pearl. 
 
 CURRANTS. 
 
 Fay (Fa;/'* Prolific). 
 London (London Marh i 
 White Grape. 
 i randall. 
 
 Varieties Suggested/or th Southern Great Plains. 11 
 
 CHERRIES. 
 
 Montmorency Ordinaire ( Montmorency 1.6 
 Morello (English Morello, Wragg). 
 Richmond (Early Richmond). 
 Spanish ( Yellow Spanish). 
 
 PLUMS. 
 
 Damson . 
 
 Golden (Gold). 
 
 ( lolden Beauty. 
 
 Hammer. 
 
 llawkeye. 
 
 Kroh (Poole's Pride). 
 
 Lombard. 
 
 Nona. 
 
 Pottawattamie. 
 
 Wolf. 
 
 Wonder. 
 
 PEACHES. 
 
 Green- Alexander. 
 Alton. 
 
 A i|> ( Arp Beauty). 
 Carman. 
 ( Ihinese Cling. 
 Elberta. 
 
 Heath (Heath < 'ling). 
 Lee (General l.< e) 
 Lemon Cling. 
 
 a Certain fruits are being propagated and planted in this section under the varietal 
 names mentioned below, the exact, identity and standing of which it has not been 
 found possible to determine. It is possible that, some of them are well-known Borts 
 to which local names have been applied. As thej are apparently of considerable 
 value in this section of the Great Plains and the names as given have definite signifi- 
 cance there, i1 seems advisable to mention them in this connection. The principal 
 varieties that come in this group are: 
 
 Apples: Hale County Beauty. Lively Choice, Stormproof, Red Winter Cluster, 
 Yellow Cluster 
 
 Pear: McWhorter. 
 
 Peaches: Annie Williams, Dalmont's Favorite, Borlacher. 
 
 Plum: Six Weeks. 
 
 6 See fool in ile r. page 19. 
 
 [Cir. 51] 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 Early varieties 
 
 Early Harvest. 
 
 Ilorse ( Yellow Horse). 
 
 Maiden Blush. 
 
 Red June. 
 
 Tetofski. 
 
 Yellow Transparent. 
 Mid-season variet Les. 
 
 Crimes. 
 
 Jonathan. 
 
 Wealthy. 
 Winter varieties. 
 
 Arkansas Black. 
 
 Ben Davis. 
 
 Bismarck. 
 
 Gano. 
 
 Limbertwig. 
 
 Missouri ( Missouri Pippin). 
 
 Northwestern ( Northwestern 
 
 in,/). 
 
 Ralls (Genet, Geneton). 
 Rome Beauty. 
 Winesap. 
 Crabs. 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Hyslop. 
 
 Whitney. 
 
FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREA1 PLAINS. 
 
 2] 
 
 ! lets Suggested for the Southern Ureal Plains Continued. 
 
 (iHAl 
 
 ■ill. 
 
 Carman. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 Diamond i Moore's Diamond). 
 
 Fern Munson. 
 
 ( ."lil Coin. 
 
 Marguerite. 
 
 : l I'll . 
 
 I'K.u ins continued. 
 Levj h 
 
 Mam H' K 
 
 i lldmixon Clii 
 
 ■ I . 
 mph. 
 
 II IRS. 
 
 ml. 
 
 iuleme I Duchesst d\ Ingoulenn 
 
 I '.an! 
 K- ii mce. 
 Wilder. 
 
 Varieties Suggested for Western Nebraska. 
 \d investigations regarding fruit growing have been made I>\ the 
 writer in western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. It is perhaps 
 possible, however, to suggest varieties of fruit lor planting in this 
 sect ion of t he ( Ireat Plains w it h greater assurance t han for any other 
 portion of the semiarid region. 'Phis is on account of the long 
 experience of a nurseryman and fruit grower who resides in Saline 
 County, Nebraska, and who for many years has been planting 
 orchards in western Nebraska. After having tested a large number 
 of varieties, he suggests 6 for Lincoln County, Nebraska, and other 
 comparable sections the following: 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 Early variety. 
 
 ( (ldenburg ( Duch ss of Uldi n 
 Mid-season varieties. 
 
 Day. 
 
 Jonathan. 
 Maiden Blush. 
 Plumb Cider. 
 Wealthy. 
 Winter variel ii 
 Ben I lavis. 
 
 Missoiu i Missouri Pippi 
 Ralls {Genet, G( ii> ' 
 Winesap. 
 
 appi.es— continued. 
 
 < 'rali 
 
 Whii ney. 
 
 lie Si iti i. 
 
 Foresl Garden. 
 
 Hawkey. 
 Lombard. 
 Wyant. 
 
 ' BERRIES. 
 
 Montmorency Ordinaire {Montmort 
 Morello {English Morello, Wragg 
 ( (stheim. 
 
 1 Suggested for the Extrenn Western Portion ha and Eastern Wy 
 
 APPLES 
 
 Early variel ies. 
 
 Oldenburg i Duchess of Oldenburg). 
 
 \ ellov Tran parent. 
 Mid-season variel 
 
 ilthy. 
 
 Ai'i'i es continui 
 Winter varieties. 
 
 Northwestern i Vorthiecstern <■ 
 
 Pat ten | Patu 
 Rail 
 
 eral of the varieties here named are hybrids originated and introduced bj 
 T. V. Munson, Denison, Tex. Other hybrids and eei In- production maj 
 
 ipted to this region, 
 bin a letter in the writ L9. 
 
 [Clr. r.l] 
 
22 FRUIT GROWING FOR HOME USE IN THE GREAT PLAINS. 
 
 FURTHER COMMENTS ABOUT VARIETIES. 
 
 A.S late spring frosts cause much injury to fruits in this region dur- 
 ing the blossoming period, it is important to select for planting 
 varieties that blossom relatively late so far as it is possible to do so. 
 
 Very few currants and gooseberries are grown in the Panhandle 
 region and correspondingly little information is available as to what 
 varieties are adapted to this section. Hence, no sorts are named in 
 the lists of fruits for planting there. It is probable, however, that 
 the varieties suggested for the central section would he as satisfac- 
 tory in the southern portion as any that could he named. 
 
 Juneberries have been successful at some points and are probably 
 worthy of planting throughout the portion of the Great Plains under 
 consideration. Other small fruits, such as raspberries, blackberries, 
 strawberries, etc., are occasionally grown hut frequently suffer from 
 drought, especially if it comes early in the season. Not much can 
 be said at this time, however, as to varieties. The Kansas blackcap 
 raspberry, the Kittatinny and Dallas blackberries, and the Mayes 
 (Austin) dewberry have been mentioned as giving satisfaction, 
 especially if they are given some irrigation. The fruitfulness of cur- 
 rants is also said to be greatly increased, in some instances, if they 
 are watered early in the season. 
 
 In some of the colder and more exposed locations the cane fruits 
 require protection to prevent winterkilling. This can Ik 1 given by 
 laying the canes down and covering with earth during cold weather. 
 
 It will be noted that in the lists of variel ies suggested for planting 
 in the central and southern Great Plains, many mhis arc listed for 
 both sections. This naturally follows, because of the similarity of 
 the conditions existing throughout these sections. In fact it seems 
 quite probable that the same 1 varieties in nearly every case might 
 prove satisfactory in both the central and southern sections. At 
 least, a variety that is proving satisfactory in the central portion 
 would doubtless he a, promising one for trial farther south. Lower 
 winter temperatures sometimes prevail, in the central portion of 
 this region than in the southern. There is more rainfall in the 
 southern than in the central portion. Because of these differences 
 varieties that can he grown successfully in the Panhandle of Texas 
 might not, in all cases, prove sufficiently hardy and drought re- 
 sistant for eastern Colorado and western Kansas. 
 
 In the majority of cases, those who have sel out orchards or other 
 h mis have not kept any record of the varieties planted. The variety 
 labels or other marks of identification soon become detached and the 
 names of the different sorts are forgotten. In a section like this, 
 where little is known about the adaptability of varieties, it is very 
 
 [Cir. 51 ] 
 
FRUIT GROWING FOB EiOME CSE I.N THE GREA1 PLAINS. 23 
 
 often of great importance to know the names of the varieties that 
 arc being grown. This may be of value not only to outside parties 
 but also i" the growers themselves. 
 
 It is therefore recommended that whenever frail trees or other 
 fruit-bearing plants are set out, a record of the variet ies be made and 
 preserved For future reference. If a plat of the land be made showing 
 jusl where every tree or plant of each variety is planted ii may add 
 materially to the value of other records that are kept. 
 
 Approved : 
 
 .1 Wll.v W || SON, 
 
 St > n tary of . [yricultun . 
 
 \\ \>iii\.,To\. I). ('., January 10, WW. 
 [Cir. r,i] 
 
 O 
 
UNIVtKSHY OF- FLORIDA 
 
 3 1262 08928 9895