Uju^9f-^ 
 
 Technical Series, No. 15. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT 'OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 L. 0. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
 
 A REVISION OF THE IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 BY 
 NATHAN BANKS, 
 
 Assistant Entomologist. 
 
 Issued June 6, 1908. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1 908. 
 
 ^Mm a. Oiy^iMY, ^ 
 
Technical Series, No. 15. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BXJREAXJ OF EN^TOIMOLOG-Y. 
 
 L. 0. HOWARD, Entomologist and Chief of Bureau. 
 
 A REVISION OF THE IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, 
 OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 BY 
 NATHAN BANKS, 
 
 Assistant Entomologist. 
 
 Issued June 8, 1908. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1908. 
 
LETTER OP TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Bureau of Entomology, 
 W(f.^/ii?u/f(ni, D. 6'., March 11, IQOH. 
 Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a 
 revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States, by ^Ir. Nathan 
 Banks, assistant ontomoloijist in this Bureau. In view of the im})()r- 
 tance which some of the ticks have assumed as the known transmitters 
 of certain diseases it becomes very necessary that the diiferent species 
 be distin^rnished with certainty. This has hitherto been a matter of 
 great difficulty, since there has been no work of a systematic character 
 dealing with all the known species of ticks occurring in the United 
 States. To supply this need and as a basis for the life history work 
 undertaken by this Bureau on the cattle tick and other ticks, this 
 bulletin has been prepared. I recommend its publication as Technical 
 Series No. 15 of the Bureau of Entomology. 
 
 Respectfully, L. (). Howard, 
 
 Entomolocjht and Chief of Bureau. 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Structure 7 
 
 Life history 9 
 
 Geographical distribution ]0 
 
 Abundance . 11 
 
 Historical 11 
 
 Classification 12 
 
 Table of the families 14 
 
 Famil y Argasidie 14 
 
 Table of the genera 14 
 
 Genus Argas 14 
 
 Genus Ornithodoros 16 
 
 Family Ixodid«^ 20 
 
 Table of the genera 20 
 
 Genus Ceratixodes 20 
 
 Genus Ixodes 22 
 
 Genus Haemaphysalis 32 
 
 Genus Rhipicephalus 34 
 
 Genus Margaropus 35 
 
 Genus Amblyomma 37 
 
 Genus Dermacentor 42 
 
 Unplaced species 51 
 
 Species erroneously accredited to the United States 52 
 
 Catalogue 52 
 
 Bibliography 56 
 
 Index 61 
 
 3 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I'LATES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate I, Fig. 1, — Argas viiniatus: leg I 16 
 
 2. — Argas ininiatus: leg IV 16 
 
 3. — Argas brevipes : leg I 16 
 
 4. — Argas brevipes : leg IV 16 
 
 5. — Ornithodoros coriaceus: leg I 16 
 
 6. — Ornithodoros coriaceus: leg IV 16 
 
 7. — Ornithodoros talaje : palpus 16 
 
 8. — Ornithodoros talaje: leg IV 16 
 
 9. — Ornithodoros megnini : palpus 16 
 
 10. — Ornithodoros megnin i : leg IV 16 
 
 11. — Ornithodoros megnini: leg I 16 
 
 12. — Ornithodoros megnini : tegument 16 
 
 18. — Ornithodoros turicata : tegument 16 
 
 14. — Ornithodoros turicata : palpus 16 
 
 15. — Ornithodoros turicata : leg I 16 
 
 16. — Ornithodoros turicata : leg IV 16 
 
 17. — Ornithodoros talaje: leg I 16 
 
 II. Fig. 1 . — ( 'erati.rodes signatus: female shield and coxje 22 
 
 2. — Cerati.vodes signatus: tarsi I and IV 22 
 
 3. — Cerativodea signatus: capitulum of female 22 
 
 4. — Ceratixodes putus: capitulum and palpus of female 22 
 
 5. — Ceratixodes putus: tarsi I and IV 22 
 
 6. — Ceratixodes putus: shield of female 22 
 
 7. — Ceratixodes ])utus: palpus of male below 22 
 
 8. — Ceratixodes ptitiis: stigmal i)late of female 22 
 
 9. — Ixodes ricinus: capitulum and tarsus I of female 22 
 
 10. — Ixodes ricinus: coxte of female 22 
 
 11. — Ixodes scapularisf: stigmal })late of nymph 22 
 
 12. — Ixodes califomicus: female shield and capitulum 22 
 
 13. — Ixodes ricinus: female shield and stigmal plate 22 
 
 14. — Ixodes scapularis: mandible, and cox^e I and II 22 
 
 15. — Ixodes scapularis: capitulum, tarsi I and IV, and shield, of 
 
 female; stigmal plate of male 22 
 
 III. Fig. 1 . — Ixodes cookei: larva 28 
 
 2. — Ixodes cookei: base of palpus of nymph from below 28 
 
 3. — Ixodes cookei: tip of palpus of nymph 28 
 
 4. — Ixodes cookei: capitulum of female 28 
 
 5. — Ixodes cookei: tarsus I 28 
 
 6. — Ixodes cookei: coxa I 28 
 
 7. — Ixodes cookei: stigmal plate of female 28 
 
 8. — Ixodes cookei: shield of female 28 
 
 9. — Ixodes brunneus: capitulum and shield of female 28 
 
 10. — Ixodes marxi: capitulum, cox?e, and shield, of female 28 
 
 4 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 5 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plate III. Fig. 11. — Ixodes hexar/ovus: coxiv of ieAnale , 28 
 
 12. — Ixodes (Ilrersifosxvs: capituluni of female 28 
 
 13. — Ixodes hexagonus: capituluni and shield of female 28 
 
 14. — Ixodes diversifossus: shield, tarsus I, stigmal plate, coxje 
 
 I and II, and tooth l)eneath rostrum — all of female ... 28 
 IV. Fig. 1. — Ixodes pratti: shield of female, capitulum of female, tooth 
 
 on rostrum, stigmal plate of female, and coxa 1 32 
 
 2. — Ixodes angustus: cox;e, stigmal plate, capitulum, and 
 
 shield, of female 32 
 
 3. — Ixodes jjrattl: stigmal plate of nymph 32 
 
 4. — Ixodes pratti- stigmal plate of male, and tarsus 1 32 
 
 5. — Ixodes pratti: hypostome 32 
 
 6. — Ixodes dentatus: teeth below on rostrum, coxa_^, capitu- 
 lum, and shield, of female 32 
 
 7. — Ixodes sculpius: shield and capitulum of female 32 
 
 8. — Ilxynaphysalis leporis-palusfris: capitulum of male 32 
 
 9. — Ixodes sculpttis: coxie of female 32 
 
 10. — Hxmaphu sails leporis-paluxtris: tarsus I, capitulum and 
 
 shield, stigmal plate, and coxa I, of female 32 
 
 11. — Hxmaphysalis chordeilis: shield and capitulum, coxje I and 
 
 IV, tarsus IV, and stigmal plate, of female 32 
 
 V. Fig. 1. — Rhipicephalus texanus: shield, capitulum, and mandible, 
 
 o*f female; capitulum and stigmal plate of male 34 
 
 2. — Rhipicephalus texanus: palpus from beneath 34 
 
 3. — Rhipicephalus texanus: stigmal plate of female, anal plates 
 
 of male, and coxa 1 34 
 
 4. — Rhipicephalus texanus: tarsi I and IV 34 
 
 5. — Margaropus annulatus: stigmal plate of nymph, and coxa 
 
 I of male 34 
 
 6. — Margaropus annulatus: shield, capitulum, and coxa I, of 
 
 female 34 
 
 7. — Margaropus annulatus: tarsus IV of male, stigmal plate of 
 
 female, and shield and capitulum of nymph 34 
 
 VI. Fig. 1. — ^m6Zyommartmt'riCrtmo//.-male, and stigmal plate of female. 42 
 2. — Ambhjornma americanum: stigmal plate of nymph, and 
 
 tarsus IV 42 
 
 3. — Amhlyomma americanum: hypostome, shield, and capitu- 
 lum, of nymph ; stigmal plate of male, and coxa 1 42 
 
 4. — Amhhjonima americanum: capitulum of female 42 
 
 5. — Amhlyomma maculatum: tarsus IV, and coxc« I and IV.. 42 
 
 6. — Amhlyomma cajennense: tarsus IV, and mandible of male. 42 
 
 7. — Amhlyomma maculatum: tarsus I, and stigmal plate of male. 42 
 8. — Amhlyomma tuhercidatum: capitulum of female, stigmal 
 
 plate of male and of female 42 
 
 9. — Amhlyomma maculatum: stigmal plate of female 42 
 
 10. — Amhlyomma maculatum: capitulum of female 42 
 
 VII. Fig. 1. — Amhlyomma cajennense: capitulum of female, and stigmal 
 
 plate of male 42 
 
 2. — Amhlyomma cajennense: stigmal plate and tarsus I of 
 
 female; coxae I and IV of male 42 
 
 3. — Dermacentorvariahills: capitulum and stigmal plateof female 
 
 4. — Dermacentor variahills: capitulum of male 42 
 
 5. — Dermacentor alhlpictus: shield of female 42 
 
 6. — Dermacentor variahilis: leg I of larva 42 
 
6 IXODOIDEA, OK TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ragp. 
 Plate VII. Fig. 7. — Dermacenior uilem^: coxa I, leg IV of male, and shield and 
 
 capituluin of nymph 42 
 
 S. — Dermacentor variabilis: tarsus 1 42 
 
 H. — Dermacentor alhipictus: stigmal plate of female, and eapitu- 
 
 lum of female and of male 42 
 
 10. — Dermacentor nitens: stigmal plates of male and female, 
 
 capitulnm, and shield of female 42 
 
 11. — Dermacentor alhipictus: coxa IV, and stigmal plate of male. 42 
 VIII. Fig. 1. — Dermacentor occidentalis: capitulnm of male and female, 
 
 shield of female, and tarsus I V of male 46 
 
 2. — Dermacentor occidentalis: coxje I and IV of male, stigmal 
 
 plates of male and female ... * _ 46 
 
 3. — Dermacentor nigrolineatus: stigmal plate of female 46 
 
 4. — Dennacentor venustus: coxa IV of male 46 
 
 5. — Dermacentor venustus: capitulnm and stigmal })lates of 
 
 male and female 46 
 
 6. — Dermacentor ]>arumapertus var. marginatum: stigmal plate, 
 
 capitulnm, and shield, of female 46 
 
 7. — Dermacentor venustus: shield of female 46 
 
 S. — Deruiaceiitor parumapertus: stigmal plate of female 46 
 
 i>. — Dermacentor nigrolineatus: capitulum of female 46 
 
 10. — Dermacentor parntnapertus: shield and capitulum of fe- 
 male, stigmal plate and capitulum of male 46 
 
 11. — Dermacentor nigrolineatus: stigmal ])late and capitulnm of 
 
 male 46 
 
 IX. (By the late Dr. George ^larx.) 
 
 Fig. 1. — Ixodes scapularis: fresh female, and male attached to fe- 
 male 48 
 
 2. — Ixodes scapularis: female, coxa I, male, female stigmal 
 
 plate, venter of female, and rostrum from beneath 48 
 
 .'{. — Ixodes dentatus: engorged female, shield, and capitulum. 48 
 4. — Ixodes cookei: male and female above and below, stigmal 
 
 plate, and rostrum from beneath 48 
 
 5. — Ixodes ricinus: engorged female, above and below 48 
 
 6. — Ceratixodes putus: stigmal plate and capitul nn 48 
 
 7. — Ixodes dentatvs: rostrum from below 48 
 
 8. — Ixodes marxi: engorged female 48 
 
 X. (By the late Dr. George Marx.) 
 
 Fig. 1. — Dermacentor hifurcatus: nymph, cox;e, shield, venter, pal- 
 pus, stigmal plate, and capituluin 48 
 
 2. — Ihemaphysalis leporis-palustris: male, and rostrum of fe- 
 male beneath 48 
 
 .S. — Dermacentor variabilis: engorged female, above and below . 48 
 4. — Dermacentor variabilis: male, above and beneath, and stig- 
 mal plate of female 48 
 
 5. — Amblgomma americanum: nymph, above and below 48 
 
 6. — Hirmaphysalis leporis-palustris: fresh and engorged females . 48 
 7. — Margaropus annulatus: capitulum of female, above and 
 
 beneath *. 48 
 
 8. — Margaropus annulatus: caj^itulum of male, above and 
 
 beneath 48 
 
 9. — Dermacentor occidentalis : male 48 
 
 10. — Dermacentor reticulatus: male 48 
 
 1 1 . — Dermacentor alhipictus: male 48 
 
A REVISION OF THE IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 STRUCTURE. 
 
 The Ixodidae, or ticks, are all mites of considerable size; even the 
 young or " seed-ticks " are visible to the naked eye, while a full- 
 grown engorged female ma}^ be half an inch long. Their abundance 
 on many of the domestic animals and occasional occurrence on man 
 have rendei-ed them well-known objects {)i disgust in every clime. 
 
 The body is covered by a tough leathery skin, which in the female 
 becomes greatly distended as she engorges herself with the blood of 
 the host. Before distention the tick is of a somewhat triangular 
 outline, flat, with prominent, slender legs and a beak-like rostrum in 
 front. AVhen the female becomes swollen these characters may be 
 hardly noticeable and the whole creature may look like some large 
 seed or bean. In most of the forms there is on the front part of the 
 dorsum a corneous shield known as the sciifum. In the male this 
 scutum covers the greater part of the body, but in the female only a 
 small part in front. Articulated to the anterior margin of this 
 scutum, and usually within a slight emargination, is a small sub- 
 triangular piece, called the capituliini^ or head. This capitulum 
 bears the palpi, the mandibles, the mandibular sheaths, and the 
 hypostome. The last three organs together form the prohoscis^ or 
 haustellnm. The hypostome is a median piece beneath (really of two 
 pieces) bearing many recurved teeth or denticles. The more basal 
 of these denticles are in rows, and the number of these rows has 
 been nsed in the differentiation of species, but is subject to some 
 variation. At the tips of the mandibles are two or three processes, 
 known as the apophyses; these have also been used in specific classi- 
 fication, but are now also known to be inconstant. The hypostome 
 and mandibles are inserted into the host when the tick feeds, and so 
 firmly do the recurved teeth of the hypostome hold that if one tries 
 to remove a tick by force the body may be torn from the attached 
 capitulum. 
 
 The pal])} are inserted at the sides of the mouth parts and are of 
 four segments, but connnonly one sees only two, for the basal is short 
 
8 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and broad, and the apical is very small and often situated in a 
 depression near the tip of the third. The palpi are usually sonie- 
 Avhat concave on the side toward the mouth parts, so that they may 
 sheath these parts. The comparative lengths of the second and third 
 joints of the palpi give useful characters in separating the genera of 
 .ticks. 
 
 On the dorsum of the capitulum of adult female ticks there are 
 two depressed pitted areas known as the porose areas. No one has 
 as yet determined their function. All female ticks of the subfamily 
 Ixodinae which do not have these organs fully exposed are imma- 
 ture and should not be described as new species. Various species, 
 and even genera, have been based on innnature forms, owing to a 
 failure to recognize this point. The genera Phaidixodes^ Ilevpetohia.^ 
 Sarconyssus^ and Gonixodes fall in this class. 
 
 The shield is usually irreguhirh^ hexagonal in shape. On each 
 lateral margin is a pale ej'e-like spot or ocellus; in some genera these 
 eyes are wanting. The posterior margin of the body in most forms 
 is marked by a number (8 to 10) of short imj^ressed furrows, which 
 outline a series of lobes or festoons; these are more distinct in the male 
 than in the female, and Avhen the latter is distended with blood they 
 are barely visible. On the underside or venter of the body there are 
 two median apertures; the anterior one not far from the beak is the 
 genital pore; the posterior one is the anus. In many forms there is a 
 curved groove behind the anus and from it a median furrow, while 
 in other species there is a curved groove in front of the anus and 
 reaching back each side toAvard the margin of the body. In all forms 
 there is a more lateral groove each side reaching forward to the geni- 
 tal pore. In the males of several genera there are one or two cor- 
 neous triangular plates each side of the anus, the anal plates. Occa- 
 sionally the abdomen terminates in a median process, or tail. 
 
 The legs arise from each side of the anterior j^art of the venter; 
 the coxa) are sometimes close together, sometimes more widely sepa- 
 rate. The legs are usually slender, subequal in length, but the fourth 
 pair is rather the longest, and sometimes larger than the others. 
 Each is composed of at least six joints, as follows, from base outward : 
 Coxa,) trochanter^ femur^ tibia^ metatarsus., and tarsus. The latter 
 is commonly more or less definitely divided into two parts. At the 
 tip of the tarsus is a pair of large claws situated on a rather long 
 pedicel, and between tliem is usually a pulvillum. On the upper sur- 
 face of tarsus I is a pit covered by a membrane; this is known as 
 Ilaller''s organ., from its discoverer, and is supposed to be an organ of 
 audition. One or more of the coxae are armed behind by spine-like 
 processes or teeth. In the males of some species the hind coxae are 
 greatly enlarged. Above, and usually slightly behind the hind coxa?, 
 are the stigmal plates containing near their center.^ the stigmal orifice 
 
STRUCTURE. 9 
 
 or spiracle. Each plate is a corneous piece, the surface of which is 
 marked by granules of smaller or larger size. The shaj)e and sculp- 
 ture of the stigmal plate is quite constant in each species, but differs 
 in the sexes. 
 
 In some genera there are on the dorsum, near the middle, a pair 
 of small circular or oval plates, called by Doctor Stiles the clorso- 
 suhmedian jjorose plates; no one has j^et discovered their use. 
 
 Ticks are usually dull-colored, but some forms are brightly mottled 
 with brown, white, yellow, or red. However, each species has a 
 characteristic shade of color, which, when once known, helps in field 
 identification; the colors accredited to the species in this paper are 
 those shown by alcoholic materials. In life most of the colors are 
 lighter or more vivid than after immersion in spirits. 
 
 LIFE HISTORY. 
 
 Ticks are parasitic during the greater period of their life; most 
 of them, however, leave the host to moult, and all, to deposit eggs. 
 Mammals are their ordinary hosts, but birds and reptiles are also 
 infested, and two species of ticks have been taken from insects. 
 Many of them show a decided preference for a certain animal, but 
 a number of our common species have been found on a great variety 
 of animals. Some ticks have apparently changed their host ; for 
 example, the Texas fever tick, now chiefly found on cattle, originally 
 infested deer, and possibly bison. 
 
 In sucking the blood of their hosts the ticks, unless extremely 
 numerous, do but slight harm, but several of them have been shown 
 to transmit the germs of some disease, so that they become, in several 
 cases, economic pests of prime importance. 
 
 The life history of ticks has been investigated by several authors, 
 notably Curtice, Morgan, Lounsbury, and Hunter and Hooker. The 
 female tick, as the result of her bloodthirsty nature, becomes enor- 
 mously distended, and is then mature. The male mates with the 
 female for some days, after which the latter drops to the ground to 
 deposit eggs. These issue as elongate masses in front of the tick, and 
 may be as many as 1,000 to 10,000 in number. During the operation 
 the head is withdrawn into the body so that the surface of the 
 capitulum is close to the genital pore. As the eggs issue they are 
 coated with a viscous substance secreted from glands opening in the 
 membrane between the shield and the head. These glands are partly 
 eversible and enwrap each o^^^ as it issues from the ovipositor. The 
 eggs are usually placed upon the surface of the soil or just beneath 
 it, and the larvae hatch in a few days. The young ticks, known as 
 " seed-ticks," ascend the nearest support of grass or herb and patiently 
 await the coming of some animal. Delay and disappointment must 
 often eujd in starvation and death. The seed ticks are, however, able 
 
10 TXODOTDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 to endure long fasts, and man}' finally secure an attachment to some 
 animal. In a few days the young tick is rapidly distended by blood, 
 and drops to the ground. Here it seeks a hiding place and rests, 
 during which time there are many changes in the internal anatomy. 
 In three or four days the skin splits and from the six-legged larva 
 there issues the octopod nymph. Climbing a plant it awaits the pass- 
 ing of some suitable animal, and, when attached, feeds and falls off 
 again to moult, this time to the adult condition. It again waits for 
 a host, and, finding one, feeds and starts the life cycle anew. The 
 Texas fever tick and its allies do not drop otf for moulting, but cast 
 the skin while on the host. This enables a more rapid increase in 
 the species. They drop to the ground, however, for the purpose of 
 depositing eggs. Several other ticks pass the first moult while on 
 the host, and some Argasidse deposit eggs on posts above ground. 
 
 In the true ticks there is a considerable difference between the 
 abdomen of the male and that of the female in tlie development of 
 the dorsal shield. In several genera the maU' has plates near the 
 anus, and in some cases the liind ])air of legs is enlarged in the male; 
 the i)()rose areas are found only in the female; the sexes are, there- 
 fore, very easily distinguished. 
 
 The males and females feed side by side; but the 3'ounger stages 
 are often restricted to a different part of the host; thus the larva* of 
 sevei-al sj)ecies occur in the ears, while the adults are on the body of 
 the host. 
 
 Ticks are able to live for long periods Avithout food or moisture. 
 Four to six months are connnon periods, and cases are recorded of 
 female ticks fasting for eleven or twelve months. The argasids can 
 live for a nuich longer time; specimens of Argas have remained alive 
 in pill boxes for two years and three months without food, and Iviley 
 records one specimen living for five years in a corked vial Avithout 
 food. Even the 3^oung may live several months without food. This 
 amazing vitality largely offsets the difficulty the tick may have in 
 finding a host. 
 
 Ticks are also well fitted to Avithstand immersion in Avater; even the 
 eggs and young stages live through long periods of submergence, so 
 that rains have little effect upon tick life. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Africa is the home of ticks, all the known genera occurring there, 
 and more species than on any other continent. Of the genera found 
 in the United States, R/iipkephalus, Margaropus, and Amhlyomma 
 are tropical, and several of our species in these genera occur in Central 
 and South America. Devmacentor is our most characteristic genus, 
 and Ave have more species than any other country. Ixodes and 11(2- 
 maphy salts are northern genera, both as Avell represented in Europe 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 11 
 
 as in this country. Two common tropical genera. IlyaJomnia and 
 Ajyonomma^ have not yet been taken in this country. The two genera 
 of Argasidae favor warm countries. Two of the European species 
 occur in our country, doubtless from importations. Several other 
 European species have been accredited to the United States, but in 
 all cases through erroneous determinations. In the United States 
 the species of Rhipicephalus and Mar gar opus are restricted to the 
 Southern States. Several species of Amhlyomma spread northward 
 along the coasts and up the great valleys. The species of Derma- 
 centor are more restricted in distribution, and more abundant in the 
 Northwest. In Ixodes the western species are quite unlike those of 
 the East. One species of Haemaphy sails is widely distributed in this 
 countr}^ Although a few species are as yet known from only one 
 host, it is improbable that any are confined to one species of animal. 
 Dermaceafor is usually found on large mammals and Ixodes on small 
 mammals. 
 
 ABUNDANCE. 
 
 Derviacentor is our most common tick, and the males are about as 
 numerous as the females. RJtipicephahis and Margarojms are abun- 
 dant locally, but the males of Margaropus are not so often seen. In 
 Amhlyonima the males are slightly less common tlian females. In 
 Ixodes the males are comparatively rare, and in several species un- 
 known to me. One species in the South is quite abundant, but of the 
 other Ixodes only a few are taken at one time. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 Since the group is of such great economic importance, the need of 
 a technical revision of the species is apparent. There has never 
 been such a revision of our species. Say described a few species in 
 1821, Packard several more in 1869, and Fitch in 1871. Koch, in 1841, 
 described a host of ticks from all over the world, naturally including 
 a few from the United States. Each of the authors worked inde- 
 pendently of the others. The late Dr. George ]\Iarx was much inter- 
 ested in this family of mites, and intended to monograph it, or at 
 least our native species. To this end he had prepared many fine 
 drawings and a considerable body of manuscript. I have had access 
 to this material, and can testify to its high scientific character. In 
 the genus Dermacentor^ for example, he had the forms known to him 
 separated out as I shall use them in this paper. Later writers con- 
 fused several of these species, which he rightly held to be distinct. 
 Doctor Marx's manuscript is not suitable for publication, being frag- 
 mentary and out of date, but many of his figures are so valuable that 
 I have added two plates made up of them. These of course should 
 be credited to him. 
 
12 IXODOTDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 In 180G Dr. George Xeumanii, of Toulouse, France, began the pub- 
 lication of a Revision of the Ixodida?. Doctor Neumann attempted 
 to monograph the ticks of the entire world, a task which in 180G 
 doubtless seemed quite possible, and the '' Kevision " was comi)leted in 
 four parts. Since then he has examined thousands of specimens, and 
 his studies have appeared in live notes on the Ixodida^ supplementary 
 to the "Revision." It is quite natural that in examining such a host 
 of specimens from all ])arts of the world at varying intervals he 
 should be inclined to unite forms which to the student of local faunae 
 seem abundantly distinct. It is in this way that I differ from Doctor 
 Neumann as to the species occurring in this country. I have seen 
 })ractically all the material that he studied from the United States, 
 including most of his types, and also collections from many colleges 
 and other institutions in this country, together with larger collections 
 made in the past few years. The types of Say and Fitch are lost, 
 but through the kindness of Mr. Samuel Ilenshaw I have examined 
 the types of Packard, now in the IVIuseum of Comparative Zoology. 
 This enables me to })lace correctly several species hitherto misplaced 
 by authors. In 1899 Doctors Salmon and Stiles published a finely 
 illustrated work on the cattle ticks of the United States. At that 
 time their material was largely in Doctor Neumann's hands, and since 
 then several species have been collected in this country, and Neumann 
 himself has changed his opinions regarding several species. 
 
 During the past year Messrs. W. D. Hunter and W. A. Hooker, of 
 this Bureau, have issued a bulletin (No. 72) on the cattle tick and 
 other species, with much ethologic matter and valuable breeding 
 notes. In this i)aper 38 species are recorded from this country, and 
 3 unplaced forms, doubtless identical with some of the known species. 
 More species are to be expected in Ixodes^ so that our tick fauna may 
 yet have 50 species., 
 
 CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 Latreille, in 1795, made two genera for the ticks, Argas and Ixodes. 
 The striking differences between the two were recognized by follow- 
 ing acarologists, some of whom even placed Argas with the Gamasida'. 
 Koch, in 1844, divided these two genera into ten — just about as they 
 stand to-day. He arranged these ten genera within three families — 
 Argasida% Ixodidaj (long palpi), and Rhipistomida^ (short palpi). 
 These three groups have been generally adopted by later authors. 
 Neumann has modified it somewhat by using rostrum long or short 
 to separate the last two families. But this will hardly distinguish 
 some species of Amhlyomma and Dermacentor. Doctor Marx, in 
 1892, made a somewhat different arrangement, dividing the group 
 into tw^o — Catastomata and Antistomata. The former is the Arga- 
 sidse of Koch, the later he separates into three families — Ha^malajs- 
 
CLASSIFICATION. 13 
 
 toridae, Ixodidse, and Rhipistomidse. The Ha3iiialastorida3 of Ma;rx 
 is based on a misconception ; the type of Ilctmalastor is a Ilyalomma. 
 while Sarconyssiis belongs to Eschatocephalus. 
 
 These classifications have placed a great deal of prominence on the 
 length of the palpi. Lahille, in 1905, in his tabular arrangement of 
 the genera, has subordinated this character to others, and I fully agree 
 Avith him. He places, and I believe correctly, Amhlyomma near Der- 
 macentor instead of near Ixodes. Lahille, however, bases his main 
 divisions of the Ixodidse on certain characters of the male ; whether 
 the male has five anal plates (Perissopli), or four anal plates (Arti- 
 opli), or no anal plates (Anopli). By this arrangement he sepa- 
 rates Hyalomma from Amblyomma^ while other authors — and here 
 I agree with these latter — place these genera close together. In- 
 deed, the character used to distinguish the females of these two genera 
 is not always easy of verification, so that several Avriters have made 
 mistakes in this matter. 
 
 Moreover, I fail to see the importance in secondary sexual charac- 
 ters that Lahille places upon them. They certainly are not of suf- 
 ficient value to characterize groups higher than genera, and are better 
 employed for groups of lesser rank. 
 
 Therefore I have made use of another character to divide the 
 Ixodidse into two groups, namely, the presence or absence of a curved 
 groove in front of the anus and continued back each side. Li 
 Ixodes this groove is present, in other ticks it is absent, and in most 
 forms there is a small groove behind the anus, not seen in Ixodes, 
 Ixodes differs in various other Avays from the other ticks, notably in 
 lacking festoons to the posterior margin of the body. I have there- 
 fore placed Ixodes (and Ceratixodes) in a subfamily, Ixodinse, as 
 opposed to the other ticks, Amblyomminae. Rhiplccphalus (and 
 Margaropiis)^ by the peculiar shape of the capitulum, have long 
 been considered distinct from other ticks, and for them a tribe is es- 
 tablished, the Rhipicephalini ; likewise Hamiaphy sails,, by its peculiar 
 palpi, will Avarrant another tribe, the Ha?maphysalini. Aynhlyomma^ 
 Hyalomnia^ and Aponomma are more closely related to each other 
 than to Dermacentor. Tavo more tribes Avill thus be requisite, the 
 Dermacentorini and the Amblyommini, distinguished not only by 
 the length of the palpi, but also by the lengths of the divisions of the 
 tarsi. These characters Avill apply to both sexes and catu to the 
 nymphal forms. Other less important points aid in distinguishing 
 the groups, as evidenced by the synoptic tables. 
 
 Long after the above was Avritten, I receiAed a paper by Mr. 
 Cecil Warburton (Notes on Ticks, December, 1907), in which he 
 proposes practically the same classification as I haA^e proposed above. 
 He uses the position of the anal groove to separate Ixodes from all 
 other Ixodida,^, but for this group and all his groups uses neAv names, 
 
14 IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 instead of subfamily and tribal names based on the genus. He, how- 
 ever, keeps Derniacentor in the same group as Rhipicephalus^ which 
 I consider ill-advised and have placed them apart, Derinacentor 
 closer to Amhlyomma. Mr. Warburton has also put more value on 
 the length of the palpi than I think justified, and also used, more 
 than I, the secondary sexual characters of the male. A summary 
 of my classification appeared in the Proceedings of the Entomo- 
 logical Society of Washington, Volume VIII, page 62, August, 1907. 
 
 Doctor Neumann has also lately (Sjostedts Kili-mandjaro-Meru 
 Expedition, page 20) given an arrangement of the genera in three 
 sections. He, however, places, and I believe wrongly, Ilyalomma 
 nea r Rh ijnreph alus. 
 
 Our two families of ticks are very different, as seen from the fol- 
 lowing statement of characters: 
 
 Tablk of Tin: Families. 
 
 Xo conioons sliiold on dorsum ; head hidden luMieath front of body; anus near 
 middle of venter: skin ronijhened injasida'. 
 
 A corneous shield present on dorsum; head distinct in front of Ijody; anus 
 behind tlie middle of venter: skin only tinely striated Idodidw. 
 
 Family ARGASID^. 
 
 No dorsal shield; head hidden under front of body; anus near 
 middle of venter; skin roughened ; coxic usually contiguous or nearly 
 so; tarsi without apical pulvillum. 
 
 In the lar\;e the head and month parts are distinct, in front of the 
 body, as in the true ticks; there are also indications of a pulvillum 
 at base of claws. However, there is not as nuich difference between 
 the sexes as in the Ixodida?; so it seems probable that each family has 
 specialized along different lines. The argasids remain on their hosts 
 for only a short time, and many of them are most active at night. 
 
 Our two ofcnera are closelv related, but mav be distinguished as 
 follows: 
 
 TaHLI-: of the (iENERA. 
 
 Margin of body thin and acute \rgas. 
 
 Margin of body rounded Ornithodoroft. 
 
 Genus ARGAS Latreille. 
 
 Body strongly depressed, elongate oval in shape, usually narrower 
 in front, margins thin and acute; palpi hidden under front of body. 
 Skin strongly wrinkled and with scattered smooth patches, most nu- 
 merous near the margin. No eyes. 
 
 Type. — A. reflexas Fabricius. 
 
 The famous " Miana bug'' of Persia {Ar(/((,s pe?\swus Fischer) 
 belongs to this genus. The bite of this species was reputed to pro- 
 
GENUS AEGAS LATKEILLE. 15 
 
 duce death, and the early travelers in that country give long and 
 
 exaggerated accounts of the creature. 
 
 I have seen two species from our country, which may be tabulated 
 
 as below: 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 Anterior tibijTj and metatarsi each about tliree times as lou^ as broad, 
 
 niiniutu.s. 
 
 Anterior tibiae and metatarsi each phiinly less than three times as long as 
 
 broad hrevipca. 
 
 Argas miniatus Koch. 
 
 Dark red-brown, legs pale yellowish, body nearly twice as long as 
 broad, broader behind than in front, broadest behind the middle, 
 tapering, and almost j^ointed in front, the margin often slightly 
 upturned, _ excei^t behind; surface densely and irregidarly scarred 
 and pitted, the smooth scars of varying sizes and more ninnerous on 
 sides and behind, in latter part arranged somewhat in rows, a median 
 row and two or more lateral less distinct ; ventral surface scarred as 
 above, most densely around the sides; palpi very short and lacking 
 more than their length from reaching the anterior border; on ros- 
 trum at base of palpi is a transverse row of four bristles; the stig- 
 mal plate, which is scarcely distinct from the surrounding tissue, is 
 a raised sjDot above the coxa IV and with a curved anterior rim. 
 Legs (PL I, figs. 1, 2) rather slender; tarsi barely longer than pre- 
 ceding joints, and suddenty narrowed at tip; the legs have very few 
 hairs; coxa^ II, III, and IV are contiguous and radiate, coxa I is dis- 
 tinctly separate from the others, and at the sides of the beak. 
 
 The male differs but little from the female; it is usually smaller; 
 the male genital pore is not nearly as broad as the vulva, and is situ- 
 ated farther back, and behind it is a short curved groove each side. 
 
 Length of swollen female, 8 to 10 mm. 
 
 This species is a common enemy of poultry in the Southwest, from 
 southern Texas to California. It occurs, also, on other animals, 
 rather rarely on cattle. Doctors Stiles and Salmon have described 
 the hexapod larva of this species. I have followed Xeumann in 
 uniting Argas sanchezi Duges to this species, as the slight difference 
 in the structure of the mandibles is not constant. 
 
 I have seen specimens from Austin, Georgetown, El Paso, Patton, 
 San Antonio, Brackettsville, and Colorado City, Tex.; from Merced 
 and Riverside, Cal. ; from Deming, X. Mex., and from Catalina 
 Springs, Ariz. 
 
 Argas brevipes n. sp. 
 
 This species is similar in shape and general appearance to the 
 common A, miniatus. It differs in the much shorter legs, as may be 
 
16 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 seen by the figures (PL I, figs. 3, 4). The joints appear somewhat 
 more roughened than in ^-i. miniatus, and the tibia and metatarsus of 
 leg I are distinctly swollen below before the tip. There are fewer 
 smooth spots on the dorsum of the body, and they are wider apart; 
 on the anterior part are three pairs of smooth spots, and a row each 
 side of them of four ; outside of these row^s the spots are irregular. 
 
 The skin is as densely wrinkled as in A. miniatm. 
 
 Length of swollen female, 5 to 7 mm. 
 
 Three specimens from Tucson, Ariz. ; two were from a cavity in 
 C evens gigantcus, which w^as used, perhaps, by a bird. 
 
 Arg^as reflexus Fabricius. 
 
 This is the pigeon tick of Euroi^e. I have not seen it from this 
 countr}', but Prof. H. Osborn, in Bulletin No. 5, of this office, page 
 25G, says : " It is common, I believe, as far north as St. Louis.-' Sev- 
 eral pigeon raisers have informed me that they do not know^ it, but 
 Thomas Wright, of Massachusetts, claims he has seen it in that State. 
 The species is more ovate in form than our A. miniatus, and the color 
 is grayer. 
 
 Genus ORNITHODOROS Koch. 
 
 Body depressed, oval or elongate, sides subparallel, margin of 
 body rounded, not acute; palpi hichlen under a median anterior 
 process. Skin usually witli many irregular tubercles or granules. 
 Eyes sometimes present. 
 
 Type. — 0. savignyi Audouin. 
 
 A fcAv species of this genus occur in all tropical countries, four of 
 them in the southern United States. Their bite is so very painful 
 that w:herever they occur the inhabitants have given them common 
 names. Three of our species have received common names in Mexico. 
 
 0. megnini is known as " garrapata," a term also applied to various 
 other ticks; O. tuncata as " turicata," and 0. talaje as " talaxi." Dr. 
 Jesus Aleman (quoted by Duges and Megnin) gives a long account 
 of the inflammation and disorders consequent to the bite of O. turi- 
 cata^ and Salle has written of the pain due to the bite of 0. talaje. 
 
 Our four species may be separated as follow^s : 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 1. Body provided with many short stiff bristles, hind tarsi scarcely three 
 
 times as long as broad at base, with one subterminal hump above, 
 anterior tarsi also with one subterminal hump ; body rounded in 
 
 front ; no eyes megnini. 
 
 Body without bristles, but covered with rounded tubercles or granules; 
 hind tarsi more slender 2 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agricul+ure. 
 
 Plate I, 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. l.—Argas miniatus, leg I. Fig. 2. — Argas miniatus, leg IV. Fig. 3. — Argas breripes, leg I. 
 Fig. 4.— Argas brevipes, leg IV. Fig. b.—Ornithodoros coriaceus, leg I. Fig. Q.—Ornilhodoros 
 conaeews, leg IV. Fig. 7.—Ornithodoros talaje, palpus. Fig. 8. — Ornithodoros talaje, leg IV. 
 Fig.9.— Ornithodorosmegnini, -palpus. Fig. 10.— Ornithodoros megniiii, leg IV. Fig. 11.— Orni- 
 thodoros megnini. leg I. Fig. 12. — Ornithodoros megnini, tegument. Fig. 13. — Ornithodoros 
 turicata, tegument. Fig. 1i.— Ornithodoros turicata, palpus. Fig. lb.— Ornithodoros turicata, 
 leg I. Fig. 16.— Ornithodoros turicata, leg IV. Fig. 17.— Ornithodoros talaje, leg I. (Original.) 
 
 36657— No. 15—08 2 
 
GENUS ORNITHODOROS KOCH. 17 
 
 2. Two pairs of eyes preseut ; tarsi IV with a prominent subterminal spur 
 
 above; front of body conical in the middle; leg I strongly rough- 
 ened coriaceus. 
 
 No eyes; no such spur on hind tarsi 3 
 
 3. Front of body conical in middle: tarsi I without humps above talaje. 
 
 Body rounded in front; tarsi and metatarsi each with three humi)S-t uricata. 
 
 Ornithodoros megnini Duges. 
 
 Color red-brown to black, legs paler. Body broadly rounded in 
 front and behind, a constriction much behind the middle. Body 
 covered with many short, stiff, spine-like bristles (PL I, fig. 12), 
 stouter in front than behind, and on venter mostly hair-like, skin 
 only minutely roughened. Several broad depressions above, and on 
 venter three elongate grooves behind and two in front. Rostrum 
 and palpi (PL I, fig. 9) short. Legs (PL I, figs. 10, 11) short and 
 stout; tibia and metatarsus of leg I not twice as long as broad, all 
 tarsi with a subterminal hump, no other tubercles, hind tarsi not 
 three times as long as broad at base, all legs with a few scattered 
 hairs. Xo eyes. 
 
 Length of swollen female, 7 to 8 mm. 
 
 Male similar, but rather smaller and more slender. The nymphal 
 stage (which is frequently observed) has a body about one and a half 
 times as long as broad, broadest in front of leg III, much narrowed 
 behind, broadly rounded in front and behind, the body covered with 
 spine-like bristles, larger than on the adult, the legs more slender and 
 more hairy. This nymph was first described and figured by Megnin. 
 Marx proposed for it the name Rhynchopnon spuios^nn. 
 
 This species is easily known from all other species of Ornithodoros 
 by its bristly body, as well as by shape of tarsi. These, with the 
 greater difference between the adult and nymphal instars, indicate 
 that this species might Avell be the type of a subgenus. First found 
 by Duges in the ears of Mexican horses, it has been taken abundantly 
 in the southwestern part of the L^nited States, usually from the ears 
 of cattle, but sometimes from other animals, including man. 
 
 Specimens have been examined from the folloAving localities: 
 Aj^cock, La.; Georgetown, San Antonio, and Victoria, Tex.; Albert, 
 Santa Fe, and Mineral Hill, X. Mex. ; Yuma, Ariz. : Los Angeles, 
 Santa Eosa, Santa Clara County, and Humboldt County, Cal. ; Ash 
 Meadow, Xev. ; P'remont Coimty, Idaho; Davenport and Ames, 
 Iowa, and Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Its frequent occurrence in ears has won it the connnon name of 
 " ear tick " or *' spinose ear-tick.*' 
 
18 IXODOTDEA, OE TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ornithodoros turicata Duges. 
 
 Color light brown, legs paler. Body broadly rounded in front and 
 behind, only slightly constricted behind leg III, the sides being nearly 
 parallel. Surface of body (PL I, fig. 13) covered with many small 
 subequal, subconical granules. Impressions on dorsum small and in- 
 distinct, usually a curved one in front, subparallel to anterior mar- 
 gin, and some in pairs behind ; on venter is a distinct median groove 
 behind from anus, a curved transverse one half-Avay from anus to tip, 
 and subcoxal ones extending obliquely outward behind hind coxa\ 
 No eyes. Palpi (PI. I, fig. 11) rather slender; legs (PI. I, figs. 15, 10) 
 moderately long, the hind legs about as long as width of body. Tibiie, 
 metatarsi, and tarsi I, II, and III with three tubercles above on each, 
 those on the tarsi most distinct ; hind legs without any definite tuber- 
 cles, the tarsi being very slender; all legs with a few scattered hairs; 
 all tibia} and metatarsi more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 Length of swollen female, G to 7 mm. 
 
 I have seen specimens of this species from Keene, Kissimmee, and 
 Crescent City, Fla. (in gopher holes) : P>urnet and Brownwood, Tex.; 
 Las Cruces, N. Mex. ; Phoenix, Ariz, (on cattle), and San Diego, Cal. 
 (on cattle). 
 
 The first description of this species was by Duges, in 187(), in the 
 newspaper El Kc^pertorio del Guanajuato, and later (188P>) in La 
 Naturaleza. Megnin, in ISS."), gave a fuller description with figures, 
 based on specimens sent liini by Duges. One of his figures shows the 
 hind tarsi with a sul)terminal hump, not found in my specimens. In 
 the National collection is a vial from Doctor Duges labeled "6^. turi- 
 cata^ cotype." In this vial are 10 specimens, 7 of O. megnini and 3 of 
 O. tiD'kata as I have identified it, without a hump on the hind tarsus. 
 I therefore suspect that Megnin incorrectly delineated this appendage. 
 
 This species was taken from hogs in Mexico, and also in Texas, and, 
 like the other species, will attack man. 
 
 Ornithodoros coriaceus Koch, 
 
 Color dark brown to black, legs paler. Anterior margin of the body 
 rather cone-shaped in middle, broadly rounded behind, sides sub- 
 parallel, only slightly constricted behind legs III. The body is cov- 
 ered by small, rather elongate granules, usually of a yellowish color, 
 in striking contrast to the dark skin; venter with granules on the 
 posterior part, less distinct in front. There are some fine hairs, at 
 least near the margin of body. On the dorsum are several depressed 
 areas where the granules are few or absent. Venter with a median 
 groove from anus behind, and from in front of anus one extends 
 obliquely down on the sides. Behind leg I is a smooth rounded spot 
 or eye, and behind leg II is another, rather smaller, eye. The rostrum 
 is usually depressed into a cavity, so as to be barely visible. The 
 
ORNITHODOROS CORIACEUS KOCH. 19 
 
 palpi are short, the last joint cylindrical and deflected backward. 
 The legs (PI. I, figs. 5, 6) are long and slender, the fourth pair nearly 
 as long as width of body ; tibiae, metatarsi, and tarsi I, II, III have 
 several prominent tubercles above, and tarsi IV have a basal hump 
 and a prominent subterminal spur above. All legs with a few hairs ; 
 the tibia and metatarsus are more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 Length of swollen female, 7 to 8 mm. 
 
 Described by Koch from Mexico. I have seen specimens from San 
 Francisco and from Santa Clara County, California. It has been 
 taken from cattle and from cattlemen. The spur on the hind tarsus 
 is very characteristic and, with the eyes, will readily separate it from 
 our other species. 
 
 Ornithodoros talaje Guerin. 
 
 Color light to dark broAvn, legs paler. Body cone-like in front, 
 broadly rounded behind, a broad depressed groove each side, united 
 in front. About four depressed smooth patches each side on dorsiun, 
 the hind pair more elongate. Venter with a groove each side run- 
 ning obliquely down on sides, a median groove from anus behind: 
 a depressed area in front of anus, and toward tip a prominent trans- 
 verse groove with recurved tips. Body thickly covered with large 
 roughened and sculptured granules, smaller on the middle of the 
 venter. No eyes. Rostrum usually sunk in a cavity, the thin edges 
 of which may partially overlap it; these edges are roughened like 
 the surrounding surface. The palpi (PL I, fig. 7) are short, and 
 have the last joint slender and deflected backward. The entire 
 rostrum is retractible, so that one may see only the tips of the palpi. 
 The legs (PL I, figs. 8, 17) are short, but slender, and provided with 
 many fine hairs ; there are no humps nor tubercles on any of the tarsi, 
 tibiae, or metatarsi. All tarsi are very slender; the tibiae and meta- 
 tarsi more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 Length of swollen female, 5 to 6 mm. 
 
 This species was described by Guerin Meneville from Guatemala, 
 and I have examined specimens from Gum Cave, Citrus County, 
 Fla. ; BroAvnsville, Tex., and San Clemente Island, California. 
 
 The figures by Xicolet in Guerin's article are quite detailed, and 
 leave no doubt as to the identification of the species. It is readily 
 known by the simple tarsi and by the sculptured tubercles of the 
 body. It was not described until 1849 in spite of the fact that in 
 the Magasin de Zoologie, Annee 1845, it appears in the same form 
 as in the Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, Annee 1849. That volume of 
 the Magasin de Zoologie was begun in 1845, but not finished until 
 1849; moreover, as shown by the article itself, the tick was not 
 collected until May, 1847. 
 
20 IXODOIDEA^ OK TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Family IXODIDiE. 
 
 Dorsum of the body more or less covered by a corneous shield; 
 head distinct in frout of body; anus behind middle of venter; skin 
 finely striated. Cox<t more or less separated; tarsi with a pulvillum. 
 Stigmal plate behind coxa^ IV. Male with dorsum almost entirely 
 covered by the corneous shield ; in the fenuile the shield is restricted 
 to the anterior part of dorsum, and there are on the capitulum a pair 
 of porose areas, not seen in males or in immature stages. 
 
 The genera and higher groups known from our countr}- may be 
 separated by the following table : 
 
 Table of the Genera. 
 
 1. Venter showing a curved groove a short distance in front of the anus and 
 
 extending bade each side to the hind margin; no posterior marginal 
 festoons: stigmal plate nearly circular; no ocelli; hind coxa^ of male 
 
 not enlarged (Ixodim^.) 2 
 
 Venter showing more or less distinctly a curved groove behind the anus, 
 but none in frout of it; the male with distinct marginal festoons, more 
 or less distinct in the female (Amblyommiutie.) 3 
 
 2. Capitulum slightly angulate on the sides; palpi with the third joint 
 
 shorter than broad, and broadly rounded Ccrati.rodes. 
 
 Capitulum not angulate on sides; palpi with the third joint longer than 
 broad, and slightly tapering toward the tip Ixodes. 
 
 3. Sides of capitulum angulate; ocelli present: male with anal i)lates; palpi 
 
 very short (Rhipicephaliui.) 4 
 
 Sides of capitulum not angulate 5 
 
 4. Palpi with acute transverse ridges; stigmal plate nearly circular; porose 
 
 areas elliptical, distant: no distinct groove behind anus Margaropus. 
 
 Palpi without transverse ridges; stigmal plate comma shaped; porose 
 areas triangular, approximate; a distinct groove behind anus, 
 
 Rhipicephalus. 
 
 5. Outer angle of the second joint of the short palpi acutely produced; no 
 
 ocelli; male without anal plates (Haemaphysalini) Hccmaphysalis. 
 
 Outer angle of second joint of palpi not acutely produced 6 
 
 G. Palpi longer, second joint about twice as long as broad ; coxae IV of male 
 not enlarged; tarsi II, III, and IV plainly divided, the basal part 
 much shorter than the apical part (Amblyommini) Anihhjomma, 
 
 Palpi shorter, second joint l>arely longer than broad; coxa^ IV of male 
 enlarged: tarsi II, III, and IV indistinctly divided, the parts sul^equal 
 in length (Dermacentorini) Dennacentor, 
 
 Genus CERATIXODES Neumann. 
 
 Venter showing furrows as in Ixodes. Capitulum not produced 
 anteriorly in the middle, but the sides somewdiat angulate; porose 
 areas oval, transverse. Palpi short, third joint no longer than broad, 
 and broadly rounded. Shield unmarked, no ocelli. Coxa I close to 
 rostrum, barely toothed behind ; coxa IV of male not enlarged. Pos- 
 terior margin of body without festoons. Stigmal plate circular. 
 
GENUS CERATIXODES NEUMANN. 21 
 
 Tarsi II, III, and IV divided, the parts of variable length, no tooth- 
 like claw at apex. 
 
 Type. — C. {Ixodes) putus Cambridge. 
 
 Our two species are separable as follows: 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 I. Shield of female broadest on first third; divisions of tarsi II, III, and IV 
 
 subequal in length; capitnlnm less angiilate on side putus. 
 
 Shield of female broadest on middle third; basal division of tarsi II, III, and 
 IV much shorter than apical; capitulum more angulate on sides__ signatus. 
 
 Ceratixodes signatus Birula. 
 
 Female. — Shield reddish brown, legs paler, abdomen yellowish 
 brown. Capitulum (PI. II, fig. 3) very broad, lateral angles acute, 
 hind angles not distinct, porose areas occupying nearly the whole 
 of upper surface, palpi short and thick, with some scattered bristles, 
 third joint but little swollen on inner side at base. Shield (PI. II, 
 fig. 1) much longer than broad, broadest on middle third, the lateral 
 lobes only well separated in front, surface with many rather small 
 punctures, abdomen with a few very short hairs; the abdomen, in 
 swollen female, is very elongate; legs large and very slender; tarsi 
 (PL II, fig. 2) tapering to tip; coxie I, II, and III (PI. II, fig. 1) 
 with a small apical process behind. Stigmal plate circular, peritreme 
 circular, surface with many minute gra nidations. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.5 mm. 
 
 Several specimens from Pacific Grove, Cal., on a cormorant. It was 
 described by Birula from Unalaska Island, and through the kind- 
 ness of that gentleman I have examined one of his cotypes. Appar- 
 ently the same species has been described by Neumann from Japan as 
 Ixodes parvii'ostris. 
 
 Ceratixodes putus Cambridge. 
 
 Female. — Shield and legs dull yellowish; abdomen pale brownish. 
 Capitulum (PL II, fig. 4; PL IX, fig. 6) more than twice as broad 
 as long, rather wider at outer base of palpi than elsewhere, hind 
 angles not prominent, porose areas large, approximate, pointing out- 
 ward. Palpi (PL II, fig. 4) rather large, second joint with four 
 long bristles on the inner side below, third joint Avith a swelling on 
 the inner side near base, the apical joint large, with a bristle each 
 side. Shield (PL II, fig. 6) plainly longer than broad, broadest on 
 anterior third, somewhat concave and tapering behind, tip rounded, 
 the lateral lobes distinctly separated, surface with many irregTilarly 
 placed deep punctures, not all of an even size; abdomen above and 
 below with many long hairs. Legs large and slender, the tarsi (PL 
 
 II, fig. 5) strongly humped above before tip; coxae wholly unarmed. 
 
22 IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Stigmal plate (PL II, fig. 8; PL IX, fig. 6) L'lrge, nearly circular, 
 with a circular peritreme, surface minutely granulate. 
 
 Length of female shield, l.T mm. 
 
 Male. — Body subrectangular, narrowed in front of third pair of 
 legs, broadly rounded behind. Shield not reaching to tip, with many 
 subequal punctures, some hairs near hind margin of body; venter 
 finely punctate; stigmal plate as in the female. Capitulum three 
 times as broad as long, with a median depression; mandibles about 
 one-half as long as palpi, hypostome still shorter, palpi (PL TI, fig. 7) 
 cylindrical, third joint prolonged in an acute point, the fourth joint 
 projecting below from near the base. Legs rather slender; coxa) 
 unarmed; the tarsi tapering, fourth with apical tooth and subter- 
 minal tubercle beneath. 
 
 Length of male, 3.8 mm. 
 
 Specimens come from St. Paul Island, Alaska, and Bering Island. 
 Birula records it from Unalaska, and Kramer and Neuman from 
 Bering Island. Cambridge described it from Kerguelen Island, Ant- 
 arctic Ocean, and Evans and others have taken it from the western 
 isles of Scotland. It is probable that the Ixodes iiri<v of White (a 
 manuscript name) from Arctic America is the same species. It 
 occurs on several large migratory sea birds. 
 
 Genus IXODES Latreille. 
 
 Venter showing a pair of submedian grooves reaching forward 
 from hind margin of body and connected in front of anus; no groove 
 behind anus. Capitulum produced anteriorly in the middle; porose 
 areas subtriangular. Palpi rather slender, at least in female, the 
 second joint usually twice as long as broad, the third not very much 
 shorter, longer than broad and tapering toward tip. Shield without 
 markings; no ocelli. Coxa I close to rostrum, with one or two teeth 
 behind ; coxa IV of male not enlarged. Posterior margin of body 
 Avithout festoons. Stigmal plate circular or elliptic. Tarsi II, III, 
 and IV divided, the basal part shorter than the apical part, and no 
 tooth-like claw at apex. 
 
 Type, — Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus. 
 
 Our species are numerous, and probably there are several yet to 
 be found by more thorough exploration. 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 1. Tarsus I fully one find one-half times as long as the metatarsus 2 
 
 Tarsus I barely more than one and one-fourth times as long as the 
 
 metatarsus 6 
 
 2. A stout backward-directed tooth on under side of rostrum from near 
 
 base of each palpus; shield fully twice as long as broad, with def- 
 inite lateral carinse; porose areas about as long as broad diversifossus. 
 
 No such teeth on rostrum below, at most only a tubercle; shield 
 broader, and rarely with definite carime ; porose areas plainly 
 broader than long 3 
 
Tech. Series 1 5, Bl reau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate il 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. l.—Cemtixodcs signatns, female shield and coxae. Fig. 2. — Ceratixodcs signatus, tarsi I and IV. 
 Fig. 3. — Ceratixodes signatus, capitulum of female. Fig. 4. — Ceratixodes putus, eapitulum and 
 palpus of female. Fig. 5.— Ceratixodes putus, tarsi I and IV. Fig. 6.— Ceratixodes putus, shield 
 of female. Fig. 7. — Ceratixodes putus, palpus of male below. Fig. 8. — Ceratixodes putus, stigmal 
 plate of female. Fig. 9.— Ixodes ricinus, capitulum and tarsus I of female. Fig. 10.— Ixodes 
 ricinus, coxse of female. Fig. 11. — Ixodes scapularis ?, stigmal plate of nymph. Fig. 12. — Ixodes 
 californicas, female shield and capitulum. Fig. 13.— Ixodes ricinus, female shield and stigmal 
 plate. Fig. 14.— Ixodes scapularis, mandible, and coxse I and II. Fig. lb.— Ixodes scapularis, 
 capitulum, tarsi I and IV, and shield, of female; stigmal plate of male. (Original.) 
 
GENUS IXODES LATREILLE. 23 
 
 3. Shield about one and one-half times longer than broad; all coxre with 
 
 spines; second joint of palpus about four times as long as broad; 
 porose areas occupying greater part of capitulum ; a small tooth at 
 
 base of each palpus brunneus. 
 
 Shield but little longer than broad; only coxa I spined (in female) ; 
 second joint of palpus scarcely three times as long as broad; porose 
 areas smaller 4 
 
 4. Shield not angulate on sides, no lateral carimie; porose areas separated 
 
 by fully their length; tarsus I rather shorter scaiiuUiri.^. 
 
 Shield slightly angulate on sides, with traces of lateral carinas 5 
 
 5. Porose areas large, separated by less than their length; coxa I with 
 
 very long spine ricinus. 
 
 Porose areas smaller, more widely separate ; coxa I with shorter spine ; 
 shield more rhomboidal calif ornicus. 
 
 6. Shield with definite lateral carinje 7 
 
 Shield without definite lateral carinae; coxa I with a short spine 11 
 
 7. A large tooth each side under rostrum ; coxa I with one long spine 10 
 
 No such teeth under rostrum 8 
 
 8. Shield fully one and one-half times as long as broad; coxa I with rather 
 
 short spine; porose areas triangular angustiis. 
 
 Shield not one and one-half times as long as broad ; coxa I with long 
 spine; porose areas not triangular 9 
 
 9. Porose areas as long as broad, the area separating them with a 
 
 scar sculpt us. 
 
 Porose areas broader than long, no scar between them cookei, 
 
 10. Shield narrowed behind; hind angles of capitulum very prominent; 
 
 porose areas broader than long, very small pratti. 
 
 Shield very broad behind ; hind angles of the capitulum barely distinct ; 
 porose areas nearly as long as broad dentatus. 
 
 11. Shield finely punctate, about one and one-half times as long as broad; 
 
 third joint of palpus longer than broad; porose areas small, sep- 
 arated by their width marxi. 
 
 Shield coarsely punctate, barely longer than broad ; last joint of palpus 
 about as broad as long ; porose areas larger, not separated by 
 width hexagonus. 
 
 Ixodes arcticus Osborn. 
 
 This was described from one specimen taken from a seal from the 
 Pribilof Islands. It is recorded (No. 3500) in the type catalogue of 
 the Division of Insects, U. S. National Museum, but diligent search 
 on several occasions has failed to discover the specimen, therefore 
 I am compelled to copy the description of Professor Osboni, wdiich 
 is not as specific as I could wish, yet indicates that the species is a 
 good one : 
 
 " Elongate oboval, slightly contracted behind the middle, finely 
 transversely striated ; dorsal shield deep chestnut browai, oval except 
 where truncated to join head; two divergent impressed lines or fur- 
 rows from near the anterior margin to behind the middle, wdiere they 
 terminate abruptly, and external to wdiich, near their ends, are short, 
 impressed lighter marks, one on either side. Palpi rather short, 
 blunt, truncate at apex, sharp edged, flat, and somewhat impressed 
 
2-4 JXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 above; legs blackish except the joints, long, strong. The dorsum of 
 the expanded abdomen has two deep parallel furrows anteriorly and 
 three posteriorly, and the ventral surface has the ordinary furrows of 
 the genus, much as in ricinus. The color of the alcoholic specimens 
 is a testaceous j^ellow. Length of expanded female, G mm. Length 
 of dorsal shield, L^H mm. : width, 0.92 mm.'' 
 
 Ixodes californicus Banks. 
 
 Female. — Shield yellow-brown, legs darker brown, abdomen yel- 
 lowish gray, unspotted. Capitulum (PI. II, fig. 12) not nearly as 
 broad as in /. ricinus^ the posterior angles acute, the porose areas sub- 
 triangular, but plainly broader than long, and separated by about 
 their length, inner edge oblique ; pali)i moderate, second joint plainly 
 a little longer than the third, the latter not twice as long as broad. 
 Shield (PI. II, fig. 12) but little longer than broad, somewhat trape- 
 zoidal, the outer sides rather anguhite before the middle, lateral cari- 
 nae not distinct, but traceable, punctuations numerous and fine. Abdo- 
 men striate, punctate, and hairy; ventral furrows divergent behind, 
 legs rather slender, very hairy below, tarsus I fully one and one-half 
 times longer than metatarsus, tapering to the tip, tarsus IV but little 
 longer than metatarsus, tai)ering; coxa I with a long, sharp, basal 
 spine, and a minute tooth at apex behind to all coxa^; stigmal plate 
 rather small, nearly circular, and its surface finely granulate. 
 
 Length of female shit^ld, 1.2 mm. 
 
 Male. — Similar to that of /. ,S('apularls^ but the shield has more 
 nearly parallel sides, and the stigmal plate is nearly circular, the 
 palpi are very short, and coxa I has a long, sharp spine behind. 
 
 Length of male, 2 mm. 
 
 Specimens from Claremont, Santa Clara County, Santa Cruz 
 Mountains, and Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, all California. 
 The hosts were gray fox and black-tail deer. 
 
 Separated from /. ricinus by shape of the porose areas, and from 
 /. scapularis by more distinct lateral carinae, and many minor points. 
 
 Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus. (PL IX, fig. 5.) 
 
 Female. — Shield reddish brown, body, legs, and palpi a paler 
 brown, unspotted. Capitulum (PL II, fig. 9) very broad and short, 
 porose areas twice as broad as long, not separated by their length, 
 inner edge rounded, outer ends nearly reaching to basal angle of 
 capitulum; palpi moderate, second joint barely longer than the last, 
 the latter fully twice as long as broad. Shield (PL II, fig. 13) 
 rather elliptical, plainly longer than broad, and the outer sides some- 
 what angulate much before the middle, lateral carinas short and in- 
 distinct ; many small, equal punctures, most numerous behind. Legs 
 long, tarsus I (PI, II, fig. 9) fully one and one-half times as long as 
 
IXODES RICINUS LINN.^US. 25 
 
 metatarsus, tapering to tip, tarsus IV also slender and tapering; 
 coxa I with a long sharp spine at base and a minute one at tip, II 
 with a small tooth at tip behind, others practically unarmed. (See 
 PI. II, fig. 10.) Abdomen above and beloAV punctate and with many 
 hairs; in female before engorgement there is a submarginal groove, 
 incomplete behind ; both ventral furrows divergent behind. Stigmal 
 plate (PL II, fig. 13) rather large, circular, its surface minutely 
 granulate. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.1 nun. 
 
 Specimens in Marx collection from Kansas on sheep and from 
 Texas on cattle. I have compared these Avith European specimens 
 and they seem to be identical. Possibly they were introduced into 
 this country with the hosts. I have not seen a male. Practically 
 all of the previous records of this species in this country apply to 
 Ixodes scapularis or to /. coohei. 
 
 Ixodes scapularis Sa}^ (PL IX, figs. 1, 2.) 
 
 Female. — Shield dark red-brown, almost black; legs and palpi 
 paler; abdomen brown. Capitulum (PL II, fig. 15; PL IX, fig. 2) 
 quite broad, hind angles acute, porose areas rather large, but plainly 
 smaller than in /. riciiius^ much broader than long and separated by 
 fully their length, their inner edge somewhat truncate, and their 
 outer angle not far from hind angle of capitulum ; palpi elongate, 
 second joint a little longer than the last, which is hardly twice as 
 long as broad. Shield (PL II, fig. 15) broad in front, plainly longer 
 than broad, broadly rounded behind, outer sides not angulate, and 
 no lateral carimx?; punctuations fine and numerous all over surface. 
 Legs long and slender; tarsus I fully one and one-half times as long 
 as the metatarsus, and tapering to tip; tarsus IV plainly shorter 
 than I, tapering to tij) (see PL II, fig. 15) ; trochanters I and II 
 swollen behind; all legs very hairy below; coxa I (PL IX, fig. 2) 
 with a long sharp spine behind at base, and a small apical tooth, 
 coxae II and III Avith apical tooth, IV unarmed (see PL II, fig. 14). 
 Abdomen finely striate, hairy, not prominently punctate; before en- 
 gorgement there is a submarginal groove each side; stigmal plate 
 (PL IX, fig. 2) circular, its surface finely and evenly granulate; 
 ventral furrows divergent behind. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.3 mm. 
 
 Male. — Dark colored as in female; the palpi are very short, second 
 and third joints no longer than broad ; shield with subparallel sides, 
 densely punctate and very hairy ; legs and coxae as in the female ; the 
 stigmal plate (PL II, fig. 15) large, and elongate. 
 
 Length of male, 2 mm. 
 
 From many places in the South, especially abundant in Florida 
 and southern Texas, where it occurs on dogs and man as well as on 
 
26 IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 various wild animals; from Norfolk, Va., on cattle; McGregor, Iowa; 
 Texas (Belfrage Coll.) ; North Carolina, and Texas (Marx Coll.) ; 
 Maryland, on sheep; Indiana. 
 
 This species is readily separated from /. ricinus by smaller porose 
 areas and by the dark shield. It has been confused w4tli /. ricinus 
 by Neumann in the Marx collection; however, Neumann described 
 the same species as new, /. (iffi/ils, from Costa Rica, and I have ex- 
 amined some of his type material. 
 
 Ixodes brunneus Koch. 
 
 Fancdc. — Shield brown, paler through the middle; palpi brown, 
 pale on base; legs pale brownish yellow, tarsi paler, other joints 
 marked with brown; abdomen brown, usually paler than the shield. 
 Capitulum (PL III, fig. \)) small, hind angles not prominent; porose 
 areas very large, angulate in front, separated by about one-half their 
 length; palpi very slender, second joint plainly longer than last, lat- 
 ter fully twice as long as broad. Shield (PI. Ill, fig. 9) about one 
 and one-half times longer than broad, widest rather before the mid- 
 dle and tapering each way, no lateral carina?, but submedian grooves 
 distinct, surface with many fine punctures, lateral lobes wrinkled. 
 Legs slender, tarsus I very long, about twice as long as the preceding 
 joint, tapering to tip, hind tarsus also tapering, but not so much 
 longer than the metatarsus; coxa? I with a large, short spine at base 
 and all coxae with a distinct tooth at apex behind; trochanters II 
 and III swollen behind. Body striate and punctate, with numerous 
 hairs; anal furrows parallel behind; stigmal plate large, circular, and 
 its surface with quite large granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.5 nun. 
 
 Two females from a tufted tit, Raleigh, N. C. (Brimley Coll.) ; 
 also one female from hermit thrush, Baltimore, Md. (Hassall Coll.). 
 This is the specimen named by Neumann I.i'odcs frontalis. At that 
 time, however, he had not seen the type of /. hrunneus. Later, in a 
 ke}', he separates them on the ground that hrunneus has the tarsi 
 attenuated gradually, while in fronUdis they are narrowed suddenly 
 before the tip. In this specimen the tarsi are certainly not attenuated 
 suddenly, but are like the North Carolina specimens. There is 
 another specimen, in the collection of the Massachusetts Agricultural 
 College, which was taken from the neck of a " chipping bird," May 1, 
 1895, probably from Amherst, or near l^y ; and the Ixodes kelloggi^ 
 recently described by Nuttall and Warburton, is evidently the same 
 species, although the description is very brief. Their specimens came 
 from Californian birds. Koch described the species from one female 
 from F ring ilia alhicolUs^ from North America. I have not seen the 
 male. Evidently the species is confined to birds. 
 
IXODES DIVEKSIFOSSUS NEUMANN. 27 
 
 Ixodes diversifossus Neumann. 
 
 Female. — Shield, capitulum, and legs very dark red-brown; abdo- 
 men grayish yellow. Capitulum (PL III, fig. 12) rather triangular, 
 long, hind angles very prominent; porose areas rather small, sub- 
 triangular, much more than width apart; palpi long and slender. 
 Shield (PI. Ill, fig. 14) plainly a little longer than broad, broadly 
 rounded behind, broadest in front of middle, lateral carinse distinct, 
 reaching margin ; surface with mostly small punctures, but those near 
 the margin behind are very large. Abdomen striate and punctate; 
 anal grooves subparallel; stigmal plate (PI. Ill, fig. 14) large, nearly 
 circular, coarsely granulate; coxae I (PI. Ill, fig. 14) with a large, 
 sharp, basal spine, a small apical cone beyond it, and similar cone on 
 coxae II (PI. Ill, fig. 14) and III, that on coxae IV very indistinct; 
 legs long and slender, tarsi slender, tarsus I (PL III, fig. 14) about 
 twice as long as preceding joint; all tarsi taper to tip. Under the 
 beak at base of palpi is a large backward-directed tooth each side 
 (see PL III, fig. 14). 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.6 mm. 
 
 Two specimens (the types) from a raccoon. New Mexico, in the 
 Hassall collection, and kindly loaned by Doctor Hassall. 
 
 Ixodes hicornis Neumann, described after the types of /. diversi- 
 fossus were returned to the United States, comes extremeh^ close to 
 this species, and I think is identical. It is from Mexico, and I have 
 specimens from Doctor Duges agreeing closelj^ with the description 
 and also with the types of /. diversifossus. The male is still un- 
 known. 
 
 Ixodes pratti n. sp. 
 
 Female. — Dark reddish brown, legs and palpi paler. Capitulum 
 (PL IV, fig. 1) broad, outer angles rather prominent, posterior angles 
 distinctly prolonged; porose areas broader than long, and separated 
 by one-half their width; palpi short, second joint about one and one- 
 half times as long as broad, last joint scarcely as broad as long; below 
 there is near the base of each palpus a distinct, stout, downward-pro- 
 jecting tooth (see PL IV, fig. 1) . (Hypostome, PL IV, fig. 5.) Shield 
 (PL IV, fig. 1) a trifle longer than broad, narrowed behind, lateral 
 carinae distinct and reaching to the margin, surface rather densely 
 punctate, and man}^ of the punctures quite large. Abdomen striate 
 and punctate, with very fine hairs; anal grooves plainly divergent; 
 stigmal plate (PL IV, fig. 1) small, almost circular, its surface with 
 rather large granules. Coxae w^ith a minute tooth at apex behind ; 
 coxa I (PL IV, fig. 1) with a moderately long basal spine (not as long 
 as in /. coohei). Legs short and slender, quite hairy, and the tarsi 
 (PL IV, fig. 4) tapering to the tip. 
 
 Length of female shield, 0.9 mm. 
 
28 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Male. — Body very slender, more than twice as long as broad, dark 
 brown, and very hair}^; a deeply impressed lateral and posterior 
 groove; surface densely punctate. Capitulum not broader behind 
 than long in middle, sides parallel, posterior angles not prolonged; 
 palpi short, but longer than width of capitulum, the third joint a 
 little longer than broad, legs rather short, coxce I with a very long, 
 slender spine behind, II with two humps behind, and III with one 
 hump; venter punctate; stigmal plate (PI. IV, fig. 4) twice as long 
 as broad, finely granulate. 
 
 Length, 2 mm. 
 
 A pair from Kerrville, Tex., May; one female from Sherwood, 
 Tex., on a prairie dog (F. C. Pratt), and two females from Walker 
 Pass, Death Valley, California, from llwinomys (Fisher). 
 
 This species differs from Ixodes direrslfossvs by the shorter tarsi I, 
 by the absence of large pits on posterior part of the shield, by shorter 
 spine on coxa I, by shorter palpi, and has several minor differences. 
 Xymphs. probably of this species, are from Kerrville on skunk, and 
 from Del Rio on rock squirrel : the stigmal plate is elliptical, and of 
 peculiar sculpture, as figured (PI. IV. fig. 8). 
 
 Ixodes dentatus Neumann. (PL IX. fig. 3.) 
 
 Fonalc. — Shield, capituhim, and legs dark red-brown; abdomen 
 nearly black. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. (*>; PI. IX, fig. 3) small, hind 
 angles rather prominent; porose areas broader than long, nearly their 
 width apart; shield (PL IV, fig. (>; PL IX, fig. 3) only a little longer 
 than broad, broad behind, lateral carina? distinct, reaching the hind 
 nuirgin, the middle area behind densely, finely punctate, elsewhere 
 with few punctures. Abdomen (engorged female) elongate, striate 
 and punctate, with many very short hairs; stigmal plate circular, its 
 surface minutely granulate, the stigma nearly central. The under 
 side of the rostrum shows a stout recurved tooth each side, just 
 behind the bases of palpi ( PL IV, fig. G ; PL IX, fig. 7) . Coxae I with 
 a long basal spine behind, and a small apical tubercle, and similar 
 one on coxae II, others unarmed (PL IV, fig. G) ; legs short, finely 
 haired. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1 nun. 
 
 Described from the t3^pe specimen in the Marx collection, taken 
 from a rabbit in Maryland ; the palpi are broken off. This is the 
 onW specimen I have seen: it is very distinct, not only by the teeth 
 on the rostrum, but also by the shape of the shield. 
 
 Ixodes cookei Packard. (PL IX, fig. 4.) 
 
 Female. — Shield yellow-brown, legs and palpi somewhat paler, 
 abdomen gray-brown. Capitulum (PL III. fig. 4; PL IX, fig. 4) 
 rather broad, triangular, the hind angles moderately prominent, the 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agricul-ture. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Ixodes cookei, larva. Fig. 2. — Ixodes cookei, base of palpus of nymph from below. 
 Fig. 3. — Ixodes cookei. tip of palpus of nymph. Fig. 4. — Ixodes cookei, capitulum of female. 
 Fig. h.— Ixodes cookei, tarsus I. Fig. 6. — Ixodes cookei. coxa I. Fig. 7.— Ixodes cookei, stigmal 
 plate of female. Fig. 8. — Ixodes cookei, snield of female. Fig. 9. — Ixodes' brunneus. capitu- 
 lum and shield of female. Fig. 10. — Ixodes marxi, capitulum, coxae, and shield, of female. 
 Fig. 11.— I.vodes hexagonus, coxse of female. Fig. 12. — Ixodes diversifossns, capitulum of 
 female. Fig. 13. — Ixodes hexagonus, capitulum and shield of female. Fig. 14. — Ixodes diversi- 
 fossus, shield, tarsus I, stigmal plate, coxse I and II, and tooth beneath rostrum — all of 
 feinale. (Original.) 
 
 36657— No. 15—08- 
 
IXODES COOKET PACKARD. 29 
 
 porose areas about one- fourth broader than long, one-half their 
 diameter apart; palpi short and broad, the last joint barely, if any, 
 longer than broad, and plainly shorter than second joint. Shield 
 (PL III, fig. 8) only a trifle longer than broad, someAvhat narrowed 
 behind, widest part plainly in front of the middle, its surface densely 
 and rather coarsely punctate, the lateral carinae moderately distinct, 
 running out slightly behind the widest part. Abdomen punctate and 
 with extremely short hairs ; in engorged specimens elongate ; the anal 
 furrows subparallel behind; the stigmal plate (PI. Ill, fig. 7; PL IX, 
 fig. 4) large, elliptical, the surface granulate and the stigma situated 
 before the middle ; coxae with a small apical tooth behind, and coxa I 
 (PL III, fig. 6) with a long stout spine at base; legs rather long and 
 large, tarsi suddenly narrowed before tip, tarsus I (PL III, fig. 5) 
 but little longer than the metatarsus. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.5 mm. 
 
 Male. — Yellow-brown, the palpi very short, the apical joint fully 
 as long as second; shield nearly one and two-thirds times longer than 
 broad, broadly rounded behind, rather densely and evenly punc- 
 tate, showing three shallow furrows, the median one not reaching as 
 far forward as the sublateral pair; stigmal plate large and like that 
 of the female ; the coxae armed the same, but the basal spine on coxa I 
 has a more slender point. 
 
 Length of male, 3.3 mm. 
 
 This species is common on small mammals in the Eastern States, as 
 far west as the Rockies. I have seen it from Xorway, ^le. ; Salem, Am- 
 herst, and Sherborne, Mass. ; Washington Hollow, Manlius, Albany, 
 Catskills, Crane Point, and Rensselaer and Greene counties. New 
 York; Pine County, Xew Jersey; Plummers Island, Maryland; 
 Washington, D. C. ; Agricultural College, Michigan; Iowa; St. An- 
 thony Park, Minn.; Brookings, S. Dak.; Denver, Colo.; Kansas; 
 Kerrville, Tex., and Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The known hosts in- 
 clude fox, mink, weasel, skunk, pocket gopher, striped gopher, porcu- 
 pine, woodchuck, raccoon, dog, cat, and robin. I have examined 
 Packard's type of this species, now in the Museum of Comparative 
 Zoolog}^, and typical specimens of Ixodes hexagoniis var. longispino- 
 sus of Xeumann which are identical with Packard's form. I consider 
 Fitch's /. cruciamiis to be the same ; Fitch gave three descriptions of 
 this species — two from specimens from human beings, the other from 
 a specimen from mink ; they evidently apply to this species ; all were 
 from New York. In both cases on human beings the bite was very 
 severe, and medical attention was necessary in one case. 
 
 Ixodes angustus Neumann. 
 
 Female. — Shield pale broAvnish yellow; legs very pale yellowish; 
 abdomen yellowish gray. Capitulum (PL IV, fig. 2) small, triangu- 
 
30 TXODOTDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNTTED STATES. 
 
 lar, posterior angles acute, the porose areas long, triangular, nearly 
 as long as broad; palpi with the second joint plainly a little longer 
 than the last, the latter about one and one-half times as long as broad. 
 Shield (PL lY, fig. 2) elongate, fully one and one-half times as long 
 as broad, broadest near middle, broadly rounded behind, lateral carinse 
 distinct, but running out before the posterior third, surface minutely 
 punctate. Abdomen (engorged) very elongate, with very short 
 hairs, the anal grooves slightly approximating behind; stigmal plate 
 (PL IV, fig. 2) transversely elliptical, its surface minutely granulate. 
 Legs short, tarsus I suddenly narrowing before tip, other tarsi taper- 
 ing to tip, tarsus I but little longer than metatarsus; coxse I with a 
 rather short, stout spine at base behind, and a tooth near apex, a 
 similar tooth on coxa? II and III, coxae IV unarmed (see PL IV, 
 fig. 2). 
 
 Length of female shield, 1 mm. 
 
 Male. — The only one seen is very small; elliptical; the capitulum 
 subtriangular, the palpi extremely short, barely longer than width 
 of capitulum: the shield elliptical, about one and three-fourths times 
 as long as broad, and but little broader in middle. 
 
 Length of male, 1.5 mm. 
 
 The type is a female taken from Xeotoma occidentalis at Shoshone 
 Falls, Idaho, collected by Dr. Cooper Curtice, and now in the col- 
 lection of the Bureau of Animal Industry, this Department. Other 
 specimens come from various rodents of the Northwest; Glacier 
 Bay, Alaska : Portland, Oregon : Massett, British Columbia ; Walker 
 Pass and Siskiyou County, California. In the Fourth Memoire of 
 his Revision Neumann gives a second description based on two speci- 
 mens from Argentina, of what he thinks is this species; it differs in 
 several points of structure, and evidently is not the same species, 
 since the man}^ specimens of /. angustus examined by me agree closely 
 with the tj^pe. 
 
 Ixodes sculptus Neumann. 
 
 Female. — Shield A^ellow-brown ; legs and palpi paler; abdomen 
 yellow-brown. Capitulum (PL IV, fig. T) elongate-triangular, pos- 
 terior angles scarcely prominent ; porose areas large, much longer 
 than broad, and only about one-half their breadth apart, this space 
 containing an elongate depression or scar. Last joint of palpus one 
 and one-half times as long as broad, second joint plainly a little 
 longer. Shield (PL IV, fig. T) one and one-fourth times as long as 
 broad, broadly rounded behind, lateral carinas strong, somewhat in- 
 curved, almost reaching the margin, the surface densely and very 
 minutely punctate. Abdomen punctate and with many longitudinal 
 rows of short yellowish hairs ; anal furrows subparallel ; stigmal plate 
 
IXODES SCULPTUS NEUMANN. 81 
 
 rather large, elliptical, its surface minutely granulate; all coxse (PL 
 IV, fig. 9) with a small apical tooth behind, and coxa I with a long 
 basal spine ; legs rather long, not very hairy, and the tarsi abruptly 
 narrowed near tip, tarsus I but little longer than the metatarsus. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.4 mm. 
 
 The type, in the Marx collection, is from the Santa Cruz Mountains, 
 California. I have also seen two females from Del Rio, Tex., on 
 rock squirrel (Bishopp), which agree closely with the type, except 
 that the color is darker, the shield being dark red-brown, and the 
 abdomen nearly black. They are engorged, and the abdomen is 
 elongate. 
 
 Ixodes hexagonus Leach. 
 
 Female. — Capitulum and shield yelloAvish brown; legs and palpi 
 paler; abdomen grayish yellow. Capitulum (PI. Ill, fig. 18) rather 
 elongate, hind angles slightly produced, porose areas large, subtri- 
 angular, as long as broad, and scarcely half their diameter apart; 
 palpi short, second joint only a little longer than broad, last not as 
 long as broad. Shield (PL III, fig. 13) about as broad as long, taper- 
 ing behind, the anterior sides quite long, no trace of lateral carinae, 
 surface rather eA^enh- and densely strewn with quite large punctures. 
 Abdomen striate, when engorged elongate; punctures and hairs very 
 weak; anal grooves subparallel; stigmal plate moderately large, 
 nearly oval, the stigma in front of middle, its surface strongly granu- 
 late. Coxse (PL III, fig. 11) with a minute black tooth at apex be- 
 hind, and coxa I with a very short spine at base. Legs moderately 
 large, hairy; tarsi tapering to tip, tarsus I but little longer than the 
 preceding joint. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.2 mm. 
 
 Two specimens in the Marx collection from sheep, Kansas, and 
 labeled by Xeumann as typical /. hexagonus. Possibly they were 
 introduced with the sheep. Also two specimens in the Hassall col- 
 lection from rabbit. Baltimore, Md., labeled by Xeumann as typical 
 /. hexagonus. The specimens in the same collection from spermo- 
 phile. District of Columbia, and pocket gopher, Iowa, also labeled 
 by Xeumann as /. hexagonus.^ are not that species, but the /. coohei 
 Packard {longlsjnnosus Xeum.) The four females from the United 
 States agree quite closely with a German specimen in the Marx col- 
 lection, labeled by Xeumann /. hexagonus; but the porose areas in 
 the European specimen are more pointed in front, and the shield 
 is rather more coarsely punctate and wrinkled. 
 
 I have not seen a male from the United States, and both cases of 
 the species' occurrence may be importations. Xearly all the previous 
 records of this species in this country refer to /. coohei. 
 
32 IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ixodes marxi n. sp. (PL IX, fig. 8.) 
 
 Female. — Shield, capitulum, and legs pale yellowish gray. Ca- 
 pitulum (PI. Ill, fig. 10) rather broad, the posterior angles hardly 
 projecting; porose areas somewhat circular, far from sides, and 
 nearly their diameter apart ; palpi with last joint fully as long as 
 broad, plainly shorter than the second. Shield (PL III, fig. 10) 
 about one and one-half times as long as broad, broadest much before 
 middle, narrowed behind, with concave sides, tip broadly rounded, 
 lateral carina? jDractically invisible, surface very finely and rather 
 sparsely punctate. Abdomen with fine punctures and very short 
 hairs; stigmal plate very small, nearly circular, surface granulate; 
 coxa? (PL III, fig. 10) almost unarmed, but a small tooth behind on 
 coxa} I and II and a short spine at base of coxa I ; legs rather short, 
 tarsi suddenly narrowed before tip. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1 nun. 
 
 I have seen this species from Washington, D. C. ; Salineville and 
 Wauseon, Ohio; Ithaca, X. Y. ; Portland, Mich.; Guelph, Ontario, 
 Canada ; and Denver, Colo. It has usually been taken on red squir- 
 rels, but the specimen from the last locality was from fox. Two of 
 these specimens were referred doubtfully by Neumann to his va- 
 riety inchoatus of Ixodes hexagonus^ which, however, has an earlier 
 name in /. canifUK/d Johnston, 1849, a connnon dog tick in Scotland. 
 Through the kindness of Dr. William Evans I have obtained speci- 
 mens of /. canisuga and find that it has a more coarsely punctate 
 shield than our species, and the ])()rose areas are larger, while the 
 legs are larger and tliore is no trace of a s])ine at base of coxa I. I 
 have not seen the male of /. marxi. I name it in honor of Dr. George 
 Marx, who had recognized its distinctness and given it a manu- 
 script name. 
 
 Genus HiEMAPHYSALIS Koch. 
 
 Venter showing a curved groove behind the anus, and from this a 
 median furrow back to margin of body. Capitulum not angulate on 
 sides; porose areas large, longitudinal, distant. Palpi short, second 
 joint with an acute basal prolongation outward. Shield without 
 markings ; no ocelli. Abdomen showing festoons behind ; coxa I with 
 one tooth behind ; coxa IV of male not enlarged. No anal plates in 
 male. Stigmal plate broad, with a small outer point. Tarsi II, III, 
 and IV indistinctly divided, the basal part shorter than the apical 
 part, and no tooth-like claw at apex. 
 
 Type. — H. concinna Koch. 
 
 I have seen but two species from our territory; the record of //. 
 concinna is due to wrong synonym}^ 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Bept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. 1. — Ixodes pratti, shield of female, eapituliim of female, tooth on rostrum, stigmal plate of 
 female, and coxa I. Fig. 2. — Ixodes angudus, coxse, stigmal plate, capitulum, and shield, of 
 female. Fig. 3. — Ixodes pratti, stigmal plate of nymph. Fig. 4. — Ixodes pratti, stigmal plate 
 of male and tarsus I. Fig. 5. — Ixodes pratti, hypostome. Fig. 6. — Ixodes dentatus, teeth below 
 on rostrum, coxse, capitulum, and shield, of female. Fig. 7. — Ixodes sculptus, shield and capit- 
 ulum of female. Fig. 8. — Hsemaphysalis leporis-palustris, capitulum of male. Fig. 9.— Ixodes 
 sculptus, coxse of female. Fig. 10.— Hsemaphysalis leporis-palustris, tarsus I, capitulum and 
 shield, stigmal plate, and coxa I, of female. Fig. \l.— Hsemaphysalis chordeilis, shield and 
 capitulum, coxse I and IV, tarsus IV, and stigmal plate, of female. (Original.) 
 
GENUS HiEMAPHYSALTS KOCH. 33 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 Shield of female as broad as long; palpi very heavy and short chordeilis. 
 
 Shield of female longer than broad; palpi more slender leporis-palnstris. 
 
 Hsemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard. (PL X, figs. 2, 6.) 
 
 Female. — Red-brown to black; shield, mouth parts, and legs red- 
 brown, without markings. Capitulum (PL IV, fig. 10) not twice as 
 broad as long, hind angles slightly prominent, porose areas elongate, 
 separated by much more than their width, a ridge on the outer side of 
 each; palpi rather elongate, second joint with a sharp projection on 
 the outer side at base; the inner tip is inflated above, or rather its 
 upper edge; the third joint also has a lamellar edge above projecting 
 over the hypostome, and below there is a row of hairs on the second 
 joint (PL X, fig. 2) ; the rostrum below has a distinct spine at each 
 hind angle. Shield (PL lY, fig. 10) plainly longer than broad, with 
 many large punctures above, and the submedian grooves very large 
 and deep. Legs rather slender, the tibise and metatarsi I (PL IV, 
 fig. 10) and II are convex below; trochanter I has a large projection 
 above, and II and III have projections behind, Avlien seen from be- 
 low; coxa I (PL IV, fig. 10) is bifid behind, the basal projection the 
 longer; other coxse each with a very small projection; all coxae have a 
 number of long hairs. Abdomen striate, and Avith many deep punc- 
 tures. The stigmal plate (PL IV, fig. 10) is as broad as long, with 
 many rather large granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 0.9 mm. 
 
 Male. — Paler red-brown; capitulum (PL IV, fig. 8) rather narrow, 
 its posterior angles very distincth' prolonged; palpi shorter than in 
 the female, but the inner sides inflated above as in the female; body 
 nearly twice as long as broad, lateral grooves distinct, but no basal 
 furrow to the eleven festoons; dorsal surface rather densely and 
 evenly punctate. The legs are as in the female, and the coxse armed 
 the same, coxa I being rather more strongly bifid behind ; the rostrum 
 shoAvs below the two small teeth behind as in the female. The stig- 
 mal plate is subtriangular, as broad behind as long, its surface rather 
 coarsely granulate. 
 
 Length of male, 1.6 mm. 
 
 The nymph has the shield fully as long as broad, and broadly 
 rounded behind. 
 
 Specimens come from Virginia ; Shreveport, La. ; Columbus and 
 Victoria, Tex., Grand Canyon, Ariz.; Kern County, CaL; Maver- 
 ick, Tex. ; Keene Valley and Dannemora, X. Y. Packard's types were 
 from Xorth Carolina. It is usually found on rabbits, but the young 
 are often taken from birds, as quail, lark, etc. 
 
34 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard. 
 
 Female. — Shield, legs, and palpi rather uniform reddish brown, 
 abdomen more yellowish brown. Capitulum (PI. IV, fig. 11) 
 nearly twice as broad as long, hind angles barely prominent ; porose 
 areas large, and limited by a ridge each side; palpi broad, second 
 joint with a prominent sharp tooth on outer side at base, the two 
 palpi together broader than long. Shield (PI. IV. fig. 11) about as 
 broad as long, strongly and densely punctate, the punctures most 
 numerous at the submedian .grooves. Legs rather short, tarsi (PI. 
 IV, fig. 11) shorter than in //. Jeporis-pcdustris, cox?e (PL IV, fig. 
 11) with distinct projections behind; that on coxa I is fully one-half 
 the width of that joint. Body striate, and with scattered, broad, 
 deep punctures. Stigmal plate (PI. IV, fig. 11) longer than broad, 
 with a short but distinct dorsal prolongation, its surface finely granu- 
 lated. 
 
 Length of shield, 1 nun. : whole s^^ecimen, 5.5 mm. 
 
 The types, two engorged females from a nighthawk at Milton, 
 Mass., are in the Museum of Comparative Zook)gy, where I have 
 studied them. I have also seen a female from Taftsville, Vt., from a 
 turkey. 
 
 Neumann, in his " Revision," had placed this species as a synonym 
 of H. leporis-pdhifstr'ts. but it is plainly distinct. I have not seen the 
 male, but a nymph from the killdeer, taken at Fort Collins, Colo., 
 may belong to this species. 
 
 Genus RHIPICEPHALUS Koch. 
 
 Venter showing a curved groove behind anus and a median line to 
 the posterior margin of body. Capitulum angulate on sides; porose 
 areas triangular, approximate. Palpi short and broad, no trans- 
 verse ridges. Shield without markings; ocelli present. Abdomen 
 showing festoons behind. Coxa I strongly bidentate behind; hind 
 coxa not enlarged in male. Stigmal plate subcrescentic or reniform. 
 Male with distinct anal plates. Tarsi II, III, and IV indistinctly 
 divided, the basal part shorter than the apical part; no distinct 
 tooth-like claw at apex. The palpi have on the lower edge a series 
 of long flattened teeth, as represented in the figure. . 
 
 Type. — R. sangnineyfi Latreille. 
 
 We have but one species of this genus, a form very similar to the 
 type species. 
 
 Rhipicephalus texanus n. sp. 
 
 Male. — Red-brown, without markings; legs paler. Capitulum 
 (PI. V, fig. 1) broad, lateral angles acute, hind angles barely pro- 
 longed; palpi (PL V, fig. 2) very short, not as long as half the width 
 of the capitulum, but as long as the hypostome, their tips acute. Dor- 
 
Tech, Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. 1. — Rhipicephalus texanus, shield, capitulum, and mandible, of female; c-apitulum and stigmal 
 plate of male. Fig. 2. — Ehipicephalus texanus, palpus from beneath. Fig. S.—Bhipicephalus 
 texanus, stigmal plate of female, anal plates of male, and coxa I. Fig. 4. — Rhipicephalus texanus, 
 tarsi I and IV. Fig. b.—Margaropus annulatus, stigmal plate of nymph and coxa I of male. 
 Fig. 6.—Margaropus annulatus, shield, capitulum, and coxa I, of female. Fig. l.—Margaropus 
 annulatus, tarsus IV of male, stigmal plate of female, and shield and capitulum of nymph. 
 (Original.) 
 
RHIPICEPHALUS TEXANUS N. SP. 35 
 
 sum one and one-half times as long as broad, the shield still more 
 narrow, and with subparallel sides, leaving broad lateral and apical 
 margins, the latter with twelve impressed lines; the shield with a 
 definite lateral groove reaching back from the eyes, and behind are 
 seven festoons, without basal groove ; also two submedian impressions, 
 and three in the apical part, the median one the longest ; surface with 
 many subequal punctures. Legs rather long, the fourth pair thick- 
 ened, anterior tarsi (PL V, fig. 4) rather slender; coxse I (PI. V, fig. 
 3) with two processes behind on the style of Derniacentor^ the inner 
 one much the thicker, other coxae unarmed. Each side of the anus 
 is an elongate triangular plate (PI. V, fig. 3) ; the apex of the abdo- 
 men is somewhat pointed; the stigmal plate (PL V, fig. 1) is elon- 
 gate, barely tapering behind and the tip upcurved, its surface with 
 many small granules. 
 
 Length of male, 2.7 mm. 
 
 Female. — Red-brown; legs pale; no markings. Capitulum (PL 
 V, fig. 1) broad, lateral angles acute, hind angles distinct, but little 
 produced; porose areas triangular, situated on posterior part of ca- 
 pitulum, and touching on basal inner angle; palpi short, apex sub- 
 acute. Shield (PL V, fig. 1) plainly longer than broad, broadly 
 rounded behind, eyes farther back than in most ticks, surface with 
 many large punctures, furrows separating the lateral lobes very dis- 
 tinct and reaching to the hind margin. Legs slender, all tarsi long, 
 coxae I (PL V, fig. 3) armed with two spines as in the male, other 
 coxae unarmed, but with transverse ridges. Stigmal plate (PL V, 
 fig. 3) not very much longer than broad, with a prominent dorsal 
 prolongation, its surface with many distinct granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.3 mm. 
 
 Specimens have been taken at several places in Texas — San Anto- 
 nio, Victoria, Brownwood, Brownsville, Green Lake — and from 
 Albuquerque, N. Mex. It also occurs in Mexico. It has been taken 
 from dogs and horses. 
 
 Genus MARGAROPUS Karsch. 
 
 Venter without distinct ciu'ved groove behind anus, but no subme- 
 dian furroAvs. Capitulum angulate on sides; porose areas elliptic, 
 distant. Palpi short and broad, second and third joints with trans- 
 verse ridges. Shield without markings; ocelli present. Abdomen 
 showing more or less distinct festoons behind. Coxa I bidentate be- 
 hind, coxa IV of male slightly larger than the others. Four anal 
 plates in male. Stigmal plate subcircular. Coxae I more distant 
 from the rostrum than in most ticks. Tarsi II, III, and IV indis- 
 tinctly divided, the parts subequal in length ; and a distinct tooth-like 
 claAv at tip. 
 
36 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Type. — M. icinthemi Karsch. 
 
 The replacement of the familiar Boophilus by this almost unknown 
 name is a case where the inflexible application of the law of priority 
 IS greatly to be deplored, especially since there is no resulting benefit 
 whatever to science. 
 
 But one species has as yet been found in the United States, but an 
 allied form is known from the West Indies, and will, perhaps, some 
 day occur in our country. 
 
 Margaropus annulatus Say. , 
 
 Male. — Small, brownish yellow, legs paler, no markings. Capitu- 
 lum (PI. X, fig. 8) rather crescentic, acute on lateral angles, hind 
 angles prolonged into short spines; palpi extremely short, shorter 
 than the hypostome, the joints with transverse acute ridges. Dor- 
 sum one and one-half times longer than broad, broadest near hind 
 end, surface usually indicating two furrows in front, sublateral, and 
 three furrows l)ehind, with many rather small subequal punctures; 
 festoons indistinct, but usuallv nine of tliem indicated. Leffs slender, 
 the first ])air short, fourth pair nnich larger than the others: tarsi 
 (PL V, fig. T) short ; all with scattered hairs. Coxse I (PL V, fig. 5) 
 with two spines behind, the inner one ver}^ short, the outer one more 
 slender and sometimes very long, and in front a long spine-like pro- 
 cess; other coxa' mutic. Two prominent long adanal plates, and 
 each side a smaller, shorter, curved plate; the tips of these four plates 
 are seen, in a dorsal view of tlie tick, projecting behind the posterior 
 margin. Stigmal plate small, subelliptical, Avith about twenty-five 
 or thirty largo granules and many smaller ones. 
 
 Length of female, 2.2 nun. 
 
 Female. — Shield red-brown, often very dark, abdomen bright?r red- 
 brown : legs pale: no markings. Capitulum (PL V, fig. (>; PL X, fig. 
 T) broad, hind angles barely distinct, lateral angles acute; palpi ex- 
 tremely short, much shorter tlian the hypostome, and with ridges, as 
 in male; porose areas elliptical, widely separated, and pointing out- 
 ward. Shield (PL V. fig. G) plainly longer than broad, broadest at 
 eyes, quite suddenly narrowed behind the eyes; surface wrinkled, but 
 the middle of front is smooth; a few punctures, mostly lost in the 
 wrinkles. Abdomen with fine hairs; legs small and slender, hairy; 
 coxae unarmed; stigmal plate (PL V, fig. 7) small, only a little longer 
 than broad, with a number of scattered visible granules, and many 
 very minute ones. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.1 mm. 
 
 Specimens may be taken from cattle in many parts of the country, 
 but are native only to the Southern States, where they occur on deer 
 and other animals. This is " the cattle tick " and the proven dis- 
 
MAKGAROPUS ANNULATUS SAY. 37 
 
 seminator of southern cattle or splenetic fever. Much has been writ- 
 ten upon it, and its life history is fairly well known. 
 
 It was described by Say from deer from Florida ; described by 
 Koch, and later by Packard, and by Riley as Ixodes hovis. Under 
 this name it was long known, until Curtice proposed for it the genus 
 Boophilus. Neumann has recently shown that the type of Margaro- 
 pus is a true Boophilus^ therefore it is necessary to drop the familiar 
 cognomen, under which it had become of prime economic importance. 
 Neumann at first considered J/, annulatus to be of Avorld-wide distri- 
 bution ; but in 1899 Fuller separated the South African and the Aus- 
 tralian forms, and now it is believed that M. annulatus occurs only 
 in North America. 
 
 Biological and economic accounts of this species can be found in 
 Bulletin No. 72 of this Bureau. This tick is rarely recorded from 
 any animal other than cattle; however, Mr. J. D. Mitchell has found 
 it on sheep, and I have seen specimens taken from ponies in Michigan. 
 
 Genus AMBLYOMMA Koch. 
 
 Venter with a distinct curved groove behind the anus and a more or 
 less distinct median furrow behind. Capitulum rather small ; porose 
 areas longitudinal. Palpi long and slender, second joint about twice 
 as long as broad, third very much shorter than the second. Shield 
 usually with some markings; ocelli present, and on margin of the 
 shield. Abdomen showing festoons behind (except in distended 
 female). Coxa I with one or tAvo teeth behind; coxa IV of male not 
 enlarged, usually with a spine behind. No anal plates in male. 
 Stigmal plate subtriangular or elongate. Tarsi II, III, and IV 
 plainly divided, the basal part much shorter than the apical part, and 
 a distinct tooth-like claw at apex. 
 
 Type. — A. cajenneicse Fabricius. 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 1. Coxa I with but one spine, metatarsi (except I) with two thickened 
 
 spurs at tips; second joint of palpns not twice as long as third ; porose 
 
 areas elongate; sliield brown, with silvery marks inaculatiim. 
 
 Coxa 1 with two spines ; metatarsi without stout spurs at tips, only slen- 
 der hairs 2 
 
 2. Projections of coxa I blunt and short; porose areas elongate; second 
 
 joint of palpus not twice as long as third; coxa IV of male with only 
 
 a tubercle behind; large species tnherculatiim. 
 
 Projections of coxa I longer, and at least one of them sharp-pointed ; 
 second joint of palpns twice as long as third; coxa IV of male with a 
 long spine ; smaller species 3 
 
 3. Porose areas nearly circular; shield of both sexes pale yellowish, with 
 
 some silvery streaks and marks, and some reddish spots; shield of 
 
 female as broad as long cajennense. 
 
 Porose areas* elongate; shield brown, in female with an apical silvery 
 mark, in male with two small apical and two or four other silvery 
 spots; shield of female longer than broad umcricanum. 
 
38 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Amblyomma tuberculatum ]Marx. 
 
 Male. — Shijeld red-brown, Avith a narrow silvery stripe each side, 
 slightly above the margin, and connected behind to the silvery spots 
 on the festoons; from behind extend forward a pair of rather broad 
 silvery stripes which unite somewhat behind the middle and are here 
 connected to the lateral silver}' stripes. In some specimens these 
 markings are nnich less extensive, but the sjDots on the festoons are 
 always distinct. Capitulum pale in middle of front, and also a 
 pale spot on the shield just behind the capitulum; palpi pale; legs 
 reddish brown, with tips of joints white; venter pale yellowish 
 brown. The capitulum is large and long, the hind angles rounded; 
 palpi short, the second joint not twice as long as the last. 
 Dorsum very broad in front, hardly one and one-fourth times 
 longer than broad, w^th many very small punctures, some larger 
 ones near the anterior angles; surface generally smooth; no lateral 
 grooves, nor aii}^ before the festoons, which are not very strongly 
 marked. Legs large and long, hairs and tubercles below, but no spurs 
 at tips of metatarsi; the tarsi are very short; coxa? w^th two flattened 
 tubercles, except IV, which has only one. Stigmal plate (PI. VI, 
 fig. 8) elongate, end tapering and upturned, with extremely minute 
 granules. 
 
 Length of male, o.o to G nun. 
 
 Female. — Reddish brown, shield with a large silvery mark each 
 side, containing one or two dark spots, and two divaricate silvery 
 stripes extending forward from the hind margin, and sometimes con- 
 nected to the lateral spots ; capitulum paler in front and middle than 
 on the sides and behind; palpi pale; legs red-brown, tips of joints 
 whitish; abdomen brownish, sometimes showing black lines. Capit- 
 ulum (PL VI, fig. 8) large and long, hind angles rounded; porose 
 areas rather small, elongate, Avell separated, and directed forward; 
 palpi short, second joint not twice as long as last; shield pentagonal, 
 sides rounded, plainly broader than long, and broadest in front of 
 middle, with many minute punctures, but some larger ones on the 
 anterior lateral lobes; body without hairs, usually shining. Legs 
 large and long, no spurs at tips of metatarsi, but most joints with 
 hair-bearing tubercles below; coxae armed like the male, and just as 
 strongly. Stigmal plates (PI. VI, fig. 8) elongate, of peculiar shape, 
 being longer on inner than on outer side, an elevated smooth boss 
 occupying the outer concave side, the surface with very minute gran- 
 ulations. 
 
 Length of female shield, 3.G mm. 
 
 Specimens come from various parts of Florida, and are associated 
 with the gopher tortoise. The nymphs have, on the shield, a large 
 silvery spot each side, united behind at tips, and in front much broken 
 by the large punctures. 
 
AMBLYOMMA TUBERCULATUM MARX. 39 
 
 This is our largest tick, and a very distinct species, allies of which 
 occur in tropical countries. 
 
 Amblyomma maculatum Koch. 
 
 Male. — Shield brown, lineate with silvery white, lines more or less 
 connected; a submedian pair in front, and a similar pair behind, 
 uniting in the middle; two lateral streaks connected near front, and 
 the inner one connected to submedian at middle; usually a few iso- 
 lated white spots on the festoons, but there is variation in the amount 
 of the white; legs more or less brownish, usuall}' showing white at 
 tips of joints. Capitulum long, its posterior angles acute; palpi 
 short, the second joint about one and one-fourth times longer than the 
 last joint. Dorsum nearly twice as long as broad, with many promi- 
 nent punctures, most numerous in the middle region and in furrows ; 
 several elevated smooth streaks; lateral furroAvs very prominent, 
 arising in front of eyes; festoons strongly marked. Legs rather 
 heavy, IV (PI. VI, fig. 5) pair much the largest ; all, except I (PL VI, 
 fig- '^)? with a pair of stout spurs at tip of metatarsus. Coxa I 
 (PI. VI, fig. 5) with one very long, sharp spine, only a trace of the 
 basal spine; coxse II and III with a flattened tubercle, IV (PL VI, 
 fig. 5) with a slender sharp spine, fully as long as width of joint. 
 Stigmal plate (PL VI, fig. 7) long, slender, its tip tapering and up- 
 turned, surface with minute granules. 
 
 Length of male, 4 mm. 
 
 Female. — Shield silvery white behind, on front brown, the white 
 of sides usually showing an elongate broAvn spot behind, and the 
 white of middle extending forward in two streaks, sometimes wholly 
 divided by a broAvn median stripe; legs joale brown; abdomen dark. 
 Capitulum (PL VI, fig. 10) long, hind angles scarcely acute; porose 
 areas elliptical, widely separated, and directed forward; palpi short 
 second joint but little longer than the last. Shield pentagonal, fully 
 as long as broad, broadest before middle, its lateral lobes strongly 
 punctured, very fcAv punctures behind ; abdomen without hairs. Legs 
 large, tarsi slender, metatarsi (except I) with a pair of spurs at tip; 
 coxae armed as in male, except that the hind coxa bears only a 
 tubercle. Stigmal plate (PL VI, fig. 9) longer than usual, with a 
 much smaller dorsal prolongation, its surface furnished with minute 
 granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 2 mm. 
 
 Specimens have been examined from various places in Texas — 
 Brazos County, Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Victoria, Harlingen, 
 and Columbus. Other localities are Cameron Parish, La. ; Virginia 
 (Niles) : Orlando, Fla. ; Memphis, Tenn. ; and Tulare County, Cali- 
 fornia. It was described from " Carolina." The recorded hosts are 
 36657— No. 1&— 08 i 
 
40 IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cattle, horses, dogs, fox, and man. It apparently is not common ex- 
 cept in certain localities near the Gulf coast. It is very readily known 
 by the spurs at apex of metatarsi, a character not previously noted by 
 writers. 
 
 Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus. (PI. VI, fig. 1.) 
 
 Male. — Body usually a pale brown, or j^ellowish brown, with sev- 
 eral small yellow spots — two on the posterior border of shield rather 
 close together, one on each side margin in front of the former, and a 
 pair in front of middle of shield, behind and rather inward from 
 the eyes. Sometimes the anterior of these spots are indistinct, but 
 the posterior pair are nearly always distinct. Legs slightly paler 
 than the body. Capitulum broad, its posterior angles acute; palpi 
 not very long, second joint about one and one-half times as long as 
 last joint. Dorsum elongate, broadest in middle, surface rather 
 evenly, densely, and minutely punctate; lateral furrows not reach- 
 ing to eyes; festoons distinctly limited. Legs short, IV (PL VI, fig. 
 2) pair but little if any larger than I, all hairy beneath; coxa I (PI. 
 VI, fig. 3) with two spines, the outer the longer, a flattened tubercle 
 on coxae II and III, IV with a slender spine behind about as long as 
 width of the joint; stigmal plate (PL VI, fig. 3) long, semielliptical, 
 its tip slightly turned up, surface with many minute granulations. 
 
 Length of male, 2.4 mm. 
 
 Female. — The shield is brown, reddish brown, or almost black, 
 often paler in front, on the posterior lobe a large prominent yellow- 
 ish spot; legs more or less brownish yellow. Capitulum (PL VI, 
 fig. 4) rather narrow, hind angles rounded, porose areas elliptic, 
 divergent, and well separated; palpi slender, second joint twice as 
 long as last. Shield pentagonal, about as broad as long, broadest 
 much in front of the middle, apex nearly truncate, its surface densely 
 punctate; body without hairs; legs very slender, no spurs at tips of 
 any metatarsi; coxae armed as in the male, except that the spine on 
 coxa IV is barely longer than the tubercles on coxae II and III. 
 Stigmal plate (PL VI, fig. 1) subtriangular, its surface minutely 
 granulate. 
 
 Length of female shield, l.T mm. 
 
 Specimens come from various places in the Eastern States — Wash- 
 ington, D. C. ; Falls Church, Va. ; Cape Charles, Va. ; Chapel Hill, 
 N. C. ; Bee Spring and Smiths Grove, Ky. ; Springfield, Willow 
 Springs, and St. Louis (Packard's type). Mo.; Florida; Agricultural 
 College, Mich.; Shreveport, La.; Austin, Kerrville, Llano, Dallas, 
 Mountain Home, and Hockley, Tex. Marx recorded it from Lab- 
 rador and Sanborn from Massachusetts. Fitch recorded it from 
 New York, and it was described by Linnaeus from Pennsylvania and 
 New Jersey. 
 
AMBLYOMMA AMERICANUM LINN^US. 41 
 
 It is now rather uncommon in the Eastern States, never as common 
 as Dermacentor variabilis. Fitch wrote in 1870 that although for- 
 merly abundant it had then become nearly extinct, he having seen 
 only one specimen from New York, and that taken forty years before 
 he wrote. He says that it occurs in the Southwest in woodlands, 
 and not in cleared sections. It is often taken from cattle, occasion- 
 ally from horses, hogs, dogs, and goats, once from panther and wolf, 
 sometimes from man, and rareh^ from any of the small mammals. It 
 is commonly known as the " lone star tick," because of the single 
 3^ellow spot on shield of female. 
 
 The Acams americanus of Linnaeus was taken by the traveler 
 Peter Kalm, in 1754, in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Its descrip- 
 tion Avill fit only to that species later described by Packard as Ixodes 
 vnipunctata. Koch correctly identified and figured the species, but 
 Neumann in his " Revision " considered americanus to apply to the 
 Dermacentor electus Koch. Later he changed, and used america?ius 
 for this species. Fitch correctly identified the species. 
 
 Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius. 
 
 Male. — Pale ^^ellowish or brownish yellow, with several irregular 
 silvery white marks and streaks each side, and a number of brown, 
 often reddish brown, spots, all arranged to form a definite, but com- 
 plex, pattern ; some of the pale spots behind are bordered with brown. 
 Legs and palpi wholly pale yellowish, or greenish yellow, tarsi some- 
 times darker. CajDitulum subtriangular, hind angles rounded : palpi 
 longer than Avidth of the capitulum, the middle joint more than 
 twice as long as the last ; body broad, oval, broadest behind middle, 
 with many rather small, subequal punctures, but with four convex 
 smooth spots each side, and a smooth median streak behind: lateral 
 furrows very distinct, reaching fully up to the eyes; behind are 
 twelve deeply impressed lines, the festoons fully tAvice as long as 
 broad. Legs rather slender, tarsi long, hind tarsus (PL VI, fig. 6) 
 with three consecutive teeth below, one at apex; no spurs at tip of 
 any metatarsi, but long hairs below on all joints: coxa? I (PL VII, 
 fig. 2) with two spines, the outer one much the longer, coxae II and 
 III each with a mere tubercle, coxa IV (PL VII, fig. 2) with a spine 
 about as long as width of the joint. Stigmal plate (PL VII, fig. 1) 
 very long and slender, its surface with many minute granulations. 
 Length of male, 2.7 mm. 
 
 Female. — Yellowish; capitulum with some dark on the margin, 
 shield mostly silvery, wdth a brown line on each margin reaching 
 back from the eyes ; legs pale greenish yellow, tarsi often dark, espe- 
 cially of legs I and II. Capitulum (PL VII, fig. 1) much broader 
 than long, hind angles acute ; porose areas nearly circular, and widely 
 
42 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 separated: palpi slender, longer than width of the capitulum, mid- 
 dle joint about twice as long as last. Shield pentagonal, a little 
 broader than long, anterior sides slightly convex, posterior sides 
 straight, tip rounded; surface densely punctate; body with scattered 
 white hairs. Legs slender, tarsi (PI. VII, fig. 2) long, coxse armed 
 as in the male, except that the spine on coxa IV is barely larger than 
 that on coxse II and III. Stigmal plate (PI. VII, fig. 2) subtri- 
 angular, as broad behind as long, concave on upper outer edge, its 
 surface covered with minute granules. 
 . Length of female shield, 1.8 mm. 
 Specimens come from various places in the South and Southwest. 
 It is abundant in southern Texas — San Antonio, Victoria, Browns- 
 ville, Uvalde, Rocks Resaca. Weets Ranch, Live Oak County, San 
 Tomas, etc. I have it also from Biscayne Bay, Florida ; Fort Bowie, 
 Ariz., and San Diego County, California. The species occurs also 
 in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. 
 It infests a great variety of animals, but is not common on cattle or 
 horses. This species was described from Surinam, and later, by 
 Koch, from Brazil under several names. To this species also belongs, 
 I believe, the I.vodex crctuitiini of Say, for none of our other species 
 so aptly fits his description. 
 
 Genus DERMACENTOR Koch. 
 
 Venter showing indistinctly a cui'ved groove belli nd the anus, from 
 which a median line extends to margin of body. Capitulum not 
 angulate on sides: porose areas elliptic and transverse. Palpi short 
 and broad, the second joint bai'ely longer than broad and with a basal 
 projection above, but not outward. Shield usually marked with 
 white; ocelli present. Coxa I strongly bidentate behind; coxa IV 
 of male much larger than other coxa?, and leg IV larger than other 
 legs. Abdomen shows festoons behind (except in distended female). 
 Xo anal plates to male. Stigmal plate large, usualh^ reniform in 
 female, more elongate in male. Tarsi II, III, and IV indistinctly 
 divided, the parts subequal in length, and a minute tooth-like claw 
 at apex. 
 
 Type. — D. rtticidatus Fabricius. 
 
 Table of the Species. 
 
 1. Females 2 
 
 Males 8 
 
 2. Stigmal plate nearly circular, ^yitll from ten to twenty very large more 
 
 or less isolated granulations; shield without distinct punctures; color 
 
 dark red-brown, without markings nitens. 
 
 Stigmal plate with many much smaller, more crowded granulations; 
 shield distinctly punctured, and usually with some pale markings-. 3 
 
Tech. Series 1 5, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. DepI, of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. 1. — Amblyomma americanum, male, and stigmal plate of female. Fig. 2.—Amhlyomma ameri- 
 canum, stigmal plate of nymph and tarsus IV. Fig. 3. — Amblyomma americanum, hypostome, 
 shield, and capitulum of nymph, stigmal plate of male, and coxa I. Fig. 4. — Amblyomma 
 americanum, capitulum of female. Fig. 5. — Amblyomma macalatum, tarsus IV, and coxae I and 
 IV. Fig. 6. — Amblyomma cajennense, tarsus IV and mandible of male. Fig. 7. — Amblyomma 
 maculatum, tarsus I, and stigmal plate of male. Fig. 8. — Amblyomma tuberculatum, capitulum of 
 female, stigmal plate of male and of female. Fig. 9. — Amblyomma maculatum, stigmal plate of 
 female. Fig. 10.— Amblyomma maculatum, capitulum of female. (Original.) 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. l.—Ambli/omma cajennense, capitulum of female and stigmal plate of male. Fig. 2. — Anibli/- 
 omvia cajennense, stigmal plate and tarsus I of female, coxa; I and IV of male. Fig. 3.—Derma- 
 centor variabilis, capituhim and stigmal plate of female. Fig. ■i.—Dermacentor variabilis, capi- 
 tulum of male. Fig. b.—Dermaccntor albipictus, shield of female. Fig. ti.—lknnacentor 
 variabilis, leg I of larva. Fig. 1 . — Dcrmacrntornitens, coxa I. leg IV of male, and shield and 
 capitulum of nymph. Fig. H.—Dermacodor variabilis, tarsus I. Fig. 9.—Dcrmacenfor albipictus, 
 stigmal plate of female and capitulum of female and of male. Fig. 10.— Dcrviacentor nitens, 
 •stigmal plates of male and female, capitulum and shield of female. Fig. 11. — JJermacentor 
 albipictus, coxa IV and stigmal plate of male. (Original.) 
 
GENUS DERMACENTOK KOCH. 43 
 
 3. Stigmal plate about as broad as long, with short and broad dorsal pro- 
 
 longation, and covered with many very minute granules, scarcely visi- 
 ble as such; shield plainly longer than broad, and much streaked with 
 
 white variahilis. 
 
 Stigmal plate with much larger granules, at least near the peritreme 4 
 
 4. Stigmal plate without distinct dorsal prolongation ; shield plainly 
 
 longer than broad 5 
 
 Stigmal plate with a more or less distinct dorsal prolongation 6 
 
 5. Shield mostly white, with brown streaks and spots; porose areas close 
 
 together alMpictus. 
 
 Shield dark red-brown, with very little white; porose areas rather 
 widely separate nigrolineatus. 
 
 6. Shield mostly white, about as broad as long 7 
 
 Shield without white, or but little, plainly a little longer than broad; 
 
 porose areas but little longer than broad, and well separated. 
 
 panimapertus. 
 
 7. Porose areas very small ; stigmal plate with rather wide dorsal prolon- 
 
 gation occidentalis. 
 
 Porose areas larger; stigmal plate with a more narrow dorsal prolon- 
 gation venustus. 
 
 8. Stigmal plate with from four to ten very large isolated granules; 
 
 dorsum without white "toarks; only eight impressed lines behind-- nitens. 
 Stigmal i)late with many smaller, more crowded granules; twelve im- 
 pressed lines behind 9 
 
 9. Stigmal plate about as broad behind as long, with dorsal prolongation, 
 
 the granulations extremely minute; dorsum marked with white 
 
 streaks and spots rariaMlis. 
 
 Stigmal plate usually plainly longer than broad ; the granulations 
 much larger 10 
 
 10. Stigmal plate without distinct apical prolongation ; the sides of body 
 
 more nearly parallel 11 
 
 Stigmal plate with distinct apical prolongation ; sides of body more 
 divergent 12 
 
 11. Dorsum mostly white, with brown streaks and spots in a pattern ; hind 
 
 angles of the capitulum but little produced; coxa lY about one-half 
 
 as long as broad on base; large species alhipictufi. 
 
 Dorsum red-brown, with black lines, no white; hind angles of capitulum 
 much prolonged ; coxa IV not twice as broad on base as long ; species 
 of moderate size nigrolineatus. 
 
 12. Dorsum with few, if any, white spots ; coxa IV about as long as broad 
 
 at base; hind angles of capitulum moderately produced pannnapertu.s. 
 
 Dorsum largely white, or much spotted with white l.S 
 
 13. Stigmal plate more attenuate behind; coxa IV about one-half as long 
 
 as broad at base ; hind angles of capitulum moderately produced- venustus. 
 Stigmal plate less attenuate behind; coxa IV not twice as broad on base 
 as long; hind angles of capitulum much produced occidentalis. 
 
 Dermacentor bifurcatus Xeumann. 
 
 This species was described as an Ixodes, and based on a young 
 female from a wild cat, from Texas. Later Xeumann placed it as 
 a synonym of Ixodes hrunnens Koch, then still later stated that it 
 was a Dermacentor. It is, therefore, evidently a nymph of some 
 
44 IXODOTDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. ^^ 
 
 of the previously described Dermacentors ; the shape of the stigmal 
 plate would. indicate D. variabilis^ but the lack of markings would 
 indicate D. parumapertus. Among Doctor Marx's drawings are 
 several figures of this specimen, and the}^ are presented on the plates 
 (See PI. X, fig. 1) so that when the life histories of all of our 
 Dermacentors are known it will be possible to place this name under 
 the species to which it belongs. 
 
 I have not been able to locate the specimen which, according to 
 Doctor Neumann (i??. litt.), should be in the National Museum collec- 
 tion, but it was not in the material returned, nor indicated on the 
 list of material returned to the Museum. 
 
 Dermacentor albipictus Packard. (PI. X, fig. 11.) 
 
 Male. — AVhite above, with brown spots and streaks in a definite 
 pattern ; capitulum, palpi, and legs white above, rest reddish brown. 
 Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 9) quite broad, hind angles produced, but 
 not as long as in D. occidentalis; palpi short, not nearly as long as 
 width of capitulum. Dorsum more slender than in most species, 
 fully one and three- fourths times as long as broad, with a great 
 many rather small punctures, lateral grooves not very distinct, pos- 
 terior margin with twelve impressed lines. Legs rather large and 
 long, fourth pair much larger than others, teeth below large and 
 distinct. Coxie armed as usual; coxa? IV (PI. VII, fig. 11) plainly 
 wider on base than long. Stigmal plate (PI. VII, fig. 11) elliptical, 
 without distinct dorsal prolongation, its surface provided with many 
 large granules. 
 
 Length of male, 4 mm. 
 
 Femali'. — Capitulum, palpi, and legs white above, reddish or yel- 
 lowish brown beneath; shield mostly white, a long median streak, 
 not reaching apex, a narrower strijDe each side, and some spots near 
 eyes, red-brown ; elsewhere the white is rarely broken by small brown 
 spots; abdomen dark red-brown. Capitulum (PI. VII, fig. 9) quite 
 broad,, its hind angles only slightl}^ produced, the porose areas very 
 large, and not far apart, the palpi very short and broad, the shield 
 (PI. VII, fig. 5) plainly longer than broad, usually much longer, and 
 broadest much before the middle, the punctures few and not promi- 
 nent. Abdomen rather more elongate, the sides more nearly parallel 
 than in allied forms. Legs long, the coxae armed as usual; stigmal 
 plate (PI. VII, fig. 9) large, semielliptical, without distinct dorsal 
 prolongation, and covered with many large granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 2-2.2 mm. 
 
 This tick occurs throughout the northern parts of the United 
 States and in Canada. I have seen specimens from Adirondack 
 Mountains, New York ; Michigan ; Nebraska ; Montana ; Bear, Idaho ; 
 Nevada, and Pullman, Wash. It has usually been taken from moose 
 
, DERMACEXTOR ALBIPICTUS PACKARD. 45 
 
 and wapiti, but also recorded from the beaver. Packard first used 
 the name alhipictus for this moose tick, as shown in the appended 
 catalogue, but later placed under this name a specimen of D. varia- 
 hilis. The types from the moose are still in the Museum of Com- 
 parative Zoolog}^, where I have examined them. Neumann, using 
 Marx's manuscript name, described it as D. variegatus. 
 
 The sjoecies is distinguished b}^ its elongate form, especially the 
 long shield, the shape and sculpture of the stigmal plate, and by its 
 large size. This latter character, however, is variable, and specimens 
 are found that are not much larger than the ordinary D. variabiUs. 
 
 Dermacentor parumapertus Xeumann. 
 
 J/ale. — Dark red-brown, legs a trifle paler, no white markings, 
 except sometimes a few small spots, and a minute white spot at tips of 
 some joints of the legs. Capitulum (PI. YIIL fig. 10) moderateh 
 broad, hind angles only very slightly produced ; palpi very short, not 
 as long as width of capitulum; dorsum one and two-thirds times as 
 long as broad, with many scattered, deep, but not very large 
 punctures, submarginal furrow very distinct on the sides, less so 
 behind; twelve impressed lines near posterior margin. Coxae spined 
 as usual, hind coxae barely wider on base than long, legs rather short, 
 hind pair not so much larger than the others, and the teeth below 
 small and indistinct. Stigmal plate (PL YIII, fig. 10) elongate, 
 attenuate behind, the fore part around peritreme with large granules, 
 a few down on the narrow portion, which is covered with smaller 
 granules. 
 
 Length of male, 2.8 mm. 
 
 Female. — Shield and capitulum dark red-brown or almost black, 
 without marks; abdomen blackish; legs red-brown, a faint white 
 mark at tips of some of the joints. Capitulum (PI. YIII, fig. 10) 
 moderately broad, hind angles distinctly prolonged behind, porose 
 areas rather small, nearly circular, and well separated ; palpi as long 
 as width of capitulum. Shield (PL YIII, fig. 10) plainly a little 
 longer than broad, with many deep punctures, those in the depressed 
 area each side especially large and numerous, almost confluent. Legs 
 rather small and short; coxae armed as usual. Stigmal plate (PL 
 YIII, fig. 8) small, with a distinct, although short and broad, dorsal 
 prolongation, most of the surface with rather large granules, but 
 those on the prolongation very small. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.1 mm. 
 
 Specimens are from Lakeside, Cal. (also Neumann's type in the 
 Marx Coll.), taken on man, and in a chicken house. 
 
 Distinguished from other forms most readily by lack of white on 
 shield, by porose areas, and stigmal plate. After describing this 
 
46 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 species, Xeuniann later made it a variety of D. electus (variabilis), 
 but it differs, in many important characters from that species, and the 
 granulations of the stigmal plate are much larger. 
 
 Dermacentor parumapertus var. marginatus n. var. 
 
 This form agrees in general with the true D. pajnimapertus, but 
 differs in several minor points. The posterior border of the female 
 shield (PL VIII, fig. 6) is margined with white; the porose areas 
 are larger and ratlier closer together; the lateral lobes of the shield 
 have fewer punctures, and the shield is more contracted behind the 
 eyes; the stigmal phite of the female (PL YIII, fig. G) has a narrower 
 dorsal prolongation, and the inner margin is more convex; the 
 posterior angles of the capitulum (PL VIII, fig. G) are less promi- 
 nent. Otherwise it is very similar to the type. 
 
 Several specimens from Mesa City, Ariz., from a jack rabbit 
 (Cordley). 
 
 Dermacentor venustus n. sp. 
 
 Male. — Red-brown, marked with white, but not so extensively as 
 in ZJ. occidental is, usually but little white on the middle posterior 
 region; legs paler red-brown, tips of joints whitish. Capitulum 
 (PL VIII, fig. 5) quite broad, its posterior angles only slightly pro- 
 duced ; palpi very short and broad, not as long as width of capitulum. 
 Dorsum about one and two-thirds or one and three-fourths times as 
 long as broad, with many, not very large, punctures; lateral furrows 
 distinct. Legs of moderate size, hind pair jilainly larger and heavier, 
 and with the teeth below distinct. Coxim armed as usual, the coxa 
 IV (PL VIII, fig. 4) nearly twice as wide at base as long. Stigmal 
 plate (PL VIII, fig. 5) with a rather narrow dorsal ^prolongation, 
 with large granules on the main part and minute ones on the pro- 
 longation. 
 
 Length of male, 3.5 to 5 nun. 
 
 Female. — Capitulum and legs reddish brown, the latter with tips 
 of joints whitish; shield mostly covered with white — this white not 
 so much broken up bv the broAvn dots as in D. o ccid entail s ; abdomen 
 red-brown. Capitulum (PL VIII, fig. 5) rather broad, posterior 
 angles but little produced, the porose areas rather large, egg-shaped, 
 and quite close together; palpi shorter than width of capitulum. 
 Shield (PL VIII, fig. 7) as broad as long, broadest slightly before 
 the middle, and rather pointed behind, with numerous, not very large 
 punctures. Legs of moderate size, the coxae armed as usual. The 
 stigmal plate (PL VIII, fig. 5) has a rather narrow dorsal prolonga- 
 tion, with large granules on the main part, and small ones on the 
 prolongation. 
 
 Length of female shield, 2 mm. 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. 1. — Dermacentor occidentalis, capitulum of male and female, shield of female, and tarsus IV 
 of male. Fig. 2, — Dermacentor occidentalis, coxte I and IV of male, stigmal plates of male and 
 female. Fig. 3. —Dermacentor nigrolinmtus, stigmal plate of female. Fig. 4.— Dermacentor 
 venustus, coxa IV of male. Fig. 5. — Dermacentor renuxtus, capitulum and stigmal plates of 
 male and female. Fig. 6.— Dermacentor parumapertus var. marginatus. stigmal plate, capitu- 
 lum, and shield of female. Fig. 7.— Dermacentor venustus. shield of female. Fig. ><.— Derma- 
 centor parumapertus, stigmal plate of female. Fig. 9. — Dermacentor nigrolineatus, capitulum of 
 female. Fig. 10.— Dermacentor parumapertus. shield and capitulum of female, stigmal plate 
 and capitulum of male. Fig. 11.— Dermacentor nigrolineatus, stigmal plate and capitulum of 
 male. (Original.) 
 
DERMACENTOR VENUSTUS N. SP/ 47 
 
 Specimens come from various places in the West; Olympia, Ya- 
 kima, Klikitat Valley, and Grand Coulee, Wash.; Fort Collins and 
 Boulder, Colo.; Pecos and Las Cruces, N. Mex. ; Bozeman, Mont.; 
 Bridger Basin, Utah; Soldier, Idaho, and Texas (on sheep). 
 
 This species is quite common in the Northwest. It has been in- 
 cluded in D. oceidentalis by Neumann, but was separated out by 
 Doctor Marx in manuscript under the name I have adopted. It is 
 larger than B. occidentalism with more red and less white in the color- 
 ing, and differs in many minor points of structure, as size of porose 
 areas, size of hind coxae in male, etc. This is the species supposed 
 to be concerned in the transmission of spotted fever in Montana. 
 
 Dermacentor oceidentalis Neumann. (PI. X, fig. 9.) 
 
 Male. — Red-brown, with many waxy-white markings, often Avith a 
 waxy bloom, sometimes almost wholly white, but there is red -brown 
 near the eyes, on the festoons, and several submedian spots ; moreover, 
 the white is broken by the many red-brown punctures ; legs pale red- 
 dish broAvn, marked with white above. Capitulum (PL VIII, fig. 1) 
 rather narrow, and the hind angles prolonged into very prominent 
 spines; palpi ver}^ short, not as long as the width of the capitulum; 
 dorsum not much more than one and one-half times as long as broad, 
 with many punctures, but mostly small; lateral furrows distinct and 
 long, twelve indented lines behind. Legs of moderate size, tarsus IV 
 (PI. VIII, fig. 1) with two very distinct teeth below and oi;e less 
 prominent, teeth on other joints distinct; coxa3 (PI. VIII, fig. 2) 
 armed as usual ; coxae IV about one and one-half times as wide at base 
 as long. Stigmal plate (PI. VIII, fig. 2) elongate, with a broad 
 turned-up tip, almost truncate ; large granulations on the main part, 
 small ones on the tip. 
 
 Length of male, 8 to o.5 mm. 
 
 Female. — Shield red-brown, mostly covered with white, red-brown 
 near eyes and in the middle region, and the Avhite broken up by the 
 many brow^n dots at punctures ; capitulum and legs red-brown, latter 
 Avhite at tips of joints, and generally paler above than below; abdo- 
 men dark red-brown. Capitulum (PL VIII, fig. 1) rather small, 
 the hind angles prominent, and the poros3 areas very small and rather 
 close together. Shield (PL VIII, fig. 1) about as broad as long, 
 broadest before middle, and rather pointed behind, with many small 
 punctures and some larger, but not nearly as many large ones as in D. 
 parumapertus. Legs rather small, coxse armed as usual. Stigmal 
 plate (PL VIII, fig. 2) with a broad dorsal prolongation, Avith large 
 granulations in the main part, and minute ones on the prolongation. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.5 mm. 
 
48 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Nearly all specimens come from California— Occidental, San 
 Diego, Goose Lake, Siskiyou County, Santa Clara County, Humboldt 
 County ; some taken from deer. 
 
 Closely related to D. venustus^ but with a more narrow capitulum, 
 and with a broader prolongation to stigmal plate, in the male by 
 shorter hind coxae, and in the female by smaller porose areas. Taken 
 together, I think these characters indicate its distinctness from D. 
 venustiis. 
 
 Xeumann first considered D. occidentaUs and D. venustiis of Marx 
 as identical with the European D. retlculatus. There are, how- 
 ever, many differences, as he later recognized, and D. reticulatus 
 (PI. X, fig. 10) does not, as far as now known, occur in our country. 
 When he described D. occidentalism Neumann included with it D. 
 venitstus of Marx manuscript. However, I have restricted the name to 
 the form to which Marx applied it. D. occidentaJis may perhaps be 
 credited to Curtice, for in a paper " on ticks in general he refers to 
 this species under this name and with a few words of description; 
 hardly, however, sufficient to identify it, and evidently not intended 
 to be a description of a new species. 
 
 Dermacentor nigrolineatus Packard. 
 
 M(dc. — Rather pale red-brown, no white markings, but the black 
 caeca 1 marks show through in most specimens as several irregular 
 lines behind; legs more yellow-brown. Capitulum (PI. VIII, fig. 
 11) small and narrow, its posterior angles produced into long spines; 
 palpi very small and stout. Dorsum slender, about one and two-thirds 
 times as long as broad ; middle anterior region smooth and shining, 
 sides and behind densely punctured, and with many short hairs; 
 lateral furrows not very distinct, twelve impressed lines behind, but 
 the festoons are not as obvious as usual. Legs rather short, coxae 
 with usual spines, coxa IV but little wider at base than long; stigmal 
 plate (PL VIII, fig. 11) large, elliptical, without dorsal prolongation, 
 and covered with many large granules. 
 
 Length of male. 3.5 mm. 
 
 Female. — Shield red-brown, without marks ; legs similar ; abdomen 
 dark red-brown. Capitulum (PI. VIII, fig. 9) scarcely twice as broad 
 as long ; hind angles distincth^ prolonged behind ; porose areas large, 
 oval, and distinctly separated; palpi small and short, not as long as 
 width of capitulum. Shield plainly longer than broad, broadest 
 much before the middle, tapering and almost pointed behind, with 
 very few punctures. Legs small and short, the tarsi very short; 
 coxae with the usual spines, that on IV no longer than on III. Stig- 
 
 « About cattle ticks. Jouru. Comp. Med. Vet. Archives, January, 1892. 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Ixodes scapularis, fresh female, and male attached to female. Fig. 2.— Ixodes scapularis, 
 female, coxa I. male, female stigmal plate, venter of female, and rostrum from beneatii. 
 Fig. S.— Ixodes dentatns, engorged female, shield, and capitulnm. Fig. i.—Irodex cookei, male 
 and female above and below, stigmal plate, and rostrum from beneath. Fig. b.— Ixodes ricinus, 
 engorged female, above and below. Fig. 6. — Veratixodes putus, stigmal plate and capitulum. 
 Fig. 7. — Ixodes dentatus, rostrum, from below. Fig. 8. — Ixodes marzi, engorged female. (Draw- 
 ings by the late Dr. George Marx.) (Original.) 
 
 36657— No. 15—08 5 
 
Tech. Series 15, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agncultur 
 
 Plate X. 
 
 IXODOIDEA, OR TiCKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fig. l.—Dermacentor bifurcatus, nymph, coxse, shield, venter, palpus, stigmal plate, and eapitulum. 
 Fig 2.—Hiemaphysalis leporis-palustris, male, and rostrum of female beneath. Fig. 'S.—Derma- 
 centor variabilis, engorged female, above and below. Fig. 4. — Dennaccntor raridhilis, male, 
 above and beneath, and stigmal plate of female. Fig. b.—Amblyomma anu rii'mnuii. nymph, 
 above and below. Fig. 6.—Hceinaphymlis Icpons-palustris, fresh and tiiKorgud females. 
 Fig. 1 .—Margaropiis annulatus, eapitulum of female, above and beneath. Fig. !S. — Margaropus 
 annulatus, eapitulum of male, above and beneath. Fig. 9. — Dermacentor occidentalis, male. 
 Fig. 10. — Dermacentor reticulatus, male. Fig. 11.— Dermacentor albipictus, male. (Drawings by 
 the late Dr. George Marx.j (Original.) 
 
DEEMACENTOR NIGROLINEATUS PACKARD. 49 
 
 mal plate (PL VIII, fig. 3) elliptical, of same shape as in male, no 
 dorsal prolongation, and covered Avith many large granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 1.2 mm. 
 
 Specimens in the XeAV York State collection at Albany, probably 
 from Adirondack Mountains; Packard's type, which I have seen, 
 was from deer from this region; I have some from Catskill Moun- 
 tains, Xew York, in June. Eecentl}^ Mr. W. D. Hunter has received 
 several specimens taken b}^ Mr. Rumsey from deer at Laredo, Tex., 
 and Mr. H. S. Barber took one from deer at Crab Lake, Yilas County, 
 Wis. Xeumann placed this species in Hasina physalis as a synonym of 
 the European H. concinna, a species which now seems not to occur in 
 our country. It is allied to D. alhipictiis. but differs in shape of 
 stigmal plate, more distinctly separated porose areas, sharper hind 
 angles to the capitulum, shield more pointed behind, and in shorter 
 tarsi. Quite possibly it is the Ixodes erraticus of Say. 
 
 Dermacentor variabilis Sa3\ (PI. X, figs. 3, 4.) 
 
 Male. — Red-brown, dorsum witli irregular white marks, the usual 
 pattern being a submarginal stripe each side, starting from the an- 
 terior angles and reaching straight back to beyond the middle, where 
 they unite, or nearly so, and thence giving off branches straight back- 
 ward and obliquely outward to the side margin; along the sides and 
 on the festoons are scattered white spots. Specimens from Texas 
 and Florida often have these markings more extensive and more con- 
 nected together, and some white on the median anterior part of dor- 
 sum. Legs red-brown, the tips of the joints white. Capitulum (PL 
 VII, fig. 4) about twice as broad as long, its posterior angles slightly 
 produced ; palpi nearly as long as width of the capitulum. Dorsum 
 fully one and one-half times as long as broad, with many deep and 
 prominent punctures, but the anterior median region nearly free of 
 them; lateral grooves distinct; tw^elve impressed lines behind; legs 
 rather long and stout, hind pair much heavier than the others, and 
 the teeth below distinct. Coxae armed as usual for the genus, the 
 hind coxse but little broader than long. Stigmal plate large and 
 broad, with a short dorsal prolongation, surface densely covered with 
 minute granules. 
 
 Length of male, 4 mm. 
 
 Female. — Red-brown, shield with white on the sides, and broadly 
 around the tip: a brown marginal stripe near eye, and sometimes 
 two white streaks in the middle area. Legs red-brown, tips of the 
 joints white. Capitulum (PL VII, fig. 3) fully tAvice as broad as 
 long, its posterior angles only slightly produced, the porose areas oval, 
 of moderate size, and well separated; palpi short and very broad. 
 Shield plainly a little longer than broad, broadest at middle, and 
 
50 IXODOTDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 posteriorly almost angulate : punctures large, but not very numerous, 
 and few in middle area, usually four forming a trapezium behind the 
 middle. Legs (PL VII, fig. 8) rather large and long, the hind pairs 
 with distinct teeth beneath; coxae armed as usual. Stigmal plate (PL 
 VII, fig. 3; PL X, fig. -i) large and very broad, in fact as broad 
 behind as long, and covered with many minute granules. 
 
 Length of female shield, 2 mm. 
 
 Specimens come from many places in the eastern L^nited States, 
 from Labrador to Florida and Texas. West of the Mississippi it 
 is not common, and perhaps only introduced with stock. 
 
 This species, described by Say, is probably identical with the Ixodes 
 cinctus of Fabricius from North America. Koch's D. electus is the 
 same species. It was considered by Neumann at first to be the Ixodes 
 americanus of LinutTus, but later he accepted Koch's identification of 
 /. ainericaniis as an Amhlyommn^ and used D. electus for this Derma- 
 eentor. Fitch's descriptions of /. rohert.soni and /. 'j-sfriatus offer 
 nothing contrary to this form. Although the western specimens 
 might have been another species, the specimens from Virginia must 
 have been I). rdridhU'/s. 
 
 The pattern of the white markings is practically constant, but the 
 amount of white present is variable. The species is readily known 
 ])y the broad stigmal i)hite and the uiinute granulation thereon. It 
 has been taken from a great variety of animals, including man, but 
 seems to prefer dogs and cattle to smaller animals, doubtless due to 
 the fact that the freshly moulted individuals climb up several feet 
 from the ground in wait for a host. In the larva tarsus I is much 
 enlarged. 
 
 Dermacentor nitens Neumann. 
 
 M(dc. — Ketl-brown. without markings; legs rather yellowish brown. 
 Capitulum rather narrow, hind angles acute, but scarcely prolonged ; 
 palpi very short and small, shorter than the hypostome and no longer 
 than the length of the capitulum. Dorsum one and two-thirds as 
 long as broad, broadest slightly behind the middle, shiny, with some 
 punctures in front and on the sides, and behind are seven or eight 
 impressed lines: the lateral furrows are not very distinct, usually 
 three impressed grooves or furrows on the posterior half of dorsum ; 
 some scattered hairs, mostly on the sides behind. Legs rather long, 
 fourth pair (PL VII, fig. T) i:)lainly larger than others, and the 
 teeth beloAv very evident; coxa I (PL VII, fig. T) w4th the usual two 
 teeth, neither very long; coxa II with two equal projections; coxa 
 III with two tubercles, and coxa IV, which is no broader than long, 
 with the usual tooth. Stigmal plate (PL VII, fig. 10) but little 
 longer than broad, w^itli from four to ten large, isolated granules. 
 
 Length of male, 2.5 to 2.7 mm. 
 
DEEMACENTOR NITEXS XEUMAXX. ' 51 
 
 Female. — Wholh' red-brown, legs paler, and abdomen darker, no 
 white markings. Capitulmn (PI. VII, fig. 10) of moderate width, 
 with the hind angles only slightly prolonged; porose areas rather 
 large, well separated, and directed more forward than in other 
 species; paljoi very short, not reaching to tip of hypostome. Shield 
 (PI. VII, fig. 10) a trifle longer than broad, broadest in front of 
 middle, very finely punctured ; in middle region in front, and on the 
 sides, are irregular wrinkles. Legs rather long, teeth on coxae shorter 
 than usual: stigmal plate (PI. VII, fig. 10) nearly circular, provided 
 with ten to twenty more or less isolated granules, all of large size. 
 
 Length of female shield, \A mm. 
 
 This species was described from Jamaica and Santo Domingo. 
 Recently it has been taken at Brownsville and Harlingen, Tex., and 
 I have some from Fort Bowie, Ariz. In the Museum of Compara- 
 tive Zoology there are specimens from Grand Anse, Hayti, taken 
 about forty years ago. It appears to prefer horses, and usually oc- 
 curs in the ears. 
 
 D. nitens is strongly separated from all our other species of the 
 genus. Especially noticeable is the sculpture of the stigmal plate; 
 the few impressed lines behind with the male are also peculiar. Like- 
 wise the very short palpi, shorter than the hypostome, constitute a 
 peculiar character again seen in the cattle tick, and, as in that species, 
 may indicate some habit connected with the dissemination of dis- 
 ease. 
 
 UNPLACED SPECIES. 
 Ixodes erraticus Say. 
 
 " Body oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed before, sid^s hardly ar- 
 quated, with distant punctures, those behind more deeply impressed, 
 posterior margin with ten or twelve impressed lines which are ab- 
 breviated by a submarginal impressed line, two abbreviated lines be- 
 fore; head, posterior edge transversely rectilinear, angles extended 
 backward abruptly, and subacute : rostrum rather short : palpi oval- 
 orbicular. Found in the Southern States; the color is reddish or 
 ferruginous, with acute black lines.'' [It may be Dermacentor ni- 
 grolineatus Pack.] 
 
 Ixodes fuscus Say. 
 
 '• Body fuscous, ovate, punctured ; tergum with a few black, obso- 
 lete lines, and a profoundly indented submarginal line, posterior 
 marginal impressed line none: no distinct thorax; edge rounded; 
 head, posterior edge rectilinear, angles not prominent beyond the 
 rectilinear edge; eyes not visible; palpi suboval, terminal joint rather 
 longer than the preceding one. A common species." [A true Ixodes^ 
 and probably the male of /. scajndaris Say.] 
 
52 * IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ixodes cinctus Fabricius. 
 
 " Reliqiiis- magis oblongiis. Caput fernigineum. Sciitelhim tri- 
 angulum, fernigineum, margine albo. Thorax et abdomen ferruginea, 
 antice cerea, scutellum late alba. Pedes ferruginei. Habitat in 
 America boreali Doni. v. Rohr. Mus. Dom. de Schestedt.*' [Either 
 Dermacentor rariahiUs Say or AmhJyomma maculatuin Koch, and 
 j^robably the former.] 
 
 SPECIES ERRONEOUSLY ACCREDITED TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Dermacentor reticulatus Fabricius. (PI. X, fig. 10.) 
 
 Xeumann at first identified the forms now called D. occidentalis 
 and D. rennstus as this European species. As shown above, these 
 species are quite distinct, and there is no evidence that the true D, 
 reticulatifs occurs in this country. 
 
 Ixodes frontalis Ionizer. 
 
 As I have stated imder Ixodes hninneiis^ Neumann's identification 
 of /. frontalis was based on specimens of /. hrunneus. 
 
 Ixodes inchoatus Xeumann. 
 
 Xeumann questionably recorded this from the United States, but 
 the specimens, as I have stated under /. mar.ri, differ greatly from the 
 European /. incJiodtus, and with more material I have described 
 them as a new species — /. niarxi 
 
 Haemaphysalis concinna Koch. 
 
 As explained under Dermacentor nIr/roJineatas, the record of H. 
 concinna is based on a misidentification of Packard's species. 
 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 IXODOIDEA. 
 
 ARGASID^. 
 
 AR(;AS. 
 
 Latreille, I'rOcis Carnot. Ins., p. ITS, 170G. 
 
 MiNiATUS Koch, Arch. f. Xaturg., X, p. 210, 1S44 ; Sahiion and Stiles, 17th Ann. 
 Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind., V. S. Dept. Agric, p. 402, 1902. 
 amcricana Packard, Kept. V. S. Geo!. Surv. Mont., Idaho, AVyom., Utah, 
 
 p. 740, 1872 ; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 9. 
 radiatus Railliet, Traite Zool. Med., p. 718, 1803. 
 
 pcrsicus Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., IX, p. 240, 1905 (not of Fischer). 
 sanchczi Duges, La Naturaleza (2), I, p. 20, 1891: Neumann, Mem. Soc. 
 Zool. France, 1896, p. 16; ibid., 1901, p. 255. 
 BREViPES Banks, supra, [). 15, 1908. 
 
 EEFLEXus Fabricius, Entom. Syst., IV, p. 426, 1794 ; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. 
 France, 1806, p. 4. [Doubtful in U. S.] 
 
CATALOGUE. 58 
 
 ORNITHODOROS. 
 
 Kocli, Arch. f. Natnrj;., X, p. 219, 1844. 
 
 MEGNiNi Duge.s, La Natiiraleza Mexicaiia, VI, p. lltj, 1883: Megnin, Journ. 
 
 Anat. Physiol., XXI, p. 472, 1885 ; Xeiimanii, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 
 
 1896, p. 42; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind., 
 
 U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 408, 1902. 
 spinosuni Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wasli., Ill, p. 199, 1895 (Rhynchoprion). 
 TURiCATA Duges, La Naturaleza Mexicana, VI, p. 196, 1883; Megnin, Journ. 
 
 Anat. Physiol., XXI, p. 466, 1885; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 
 
 1896, p. 31. 
 amevicanus Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Ill, p. 199, 1895. 
 CORIACEUS Koch, Arch. f. Xaturg., X, p. 219, 1844; Fbersicht Archn. Syst., lY, 
 
 p. 31, 1847; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 31 ; ibid., 1901, 
 
 p. 258. 
 TALAJE Gueriu, Hev, et Mag. de Zool., 1849, p. 342 ; Megnin, Journ. Anat. Physiol., 
 
 XXI, p. 470, 1885; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 34. 
 
 IXODID-ffl. 
 
 Ixodinae. 
 IXODES. 
 
 Latreillo, Precis Caract. Ins., p. 179, 1796. 
 
 ANGUSTUS Neumann, :Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1S99, p. 1.36; ibid., 1901, p. 284. 
 ARCTicus Osborn, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, 
 
 III, p. 553, 1899. 
 
 BRUNXEUS Koch, Arch. f. Naturg., X, p. 232, 1844; fbersicht Arachn. Syst., 
 
 IV, p. 101, 1847; Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., A^III, p. 454, 1904. 
 kcUoggi Nuttall and Warburton, Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc, XIV, p. 396, 1908. 
 
 CALiFORNicus Bauks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (3), III, p. 369, 1904. 
 cooKEi Packard, 1st Ann. Kept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 67, 1869. 
 crucianus Fitch, 14th Kept. Ins. N. Y., p. 366, 1871. 
 hexagonus var. loiigispinosus Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1901, p. 
 
 283. 
 he.ragonus Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. 
 Agric, ]\ 467, 1902 (not of Leach). 
 DENTATus Neumauu, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 119. 
 DiVERsiFOSSus Neumauu, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 1.36. 
 
 hicornis Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., X, p. 196, 1906. 
 HEXAGONUS Leach, Trans. Linii. Soc. London, XI, p. 397, 1815; Neumann, Mem. 
 
 Soc. Zool. France. 1899, p. 129. 
 MARxi Banks, supra, p. 32, 1908. 
 pRATTi Banks, supra, p. 27, 1908. 
 
 RiciNus Linnieus, Syst. Nat., X, p. 615, 1758 ; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 
 1899, p. 112; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind., 
 U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 463, 1902. 
 scAPULARis Say, Journ. Acad. Phil., II, p. 78, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p. 21, 
 1859. 
 affinis Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 120. 
 8CULPTUS Neumann, Arch. Parasitol., YIII, p. 462, 1904. 
 
54 IXODOIDEA^ OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CERATIXODES. 
 
 Xenmaim, Arch. I'arasitol., VI, p. 115. 1002. 
 
 ruTUS Cambridge, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1S7G, p. 2G0: Neumann, Mem. Soc. 
 Zool. France, 1S99, p. 125; Arch. Parasitol., VI, p. 115, 1902; ibid. 
 XI, p. 229, 1907. 
 horvaVis Kramer and Xeuman, Avariden wiihrend der Vega Exped., p. 520, 
 
 1^83. 
 /i)nhriatns Kramer and Ncnman, ibid. (male). 
 hbi^utu.s Hirnia, Bui. Acad. Imp. St. Petersbourg, 1895, p. 356. 
 siiGNATus Kirula, Bui. Acad. Imp. St. Pctersbour.i;, 1895, p. 357. 
 piirvirostris Neumann, :Mcm. Soc. Zool. France, 1901, p. 284. 
 
 Amblyomminae. 
 
 iki:mapiiysalis. 
 
 Koch. Arch. Naturg.. X, p. 2:57, 1844. 
 
 CHORDEii.is Packard, 1st Ann. liept. I'eabody Acad. Sci., p. G7, 18G9. 
 LEPORis-PALUSTRis Packard, 1st Ann. Kept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. G7, 18G9 ; Neu- 
 mann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 343. 
 rostniUs Duges, Bui. Soc. Zool. France, 1888, p. 129. 
 
 AMIiLYO.MMA. 
 
 Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, i). 223, 1844. JJuthcsiua (Jistl, Naturg., p. 158, 1848. 
 
 AMERUAXLM LlnuaMis, Svst. Nat.. X. p. G15, 1758; Fitch, 14th Kept. Ins. New 
 
 York, p. 3G4, 1871; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 209; 
 
 Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Kept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. 
 
 Agric. p. 475, 1902. 
 orhiciildtus Say, Jouru. Phil. Acad., II, p. 7(>, 1821. 
 uniimnctdta I'ackard, 1st Ann. Kept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. GG, 18G9. 
 CAJENNENSE Fabricius, Eutom. Syst., IV, p. 427, 1794; Koch, Ubersicht Arachn. 
 
 Syst., IV, p. 73, 1847; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, p. 205, 1899. 
 croiatum Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 7G, 1821; Compl. Writ, II, p. 20, 
 
 is.'.O. 
 mixtum Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 227, 1844. 
 MACULATL'M Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 227, 1844 ; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. 
 
 France, 1899, p. 249. 
 tigriuKin Koch, Arch. Naturg., X, p. 227, 1844. 
 tcneUum Koch, ibid. 
 ruhripcs Koch, ibid., p. 228. 
 ovatum Koch, ibid. 
 tristc Koch, ibid., p. 229. 
 TUBERCULATUM Marx, Insect Life, VI, p. 314 ; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 
 
 1899, p. 235. 
 
CATALOGUE. 55 
 
 DEKMACENTOR. 
 
 Kocli. Arch. Xatiirg.. X, p. 235, 1844. 
 
 ALBiPiCTUS Packard, Amer. Xat., II, p. 559, 1868; Guide Study Insects (part 9), 
 p. 662, 1869 (Aug.) ; Amer. Nat., Ill, p. 365, 1869. 
 variegatus Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 367; Salmon and 
 Stiles, 17tli Ann. Itept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 452, 
 1902. 
 reticulatiis Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. liept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. 
 Agric, p. 448, 1902 (not of Fabricius). 
 BiFURCATUS Neumauu, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, p. 122 (sub. Ixodes) ; Arch. 
 
 ParasitoL, VIII, p. 453, 1904. 
 KiGROLiNEATUs Packard, 1st Ann. Kept. Peabody Acad. Science, p. 66, 1869. 
 NiTENs Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 376 ; Salmon and Stiles, 17th 
 
 Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 4.55, 1902. 
 occiDENTALis Neumauu, Arch. ParasitoL, IX, p. 235, 1905. 
 
 reticulatiis Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, p. 360 (part). 
 PARUMAPERTus Ncumauu, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 1901, p. 267; Arch. ParasitoL, 
 
 IX, p. 236, 1905. 
 PARUMAPERTUS var. MARGiXATus Bauks, supra, p. 46, 1908. 
 
 VARIABILIS Say, Journ, Phil. Acad., II, p. 77, 1821; Comi)L Writ., II, p. 21. 1859. 
 americanus of various authors (not of Linnaeus). 
 
 electus Koch, Arch. Xaturg., X, p. 235, 1844; Neumann, Mem. Soc. Zool. 
 France, 1901, p. 265; Salmon and Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. 
 Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 455, 1902. 
 Dept. Agric, p. 455, 1902. 
 alMpictu.s Packard, 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., p. 66, 1869 (not of 
 
 Guide Study Insects). 
 5-striati(s Fitch, 14th Rept. Ins. N. Y., p. 366, 1871. 
 robertsoni Fitch, ibid. 
 
 '{ punctulatufi Say. Journ. I'hiL Acad., II, p. 78, 1821; Compl. Writ, II, p. 
 21, 1859. 
 vENusTus Banks, suin-a, \). 46, ]lt0S. 
 
 MARGAROPUS. 
 
 Karsch, Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ver., 1879, p. 96. Boophilus Curtice, Journ. Comp. 
 Med. Vet. Arch., XII, p. 313, 1891. 
 
 ANNULATus Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 75, 1821; Compl. Writ., II, p. 19, 
 1859; Neumann, Mem. Soc Zool. France, 1897, p. 407; Salmon and 
 Stiles, 17th Ann. Rept. Bur. Anim. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric, p. 420, 
 1902 ; Hunter and Hooker, Bui. 72, Bur. Ent, U. S. Dept Agric, p. 30, 
 1907. 
 
 hovis Packard. 1st Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. ScL, p. 68. 1869. 
 
 bovis Riley, Gamgee's Rept. Diseases of Cattle, p. 121, 1869. 
 
 indentatus Gamgee, Rept Diseases of Cattle, p. 121, 1869. 
 
 dugesi Meguin, Les Parasites, p. 126, 1880. 
 
56 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 RHIPICEPHALUS. 
 
 Koch, Arch. Natnrj;., X, p. 238, 1844. 
 
 TEXAXus Banks, supra, i>. 34, 1008. 
 
 UNPLACED. 
 
 IXODES ciNCTL'S Fabriciiis, Syst. Antliatorum, p. 350, 1805. 
 
 IXODES ERRATicus Say, Joiirn. I'hil. Acad., II, p. 77, 1821; Compl. Writ., II. p. 
 
 20, 1850. 
 IXODES Fuscus Say, Joiirn. I'hil. Acad., II, ]>, 70, 1821 ; C'onipl. Writ., II, p. 22. 
 
 1850. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Allen, W. K.— Internal nuirpholojxy of the American cattle tick. <Stndies 
 Zoul. Lah. I'niv. Nebraska, No. (57, 1005, pp. 245-278, 3 pis. 
 
 liAXKS, N. — S<»nie arachnida from California. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ill, (3), 
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 Banks. N. — A treatise on the Acarina or mites. <l'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
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 liANKs. N. — A catalojrne of the Ai-arina, or mites, of the I'nited States. <Proc. 
 r. S. Nat. Mns.. XXXII, pp. ."O.VCcM, 1007. 
 
 Beakdslee, II. C. — Cattle tick on human ".tody. <Bul. 4. n. s., I)iv. Ent., U. S. 
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 Beiiu, II. II.— A Californian lick. <Can. EntouL. ispii, pp. 220-2.31. 
 
 BiRULA. A. — Ixodidje nov;e v«4 parum coj;nitie Musei Zoolof^ici Academise 
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 Butler, T. — Pro.uress made in cxterminatinj^ the fever tick ( lioophilus annu- 
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 Curtice, C— About cattle ticks. <.Journ. Comp. Med., XIII, pi). 1-7, 1802. 
 
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BIBLIOGRAPHYo 57 
 
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58 IXODOIDEA, OR TICKS, OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Marx. G. — [In Hubbard's "The insect gnests of the Florithi land tortoise."] 
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 Packard, A. S. — Report of the curator of articulata. < First Ann. Rept. Trus- 
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. 59 
 
 Packard, A. S. — Description of new insects. <Sixtli Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. 
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 Ransom, B. H. — Some nnnsnal host-relations of the Texas fever ticlv. <Bnr. 
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 1889. 
 
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INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Abundance 11 
 
 affinis, Ixodes. (See scapularis.) 
 
 albipictus, Dermacentor 43, 44 
 
 Amblyomma 20, 37 
 
 Amblyommin^ 20 
 
 Amblyommini 20 
 
 americana, Argas. (See minialus.) 
 americanus, Ornithodoros. (See turicata. ) 
 
 americanum, Amblyomma 37, 40 
 
 angustus, Ixodes 23, 29 
 
 annulatus, Margaropus 36 
 
 arcticus, Ixodes 23 
 
 Argas 14 
 
 Argasid.e 14 
 
 bicornis, Ixodes. (See diversi/ossus.) 
 
 bifurcatus, Dermacentor 43 
 
 Boophilus. (See Margaropus.) 
 borealis. Cerntixodes. {See pntus.) 
 bm'is, Boophilus. (See annulatus, Marga- 
 ropus. ) 
 
 brevipes, Argas 15 
 
 briinneus, Ixodes 23, 26 
 
 cajennense, Amblyomma 37, 41 
 
 californicus, Ixodes 23, 24 
 
 canisuga, Ixodes 32 
 
 Ceratixodes 20 
 
 chordeilis, Haemaphysalis 33, 34 
 
 cinctus, Ixodes 50, 52 
 
 Classification 12 
 
 concinna, Hxmaphysalis 32, 52 
 
 cookei, Ixodes 23, 28 
 
 coriaceus, Ornithodoros 17, 18 
 
 crenatiim, Ixodes. (See cajennense, Ambly- 
 omma. ) 
 cruciarius, Ixodes. (See cookei. ) 
 
 dentatus, Ixodes 23, 28 
 
 Dermacentor 20, 42 
 
 Dermacentorini 20 
 
 diver sifossus, Ixodes 22, 27 
 
 d ugesi, Ixodes. ( See annulatus, Margaropus. ) 
 electus, Dermacentor. (See variafnlis.) 
 
 erralicus, Ixodes 49, 51 
 
 fimbriatus, Ceratixodes. (See pntus.) 
 
 frontalis, Ixodes 26, 52 
 
 fusctis, Ixodes 51 
 
 Geographical distribution 10 
 
 H.i;maphysalini 20 
 
 Haemaphysalis ; . 20, 32 
 
 hexagonus, Ixodes 23, 31 
 
 hirsutus, Ceratixodes. {See putus.) 
 
 Historical 11 
 
 inchoatus, Ixodes 32, 52 
 
 indentatus, Ixodes. (See annulatus, Marga- 
 ropus. ) 
 
 Ixodes 20, 22 
 
 IXODID^ 14, 20 
 
 IXODIN,E 20 
 
 IXODOIDEA 7 
 
 kelloggi, Ixodes. {Seebrunneus.) 
 leporis-palustris, Hsemaphysalis 33 
 
 Page. 
 Life-history 9 
 
 longispinosus, Ixodes. {See cookei.) 
 
 maculatum, Amblyomma 37, 39 
 
 Margaropus 20, 35 
 
 marginatum, var. of parumapertus 46 
 
 marxi, Ixodes 23, 32 
 
 megnini, Ornithodoros 16, 17 
 
 miniatus, Argas 15 
 
 mixtum, Amblyomma. (See cajennense.) 
 
 nigrolineatus, Dermacentor 43, 48 
 
 nitens, Dermacentor 42, 43, 50 
 
 occidentalis, Dermacentor 43, 47 
 
 orbiculatus, Ixodes. (See americanum, Am- 
 blyomma. ) 
 
 Ornithodoros 14, 16 
 
 ovatum, Amblyomma. {See maculatum.) 
 
 parumapertus, Dermacentor 43, 45 
 
 parvirostris, Ixodes. (See signatus, Cera- 
 tixodes. ) 
 persicus, Argas. (See miniatus.) 
 
 pratti, Ixodes 23, 27 
 
 punctulatus, Ixodes. (See variabilis, Derma- 
 centor.) 
 
 putus, Ceratixodes 21 
 
 quinquestriatus, Ixodes. (See variabilis, Der- 
 macentor. ) 
 radiatus, Argas. (See miniatus.) 
 
 reflexus, Argas 14, 16 
 
 reticulatus, Dermacentor 42, 52 
 
 RHIPICEPH ALINI 20 
 
 Rhipicephalus 20, 34 
 
 ricin us, Ixodes 22, 23, 24 
 
 robertsoni, Ixodes. (See variabilis, Derma- 
 centor. ) 
 rostralis, Gonixodes. (See leporis-palustris, 
 
 Haemaphysalis. ) 
 rubripes, Amblyomma. (See macxdatum.) 
 sanchezi, Argas. (See miniatus.) 
 
 sanguineus, Rhipicephalus 34 
 
 savignyl, Orn ithodoros 16 
 
 scapidaris, Ixodes 23, 25 
 
 sculptus, Ixodes 23, 30 
 
 signatus, Ceratixodes 21 
 
 spinosum, Bhynchoprion. (See megnini, Or- 
 nithodoros.) 
 
 Structure 7 
 
 talaje, Ornithodoros 17,19 
 
 tenellum, Amblyomma. (See maculatum.) 
 
 texanus, Rhipicephalus 34 
 
 tigrinum, Amblyomma. {See macidatum.) 
 triste, Amblyomma. (See maculatum.) 
 
 tuberculatum, Amblyomma 37, 38 
 
 turicata, Ornithodoros 17, 18 
 
 unipunctata, Amblyomma. (See america- 
 num. ) 
 uriae, Ixodes. {See putus, Ceratixodes.) 
 
 variabilis. Derma<:entor 43, 49 
 
 variegatus. (See albipictus, Dermacentor.) 
 
 venustus, Dermacentor 43, 46 
 
 winthemi, Margaropus 36 
 
 61 
 
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