V I. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised May 1935 — I— MMII^ IIH113MM— — ■— — U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Bureau of Agricultural Economics HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, Corn, Barley, Oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, Grain Sorghums, Flaxseed, and Mixed Grain, Effective July 1, 1935 Prepared by Grain Division Bureau of Agricultural Economics U. S. G. S. A.-Form No. 90 Revised May 1 ! U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Standards for Wheat, Corn, Barley, Oats, Feed Oats, Mixed Feed Oats, Rye, Grain Sorghums, Flaxseed, and Mixed Grain, Effective Julv 1, 1935 Important Features of Grain Inspection Prepared by Grain Division Bureau of Agricultural Economics UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1935 For sale by Supt. Documents, Wash. D. C. - - Price 10 cents CONTENTS Grain standards: Page Wheat standards 1 Corn standards 18 Barley standards 23 Oats standards 34 Feed oats standards 40 Mixed feed oats standards 44 Rye standards 48 Grain sorghums standards 54 Flaxseed standards 63 Mixed grain standards 66 Important features of grain inspection: Inspection requirements 72 Misrepresentation 73 Appeals, findings, and fees 74 , Licensing of inspectors 75 Penalties 76 Basis of inspection 76 Sampling of grain 78 Grain trier (probe) and sampling can- vas 80 Spout sampler or ' l Pelican " 82 Sample divider (Boerner sampler) 83 Methods of making moisture tests 85 Electric moisture meter 86 Standard method of making test weight per bushel 87 Basis of determination for test weight per bushel- 89 Further information _, 90 ii HANDBOOK OF OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES Prepared in the Grain Division, Bureau of Agricultural Economics STANDARDS FOR WHEAT 1 For the purposes of the official .grain stand- ards of the United States for wheat: Wheat. — Wheat shall be any grain which, before the removal of (lockage, consists of 50 percent or more of wheat and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. and which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 50 percent of broken kernels of grain of any size. The term wheat in these standards shall not include emmer, spelt, ein- korn, Polish wheat, and poulard wheat. Classes. — Wheat shall be divided into seven classes, as follows : Class I, Hard Red Spring Wheat : Class II, Durum Wheat ; Class III. Red Durum Wheat: Class IV, Hard Red Winter Wheat : Class Y, Soft Red Winter Wheat : Class VI, White Wheat ; and Class VII. Mixed Wheat. Grades* — Wheat shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 1 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 1 2 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Spring Wheat (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of hard red spring wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Dark Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (B) Northern Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of wheat of the variety Humpback. Subclass (C) Bed Spring This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. This subclass shall also include wheat of the class Hard Red Spring Wheat consist- ing of more than 10 per cent of the variety Humpback. • OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS -> Class I.— Hard Red Spring Wheat Grade requirement* for (a) Dark Northern Spring, (b) Northern Spring, (c) Red Spring - — CO p Maximum limits of — Damaged kernels Foreign ma- Wheals of other ■4-3 (wheat and terial clas — tJD other grains) Grade Xo. -J DR T3 +3 & to — ts. — _ • — ■gi — b 2 «- OS - I - is H- ! 1 ^H — z. 1— 1 j3 — P 4-3 - 03 T. _ ad § c ir — O ^ a Lbs. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Prt. Pc£. 1 Heavy ' 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 2 1 58 57 55 53 50 2 4 7 10 15 .1 .2 . 5 1.0 3.0 1 2 3 5 7 .5 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 5 10 10 10 10 2 2 3 3 5 42 10 5 __ 10 Sample grade. Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Northern Spring, or Northern Spring, or Red Spring, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 Heavy to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Applies to each of the subclasses Dark Northern Spring, Northern Spring, and Red Spring. 2 Wheat of this class that contains more than 10 percent of broken kernels of grain that will pass through a ?0-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 4 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Durum Wheat (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of com- mon Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Hard Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (B) Amber Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of 60 percent or more but less than 75 percent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Subclass (C) Durum This subclass shall include wheat of the class Durum Wheat consisting of less than 60 per- cent of hard and vitreous kernels of amber color. Red Durum Wheat (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of Red Durum Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Class II. — Durum Wheat and Class III. — Red Durum Wheat Grade requirements for the subclasses (a) Hani Amber Durum. (b) Amber Durum, and (O) Durum, of the olass Durum Wheat, and for the olass Red Durum Wheat Grade No. 1 2 3 43 5 Sample grade © J. 3 — © '3 © — « a 3 § 5 Lbs. 60 58 56 54 51 Maximum limits of— Damaged kernels (wheat and other grains) Foreign material c3 O Pet. 2 4 7 10 15 ■d © a © Per. 0.1 .2 .5 1.0 3.0 — o Pet. 1 2 3 5 7 O 'SI So © e3 c3 O a p> d w 5-d ^-X3 c/j © ^ 3 a* ^ ©"c p ^ -J5 3 5 qj ._- £ o ^.c 3 © ■g{£Q O H m Pet. Pet. 25 3 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard Amber Durum, or Amber Durum, or Durum, or wheat of the class Red Durum Wheat, which does not come within the re- quirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains in- separable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quant it y of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 These specifications do not apply to the class Red Durum Wheat, or to the subclass Durum. 2 Xo. 1 Red Durum may contain 10 percent of wheats of other classes. 3 Wheat of each of these classes that contains more than 15 per- cent of broken kernels of grain of any size shall not be graded higher than Xo. 4. 6 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Hard Red Winter Wheat (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of Hard Reel Winter Wheat, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Darte Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of 75 per- cent or more of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. Subclass (B) Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 25 percent but less than 75 percent of dark, hard, and vitreous kernels. ' Subclass (C) Yellow Hard Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Hard Red Winter Wheat consisting of not more than 25 percent of dark, hard, and vitre- ous kernels. OFFICIAL CHAIN" STANDARD- 7 Class IV.— Hard Red Winter Crude requirements for (a) Dark Hard Winti (6) Hard Winter, (o) Yellow Hard Winter Grade No. 1 2 3 41.: 5 Sample grade. - CO — — SI Maximum limits of— Damaged kernels (wheat and other grains) Foreign ma- terial — ■s. ■~ — E r E - - +2 % z — tJ. - - I - - - — — — S. ~ - -. — X ~. 93 — Q f-i . - ~ ■*j © ^— ( — fl d CO _ — - ^ C O Wheats of other ci asses C H IS Lbs. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. 60 2 0.1 1 0.5 5 58 4 .2 2 1.0 10 56 — .5 3 2.0 10 54 10 1.0 5 3.0 10 51 15 3.0 ' 5.0 10 Pet. 1 2 3 10 10 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Dark Hard Winter, or Hard "Winter, or Yellow Hard Winter, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to Xo. 5, inclusive: or.which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. : Wheat of this class that contains more than 10 percent of broken kernels of grain that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long shall not be graded higher than Xo. 4. 8 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Soft Red Winter Wheat (Class V) This class shall include all varieties of Soft Red Winter Wheat and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Red Winter This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of both light and dark colored kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of Soft Red Winter Wheat grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. Subclass (B) Western Red This subclass shall include wheat of the class Soft Red Winter Wheat consisting of more than 10 1 percent of wheat of this class grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 9 Class V.— Soft Red Winter Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Red Winter, (b) Westi rn Ri d 9 — BE -« •— - i Maximum limits of — Damaged — a kernels Foreign ma- Cheats of other (wheat and terial das — other grains) Grade No. — - — — - •- - ■~. a — — - - * - • S — _ 9 © 3 - — 3 3 -- - H i a O X6s. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Prf. Pet. 1 60 58 2 4 0.1 .2 1 2 0.5 1.0 5 10 0.5 2 1.0 3 56 7 .5 3 2.0 10 2.0 41 54 51 10 15 1.0 3.0 5 7 3.0 5.0 10 10 10.0 5 10.0 Sample grade. :nple grac le shall include wheat of the subclass Red Winter, or Western Red, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating. or hot; or which has any commercially objec- tionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately: or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. -Wheat of this class that contains more than 10 percent of broken kernels of grain that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by £s inch long shall not be graded higher than No. 4. 10 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Wheat (Class VI) This class shall include all varieties of White Wheat, whether winter or spring grown, and may include not more than 10 percent of wheats of other classes. This class shall be divided into four subclasses, as follows: Subclass {A) Hard White This subclass shall include all wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of 75 percent or more of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Soft White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of less than 75 per- cent of hard (not soft and chalky) kernels. This subclass shall not include more than 10 per- cent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (C) White Club This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat consisting of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any combination. This subclass shall not include more than 10 percent of common white wheat other than Sonora, either singly or in any combination. Subclass (D) Western White This subclass shall include wheat of the class White Wheat which contains more than 10 percent of Sonora wheat or wheat of the white club varieties, either singly or in any com- bination, and which also contains more than 10 percent of common White Wheat other than Sonora. OFFICIAL GIJAIN" STANDARDS 11 Class VI.— White Wheat Grade requirements for (a) Hard White, (b) Soft White (c) White dub, (d) Western Whirr Grade Xo. 1 2 3 41 5 Sample grade- op — n P — S. © 3 Maximum limits of — Damaged kernels (wheat and other grains) Foreign ma- terial o , fc£ CS - - +j ce - ■M © c — — e — - - K - © ^ So r - 03-»£ Wheats of other classes c «- - - — — aj 3ct3 Q 2 4 7 10 15 Pet. 0.1 .2 .5 1.0 3.0 Pet. Pet. Pet. 0.5 5 1.0 10 2.0 10 3.0 10 5.0 10 Pet. 0. 1. 2. 10. 10.0 Lbs. 60 58 56 54 51 Sample grade shall include wheat of the subclass Hard White, or Soft White, or White Club, or Western White, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to No. 5, inclusive; or which contains more than 15.5 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or*more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Wheat of this class that contains more than 10 percent of broken kernels of grain that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.064 inch wide by % inch long shall not be graded higher than X'o. 4. 12 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Mixed Wheat (Class VII) This class shall include all mixtures of wheat not provided for in the classes from I to VI, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations. — Mixed Wheat shall be graded according to the numeri- cal and Sample grade requirements of the class of wheat which predominates in the mixture, except that the grade specifications for the fac- tor " wheats of other classes " and the grade specifications for " No. 1 Heavy " in the stand- ards for hard red spring wheat, shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall be stated as provided in either paragraph (a) or ( b ) of this section : (a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this section, the grade designation for Mixed Wheat shall include successively, in the order named, ( 1 ) the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the* case may be, (2) the words " Mixed Wheat", and (3) the name and approximate percentage of each class of wheat which constitutes more than 10 percent of the mixture in the order of its predominance; but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mix- ture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade desig- nation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. (b) Mixed Durum. — Mixed Durum shall be mixed wheat consisting of 70 percent or more of Common Durum, and may contain not more than 10 ( percent of Red Durum and not more than 5 percent of soft red winter and/or white wheat. The grade designation for Mixed Durum shall include successively, in the order named, (1) the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be, and (2) the words " Mixed Durum." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS L3 Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stei 3, chair, straw, -rain other than wheat, sand. dirt, and any other foreign material, which ran be removed readily from the wheat by the use <'t" appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of wheat kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms o\' percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not he stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word "Dockage", »ether with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Wheat Tough Wheat Definition. — Tough wheat shall be (a) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat. Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Winter Wheat, or Soft Red Winter Wheat, or White Wheat, pre- dominates, which contains more than 14 percent but not more than 15.5 percent of moisture, and (b) wheat of any of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Du- rum Wheat, or of the class Mixed Wheat in which wheat of any one of the classes Hard Red Spring Wheat, or Durum Wheat, or Red Durum Wheat, predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. 14 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades. — Tough wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Smutty Wheat Definition. — Smutty wheat shall be wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat. Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the method described either in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section. (a) Smut dockage. — Before the determina- tion of smut dockage as provided in this para- graph, the wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty. The smut shall be removed by scour- ing and the loss in weight of the wheat caused by the removal of the smut shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain when free from dockage. The per- centage so calculated shall be stated in terms of half percent, whole percent, or whole and half percent, as the case may be. A fraction of a half percent shall be disregarded. The per- centage of the smut dockage, so calculated and stated, shall be added to the grade designation, preceding the statement of dockage, if any. (b) "Light Smutty " and "Smutty."— Smutty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not smutty; and OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS L5 (1) In the case of smutty wheat which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains halls, portions of halls, or spores, of snrut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in -~A) grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words "Light Smutty": and i 2 ) In the case of smutty wheat which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Garlicky Valient Definition. — Garlicky wheat shall be wheat which contains two or more green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1.000 grams of wheat. Grades. — Garlicky wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not garlicky ; and (1) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains two or more but not more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of wheat. there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words " Light Gar- licky " ; and (2) In the case of garlicky wheat which con- tains more than six green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of wheat, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Wheat Definition. — Weevily wheat shall be wheat which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 127675°— 35 2 16 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades. — Weevily wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Ergoty Wheat Definition. — Ergoty wheat shall be wheat which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades. — Ergoty wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Treated Wheat Definition. — Treated wheat shall be wheat which has been scoured, limed, washed, sul- phured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade designa- tion, alone. Grades. — Treated wheat shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such wheat if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils, or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 17 Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and tlu i method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the Iniied States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 10G5. dated May 18, 1922. issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as de- termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than wheat which is not separated from the wheat in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains. — Other grains shall include rye, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull-less bar- ley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground-damaged, badly weather- damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of wheat and other grains which have been mate- rially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermenta- tion. 18 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR CORN 3 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for corn (maize) : Corn. — Corn shall be any grain which consists of 50 percent or more of shelled corn of the dent or flint varieties, and may contain not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Classes. — Corn shall be divided into three classes, as follows : Class I, Yellow Corn ; Class II, White Corn; and Class III, Mixed Corn. Yellow Corn (Class I) This class shall include Yellow Corn, and may include not more than 5 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of red on ker- nels of corn otherwise yellow shall not affect their classification as Yellow Corn. White Corn (Class II) This class shall include White Corn, and may include not more than 2 percent of corn of other colors. A slight tinge of light straw color or of pink on kernels of corn otherwise white shall not affect their classification as White Corn. 3 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 19 Mixed Corn (Class III) This class shall consist of corn of various colors that does not meet the color require- ments for either of the classes Yellow Corn or White Corn. White-cap] tod yellow kernels shall be classified as Mixed Corn. Grades. — Corn shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. Corn Grade requirements for Yellow Corn, Corn, and Mixed Corn White Grade Xo. 1 2 3 4__ 5 Sample grade Maximum limits of — Mini- mum test weight per bushel Mois- ture Cracked corn and foreign material Damaged kernels Total Heat- damaged Pounds Percent Percent Percent Percent 54 14.0 2 3 0.1 53 15. 5 3 5 .2 51 17. 5 4 7 .5 48 20.0 5 10 1.0 44 23.0 7 15 3.0 Sample grade shall include corn of the class Yel- low Corn, or White Corn, or Mixed Corn, which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 20 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Corn Flint Corn Definition. — Flint corn shall be corn of any class which consists of more than 25 percent of flint corn. Grades. — Flint corn shall be graded and desig- nated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not flint corn, and the word " Flint " shall be added to. and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, immediately following the word Yel- low, or White, or Mixed, as the case may be. Weevily Corn Definition. — Weevily corn shall be corn that is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily corn shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such corn if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — Each deter- mination of class, variety, damage, and heat damage, shall be upon the basis of the grain after the removal of the cracked corn and for- eign material. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages. — -Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 21 Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall l)*' that ascertained by the water oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economies of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per shel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulle- tin Xo. 1065, dated May 18, 1922. issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as termined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Cracked corn and foreign material. — Cracked corn and foreign material shall include kernels 1 pieces of kernels of corn and all matter other than corn which will pass through a No. 12 sieve, and all matter other than corn re- maining on such sieve after screening. No. 12 sieve. — A metal sieve perforated with round holes 12/64 inch in diameter. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn. Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, sweet corn, pop corn, and soybeans. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of corn which have been materially discolored and damaged! by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 23 STANDARDS FOR BARLEY * For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for barley: Barley. — Barley shall he any grain which, be- fore the removal of dockage, consists of 50 per- <-. nr or more of barley, and may contain nol more than 25 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act. The term "barley" as used in these standards shall not include hull-less barley. Classes. — Barley shall be divided into four classes, as follows: Class I, Barley; Class II, Black Barley : Class III, Western Barley ; and Class IV. Mixed Barley. Grades. — Barley shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of its appropriate class or subclass, and accord- ing to the special grades when applicable. i The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Druus Act. 24 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Barley (Class I) This class shall include all white (glumes) barley grown east of the Rocky Mountains and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Malting Barley This subclass shall include 6-rowed barley of the class Barley (Class I) which meets the requirements of grades Nos. 1 to 3, inclusive, which, after the removal of dockage, contains not more than 5 percent of 2-rowed and/or other types or varieties of barley of unsuitable malt- ing type such as Trebi and Black ; which con- tains not more than 15 percent of barley and other matter that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve with slotted perforations 0.076 (4%/64) of an inch wide and % of an inch long ; which contains not more than 5 percent of skinned and/or broken kernels ; which contains not more than 4 percent of damaged barley ; and shall not include Bleached barley. Barley of this subclass shall contain 75 percent or more of mellow barley kernels which kernels are not, en masse, semi-steely. Subclass (B) Barley This subclass shall include all barley of the class Barley which does not meet the require- ments of subclass (A) Malting Barley. Black Barley (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of Black (glumes) Barley grown anywhere in the United States, and may include not more than 10 per- cent of barley of other classes. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 25 Class L — Barley and Class II. — Black Barley Grade requirements for subclass (a) Malting Barley and subclass (b) Barley, of the class Barley, and for the class Blade Barl Grade Xo. 1» 23 33 4^ 5 Sample grade Minimum limits of — Maximum limits of — Test weight per bushel Lbs. 47 46 43 40 35 Heat- damaged kernels For- Sound (barley. eign barley 1 other mate- grains, rial and wild . oats) Bro- ken ker- nels Pet t. Pet. Pet. 95 0.1 1 93 .2 2 90 .5 3 80 1.0 4 70 3.0 6 Pet. 4 8 12 20 30 Black bar- ley -' pa. 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 Sample grade shall include barley of the subclass Barley, or of the class Black Barley, which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to X~o. 5, inclu- sive; or which contains more than 16 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Any barley in grade Xo. 1 that does not come within the pro- visions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 2 percent of blight-damaged barley; and barley in any grade from Xo. 2 to Sample grade, inclusive, that does not come within the provisions of the special grade Blighted, may contain not more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley. Any barley containing more than 4 percent of blight-damaged barley-shall be graded Xo. 1, Xo. 2, Xo. 3, Xo. 4, Xo. 5, or Sample grade, Blighted, as the case may be, as provided in the specifications for Blighted barley. 2 These specifications do not apply to the class Black Barley. 3 See special requirements for subclass (A) Malting Barley. 4 Barley that is badly stained or materially weathered, shall not be graded higher than Xo. 4. 26 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Western Barley (Class III) This class shall include white (glumes) barley grown west of the Great Plains area of the United States, and may include not more than 10 percent of barley of other classes. Class III. — Western Barley Grade requirements for Western Barley Grade No. 1 2 3 4 5 Sample grade Mini- mum limits of sound barley Maximum limits of — Heat- damaged kernels (barley, other grains, and Wild For- eign Bro- ken Black oats ma- ker- barley terial nels wild oats) 'Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. 0.1 1 0.5 3 0.5 .2 2 1.0 6 1.0 .3 3 2.0 10 2.0 .5 5 3.0 15 5.0 1.0 10 4.0 25 10.0 Pet. 98 96 93 88 80 Sample grade shall include barley of the class Western Barley which does not come within the grade requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 5, inclusive, or which con- tains more than 15 percent of moisture; or which contains inseparable adobe, stones, and cinders, singly or combined; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which con- tains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements can- not be applied accurately; or which contains the seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which. is otherwise of distinctly low quality. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 'J~ Mixed Barley (Class IV) This class shall be any mixture of barley not provided for in the classes from I to III, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations. — Mixed Barley shall be graded according to the made requirements of either (1) the subclass Barley of the class Bailey, or (2) the class Black Barley, or (3) the class Western Barley, according to which class of barley predominates in the mixture, except that all grade specifica- tions as to the maximum percentages of black barley shall be disregarded. The grade designation for Mixed Barley shall include successively, in the order named, the number of the grade or the words " Sample grade ", as the case may be ; the words " Mixed Barley ? ', followed by the name and approxi- mate percentage of each class of barley which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture in the order of its predominance, but if only one class exceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate per- centage of at least one other class. For Mixed Barley, in which barley of the class Western Barley predominates, the grade designation shall include a statement of the test weight per bushel immediately following the names and percentages of the classes composing the mixture. 28 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage in barley shall be determined ac- cording to the method described in paragraph (a), or paragraph (b), or paragraph (c), of this section. (a) In the case of Barley (Class I), and Black Barley (Class II), dockage includes all matter which can be removed from the barley by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equi- lateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. . (b) In the case of Western Barley (Class III), dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than barley, sand, dirt, and any material other than barley, which can be removed readily from the barley by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of barley kernels removed in properly separating the foreign material and which cannot be re- covered by properly rescreening or recleaning. (c) In the case of Mixed Barley (Class IV), the dockage determination shall be made in accordance with the specifications given in paragraph (a) when barley, either of the class Barley (Class I) or barley of the class Black Barley (Class II) predominates in the mixture, or in accordance with the specifications given in paragraph (b) when barley of the class Western Barley (Class III) predominates in the mixture. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The percentage of dockage, so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word " Dock- age ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 29 Special Grades for Barley Test Weight of Western Barley Grades for test weight of Western Barley. — For barley of the class Western Barley, the i weight per bushel in terms of whole pounds shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, following the name of the class. A fraction of a pound shall be disre- garded. Two-Roiced Barley Definition. — Two-rowed barley shall consist of 2-rowed barley of the subclass Barley of the class Barley, or of the class Western Barley, and may contain not more than 10 percent of barley of other varieties. Grades. — Two-rowed barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such bar- Icy if it were not 2-rowed, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word " Two-rowed." Tough Barley Definition. — Tough barley shall be (a) barley of either of the classes Barley or Black Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of either one of the classes Barley or Black Barley predominates, which contains more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture, and (b) barley of the class Western Barley, or of the class Mixed Barley in which barley of the class Western Barley predomi- nates, which contains more than 13.5 percent but not more than 15 percent of moisture. Grades. — Tough barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it 30 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS were not tough, and there shall be added to,| and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Bright Western Barley Definition- — Bright Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is of good natural color. Grades. — Bright Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, preceding the name of the class, the word " Bright." Stained Western Barley Definition. — Stained Western barley shall be barley of the class Western Barley, except Bleached barley, that is badly stained or weathered. Grades. — Stained Western barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not stained, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Stained." Blighted Barley Definition. — Blighted barley shall be all bar- ley which contains more than 4 percent of bar- ley damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold. Grades. — Blighted barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Blighted." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 31 Smutty BarU y Definition. — Smutty barley shall be barley which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades. — Smutty barley shall be graded and designated according to tbe grade requirements the standards applicable to sueh barley if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Garlicky Barley Definition. — Garlicky barley shall be barley which contains 3 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets. in 500 grams of barley. Grades. — Garlicky barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Barley Definition. — Weevily barley shall be barley which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not weevily. and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." 127675 c — 35 3 32 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Br got y Barley Definition. — Ergoty barley shall be barley which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades. — Ergoty barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation the word " Ergoty." Bleached Barley Definition. — Bleached barley shall be barley which, in whole or in part, has been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleach- ing agent. Grades. — Bleached barley shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such barley if it were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. ( FFICIAL GRAIN STANDAR] Percentage of moisture. — I e shall be thai as ertained by the air oven I tlu 1 method of use thereof described in ami Regulatory Announcements No. 147 the Bureau rjricultural Econon f the United States Department of Agriculture, - pertained by any device and method whi -h e equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel, as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18. 1922. issued the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than barley, except other grains, wild oats, and smut masses, which is not separated from the barley in the proper de- termination of dockage. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, rye. oats, corn, grain sorghums, hull-less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn. Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soybeans. Sound barley. — Sound barley shall be ker- nels and pieces of kernels of barley remaining after the removal of dockage, which are not damaged or materially discolored by blight and/or mold, which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of barley, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and damaged by ex- ternal heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 34 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR OATS 5 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for oats : Oats. — Oats shall be any grain which consists I of 80 percent or more of cultivated oats. Oats may contain not more than 10 percent of wild| oats. Classes. — Oats shall be divided into five classes as follows: Class I, White Oats; Class II, Red Oats ; Class III, Gray Oats ; Class IV, Black Oats ; and Class V, Mixed Oats. For the purpose of this classification, the characteristics of each class, except Mixed Oats, shall be based on color characteristics ; White Oats shall in- clude yellow oats; and tinges of white, brown, or black, on the kernels of any red oats variety shall not affect their classification as red oats. Oats of any class except Mixed Oats may in- clude not more than 10 percent of cultivated oats of other classes. Mixed Oats shall be any mixture of oats which does not meet the require- ments for any one of the classes White Oats, Red Oats, Gray Oats, or Black Oats. Grades. — Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class, and according to the special grades when applicable. 5 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 35 Oats Grade requirements for the classes White Oats. R< d Oats. Grai/ Oat*. Black Oats, and Mixed Oats Grade Xo. Minimum limits of— Test weight per bushel Sound culti- vated oats Maximum limits of— Heat-dam- aged kernels (oats, other grains, and wild oats) li 2« 33 4* Sample grade.. For- eign ma- terial Wild oats Pounds Percent Percent Percent Fercent 32 97 0. 1 2 2 30 94 .3 3 3 27 90 1.0 4 5 24 80 3.0 5 10 Sample grade shall include oats of any one of the classes White Oats. Red Oats, Gray Oats, Black Oats, or Mixed Oats, which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to Xo. 4, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contain stones and/or cinders; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding pur- poses; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 The oats in grade Xo. 1 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of oats of other classes, of which not more than 3 percent may be black cultivated oats. 2 The oats in grade Xo. 2 White Oats may contain not more than 5 percent of black cultivated oats. 3 Oats that are slightly weathered shall not be graded higher than Xo. 3. 4 Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than X'o. 4. 36 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Oats Tough Oais t Definition. — Tough oats shall be oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades. — Tough oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Heavy Oats Definition. — Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 35 pounds or more but less than 38 pounds. Grades. — Heavy oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, pre- ceding the name of the class, the word "Heavy." Extra Heavy Oats Definition. — Extra Heavy oats shall be oats which have a test weight per bushel of 38 pounds or more. Grades. — Extra Heavy oats shall be- graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not extra heavy, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the words " Extra Heavy." Bright Oats Definition. — Bright oats shall be oats, except Bleached oats, that are of good natural color. Grades. — Bright oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they OFFICIAL CHAIN STANDARDS 31 were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, preceding the name of the class, the word "Bright." Cereal Oats Definition. — Cereal oats shall be any oats. whether sized, clipped, or natural, which con- tain more than HO percent of oats and/or other matter except "line seeds" that will pass through a 20-gage metal sieve 1 with slotted per- forations 0.1)64 inch wide by % inch long. Grades. — Cereal oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not " cereal " oats, and there shall be added to. -and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Cereal." Bleached Oats Definition. — Bleached oats shall be oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades. — Bleached oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached." ~W eerily Oats Definition. — Weevily oats shall be oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." 38 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Oats Definition. — Smutty oats shall be oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades. — Smutty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Oats Definition. — Ergoty oats shall be oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades. — Ergoty oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty/ 55 Garlicky Oats Definition. — Garlicky oats shall be oats which contain 4 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 500' grams of oats. Grades. — Garlicky oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such oats if they were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 39 Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 <>f the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds. — Fine seeds shall include all matter which can be removed from oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Sound cultivated oats. — Sound cultivated oats shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of cul- tivated oats which are not heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 40 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats, which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. STANDARD FOR FEED OATS 6 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Feed Oats : Feed Oats. — Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of either (a) 30 percent or more but less than 80 percent of cultivated oats, but not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats combined, or (b) 80 percent or more of cul- tivated oats and more than 10 percent of wild oats. Feed Oats may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains, and may contain not more than 10' percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades. — Feed Oats shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Feed Oats Tough Feed Oats Definition. — Tough Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades. — Tough Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Tough." 6 The ^specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 41 Feed Oats Grade requirements for Feed Oats Grade Xo. Minimum limits of— Test weight per bushel Culti- vated oats 1 2 3 '-'.'.'.'""".'.'.'. Sample grade.. Percent 60 45 30 Maximum limits of — Heat-dam- aged kernels (oats, wild oats, and other grains) Percent Foreign mate* rial Total Fine seeds Percent 3 4 6 Per- cent Pounds 32 29 26 Sample grade shall include feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from Xo. 1 to Xo. 3, inclusive; or which contain more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any commercially ob- jectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quantity suffi- cient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weathered shall not be graded higher than X"o. 3. Bleached Feed Oats Definition. — Bleached Feed Oats shall be feed oats which, in whole or in part, have been treated by the nse of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades. — Bleached Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to. and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Bleached.'' 42 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Weevily Feed Oats Definition. — Weevily Feed Oats shall be feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Weevily." Smutty Feed Oats Definition. — Smutty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or wiiich contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 percent. Grades. — Smutty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Smutty.' >> Ergoty Feed Oats Definition. — Ergoty Feed Oats shall be feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 per- cent. Grades. — Ergoty Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 43 Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or as- certained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bul- letin No. 1065. dated May 18, 1922. issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats ; but shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds. — Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from feed oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats-, and other grains which have been materially discolored and dam- aged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 44 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED FEED OATS 7 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Mixed Feed Oats : Mixed Feed Oats. — Mixed Feed Oats shall be any grain which consists of less than 30 percent of cultivated oats, but either (a) not less than 65 percent of cultivated and wild oats com- bined, or (b) not less than 65 percent of wild oats ; may contain not more than 25 percent of other grains ; and may contain not more than 10 percent of foreign material, which 10 percent may include not more than 5 percent of fine seeds. Grades. — Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and accord- ing to the special grades when applicable. Special Grades for Mixed Feed Oats Tough Mixed Feed Oats Definition. — Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain more than 14.5 percent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades. — Tough Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Tough." Bleached Mixed Feed Oats Definition. — Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which, in whole or in part, 7 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 45 Lave been treated by the use of sulphurous acid or any other bleaching agent. Grades. — Bleached Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not bleached, and there shall be added to. and made a part of, the grade designation, the word ''Bleached.'' Mixed Feed Oats Grade requirements for Mixed Feed Oats Grade Xo. 1 2 3i Sample grade. _ Mini- mum test weight per bushel Pounds 32 29 26 Maximum limits of- Heat-damaged kernels (oats. wild oats, and other grains) Foreign material Fine seeds Percent Percent Percent 5 7 10 Sample grade shall include mixed feed oats which do not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to Xo. 3, in- clusive; or which contain more than 16 per- cent of moisture; or which are musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which have any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contain seeds of wild brome grasses of a character and in a quan- tity sufficient to cause the grain to be of low quality for feeding purposes; or which are otherwise of distinctly low quality. 1 Mixed Feed Oats that are badly stained or materially weath- ered shall not be graded higher than Xo. 3. Weevil y Mixed Feed Oats * Definition. — Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. 46 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades. — Weevily Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Smutty Mixed Feed Oats Definition. — Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which have the kernels cov- ered with smut spores, or which contain smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades. — Smutty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats Definition. — Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be mixed feed oats which contain ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades. — Ergoty Mixed Feed Oats shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed feed oats if they were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — All determi- nations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 47 Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economies of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as deter- mined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of test weight per bushel. Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter except kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, other grains, and wild oats ; and shall include oats clippings and detached hulls. Fine seeds. — Fine seeds shall include all mat- ter which can be removed from Mixed Feed Oats by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, rye, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of cultivated oats, wild oats, or other grains, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 127675°— 35 4 48 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR RYE * For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for rye : Rye. — Rye shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of rye and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades. — Rye shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade requirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards, and according to the special grades when applicable. Dockage Dockage includes weed seeds, weed stems, chaff, straw, grain other than rye, sand, dirt, and any other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the rye by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of rye kernels which are removed in properly separat- ing the foreign material, and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. The per- centage of dockage so calculated, when equal to 1 percent or more, shall be stated in terms of whole percent, and when less than 1 percent shall not be stated. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. The word " Dockage ", together with the percentage thereof,, shall be added to the grade designation, 8 - The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 49 Rye Grade requirements for Rye Grade Xo. 1 2 3 4 Sample grade- Mini- mum test weight per bushel Maximum limits of— Damaged kernels (rye and other grains) Heat- • dam- Total aged Foreign material Foreign matter other than wheat Pound* Percent Percent Percent Percent 56 | 2 0. 1 3 1 54 4 .2 6 2 52 7 .5 10 4 49 15 3.0 10 6 Sample grade shall include rye which does not come within the requirements of any of the grades from No. 1 to No. 4, inclusive; or which contains more than 16 percent of mois- ture; or which contains inseparable stones and/or cinders; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any commer- cially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic; or which contains a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied ac- curately; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 50 OFFICIAL. GRAIN STANDARDS Special Grades for Rye Tough Rye Definition. — Tough rye shall be rye which contains more than 14 percent, but not more than 16 percent, of moisture. Grades. — Tough rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Tough." Smutty Rye Definition. — Smutty rye shall be rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250' grams of rye. Grades. — Smutty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not smutty; and (1) In the case of smutty rye which has an unmistakable odor of smut, or which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls but not in excess of a quantity equal to 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words " Light Smutty " ; and (2) In the case of smutty rye which con- tains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to. 30 balls of average size in 250 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 51 Garlicky Rye Definition. — Garlicky rye shall be rye which contains 2 or more green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye. Grades. — Garlicky rye shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not garlicky : and (1) In the case of garlicky rye which contains 2 or more but not more than 6 green garlic bulb- lets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the words " Light Garlicky " ; and (2) In the case of garlicky rye which con- tains more than 6 green garlic bulblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulb- lets, in 1,000 grams of rye, there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Rue Definition. — Weevily rye shall be rye which is infested with live weevils or other insects in- jurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Weevily." 52 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Ergoty Rye Definition* — Ergoty rye shall be rye which contains ergot in excess of 0.3 percent. Grades. — Ergoty rye shall be graded and des- ignated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such rye if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Ergoty." Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — Each deter- mination of dockage, temperature, odor, garlic, | and live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain, shall be upon the hasis of the grain as a whole. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture.— Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 53 Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than rye. which is not separated from the rye in the proper deter- mination of dockage, except that smut balls shall not be considered as foreign material. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, oats, corn, grain sorghums, barley, hull- less barley, flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat, poulard wheat, cultivated buck- wheat, and soybeans. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of rye and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. 54 OFFICIAL. GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR GRAIN SORGHUMS 10 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for grain sorghums : Grain sorghums. — Grain sorghums shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of grain sorghums and not more than 10 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, and which, after the removal of dockage and of " cracked kernels, foreign ma- terial, and other grains ", contains not more than 25 percent of nongrain sorghums. Classes. — Grain sorghums shall be divided into five classes, as follows : Class I, White Grain Sorghums ; Class II, Yellow Grain Sor- ghums ; Class III, Red Grain Sorghums ; Class IV, Brown Grain Sorghums ; and Class V, Mixed Grain Sorghums. Grades. — Grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the respective grade re- quirements of the numerical grades and Sample grade of their appropriate class or subclass, and according to the special grades when applicable. 10 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 55 Maximum limits of— Total cracked kernels, foreign ma- terial, and other grains Percent 4 8 L2 15 )class which rom No. 1 to i/or cinders; \ are badly foreign odor ility. Nongrain Borgnums Percent l 3 5 10 v class or SU ' the grades fi e Istones an< iot; or whic bjectionable ictly low qus Damaged kernels (grain sorghu ms, aongraia sorghums, and oilier grains) 1 leat- damaged 0.2 .5 1.0 3.0 rhurns <>f an aits of any o! n inseparabl heating, or 1 nmercially ol wise of distil — o /'- reent 2 5 10 Lfi ide grain son he requirenu fhich contai or sour, or 1 lave any con ich are other Moisture Perce ul 11 15 If) 18 de shall inch ime within t elusive; or v are musty, 3; or which 1 smut; or wh 1Y1 illinium test weight per bushel Pounds 55 53 51 Sample gra do not cc No. 4, in or which weathere< except of c © 02 a 1 2. 3 4 , Sample grade .. 56 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS White Grain Sorghums (Class I) This class shall include all varieties of white grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Colored spots upon kernels that are otherwise white shall riot affect their classification as white. This class shall be divided into three subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) White Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white kafir type, including hegari, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) White Durra This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the white durra type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other white grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass (C) White Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class White Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) White Kafir or subclass (b) White Durra. Yellow Grain Sorghums (Class II) This class shall include all varieties of yel- low and salmon-pink grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sor- ghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows: OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 57 Subclass (A) Yellow Milo This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the yellow milo type, and may include not more than 10 percent of other yellow grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sor- ghums of other colors, singly or in any com- bination. Subclass {B) Yellow Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Yellow Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass' (a) Yellow Milo. Red Grain Sorghums (Class III) This class shall include all varieties of red grain sorghums, and may include not more than 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. This class shall be divided into two subclasses, as follows : Subclass (A) Red Kafir This subclass shall include grain sorghums of the red kafir type and may include not more than 10 percent of other red grain sorghums, grain sorghums of other colors, or nongrain sorghums of other colors, singly or in any combination. Subclass (B) Red Grain Sorghums This subclass shall include all grain sorghums of the class Red Grain Sorghums not coming within the classification for subclass (a) Red Kafir. 58 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Brown Grain Sorghums (Class IV) This class shall include all varieties of brow] grain sorghums, and may include not more thai 10 percent of grain sorghums of other colors. Mixed Grain Sorghums (Class V) fl This class shall include all mixtures of grain sorghums not provided for in the classes from I to IV, inclusive. Grade requirements and designations. — The grade designation for Mixed Grain Sorghums shall include, successively, in the order named: (1) The number of the grade or the words "Sample grade", as the case may be; (2) the words " Mixed Grain Sorghums " ; (3) the name and the approximate percentage of each class of grain sorghums which constitutes 10 per- cent or more of the mixture, in the order of its predominance, but if only one class ex- ceeds 10 percent of the mixture, the name and|li approximate percentage of that class shall be included in the grade designation, followed by the name and approximate percentage of at least one other class. In those cases where Mixed Grain Sorghums consist of 70 percent or more of grain sorghums of the types white kafir, white durra, yellow milo, or red kafir, singly or combined, and not more than 10 per- cent of brown grain sorghums, the word " Mixed " shall be substituted for the words " Mixed Grain Sorghums ", and the name of the appropriate subclass or subclasses for such type or types, as the case may be, shall be substituted for the class names, in the grade designation. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 59 Dockage Dockage includes sand, dirt, finely broken ker- nels, weed seeds, and other foreign material, which can be removed readily from the grain sorghums by means of a metal sieve perforated with round holes 2%/64 inch in diameter. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of percentage based on the total weight of the grain including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word "Dockage", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Special Grades for Grain Sorghums Bright Grain So?*glui))ix Definition. — Bright grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums, of any class or subclass, which have good, natural color. Grades. — Bright grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not bright, and there shall be added to, and made a part of. the grade designation, preceding the name of the class or subclass, the word M Bright." 60 OFFICIAL GRAIN" STANDARDS Discolored Grain Sorghums Definition. — Discolored grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums of any class or subclass which are discolored, but which are not badly weathered. Grades. — Discolored grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not discolored, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Discolored.' Weevily Grain Sorghums Definition. — Weevily grain sorghums shall be grain sorghums which are infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such grain sorghums if they were not weevily, and there shall be added to, and made a part of. the grade designation, the word " Weevily." Smutty Grain Sorghums Definition. — Smutty grain sorghums shall b€ grain sorghums which have the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contain a quantity of smut masses in excess of a quantity equal tc 10 masses in 50 grams of grain sorghums. Grades. — Smutty grain sorghums shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to suet grain sorghums if they were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of. the grade designation, the word " Smutty." OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 61 Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — Each deter- mination of "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains", shall be upon the basis of the grain when free from dockage. Bach de- termination of class, subclass, nongrain sor- ghums, damage, heat damage, and inseparable nes and/or cinders, shall be upon the ba- of the grain when free from dockage and when free from that part of the "cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains" which can be removed readily by the use of a metal sieve perforated with equilateral triangular perfor tions the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter. All other determinations shall be upon the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the cas< of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the air oven and the method of use thereof described in Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or ascertained by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065. dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Other grains. — Other grains shall include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, hull-less barley. 62 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS flaxseed, emmer, spelt, einkorn, Polish wheat poulard wheat, cultivated buckwheat, and soy-l beans. Nongrain sorghums. — Nongrain sorghumslird shall include broomcorn, Sudan grass, Johnson| I grass, and cane seed. Cracked kernels, foreign material, and others grains. — Cracked kernels, foreign material, and other grains, shall include kernels and pieces^ of kernels of grain sorghums, and all other mat-fl^ ter except dockage that will pass through a metal sieve perforated with equilateral trian- gular perforations the inscribed circles of which are 5/64 inch in diameter ; also other grains and all other matter except grain sorghums and nongrain sorghums remaining on such sieve after screening. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, moldy, or otherwise mate- rially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernels of grain sorghums, nongrain sorghums, and other grains which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. OFFICIAL (;RAIN STANDARDS 63 STANDARDS FOR FLAXSEED u For the purposes of tlio official grain stand- ards of the United States for flaxseed : Flaxseed. — Flaxseed shall be any grain which, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of flaxseed and not more than 20 percent of other grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act. Grades. — Flaxseed shall be graded and desig- nated according to the respective grade require- ments of the numerical grades and Sample grade of these standards. Flaxseed Grade requirements for Flaxseed Grade No. Minimum test weight per bushel Maximum limits of damaged flaxseed 1 2 Sample grade 49 pounds 20 percent 47 pounds 30 percent Sample grade shall include flaxseed which does not come within the requirements of either of the grades No. 1 or Xo. 2; or which contains fire-damaged flaxseed; o r which contains more than 11 percent of moisture; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. " The specifications of these standards shall not excuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. 127675° — 35 5 64 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Dockage Dockage shall include all matter other than flaxseed which is contained in the lot of grain as a whole ; also undeveloped, shriveled, and small pieces of flaxseed removed with the dock- age and which cannot be recovered by properly rescreening or recleaning. The quantity of dockage shall be calculated in terms of per- centage based on the total weight of the flax- seed including the dockage. Dockage shall be stated in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be dis- regarded. The word " Dockage ", together with the percentage thereof, shall be added to the grade designation. Definitions Basis of grade determinations.— Each deter mination of test weight, moisture, damage, anc " fire damaged ", shall be upon the basis of th( grain after the removal of that part of th( dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices All other determinations shall be upon th< basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the casi of moisture, shall be percentages ascertainec by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois ture shall be that ascertained by the air ovei and the method of use thereof described ii Service and Regulatory Announcements No. 14 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of th< United States Department of Agriculture, o ascertained by any device and method whicl give equivalent results in the determination o moisture. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 65 Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agricul- ture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Damaged flaxseed. — Damaged flaxseed shall be seeds and pieces of seeds of flaxseed which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. 66 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS STANDARDS FOR MIXED GRAIN 12 For the purposes of the official grain stand- ards of the United States for Mixed Grain : Definition. — Mixed Grain shall be any mixture of those grains for which standards have been, or hereafter may be, established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, that does not come within the requirements of any of the standards for such grains, and that does not contain more than 50 percent of foreign material. Wild oats in Mixed Grain shall be classed as a grain. Grades. — Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated either as " Mixed Grain ' or as " Sample grade Mixed Grain ", and according to the special grades when applicable. Grade Requirements Mixed Grain (Grade). — The grade "Mixed Grain " shall include all mixed grain which does not come within the specifications for Sample grade Mixed Grain. Sample grade Mixed Grain. — The grade " Sample grade Mixed Grain " shall include all mixed grain which contains more than 16 per- cent of moisture, or more than 15 percent of damaged kernels, or more than 3 percent of heat-damaged kernels ; or which is musty, or sour, or heating, or hot; or which contains stones and/or cinders ; or which has any com- mercially objectionable foreign odor except of smut or garlic ; or which has a quantity of smut so great that any one or more of the grade requirements cannot be applied accurately ; or which is otherwise of distinctly low quality. 12 The specifications of these standards shall not ex- cuse failure to comply with the provisions of the Food and Drugs Act. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS u7 Grade Designations The grade designation for Mixed Grain shall include, in the order named : (1) The words M Mixed Grain" or the words " Sample grade Mixed Grain ", as the case may be; (2) The name and approximate percentage of each kind of grain, including wild oats, which constitutes 10 percent or more of the mixture, in the order of predominance; and (3) When applicable, the words "Other Grains", followed by a statement, of the per- centage of the combined quantity of those kinds of grain, including wild oats, each of which is present in a quantity less than 10 percent ; and (4) The words "Foreign Material", together with a statement of the percentage thereof. All percentage statements shall be in terms of whole percent. A fraction of a percent shall be disregarded. Special Grades for Mixed Grain Tough Mixed Grain Definition. — Tough Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains more than 14.5 per- cent but not more than 16 percent of moisture. Grades. — Tough Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not tough, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word M Tough." 68 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Smutty Mixed Grain Definition. — Smutty Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheat or rye pre- dominates, and which contains balls, portions of balls, or spores, of smut, in excess of a quantity equal to 14 balls of average size in 250 grams of mixed grain, or (b) any other mixed grain which has the kernels covered with smut spores, or which contains smut masses and/or smut balls in excess of 0.2 per- cent. Grades. — Smutty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not smutty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Smutty." Ergoty Mixed Grain Definition, — Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which contains ergot in excess of 0,3 percent. Grades. — Ergoty Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade require- ments of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not ergoty, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade desig- nation, the word " Ergoty," OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 69 Garlicky Mixed Grain Definition, — Garlicky Mixed Grain shall be (a) mixed grain in which wheal or rye pre- dominates, and which contains 2 or more green garlic balblets, or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulbets, in 1,000 grams of mixed grain; or (b) mixed grain in which oats or barley predominates, and which contains 4 or more green garlic hnlhlets. or an equivalent quantity of dry or partly dry bulblets, in 5(H) grams of mixed grain. Grades. — Garlicky Mixed Grain Shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not garlicky, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Garlicky." Weevily Mixed Grain Definition. — Weevily Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which is infested with live weevils or other insects injurious to stored grain. Grades. — Weevily Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not weevily. and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word "Weevily." Blighted Mixed Grain Definition. — Blighted Mixed Grain shall be all mixed grain in which barley predominates, and which, as a whole, contains more than 4 percent of barley damaged or materially dis- colored by blight and/or mold. 70 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Grades. — Blighted Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not blighted, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, the word " Blighted." Treated Mixed Grain Definition. — Treated Mixed Grain shall be mixed grain which has been scoured, limed, washed, sulphured, or treated in such a manner that its true quality is not reflected by either the numerical grade or the Sample grade desig- nation, alone. Grades. — Treated Mixed Grain shall be graded and designated according to the grade requirements of the standards applicable to such mixed grain if it were not treated, and there shall be added to, and made a part of, the grade designation, a statement indicating the kind of treatment. Definitions Basis of grade determinations. — All deter- minations shall be on the basis of the grain as a whole. Percentages. — Percentages, except in the case of moisture, shall be percentages ascertained by weight. Percentage of moisture. — Percentage of mois- ture shall be that ascertained by the apparatus and the method of use thereof specified in the official grain standards of the United States for the kind of grain which predominates in the mixture, OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 71 Test weight per bushel. — Test weight per bushel shall be the weight per Winchester bushel as determined by the testing apparatus and the method of use thereof described in Bulletin No. 1065, dated May 18, 1922, issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, or as determined by any device and method which give equivalent results in the determina- tion of test weight per bushel. Foreign material. — Foreign material shall in- clude all matter other than grains for which standards have been established under the pro- visions of the United States Grain Standards Act, but shall not include wild oats. Damaged kernels. — Damaged kernels shall be all kernels and pieces of kernels of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which are heat damaged, sprouted, frosted, badly ground damaged, badly weather damaged, or otherwise materially damaged. Heat-damaged kernels. — Heat-damaged ker- nels shall be kernels and pieces of kernel of those grains for which standards have been established under the provisions of the United States Grain Standards Act, which have been materially discolored and damaged by external heat or as a result of heating caused by fermentation. IMPORTANT FEATURES OF GRAIN INSPECTION The United States Grain Standards Act pro- vides in part as follows : INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS " Sec. 4. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain no person thereafter shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain which is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade unless the grain shall have been inspected and graded by an inspector licensed under this act and the grade by which it is sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale be one of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States : Provided, That any person may sell, offer for sale, or consign for sale, ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any such grain by sample or by type, or under any name, description, or designation which is not false or misleading, and which name, description, or designation does not include in whole or in part the terms of any official grain standard of the United States : Provided further, That any such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by grade may be shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce without inspec- tion at point of shipment by an inspector licensed under this act, to or through any place at which an inspector licensed under this act is located, subject to be inspected by a licensed inspector at the place to which snipped or at some convenient point through which shipped for inspection, which inspection shall be under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe, and subject further 72 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS To to the right of appeal from such Inspection, as provided in section 6 of this act: And provided further. That any such .main sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale by any of the grades fixed therefor in the official grain standards may. upon compliance with the rules and regu- lations prescribed by the Secretary of Agricul- ture, he shipped in interstate or foreign com- merce without inspection from a place at which there is no inspector licensed under this act to a place at which there is no such inspector, sub- ject to the right of either party to the transaction to refer any dispute as to the grade of the grain to the Secretary of Agriculture, who may deter- mine the true grade thereof. No person shall in any certificate or in any contract or agree- ment of sale or agreement to sell by grade, either oral or written, involving, or in any invoice or bill of lading or other shipping docu- ment relating to, the shipment or delivery for shipment, in interstate or foreign commerce, of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, describe, or in any way refer to, any of such grain as being of any grade other than a grade fixed therefor in the official grain standards of the United States." MISREPRESENTATION " Sec. 5. That no person, except as permitted in section 4, shall represent that any grain shipped or delivered for shipment in inter- state or foreign commerce is of a grade fixed in the official grain standards other than as shown by a certificate therefor issued in com- pliance with this act; and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cause examinations to be made of any grain for which standards shall have been fixed and established under this act, and which has been certified to con- form to any grade fixed therefor in such offi- 74 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS cial grain standards, or which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or for- eign commerce. Whenever, after opportunity for hearing is given to the owner or shipper of the grain involved, and to the inspector thereof if the same has been inspected, it is determined by the Secretary that any quantity of grain has been incorrectly certified to con- form to a specified grade, or has been sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale under any name, description, or designation which is false or misleading, he may publish his findings." APPEALS, FINDINGS, AND FEES " Sec. 6. That whenever standards shall have been fixed and established under this act for any grain and any quantity of such grain sold, offered for sale, or consigned for sale, or which has been shipped, or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall have been inspected and a dispute arises as to whether the grade as determined by such inspection of any such grain in fact conforms to the standard of the specified grade, any interested party may, either with or without reinspection, appeal the question to the Secretary of Agri- culture, and the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to> cause such investigation to be made and such tests to be applied as he may deem necessary and to determine the true grade: Provided, That any appeal from such inspection and grading to the Secretary of Agriculture shall be taken before the grain leaves the place where the inspection appealed from was made and before the identity of the grain has been lost, under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture shall prescribe. Whenever an appeal shall be taken or a dispute referred to the Secretary OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7.~> of Agriculture under this act, he shall charge and assess, and cause to be collected, a rea- sonable fee, in amount to be fixed by him, which fee, in case of an appeal, shall be re- funded if the appeal is sustained. All such fees, not so refunded, shall be deposited and covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts. The findings of the Secretary of Agriculture as to grade, signed by him or by such officer or officers, agent or agents, of the Department of Agriculture as he may designate, made after the parties in interest have had opportunity to be heard, shall be accepted in the courts of the United States as prima facie evidence of the true grade of the grain determined by him at the time and place specified in the findings." LICENSING OF INSPECTORS " Sec. 7. The Secretary of Agriculture may issue a license to any person, upon presentation to him of satisfactory evidence that such person is competent, to inspect and grade grain and to certificate the grade thereof for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, under this act and the rules and regulations prescribed thereunder. No person authorized or employed by any State, county, city, town, board of trade, chamber of com- merce, corporation, society, partnership, or association to inspect or grade grain shall cer- tify, or otherwise state or indicate in writing, that any grain for shipment or delivery for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, which has been inspected or graded by him, or by any person acting under his authority, is of one of the grades of the official grain standards of the United States, unless he holds an unsus- pended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. * * * " 76 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS PENALTIES " Seo. 9. That any person who shall knowingly violate any of the provisions of sections 4 or 7 of this act, or any inspector licensed under this act who shall knowingly inspect or grade im- properly any grain which has been shipped or delivered for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce, or shall knowingly give any false certificate of grade, or shall accept money or other consideration, directly or indirectly, for any neglect or improper performance of duty, and any person who shall improperly influence or attempt to improperly influence any such inspector in the performance of his duty, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $1,000, or be imprisoned not more than one year, or both." BASIS OF INSPECTION Inspection and grading of a lot or parcel of grain for the purposes of the United States Grain Standards Act, consists of taking and ex- amining a representative sample or samples of the grain, making such tests as are necessary to determine its grade, and the issuing, by a licensed grain inspector or by a Federal grain supervisor, of a certificate of grade therefor. No licensed inspector or grain supervisor may issue a certificate of grade for any lot or parcel of grain unless the inspection and grading thereof be based upon a correct and representa- tive sample of the grain and be made under con- ditions that permit the determination of its true grade. No sample is deemed to be representa- tive unless of the size, and procured in accord- ance with the methods, prescribed in current instructions issued by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by such officer of OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 77 the Department as may be designated by him for the purpose. In the inspection and grading of any Lot or parcel of grain, including cargoes of grain loaded aboard boats, barges, and other vessels, licensed inspectors and Federal grain supervi- sors are governed by the following require- ments : (1) If any lot. parcel, or cargo of grain ten- dered for inspection and grading be uniform in quality and condition, the grade shall be based upon an average sample thereof. (2) If any lot, parcel, or cargo of grain being loaded aboard a vessel for inspection is not uni- form in quality and condition by reason of the presence therein of a material portion of grain of a different grade, the licensed inspector or Federal grain supervisor is required to consider the portions of such lot, parcel, or cargo which are of different grades as separate lots tendered for inspection, and to separately inspect, grade, and certificate as to grade such different por- tions ; and each such certificate of grade shall bear a statement to the effect that the grain to which it applies has been loaded on board with other grain, the grade, description, and approxi- mate quantity of which shall be specified. 78 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS SAMPLING OF GRAIN The taking of a correct and representative sample of a lot or parcel of grain for inspection and grading purposes is an important and essen- tial part of grain inspection. If the sample obtained is not representative no amount of care in making the determinations for the grading factors will establish the true grade of the grain involved. The Department of Agriculture, in its administration of the Grain Standards Act, holds that the licensed inspector is responsible for the correctness of the sample upon which he bases the grade of any lot or parcel of grain. For correct grading it is essential that the sam- ple, properly identified, be preserved in its original condition from the time it is taken until the grade is determined and that it be of sufficient size for the adequate making of all necessary tests. The basic instructions governing the sampling of grain for inspection and grading purposes are substantially as follows : (1) The sample shall be approximately 2 quarts in size. If the time to elapse between the drawing of the sample and the determina- tion of the grade would permit of such changes in the condition of the grain as to affect its grade, at least 1% pints should be enclosed in an air-tight container and the remainder, if any, in a cloth bag; (2) In the case of bulk grain in carload lots, trucks, or wagon lots, or in any other container in which the grain is of about the same depth as in a carload, the sample shall be taken with a double-tube compartment trier 60 inches long (fig. 1) by probing flaxseed in seven or more OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 7 ( J places, and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed in different parts of such car, truck, or other container ; (3) In the case of bulk grain contained in a canal boat, barge, or steamship, the sample may be taken with a trier as described above. or with a longer trier of the same design, by probing flaxseed in seven or more places, and all other kinds of grain in five or more places, well distributed through each hatch or opening in the deck, provided such probing, or continued probing, will reach the grain at all depths ; (4) In the case of bulk grain being loaded on board a barge, boat, or steamship, the sample may be taken from the loading spout or other conveyor to the vessel by means of a device known as a "Pelican" (fig. 2) or by means of any other device, approved by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics or by a person designated by him for the purpose ; (5) In the case of grain contained in sack-, samples shall be drawn from as many in- dividual sacks selected at random as will en- able the procurement of a representative sam- ple of all the sacks involved in the lot. During the sampling operation the grain ob- tained by each separate probe, or by each " cut " with the Pelican, or otherwise, shall be ex- amined to note any unevenness of loading, odor, weevils, and the condition of the grain. If after examination of the separate probes, or cuts with the Pelican, no material portion of the grain is distinctly inferior to the re- mainder of the grain, the grain from the sepa- rate probes or from each separate cut with the Pelican, shall be combined and the combined 127675°— 35 6 80 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS sample shall be regarded as an average sample of the grain involved. Whenever it shall appear, as a result of the sampling, that a material portion of any lot or parcel of grain is distinctly inferior, in any manner, to the remainder of such lot or parcel ; also whenever, in the case of grain loaded, or being loaded aboard, or being discharged from, a barge, boat, or steamship, a material portion of such grain is of a different grade from the remainder, separate samples shall be taken of such distinctly inferior grain and of the re- maining portion, or of the grain of each of the distinctly different grades, as the case may be. There shall be filed with each of the separate samples so taken a statement of the estimated quantity of grain it represents. Further detailed information concerning cur- rent instructions for proper sampling may be obtained by applying to any office of Federal grain supervision. GRAIN TRIER (PROBE) AND SAMPLING CANVAS For obtaining a representative sample from a carload of bulk grain, a double-tube, separate- compartment grain trier (probe) shown in figure 1 is used. Such a trier makes it pos- sible for the sampler ordinarily to note any unevenness in loading and to ascertain the approximate location and quantity of any mix- ture of grain or of dirty, smutty, heating, or damp spots, etc., found in any part of the grain. To assist in doing this a canvas 5 feet by 2 feet in dimensions on which to empty the grain from the trier is used. The grain should be emptied lengthwise on the canvas, each separate trierful apart from the others, so that the grain from each compartment can be noted separately. INNER TUBE OUTER TUBE "v^-^^<^ OPENING IN TUBES INNER TUBE <» OUTER TUBE COMPAnrneur PARTITION • ■ ■ i i ii i i * i | o Q I i 1 Q B Figure 1. — Grain trier (probe). Double-tubed, sepa- rate-compartment grain trier (probe) for sampling bulk grain : A, Trier closed ; B, trier open ; G, cross section, showing double tubes ; D, sectional view ; and E, longitudinal view, showing compartments. 81 82 OFFICIAL. GTRAIN STANDARDS SPOUT SAMPLER OR " PELICAN " For obtaining a representative sample from a falling stream of bulk grain, and particularly for sampling bulk grain being spouted into the holds of a vessel, a spout sampler, generally referred to as a "Pelican" (fig. 2), is used. Figure 2. — Spout sampler (Pelican). The use of this device makes it possible to obtain complete cross sections from the stream of grain being sampled. In operation the stream of grain is cut at frequent intervals and the samples obtained are then reduced in size by being put through a Boerner sampler (fig. 3). OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 83 SAMPLE DIVIDER (BOERXER SAMPLER) After a representative sample of the lot or parcel of grain to be graded is obtained, it is usually necessary to reduce its size considerably, in order that the grade may be determined by careful analysis. To reduce the size of a sample of grain containing foreign substances of differ- ent specific gravity or size than of the grain with which they are mixed, and at the same time obtain a sample as representative as the original, is hardly possible except by mechanical means. Figure 3 shows a device, generally referred to as the " Boerner sampler ", which will divide a sample int<> smaller portions and still main- tain the proper proportions for the various fac- tors of the original sample. In the operation of this device the grain is placed in a hopper at the top of the machine and is then released, when it passes through an opening at the bottom cf the hopper and down the sides of a cone, the point of which is directly under the center of the opening. Around the base of the cone are 36 pockets or openings. The grain falling down the sides of the cone is cut into 36 separate streams, which, a little farther on. merge into 2 streams. Streams nos. 1, 3, 5, etc., unite into 1 stream which empties into 1 receptacle, and streams nos. 2, 4. 6, 8, etc., unite into another stream which empties into a second receptacle. This device and a simplified form of it are fully described in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletins Nos. 287 and 857. 0V7& OC/7EP flAMMZL £>t/crs WV/C& s/vc/r //VA/£f? fil//M£L *&?rt//VWJTL Figure 3. — Sample divider : A, vertical cross section of device showing paths taken by the material in passing from the hopper to the container ; B, cross section of the device at the base of the cone. 84 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 85 METHODS OF MAKING MOISTURE TESTS The official standards for wheal, barley, oats, Feed Oats. Mixed Feed Oats, rye, grain sor- ghums, and tlaxseed specify that the percent- age of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the air-oven method, and the stand- ards for corn specify that the percentage of moisture shall be that ascertained by the use of the water-oven method, or, in all cases, that ascertained by any .device and method which give equivalent results in the determination of moisture. The air-oven and the water-oven apparatus and their respective methods of use in the determination of moisture content are described in Service and Regulatory Announce- ments No. 147 of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture. In order that rapid determinations of mois- ture in grain may be made to meet the routine requirements of practical inspection work, grain inspectors may use electric moisture meters or other apparatus and methods which give mois- ture-test results equivalent to the results ob- tained with the air-oven method or the water- oven method, as the case may be. Although the air-oven and water-oven methods are speci- fied as the basic methods for determining mois- ture content for the purposes of the standards, it is intended that these methods will be used principally for the purpose of checking and standardizing the electric moisture meters or other moisture-testing equipment and methods used in routine grain-inspection work. 86 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS Electric Moisture Meter An electric moisture meter with which rapid determinations of the moisture content of grain can be made is now available. The tests made with this device, with but few exceptions, check more accurately with the tests made by oven methods than the tests made with the Brown- Duvel device. Figure 4. — Electric moisture meter A description of the method of using the elec- tric moisture meter illustrated in figure 4, in- cluding the necessary conversion charts, is given in pamphlet U. S. G. S. A. M. B. — 1, copy of which can be obtained from any office of Federal Grain Supervision. STANDARD METHOD OF MAKING TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The conditions given in the method described below have been found to be essential in mak- ing uniform tests of weight per bushel and obtaining accurate results, and have been adopted as standard in connection with the en- forcement of the United States Grain Standards Act. (1) Use an accurate quart-sized tester. (2) Fill the kettle from a hopper. (3) Opening at bottom of hopper must be round and exactly l 1 /^ inches in diameter. (4) Bottom of opening must be held exactly 2 inches above center of kettle. (5) Mark hopper on inside at a point where it will hold just enough grain to cause overflow over all sides of kettle. (6) Use same volume of grain for each test. (7) Use a stroker made of hardwood with smooth rounded edges, 12 inches long, % inch thick, and 1% inches broad. (8) Place the stroker on the edge of the kettle lightly without jarring the kettle. (9) Stroke the grain from the kettle with three full-length zigzag motions of the stroker. (10) Hold the stroker on the kettle with its sides held in a vertical position. (11) Make the stroke clean all the way across the kettle. { 12 ) Have the kettle rest on a firm base. (13) Do not jar the kettle before or during the stroking operation. (14) If the top of the kettle is rough, smooth down the roughness with a rounded metal bar, but do not use a file for the purpose. 87 88 OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS (15) Make the test immediately after the sample has been brought to the inspection room, office, or laboratory, to prevent drying out of the grain with consequent change in its test weight. Figure 5. — Standard apparatus for determining the test weight per bushel of grain. (16) The quart kettle must have a capacity of exactly 67.2 cubic inches. (17) Use a beam which is both accurately graduated and sensitive to one-tenth pound per bushel. OFFICIAL GRAIN STANDARDS 89 (18) Have the grain tester tested periodi- cally for — (a ) Accuracy of kettle, (b) Accuracy of beam readings, and (o) Sensitiveness of beam. The method of testing the accuracy of the test kettle and the accuracy and sensitiveness of the weighing beam of any weigh t-per-bushel testing outfit is given in Department of Agri- culture Bulletin No. 1065. Any office of Federal Grain Supervision will be glad to test the apparatus for accuracy or arrange to have it tested free of charge. BASIS OF DETERMINATION FOR TEST WEIGHT PER BUSHEL The official standards provide that the deter- mination of the test weight per bushel in the case of wheat, rye, and barley shall be made upon the basis of the grain from which the dockage has been removed; in the case of flax- seed the test-weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the flaxseed after the removal of that part of the dockage which can be removed readily by the use of appropriate sieves and cleaning devices ; and in the case of all other grain the test-weight determination shall be made upon the basis of the grain as a whole. As the test weight per bushel is one of the main factors in determining the grade of grain, lYs quarts of the grain should be available to permit the test weight to be made with a quart tester. FURTHER INFORMATION For further information regarding the United States Grain Standards Act, the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture thereunder, or the official grain standards, apply to any office of Federal Grain Supervision or to the Chief, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 90 O I UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 262 08930 1377