\4\ f/3'^ V.- 
 
 I Issued February 20, 1915. 
 
 HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 
 
 E. V. WILCOX, Special Agent in Charge. 
 
 Bulletin No. 36. 
 
 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS 
 OF HAWAII. 
 
 c. k. McClelland, 
 
 Agronomist. 
 
 POSITORY 
 
 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF 
 
 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 
 
 U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 VJL !0&. 
 
 WASHINGTON: ~<<*w^' #J 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1915. 
 

Issued February 20, 1916. 
 
 HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 
 
 E. V. WILCOX, Special Agent in Charge. 
 
 Bulletin No. 36. 
 
 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS 
 OF HAWAII. 
 
 C. K. McCLELIAND, 
 
 Agronomist. 
 
 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OK 
 OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 
 
 D. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICrjl/TTJBE. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTTNft OFFICR. 
 
 1915. 
 
HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, HONOLULU. 
 
 (Under the supervision of A. C. True, Director of the Office of Experiment Stations, United States De- 
 partment of Agriculture.] 
 
 Walter H. Evans, Chief of Division of Insular Stations, Office of Experiment Stations. 
 
 STATION STAFF. 
 
 E. V. Wilcox, Special Agent in Charge. 
 J. Edgar Higgins, Horticulturist. 
 
 W. P. Kelley, Chemist. 
 
 C. K. McClelland, Agronomist. 
 
 D. T. Fullaway, Entomologist. 
 
 W. T. McGeorge, Assistant Chemist. 
 Alice R. Thompson, Assistant Chemist. 
 C. J. Hunn, Assistant Horticulturist. 
 V. S. Holt, Assistant in Horticulture. 
 C. A. Sahr, Assistant in Agronomy. 
 
 F. A. Clowes, Superintendent Hawaii Substations. 
 
 (2) 
 
LE1TER OF TRANSMITTAL 
 
 Honolulu, Hawaii, June 1, 191 4. 
 Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith and recommend for 
 publication as Bulletin No. 36 of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment 
 Station, a paper on The Grasses and Forage Plants of Hawaii, pre- 
 pared by C. K. McClelland, agronomist of this station. With the 
 increase in the population of Hawaii, the business of ranching is 
 becoming more and more important. For many years grasses and 
 other forage plants have been imported from various parts of the 
 world to supplement the native forage in the Territory. Some of 
 these imported plants have greatly added to the carrying capacity of 
 the ranges. This bulletin gives a detailed idea of the present status 
 of forage plants on the various Hawaiian ranches. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 E. V. Wilcox, 
 Special Agent in Charge. 
 Dr. A. C. True, 
 
 Director Office of Experiment Stations, 
 
 TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Publication recommended. 
 A. C. True, Director. 
 
 Publication authorized. 
 
 D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 (3) 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction T 
 
 Composition of some Hawaiian feeds 10 
 
 The more important grasses in Hawaii 13 
 
 Leguminous forage plants 29 
 
 Miscellaneous forage plants 32 
 
 Less important grasses 36 
 
 Recommendations for planting 39 
 
 Planting grasses 40 
 
 Management of range lands 41 
 
 Undesirable and poisonous plants 42 
 
 Cultivated forage crops 42 
 
 Conclusion 43 
 
 (5) 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Plate I. Cynodon dactylon (manienie), Chxtochloa verticillata (bristly foxtail), 
 
 and Chrysopogon aciculatus (pilipiliula) 16 
 
 II. Paspalum dilatatum (Australian water grass), P. conjugation (Hilo 
 
 grass), and P. orbiculare (mau-laiki) 16 
 
 III. Panicum maximum (Guinea grass), P. colonum, and P. crus-galli (barn- 
 
 yard grass) 20 
 
 IV. Panicum pruriens (kukaipuaa), Eleusine aegyptiaca, and E. indica (yard 
 
 grass) 20 
 
 V. Andropogon contortus (pili), Cenchrus echinatus (umealu), Eragrostis 
 
 unioloides, and E. plumosa 24 
 
 VI. Fig. 1. — Panicum barbinode (Para grass or panicum). Fig. 2. — Pani- 
 cum maximum (Guinea grass) 24 
 
 VII. Fig. 1. — Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass). Fig. 2. — Andropogon 
 
 sorghum varieties (a, Sudan grass; b, Tunis grass) 24 
 
 VIII. Chloris radiata, C. gay ana (Rhodes grass), and C. elegans. : 24 
 
 IX. Fig. 1. — A prickly pear pasture, Haleakala ranch. Fig. 2. — A rocky 
 
 pasture where only annual weeds and grasses are found 36 
 
 (6) 
 
GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS OF HAWAII. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The grazing industry is one of the important and profitable enter- 
 prises of Hawaii. Continual summer has eliminated the necessity 
 of storing feed for use in winter, although in recent years there has 
 arisen the problem of supplying feed during periods of long-continued 
 drought. 
 
 The land that forms the basis of all of the ranches of Hawaii is 
 rough, broken, steep, rocky, forested, or is unfitted for general agri- 
 cultural purposes. Formerly large areas of arable land were included 
 in the ranches, but much of this has been withdrawn. Eventually all 
 arable land will be put to more economic use. 
 
 In the early days, because of the large areas of excellent pasture 
 which were entirely unused, many domestic animals escaped, ran 
 wild in the mountains, and there greatly increased in numbers. 
 These wild animals became so destructive to the forests as seriously 
 to threaten other industries which had developed, and laws were 
 passed reserving certain areas for forest purposes, and all wild ani- 
 mals were ordered to be killed. But even now many wild cattle 
 and goats are to be found. 
 
 The development of the sugar industry has created a great demand 
 for domestic animals for draft purposes and for food for the employees. 
 At an early date, then, the business of ranching was undertaken by 
 corporations and by private interests. 
 
 Beyond the establishment of lines and fences and the slaughtering 
 of the cattle for use, little was done in the way of improving the meth- 
 ods of management on the cattle ranches, but in more recent times 
 many steps to do this have been taken, including— 
 
 (1) The importation of pure bred stock. 
 
 (2) The introduction of tame grasses and other forage plants. 
 
 (3) The destruction of undesirable grasses and weeds. 
 
 (4) The growing of crops and storage of feed for live stock during 
 
 periods of drought and shortage of feed. 
 Ranching is now a definite enterprise and not a haphazard venture. 
 The establishing of the forest reserves; the withdrawal of tillable 
 land for the growing of sugar, pineapples, and other crops; and th© 
 67092°— Bull. 36—15 2 (7) 
 
8 
 
 increase in population are factors which have hastened the placing 
 of ranching upon a better basis. 
 
 The question what feeds are consumed by cattle in the forests 
 is of little importance. It is known that they feed largely on the 
 leaves and twigs of the trees and more especially upon the smaller 
 undergrowth, including weeds, grasses, and other plants. As much 
 of the forest is now reserved from such use, we are more interested 
 in what cattle find to eat upon strictly grazing lands and as to what 
 will form the bulk of the feed there in the future, and a study has 
 been made of the native and introduced forage plants, their relative 
 importance, and their value under differing conditions of environ- 
 ment. 
 
 As having an important bearing on the production of forage, the 
 rainfall in various localities is given in the following table: 
 
 Average annual and monthly precipitation at some Hawaiian ranches and other points. 1 
 
 Station. 
 
 Island of Hawaii: 
 
 Hilo 
 
 Huehue 2 
 
 Humuula 2 
 
 Kapapala ranch 
 
 Kohalamill 
 
 Kukaiaumill 
 
 Napoopoo 
 
 Puakea ranch 2 
 
 Puuwaawaa ranch 2 
 
 Volcano house 
 
 Waimea 
 
 Island of Maui: 
 
 Haleakala ranch — 
 
 Kula(Erehwon)... 
 
 Nahiku 
 
 Waiopae ranch 
 
 Island of Oahu: 
 
 Ahuimanu 
 
 Kaneohe 
 
 Tantalus 
 
 Waianae 
 
 Waimanalo 
 
 Island of Kauai: 
 
 Kilauoa 
 
 Kealia 
 
 Grove farm 
 
 McBryde residence 
 
 Kekaha 
 
 Island of Molokai: 
 
 Molokai ranch 
 
 Eleva- 
 tion. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 100 
 2,000 
 6,685 
 2,150 
 
 270 
 
 250 
 25 
 
 600 
 2,736 
 4,000 
 2,720 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,200 
 
 700 
 
 1,740 
 
 350 
 
 100 
 
 1,360 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 342 
 15 
 
 200 
 
 900 
 
 40 
 
 Years 
 
 of 
 record. 
 
 25 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Inches. 
 9.39 
 3.92 
 2.24 
 5.63 
 3.82 
 7.42 
 2.33 
 4.85 
 3.62 
 6.30 
 4.72 
 
 6.32 
 
 7.29 
 14.46 
 2.81 
 
 6.45 
 3.76 
 6.60 
 2.88 
 4.21 
 
 5.76 
 4.12 
 4.62 
 8.o9 
 3.30 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Inches. 
 11.77 
 2.49 
 3.43 
 6.68 
 5.02 
 7.97 
 2.21 
 5.64 
 2.86 
 8.55 
 4.83 
 
 6.84 
 6.04 
 13.28 
 5.10 
 
 9.52 
 5.85 
 10.59 
 5.30 
 7.11 
 
 6.55 
 
 4.89 
 5.20 
 6.74 
 3.63 
 
 12 4.80 6.65 4.39 2.43 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Inches. 
 16.02 
 2.99 
 2.60 
 7.64 
 6.70 
 13.78 
 2.53 
 9.32 
 3.27 
 9.72 
 5.16 
 
 7.45 
 
 4.85 
 
 19.54 
 
 4.12 
 
 8.76 
 6.70 
 9.85 
 2.23 
 6.39 
 
 7.79 
 7.04 
 6.15 
 10.19 
 4.14 
 
 Apr. 
 
 Inches. 
 13.67 
 1.99 
 1.58 
 3.62 
 5.62 
 10.94 
 2.40 
 5.14 
 1.71 
 7.45 
 3.50 
 
 3.29 
 
 1.73 
 
 18.11 
 
 1.62 
 
 6.44 
 3.84 
 8.10 
 .65 
 2.18 
 
 4.81 
 1.89 
 3.14 
 4.80 
 .92 
 
 May. 
 
 Inches. 
 9.60 
 2.49 
 1.93 
 3.19 
 4.14 
 5.10 
 4.32 
 4.94 
 2.32 
 5.52 
 2.71 
 
 1.65 
 
 2.79 
 10.81 
 
 6.94 
 4.26 
 7.79 
 .68 
 3.02 
 
 6.27 
 2.34 
 3.08 
 3.22 
 2.96 
 
 1.27 
 
 June. 
 
 Inches. 
 7.10 
 2.59 
 .80 
 1.28 
 3.23 
 3.37 
 3.13 
 3.64 
 1.12 
 3.34 
 2.22 
 
 1.88 
 
 10.59 
 
 .18 
 
 4.08 
 2.59 
 6.69 
 .28 
 1.51 
 
 4.02 
 1.62 
 1.99 
 4.26 
 .32 
 
 Computed mainlyfrom U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur., Hawaiian Sect.Climat. Serv., Ann. Summary, 
 1911. 
 
 2 Calculated from records, 1906-1911, inclusive. No record at Humuula in 1907. Average for Puakearanch 
 high because of an exceptionally heavy rainfall in 1909. Normal should be about 50 inches annually. 
 
Average annual and monthly precipitation at some Hawaiian ranches and other points- 
 Continued. 
 
 Station. 
 
 Eleva- 
 tion. 
 
 Years 
 
 of 
 record. 
 
 July. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct, 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Inches. 
 136.53 
 31.11 
 23.72 
 53.28 
 55.64 
 87.66 
 34.30 
 66.39 
 29.02 
 78.71 
 42.40 
 
 47.01 
 
 37.90 
 
 178.31 
 
 22.93 
 
 83.97 
 53. 97 
 125.80 
 20.77 
 44.34 
 
 69.28 
 39.97 
 45.86 
 70.31 
 22.64 
 
 34.45 
 
 Island of Hawaii: 
 
 Hilo 
 
 Huehue 1 
 
 Humuula 1 
 
 Kapapala ranch 
 
 KohaLamill 
 
 Kukaiaumill 
 
 Napoopco 
 
 Puakea ranch 1 
 
 Puuwaawaa ranch 1 . 
 
 Volcano house 
 
 Waimea 
 
 Island of Maui: 
 
 Haleakala ranch 
 
 Kula(Erehwon).... 
 
 Nahiku 
 
 Waiopae ranch 
 
 Island of Oahu: 
 
 Ahuimanu , 
 
 Kaneohe 
 
 Tantalus 
 
 Waianae 
 
 "Waimanalo 
 
 Island of Kauai: 
 
 Kilauea 
 
 Kealia 
 
 Grove farm 
 
 McBryde residence 
 
 Kekaha 
 
 Island of Molokai: 
 
 Molokai ranch 
 
 Fid. 
 
 100 
 2,000 
 6,685 
 2,150 
 
 270 
 
 250 
 25 
 
 600 
 2,736 
 4,000 
 2,720 
 
 2,000 
 
 4,200 
 
 700 
 
 1,740 
 
 350 
 
 100 
 
 1,360 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 342 
 15 
 
 200 
 
 900 
 
 40 
 
 800 
 
 Inches. 
 10.46 
 1.41 
 1.94 
 2.03 
 4.87 
 5.71 
 2.77 
 6.44 
 3.49 
 4.60 
 2.82 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.69 
 
 13.18 
 
 .33 
 
 4.38 
 2.57 
 6.54 
 .33 
 1.40 
 
 4.76 
 1.91 
 2.21 
 4.94 
 .45 
 
 1.18 
 
 Inches. 
 12. 56 
 2.38 
 3.25 
 3.55 
 4.58 
 7.12 
 4.13 
 5.06 
 1.60 
 7.86 
 3.35 
 
 2.76 
 3.50 
 18.33 
 
 5.94 
 4.44 
 9.29 
 .99 
 1.76 
 
 5.01 
 1.99 
 2.73 
 5.88 
 1.14 
 
 . 99 
 
 Inches. 
 10.66 
 3.55 
 1.48 
 3.75 
 3.78 
 4.44 
 4.02 
 4.71 
 3.49 
 4.70 
 2.12 
 
 2.23 
 
 2.90 
 
 13.39 
 
 .45 
 
 6.74 
 3.90 
 9.56 
 .97 
 2.08 
 
 4.47 
 2.32 
 2.76 
 5.16 
 1.12 
 
 1.16 
 
 Inches. 
 10.97 
 2.04 
 1.67 
 4.33 
 3.67 
 5.14 
 2.24 
 3.50 
 1.79 
 5.77 
 2.67 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.95 
 
 12.31 
 
 1.12 
 
 6.41 
 4.30 
 
 7.17 
 
 .98 
 
 2.50 
 
 5.69 
 3.76 
 3.62 
 4.70 
 1.20 
 
 1.63 
 
 Inches. 
 13.09 
 1.28 
 2.25 
 6.81 
 5.05 
 8.52 
 1.47 
 4.10 
 1.50 
 8.42 
 3.17 
 
 4.82 
 2.46 
 16.93 
 2.43 
 
 8.87 
 4.96 
 10.08 
 2.65 
 5.21 
 
 6.95 
 3.65 
 5.50 
 5.97 
 2.64 
 
 3.82 
 
 Inches. 
 11.24 
 3.95 
 5.38 
 4.77 
 5.16 
 8.09 
 2.75 
 9.08 
 2.26 
 6.48 
 5.13 
 
 7.18 
 3.36 
 17.38 
 3.05 
 
 9.44 
 6.80 
 11.51 
 2.83 
 6.97 
 
 6.38 
 4.44 
 4.86 
 6.36 
 2.76 
 
 5.27 
 
 1 Calculated from records, 1906-1911, inclusive. No record at Humuula in ly07. Average for Puakea 
 ranch high because of an exceptionally heavy rainfall in 1909. Normal should be about 50 inches annually. 
 
 A study of rainfall statistics on the Hawaiian Islands reveals the 
 fact that the average annual rainfall at any point seldom falls much 
 below 20 inches. In the mainland States the line of 20 inches rain- 
 fall roughly follows the line of 100° west longitude and marks the line 
 between sure and uncertain crop regions. West of that meridian 
 much land is now taken up in "dry farming" and the balance is in 
 ranch, mountain, or desert land. 
 
 However, the fact that the greater part of the land in Hawaii re- 
 ceives over 20 inches of rain does not tell the complete story. Some 
 soils allow percolation so freely that most of the water passes beyond 
 the reach of plants; some lands are so steep that nearly all is lost by 
 surface drainage; the precipitation is so heavy at times that no 
 opportunity for percolation is given, or it may be so light that all is 
 quickly lost by evaporation. Because of heat and wind, evaporation 
 is high at certain times and places and the drier the season and the 
 more the need for moisture, the higher is the rate of evaporation. Some 
 figures giving the effective annual and monthly rainfall would be of 
 more value in determining the crop possibilities of a given region. 
 
 The nature of the vegetation determines the need for moisture. 
 With annual weeds and grasses a heavy rainfall for a short season is 
 best in order to start vegetation and push it to maturity. 
 
10 
 
 The amount of effective precipitation from May to October largely 
 determines the carrying capacity of a ranch. Where the monthly 
 rainfall falls below about 2 inches, the precipitation commonly occurs 
 in small showers and, the moisture is for the most part lost. On 
 nearly all Hawaiian ranches there occurs a shortage of feed during 
 the summer and early fall months. Although knowing the advisa- 
 bility of alternating and resting the paddocks, the manager is often 
 given no choice but must use all available feed in order to prevent the 
 loss of his cattle. At this time grasses, sedges, and miscellaneous 
 forage plants which are usually not relished by live stock are readily 
 eaten, and are therefore to be considered of value. As an example, 
 Hilo grass is the means whereby hundreds of cattle are enabled to 
 live over the period of scarcity; prickly pear, too, becomes an im- 
 portant factor. It is very fortunate that the algaroba fruits at this 
 season and thus helps out in critical periods. Some ranchers are 
 preparing to store feed against this time of need. On the Parker 
 ranch there is now storage room for 1,500 tons of silage, enough to 
 furnish 1,000 head of cattle 25 pounds per day for 120 days. The 
 erection of more silos is contemplated. The Cornwell ranch, Erehwon 
 and Mokuleia dairies, Raymond ranch, and others have now provided 
 similar storage. * On Molokai there is a considerable acreage planted 
 each year in corn, and the stover is shredded and baled because in 
 this form it is possible to haul it several miles to the cattle when they 
 are feeding upon algaroba beans and require roughage to balance 
 their diet. 
 
 Crops which could be grown to supplement pastures include sor- 
 ghum, Kafir corn, milo maize, mangel-wurzel, sugar beet, and cassava, 
 one or more of which should prove satisfactory in the different parts 
 of the Territory. Alfalfa would prove a great benefit, since it grows 
 readily, but it is not always easily cured for baling. 
 
 The possible shortage of summer feed is something which all the 
 stockmen of the drier districts now plan, but there is another shortage 
 which at times has caused great loss. When the precipitation during 
 the rainy season falls far below normal the annual weeds and grasses 
 make no growth. Under this condition, the growing of supplement- 
 ary crops is hazardous or impossible and there is little else to do but 
 to reduce the size of the herds. 
 
 COMPOSITION OF SOME HAWAIIAN FEEDS. 
 
 In 1906 the Hawaii Experiment Station published a bulletin upon 
 the Composition of Some Hawaiian Feeding Stuffs, by E. C. Shorey. 1 
 In later publications analyses of various grasses have been reported 
 in addition. 2 The following table gives some analyses taken from 
 
 i Hawaii Sta. Bui. 13. 2 Hawaii Sta. Rpts. 1907, p. 63; 1908, p. 58. 
 
11 
 
 the above publications, some heretofore unpublished, and a^few from 
 other sources. In order to give the best comparison between these 
 materials, only the analyses of water-free material is given and the 
 reader is referred to the above sources for complete data. 
 
 Composition of Hawaiian feeds. 
 [Dry-matter basis.] 
 
 Kind of feed. 
 
 Protein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Nitrogen- 
 free 
 extract. 
 
 Crude 
 fiber. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 Guinea grass 
 
 Para grass 
 
 Water grass 
 
 Rhodes grass 
 
 Natal red top 
 
 Australian blue grass 
 
 Johnson grass i 
 
 Sudan grass 
 
 Tunis grass 
 
 Rescue grass 
 
 Chztochloa verticillata 
 
 Paspalum orbiculare 
 
 Paspalum conjugatum 
 
 Panicum crus-galli 
 
 Bermuda grass 
 
 Buffalo grass 
 
 Pilipiliula 
 
 Crab grass 
 
 Pili grass 
 
 Yard grass 
 
 Chloris elegans 
 
 Spanish clover 
 
 Desmodium triflorum 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Purslane 
 
 Pualele 
 
 Honohono 
 
 Puaki 
 
 Prickly pear: 
 
 Young fronds 
 
 Old fronds 
 
 Ti leaves 
 
 Cassava roots 
 
 Algaroba: 
 
 Whole beans 
 
 Average pods, seeds removed 
 
 Kentucky blue grass l 
 
 Perennial rye grass • 
 
 Italian rye grass 1 
 
 Orchard* grass * 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 5.52 
 
 9.10 
 
 11.23 
 
 7.47 
 
 4.69 
 
 6.31 
 
 8.01 
 
 8.44 
 
 6.27 
 
 11.76 
 
 9.82 
 
 4.96 
 
 4.71 
 
 12.32 
 
 6.86 
 
 4.12 
 
 5.02 
 
 10.96 
 
 4.84 
 
 8.41 
 
 7.82 
 
 8.82 
 
 14.42 
 
 25.26 
 
 21.66 
 
 13.82 
 
 13.27 
 
 6.70 
 
 8.19 
 
 7.25 
 
 13.85 
 
 3.79 
 
 10.36 
 5.59 
 9.9 
 
 11.7 
 
 8.2 
 9.0 
 
 Per cent. 
 0.87 
 1.11 
 2.44 
 2.08 
 1.99 
 2.00 
 2 33 
 1.89 
 1.53 
 2.63 
 1.31 
 1.07 
 2.30 
 2.19 
 
 .58 
 1.09 
 
 .61 
 1.28 
 1.38 
 4.58 
 1.45 
 
 .76 
 
 1.30 
 1.11 
 3.04 
 8.21 
 
 .18 
 4.9 
 2.44 
 1.8 
 2.9 
 
 Per cent. 
 54.59 
 42.92 
 42.21 
 48.86 
 42.09 
 41.20 
 51.1 
 43.06 
 41.92 
 39.85 
 42.14 
 53.48 
 54.39 
 36.66 
 59.84 
 62.33 
 61.15 
 48.95 
 49.79 
 41.25 
 43.92 
 57.57 
 39.90 
 32.25 
 45.41 
 45.54 
 47.62 
 61.06 
 
 60.33 
 68.73 
 43.07 
 72.02 
 
 54.76 
 
 63.10 
 
 47.9 
 
 47.1 
 
 49.2 
 
 45.5 
 
 Per cent. 
 28.17 
 35.96 
 34.48 
 33.30 
 41.99 
 43.22 
 31.7 
 36.99 
 40.27 
 37.29 
 35.09 
 31.84 
 29.93 
 38.58 
 22.93 
 28.23 
 27.56 
 26.55 
 32.53 
 35.51 
 32.00 
 24.89 
 33.40 
 28.85 
 11.04 
 19.96 
 22.24 
 22.28 
 
 11.33 
 30.87 
 10.93 
 
 28.88 
 
 27.29 
 
 29.2 
 
 29.5 
 
 33.3 
 
 36.0 
 
 Per cent. 
 10.89 
 11.06 
 9.55 
 8.29 
 9.24 
 7.27 
 
 10.01 
 
 8.47 
 
 11.64 
 
 8.63 
 
 8.25 
 
 10.24 
 
 9.83 
 
 6.66 
 
 5.47 
 
 10.03 
 
 11.57 
 
 12.23 
 
 11.94 
 
 3.93 
 
 7.92 
 
 11.23 
 
 20.00 
 
 15.00 
 
 13.33 
 
 8.54 
 
 20.85 
 
 21.00 
 
 9.06 
 
 4.07 
 
 3.83 
 
 3.81 
 
 8.0 
 
 9.2 
 
 7.5 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 0.54 
 
 .29 
 
 .42 
 
 .86 
 
 .39 
 .26 
 .13 
 .25 
 .17 
 .03 
 .14 
 .47 
 .IT 
 .22 
 .76 
 2.00 
 1.30 
 .62 
 .77 
 .54 
 2.18 
 
 3.16 
 4.83 
 .53 
 .27 
 
 .38 
 .36 
 
 6.65 
 
 1 Calculated from Henry's Feeds and Feeding. Madison, Wis., 1910, 10th ed., pp. 568, 569. 
 
 Feeds must be compared by results. The successful production 
 of beef and mutton in Hawaii is proof of the nutritiousness of the 
 forage. However, there is a great difference in the value of feeds 
 which analyses do not reveal, due to palatability and digestibility. 
 No percentages of digestibility have been worked out by feeding 
 experiments conducted in Hawaii. 
 
 It will be noticed from the table that the analyses of grasses of 
 Hawaii compare very favorably with the few analyses here given of 
 tame grasses on the mainland; that several of the grasses greatly 
 exceed others in their content of protein and fat; that honohono, 
 
12 
 
 purslane, and pualele excel most of the grasses; and that the whole 
 kiawe bean is superior to the pods only. This latter fact emphasizes 
 the importance of grinding so as to obtain the value of the bean itself 
 which contains 30 per cent of protein which is lost unless the seed is 
 crushed. 
 
 E. C. Shorey and V. A. Norgaard have shown the shortage of lime 
 in various Hawaiian feeding stuffs and called attention to the ill 
 effects resulting from this lack and also to methods of correcting 
 the deficiency. 
 
 According to various authorities on physiological chemistry, 
 osteomalacia and other similar troubles, such as rickets in the human 
 family, "pica" and "lamesickness" among animals, in which there 
 is softening of the bone, are not always caused by lack of mineral 
 material in the food. These diseases are caused by a disarrangement 
 of the nutritive factors. A lack of inorganic material in the food of 
 growing animals results in the formation of finer-boned, smaller 
 animals. In a mother animal such lack results in the taking of 
 material from her own bones to supply the foetus she is carrying or to 
 produce milk for the benefit of the young which she is nursing. There- 
 fore, any deficiency of lime in feeding stuffs should be made up for 
 breeding stock or growing animals. 
 
 It has been observed by many ranchmen that when animals graze 
 on Hilo grass there is a tendency toward this reduction in size and 
 bone. Where pasturage is known to be deficient in lime the mineral 
 matter must be supplied by feeding bone meal with salt or with 
 molasses. 
 
 Another deficiency of some of the pasture lands is the absence of 
 legumes. The table shows the weeds and grasses to be more or less 
 rich in protein but cattle need a more nitrogenous supplement for 
 economical feeding. 
 
 On the higher lands, where hop clover, white clover, Indian clover, 
 or red clover have become naturalized, the pasturage has been greatly 
 improved. At low and medium elevations, Spanish clover is widely 
 distributed. Desmodium triflorum grows thickly at the lower ele- 
 vations, particularly with pilipiliula. Black medic and bur clover 
 are two other legumes which, though widely distributed, are not 
 abundant. Bur clover is spreading more rapidly on the higher than 
 on the lower lands. 
 
 As long as grass-fattened animals satisfy the demands of local 
 markets the present feeds, although open to improvement, will con- 
 tinue to be satisfactory, the greatest problem being, as stated else- 
 where, to get sufficient quantity, regardless of quality, during periods 
 of drought. 
 
13 
 
 THE MORE IMPORTANT GRASSES IN HAWAII. 
 
 In the following pages notes are given on the distribution, charac- 
 teristics, and value of some of the more important native and intro- 
 duced grasses found on the ranches of Hawaii. Preliminary to the 
 more detailed discussion of the various species a summary of them 
 may be found in the following table, in which scientific and popular 
 names and notes on their distribution are given: 
 
 The more important grasses. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Hawaiian name. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Andropogon contortus 
 
 A ndropogon halepensis 
 
 (var.). 
 Andropogon saccharides . . 
 Anthoxantkum odoratum. . 
 
 Briza minor 
 
 Bromus unioloides. 
 
 Calamagrostis fosteri 
 
 Cenchrus echinatus 
 
 Chsctochloi fflauca 
 
 ChsetocMoz verticiUata. . 
 
 Chioris gayana 
 
 Chrysopogon aciculatus. 
 Cynodon dactylon 
 
 Dactylis glomerate. 
 Elcusine indica ... 
 
 Eragrostis variabilis. 
 
 Festuca myurus 
 
 Eolcus lav.atu-s 
 
 Hordeum murinum. . 
 Exit ria glomerxtx . ., 
 Loliuvi pcrenne 
 
 Panicum colonum or Echi- 
 
 nochloa colonx. 
 Panicum crus-galli or 
 
 Fchinochloi crus-galli. 
 Panicum barbinode". 
 
 Panicum maximum. 
 Panicum pruriens. . 
 
 Panicum iorridum 
 
 Paspalum conjugitum. 
 
 Paspalum dilatatum. . 
 
 i?i orbiculare . . 
 
 Poa annua 
 
 Poa pratensis 
 
 Stenctaphrum americanum 
 
 Syntherisma sangvinalis. . . 
 
 8vntheruma heueri 
 
 frichoixna rosea 
 
 Twisted heard grass. 
 Johnson grass 
 
 Fuzzy top 
 
 Sweet vernal grass . 
 
 Mi. 
 
 Quaking grass 
 
 Prairie or rescue grass. 
 
 Toothed bent grass.. . 
 Sandbur or bur grass. 
 
 Yellow foxtail 
 
 Bristly foxtail 
 
 Rhodes grass 
 
 Heupuueo 
 
 Umealu... 
 
 Bermuda grass 
 
 Orchard grass or cocks- 
 foot. 
 Yard grass 
 
 Tiipii or pilipiliula. 
 Manienie 
 
 Rat-tail fescue , 
 
 Yorkshire fog, velvet, or 
 meadow soft grass. 
 
 Wall barley 
 
 Mountain pili 
 
 Perennial iye grass 
 
 Six weeks grass (on Mo- 
 
 lokai). 
 Barnyard grass 
 
 Manienie alii (on Molo- 
 
 kai). 
 Emoloa or Kalamalo 
 
 Pili-uka. 
 
 Para grass (commonly 
 called "panicum"). 
 
 Guinea grass 
 
 Crab grass 
 
 Kukaipuaa. . . 
 Kakonakona. 
 
 Hi!o grass 
 
 Australian water grass. . 
 
 Rice grass 
 
 Annual meadow or low 
 
 spear grass. 
 Kentucky blue grass. . . 
 BuiTalo grass 
 
 Crab grass 
 
 do 
 
 Natal redtop. 
 
 Mau-laiki . 
 
 Manienie-akiaki. 
 
 Kukaipuaa 
 
 Kukaipuaa-uka. 
 
 On low dry lands. 
 
 On alfalfa and sugar 
 
 lands. 
 For low dry lands. 
 Found in wet districts of 
 
 Molokai. 
 In wet regions. 
 At elevations of 2,000 feet 
 
 and above. 
 Do. 
 On dry sandy lands. 
 Pest on Kauai. 
 A weedy annual. 
 For meadows. 
 Worthless as feed. 
 At elevations up to 5,000 
 
 feet. 
 At elevations of 4,000 feet 
 
 and above. 
 
 At elevations of 4,000 to 
 7,000 feet. 
 
 In dry regions. 
 At elevations of 4,000 feet 
 and above. 
 
 Along water ditches or 
 
 submerged lands. 
 Plant in wet places. 
 
 Valuable annual, low ele- 
 vations. 
 Eaten in dry seasons. 
 
 Good at all elevations. 
 
 Worthless. 
 
 At elevations of 4,000 to 
 6,000 feet. 
 Do. 
 
 From sea level to eleva- 
 tions of 4,000 feet. 
 
 Stenotaphrum americanum, called manienie-akiaki, buffalo grass, or 
 in the South, St. Augustine grass, is found in all warm countries and is 
 a valuable grass under all conditions of moisture and at all elevations, 
 but particularly below 4,000 feet. It is aggressive in its growth when 
 moisture conditions are good, and will, when not grazed, overrun 
 guava, lantana, and other bushes, but not destroy them. It is an 
 excellent grass to plant in fields abandoned because of Japanese nufc 
 
14 
 
 grass, or coco grass, since it forms a dense mat and furnishes abundant 
 feed while at the same time holding the coco grass in check. It is 
 ! propagated readily by cuttings of the long creeping stems. It is 
 
 closely grazed, particularly by cattle, and is valued for maintenance 
 rather than for growth or fattening. It occupies considerable areas 
 on all of the islands, particularly on Kauai. It grows rather slowly 
 in extremely dry locations. It is crowded out by Hilo grass where 
 rainfall is excessive, which may be partly due to the grazing of the 
 one and not of the other. 
 
 Clirysopogon aciculatus piipii, or pilipiliula (PL I, 3), is a nearly 
 worthless grass which covers considerable areas. It has creeping 
 stems which root from the j oints. It is more aggressive than manienie 
 and will crowd out the latter grass. It is eaten by cattle, but is of 
 little value, and is especially objectionable for sheep because of the 
 penetrating awns. It is easily eradicated by plowing, and where it is 
 possible to do this better grasses may be substituted for it. Paspalum 
 compression crowds it out under the Hanalei conditions. Paspalum 
 dilatatum also would be able to crowd it more or less under reasonable 
 conditions of moisture. This grass is the principal grass upon the 
 Wahiawa plain of Oahu, but the small clover, Desmodium triflorum, 
 occurring with it furnishes the major part of the grazing. 
 
 Paspalum conjugatum, Hilo grass (PL II, 2), is a native of tropical 
 America. It appeared near Hilo about 1840 and spread rapidly, 
 crowding out many better grasses. The fact that it is less palatable 
 than other grasses enables it to crowd them out. In rainy regions or 
 seasons it makes a heavy growth. It is liked by stock only when kept 
 closely cropped. The larger growth during wet seasons is grazed, but 
 disturbs the digestion of cattle if eaten in quantity. During the dry 
 season more of the coarser growth is consumed, because of the shortage 
 of other food. On the Parker ranch there are over 50,000 acres of 
 Hilo grass. It is valuable in helping to tide over the period when 
 other feed is wanting. Better feed is obtained by burning off the old 
 growth whenever it is possible to do so. 
 
 Under fair conditions Paspalum dilatatum and P. compressum will 
 slowly crowd out the Hilo grass. While Hilo grass is of value, P. 
 dilatatum is to be preferred and should be substituted for it whenever 
 the conditions will permit. Paspalum orbiculare (PL H, 3), rice 
 grass, mau-laiki, occupies large areas on windward slopes and also at 
 higher elevations on the lee side of the islands. It is not liked by 
 stock. The tender growth of young seedlings, of closely cropped 
 pastures, or after burning, is better relished. The grass occurs gen- 
 erally throughout the guava belt. It is gathered frequently for bed- 
 ding or packing purposes. It is known as cow grass in Queensland 
 and as ditch millet in other places. Cases of poisoning have been 
 known in India from eating the seed of this grass. The milk from 
 
15 
 
 cows grazed on it is said to be narcotic and injurious. 1 Some of the 
 ranchers of Hawaii consider it a pest; others say it is of secondary 
 value for the maintenance of cattle only. 
 
 Paspalum dilatatum (PL II, 1), also known as Australian or large 
 water grass, is a native of South America, but was introduced in 1903 
 from Australia, where it has been grown for about 30 years. It is one 
 of the most valuable grasses yet introduced into Hawaii. It is true 
 that Bermuda grass, Kentucky blue grass, and a few others, occupy 
 larger areas, but probably the area in water grass will ultimately 
 exceed the areas in these other grasses. 
 
 Kentucky blue grass is suited to high elevations, while the water 
 grass does w T ell either high or low. The same objection holds against 
 orchard grass, soft meadow grass, and others. Bermuda is somewhat 
 more drought resistant, but the Paspalum crowds it out when mois- 
 ture is more available. While it makes little or no growth in very 
 dry seasons, it does not die out, but starts up with the first good rains. 
 
 At sea level on the leeward coast, this grass makes fair growth only 
 during and following the rainy season. The same may be said of it in 
 similar situations up to an elevation of 2,000 feet or more. Topog- 
 raphy and rainfall determine its economic value rather than eleva- 
 tion, while with many introduced grasses elevation is the important 
 factor. On the windward slopes its value is likewise determined 
 by the amount of rainfall, being greater where the rainfall is from 60 
 to 120 inches annually. It is not recommended for swampy regions, 
 but rather for semihumid conditions above elevations of 1,000 or 
 1,500 feet, although it is valuable in the dry sections following rainy 
 seasons, often being more valuable than the annual grasses or weeds 
 which supply feed at such times. 
 
 In the table of composition the high nutritive properties of water 
 grass as shown by the high content of protein and fat are apparent. 
 From the analyses one would expect that this would be a most excel- 
 lent grass for growing animals and keeping them in good condition 
 at all times. Kesults show this to be true. At Princeville plantation 
 cattle fatten on this at all seasons. Its palatability is noteworthy. 
 In mixed growths, the water grass is kept closely cropped, while 
 Bermuda and other grasses are allowed to grow several inches high. 
 Finer grasses, like the gramas, are grazed even more closely than 
 water grass when growing side by side and, not having the persistence 
 of the water grass, gradually give w^ay to it. 
 
 Under good conditions it is possible to make hay from this grass 
 as well as to use it for soiling. However, because of its habit of 
 growth, it is very difficult to mow with machine or scythe, but may 
 be cut with Japanese grass blades. It is difficult to cure because of 
 
 i Maiden, J. H. A Manual of the Grasses of New South Wales, Sydney, 1898, p. 19. 
 67092°— Bull. 36— 15 3 
 
16 
 
 the large moisture content, and the hay seems to be much less palat- 
 able than the fresh grass. Hence this grass should be considered as 
 a pasture grass only, and as such it heads the list. 
 
 The plant has a semispreading habit of growth, but becomes more 
 upright when thickly planted. When thinly planted, it assumes a 
 more trailing habit, and sends out rootstocks from well established 
 isolated plants. It spreads slowly from a rootstock growing just at 
 the surface of the soil. Thin stands thus become better in the course 
 of a few years. Water grass under good conditions is able to crowd 
 out Bermuda, pilipiliula, and Hilo grass. Young plants seed pro- 
 fusely, but the seed ripens unevenly even in the same seed head, 
 so that saving seed is difficult and expensive. Some recommend 
 shaking the seed heads over a pan so as to obtain only well ripened 
 seeds. When closely grazed little or no seed is formed, although 
 an effort is made to form them on stems which extend well out along 
 the ground and become vertical as the seed head emerges from the 
 boot. The plants may seed several times annually. Some who 
 have planted seed claim poor results, only 25 per cent or less of the 
 seed being good. In planting, 6 to 10 pounds per acre with 3 
 pounds of some more rapidly growing grass should be sown. The seed 
 weighs 17 to 35 pounds per bushel, good seed weighing at least 28 
 pounds. 
 
 The point to remember in seeding water grass is that germination 
 requires moisture and the supply must hold good until the plants 
 are well rooted, as the young seedlings will perish if the soil dries. 
 When this happens, the failure is usually accredited to poor seed. 
 The seeds should be covered but lightly, and a stand will be obtained 
 much sooner if covering is done, as the seed is light. In well-pre- 
 pared plowed fields, in single furrows across given areas, or scattered 
 along trails, over sodded, rocky, or other areas, some results may 
 always be obtained. More immediate results are obtained from 
 better treatment, but it often happens that seed remains without 
 germinating for several months. 
 
 The best plan is to sow the seed in a bed, water it, and transplant 
 the well-rooted seedlings to the paddocks. Set the plants in checks 
 2 feet apart each way or in single lines across the field at intervals of 
 2, 4, 6, 10, or 20 feet apart, or simply plant in a haphazard manner 
 here and there. Old plants may be taken up, the roots divided and 
 planted out in the same manner as seedlings. Do not turn cattle 
 upon newly planted fields. 
 
 The carrying capacity of water grass varies much. In Hawaii it 
 may be said that there is a different capacity for each square mile 
 of pasture. At the Princeville plantation, at an elevation of 300 to 
 800 feet, with 60 to 1 00 inches of rain, the carrying capacity has been 
 'one steer per acre for three years in one paddock of 40 acres. In a 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 ■**mm 
 
 cc 
 QQ 
 
 < 
 
 It 
 
 h- 51 
 id d 
 
 >o. 
 
 < 
 
 O «> 
 _J 3 
 
 SI 
 
 o < 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 
 1, Paspalum dilatatum (Australian Water Grass); 2, Paspalum conjugatum 
 (Hilo Grass); 3, Paspalum orbiculare (Mau-laiki). 
 
17 
 
 paddock of 450 acres 500 head were carried for one year, then 180 
 head for 10 months, then after 2 months 100 head were turned in. 
 More were added until full capacity was reached. The carrying 
 capacity varies with age and amount of growth of the grasses when 
 the cattle are turned in, and also with precipitation. 
 
 To sum up, water grass is one of the best grasses introduced into 
 Hawaii. It is valued (1) for its ability to grow under varied con- 
 d ; tions of soil, moisture, or elevation; (2) it is easy to establish from 
 seil or by division of the roots; (3) for its drought resistance; (4) 
 for its persistence — its ability to survive overstocking; (5) for its 
 palatability and nutritive properties; and (6) for the large amount of 
 feed it produces and because it seeds freely. 
 
 Paspalum lirgatum is closely related to the preceding and of about 
 equal value. It has been tried on Maui, and more extensively on 
 Kauai, where it has been planted over a 500-acre paddock (on Prince- 
 ville plantation) in a mixture with P. dihtatum and P. compressum. 
 The seed is high in price, but as the plant seeds profusely, the area 
 could be rapidly extended from a small first planting. The seeds 
 have great vitality and will remain in the soil until the conditions 
 for germination are favorable. 
 
 This grass is vigorous in its growth, holding its own against native 
 or Hilo grasses. Whether it will be as persistent as P. dilatotum 
 under conditions of overstocking or during long periods of drought 
 is not definitely known. It is more erect in growth than the other 
 species and is therefore a better forage or soiling grass. Several 
 cuttings annually may be made if moisture conditions are always 
 favorable. The grass may be propagated by root division. 
 
 Paspalum compressum, now known as Axonopus compressus, Lou- 
 isiana, carpet, or Gazon grass, is quite common in the South, and is 
 considered valuable, especially on poor lands. It is creeping in its 
 habit of growth, making a fair lawn if kept closely clipped, but is of 
 no value for hay. It thrives better in moist situations and suffers 
 from continued drought. It is relished by all kinds of stock and 
 stands grazing and tramping well. It spreads by runners and by 
 seed, and under moist conditions will crowd out many other grass* a. 
 In s'outhwest Texas it is said to have revolutionized the stock industry. 
 
 In Hawaii the grass is favorably reported from Princeville planta- 
 tion, Kauai. There it crowds out Hilo grass, pilipiliula, and all 
 Is, and grasses except P. d'datatum and P. clrgatum. It becomes 
 Lormant in dry weather, but starts up with the first rains. It was 
 closely grazed, but survived and started up well when the cattle 
 veve taken off. The seeds, it was thought, were scattered by rice 
 
 irds, as plants were found 2 miles from the original planting. Like 
 he two preceding species, some time and much moisture are required 
 
18 
 
 to start the seeds and the grass comes up long after one has despaired 
 of it and given a verdict of ''bad seed." 
 
 Judging from one season's trial at the experiment station it is 
 fully as drought resistant as P. dilatatum, but under these conditions 
 is much less vigorous in its growth, and although it spreads more 
 rapidly because of its creeping stems or runners, it furnishes less feed 
 than P. dilatatum. Were it strong enough to crowd out the latter 
 grass, the advisability of planting it might be questioned, but as it 
 has not done this, it seems to be of value and may be planted in 
 mixtures. 
 
 Holcus lanatus, velvet grass, meadow soft grass, or Yorkshire fog, 
 commonly called mesquite in Hawaii, is, according to M. J. Sutton, 1 
 "one of the most persistent and troublesome of the worthless grasses, 
 possessing structural endowments which insure its continued exist- 
 ence under extremely varied conditions." These " endowments," 
 however, make the grass of value in Hawaii. At elevations of from 
 4,000 to 7,000 feet this becomes one of the main pasture grasses. 
 It is able to withstand drought and frost. It thrives also under 
 better moisture conditions. 
 
 In Australia the grass is little liked, and in Oregon and Washing- 
 ton it occurs as a weed among better meadow grasses. While no 
 doubt of less value than Kentucky blue grass or orchard grass, at 
 certain seasons in Hawaiian pastures it is of great value in mixtures, 
 and at the higher elevations particularly. 
 
 Poa pratensis, Kentucky blue grass, was introduced into Hawaii by 
 Captain Makee at Ulupalakua about 1879 or 1880. This grass is 
 one of the principal pasture grasses of the humid portion of the 
 United States, Canada, and other countries, and its value is too 
 well known to require comment. It is persistent against drought 
 or overstocking, becomes green and grows with the first rains, but 
 becomes dry and brown during the hot, dry months. Stock on 
 blue-grass pasture require other feed at such times to obtain best 
 results. This grass occupies considerable areas in Hawaii, between 
 4,000 and 6,000 feet in elevation on Ulupalakua, Haleakala, Parker 
 ranch, Humuula, Puuwaawaa, and in the Konas. It furnishes 
 grazing for about four or five months and carries one head for every 
 3 or 4 acres for that length of time. Wherever found it is a fine 
 fattening grass. 
 
 Dactylis glomerata, orchard or cocksfoot grass, occupies large areas 
 in Hawaii at elevations of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. It is a large, coarse 
 grass, occurs in clumps rather than in an even sod, does not spread, 
 and is of slightly less value than Kentucky blue grass for fattening, 
 although it is a palatable, nutritious grass. It also becomes dry 
 and brown during times of drought, but there is some feed available 
 
 1 Permanent and Temporary Pastures. London, 1902, 6th ed., p. 150. 
 
19 
 
 from this grass at such times. The name orchard grass was applied 
 to it because of its general use in orchards. It makes an excellent 
 nurse crop for Paspalum dilatatum. It spreads chiefly from seed 
 and is easily crowded out by Hilo grass, especially when closely grazed. 
 
 Lolium perenne, perennial rye grass, is rarely perennial in Hawaii. 
 It is adapted to the higher pastures (4,000 to 6,500 feet), where it 
 furnishes good grazing. It will withstand any amount of treading 
 and grazing, but dies out gradually in periods of drought. At 
 medium elevations it would likely prove a good nurse crop for Pas- 
 palum dilatatum. It is recommended for all mixtures for permanent 
 pastures. 
 
 Bromus unioloides, rescue grass, Australian prairie grass, Schrader's 
 brome grass, is classed as a perennial, but becomes annual under 
 unfavorable conditions. It grows well at lower elevations only 
 during the cooler months, but seeds abundantly, and young plants 
 are found the following year. However, it makes its best growth 
 at higher elevations with lower temperatures. It is not injured by 
 frost and is valuable near the frost line on the mountain pastures 
 of Hawaii. It is shallow rooted, and large clumps are easily up- 
 rooted by live stock, but under continual grazing or when in mix- 
 tures with other grasses, this objection is not so great. At medium 
 elevations on the Parker ranch isolated patches of this grass may 
 be seen, single small seed heads appearing a few inches above the 
 Bermuda sod. It is reported to have crowded out several thousand 
 acres of manienie in the last 28 years in the vicinity of Wood's 
 ranch, Kohala, Hawaii. According to the analysis its nutritive value 
 is very high. 
 
 Korteria glomerata, mountain pili, is the principal indigenous grass 
 occurring at high elevations. It is found covering large areas on 
 the higher lands of Parker's, Hind's, Shipman's, and other ranches 
 of Hawaii. Rock states that he has found it at elevations above 
 8,000 feet, and that it is about the last species observed in ascending 
 the mountains. 1 
 
 Calamagrostis forsteri, heupuueo, is an annual, appearing at ele- 
 vations above 2,000 feet following the rainy season. During the 
 dry season, or after the seed has fallen, the dry, naked, open panicle 
 becomes conspicuous. These empty panicles, driven by the wind, 
 often collect in strawlike masses at the base of guava or other 
 shrubs. The feeding value is fairly high; the grass is palatable and 
 nutritious. It remains green for but a few months. This grass is 
 quite widely distributed. 
 
 Festuca myurus, rat-tail fescue, occurs at elevations of 2,000 feet 
 and above. The seed heads are conspicuous when standing out 
 above the manienie or pilipiliula sod. The leaf is narrow and 
 
 1 Rock, J. F. The Indigenous Trees of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, 1913, p. 47. 
 
20 
 
 appears to be nearly round. The grass is widely distributed at me- 
 dium and high elevations and is of but medium value as a forage 
 crop. It persists long and does not appear to be grazed when the 
 seed is maturing. 
 
 Briza minor, quaking grass, occurs also at upper medium eleva- 
 tions and more thickly in regions of frequent showers and where 
 the rainfall is heavy and continuous. It has some feeding value, 
 but is crowded out on grazing lands by Hilo grass, or maulaiki. 
 
 Cynodon dactylon, Bermuda grass (PL I, 1) is a much-prized 
 as well as a much-abused grass, which occupies large areas of the 
 pasture lands of Hawaii. It was introduced about 1835 and covers 
 a greater area than any other one grass. The native grasses and 
 the majority of the tame grasses spring up with the rains, nourish 
 for a time, and with the coming of the dry season disappear, while 
 the manienie survives the severest drought; although in the most 
 severe ones it may make no active growth for a long period. Many 
 perennials succumb to bad treatment, but this grass, no matter 
 how much abused, or how long the drought may continue, springs 
 up at once when conditions improve. 
 
 Manienie spreads by creeping rootstocks which throw up stems 
 from each joint, and also by running stems above the ground which 
 root at each joint. It also spreads by seed. It is usually propagated 
 by cutting sods into small pieces, which are then set out 2 feet apart 
 each way in the fields where desired. A field planted in this manner 
 will soon be covered. 
 
 It is not a hay grass in Hawaii. Bermuda grass is one of the 
 most valuable of lawn grasses for hot climates. It is of great value 
 as a soil-binding grass and is planted along terraces on hilly land, 
 dikes, or rice fields, and upon the sands of the seashore. On Lanai 
 5,000 acres of wind-eroded soil was saved by planting Bermuda 
 grass. Its composition and digestibility are shown in the following 
 table : 
 
 Composition and digestibility of Bermuda grass. 
 
 
 Bermuda 
 grass. 1 
 
 Bermuda hay, first 
 year after planting. 2 
 
 Bermuda hay. 3 
 
 
 Compo- 
 sition. 
 
 Compo- 
 sition. 
 
 Digesti- 
 bility. 
 
 Compo- 
 sition. 
 
 Digesti- 
 bility. 
 
 Protein 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 6.86 
 
 .58 
 
 22.93 
 
 59.84 
 
 9.83 
 
 Per cent. 
 18.72 
 2.49 
 21.57 
 40.71 
 9.13 
 7.38 
 
 Per cent. 
 64.19 
 39.69 
 58.93 
 52.71 
 41.68 
 
 Per cent. 
 6.43 
 1.60 
 27.62 
 46.70 
 7.88 
 9.74 
 
 Per cent. 
 48.80 
 
 Fat 
 
 46.90 
 
 Fiber . 
 
 50.80 
 
 
 50.20 
 
 Ash 
 
 28.00 
 
 Water 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Hawaii Sta. Bui. 13. The analysis is given for the water-free material. The fresh material contains 
 about 45 per cent of water. 
 
 2 Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 90. Analyses in the second and third years showed a reduction in the protein 
 Content to 11.9 and an incfease in the fiber and nitrogen-free extract. . 
 
 a Texas Sta. Bui. 147. 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 1, Panicum pruriens (Kukaipuaa); 2, ELEUSINE /EQYPTIACA; 3, Eleusine indica 
 
 (Yard Grass). 
 
 , 
 
It will be seen from the table that manienie has a fairly good com- 
 position, but that the digestibility is rather low. The Oklahoma analy- 
 ses indicate that young plants produce more nutritious feed than 
 older ones. The feeding value often coincides with the palatability. 
 It is well known that manienie is more relished by live stock when it 
 is kept closely grazed. 
 
 The objections to manienie are that it is difficult to eradicate when 
 firmly established, it spreads too rapidly in cultivated fields, and it is 
 not sufficiently nutritious. It is good for maintenance, less so for 
 growth, and of little value for fattening unless the cattle have access 
 to other feed. Horses seem to keep in better condition upon it than 
 do cattle. Another objection to it is that in dry seasons it may cause 
 the loss of many animals through a form of "staggers." Cattle should 
 have access to water when pastured on dry Bermuda; hence moun- 
 tain cattle unused to water sometimes suffer from this disease. 
 
 Panicum crus-galli or Echinochloa crus-galli (PI. Ill, 3), barnyard 
 grass, is a coarse weedy grass in rice and taro fields and along irriga- 
 tion ditches. When in sufficient amounts it is cut and used for green 
 feed. With the ratoons of the rice crop, it affords considerable graz- 
 ing for the water buffalo and other draft animals of the rice planters. 
 
 Panicum frumentaceum or Echinochloa frumentacea (cultivated in 
 India as grain) is another species occurring with the above and not 
 distinguishable from it except by botanists. There are several varie- 
 ties of the barnyard grass itself, the variations being in botanical 
 characters mainly. It is a widely distributed species, and although it 
 becomes a weed in tilled fields it is easily kept in control. It some- 
 times produces a hay crop after the removal of a cultivated crop. It 
 is a very nutritious grass, being rich in protein and fat. 
 
 Panicum colonum or Echinochloa colona (PL III, 2) is also similar 
 to the barnyard grass and is often found with it. This species is 
 smaller, however, and prefers less moist situations. It springs up 
 after rains and furnishes grazing for a short time only, as it soon seeds 
 and dies down. It occurs abundantly in wide rocky gulches or val- 
 leys on Molokai at low elevations. There it is known as "six-weeks" 
 grass, but in other countries it is called jungle rice. 
 
 ChsetocTdoa verticillata (PI. I, 2), or bristly foxtail grass, occurs 
 plentifully about Honolulu. It grows very rapidly after good rains, 
 and is cut by many of the dairymen and used as a soiling crop. It is 
 considered equal, or superior, to Para grass for milk production. The 
 mature grass is of less value. Horses do not seem to like it. It is a 
 troublesome weed in cultivated fields where the seed is always pres- 
 ent, ready to spring up when moisture is supplied. The beards have 
 a hook or barb, and when the heads are mature they cling to manes 
 and tails of animals or to the clothes of any one passing and are thus 
 distributed. 
 
22 
 
 Ohsetochloa glauca is a pest over several hundreds of acres near 
 Lihue, Kauai, and occurs in less amounts upon various Kauai ranches. 
 Attempts are being made to eradicate it. The seed was introduced 
 in hay from California. The grass has little forage value, and it is 
 not very well liked by live stock. In cultivated fields it is difficult to 
 eradicate. It springs up after the crops are laid by, seeds so abun- 
 dantly, and the seeds retain their vitality so long that the land seems 
 to be irredeemably foul. 
 
 Hordeum murinum, wall barley, known on the Parker ranch as 
 California grass, because it was introduced in California hay, occurs 
 on many ranches and plantations and furnishes considerable feed. 
 It is quite palatable and is grazed more or less closely until the heads 
 appear, when it is objectionable to the stock on account of the long 
 beards. It is a low-growing grass, closely resembling bearded barley 
 in appearance. It grows best where it receives the benefit of surface 
 drainage or subirrigation. 
 
 Panicum pruriens (PI. IV, 1), kukaipuaa, crab grass, and Syn- 
 therisma sanguinalis, kukaipuaa, or crab grass, and S. helleri are 
 considered identical by all of the ranchmen. Kukaipuaa is the name 
 applied to annual species, which are weeds in cultivated fields, but 
 which furnish a very valuable feed in the paddocks. If allowed to 
 grow undisturbed the reclining stems root at several joints from the 
 central crown, then become vertical, and bloom. The seed head is 
 "crowfoot" in shape, like that of manienie and yard grass. Kukaipuaa 
 is very nutritious. With various annual weeds it becomes an impor- 
 tant fattening feed in paddocks where perennial grasses do not thrive. 
 It occurs at all elevations and under all degrees of rainfall. It was 
 formerly abundant in Puna, but has been crowded out by Hilo grass. 
 
 Eleusine indica (PL IV, 3), manienie alii, and E. segyptiaca, yard 
 grasses, crowfoot, or goose grasses are drought-resistant grasses 
 occurring widely over the Territory. E. indica is a pest in the lawns 
 and along the roadsides of Honolulu. On Molokai it is a weed in the 
 alfalfa fields. It is a tough grass well liked by horses and cattle. 
 It is valuable on extremely dry ranges or along and above the algaroba 
 belts. The toughness of the stems is overbalanced by its good 
 seeding, persistence, palatability, nutritiousness, and drought- resisting 
 qualities. It is rather coarse and has a typical " crowfoot " seed head. 
 
 Panicum torridum, kakonakona, is a valuable annual grass occurring 
 at low elevations during and following the rainy season. It is very 
 fattening, and well liked by live stock. It is the main fattening grass 
 on the lower elevations of dry ranches. It is reported as an excellent 
 grass on Molokai, Ulupalakua, Cornwell, and Haleakala ranches, and 
 is of value in other locations. It occurs mixed with other annual 
 grasses and weeds. The only objection to it is its short season of 
 
23 
 
 growth. However, it materially helps out in the feed problem on 
 lands where perennial grasses do not thrive or are not yet established. 
 
 Cenclirus echinatus (PI. V, 2), umealu, sandbur, is well dis- 
 tributed up to about 4,000 feet, but occurs in thicker stands below 
 1,000 or 1,200 feet elevation. While the grass is young it furnishes 
 excellent feed, but when the burs are forming it is of no value. The 
 burs are troublesome, particularly in the wool of sheep. Neverthe- 
 less, the grass is highly valued on some of the sheep ranches, though 
 it causes some loss through the reduced price received for the wool. 
 It is valuable on the lower dry lands where perennial grasses do not 
 thrive, along with kakonakona and other annuals. It is very drought- 
 resistant and prefers sandy, dry locations. It has been widely 
 scattered in baled alfalfa hay. Because of its ability to withstand 
 dry conditions, and reseed itself in spite of heavy grazing, and because 
 of its longer season of growth it is recommended for feed on lands 
 where better grasses will not grow. 
 
 Panicum barbinode, Para grass (PI. VI, fig. 1), has become generally 
 known in Hawaii as " panicum" grass. 1 This grass was introduced 
 from Fiji in 1902, and was soon well distributed over the islands. As 
 it does not seed profusely it is propagated entirely by sections of the 
 long jointed stems which strike root readily when embedded in damp 
 soil. Because of the trailing habit of growth of these stems, the grass 
 will soon occupy a field even when thinly planted. As the roots 
 are shallow, the grass can easily be eradicated when not wanted. 
 
 The grass is grown in all parts of Hawaii under heavy rainfall or 
 irrigation as a green soiling crop for horses and dairy cattle. No 
 attempt at haymaking is made. As a pasture grass it is used to 
 some extent, but reports as to its value are rather meager. It is 
 palatable, fairly nutritious, although somewhat coarse and fibrous. 
 It does not stand pasturing well. All the good results with Para 
 grass are reported from low, wet lands, and failures from high, dry 
 lands. 
 
 Panicum grass is primarily a wet-land grass and requires an abun- 
 dance of water. Even an excess of water will not injure it, and it can 
 be planted in marshy places where other grasses would not thrive. 
 Semimarshy lands are often dried out by planting Para grass upon 
 them, thus making them less dangerous as places for the miring of 
 stock. The grass is not killed by overflows. 
 
 The yields obtained vary with the fertility and moisture. At the 
 Glenwood substation, with heavy rainfall, and where the manure was 
 returned to the plat, a yield at the rate of 31 tons per acre of green 
 forage in four cuttings was obtained within nine months of planting. 
 At Hanalei four or five crops per year afe obtained, the grass being 
 
 1 Hawaii. Forester and Agr., 4 (1907), p. 277. 
 
24 
 
 cut up with Guinea grass for horses and mules. Good results have 
 been obtained by top-dressing with stable manure or bone meal. 
 
 Melinis minutifiora, molasses or Brazilian grass (PI. VII, fig. 1), 
 seed of which was recently received from Washington, grows very 
 slowly. It bloomed during. November. A portion of the plants cut 
 back in July ratooned well. The habit of growth of this grass resem- 
 bles that of Para grass. 
 
 CMoris gayana, 0. virgata, Rhodes grass (PL VIII, 2) , native of South 
 Africa, was introduced into Hawaii from Australia in 1904. From 
 the small area sown that year on Molokai ranch, seed was saved and 
 another planting made the following year, and the area gradually 
 extended. Forty acres are now in Rhodes grass on Molokai, and the 
 same area on the Parker ranch. These are the largest and most 
 successful experiments which have been made with Rhodes grass in 
 the Territory. Considerable quantities of the seed have been scat- 
 tered in other places upon these and other ranches. 
 
 The grass is one of the best drought-resistant species ever tried 
 here. It is suited to medium elevations on leeward slopes. It has 
 an upright habit of growth, forming the seed head at from 2 to 4£ 
 feet. In moist locations the plants stool. The outside stems are 
 nearly horizontal at first, then becoming vertical to throw out the 
 flower stalk. These stems often root at the joints. Another habit 
 of growth noticeable in newly planted fields and where the plants 
 are not crowded is the formation of runners extending as far as 6 
 to 8 feet from the parent plant. These runners root at the joints. 
 
 This is a valuable grass for haymaking purposes, and it is about 
 the only grass cured for hay in Hawaii. The stems are small and 
 cure readily. The best hay is made when the grass is cut in early 
 bloom, since the stems become woody and tough if the seed is allowed 
 to mature. On a Molokai ranch meadow, five cuttings have been 
 obtained annually, the yields averaging now about one-third of a ton 
 per cutting. The stand is thinner than formerly and the yields 
 are less than were at first obtained. Apparently rotation of crops 
 is as necessary with Rhodes grass meadows as it is with timothy 
 and other meadows elsewhere. At the Glenwood substation this 
 grass failed to ratoon when cut. 
 
 As a pasture grass Rhodes grass has not been a complete success. 
 This failure is due principally to poor quality of seed, to the neces- 
 sity for a perfect seed bed, to its shallow root system, and possibly 
 to the fact that the cattle are too fond of it and graze it too closely 
 or pull it up. On the Molokai ranch the sweepings from the haymows 
 and seed otherwise collected have been sown, and yet there is prac- 
 tically no Rhodes grass to«be seen upon the range to-day. 
 
 On Haleakala ranch, where Rhodes grass and water grass were 
 planted on old cornlands which were later opened to grazing, the 
 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 1. Andropogon contortus (Pili); 2, Cenchrus echinatus (Umealu); 3, Eragrostis 
 
 unioloides; 4, Eragrostis plumosa. 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt Station. 
 
 Plate VI. 
 
 Fig. 1.— Panicum barbinode (Para Grass or Panicum). 
 
 Fig. 2.— Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass). 
 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 
 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^Ammp' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^K*<^^^HH 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 Fig. 1.— Melinis minutiflora (Molasses Gra 
 
 [Planted Feb. 18, photographed Dec. 18, 1913.] 
 
 Fig. 2.— Andropogon sorghum Varieties (a, Sudan Grass; b, Tunis Grass). 
 
 [Photographed 07 days from planting.] 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station 
 
 Plate VIM. 
 
 1, Chloris radiata; 2, Chloris gayana (Rhodes Grass); 3, Chloris elegans. 
 
25 
 
 water grass is abundant while but few of the old stumps of Rhodes 
 gni^s remain. 
 
 The establishment of a Rhodes-grass pasture depends on good seed, 
 thorough preparation of the land, protection from stock until the 
 grass is well rooted, prevention of overgrazing, and allowing the 
 - opportunity to recover at certain intervals. It requires the same 
 care as does pili grass. Rhodes grass is giving the best results on 
 Molokai, Lanai, leeward parts of Maui, and of Hawaii. 
 
 The feeding value of Rhodes grass is medium, being superior to 
 Guinea, Xatal redtop, and some others, though inferior to water 
 grass, rescue grass, and others, as shown in the table of composition. 
 It is of less value for fattening than for maintenance or growth. 
 
 The seed is worth 30 to 40 cents per pound, and 2 pounds are 
 said to be enough for an acre. The difficulties in obtaining a stand 
 have already been mentioned. Good seed must be secured and 
 planted under good conditions. Broadcasting upon unprepared 
 fields is a waste of time and seed. At the experiment station no 
 dependence is placed on seed, but additional areas are planted by 
 dividing the roots of old plants. Mr. James Munro, of Molokai, is 
 authority for the statement that seed saved when the first leaf below 
 the seed head is yellowing will be good seed. Seed from young 
 plants is better filled out and heavier than that from older plants. 
 Further study of the quality of seed should be made. 
 
 Panicum maximum, Guinea grass (PI. VI, fig. 2), is an African grass, 
 well distributed over the West Indian Islands. It is propagated 
 readily by seed, or by division of the roots (or by transplanting 
 seedlings). It differs from Para grass in its habit of growth and in 
 preferring better drained soils, but, like Para grass, it is used prin- 
 cipally as a soiling crop and makes better yields when well irrigated 
 and fertilized. It has an upright habit of growth and attains a 
 height of 6 to 10 feet. When to be cut up for feed this maximum 
 growth may be allowed, but when fed without running through a 
 feed cutter (particularly to horses) more frequent cutting is preferable, 
 as the grass becomes coarse at the base. The slow growth made 
 during a dry season is tough and unpalatable. It should be cut 
 from four to eight times annually, and should not be allowed to seed, 
 if the best quality of feed is desired. 
 
 Roots or seedlings are planted 2 feet apart in the row, in rows 5 
 feet apart, fertilized and irrigated. Since it is a bunch grass it can 
 not readily be cut with a machine, and is of value only on small areas 
 where hand cutting is economical. It is not recommended in Hawaii 
 as a pasture gr;t 
 
 At Princeville plantation, on Kauai, 16 acres of Guinea and 4 acres 
 of Para grasses are required to carry 40 head of mules and horses. 
 The Guinea grass grows slowly during the winter months and the 
 
26 
 
 manager plans to have a full growth by October 1 as a reserve on 
 which to draw during those months. 
 
 Tricholsena rosea, Natal redtop, is another African grass which 
 has been well tried out in the Territory. It is primarily a hay grass, 
 but has some value for grazing. Much of the seed to be had is not 
 good. When started, however, it grows rapidly and stools wonder- 
 fully. Seed was planted on a plat at the experiment station in 
 November, 1912, and three months later the plants were over 2 feet 
 high and blooming. One month later isolated plants showed over 
 300 flowering stems. The young growth is tender, but the old 
 stems are wiry and tough. The grass ratoons readily if there is suffi- 
 cient moisture present to start growth, and may make four to six 
 crops annually. It is easily cut and cured for hay, but according to 
 the composition, it is rather poor in quality. 
 
 On the Molokai ranch Mr. Munro observed that this grass seeded 
 heavily at the beginning and close of the rainy season and would 
 not stand close grazing in the paddocks. The writer observed that 
 practically all of the Natal redtop was in protected or inaccessible 
 places, and that it did not withstand grazing. On the Haleakala 
 ranch it occurs more frequently than upon Molokai and is valued 
 for semidry places of medium elevation. At Princeville plantation 
 the greatest value was obtained when planted with Paspalum dilata- 
 tum, to furnish early feed until the latter became established. As 
 a pasture grass Natal redtop is recommended for dry or semidry 
 locations (or for a nurse crop for water grass in humid sections) of 
 medium to low elevation. It should never be overstocked and 
 should be allowed a period of rest for recuperation and seeding, as 
 is recommended for Rhodes grass and pili. 
 
 Andropogon sericeus, Australian blue grass, is perhaps the best of 
 the Australian blue grasses. It closely resembles Natal redtop until 
 headed out. It is a soft-bearded grass, with good seeding habits and 
 easily established. It is slightly superior to Natal redtop in com- 
 position and will apparently outyield it. Like the latter, it is a hay 
 grass, " valuable alike for pasture and for hay, very fattening, and 
 much liked by stock of all kinds." 1 It has not been tried out as a 
 pasture grass in Hawaii, but from its similarity to Natal redtop it 
 should probably succeed under the same treatment as recommended 
 for that grass. 
 
 Andropogon saccharoides , feather blue stem, feather sedge, or fuzzy 
 top grass, is found on Molokai and Niihau ranches, and on the leeward 
 side of Kauai. 
 
 Andropogon (Heteropogori) contortus, twisted beard grass, tangle 
 head, pili, is well known, being widely distributed. It occurs from 
 
 1 Maiden, J. II., loc. cit., p. 78. 
 
27 
 
 sea level to nearly 5.000 feet, although it thrives best below about 
 1,500 feet. 
 
 It formerly covered larger areas than at present, but has been 
 destroyed or crowded out by overstocking and by the encroaching of 
 Hilo, manienie, pilipiliula, and other grasses. The old Hawaiians 
 utilized this grass in making their grass houses. There are extensive 
 areas of it on western Molokai, on Lanai, in the valleys of Maui, and 
 on leeward Hawaii. Over large areas in other regions the pili has 
 been nearly eradicated and it is only in the inaccessible places along 
 the sides of steep gulches that occasional clumps may be seen. The 
 grass makes a rapid growth, starting up with the first good showers, 
 but after seeding it becomes dry and brown. It may seed at irregu- 
 lar intervals, depending upon the distribution and amount of rainfall. 
 The green growth is tender and palatable, but the brown stems are 
 coarse and tough, and can be recommended only as maintenance feed 
 for mature animals, although the disappearance of the grass as noted 
 is due to grazing of the old plants as well as of the fresh growth. 
 There is said to be a comparatively small shrinkage in cattle fattened 
 on pili grass. Although the grass is perennial it is necessary to insure 
 reseeding by removal of the stock, since many clumps are uprooted 
 or injured by the stock. Pili seems to be " coming back" upon cer- 
 tain lower areas of the Molokai ranch, where careful management is 
 being exercised. 
 
 On dry lands at lower elevations an effort should be made to retain 
 pili by r never overstocking, and by allowing rest at intervals. The 
 seeds are quite difficult to collect and it w T ould be tedious w T ork to 
 make new seedlings over extensive areas. With imperfect stands of 
 pili about 15 acres per head of cattle are required. 
 
 LeptocMoa virgata, Judd grass, is another grass that may be of value 
 for hay or pasture. At the experiment station and at Haleakala 
 ranch it promises well. The grass was introduced only recently 
 from Bermuda, but is worthy of trial. No grazing tests have been 
 made. 
 
 Andropogon halepensis or Sorghum Jialepense, Johnson grass, also 
 known as evergreen millet, is considered a pest in the cotton and corn 
 lands of the South. The grass spreads rapidly by seed and by an 
 underground rootstock and when once started is already out of con- 
 trol. The hay crop upon Johnson grass infested land, however, has 
 often been sold for more than the corn or cotton that would have been 
 produced at the additional expense of fighting the grass, and there- 
 fore, much of the infested land has been set aside as meadow land. 
 Although the grass is primarily a hay grass, producing but little when 
 continually grazed, yet it is not entirely satisfactory for hay, since 
 the growth is uneven. It is easily cured and makes a valuable feed. 
 The best quality of hay is obtained when cut before the stems become 
 
28 
 
 coarse and hard. Several cuttings annually are made. From 1 to 2 
 bushels of seed have been recommended per acre, and thin stands 
 may be thickened by allowing seed to mature and fall. In old 
 meadows the rootstocks become matted near the surface and the crop 
 is affected by drought. Such meadows are benefited by plowing 
 every third or fourth year. 
 
 The grass is drought resistant, nutritious, and palatable. The 
 only objections to it are its inability to withstand a close pasturing, 
 and the difficulty of eradicating it from cultivated fields. Small 
 areas can be cleaned by confining hogs thereon. Plowing when very 
 dry and raking out the stems with spike-tooth harrows is only partially 
 effective. 
 
 To eradicate Johnson grass, pasture closely or cut frequently for 
 about two seasons, then plow shallow; put in a cultivated crop and 
 cultivate thoroughly. 
 
 In Hawaii Johnson grass has been planted in various places. It 
 is more or less of a pest in alfalfa fields on Oahu, and occurs in some 
 of the cane fields along the Kahului Railroad, on Maui. 
 
 The two following grasses are recommended for planting in prefer- 
 ence to Johnson grass, since they can be easily destroyed when the 
 land is wanted for other crops. According to some reports given in 
 the meetings of the Hawaiian Live Stock Breeder's Association, John- 
 son grass thrives up to 2,000 feet, while other reports say that 600 
 feet is too high for it. Some reported it as well liked by cattle, while 
 Mr. Isenberg stated that cattle at Waialae preferred almost anything 
 else to Johnson grass. 
 
 Andropogon sorghum var., Sudan grass (PI. VII, fig. 2, a), another 
 African grass, closely resembling Johnson grass, but without its under- 
 ground rootstock, has recently been introduced and distributed to a 
 few of the ranches. At the experiment station this grass in a small 
 trial plat, with frequent light showers in the spring of 1913, made a 
 growth of 4 feet 9 inches to 5 feet, and began flowering in 55 days 
 from planting the seed. Good reports of it have been received from 
 Haleakala ranch and from Princeville plantation. Tests in various 
 parts of the United States have been made and favorable reports 
 received as to its value. The table of composition shows it to be above 
 the average in feeding value. Horses are extremely fond of it green 
 or dry, and no doubt the same will hold true with other stock. 
 
 Sudan grass ratoons readily, but judging from a single ratoon crop, 
 grown in the dry month of August at Honolulu, the ratoon crop will 
 not be as valuable as the first crop. The first crop had many fine 
 stems; the ratoon crop had a few much larger ones, which is objection- 
 able. Further experiments will determine its value. The seeds are 
 large and well liked by stock and also by birds. This grass and the 
 one preceding and following are small sorghums, and may be easily 
 
29 
 
 distinguished from other grasses. Sudan grass is not easily distin- 
 guished from Tunis grass. It grows more rapidly at first, has broader 
 leaves, and is a better feed. 
 
 Andropogon sorghum var., Tunis grass (PL VII, %.• 2, b), is very 
 similar to the Sudan grass, but has longer narrow panicles, and sheds 
 its seed very readily. It has the same good points as Sudan grass, 
 but to a less degree. 
 
 LEGUMINOUS FORAGE PLANTS. 
 
 The leaves of leguminous trees furnish some grazing, particularly 
 for cattle. The koa and mamani at higher elevations are the principal 
 trees with forage value. At lower elevations and upon leeward sides 
 the kiawe is very important. It is more fully described below. The 
 leaves of the shrub known as koahaole are eaten by cattle and horses, 
 but are said to cause the falling of hair from mane and tail of horses. 
 Weedy plants, like the inikoa and the auhuhu, have some forage value. 
 
 Of the smaller plants, the white clover, hop clover, Indian clover, 
 and bur clover are very valuable at higher elevations and are becom- 
 ing more widespread. Spanish clover thrives at medium and low 
 elevations but occurs only as isolated plants. The related species, 
 Desmodium triflorum, occurs more thickly; it is a small creeping 
 cloverlike plant having purple flowers and thrives well with manienie 
 or pilipiliula. The black medic (having yellow flowers and some- 
 times used medicinally by the Hawaii ans) is also widely distributed. 
 Japan clover or lespedeza, which has proved valuable in the Southern 
 States, has so far failed under Hawaiian conditions, although tried by 
 several experimenters. Fenugreek grows well but does not reseed 
 itself and soon disappears. Crimson clover, Egyptian clover, and 
 red clover thrive under certain conditions but have little value on the 
 range. Alfalfa thrives in certain places, but when once established 
 is considered too valuable for pasturage, although it is excellent for 
 this purpose, particularly for hogs and horses. The following table 
 shows the principal native and introduced leguminous forage plants 
 of Hawaii: 
 
 Leguminous forage plants. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Acacia koa. 
 
 Cytisus proliferus ' 
 
 Desmodium tortuosum i . . 
 
 Desmodium triflorum 
 
 Desmodium uncinatum... 
 
 Tagosaste, tree lucern. 
 Florida beggarweed. . . 
 
 Spanish clover . 
 
 Dolichos lablab 
 
 Hedyzaru m coronarium ' . . Spanish sulla. 
 
 Indigo/era anil Indigo 
 
 Lespedeza striata > | Japan clover . 
 
 Hawaiian name. 
 
 Koa. 
 
 Kikania 
 
 pilipili, fhi 
 Papapa 
 
 ili, Pua 
 ioha. 
 
 Inikoa . 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Leaves are eaten by 
 cattle. 
 
 Widely distributed an- 
 nual. 
 Rare on ranges. 
 
 Has some forage value. 
 
 Plants which have been introduced but are not naturalized. Some have disappeared. 
 
30 
 
 Leguminous forage plants — Continued . 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Leitczna glauca 
 
 Medicago apiculata ■ . 
 Medicago denticulata . 
 
 Medicago lupulina 
 
 Medicago sativa 
 
 Melilotus indica 
 
 Melilotus officinalis ' 
 
 Mimosa pudica 
 
 Phaseolus scmierectus . . . 
 
 Phaseolus retusa* 
 
 Prosopis juliflora 
 
 Sophora chrysophylla 
 
 Tephrosia purpurea 
 
 Trifolium alexandrinum 
 
 Trifolium hybridum i . . . 
 
 Trifolium incarnaturn '. , 
 
 Trifolium pratense l 
 
 Trifolium procumbens. . . 
 
 Koa bush 
 
 California bur clover. 
 
 Black medic, hop clover. 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Sour or Indian clover.... 
 
 Yellow sweet clover 
 
 Sensitive plant 
 
 Algaroba. 
 
 Egyptian clover. 
 Alsike clover 
 
 Trifolium repens 
 
 Trigonella foenum-grse- 
 cum. 1 
 
 Ulex europxus 
 
 Vicia leavcnworthii 
 
 Vicia sativa 
 
 Crimson clover. 
 
 Red clover 
 
 Hop clover 
 
 White clover. 
 Fenugreek. . . 
 
 Gorse, furze . . 
 Stolley vetch. 
 Oregon vetch. 
 
 Hawaiian name. 
 
 Koahaole. 
 
 Puahilahila. 
 
 Kiawe.. 
 Mamani. 
 Auhola.. 
 
 Remark- 
 
 Leaves and pods eaten. 
 
 At all elevations during 
 
 cooler months. 
 At all elevations. 
 
 At high elevations. 
 
 Do. 
 Leaves eaten by sheep. 
 
 Pods and beans eaten. 
 Leaves are eaten. 
 
 For wet places; low ele- 
 vations. 
 
 High places having plen- 
 ty of moisture. 
 
 Cool months only. 
 
 High places only. 
 
 High places having plen- 
 ty of moisture. 
 Do. 
 
 1 Plants which have been introdued but are not naturalized. Some have disappeared. 
 
 Prosopis juliflora, the algaroba tree, or kiawe, as it is known, is one 
 of the most valuable sources of feed in Hawaii. It is one of the 
 mesquite trees. It was introduced into Hawaii in 1828, covers exten- 
 sive areas, and will eventually cover all the lower elevations not 
 devoted to cultivated crops. The algaroba is admirably suited to dry 
 regions. It is found in large tracts on the leeward sides of the 
 islands. Although found at greater elevations, it occurs mostly below 
 1,000 feet, probably because of its preference for dry localities. The 
 tree is a source of a large part of the honey produced in the island. 
 The wood is very valuable for fuel. The ranchers most dependent 
 upon the algaroba find it to their interests to carry on a honey busi- 
 ness in connection with their other work, but it is here considered 
 merely as a feed for stock. The pods contain a number of seeds, 
 encased in a hard seed coat, and surrounded by a sugary, gummy 
 substance. The analysis of the entire pod is given by Shorey 1 as: 
 Water, 15.26 per cent; protein, 8.89; fat, 0.58; nitrogen-free extract, 
 47.27; crude fiber, 24.75; and ash, 3.25 per cent. The beans of the 
 algaroba, being protected by a hard seed coat, escape mastication 
 and digestion and pass through the alimentary tract entire. This 
 fact accounts largely for the rapid and widespread distribution of 
 this species in the islands. Domestic animals have been the greatest 
 factor in scattering the seed. 
 
 For several years experiments in milling the pods proved of no 
 avail. The sugary pulp gradually accumulated upon the crushers or 
 
 Hawaii Sta. Bui. 13. 
 
31 
 
 rollers of the mill and caused a heating of the machinery. To secure 
 the full feeding value of the pod grinding in some manner was neces- 
 sary. Experiments were continued until the successful grinding of 
 the pods was accomplished by two methods: 
 
 ( 1) By kiln drying the pods and grinding in the mills used for mak- 
 ing alfalfa meal. 
 
 (2) By using a machine, devised by C. W. Renear, of Honolulu, in 
 which a small spray of water is used to keep the rolls clear of the 
 gummy substance. 
 
 The finished product obtained by the first method is fine, while 
 the product of the second is coarse. As to the difference in feeding 
 value, nothing is known. In both methods, however, the seed is 
 crushed and more of the full value should be obtained. 
 
 While to the dairyman, liveryman, contractor, plantation manager, 
 or to others who feed their animals in barns or yards the grinding of 
 feed will result in saving, yet to the ranchman this saving is not pos- 
 sible, since his stock pick up the beans and consume them on the spot. 
 
 Women, children, and aged or infirm men of various nationalities 
 pick up the beans along the roadsides, in yards, or in unused fields 
 and sell them to consumers and to the feed mills at 10 and 15 cents 
 per barley bag. 
 
 The algaroba is a great help to ranchmen in carrying their stock 
 through the dry season. In years of drought there is some loss of 
 the cattle for want of feed, and this time of scarcity has been bridged 
 over by the algaroba in a satisfactory manner. The pods fall from 
 June until November, but the heaviest fall is during July and August, 
 or just when most needed. 
 
 Exclusive feeding on algaroba beans is not dangerous, but because 
 of the richness of the feed it is better to feed some roughage with the 
 beans. After being in the algaroba belt for some time, the cattle 
 become ravenous for other feed and will eat leaves, twigs, and bark of 
 shrubs and trees which are not touched at other times. Even the marsh 
 plant (akulikuli) is eaten. On some of the ranches the watering 
 troughs are placed so as to compel the animals to come out of the 
 algaroba for water. In so doing they feed more or less on other 
 plants. Ranch managers think that they are benefited by so doing. 
 When milk cows are fed on algaroba, milk consumers complain of a 
 bad flavor in the milk. In some cases, bowel troubles in children 
 have been attributed to the feeding of the algaroba by dairymen. 
 
 One of the great problems of the ranches is to provide other forage 
 to supplement the algaroba. Corn stover when shredded and baled 
 partly solves the problem, but the quantity of such feed is too meager. 
 Dry-land grasses and plants of the poorer kinds, grown just above the 
 algaroba belt, must be relied upon to help in the solution of the prob- 
 lem, while saltbushes may aid upon salty lands near the coast. Sand 
 
32 
 
 bur, yard grass, rat-tail grass, pili, Rhodes grass, and various annual 
 weeds all help to supply the varied ration needed at this time. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS FORAGE PLANTS. 
 
 Many other plants are fully as important for forage as some of the 
 grasses and legumes. A number of our annual weeds are as nutri- 
 tious and palatable as the grasses, and are, immediately following 
 rainy seasons, the most important fattening feeds upon certain 
 areas. A list of some of the more common species is given below: 
 
 Miscellaneous forage plant*. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Hawaiian name. 
 
 Remarks on elevation 
 and forage value. 
 
 Amaranthus palmer i i 
 
 Careless weed 
 
 
 
 A triplex leptocarpa 1 
 
 A triplex nummularia l 
 
 Slender-fruited saltbush. 
 Round-leaved saltbush. . 
 
 
 Saltbushes are adapted 
 to dry and alkaline 
 soils. 
 
 
 Atriplex holocarpa * 
 
 All-fruited saltbush 
 
 
 
 Atriplex semibaccata 
 
 Half-berried saltbush 
 
 
 A. semibaccata is well 
 established at Moku- 
 leia on Oahu. 
 
 A triplex nuttallii l 
 
 Arizona saltbush 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eaten by cattle when in 
 kiawe. 
 
 Bidcns pilosa 
 
 
 Ki, puaki, lauki 
 
 ■Bcchmcria stivularis. 
 
 
 
 by all kinds of stock. 
 Shrub, leaves eaten by 
 
 cattle. 
 Leaves eaten by cattle 
 
 and sheep, and roots 
 
 by hogs. 
 
 Bcerhaavia diffusa 
 
 
 Alena 
 
 Campylotheca spp 
 
 
 Kookolau 
 
 Commelina nudiflora 
 
 Cordvline terminalis 
 
 
 Honohono 
 
 In wet places, relished 
 
 
 Kiorti 
 
 by cattle. 
 Leaves eaten by cattle. 
 Of little value, grazed by 
 
 horses. 
 Eaten bv horses. 
 
 
 
 Kohekohe, pipiwai 
 
 Erigeron canadensis 
 
 Krodium cicutarium 
 
 
 Alfilar ia , " filar ee " 
 
 
 Dry places; high eleva- 
 
 
 .. do 
 
 
 tions; well liked by 
 sheep. 
 Do. 
 
 
 
 Koko or akoko 
 
 Leaves eaten. 
 
 
 
 
 Dry places. 
 
 In forests, leaves eaten 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uki 
 
 by cattle. 
 At elevations of 1,000 to 
 
 Qossypium tomentosum.. . 
 
 
 Mao or huluhulu 
 
 3,500 feet; eaten by 
 horses and cattle. 
 Leaves eaten by cattle 
 and sheep. 
 Do. 
 
 
 Hypochxris radicata 
 
 
 
 Valuable annual on Hale- 
 
 Wild morning-glory 
 
 Koali 
 
 akala. 
 
 
 Pukamole 
 
 
 Kyllingia monocephala 
 
 
 Kaluha, pipiwai 
 
 Eaten but little. 
 
 
 Valuable annual on Hale- 
 
 Malvattrum tricuspidatum 
 Opuntia spp 
 
 
 
 akaia. 
 Valuable on drv ranches. 
 
 Prickly pear, cactus 
 
 Papipi or panini 
 
 Ulei 
 
 Valuable ieed in time of 
 
 
 drought, occurs from 
 
 sea level to 2,800 feet. 
 
 Berries and leaves eaten. 
 
 
 
 "Akole" 
 
 
 Plantago lanceolata 
 
 Rib grass, black plantain 
 
 
 Occurs from sea level to 
 
 Ifii, akulikulilaulii 
 
 4,000 feet; eaten by 
 sheep. 
 Widely distributed, liked 
 
 
 
 by hogs. 
 
 1 Introduced but not naturalized, rare. 
 
33 
 
 Miscellaneous forage plants — Continued . 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Portulaca sclerocarpa. 
 
 Prunella vulgaris 
 
 Richardsonia scabra l . 
 
 Ricinus communis. .. 
 
 Salvia cocci nea. 
 
 Sanguisorba minor 
 
 Scirpus maritimus 
 
 Sesuvium portulacastrum. 
 
 Sida spp. 
 Sida sp.. 
 
 Silcnc struthioloides . 
 £onchus olcraceus. . 
 
 Taraxacum officinale. . . 
 Vaccini'. ! .:n ruiculatum. 
 
 Xanth^m strvmarium.. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Self-heal 
 
 Mexican clover. 
 Castor bean 
 
 Red sage. 
 
 Field or sheep burnet. 
 Sedge 
 
 Sow thistle. 
 Dandelion. 
 
 Coeklebur. 
 
 Hawaiian name. 
 
 Ihimakole. 
 
 Koli 
 
 Lililohua. 
 
 Akulikuli. 
 
 Ilima 
 
 Kukailio. 
 
 Pualele. 
 
 Ohela... 
 Kikania. 
 
 Remarks on elevation 
 and forage value. 
 
 At elevations of 2,000 to 
 5,000 feet less valuable 
 than the preceding. 
 
 Quite rare. 
 
 Leaves eaten by horses 
 
 and cattle. 
 Very fattening for steers 
 
 but causes abortion in 
 
 cows. 
 Similar to alfilaria, in dry 
 
 regions, eaten by sheep. 
 Of slight forage value. 
 In marshy places, eaten 
 
 by cattle when in 
 
 kiawe. 
 Leaves eaten by sheep. 
 Leaves eaten by cattle 
 
 and sheep, and oily 
 
 seeds eaten by cattle. 
 Fleshy root eaten by 
 
 hogs. 
 Very valuable annual at 
 
 all elevations. 
 Valuable in higher lands. 
 At elevations of 4,000 to 
 
 8,000 feet, leaves and 
 
 berries eaten. 
 Leaves eaten by sheep 
 
 and also by cattle when 
 
 in cactus. 
 
 i Introduced but net naturalized, rare. 
 
 The sow thistle or pualele is found in every region and at all ele- 
 vations; it is nutritious and palatable and well liked by all kinds of 
 stock, including poultry, rabbits, and water buffalo. It is therefore 
 one of the most important plants in this list. 
 
 Next to the sow thistle come common purslane and Spanish needles. 
 These likewise are widely distributed, nutritious, and fairly well 
 liked by stock. 
 
 At elevations above 3,000 feet the common dandelion and the two 
 related composites, HypocJixris radicata and Lampsana communis, are 
 valuable as fattening feeds. 
 
 Alfilaria at all elevations above 4,000 feet becomes valuable, 
 especially for sheep. Erodium cicutarium is the true alfilaria. E. 
 moschatum, however, is the more common species and is of' greater 
 value. 1 It is widely distributed on the Pacific coast and occurs 
 from sea level to the snow line. E. cygnorum is native to Aus- 
 tralia and very valuable in the drier portions of that country. Alfil- 
 aiia is found in Hawaii at its best only at the higher elevations of the 
 Parker ranch, the Humula sheep station, and Puuwaawaa, but it is 
 found on Molokai, Haleakala, and other ranches in less abundance. 
 
 U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrostol. Bui. 2 (rev. ed.). 
 
34 
 
 The species found on Haleakala is said to be different and less val- 
 uable than the one on Parker ranch and is probably E. cicutarium. 
 
 Alfilaria is an annual weed that conies up on unsodded areas, mak- 
 ing a good growth of leaves during or following the rains and furnish- 
 ing feed for cattle, and especially for sheep, for some time after the 
 dry season opens. 
 
 Alfilaria grows and seeds at a lower level but does not seem to 
 spread. 
 
 Field burnet is similar in habit to the alfilaria but, at lower levels, 
 makes a greater growth of leaves and should be more valuable. In 
 two trials at the experiment station it has produced no seed. It 
 should be tried out at higher elevations. 
 
 The malvaceous plants, Malvastrum tricuspidatum, Sida spp., and 
 Gossypium tomentosum, are excellent drought-resisting plants and 
 furnish considerable forage. The ilima is very common upon Lanai 
 and Molokai and is closely grazed by sheep. Another species of 
 Sida, known as kukailio, is valued also for its oily seeds, which are 
 well liked by cattle. 
 
 In wet regions one of the most valuable feeds is honohono. Among 
 the dairymen at Glenwood, Hawaii, honohono is considered their 
 most valuable " grass." They rely chiefly on this and Para grass for 
 roughage. 
 
 Black or narrow-leaved plantain was introduced as "rib grass" 
 from Australia. It has some forage value for sheep. It is considered 
 undesirable in most places, and even Australia has now put it in the 
 list of obnoxious weeds. 
 
 The saltbushes. There are many species of saltbushes, nearly all 
 of which furnish forage. They are tolerant of alkali and resistant to 
 drought, and are held in high favor by ranchmen in California, 
 Arizona, and in Australia. Several species have been tried out in 
 Hawaii. The half-berried saltbush fully covers a small field near 
 Mokuleia, Oahu. This field, however, has not been grazed for several 
 years. In adjoining paddocks only occasional plants are found, but 
 these were closely grazed by the cattle. On Molokai the same 
 species and also some of the Arizona species were tried. When 
 protected from stock the plants did well, but the cattle when in the 
 kiawe became so ravenous for other feed that they eradicated the 
 saltbushes. 
 
 It may prove feasible in attempting to establish saltbushes to obtain 
 seed enough for a larger area and then protect it until the plants are 
 well rooted. A few isolated plants in early stages of growth stand 
 little chance against the grazing of a large herd. 
 
 Balis maritima and Sesuvium portulacastrum, both known as aku- 
 likuli and both grown in salt marshes, are not ordinarily eaten by 
 stock, but during kiawe season they are readily consumed. 
 
35 
 
 The members of the sedge family furnish but little grazing. Usu- 
 ally they are coarse, fibrous, innutritious, and rather unpalatable to 
 stock. The few that are named furnish some feed. 
 
 The list includes besides the above mentioned a number of native 
 trees, shrubs, vines, ferns, herbs, and roots, all of which furnish some 
 feed for stock; also a few introduced species, not yet established. 
 
 The prickly pear (Opuntia sp.). The cactus known as prickly 
 pear, or panini, is one of the important forage crops of Hawaii. On 
 some ranches there are large areas fairly well covered with this plant. 
 On Ulupalakua, for example, there are 2,000 acres, on the Haleakala 
 ranch 1,500 acres, on leeward Hawaii 10,000 acres. 
 
 Stock eat cactus chiefly during the dry season when other feed is 
 wanting. In Texas it is said that cattle on cactus range drink about 
 once weekly in winter months and in summer months two or three 
 times. In Hawaii there are cattle 3 and 4 years old that do not know 
 the taste of water or how to drink it. The cactus is both feed and 
 drink for them. Besides being used as a pasture for certain cattle at 
 all times, the cactus fields serve as insurance against loss of cattle dur- 
 ing extreme drought. At such times the cattle are brought from 
 other pastures. They soon learn to feed on the cactus, and when all 
 the fresh lower joints are consumed the upper portion is cut for them 
 from day to day. In the Southwestern States the spines are burned 
 off or softened by steaming before feeding. In Hawaii the spines are 
 not removed. 
 
 Cactus is an emergency feed for the beef producer, but is of value 
 at all times to a dairyman, since it can largely replace silage as a suc- 
 culent feed in a ration for the dairy cows. This feed may cause an 
 odor or bitter flavor in the milk and may produce blue milk and pale 
 butter. One dairyman fed 100 pounds of cactus, 9 of brewers' grains, 
 and 3 of cottonseed meal with good results. Another recommends 
 35 pounds' chopped cactus, 3 quarts bran, and 1 quart cottonseed 
 meal twice daily when the cattle have a little outside pasture. For 
 fattening mature steers from 100 to 200 pounds of cactus daily is rec- 
 ommended along with from 1 to 6 pounds of grain feed. 
 
 The following table gives the composition of cactus in Hawaii : l 
 
 Composition of Hawaiian prickly pears. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 Trotein. 
 
 Fat. 
 
 Nitrogen- 
 free ex- 
 tract. 
 
 Crude 
 fiber. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Young fronds 
 
 Perct. 
 94. 03 
 94.62 
 
 Perct. 
 
 0.44 
 
 .39 
 
 Perct. 
 
 0.07 
 
 .09 
 
 Per ct. 
 3.22 
 3.10 
 
 Perct. 
 
 0.52 
 
 .61 
 
 Perct. 
 L 12 
 
 Old fronds 
 
 L 13 
 
 
 
 Hawaii Sta. Bui. 13. 
 
36 
 
 The younger fronds are slightly superior to the old ones. It must 
 also be remembered that the plant requires a longer time to recover 
 when the older parts of the plant have been severed. It requires 
 from two to seven years for the plant to replace itself, depending upon 
 the amount which is cut down, the age of the plant, the season, and 
 whether or not the older trunks are cut. 
 
 A yield of 68f tons was obtained from a growth of 31 months, 
 equal to 22 tons per acre annually from a cultivated crop. When no 
 cultivation was given and grass allowed to grow, the yield was only 
 one-eighth of this amount. In the above tests the plants were 
 planted 2 by 6 feet apart. 
 
 At Haleakala ranch on Maui the manager informs the writer that in 
 a field of 1,500 acres of cactus (PI. IX, fig. 1) be keeps a total of 700 
 head of different ages throughout the entire year. 
 
 Dr. Griffiths is of the opinion that the spineless cactus can not re- 
 place the spined forms on ranches. It is less hardy, grows more 
 slowly, must be cultivated in order to furnish any considerable 
 amount of feed, must be fenced to protect it from the cattle, and 
 finally must be cut and hauled out to the cattle, since, if allowed 
 access to it, the cattle will surely kill it. 1 
 
 In Hawaii there are several different forms of cactus, some of which 
 are nearly spineless, but the larger areas are covered with the spiny 
 forms having purple or whitish fruits. 
 
 Aside from its use as forage, the prickly pear is used in some regions 
 as food for man, either raw or in jellies. The young joints are often 
 pickled or cut and dried. The expressed juice is used in whitewash 
 for exterior work. The pulp is used for poultices and for making 
 cactus candy. The ripe fruit in some parts of Hawaii is considered 
 especially valuable as food for swine, and the latter animals also to 
 some extent make use of the fronds if the spines have been well burned 
 or cut. 
 
 Cacti require a warm climate with an intermittent rainfall. In 
 Hawaii they thrive on the leeward sides of the islands at elevations 
 between 300 and 2,500 feet. They may be propagated by seeds, but 
 are very easily propagated by cuttings. Any portion of the plant 
 placed in the soil will take root and grow. 
 
 LESS IMPORTANT GRASSES. 
 
 The following table gives a list of the less important grasses which 
 have been introduced into Hawaii: 
 
 i U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Buls. 74, 124. 
 
Bui. 36, Hawaii Agr. Expt. Station. 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 Fig. 1.— A Prickly Pear Pasture, Haleakala Ranch. 
 
 Fig. 2.— A Rocky Pasture where Only Annual Weeds and Grasses are Found. 
 
Grasses introduced for range improvement but not yet established. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Adapted to region. 
 
 Agropyron sm ithii 
 
 Agropyron spicatum (2) .... 
 
 Agropyron tenerum (2) 
 
 Agrostis alba 
 
 Agrostis alba var. stolonifcra. 
 
 Agrostis scabra 
 
 Agrostis vulgaris 
 
 Blue joint 
 
 Blue joint or gumbo grass, wire bunch 
 
 Slender wheat grass 
 
 Fiorin 
 
 A lopecurus praterisis 
 
 A ndropogon saccharoides (1) . . . 
 
 Andropogon sericeus (1) 
 
 Andropogon sorghum (var.) (1). 
 
 A rrhenatheru m clathts 
 
 Astrehla pcciinata (3) 
 
 Astrebla triticoides (3) 
 
 A vena fatua 
 
 Boutcloua curtipendula (2) 
 
 Boutcloua hirsuta (2) 
 
 Boutcloua oligostachya (2) 
 
 Bromus inermis (2) 
 
 Bulbilis dactyloides (2) 
 
 Calamagrostis langsdorfii 
 
 Cenchrus montanus 
 
 Chloris ciliata 
 
 Chrysopogon montanus 
 
 Cynosurus cristatus 
 
 Danthonia pilosa (3) 
 
 Danthonia semiannularis (3)... 
 
 Eleusine segyptiaca (1) 
 
 Elymus condensatus (2) 
 
 Eragrostis abyssinica 
 
 Eragrostis brownii (3) 
 
 Eragrostis leptostachya 
 
 Festuca duriuscula 
 
 Festuca elatior 
 
 Festuca ovina 
 
 Festuca ovina var. tenuifolia.. . 
 
 Festuca pratensis 
 
 Festuca rubra 
 
 Festuca rubra (var. ) 
 
 Festuca viridula 
 
 Hilaria cenchroides (2) 
 
 Creeping bent ■ 
 
 Tickle grass 
 
 Herd's grass, redtop, or Rhode Island 
 bent. 
 
 Meadow foxtail 
 
 Feather sedge or fuzzy top 
 
 Australian blue grass 
 
 Sudan and Tunis grass 
 
 Tall meadow oat grass 
 
 Mitchell grass 
 
 do 
 
 Wild oat 
 
 Tall grama or side oats 
 
 Hairy grama or black grama 
 
 Blue or white grama 
 
 Smooth brome grass 
 
 American buffalo grass 
 
 Finger grass. 
 
 Crested dogstail 
 
 Wallaby grass 
 
 do 
 
 Crowfoot grass 
 
 Western or giant rye grass. 
 Teff 
 
 Hilaria mutica (2) 
 
 Leptochloa virgata (1) 
 
 Lolium iialicum 
 
 Loliumitalicum var. westerwoldicum. 
 
 Lolium sp 
 
 Lolium sp 
 
 Melinis minutiflora (1 ) 
 
 lfuhlenbergia porteri (2) 
 
 Panicum bulbosum (2) 
 
 Panicum lachnanthum 
 
 Panicum lanatum 
 
 Panicum spectabile 
 
 Panicum teianum 
 
 Paspalum elegans 
 
 Paspalum floridum 
 
 Paspalum nodosum 
 
 Paspalum stoloniferum 
 
 Paspalum virgatum (1) 
 
 Phalaris commutata 
 
 Phleum pratense 
 
 Poa annua (1) 
 
 Poa aquatica 
 
 Poa arachnifera 
 
 Poa compressa 
 
 Poa nemoralis 
 
 Poa senegalensis 
 
 Polypogon sp 
 
 Sporobolus cryptandrus (2) 
 
 8j>orobolus indicus (3) 
 
 Bporobolus wrightii (2) 
 
 Hard fescue 
 
 Tall fescue 
 
 Sheep fescue 
 
 Fine-leaved fescue 
 
 Meadow fescue 
 
 Red fescue 
 
 Chewing's fescue 
 
 Oregon bunch grass 
 
 Curly mesquite or southwestern buf- 
 falo grass. 
 Black grama, galleta or cracker grass. . . 
 
 Judd grass 
 
 Italian rye grass 
 
 North of Ireland rye 
 
 Poverty Bay rye grass 
 
 Molasses grass, or Brazilian grass 
 
 Black grama 
 
 Bulbous panic grass or alkali saccaton. 
 
 Colorado grass or Texas millet. 
 
 Canarv grass 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Annual meadow grass. 
 Water meadow grass . . 
 
 Texas blue grass 
 
 Canadian blue grass. . . 
 Wood meadow grass. . 
 
 Dropseed . . 
 Smut grass. 
 Saccaton. . . 
 
 Dry. 
 Do. 
 
 Moist. 
 
 High, wet. 
 
 High. 
 Dry. 
 
 Do. 
 Moist to dry. 
 Moist. 
 Dry. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Dry, high. 
 Dry. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Dry, low. 
 Dry. 
 
 Dry, low, or medium. 
 Dry. 
 
 Moist, high. 
 High. 
 
 Moist, high. 
 High, moist. 
 
 Do. 
 Dry. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Moist. 
 Moist, high. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Low, wet 
 
 Low, moist. 
 Moist. 
 Medium, moist. 
 
 High, moist. 
 
 Wet. 
 
 Moist. 
 
 Dry. 
 
 Do. 
 
38 
 
 The list of grasses introduced for improvement of Hawaiian pas- 
 tures is a good index of the desire and efforts of stockmen to improve 
 their conditions. The grasses in the above list are not yet naturalized. 
 The grasses marked with (1) were mentioned with the more impor- 
 tant grasses because of relationship or similar habits of growth. In 
 Australia Eleusine cegyptiaca is spoken of as being a better grass than 
 E. indica, but the latter is much more common in Hawaii. The 
 grasses marked with (2) are some of the better grasses found upon 
 the dry plains of the western United States, and those marked (3) 
 are mentioned in Australian publications as being very valuable upon 
 their dry lands. 
 
 None of the American grasses has succeeded, although the tall 
 grama or side oats grama has been quite favorably mentioned, and 
 fuzzy top has succeeded to a small degree upon Niihau and Kauai. 
 Several of these, including the grama grasses, the buffalo grasses, the 
 saccatons, the agropyrons, and smooth brome grass are so valuable 
 under the dry conditions of the West that it seems as if more deter- 
 mined efforts should be made to establish these on the dry lands of 
 Hawaii. One thing must be kept in mind in regard to new grasses, 
 the finer the grass or the more palatable, the closer will the stock 
 keep it grazed and the less chance will it have to reseed itself, to 
 spread, or to survive the dry season. Secondly, the smaller the areas 
 seeded to a new grass, the less chance does it have to succeed under 
 range conditions. The seeding of somewhat larger areas and pro- 
 tecting until better established might aid in overcoming the difficul- 
 ties. The failure of many of these grasses may be attributed to poor 
 seed or to bad weather conditions. In Hawaii grasses are somewhat 
 hard to start; the seeds are small and if planted deeply the young 
 plants never come through to the surface. If planted shallow, the 
 seed sprout with good conditions of moisture but the surface layer 
 of soil dries rapidly on account of wind and sun, and the young plant 
 dies before being able to root well and secure moisture from the damp 
 soil beneath. 
 
 Of the Australian grasses mentioned in this fist only the smut grass 
 is spreading. This is found on all islands, and may be native. It is 
 more common in Kula than elsewhere, according to the observation 
 of the writer. It is very drought-resistant, but tough and wiry and 
 better feed for horses than for cattle. It is so persistent, however, 
 that it might be of value with other secondary grasses, like sand bur 
 and yard grass, for planting adjacent to algaroba belts. The Mitchell 
 and Wallaby grasses and Eragrostis brownii should be given further 
 trial. 
 
 Of the other grasses, CJirysopogon montanus has shown up well 
 in trials at the experiment station, teff grass is an important grass on 
 the dry plains of Northern Africa, Panicum bulbosum, P. spectabile, 
 
39 
 
 and Cenchrus montanus thrive on Haleakala at 2,000 feet or more. 
 The species of Agrostis, Festuca, and Lolium prefer rather moist 
 conditions at higher elevations. Phalaris commutata is said to be a 
 poor variety of Phalaris bulbosa but has given some promise for 
 medium elevations. Texas blue grass is an important winter grass 
 of the extreme South and should thrive in Hawaii during the winter 
 months. Neither Texas blue nor Phalaris commutata seeded in 
 station trials but are easily propagated by division of the roots. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANTING. 
 
 For marshy places: Such grasses as Para grass, Colorado grass, or 
 honohono are probably the best. If not too marshy Paspalum dila- 
 latum might succeed. Guinea grass also requires plenty of moisture. 
 
 For high wet districts: Paspalum dilatatum, sweet vernal grass, 
 Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, perennial rye grass, white clover, 
 hop clover, and possibly alsike clover. 
 
 For high dry regions: Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, peren- 
 nial rye grass, rescue grass, Yorkshire fog or velvet grass, Paspalum 
 dilatatum, alfilaria, field burnet, Indian clover, and bur clover. 
 
 For medium elevations, moist: Paspalum dilatatum, Bermuda 
 grass, buffalo grass, Texas blue grass, Paspalum compressum, Paspa- 
 lum virgatum, crab grass, rescue grass, Spanish closer, and bur clover. 
 
 For medium elevations, dry: Paspalum dilatatum, Rhodes grass. 
 Natal redtop, fuzzy top, Bermuda, side oats or tall grama, crab 
 grass, Spanish clover, bur clover. 
 
 For lower elevations, moist: Paspalum dilatatum, Natal redtop, 
 Rhodes grass, Bermuda, yard grass, Desmodium triflorum, Spanish 
 clover, bur clover. 
 
 For lower elevations, dry: Paspalum dilatatum, Rhodes grass, Natal 
 redtop, fuzzy top, yard grass, smut grass, buffalo grass, bur grass, crab 
 grass, kakonakona, etc.; Desmodium triflorum, Spanish clover, bur 
 clover; and salt bushes, ilima, pualele, prickly pear (also the spineless 
 forms), and algaroba. 
 
 Upon the low dry lands the problem of forage crops is more difficult 
 to solve. The annual grasses and weeds coming with the rains are 
 soon devoured. The tenacious, drought-resisting grasses which sur- 
 vive long dry spells are unable to produce much feed during such 
 times. The result is that feed soon becomes scarce, the annuals are 
 so closely cropped that no seed is formed, and the pastures therefore 
 deteriorate from year to year. 
 
 The most valuable grasses for low dry regions are those which will 
 withstand long drought and close cropping by live stock. For these 
 reasons buffalo grass, Bermuda grass, Paspalum dilatatum, sand bur 
 or bur grass, yard grass, and possibly smut grass are especially 
 
40 
 
 valuable. Where resting of paddocks is possible and overstocking 
 never allowed, pili, fuzzy top, Natal redtop, Rhodes grass, and some 
 of the newly introduced grasses, like Sudan grass and CJirysopogon 
 montanus, are to be recommended. 
 
 PLANTING GRASSES. 
 
 The rocky steep slopes of the ranch lands of Hawaii can not be 
 plowed and prepared for seeding as is done for cultivated crops. 
 (PI. IX, fig. 2.) Upon each ranch, however, there is some land which 
 may be fitted in this manner for seeding. Whether or not it will pay 
 to do so depends on local conditions. Klu, guava, pilipiliula, etc., can 
 not furnish much feed. It would be unwise to destroy them, however, 
 if the conditions are such that good grasses will not thrive. The cost 
 of clearing, plowing, fitting, and seeding may vary from $30 to $50 
 per acre and would be justified only on windward sides of the islands, 
 where a good rainfall insures feed at all seasons. In fields sodded 
 with piUpiliula, but clear of guave, lantana, or klu, it will usually pay 
 to plow whether or not other native grasses and weeds are needed. 
 The pilipiliula is easily killed by plowing and the other native grasses 
 and weeds which come up greatly exceed pilipiliula in feeding value. 
 
 A cheaper but less thorough method consists in preparing narrow 
 strips of land in the upper pastures at right angles to the prevailing 
 wind and seeding these strips to improved grasses. This allows the 
 grasses to seed, and the wind carries the seed upon the areas between 
 the strips. In practice, however, the stock can not be kept off long 
 enough for the seeding, and they graze tame grasses so closely that 
 no seed is formed. The smaller the percentage of the area thus 
 planted the less likelihood there is of the formation of seed and the 
 spread of the plants. One or more of these strips should be fenced 
 to protect the grasses until seed is formed. One of these strips (or 
 part of one strip if there is but one) should be left with protection 
 as a place from which to obtain seed for further plantings upon the 
 ranch. 
 
 Another method consists in running furrows at intervals across 
 the fields and planting these to grass. Single furrows break up the 
 old turf, pulverize a small portion of soil, and improve conditions 
 enough to give other grasses a fighting chance. Unless one know3 
 the comparative vigor of the old and the new species, such prepara- 
 tion may be wasted effort. 
 
 Another plan, and one used in experimental planting generally, 
 involves fencing an acre or two, preparing the land thoroughly, 
 dividing it into plats for various grasses, and, after seeding, leaving 
 them under protection until all have seeded, when the fence may be 
 removed and the struggle for existence under range conditions 
 
41 
 
 observed. If only one grass or a mixture is used, no plat subdivisions 
 are necessary. 
 
 The cheapest plan, but hardly the most economical, is to plant 
 without any preparation. The seed may be scattered broadcast 
 from the saddle, and in this way the most inaccessible parts of the 
 paddocks will receive seed. For many range grasses this method is 
 fairly efficient, but for others some preparation of soil is preferred. 
 Some seeds are able to bury themselves, while others require shallow 
 covering by hand or tool or by heavy downpours of rain. With 
 expensive seed it is always better to prepare the soil and lightly 
 cover the seed. 
 
 Extension of plantings of grasses may be accomplished by graz- 
 ing the stock upon them when full of ripe seed and allowing the ani- 
 mals to roam over various paddocks. According to Munro 1 the 
 seeds of some grasses, particularly those of Paspalum dilatatum, are 
 improved in germinating quality by passing through animals. 
 
 Mixtures of grass seeds are desirable. Some root more deeply 
 than others, and thus draw upon different portions of the soil. Some 
 spring up more quickly after rains, or with less rain. Some endure 
 under wet or dry conditions longer than others. Some are less pal- 
 atable than others, and are eaten when the better ones are gone. 
 Many annuals thrive with perennials, and many legumes with the 
 grasses. 
 
 With such grasses as manienie, buffalo gras3, or Para grass the only 
 quick method of seeding is to use portions of the running stems. 
 Many other grasses, such as Guinea grass, Rhodes grass, and Pas- 
 palum dilatatum, are more surely propagated by planting out divi- 
 sions of the roots. 
 
 With seed that is scarce and high in price it will often prove more 
 economical to plant the seed in beds, giving irrigation as needed, 
 transplanting the seedlings to the large fields during a rainy period, 
 keeping all stock fenced out until the plants are firmly rooted. 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF RANGE LANDS. 
 
 On this subject no formulas can be given which will apply to all 
 the ranch land in Hawaii, because of variations in conditions and the 
 nature of the forage plants. Most paddocks are benefited by resting 
 for a given period annually. Kentucky blue grass pastures fail in 
 dry weather and have to be rested. Annual grasses and weeds grow 
 for a comparatively short season. 2 It is important to remember 
 that unless new seeds are formed such pastures may be ruined. 
 Overstocking results in the disappearance of valuable grasses and 
 
 * Hawaii. Forester and Agr., 4 (1907), p. 247. 
 
 * Plate IX, figure 2, shows a rocky pasture In which annual weeds and grasses only are found. Thaw 
 are large areas of such lands in HawaiL 
 
42 
 
 weeds, because no seeds can form to continue the species. With 
 such grasses as manienie, Hilo grass, and maulaiki, which are most 
 palatable when young and tender, and which are not destroyed by 
 overstocking, continual grazing may be practiced with benefit to the 
 pastures. Such pastures are also benefited by occasional burning to 
 destroy the old, dried growth, insect larvae, and vermin. During 
 dry seasons care is necessary to avoid fires. 
 
 UNDESIRABLE AND POISONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 The following table gives a list of the undesirable and poisonous 
 plants that are met with upon some of the Hawaiian ranches: 
 
 Undesirable and poisonous plants. 
 
 Botanical name. 
 
 Common name. 
 
 Hawaiian name. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Acacia far nesiana ' 
 
 Andropogon halepensis 
 
 (var.) i 
 Asclepias curassavica 2 
 
 Chztochloa glauca 1 
 
 Johnson grass. 
 
 Milkweed 
 
 Yellow foxtail. 
 
 Klu , 
 
 Nuumela, kilika. 
 
 Chrysopogon aciculatus 
 
 Cnicus (?) sp. 1 
 
 Eupatorium sp. 1 
 
 Euphorbia lorifolia 2 . 
 
 Common thistle. 
 
 Pilipiliula 
 
 Pamakani 
 
 Koko, akoko. 
 
 Lantana camara 
 Leucsena glauca 2 
 
 ilomordica charantia K 
 Paspalum orbiculare i . 
 Passiflora fcetida 2 
 
 Lantana . . 
 Koa bush . 
 
 Chinese cucumber . 
 Rice grass 
 
 Koahaole. 
 Mau-laiki. 
 
 Psidium guayava 1 . . 
 Ricinus communis 2 . 
 Rubus jamaicensis i. 
 
 Salvia coccinea 2 
 
 Tephrosia purpurea 2 1 
 
 Guava 
 
 Castor bean 
 
 Thimble or Hitchcock 
 
 berry. 
 Red sage 
 
 Koli. 
 
 Lililehua. 
 Auhola. . . 
 
 Difficult to eradicate. 
 
 Cases of poisoning re- 
 ported from Oahu. 
 
 Widely distributed on 
 Kauai. 
 
 Occupies large areas on 
 Maui. 
 
 Contains poisonous ingre- 
 dients. 
 
 Said to cause falling of 
 hair from horses' tails. 
 
 Contains poisonous in- 
 gredients. 
 
 Causes abortion. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Contains poisonous in- 
 gredients. 
 
 1 These plants crowd out and replace the plants which have forage value. 
 
 2 Poisonous. 
 
 CULTIVATED FORAGE CROPS. 
 
 Cultivated forage crops include sugar cane, corn, sweet and non- 
 saccharin sorghums, Para grass, Guinea grass, Rhodes grass, oats, 
 wheat, barley, millet, teosinte, alfalfa, cowpeas, soy beans, velvet 
 beans, jack beans, peanuts, pigeon peas, horse beans, Canada peas, 
 hairy vetch, winter vetch, cassava, sweet potatoes, sugar beets, 
 mangel- wurzels, turnips, rape, carrots, honohono, spineless cactus, 
 kale, cow pumpkins, etc. 
 
 Sugar cane furnishes a large amount of excellent feed in the form 
 of cane tops and molasses. Sorghum is fed green also, as is some- 
 times corn. In the corn belts proper only little of the stover is saved, 
 the grain being the principal thing desired. Corn as green feed, as 
 stover, or as silage could be more generally used as a source of feed. 
 
43 
 
 Para grass, Guinea grass, honohono, and alfalfa are fed principally 
 in the green state. The only cured feed put up in the islands is that 
 made from corn, alfalfa, and Khodes grass. Cured hay is thought to 
 be unnecessary, but more should be stored for reserve feed in times of 
 shortage. Curing, especially of alfalfa, is impossible in some places 
 because of the moist air. In other places it is difficult, and it is only 
 at intervals or at certain seasons when it is possible at all. More 
 alfalfa hay would be put up were it not for this fact. 
 
 These are the principal cultivated forage crops, the others being 
 comparatively rare. It is hoped to emphasize cultivated forage 
 crops more in a later report. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 This publication includes the reports of several of the ranch 
 managers and the observations of the writer made upon a few of the 
 ranches and is not considered exhaustive. Several of the ranchmen 
 did not report when requested. Otherwise the published report 
 might be more complete. 
 
 The only available printed matter upon the subject of grasses were 
 the articles in the Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, by C. C. 
 Munro, and those in the annual report of the Livestock Association; 
 also Hillebrand's Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Copies of the report 
 on grasses by G. C. Munro to the American Sugar Co., in 1903, 1904, 
 and 1905 were available, and these reports are very complete. The 
 report of W. F. Sanborn, of Hanalei, deserves special mention also 
 for its completeness. The writer wishes to acknowledge the receipt 
 of reports (verbal or written) and of courtesies extended by L. von 
 Tempsky, G. P. Cooke, W. F. Sanborn, A. W. Carter, G. C. Munro, 
 Eben Low, O. Ludloff, F. A. Clowes, A. McPhee, D. T. Fleming, A. F. 
 Judd, Francis Gay, and H. J. Lyman. Thanks are also extended for 
 botanical identification of plants to Prof. J. F. Rock, of the College 
 of Hawaii, and especially to C. N. Forbes, of the Bishop Museum; and 
 for a review of the manuscript and suggestions given by Jared G. 
 Smith, who was formerly in charge of this station and instrumental 
 in introducing many of the grasses reported upon herein. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the live stock men will be helped in their 
 efforts at range improvement by this report; that they will become 
 more interested in noting the forage value of different plants; that 
 they will continue to experiment with various grasses and other 
 plants; and that they will report any mistakes herein committed as 
 well as any additional information worth while to the experiment 
 station in order that any later report may be made more valuable. 
 
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