CHEMISTRY Or WOOD 
 VIII. Further Studies of Sapiuccd and 
 
 Heartuuccd 
 
 June 1926 
 
 No. R917 
 
 L OF FORM Li 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF FLC 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 FOREST SERVICE 
 FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY 
 Madison, Wisconsin 
 
 In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2013 
 
 http://archive.org/details/woodfOOfore 
 
CHEMISTRY OF WOOrA 
 VIII. — Further Studies of Sapwood and Heartwood 
 
 By 
 
 G-. J. RITTER, Chemist 
 and 
 L. C. FLECK, Associate Chemist 
 
 The present paper represents a continuation of a previous study of 
 the chemistry of sapwood and heartwood- to determine whether any additional 
 generalizations can he made in grouping hardwoods and softwoods on the 
 "basis of chemical differences between sapwood and heartwood. The methods 
 of analysis are identical with those used in former experiments of this 
 series. 2 The determinations were made in duplicate, and the average of 
 each pair of determinations is shown in the accompanying table. 
 
 Discussion of Results 
 
 o 
 The results confirm the conclusions stated in the sixth paper— of 
 
 this series, to the effect that softwoods form a single group having high 
 
 relative amounts of extractives in the heartwood. Also, with only one 
 
 exception, the softwoods here reported exhibit another characteristic in 
 
 common with those reported in paper VI, in that the high extractives in 
 
 the heartwood are accompanied "by low percentages of lignin and cellulose. 
 
 In the exceptional case of white spruce the lignin and cellulose content 
 
 is approximately the same in sapwood and heartwood. The hardwoods, also 
 
 in accord with the findings of the earlier paper,— are distributed between 
 
 two groups having high relative amounts of extractives in the sapwood and 
 
 heartwood, respectively. 
 
 The acetic acid obtained by acid hydrolysis is uniformly higher in 
 the sapwood than in the heartwood of both hardwoods and softwoods. 
 
 By the results here reported more species have been fitted into the 
 scheme of classification advanced in the sixth paper of the series. 
 
 ^Presented before the Division of Cellulose Chemistry at the 66th meeting 
 of the American Chemical Society, Milwaukee, Vis., Sept. 10 to Ik, 1923 . 
 
 -Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 15, 1055 (1923). 
 
 ^Ibid., Ik, 1050 (1922). 
 
 Rept. No. R917 -1- 
 
Whether additional groups of softwoods exist is a question that can he 
 answered only after a larger number of species have been analyzed. Com- 
 bining results for the hardwoods listed in the sixth and the present paoer, 
 it is seen that Group A (with high extractives in the sapwood) includes 
 white ash, pignut hickory, red alder, red mulberry, sugar maple, and catalpa; 
 Group B (with high extractives in the heartwood) includes yellow-poplr.r, 
 yellow birch, white oak, red oak, locust, and eucalyptus. 
 
 Conclusions 
 
 1. In softwoods the water, ether, and alkali extracts are higher 
 in the heartwood than in the sapwood, and the cellulose and lignin are cor- 
 respondingly lower in the heartwood (except in white spruce, in which 
 cellulose-lignin content is approximately the same in the two bands of 
 growth) . 
 
 2. On the basis of water, ether, and alkali extractives, hardwoods 
 are divided into two groups: (a) those with high extractives in the sap- 
 wood, and (b) those with high extractives in the heartwood. The former 
 have low cellulose in the sapwood, the latter low cellulose in the heart- 
 wood. 
 
 3. Acetic acid by hydrolysis is higher in the sapwood than in the 
 heartwood of all the woods. 
 
 Rept. No. R917 -2- 
 
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