UNITED STATES DEF/ *T*'ENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 Bureau 'of Agricultural Economics 
 
 SYNTHETIC FIBERS IN RELATION TO AMERICAN COTTON 
 
 By 
 
 Faurice R. hooper end Horace G. Porter 
 Agricultural Economic Statisticians 
 
 f F44.IE. 
 DOCUMENT? SEPT. 
 
 Wa shine-ton 25, D. C. 
 January 1945 
 
 :j 
 
 -EPOSITORY 
 
 r 
 
SYNTHETIC FIFERS T' " ICA3 n 
 
 Contents 
 
 Summary and Conclusions 1 
 
 Syrthntic Fiber Product} on Frior to 7.' or Id ir ° r II 3 
 
 Usea of Rayon in Comparison with Other Fibers 5 
 
 Factors Influencing the Ronid Expansion in Rr-yon 5 
 
 Technological Developments 5 
 
 Prices 
 
 Government Policies 
 
 Additionpl Factors 10 
 
 Developments Durinp V r o*-ld ^ Pr U • ^® 
 
 Rayon Production ^nd Consumption 10 
 
 Other Synthetic Fiber Production . 1?. 
 
 Probable Post-V'er Trends in Synthetic ^ibers 13 
 
 Feans of Improving American Cotton's Competitive Fosition 16 
 
 Tnbles , 19 
 
 Chr rts 24 
 
 I 
 
 NOTE 
 
 An earlier draft of this report v^s p^ep^ed in November 1944 
 for the Office of the Secretary to meet a request from >"r. Jonathan 
 Daniels, Administrative Assistant to the Fresi^Tt. It hrs sirce 
 been revised ^rd an edition of 40 conies vps issued as Cotton Document 
 No. 7 t-y the Interdepartmental Technical Committee on Cotton. It is 
 here made more generally available* 
 
gWTWP.Tlc FP-^S IV- RELATION T'O AFERICkF ; COTTQy ' " 
 
 By •:? • • _ ' 
 
 rise R. Cooper erd Horace 0. Foster 
 AgrrT.cnlt-.nral Eoorom-ie Stetis'biej ens , Pu^esu of Airn'ciltural Economics 
 
 '. Summary and Conclusions 
 
 1 - Pn-:cr\ production in .1942 in t^e Fnited States v ; as 6 7 percent larger than fc 
 ir 1939 ard world production was 56 percent larger. World ^ayon production in 1942 
 (the latest year for which estimates are av^ila^le) totaled almost 3.6 billion 
 pounds, of which almost o^o- fifth ras produced in the United States". The world 
 nroduction was eo - -iv*lent (ossuninr 425 rounds of raven ecu el to 4 7 8 pounds of 
 cottcn) to P-l/4 rdllion hales of cot + o-n, a considerable proportion of wM.ch re- 
 presented a :ii spla cement of cotton,- with smaller proportions representing a di s- 
 placement of wool and other natural fibers' and with, so-^e representing an increase 
 
 in the total consumption of fibers which pro v ahlv would not hax-e occurred except 
 Co>~ the development of ra-"on. A substantial p^rt of the increase in rgvon produc- 
 tion outside the T r<:'ted States since 1939 end in ^e vears immediately preceding 
 resulted from increased output in '"-erTnany and Jaoe'r where production in 194 2 was 
 estimated at rough.lv half o^ the world total. 
 
 2 - Few tvoes c ^avon r nd other synthetic ^ibe^s, particularly well 
 adapted to specific uses, have been developed and in so mo instances ^8ve become 
 very inroqrt&rt within the last, decide. About three-fifths of the total 1942 world _ 
 rayon production was composed of staple fiber -- most o-" w w ich is used on cotton or 
 wool crinrirg and weeding machinery -- even though as recently as 1931 this type of 
 rayon represented les^ ;th*n 2 percert.o^ the total. T t-is expected that in the 
 TT nited States tbe production Of hi rh tene.ci ty continuous filament yann in .1944 will 
 represent roughly l p percent; and staple -fiber about 23 percent of the total domestic 
 
 r on production cornered with onlv 1 to 2, and 14 percent,' respective lv, in 1939. 
 Relatively st*8 11 quantities of nylon, casein fiber, and other synthetic fibers also 
 are now. being produced -on a commercial basis with substantial increases expected in 
 the immediate post-war period • 
 
 3 - An annual average percentage increase in total ravon production following 
 1942 only half as great .as in the previous 1C ■'/ears would result in a world ra-^on 
 production in 1P52- equivalent (on- the bgsis indicated above) to 22 million bales of 
 cotton, a^ out 19 million bales of which would Va produced in foreign countries.' 
 Such a world production would be about three- fourths r s large as the 1935-39 average 
 annuel world .mill consumption of raw cotton* This'; or even a' considerably smaller 
 production, seems likely to materially, restrict both the domestic and foreign con- 
 sumption ofxCOtton as -compared with the l930*s, at lepst during the early post-war 
 
 rg . The, alternative j of course, would be to obtain pr increase in the tot^l 
 world consumption of fibers sufficient to absorb -"t least a lnrge part of the 
 Increased synthetic fiber production: ps well °~s 26 to 27 million bales of cotton. 
 From 1921-25 to 1934-3R the oomMned wo ■'•lc ■ concufnptifcr o-f cotton and rayon increased 
 by the .equjv lent of roughly 9 million bales of 'Cotton (3 million of which was 
 rayon), a rete too srn^ll to absorb the possible future increased production of 
 these fibers. 
 
- 2 - 
 
 4 - The downward trend in the prices of re yon undoubtedly has contributed 
 ,-nruch to the rapid increases in >-ayon consumption . Domestic Prices of 150 denier 
 
 rayon filament yarn declined from the ell-time Peak of |P.OO a pound in early 1920 
 to an average of $2.79 for the cotton crop year 1P21 to 49 - 55 cents since early 
 1P5P . In the last two or three years rayon filament vacs v as beer considerably 
 cheaper in price than many of the finer and better quality ootton yarns with v.h.ich 
 it competes. Frices of rayon staple fiber (viscose type) declined at successive *' 
 intervals from 60 cents a pound, net weipht, in 1920 to 1931 to 24 or 25 certs e 
 p»und since late 1937. fonsiderirr the differences in spinninp waste, the cost 
 of "iddlinp lF>/l£-inch cotton, net weight , to the spinner in the last auarter of 
 1944 wps about the same as staple fiber, whereas durinp the first 4 -"ears after 
 the introduction of staple fiber (l9? p -3l) cotton everaped about one-fourth o p the 
 cost of staple fiber. The present cost of cot+on of lonper lenp-ths, wh^ch are 
 required for the finer pnd smoother,, yarns , is much hipher than starle fiber. Fur- 
 ther reduction in the domestic price of '-aycr and other synthetic fibers is ex- 
 pected in the post-war period, but in the case of rayon, at least, the declines 
 will be much less than occurred durinp the 1930' s. 
 
 5 - Rayon and other synthetic fibers will, no doubt, displace substantial 
 additional quantities of cotton durinp the next dec8de or two. It is orobable, 
 however, that increasinp world population and imnrovinp economic conditions may be 
 accompanied by a new hiph in the total apparel fiber consumption. The lower the 
 price of cotton the preater would be the extent to which it m.irht reasorablv expect 
 to share in any such increase. 
 
 6 - Special economic and political incentives of several important cotton 
 and wool importinp countries to shift from these natural fibers to ravon contribute* 
 to the rapid increase in rayon production immediately before the war and may be 
 imnortant in the post-war period. These countries, which are dependent uoon 
 imports for most of their raw cotton requirements, were able to make important 
 savinps in their monetary balances or foreipn exchanpe v eld in other countries by 
 usinp rayon instead of cotton. Wood pulp, the princ'^pi source o^ cellulose, is 
 available t« many of these countries at costs ecdvalent to not more than. 4 or 5 
 cents per pound of fiber ard o^ten with no expenditures of foreign exchanpe. This 
 situation and Governmental- act-'on to conserve exchanpe for use in obteininp other 
 materials and to become more self-sufficient were especially important in the 
 expansion in Germany, Italv, and Japan. Furinr the ^'ar rayon production in the 
 Axis areas has been further stimulated bv the extrer-.ely limited supplies of cotton, 
 weol, and iute, a large oprt of which is norm^llv imported from the allied 
 countries • 
 
 7 - Through the numerous research pnd action proe-^a^s of t^e Federal -ond 
 State Governments f rd the various r r ii7pte age^ci^s, firms, rnd individuals o^ -t-he 
 Cotton Belt, much has been done in recent years wMch has made the production of 
 American cotton more pro^itabl^ than it would oth ^ise have been. The develop- 
 ments eontributinp to this irclude soil cops-rvptior rnd soil bui ldinr nctiviti 
 
 v *ter. fprm management practices; improved v« ?; better ginrinr, prek r pinp, 
 
 pnd mr>rketinp facilities and m^t v ods; more effective methods of control! inp insects 
 p.nd diseases; pnd the development «nd Promotion of new pnd expanded uses for cot^:»n. 
 
- 1 — 
 
 _ ^ ■_ 
 
 vertbeless, it is apparent that ever m^r ; aggressive efforts along- these »nd 
 other lines are desirable in order to b^lo strengthen American co + ton's competitive 
 position in relation to othar anp-rel fibers, foreign cottons, and paper. These 
 ~rd oth^r considerations have resulted in the realization that a reconsideration 
 of the sntirs cotton ^rogrnn ^ s needed. 
 
 S-"rth-"-'tic Fi be r Production Fri or to V/orl^ Vie r II 
 
 There were c number of synthetic fibers produced in the United States and 
 ofv, r countries, either on c commercial or an experimental basis, orior to the 
 
 •inr-ir? of World War II, but rayon wa s and still is by far th<° most important. 
 Fr^ or to If 55, rryor probably accounted for over 9P or 99 percert 9*" total world 
 synthetic fi^er production. Conseouent ly, this discussion of prewer developments 
 •'"ill be restricted to rayon. 
 
 The commercial nroduction of rayon as a textile fiber beg-an in France in 
 1PR4, was auicklv taken up in Germany and England, and a little later in other 
 European countries. Desrvte m^ny "•"ecbni^al difficulties during - the early years, 
 by 1900 the commercial future of rayon was definitely assured. 
 
 However, the world product j on of all tvp°s of r^yon was very small Prior to 
 World War I and showed little increase during 1 the war period. After 1920, total 
 world -'nroduction increased at a rarid rate. Even during 1 the world-wide depression, 
 the production, of -rayon increased rapidly and was nearly 60 percent greater in 
 1P33 than in 1929. Following 1933 the advance was still more raoid and in 1937 
 world Production was about 160 percent greater then in 1933. Additional marked 
 increases occurred in 193P and 1939, so that at the outbreak of the war in Europe, 
 world production totaled 2.2 billion pounds, equivalent to r hout 5 million bales 
 of cotton (assuming 425 pounds of rayon equivalent to one 47P-oound bale of cotton) 
 and by 1942 it is estimated to have been equivalent to roughly P-l/4 million bales 
 of cotton. This compares with a total production in 1920 equivalent to 7P thousand 
 bales ard represents an increase from e negligible proportion to the equivalent 
 of about one-third of the world's consumption of cotton. These and oth°r compari- 
 sons in terms of raw cotton "equivalents" are in no sense intended to imply a 
 
 YOT ^ : While this memorandum deals mainly with synthetic fiber, paper and foreign 
 cotton also are highly important cmeeti tors, o^ American cotton. In 1939 the use 
 cf paper in the form o^ t^ss'^s, towels, multiwall b*>f*s', and tapes (whrch compete 
 directly with cotton) was equivalent on a pound-p^i — pound basis to roughly 2 
 million bales of raw cotton. Considering the differences in the serviceability »f 
 these products when m-de from- cotton ard from paper, the volu.m° of paper going intf 
 
 se items is equal on an equivalent use-basis to a very much smaller number of 
 bales of raw cotton. TV>e quantity of paper so used, however, represented a pro- 
 nounced increase ovir recent preceding v>r.r-s* In mid-1944 the carry-over of 
 fOreier cotton v-s ppproxim p t«ly V million bales l^rgrer th r n in 1P39. This and 
 the orobft>le resumption of the un^r^ tr^nd in foreign production (w u ich in the 
 early 1920's was under 10 million bales but in 1936 and 193? was over IP million 
 bales) will contribute to increased competition from this source 'during the years 
 immediately ahead. Increased competition also will result from expanded mill con- 
 sumption of locallv-p-rown cotton, accompanied by reduced cotton textile imports, 
 in countries formerly im^ortirr hundreds of milliors of vards of cotton gtods 
 produced in countries importing - Ameriom and o+h^r cottons. 
 
. 4 * • 
 
 displacement by rayon of the "equivalent " amount of cotton. A considerable oro^or- 
 tion of the rayon produced represents e displacement of cotton but some of it re- 
 presents a displacement of wool, silk, end other natural fibers and some an 
 ircrease ir total fiber consumption. 
 
 Production of reyon increased renidly in a nurber of court ries, r>ut from 
 1920 t") 1935 production in +be United States increased by a greater absolute amount 
 ther ir. any other country. In Jar-en, however, where Production was nepligi^le 
 until 1925, production in 1935 was only slightly less than in the United States, 
 and in 1936 Japan displaced the United States as the world's larp-est producer of 
 rayon. During the present var Germany proper poparertly has become the largest 
 producer. From 1920 to 1935 rayon production in the United Kingdom, Germany, end 
 Italy shoved roughlv the same peneral t'-erd, with Production in each ef these 
 countries increasing' from less than 10 million rounds in 1920 to between 120 and 
 160 million pounds in 1935. In the late 1930' s production in Italy and Germany, 
 under the stimulus of nationalistic policies designed to reduce these countries' 
 dependercv unon imports and to conserve foreirr exchenpe, increased to such an 
 extent that by 1939 production in these countries greatly exceeded that in Great . 
 Britain. 
 
 Initial interest in ravon stsnle fi^er, as cent rested with continuous file- 
 ment yarn, arose in Germany during Wo "Id War I d"e to the shortage of cotton and 
 wool with which it was mixed as a substitute. After the cessation of hostilities, 
 when increased suor-lies of natural fibers were e°"ein available, interest in staple 
 fiber lapsed. A decade or more Pro interest was revived first in Germany and 
 Italv, partlv as a result of the nationalistic r overnmental oolicies of these 
 countries, and later in other countries as the potentialities of stable fiber 
 became more evident. 
 
 World production of "a von staole fiber was quite small ^rior to 1931, it 
 representing less than 2 percent of the total woi-ld Production of rayon at that 
 time. By 1939 the world production of rayon staple fiber was equivalent to about 
 one-half of the total production of rayon and totaled approximated 1.1 billion 
 pounds end by 1^42 the estimated production of over 2 billion pounds represented 
 about three-fifths of t"e totel rayor production. 
 
 Ra^on production in the United States bepan on a commercial basis about 
 1910 and since then has increased steadily, and by 1938 more totel reyon was used 
 in this country that any other fiber, except cotton, tfhtil after World War I, ell 
 reyon produced in this country was mede by the \ T iscose process, but at the present 
 time acetate ravon comprises ebout one-third of ell the ra-^on menufactured in the 
 United States, precticf lly nil o^ the remainder representing viscose rayon with 
 the cuprammonium process used in producing" only small emounts . \J 
 
 \J Because of differences in th(° c^emicels used end for other technical reasons, 
 the reyons made by these different processes varv in dyeing properties, 
 specific gravity, moisture resistcrc<; , end other properties. Consequently, 
 one tvpe mev be better adapted to a p^rt/cular use then another ^nd by com- 
 bining filament yarns end stable fibers of dif^er^nt tyres, e greater variety 
 of fabrics and -fleets can be obtained. 
 
- 5 - 
 
 TT ntil ab<»ut 1927 all rayon Produced in the United States Was filament rayor., 
 but about thPt +-ime rayon staple, fiter vps introduced commerciallv and since then, 
 production in this country has increased verv rapidly* By 1P39 stable fiber repre- 
 sented a v out 14 percent of the total domestic production of reyor wMch affreg-ated 
 380 millior rourds or the eauivalert of 900,000 bales of cotton. 
 
 Uses of ^eyon zv. ^V-narisor vith Other fibers 
 
 Frio*- to Wc-ld r 'er 11, reyor vas used qui ^e largely in Products v^ere e^eer* 
 erce : s the competitive factor of part"' cular importance. Such uses were found 
 rrirci "pllv in the field of household furnishings and clothinf, particularly women' s 
 ^lo+Hrf. Comparative --tility-was also important for certain uses such as in the 
 li v irr ^ield where ravon displaced cotton, wool, aloaca, and silk. Before the-var 
 tHere were onlv a few insterces w^-ere ravon bad entered industrial uses in moderate 
 quantities. For instance, sere tire fabric ard small quantities of coverings were 
 rsio 'Vom or contained ravon. 
 
 Despite sore increase i? 1 total domestic consumption of other apnanel fibers 
 in the TT nited States, ravor i released from a fraction of 1 percert of the total of 
 four of the most important apparel fibers (cotton, wool, ravon, and silk) in the 
 early 1920' s to almost 10 percent in 1939. During- this period the consumption of 
 cotton declired from P6.3 "to about 80. 6 Percent of the total ard wool declined from 
 11.4 Percent in 1920 to about P. 3 percent in 1939. 
 
 In IPSO slightly more th'^n half of the total shipment of continuous filarent 
 rayon in the United States vent to the knit foods industry and ,iust under half to 
 the woven poods industry. By 1939, however, knit poods were obtaining: less than 
 one-fifth' of the total, \"hereas woven foods accounted for more thar t^ree-f ourths 
 of the. total. 'During - this 20-year Period, there was a substantial increase in the 
 quertity of filament rayon foing- into krit poods, includinp hosiery, urderwerr, 
 Q ters, neckties, and knitted dress poods. In the woven foods industrv bread 
 foods have been taking" lprfer and larfer quantities, while narrow-, foods have shown 
 little absolute increase end have actually declined on a percentage basis. 
 
 Althoufh statistics showir.f the quantities of staple fiber utilized for 
 individual uses are rot available, it is known that the most important use to date, 
 for starle fiber i s ir woven foods. This includes Production of foods made entirely 
 o^ staple fiber and those containing - mixtures with othT fibers, mostly cotton and 
 n ."ool. w oven fa v rics made ir whole or ir part from stanle fiber have found their ; 
 
 principal use thus far in women's and men's euterwear, althoug-h sizeable quantities • 
 are also used in various household uses. 
 
 Factors Irfluerci nf the Rar-j d 3xnansi on in Rayon 
 
 Tec v nolof ica l Developments J/ 
 
 Uhdoubtedlv t^chnoloficr 1 developments ^nd the rccompanyirf oualitv impr»ve- 
 inents have been, by f r; r the mo?t import art group of factors accounting - for the 
 t r stnendous increase in ravon production durinp - the past 25 yeers* One of the most 
 fer reaching- of these hns been in the reduction in the size of the individual r^yon 
 
 1/ Based largely on material taken from "The ^avon Industry," a release drted April 
 1944, cont^ininf selected sections of p preliminary report Prepared by the 
 Textile Division of the United States Tr riff Cornmission. 
 
- 6 - 
 
 fi lamer. ts comprising: the continuous filament rayon ye*-ns. Decreases in the size of 
 the individual filaments in a yarn of a specified size give added strength, pli- 
 ability, covering power, mildness of luster, and softness of feel*. Twerty-fi • 
 veers ag» standard yarn of 150 denier contaired only 12 t« 14 filaments. This 
 number ircreased until in 1931, 40 was the ster.da-d number for tMs size varn« 
 Since 193^ rayon yarns have been produced with filaments even finer* then these spun 
 by the silkworm and shortly before th.e outbreak of ^orld War IT, 150 denier yarn a 
 v ere being produced with from 150 to 2 9 5. filaments. These develorrents end e^dod 
 strength resulting frsm developments other .than the decreased size end increased 
 number of filaments probably have been an important factor in a substantial increase 
 in the production of fine yarns end in the total production. Be^weer 192? end 1936 
 the production of fine rayon yarns (112 denier or finer) increased from P. 5 percent 
 to 24.3 percent. Delustering. methods and greater uniformity in the yerns elso con- 
 tributed to an expansion in market outlets for reyon. 
 
 In so far as the pest two decades ere concerned the development of reyon 
 staple fiber is probably the most important of all developments in rayon processing. 
 Although it was produced to a considerable extent in Germany during the first World 
 War as a substitute for scarce netural fibers, interest subseauently wened and as 
 late as 1930 the estimated world production of stable fiber wes only 6 million 
 pounds. The renewed interest was reportedly influenced by the successful utiliza- 
 tion of rayon waste in the wool spinrirg industry. Although originelly intended 
 primsrilv es e wool substitute, reyon steple fiber has made its greatest edvence- 
 ment in this country as e material for the cotton spinning industry. 
 
 The wide adaptability of staple fiber has been en important fector contribut- 
 ing to its phenomenal growth, although a substantial rert of the increased world 
 production of staple fiber resulted from efforts by the totals tarian countries 
 (Germany, Japan, and Italy) to become self-sufficient. Its versatility end adapt- 
 ability for various uses, either sep8ratelv or in blending with other fibers, have 
 permitted the development of a much larger variety of fabrics, style effects, end 
 designs. Blending with other fibers is accomplished in a number of weys depending 
 on the fecilities available end the spinning system employed. Sometimes blending 
 occurs at the raw stock stage before ce^dirr, but rore freauertly rfter the staple 
 fiber and the other component fiber have each been- separetel"^ semi-processed, and 
 th« blending then made in the desired proportions ir drawing or at en earlier stage. 
 Blending may occur at the yarn stage by doubling and twisting spun rayon yarn witk 
 •ther yerns or by combining with other varps in weaving. 
 
 Developments in the technology of reyon staple fiber production are under- 
 going constant evolution end are said to be charging with such rapidity t Vp t there 
 are many variations in the methods employed by the dif p erert iranufp.cturerq. 
 methods of producing the staple ^iber up through the formation of the filaments are 
 substantially the same as +t "Ose employed in producing continuous filrment reyon 
 yann. In making a staple fiber by the acetate process, cutting is the only opera- 
 tion recessary often the extrusion of the filaments. In. the viscose process, which 
 is the dominant pnocess, th^re is a marked d 4 *ween the methods of handl- 
 
 ing the filaments intended for cutting end those intended for y^rn. The fact t ; 
 staple fiber made by these two processes differs in ch^rpcteri sties indicates that 
 the blend of staple fiber made from these two processes provides still mother r 
 of increasing the variety of materials and effects which c*n be produced as a result 
 of the development of steple fiber. 
 
•*• 7- ** 
 
 Prices ■-.-.■-. 
 
 A downward trend in rayon prices, which has "been closely associated with the 
 technological improvements in rayon production and increased manufacturing effici- 
 encies, has contributed much to the rapid increases in 'rayon consumption and to the 
 utilization of rayon for an increasing number of uses. Prices of rayOn filament 
 yarn declined steadily after World War I until the- middle of 1938, with domestic 
 quotations for the heavily used 150 denier viscose yarn falling from' the all-time 
 peak of $6.00 a pound in early 1§20 to $2.79 in the crop year 1921, to 49 cents in 
 June and July 1938. Since then the price of this yarn has ranged between 51 and 55 
 cents. From 19 21 to 1938 the average crop year domestic price of 40 ! s single carded 
 cotton yarn at New York declined from 53 to 30 cents per pound, but hy 1943 had in- 
 creased to 52 cents. The price of 150 denier rayon filament yarn, as a percentage 
 of the price of 40 ' s single carded cotton yarn, declined from 52"^ in 1921 to 168 in 
 193S and to 107 in 1943. 
 
 • *.*', 
 
 Comparisons between rayon filament yarn and better qualities of cotton 
 yarns would show somewhat similar relative changes over the past 25 years as those 
 .indicated above. But the.- -competition between rayon and cotton at any particular 
 time is, undoubtedly, more nearly indicated by the use of better quality cotton 
 yarns than 40' s single carded- yarns (which were readily available for a period of 
 years) used above to indicate the changes in prices over 'a period of years'. For 
 many purposes rayon is chosen, at least by the ultimate consumer", more for appear- 
 ance than for any other reason. Consequently, a combed, mercerized, and gassed 
 yarn of approximately equal, size (such as 70' s 2-ply)' -would be more nearly equiva- 
 lent to 150 denier rayon yarn in consumer appeal and for other purposes cotton yarns 
 of even higher quality are required to equal rayon yarn in consumer appeal. In • 
 recent months, the price-for "base-grade" combed 2-ply 70' s cotton yarn when gassed 
 and mercerized was $1.33 per pound. This compares with prices of ' 55 cents for 150 
 denier viscose rayon yarns of less than 60 filaments, and 57 cents for the same 
 size and types of yarns with 60'^ and more filaments, both with the standard number 
 of turns per inch. For some uses the rayon yarn might need'to be given s6me J addi- 
 tional twist when being used in place of 70/2 cotton yarn with- a standard number of 
 turns per inch. This would increase the price of rayon yarn, but would still leave 
 rayon with an important price advantage in comparison with cotton yarn. 
 
 Domestic prices of rayon staple fiber have alsy declined considerably since 
 it. first was introduced on a sizeable scale about 1928. Quotations for standard 
 type viscoie staple fiber declined steadily from 60 cents a pound in each of the 
 crop years 1928-30 to 25 cents a pound in October 1937, and have been at that level 
 on slightly .lower since then. Between 1932 and 1937 when this type of rayon "staple 
 fiber deolined 6O1 percent, the domestic price of Middling 15/l6-inch -cotton in- 
 6reaseu • approximately 25 percent.- From mid-1939 to October 1944 -the price of 
 Middling 15/l6-inch cotton in this country increased by 123 percenty whereas rayon 
 staple fiber remained about unchanged at 24 or 25 cents per pound. Considering - 
 differences in spinning waste, the costs of Middling 15/16-inch cotton on a net- 
 weight basis delivered to the spinning mill as of October, November, and December 
 1944 are about the same as the costs of standard viscose -.rayon staple fiber oh a 
 comparable, basis.. During the first 4 years after its introduction (1928-31) this 
 quality of cotton averaged only about one-fourth of the cost of staple fiber. Fur- 
 thermore, during the intervening period there have been improvements in the quality 
 of rayon staple fiber while Middling 15/l6-inch cotton is about the- same quality 
 today as in the earlier years. 
 
- 8 - 
 
 For many uses rayon staple fiber is. spun into yarns of such fineness, uni- 
 formity, and luster that it competes more directly with cotton of higher grades and 
 longer staples than Middling 15/l6-inch. Consequently, for such uses cotton is 
 higher relative to staple fiber than indicated above since there are substantial', 
 price premiums on the better qualities of cotton and since rayon staple fiber is the 
 same price per pound irrespective of staple length. For example, the net cost to 
 the spinning mill for Strict Middling l-l/l6 inch cotton per pound of useable fiber 
 (after allowing for tare and manufacturing wast el based on October I9UH price quota- 
 tion was somewhat higher than the net cost of rayon staple fiber on a comparable 
 basis. Strict Middling 1-1/8 inch cotton for use in combed yarns was from 35 to ^ 
 percent higher than rayon staple fiber. 
 
 Rayon staple fiber also has certain other advantages over cotton although 
 they cannot readily be reduced to quantitative terms. These include greater sim- 
 plicity of handling rayon staple fiber as compared with cotton in the early stages 
 Of the process of manufacturing these fibers into yarns, and the freedom from dust 
 and lint, in the case of staple fiber. The first of these reduces manufacturing 
 eost and the latter is reportedly of some importance in securing and retaining tex- 
 tile workers. Another significant difference is the greater stability of rayon 
 staple fiber prices and the complete uniformity in the quality of the synthetic 
 fiber. These two factors combine to reduce the operating risk due to changes is 
 the inventory values of the raw material and the expenses involved in securing uni- 
 form qualities of raw material when operating on staple fiber aa compared with 
 cottoa. In using raw cotton the manufacturer usually fi&ds it necessary to employ 
 highly trained specialists for the explicit purpose of classing and purchasing raw 
 cotton and maintaining proper hedging operations against price -changes, whereas 
 little expense of this nature is secessary in the procuriiig aad using of rayoa 
 staple fiber. 
 
 * 
 
 Data for Germany atd the United Kingdom show that ryyon filament yarn prices 
 in those countries declined greatly during the 1920' s and 19*50' s as did prices in 
 the United States. In Germany the prices of staple fiber and filament y-.-i (average 
 of 120 and 180 denier yarns) remained unchanged from 1938 through 1 the latest 
 year for which data ere available) at a level about 6 and 10 pejcer'. ; rssp actively, 
 less than i*. 1937. 
 
 From the standpoint of the foreign production of rayor, the price;; and costs 
 of the raw materials used in producing rayon textiles 1:1 comparison with those used 
 in producing cotton and wool textiles appear to be highly important, especially is 
 view of the source from which the raw materials are obtained. In general, the 
 price of wood pulp, the usual source of cellulose from which rayon is produced, 
 delivered to the manufacturers is .equivalent to not more thar. k or 5 cents per 
 psund of rayon yarn. Normally cotton, costs the canufaoturer at least 2 to 3 times 
 this amount. Even after including .the cost of chemicals, the materials' costs are 
 much less for rayon than for cotton und inrmost lorelgnr.cotmtrioa '.producingo import- 
 ant quantities of rayon, the cotton is all imported while in some of them the wood 
 pulp is available without the expenditure of any foreign exchange. In the United 
 States the total cost of wood or linters pulp and chemicals in 1929 ( the only year 
 for which these costs are sho^n. separately) represented a l'.ttle less than one-fifth 
 of the total valine of the output of rayon yarn and allied products industry compared 
 with a raw cotton cost equivalent to roughly 50 j-erce ?.t of the value of the cotton 
 yarns produced for sale. Assuming that the per v.uit cost 0:' jrulp and chemicals was .- 
 •n the average approximately the same for staple fiber as for the rayon industry as 
 a whole, the raw material costs in. 1929 would have represented a little under two- 
 fifths of the value of staple fiber. 
 
- Q _ 
 
 Data published in the Yokohama Cotton Industrial Tires in 1935 indicated that 
 in Japan the costs of pulp and chemicals pt that t:re represented aooroyimately 51 
 Dercent of the to+-al cost of 120 denier rayon wnii while raw cotton represented 
 almost 92 percent of the cost o^ nuTrber 20*8 cotton vrn. l/.Tn view of the fact 
 that most of the important foreign rpyon producing countries were important raw 
 cotton manufacturing cou^tri-Ts, dependent almost entirely noon imports for their 
 cotton requirements but not nearly so dependent on imports for pulp and chemicals, 
 makes the differences in comparative material prices and c*sts especially important. 
 This is particularly true in connection w5'th problems of foreign exchange hrlpnces 
 pnd the efforts of Governments to become mo~e self-suff ic ient « 
 
 Covernment Policies 
 
 Governmental policies have be?r especially important in expanding rayon Pro- 
 duction in Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Governments- of these countries encouraged 
 expanded synthetic fiber production by restrictions on the us? or production of 
 textiles fVom oth^r fibers, or by recurring a mixture of rayon with cottan or 
 other fibers, and by restricting — through Quotas and imoort duties — the impor- 
 """'tion of cotton. Such policies resulted mainly from an attempt to become more 
 sel^-suf r icient and from difficulties in obtaining adeauate • suooli «s of natural 
 fibers due to shortages of foreign exchange. 
 
 » 
 The compulsory admixture of rayon stp.ple fiber in Germany began in November 
 1936 when the. geods produced by cotton' mi lis ^or the domestic market were required 
 to contain one-sixth, and l°te"r ore-fifth, o^ substitute fibers and those of the 
 w»ol°n mills about twice t^ose prorortiors. In September 1936 Hitler announced 
 that, as orrt of the' w 4-year Plan," it was intended that stp.ple fiber should suoolant 
 as large a proportion as possible of the cotton and ,, ool then imported. It was 
 further declared that in order to obtr-in the w-ximum mixture of staple p iber 
 allowed by the then current technical possibilities, it was the aim to provide 
 rayon staple fiber in place of 50 percent of Germany's cotton requirements and 20 
 Percent of its wool requirements, and that facilities would have to be established 
 to increase Germany's production to l^O.OOO metric tons annually. 
 
 The comoulsorv mixing by Italian manufacturers of domestically produced 
 ■fibers with raw cot+or began in 1936, Stprt.ing with 5 percent, the proportion of 
 the adm^xtur- wf s increased as the available "mount of domestic fiber ircr-^ased. 
 In April 1939 the s^le in. Italy of products of cure co J - + on or pure wool were for- 
 bidden and all but certain/ 1 sp°ci^l products for the domestic market were required 
 to contain at least 20 percent of substitute fibers mainly rayon staple fiber cr 
 hemo. 
 
 Under the pressure to conserve foreign exchange after the outbreak of hos- 
 tilities with China in July 193 r? , Japan started a severe curtailment of its imports 
 of raw cotter through exchange control. Soon thereafter, Japanese manufacturers 
 Were ordered to mix 30 percent o^ r r yon staple fiber with cotton and with wool in 
 asking textile products for the domestic market.. In the middle of 193R a system 
 
 1/ Haw cotton would, : however, -represent a smaller percentage of the cost o^ fin<=r 
 cotton yprns, prices of which vre not readily available. 
 
- 10 - 
 
 was introduced whereby the amount of new. material that cot+frn spinning companies 
 were permitted to imoort was mede derer.dert upon the vol - cotton manufactures 
 
 they exported or delivered to exporters*' • About the sains tire, Janen. so fer 
 
 as to prohibit the use of any cotton ir th$ production of cloth except ^or military 
 use 8nd other special purposes. or for exront to areas Q-tside of Japan, Ka^churia, 
 ar.d those parts of Ch ir 8 -vh <--•>' e Japanese currency was being used. 
 
 The shortage of foreirn exchange or t^e part of these 8rd other r oreipn 
 countries for use in importing' cotton and other fibers was. due in rart to the high 
 tariff rates imposed on poods imported into tv-« l-nHed States and. other courtries. 
 The reduced supply of fo^e^pr exc^arpe for -use in .purchesinp cotton. 8n.d wool t 
 else influenced by the richer priority placed on other imported pr the 
 
 Crovemment or by individuals operating: under comnlete freedom of choice) reauir:- 
 foreigr ayc v vrre. "The tTnited States Government's cotton Production controle^d 
 cot+or prn^e support policies^ through their effects on^cotton pricer, have eleo 
 affected domestic and forelpn production and consumption of ray 
 
 Additiore.l ^actors .... 
 
 ' j. — . 
 
 There are' a rusher of ed^" t i oral fector.s. v-^ - ch have also contributed to t v e 
 ircreased world' end Hh.lted States product ion and -con sum.pt ? on o* ra ,r o"n. These in- 
 clude advert isi r", the wide Irerietv o p rfa v rics and effects obtainable fr<~r ravon 
 with the resulting appeal to consumers, end the distribution of irfo^-mat ion regard- 
 ing- the care of the various types o^ rsyors. As suggested un-'er Prices, the manu- 
 facturers preference for reyorv, at 'least for .cert8 < - ua s, " J "■ : th the same gross 
 manufacturing: margin ; «bv also be a factor o-f >OQnsiderabl ee« 
 
 In addition, the war probably ^as stimulated ra-'-or and other synthetic fiber 
 production, particularly ir> the Axis-controlled erer-s of the world. 
 
 Development s During World War JI 
 
 Rayon Production and' Consumption - 
 
 In the United States totsVl ravoh production and consumption have continued 
 
 to increase very rapidly during the var period despite th9 scarcity of materials 
 and labor which has existed durirsr a -part of the P3riod.- /Ravon Production for 1943 
 was a little over twice as" large as the- lT?6-39 average and in 1944 shows a. 9 per- 
 cent increase over 19^3. In connection with rtire expansion, it is highly 
 significant that much of the increased production hrs v een in. the high tenec:"' 
 hiph strength ravon which v ss been required for certain military tires. This type 
 of ravon, which is mainly Produced from the. Mphest grade of cellulose 8nd by* a 
 special process which stretches tvi e -*rarn while it is heing spun, is much higher ir 
 tensile strength than ordinary r 8 von. In 1939 the-e was a very s^all production of 
 this type of. rayon and the qvsntitv of r?von tire fabric used aoparertlv represente 
 not more than 2 o** 3 percent of the total tire, fabric production-.- S.ince th 
 ever, the increased production and use of rp,von tire fabric have been preptly 
 accelerated, particularly since its us-e i-s now reouinAd, in so fw as available 
 supplies permit, in bertftir ol~ss-.es of* mi-lit a-rv tines (both fo.r motor vehi cles and 
 for aircraft) which r re used in large quantities. The decision to use ravon fabric 
 in these tires w r s sp^ri to have been m<" d^ on the claini~thrt ^hi-s fabric -would give 
 longer wear and withstand prerter strips Td shocks, .thus saving scarce rubhe 
 cl°im which has been disputed in c -* r ■ ir au^t9»*s . 
 
 a 
 
•• - 11 - 
 
 In order to provide increased hifh tenecitv"*Vpyor -for tlroB nnd limited 
 other uses, th - Wnr -Product &on Bo<- *-d alloonted- tWr>.- ..p-oe^ssarv ratorifls and -the 
 Defense Plants Corporation r>rovi ded a - subs-H^r-t. i al t pf}rt of # tho- cOvst of exp'e*:fi'ding the 
 production capacity. Whereas ; inl939 the production ~ of thir tyns) of rayon probably 
 was only a few pillion nounds, it is now. expected, that production, of tiro type 
 hipher tenacity rpyon in 1944 will r-.ech a total -of between • 12Q. and 130 million 
 pounds and in 19^5, ■"'hen the -Government sponsored; propra-m > i s completed, total 
 production capacity for hi ph tenacity rayon is expected to reach 240 million pounds, 
 *a very largo- part of wh:' eh is for-use ir»-tires. Th». latter is^.ecfuivclsnt , t# 
 rouphly 750 thousand bales of raw cotton , assuming 3 pounds of rayon tire fabric 
 will displace about 4 pounds of cotton tire fabric and •rft'-r -a llowinp for the waste 
 in spinning raw cotton. - Such 'a production would -be -.sufficient yarn for rour^ly one- 
 fourth rnore- tire fabric th ( n was produced on the .everape-durin.g the 5. -.'•ears 1935*39 • 
 •.-••■ , r . . ..-.._ tZ „ ... •. . . 
 
 e>Despite the increased production of hi ph tenacity rayon, wlvcfcv-s nrac- 
 tically all continuous filament yrrn, the pere^ntape increase in the production cf 
 rayon staple fiber- has been -much' more rap^d than that- i n^ filament yarn durinp the 
 war period. This was th c ; case also for the doecde immediately before the war. The 
 absolute increase, hot'-eve**, h°-s- ^een l"rp 5 r for fil^-rent th^n for- -staple fib^r. 
 Sorre of the increase in- -the* product i on' of staple fiber during a part of the ..war . 
 period was probably, due to restrictions on wool consumption. The limited production 
 of cotton poods, for civilian* u.se has undoubtedly stimulated the use of staple fiber 
 and* rayon filament yarn. Jn' some instprces these factors have r^sulVed in rayon 
 filament- yrrn and staple fiber en+erinp certain civilian uses much earlier than 
 would have beer the case-had cotton poods been more plentiful p-hd at a lower, price. 
 
 - . The. increased production of hiph tenacity rayon durinp the war period has 
 practically all pone into tires for- the military services. Rut the development of 
 this type of rayon has important implications for the future, both with respect to 
 continuous f-il anient' yarn and staple fiber. There are perhaps other technological 
 developments .occurrinp durinp the war -period, both' in the production of ,rayon end 
 other synthetic ficbers , which may be important to synthetic fiber production in 
 the years immediately ahead. . - - 
 
 In- fo-re-ipn count ries - the wr r has likewise stimulated, the production of rayon, 
 especially in the Axi s-oontro.lled areas (at least up throuph- 1942) where supplies 
 of cotton and wool were larpely restricted by blockade. In Great Britain end 
 possibly a few other but smaller rayon producinp countries, production ha ( s. declined, 
 but in most non-Axis controlled countries Production h°s been exranded. The reduc- 
 tion -in Great Britain- was due- larpely to labor and shippinp shortages. In Switzer* 
 land and Sweden the inability to obtain adepua^e supplies of imported cotton, end 
 wool contributed to a. • further expansion in ra^yon Production. In Mexico and Chile 
 rayon producinp industries have been established since: the war started, .due., rj t 
 l°ast in part, to restricted imports of cotton and raven textiles from Axis-con- 
 trolled areas, the United kingdom, and elsewhere. 
 
 •Estimates of rayon production in many foreipn countries durinp the v~r o-riod 
 are limited, but such .data es are available indicate that ., in the Axi s-cont rolled- 
 areas, where production in 1942 represented possibly three-fourths of the world, 
 total, staple fiber production has also increased more rapidly durinp the war poriod 
 
 n has filament yarn ppoduction. This mipht be expected in view of the l»rge 
 quantity of wool and cotton- formerly imported into these countries but not accessi- 
 ble durinp the war period, rayon staple fiber beinp adaptable both to cotton and 
 woolen textile machinerv. • 
 
- 12 - 
 Other Synthetic Fiber Product ion 
 
 In the United States synthetic fibers other than v, eyon'r-ow in commercial 
 production include nylon, vinyon, vinyon E, sa<-ar, casein fiber, and glass p iber» 
 I'ost of these have come irto cofTO'-c^al production since the outbreak of the war in 
 1P39 or were of very neplip-ible importance ~ricr to that tire. Fach of these fibers 
 has certain distinctive qrorerties and uses which may contribute to its increasing 
 importance' after the war, when riant facilities can be expanded as desired. 
 
 Althoup-h ryl«n r iber has been ir cwmerei al production only about 5 veers, -it 
 has established itself in certain uses, particularly in hosiery, to such an extent 
 there is li+tle duestion but that marked exnanrinrs in production wi 11 occur follow* 
 inr the war. During most of the period since Fearl Harbor, a Larpe part o r t] 
 nvlon produced in the United States has been reserved fcr military uses, particularly 
 for parachutes and airplane tires. By 19*52, before res^ri ctiors on materia Is end 
 labor presented' further expansions ir production facilities, nylon production capa- 
 city hod reached about 20 million rounds per year, this representing a- -phenomenal 
 ircrease over the 4 million rounds capacity existing at t v e close of 1939. 
 
 Vinyon fiber, which is made from a special prade of vinyl resin, has be°r. in 
 commercial production only a few years qnd is being Produced in relatively small 
 quantities. Thus ^ar vinvon fiber has been used mostly r rr filter cloths due t« its 
 unusual resistarce to acids, alkalies, and ©"'"her liquids and gases.- It also has 
 been used to a limited extent in ^is*" nets and fish lines, where its resistarce *a 
 water is advantageous, end in floves, uptyolstery, end millinery cloth. Its dry 
 tensile strength compares favorably with that of igh tenacity rayon and, unlike 
 rayon, loses no^e of its strength when, wet. It also has excellent elasticity. 
 Vinyon, however, shrinks at 150° v . , which precludes its use in garments an4 ether 
 textiles that are ironed at ordinary temperatures. 
 
 Saran fiber, which is made from vinVlidere chloride resins, has orlv recently 
 been introduced and production is ro\" comparatively small. Thus f ar, the ^ibers 
 have been made in only 4 sizes and their tensile strength is about compereble with 
 that of ordinary visccse rayon. Of the limited produc+ion of saran fiber, now 
 believed to be'totaling about one million pounds r^er year, all or practically all of 
 it goes irto screening. Previously, u oweven, it elso went into upholstering and 
 other fabrics and at least experimentally in cordf.ge. S-ren, too, '°as the adven - 
 tape of. being highly resistant to acids and common alkalies, and is Practically 
 waterproof. 
 
 Considerable research has be°n performed in this country and elsewhere in 
 recent years in an effort to develop synthetic ^ibers f ron natural ^"otein materiel 
 such as casein-, soybe-ans, peanuts, corn, and fish. Thus fer, cpsein fiber is the 
 only one of these which is in commercial production in the United States, although 
 sovbean fiber is being produced experimentally on a pilot pl<"-t scale. Casein fiber 
 was first introduced on b commercial brsis in the United States e^out 1940 and 1 
 1S43 Production had increased to about P million rounds per year. Casein 4 s the 
 principal raw'meterial' of casein fiber, the source of casein v *ire- skimmed wi Ik 
 which' yields about 3 percent of its weirht in this material* Chemicallv,. this fiber 
 is fairly similar to wool and err be dyed with the same kind ?»f dyes, is comparable 
 with wool in its appearance, wrrm^h quel* ties, and moisture absorption Qualities. 
 It is, *oh the o^hnr hand, loss elastic and ntt as erease^resistant e s wool,, end has 
 8 som^T-'hat lower dry strength end r much low^r wet strength thf.n vool. ^r- to 
 present time, casein fiber h"s beer us -d very largely p or bl-^ndirr with r<\yon, 
 cotton, wool, and fur, it s«rvinr as B cheap substitute for vool or fur. 
 
 \ 
 
--13 - 
 
 Glass fiber has boen produced ccmrnereiallyifl the United States somewhat 
 longer then some of ; the other synthetic fibers, but rmly within the last f v years 
 hps it been available in both continuous filament yarns' end staple fiber form. One 
 ^f the outstarding .^rQoortios of pleas textiles is their ability to withstand high 
 temperatures, with little or no damage. They are also uraf fected* 'bv many of the 
 chemicals that ere highly injurious to other texti leg , are highly moisture resist'rt, 
 end are free from attack by micro-organisms. Although they possess unusually high 
 tensile strength, glass fibers lack resiliency,, elasticity, «nd are brittle. Con- 
 sequently, glass fiber frbrics lack durability when subjected to a great deal of 
 bending end are not generally suitable for clethirgf "Glass fiber textiles, however., 
 he-re decided advantages for such uses 8S filter cloths, for' certain types of >lec- 
 trical insulations, and for fireproof fabrics where no important amount of bending 
 occurs. 
 
 In foreign countries the production of synthetic fibers other than rnvon is 
 believed to have ircreesed considerably durinr the war Period, although practically 
 no soeci^ic data are available. The first casein fiber to be Produced on a com- 
 mercial scale was developed in Italv and wes nlaced on the market in the spring. of 
 1936. By 1P3P Italian production had increased to nearly 4 million pounds per ya-ar 
 and by the bee-inning of the war patent rights had been' purcha sed bv several other 
 European countries, some of which were -'Producing 1 casein fiber on a limited scale. 
 This and the scarcity of cotton and wool in the Axis-controlled areas make it seem 
 reasonable that the Production of casein fiber, as well as rayon and other synthetic 
 fibers in the Axis areas probably incr »ased considerably following 1939. 
 
 Probable Post -War Trends in Synthetic fibers 
 
 In view of the sharp upward trend in r^von production and consumption in the 
 past 35 years and the continuing technolorica 1 improvements of recent years, there 
 seems every reason to expect that the upward trend in synthetic fiber production 
 will continue well into the post-war period and Provide tremendous competition f^r 
 cotton. The annual rate of increase, however, will, no doubt, be very much less 
 in the future than for the 10 years-ended 1942, when the average annual percentage 
 increase in total rayon production was 18 and 22 Percent, respectively, for the 
 United States and for foreign countries^ If the annual averare percentage increase 
 foil owing 1942 were only half as great as in the previous 10 years, the United 
 States production of rayon in 1952 would be "eauivalent" on the basis previously 
 indicated, to 3 million b^les of cotton and the total world' production in 1952 
 would be eoual to 22 million bales of cotton. The latter would be only 21 percent 
 less than the l?35-39 average annual world mill consumption of 2f% million bales of 
 raw cotton. Even with a much higher peace-time level of consumer incomes than in 
 the past, it seems improbable that the consumers of the United States rnd other 
 •flVfftri^S could increase their purchases of textiles sufficiently to provide outlets 
 ?D-r the a'bove quantities .of. rayon and at the same time provide outlets for o l^rge 
 
 ^nrtion of the. cotton, other -natural and synthetic fibers, and pap4> likely to 
 H v e produced in 1952. An absolute- increr se in worl^ 'production of rayon during the 
 
 ve°rs following 1942 equivalent to the increase for the preceding 10 years would 
 five a world production 8 years hence eauivalent to roughly 1 A mi llion bales. °f 
 cotton, 2^- million bales of which would be Produced in the United States. An in- 
 crease of even this size would have a very important effect en the demand for raw 
 cotton. 
 
- u - 
 
 Tr addition to the fact that rayon and o-'-her synthetic fi^er oroduction ^as 
 become so lsrge thet United ccnsumir outlets of textiles seem almost certain to 
 C8use a declinirr r^te of increase in the synthetic 'fiber nroduction, there ere 
 other factors which pIso s^em likely to contribute to p reduced rete of increase. 
 One of the most imrortent of t^esc, which is apolicrblo both to the United States 
 and to foreign countries, is the fact th.Pt r urth >r fbsolute reductiors in prices of 
 v yon will necessarily be much smaller than in the past sire; processing techniques' 
 and the advantages of large-scale op°r p tiors carrot possible reduce future costs to 
 the arme extent as has been possible, duriner the ppst 10 years. 
 
 Ir foreign countries synthetic fiber p»*oducti o*n in the post-war period will 
 lprgely defend u^on the- level of rurehpsir.g power of consumers in these countries, 
 general internet lone 1 trade and monetary arrangements, possible export cutlets, 
 relr-tiv rrices of synthetic fibers "nd oo^petinr fibers, and, in the oprly p*"*rt of 
 the period, the extent to which the mills of the Axis-controlled countries were 
 damaged by military oryrations °nd related activities. 
 
 It seems quite likely that the damages and disruptions to the mills, trans- 
 portation facilities, snd ot>->~r caDital equi om-°nt »n^ the economic organization of 
 the Axis-controlled ar~~s of Europe pnd Jrrpr growing out of t^e war may result in 
 rn pctual reduction in the ^creigr production c r revon r or perh°ps 2 or more veers, 
 If so, this would be important in holding down the average rpte of increase in 
 foreirn and world synthetic fiber production during the 10 vears from 1942 to l r 
 
 Ar other factor which m<"v slew up the expansion *■? ravor in the early post- 
 wpr period is the limited purchasing powr of consumers and the reed for pn pbnor- 
 mally l°rge proportion of the aye il able income for. food, shelter, c fcher n- - 
 textile items. Even if r.s e result rf depleted stocks, the effective demand for 
 textiles materially exceeds the wartime output of mills, the staple fiber available 
 for processing on cotton machinery would likely be such th r t longer hours of 
 machinery operation than before the vp.t would be roc- >6sary if a ven' considerable 
 proportion of the pre-war consumption of cotton were"used« 
 
 In connection with the outlook for the post-war peri •, it is highly signifi- 
 cant that most foreign rayon producing ccuntri o s were formerly imoortr.r.t cotton 
 manufacturing countriSs importing a large port Df their raw cotton requirements. 
 In these countries the Production of..reyon instead of cotton textiles permits im- 
 portant savings of monetary balances .held in foreign countries. The usual source 
 of cellulose is wood pulp which, is usually available to these countries at costs 
 equivalent to n^t more than 4 n r 5 cents a round of fiMr and often with no expend 
 itures whatever of foreign exchange.. . C^untrios with well developed ehemioal indu 
 tries have available domestically poorly all r>f the mpteria Is -other than pulp 
 needed in rayon production. For example, it h r s been estimated that before the 
 the rew materials which had to be imported into England in ore'er to manufacture IOC 
 tons of viscose rayon th -> re cost 2,846 pounds; p nd for acetate rayon, 3,361 pounds 
 as compared with 6,299 pounds for ,114. tons of cotton reeded to p^o^uee 100 ton* 
 cotton yarn; and 15,^93 rounds for 166 tors of gr a asv cross-b-lended wool, suffici- 
 ent to produce 100 tors of -»orsted yarn. \J 
 
 
 \J Taken from an prticlf in t v e Silk Journal nr^ ^y n r World for Aoril 1941. 
 
- 15 - 
 
 In the evert post-war international tre^o and monetary relations pre such 
 that foreign eountries are h»»rd»pr@s,aed. f far foreign exchange, the gcvemerts of 
 
 these countries m*y limit the- importation of cotton en^ other nrtural fleers one? in 
 other ways eneouref3 increased Production °f rayon and other synthetic fibers. Such 
 substitution of ray^n for BWI.cn v'ps ■particularly important in Germany, T t'ely, and 
 Japan in the late 1930' s err' pay continue to he Important in the oost-w»r peri - ^. 
 In the United Kingdom the loss of external sources of income during 1 tho war end 
 heavy indebtedness to the United States could make the same censideretions arolic- 
 able there, especially with respect to the .importation of American s^tton. Frarce 
 and sore' of the other countries that have been under Axis control may fi^d that it 
 the reconstruction period demands on funds available for ^oreign exchange will 
 dictate at least some forced substitution of rayon for cotton and wool. VJherc '«- 
 employment is « Problem, the additional labor involved in producing rayen mev als« 
 give foreign governments ar incentive to encourare ravon Production and ednsumption 
 at the expense of cotton which must be imoorted. 
 
 In the United States the trend of rayon production is also expected to con-' 
 tihue upward, but the annual Percentage increase probably will be less than in the- 
 past. The same seems to bo a reasonable expectation in regard to total domestic 
 synthetic fiber product i or, even though nylon and some of the other synthetic fibers 
 may expand at a very rapid rate in the vears immediately ahead. T^e actual annual 
 increases are expected to continue relatively large, particularly in the case of 
 staple fiber for which *he potential market seem* large and where relativelv little 
 -commercial advantage has been taken of certain reeent technological advances such 
 as the development of high strength fiber. The extent of the increase in synthetic 
 fiber production will be influenced by the extent of technological developments in 
 synthetic fiber manufacture and, particularly in ravon staple fiber, by domestic 
 prices of synthetic fiber, cotton, ard wool. To a lesser decree the increases mey 
 also be influenced by techmloricel developments in processing and marketing of 
 cotton and wool. ■ -* 
 
 In trying to anticipate the future trends in rayon prices, it is well to 
 examine some of the component rerts of the cost of rayon oroduotion. These edsts' 
 include wages, salaries, raw materials , power, packaging materials, depreciation , 
 and overhead. It should be poirted out, however, that statements ha've appea-red i» 
 trade publications to the effect that the price of rayon staple fiber would be 
 substantially lover immediately after the war ends. 
 
 Between 1925 and 1939 (the first and l°st years for whi oh Census data are 
 available) the Production of ravon and allied products increased 181 percent in 
 value compared with an increase of P25 percent in the quantity of these items prc^,- 
 dueec*. Reduced to a raw-cotton-bale equivalent (assuming 425 pounds of rayon to be 
 equivalent to a 500-pound gross weight brie of cotton'), it is found that in 1£25 
 the value 9f a bale of rpyon w^s $721 of which 29 percent represented -"'ages and 21 
 percent materials cos"*"s, mainly wood or linters pulp and chemicals. By 1939 the-, 
 value per bale eauivalent had declined to $>218, of which 31 end 3S percent, resoet- 
 tively, represented wages and materials. 
 
 Despite an increase in the average hourly earnings of wage earners in rayon 
 and allied industries of between one-fourth and one-third from 1925 t» 1939, the 
 labor costs oer unit of output decreased 7 2 Percent. Between 1925 and 1939 the 
 hourly outrut per worker increased some 350 percent or more. Although it is ex- 
 pected that hourly earnings in rayon manufacturing may average substantially afeave 
 the 1939 level in' the post-war period, ft" is possible that unit labor costs mey 
 advance relatively little or even decline depending upon the extent to which fur- 
 ther technological and other develonmerts increase the hourlv output of workers • 
 
- M - 
 
 The materials used in rayon * ^ture include wood • rd lihtexs pulp, chemi- 
 cals, fuel, pow •, ■ "d contrir -r. Tr. 1S28, the only f< - which s^r-era^e de'ta 
 
 for these vtrious cost ?.re a- , the vood and lingers pulp used in the 
 
 production of rayon and' allied products r, -t , enemies la 11 percent-, 
 
 and the 'total material a ( including fuelj i erjd pi materials) 22 percent 
 
 of the total- value of th^ products of this indur 4 - ;-••. By 1939 the total cost of raw 
 
 rials'^ row^r,-and c«ck«p irg raateri e Is ^ represented 3? percent of the toi 
 of the output. : of the industry. The postwar situation may well be f ble to 
 
 somewhat/ lower materiel costs than,, at the ore sent time when prices of both r'^ yon 
 yarn - and* ate pie, fiber e^e be lav those. of 1C39. As a result' of the expansion in the 
 chemical industry durirg the war, it is entirely possible th^t tr y be a l'c" 
 
 lev-- 1 of- price a for chemicals in the veers immediately ahead. Furthermore, as the 
 rtime requirements end for vood and lir.ters puIp and the Scandinavian st of 
 
 palpwcod become eve i la ble, 4 yon manufr oturers" cost of cellulose m«y' declii fee 
 
 *r b- Tor the 4969 lev-el. . 
 
 ■ Overhead, including .depreciation and", obsolescence^ orobably represents i 
 imobrtant part of the production ports oth ir than labor and rav mat ri°ls« The 
 rayon industry is reported to he ore in wljich the obsolescence rate is especially 
 high, "thus resulting in mor.e .then usual overhead cos f % Techr.olori cal improvements 
 have presumably b>°>r> so rapid that much machinery freouently has been outmoded long 
 before being: worn out* Althou-' .thia m' y continue to be p factor', the reduced r 
 « f expansion and the. probability of a sloping down in the rate of technological im- 
 provements Trey v^ll - reduce^ove^h ?ad cor 4 ' s during .the yeors immediately ahead. How- 
 ever,* in the avert the industry. expends *"p the bpint" l .that c considerable proportion 
 of the rayon-' machinery is idje,.tbis will" tend to increase i 'head cos 4 - . 
 
 Means of Improving Ajrerican Cotton's Comoe'Ejtive Position 
 
 - It is evident frpm the.. foregoing that in the nost-w r period American cotton 
 is likeTy to fn.ee. increased eppjpetitior from synthetic fibers. j r , addition it will 
 also, face strenuous . corpeti tier from foreign cottons, ^* tural fibers, and 
 paper. Even though, this statement deals primarily with synthetic a, brief attention 
 should be given. t.o the increased competition "which, American cotton'will free from 
 
 foreign cotton in the post-war period arid the increasing competition fro er« 
 
 •i 
 
 - As of August 1, 1944, the world carry-over, o" foreign cotton of nearly l*-j? 
 million br.les was approximately 7 million ^ r lis larger than in 1939 and plm'ost 3 
 
 'times as Targe as -the average of the.. decade of the lf2C's. 'Although the productio: 
 of' foreign cotton during* the .war period has .been reduced somevh>tj most of this 
 reduction h^s been- in China, Russia, Eivrt °rd India mostlv as a result of mi liter 
 operations or t^e reed, supported in some instances by Government action, fdr in- 
 creased food production. Jj)^sr ; te the. reduced production, the total vorld supply 
 of foreign- cotton in 19*3-44 of nearly 2Ph million'b' 1 a wi s" more than 4 million 
 bales larger than in 1939 pnd - rrrox' ; f r > ^ly 13, million bal^s larger than the 1920- 
 29 averare. These corfre with a peak r or^rr 1 mill consumption of f--ll cotton of 
 nearly 22-3/4 millicn b'-l.^s c nd..a 1980-29. average consump+ion o r a little under 16 
 million .bales *> 
 
 Another - •deveSftgsne.nt, which has been auite i"-po~trrt since r 'o>*ld T?ar I," and 
 has teen* 'stimulated bv World Wer.JJ,. i.s v th expanded mill consumption o^ locelTy- 
 grown cot + orv in countries .formerly impc-ting l^rg tities of cotton textiles. 
 
 r ost of t»hese fawo-rts- of cr + * on text*,] ^rcr 1 Sur trie? and Japan, 
 
 whiah were denendert -entirely upon imported cotton. Tr. 1934-38 the net exports of 
 cotton textiles from Euror; and Japan i * to roughly 2^> million aalesl 
 
* 17 - 
 
 of raw cotton end' contained considerable rronortions cf American cotton. An import- 
 r-rt part of these exports went to such countries as Indie, Egvpt, Turkey, Argentine;, 
 Peru, -and Brazil, all of which ere cotton producing and exoortire: countries. Since 
 H3K the production of cotton textiles within pos 4 " of these countries has increased 
 materially. Several of these countries ray emerge from the war a? net exoorters of 
 cotton textiles. This switch in cotton textile nroduction from En rone and ^^r, ; , r to 
 4 v se cotton producing countnies will reduce the world imnort requirements for cotton 
 
 i thus decrease exports". This may tend to stimulate both the consumnti on end 
 production of foreign cotton, but, in. any event, weakens the doippetitrive position of 
 An srican cotton in relation to foreign growths. 
 
 In 1939 more than 500 million pounds of paoer were consumed in sne^ items rs 
 [tissues, handkerchiefs, napkins, and towels. This war equivalent on a pound--T>er- 
 pound basis to approximately 1 million bales of raw cot+on. In addition, a aur'ntity 
 of paper equivalent in pounds to over 200,000 Vies o** cotton went into gummed r-r-zr 
 tepeB which' compete with^cott on and other fibers in twine or cordage. But ros f im- 
 portant of all is the use of reo^r in bags. In Biultivp.ll bars £ lone (baps which com- 
 pete most directly with cotton and jute bars), the quantity of paper used was equiva- 
 lent in pounds to possible 3/4 million bales of cotton. Between 1929 <=nd 1P3P the 
 ircreased use of paper in the above-mentioned items vps very pronounced. On an 
 equivalent use-basis the above quantities of paper would be eoual ■'-o a v^ry much 
 smaller Quantity of rr-.v cotton than indicated when expressed on a p^und-P^r-pound 
 besis. Furthermore, some o^ + he paper used in the Rhcve items represents a dis- 
 placement of .iute and possibly o+her fibers besides cotton, and some of it represents 
 a net increase in. the use o^ the above items which, would not be met if these paper 
 items were not available. It is apparent, nevertheless, that American cotton is 
 faced with serious competition not orlv p rom synthetics and 'foreign cqtten, "but also 
 from paper. 
 
 The extent to which American cotton will be a v lo to me^t the increased com- 
 petition from its competitors in the post-war Period will depend upon many factor's. 
 One of the most important of these is the price at which American cotton is m r d: 
 available to domestic and foreign manufacturers. This, in turn, will deoend u^c^ 
 the Government's cotton price support and international trade policies is well -s 
 upon the extent to which substantial reductions can be made in production and dis- 
 tribution costs. 
 
 Through the numerous research and action programs of the Federal and 'State 
 Governments and the various private agencies, firms, and individuals of the Cotton 
 Belt, much h? s been done in recent y°frs to help strengthen American oottor's com- 
 petitive position and make cotton gnowing mo^e erofi" t "°bl° to domestic farmers. t 
 fhese accomplishments involve soil conservation and soil building activities; farm 
 m^n^gement practices; varietal development; methods of controlling insects and dis- 
 eases; ginning, packaging, and marketing facilities and methods; and the develspryeht 
 and promotion of new and expanded uses for cotton. Largely a s a result of these 
 various developments, the vie Id per Pcre in 19 A 0- A 4 averaged 50 percent higher than 
 in 19?8-32, the man-hours of labon required in producing a given au p nt-tv of cotton 
 have been, gneatly reduced, ginning services havg heen materially imnroved, farmers 
 now have access to Government classifications on l^nge proportions of their cro^, 
 the staole length o^ the crop has increased, Td new uses and new methods of oro- 
 cessing naw cotton and of treating cotton fabrics have been developed. Rjrthei — 
 more, a program has recently been inaugurated for making American cotton available 
 
- 18 - 
 
 foreign markets et cor^p fciti* World Drioes* Nov- H ss, it is p.ppf-ert t\ 
 
 even more nppr ^ssive efforts along * ■ nd o + h r lines ere I • ■ ry if Am ricrn 
 
 cotton is to Void anything like its cr sitior amonf tv- ••■ ^ t .\ fibers. 
 
 Policies r^gprding cotton prices, acr Pge control?, international cotton pgreererts, 
 end exrort n'-oprn^s, .which ere bevord tho score o^ this rqoort , v ■ ell discussed 
 bv the Secretary of Agriculture-, th War ^ood Administrator., prd numerous others et 
 e special sarins, of hearings held by'a Commit'- 1 - -■-- of the House 'Committee or Agricul- 
 ture durinp the week of December 4 to 9, 1944. T ne importance of the effects of 
 such programs upor cotton's competitive position and upon th-"- domestic pnH ^creign 
 m r rk<-;ts was recognized bv mo?t of th r vitness^s ^cp erirg pt th rse hearings* 
 
 Although there "'ere vide differences of opinion pmon? those testifyinp before 
 the above-mentioned Ci^rrittee rerardinp o^-ice policies, production control, inter- 
 national commodity rrr- rr-nts, and programs for eidinp cot + on farmers, there were ■ 
 certain activities or oroprams on which there ves little or ro disppre.eroert . It • 
 v*f s quite penerplly pgreed tha-t through the combined coordinated pnd eggr.es si vo 
 efforts of pl^nt breeders, fiber t echnolopi sts , farmers,' pinners, cotton meroh«rts, 
 end cotton monufa cturers , the competitive position of American cotton cculd be 
 strengthened from the standpoint oa the quality of this cotton srd the Products r 4 
 from it. Likewise, it is rr>ther penera.llv believed thet throuph the aggressive 
 action of these proups r.nd soil technologists, farm management specialists, entomo-'. 
 logists, fprm'maobin" rv manufacturers, pnd textile engineers further important re- 
 ductions in the cost o^ producing r nd di stributing cotton erd cotton poods could be 
 mrde. These developments alonp with + ^ r still greeter efforts to promote rev rnd 
 ex^rnded uses f or cotton would tend to inb^eese the net ir-come of farmers while at 
 the spme time Pro^id'- 1 cot tor rrnuf'-rtu- :, rs end ultimate consumers with lover-priced 
 better-aualitv Product s. 
 
- 19 - 
 
 Table 1.- Ravon: World production Vy countries and areas, 1920-44 l/ 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 : Great 
 
 
 
 : Other: 
 
 — r 
 United 
 
 
 .'Other 
 
 * 
 
 Year ' 
 
 . Germany, 
 
 Italy 
 
 Britain 
 
 , France 
 
 Russia 
 
 : Euroro: 
 
 States:' 
 
 Tapen 
 
 .coun- 
 
 .World 
 
 
 . 
 
 ,,, 5 
 
 
 
 , , 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 . 
 
 
 tries 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M illion ooundi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total - 
 6 
 
 yarn ard staple f: 
 3 — ll 
 
 her 
 
 
 
 
 
 1920 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 'l 
 
 10 :• 
 
 3/ 
 
 ___ 
 
 2/.3S 
 
 1921 
 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 15 
 
 
 2/ as 
 
 192-2 
 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 . 14 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 :; 
 
 77 
 
 1P23 . 
 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 1 
 
 
 103 
 
 1924 
 
 
 23 
 
 IP 
 
 25 
 
 13" 
 
 3/ 
 
 
 22 
 
 •• 36 
 
 ,1 
 
 — ? 
 
 138 
 
 1°25 
 
 
 26 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 it 
 
 
 29 
 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 IP 5 
 
 1926. 
 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 26 
 
 "19 
 
 if 
 
 
 36 
 
 • 63 
 
 .5 
 
 2 
 
 212 
 
 1927 
 
 
 41 
 
 54 
 
 39 
 
 24 
 
 3/ 
 
 
 47 
 
 • 76 
 
 .10 
 
 3 
 
 ■ 295 
 
 1928 
 
 
 49 
 
 57 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 it 
 
 
 54 
 
 - 97 
 
 •17 
 
 4 
 
 361 
 
 1929- • 
 
 
 61 
 
 73 
 
 55 
 
 42 
 
 i 
 
 
 58 
 
 122 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 441 
 
 1930 
 
 
 6? 
 
 67 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 i 
 
 
 58 
 
 ■ 128 
 
 37 
 
 5 
 
 45 7 
 
 1931- 
 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 54 
 
 44 
 
 4 • 
 
 
 57 
 
 152 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 508 
 
 1932- 
 
 
 61 
 
 72 
 
 71 
 
 52 
 
 6 • 
 
 
 58 
 
 • 136 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 535 
 
 1933 
 
 
 72 
 
 84 ' 
 
 •82 
 
 59 
 
 9 
 
 
 61 
 
 216 
 
 99 
 
 9 
 
 691 
 
 1934 * • 
 
 
 101 
 
 107 • 
 
 • 91 
 
 62 
 
 12 
 
 
 70 
 
 - 211 
 
 158 
 
 13 
 
 8 24 
 
 1935 
 
 
 136 
 
 153 
 
 122 
 
 66 
 
 13 • 
 
 
 74 
 
 • 262 
 
 238 
 
 17 
 
 1,081 
 
 1936 
 
 
 19.4 
 
 196 
 
 143 
 
 ee 
 
 14 
 
 
 79 
 
 290 
 
 321 
 
 19 
 
 1,322 
 
 1937 
 
 
 . 344 
 
 263 
 
 152 
 
 , 7 $ 
 
 15 
 
 
 90 
 
 • 342 
 
 509 
 
 26 
 
 1,819 
 
 1938 
 
 &; 
 
 470 
 
 268 
 
 138 
 
 73 
 
 16 • 
 
 V 
 
 82 
 
 288 
 
 58 5 
 
 27 
 
 1,946 
 
 1939 
 
 H 
 
 620 
 
 310 
 
 IPO 
 
 72 
 
 17 
 
 5 / 
 
 64 
 
 • 380 
 
 549 
 
 36 
 
 2,227 
 
 1940 
 
 y 
 
 825 
 
 325 
 
 150 
 
 e/ 
 
 17 
 
 y 
 
 26 
 
 ■ 471 
 
 5 25 
 
 42 
 
 2,381 
 
 1941 
 
 
 -r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ---• 
 
 
 — 
 
 • 573 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 2,7P0 
 
 194 2 
 
 I/I 
 
 ,100 
 
 462 
 
 135 
 
 .198 
 
 30- 
 
 5/166 
 
 633 
 
 700 
 
 50 
 
 3,473 
 
 1943 : 
 
 
 -r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 663 
 
 
 
 --- 
 
 
 
 1944 
 
 
 
 
 
 — - 
 
 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 .724 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Staple 
 
 fj ber 
 
 
 
 
 1929 l 
 
 
 ' 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 • _. — 
 
 7 
 
 1930 : 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 • 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 •TT- . 
 
 St 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 1931 : 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ — 
 
 
 •-.- 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ---' 
 
 8 
 
 193.2 s 
 
 
 ' 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 — '- 
 
 
 3/. 
 
 1 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 17 
 
 193.3 : 
 
 
 9 
 
 11 ' 
 
 • 2 
 
 • 2 
 
 --■•5 
 
 
 it. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 - — 
 
 28 
 
 1934 '. 
 
 
 16 
 
 22 ' 
 
 • 2 
 
 4 
 
 r 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 ^_- 
 
 52 
 
 1935 s 
 
 
 38 
 
 68 ' 
 
 ■ 9 
 
 • 5 
 
 --- 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 . 
 
 " 14' 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 1936 : 
 
 
 95 
 
 110* 
 
 •26 
 
 ■ 7 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 . 12 
 
 '. ^-6 
 
 
 299 
 
 1937 : 
 
 
 219 
 
 156 
 
 33 
 
 ■11 
 
 --r 
 
 
 ■5 
 
 . 20 
 
 174 
 
 ; 
 
 619 
 
 1938 : 
 
 % 
 
 330 
 
 167" 
 
 32 
 
 - 11 
 
 
 K 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 375' 
 
 3/ 
 
 958 
 
 1939 : 
 
 449 
 
 191' 
 
 ' 60 
 
 ■ 15 
 
 --.- 
 
 K 
 
 5 
 
 51 
 
 30,9 
 
 M 
 
 1,082 
 
 1940 : 
 
 1/ 
 
 575 
 
 225 
 
 50 
 
 6/ 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 300 
 
 1 
 
 1,237 
 
 1941 : 
 
 , 
 
 ___ 
 
 _ --' 
 
 ... 
 
 
 — i- 
 
 
 ._- 
 
 12^ 
 
 ___ 
 
 ' 
 
 1,480 
 
 1942 : 
 
 2/ 
 
 880 
 
 330' 
 
 .' 45 
 
 •128 
 
 - — 
 
 St 
 
 87 
 
 15.3 ; 
 
 400 
 
 2 
 
 2,026 
 
 19.43 -: 
 
 - — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16.2 
 
 
 
 --.- 
 
 
 
 T944 -•■■•: 
 
 
 
 .---""' 
 
 '-.-- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■-- 
 
 16.9 
 
 — "? 
 
 
 
 
 
 l/ In view of the comparatively small amount 
 data or rroduction nrovide a reasorebly • s?tis 
 sumption. 2/ Probably excludes some unreport 
 500,000 pounds. 4/ Austria included in. Germs 
 ard Poland included in Germany. f_/ Austria, 
 Greece, Netherlands, Norway, Folard, and Ruma 
 Compiled from ^ayon Orgranon , Textile Economic 
 before figures were rounded. 
 
 of trade in'faVDn, the a v ove 
 factory, indication of - mill con- 
 ed production. 3/ Less than 
 ny. 5/ Austria, Czechoslovakia , 
 Belgium ", Czechoslovakia, France, 
 nia included in Germany. 
 s Bureau. Totals were made 
 
- 20 - 
 
 La 2.- Co+tor, rpyon, and all apparel fibers: Total and ver oei 
 cor sumption, and percertape compar-i-sors , United States, 19C9-43 
 
 Yenr 
 
 Cott 
 
 on 
 
 Ra 
 
 von 
 
 All 
 firrarel p 
 
 sbersiy 
 
 Cotton 
 as per- 
 centage 
 ef 
 
 total 
 
 'on 
 ps per- 
 
 y ! 
 
 Total . 
 
 Per 
 capita 
 
 ■ Total 
 
 Per 
 cenita ; 
 
 Total : 
 
 Per 
 capita ■ 
 
 centage 
 of 
 
 totp.l 
 
 
 Villi on 
 
 
 Million 
 
 
 Millie* 
 
 
 
 
 
 pounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 pounds 
 
 Founds 
 
 rounds 
 
 Pounds 
 
 Fercert 
 
 Percent 
 
 190$ ! 
 
 2,196.9 
 
 24.03 
 
 
 
 
 2,574.8 
 
 28.20 
 
 *5.3 
 
 
 
 1910 : 
 
 2,160.1 
 
 23.19 
 
 ___ 
 
 _-— 
 
 2/73.7 
 
 26.58 
 
 87,3 
 
 --- 
 
 1911 : 
 
 2/77.9 
 
 26.19 
 
 2.1 
 
 .02 
 
 2,770.7 
 
 29.31 
 
 89.4 
 
 .1 
 
 1912 : 
 
 8,664.7 
 
 27.68 
 
 2.9 
 
 .03 
 
 2,999.6 
 
 31.19 
 
 88.8 
 
 .1 
 
 1913 ! 
 
 2,699.7 
 
 27.50 
 
 4.0 
 
 .04 
 
 2,992.1 
 
 30.50 
 
 90.2 
 
 .1 
 
 1914 : 
 
 2,715.8 
 
 27.20 
 
 5.2 
 
 .05 
 
 3,046.4 
 
 30.53 
 
 39.1 
 
 .2 
 
 1915 i 
 
 3,094.3 
 
 30.56 
 
 6r6 
 
 .07 
 
 3/85.2 
 
 34.45 
 
 88.8 
 
 .2 
 
 1916 : 
 
 3,271.7 
 
 31.86 
 
 6.6 
 
 .or 
 
 3, r 96.5 
 
 36.02 
 
 8^.5 
 
 .2 
 
 1917 i 
 
 3,155.4 
 
 30.35 
 
 P.p 
 
 .07- 
 
 3,568.3 
 
 34.36 
 
 : 88.4 
 
 .2 
 
 1918 : 
 
 2,780.7 
 
 26.61 
 
 6.0 
 
 .06 
 
 3,260.9 
 
 31.13 
 
 85.5 
 
 .2 
 
 1919 : 
 
 3,096.8 
 
 29.29 
 
 9.3 
 
 .09 
 
 3,500.3 
 
 33.13 
 
 ' P«.5 
 
 .3 
 
 1920 : 
 
 2,370.1 
 
 22.05 
 
 8.7 
 
 .08 
 
 2,745.1 
 
 25.56 
 
 86.3 
 
 .3 
 
 1921 : 
 
 •2,818.6 
 
 25.79 
 
 19.8 
 
 .18 
 
 3,24 2.4 
 
 29 .6? 
 
 86.9 
 
 .6 
 
 1922 : 
 
 3,199.5 
 
 2P.P2 
 
 24.7 
 
 .22 
 
 3,700.8 
 
 33.36 
 
 86.6 
 
 .7 
 
 1923 • 
 
 2,709.6 
 
 23.97 
 
 32.6 
 
 .29 
 
 3,241.5 
 
 28.72 
 
 83.6 
 
 1.0 
 
 1924 s 
 
 2,960.0 
 
 25.75 
 
 '2.2 
 
 .37 
 
 3,412.6 
 
 29.71 
 
 86.7 
 
 l.s 
 
 1925 i 
 
 3,084.8 
 
 26.45 
 
 58.3 
 
 .50 
 
 3,581.6 
 
 30.7/. 
 
 86.1 
 
 1.6 
 
 1926 • 
 
 : 3,482.1 
 
 29.45 
 
 60.6 
 
 .52 
 
 3,97R.5 
 
 33.68 
 
 87.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 1927 : 
 
 3,313.2 
 
 27.66 
 
 100.1 
 
 .84 
 
 3,863.8 
 
 32.28 
 
 85.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 1928 : 
 
 3,434 .4 
 
 28.35 
 
 100.5 
 
 .83 
 
 3, 96*. 9 
 
 32.78 
 
 86.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 1929 i 
 
 . 2,975.8 
 
 2' .30 , 
 
 133.4 
 
 1.10 
 
 3,588.1 
 
 29.33 
 
 82.9 
 
 3.7 
 
 193C 
 
 2,549.5 
 
 20.50 
 
 118.8 
 
 .96 
 
 3,027.7 
 
 24.37 
 
 84.2 
 
 3.9 
 
 1931 I 
 
 : 2,393.2 
 
 19.11 
 
 159.0 
 
 1.27 
 
 2,957.9 
 
 23.63 
 
 80.9 
 
 5.4 
 
 1932 ' 
 
 3,003.7 
 
 23.8 5 
 
 155.3 
 
 1.24 
 
 3,471.8 
 
 27.58 
 
 86.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 1933 
 
 : 2,809.6 
 
 22.16 
 
 217.3 
 
 1.72 
 
 3,424.6 
 
 27.03 
 
 P2.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 1934 • 
 
 2,608.9 
 
 20.44 
 
 196.9 
 
 1.55 
 
 3,106.8 
 
 24.37 
 
 P4.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 1935 ' 
 
 . 3,102.1 
 
 a< .14 
 
 25?. 
 
 2.02 
 
 3,P63.6 
 
 30.09 
 
 P0.3 
 
 6.7 
 
 1936 
 
 : 3,883.8 
 
 30.0'- 
 
 322.1 
 
 2.50 
 
 4,693.2 
 
 36.31 
 
 82.'8 
 
 6.9 
 
 1937 
 
 . 2,855.2 
 
 21.93 
 
 304 . 7 
 
 2.35 
 
 3,619.1 
 
 27.82 
 
 70. 9 
 
 
 1938 
 
 : 3,372.1 
 
 25.69 
 
 329. 
 
 2.52 
 
 ,04 6. 2 
 
 30.65 
 
 83.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 1939 
 
 : 3,337.9 
 
 29.01 
 
 45 Q .7 
 
 3.' ° 
 
 ' ,762.6 
 
 36.03 
 
 80.6 
 
 9.e 
 
 1940 
 
 : ,761.9 
 
 35.67 
 
 ^8 2.0 
 
 3.63 
 
 5,710.9 
 
 42.82 
 
 P3.4 
 
 
 1941 
 
 : 5,^86.6 
 
 40.^0 
 
 591.7 
 
 4.4l 
 
 6,7-2.9 
 
 50.21 
 
 Bl.l 
 
 c .7 
 
 194 2 
 
 : 5,4 92.8 
 
 40.24 
 
 620.6 
 
 4.58 
 
 6,74 8.0 
 
 .50 
 
 81.4 
 
 9.2 . 
 
 19*3 
 
 : 4,905.1 
 
 35 . 47 
 
 656.1 
 
 .78 
 
 6,195.8 
 
 .88 
 
 79.1 
 
 ice 
 
 \J Bata are on a calendar- year b-s^s for p11 p.rnsrel fibers excent cotton, which 
 i s on a crop-ye-°.r basis. 
 
 2/ Include cotton, rayon, vool, silk, fnd flax. 
 
- 21 •• 
 
 Table 3.- Cotton pnd rayon: Actual prices of. yarn and 
 ecu iva lent prices of raw fiber, United States, 1920-44 
 
 Yes r 
 begin- 
 ning 
 An rust 
 
 . " Actus? 1 prices 
 per round 
 
 'EqTiivnlert nrices 
 " o^. usable fibe - 
 
 per lb; 
 ,3/ 
 
 -. 
 
 Ratios 
 
 
 : Ravon ' : 
 rvarn ' to : 
 : cotton : 
 : ya rr : 
 
 Rayon 
 fi>>er 
 to' Fid. 
 15/16" 
 
 '• . Ravon 
 
 : • Ravon : 
 
 :f ilamert, : 
 . vg rT ,- 1/ . 
 
 Cotton 
 yarn 2/, 
 
 Certs 
 
 Ravon : 
 staple p) 
 fiber i/: 
 
 Certs 
 
 Cotton 5/ 
 
 iddling : S. Mw' 
 15/16": 1-1/16" 
 
 Certs Cents 
 
 : fiber 
 :to S.V, 
 
 : 1-1/16" 
 
 
 Dollars' 
 
 
 .1920 
 
 : 2.92 
 
 •S/ 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 7.30 
 
 
 
 1921 
 
 2.79 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 
 5.23 
 
 
 
 .1222; :. 
 
 2.80 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 4.41 ■ 
 
 
 
 If 23 : 
 
 2.4 2 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 3.8 7 • 
 
 
 
 .192/) .: 
 
 2.C5 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 3.67 ■ 
 
 
 
 .1925 .' 
 
 i 2.02 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 , 3.76 
 
 
 
 ' 1926 
 
 1.52 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 3.22 
 
 
 
 -1927 ■ ! 
 
 1*50 
 
 
 51 
 
 £/ 63.00 
 
 
 
 2.94-. 
 
 
 
 '1928 ' i 
 
 1.40 
 
 
 51 
 
 63.00 
 
 22.87 
 
 25.84 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.76 
 
 2*44 
 
 1929 ■ ■ 
 
 1 * 1 . 14 
 
 
 49 
 
 63.00 
 
 19.81 
 
 22.53 
 
 2.35 
 
 3.20 
 
 2.79 ; 
 
 1930 ! 
 
 .84 
 
 
 39 
 
 63.00 
 
 12.57 
 
 14.80 
 
 2.16 
 
 5.01 
 
 4.26 
 
 •1931 : 
 
 .72 
 
 
 29 
 
 54,60 
 
 ■7.89 
 
 . 9.75 
 
 2.45 
 
 6.92 
 
 5.60 . 
 
 1932 ' s 
 
 .58 
 
 
 29 
 
 *2.00 
 
 -8.94 
 
 10.48 
 
 1*98 
 
 4.70 
 
 4.01 
 
 •1933 s 
 
 .63 
 
 
 47 
 
 3*. 85 
 
 13.50 
 
 15.40 
 
 1*34 
 
 2.88 
 
 2.52 
 
 1934 ! 
 
 .57 
 
 V 
 
 42 
 
 •35,70 
 
 15.50 
 
 17.27 
 
 1.35 
 
 2.30 
 
 2.07 . 
 
 •1935 : 
 
 .57 
 
 
 40 . 
 
 34.65 
 
 14 .8 2 
 
 16.50 
 
 1.42 
 
 2.34 
 
 2.10 . 
 
 •1936 i 
 
 .60 
 
 
 42 . 
 
 29,40 
 
 16.40 
 
 18.53 
 
 1*42 
 
 1*79 
 
 1.59 
 
 1937 '. 
 
 .57 
 
 
 34 
 
 26.25 
 
 11.65 
 
 13.27 
 
 1.70 
 
 2.25 
 
 1.98 
 
 ■ 1938 : 
 
 .51 
 
 
 30 
 
 26.25 
 
 11.34 
 
 12.75 
 
 1*68 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.06. 
 
 1939 s 
 
 .53 
 
 
 35- 
 
 26, °5 
 
 12.66 
 
 13.68 
 
 1.52 
 
 2.07 
 
 1.92 
 
 • 1940 : 
 
 .53 
 
 
 39 ' 
 
 26.25 
 
 13.71 
 
 15.34 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.91 
 
 1.71' 
 
 1941 : 
 
 : .55 
 
 
 50 
 
 26.25 
 
 22.33 
 
 25.01 
 
 1.10 
 
 1.18 
 
 3U05 
 
 1942 : 
 
 .55 
 
 
 5? 
 
 26.25 . 
 
 24 . 55 
 
 27.45 
 
 1.0 7 
 
 1.07 
 
 • . .96 
 
 • 194 3 i 
 1944 i/: 
 
 .55 
 
 
 5 2 
 
 25.20 
 
 25.07 
 
 27.97 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.01 
 
 . ,90 
 
 .55 
 
 
 55 
 
 26 . 25 
 
 26.10 
 
 2R.66 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.01 
 
 .'92 
 
 \J Viscose, first auality yarn, 150 derier. 
 
 fj Single 40 T s carded. 
 
 jy At Carolina H ill v points , preliminary. 
 
 4/ Viscose, 1-1/2 denier. Assuines ret waste multiplier of 1.05. 
 
 5_/ Assumes net waste multiplier of 1.15. • 
 
 6/ Average of 7 months. 
 
 'Tj Average of 9 months. 
 
 8/ Average for Ausrust to November. > 
 
- 22 - 
 
 Table 4.- Cotton, American: World consumption, by countries and areas, 1920-43 
 
 Year 
 
 
 
 
 — r 
 :Great: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : Other: 
 
 
 bepin- 
 
 United: 
 
 Ger-. 
 
 Italy 
 
 :Brit-: 
 
 France 
 
 :%issia 
 
 Other 
 
 Japan 
 
 China 
 
 :India 
 
 :coun-: 
 
 Total 
 
 mrg 
 
 .Stat es : 
 
 many 
 
 
 : ain : 
 
 
 
 Europe 
 
 
 
 
 :t*-ies: 
 
 
 August . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 : : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,0C0 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,00C 
 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bbles 
 
 
 y 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 y 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 _\J 
 
 1920 I 
 
 l 4,677 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 1,651 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 3/2,952 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 4/ 
 
 98« 
 
 10,268 
 
 1921 : 
 
 5,613 
 
 *-> 
 
 2 , 
 
 2,010 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 & 
 
 i/,3,498 
 
 V 
 
 1/ 
 
 its 
 
 1,< 
 
 12,209 
 
 1922 
 
 6,325 
 
 2 , 
 
 2 , 
 
 1,637 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 ZJfi , 38 2 
 
 ^3,251 
 I/4 , 177 
 lA ,'13 
 
 i/ 
 
 i/ 
 
 £/ 
 
 1,105 
 
 12,449 
 
 1923 
 
 5,353 
 
 2/ 
 
 V 
 
 1,531 
 
 2 , 
 
 V 
 
 6 
 
 V 
 
 K 
 
 7P2 
 
 10,5 17 
 
 1924 • 
 
 . 5,917 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 2,208 
 
 .2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 1,009 
 
 13,311 
 
 1925 
 
 6,176 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 2 , 
 
 1,995 
 
 2/ 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 7 / 
 
 V 
 
 1,'26 
 
 14,010 
 
 1926 ■ 
 
 6,880 
 
 if 
 
 2/ 
 
 1,947 
 
 y 
 
 2/ 
 
 -2/4 ,939 
 
 4/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 y 
 
 1,982 
 
 15,748 
 
 1927 
 
 . 6,535 
 
 1,310 
 
 725 
 
 1,942 
 
 851 
 
 50 ^ 
 
 1,961 
 
 1,078 
 
 268 
 
 151 
 
 24 9 
 
 15,576 
 
 1928 
 
 . 6,778 
 
 1,020 
 
 • 741 
 
 1,936 
 
 8 20 
 
 389 
 
 1,737 
 
 1,198 
 
 304 
 
 33 
 
 270 
 
 15,226 
 
 1929 1 
 
 5,803 
 
 94 7 
 
 • 681 
 
 1,390 
 
 74 6 
 
 290 
 
 1,563 
 
 1,095 
 
 292 
 
 ie 
 
 204 
 
 13,021 
 
 1930 
 
 : 5,084 
 
 748 
 
 495 
 
 944 
 
 738 
 
 80 
 
 1,379 
 
 962 
 
 362 
 
 60 
 
 204 
 
 11,056 
 
 1931 
 
 : 4,744 
 
 906 
 
 58 7 
 
 1,323 
 
 599 
 
 
 
 1,4 64 
 
 1,623 
 
 883 
 
 190 
 
 209 
 
 12,528 
 
 l^<Jo 
 
 : 6,004 
 
 973 
 
 714 
 
 1,365 
 
 808 
 
 
 
 1,584 
 
 1,847 
 
 748 
 
 106 
 
 236 
 
 14,385 
 
 1935 
 
 : 5,553 
 
 1,099 
 
 663 
 
 1/03 
 
 781 
 
 80 
 
 1,607 
 
 1,857 
 
 4 23 
 
 41 
 
 273 
 
 13,780 
 
 1934 
 
 : 5,241 
 
 376 
 
 460 
 
 941 
 
 535 
 
 35 
 
 1,333 
 
 1,737 
 
 249 
 
 39 
 
 260 
 
 11,206 
 
 1S35 
 
 ! 6,221 
 
 390 
 
 425 
 
 1,295 
 
 660 
 
 89 
 
 1,399 
 
 1,619 
 
 87 
 
 34 
 
 2«4 
 
 12,503 
 
 1W6 
 
 : 7,768 
 
 240 
 
 320 
 
 1,150 
 
 660 
 
 
 
 1,226 
 
 1,367 
 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 320 
 
 13,093 
 
 1937 
 
 : 5,616 
 
 280 
 
 422 
 
 1,069 
 
 638 
 
 
 
 1,154 
 
 1,209 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
 304 
 
 10,795 
 
 1938 
 
 : 6,736 
 
 5/395 
 
 361 
 
 1,006 
 
 591 
 
 -~p 
 
 817 
 
 865 
 
 95 
 
 52 
 
 331 
 
 11,249 
 
 1939 
 
 - 7,655 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1,428 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 1/2,050 
 
 880 
 
 316 
 
 74 
 
 '73 
 
 12,876 
 
 19' 
 
 : 9,576 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 799 
 
 2/ 
 
 _-- 
 
 3/ 8fi6 
 
 227 
 
 120 
 
 43 
 
 296 
 
 11,867 
 
 1941 
 
 :10,f74 
 
 2/ 
 
 V 
 
 700 
 
 if 
 
 - — 
 
 3/ 125 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 22* 
 
 12,160 
 
 19' 2 
 
 : 10, 930 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 P50 
 
 2/ 
 
 
 
 3/ 75 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 353 
 
 12,243 
 
 1943 
 
 : 9,8 29 
 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 it 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 St 
 
 it 
 
 it 
 
 if 
 
 if 
 
 11,079 
 
 l/ Running bales. 
 
 j/ Included in "Other Europe," data for individual countries not available. 
 
 3/ Includes all of Continental Europe, d?te for individual countries rot e^eilable. 
 
 4/ Included in "Ot^er oountries." 
 
 5/ Includes Austria and Czechoslovakia. 
 
 6/ Not available. 
 
 Comoiled from reoorts «.f the New York Cotton Exchange Service and estimates of the 
 United. States Department of Agriculture . 
 
- 23 - 
 Table 5.- Cotton, All Kinds: World cor suimt ior , by countries pnd areas, 1920-43 
 
 Year 
 bepin- 
 
 ni~e- 
 August 
 
 :United 
 : States 
 
 Germany' 
 
 1 Italy 
 
 : Great 
 :Prit-' 
 j ain 
 
 ^ranees Russia: 
 
 ' Other 
 Europe 
 
 Japan 
 
 r 1 
 
 China 
 
 r — — — 
 
 : India 
 
 • Other 
 
 ioour- 
 
 • tri es ' 
 
 To+.al 
 
 
 : 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 i,oce 
 
 
 ' b<les 
 
 br lgs 
 
 fa"ploS 
 
 bp les 
 
 br les 
 
 br les 
 
 Vir les 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 bales 
 
 b^les 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 2,194 
 
 1/ 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 y 
 
 1/ 
 
 U920 
 
 I ',893 
 
 zJ 
 
 2/ 
 
 3/4,243 
 
 1/4,746 
 
 1/4,987 
 1/5,393 
 1/6, '21 
 1/6, 8P8 
 lA,397 
 
 V 
 
 5,821 
 
 17,151 
 
 1921 
 
 i 5,913 
 
 y, 
 
 1/ 
 
 2,898 
 
 2/ 
 
 1 
 
 4/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 6,224 
 
 19,778 
 
 1922 
 
 : 6,666 
 
 2/ 
 
 V. 
 
 2,797 
 
 V 
 
 "2/ 
 
 "/ 
 
 V 
 
 "/ 
 
 6,387 
 
 21,337 
 
 1923 
 
 i 5,681 
 
 y. 
 
 V 
 
 2,824 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 4/ 
 
 4 / 
 
 V 
 
 6,129 
 
 20,027 
 
 192' 
 
 6,193 
 
 2/ 
 
 V 
 
 3,307 
 
 V 
 
 2/ 
 
 !/ 
 
 ■/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 6,813 
 
 22,734 
 
 1925 
 
 • 6,' 56 
 
 2/ 
 
 V 
 
 3,163 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 V 
 
 % 
 
 V 
 
 7,661 
 
 24,168 
 
 1926 
 
 I 7,190 
 
 2/ 
 
 ?■/ 
 
 3,096 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 i/ 
 
 V 
 
 4/ 
 
 7,996 
 
 25,679 
 
 1927 
 
 : 6,834 
 
 1,618 
 
 968 
 
 3,097 
 
 1,221 
 
 1,711 
 
 2,663 
 
 2,578 
 
 1,988 
 
 1,664 
 
 1,100 
 
 25/42 
 
 19 28 
 
 : 7,091 
 
 1,376 
 
 1,036 
 
 3,074 
 
 1,250 
 
 1 , 68 1 
 
 2,538 
 
 2,797 
 
 1,982 
 
 1,637 
 
 1,316 
 
 25,778 
 
 1929 
 
 : 6,106 
 
 1,352 
 
 1,010 
 
 2,587 
 
 1,220 
 
 1,770 
 
 2,532 
 
 2,875 
 
 2,270 
 
 2,038 
 
 1,115 
 
 24,875 
 
 1930 : 
 
 5,263 
 
 1,120 
 
 796 
 
 2,019 
 
 1,168 
 
 1,720 
 
 2,256 
 
 2, ''82 
 
 2,334 
 
 2,027 
 
 1,247 
 
 22, '32 
 
 1931 s 
 
 4,866 
 
 1,260 
 
 P22 
 
 2,576 
 
 941 
 
 1,813 
 
 2,132 
 
 2,729 
 
 2,228 
 
 2,265 
 
 1,257 
 
 22,889 
 
 1932 
 
 6,137 
 
 1,2*? 
 
 902 
 
 2,392 
 
 1,154 
 
 1,838 
 
 2,166 
 
 2,934 
 
 2,575 
 
 2,211 
 
 1,060 
 
 24,651 
 
 1933 
 
 5,700 
 
 1,597 
 
 905 
 
 2,659 
 
 1,182 
 
 1,965 
 
 2,368 
 
 3,289 
 
 2, '04 
 
 2,102 
 
 1,431 
 
 25,602 
 
 1934 : 
 
 5,361 
 
 954 
 
 81^ 
 
 2,591 
 
 1,036 
 
 1,884 
 
 2,' 56 
 
 3,648 
 
 2,592 
 
 2,^27 
 
 1,717 
 
 25,480 
 
 19 35 
 
 6,351 
 
 1,135 
 
 623 
 
 2,P36 
 
 1,212 
 
 2,451 
 
 2,709 
 
 3,549 
 
 2,274 
 
 2,488 
 
 1,901 
 
 27,529 
 
 1936 
 
 7,950 
 
 1,021 
 
 619 
 
 3,037 
 
 1,192 
 
 3,298 
 
 2,518 
 
 3,881 
 
 2,532 
 
 2,' 63 
 
 2,127 
 
 30,638 
 
 1.937 
 
 ! 5,743 
 
 1,071 
 
 700 
 
 2,550 
 
 1,148 
 
 3 , 704 
 
 2,606 
 
 3, '85 
 
 1/56 
 
 2,867 
 
 2,238 
 
 27,573 
 
 1938 
 
 6,P58 
 
 5/l, 584 
 
 711 
 
 2,690 
 
 1,316 
 
 3,765 
 
 2,068 
 1/8,188 
 
 2,641 
 
 1,895 
 
 2,966 
 
 2,013 
 
 28,507 
 
 1939 
 
 7,784 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 2,993 
 
 1/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 2,660 
 
 1,643 
 
 2,789 
 
 2,429 
 
 28,486 
 
 19'' : 
 
 9,722 
 
 2/ 
 
 .?/ 
 
 2,110 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 1/5,273 
 
 1,582 
 
 1,535 
 
 3,334 
 
 2,986 >8;542 
 
 19-'' 1 
 
 11,170 
 
 1/ 
 
 V 
 
 1,750 
 
 2/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 1/3,660 
 
 800 
 
 1,075 
 
 3,^50 
 
 3,251 
 
 25, '56 
 
 19' 2 : 
 
 11,100 
 
 1/ 
 
 2/ 
 
 1,500 
 
 2/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 3/3,675 
 
 V 
 
 6/ 
 
 ^ 
 
 8,615 
 
 2', 890 
 
 19' 3 : 
 
 9,9^3 
 
 y 
 
 '/ 
 
 $/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 |/ 
 
 6/ 
 
 y 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 £/ 
 
 23,779 
 
 1/ American cotton in running: bales. Foreign cotton in bales of ' 7* pounds net. 
 
 2/ Included in "Other furore," deta for r 1 ndi visual countries not evaila^le. 
 
 3/ Includes nil of ^or ^ine^tal Furone, <^ + a for individual countries not available, 
 
 4/ Ircluded in "Oth^r countries." 
 
 5/ Includes Austria end Czechoslovakia. 
 
 p/ v f- cvpiloble. 
 
 Comoiled fror^ reports of the Few YorV Cotton Fxch^nfe Service and esti-rtes of the 
 United States Dera rtm-'-nt of Agriculture. 
 
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VERSITY OF FLORIDA 
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