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 HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 HONOLULU, HAWAII 
 
 BULLETIN No. 48 
 
 Under the snperrlsion of the 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII 
 
 BT 
 
 F. G. KRAUSS, 
 
 Superintendent of Extension Work 
 
 May SI, 1922 
 
 - UNIV. OF Fi 
 DOCUMENTS D£PT. 
 
 OEPOSiTOFT 
 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 192S 
 
HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATI0N 
 HONOLULU, HAWAII 
 
 BULLETIN No. 48 
 
 Under the supervision of the 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII 
 
 BY 
 
 F. G. KRAUSS, 
 
 Superintendent of Extension Work 
 
 Issued May 31, 1923 
 
 ^rZ&^-u 
 
 WASHINGTON- 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1923 
 
HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, HONOLULU. 
 
 [Under the supervision of the States Relations Service, United States Department of 
 
 Agriculture. ] 
 
 A. C. Teue, Director. 
 
 E. W. Allen, Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. 
 Walter H. Evans, Chief, Division of Insular Stations, 
 
 Office of Experiment Stations. 
 
 STATION STAFF. 
 
 J. M. Westgate, Agronomist in Charge. 
 Willis T. Pope, Horticulturist. 
 
 F. G. Krauss, Superintendent of Extension Work} 
 H. L. Chung, Agronomist. 
 
 J. C. Ripperton, Chemist. 
 
 R. A. Goff, Extension Agent, Island of Hawaii. 
 
 Nellie A. Russell, Collaborator in Home Economics. 
 
 1 Resigned Nov. 1, 1921. 
 n 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 1 
 
 The hog's claim for favor in Ha- 
 waii 2 
 
 Establishing the swine plant 4 
 
 The foundation stock 3? 
 
 General management of the herd 17 
 
 Some principles of feeding 19 
 
 Diseases and ailments 22 
 
 Vermin and intestinal worms 25 
 
 Page. 
 Feeding experiments and practices 
 
 at the Haiku substation 26 
 
 Methods of management practiced 
 
 by some of the leading ranchers- 35 
 
 Some factors governing successful 
 
 swine production 40 
 
 Killing and curing 41 
 
 Territorial regulations governing the 
 
 importation of swine 42 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Probably no other industry in Hawaii is so deserving of thought- 
 ful consideration or has assumed such large proportions in the last 
 decade as the swine industry. Large quantities of fresh pork have 
 always been consumed by the Chinese population of the Territory, 
 but only a very small quantity was produced at home until the early 
 part of 1910. The importations of that year numbered 411 head of 
 swine, which was 1,249 less than had been imported the year pre- 
 vious. That swine do not necessarily have to be imported, but can 
 be produced equally as well in Hawaii as elsewhere, is borne out by 
 a comparison of the imports for the 10-year period ending 1909, 
 when 19,183 head, valued at $154,948. were brought in. with the im- 
 ports of 1910-1920, when only 597 head, valued at $21,260, were 
 introduced into the islands. Only 86 head, valued at $2,089, were 
 imported between 1911 and 1913, and no importations, except a 
 small number of breeding animals, were made from 1914 to 1919, 
 due to the TVorld War. The following table, taken from the Census 
 Report for 1920, gives statistics of interest concerning the number 
 and value of swine in Hawaii in 1910 and also in 1920 : 
 
 Number and value of sicine in Hawaii in 1910 and in 1920. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Farms reporting animals. 
 
 Animals not on 
 farms. 1 
 
 Total 
 number 
 
 of 
 animals. 
 
 Total 
 
 value 
 
 of 
 
 animals. 
 
 Number Propor- -Number Value 
 
 of tion of of of 
 farms, farmers, animals, animals. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Value. 
 
 1910 
 
 1920 
 
 Per cent. 
 1,396 32.3 20,489 8136,116 
 1,567 29.7 24,248 397,463 
 
 10,360 
 14, 692 
 
 $75,053 
 293,840 
 
 30,849 
 38,940 
 
 $211, 169 
 691,303 
 
 1 Laborers and others not operating farms independently often keeD animals in the cities, towns, and on 
 plantations. Fully half the swine not reported on farms are maintained as a side line by householders, or 
 by oriental small farmers living outside the city limits. 
 
 1 
 
2 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The period of 1900-1909 was characterized by low prices obtaining 
 on the mainland and by low transportation charges, conditions which 
 served to induce the local importer to introduce swine and also to 
 make competition impossible for the local producer. During this 
 period a few venturesome ranchers improved their herds by the in- 
 troduction of good breeding stock and new feeds, and there gradually 
 grew up a fair-sized local swine industry. (Fig. 1.) The striking 
 change which resulted in the rapid development and stabilization 
 of the industry, however, was doubtless brought about (1) by the 
 stimulus given local production when importers, sustaining heavy 
 losses from hog cholera on board ship, became discouraged and 
 ceased to introduce swine; and (2) by the advance in the mainland 
 prices and transportation charges to such an extent that local swine 
 raisers found it profitable to compete with the imported product. 
 
 Fig. 1. — Old type of Hawaiian pig at right ; first cross with good sire at left. 
 
 In recent years, heavy importations have been made of the choicest 
 obtainable registered breeding stock of swine to grade up the island 
 pigs. (Fig. 2.) The standard breeds represented include Berk- 
 shires, Duroc-Jerseys, Hampshires, Tamworths, Poland-Chinas, and 
 Chester Whites, the first four of which predominate. Comparatively 
 few Poland-Chinas or white breeds have been imported within recent 
 years, although many of the mixed breeds show unmistakable Poland- 
 China blood lines, and occasional hogs are found showing Chester 
 White characteristics, especially the white color. 
 
 THE HOG'S CLAIM FOR FAVOR IN HAWAII. 
 
 Swine multiply more rapidly, mature more quickly, and make 
 greater gains on a given quantity of feed than do any other class of 
 farm animals, with the possible exception of fowls. They consume 
 not only all the by-products from the field, but from the kitchen as 
 well. Probably no other class of animals can be so profitably handled 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 6 
 
 on a small scale in Hawaii, or is so especially adapted to the farmer 
 having small capital. 
 
 Although local ranchmen and large farmers can not raise swine on 
 ranges as profitably as they can cattle, they are. nevertheless, endeav- 
 oring to develop the swine industry on a large scale, and are follow- 
 ing, though in a modified way. the system pursued by the Corn Belt 
 farmers of the Middle West. This system is well exemplified on the 
 Parker ranch, where corn is cheaply and extensively grown as a 
 hog feed and it is more profitable to transport the hogs than the corn. 
 
 Experiments conducted at. the Haiku substation on Maui showed 
 that a variety of crops, including cassava, sweet potatoes, peanuts, 
 velvet beans, cowpeas. and soy beans may be profitably hogged off, 
 and that in the manufacture of starch from cassava the residue, 
 either raw or cooked, can be made to form a large proportion of 
 nutritious feed for swine. Cull beans and seeds of various kinds. 
 
 
 • 
 
 lfc 
 
 
 
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 [USi- 
 
 
 
 Fig. 2. — A good type of herd boar (Berkshire, Successor's Longfellow 180r>',»4). 
 
 sugar cane and molasses, and the like, as well as slaughterhouse 
 refuse when well cooked, were also found to form valuable by- 
 products which can be utilized to better advantage with swine than 
 with any other class of animals. When fed to swine, this otherwise 
 waste product is converted into the highest-priced meat, pork bring- 
 ing in the open market almost double the price of beef and mutton 
 and closely approximating that of poultry. 
 
 It is interesting to note that although land values are high on 
 Oahu and comparatively little feed is grown there, fully half the 
 total number of swine produced in the Territory is raised in and 
 around Honolulu. Xot only does Honolulu consume more pork 
 than all the rest of the Territory, but the military posts and hotels 
 thereabout daily furnish 20 tons of nutritious feed in the form of 
 garbage, which is sufficient to maintain and fatten approximately 
 4.000 swine throughout the year. S«ch a herd is equivalent to 
 
4 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 600,000 pounds of fresh pork that can be marketed wholesale at about 
 $200,000. It is understood, of course, that all garbage intended for 
 feeding to hogs should consist only of refuse animal and vegetable 
 matter which has been left over from the table, being free from all 
 such injurious foreign articles as soap, sawdust, coffee grounds, 
 broken glass, and oyster shells, and kept in rust-resisting metal cans 
 that are water-tight and fly proof. 
 
 ESTABLISHING THE SWINE PLANT. 
 
 THE PERSON IN CHARGE. 
 
 As is true of any other industry, the financial success of swine 
 raising depends upon the person in charge. Unless he is deeply 
 interested in his work, knows something of the animal and how to 
 care for it, he is likely to waste a great deal of money and energy in 
 unproductive experiments and ultimately fail in the venture. 
 
 The swine raiser who either has land which he is ready to devote 
 to the industry, or who has yet to select a location, should decide 
 whether he will carry on the business as an independent and highly 
 specialized project on a large or small scale, or whether he will 
 make it secondary to other lines of farming, and formulate his plans 
 accordingly. In the latter case, swine raising can be carried on ( 1 ) 
 in connection with a dairy farm as a means of profitably disposing 
 of skim milk, as is exemplified on a small scale by several dairy farms 
 producing butter in the outlying districts of the Territory; (2) in 
 connection with a highly diversified farm, such as the writer's at 
 Haiku, Maui, in which the otherwise unsalable residues from truck 
 and seed crops, starch manufacture, dairy, and other sources are con- 
 verted into marketable products by feeding them to swine; and (3) 
 as in the case of the Kemoo farm, where swine raising constitutes the 
 main and a highly specialized line of farming, with dairying and 
 poultry raising ranking next in importance. 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 The location is of paramount importance and should be carefully 
 selected. A business like that conducted at the Kemoo farm, where 
 the main feed is garbage, should be located near a large city, even 
 though land values are high. An enterprise such as that of the 
 writer at Haiku might be profitably established on any of the 
 islands, provided transportation facilities to the other islands are 
 reasonably convenient. Transportation is a primary factor when 
 the enterprise is concerned principally with the production of high- 
 class breeding stock that is to be marketed throughout the islands 
 rather than at some single point. Distance from market is a sec- 
 ondary factor when animals are raised on an extensive scale on 
 cheaply grown field crops and good native pastures. 
 
 CLIMATE, SOIL, AND CONFORMATION OF LAND. 
 
 Climatic conditions, lay of the land, and type of soil are also 
 matters of much importance. Excessively rainy districts having 
 poor drainage, as well as districts which are either exposed to high 
 winds that prevail during the greater part of the year, or have such 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 a high altitude that the cold becomes a factor, should be avoided. 
 Swine may be successfully raised, however, when one extreme con- 
 dition is modified by another that is somewhat favorable, as for 
 instance at Glenwood, on Hawaii, where there is an average annual 
 rainfall of 194 inches, but fairly good drainage and calm atmos- 
 pheric conditions. The Haiku district on Maui is both wet and 
 windy, but with tree shelters and correct housing conditions is 
 entirely satisfactory for the profitable raising of swine. Swine also 
 thrive at an altitude of from 3,000 to 5.000 feet, where the nights 
 are cold and the seasons are characterized by low rainfall, such as 
 in the Kula. Maui, and Waikee districts of Hawaii. 
 
 The swine raiser is advised not to select locations (1) that are cold, 
 low, and wet; (2) that are exposed and windy; or (3) where the 
 seasons are alternately wet and dry and the clay soils are sticky. 
 Ideal locations are those where the temperature and rainfall are com- 
 fortable for man, where shelter can be provided against strong 
 winds, and where the soil is not only well drained but fertile for 
 crops as well. Stony land, such as that where the fruit-bearing cac- 
 tus (Opuntia sp.) abounds, is not desirable except for pasture pur- 
 poses. Sandy soil, or even pure sand, such as skirts the salt-water 
 beaches, when shaded by algaroba or other trees, is apparently ideal 
 for swine raising. So long as they are given intelligent care, swine 
 will thrive under widely varying conditions of altitude and of soil ; 
 that is, from sea level to 5,000 feet elevation, on pure sand to heavy 
 loam, stony land, and on Manienie (Bermuda) sod. 
 
 HOUSES, INCLOSURES, AND FENCES. 
 
 The convenience and economy of operation, as well as the health 
 and comfort of the hogs, depends to a large extent upon the general 
 plan of the inclosures and houses. The housing problem is for- 
 tunately a simple one in the mild climate of Hawaii. 
 
 Hogs can be raised to advantage in an inexpensive house provided 
 it is well planned and placed, well lighted and ventilated, and can 
 easily be kept clean. Small pens should not be built oh rocky ground 
 because they are hard to keep clean and soon become insanitary. 
 When confined in such pens heavy hogs often become lame. The 
 construction should not be of concrete unless the method of stall 
 feeding with garbage is practiced on rather an extensive scale. Con- 
 crete structures are not only unnecessarily expensive, but they are 
 cold in wet weather, and the floors, unless they are overlain by plank, 
 are hard on the hogs' feet and pasterns. On the other hand, a well- 
 laid concrete floor is sanitary and can easily be kept clean. (Figs. 3 
 and -i.) Large central or community houses of all kinds should 
 amply provide for the admittance of direct sunlight during the 
 greater part of the day, and an abundance of fresh air at all times. 
 Small houses or individual cots are best made on the open front 
 plan, admitting both light and air. 
 
 In the central housing system the pens (farrowing pens and the 
 like) for individual animals are usually S by 8 feet to 12 by 12 feet 
 square, or of dimensions giving an equivalent area. In the in- 
 dividual house or colony system, especially when the cots are of the 
 portable type, there may be less space. (Figs. 5 and 6.) A good 
 dimension is 7 by 7 feet, although the writer's " New Era " type of 
 
BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 
 Fig. 3. — Cement pens and iron fenced runs. University of Hawaii farm. 
 
 portable cot is 6 by 7 feet, and 1 foot of the longer dimension is 
 occupied by a self-feeder. (Fig. 7.) These cots have served their 
 purpose well for hogs weighing up to 500 pounds. Every farrowing 
 pen should be provided with fenders, set along the sides about 10 
 inches above the bed. to prevent the dams from lying against the 
 partition or upon their young. The pigs will creep under the 
 fender when the mother lies down. 
 
 Outdoor pens should be of such size as to permit of the hogs 
 getting plenty of exercise. If it is to be attached to a large central 
 house, the outside run will necessarily have to be of the same width 
 as that of the inside pen unless the interior is so arranged that the 
 animals can be let out on either side. If the alternating pens have 
 
 Fig. 4. — Brood sow and pigs in onp of the pens shown in Figure 3. Pens are mostly 
 sanitary aiid strong, but hard on the animals' feet. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 Fig. 5. — Movable individual hog house or cot. 
 
 outlets on opposite sides, the yards may occupy the width of two 
 inside pens. Every yard should be provided with some shade trees, 
 preferably Pride of India trees. (Fig 8.) Hogs do not injure such 
 trees, while they quickly destroy eucalyptus, algaroba. and kukui, 
 and other otherwise desirable trees. The placing of palm leaves, or 
 even of old burlap bags, over a light frame of poles furnishes a good 
 temporary shelter from the rays of the sun. A clump of widely 
 
 WA 
 
 Fig 6. 
 38250—23- 
 
 -Type of colony hog houses extensively used on Maui. 
 
 9 
 
8 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 spreading trees affords the greatest comfort to hogs that are confined 
 in large inclosures and pastures with either fixed or portable houses. 
 
 The ground occupied by the swine should slope away from the 
 house so as to facilitate drainage. Hog houses should never be built 
 at the base of a slope. 
 
 Hog fences are a serious problem to the average swine raiser. 
 Hogs get through fences with greater ease perhaps than does any 
 other class of animals. A fence should be about 4 feet high and 
 strongly constructed with, preferably, split redwood posts. The 
 posts should be set 3 feet deep and 8 feet apart and have firmly 
 spiked to them 1J by 12 inches by 16 feet planks, which are set 
 
 CORRUGATED //?OA/ POOF 
 
 C/?OSS &£CT/OA/ 
 BC//LT-/N ^£LF- F'E'flOE'/?. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 New Era Homestead farm, Haiku substation. Portable colony house or bog 
 cot with built-in self-feeder. 
 
 6 inches in the ground along the fence line. A plank, \\ by 12 inches, 
 should also be set above the baseboard, and the joints should be 
 broken to give rigidity to the fence. The heaviest and closest woven 
 wire hog- fencing obtainable, 32 to 36 inches high, should be stretched 
 tightly across and securely stapled to the plank and posts. The fence 
 can be greatly strengthened if the lower part of the wire fencing is 
 placed between the plank and posts rather than on the outside of 
 the plank. The wire fencing should be lapped at least 3 inches down 
 the back of the plank and surmounted with a strand or two of 
 barbed wire. (Fig. 9.) 
 
 Boar fences should be higher than 4 feet and very strong. A 
 pedigreed Tamworth boar weighing 600 pounds has been known to 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII 
 
 jump a 5-foot fence. Swine are usually more contented in large or 
 temporary inclosures than in small yards, and when thus confined 
 need not be fenced so thoroughly. 
 
 At the Haiku substation a heavy woven wire hog fence, 36 inches 
 high on level ground without base or top boards has given entire 
 satisfaction for inclosing temporary hog pastures. Such fencing 
 must be very tightly stretched at the anchor posts, which are firmly 
 set from 12 feet to a rod apart. It may be of advantage to plow a 
 straight furrow along the proposed fence line to permit of setting 
 the wire netting several inches in the ground. The height of the 
 fence above ground is lowered when this is done and the fencing 
 should be topped with a strand or two of barbed wire. To be ef- 
 fective, the wire should be 
 double barbed and the 
 barbs should be close 
 spaced. 
 
 Hog gates can not be too 
 strongly built. Those in 
 use at the Haiku substa- 
 tion have withstood heavy 
 strain for five years. Made 
 of rough Douglas fir 
 boards of 1 by 6 inch stuff, 
 these gates are of two sizes, 
 4 and 8 feet wide by 4 feet 
 high. Five pieces, spaced 
 4 inches apart, constitute 
 the horizontal plane giving 
 a height of 48 inches, al- 
 lowing a clearance at the 
 bottom of 2 inches. The 
 horizontal pieces are fas- 
 tened together at the ends 
 by a piece. 1 by 6 inches, on 
 either side, with diagonal 
 pieces additional to give 
 rigidity. Each lap of the 
 frame is fastened with one 
 or two three-eighths inch carriage bolts in addition to nails, and heavy 
 hook hinges are used in preference to strap hinges. The hook of the 
 top hinge is placed in an inverted position so as to make it impossible 
 for the hogs to lift the gate off its hinges. The best and cheapest latch 
 in use at the Haiku substation is a 1 by 4 inch strip, 3 feet long, 
 dressed to fit snugly in the space lying between the second and third 
 from the top horizontal gate boards. A round peg, 1^ inches in diam- 
 eter, is placed in this latch at the center for convenience in opening 
 the gate, and a hole, 1 by 4 inches, passes through the fence post to 
 receive the latch when the gate is closed. 
 
 OTHER EQUIPMENT. 
 
 Xearl}' all modern swine plants are equipped with dipping vats, 
 rubbing posts, hog wallows, self-feeders and pig creeps, feeding 
 racks, breeding and loading crates, and the like. 
 
 Fig 
 
 -Pride of India tree. A satisfactory shade 
 tree for hog paddocks. Not injured by hogs. 
 
10 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The dipping vat. — The dipping vat is not recommended for use 
 unless large numbers of hogs are to be maintained and are especially 
 subject to vermin. 
 
 Fig. 9. — Hog fence of woven wire with strand of barbed wire at top. Portable hog 
 
 cot in background. 
 
 Pig. 10. — Tamped earth wallow in pasture. 
 
 Rubbing posts. — An effective and cheap method of controlling hog 
 vermin is that of placing burlap or other heavy cloth sacking, satu- 
 
SWIXE RAISING IX HAWAII. 
 
 11 
 
 rated with crude oil, on posts at a height which will permit of the> 
 animals rubbing against them. The sacks should be frequently 
 saturated with the oil. 
 Hog wallows. — A good hog wallow should be accessible to the swine. 
 
 Fig. 11. — Concrete wallow. Crude oil on water surface to destroy vermin. 
 
 It not only affords a cool, refreshing bath in hot weather but it also 
 is- very effective in freeing the animals from flies and scurf. Wallows 
 of concrete construction are more sanitary than mud wallows. The 
 addition of sufficient crude oil to form a thin film over the surface 
 of the water tends to keep 
 the animals free from 
 skin parasites. (Figs. 10 
 and 11.) 
 
 Self-feeders and pig 
 creeps. — No hog farm is 
 complete without the self- 
 feeder. (Figs. 12 and 
 13.) This device enables 
 the hogs to satisfy their 
 craving for feed at any 
 time, and is perhaps the 
 most economical method of 
 fattening the animals, be- 
 cause, while a slightly 
 increased amount of grain may be consumed, it requires the least 
 labor. The self-feeder should be made of well tongued and grooved 
 boards having a planed surface. The smoother and straighter the 
 sides the more readily will the feed flow. The feeder should be pro- 
 vided with a good rain-proof cover to prevent the feed from getting 
 wet and spoiling when in use out of doors, and the size of the open- 
 
 Fig. 12. — Large self-feeder for whole algaroba beans. 
 
12 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 -Small, three compartment self-feeder. 
 
 ing should be regulated and the feeder set on a large platform to 
 prevent waste of feed. 
 
 The V-shaped trough, which is an effective and cheap method 
 of feeding garbage, should be made of boards of good quality, 1| or 
 2 inches thick. (Fig. 14.) In permanent central hog houses' having 
 concrete flooring and concrete or wooden feeding troughs, provision 
 should be made for drainage. (Fig. 15.) The bottoms and corners 
 
 of concrete troughs should 
 be rounded and the dimen- 
 sions should be 1 foot 
 wide and 8 inches deep. 
 Such troughs may be 
 used for water as well as 
 for feed. 
 
 A pig creep can be 
 formed by placing a small 
 self-feeder in the corner 
 of the yard and partly 
 boarding off that corner 
 to keep out the sow. 
 Sufficient space should be 
 left under the boards to 
 enable the young pigs to creep in and feed without disturbance, or 
 small openings ma}' be left at each end for this purpose. 
 
 Feeding racks. — Racks for the feeding of all kinds of green forage 
 lire valuable means of reducing waste. The sides should be made 
 either of 1 by 4 inch wood slats, spaced 1 feet apart, or of heavy 
 woven wire hog fencing having approximately 4 by 6 inch meshes. 
 Watering devices. — Special attention should be given to watering 
 devices for swine. Where it is not practical to utilize the feed 
 troughs for the double 
 purpose of watering and 
 feeding, a patented so- 
 called hog drinking foun- 
 tain can be used. This 
 device consists of a cast- 
 iron bowl having three 
 connected compartments 
 from which three animals 
 can drink at the same 
 time. The drinking bowl 
 has a protected center 
 containing a float valve 
 that automatically keeps 
 it filled with water. 
 Since the water is drawn 
 
 under pressure from a pipe line the bowl may be placed anywhere 
 that water can be piped. It occupies less than 4 feet square of 
 floor space, will accommodate from 50 to 100 full-grown hogs, 
 and is accessible to the smallest pig. This device is very economical 
 of water. The drinking fountain should be bolted to a concrete 
 or plank platform to prevent its being displaced by rooting hogs. 
 Such a drinking fountain can be had for about 820 and will likely 
 be verv durable. 
 
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 Fig. 14.- 
 
 -V-shaped concrete feeding troughs, 
 tary and durable. 
 
 Sani- 
 
SWINE KAISIXG IX HAWAII. 
 
 13 
 
 In individual pens where room is limited, cast-iron water bowls, 
 such as are used for cattle, have proved very satisfactory. These 
 bowls are connected with a pressure water system, the water being 
 admitted through a valve having a winged lever that is paddle 
 shaped. When the hog presses upon the lever the water runs into 
 the bowl, and when the pressure is removed the water is automatically 
 shut off by means of a spring. 
 
 Breeding and loading crates. — A breeding crate is a necessary 
 adjunct to every breeding establishment. By means of it the heaviest 
 boar can be utilized expeditiously without injuring the smallest sow. 
 Some sows, although in heat, will not take the boar readily, and the 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 -Molokai ranch piggery. Concrete floor and wooden troughs. Steam boiler 
 and vat for cooking feed in background. 
 
 use of a crate in such instances insures a successful service. Many 
 breeders use a crate for all of their sows. 
 
 Any carpenter can make a breeding crate. The materials needed 
 include a stout frame, which is made of "2 by 4 inch scantlings, closed 
 in front and open in back, a bar to slip behind the sow just above 
 the hocks, and a 2 by 1 inch strip which is attached to both sides 
 of the forward end of the crate at about the height of the sow's 
 head, and extends to the rear of the crate where it is fastened to 
 the bottom. The boar's forefeet rest on these strips. 1 
 
 Breeders who ship choice hogs long distances should standardize 
 their shipping crates to insure comfort for the animals and at the 
 same time to serve as advertisements for themselves. The crate 
 should be strongly and neatly constructed and neither excessively 
 large nor small. (Fig. 16.) The floor of those intended for ship- 
 ment should be made of solid 1-inch boards. The sides, ends, and 
 top of new 1 by 1 inch lumber should be spaced according to the size 
 of the hogs to be shipped. 
 
 1 For details, see C. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bulletin 966, A Simp! I g ding Crat«. 
 
14 BULLETIN 48. HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 A chute is of great convenience in loading hogs into trucks. It 
 should be as wide as the wagon or truck bed, 10 feet or more long, 
 and have sides 3 feet high. If it is mounted on a pair of wheels 
 it can be moved and tilted with ease. 
 
 THE FOUNDATION STOCK. 
 
 Having determined what system of management he is to follow 
 and where he is to be located, the swine raiser should next turn his 
 attention to the establishment of the herd itself, taking great care to 
 select, or have selected by a reliable breeder, 2 animals of good type, 
 conformation, and constitution. (Fig. 17.) Too much stress can 
 not be placed upon the judicious selection of a pure-bred herd which 
 is to be used for the production of breeding stock for sale as such. 
 
 Fig. 16. — Type of crate used in shipping hogs. 
 
 A few choice animals, rather than a number of inferior ones, should 
 be purchased at the start. It is advisable never to buy the highest 
 priced swine until one has had considerable experience in breeding. 
 In some instances it is wise to purchase bred sows and a young boar 
 whose services will become available at the next breeding period. If 
 the sows are in pig, both sow and litter can be studied by the pur- 
 chaser and later bred to a suitable sire which is chosen to head the 
 herd. 
 
 In general, it is recommended that the beginner purchase young 
 stock. The investment is low, and the animals usually adapt them- 
 selves better to new conditions than do older stock. A boar pig of 
 the best breeding possible and two or four sow pigs from 4 to 6 
 months old will be sufficient as a start, or if grade sows are already on 
 hand, or the start is to be made with mature animals, the purchase 
 
 2 Pure-bred stock should be pure-based from reliable breeders only, preferably from those 
 specializing on a single breed. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 li 
 
 should be confined to one good, vigorous boar of any breed that best 
 suits the breeder. 
 
 The standard breeds c may be roughly classed as the heavy or lard 
 types, under which are usually placed the Poland-China. Dnroc 
 Jersey, Berkshire, Chester White, Hampshire. Mule Foots. Essex. 
 Victoria, and Cheshire: and the bacon type, as characterized by the 
 Tamworth and by the large Yorkshire and Suffolk. Apparently no 
 one breed is better than another for the show ring or for the market. 
 
 The matter of breed is of less importance than is that of strain, 
 except when it is desired to sell pure-bred stock of a definite breed. 
 Some consideration should be given to the market demands, but 
 inasmuch a- these are not as yet exacting in Hawaii the beginner is 
 privileged to select the breed that he fancies most. Each of the 
 standard breeds as developed by the leading breeders has its special 
 
 Fig. IT. — Some types of Berkshire hogs owned in Hawaii. 
 
 merits, but the man who breeds for the market usually pays more 
 attention to type than he does to breed. 
 
 Stock as uniform as possible should be selected when a number of 
 sows are purchased for the foundation herd. Such animals can 
 come only from a uniform herd, uniformity being the best criterion 
 of the worth of the stock. They will not only feed and develop 
 better than swine lacking in uniformity but also command better 
 prices, whether they are sold as pure stock or on the market. 
 
 Good sows are all important in obtaining satisfactory results. 
 They may be promiscuously selected from pure breds and grades. 
 but all should conform to a certain type, be similar in color, marking. 
 
 No description of the breeds is attempted in this bulletin because every standard work 
 en vwine describes them in more or le-s detail. 
 
 38250—23 :\ 
 
16 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 and conformation, and producers of good litters which they are 
 capable of properly mothering. The brood sow should show femi- 
 ninity, as is characterized by quality and refinement in all parts of 
 the body. The body should be rather long, the ribs well sprung, 
 and the sides long and deep. The shoulders should be smoothly 
 covered and the hams well rounded and plump. The legs should 
 be well placed and the pasterns strong and straight. Roomy sows 
 are regarded by many judges of swine as being especially high in 
 fecundity. 
 
 No effort should be spared to select the best boar that can be 
 afforded. To be of the greatest usefulness, he must be prepotent 
 in transmitting his best qualities. He represents half of the breed- 
 ing stock and is rated the most important animal in the herd because 
 he exerts a strong influence upon every pig that he sires. A supe- 
 rior boar will improve the progeny of inferior sows, but an inferior 
 boar will depreciate the offspring of sows of high quality. The boar 
 should not only have every appearance of quality but also be of as 
 high breeding as possible. The show ring tells only half the story : 
 the record of performance in the herd tells the other half, which is 
 the more important factor of the two. 
 
 The essential qualities in the boar are that he be strongly masculine 
 and, if mature, have well-developed shoulders and hindquarters, a 
 slightly arched and deeply fleshed back, and sides of good length and 
 depth. He should stand up well on his hoofs and show no weakness 
 in the pasterns. The testicles should be prominent and uniform. 
 
 The successful hog raiser, whether he is a breeder of market hogs 
 or of pure-bred stock for sale as such, is always a close observer, and 
 soon learns the strong and weak points of his herd boars and sows 
 and what their prepotency is in transmitting these qualities. Brood 
 sows that are shy breeders, poor in nursing their young, difficult 
 to manage, or inclined to be savage, and boars that are unable to 
 transmit their good qualities should be discarded before their in- 
 fluence has made much headway. 
 
 The beginner in swine raising, especially of pure-bred stock, may 
 as well learn at the start that he will have to do some culling if he 
 would attain high standing. No breeder ever made a greater mis- 
 take than that of expecting a large percentage of the progenies of. 
 say, a trio of prize winners to become prize winners in turn. This 
 does happen sometimes, but only under the care of the master 
 breeder. 
 
 Prospective buyers are advised to attend the swine exhibits at agri- 
 cultural fairs and to follow these observations with visits to the show 
 herd in their homes. Grade sows for the production of market pigs 
 usually can be bought at costs slightly above butcher market prices. 
 When large numbers of sows are to be purchased, the buyer, if he is a 
 judge of hogs, should watch shipments at points of embarkation or 
 destination, and also search for desirable animals among the herds 
 of the numerous small swine raisers who are scattered throughout 
 the Territory. It often happens that some of the best looking sows, 
 when purchased on the market, are nonbreeders. This is more or 
 less likely to be the case unless the animals are guaranteed to be 
 breeders/ No pure-bred swine, either male or female, should be 
 bought without such a guaranty. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 17 
 
 GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE HERD. 
 
 It is of course assumed that an ample supply of green crops and 
 grain or by-products is on hand before the swine arrive. Beginners 
 frequently make the mistake of poorly balancing their stock and 
 feed and consequently of having to purchase additional feed, often 
 at high cost, after the stock arrives. 
 
 Regardless of how good it is, the herd is made or marred by man- 
 agement. The breeder may be an excellent judge of swine and able 
 to mate them for the best results in breeding, but if his system of 
 every-day care, which is known as management, is irrational, the 
 animals will not thrive and the most rigorous selection will be ren- 
 dered ineffective. Much feed and effort are wasted, even when the 
 herd is carefully fed and managed, when the individuals are either 
 poorly selected or poorly mated. A thorough knowledge of the work 
 to be done, together with hard work and untiring efforts, is the price 
 of successful swine raising. It is wise to build up pure-bred stock 
 slowly, especially in the beginning. 
 
 Xeither boar nor sows should be bred under 9 months of age, and 
 then only moderately. A year-old boar will take care of 10 sows 
 nicely, and when fully mature can be placed at the head of 20 or 
 30 sows. Two herd boars should be maintained, if possible, and their 
 breeding propensities tested on each sow in turn. 
 
 Before breeding is begun the herd should be carefully distributed 
 and comfortably settled. The boar should be placed in a pen by 
 himself, and the dry sows of equal age or size, if of good disposition 
 and from the same herd, grouped in pasture. New animals should 
 be quarantined for at least 30 days and freed from vermin before 
 they are placed with the established herd. 
 
 Brood sows should be turned into a separate pasture, kept quiet, 
 and well cared for. A week or two before farrowing time, which 
 occurs about 112 days after breeding, each sow should be placed 
 by herself in a yard where there is a crop and a small pen so that 
 she will become accustomed to the new surroundings before farrow- 
 ing. The sow should be made as comfortable as possible as farrow- 
 ing time approaches. She should be kept in good condition, but not 
 allowed to get too fat. 
 
 Feeds that are laxative, but not too rich, should be given toward 
 the close of gestation. The bedding should consist of clean, dry 
 beach sand or short litter. Long straw or weeds are likely to cause 
 entanglement of the young. Sows should not be allowed to farrow 
 on a bare cement floor, because both mother and young will take 
 cold. 
 
 Some one should be in attendance at farrowing time to lend assist- 
 ance if needed. The young should be removed to a clean, dry, 
 warm box, and returned to the mother every two or three hours. 
 When the pigs are from .12 to 18 hours old they can generally be 
 left with the sow with perfect safety. Mortality can be greatly 
 reduced among the pigs if they are tenderly cared for during the 
 first week of life. 
 
 For the first 24 hours after farrowing the sow should receive no 
 feed whatever, but she should be given a liberal supply of lukewarm 
 
18 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 water at frequent intervals. After the first 24 hours she can be fed 
 a light slop of middlings, the amount being gradually increased and 
 the pigs closely watched that no white scours appear. When the 
 pigs are 10 days to 2 weeks old the sow should be on full feed, and 
 after that time until weaning she should receive all the feed she will 
 consume. Once the sow loses in flesh she can not do justice to her 
 litter and it will be difficult to bring her back to breeding condition. 
 
 Pigs should not be weaned until they are 10 weeks of age unless 
 some special occasion requires earlier weaning. A properly fed sow 
 is in a good flow of milk when the pigs are 8 weeks of age and her 
 milk is by far the best feed possible for them. When the pigs are 
 2 or 3 weeks old they develop an appetite for some feed to supple- 
 ment the sow's milk and should then be given skim milk or butter- 
 milk mixed with a little wheat middlings and other meal to relieve 
 the mother. When they are about 6 weeks old they should be pro- 
 vided with a " pig creep," where they may receive a special feed 
 mixture including tender alfalfa, and the like. 
 
 The feed of the sow should be reduced 2 or 3 days before wean- 
 ing time, and the mother taken from the pigs, which should then be 
 given access to the self-feeder in the creep. At the Haiku substa- 
 tion, after the young are weaned the sows are turned into a good 
 pasture of succulent green feed, preferably a leguminous crop such 
 as alfalfa, cowjDeas, or velvet beans. 
 
 The weaned pigs may be left together until they are 10 or 12 weeks 
 old. They should then be sorted according to size and turned into 
 pastures or pens not exceeding 20 or 30 head. Male pigs, which are 
 not wanted as breeders or intended for early market, should be cas- 
 trated a sufficient time before weaning to permit of their being 
 thoroughly healed at that time : otherwise, they should be separated 
 from the females before reaching the age of 4 months. 
 
 The younger the pigs are the more economical will be their gains. 
 Up to weaning age &| pounds or less feed will produce a pound of 
 gain. From weaning time (10 weeks of age) to 4 months, 4 pounds 
 of feed will make 1 pound of gain. The animal should weigh about 
 100 pounds at the end of the 4-month period. Gains at the rate of 2 
 pounds per day are not uncommon when all conditions are favorable. 
 At 6 months of age a pig should weigh from 150 to 200 pounds. 
 Gains over 150 pounds are attained at a cost of 4^ and 5 pounds 
 of grain per pound of gain. A well-bred and well-cared-for pig 
 pasturing on good leguminous crops should gain an average of 1-J 
 or 2 pounds daily on less than 5 pounds of grain feed per pound 
 of gain. In the two Maui County Boys and Girls' Pig Club con- 
 tests high-grade Berkshire pigs having an average weight of 40 
 pounds at the beginning of the contests gained over 200 pounds in 
 100 days. 
 
 Pigs intended for market stock should be brought up to 150 
 pounds weight on pasture supplemented with a fairly liberal ration. 
 They should then be fed from 25 to 30 days on grain and carbohy- 
 drate material, among the best of which is corn, supplemented witli 
 a little tankage or blood meal. Fed thus, they should gain 2 pounds 
 a day and command the highest market prices. Pigs gaining 1 pound 
 or less a day under good feed and care are not profitable in Hawaii 
 
SWiNE RAISING IX HAWAII. 
 
 19 
 
 under the present price of feeds. The swine raiser should weigh 
 all his pigs at definite intervals and also keep close check on the 
 kinds and amounts of feed being used. This is the only way that he 
 can know with any degree of certainty how things are going. 
 
 The following weights are considered very satisfactory at the ages 
 specified : 
 
 Satisfactory weights of pigs of varying age. 1 
 
 Age. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Ago. 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Days. 
 50 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 30 to 50 
 
 75 to 100 
 
 150 to 200 
 
 Days. 
 270 
 
 Pounds. 
 275 to 300 
 325 to 400 
 
 100 
 
 365.. . 
 
 ISO 
 
 
 
 1 Average weights under best conditions. The heaviest weights at the Haiku substation for two 6-months 
 old barrows was 422 pounds. 
 
 PIG-EATIXG SOWS. 
 
 When a soav develops an abnormal appetite and begins to eat her 
 young, she is usually in a fevered condition, probably due to im- 
 proper feeding during the period of gestation, and needs an oil-meal 
 ration to regulate the bowels. The pig-eating tendency can be 
 warded off by giving the sow a ration containing generous amounts 
 of meat scraps and tankage during gestation. After she has far- 
 rowed the sow should be placed in a pen by herself, and the young- 
 should be brought to her at regular intervals for nursing and per- 
 sonally guarded until they are returned to their own pen. Should 
 these precautions fail to make the sow properly mother her succeed- 
 ing litter, she should be disposed of to the butcher. 
 
 SOME PRINCIPLES OF SWINE FEEDING IN HAWAII.^ 
 
 Feeding is the most expensive part of swine raising, and it is not 
 unusual for the cost of feeds to equal or even exceed the value of 
 production of the animals. As an example, it requires, on the aver- 
 age, at least 5 pounds of grain or milled feed to produce 1 pound of 
 gain, live weight, in hogs that are not provided with pasturage or 
 green feed, or which are given a poorly balanced ration. When it 
 is selling at $50 a ton (2 J- cents a pound) , which is the lowest average 
 price paid for grain in Hawaii, feed needed to produce 1 pound of 
 pork, live weight, will cost 12J cents, which is the minimum. When, 
 however, the maximum cost of feed, $100 a ton or 5 cents a pound, 
 is taken as a basis, 1 pound of pork, live weight, will cost 25 cents. 
 During the past five years the range of prices of live hogs on the 
 Honolulu market has very closely approximated the figures repre- 
 senting the feed cost of production, with the result that the animals 
 could seldom be supplied with commercial feeds at a profit at any 
 period, as is frequently the case on the mainland. 
 
 From the foregoing it may readily be surmised that it is hazardous 
 to undertake to raise market hogs entirely or nearly so on purchased 
 grain and milled feeds. Investigations made at a number of the 
 most profitable swine-raising enterprises in Hawaii showed that 
 the quantity of feed purchased by them is relatively small, amount - 
 
 *See also Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 53 (191S). 
 
20 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 ing to less than 10 per cent of the total consumed. It other words, 
 fully 90 per cent of the feed consumed at the more profitable en- 
 terprises is home grown. The striking exception to feeding home- 
 grown products at a profit is in the case of the extensive garbage- 
 feeding enterprises being conducted on Oahu, where practically all 
 of the feed is purchased outright at a comparatively low figure. 
 
 Unless the swine raiser is favorably situated where garbage or 
 other by-products suitable for feeding can readily be obtained at 
 a cost lower than is asked for the grain equivalents, farm crops for 
 feeding to market hogs should be produced at a cost that is com- 
 mensurate with the returns. When highly bred stock is raised for 
 selling for breeding purposes the situation is somewhat changed, 
 but even then the breeder should produce forage crops as extensively 
 as possible for feed. 
 
 The swine raiser should endeavor to familiarize himself with the 
 underlying principles of nutrition, as well as of feeds and feeding, 
 if he would feed hogs economically and profitably in these days of 
 intensive production and keen competition. In the first place he 
 should know that the digestive organs of swine with their contents 
 compriss only about 7.5 per cent of the total weight of the body, 
 while those of cattle are more than 14 per cent. In the second place, 
 he should know that horses, cattle, and sheep are normally herbivo- 
 rous, living as they do on grass and herbage, while the hog is omnivo- 
 rous and feeds not only on tender herbage, roots, and seeds but also 
 on animal matter. The hog also, in its effort to extract feed from 
 beneath the soil, swallows considerable earthy matter. Having a 
 stomach of rather limited capacity and a peculiar digestive tract, 
 swine require feed that is more concentrated and digestible and less 
 fibrous than is needed for any other class of farm animals. 
 
 The changes which food undergoes within the digestive tract pre- 
 pare it for absorption into the circulatory system, where it is used 
 to build new material, repair body waste, and to act as a source of 
 energy. The true or digestible nutrients are food constituents that 
 aid in supporting animal life, such as crude protein, the carbo- 
 hydrates, and fat. Air, water, and mineral matter also come under 
 this heading. 
 
 A " ration " may be termed the feed allowance per day per ani- 
 mal, whether it be fed at one or several meals. A " balanced ration " 
 is the feed or combination of feeds containing the several nutrients 
 protein, carbohydrate, and fats, in proportion and amount that will 
 furnish one animal with the optimum amount of nutrition in 24 
 hours. 
 
 The relative usefulness of different feeds depends largely upon the 
 digestibility of their several nutrients ; that is, upon the percentage of 
 total crude protein, fiber, carbohydrate, and fat that is digested by 
 the animal. After the feed is chemically analyzed, it is given in 
 weighed quantities to the animal, and for a reasonable length of time 
 after feeding the urine and feces of the animal are also weighed 
 and analyzed. The difference between the amount of each nutrient 
 fed and of that eliminated represents the digested portion. 5 
 
 5 Data showing the determination, of the digestible nutrients in a great many feeds are 
 to be found in all standard textbooks on feeds and feeding. Feeding standards that have 
 been worked out experimentally to show the amounts of digestible nutrients which are 
 supposed to be best adapted to different animals for maximum production do not take 
 into account the element of cost. They should, therefore, be used as a guide rather than 
 adhered to blindly. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 21 
 
 One of the first essentials of a ration is that it be palatable, so as to 
 induce heavy consumption and stimulate digestion. Secondly, it is 
 important, especially for swine, that the nutrients be sufficiently con- 
 centrated to supply adequate nourishment within the bulk capacity 
 of the animals fed. It has become currently accepted in some quar- 
 ters that either little or no gain can be made by hogs when they are 
 fed forage crops alone. In experiments carried on at the Haiku 
 substation, it was found that the feeding of a combination of forage 
 crops resulted in profitable gains. 
 
 Suitability of the feeds entering into the ration is of course very 
 important. Cotton-seed meal is an excellent illustration of what 
 should not be used. It makes a highly concentrated and excellent 
 feed for cattle, sheep, and even for horses, but being sometimes toxic 
 to pigs it is not suited for swine feeding. On the other hand, the 
 soy bean is a good protein feed for growing hogs but should be used 
 with corn or other carbohydrate feeds. 
 
 Feeds that have been damaged by mold should never be fed to any 
 class of animals. The feeding of spoiled tankage or dried blood is 
 likely to result in ptomaine poisoning, while condemned salt salmon 
 and brine-preserved feeds may be followed by the death of the ani- 
 mal. Garbage that has been contaminated with dishwater containing 
 soap powder or lye has been responsible for the loss of many hogs. 
 
 Animals feeding on succulent pasture should be deprived of fur- 
 ther laxative feeds, such as linseed meal. Since a number of the 
 feeding standards do not take into consideration the animals' need 
 for mineral matter and the ordinary ration is deficient in it, it is 
 suggested that lime, phosphoric acid, and iron, together with some 
 salt, be made available to the entire swine herd in addition to the 
 amounts that are naturally supplied in the feed. The vital processes 
 of the animal seem to be dependent upon an adequate amount of 
 these mineral salts. _ 
 
 A variety of feeds is greatly to be preferred to a ration that is 
 made up of one kind only. Mixed feeds are usually better balanced 
 and more palatable, whether as forage, roughage, or grain concen- 
 trates, than is a single kind. Variety gives the feeder greater oppor- 
 tunity to meet the needs of the animal, and frequently permits of 
 substitutions at a considerable saving of money. A change in ration 
 is also easily and safely effected when a variety of feeds is available 
 and fed judiciously. 
 
 An abundance of clean, cool water should always be accessible to 
 swine. Water is as essential as solid food. As a matter of fact, ani- 
 mals can live longer without the latter than without the former. 
 "When water is lacking the processes of mastication, digestion, ab- 
 sorption, and assimilation are hindered. Swine ordinarily consume 
 5 pounds or more of water to every 1 pound of dry matter. Feeds 
 that are rich in protein create a greater thirst for water than do 
 starclry foods. 
 
 The raising of breeding stock should not be considered unless the 
 breeder is prepared to raise liberal and constant supplies of green 
 succulent feed. "While they are not absolutely essential to the suc- 
 cessful feeding of swine, succulent green feeds, either as soilage or 
 as pasturage, are greatly relished by animals of all ages and form 
 the cheapest part of the ration when they are produced at home. 
 Green feeds not only have a beneficial laxative effect and keep the 
 
22 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 digestive tract in good condition, bnt they also have a nutritive value 
 and doubtless supply in great part the vitamins forming a part of 
 every efficient ration. 
 
 The feeding value of the nutritive constituents of the different 
 kinds of feeds may vary considerably. Carefully conducted experi- 
 ments have shown that the vegetable proteins are greatly inferior 
 to the animal proteins as a hog feed, and that the protein in cotton- 
 seed meal is inferior to that in linseed meal, although both feeds are 
 very rich in the constituent. 
 
 Whole wheat and its by-products, bran and middlings, are valuable 
 as hog feeds, but chemical analyses have shown them to differ widely 
 in composition. Roughages are even more variable than the cereals, 
 since their composition is influenced by climate, state of maturity, 
 quality of curing, and by moisture content. Alfalfa, both in the 
 fresh green state and when cured, is among the most variable in 
 feeding value, its composition being influenced by state of maturity 
 and by the methods of curing employed. Prime alfalfa meal may 
 almost equal wheat bran in feeding value, but alfalfa that has lost 
 most of its leafage as a result of being overmature or overcured may 
 become so low in value as to be practically worthless. Cured alfalfa. 
 while averaging about 15 per cent protein, may contain as high as 
 30 per cent or as low as 10 per cent crude protein, in the latter case 
 of which there is an excessive amount of crude fiber ; and conversely, 
 the coefficient of digestibility is likely to be higher in the high protein 
 sample than in the low-grade sample. 
 
 Although American authorities do not generally recommend as 
 profitable the grinding and cooking of feeds, the Haiku substation, in 
 experiments conducted for more than five years, found that both 
 grinding and cooking certain feeds are profitable practices, especially 
 when the feeds and feed products are both of high value. In fact, 
 much of the feed used during the experiments could not have been 
 fed to advantage had they not been ground and cooked. Cooking 
 certainly insures the feed against the possibility of transmitting 
 tuberculosis and hog cholera when offal is used and against detri- 
 mental fermentation. The practical swine raiser in Hawaii might 
 do well to try out various feeding methods to determine which are 
 suited to his needs and conditions. 
 
 DISEASES AND AILMENTS. 
 
 The average conditions obtaining in Hawaii foster the spread of 
 swine diseases. Every precaution should therefore be taken to avoid 
 crowding the animals or exposing them to sources of contagion. 
 Whenever the animals are returned from places of exhibit or new 
 animals are received they should be segregated from the main herd 
 for several weeks or until it is certain that they carry no disease. 
 The hog yards should be thoroughly treated with some good disin- 
 fectant every three or six months and the entire quarters changed 
 every three to five years to lessen the danger of infection. Other pre- 
 cautionary measures include keeping the pens and runways clean at 
 all time and providing the pens with proper drainage and ventilation 
 as well as with clean drinking places. 
 
 A veterinarian should be consulted as soon as disease appears in 
 the herd so that measures can be taken to save the animals that are 
 
SWINE RAISING JN HAWAII. 23 
 
 not beyond help. The matter should also be reported to the Terri- 
 torial Veterinarian, Board of Agriculture and Forestry, Honolulu. 
 
 ABORTION. 
 
 • 
 
 In abortion the soav loses her pigs before they are fully developed. 
 Abortion not infrequently accompanies other diseases, but it also 
 occurs when the sow is in otherwise perfect health. In the latter 
 case abortion may be due to bacterial infection. After the first, 
 abortion is noted all pregnant sows should immediately be removed 
 to new ground where hogs and cattle have not recently been kept. 
 They should be divided into as small groups as possible. If it is 
 thought that the abortion germs have been contracted from cows, 
 the milk should be pasteurized before it is fed to the swine. Abortion 
 has never officially been reported as occurring among the swine of 
 Hawaii. 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 
 When affected with bronchitis, the hog presents a general' un- 
 thrifty appearance and has a persistent cough. Predisposing causes 
 to bronchitis are dust, worms, germs, poor ventilation, and damp- 
 ness. Insanitary conditions should be remedied and the animal 
 given good feed. The feeding of skim milk to young pigs and shotes 
 will strengthen them sufficiently to overcome the disease. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA. 
 
 Hog cholera is a very serious disease and probably causes greater 
 loss in the swine industry throughout the States than does any other 
 disease. The presence in Hawaii of true hog cholera has not as yet 
 been indisputably established. The microorganism carrying the in- 
 fection is so small that it can not be seen even with the most power- 
 ful microscope. The disease is characterized by fever, loss of appe- 
 tite, cough, weakness of the hind parts, general prostration, and a 
 purplish discoloration of the skin. In some instances the animal 
 suffers from constipation and later from diarrhea. 
 
 As soon as there are symptoms of cholera a veterinarian should be 
 called to administer treatment. Strict quarantine should be main- 
 tained between the sick and healthy hogs, the unaffected animals 
 being transferred to clean, new quarters. Antihog-cholera serum is 
 effective in protecting healthy swine from cholera. 
 
 LUMPY JAW. 
 
 Lumpy jaw, which in swine most commonly affects the mammary 
 glands, is probably due to the same fungus that causes lumpy jaw 
 in cattle. Large, hard, tumorous masses containing many pus cavi- 
 ties form on the mammary glands when the animal is affected. A 
 veterinarian should be called to remove the masses and prescribe 
 the use of potassium iodid. 
 
 PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Pneumonia is caused by an organism and develops in pigs which 
 are exposed to inclement weather or dust, or which are forced to live . 
 either in filth or insanitary yards, or in close, damp, poorly venti- 
 lated hog houses. In pneumonia the breathing is rather labored and 
 
24 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGK [CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. 
 
 there is weakness, fever, and a cough. The animals should be pro- 
 vided with clean, warm, airy, dry quarters and given a well-balanced 
 ration containing plenty of protein constituents. Annoying the 
 animals by giving them medicine in this disease usually does more 
 harm than the medicine does good. 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 Rheumatism is characterized by lameness and swollen joints. The 
 disorder is prevalent where stable and yard conditions are poor and 
 the animals do not get proper exercise. They should be changed to 
 sanitary quarters and fed on sour milk. Fifteen grains of sodium 
 salicylate to every 100 pounds of hog should be administered in the 
 ration once a day. 
 
 RICKETS. 
 
 Rickets is characterized by large joints and bones, crooked limbs, 
 and a general unthrifty appearance. The disease is directly trace- 
 able to lack of bone-forming ingredients in the ration of the pregnant 
 sow and young pigs. Bone meal and phosphate of lime should be 
 added to the ration and sanitary quarters should be provided for 
 the animals. If possible, provision should be made so that the pigs 
 can get plenty of exercise and have facilities for pasturing. 
 
 INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA. 
 
 Infectious diarrhea occurs largely among young pigs and is 
 accompanied by intestinal ulcerations. Pigs so affected are inclined 
 to develop pneumonia. The disease is caused by an organism of the 
 colon-typhoid group which is introduced into the system with food 
 or drinking water. Foul yards and pens are responsible for its 
 occurrence among swine. When it does occur, all pigs and pregnant 
 sows should be removed to new ground and segregated into small 
 groups. The use of concrete feeding troughs, which permit of 
 thorough cleansing, is very effective in preventing infectious 
 diarrhea. 
 
 TUBERCULOSIS. 
 
 Tuberculosis in swine is usually contracted from tuberculous 
 cattle. There are no easily diagnosed symptoms of the presence of 
 the disease. In the advanced stage, intestinal tuberculous swine 
 suffer from disturbance of the digestive tract and sometimes from 
 constipation or diarrhea. When affected with tuberculosis of the 
 lungs, the animal has a persistent, harsh, dry cough and experiences 
 some difficulty in breathing, especially after exercising. The 
 lymphatic glands are considerably enlarged and the animal presents 
 a general unthrifty appearance. A qualified veterinarian should 
 test the animals with tuberculin to determine which are free from 
 the disease. Reactors should be disposed of and tuberculosis 
 eradicated from the herd with which the animals associated. The 
 premises should immediately be cleaned and disinfected. 
 
 CONSTIPATION. 
 
 Constipation in hogs may be due, among other things, to lack 
 of exercise and to the eating of too much dry feed or roughage. 
 It can be corrected by making the animals take plenty of exercise 
 
SWINE EAISIXG IN HAWAII. 25 
 
 and by giving them feeds having a laxative effect, such as slops to 
 which flaxseed meal is added. Increasing the quantity of green 
 feed in the ration also helps to restore normal functioning. Young 
 succulent alfalfa is especially good. In severe cases a dose of 
 Glaubers or Epsom salts should be administered at the rate of 
 1 ounce to every 100 pounds of hog. 
 
 HEAT PROSTRATION. 
 
 Heat prostration results when the hogs have been driven or 
 hauled a considerable distance during the heat of the day. Danger 
 of prostration can be lessened by keeping the animals from becoming 
 unduly excited. When prostrated by heat, the hog becomes very 
 short winded, shows weakness of heart action and often consider- 
 able distress, and in many instances develops convulsions resulting 
 in death. This condition may be lessened or prevented ordinarily 
 by pouring water on the face and feet of the animal. The best 
 method probably is by use of a sprinkler, keeping the water contin- 
 uously running over the head and face and on the feet, and later on 
 along the bellv. 
 
 NODULAR SKIN DISEASE. 
 
 Nodular skin disease, called by the native Hawaiians puu puu, can 
 not really be characterized as a disease. It is an affection of young 
 pigs and is brought about principally by feeding an unbalanced ra- 
 tion, that is, one excessively rich in protein and therefore of a heat- 
 ing nature. Contributory causes include insanitary conditions, in- 
 adequate ventilation, and insufficient exercise. Animals affected 
 with nodular skin disease should be given an occasional bath in 
 some good disinfectant solution, such as creolin, or a 2 per cent so- 
 lution of cresol compound, U. S. P., and the eruptions which have be- 
 come covered with scab should be touched with tincture of iodine. 
 A cooling diet which is laxative in effect is also recommended as 
 a relief measure. 
 
 VERMIN AND INTESTINAL WORMS. 
 
 LICE. 
 
 Hogs infested with the common hog louse (H cematopinus suis) 
 present an unthrifty appearance and suffer from irritation and itch- 
 ing. Lousy animals, filthy infected bedding, and insanitary quar- 
 ters transmit the pest from one hog to another. Lice can be eradi- 
 cated only by persistent and vigorous treatment. An efficacious 
 treatment can be prepared as follows: To one-quarter pound of 
 common laundry soap which has been dissolved by boiling in a little 
 water, add 1 gallon of rain water. Remove the mixture to consider- 
 able distance from the fire to avoid explosion and while it is still hot 
 pour into it 2 gallons of kerosene (coal oil) and then stir vigorously. 
 The completed creamy emulsion should be diluted for use with 8 or 
 10 parts of warm rain water. A stiff brush or a swab of cotton 
 should be used to cover every part of the animals body with the 
 solution. 6 Large numbers of affected animals can effectively be 
 treated if they are immersed in a medicated liquid in a dipping vat. 
 
 6 When hogs are treated with crude petroleum, they should be provided with plenty of 
 shade and water to prevent skin scalding. 
 
26 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. 
 
 Small numbers need only a rubbing post. Occasional spraying with 
 a solution composed of equal parts of kerosene and crude oil is effec- 
 tive for lice control. Another remedy is to float a. thin film of oil 
 over the hog wallows. 
 
 MANGE. 
 
 Scabies, or mange, in hogs is caused by small parasitic mites which 
 live in the skin. It is characterized by wounds or lesions in the skin 
 and bv small cone-shaped swellings. The animal scratches or rubs 
 the affected parts until the surface becomes raw. Scabs then form 
 and the affected areas become leather-like and fall into wrinkles or 
 folds. When the swine are mangy the yards and runways should 
 be thoroughly disinfected and provided with rubbing posts which 
 are covered with heavy cloth sacking saturated with crude oil. A 
 rather expensive method of eradicating mange is by the use of a 
 sulphur ointment. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 The intestines of young pigs are frequently infested with worms. 
 Pigs thus affected act in much the same way as they do when suffering 
 from cholera, the only difference being that in the former case there is 
 no fever and the ailment is confined to young animals only. Worm 
 eggs and embryos are taken into the S} T stem in contaminated drinking 
 water or food that is picked up in foul yards. All insanitary con- 
 ditions should be removed, including the excreta of infected hogs, 
 and the yards should be disinfected or else not used again by hogs 
 for a year. The feeding of santonin and calomel (5 grains of each 
 for every shote weighing from 50 to 75 pounds) with the ration is 
 often effective in eradicating worms. In stubborn cases at the Haiku 
 substation santonin and calomel were used or standard worm cap- 
 sules were administered by means of a balling gun. 
 
 While the use of proprietary conditioners is not. recommended, they 
 occasionally give good results when added to a mixture of wood 
 ashes, hydrated lime, finally ground phosphate rock, fine common 
 salt, and finely ground copperas (iron sulphate). These ingredients 
 should be thoroughly mixed and kept in a compartment of the self- 
 feeder. An animal in good condition will be better able to resist 
 attacks of worms than will one in poor condition. Worms impair 
 the general health of swine, especially of young animals. 
 
 FEEDING EXPERIMENTS AND PRACTICES AT THE HAIKU SUB- 
 STATION. 
 
 Two distinct series of feeding experiments and systems of swine 
 management were conducted at the New Era homestead farm in con- 
 junction with the Haiku substation during the period 1916-19*20. in- 
 clusive. 
 
 The first series had for its object (1) the determination of the prac- 
 ticability of raising and fattening swine on pasturage ranging from 
 one-tenth to one acre in maximum area; and (2) the determination 
 of the palatability and relative feeding value of the various Hawaiian 
 grown forage crops when they were pastured by, or fed as soiling 
 crops to. swine, both with and without supplementary grains and 
 other concentrates. From the data obtained it has been learned what 
 amounts of pork may reasonably be produced per animal per acre 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 27 
 
 under good management; Further tests were made to compare the 
 
 value of feeding- concentrates from self-feeders with feeding- by hand 
 when swine were pastured, soiled, or kept in the dry lot. and also to 
 ascertain the relative yields of the various crops when they were 
 grown singly and in combination as intercropping. It was learned 
 what systems of rotation gave the best results, the influence these 
 systems had upon the fertility of the soil when the crops were 
 pastured, and the relative costs of each. 
 
 The second series of feeding experiments was based on an intensive 
 system of management, the swine being confined in small inclosures 
 and fed mostly concentrated feeds with a minimum of pasturage and 
 green soiling crops. A great deal of the feed was ground and cooked 
 and the by-products fed included condemned carcasses, cassava starch 
 refuse, cull beans, sugar cane molasses, and ground hay. The object 
 of these series of experiments was to determine the difference between 
 the two systems of management in economy of labor and feed, health 
 of the animals, and average cost of swine production. 
 
 Only pure-bred Berkshires were used in these experiments. The 
 herd included 10 brood sows and 2 herd boars ranging from } T earlings 
 to 5-year olds, together with about 40 young pigs not over 1 year old. 
 The smallest number of hogs under test at any one time was 20 
 and the largest was 80. All animals were bred and reared on the 
 farm excepting 5 of the 12 mature animals forming the breeding 
 herd. 
 
 Xo contagious disease attacked the herd during the five years of 
 its existence and only three mature animals were lost during the 
 period, two as a result of faulty farrowing and one as a result of 
 a dipping experiment. The average loss of small suckling pigs was 
 slightly less than 20 per cent of the 500 pigs farrowed. Sows usually 
 farrowed two litters a year, such farrowings totaling about 85 per 
 cent of all the sows kept. The smallest litter farrowed was 5 pigs 
 and the largest was 13. The highest number of pigs in a litter which 
 were brought to maturity was 11. and the lowest was 3. Xo abor- 
 tion occurred in the herd during the period of test, and the average 
 number of pigs raised per sow per annum for the entire herd was a 
 fraction over 10. In 1919, 7 soavs brought to weaning age about 14 
 pigs each. 
 
 It is concluded from the experiment that with good management 
 10 pigs per sow per annum is a reasonably possible accomplishment 
 in herds not exceeding 10 brood sows, which was the average number 
 maintained at the Haiku substation and upon which these data are 
 based. However, it is estimated that less than half of this number 
 is the average production per sow in Hawaii as a rule. Such a high 
 and profitable standard can be maintained only with good foundation 
 stock which are carefully mated, well fed. and well cared for. 
 
 PLAN AND MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES AND RATIONS. 
 
 Figure 18 shows the general layout of the swine breeding and 
 feeding plant at the Haiku substation at the beginning of the series 
 of experiments in 1916. 
 
 The one-tenth-acre paddocks were found to be rather small at the 
 end of the hist year's trial for the support of sows having big litters. 
 Two lots were therefore thrown together to form one-fifth-acre pad- 
 
28 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 docks, and 10 such lots, comprising an area of 2 acres, were main- 
 tained throughout the rest of the experimental period. In addition 
 
 A//B/SCUS A/E/OGE 
 
 A/ABA SCO'S HE&GE 
 
 RiRSTO-RE /.OT 
 2S'x/7S'(#o/?CREj 
 EORSOWATA/L/TTER. 
 
 N0.6. 
 
 AISO//YPBLE 
 
 
 AVOi/S'E' 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 V 
 
 N0.8, 
 
 /=>/pst{/re lots ^ 
 /pre rot /a/to cror i 
 /pa/0 r/pstva?£a? yplter* 
 a/^ptely w^^y^Av 
 
 YERR. ' ^ 
 
 >\ r/psture lot 
 
 \ 2S'xA7S'&o/PCRE) 
 JEORSO/T/VATAV LATTER 
 -J'EROAtf B/RTAV OER/GS TO 
 r /TERA/AAAG TAME. 
 
 G/9TE 
 
 r/psture lot 
 / 2s'x/7S'(a < ?oa?cre) 
 
 /RORSOfiVfVATAA L/TTER. 
 
 NO, 5. 
 
 NO.7. 
 
 % 
 
 MOl/RBLE 
 A/Ol/SE 
 
 2RCRES 
 
 Atf/P/AV AAOG R/PSTCARE 
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 SERU/CET, TO 2 WEEKS 
 BEEORE ERRAPOMA/G, /VA/EA/ 
 ' TAAEYRRE RLRCEL? AAA SM/PLL 
 /A/a/l//£HS/?L P/PSTC//FES. 
 
 2 /PC RES 
 
 AW/PAAA AAOG RAPSTURE EOR 
 'SOWS TO RECOEERRTE RETER 
 SrE/?AV/AVGTA/£/ff RAGS OR EOR 
 YOOAVG STOCAC. 
 
 USi 
 
 Fig. 18. — General plan of the swine plant, New Era Homestead farm. Total area, 
 5 acres ; capacity, 50 hogs. 
 
 to the one-fifth-acre lots for dry sows, two paddocks, each 1^ acres 
 in area, were provided for weaned and fattening pigs. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 29 
 
 Each of the one-fifth-acre lots was planted in some desirable 
 forage crop, and a definite system of crop rotation was planned and 
 adhered to. Legumes, root crops, and nonleguminous crops were 
 alternated except in instances where crops ratooned or sent up vol- 
 unteers. In such instances the same crop was allowed to repeat itself. 
 
 Two or three weeks before farrowing time each sow was placed in 
 one of the fresh lots in crop. Just before the animal was placed 
 in her new quarters, a square rod of the crop was harvested and 
 weighed to determine the approximate amount of green forage it 
 contained. A portable hog cot having a built-in self-feeder was 
 then placed in the lot and the sow was weighed. Excessively fat 
 sows were not given grain or milled feed in addition to pasturage 
 but they had access to mineral matter consisting of 10 parts of wood 
 ashes, 5 parts of hydrated lime, 5 parts of finely ground phosphate 
 rock, 3 parts of fine common salt, and 2 parts of finely ground cop- 
 peras (iron sulphate). These ingredients after being thoroughly 
 mixed were placed in a compartment of the self-feeder. Charcoal 
 made an excellent supplement to this mixture. It may be added to 
 form up to half of the total volume. 
 
 Sows which were in good flesh and about to farrow were placed 
 in a fresh paddock containing good succulent crops and given a 
 light grain-meal mixture amounting to about 1 pound per day for 
 each 150 pounds of hog. When the animals were placed in good 
 cowpea pasture that was heavily seeded, they were not given any 
 concentrated feed. Brood sows which were in medium flesh were 
 fed a medium grain-meal ration amounting to 2 and 2-| pounds 
 per day for each 100 pounds of hog, and thin sows were given 
 free access to the self-feeder to consume 3 to 4 pounds of grain 
 meal daily per 100 pounds of hog in addition to the pasturage. 
 Under the latter conditions sows gained over 1^ pounds per day and 
 were able to maintain their increased weight for a reasonable period 
 after farrowing. When the litters were 6 to 8 weeks old, these 
 sows lost in flesh, but only in very few instances did they become 
 excessively thin. At weaning time either the sow or her young 
 were removed to another one-fifth acre paddock, or to one of the 
 l|-acre fields, depending upon the condition of the animals and 
 of the pasture. 
 
 The feeding capacity of any field or paddock is dependent upon 
 its yield and upon the skill with which it is fed to the animals. Al- 
 though many of the forage crops will barely maintain an animal 
 in fair condition, hogs at the Haiku substation gained from one- 
 fourth to one-half pound daily when they were pastured or soiled 
 on the best forage crops without the use of supplementary feeds. 
 Swine that were allowed to run on good pasturage and fed in 
 addition light, medium, or full rations of grain daily gained from 
 1 to If pounds. In most of the feeding trials animals pasturing 
 on green feeds made better gains than did those on soilage. Pastur- 
 ing was also more economical than soiling because it involved a 
 smaller amount of labor. Rapid, if not very economical, gains were 
 usually obtained through feeding full grain meal rations from a self- 
 feeder, but the cheapest gains were often made on a light to medium 
 supplementary grain ration. In the latter instance the hogs ate a 
 large proportion of the relatively cheaper forage. 
 
30 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. 
 
 In the earlier experiments " free-choice " feeding methods were 
 practiced ; that is, the various kinds of feed were placed in separate 
 compartments of the self-feeders so that the animals could select 
 at will the kinds and quantities they desired. When they were 
 pastured on alfalfa, cowpeas, peanuts, velvet beans, soy beans, and 
 other leguminous crops, the hogs consumed comparatively little 
 tankage or other animal protein feed, such as dried blood, dried 
 milk, and the like. On the other hand, when they were pastured 
 on nonleguminous crops, such as sweet potatoes, cassava, corn, and 
 grasses, having a high carbohydrate content, over 10 per cent of the 
 animal protein feeds was consumed. In all later feeding experi- 
 ments mixtures were compounded in accordance with these findings. 
 
 Hogs pasturing on leguminous forage crops were fed from self- 
 feeders mixtures of dry mashes composed of corn meal, cassava 
 meal, wheat, or rice bran and shorts, with tankage or blood meal not 
 exceeding 2.5 per cent and cane molasses up to and including 5 
 per cent. These rations had a nutritive ratio of 1 : 20. When the 
 animals were pastured on such crops as sweet potatoes, cassava, 
 Indian corn, Uba cane, and the like, the self-feeder rations were 
 made up of alfalfa or pigeon pea meal, soy bean and peanut meal, 
 oil-cake meal, mill run (bran and middlings), together with tankage, 
 dried blood or dried skim milk to the amount of about 10 per- 
 cent. This mixture produced a nutritive ratio of approximately 
 1 : 3. The records of the Haiku substation show that the average 
 consumption of these feeds per 100 pounds of hog was an average 
 of 2^ to 3-J- pounds daily, and that 300 to 400 pounds of such feeds 
 produced 100 pounds of gain in swine when the animals were pas- 
 tured in accordance with the above outlined cropping schemes. 
 The average daily gains ranged from 0.75 to 1.5 pounds per animal, 
 depending mainly upon the age and condition of the animals fed. 
 
 Enough data have been accumulated to show clearly that it pays 
 to balance the feeding rations of swine, at least to the extent shown 
 above, and that both forage crops and concentrated feeds must be 
 carefully selected for palatability as well as for composition. 
 
 The table on page 31 shows the forage crops that have been grown 
 most successfully at the Haiku substation both from the standpoint 
 of yield and from the standpoint of value to the hogs. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
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SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 33 
 
 LEGUMES. 
 
 Leguminous crops, including alfalfa, cowpeas, peanuts, velvet 
 beans, soy beans, and pigeon peas are rich in protein and can be 
 used to a large extent to replace imported grains and millstuffs. 
 
 Alfalfa is one of the best perennial forage crops for swine and can 
 easily be grown, if conditions are favorable. It should be planted in 
 January. February. March, and November, and 8 to 12 pounds of 
 the seed should be sown per acre in drills 12 to 18 inches apart. 
 
 Cowpeas is one of the best all round annual forage crops for swine. 
 The seed should be sown at the rate of 20 to 40 pounds per acre 
 in rows 30 to 45 inches apart. The best time for planting is in Feb- 
 ruary. May. October, and November. Cowpeas may produce one 
 ratoon crop. 
 
 Peanuts, if fed in combination with corn, are especially fine for 
 fattening hogs. Two bushels of nuts in pods, or about 20 pounds 
 of shelled nuts, per acre should be planted in rows 30 to 45 inches 
 apart. They may be planted in February. May. October, and No- 
 vember. Volunteer crops may be produced from seed that is left in 
 the ground. If fed alone peanuts tend to produce a soft pork. 
 
 Velvet beans make an excellent hog forage if they are fed when 
 the seeds begin to ripen and are supplemented with grain. About 50 
 pounds per acre should be sown in rows from 30 to 60 inches apart. 
 They can be planted in February. May. October, and November and 
 may produce one ratoon crop. 
 
 Soy beans seed heavily and make very nourishing forage for hogs. 
 From 25 to 50 pounds of seed per acre should be sown in rows 30 to 
 45 inches apart. They can be planted in February. May, October, 
 and November. 
 
 The pigeon pea crop, which is practically a new forage crop for 
 swine in Hawaii, should, before feeding, be ground into fine meal for 
 best results. From 10 to 20 pounds of seed per acre should be sown 
 in rows 45 and 60 inches apart. The crop is a perennial and can be 
 planted in February. May, October, and November. 
 
 ROOT AXD TUBER CROPS. 
 
 Eoot and tuber crops are relatively low in protein content and high 
 in carbohydrates. Among the best for swine feeding are sweet po- 
 tatoes, cassava, edible canna. and Jerusalem artichokes. 
 
 The sweet potato is one of the cheapest crops to grow for swine. 
 It should be supplemented with leguminous forage crops. The cut- 
 tings should be planted in lots of 10.000 per acre in rows 36 to 4^ 
 inches apart. The best time to plant is during February. May. 
 October, and November. Tubers that are left in the ground are 
 likely to produce volunteer crops. 
 
 Cassava is a rich feed in carbohydrate. It should be fed in com- 
 bination with feeds that are rich in protein. From 3,500 to 4,500 
 cuttings may be planted per acre in rows 30 to 60 inches apart. The 
 time of planting is February. May. October, and November. This 
 crop does not ratoon. 
 
 Edible canna should be cooked before it is fed to swine. From 
 3.500 to 4,500 bulbs should be planted per acre in rows 30 to 60 inches 
 apart. Edible canna may be planted in February. May, October, and 
 November. 
 
34 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Jerusalem artichokes are greatly relished by swine. From 250 to 
 500 pounds per acre should be planted in rows 30 to 60 inches apart. 
 The crop may be planted in February, May, October, and November. 
 
 NONLEGUMINOUS AND NONROOT CROPS. 
 
 Both the nonleguminous and the nonroot crops, including corn, 
 grain sorghums, Uba cane, elephant grass, and Bermuda and Hilo 
 grass pasturage, are rich in carbohydrate and inclined to be fibrous. 
 Probably all with the exception of corn in mature grain may be 
 classed as coarse roughage. They can be planted in February, April, 
 October, and November. 
 
 Corn 7 is probably the most efficient of the fattening grains for 
 swine. From 7 to 10 pounds per acre of the seed should be planted 
 in rows 42 to 60 inches apart. 
 
 Grain sorghums, while inferior to corn, make an excellent grain 
 feed for swine. From 5 to 8 pounds of the seed per acre should be 
 sown in rows 42 to 60 inches apart. 
 
 Uba cane is an excellent nonleguminous forage for swine and is 
 well liked by them. From 8,000 to 12,000 cuttings per acre should 
 be planted in rows 42 to 60 inches apart. 
 
 Elephant grass is not as palatable for swine as is saccharine sor- 
 ghum. From 8,000 to 12,000 cuttings per acre should be planted 
 in rows 42 to 60 inches apart. 
 
 Bermuda and Hilo grass pasturage is excellent for swine to root 
 in. It is a perennial and the sod or coarse clippings should be 
 plowed under. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Among the miscellaneous hog feeds may be included algaroba pods, 
 cactus fruits, and pineapple fruits. 
 
 Algaroba pods are excellent as a hog feed if not fed in abundance. 
 For best results, they should be ground unless they are pastured. 
 Select seedlings of heavy podding strains should be planted 20 by 20 
 feet with not more than 100 trees to the acre. 
 
 Cactus fruit, when pastured, is excellent as a hog feed. 
 
 Pineapple fruit, if very acid, should not be fed in excess to swine. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC ROTATION. 
 
 It has been conclusively demonstrated that grass crops should 
 follow leguminous crops, and that all broadcasted and nonroot crops 
 should follow cultivated and root crops. Under the cropping and 
 feeding systems practiced at the Haiku substation, worn-out pine- 
 apple lands of low fertility, when hogged off, were brought up to 
 a state of comparatively high fertility within three years. On the 
 other hand, lands from which the crops had been removed and on 
 which the hogs had not been allowed to run showed a decided tend- 
 ency to soil depletion. 
 
 7 Considerable corn on the ear has been fed to swine in Hawaii in the past. The small 
 farmer in the Kula region of Maui invariably feeds corn to hogs wiien the price of corn 
 drops below its feeding value, or when the price of pork reaches exceptionally high 
 levels. High transportation charges on this crop have induced many of the farmers to 
 feed it to swine, and this practice is likely to continue if hogs maintain their present 
 high price. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 35 
 
 METHODS OF SWINE MANAGEMENT PRACTICED BY LEADING 
 
 RANCHERS. 
 
 The methods followed by some of the successful swine raisers of 
 Hawaii are given in the hope that they may be of help to the begin- 
 
 Fig. 19. — Kemoo farm. Pens for feeding garbage. 
 
 ner. The data presented were obtained either through interview 
 or personal observation. 
 
 KEMOO FARM. 
 
 The Kemoo farm, located near Schofield Barracks, Oahu, has a 
 swine herd numbering 1,460 animals, 250 of which are brood sows 
 
 1 IIP?' 
 
 y f 
 
 j: met. j 
 
 
 Br irfif**f F 
 
 • 
 
 7Sr„ ltB11 
 
 
 
 Wf 
 
 / 1 Wm\ 
 
 J ; j|||f - '|KH 
 
 EH 
 
 t . f *^^-- i '* | 
 
 «£* 
 
 
 Fig. 20. — Kemoo farm. Concrete vats for steaming garbage. 
 
36 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 of high grade and 10 are pure-bred Duroc-Jersey and Berkshire 
 boars. (Figs. 19 and 20.) Each spw on this farm farrows, on the 
 average, 3 litters in two years and raises 5 or 6 pigs per annum. 
 Crossbreeding is giving fine results, a Duroc sow which was bred to 
 a Berkshire boar, recently farrowing 16 pigs, only one of which was 
 born dead, and 10 of which are being raised. Outstanding records 
 show a Tamworth sow to have produced 45 pigs in 3 litters in a little 
 over 15 months. One boar is maintained for every 25 sows. 
 
 Pigs are weaned at 8 to 10 weeks of age at an average weight of 
 25 pounds. As soon as they attain a weight of 60 pounds, they are 
 placed in one-half acre dry paddocks in lots of 40 head. Here they 
 are given some green feed, such as alfalfa, sorghums, and the like, 
 together with all the garbage they can consume. 
 
 Eighty cans containing about 300 pounds of garbage each are 
 daily hauled from the military posts to the Kemoo farm. All con- 
 tainers are thoroughly cleansed and sterilized by steam (100-pound 
 pressure) and then dipped in lime wash. This process and the cost 
 of hauling of course involve considerable expense. 
 
 In 1915 the Kemoo farm sold 365 garbage-fed hogs for $6,198, 
 which averaged 11 cents a pound live weight. In 1918 the sales in- 
 creased to 1,686 head which sold for $50,439, or about 22 cents a 
 pound. 
 
 It has been estimated on the mainland that 1 ton a day of well- 
 managed residence garbage will fatten 40 well-conditoned hogs 
 and will develop an equal number of shotes or brood sows; while 
 a ton of hotel or military post garbage will fatten 100 hogs and take 
 care of 100 shotes beside. Garbage from hotels is very much more 
 efficient as a feed than garbage from private homes. In* well-estab- 
 lished garbage feeding plants hogs weighing about 125 pounds each 
 are selected and fed until they have attained a weight of about 250 
 pounds. This gain requires, under good management, about 100 
 days and represents an average daily gain of 1J pounds. 
 
 Some years ago the Kemoo farm conducted a number of feeding- 
 experiments to determine the feeding value of garbage for swine. 
 Twenty-four pigs, grouped in lots of 3 to a pen, and weighing from 
 58 to 71 pounds at the beginning of the experiment, were given, for 
 50 days, a ration having garbage as the basic feed. Supplementary 
 feeds, such as wheat middlings, alfalfa meal, rice bran, barley, corn, 
 both separately and in combination, were added to the garbage in 
 various proportions. The highest daily gain per pig was 0.7934 
 pound, which was obtained by feeding 4 pounds of rice bran and If 
 pounds of corn, respectively, per pig per day, in addition to all 
 the garbage they would consume. The second highest daily gain 
 per pig was 0.76 pound, which was obtained by feeding 2f pounds 
 of corn per pen of 3 pigs, in addition to all of the garbage the 
 animals would consume. The lowest gain, 0.4534 pound, was made 
 by pigs receiving 4 pounds of alfalfa meal in addition to all the gar- 
 bage they would consume. 
 
 In a later experiment, 20 small pigs, in groups of 10 to a pen, 
 were fed for 40 days. Those in lot 1 were fed garbage only and at 
 the beginning of the experiment weighed a total of 298 pounds. At 
 the close of the experiment they had made a total gain of 124 pounds. 
 The pigs in lot 2 were fed 100 pounds of tankage in addition to the 
 
SWINE RAISING IX HAWAII. 
 
 37 
 
 garbage. Their total weight was 301 pounds at the beginning of the 
 experiment and 462 pounds at the close, which was a gain of 37 
 pounds over the gain made by the pigs receiving no tankage. Only 
 young pigs ranging from 20 to 30 pounds each were used in these 
 experiments, and the gains on the whole were comparatively light. 
 They plainly show, however, that certain kinds of supplements have 
 an influence in weight when they are fed in combination with garbage, 
 and likewise that the feeding of garbage is not necessarily the most 
 economical method, especially for young pigs and brood sows, unless 
 a supplementary feed is added to the ration. It pays well to supple- 
 ment the garbage with a liberal amount of concentrated feed, such as 
 dried blood or tankage, which has a high animal protein content. 
 Large and economical gains can be made with such feeding unless, 
 of course, the cost of the supplemental feed is abnormally high. 
 
 Fig. 21. — Molokai ranch piggery. Raised plank floors are cool and less expensive than 
 concrete. Car track facilitates feeding. 
 
 MOLOKAI RANCH SWINE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The following report was received from the swine department of 
 the Molokai ranch. Kaunakakai. Molokai (Fig. 21) : 
 
 Good algaroba pasture is more than a maintenance feed for swine, but it is 
 not considered as good as corn, rice bran, or barley. On tiais ranch corn ranks 
 first in food value, with rice bran second, barley third, and algaroba fourth. 
 The hogs are not pastured on any planted crop, but are daily given one good 
 feeding of green alfalfa. Rice bran is fed to fattening hogs only when corn 
 and algaroba beans are not available. Corn is fed during probably four months 
 of the year. When it is used, corn is given in regular amounts twice daily on 
 cement floors, but rice bran or beans are fed from self-feeders. The hogs 
 average daily gains of li to 2 pounds each. 
 
 There are a few pure-bred swine at the ranch, but the greater number of 
 animals are high grades. Practically everything is shipped to market from a 
 pure-bred boar to hogs out of grade sows. The entire herd is so nearly pure 
 
38 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 that it would be impossible to say whether pure breds or grades make the 
 more economical gains. 
 
 Each sow averages one and one-half litters per annum, but only about four 
 pigs per sow are actually raised and sold. This is a very low average, and is 
 due to nodular skin disease, which carries off fully 40 per cent of the pigs per 
 annum. The pigs are weaned when they are 2 to 3 months old, depending upon 
 weather conditions and their health. All pigs have the run of pastures during 
 some period of their lives, but are trough-fed when beans are out of season. 
 
 Cooked feed consists of sweet potatoes and potato tops, carcasses which are 
 brought in from the ranch pasture, and rice bran, or barley. After being placed 
 in a steaming vat for 4 hours the cooked stuff is fed mostly to sows with 
 litters. No cooked feed is given to fattening sows. 
 
 PUAKO RANCH. 
 
 The swine department of Puako ranch, on the west coast of 
 Hawaii, is managed with a minimum outlay of labor and equipment. 
 Throughout the greater part of the year the hogs have the run of 
 an extensive algaroba forest reaching to the sea, and they are fed 
 from racks as much green alfalfa as they can consume. When 
 algaroba pods are out of season the animals are fed beans from 
 self-feeders. 
 
 KAMEHAMEHA MANUAL SCHOOL. 
 
 An early attempt was made at the Kamehameha schools to interest 
 Hawaiian youth in swine raising. (Figs. 22 and 23.) These schools 
 
 Fig. 22. — Group of grade pigs, Kamehameha School, 1905. Only pure-bred Berkshires 
 
 now at school. 
 
 now maintain fine pure-bred herds of swine and conduct valuable 
 feeding experiments. In 1905 they conducted a feeding test with 
 swine to demonstrate that algaroba beans have the same value as 
 bran and barley as a fattening ration and can be used at half the 
 cost of the imported concentrated feed. By the use of garden and 
 kitchen waste in the ration, the cost of each pound of gain was 
 further reduced. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 39 
 
 The following report was submitted by the agricultural depart- 
 ment of the Kamehameha schools: 
 
 Breeding. — 
 
 Breed gilts at 11 or 12 months for first litter. 
 
 Breed to drop second litter at 24 months. 
 
 Breed sows every 7 months thereafter for a litter. 
 
 Use young boar for light service at 9 months. 
 Housing. — 
 
 Place sows in 8 by 16 foot double farrowing houses having guardrail, and 
 opening on leeward side; no draughts and very little bedding. 
 
 Pigs in out-of-door runs should have access to shelter during rainy season 
 only. 
 
 Brood-sow pens should bs provided with hog creeps. 
 
 m 
 
 Fig. 23. — Stock judging. Kamehameha School. 1905. 
 
 Yards. — 
 
 Should be furnished with artificial shade where trees are scanty. 
 
 Should be sprinkled during the middle of the day to lay dust and make 
 pens cool. 
 
 Should be furnished with rubbing posts. 
 Feeding. — 
 
 Kitchen garbage should form basic ration and be supplemented with 
 tankage. 
 
 Young pigs should be given equal parts of middlings, ground oats, and 
 meal in the form of slop twice daily, beginning when the animals are 
 about 1 month old and continuing until they are 5 months old. Not 
 more than 15 young pigs should be fed in the same pen. After they 
 are 5 months old the pigs should be fed kitchen garbage. 
 
 Boars should be daily fed wheat bran, ground oats, rolled barley, and 
 wheat middlings in equal parts in the form of slop. Garbage is too 
 fattening. A standard mineral mixture should be fed at the rate of 
 1 tablespoonful per hog once a day. "Polled barley in self-feeders 
 should be used to supplement garbage in market pens. Self-feeders 
 are not advisable for use of hogs that are kept for breeding. 
 Other features. — 
 
 Complete system of records are kept by the schools. 
 
 Boars are kept in individual pens. 
 
 Sows are bred in the latter part of the heat period. 
 
 Attention is given to sows at farrowing time. 
 
40 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 Other features — Continued. 
 
 All pigs constantly receive attention. 
 
 Boars are castrated when they are 6 weeks old. 
 
 Cleanliness instead of vaccination is the precaution taken against dis- 
 ease. 
 
 All pigs are given a feeding of bran mash once a week. 
 
 Boars and overfat sows or difficult breeders are forced to exercise. 
 
 All pigs are daily inspected for sickness. 
 
 Experimental feeding is carried on. 
 Results of this management. — 
 
 The Kamehameha schools have a swine herd second to none in Hawaii. 
 
 Splendid individuals are developed for sale as breeding stock. 
 
 Market hogs weighing 200 pounds are produced in from 7 to 8 months at 
 a profit of approximately $20 per hog. 
 
 OTHER RANCHES. 
 
 At the Haleakala and Harold Rice ranches on Maui extensive 
 swine herds are pastured on Bermuda (Manienie) grass, with which 
 the common prickly pear is freely mixed. Such pastures, especially 
 
 during the prickly pear 
 g 09 s<* season, make cheap and ex- 
 
 ^^^^ """""^^^o cellent maintenance feeds. 
 
 &y^ Since the prickly pear is 
 
 so commonly found in Ha- 
 waii, the following data 
 may be of interest in con- 
 nection with its use in the 
 swine ration : 
 
 In a series of tests con- 
 ducted in California with 
 slabs of Burbank spineless 
 cactus, 8 pigs ranging from 
 35 to 80 pounds each were 
 fed 20 to 30 pounds of the 
 cactus daily for 22 days. 
 At the end of the ex- 
 periment the hogs showed 
 a net gain of 118 pounds, 
 or an average daily gain 
 of two-thirds pound each. 
 When used to a limited 
 extent at the Haiku substation, fresh shredded spineless cactus made 
 a valuable srreen feed for swine. 
 
 Fig. 24. — Approximate distribution of cost in swine 
 production at the Haiku substation. 
 
 SOME FACTORS GOVERNING SUCCESSFUL SWINE PRODUCTION. 
 
 Eaising farm feeds economically and attending to details of 
 management personally are the essential factors governing success- 
 ful swine production. " The outstanding item of expense is the feed 
 and the second largest item is the labor employed. The greatest 
 saving, and therefore the greatest profit, can be had only by exer- 
 cising care in feeding and bv the employment of efficient labor. 
 (Fig. 24.) 
 
 Up-to-date business methods should be practiced regardless of 
 whether the stock is to be sold on the market or kept for breeding 
 purposes. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 
 
 41 
 
 Breeding stock should be judiciously advertised and exhibited 
 at fairs so that it will be brought to the attention of the public. 
 
 The breeder of pure stock should join the national and State asso- 
 ciations of the breed in which he is interested. 
 
 Transfer and registration papers should be promptly attended to 
 when registered stock are to be sold. All records should be kept 
 accurately and in a presentable manner. A reputation once lost 
 in the pure-bred stock business can not be regained. 
 
 System, business ability, and strict integrity are required for the 
 development of a worth-while reputation as a reliable breeder. 
 
 The swine raiser should not attempt to breed for selling purposes 
 until he has a well-established herd and a fairly complete equipment. 
 
 Fig. 25. — A cheap and effective farm smokehouse. 
 
 KILLING AND CURING 3 
 
 Owing to the heavy demand for fresh pork at high prices, no 
 cured products are as yet produced in Hawaii. However, the swine 
 raiser who is favorably situated should butcher and cure the meat 
 from some of the hogs on his farm. He will find it not only cheaper 
 than purchasing meat, but also that he can, by selling the cured 
 product, build up a lucrative business in a remarkably short time. 
 
 Only healthy animals should be selected for butchering. Disease 
 from unhealthy animals may be transmitted to persons eating the 
 meat. 
 
 At the Haiku substation excellent home-cured hams, bacon, sau- 
 sage, and other pork products have been made by means of a home- 
 made smoker. (Fig. 25.) None of the meat spoiled during the salt- 
 ing and curing process, even when the temperature reached 85° F. 
 at the time of slaughter. 
 
 8 For hints on equipment for slaughtering the animals and treatment of carcasses, see 
 IT. S. Dept. Agr.. Farmers' Bulletins 013, Killing Hogs and Curing Pork, and 1186, Pork 
 on the Farm : Killing, Curing, and Canning. 
 
42 BULLETIN 48, HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
 
 The animals were slaughtered either early in the morning or to- 
 ward sundown, and the carcasses were at once split down the spine 
 and cooled overnight in a specially louvered room. 9 The sides were 
 cut into pieces of suitable size, and together with chucks exceeding 2 
 
 inches in thickness were injected 
 the following morning with a solu- 
 tion 10 made by dissolving a pint 
 of the highest-grade salt and a 
 tablespoon of saltpeter in a quart 
 of boiling water. After being 
 cooled and strained this solution 
 is injected clear to the bone. The 
 meat is then placed in brine. 
 
 The following data show into 
 what products a good hog, weighing 
 about 250 pounds, can be cut (Fig. 
 26), and also what percentage of 
 live weight of the carcass each prod- 
 uct represents. 
 
 Cuts and their percentage of live we'tihi 
 of the carcass of a hog weighing 250 
 pounds. 
 
 Cuts. 
 
 Propor- 
 tion of 
 whole 
 
 animal. 
 
 Hams 
 
 Per cent. 
 12.50 
 
 Shoulders 
 
 10.50 
 
 Sides 
 
 21.45 
 
 Loins 
 
 9.75 
 
 Prime steam lard 
 
 12.50 
 
 Tenderloins, spareribs, tails, snouts, etc 
 
 Leaf fat 
 
 6.50 
 2.80 
 
 Casings, heart, liver, cheek meat, etc 
 
 Moisture and offal 
 
 12,00 
 12.00 
 
 
 
 Fig. 26. — Hoav to cut a carcass to ad- 
 vantage. A, haras ; P>, shoulders ; C, 
 fatbac'k and loins; D, leaf fat and 
 bacon ; Ca and Da, ribs ; D. bellies ; 
 E, jowl and head ; F, trimmings ; 
 and G. feet. 
 
 Carcasses weighing from 120 to 
 140 pounds (fresh pork) bring the 
 highest market prices in Honolulu. 
 Hogs weighing over 200 pounds are 
 less in demand, and heavy hogs, 
 such as find ready sale in the States, 
 are difficult to dispose of on the 
 local markets. 
 
 TERRITORIAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE IMPORTATION OF 
 
 SWINE. 
 
 Section 1. All pure-bred swine intended for shipment to the Territory of 
 Hawaii for breeding purposes must be accompanied by a certificate of health 
 issued or approved by an officer of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry 
 or by the State veterinarian, to the effect that the animals have passed a careful 
 veterinary inspection and are free from any indication of disease, and that 
 
 9 A room with walls made of well spaced boards which are sloped to shed rain and 
 fashioned somewhat like window shutters to admit light and air. 
 
 10 A patented meat Salter was used for this purpose. It is a rather large instrument 
 resembling a hypodermic syringe and is used with a specially constructed needle. 
 
SWINE RAISING IN HAWAII. 43 
 
 neither hog cholera nor swine plague has existed within a radius of 5 miles 
 of the premises on which they have been kept for a period of six months im- 
 mediately preceding the date of shipment. 
 
 Sec 2. The owner or importer must present an affidavit to the effect that 
 the said certificate refers to the swine in question, that the same have been 
 shipped from the premises mentioned in said certificate in clean and disin- 
 fected cars, without unloading, and that they have not been submitted to the 
 serum simultaneous or double treatment for hog cholera within 30 days prior 
 to shipment. 
 
 Sec 3. All pure-bred swine intended for breeding purposes arriving in the 
 Territory without such certificate and affidavit shall be subject to a quarantine 
 of 2 weeks at the expense of the owner or importer. 
 
 Sec 4. All butcher hogs intended for shipment to the Territory of Hawaii 
 for the purpose of fattening for the market must be accompanied by the certifi- 
 cates and affidavits as in sections 1 and 2 described. 
 
 Sec 5. Such swine arriving without the required certificates and affidavits 
 shall not be allowed to land in the Territory. 
 
 Sec 6. All butcher hogs intended for shipment to the Territory of Hawaii 
 for the purpose of immediate slaughter must be accompanied by the certificates 
 and affidavits as in sections 1 and 2 described and shall be unloaded into cars, 
 drays, or trucks and transported direct to the place of slaughter and shall not 
 he disposed of in any other way than by slaughter. 
 
 Sec 7. All such cars, drays, or trucks shall be thoroughly cleaned and disin- 
 fected under the supervision of the Territorial veterinarian before being allowed 
 to return for reloading or to be used for any other purpose, such cleaning and 
 disinfection to be at the expense of the owner or importer. 
 
 Sec 8. The Territorial veterinarian may permit the landing and slaughter of 
 such swine when unaccompanied by the certificates and affidavits required by 
 this regulation providing that upon arrival and inspection they are found in 
 good health and are apparently free from all swine disease and are slaughtered 
 within 2 weeks after arrival. 
 
 Sec 9. All swine of whatsoever character arriving in the Territory exhibit- 
 ing symptoms of hog cholera, swine plague, or any other disease contagious 
 to swine shall not be allowed to land. 
 
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 OF THIS PUBLICATION* MAY BE PROCURED FROM 
 
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 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
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 COPY FOR PROFIT. — PUB. RES. 57, APPROVED MAY 11, 1922 
 
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 
 
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