iE-453 LIBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE DIVISION OF INSECTICIDE INVESTIGATIONS LONCHOCARPUS (BARBASCO, CUBE, AND TIMBO A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE By R. C. ROARK Washington, D. C. October 1938 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/lonchocarpusbarbOOunit E- 453 October 1938 United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine LONCHOCARPUS (BARBA.SC0, CUBE, AND TIMBO)-- A REVIEW OE RECENT LITERATURE By R. C. Roark, Division of Insecticide Investigations corara Page Introduction 2 Common names 2 References to the botany of Loncho carpus Cultivation of Lonchocarpus 16 Pests attacking Lonchocarpus Use of Lonchocarpus as a. fish poison 23 Pharmacology of Lonchocarpus , 25 Chemistry of Lonchocarpus 26 Assay of Lonchocarpus 30 Use of Lonchocarpus as an insecticide 37 List of insects mentioned 82 Common and scientific names of insects 93 Patents 95 Proprietary insecticides made from Lonchocarpus 103 Statistics and prices 105 Laws relating to Lonchocarpus 113 Reviews and miscellaneous information 116 Acknowledgment 126 Bibliography 127 Index of j\inior authors 169 Patent index 171 Chronological index 172 - 2 - IKTBQDUCEIOH In March, 1936, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the United States Department of Agriculture issued mimeographed publication ITo. E-367, entitled, "Loncho carpus species (Barbasco, Cube, Haiari, Nekoe, and Timbo) Used as Insecticides", in which all available information on the sub- ject was reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to summarize information on Lonchocarpus that has become available since March 1936, or that was overlooked in the compilation E-367. Lonchocarpus has become the principal source cf rotenone used in the United States. In 1336 this country imported 704,120 pounds crude cube, timbo or barbasco root, 1,124,936 pounds powdered timbo root, and 510,337 pounds crude derris root. Although the literature on insecticides contains many more references to derris than to Lonchocarpus, the latter is receiving .an increasing share of attention. Insects controlled by the one are in most cases also control- led, by the other, and entomologists are beginning to speak of rotenone dusts and sprays without specifying whether made from derris or Lonchocarpus. The reader interested in the rotcnone-bearing plants will find addi- tional information on this subject in the publication E-402, "Tephrosia as an Insecticide — A Review of the Literature",- issued February, 1937. The in- formation concerning derris is now being compiled, and it is hoped that eventually all the information on rotenone and related insecticides, whether occurring in Derris, Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia, Mundulea, or other genera, will be assembled, in one publication. COMMON NAMES Martius (270) in 1843 recorded that in Brazil Pa ullinia pinnata L. was called timbo and timbo- sipe. The Lima Geographic Society (261) in 1894 published a paper entitled, "El barbasco (cubi o eumu)". This gave information on several kinds of barbasco which are mostly species of Tephrosia. Lonchocarpus is not men- tioned. The following common names for species of Lonchocarpus have been noted: Common names of Lonchocarpus species Species Com mo n name Where u sed Reference atropurpureus jebe Venezuela Pittier, Benth. 329,330 blackii (F. Mucll.) bloody bark Not specified Gerth, 164 Queensland lance-pod " " Specie s blainii C. Wright bunsei Hams chrysophyl lus Kleinh , crucisrubierae Pitticr - 3 - Connon none Whore used Reference guana cinarron guana hediondo guana hediondo henbra guana do San Bart clone Cube 11 it it Roig, 359 ii ii ii agoio Congo Stancr and Boutique, 395 neale ol bararuai East Africa M II Bally, 14 ii black haiari British Guiana krukoff and Snith, 255 Martyn and Follott- Snith, 271 1CjC06 vrake-ro-koda wakorokoda v/akuru-kuda ncnudito tocorito Sari nan British Gu i an a Venezuela ii Krukoff and Snith, 255 Pulle, 337 Krukoff and Snith, 255 pitticr, , ooO cyanescens (Schun, & Thonn. ) Bonth. cchi ciu Nigeria n gara ii gcra ti indigo Not specified negepassa Nigeria ngeparsa n nialo ii West Afric in indigo ti Ker/, 240 KCV7, 240; Maloney, 285 Kew, 240 it Gcrth, 164 Kew, 240 tt it Kevr, 240; Moloney, 285; Gerth, 164 Species densi floras Bcnth. dcnsiflorus noritzianus Bcnth. diptcrcnourus Pitticr dbningensis (Pcrs.) DC. criocalyx Hams fcndlcri Bcnth. floribundus Bcnth. hintoni Sanduith katangensis dc Wild, - 4 - Gonnon nano Yeruba indigo bastard haiari haiari r.ajono grifo guana guana dc najagua guana dc soga nuvaro nahono Whore used Nigeria British Suiana Venezuela Cuba ii !l East Africa Venezuela naj ono tinbo Brazil tinbo rana tinbo venonoso tin oo vencnoso do Para v/Iriri nekuru aricuahuc cajurica palo do Arc zo-pilacuague tjui.ja latifolius (Willd. ) H.B.K. acurutu hitch rcood fuert.c-vcntura guana can dc Ion Reference Xov7, 240'; Gcrth, 164; ' Hooker 196 !.iart; ;r n and Fclixtt- Snitli, 271 Pitticr, 323,330 Roig, 339 ii Bally, 14 Pitticr, 330 Pi J ; tier, 329, 330 Krukoff and Snith, 255 II Fagundcs, 136 II LcGointc , 258 Surinam Krukoff and Snith, 255 Mexico Kcvr, 241 n it ti ii 1! ii Congo dc \7ildc- nar , 469 Venezuela Pitticr, 329,330 Not specified Gcrth, 164 Puerto Rico Pitticr, 350 Cuba Roig, 359 S pecies laxiflorus Guill. and Pcrr. longipcs Ur"b. & Ekn. nartynii A. C. Snith nirandinus Pittior nossonbicenbis Si:, nicou (Aubl.) DC. pictus Pittior punctatus H.E.K. - 5 - Cannon r.anc guana do costa guana he di o ndo pal o ho u.i o ndo savonette jaune honohono nowaleh panda guana de costa a-ya white haiari grifo chicush chicuswa npangeli pangira bo.ro as co conapi cube hai ari hai ari inecou nicou pacai tir.be tinbo legitino tinbo nacaouinho white hai ari Where usod Reference Cuba ii Puerto Rico Not specified Roig, 353 Roig, 359 Pittior, 330; Stahl, 393 Gorth, 164 Nigeria n ii Ken, 240; Sin, 377 Ken, 240; Grant & Oli- ver, 172 Kew, 240; Sin, 377 Cuba Roi{;, 359 British Guiana ti Krukoff and Snith, 255 it Venezuela Pittior, 330 Portuguese 3ast Africa ii Sin, 377 it n tt ii it Peru Peru ii Fagundos, 136 it t! Guianas Brit. Guiana Jiartyn and tocorito aco Not specified Guianas Peru Brazil Brazil ii Brit. Guiana Venezuela Folio tt- Snith. 271 Ernst, 132 Fagundns, 136 ti Fagundes, 136 LcCcintc, 258 ti Martyn and Follotte- Snith, 271 Pittior, 329 Pittior, 329, 330 _ 6 - S pcci( rariflorus Mart. roseus DC. rubiginosus Benth. rufescens Benth. sericeus (Poir.) B.B.K. Coanon none "blacic haiari cururu faia-faia faia-fai(a) noroko noroko tiEibb a;^v£relxo t,i:u"bo cwc.r'u cacahuananchi Where ucc d Brit. Guiana Brazil Brit. Guiana 11 Brazil ii Jalisco , Mexico Saint-Martin rouge Not specified coir, erivrant liane a enivrer les poissons liane a nivre nicou nicou real hi.orree rohiirJer nicou vischgif.tliaanri apapo "box lonchc carpus trachs cnlo ncho carpue guama "boho ipapo lonchocarpe a boitcs mutala-incnha ossam :: Guiana Not specified it ii it Nigeria Not specified ti Cuba Nigeria Not specified Nigeria R eference Martyn and Follett* Smith, 271 Krukoff and Smith, 255 Krukoff and Smith, 2 55 Martyn and Follette- Smith, 271 Krukoff end Smith, 255 ii Duges, 121 Gerth, 164 ii ii yoruDa ii Lindley, 252 Gerth, 164 ii ii ii Kow, 240 Gerth, 164 it Roig, 359 Kow, 240 Gerth, 164 Kcw, 240; deWildcman, 469 Kow, 240; Moloney, 285; Paris Exposition, 515 Kow, 240 Species sylvestris A. C. Smith tonentosus Tul. urucu Kill in and Snith - 7 - Common name barbasco del mo nte sacha barbasco tinbo tinbo rana timoata Id aura barbasco tinbo assti tinbo carajura tinbo carajura ti-ibo uassu tinbo urucu tinbo urucu tinbc urucu tinbo verr.ielho tinbo vernclho tinbo vernclho barbasco barbasco conapi cube cube de aim i don pacai tinbo tinbo legitino tinbo nacaquino tinbo urubu tinbo verdadeiro tinu tirru-anbi violaceus (Jacq.) H.3.K. acurutu bai-ario geno geno Margari ta nckoe stinkhout tiengiiioedoe tingi hoe doe utilis A, C. Snith Where used Peru ii Brazil it ii Colombia Srazil ii it ii it it ii it it ii Reference Krukoff Srii th , ii and 255 it ii n Cortes, 91 Gleason, 166 Krukoff and Snith, 255 . ii LeCointe, 258 Krukoff and Smith, 255 ii Fagundes, 136 LeCointe, 258 Silva, 374 Krukoff and Snith, 255 LeCointe, 258 Peru Ecuador Peru it Krukoff and Snith, 255 ti it ii n it n ii Brazil ii Krukofn Snith, n " and 255 tt ii ii ti tt it Ecuado r it ii ii Venezuela Hot specified Antilles Venezuela Hot specified Hot specified ii Ernst, Gcrth, Stahl, Ernst, Gcrth, it ii 130 164 393 130 164 ii ii Species L. sp. Connon nane guano negro haiari heri Inekou ricV.:o nckko nekoo ocnan nekoc reddi nckoe red haiari stinkholz stinkhout tinbo "branco tinbo de nassa tinbo legitino tinbo nan so tinbo pao tinbo pau (do nassa) tinbo vcrdadeiro yurabo indigo Where used Reference Cuba Roig,359 Roth, 360 Guianas Roth, 360 Guianas Trench Guiana ii Barre-.-o, 16; Guianas Surinan Roth, 360 n it Sack, 363 ti Krukoff and Snith, 255 ii ti Brit. Guiana it Surinan Kapplor, 233 it Sack, 363 Brazil Krukoff and Snith, 255 n ii ii it ii it ti n it LeCointc, 258 ii 'Krukoff and Snith, 255 ii Cantley, 64 - q - Botanical, identity of plants listed alphabet ically according to co;.non none, Connon na no Species of Lnnchocarpus aco acuratu acurutu agoio apapo aricuahue a-ya "bai-arie barbasco barbasco barbas-co barbasco del monte bastard haiari baura bitch wood black haiari ' black haiari bloody bark bois enivrant box lonchocarous buchsenl one ho carpus cacahuananchi cajurica chicush 'chicuswa conapi cona-oi pube cube cube de aim i don cururu echi elu faia-faia faia-fai (a) norofco fuerte-ventura gara geno geno gera grifo grifo guama guama bo bo guama candelon guama. cimarron r .. guama de costa guama de costa guama hediondo L. punctatus H.3.K. L. latifolius (Willd.) H.B.K. L. violaceus ( Jacq. ) H.B.K, L. bussel Earns. L. sericeus (Poir.) H.B.K. L. hintoni Sandwith L. martynii A. C. Smith L. violaceus (Jacq.) H.B.K. L. nicou (Aubl. ) DC. L, urucu Killip and Smith L. utilis A. C. Smith L, sylvestris A. C. Smith L. densiflorus Benth, L. tomentosus Tul. L. latifolius (Willd.) H.B.K. L. chrysophyllus Kleinh. L. rariflorus Mart. L. blackii (?. Muell.) Benth. L. rufescens Benth. L. sericeus (Polr.) H.B.K, L. sericeus (Poir.) H.B.K. L. roseus DC. L. hintoni Sandwith L. mossambicensis Sim L, mossambicensis Sim L. nicou (Aubl.) DC. I: ni^dub?:) 2 ^ L: utilis A. C: Snith L. utilis A. C. Smith L. rariflorus Mart. L. cyanescens (Schum. & Thonn, ) Benth. L. cyanescens (Schum. & Thonn.) Benth. L. rariflorus Mart. L. rariflorus Mart. L. latifolius (Willd.) H.B.K. L. cyanescens (Schum. & Thonn.) Benth. L. violaceus H.B.K. L. cyanescens (Schum. & Thorn*.) Benth. L. d.ipteroneurus Pittier L. mirandinus Pittier L, domingensis (Pers.) DC. L. sericeus (Poir.) H.B.K. D. latifolius (Willd.) H.B.K. L. blainii C. Wright L. latifolius (Willd.) H.B.K. L. longipes Urb. & Ekn. L. blainii C. Wriglft - 10 - Common name guama hediondo guama hediondo hembra guana dc majagua guana negro guama do San Bart glome guana de soga guano negro haiari haiari haiari heri honohono indigo inecou inekou ipapo liane a cnivrer les poissons liane a nivre Species of Lonchoc a rpus lonchocarpe a mahono najono najono Margarita nbale nenudito nowaleh npangeli nutala-nenha nuvare nako negepassa nekko nekoc nekoe nekoe ngeparsa niale nicou nicou noroko oenan nekoe ol "bararuai ossani pacai pacai palo de .Aro palo hediondo panda boites latifolius (Willd.) H.3.K. blainii C. Wright domingensis (Pers. ) DC. sp. blainii C» Wright domingeusis (Pers. ) DC. sp. densiflorus Bcnth. ni cou ( Aubl . ) DC . sp. sp. laxiflorus Guill. and Perr. cyancscons (Schun. & Tho mi . ) Benth. nicou (Aubl. ) DC. sp. scriceus (Poir.) H.B.K. apropurpurous Benth, rufescciis Benth. rufescens Benth. scriceus (Poir.) K.3.K. fondle ri Benth. densiflorus naritzianus Benth. fendleri Bcnth. violaceus (Jacq.) H.B.K. bussei Hams. crueisrubierao Pitticr laxiflorus Guill. and Perr. nossanbicensis Sin scriceus (Poir.) H.3.K. or io calyx Hams sp. cyancscons (Schun. & Thonn. ) Benth. sp. chrysophyllus Kleinh. sp. violaceus (Jacq.) H.B.K. cyanescens (Schun. & Thonn.) Bcnth. cyancscons (Schun. & Thonn.) Bcnth. nicou (Aubl. ) DC. rufescens Benth. rariflorus Mart. sp. bussoi Harris scriceus (poir.) H.B.K. nicou (Aubl. ) DC. utilis A. C. Snith hintoni Sandwith latifolius (Willd.) H.B.K.' laxiflorus Guill. and Perr. - 11 - Co mon noxio pangira Queensland lanco-pod real hiarreo reddi nekce rod haiari robinier nicou sacha barbae co Saint-Martin rouge savoncttc Jaunc stinkholz . stinkhout stinkhout ticngiliocdoc tii.i"bo tinbo tin"bo tirfbo tinbo anarella tinbo assu tinbo "branco tinbo car a jura tinbo cururu tinbo do r.iacsa tinbo legitino tinbo legitino tinbo legitino tinbo nacaquino tinbo nacaquino tinbo nan so tinbo pao tinbo pau (dc nassa) tinborana tinborana tinbo uassu tinbo urubu tinbo urucu tinbo venenoso tinbo venenoso do Para tinbo verdadeiro tinbo verdadeiro tinbo vernelbo tinoata tinu tinu-anbi tingi hoedoc tjuija tocorito tocorito vischgif tliaan Species ■f Loi icho carp us nossanbicensis Sin blackii (F. Muell.) Benth. rufescens Benth. sp. sp. rufescens Benth sylvestris A. C. Smith rubiginosas Bonth. latifolius (Willd. ) H.B.K. sp. sp. violaceus (Jacq.) H.B.K. violaceus (Jacq.) H.B.K. floribundus Bonth. nicou (Aubl.) DC. sylvestria A. C. Smth. ut: G. Smith r ai i f 1 o ru s Mar t . urucu Killip and Snith sp. urucu .Killip and Snith rariflorus Mart, sp. nicou (Aubl. ) DC. utilis A. C. Snith sp. utilis A. C. Snith . nicou (Aubl.) EC. sp. sp. sp, floribundus Bonth. sylvestris A. C. Snith urucu Killip and Snith utilis A. C. Smith urucu Killip and Snith floribundus Benth. f 1 o r i bun du s 3 c n th . utilis A, C. Smith sp. urucu Killip and Snith sylvestris A. C. Snith utilis A. C s Snith utilis A. C. Snith violacous H.B.K. ka tang ens is do Willd. crucisrubierac Pittier pictus Pittier rufescens Benth. - 12 - Coraon none Spcci'.' 3 of Lon cli ocai 'pus Wake-ro-koda wakorokoda, wakuru-kuda West African indigo white haiari white haiari wiriri nekuru. yoruha yuraho indigo yoruha indigo zopilacague L. chrysophyllus Klcinh. L. chrysophyllus Kloinh. L. chrysophyllus Kloinh. L. cyanescens (Schun. &. Thonn. ) Denth. L. nartynii A. C. Snith L. nicou (Auol.) DC. L. florihundus 3enth. L. scriceus (Poir. ) H.3.K. L. sp, L. cyanescens (Schun. & Thonn.) 3enth. L. hintoni Sandwith - 13 - REFERENCES TO THE BOTAIIY OF LONCHOCARPUS Willdenow, in the fourth edition of Linne ' s (263) Species PI ant ar- um, published in 1801, described Robinia scandens Willd. ? Lcncho carpus nicou) from Guiana. Guill?min, Perrottet and Richard (179) in 1833 described Lonchocar - pus formosianu s DC. and L. laxiflorus Guill. and Perr. from Senegambia, Africa. Information concerning the genus Lonchocarpus H.B.K. was given by Endlicher (127) in 1840, and by Meisner (280) in 1843. Miquel (284) in 1844 described Lonchocarpus h edyosmu s and L. pterocarpus [ Derris pterocarpus (DC.) Killip] from Surinam. Mueller (288) in 1361 described Milletfc je, blackii , which according to Bentham and Mueller (Flora Australiensis 2: 272. 1864) is Lonchocarpus blackii Benth. Harvey and Sonder (189) in 1862 described plants of the Cape Colony, Africa, region, including L onchocarp us r hilenoptera Benth. This is stated to be a native also of Mozambique and Abyssinia. Grant and 01iver(l72) in 1872 described Lonchocarpu s laxiflorus Guill. and Perr., and L. violaceus H.B.K. from eastern Africa. Holmes (195) in 1875 reported on a specimen of timbc collected in the province of Rio, Brazil, by Cyriax and Farries and presented to the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society, London. It was not identified botan- ically. The taste was not bitter. When chewed the root caused only a slight but persistent tingling of the tongue. Lindley (262) in 1876 described Lonchocarpus as an extensive genus of leguminous plants, of which the greater number are tropical American, seven tropical African, and one Australian. Some are small trees, seldom exceeding 30 or 40 feet in height, and others tall climbing shrubs with woody stems. They have alternate pinnate leaves, except in a solitary species from Southern Mexicro, in which they are reduced to a single leaflet; and their pea-like flowers are in racemes and either purple reddish or white, but never yellow. The genus is solely distinguished from its congeners by its pods, the structure of its flowers not differing from that of Piscidia and other allied genera. The pod is flat, much longer than broad, varying from a thin paperlike to a hard woody consistency, and without wings along the edges, the seed-bearing edge being merely thickened or flattened. Duges (121 ) in 1881 recorded "Cacahuananchi" as a common name applied in Jalisco, Mexico, to Lonchocarpus roseus. Ernst (130) in 1881, in a description of the most important families of plants found in Venezuela, included Lonchocarpus violaceus as an example of a plant belonging to the tribe Dalbergieas. - 13a ~ Vatke (448) in 1881 described Lonchocarpus ? inconstans Vatke from Madagascar. Baker (12 ) in 1887 described L. paullinioides as a new species fron Madagascar. Moloney (285) in 1887 described Lonchocarpus sericeus H.B.K. as an ereet tree 30 to 40 feet high, very common on the sea- shore of Upper Guinea and Lower Guinea. The wood is close-grained and durable. L. cyanescens Benth. is a woody climber, 20 to 30 feet long. Hooker (196) in 1887-1888 published drawings of Lonchocarpus cyanescens Benth. from West. tropical Africa. Baker (13) in 1889 described L. polystachus as a new species from Madagascar. Bolus (33) in 1889 described Lonchocarpus speciosus Bolus as a very distinct new species from South Africa. This has large and handsome bright blue flowers. Tenison-Woods (40l) in 1889 wrote of fish-poison plants used in Malaysia. In speaking of one of these, Pongamia volubilis Zoll. and Mor. , he says, "it is a climbing plant very much like Derris : in fact it is only separated from that genus and Lonchocarpus by the peculiarity of its pods." Sacleux (364) in 1891 included L. laxiflorus Quill, and Perr. in a list of plants of Zanzibar and other African countries. Sngler (128) in 1895 wrote that Lon cho carpus laxif lorus Guill. and Perr. is widely distributed throughout tropical Africa. Durand and de lildeman (122) in 1897 gave information concerning the following Congo species: Lo nchoca rpus eetveldeanus Michel i , L. dewevrei Michel i, L. comosus Micheli, and L. br.rteri Benth. Cortes (91) in 1898 published information on Lonch oca rpus atropurpureus , L. guatemalen sis Benth., L. latifoiius H.B.K. , L. longifoiias , L. macro - phyllu s H.B.K. , L. sepi um BC. , L. sericeu s H.B.K. , L. tomentosus Tul. , L. velutinus Benth. and L. violace us H.B.K. growing in Colombia. Chevalier (73) in 1902 described, with drawings, Lonchocarpus cyan - escens Benth. growing in Prench Sudan. - 14 - Grandi&Ier • (17J.)" in 1902 published information on tho synonymy, botanic;,! characteristics and occurrence in Madagascar of Lon chocarpus icthyoc tonu s E. Baillon, Lcncho carpus inconstans Vatke, Lonchocarpus paullinioidcs Baker, and LoncEooarnus pol^ stacfrus Baker, and stated that this genus scarcely differs fron Milletia and in the absence of nature fruits tho allocation of a species to one or the other of these gen- era is rather arbitrary. IvLoderlein (300) in a description of the plant resources of tho French colonies published in 1902 listed Lonchocarpus latifolius H.B.K. as occurring in Martinique, L. n^bigin^sas 3^ nth. in Guadeloupe, French Guiana and else- where and other species of Lonchocarpus in the sane countries. L. nicon is listed fron French Guiana under "nod.icinal plants." Micheli (281) in 1903 described, with drawings, Lonchoc arpu s eriocar - inali s as a new specie's, L. eriophyllua Benth.,, B. g uatcnalcns ia Benth. , an ^ h. m violac cus H.B.K. are listed as Mexican species. de Wildenan (4^9) in 1905 published descriptions of useful or inter- esting plants found in tho Congo, including lonchocarpus B owevrei Micheli, h> sericeus H.B.K. and L. Katangensis de Wild, Hams (138) in 1906 described Bolus an t hus Hams as a new genus. He also made the transfer B nlusanthu s s pecie sua (Bolus) Earns (- Bonchocarpu s speciosus Bolus) fron South Africa. Pulle (337) in 1906 included Bonchocarpus sericeus H.B.K. and Dorr is guyanensis Benth. ir a list of Surinam plants. Sin (377) in 1909 described, with drawings, Lonchocarpus lax i floras Guill, and Porr. and L. p.ossambicensis Sin fron Portuguese East Africa, Engler and Drude (129) in 1910 published a drawing :f Bonchocarpus cyanescens Berth, fron West Africa, The How Royal Botanic Gardens (210) in 1911 published information on the botany, vernacular names and uses of Loncho c arpus cya nescen s Benth. , li 4 l.^ xifloru s Guill. end Perr. and L, s ericou s H.B.K. These .are all found in Nigeria* Pittier (328) in 1923 described Lo nch ocarpus pictus Pittier as a new species fourd in Venezuela. Bucko (119) in 1925 published botanical information concerning Lonchocarpus angulatus Eucke, L. nicou (Aubi.) BC. , L. pa.nicula.tus Bucko, and L. rari floras Benth. growing in tho Amazon region of Brazil. Pittier (329) in 1926 published a manual of Venezuelan plants. Included are: L, atropuroureus Benth. , L. densiflorus no ritzianus Benth. , L. d ipteronourus Pittier, L. fendleri Benth., L. latifolius (Willd.,) H.B.K., L. p ictu s and L, punctatus H.B.K. - 15 - Pittier (33C) in 1328 describee! the folio-,; in-- species of Lonchocarpus growing in Venezuela: L. atr^p urpu-"cus Tenth. , L. crncis- rubiorao Pittier, L. dorslflorus Tertn, , L. dipteroneurus Pittier, L. f crdleri Benth. , L. guar - icensis Pittier, L. larorisis Pittier, L. l n -tifollus (Willd. ) H.B.K. , L. l utcs - cens Pittier, L. macro carpus Bcnth. , L. nirandinus Pittier, L. negre nsj s Bcnth,, L. ni tidulus Don'th, , L, pictus Pittier, L. punc t a bus E . B . I . , L. s er- ic cus E.B.K, , L. stonopterls Pittier, L, otcnurus Pittier, L. st rani nous Pittier, and I. vioiaceus ( Jacq. ) H.B.h. In Grleason 1 s (166) account of "botanical explorations in the region of Mt. Duida, Venezuela, A. C. Snith has a description of Loncho c arpus urucu Killip and Snith. It is called barbasco and used to poison fish. The species is so far known only fron Gurupa, ir. the state of Para, "but is to bo ex- pected along tributaries of the Anazoi and Negro, Pulle (338) in 1933 discussed the botany cf Lonchocarpus c hrysophy] lus Kleinh, and L. hedysonus Hiq. According to Klein (244) Eobinia nicou - Lonchocarpus rufescens , Silva (375) in 1935 published an illustration of Tinhc vcmclho (= Lon cho carpus urucu) . Martyn and Foil ett- Smith (271) in 1936 recorded that the following species of Lonchocarpus used as fish poisons have been reported fron British Guiana: L. nicou (Aubl.) DC, L. ■-"'unsiflorus Benth. and L. rariflorus Hart, Stahl (393) in 1935 published inform .tion on the "botany, synonymy and distribution in the Antilles of 1. lat ifolius E.B.K. and L. violaceus E.-J.L. The Kow Eoyal Botanic Gardens (241) in 1936 described Lonchocarpus hintoni Sandwlth as a new spocios fron Mexico. It is a 3C-foot tree with blue or pink flowers, Krukoff and Smith (255) in 1937 reported a study of ten species of South American rotenone-yielding plants including three new species (Lo ncho - carpus syl v e s tr i s , _L. Martynii , and L. utilis) , with special reference to native names, distribution, economic inportanco, and specimens examined. Descriptions and comparisons of foliage are sufficiently- complete to permit the identification of sterile material. Totes of use to field workers have been incorporated. The species concornet" 1 , dor the most part, belong to the leguminous genus Loncho c arpus , Series Fasclcuinti . Other species described are L. floribund us Tenth. , L, rarifloru s Hart. , L. urn cu Killip and Snith, L. chrysophyllus Kleinh, , and three unknown species of Lonchocarpus. Dcrris anazonica Eillip (.L. negrensis Tenth. ) is also doscribed. A leguminous plant collected in Anazenn? and I'.Iattc Grosso, Brazil, contained an average )f 0.6 percent rotcr.onc in the root. This plant known locally as Tinbo vermelho and Tinbo nelancia, does not belong to Lonchocarpus, Derris, Tephrosia or Oroocarpun. The bulk of cube or barbasco roots exported - 16 - •* . from Peru come from L. u tili s A. C. Smith and not L. nico u (Aubl.) DC, which is found in the Guianas. The bulk of roots and powdor exported from Para and Manaos is the product of L. urucu . Panshin (514) in 1927 published a description of the wood anatomy of the rotenone-yielding plants collected by Krukoff and Smith in South .America. His conclusions: "A critical analysis of data indicates a striking similarity in so far as the structure of xyler. of the species described in this paper is concerned. The anatomical variations recorded were mostly those of size and frequency of different types of wood elements. However* those varation Were in many cases no greater than those found in the sections of stem and root taken "from different parts of the same plant. Since the number of specimens available from different plants of each species was in some cases small, it is impossible at this writing to ascer- tain whether the variations in size and number of xylem elements are sufficiently constant to provide a reliable means of separ- ation for these closely allied species. The difference in color of root wood in some cases appear to be constant enough to be of aid in the field identification of these plants." Starer and Boutique (395) in 1937 summarized information on the botany, geographical distribution and use as medicine of the Belgian Congo species of Lonchocarpus bussei Harms., L. cyane scene Benth. and L. sericeus H.B.K. taken largely from de Graer , Holland and Bally. Chevalier and Chevalier (78) in 1937 described the anatomy of a root of Lonchocarp us nicou from Peru and also of a. root of timbo from the State of Para, Brazil. CULTIVATION OP LONCKOCABPUS Africa. — Preuss (336) described the effects of a tornado on the night of March 20-21, 1902, on the botanical garden at Victoria, Caineroons, Africa. L onchocarp us s ericeus resisted the storm and is being considered as a pro- tective tree for plantings of rubber Strophanthus, etc. Brazil.— Ducke (119) in 1925 stated that L. nicou is cultivated in Gurupa, Brazil, under the name "timbo urucu" . Fabuco de Araujo, Jr., (292) in 1936 reported on the growing of timbo in Brazil. In the Amazon Basin the cultivation of timbo is being actively encouraged for the production of in- secticidal products. All the household insecticides marketed in Brazil use the timbo root received from the State of Para. Lonchocarpus species grow abundantly throughout the Amazon region, and Brazil seems destined to become the largest producer of cube or timbo, as it is called in this country. The demand for the roots seems to be so great that several firms and individuals have recently started a campaign locally to create interest in the cultiva- tion of the species of timbo that will give the largest percentage of roten- one. The species known as macaquinho gives the highest yield. Approximately - 17 - 25 netric tons of cube or tinbo were shipped fmi. Para during 1934. The average export price on tiiis material in ^ 934 was about $480 per netric ton, f.o.b., Delen. Several pulverizer and extraction plants are in oper- ation in the states of Anazonas and Para, The average contort of rotcnone in the Brazilian tinbo is about 5.5 to 6 percent. Carbon tetrachloride is largely used for the extraction of rotenone from tinbo, and the Brazilian G-overnnont has aided several in the importation of this solvent when used for the extraction of rotenonog An anonymous (5) writer in 1937 referred to the interest in rotenone < plants in Brazil and the efforts of the government to foster the growing of tinbo and the extraction of rotenone. Only powdered root containing anin- inun of 3.5 percent rotenone can be exported from the state of ^ara. British Guiana . — The British Guiana Department of Agriculture (48) in its annual report for 1932 reported that haiari grew better in the open than under shade. The white haiari grows more vigorously than the blacl:. The growth of both types is better on sandy soils than en laterite. "aiari is easily established from cuttings put in the ground after clearing the bush and needs little attention beyond periodic weeding. In its 1933 annual re- port (49) tnis department recorded that in only one sample of haiari, a nature root iron the forest, did the rotenone content approach 3 percent. The root system of the haiaris is not large and that of the black variety is very poor. Experiments with plants of insecticidal value, black and white haiari (L one ho car pu s spp , ) have been continued at the Hosororo Experiment Station, The blacl: and white haiaris planted in the open at the Wauna sub- station are making "better growth than those planted in the shaded areas. In its 1934 report ^50) the Eritish Guiana Department of Agriculture again re- ported that the haiaris grow more vigorously in the open tnan under shade. The black haiari, which under similar conditions had not at first appeared so vigorous as the white variety, was now almost equal tc it in rate of growth. In the North West District of 3ritish Guiana no cultivation of poison plants was carried out during 1934, the plants being allowed to -row wild* Martyn and Folic tt- Smith (271) in 19LS6 reported on the growing of Lonchocarpus in British Guiana. Since 1929 the Department of Agriculture has had. the "black" .and "white" haiaris of the North West District under cultivation at their experiment stations in that district. At Hosororo the plants were grown both under shade and in the open en l.atcrite soil, and at the Wauna substation under similar conditions cf light and shade but on a sandy soil. The shaded areas in both cases consisted of secondary forest in which the undergrowth and smaller trees had been cut down. The plants grow easily from stem cuttings, and it has become appearent that growth on the sandy soil is more vigorous than on laterite, and that much better growth is made in the open. At first the black haiari grew rather more slowly than the white, but this difference v/as not noticeable after the first three years or so. The plants in the open were assisted by periodic v/ecding for the first 3 to 4 years of- their development, after which they maintained themselves. The value of limestone as a fertilizer for the haiaris is being studied, .White haiari roots aged 7 years were analyzed for rotenone with the following results; - 18 - Percentage of rotenonc Air-dry basis Oven-dry bases Sample A 1.6 1*7 Sample B 1.0 1.0 Barrett (17) in 1S35, in describing the vegetative propagation of derris, expresser 1 tho opinion that prolonged intensive cultivation of Dcr- ris and poncho carpus night result in an increase up to 15 percent of the "alkaloids" [rotenonc?] in the roots. Colombia . — Neathery (293), Assistant Trade Commissioner at Bogota, Colombia, reported on January 19, 1937, on the active interest in exploita- tion of barbasco in Colorfoia. Several varieties of barbasco known to exist in various regions cf Colombia and which have heretofore been used almost exclusively as a fish poison by native fishcrnen, arc being studied by of- ficials of the Ministry of Agriculture and Connerce in Bogota in an effort to detcmine the rotenonc contents of some of the most abundant plants. It is understood, also, that an expedition into the Aoaaon region will be nadc in the near future to ascertain the potential supply and chemical content of plants which are reported to abound in that soction of the republic. Scnor Luis Uribc Agiiirre, reportc". to bo associated with Lawrence C. Seville of Hew York, will lead the investigation. Tho Ministry cf Agriculture .and Con- nerce has received samples of barbasco fron Tunaco, Lcticia, and other munic- ipalities of the Anazon territory, tne Department of Boyaca, and tho Meta region. An analysis of the Tunaco specimen, according to statements made recently, reveals a minimum and maximum rotenone content of 2.93 and 5.27 percent, respectively. While barbasco exports have been insignificant in the past, an increase in the volume nay "oo expected if present investigations result in the discovery of a high rotenonc content of existing stands. Malaya . — Tho Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture (140) in 1933 introduced black and white haiari fron British Guiana at Serdang, F. M. S, Cantloy (64), in a list of the principal economic plants contained in the forest experimental nurseries, Stro.its Settlements, in 1886, included Lon- cho carpus sp. (Yurabo indigo) fron the West Indies. In its annual report for 1935 (141) the Federated Malay States Do- partment of Agriculture stated that plants of haiari root were propagated by layering. Analyses of these haiari s fron Serdang, aged about 25 months, were as follows: Percent on a noisturc-f roc basis Ether extract Hotenone Black haiari 7.9 3.0 White haiari 7.7 0.8 G-oorgi (160) has also referred to the low rotenonc and ether extract content of these haiaris (Town at Serdang. Analyses will be made again when the plants are 4 years old. - 19 - The Koloniaal Insti trait (250) of Amsterdam in 1935 quoted the above Milsun and Goorgi (283) , in" 1937 reporter! on dorris cultivation in Malaya. They. wro te : "While at present the extent to which toxicity is an inherent character is uncertain, there are indications that the proportions both of rotenonc and of ether extract renain constant within Units for successive ©iterations. Should a much closer relationship bo found to exist, the value of.. clonal material v;iil be of the greatest inportancc since it will pemit of the export of a standard product. This will enable dcrris to withstand competition fron other vegetable insecticide?; possessing toxic principles of a similar nature, notably cube root (L oncho carpus spp.) fron South America." Peru . — Page (313), chief of the Agronomic, Station of Loreto, Peru, in August 1335 published an account of the growing of barbasCo in that province. Hua.sco barbasco ( Lonc ho carpus niccu ) is richer in rotenonc than the species known as sacha barbasco, la<:arto barb.asc^, tirano barbasco, etc., in nOst cases containing fron 5 to 15 percent of this constituent. A region that is less hunid and less hot than that along the rivers is favorable to a high rotenonc content in barbasco. In the Agroronic Station it has been observer 1 that the hnasca. barbasco plants which are planted in rotation with yucca plants behave nuch better than those planted free, in the open without any plants to shade them. The farmers' in the neigh- borhood who cultivate barbasco on their land agree that it is necessary to "protect the plants against bright sunlight especially in the first months of grow th. The natives of the region use various ways ox' planting huasca barbasco; some plant two pieces of roots at a distance of one to two meters and others place various pieces, sometimes up to eight or ten, in one row with grca.ter distances up to four -actors between each row. Barbasco roots, when pulled up, contain, moisture according to the time of harvesting and the nature of the soil. The root taken from a single plant, 1-1/2 years old, growing in the region of San Juan weighed one kilo at the moment of extraction from the soil (plants at this age commonly 'pro- duce in this region more than -1 kilos of root per plant), and 575 grans after the roots had been stored for about 15 days in the open air but in a shady place. These roots were harvested and dried during April-May, which is a. vory ra.iny period. The experiment was repeated in August when there was dry weather, with roots of another plant growing at the sane place and of the sane age. Then the roots wore pulled, up they weighed 1.8 kilograms and. af ucr 15 days 1.54 kilograms. The trad.ors usually make a deduction of 20 to 50 percent in the price to cover loss in weight when they purcha.se fresh ba.rba.sco. - 20 - In order to avoid this unsatisfactory condition "between sellers and buyers it is advisable that each producer of barbasco sell his product only in a dry state. For the drying process, a kind of stove would not be out of place, and it may alsu suffice to dry tnem :n the sun. Only the variety huasca barbasco should bo offered for sale, because if mined with other similar roots the content of the active principle lowers the price. A well organized propaganda in favor of the Peruvian barbasco should be started in foreign countries. Page is of the opinion that huasca barbasco, en account of its high content of rotenone and other valuable substances, will have a great future and will displace other similar products competing with it, that are of in- ferior quality, such as derris and barbasco of different countries. It is advisable to recommend official intervention of the Agricul- ture Department that a farmer never store his barbasco and pile it up be- fore it is absolutely dry. If this is not done the chances are that the product will deteriorate, mold, and take on a disagreeable musty odor. Furthermore, when barbasco is in such condition it is easily attacked by fungi and also by insect larvae, B::tcriorly the rotfts of huasca barbasco, as those of other varieties, resemble in color the soil in which they grow. Thus if a root arcw in a clay sod it seems to have a yellowish color no matter what the variety may be. If it was cultivated in a sandy soil it appears to be of a light color almost white. On drying later, it takes on a clearer color in almost all ea,scs. If a section of huasca barbasco root is observed under a microscope, it will be noted that ligneous vessels in the center and of the rind arc always of a finer texture and are closer together than in the other varieties. In these the rind also appears to be darker in general, or spotted. These differences are more conspicuous in the roots of plants more than 2 years old. A sample of huasca- barbasco coming from Parana Pura., in the neighbor- hood of Yurimaguas, which was analyzed by Mr. Massey in his private labor- atory, showed a content of 13 percent rotenone. Dennis (113) in 1935 delivered an address on cube at the line, Peru., High School, which was published in two articles in the lost CTast Leader. "My interest in Cube Barbasco dates from 1917, when, for the first time, I saw it used for fishing purposes in the Man tare P.ivcr, near Huancayo . . . From that day on I commenced my studies and research work in order to determine whether the Barbasco had any commercial value. I believed that ana extract from the mot would kill ants and other parasites or land-inseccs attacking the crops. Lacking a laboratory and other facilities for experimenting, I final- ly decided to send a few ro'jts to a chemical concern in the United Sta,tcs, manufacturers of a well-known insecticide preparation. They replied, advising me that they had at their service a Peruvian Chemist, to whom they had referred the matter and who had informed them that he was quite familiar with this particular plant, the r'>ot - 21 - of which, he added, was of no commercial value, I. wrote to another factor;- in n: : country and got no reply. "The following year a scientific expedition from the Uni- versity of Indiana, II. S. A. , cane to Peru, for the purpose of studying fish-life in the sierra or mountain region. The leader of this expedition, Dr. Eigennan, called on no in Euancayo, and. I then made known to hi:.; ny ideas on Cube Barbasco and their possible commercial use. He purchased a quantity of Cube in Huancayo, for use in his fish-collecting. On his return to the States, after a trip in the interior, Dr. Eigennan handed over to Dr. MclndoQ a fornor pupil of his a few of the roots loft over. Hclndoo at that tine was en entomologist employed by the Washington Government. Dr. i.Idndoo immediately recognized the merit of cube as an insecticide end re- quested mo to furnish him with a further supply of roots wherewith to effect his experiments." Dennis argued that cube is superior to dcrris end Brazilian timbo. The price of fresh root at Iquitos in 1935 ranged from 30 to 80 ccntavos per kilo. In the third year a crop may be harvester! which will yield at least four tons for each hectare sown, which rate of production, at the price of 30 ccntavos a kilo will give a profit of S/ . 1,200 (Peruvian soles). As far as land is concerned, cube barbasco can be grown with success in any part of the jungle where it is sufficiently hot and where the rivers do not flood the lands. Barbasco grows equally in sweet lands and bitter ones. A '.'weevil" penetrates to the heart of the stem's fresh wood and greatly damages the cube. The question of a tre.de none is discussed, Huasca ir. Spanish means to climb. The wore 1 cube is used in the Chanchar.ayo country, also throughout the Satipo, Apurirtac, Huanuco and Urubamba districts, and, as its commercial use started with the roots purchased in Huancayo, it was naturally employed by the publicity people who were endeavouring to push the sale of the Per- uvian root. Owing t" 1 the fact that there arc many barbascos, it is of the utmost importance that the product be known under a different name, and owing also to the fact that the term cube has been duly approved by those dis- tributing the propaganda matter and, moreover by the world 1 s scientific liter- ature, it is quite reasonable to believe that the terms cube barbasco r simply. cube arc the best and most adequate worrs it has been possible to find. It is suggested that ovens be set up at Iquitos to dry cube. This could be done in 3 if ays r.s compared to 3 weeks at present and even then 14$ water remains in the roots because of the damp atmosphere. Cube can not be kept for more than three months in warehouses, without the exporter being- sub ject to a loss of ZOfo by reason of the weevil pest, and the importer finds himself in the same predicament, plus the loss of a further 14$ on account of water. Young (479), American Consul General at Li. a, Peru, in October 26, 1935, reported that there arc severed typos of barbasco, only one of which is desired so far as the export trade is concerned. - 22 - Greenup (174), Anerican Connercial Attache at Lima, Peru, on April 7, 1036, reported on the culture and exportation of Peruvian cube or barbasco, and Crlllcy (101,106), Assistant Connercial Attache at Li;.a, Peru, on October 20, 1936, reported that the Peruvian Govornncnt had investigated cube root standards. These reports arc "based on an article published in "La Vida A^riccla" and on the report by Page, Clark (83), Assistant Trade Connissioner at Lina, Peru, on October 7, 1937, called attention to these articles .and also a later one by Dennis. The Koloniaal Instituut (250) of Aosterdan in 1935 publishec 1 the results of sonc of its work on insecticides of the dcrris type, Throe sanples of barb. '.sco root fron Peru were examined with the following results; I n III • Good dcrris root Ether extract 16.7$ 21'. 00 5.3$ 15 to 200 Rote none 6,10 11. C$ traces 5 to £?o The Duality of the first two sanples is regarded as $ood or very good,; that of the third sanple, which consisted entirely of pieces of root hark, as very unfavourable. On the whole, the quail t" of the barbasco root requisi- tioned fron Aicrica seeps to have been regarded favorably. With nany parcels, however, there is the objection that the differ. race in the landed weight and. that at the tine of shipnent fron South Anorica is about 20 to 40 percent, a fact which points to a very faulty drying of the product, 3fho evaporation in parcels of dcrris root during the voyage fron India to Europe or Aocrica is rarely nore than a few percent. Biological tosts nade with barbasco root have not led to definite conclusions, but it is considered that with equal rotcnono content preference nust be given to dcrris root over barbasco, a distinction that should be due to the great effectiveness of the secondary substances of dcrris which, next to rotcnono, occur in the ether extracti United St ate s, — Floyd L. Cooper (90), an experimental nurseryman of Huntington Park, Calif. , wrote Roark on Septonbor 15, 1936, that cuttings of Loncho carpus nicou received fron British Guiana had been grown successfully in southern California. The cuttings were potted November 28, 1935, and transferred to the ground June 7, 1936. Or Septonbor 14, 1936, the plants had grown to a height of 4 to 5 feet. The United States Dcpartncnt of Agriculture, Puerto Rico Experiment Station (428), in 1337 published the results nf the Durban test which was used in a preliminary way on nany of the introduced fish-poison plants propagated, at this station. The reagents for the tost were applied directly to freshly cut tissues of 29 introductions and 18 indigenous species of fish-poison plants. Of the 47 kinds of plants tested, 8 species wore posi- tive to the tost, including the roots of Lo ncho carpus nicou. On the basis of the above results and of the growth response of the plants to local environ ion t, only Dor r is olliptica end Tcphrosia toxicaria have shown promise of becoming commercially important in Puerto Rico. Host of the plants of Loncho corpus ni c ">u have not been established long enough to pernit appraisal -if their probable worth. - 23 """ PESTS ATTACKING LOHCEOCAHPUS In 1954 TTille (470) recorded Ifliizo pcrtha dominica F. attacking cube root ( Lonchocarprus sp. ) in Peru. In 1937 Wille et al . (471) and in 1938 Jones (223, 224) recorded S inoderu s bifoveolatus Woll. as a pest of cu"be root. USE OF LOECHOCARPUS AS A FISH POISON As early as 1565 the use of fish poisoning plants by the natives of the Antilles was recorded by de Rochefort (358). He wrote of the use by the Caraibos of a certain wood which is cut into pieces, "beaten up, and thrown into fish po^ls. Barrere (IS) in 1743 wrote an interesting account of fish poisoning by the natives of French Guiana who used inckou (= Lonchocarpus) as one of the plants for this purpose, Gumilla (180) in 1791 described the catching of fish on the Orinoco River by moans of cuna (Tcphrosia) and barbasco. Stodman (396) in 1796 wrote of his travels in Surinam during 1772 to 1777. The natives there catch fish by inclosing the entry of small creeks or shoal water with a paling, shooting them with their brident arrows, or poisoning the water by throwing in it the roots of hiaree, in Surinam called tringoc-woodo or konamce, by which the fish boco.c stupefied, and are taken by hand, while they float on the surface of the. water. Eilhouse (192) in 1832 in writing of the Indians living in the In- terior of British Guiana described their method of catching fish by stop- ping creeks at high water, and infusing the hai-arry, or the gonami, in the shallows, the intoxicating qualities of which cause the fish tc rise and float insensibly on the surface. Eilhouse (193) in 1834 further described fishing with hai-arry. The root, which is of slow growth, is, when full grown, three inches in diametor; it contains a white gummy milk, which when expressed is a most powerful narcotic, and is commonly used by the Indians in poisoning the water to take the fish. Tncy beat it with heavy sticks till it is in shreds like coarse hemp; they then fill a coorial with water, and immerse the hai-arry in i t; the water becomes immediately of a milky whiteness, and when fully saturated, they take the coorial tc the spot they have sleeted, and throwing over the infusion, in about twenty minutes every fish within its influence rises to the surface, and is either taken by the hand or shot with arrows. A '-olid cubic foot of the r~>nt will poison an acre of water even in the falls, where the current is so strong. The. fish are not deteriorated in quail sy, nor do they taint more rapidly when thus killed, than by being netted or other- wise talc en. St. Clair (392) in 1834 mentioned naka or heri (a bush) and nebe (a vino)", the roots of which arc used to stupefy fish by the Indians of the Guianas. - 24 - Bernau (28) In 1347 described the use of rjuananii leaves [ Tephrosia toxicaria j and hai-arry root as fish poisons "by the natives of British Guiana. The rocts are pounded; the juice of the root is washed into canoes nearly full of water; then the poison is thrown in all directions. Kappler (232) in 1854 described the use of Stinkolz (Loncho carpus) conami and Gunapalu (family Eaphorbiaceae) for catching fish in Surinam, Brett (46) in 1368, in an account of the Indian tribes of Guiana, wrote that the Acawoios supply the coast tribes with considerable quanti- ties of the haiarri root, which is used in poisoning fish. These roots are usually cut in pieces of about two feet in length, and tied up in small bundles which have a powerful and disagreeable scent. Lindley (262) in 1876 referred to the use by the Indians of South America of the leaves and- young branches of several species of Loncho carpus for intoxicating fish. One species used in Guiana is nicou (L. rufescen s) . Boddam-Whctham (31) in 1879 described the taking of fish by the natives of British Guiana by the use of the Juice beaten from the roots of the leguminous creeper bai-ari. Crevaux (98) in 1883 stated that the natives of Trench Guiana use the cultivated plants conami and sinapou and the wild plant Lonchocarpus (Eobinia) nicou , which is collected in the forests along rivers, for taking small fish. Kappler (233) in 1887 described fishing in Surinam with the sap of narcotic plants. One of the 3 plants used is Kekko, stated to be Lonchocarpus scandens [ Dcrris scandens ] Ernst (131) in 1887 listed 187 species of plants used as fish poisons. Lonchocarpus species include the following: L. de nsifloru s Bcnth. , L. flori - bundu s Bcnth. , L. l atifolius H. B. K. , L. nicou DC. , and L. rari flora s Mart. Among doubtful. species of Lonchocarpus are tulonimibi and inecu, from the Antilles. Ernst (132) in 1863 identified the fish-poisoning plant inecou of Bre- ton ("Diet. Caraibc-francais, Auxcrrc 1665, p. 244) as Lonchocarpus nicou DC. Koch-Grunberg (247) in 1923 wrote that in northwest Brazil the term timbo includes a great number of fish poisons, but Pa ullini a pinnata is usually meant. Roth (360), of the Bureau of American Ethnology, in 1924 published a study of the arts, crafts and customs of the Guiana Indians. Timbo is the lingua geral and barbasco the Spanish tern for vegetable poisons in general. On the upper Rio Negro these would include species of Paullinia and Sorjjania. The publications of earlier writers arc thoroughly reviewed. The following are certain of the fish poisons that have been identified; Lonchocarpus of various species C e »£« densiflor us, rufescens ). It is known as haiari, heri, or nako, as nekko in Surinam, apparently identical with the Robinia nicou , or inekou, of Cayenne. Dance mentions three kinds of haiari bush rope — a white, red, and black.. f - 25 - PHARMACOLOGY OF LONCHOCARPUS According to a catalog of the products of Gabon in French Sanatoria! Africa exhibited at the Paris Exposition (315) of 1867 and also according to Moloney (285) in 188? the bark of Loncho ca rpus scriceu s H. B. K. has been employed in West Africa for abdominal complaints and as a laxative for chil- dren. Drake and Spies (118) in 1932 reported that an acetone extract of barbasco root of. unknown botanical origin from Costa Bica, used at the rate of 1 cc. of extract (representing 0.2 gram plant material) per liter of water, killed goldfish in 184 minutes. A similar extract of derris (rotenonc = 1.7 percent) killed in 92 minutes. Haegele (182) in 1934, in reporting spraying tests with cube and der- ris against the codling moth at Parma, Idaho, stated that the derrj s and cube dust' became s-inewhat nauseating t? those exposed to the dust or spray for a time, Ambrose and Kaag (7) in 1936 reported a toxicological study of derris. One sample of cube containing 4.7 percent ro tcnone end 2a.. 4 percent total carbon tetrachloride extractives was also tested and found to be similar to derris in action when fed to rabbits, rats, cavies and dogs. A snucr'.men of derris (9.6 percent rotenonc and 28.5 percent total carbon tetrachloride ex- tractives) had a fatal oral toxicity of 600 rig. per kg. of body weight for rabbits, 100 for rats, 75 for cavies and 150 for dogs. Mathews and Lightbody (273) in 1936 reported on the toxicity of three samples of derris and one of cube to rats. The cube contained 3.8 percent rotenonc, and to houseflies its toxicity was equivalent to 3.5 percent ro- tenonc When fed to rats, an olive oil extract of this cube had a m. 1. d. (dose necessary to kill 50 percent of . a group of rats) of 300 mg. per kg. body weight. A carbon tetrachloride extract gave a value of 370. Based on toxicity to rats, this cube had an apparent rotenone content of 8.3 percent based on the olive oil extract, or 6.7 percent based on the carbon tetra- chloride extract. Viehoever (449) in 1936 reported on the action of various materials on Daphnia — a transparent crustacean which serves as a biological reagent. "Insecticides, as rotenonc, rotenone resin and cube extract containing ro- tenone, cause the paralysis of the breathing legs. If the rotenonc is not oxidized in the upper food canal, then the digestive canal will also be paralyzed — a toxic action which has correspondingly been observed in higher animals, such as cats, rats and rabbits." The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils (415), in its annual report for 1936 reported that diets containing cube or derris root did not interfere with the normal growth of rats when the concentration, was below 0.06 percent. Marked retardation occurred with a diet containing 0.12 percent. Experiments with rotenonc in comparison with cube and derris root indicated that the growth-inhibitory effects of cube and derris were not produced by their rotenonc content. - 26 - Haag (181) in 1937 discussed the toxicity of rotenone to humans* The acute oral toxicity of a sample of cube containing 4.7 percent rotenone and 21.4 percent total carben tetrachloride extractives was determined and the lethal dose (smallest quantity that proved fatal to about 70 percent of the experimental animals) , expressed as mg. per kg. of body weight, was found to be: guinea pigs 200; white rats 200; rabbits 1,000. G-obcl (167) in 1937 found that an aqueous solution of timbo extract (30)$ rotenone) killed Oxyuri s vermicular is L. and Ascari s_ l unbricoide s L, at a concentration of 1:5000. Dogs without food were not affected by 250 ng. per kg. of this extract. Three experiments xrerc nadc on nan. Pure ro- tenone 0.1 gran and timbo extract 0.25 gran " r hcn fallowed by castor oil, glycerin or sweetened water had no injurious effect on human beings when taken on an empty stomach and all intestinal worms (Gxyaris) were -killed. Gc'bcl suggested that rotenone and timbo extract should be effective against Ancylo stoma duode nr.le Dubini; Necator anericonu s , Stillcs solitaires , and .also against the infective organises of yellow fever, malaria., etc., either by mouth or by injection. . . Taken shortly after a meal, timbo extract caused a strong indisposi- tion accompanied by a painful anxiety, a state that lasted about 3 hours. The Indians of the Amazenas in order to punish a criminal force him to take timbo. In order to avoid any consequences in nan, it is necessary to give rotenone or timbo extract on an enpty stomach with castor or mineral oil. The Journal of the Anerical Medical Association (9) in 1937, in an- swer to an inquiry, stated that as judged from animal (and to some extent, human) experimentation there is no clanger of acute poisoning as a result of ingestion of vegetables sprayed with rotenone, cube or derris. The problem of a possible chronic intoxication following the prolonged use of vegetables treated with derris or rotenone has been studied on animals and, while fur- ther work is desirable, results of these observations also lead one to be- lieve that the human health hazard here is also low. Reference is made to the publications of Haag', Ambrose, Mathews and Lightbody, Bally (14) in 1937 summarized information on native medicinal plants of East Africa. The root of Loncho carpus bussei Harms is used as a galacta- gogue and a remedy for gonorrhoea; the root of L. erio calyx Harms is used to cure eruptions on the skin. CHEMISTRY OF LONCHOCARPUS The occurrence of indigo in the leaves of Lonchocarpus cyanescens Benth, has been recorded by several writers. In 1383 Dyer (123) called at- tention to the plant called West African indigo or Elu in the Yoruba dialect and stated that it had been conjccturally referred to Lonchocarpus by Bcntham and it may be closely allied to L. cyanescens . The young leaves are pounded into paste in a mortar and nado into balls. One ball to 1 gallon of water imparts a fine deep blue to cloth soaked in it 4 days. The dye is fixed with potash. Moloney (285) in 1887 gave the same account. The Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (238) in 1886 reprinted this information and referred to the plant as - 27 - Yoruba .indigo. Later (239) Kcw Gardens reproduced the drawing of this species that is given in Hiker's Iconcs Plantarum. Maguire (266) in 1906 in an ac- count of West African dyeing methods inserted, a footnote which statec 1 that, one shade of dark blue used at Sierra Leone is, .according to Aug. Chevalier, not indigo, Tout the product of a liana, L oncho carpus cyanescens . Perkins' (318) work on indigo fron Lonchocarpus cyanescens (called the Gara plant in Sierra Leone) was reviewed "by the Inperial Institute of Great Britain (215 and 216) in 1907 and 1909. In Great Britain (173), Miscellaneous Colonial Report Fo. 51, Thompson in 1908 reported that in the Manu forests of the Westorn Provir.cc of southern Nigeria- there was noticed Lonchocarpus cyanescens , fron the leaves of which the bulk of the indigo used by the natives of the Western Province is extracted, F. H. Bailey (11) in 1909 described two species of Lonchocarpus grow- ing in Queensland, L. blackii Benth. and L. nesiotes Bail. The former species, called bloodbark, exud.es a blood-red juice which on exposure dries to a brownish gun containing arabir. 3.8 percent, resin 1.4 percent, tannic acid 74.2 percent, and. water 20.6 yQ rcont. The Kandelsnuseun of the Koloniaal Instituut of Aisterdan (248) in 1934 reported analyses of 3 samples of nekoe root (L. chrysox^hyllus Kleinh. ). These tested fron 1.2 percent to 2.5 percent rotenane, average 2 percent. Banners (27) in October 1935 submitted (through Concannon) a sample of nekoe from Dutch Guiana to the Division of Irisscticide Investigations which was found to be apparently L. nicou . The root contained only 0.8 percDnt rotenone and 3,5 percent total carbon tetrachloride extractives, and a quali- tative test revealed- the rjresence of rotenone in the stem. Tattersfield (399) in 1936 published a valuable review of recent work on fish poison plants as insecticides, "Some samples of cube and timbo have been found with very high rotenone-content, occasional srjecimens of the former contain- ing as much as 12 ocrccnt rotenone and. of the latter one as high as 15-16 percent have been reported, but these are exceptional. Commercial samples of cube examined at ttothamsted have usually ranged from 5-6 percent and good samples of Derris elliptica have touched. 8-9 jpercent. There is, however, little or no question that these South American i^lants are being produced in continually in- creasing amounts and that in course of tine competition with d.erris is likely to be severe. "It has been recently established that the White Haiari of • British Guiana is Lonchocarpus nicou (Aubl.) DC. and cons-pecific with cube of Peru, thus there are obviously several strains of this plant which differ somewhat widely in rotenone-content. Haiari plants taken fron forests of British Guiana, and fron their appear- ance of nany years' growth, analyzed at Rothamsted, showed appreci- able amounts of rotenone. Black Haiari roots contained over 3 per- cent and the stems about 0.8 percent. White Haiari roots gave 1.8 - 28 - and the stcns 0.6 percent of crude rotcnonc "by the carbon tetrachloride method. Cultivated specimens, six years old, of Black Haiari gave 1.4 percent and of White Haiari 0.9 percent rotcnonc, the stens in "both cases containing only traces. A further search for other and richer strains of Lonchocarpus in that colony would appear to "be worth while. There is always the possibility, as Killip and Smith point out, that t in Peru the cube plant, cultivated for centuries as a fish-poison nay represent a selected strain in which the content of toxic principles _ of the roots is at a naxiriun. 11 John Powell and Company (332), in letters dated April 28 and July 5, 1936, presented average analyses of cube and dcrris recently imported by them. Material Brazilian cube Peruvian cube Malay derris Rotcnonc (percent) Total extractives by — Ether (percent) 5.29 (12)* 19.49 (11) 5.29 (7) 16.53 (7) 5.35 (2) 14.07 (2) CC14 Acetone (percent) (percent) 20.95 (8) 23.29 (4) 18.75 (5) ♦The number of samples analyzed appears in the parenthesis. The Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture (143) in its 1936 report stated that further samples of cube or haiari root ( Lonchocarpus spp. ) from plants at Scrdang aged about 36 months wore analysed by the Division of Chemistry, C. D. V. Georgi, Agricultural Chemist. Compared with derris, the results were again disappointing as the following figures, calculated on a moisture-free basis, show. Further, there was no indication of any marked in- crease in toxic content with age. Type Ether Extract 2 years old 3 years old (percent) (percent) Black haiari 7.9 8.9 White haiari 7.7 8.0 Chevalier and Chevalier (78) in 1337 reviewed information' on derris and cube. The authors have found up to 6,7 percent rotenonc in cube. Peruvian cube imported into France in 1936 was more uniform in composition than dcrris. Rotcnonc was not below 4 percent and usually was 5 to 6 percent; total extract varied from 15 to 19 percent. Georgi (161) in 1937 published additional analyses of black haiari (Lonchocarpus chrysophyllus Kleinh. ) and white haiari (L. Martynii A. C. Smith) introduced from British Guiana and grown in Malaya, - 29 - The average yield of air-dry root fron plants of varying age was: .Age of Plants 2 years 4 years L. chrysophoyllus no plants 7 ounces L. Liartynii 32.55 ounces 37.35 ounces D. clliptica Changi Ho. 3 The rotenonc content of the fine roots of L. chrysophyllus was 3 per cent for the 2-ycar old plants and 4.3 per cent for 4-year old plants. The total ether extracts on these sanplcs v/crc 7.9 and 8.8 per cent respectively. ■k' Maxtynii ", 4 years old, contained only 0.8 percent rotenonc in the fine roots "but 1.1 percent in the coarse roots. Derris clliptica Changi Ho, 3 contained an average of 9 per cent rotenonc and 27 per cent ether extract. All these figures are on a noisturc- free "basis. G-oodcn and Snith (168) in 1937 investigated the principal optical and physical properties of the carbon tetrachloride solvate of rotenonc, which is forncd in the analysis of derris and cube. The principal results of the op- tical determinations arc: alpha =1. 563; bata = l. 612; gamraaf cube root. Sample Percent Rotenone Original saiple VThole root 3.3 Powder formed by insects 1.4 Specimen sanple of Wholo root 4.1 original whole root Powder fornod by insects 2.3 It is seen that the portion of the root through which the insects tun- neled, anc 1 which was thus reduced to powder by then, was lower in rotenone content than the rcnainder of the root, ^'hat there was no reduction in the total rotenone content of the root as a rosv.lt of the insect attack was snown by the fact that the net rotenone content of the whole specinon sample, when the relative woights of whole root and powder are tai-'en in account, was about the sane as that of the original sample of whole root. Thus in a shipment of cube root infested by these insects it night be expected, that there would be no loss in the total rotenone content provided none of the powdered, material was lost. Reference to this publication by Jones is nad.o in the Hows Letter (224) of the United. States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Cupples (110) in 1938 stated that soaps containing free alkali or which hydrolyzu readily witi: the formation of free alkali cannot be used 'with pyre- thru..;, dcrris, or rube, because the active principles f these plants are easily decomposed into inert compounds in the presence of alkaline solutions. ASSAY CP L01TCH0CA2PUS Pozzi-Escot (333,334) in 1935 describe-"', a modification of the carbon tetrachloride method of determining rotenone with special reference to its application to cube. R. J. Prentiss and Company, Inc., (335) in 1935 argued that for the evaluation of the insecticidal value oi dusts loss emphasis be placed, on ro- tenone content and more on toted, ether extractive. No dcrris or cube powder containing less than 15 percent total ether extractives will give satisfactory results when used in a dust at the usual dilutions. "The situ. tier on cu.be is somewhat similar. There are avail- able somewhat limited supplies of what nay be described as high ro- tenone cube, which yield powder containing 5 percent or more rotenone but as a rule only 15 percent or 16 percent total ether extractives* - 31 - There are also available apparently large amounts of a different t ,T pe of cube which has a lower .rotenone content, usually 3 percent to just under 5 percent, but with % go fl anoiint of ether extractives, fron 13 percent to as high as 22 percent. The indications are that this nay be about as effective and satisfactory as the first type for use in agricultural dusts but more conplete information on it is badly needed. " Hoycr and Leonard (205) in 1936 proposed an "Index ">f Relative Toxicity" for the evaluation of dcrris and cube. This figure is the ratio: percent total ether extractives divided by percent rotcnonc. Examples arc giver, of rotonono- bearing roots whose index of relative toxicity varies fron 2.5 to 4.5. The total ether extractives in dusts standardized to a 0.75 percent rotenone con- tent, made by diluting these dcrris powders with clay, talc or sulphur, ranges fron 1.87 percent to 3.38 percent. The authors conclude; (1) "The percentage rotenone alone is not an accurate index of toxicity; (2) Roots hav- ing the greatest relative amounts of ether extractives are the best; (3) 3y the use of the Index of Relative Toxicity the value of several roots, regardless of species and source ;f origin, nay be put on the sane basis for comparison." Jones and Smith (230) in 1936 proposed the following formula to ex- press the approximate toxicity of cube as determined by chemical analysis-: Toxicity value = percent rotenone +0.4 (total extractives - rotenone); total extractives may be determined with acetone, benzene or carbon tetra- chloride. This formula expresses fairly well the relation between toxicity to houseflies (determined by the Campbell turntable method) ana chemical analysis of 5 samples of cube containing fron 0.8 to 12.1 percent actual ro- tenone. Attention is called in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine News Letter (169) for February, 1936, to Goodhue's (J^ur. A. 0. A. C. 19:118) improvement in the Gross-Smith colorimetric method for rotenone. The method is suitable for the analysis of spray residues of derris and cube. Robinson (356) in 1935 called attention to the difficulty of estimat- ing the rotenone content of haiaris grown in British Guiana by the methods of Jones, Calm and Boon, and of Tattersfield and Martin, and proposed a mod- ification of the carbon tetrachloride method. Beach (23) in July, 1936, described a method of extracting rotenone from 20-mcsh powdered cube root with chloroform at room temperature Roten- one is determine:'', in an aliquot of the filtrate as the carbon tetrachloride solvate in the usual way, Begtrup (25) in 1937 described a method in which 100-mesh cube powder packed tightly in an ordinary funnel is extracted ~oy pouring toluene through it 6 times at room temperature. Rotcnnne is weighed as the carbon tetra- chloride solvate. Jones (219) in 1936 reported, on the optical rotatory power of extracts of derris and cube roots. His conclusions were: - 32 - "Value? for 'rotenone' equivalent to the combined optical rotatory powers of both acetone and benzene extracts of derris and cube roots gave an approximate measure of the insecticidal effec- tiveness of these materials to houseflies. Values calculated from the rotation of benzene extracts did not agree with toxicity su well as did the combined values, and in about half the samples results derived from the optical activity of acetone extracts were widely different from the toxicity values. jI Since a method has already been proposed for calculating the approximate toxic value to houseflies of derris and cube roots based on the rotenone and total extractive contents, which is both simpler and less open to question', the use of optical rotatory power cannot be recommended as a means of evaluation. "From the chemical standpoint the results indicate that op- tically active constituents other than rotenone and deguelin were prob- ably present in the samples of derris and cube tested. Dextrorotatory materials were undoubtedly present in the samples of derris root con- taining no rotenone, and possibly in other samples. The use of opti- cal rotation should prove of considerable value in further chemical study of the components of extracts of derris and cube roots." Ten samples of cube ranging in actual rotenone content from 0.8 to 12.1 percent and in total acetone extract from 14.1 to 25.4 percent were used in these studies. Spoon (390) et al., of the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam, in 1937 reported a means of distinguishing powders made from Derris and Lonchocarpus by the characters of the starch grains. Besides the shape also the size of the grains is characteristic for both genera. An exact description and figures are given. For 1,063 measured grains of Derris starch the average length is 6.38 microns +0.1; for 1,197 measured grains of Lonchocarpus starch the aver- age size is 9.P0 microns +0.2. A drawing shows the size of the grains. By means of the differences described it is -possible to distinguish with cer- tainty between Derris powder and Lonchocarpus powder as well as between dusts for insocticidal purposes, prepared with both roots. It is claimed that mix- tures can be examined and the average percentage of Lonchocarpus powder mixed with pure Derris powder detected. Seabcr (370) in 1937 reported analyses of derris, barbasco and timbo for rotenone, using chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloro ethylene and ethyl acetate as solvents. In all cases chloroform gave higher results. Seaber suggests that the best method for the determination of rotenone is to extract with cold chloroform (Beach's method), crystallize from carbon tetra- chloride, determine the purity of the solvate by polarization, and report the percentage of pur^, rotenone. Graham (170) , Referee on Insecticides for the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, in 1937 reported that during 1936 he investigated a number of methods for the determination of rotenone in derris and cube and that their collaborative study would probably be undertaken next year. - 33 - Jones (221) in May 1937 published a modified procedure for the crys- tallization of rotenone- carbon- tetrachloride solvate from extracts of dcrris and cube roots. Accurate results by this crystallization method were obtained only when the rotenone present was equivalent to at least 4 percent of the root, or in lieu of this, when sufficient rotenone ".'as added, or a sufficiently large sample taken, to bring the mount present during crystallization above this value. A determination of the precision of replicate results on one sanplc of derris with about this rotenone content showed a standard deviation of +0,05 percent. In a study of the accuracy eight extracts, containing known amounts of rotenone in the range cf most accurate results, gave average values which in view of the precision were not significantly different from the actual rotenone content. In other words, results for rotenone in the re- gion of 4 percent should only be quoted to about 0.1 percent. It is probably that the nonrotenone portion of the extract only exerts a retarding action on the crystallization and has little or no actual solvent effect on the rotenone. The so-called Sunatratype derris extracts show no unusual retarding action and no apparent solvent effect, indicating the "hidden" rotenone of Cahn and Bean to be a result of retarded crystallization similar to that found in other extracts of lev; rotenone content. The exact procedure cf the improved method is as follows: "The extract from a 25-grar. sample of root in a 125-cc. Erlcn- meyer flask is evaporated on the steam bath in a current of air until free of solvent. The residue is treated with exactly 25 cc. of carbon tetrachloride, the flask is loosely stoppered, and complete solution is effected by gentle warning. The extract is next cooled in an ice bath for several ninutes end then seeded with a few crystals of ro- tenone-carbon tetrachloride solvate. The flask is then tightly stop- pered and swirled until crystallization is apparent. If at this stage only a small amount of crystalline material separates, an accurately weighed quantity of pure rotenone should be added, the mixture warned to effect complete solution, and crystallization again induced. Suf- ficient rotenone must be present so that the result, expressed as "pure" rotenone, is at least 1 gram. At the same time a solution of rotenone in carbon tetrachloride containing 0.27 gram per 100 cc,' of solution (the solubility at 0° C.) is prepared for use in washing. The extract and the washing solution are then placed in an ice bath capable'' of maintaining a temperature of 0° C. overnight, "In the morning (the method is based 'on a crystallization time of 17 to 18 hours } the extract is filtered rapidly through a weighed G-ooch crucible in the bottom of which has been placed a disk of filter paper, the flask being removed, from the ice bath only long enough for pouring a small portion of extract into the crucible. The separated crystalline materia -1 is rinsed from the flask and washed under suction with sufficient of the ice-cold saturated solution (usually 6 to .10 cc.) to remove the excess mother liquor. Suction is applied for about 5 minutes, and then the material is dried to constant weight at 40° C. , which usually requires about 1 hour. This is the weight of crude ro- tenone- carbon tetrachloride solvate. - 34 - "The contests of the crucible pre then broken up with a spatula ana thoroughly mixed, and a 1-gram sample is placed in a 50-ce. F.rl- emeyer flask where it is treated with 10 ce. of a] core], which has been saturated with rotenone at room cempe nature. The flask is swirled for a few minutes and then tightly stoppered and set aside at the sane temperature for 4 hour?. The mixture is then filtered at the bane temperature through a weighed Gooch crucible with filter-paper disk. The crystals are rinsed from the flask and washed under ruction with the solution of alcohol saturated with rotenone at the temperature of the recrystallizatioh. About 5 c.:. are usually required for this. Suction is applied for about 3 minutes, and then the material is dried at 105° C. to constant weignt, or for about 1 hour. The weight in grams is multiplied ~by the weight of crude solvate, and to the product is added 0.07 gram, representing the correction for rotenone held in solution in the 25 cc. of carbon tetrachloride "used in crystallization. If any pure rotenone was added, its weight must be subtracted from the value obtained. This gives the weight of "pure" rotenone contained in the extract of the 25-gran root sample." Cassil (66) in 1937 reported that the G-oss-Siith-Gaoc'hue (J. A. 0. A. C . 19: 218-120. 1935) red-color test for micro amounts of rotenone previously developed in the Division of Insecticide Investigations can be applied to the study of derris cr cube residues on cabbage. OhlorOphyll and wax from the outside leaves complicated the recovery of the rotenone, but the procedure finally developed overcame the difficult". It was found that cabbages from a plot that had received a total of 94 pounds of derris dust (9.4 pounds of derris) in six applications, retained, 5 days after the last dusting, 0.006 grain derris per pound, equivalent to 0.8 p. p.m. Five-sixths of this was on the four outer leaves, which normally are discarded before the cabbage is sold to the retail trade. According to a re-port of the H&adelsmuseum of the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam (352) in 1937, Lonchocarpus powder is only l/2 to 2/3 as active insecticidally as derris powder. Examination of 19 samples of powder repre- sented to be derris powder showed- 10 samples to consist exclusively of derris powder, 3 samples to be mixtures of derris and Lonchocarpus, and samples to consist solely of Lonchocarpus powder. Examination of 7 samples of derris dusting- mixture showed that all 7 contained derris powder. This information is also given by Spoon (389). The United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administra- tion (425), in its annual report for 1937 stated that more satisfactory methods for determining rotenoro in Ferris anr 1 cube, both i*i the root powder and in mixtures of these powders with sulphur, had beer developed. Jones and Graham (228) in 1933 presented the results of a study of the relative merits of various solvents for the extraction of rotenoro from derris and. cube. Tests were made with chloroform, benzene, acetone, ethyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, brichloro ethylene and an azco tropic mixture of benzene-alcohol. The moisture content of the samples tested ranged from 4.9 to p. 5 percent. The authors draw the' following conclusi ns from their work: - 35 - "In the inalysis of finely powdored samples of c'erris and cu.be roots a method involving treatment with chloroform at roon temperature follower 1 by removal of an aliquot of the filtered extract gives satis- factorily coriplete extraction of the rotenonc. "Fineness of the sanple is an exceedingly important factor in obtaining complete extraction by any method. If coarse samples are ground so that at least 95 per cent passes a 60-r.csh sieve, they will usually give ratisfo.ctory extraction by the aliquoting procedure, "Samples containing a high ratio of ro tc.ocnc to total extrac- tivos uerc found to be core difficult to extract than thoec with lower percentages of x-otenono. When the ratio of rotor one tc total extract './as about 40 per cent or over, particularly in the case of dcrris roots, it was necessary to employ extractiOxi at roon. tenperature v/ith successive lots of chloroform in order to obtain satisfactory extrac- tion of the rotcnonc. This nether 1 should also be employed as a check v/henevor there is doubt as to the eor.rolctenese of extraction by the o.l i quo o i ng p ro c o dur o . "Cube roots in general arc more readily extracted of their ro- tcnonc content than are dorr is roots, "The moisture content of dcrris on'", cube roots as received in this country has not been found to be sufficiently great to interfere v/ith tnoir analysis, and hence preliminary drying of samples seems unnecessary." Jones and Graham (229) in February 1936 published the procedure recom- mended by them for the determination of rotenone in dcrris and cube. This is as follov/s: "Weigh 30 grans of the finely powdcrec root into a 500 cc. glass- stopocred Erlenrieyer flask. Ac"d 300 cc. of CHCl 5 measure 1 at a defin- ite ran temperature; ulacc the flask on a shaking machine and fasten the stoppers securely. .Agitate vigorously for not less than 4 hours, preferably interrupting the shaking v/ith overnight rest. (As an olter- native procedure the flask nay be shaken continuously overnight.) Re- move the flask from the n:,chino and alio - ;/ to c :• 1 in a refrigerator for o.t least an hour. Filter the nixtv.rc rapidly into a suitable flask, using o. fluted paper without suction and keeping the funnel covered with a v/atch-glass to avoid loss from evaporation. Stopper the flask and adjust the temperature of the filtrate to that of the original CHC1 3 . "Transfer exactly 200 cc. of this solution to a 500 cc, Pyrex Erlcnmcyer flask and distil until only about 25 cc. remains in the flask. Transfer the extract to a 125 cc, Erlcnneyer flask, -using CC1 4 to rinse out the 500 cc. flask. Evaporate almost to dryness on the steam oath in a current of air. Then remove the remainder of the solvent under reduced pressure, heating crutiously on the stean bath when necessary to hasten the evaporation. (The suction nay be .applied chirectly to the flask.) Dissolve the extract in 15 cc. of hot CCI4. and again, in a similar manner, remove all the solvent. Repeat - 56 - V7ith another 10-15 cc. portion of hot CCI4. (This trcatncnt removes all the CHC1 3 fron the resins.) The CHCl 3 extract is usually complete- ly soluble in CCl*. If snail quantities of insoluble material are present, the purification procedure described later will eliminate then. However, if a large quantity of insoluble residue should remain when the extract is dissolved in the first portion of CCI4, it should be filtered off and thoroughly washed with further portions of hot solvent, after which the filtered solution plus washings should be treated as described above for the removal of CHCl . "Acid exactly 25 cc. of CC1. and heat gently to completely dis- solve the extract. Cool the flask in an ice bath for several minutes and seed with a few crystals of rotenone-carbon tetrachloride solvate if necessary. Stopper the flask and swirl until crystallization is apparent. If at this stage only a small quantity of crystalline mater- ial separates, add an accurately weighed quantity of pure rotcnone, estimated to bo suff icier t so that the find result, expressed as pure rotcnone, is at least 1 gram. Then warm to effect complete solution, and again induce crystallization. At the sane tine prepare a saturated solution of rotencne in CC1 4 for washing. Place the flasks containing the extract and the washing solution in an ice bath capable of main- taining a temperature of C. and allow to remain overnight. "After 17-18 hours in the ice bath, rapidly filter the extract through a weighed Go^ch crucible fitted with a disk of filter paper, removing the flask from tho ice "oath only long enough to pour each fraction of extract into the crucible. Rinse the residue of crystal- line material from the flask and wash under suction with sufficient of the ice-cold saturated solution (usually 10-12 cc.) to renovo the ex- cess mother liquor. Allow the crucible to remain under suction for about 5 minutes and then dry to constant weight at 40° C. , which usually requires about an hour. The weight obtained is the "crude rotenonc- c:.rbon tetrachloride solvate." "Break up the contents of the crucible with a spatula, mix thoroughly, and'weigh 1 gran into a 50 cc. Erlonneyor flask. Add 10 cc. of alcohol that has previously been .saturated with rotcnone at room temperature, swirl the flask for a few ninutes, stopper tightly, and set aside for at least 4 hours, preferably overnight,, at the same tem- perature. Filter on a weighed &o"'ch crucible fitted with a disk of filter paper. Rinse tho crystalfi fron the flask and wash under suction with a solution of ethyl alcohol saturated with rotcnone at the temper- ature of recrystallizatioa $5-10 oc. will usually be required). Allow the crucible to remain under gj&etion for 3-5 minutes and then dry at 105° C. to constant weight, Krhtch should be effected in 1 hour. "Multiply the weight, expressed in grans, by the weight of the crude rotenone-carbon totrpkchloride solvate, and to tho product add 0.07 gran, which represents the correction for rotenone held in solu- tion in the 25 cc. of CC1. used in crystallization. If any pure ro- tenone has been added, «aS*j*aciS Its weight from the value obtained. LIBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD - 37 - This gives the weight :f pure rotonone contained in the .aliquot of the extract, representing 20 grans of the sample." Reference to this method of Jones and Grahan for the determination of rotcnonc in cube and derris is made .in the News Letter (227) of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. USE OF LOHDHOC.JffUS AS AI\ T INSECTICIDE ProhahlT" the earliest published account of the use of cube as an in- secticide occurs in an article by Klinge (245) in the February 1910 Bolctin de la Direccion de Foment o, Lina, Peru. A translation from the Spanish is as follows: "At present I an studying and testing out a liquid 1 for the con- trol of ticks on lianas of uhich I spnko in one of my recent letters. There is a plant here called "CUBS" in the Qucchuan dialect which is used for catching fish in darned up streans by poisoning the water with the root. Fron tests that I a/c it results that maceration produces an effective insecticide, which destroys the tick; but I dc not know whether it will be toxic to the lianas, if these aninals should take it accidentally internally, as would be the case in a dipping process. I an naking solutions '"oy crushing and naceration in various proportions, in order to find one, if possible, which kills the tick anr 1 is not poisonous to the lianas in quantities larger than one liter, which is the maximum that can be taken during a dipping bath. The work is done in the laboratory of the collc f e anr" 1 in a peasant house in the neighbor- hood of the town. This will delay nc a few no re days." Dclassus, Lepigre, and Pasquier (112) in 1933 wrote that rotonone (fror. the roots of Derris, Tephrosia, Lonchocarxms , etc.) nay be used like pyre thru" insecticides against insects attacking grapevines in Algeria. The British Guiana Department of Agriculture (48) in 1934 published results of tests of cold water, hot water, and carbon tetrachloride extracts of the bark, stens, and loaves of fresh young shoots of haiari against the red stinging ant, Solon^psis sp. Hone of the extracts had any effect on the ants. An aqueous extract of haiari gave . excellent results against another species of ant, probably Prcnolcpis sp. , infesting coffee trees. Garman and Turner (158) in March 1934 published information on sub- stitutes for lead arsenate on fruits and vegetables in Connecticut. Rotonone preparations node fron cube or derris are promising both as stomach and con- tact poisons, and are recommended against insects attacking currants, goose- berries, raspberries, strawberries, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, and leafy vegetables such as beets, turnips, lettuce, spinach, Swiss chard., New Zealand spinach, etc. The United States Department "f Agriculture, Bureau of Sntonology (417), on March 14, 1934, '.issued a mimeographed memoranda- recommending derris or - 38 - cube dust containing 0.5 to 1.5 percent rotenone and combined pyrethrum- derris extract as a spray for combating the connon cabbage worn, cabbage loop- er, cabbage webworm, and dianondback noth on cabbage; melon and pickle worn on squash; leaf-feeding insects on lettuce and spinach; and Mexican bean beetle on beans. Satisfactory diluents for the dusts are finely-ground tobacco dust, clay, talc, and sulphur which has proved especially successful on cab- bage and squash. The opinion of one of the large insecticide manufacturers as to the relative merits of derris and cube is of interest. McCormick and Company (274) in 1934, in a full-page advertisement on the properties end uses of derris powder, wrote as follows: "It is reasonable to assume that, if the rotenone content and total ether extractives are identical in derris end" cube, their ef- fectiveness should be identical. However, experience has shown us that the rotenone content and ether extractives in derris are uniformly higher than are these two elements in other rotenone bearing roots. This is probably true because derris is more extensively cultivated than any of the other varieties." Crosby and Chupp (109) in 1S34 recommended 0.5 percent rotenone dusts made from cube or derris mixed with talc or clay for the control of cabbage worms ( Picric - r vpac L. , Autographa brassicac Rile v , and Plutclla maculipcnnis Curtis) and the Mexican bean beetle. Haegelc (182) in 1934 reported that cube powder at the rate of 10 lbs. per 100 gals, applied on a 7-day schedule and also at the rate of 5 lbs. per 100 gals, plus 0.5 percent oil applied on the regular spray schedule proved most unsatisfactory (more worms per 100 apples) in controlling the codling moth at Parma, Idaho. Heavy residues were left on the fruit from the 7-day pyre thrum, derris, and cube treatments, but there was no injury or lack of color apparent. Use of these organic insecticides resulted in the least number of stings per 100 apples. The Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station (67) reported that in 1934 a satisfactory control of the imported cabbage worm on cabbage and cauliflower was secured with derris or cube dusts carrying 0.5 percent rotenone. 7. L. Campbell (69), at the 1935 Codling Moth Conference, -asserted that because derris and cube are so toxic to codling noth larvae in laboratory tests they should be tested further. E. E. Campbell (62) in 1935 reported that laboratory tests at Alhambra, Calif. , against the imported cabbage worm shower 1 cube dust to be slightly more toxic than derris dust with an equivalent rotenone content. Talc was used as a diluent in each case and applications were made with a precision duster at a dosage of 1 gran per plant. An anonymous (3) writer in 1935 stated that roacn powders containing from 5 to 25 percent cube or derris and 95 to 75 percent pyre thrum were on the market. - 3g - Childs (79) in 1935 reported cube as well as derris ineffective against the codling moth in Oregon. Cassidy and Barber (65) reported in 1935 that in plat tests cube was less effective (45.2 percent control) than derris (62.8 percent control) in controlling the following hemipterous cotton insects in Arizona: Euschistus imoictiventris Stal , Chlorochroa sayi Stal , Thyanta custator F. , Dysdercus mimulus Hussey, and Lyg us hesperus Knight. Feytaud and Lapparent (147) in 1935 reported favorable results against the Colorado potato beetle in France with a terpinolene extract of derris (or cube) emulsified in water. These workers prepared terpinolene extracts of derris and cube by macerating 8 grams of root with 100 grams terpinolene for 3 tc 5 days. After being filtered and emulsified, this extract killed larvae of the Colorado potato beetle at a dilution of 1 to 19 with water. A spray of 2 percent of this extract has been used to destroy caterpillars on tobacco, roses, cherries, pears and coquelicot. A good, emulsion is made by nixing 700 grams of the terpinolene extract with 300 grams of sulphated higher fatty alcohol (oleyl, lauryl, cetyl). This is better than sodium rosinate. Terpinolene , or essence of pine, is rich in iso-cineol. Emulsions of 8-10 percent strength of the terpinolene extract are being tried as a substitute for anthracene oil. Later Feytaud and Lapparent (148) reported that in laboratory tests against the Colorado potato beetle it was necessary to use the following quantities of a product containing about 16 percent of the extractives of derris of which 5 percent was rotenone: 100 grams per hectoliter -of water for young larvae, 200 grams per hectoliter of water for old larvae, 500 grams per hectoliter of water for adults. Derris extract in terpinolene is made as follows: 15 grams powdered derris or cube (rotenone - 5 percent) is macerated for 5 days at a temperature not above 30° C. in 100 grams terpinolene, then filtered and kept in a tinted glass flask to escape the action of light. A mixture is mad.e of derris ex- tract in terpinolene, 60 parts; t..rpineol, 20 pa.rts; sulphated oleyl alcohol, 20 parts. Preferably the last two ingredients are mixed first and the derris ex- tract then added.. For use this mixture is added, to water to make a 0.5-per- cent emulsion. Ammonium sulphoricinate may also be used as an euulsifier. A 0.5-percent emulsion of this applied, to fourth-stage potato beetle larvae killed 30 percent in 24 hours, 75 percent in 48 hours, and 100 percent in 4 days. Howard and Davidson (200) in 1935 advised that derris sprays or dusts were the best insecticides for the control of cabbage worms in Ohio. Derris or cube dust containing 0.05 to 0.1 percent rotenone, applied at the rates of from 20 to 25 pounds per acre, gave good control of the imported cabbage worm. It was indicated that throe or four applications may be required, to obtain control in some instances. Good results were also obtained by the application • - 40 - ' of derris or cube re t sprays containing 0.G1 percent rotenone. For trol of the cabbage looper it was necessary to use derris or cube dusts con- taining 0.4 to 0.5 percent of rotenone, or to use derris or cube root sprays containing 0.015 to 0.02 percent of rotenone. Applications were nade every 10 to 14 days after the vorns appeared in large numbers. There was no sig- nificant difference in the degree of control obtained from the use of derris root or cube root dusts or sprays, provided the rotenone contents of the in- secticides were practically equivalent. The addition of spreaders or stickers to derris root suspensions in water applied as sprays secned to increase slightly the control obtained. Very little difference in the degree of control resulted from the use of a number pf diluents for d,erris or cube dusts, H. H, Richardson (340) in 1935 reported that both derris and cube were effective against the corraon red spider, on greenhouse plants. Suspensions of powdered cube root (5.3 percent of rotenone and 17.3 percent of total carbon tetrachloride extractives) at the rate of 0.25 percent (rotenone approximately 1:8,000) in combination with 0.25 percent by volume cf sulphonated castor oil gave high mortality. Cube killed 97.2 percent of the adults and 96.6 percent of the nymphs as compared to 99.2 and 99.5 pereent kill, respectively, for adults and nymphs caused, by the same concentration of d.erris with 0.5 percent sulphonated castor oil. The South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station (386) in 1935 tested powdered cube root (rotenone 5 percent) nixed with talc or tobacco powder as a dust and also undiluted as a spray against the Mexican bean beetle. Cube compared favorably with derris of equal rotenone content. Wcigel and Richardson (461) in 1935 reported that the xoroportion of sulphonated caster oil is an important factor in the effectiveness of derris sprays against red sender. Tests conducted against the roc. spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L. , at Barberton, Ohio, indicated, that x spray composed of derris root • powder in water, with a rotenone content of approximately 0.0034 percent, which has not proved entirely effective, showed a .narked in- crease in effectiveness when the proportion of sulphonated castor oil was in- creased from 1:400 to 1:300. With this proportion, kills of 98.4 percent of the adults and 96.4 percent of the nymphs were obtained. It was observed that increasing the rotenone content to 0.0052 percent without increasing the pro- portion of sulphonated castor oil did not appreciably increase the effective- ness. Similar results were obtained when cube ro. t powder in wo.ter, containing approximately 0.0095 percent of rotenone, v/as used with the sulphonated castor oil. The Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (418) in 1935 assembled the results of codling moth investigations during 1934, Gentner at Talent, Orcg. , reported that powdered cube root nixed with kaolin, to a rotenone con- tent of 1 percent, at a dosage of 10 lbs. to 100 gals., applied at seven-day intervals (calyx and first cover of lead arsenate) gave much poorer control then lead arsenate on Bartlett pears. F. L. Thomas (405) in 1935 rcco:: ended 1 part derris containing 5 percent rotenone nixed with 9 parts finely ground conditioned sulphur for the control of cabbage worms ( Pieris rapae L. , Autographa brassica c Riley, and Plutolla maculipcnnis Curtis) and the tomato fruitworm ( Hcliothis o bsolcta Fab.) - 41 - in Texas* The following is said concerning cube: "Cube, .another commercial rotenone- "bearing plant, is .approximately equivalent to derris in its rotenone content." Hervey, Kuckett, and Glasgow (191) in 1935 recommended a dust contain- ing 0.5 percent rotenone made "by diluting derris or cube with talc or clay, used at the rate of 30 pounds per acre for the control of the imported cab- bage worn, Pi oris rapae L. , the cabbage looper, Autographa brassicae Riley, and the larvae of the diamond- back moth, Plutella naculipcnnis Curtis. The Zebra caterpillar, Mamestra picta Harr. , is very resistant to derris dust. Instead of dust, derris spray at the rate of 100 gallons per acre nay be used. Thin is made by adding 4 lbs. derris powder (4$ rotenone) and 4 lbs. skin nil): powder to 100 gals, water. Hervey (190), in discussing the European corn borer, stated that spray- ing or dusting sweet corn nay becone feasible where* the value of the crop is high. Insecticides showing the host pronisc include derris or cube-, pheno- thiazinc, and nicotine. Foytaud (146) in 1935 mentioned rotenone powders for combating the Colorado pot ,to beetle in France. The typo formula is 5 parts powdered derris or cube (rotenone not less than bfo) and 95 parts talc or kaolin. The Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station (86) in 1935 reported that pyrcthrun- and rotenone-beoring materials are more effective on cabbage worms as dust than as sprays. Dusts of these materials that are effective against cabbage worms do not ^ive satisfactory control of plant lice. The in- ported cabbage worm is controlled with pyrcthrin- and. rotcnone-bearing dusts of lower strengths than will control the cabbage looper and diamond-back ncth. Calcium arsenate dusts gave very poor control of the imported cabbage worn, but po.ris green dust gave a satisfactory control. Derris and cube dusts were equaV ly effective when used, at the sane rotenone content, although the cube appear- ed somewhat more erratic when used, during cocl weather in the fall. Rotenone and pyrethrins are known to break down more rapidly in direct sunlight; however, there were no significant differences in the results from morning .and evening applications. The "New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (302) in 1935 reported that derris arid, cube roots are practically equal in their toxicity to aphids, provided, that they contain about the sane amounts of rotenone and total ex- tractives. Pcnton (145) in 1936 compiled information on the use of sulphur in the control of truck crop and. cane fruit insects and. diseases. Information is included on mixtures of sulphur with derris or cube. Boyce (37) in 1935 reported, finely powdered cube root ineffective against the citrus red nite, Paratetranychus citri McG. , and its eggs under field, conditions in California. - 42 - F. S. Chamberlin (66) in 1936 reported tests made at Quincy, Fla. , in 1934 in which he found that derris and cube, diluted with a fine nearly neutral denicotinized tobacco dust to a rotenone content of 0.05 percent, were equally effective (85 percent mortality) when dusted on the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix parvula Fab., under cage conditions. Brannon (40) in 1936 reported that best simultaneous control of the Mexican bean beetle and powdery mildew on snap beans at Norfolk, 7a., was obtained "by adding 2 pounds of wettable sulphur to derris or cube powder sus- pensions containing about 0.02 percent rotenone or by diluting derris or cube powder with sulphur down to a rotenone content of 0.5 percent. Brannon (41) in 1936 reported that no significant control of the corn earworm, Holiothis o bsolcta Fab., on lima beans on the Eastern Shore of Vir- ginia was obtained with derris- talc dusts containing 0.75 or 1 percent roten- one, and that sprays of powdered derris and cube roots containing 0.025 per- cent rotenone gave even poorer control. Farrar (133) in 1936 reported that tests made in Illinois showed that against the aphids Hysteroneura setariae Thomas, Aph i s poni Deg. , and A. spiraecol a Patch extracts of pyrethrum, derris, or cudc are not so efficient as nicotine when mixed wi th oil emulsion. The addition of soap will increase the killing power of an oil containing such extracts, but not enough to war- rant the added cost of the extracts. Brannon (42) in 1936 reported that cube dust containing 0.5 percent rotenone was less toxic than cryolite- talc (60:40) dust in field cage tests against the adult sweetpotato leaf beetle, Typophorus viridicyanous Crotch, at Norfolk, Va. Fleming and Baker (150) in 1936 reported results of tests of insecti- cides against the Japanese beetle under controlled laboratory conditions. Cube and timbo with a rotenone content and total extractives equivalent to derris were only half as effective as repellents. Bronson (52) in 1936 described a bell mill for mixing cube or derris powder with a diluent and with an activator or conditioner. These dusts have proved to be toxic against the pea aphid, Illinoia pisi Kalt. , in small experimental tests. Hammer (186) in 1936 recorded tests made in New Y rk for the control of the gooseberry fruitworm, Zophodia grossulariae Riley, on currants. Pow- dered derris and cube root containing 5 percent rotenone gave good control when used in sprays. The best results were obtained when two applications were made with either of these materials used at the rate of 2 pounds in 100 gallons of water. 'The first application was made on May 21 (one day after the calyx spray was begun on Mcintosh apples) and a second spray was applied on June 3. Almost as good results were obtained from one application using 4 pounds of derris or cube in 100 gallons of water. This spray was o.pplied on May 29, just as the worms were beginning to wob the clusters together. - 43 - .. Derris gave slightly "better results than cube when used in sprays. Dust mixtures containing either derris or cube root and having 0.5 percent ro- tenonc gave good control but wore slightly inferior to the sprays. There was no .apparent difference in toxicity "between derris and cube when used, as dusts in these tests. Beth clay and talc proved satisfactory as diluents. Howard (198) in 1935 reported tests made at Columbus, Ohio, the previous year with insecticides against the Mexican bean "beetle. Satis- factory control was obtained with suspensions of derris root powder and cube root powder in water at dilutions of 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, and 0.025 percent of rotenone. Fairly satisfactory results were obtained with derris sprays containing 0.005 percent of rotenone. The incorporation of various wetting agents, spreaders, and stickers did not improve the efficiency of these spray suspensions. In general, cube proved to "be approximately equal in effective- ness to derris when tested at the same dilution of rotenone. Derris dv.st mixtures and cube dust mixtures containing 0.4, 0.5 and 0,75 percent of ro- tenone, respectively, with various diluents, all gave satisfactory control. As a result of special tests of various diluents, it was concluded that it was not important to obtain any particular diluent for use with derris or cube dust, provided such diluent is honalkaline in character. The results indicated that talc-flotation sulphur (50:50), wheat flour, ground [pyre- thrum] marc, talc, bentonite, and. finely ground dusting sulphur in the order named, with the last two almost equal in effectiveness, were as good as, or slightly superior to, any of the diluents 'tested. In general, derris dusts appeared, to be slightly superior to cube dusts in effectiveness. Howard, Brannon and Mason (199) in 1936 recommended derris or cube spray as the best control measure for the Mexican bean beetle. Three pounds of powder (containing 4 percent rotenone) per 100 gallons gives a rotenone content of about 0.015 percent. The treatment should be started, when beetles are found, in the field and should be repeated at inter zeds of 7 to 10 days. Dusts containing 0.5 percent rotenone nay be used at the rate of 20 to 25 pounds to the acre per application. Sprays are recommended in preference to dusts for bean beetle control, since spraying v/ill give better control and longer protection to the plants. In the case of hone-nixed dusts, cither talc, dusting sulphur, infusorial earth, kaolin (china clay), or other finely ground inert clay, gypsum, diatonaceous earth, wheat flour or tobacco dust may be used as a diluent or carrier, but recent experiments have ind.icated that talc is the most satisfactory. Dusts containing 0.5 or 0.75 percent rotenone should not be used for making sprays. Begin spraying when the adults are found, in the field or when the eggs of the beetle become numerous on the undersid.es of the leaves. One to three, seme times four, applications are required., depending on the abundance of the insect. Howe (204) in 1936 reported tests made at Clarksville, Tonn. , against the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix parvula Fab., which indicated that a cube root d.ust mixture having a rotenone content of approximately 1.5 percent was the most toxic of the materials tested against the flea beetle on dark- fired tobacco, but that a similar dust mixture containing 2 percent rotenone was most efficient in the tests with Burley tobacco. In general, however, ■- ^4 - it appeared that the dust mixture containing 1.5 percent rotenone was so nearly equal to the mixture containing 2 percent rotenone that the former dilution is preferable because of its lower cost. The cube dust Mixture proved more effective than a mixture of 50 percent cryolite and 50 percent kaolin, or a mixture composed of 8 percent paris green, 42 percent load ar- senate, and 50 percent kaolin. Results indicated that there was very little difference in the relative toxicity to flea beetles on tobacco plant beds between the two last-mentioned dust mixtures. Hutscn (209) in 1336 published directions for the control of insects with dcrris and pyrethrum. Hutson states "The tern Derris is used for con- venience. Present information indicates that cube of equivalent rotenone content' is just as satisfactory," Laake (256), of the Dallas, Tex., station of the Bureau of Entomol- ogy and Plant Quarantine, Division of Insects Affecting Men. and Animals, in 1935 reported that powdered cubo r^ot, rotenone concentrate, and many other materials were ineffective as repellents for stable flies and horn flies 4 Edwards (124) in 1935 recommended derris or cube dust containing 0.5 percent rotenone for the control of spittle bugs, A phrophora pemutata Uhl. and P hilaenus spunarius ( L cucc phthalnus ) L. , on strawberries in Oregon. About 150 pounds of dust per acre are needed to secure control. Ewing (133) in 1936 reported that in cage toxicity tests against the cotton flea hopper, Psalius seriatus Reut, at Port Lavaca, Tex., a mix- ture of 10 parts pyrethrun, 3L0 parts cube, and £0 parts sulphur killed. 15 percent of the adults and 67 percent of the nymphs. Best control of adults (82 percent) was obtained by sulphur-par i s green, 90.: 1C, and best control of nymphs (93.5 percent) was obtained with sulphur-pyre thrum, 60:40. Smith and Scales (382) reported the following results of cage tests made at Tallulah, La., during 1936: Control (percent) Tarnished Treatment Loaf worm pla nt bug 3oll weevil Nymph Ad.ul t Cube 40$, sulphur 60 fo, 72 54 49 45 (rotenone 1.96$) Cube 20$, sulphur 80$, 58 — 33 28 (rotenone 0.98$) Cube 10$, sulphur 90fo, 31 — 12 5 (rotenone 0.49$) Cube 10$, pyre thru; 10$, 63 71 21 9 (sulphur 80$ (rotenone 0.49$) Cube (rotenone 4.9$) 76 ' 2 50 80 - 45 - Cube was slightly better than deiris against the "boll weevil and about equal to derris against the leafworn, while derris was slightly nore effective against the tarnished plant bug. Calcium arsenate was more effective than cube against the boll weevil and the leofwom. Chapnan, Hollingsworth and Robertson (?1) reported only slight re- duction in the pink bollworn infestation in plats heavily dusted with a mix- ture of 20 percent cube and 80 percent sulphur (l percent rotenone) at Presidio, Tex., in 1935. Cube (5 percent rotenone) used as a spray, 10 lbs. to 50 gals, of water and 2 lbs. of flour, also gave very little control. Chapnan and Willians (72) reported that a dust of 10 percent cube, 10 percent pyre thru i, and 80 percent sulphur (0.43 percent rotenone) used against the pink bollworn in cage tests in 1336 was not so effective as bar run fluo silicate or calciur; arsenate. McKinncy (273) in September 1936 reported that the application of dust mixtures containing 1 percent rotenone, derived from derris or cube, with talc as a diluent, proved effective in controlling the western striped cu- cumber beetle, Diabrotica trivittata Mann., on cantaloupes in the Salt River Valley, Ariz. Treated plots yielded approximate] y 1.6 times more fruit than did untreated plots grown under comparable conditions, and the xorotected plants also produced more fruits earlier in the season, when prices were high. Murphy and Vandehburg (283) in 1935 wrote that most household sprays contain as the insecticidal principle an extract of pyrcthrun flowers, an extract of derris or cube root, a solution of an aliphatic thiocyanate, or some combination of these toxic agents. The Kew York (Geneva) State Agricultural Experiment Station (304) in its annual report for 1335 (published in 1936) stated that when stomach in- secticides are needed for the control of the imported currant worm on cur- rants a rotenone spray or dust may be used. Studios made in 1934 show that derris or cube dusts containing from 0.3 to 0.5 percent rotenone were very effective in killing the currant worm. Extensive experiments v/ere conducted in western Uew York in 1334 on the control of the cabbage aphid and cabbage worms on Danish cabbage. Both of these insects were unusually prevalent and caused serious damage in many fields. Derris dust containing 0.5 per cent rotenone proved more satis- factory for worn control than arsenate of lead or calcium arsenate, but ap- peared to have little value in protecting the plants against the cabbage aphid. On such crops as broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, and early or loose header cabbage, a derris dust is advised to avoid arsenical residues. Where the cabbage aphid becomes abundant on these crops it will be necessary to make a separate treatment of a 4-pcrcent lime-nicotine dust, since derris and lime are not compatible. Comparative tests were; made of derris and cube roots in powdered form and as extractives containing the toxic ingredients for the control ®f cab- bage worms. Field tests indicated that extractives were inferior to powdered - 4.6 - root for spray purposes, and that sprays wore not so effective as dusts. For spray purposes, the nost satisf icto'ry results were obtained with a mixture containing 4 pounds of powdered derris root to 100 gallons of water in addition to neutral coconut oil soap, penetrol, skin nilk powder as a sticker. For dusting, equally satisfactory results were obtained with derris and cube mixtures of 0.5 to 1 percent rotenone strength, containing talc, clay, or air- floated gyp sun as the silucnt. riot all cabbage worms, however, were killed by rotenone-contnining powders, for example the zebra caterpillar. Contact dusts containing pyrethron or nicotine were highly toxic to this insect if applied in the earl;y stages of larval development. The Texas .Agricultural Experiment Station (402) in its 48th annual report (published in 1936) reported that derris was considerably more ef- fective than cube against the cabbage looper, Autographa brassicac , and the larvae of the diamond-back noth, Plutella maculipennis , regardless of the carrier used, according to tests conducted at Feslaco and ¥intcrhaven dur- ing January 1935. The derris mixtures and the cube mixtures were more ef- fective against the larvae of the dianondback moth than against the cab- bage looper. Derris- sulphur (15-85) or cube-sulphur (15-85) containing 0.75 percent rotenone gave better control of cabbage wo-rms than either ar- senate of lead or barium fluosilicate on the average in the lower Rio Grange Valley, the Winter Garden, or Galveston County. The Colorado .Agricultural Experiment Station (87) in 1936 reported that during 1934 the insect infestation on cabbage and cauliflower consisted largely of the imported cabbage worm. A satisfactory control of these was secured with pyre thrum dusts containing 0.18 percent pyrethrins and with derris or cube dusts carrying 0.5 percent rotenone. The minimum amount of material and the number of applications to give seasonal protection remain to be determined. The infestation of the imported cabbage worm was so light in 1935 that this part of the work could not be completed. The 1935 infestation consisted of the cabbage looper, alfalfa looper, and the dianondback moth. These are more difficult to kill. Dusts carrying 0.2 percent pyrethrins or 0.75 rotenone, which is higher than most recommendations and also higher than the contents of most commercial dusts, failed to give satisfactory control. The Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (210) in 1936 reported that cube-kaolia dust is effective against several insects. Preliminary tests were made with a cube-kaolin dust mixture containing 0.02 percent rotenone. This mixture, applied in the center and over the top of ant hills, killed most of the colony, and a second application two weeks later usually served to exterminate the colony. Occasional light dustings of the mixture around shrubbery or ornamentals or at places where the insects entered the buildings effectively controlled ants. The dust readily killed nymphs of the squash bugs but squash vines soon wore rcinfestcd. One thorough d.usting of Virginia creeper killed most of the nymphs and, adults of the grape leafhoppcr and a second, dusting 10 days later produced com- plete control. Two dustings of the mixture, 10 days apart, controlled the grape leaf hopper on grapes. - Yt - A comiittcc of entomologists representing a number of the State agri- cultural experiment stations and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quaran- tine, United State? Department of Agri culture, issued the following sugges- tions (421) for the control of tho pea aphid, at the 1936 meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists in Atlantic City. "Dusting with derris or cube: Preliminary experiments with these materials, wi th a carrier such as talc, conditioned with a spreader and wetting agent, have given satisfactory control. Their use is suggested only on an experimental basis. Such dust should con- tain .approximately 1 percent rotcnone." "Spraying with dorr is or cube: On the basis of ground derris or cube root containing 4 percent rotenone, 3 pounds should be used per 100 gallons of water. Corresponding dilutions should be used .with derris or cube containing more or less than 4 percent rotenenc. A spreader mC. wotting agent is necessary. The application por acre should be from 150 to 200 gallons. Pressure should not be less than 300 pounds. For information regarding tsproading and 'wetting agents, consult your Experiment Station entomologist, or tho Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture. " C, A. Thomas (404) in 1936 reported tests made ir. Pennsylvania for the control of the tomato pin wo it:, Gnorimo sc hema lycopcrsinclla Busck. Exper- iments show that pin worm larvae arc very easily affected by derris, pyrethrur cube end nicotine d.usts and. sprays,' and proprietary insecticides containing these materials, or extracts of then in combination with Various carriers. Ground derris and cube ront, of 2 to 4 percent rotcnone content, and mixtures of these with carriers such as dusting sulphur, bentonitc, inert C, etc., also arc toxic, although the larvae die quietljr without the violent reactions and strong regurgitation characteristic of pyrethrum effocts. Tomato leaves dusted with a derris powder conto,ining 4 percent rotcnone were still quite toxic to those lorvae at the end of four weeks, al though the plants wore ex- posed in a window d.uring that time. The Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (420) in its annual report for 1936 reported results of various tests with rotcnone, derris and cube, Picld experiments with insecticides in Ohio and Virginia on beans grown for the greenboan market or for canning have demonstrated that the Mexican bean beetle can be controlled at a minimum cost by applying sprays or dusts containing rotcnone derived from derris or cube without danger of incurring harmful residues on the market product. Experiments in California demonstrated that dust mixtures of derris, cube, or pyrethrum gave satisfactory results in the control of tho three more common species of cabbage worms on cauliflower. Por tho control of the -pink, bollworm, barium fluosilicato, cube, and cube-sulphur mixtures were selected for additional field-plot tests. All of these gave some control, as indicated by a reduction of the number of worms per boll, but none was very effective or satisfactory. - 4ft - Ueigol and Nelson (458) in September, 1936, reported that in green- house tests at Boltsviile, Md. , sprays containing 0.0056 percent rotcnone and pyrothrun extract (1:10,000) with suljphonatod castor oil added (I: 300) as a spreader, and organic thiocyanabe sprays diluted 1:300 were effective in killing adults and nynphs of lhrips tabaei Lind. , without injurs to the treated cucumber plants in the greenhouse. These sprays wore applied at 300 pounds pressure "by a specially devised greenhouse power sprayer. The addition of pyrethrun extract to cither the dcrris or cube powder sprays was found to enhance their efficiency against the thrips. .An immediate effect was evi- dent against both the adults and the nynphs. The cube powder, plus the sul- phonatcc 1 caster oil, was not so effective as a e'erris powder spra3", even though the rotononc content (0.0056 percent) of both was the sane, Inciden- tal!: , it was observed that no mildew appeared in .any of the sprayed plots, whereas in the check plots it was consistently present. This nay indicate sonc fungicidal action on the part of the sprays containing rotcnone or or- ganic thiocyanatcs under the conditions of the cxperinont. White (463) in 1936 in the publication E-376 of the Bureau of En- tomology and Plant Quarantine, issue:! recommendations for the control of in- sects attacking certain /ego tables, snail fruits one 1 tobacco. Dcrris is reconnendod for the control of several insects and 'eg implication cube nay be used in place of derris. Cube is specifically mentioned as follows: "Preliminary experiments in California have shown that dcrris, or cube, or pyrethrun dust mixtures, at the same dilutions as have been mentioned for cabbage, gave as satisfactory results in the con- trol of the three rorc common species of cabbage worms on cauliflower as they did en cabbage." Cube is given as the equivalent of derris for the control of the Mex- ican bean beetle and the tobacco flea bcotl< , TCisecup (473) in 1936 reported laboratory tests diroctoc! against quarter- ;r own lo.rvae of the imported cabbage worm, F ieri s raiae L. , at San- ford, Fla. A cube dust mixture containing 0.055 percent rotcnone was very effective in killing the larvae of this species, one! this dilution is the most suitable of any of the dilutions tostcd for use in obtaining comparative results of the reactions of insecticides to P. rapao larvae. Wisecup (474) in 1936 also reported laboratory tests made at Sanford, Fla., with half-grown larvae of the southern arnywom s Prodeuia eridani a Cram, In general, these laboratory tests indicated that poisoned— bait mix- tures consisting of bran, cottonseed need , cr corn meal, paris green, cryolite, phono thiazinc, or cube, with syrup and ground lemons, were not sufficient to overcome the attractiveness of the natural green food of the southern army- worn larvae. Paris green and synthetic cryolite were much superior to cube Pelt and Bromley (144) in 1937 reported that cube powder appeared slightly less toxic than derris powder when applied as sprays at the rate of 3 lbs. of powd.er (rotenone = 4 percent) to 100 gallons of spray. Cube powder was also applied in a mixture of summer oil 1:200 as a contact insec- ticide against shade tree insects in Connecticut. In general, results on ex- - 49 - posed tent caterpillars, Malacosoma americaua Fab«, were better than on cankerworms, Alsophila pometaria Harris. Ewing and McGarr (134) in 1937 reported that neither powdered derri: nor cube (each containing about 4 percent rotenone) showed any promise when dusted on cotton flea hoppers in cages. Cube root mixed with pheno- thiazine failed to jive promising results. Morrill and Lacroix (287) in 1937 reported tests to control the potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris Harris, o : shade and field tobacco in tobacco in the Connecticut valley. The following dusts containing rotenone were tested: 1 part cube pov;der (4> rotenone) plus 3 parts sterile tobacco dust (finely ground and certified by the manufacturers to be a by-product in the manu- facture of nicotine sulfate) applied at the rate of 4 to 3 lbs. per acre. 2 parts cube powder (4y rotenone) plus 8 parts barium fluosilicate applied at the rate of 4 to 8 lbs. per acre. Dust containing l)'o rotenone applied at the rate of 12 lbs. per acre. 1 part cube powder (l% rotenone) plus 1 part barium fluosilicate applied at the rate of 15 lbs. per acre. Proprietary dust containing 0.55/a rotenone applied at the rate of 12 lbs. per acre. Proprietary dust containing 0*83,. rotenone applied at the rate of 8 lb., per acre. All these treatments, and also cryolite gave a distinct improvement over the untreated check. The mixture of cube root powder and tobacco dust showed the highest number of dead beetles and the next to the least total leai injury. The mixture of barium fluosilicate and cube root powder was somewhat more effective if judged by tho number of live beetles and the total leaf injury. This superiority is not believed to be sufficient to justify the increased cost of the mixture, since >..ach material was used at nearly the same strength as when used alone. Cube as a spray was also t .stud against tho tobacco thrips, Franklinicllo. fusca Hinds. The cube powder (4,j rotenone) was tried at 5 lbs and also at 12 lbs. per 100 gals, plus sulfonated phenylphenol at 1:400 as a spreader, liono of the materials (nicotine, pyrcthrum, and lauryl thiocyanatt were included) proved satisfactory. 50 - Several growers have stated that they were of the opinion that the dusting with proprietary cube root powders, when the plants were wet with dew, had a controlling effect .on the tnrips population. They described the thrips infestation as potentially the i';orst in several year-, hut actual damage as being smaller than it has been at times in the past. The sprays were applied at the rate of ,50 gallons per acre, equalling a dust of three to six pounds per acre. Since the dust is applied at the rate of eight pounds per acre, a heavy dew might form a toxic mixture, as in the case with the flea beetle* This heavier dosage is sudd to have been reported from Australia as effective and will be tested next season. The South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station (387) in its 1936 annual report stated that, upon the basis of recent experimental work, rotenone may be recommended for the control of the Mexican bean beetle. Slightly superior results have been secured when this product was used us a spray, but it may also be used as a du-t when the -proper diluent is used. The following formulae have given best results; Formulae for Liquid Spray Mixture Large quantities ! T o. 1 Powdered air-floated derris or cube root containing 5 percent rotenone. Water K'o. 2 Powdered air-floated derris or cube root containing 4 oer- cent rotencfrre. Water 1-3/4 pounds 50 gallons 2-1/4 pounds 50 gallons Small quantities 1-3/4 ounces 3 gallons 2-l/4 ounces 3 gallons Smaller portions of rotenone than the above may be used with good results, but the residual effect will not be as great. To obtain good pro- tection the insecticide would have to be applied mere frequently. One hundred to 150 gallons should be applied per acre at each spraying. Formulae for Dust Mistures No. 1 Powdered air-flcated derris or cube root containing 5 percent rotenone. Talc or inert clay To make 0.75; I dust 15 pounds 85 pounds To make 0.50$; dust 10 pounds 90 pounds - 51 - Formulae for Dust Mixtures (cont'd) To make To make 0.75^ dust 0.50,.: dust No. 2 Powdered air-floated derris or cubo root containing 4 percent rotenone. 1C-3/4 pounds 12-1/2 pounds Talc or in^rt clay 81-1/4 pounds 87-1/2 pounds The rotenone content of the finished dust should not bo loss than 0.50 percent, and it is believed that the use of the 0.75 percent dust may be justified in view of the better protection afforded. Twenty to 25 pounds of tho finished dust should be applied per aero at each dusting. Many of the proprietary rotenone insecticides now on the market will give good r .suits if used according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Nine different combinations of insecticides were used in triplicate on seedling cotton as a control for thrips. Only one application of the materials was made. The following table shows the percentage of reduction in thrips population in each case. ".Then the plants were practically mature in size, a count was made of injured stalks to determine any difference in protection given by the various materials used. The stalks considered as injured were those having two central stems instead of one. The results of this count is also shown in the table. The stalks were counted on one row out of each of the six-row plots. Tests of Insecticides for Control of Thrips, Pee Dee Experiment Station Application of May 13 Percent Reduction Stalks Stalks Percent of thrips injured uninjured injured Rotenone 15/* Sulfur 42.5/ Tobacco dust 42.5/ 65.56 147 144 50.52 Cheok 47.62 156 124 55,71 Paris green 10/ Sulfur 90.: 100.00 116 178 3S.46 * This probably means 15 percent of a material containing 4 or 5 percent of rotenone. - 52 - At the Pec Dog Experiment Station tests against tobacco flea beetle were made with derris dust (l; - rotenoho) arid cube ousts (0.5 and 1.0;." rotenone). The difference in the percentage of reduction of living Sweeties with the rotononc and the non-rot onone dusts at the end of 72 hours was not sufficiently great to warrant the selection of any of the materials as outstanding. How- ever, when the number of dead beetles is considered the derris and cube of 1 percent rotenone content yielded greater plant protection than the other materials. There was no significant difference between these two insecticides, although there was a tendency for the cube of 1 percent rotenone content to lose its effectiveness faster than the derris. The Secretary cf the United States Department of Agriculture (413) in his 1933 annual report wrote as follows: "Laboratory and field tests with organic insecticides, particularly derris and cube, have brought man/ modifications in the recommendations for the control of certain insect pests . It has been demonstrated that th~se insecticides which do not leave residues objectionable from the standpoint of human health can be effectively used against a number of different truck-crop pests, such ae certain cabba c ;e worms and the Mexican bean beetle, and that they ar^ effective against flea beetles destructive to growing tobacco. The further usefulness of these recently developed materials is evidenced by the determination that one application of sprays or dusts of d..rris or cub- is effective against the pea aphid over a longer period than other recommended materials such as pyrethrum and nicotine." In discussing insecticides suitable for combating the Colorado potato beetle at the Conference Internationalv; pour 1'Etudc de la Lutte en Conmun contre le Doryphoro held in erussols January 22 and 23, 1933, under the auspices of the Belgian Department of Agriculture (25), Fcytaud stated that powders containing 5 percent of cube or derris were in use for this purpose. The handelsmuseum of the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam (249) in 1936 reported that comparative tests on derris and cube demonstrate that derris is more toxic than cube having the same rotenone content. The "msconsin Agricultural Experimental Station (472) in its annual report for 1935-1933 reported that derris-talc dust containing 0.48 percent of rotenone controlled the striped cucumber beetle. Alkaline diluents (e.g., hydrat^d lime, pH 12.5) reduce the effectiveness of derris and timbo for cabbage worms, but the- more acid samples retain their effectiveness in storage. Walker ' and Anderson (452) in 1936 reported experiments for the control of cabbage worms which wore made in 1932-1936 inclusive. The authors conclude that repeated applications of derris and cubo dusts containing from 0.5 to 0.75 percent rotenone and from two to three percent total extractives, and pyrothrun dusts containing from 0,3 to 0.5 percent pyrothrins have given good - 53 - control of those cabbage worms, while dusts of weaker concent rations of rotcnonc and pyrcthrins wore less effective. Derris and cube dusts having approximately the same rotcnonc and total ether extractive content appeared to be about equally effective for the control of those posts. Van Gundia (447) in 1936 reported that control of the Japanese beetle with applications of rotenono dust, made from oithur cube or derris, was un- satisfactory. "Wo are not particularly intorostcd in killing thorn by contact whero the foliage is sacrificed, but wo are interested in keeping them array from those treated plants. We arc quite confident that something can be worked out to accomplish this." LoPolloy and Sullivan (260) in 1936 reported a study of the toxicity of rotenono and pyrcthrins, alone and in combination, to houscflios, when tested by the turntable method. A sample of foliage of Tephrosia vogclii was about one-fifth as effective as commercial samples of derris and cube. The New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (303) in its 1936 annual report (published in 1937) reported that the discovery that insect toxication by cube is apparently identical with insect toxication by derris, provided the component toxic qualities are the same, is a matter of groat importance bocauso the price of derris has boon skyrocketing, while the prico of cube has remainod much more stable. The New York Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell University (307) in its 1936 annual report (publishod in 1937) reported that rotenone added to naphthaleno-talc dust slightly increased the effectiveness of this treated against onion thrips. Rotenono dust used undiluted was not satisfactory as a control for onion thrips. Ground derris root and cube root as sources of rotenono in sprays controlled the immature stages, but they were not so effective against the adults. There were no noticeable differences in the effectiveness of these two sources of rotenone. Against the hairy chinch bugs attacking lawns, nicotine sulfate, both as a spray and as a dust, has proved effective. Rotcnonc and tobacco dust also have given effective control in experimental work. Lettuce yellows caused considerable losses to lettuce growers on Staten ' Island in 1935. Tests proved that the method of control by barriers afforded some reduction in the disease. Dusts containing sulfur, pyrethrum, and rotenone reduced the amount of yellows in experimental plots, through the control of leaf -hoppers which spread the disease. Growers were supplied with full and timely information regarding the use of rotenone and pyrethrum insecticides to avoid objectionable residue on such crops as string beans, cauliflower, and market cabbage. The Colcrado Agricultural Experiment Station (38) in its 1936-1937 annual report reported that rotenono was found superior to pyrcthrins in controlling the imported -cabbage worm; 2.84 pounds of rotenono dust per acre gave a significant kill. The tests of tho season failed to give a satisfactory control of cabbage loopers. The diamondback moth larvae rank about midway between the imported cabbage worm and the cabbage locper in resistance to pyrcthrins and rotenono. • - 54 - ITonpoisonous dusts -were a] so us-ed on the Mexican "bean "beetle and the cherry slag. A dust containing 0.75 percent rotenone used on the fcean beetle failed to give satisfactory control. A spray of rotenone, 2 pounds of derris containing 4 percent of rotenone to 50 gallons of rater, gave control equal to that effected "by arsenite of zinc and -arsenate of magnesium or pheno thiamine, 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, under heavy infestation. On the cherry slug, rotenone sprays, with 2 pounds of either derris or cube powder containing 3 percent rotenpnp to 50 gallons of water, gave controls equal to those effected "oy arsenate of lead. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (403) in its 1936 annual report (published in 1037) reported on remedial measures for the pink bollworm. Seasonal infestation courts indie -ted that barium fluo silicate and cube-sulphur used separately as dusts or sprays reduced the worm population. This was more apparent on the olats dusted with barium flue- silicate. Further investigations are necessary to determine the merits of insecticides for pink bollworm control. Bespits in two series of experiments indicated that there was very little difference between sulphur and fuller's earth when mixed with cube for the control of the cabbage looper. The Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station (211) in 1937 reported that a kill of 94.31 percent of the grape leafhopper was obtained with one spray containing 0.49 percent nicotine sulphate and 0.63 percent summer oil. Better and more lasting results wore obtained with this combination than with derris or cube powder in either dust or liquid form or with pyrethrum spray. Derris as a spray was more effective than as a dust. Huckett (206) in 1937 recommended derris or cube for the control of the asparagus beetle, Crioceris aspa ragi L. , and the spotted asparagus beetle, Cr ioceris d uo d ec impunc t ata L. In beds injury may be prevented by spraying or dusting the tips thoroly with derris mixtures during the cut- ting season to kill beetles and slugs. As a spray use 5 pounds of derris and 4 pounds of skimmilk or Kayso to 100 gallons of wa.ter. As a dust use 15 pounds of derris to 85 ucunds of clay or talc. Use powdered derris root of 4 to 5 percent rotenone content and 15 to 18 percent total extractive content; or, if derris is not available, substitute powdered cube or timbo root of comparable analysis. Kearns ard Umpleby (237), of the Long Ash ton Research Sta.tion, England, in 1937 reported that grafts can be effectively protected from weevil injury by liberally painting them with a mixture consisting of 1 pound of derris or barba.sco ground root containing not less than 1,5 per- cent rotenone, plus 2 pounds of lead arsenate powder (or 4 pounds pa.ste or 2 quarts colloidal), plus 4 ounces of size. The derris and arsenate should be mixed with water to a consistency of thick creau and to this mixture the size added (previously soaked in 1 pint warm water). The grafts should be painted just prior to bud burst, and in some sea.sons a second application may be necessary, as the leaf weevils feed over a long period. These weevils are the clay-colored weevil, Otiorrhyr.chus singularis, - 55 - and the leaf-sating weevils P hyllob ius pyri and P. cblongus . Kearns and Marsh (235) in 1937 recommended derris or derris extract as a spray for the control of the plum sawfly. The wash should contain not less than 0.004 -percent crystalline rotenone. The trees should "be sprayed about May 10-20 and again 7 days later. Barbasco or any other rotonone- containing material may he used as a substitute for derris provided it is suitable for use with a white oil emulsion. Tor the control of the pear slugworm or sawfly it is stated the second brood is "best controlled by the application in mid-July of a wash containing 6 ounces of nicotine and l/2 pound of wetter to 100 gallons of water, or 1-1/2 pounds of derris or barbasco root (containing not less than 1.5 percent rotenone) may be substituted for the nicotine. Suitable wetteis are Agral 2, Lethalate letting Preparation, and Sulphonat ed. Lcr ol . The Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the University of Bristol, England (47), at Long Ashton in 1937 reported that investiga- tions were continued or the chemical .and biological evaluation of rotenone- containing material:.-. The work included experiments with the ground root and extracts of Peri' is and Lone ho carpu s spp. Kearns, Marsh, and Martin (236) in 1937 reported tests made in England with combined washes to test the efficacy of spreaders. Tests were made with derris, derris extract, and barb^s^o (5.6$ rotenone and 17$ ether extractives). Potenone-containing insecticides are shown to be suitable for use in field trials for the comparison of the relative efficiencies of spray supple- ments as penetrants. The synthetic spreaders Agral 2 and sulphonated lorol used with rotenone-containing insecticides for the control of apple sawfly ( Hoplocampa testudinia ) have been proved more effective at 0.05 percent than sulphite lye at 0.75 percent,, gamma- sulphonat es at 0.05 percent being intermediate in efficiency. The most effective spray supplement examined was a refined (grade G-) petroleiim oil emulsified with sulphite lye, the superior efficiency of which as a penetrant may have been associated with , solubility factors. The grade G- petroleum oil proved more efiective than a water- soluble spreader as a supplement for rotenone-containing sprays applied for the control of the plum sawfly, Hoplocampa flava . In field tests against the tobacco flea beetle, Lp itrix parvula , P. on shade-grown tobacco in Florida, Chamberlin (69) found cube dusts containing 1 or 1.5 percent rotenone more effective than a cube dust containing 0.5 percent rotenone. White (464), in a revision of E-376 issued March 1937, gave essentially the same information as far as cube is concerned as ir the previous edition. Dudley, Eronson and Carroll (120) in 1937 reported no difference in the "value of derris and cube sprays for the control of the pea aphid. - 56 - A spray containing not less than 0.005 -percent rotenone applied at the rate of 144 gals, per acre increased the yield of peas about 100 percent. A cube-talc dust gave good results when applied at the average rate of 46 lbs. per acre. Brannon (43) in 1937 summarized the results of insecticide tests performed against the Mexican bean beetle in 1936 on Fordhook lima beans, at the Norfolk, Va. , laboratory. The best control was obtained with dust mixtures of derris- sulphur and cube-sulphur, each containing 0.5 percent rotenone. Derris-wettable sulphur and cube-wettable sulphur sprays (each containing 0.01 percent rotenone) also gave good control of the insect. The percentage of control with the dust mixtures was slightly superior to that obtained with the sprays. Brannon (44) in 1937 reported that the sweetpotato leaf beetle, Typophorus viridicyaneus Crotch, has developed into a pest of distinct importance in northeastern North Carolina. Results of cage toxicity experiments demonstrated that undiluted calcium arsenate was more toxic to the insect than was a derris or cube dust mixture containing 0.5 percent rotenone or a water suspension of ground derris root contain- ing 0.02 percent rotenone. The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station (212) in 1937 issued directions for spraying fruits in Illinois. The currant worm on currants and gooseberries may be controlled by spraying with 8 pounds ground derris or cube (containing 0.75 percent rotenone) in 100 gallons of water. Spraying should be done before the worms appear, just after the plants come into full foliage. Danzel (ill) in 1937 stated that derris has a greater activity than cube or other rotenone-bearing plants, but no experimental figures are presented. Spoon (390) et al. of the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam in 1937 compared the relative insecticidal value of dusts made from derris and cube. Sight sets of powders were prepared, each set con- sisting of one powder prepared with Derris, the other with Lonchocarpus, both powders containing equally high amounts of rotenone and ether extract. These powders were mixed with diatomaceous earth in order to obtain dusts with definite amounts of rotenone (0.5, 0.75 and 1 percent), according to the sensitivity of the varioxis insects. The dusts containing 0.5 percent rotenone were tested on larvae of Lophyru s pini L. and on Myrmica ruba L.; those with 0.75 percent rotenone on caterpillars of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. ( Nygmia phaeorrhoea Donovan) and on M. rubra L.; those with 1 percent rotenone on M. rubra L. only. The results, shown in diagrams, are based on the observation of 120 specimens at least. The heights of the columns show the percentages of dead insects after 24 hours. In 7 of the 8 sets the effect of Derris is stronger than that of Lonchocarpus. The effect of Derris dust on caterpillars of Euproctis chrysorrhoea ( Nygmia phaeorrhoea ) and on larvae * 57 - of Lophyrus pini is about 1 l/2 times stronger than the effect of Lonchocarpus dust; and on Myrmica rubra the effect of Derris is twice as strong as that of Lonchocarpus. Howard and Mason (201)' in 1937 summarized information on derris and cube taken largely from United States Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 1624, revised. "While much is yet to "be learned concerning the relative value of the numerous toxic ingredients present in derris and cube roots as they come from the factory, we are especially fortunate that we are able to dilute these materials on the "basis of their rotenone content with very satisfactory results. For this reason, we speak of rotenone- bearing materials in the terms of rotenone content." It has been found "by growers in New Jersey that the use of hoods "behind power or traction dusters allows a considerable saving in the amount of dust applied for the control of the Mexican bean beetle. When hoods were used in dusting on the experimental plots of Howard and Mason, one-half the dosage gave as satisfactory results as could be obtained with a full dosage without the hoods. These hoods may be constructed of light framework, such as barrel hoops and bamboo poles, and may be covered with a cheap grade of muslin and attached behind the duster. They are, of course, not practicable for use on the hand machines. Methods of making derris sprays and dusts and their use against the Mexican bean beetle, pea aphid, cabbage worms (3 species) harlequin cabbage bug, cucumber beetles, flea beetles on young tomato plants and young egg-plants are described. Derris or cube is ineffective against the celery leaf tier. For most purposes a dust containing 0.75 percent rotenone is considered of greatest value. It is possible that it may be necessary to use a 1 percent dust in the control of the pea aphid and the pea weevil. Boyd (39) in 1937 discussed rotenone (from derris or cube) for the control of household insects. Reference is made to the use of rotenone in fly sprays and in bedbug sprays, for the control of clothes moths, as a remedy for follicular mange, in sprays for ants and roaches, and as a poison in baits for ants. Mixtures of rotenone with pyrethrum or thiocyanates are mentioned. The New York Agricultural Experiment Station (305) in 1937 reported that powdered derris or cube root proved to be the most successful insecticide for use against the gooseberry fruitworm, Zophodia ' grossulariae (Riley), in 1935 tests. These materials may be applied either as sprays or dusts. When dusting, a mixture of cube or derris root with some inert carrier such as talc to give a 0.5 percent rotenone content, is suggested. For the spray, 3 pounds of the undiluted root in 100 gallons of water may be used. Two treat- ments are advised for heavy infestations. The first should be timed to coincide with the petal fall spray on apples, the second 10 to 14 days later. A single treatment applied halfway between the two should handle a light to moderate infestation. - 58 - The imported currant worm, Pteronidea ri"be.-.ii Scopoli, is also readily controlled with rotenone sprays and dusts. As i i- festations of this insect in a given planting are often localized, "spot" spraying or dusting nay be practiced to advantage. All of the pests of currant for which arsenic /.Is have previously "been used may now be controlled by rotencne sprays or dusts on the use of which there are no legal restrictions. Field tests of pondered derris, cube, and timbo root of comparable analytical quality showed that such powders were about equal in effectiveness when used for the control cf the imported cabbage worm. With this insect, dusts of 0.5 percent rotenone content gave optinran result?, and those of 0.3b percent rotenone content gave results that were comr.end.ably satisfactory considering costs. Spray mixtures containing 4 pounds of good grade powdered root in 100 gallons of water with a sticker gave fair results, the degree of control effected not being equal to that attained b- the use of dusts. In- festations of thrips and aphids in the cauliflower seed-bed daring ■ July were effectively controlled by treatment with rot 211 one-containing dusts of 0.5 and 0.33 percent rotenone content, the applications being made late in the evening under calm conditions in anticipation of a more or less extended period 01 high relative humidity during the night. Comparative tests were made of darris, cube, and timto powder- having about the sa.me content in active ingredients in spray and dust mixtures for the control of the Mexican bean beetle, Ep ilachna corrupt a ( varivesti s) Muls. The results showed that all three powders when used at comparable strengths in terns of active ingredients were effective, a slight superiority favoring derris. Spray mixtures containing 2 to 3 pounds of good grade powdered root in 100 gallons of water with sticker gave satisfactory results. Sprays during the current season were more beneficial to plant growth tnan dusts. Of the dust mixtures tested those of 0.5 and 0.75 percent rotenone content gave the best results. It is interesting to note that the yield of snap beans from plants effectively sprayed or dusted did not invariably result in marked increases in yield of pods. From such evidence it seemed highly probable that to formulate a rational method of control for the Mexican bean beetle emphasis should be placed more on the making of a few opportune number of applications and less on the necessity for the fulfilment of a definite series of applications according to schedule. Beard (24) in 1937 reported tests of insecticides against the striped cucumber beetle in Connecticut. Potted squash plants were used for food material, and were covered, by copper wire screen cages. Beetles were introduced into the cages, and the insecticides were applied through the wire 'screen. Five insecticides were tried, as follows: 59 Derris dast: containing 0.6 percent rotenone (derris root diluted with clay). Derris spray: sound derris root used at a dilution of 1:200 with SS-3 spreader at a dilution of 1:1600. P.otenone spray: a commercial product of cube root, con- taining 2.5 percent rotenone, used at a dilution of 1:200. Calcium arsenate: 1 part diluted with 9 parts of gypsum. Pyre thrum dust: a concentrated pyre thrum dust containing 2 percent pyrethrins diluted with talc 1:9. Beetles were also caged over untreated plants to serve as a check. Twenty-four hours after the insecticides were applied, counts were made to determine the hilling powers of the dusts and sprays. The results obtained are as follows: Number Number of Number Percent Treatment of tests bectl 3S killed killed Derris dust 4 70 70 100.0 Derris spray 3 47 46 97.9 Commercial rotenone spray r-7 o 58 39 67.2 (derived from cube ) Calcium arsenate 2 40 18 45.0 Pyre thrum dust 38 38 100.0 Check 4 87 1 1.1 Derris was also the most effective insecticide when "beetles were introduced into the cages 5 days after spraying or dusting. In a block of Hubbard squash, one-half of the plants were treated v/ith derris dust and one-half with cube dart, also containing 0.6 percent rotenone. There was no perceptible difference between the two, as the killing action was immediate in both cases. Prom these tests it may be concluded that derris dust, con- taining 0.6 percent rotenone, is the most effective treatment against the striped cucumber beetle and is to be preferred to the calcium arsenate, which heretofore has been the standard recommendation of this Station. Batchcldcr et al. (22) in 1937 reported good control of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubile! is Hbn. , in Connecticut with derris spray, but derris dust was unsatisfactory. As a spray finely powdered derris (rotenone 4 percent) was used at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons of water. In dust form 1 part derris to 8 parts of talc wore- used to obtain approximately 0.4 percent rotenone content. - 60 - Cube diluted witfi talc to a rotenone cont3nt of 0.9 percent and applied us a dust, was found to be less effective insecticidally than dual-fired nicotine dust (4 percent nicotine), which gave the same reduction of borers as a derris dust containing 0.8 percent rotenohe. In comparing Hi ' performance of dust preparations tested in 19"6, however, the frequency and the extent of the rainfall occurring during the critical period cf residue effectiveness should be considered carefully. It is believed t v at the effectiveness of all materials w?s greatly reduced by those rains and that incon- sistent results arc attributable to residue losses occasioned by then . The 3urra.u of Entomology and plant Qp i itine (422) in 1937 recommended 1-1/2 pounds of finely ground derris or cube (ro ten one, 4 percent) to 50 gallons of vater as a spray, or a dust containing 0.5 percent rotenone for the control cf the Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Muls« Suitable diluents are talc, clay, sulphur, tobacco, gyp sun, or other powders except lime. Spraying has given better results than dusting. The under side of the leaves should be thoroughly covered. The first application of insecticide ("pray or dust) should be maae when Mexican bean beetles ar: found in the field or nhen eggs become numerous on the under side of the li^aves. Repeat j.very jeek or 10 days if the insects are auraerous. Walker and Anderson (45?) in 1937 reported on the control cf larvae of diemordback roth, Plutella maculipennis Curtis in Virginia, Kale plants infested with newly hatched larvae of the diamond- back moth wore dU3ted on October 31 and November 10, 1936, at the rate of about 25 pounds per acre with derris- talc and cube- talc dusts con- taining 0.5 percent roter.onc, both in combination with and without Aresketo The dcrrf.s-te.ic, derris-Arcskct-talc, and cube- talc dusts gave 82 percent control and the cube-Arcsket- talc dust gave 37 per- cent control, indicating that there is ver: r little difference between the effects of any of the Justs and that if applied when the larvae of the iiamondback moth ere young, either a derris-talc or a cube- talc dust containing approximately 0.5 percent rotenone and 2 per- cent total extractives will give satisfactory control of this insect. The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (310) in 1937 reported tests male by H. 3. ftei swander for the control of the strawberry leaf roller, Ancylis comptana Froel. The efficiency of various insecticides was measured by the number of injured strawberry leaflets in a 600-leaflet sample taken from each replicate oi each plot. Sixteen insccticidal treatments were tested against the first brood in southwestern Ohio end each was reolicatod five tines. - 61 - Applications were made on May 11-13, May 21-22, and May 27. In the third application, however, only those materials were used which would leave no poisonous residue on the berries. Differences in the amount of injury that could be detected in the various plots on May 21 were slight, but these differences increased as the season advanced. On June 10, 600 leaflets from each of the more outstanding plots were examined for leaf roller injury. The powdered cube root, although it contained the same amount of rotenone (4 percent) and was used in the same manner (diluted 1 to 7 with gypsum), was significantly less effective than powdered derris root (47.2 percent control for cube; 75.7 percent control for derris). Knowlton and Sorenscn (246) of the Utah .Agricultural Experiment Station in 1937 reported that cube or derris sprays applied with properly adapted power spray equipment at a pressure of at least 300 pounds, has given good control of the pea aphid in several States. G-ound cube root or derris powder with a 4 percent rotenone content should be used at the re to of 3 pounds to 100 gallons of water. Other strengths of dust should be diluted to a like strength. To be most effective, such a sp?'ay should be applied on a quiet, warm day, and before the pea aphid causes noticeable injury to the plants. The E-under.bor?el«Bestri jdings-Commissie (362) of Holland in 1937 recommended aqueous suspensions of derris root for the effective control of the cattle grub. Derris powder containing some Lonchocarpus powder is encountered in commercial derris products. Although Lonchocarpus powder contains rotenone, and frequently has as high a rotenone content as derris, it is, nevertheless, much less effective than derris. Experiments at the Koloniaal Instituut showed derris to be from 1.5 to 2 times as effective as Lonchocarpus, in a large number of comparative biological tests. The Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (423) in its annual report for 1937 reported that sprays or dusts of cube or derris control the Mexican bean beetle at a minimum cost. Cube or derris dusts plus sodium oleyl sulphate are effective against pea aphids and leave no rotenone or other 'constituent? in peas taken from treated plants. Cube and derris dusts gave negative results against the corn earworm on lima beans. Tobacco flea beetles, Epi trix parvula P. and E. cucumeris Harr. , are controlled by cube or derris dusts containing sterilized tobacco dust as the diluent. Cube dust did not control thrips on cotton. Wallace (454), Secretary of Agriculture of the United States of America, in the United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937. wrote as follows: "Laboratory and field tests with organic insecticides, particularly- derris and cube, have brought many modifications ii the recommendations for the control of certain insect pests. I 1 - 62 - has "been demonstrated that these insecticides which do not leave residues objectionable from the standpoint of human health can be effectively used against a number of different truck-crop pests, such as certain cabbage worms and the Mexican bean beetle, and that they are effective against flea beetles destructive to growing tobacco. The further usefulness of these recently developed materials is evidenced 'ay the determination that one application of sprays or dusts of derris or cube is effective against the pea aphid over a longer period than other recommended materials such as pyre thrum and nicotine." Wille, Ocmpo, Tfebcrbauer, and Schofield (471), of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Lima, Peru, published a complete review of information on cube in 1937. Insects against which cube has proved effective are listed in their families and. also those against which it is ineffective. In tests against the chief pests of cotton in Peru, sprays of cube extract containing 0.05 or 0.01 percent rotonone proved as effective against Aphi s gossypii Glov. as 0.5 percent nicotine sulphate. Dusts of ground cube root of 5 and 1 percent rotenone content gave 50 and 15 percent mortality, respectively, of adults of Anthononus ve.; 'i '-:s Boh. , in the laboratory. Sprays of cube extract of up to 0.05 percent rotonone content had no effect on larvae of Anomis luridula G-n. ( tcxana Riley) and Alabama argillacea Hbn. , but in another series of tests, a spray of 0.01 percent rotenone content gave 75 percent mortality after 8 days, and surviving larvae were unable to moiilt normally. A suspension of cube dust in water to give a spray containing 0.3 percent rotenone killed 73 percent of the larvae in 5 days, but was not effective in the field, probably owing to imperfect wetting. In laboratory tests against 30 adults of Pysder cus ruf icollis 1., a cube dust containing 5 percent rotenone killed 4 and paralyzed the others in 24 hours, and after 4 days, 19 were dead. Dusts of lower rotenone content also gave good results, one of 0.01 percent giving 80 percent mortality in 5 days. One unfavourable result of this slow rate of toxicity was that females were able to oviposit normally and their eggs hatched. Sprays of 0.1 percent rotenone content in three tests gave 52, 80 ancL" 100 percent mortality, respectively. It is concluded that in Peru cube root and its products cannot replace the customary insecticides against plant pests. On the other hand, highly satisfactory results were obtained against parasites of domestic animals. Part of this publication deals with the ur,e of cube in dips against Melophagus ovinus L. and Sarcoptcs sp. on sheep, Haematopinus curysternus Nitzsch on cattle, H. suis L. on pigs, and a species of Psoroptes on alpaca in Peru. In 1935 more than 300,000 sheep were treated with cube dip in the Junin region, and 150,000 in that of Puno. The dips were obtained either from an extract prepared by soaking the chopped roots in water for 48 hours, or from a powder finely ground so that 85 percent passed a sieve of 0.074 mm. mesh. Their practical application was studied in 1936 by J. P. Mitchell, who stated that the powder yielded a dip that - 63 - was norc saponaceous, and therefore penetrated "better, than that from the extract. Dips made with the powder did net keep for more than 48 hours, a disadvantage owing to the number of animals to be treated, whereas those made with the extract kept for up to a week. The addition of l/2 pound of soap per 100 U. S. gallons was recommended and also that of l/2 pound of sodium carbonate to counteract the hardness of the water. For complete control of the parasites, cattle usually required two dips, with about a fortnight's interval, twice a year, and sheep the same, except when seriously infested, in which case a third pair of dips was necessary. The effective concentrations of ground root containing 6.8 percent of rotenone, and of extract containing 5.5 percent of rotenone were, respectively, 1:2000 and 1:10,000 for M. ovinus , 1:3000 and 1:15,000 ^ or —• curystc-rnus, 1:2000 and 1:8000 for K, su i s , and 1:1000 and 1:6000 for Sa rcopte s spi and psoroptes sp. The ground root and the extract were equally effective, and were in no way inferior to other dips. In preliminary tests, cube root containing 5 percent of rotenone had no effect on the larvae of A nophel es pseudopunctipe nris Theo., after 15 hours, when used at a concentration at which it killed fish in 30 minutes. Smith and Scales (383) in 1937 reported the results of insecticide tests against three cotton insects. Tests were planned to compare derris, cube, and devil's shoestring containing equal amounts of rotenone in mixtures with sulfur. The mixtures were prepared, however, before the analyses were received, and the rotenone contents of the mixtures arc only approximately equal. Cube containing 4.9 percent of rotenone produced a higher mortality of boll weevils than derris containing 3.9 percent of rotenone, Devil's shoestring; (1.7 percent of rotenone), or calcium arsenate. The mortality from calcium arsenate, however, was higher than that from derris, devil's shoestring or mixtures of cube, derris, and devil's shoestring with sulfur. Calcium arsenate caused a higher mortality of leaf worms than did either derris, cube, or devil's shoestring, used alone or in mixtures with sulfur. Res\ilts were as follows: - 64 - Cage toxicity tests against the boll weevil and the leaf worm with derris, cube, and devil's shoestring. Materials and proportions (and percentage of rotenone) Derris-sulfur 40:60 (rotenone 1.56) Derris-sulfur 20:80 (rotenone .78) Derris-sulfur 10:90 (rotenone .39) Cube-sulfur 40:60 (rotenone 1.96) Cube-sulfur 20:80 (rotenone .98) Cube- sulfur 10:90 (rotenone .49) Devil's shoestring- sulfur 94:6 (rotenone 1.6) Devil's shoestring-sulfur 47:53 (rotenone .8) Devil's shoestring-sulfur 23.5:76.5 (rotenone .4) Derris (rotenone 3.9, total extractives 11.6) Cube (rotenone 4.9, total extractives 17) Devil's shoestring (rotenone 1.7, total extractives 7.5) Calcium arsenate No. 2 Checks Cube with pyrethrum and sulfur was tried against these insects and also Lygus pratensis with the following results: Cage toxicity tests against the boll weevil, the leaf worm, and Lygus pratensis with pyrethrum and pyrethrum mixtures Materials and proportions Percent mortality Percent control Boll Leaf Lygus Boll Leaf Lygus weevil worm pratensis weevil worm pratensis Nymphs Adults Nymphs Adults Pyre thrum-cube- sulfur 10:10:80 Pyrethrum- sulfur 40:60 Pyrethrum (.76$ total pyrethrins) Sulfur Checks Percent Percent mort< ality control Boll Leaf Boll Leaf reevil worm weevil worm 49 64 40 62 39 56 27 54 28 41 14 39 53 73 45 72 39 60 28 58 21 33 6 31 37 39 25 37 38 40 26 38 31 41 18 39 72 78 67 77 83 77 80 76 37 46 26 44 77 89 73 89 16 3 34 65 79 52 9 63 71 21 36 74 74 73 12 73 63 63 37 92 90 88 14 92 86 80 70 41 58 3 27 5 29 40 - 65 - Walker (451) in 1937 recorded tests with a sodium salt of water- soluble petroleum oil sulfonates designated as Ultrawet which possesses desirable qualities as a wetting and spreading agent for spray materials. Ultrawet at 1:1600 in water did not damage the foliage of many economic plants. Ultrawet is compatible with the insecticides and fungicides in common use. The addition of Ultrawet to cube dust resulted in increased control of the potato flea beetle. The addition of Ultrawet to cube in sprays gave promising results in controlling onion thrips. The use of Ultrawet with cube root in sprays to control the European corn borer gave slightly increased protection. Ultrawet added to sprays and dusts to control the Mexican bean beetle, striped cucumber beetle, imported cabbage worm, nnd cabbage looper did not provide increased protection. One-half pound of Ultrawet added to 3 pounds of cube (4$ rotenone and 14$ total extractives) in 100 gallons water increased the control of the pea aphid from 93.5 to 98.7 percent and 1 pound of Ultrawet plus 3 pounds of cube gave a control of 98.8 percent. Ultrawet was added to derris-clay dust (0.75% rotenone) and also cube spray (3 lbs. per 100 gels.) and in both cases its addition enhanced the control of the potato flea beetle. Bordeaux (4-4-50) plus 4 pounds of cube per 100 gallons was increased in effectiveness in the control of European corn borer in potatoes by the addition of Ultrawet 1:1600. In tests against onion thrips, 4 pounds of cube per 100 gallons plus pounds of a mixture of sulfur and Ultrawet (16 to l) gave a control of 56.4 percent as compared with 31.4 percent for the same mixture without cube. Tests with miscellaneous truck croj^ pests. — Cube dusts (0.75 per- cent rotenone) and sprays (3 pounds per 100 gallons) were used to control the Mexican bean beetle*, Spilachna varivestris Muls. , the striped cucumber beetle. Diabrotic a vittata Fab. , the imported cabbage worm, F ieris rapae L. and the cabbage looper, Auto graph a brassicae Riley, both with and without Ultrawet. Im most cases the addition of Ultrawet did not result in in- creased protection of the plants from these pests. The sprays and dusts without Ultrawet usually provided control. Bromley (51) in 1937 reported that sprays of rotenone and other toxic extracts from derris and ciibe, if used at sufficient strength and with satisfactory wetting agents, will kill certain unprotected insects, but their use in shade tree spraying is to date rather limited. These materials possess little, value as stomach poisons. The derris or cube rosin-residue emulsion is a promising repellent for the Japanese beetle. Various insecticides, including derris and cube, are known to have repellent qualities against certain insects, but their use for this purpose has not been developed to any extent for shade trees as yet. - 66 - Bourne and Boyd (36) in 1937 gave directions for the control of common insect pests in the home garden. Derris or cube dusts should contain 0.5 to 0.75 percent rotenone. For plant lice pyrethrum and rotenone sprays are also effective. For the control of the asparagus beetle, during the cutting season, leave occasional shoots uncut to attract the "beetles for feeding and egg laying, and keep the rest of the bed closely cut; or apply non-poisonous pyrethrum or rotenone sprays or dusts. For the control of the Mexican bean beetle, after pods have formed, spray or dust pyrethrum or rotenone compounds as recommended for each brand. For cabbage worms, when caterpillars first appear, apply a fresh pyrethrum dust mixture containing at least 30 percent pyrethrum or a rotenone mixture containing 0.5 to 0.75 percent rotenone, using about 30 pounds to the acre. Commercial pyrethrum or rotenone sprays or dusts may also be used. They should be diluted as recommended by the manufacturer. In cases of light or "spotty" infestations only the infested plants need to be treated. Usually it is advisable to treat the entire planting. For the striped cucumber beetle, when beetles first appear, dust plants with a rotenone mixture containing at least 0.5 percent rotenone. The Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station (272) in 1937 reported that for the control of the squash vine borer the most effective insecticidal treatment was a spray prepared from cube powder at the rate of 5 pounds in 100 gallons of water, which was made wettable with fish-oil soap at the rate of 1 quart in 100 gallons of spray. This reduced the injury 74 percent. The United States Department of Commerce (439) in October 1937 reported that the government of the Union of South Africa is conducting researches to discover a cheap, efficient locust killer less poisonous than sodium arsenite. Some preliminary investigations undertaken with powders containing rotenone and with liquid sprays have not yielded very favorable results, but further investigations will be made, expecially with powders containing rotenone from derris and cube for use in baits. Bronson (53) in 1937 described an improved apparatus for mixing derris or cube powder with a diluent and a conditioner. A dust containing 1 percent of rotenone for use against the pea aphid is made by mixing derris or cube root powder (containing 4 percent of rotenone), 15 pounds; talc (or other suitable diluent), 43.2 pounds; conditioner (wetter and spreading agent), 0.6 pound; water, 1.2 pounds. Satisfactory conditioners are sodium oleyl sulphate and an alkylphenyl- benzenesulphonic acid. The derris or cube root powder should be of such a degree of fineness that not less than 90 percent of it will pass through a sieve having 200 meshes per linear inch and all of the material (100 percent) should pa.ss through a sieve having 80 meshes per linear inch. The talc or other suitable diluent used should be of such a degree of fineness that all of the material will pass through a sieve having 300 meshes per linear inch. - 67 - The derris or cube root powder and the diluent are first poured together into the mixer. Approximately 10 to 12 quarts of rounded stones, 1 to 1-1/2 inches in diameter, are then placed in the mixer to aid in the mixing process. The cover of the hopper is clamped on, the mixer is placed in operation, and the material is mixed for 5 minutes. After this preliminary mixing, the mixture of the conditioner and water is atomized into the mixture of derris or cube root powder and talc inside the mixer (while the latter continues to roll) through the hole cut for this purpose in the center of the cover. The nozzle of the atomizer is inserted in this hole and held steadily while the mixer, with its contents, continues to revolve. It requires usually about 3 minutes to atomize the proper quantity of the conditioner into a 60-pound batch of the dust mixture. As soon as this process is completed the hole in the center of the cover of the mixer is plugged, and the mixing is continued for a period of 25 minutes. At the expiration of this period the mixer is thrown over to the emptying position and the dust mixture is dumped onto a large-mesh screen which separates the finished material from the stones. Although talc has been mentioned specifically as a suitable diluent for use in preparing a dust mixture for combating the pea aphid, it should be emphasized that there are other available non-alkaline materials, such as finely ground clay, diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth, tobacco dust, or sulphur, which may be used for this purpose. Hydrated lime, however, should not be used as a diluent for derris or cube or other rotenone- containing insecticides. Brannon (45) in December, 1937, reported that recent experiments at the Norfolk, Va. , laboratory, designed to determine the relative effectiveness of derris, derris- sulphur, cube, cube-sulphur, pyrethrum- sulphur, and sulphur alone, applied as dusts or as sprrys for the control of the Mexican bean beetle in association with the green clover worm, Plathypena scabra Fab. , infesting snap beans, showed that in general the dusts were more effective than sprays for the control of the latter insect on beans. The derris and cube dust mixtures contained 0.5 percent rotenone, the derris and cube sprays contained 0.015 percent rotenone, and the pyre thrum- sulphur dust mixture contained 0.1 percent total pyrethrins. Wettable sulphur was used as a spray at the rate of 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water. It was also noted that sulphur dust alone gave foliage protection against Plathypena scabr a comparable with that obtained when sulphur was used in combination with derris, cube, or pyre thrum, and that a derris -sulphur dust mixture gave better protection than a derris- talc dust mixture. These results indicate that sulphur acts as a repellent against P. scabra and that in instances where this pest occurs in association with a Mexican bean beetle infestation, sulphur should be used as a diluent for derris or cube for the combined control of the two insects. Weigel and Nelson (459) in December, 1937, reported that experiments performed against Tetranychus telarius L. and Thrips t abaci Lind. on greenhouse-grown tomato and cucumber plants, in which four sprays were applied at 4-day intervals, gave the following results: A derris spray having a rotenone content of 0.0056 percent was as effective as one with 0.0112 percent rotenone content; the derris sprays used were superior to - 68 - cube sprays of the same rotenone content, the difference "being explainable on the "basis of the total extractives content, which was 18.6 percent for the derris and 12.3 percent for the cube; the addition of pyre thrum extract aided in killing thrips but did not improve the effectiveness of the sprays against the red spider; with sprays of the same rotenone content, containing sulphonated castor oil as a spreader, the result was a better kill than v/hen either alkylphenylbcnzenesulfonic acid, or rosin residue, was used. In a second series of experiments, using the same insecticides as in the first but applied for times at weekly intervals, approximately the same results were obtained, except that on tomatoes the spray containing derris, pyrcthrum, and alkylphenylbcnzenesulfonic acid appeared to be as effective as the sulphonated castor oil sprays. None of the sprays except lauryl thiocyanate caused any permanent injury to either tomato or cucumber. Chamberlin (70) in 1938 reported that experiments and observations during the last several years have indicated that finely ground and sterilized tobacco dust is the most satisfactory diluent for cube or derris when applied to shade-grown tobacco in combating the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix p arvula Fab. The addition of clay to the customary cube- or derris-tobacco dust mixture used for combating the tobacco flea beetle apparently did not improve its dusting qualities when applied with rotary hand-operated dusters. It appeared that the use of a dust mixture containing 1 percent rotenone, with 75 percent tobacco dust and 25 percent finely ground Georgia clay as a diluent, on shade-grown tobacco under favorable weather conditions at the rate of 6 pounds per acre did not leave conspicuous residues on the cured tobacco leaves. Heavier appli- cations of this dust mixture, however, did leave conspicuous deposits on the cured product. In general, these experiments demonstrated that the addition of finely ground clay to the derris- or cube-tobacco dust mixture did not result in any appreciable improvement in the finished dust mixture and may cause a permanent white residue to remain on the treated leaves. Cressman (97) in 1938 reported tests of sprays applied to lemon trees heavily infested with California red scale. One percent of a heavy petroleum oil was used in all treatments. One application consisted of oil alone. I n a second treatment nicotine was added at the rate of 1 part of nicotine to 1800 parts of total spray liquid. In a third treatment an extract of timbo was used to give a rotenone concentration of 1 to 10,000. The ratio of total extract of timbo to rotenone was 4 to 1. The concentration of toxicants in the third spray was not determined. Determinations of the relative efficiency of the different treat- ments were based on counts of the late gray and later stages. Population density was estimated from the number of scales counted per leaf and the average number of scales counted per square centimeter on quarters of lemons. - 69 - The treatments in which toxicants were used showed a considerably higher scale mortality than the application of oil alone. Mortality on the leaves sprayed with oil alone ranged from 92 percent when there were 5 scales per leaf to 21 percent when there were 55 scales per leaf with an average mortality of 71 percent. Mortalities in treatments with oil plus timbo extract were 91 and 89 percent respectively, with few indica- tions of any effect of population density. On the fruit the ranges in mortalities as the average infestation of scales counted changed from 1 to 5 scales per square centimeter were as follows: oil alone, from 86 to 58 percent; oil-timbo extract, from 93 to 84 percent; oil-nicotine, from 98 to 89 percent. There is no evidence that the addition of the toxic agents caused any injury to the trees. The extract of timbo was prepared by a Whittier, Calif., company dealing in this product. The ratio of rotenone to other timbo extractives was stated to be 1:4. A mixture of 30 percent trichlorethylene and 70 percent butyl phthalate was used as a solvent. The butyl phthalate was incorporated at Cressman's suggestion in order to provide a relatively nonvolatile solvent which would increase the solubility of the rotenone in the oil phase. A small amount of this mixture was used in all emulsions in order to make them identical in respect to the oil content. Emulsions were made up with a high speed stirrer using ground glue as an emulsifier. All sprays contained 1 percent of oil. One treatment consisted of oil alone. For another treatment, an amount of timbo extract calculated to give a rotenone content of 1 part to 10,000 parts of dilute spray was added to the soil before emulsification. However, there was a discrepancy between the statements on the label and state- ments of the company representatives as to the rotenone content, so that final information as to the rotenone concentration applied cannot be furnished until a sample that has been forwarded is analyzed. In a third treatment, nicotine was added at the time of dilution of the emulsion in the spray tank to make 0.054 percent of nicotine. This was equivalent to 1 part of nicotine to about 1800 parts of dilute spray. Turner and Walker (409) in 1938 reported the results of tests of insecticides for the control of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. , in Connecticut during 1933 to 1937. In 1933 an extracted rotenone spray (Insect-Nox) plus 0.5 percent (by dry weight) potash-coconut oil soap applied twice reduced the number of thrips but was slightly less effective than nicotine sulphate at 1:800. In 1936 cube dust (0.75 percent rotenone) and cube- sulfur dust containing 73 percent sulfur were applied 3 times. There was no satis- factory control of thrips, and sulfur caused some injury to the onion tops. In 1937, cube, cube +Ultrawet , cube+ Aresket , and cube + sulfur + Ultrawet were tried. The' writers conclude as follows: "The combination of pure ground cube root with a suitable spreader apparently protected onion plants from thrips if spraying was begun before the plants were heavily - .70 - infested. In the one ;;erios applied after heavy infesta- tion, the reduction in number of thrips was not as satisfactory as in the other tests. The addition of sulfur increased the mortality in hot weather, "but apparently reduced it in- cooler weather. Since these tosts wore conducted on irrigated fields, drought did not seriously affect the yield of onions, hut the irrigation had no marked effect on the number of thrips. "Since the productive parts of this work cover orly one soason, 210 final conclusions can bo drawn as to the practical effectiveness of sprays containing pure ground cube root and a suitable spreader. However, the use of such sprays offers promise as a control for onion thrips." "Addition of a spreader to cube increased its effectiveness, and with a suitable spreader cube was more effective than nicotine sulfate." Roark (352) in 1938 reviewed the comparative action of derris and cube of equal rotenone content on many insects. The results are tabulated as follows: Insect Alabama argillaceae Hbn. , cotton leaf worm" Comparative Action Dusts: dorr is > cube Reference Smith, Clark and Scales Ancyli s comptana Froel. , strawberry leaf roller Anthonomus eugenii Cano, pepper weevils Anthonomus grandis Boh. , boll woevil derris -, cube derris ^» cube cube -> derris derris > cube derris = oube Smith and Scales Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Campbell Smith, Clark and Scales Smith and Scales Aphis rumicis L. , Ascia rapao L. , cabbage worms Dusts, water suspensions, G-insburg and Granett and acetone extracts: derris > cube Dusts; derris >• cube derris = cube Campbell List and Sweetman - 71 Insect Autographs, bragsicae Riley Byturus tomentosu a F. , raspberry and loganberry beetle Cabbage worms Carp o cap s a pom one 11a L. , codling moth Ohlorochroa sayi Stal Diabrotica v ittata F. , striped cucumber beetle Dysdercu s m imulus Kussey Epilachna varivestis Muls. , Mexican bean beetle Epitrix parvula F. , tobacco flea beetle Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. ( = j!Tygm ia phaeorrhoea Donov.), caterpillars Comparative Action DustB: derris "> cube derris > cube Sprays: derris -, cube Dusts or sprays: derris = cube derris = cube Dusts: derris = cube Sprays: derris >> cube Kaolin mixtures: little effectiveness Dusts: derris > cube derris = cube cube > derris derris •> cube Sprays: derris - cube Dusts and sprays: derris "> cube derris == cube Dusts: cube =z derris derris ~> cube Reference Campbell Walker and Anderson Steer Howard Howard and Davidson Huckett and Hervey Huckett and Hervey Haegele Cassidy and Barber Beard Cassidy and Barber Howard Howard N. Y. Agr. Sxpt. Sta. S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Chamberlin Spoon et al. - 72 - Insect Euschistus i mpictiy e ntris Stal Illi.ioia pisi Kelt., pea aphid Lophyras pini L. , larvae L ygus heaperus Knight Ly gas apical is Fieb, , adults Lygus apica l is Fieb. , nymphs Lygus prate as id L. Iygus sp. iviusca domestica L. , house fly iviyrm ica rubra L. , larvae Pectinophorg, gossypiella Saund. , first- ins tar pink bollworms Pieris rapae L. Pluto 11a maculipennis Curt, diamondback caterpillars Comparative Action cube "> derris Sprays : derris = cube derris ^> cube derris ^> cube Dusts: derris ~> cube cube >> derris cube >* derris derris >> cube Kerosene extracts: derris >cube Extracts: derris > cube Dusts: derris >► cube cube derris Pop i Ilia japonica I\fewm. , Japanese beetle P yrausta nub ilal is Hbn. , European corn borer Dusts: derris = cube , Dusts; cube = derris derris ^> cube cube — derris Extractives: derris >• cube Dusts: derris > cube Reference Cassidy and Barber Dudley, Bronson, and Carroll Spoon et al. Cassidy and Barber Smith, Clark, and Scales do. Smith and Scales Cassidy and Barber Campbell, Sullivan, and Jones Jones and Smith Spoon et al. Chapman and Cavitt N* Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Campbell Walker and Anderson (193- do. (1937) Fleming and Baker Batchelder et al. - 73 - Insect Shade- tree insects Stictoccphala festina Say Tetreiiychus te larius L. , common red spider Thrips t abaci Lind. Thyanta custator F. Zophodia grossolariag Riley, gooseberry fruitworn Cpnp arat ive Ac t ion Sprays; derris 3> cube Dusts: cube derris Sprays: derris = cube derris cube Dusts: derris ^> cube Sprays: derris > cube Dusts: derris = cube Ho fere nee Felt and Bronloy Cassidy and Barber Richardson Weigel and poison Cassidy and Barber Hammer do. . Roark concludes that the apparent superiority of derris over cube nay be due to its finer particle size and to a higher rotenone content than is shown by analysis. From information now available, any insecticidal superiority of derris over cube is more than offset by the present difference in price, which is 11 or 12 cents per pound. One hundred end thirty-two pounds of powdered cube can be purchased for the price of 100 pounds of powdered derris of the same (5 percont) rotenone content. Moreover, the principal agricultural insect pests against which rotenono is used, such as the Mexican bean beetle, the pea aphid, and three species of cabbage worms, are as readily controlled by cube as by derris of equal rotenono content. At present prices more economical control of those insects susceptible to rotenone can bo secured with cube than with derris. The Now York Agricultural Experiment Station (306) in its 1937 annual report (published in 1938) reported that insecticides tested under orchard conditions against the apple maggot ( Rhagoletis porno no 11a Walsh) in 1936 included phenothiazine, powdered cube root, and hydrated lime. Six small orchards were tree-ted, all the trees in each block receiving a single test material as is customary in such experiments. Little or no control was obtained where hydrated lime alone was used, but the results were sufficiently promising with cube root and phenothiazine to warrant additional testing. In tests conducted on the control of the gooseberry fruit worm ( Zophodia, grossulariae Riloy) in heavily infested currant fields, excel- lent results wore obtained with powdered derris or cube root applied eithor as a dust or spray. Two pounds por 100 gallons of a derris or cube - 74 - root containing about 5 percent rotenone is the suggested spray formula, and a dust should contain about 0.5 percent rotenone. Hot e none -b o ar irg sprays, when properly applied with adequate equip- ment, have proved highly effective in killing the pea aphid. The more recently developed rotencne-boaring lusts, as well as insecticides applied by moans of airplanes, while promising, have not yet been subjected to field tests sufficiently severe to bring out all their possicle limitations. Final judgment od these methods will have to be deferred until another season's work has hee-: completed. Field trials with derris, cube, timbo, and pyre thrum powders for control of cabbage worms indicated clearly that pyre thrum mixtures were more effective in circumstances where the cabbage looper (Au tographa brassicae Eiley) became the predominant species. Mixtures of comparable strength containing cv.be and pyrethrum powders wore not as effective as those containing pyrethrum powder clone. Spray mixtures were less effective than dust mixtures. Tests against the Mexican bean beetle were made with bordeaux mixture and rotenone-containing powders as a combination fungicide-insecticide spray for use on fall-grown lima beans. The results indicated tnat timbo powder in combination with bordeaux mixture was as effective as timbo powder alone as a spray. The United States Department of Agriculture, 3ureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (316), in 1936 published suggestions for the control of the pea aphid prepared by a committee of entomologists at the annual meeting of the American Association of Econoiiiic Entomologists at Indianapolis, Indiana, December 27, 1937. The following recommendations are based on observations and data accumulated from experimental work done east of tne Rooky Mountains. Satisfactory control of the pea aphid has been accomplished by several methods. These include, without suggestion of preference, (1) dusting, (2) use of nicotine vaporizer, and (3; spraying. Success in the use of exiy of these methods will depend entirely upon adequate and efficient equipment and properly timed, thorough application. (1) Dusting w ith De rr is or Cabe ; Field experiments with derris or cabe dust mixtures con- taining talc cr other suitable carriers, conditioned with a liquid spreading and wetting agont, have resulted in satisfactory control. Such dust should contain approximately 1 percent of rotenone. For information concerning spreading and wotting agents in sprays or dusts consult your Experiment Station Entomologist or the Bureau of Ento- mology and Plant Quarantine, U. S. Department of Agriculture. In applying these dusts the boom should be completely enclosed and a trailer 25 feet or more in length should be used. Dusts should be applied - 75 - at tne rate of 35 to 40 pounds per acre. The speed of the machine should not exceed 3 miles per hour or 300 feet per minute. Dusting is much less effective when the wind velocity exceeds 8 to 10 miles per hour. Spraying is an effective method of control "but its economic usefulness is con- ditioned by the nearness of an adequate waler supply. On the basis of ground derris or cube root containing 4 percent of rotenono, 3 pounds should be used per 100 gallons of water. Corresponding dilutions should be used with derris or cube containing more or less than 4 percent of rotoncne. A spreading and wetting agent, in either liquid or dry form, is necessary. The application per acre should be from 125 tc 200 gallons. Pressure should be 225 to 300 pounds, and depends on size of disc aporturos, type of nozzle, and pump crpacity. It is believed that an infestation that is reflected oy 35 aphids per sweep for an average of 5 sweeps in different parts of the field, with a standard collecting net, is usually an indication that treatment should be "begun. The U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant ^ua.rant ine , in Fobraary 1938 distributed a summary of the remarks made at the Pea Aphid Conference (315), Indianapolis, I n d. , Lee. 27-28, 1937. Shropshire of Illinois reported on the efficiency of the numorous wetting agents offered for use with derris and cube. Over 50 of these combinations and dilutions very tested in replicated plots. It was found from these tha,t some of the best wetting agents were the poorest for use with derris or cube for aphid control on peas. More detailed laboratory tests will probably be necessary to find out why this difference occurred in field tests. Results of experimental work in 1937 tend to verify results obtained in 1936 with both nicotine and derris or cube for v>oe aphid control. They further show that cube is as effective as derris, assuming that the rotenone and total extractives are approximately the same in both samples. Derris or cube with a rotenone content of 4 percent was effective for pea aphid control when used at the rate of 2 or 3 pounds per 100 gallons of spray, assuming that the spray was applied at the rate of 125 to 150 gallons per acre. Aresket (liquid) used at the rate of 1 to 600 was used as a standard for comparison with other spreaders. A rather ^xt ensive set of dust trials was planned for 1937 following a limited amount of work on them daring 1936. Most of the dusts were made up to contain 1 percent of rotenone, other ingredients being varied as desired. Variables included diluents, wotting a-gents, some suggested by Dudley and Bronson, and irritants such as nicotine and certain thiocyanates. Results with rotenone-bcaring dusts were variable in 1937 as was the case in 1935. In many cases the results wore excellent; however, in certain instances they were far from satisfactory. These cases were not easy to understand, but apparently the poor performance was due to some weather condition, such as absence of free moisture (dew or rain) on the plants. In spite of some very noov results obtained with rotenone -bearing dusts it is felt that they have sufficient merit to warrant recommendation with reser- vation. - 76 - The use of wetting agents or irritants in dusts for use on peas is not recommended. Graham and Ditman of Maryland reported that in 1937 derris and cube sprays, when properly applied, gave good results. Nicotine fumigation gave the most complete and quickest kill. Derris dusts seemed less effective than sprays, possibly because of improper application of dusts. Derris powder (8$ total extractives) was used at the rate of 2 pounds or 4 pounds per 100 gallons, plus sodium lauryl sulphate (l/4 or l/2 lb.) or Orthex Spreader (l pint) as a wetting agent. Hut son of Michigan reported the order of effectiveness of insecti- cides for the control of the pea aphid to be as follows—nicotine vaporizer, nicotine dust, sprays, and rotenone dusts. Fepper of New Jersey reported tests with derris powder diluted with talc to a rotenone content of 1 percent. When the wind velocity and temperature were favorable at the time of application the 4-percent nicotine dust proved to be more effective than did the derris root dust mixtures. The derris root dust without a conditioning agent proved to be more effective than the derris. root dust containing a conditioning agent (l percent). This was also true in a series of small plot experiments. No' significant differences could be noted in the kill of aphids between applications on dry foliage and wet foliage. From the small plot tests no residual effects of derris root dust to pea aphid was noted. The aphid population, however, was depleted very rapidly by natural enemies. Preliminary experiments were conducted with vaporized oil sprays applied from an airplane. The oil, of course, contained an insecticide. The insecticides tested in the vaporized oil were nicotine, derris extract, and pyrethrum extract. Mixtures of derris and pyrethrum extracts were also tested. The data from the experimental plots showed a kill of approximately 75 percent with some of the oil-insecticide combinations. Derris root dust applied from an airplane proved totally unsatisfactory as a control for the pea aphid. Hugh Glasgow of New York reported that in the case of the rctenone- bearing dusts, the initial kill was often surprisingly good, but the fact that this kill was not always as consistant or as uniformly high as where either rotenone sprays or nicotine preparations were used was somewhat disturbing. Knowltcn of Utah reported thot ground cube and derris root gave good control as a spray when diluted at the rate of 3 pounds of 4 per- cent rotenone bearing dust (or equivalent) to each 100 gallons of water, to which a liquid spreading and wetting agent was added. "Agicide" semi-fluid spray concentrate 'also was effective, no significant dif- ference in control being noted between applications at strengths of 1:50, 1:100, 1:150, and 1:200. - 77 - Cube and derris dust .mixtures containing from 1 to 2 percent of rotenone usually gave good control, "but the results were less con- sistent than the derris and cube spray treatments. Dudley and Bronson of the Madison, Wis., station of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine reported that in a large replicated plot experiment satisfactory aphid control was secured "by treatment with derris spray, derris dust mixture, and nicotine vapor, "but not with nicotine dust. The largest increase in the yield of shelled peas resulted from the derris dust treatments, with the nicotine vapor treatment second, and the derris spray treatment third. The plots treated with nicotine dust yielded less than the checks. Derris spray was used at a rotenone concentration of 0.01 percent plus sodium oleyl sulphate and in some cases also 1 percent aliphatic thiocyanate. Hamilton (185) in 1938 reported the results of tests of cube and derris powders (4$ rotenone and 16 to 18fo total extractives) applied as a spray at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons, with the addition of 4 pounds of rosin residue emulsion. Cube powder appeared to be as effective as derris powder in the rosin emulsion spray, both as a contact insecticide and as a repellent. These tests were made by members of the National Shade Tree Conference under a cooperative project with the Hercules Powder Company, manufacturers of rosin residue, and five of the principal suppliers of derris and cube powders. Sufficient spray material to make from 500 to 1000 gallons of diluted spray was sent to each of 38 cooperators in 14 States, together with instructions for using the spray and a report blank to be used in giving the results of the tests. The results against insects were as follows J Cankerworms (various species of Lepidoptera, G-eometridae) on various shade trees were satisfactorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. The effective period is 3 days to 2 weeks. One spraying before larvae were more than two- thirds grown gave good kill. Tent caterpillars ( Malacosoma americana P., Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae) on wild cherry, apple, and hawthorn trees were satis- factorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. The effective period is 6 to 8 days. Caterpillars would not feed on sprayed foliage. Pall webw'orms ( Hyphantria cunea Drury, Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) on walnut trees were satisfactorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison, the effective period being 6 days. There was 100 percent kill of larvae in sprayed webs. - 78 - Catalpa sphinx moth caterpillar ( Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) on catalpa trees was controlled satisfactorily. The spray acts as a contact poison. Within a few hours there was 100 percent kill of all sizes of caterpillars. Spiny elm caterpillar (E uvanessa ) Aglcis antiopa L., Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) on elm trees was satisfactorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison. The effective period is 3 to 4 days. There was 100 percent kill "by actual count. Oak leaf rollers ( Argyrotoxa s emipurpurana Kearf., Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on pin oak trees were controlled satisfactorily in one test out of three tests given. The spray acts as a contact poison. The effective period is 3 to 4 days. There is 50 to 100 percent kill. The tussock moth larvae ( Hemerocampa 1 euro stigma Smith and Abbott, Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) on various shade trees were not satisfactorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. There was 10 percent control in one test and 50-75 percent control; in other tests. Bagworms ( Thyridopteryx ephemerae formis Eaworth, Lepidoptera, Psychidae) on evergreen trees were satisfactorily controlled in 3 out of 4 tests. The spray acts as a repellent. The period of effectiveness was 3 to 4 days. Bags do not fall off the trees, larvae cease feeding and do not increase in size. Larch case hearers (C oleophora laricella Eon., Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae) on larch trees were 1 75 percent controlled. The spray acts as a stomach poison. The effective period is 3 to 4 days. Results are slow. Fear slugs ( Eriocampoides limacina Retzius, Hymenoptera, Tenthrc-dinidae) on pear trees were controlled 100 percent. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. The effective period is 6 days. Pine sawfly larvae ( Neodiprion lecontei Fitch, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) on white pine trees were controlled 100 percent. The spray acts as a contact poison. The effective period was 4 to 6 days. Pull-grown larvae were fairly easily killed. Currant worms (Pte ronidea ribesii Scop., Efymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) on currant trees were controlled 100 percent. The sprav acts as a contact poison. There was 100 percent kill in 1 or 2 days. Elm leaf beetles (Ga lerucella xanthomelaena Schrank, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on elm trees were not satisfactorily controlled. Five tests were made, two of which were satisfactory. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. The period of effectiveness is 5 to 7 days. Control seems to depend on time of application. • 79 - Japanese beetles ( Popilli a japonic a Newm. , Coleootera, Scarabaeidae) on various trees, shrubs and flowers were fairly well controlled. The spray acts as a repellent. The effective period is 6 to 7 days. Satisfactory repellency can be obtained by spraying 6 or 7 days apart. Asiatic garden beetles ( Autoserica castanea . Arrow, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) on various flowers were fairly well controlled. The spray acts as a repellent. The effective period was 4 to 5 days. Control is not as good as for Japanese beetle. June bugs ( Lachno sterna, spp. = Phyllophaga spp. , Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) were fairly well controlled. The spray acts as a repellent. The effective period was 6 days. Feeding is checked for 6 or 7 days. Rose leaf beetles (Nodonata puncticollis Say, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae on bush honeysuckle were 60 percent controlled. The spray acts as a repel- lent. The effective period is 4 to 6 days. Repeated sprays should give satisfactory control. Willow leaf beetles ( Lina spp. = Chrysomela spp. , Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on black willow trees were well controlled. The spray acts as a repellent and contact poison. There is good control of larvae. Mexican bean beetles ( Epilachna v arivestis Muls. (=corrupta Muls.) Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) on beans were satisfactorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. The effective period is 8 days. Eighty percent kill of larvae, 20 percent repellency on beetles. Repeated sprayings would give good control. Striped cucumber beetles ( Diabrotica vitfrata F. , Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on cucumbers were controlled 100 percent. The spray acts as a contact poison or as a repellent. The- effective period was 2 weeks. No beetles were observed after more than 2 weeks after spraying. Woolly aphids (various species of Homoptera, Aphididae) on beech, elm, larch, and white pine trees were, not satisfactorily controlled. Very little kill by contact against any of the woolly aphids. Aphids (species of Homoptera, Aphididae) on roses and white pine trees were satisfactorily controlled. The spray acts as a contact poison. Good kill on roses, poor on pine. Lace bugs ( Gory tfruca arcuata Say, Hemiptera, Tingida.e) on Sycamore, azaleas, and asters were satisfactorily killed in three out of four tests made. The spray acts as a contact poison. There was 90 to 100 percent kill. Euonymous scale ( Chionaspis euonymi Comst. , Hemiptera, Coccidae) on euonymus trees was controlled satisfactorily. The spray acts as a contact poison. Control was satisfactory against young scales. Juniper scale ( Diaspis carueli Targ. , Hemiptera, Coccidae) on juniper trees was satisfactorily controlled if applied against young scales. The spray acts as a contact poison. - 80 - Cottony maple scale (P ulvinaria vitis L. , Eomopterp, Coccidae) on maple trees was fairly well controlled. Nicotine was better. The spray acts as a contact poison. Spider mites ( Tetranychus telarius L. , clrss Arachnida, order Acarina, family Tetranychidae) on spruce, juniper, and privet trees were controlled in four tests out of six tests made. The spray acts as a contact poison. Probably not effective against the eggs. Wallis (455), in February 1S38, summarized the results of tests performed with insecticides against the Mexican "bean "beetle in Colorado in 1937. Be reported that sprays containing derris and cube gave "better results than any other materials tested, the increase in yield ranging from 10.4 to 4S.7 percent ovr>r the check plots. Elmore (126) in 1938 reported tests of insecticides against the tomato pinworm, ^norimo schema lycopersicella Busck, at Alhambra, Calif. Cube extract was ineffective. Cryolite and cuprous cyanide, in either sprays or dusts, were the most effective. 3ntchelder (21) in 1933 reported that during the previous year at New Haven, Conn., derris spray reduced the corn borer population in ears of early market sweet corn 77 percent. Cube dust reduced the corn borer population infesting dahlias in experimental plots about 90 percent. Huckett (207) reported tests of cube mixed with each of the following: sulphur, sulphur and celite, bordeaux mixtiire, and eclite and clay for the control of the Mexican bean beetle, Ppilachna varivastis Muls. Two samples of cube powder were compared, one analyzing 2 percent rotenone and 18 percent total ether extractives and the other 5 percent rotenone and 12 to 14 percent total ether extractives. These powders were applied in sulfur spray and dust mixtures at strengths equivalent to 4 pounds of cube powder to 100 gallons of wettable sulfur spray and 10 pounds of cube powder in 100 pounds of a cube plus celite plus ground sulfur dust mixture. Kuckett concludes that according to larval population counts of E. varivestis and yield of pods, mixtures containing cube powder of 2 per- cent rotenone and 13 percent total ether extractives were as effective at the dosages used as those containing cube powder of 5 percent rotenone and 12 to 14 percent total ether extractives. In field tests on lima beans sprayed and dusted with copper-lime mixtures for control of plant diseases it was observed that bordeaux mixture, as applied, possessed considerable merit in that it had notably reduced the amount of feeding by E. varivestis . This effect, it was observed, was slightly enhanced by the addition of cube powder to the mixture at the time of application or by making separate applications of cube-clay dusts fol- lowing treatment with bordeaux mixture. Weigel and Nelson (460) tested derris and cube with various wetting agents (alkylphenylbenzenesulphonic acid, sulphonated castor oil, ammonium caseinate plus rosin residue emulsion, etc.) for the control of the common - 81 - red solder, Tetranychus telarius L. , and thrips, especially onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. , on greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers. The authors conclude that the results of the first series indicate that a derris spray having a rotenone content of 0.C056 percent is as effective as one with a 0.0112 percent rotenone content when sulfonated castor oil is used as a spreader; that the derris sprays used in these tests are superior to cube sprays of the .same rotenone content, the difference "being explainable on the basis of the total extractives; that the addition of pyre thrum extract aids in killing thrips but does not improve the spray's effectiveness against the red spider; that with sprays of the same rotenone content with sulfonated castor oil as a spreader, the kill is better than with either alkylphenylbenzenesulfonic acid or ammonium caseinate with rosin residue; and that proprietary thiocyanate spray is as effective as the derris spray plus sulfonated castor oil. None of the derris or cube sprays plus the spreader or the proprietary thiocyanate caused any permanent injury to either tomato or cucumber. The lauryl thiocyanate spray with sodium oleyl sulfate plus synthetic resin spreader caused severe injury to both the foliage and fruit of tomato. McTavish (279), in an address before the 24th annual meeting of the National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers, New York, December, 1937, discussed mothproofing problems. Frequently vegetable insecticides are dissolved in hydrocarbons — the favorites are pyrethrum extract, cube and derris roots. These tend to prolong the larvicide action after the solvent has evaporated away. Unfortunately deterioration of these natural insecticides under ordinary atmospheric conditions is relativel rapid. Friend and Plumb (153) in 1938 reported the results of tests made in 1936 and 1957 to control the European pine shoot moth, Bhyacionia b uo liana Schiff. Derris (4$ rotenone, 14$ ether extractives) plus the proprietary wetting agent SS3 or powdered skim milk gave greater reduction in infestation than lead arsenate. Cube (same analysis as the derris) was tried with powdered skim milk, milk, rosin residue, and Ultrawet. The authors conclude that field experiments on the control of the European pine shoot moth on red pine in Connecticut have shown that spraying with a mixture of 4 pounds of ground derris root or ground cube root and 1 pound of powdered skim milk in 100 gallons of water is superior to spraying with a mixture of 3 pounds of lead arsenate and 1 pint of fish oil in 100 gallons of water. One appli- cation of cube about July 2 is as effective as three or four applications of lead arsenate at 10-day intervals in June and July. Two applications of cube, one July 2 and one July 12, are significantly more efficient in reducing tip injury than one application July 2. As a spreader and sticker, powdered skim milk is as efficient as any other materials tried at the concentrations used. It was found that spraying during the first half of June did not give good results in controlling the insect in 1936 and 1937. Derris and cube were equally good. Exposure to sunshine for 166 hours did not completely destroy the insecticidal value of these materials. The laboratory experiments with newly hatched larvae on sprayed twigs show that, after an exposure of 11 days in the field, ground cube root used with powdered skim milk or Ultrawet was as effective in preventing boring as was the lead arsenate and fish oil combination. - 82 - Experiments performed in 1937 at South Point, Ohio, against Ee ilachna varivestis Muls. by N. P. Howard and H. C. Iv:ar,on, (202) of the. Columbus, Ohio, laboratory, gave the following results with the various insecticides tested: Phenothiazine at 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water gave good control, but slight plant injury resulted; derris, cube, timbo, and devil's shoestring gave good control at a concentration of 0.015 percent rotenone and usually at concentration of 0.01 percent rotenone. While the use of a varnish sticker with derris and cube increased the degree of control in one instance, no increase could be noted in two other experiments. The use of sulphur with derris or cube sprays, and its use as a diluent with dust mixtures of these materials, does not consistently result in improved control in Ohio; however, its use farther east usually results in better bean crops. Wilcox and Stone (468), in March 1938, reported that cube dust mixtures containing as high as 2 percent rotenone have given inferior results and are not recommended for use against the tomato fruit worm, Heliothi s obsoleta F. ' Johns-Manville (218), in April 1938, called attention to Celite 209, an amorphous silica which on account of its fineness (essentially below 10 microns particle size) and its lightness (3 pounds per cubic foot) is useful as a diluent for insecticides, especially powdered derris, cube, and pyre thrum. LIST OF INSECTS MENTIONED Insects mentioned in this review against which cube has been tested or recommended are listed as follows: A list of insects against which cube has been tested. Insect (Euvanessa) Aglais antiopa L. Alabama argil lace a Hbn. Result Effective Equal to derris (76$ control) Ineffective Reference Hamilton 185 Smith and Soales 382 Wille et al. 471 Alfalfa looper Alsophila pometaria Harris Anasa tristis DeG-eer Less effective than calcium arsenate Ineffective Less effective than derris Effective against nymph s Smith and Scales 382, 383 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 87 Felt and Bromley 144 Idaho Agr. Expt. Sta. 210 Insect Ancylis comptana Fro el. Anomis l uridula Gn. ( texana. Riley) ' - 83 - Result Effective against nymphs Ineffective Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Ineffective Thco. Anthonomus grandis Boh. Anthonomus vestitus Boh. Ants Aphids b control More effective than calcium arsenate Ineffective against adults Effective Effective Aphids on cauliflower do. Aphids on roses and white pine Effective Aphis go s syp i i Glover Aphis pomi DeGeer do. Less effectiye than nicotine Aph i s spiraeco la Patch • do. Aphrophora perm utat a Uhl. Recommended Argyrotoxa semipurpurana Kearf . Effective Autographa orassicae Riley Effective R efere nce Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. 310 Wille, Ocampo, We"ber- "bauer, and Schofield 471 do. Smith agLd Scales 382 383 do. Wille et al. 471 Idaho Agr. Expt. Sta. 210; Boyd 39 Bourne and Boyd 36 New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta. 302 New York Agr. Expt. Sta. 305 Hamilton 185 Wille et al. 471 Earrar 138 do. Edwards 124 Hamilton 185 Howard and Dividson 200 - 84 Insect Autographa "brassicae Riley Result Effective Autoserica castanea Arrow Bruchus pisorum L. Cabbage aphid s Cabbage worms Ineffective Less effective than derris Less effective than pyre thrum More effective than lead arsenate Recommended Some control Fairly effective Effective Ineffective Bust more effective than sprays Less effective than pyrethrum Effective Reference Howard and Mason 201; U. S. Dept. Agr. 414, 420; Walker 451; White 463, 464 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 87, 88 Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. 402 New York (G-eneva) Agr. Expt. Sta. 306 Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. 402 Crosby and Chupp 109; Hervey, Huckett, and Glasgow 191; E. L. Thomas 405; U. S. Dept. Agr. 413 Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. 403 Hamilton 185 Howard and Mason 201 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 86; Hew York (Geneva) State Agr. Expt. Sta. 304 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 86; • New York (Geneva) State Agr. Expt. Sta. 304 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. 306 U. S. Dept. Agr. 413; Wallace 454; Walker and Anderson 452; White 463; Wise. Agr. Expt. Sta.. 472 Recommended Bourne and Boyd 36 - 85 Insect Cankerworms Carpocapsa poinonella L. Ceratomia c atalpae Bdv. Cherry slug Chionaspis euonymi Corast. Chlorochroa sayi Stal Result Effective Highly toxic in laboratory tests Ineffective in the orchard Effective Dust ineffective Spray equal to lead arsenate Effective Less effective thpn derris Ch ry s o mph alu s aurantii Maskell Effective Clothes moths Coleophora laricella Hon. Corythuca arcuata Say Crioceris asparagi L. Crioceris duodecimpunctata L. Cucumber beetles Diabrotica ' trivittata Mann. Diabrotica vittata F. Reference Hamilton 185 F. L. Campbell 60 Childs 79; Haegele 182: U. S. Dept. Agr. 418 Hamilton 185 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 88 do. Hamilton 135 Cassidy and Barber 65 Effective Cressman 97 do. McTavish 279 Boyd 39 75$ effect ,ive Hamilton 185 Effective do. Recommended Huckett 206; Bourne and Boyd 36 do. 4 Bourne and Boyd 36 Effective Howard and Mason 201 do. McXinney 278 do. Walker 451; Wisconsin Agr. Expt. Sta. 472 Effective equal to and derris Beard 24 100$ effective Recommended Hamilton 185 Bourne and Boyd 36 - 86 - Insect Diaphania hyalina.ta L. Diaphania nitidalis Stoll Pi asp is carueli Targ. Dysdercus mimulus Hussey Dysdercus ruf icollis L. Epilachna varivestis Muls Epitrix cucumeris Harris Result Recommended do. Effective against young scales Less effective than derris Effective do. Dust ineffective Recommended Some control Effective Effective with Ultrawet R eference U. S. Dept. Agr. 417 do. Hamilton 185 Cassidy and Barber 65 Wille et al. 471 Bourne and Boyd 36 Brannon 40, 43, 45; Hamilton 185; Howard 198; Howard, Brannon, and Mason 199 ; Howard and Mason 201 ; Huckett 207; N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. 305; S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. 386; U. S. Dept. Agr. 413, 414, 420 Bur. Ent. & PI. Quar. 423; Walker 451; Wallace 454; Wallis 455; White 463, 464 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 88 Crosby and Chupp 109; S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. 387; U. S. Dept. Agr. 417, 422 Walker 451 Morrill and Lacroix 287; S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. 387; Bur. Ent. & PI. Quar. 423 Walker 451 Epitrix Fuscula Crotch Effective Howard and Mason 201 Insect Epitrix parvula E, - 87 - Result Effective Eriocampoides limacina Retz. Srythroneura c ome 3 Say Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. ( Nygmia phaeorrhoea Donovan) 100$ effective Effective Less effective than nicotine Less effective than derris Suschistus impictiventris Stal Less effective than derris Flea "beetles on tooacco Erankliniella fusca Hinds G-alerucella xanthomelaena Schrank G-norimo schema lycopersicella Busck Grapevine pests Haematobia irritans L. Haematopinus eurysternus Nitzsch Haematopinus suis L. Hairy chinchbugs Heliothis ohsoleta E. Effective Ineffective Ineffective Ineffective Effective Effective Ineffective as a repellent Effective Effective Effective Ineffective Effective with sulphur Reference Chamber 1 in 68, 69, 70; Howe 204; S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. 387; Bur. Snt. & PI. Quar. 423; White 463, 464 Hamilton 85 Idaho Agr. Expt. Sta. 210 > ' Spoon 390 Cassidy and Barber 65 U. S. Dept. Agr. 413; Wallace 454 Morrill and Lacroix 287 Hamilton 185 Elmore 126; C. A. Thomas 404 Lelassus, Lepigre, and Pasquier 112; Idaho Agr. Expt. Sta. 210 Laake 256 Wille et al. 471 do. N. Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. at Cornell Univ. 307 Brannon 41; Bur. Ent. and PI. Ouar. 423; Wilcox and Stone 468 F. L. Thomas 405 - 88 Insect Hellula undalis F. Hemerocampa leuco stigma Smith and Ahbott Hoplocampa flava Hoplocampa testudinia Hyphantria cunea Drury Hypo derma larvae Hysteroneura setariae Thomas Illinoia pi si Kelt, L ac hno sterna spp. = Phyllopha.ga spp. Leafhoppers on lettuce Leaf worm Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say Result Recommended Ineffective Effective Effective Effective Less effective than derris Less effective than nicotine Effective Lina spp. « Chrysomelj Locust (grasshopper) spp, Promising More effective than pyre thrum and nicotine Fairly effective Effective Equal to derris Effective Effective Ineffective Referenc e U. S. Dept. Agr. 417 Hamilton 185 Kearns and Marsh 235; Kearns, Marsh and Martin 236 Kearns, Marsh and Martin 236 Hamilton 185 Runderhorzel-Bestrijd- ings- Commissie 362 Farrar 138 Sronson 52, 53; Dudley, Bronson, and Carroll 120; Howard and Mason 201; Knowlton and Soren- son 246; Pea Aphid Conf . 316; U. S. Dept. Agr. 413, 417, 421, 423; Talker, 451 N. Y. Geneva Agr. Expt. Sta. 304 U. S. Dcpt. Agr. 413; Wallace 454 Hamilton 185 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. at Cornell Univ. 307 Smith and Scales 382 Feytaud 146; Feytaud and Lapparent 147, 148 Hamilton 185 U. S. De-ot. Com. 439 - 89 - Insect Lophyrus pini L. Lygus hesperus Knight Lygus pratensis L. Malacosoma americana F. Mamestra picta Harr. Ee^ult Loss effective than derris Less effective than derris Ineffective Less effective than derris Effective Ineffective Reference S-noon 390 Melittia, s atyriniformis Hbn. Effective Melophagus o vinu s L. Murganti a histrionica Hahn Muse a domestica L. I/iyrmica rubra L. ITeo diprion l econtei Eitch No don at a muicticollis Say 1 i o r rhy n chu s sinful ari s Psratetranychus ci tri McG. (Adults and eggs) Pear slugworm or sawfly Effective Pecbinophora gossypiell a Saund. Some control Ineffective Effective Effective Effective Less effective than derris 100$ effective 60$ effective Effective Ineffective Cassidy and Barber 65 Smith and Scales 382, 383 Felt and Bromley 144 Hamilton 185 Hervey, Kuckett and Glasgow 191; N. Y. (Geneva) Agr. Expt. Sta, 304 Mass. Agr. Expt. Sta, 272 Wille et al. 471 Howard and Mason 201 LePellcy and Sullivan 260 Spoon 390 Hamilton 185 4 Hamilton 185 Kearns and Umpleby 237 Boyce 37 Kearns and Marsh 235 U. S. Dept. Agr. 420 Chapman, Hollingsworth, Robertson 71 - 90 Insect P cctinophora gossypiella Saund. P hll aenus spumarius ( leucoph - thalmus ) L. Phlyc taenia rub i gal is G-uen. P hylIo"bius oblongus Phyllobius pyri Pieris rapae L. Plathypenia scabra . F. Plum sawfly Plutella "maculipennis Curtis Result Less effective than calcium arsenate Less effective than "barium fluosilicate Recommended Ineffective Effective Effective Less effective than "barium fluosilicate or calcium arsenate Some control Effective More effective than pyre thr ins Recommended Cube dust plus sulfur effective Recommended Effective a.gainst young larvae Reference Chapman and Williams Texas Apr, Expt . Sta. , 402 Edwards, 124 Howard and Mason 201 Kearns and Umpleby 237 Reams and Umpleby 237 Chapman and Williams 72 3ur. Ent. and PI. Ouar. 420; Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. 403 R. S. Campbell 62; Colo Agr. Expt. Sta. 86, 87 Howard and Davidson 200; Howard and Mason 201; U. S. Dept. Agr. 414, 417, 420; Walker 451; White 463, 464; Wisecup 473 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 38 Crosby and Chupp 109; Hervcy, Huckett and Clasgow 191; N, Y. Agr, Expt. Sta. 305; F. L. Thomas 405 Brannon 45 Xearns and Marsh 235 Walker and Anderson 453 Insect Popillia japonica Newm. Prenolepis sp. Prodenia eridania Cram. Psallus seriatus Reut . Psoroptos sp. Pteronidea ribesii Scop, Pulvinaria vitis L - 91 - Result Plutella maculipennis Curtis Effective Ineffective Cube less effec- tive than derris Recommended Some control Cne-half as effective as derris as a repellent Promising as a repellent Fairly effective Ineffective Effective Less effective than par is green against half- grown larvae Ineffective Effective Effective Reference Howard and Mason 201; U. S. Dept. Agr. 414, 417, 420; White 463, 464 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 87 Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. 402 Crosby and Chupp 109; Kervey, Huckett and Glasgow 191; E. L. Thomas 405; U. S. Dept, Agr. 417 Colo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 88 Fleming and Baker 150 Bromley 51 Hamilton 185 van Gundia 447 British Guiana Dept. Agr. 48 Wisecup 474 Ewing 133; Ewing and McGarr 134 Wille et al. 471 Illinois Agr. Expt. Sta. 212; N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. 305 100$ effective Hamilton 185 Dusts very effective N, Y. (Geneva) Agr. Expt. Sta. 304 Fairly effective Hamilton 185 - £2 - Insect Pyrausta nubilalis Hbn. R hago lotis pomcnella Walsh Rhya c i onia buoliana Schiff . Roaches S arcopte s sp. Solenopri s sa . Stomoxv s caici tra ns L, T etranychus telarius L. Thrips on cauliflower Thrips on cotton Thrips t abaci Lind. Result Effective Less effective then derris or nicotine Promising Effective Effective Effective Ineffective Ineffective as repellent Effective Less effective than derris Effective Effective Ineffective Effective Effective with Ultrawct Effective against imnature stages Promising Less effective than derris Less effective than derris Thyanta custator E. Thyridopteryx ep hemeraeformi s Effective Haworth R eference Batchel&er 21; Eervey 190; Walker 451 Eatchcldor et al. 22 H. Y. Agr. Expt. St a. 306 Friend and Plumb 153 Boyd 39 Wille et al. 471 Brit. Guiana Dept. Agr. 48 Laake 256 Hamilton 184; Richardson 340; Weigel and Richardson 461 Weigel and Nelson 459,460 i T c Y. Agr. Expt. St a. 306 S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. 387 Bur. Ent. & PI. Quar. 423 Weigcl and Kelson 458 Walker 451 H. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. at Cornell Univ. 307 Turner and Walker 409 Weigel and Nelson 459, 460 Cassidy and Barber 65 Hamilton '.85 In sect Ticks on llamas Typophorus viridicyaneu s Crotch Typophorus vi ridicyaneus Crotch - 93 - lie suit Effective Less effective than cryolite Less effective than undi luted calcium arsenate Woolly aphids on "beech, elm, Ineffective larch, and white pine trees Z ophodia grossulariae Riley Effective Very effective Reference Klinge 245 Brannon 42 Brannon 44 Hamilton 185 Hammer 186; N. Y. Agr. Expt.. Sta. 306 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. 306 COMMOIv AND SCIENTIFIC STAKES OF INSECTS The common and. scientific names of the insects mentioned in this publication arc listed "below. The names marked with an asterisk (*) are those approved by the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Common name ♦Apple maggot Apple sawfly ♦Asiatic garden beetle ♦Asparagus beetle ♦Bagwonn ♦Boll weevil ♦Cabbage looper Cabbage wehworm Cankerworms ♦Catalpa sphinx moth caterpillar Celery leaf tier Clay colored weevils ♦Citrus red nite ♦Codling moth ♦Colorado potato beetle Common cabbage worm ♦Common red spider Corn carworm Cotton boll weevil ♦Cotton flea hopper ♦Cotton leaf worm ♦Cottony maple scale Currant worn ♦Lianondhack moth §9 ientific name Hhag cl etis poronella Walsh Hoploc ampa testudinia Autoserica castanea Arrow Crioceris asparagi L. Thyri dopteryx ephemeraef ormi s Haw. Anthonomus grandis Boh. Aut ographa "b rr-ssicac Si ley Hellula undalis E. Alsophila pometaria Harris Cerat omia c atalpae Bdv. Fhlyct aenia rubigaiis Guen. Otiorrhynchus s ingular is Parat otrany chu s citri McG. Carpocepsa pomonella L. Leptinotarsa d ecemlincata Say Fieris r apae L. Tetranychu s t elarius L. Heliothis obsoleta Fah. Anthoi.onus grandis Boh. Psallus seriatus Scut . A lap an a argillacea Hbn. Fulvinari a vitis L. P teronidea rihesii Scop. F Let el la m aculipennis Curtis Qd. _ Gonnoii name Scientific name **Eastem tent caterpillar ♦Eggplant flea "beetle ♦Elm leaf "beetle Euonymus scale '"European corn bore"" ♦European pine shoot moth ♦Fall cankerworm ♦Fall webworm ♦Gooseberry fruitworm ♦Green clover worm ♦Harlequin "bug ♦Horn fly ♦Housefly ♦Imported cabbage worm ♦Imported currant worm ♦Japanese "beetle •June "bug Juniper scale Lace "bug ♦Larch easebearer Leaf-eating weevils ♦Melonworm ♦Mexican "bean "beetle Oak leaf roller Onion thrips ♦Pea aphid ♦Pea weevil ♦Pear slug ♦Pickleworm Pine sawfly larvae Plum sawfly ♦Potato flea "beetle Red spider mite Red stinging art ♦Rose leaf beetle ' ♦Southern armyworm Spider nites Spiny eln caterpillar Spittle bug Spittle bug ♦Spotted asparagus beetle ♦Squash borer ♦Stablefly ♦Strawberry leaf roller ♦Striped cucumber beetle Sweetpotato leaf beetle ♦Tarnished plant bug Tnnt caterpillar Thrips ♦Tobacco flea beetle Malaco so na ame ricana F. EpitrL: fuscala Crotch Galerucpllp. xanthomelaena Schr. 'J hi on asp is e uonymi Comst. Pyrausta nub Halls Hon. Rhyacionia buo liana Schiff . Alsophil a p emetaria Harr. Kyphantria cone a Drury gopho&ia grossu lariae Pi ley Plathypena scabra P. Murgant.ja histrionica Hahn Haec atobia irritans L. Musca domo f tica -L. Pi 3r is rap ae L . Ptaronidea ribeqli Scop. Popillia ,'apon ica JJewm. Lachnosterna spp. =* Phyllophaga spp. jpiaapis c rue] i Targ. C crythuca arcuat a Say C oleophora 1^_\ c ±]J±l H-bn * Phyllobiur. ob longus Piaphania hyalinata L. Epilachna varivestis liuls. Argyroto.ca s ore ipurpur ana Kearf, Thrips t abaci Lini. I lii'no'ia pisi Xalt. Br achus pisorun L. Eriocampo ides limacina Rotz . Eiaphania ni t i dal is St oil Keodiprion lecontoi Fitch Hoplocampa f l ava Spit r ix cue . an ex- is Harr'. Tot.ran ych.us teirrius L. Solcnopsis sp. Kodonat a p uacticollis Say P rodeni a" e ridani a Cram. Tetraiychus telarius L. (Euvaaesse) Aria?! s antiopa L» Aphrophora pemutata Uhl. Philaenus spum arius ( lencop hthalnus ) I Crioceris duo dec inpunc t at a L, Meli ttia sa tyrinifomis Hbn , Stomoxys calci tran s L. Ancylis conptan a Froel. Diabrotica vittata F. Typophorus virid icyaneus Crotch Lygu's p rat en s is L. Malaco soma, aperi cana F. Thrips t abaci Lind. Epitrix parvala E, - 95 - iommon name Scientific name Tobacco flea beetle ' Ep itrix cucumeria Harr . * Tobacco thrips Frank! ini el la fusca Hinds Tomato fruitworm Eeliothie obsoleta F. ♦Tomato pinworm Gn or imp schema l ycopersicella Busck Tussock moth larvae Hemerocampa leucostigm a Smith & Abbott ♦Western striped cucumber beetle Diabrot ica trivittata Mann. Willow leaf beetles Lina spp. = Chrysomela spp. ♦Zebra caterpillar Mame6tra picta Harr. PATENTS These abstracts of patents are arranged in order of their dates of issuance under each country; the countries are listed alphabetically. The Standard Oil Development Co. (394), a.ssignee of Sankowsky and Fulton, in British patent 394,977, issued July 4, 1933, applied for January 4, 1932, in the United States January 5, 1931, claim an improved insecticide comprising hydrocarbons rich in unsaturated hydrocarbons and obtained by the extraction of a petroleum naphtha with a solvent having a preferential solvent action for said unsaturated hydrocarbons in admixture with an insecticidal plant extract. The insecticidal plant extract may be from pyrethrum, cube, derris or the like. The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd., and Ward (34 and 35), in British patent 437,171, issued October 24, 1935, ap-olied for March 30, 1935, and in French patent 794,206, published February 11, 1936, applied for August 27, 1935, have patented a process of extracting rotenone and other toxins from derris, barbasco and timbo roots which consists in digesting the ground root with alcohol acidulated with sulphuric acid. The filtrate may be neutralized with sodium carbonate and refiltered. The final filtrate is mixed with soft soap so as to obtain a semisolid product which can be diluted with water before use. Fawcett and Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., (139 and 213), in British patent 446,576, issued April 29, 1936, applied for October 29, 1934, and also in French patent 797,052, published April 20, 1935, applied for October 29, 1935, claim a process for the production of rotenone and/ or preparations having insecticidal value and containing rotenone, which com- prises subjecting the natural substances containing rotenone, to distillation at raised temperat-ure in a high vacuum and collecting the distillate. A vacuum of bet'.7een 10-2 and 10~° mm. of mercury is used. The condensate from the distillation may suitably be removed from the condensing surface by melting down, y jy scraping, or by rinsing with a solvent. An example of the process is as follows: Fifty parts of dry ground cube root are nixed with 100 parts of a linseed oil stand oil which has previously been treated in a high vacuum at 220° C. to remove volatile constituents. The mixture of cube root and oil is fed on to a heated surface or surfaces maintained at about 120° C. and in close proximity to a cold condensing surface, the whole apparatus being evacuated to about 10 mm. of mercury. A pale - 96 - yellow condensate is obtained, giving the reactions of rotenore and containing substantially all the active material present in the original root . Other carrier liquids such as Apiexon, heavy mineral oil, cotton- seed oil, olive oil, etc., nay "be used when it is desired to obtain a solution of the active ingredients as distillate, the dry powdered derris or cube root nay be r.ixed with a carrier liquid which is either wholly dis- tillable at the temperatures and pressures employed , or comprises a portion so distillable. Thus a mixture of the oils known respectively under the trade names "Apiczon A" and "Apiezon K" may bo used. The active ingredients distil over together with the "Apiezon A" leaving behind a suspension or solution of the residue in the "Apiezon K." The distillate, which is a more or less concentrated solution of the rotenone etc. in "Apiezon A" (the concentration can be varied by varying the proportion of "Apiezon A" taken), is suitable for dilution with kerosene or other volatile mineral oil for use as insecticidal spray. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., assignee of Fawcett (214), in Canadian patent 369,499, issued October 26, 1937; applied for October 28, 1935; claims the process for the production of rotenone preparations which comprises subjecting a natural rotenone-containing substance to distillation without ebullition at a pressure of 10 -2 to 10"^ mm. of mercury under such conditions that the evaporating and condensing surfaces are substantially co-extensive and are in close proximity to one other, and collecting the distillate. The material may be dried and ground and mixed with a carrier liquid which is substantially volatile at the temperature and pressure to be employed. This is similar to British patent 446,576, French patent 797,052, and United States patent 2,096,678. Eichhorn (125), in German patent 630,433, issxied May 26, 1936, applied for November 22, 1932, extracts powdered derris (or c\ibe) powder at 40 to 50° C. with an equal quantity of a dilute (10 percent) solution of sodium bisulphite, then neutralizes and concentrates in vacuo. Chromek (80), in German patent 643,804, issued April 17, 1937, applied for February 7, 1932, claims an insecticide consisting «f an extract of a rctenone-bearing root in aliphatic hydrocarbons, especially petroleum, hexachloroethane, ammonium linoleate and water. An example is derris powder 7 parts, hexachloroethane 12 parts, ammonium linoleate 4 parts, petroleum 25 parts, methyl salicylate 2 parts, and water 50 parts. Schotte and Gornitz (368), assignors to Schering-Kahlbaum A-.GL of Berlin, in U. S. patent 2,024,392, issued December 17, 1935, applied for December 12, 1933; in Germany November 13, 1931, claim an insecti- cidal preparation consisting of a mixture containing rotenone and veratrin. They state: "As is well known to those skilled in the art, insecticides prepared from the roots of plants belonging to the genus Derris, Lonchocarpus and others and containing - 97 - rotenone or the like are particularly efficient, "but the high price of these drugs has proven to he prohibitive as regards their use on a large scale." Hamilton (L84), in U. S. patent 2,030,584, issued February 11, 1936, applied for June 5, 1934, claims an insecticide including water, a suitable oil and finely powdered natural parts of a plant selected from the group consisting of derris and cube root containing an inherent emulsifier and properties toxic to insects. Reference is made to the use of acetone, alcohol, ether and ethylene dichlorides as solvents for the active principles of derris and cube. To prepare the paste, 3 or 4 parts of finely powdered derris or cube root av-o added to 8 parts of water and 8 parts of oil, either mineral, vegetable or animal, and the mixture emulsified in a suitable machine. In case the derris is reduced to 1 part it is necessary to add 2/3 to 1 part colloidal clay (wilkeite, bentonite, etc.) to make a physically stable emulsion. A preservative such as l/2 to 1 percent carbolic acid may be added; a sodium, potassium or an ethanolamine soap may be used instead of the clay, and an anti- oxidant such as tannic acid may also be added. The paste emulsion insecticide produced as aforesaid, makes a quick breaking emulsion when diluted with water for spraying. Insecticide sprays of this invention possess from 15 to 20 percent greater toxicity to plant lice than sprays of the same high dilution made from derris and cube insecticides of the chemically extracted kind, Buc (56), of the Standard Oil Development Co., in U. S. patent 2,042,296, issued May 26, 1936, applied for March 12, 1931, uses an aryl alkyl ether to keep rotenone and rotenoids from derris or cube in solution in kerosene. An example of the invention is 0.5 percent rotenone, 5 percent secondary hexyl cresyl ether, 94.5 percent petroleum oil having a gravity of 2?o A.P.I, and a viscosity of 115 Saybolt at 100° I. Buc states that he has- prepared a stable kerosene solution containing 0.25 percent of rotenone with only 0.75 percent of secondary hexyl phenyl ether as mutual solvent. Wotherspoon (476), in United States patent 2,052,374, issued August 25, 1935, applied for April 28, 1934, claims an aqueous disseminatable* composition of matter consisting of an insecticide obtainable from derris and similar insecticidal-containing plant materials containing rotenone, deguelin, tephrosin and toxicarol and a water-soluble phenol containing at least two hydroxyl groups. "I have found that if rotenone, dihydrorotenone, finely ground derris or cube, solid extracts of derris or cube, the hydrogenated derivatives of same, either alone or in mixtures, are melted or intimately mixed with a solid water-soluble phenol containing two or more nydroxyl groups, the resulting product after cooling and grinding is soluble, or miscible, with water in any proportions. X! - 98 - "The products thus produced may he mixed, if de- sired, with any powdered materials which act as wetting agents, such as soap, alkali salts of sulphonated hydro- carbons or alcohols, sulphonated oils, et cetera. "Fillers such as starch, glue, gums, dextrins, flour, clays, talc, bentonite, chalk, diatomaceous earth, et cetera ■ • may also he incorporated therein if desired. "The maximum results aro obtained with these insecti- cides when treated in this manner. "The phenols referred to above may be one or more of the dihydric phenols such as catechol, resorcinol and quinol and their homologues, and the trihydric phenols such as pyrogallol, phloroglucinol and hydroxy quinol and their, homologues." .' . . Examples are: (A) 12*5 parts by weight of rotenone are mixed ith 87,5 parts by weight of resorcinol in a vessel equipped with a heating arrangement. Heat is applied, and when melted the contents are withdrawn and allowed to cool. The product is then ground in a suitable grinding mill. This material is miscible with water in all proportions and when so mixed is highly toxic to most insects. (B) Twelve and one-half parts by weight of dry hydrogenated dcrris extract are melted with 43.75 parts by weight of resorcinol. The cooled product is ground to a fine powder and mixed- with 50 parts by weight of powdered soap. The resulting product when mixed with water is quickly dispersed and yields a most satisfactory horticultural spray. (C) Ten parts by weight of dihydrorotenone are melted with 90 parts by weight of pyrogallol. The resulting product when ground and dissolved in water yields a valuable insecticide that may be used for mothproofing woolen materials. Organic solvents mentioned as suitable for dissolving the active principles of Derris, Lonchocarpus , Spatholobus, etc., are ethyl acetate, benzol, acetone, chloroform, ethylene dichloride and safrol. Ward (456), in United States patent 2»056,"438, issued October 6, 1936, applied for September 4, 1935, in England March 30, 1935, claims the process for extracting toxins for the manufacture of insecticides from Barbasco ro*t, comprising the steps of treating the root, in a broken up state, with common alcohol in the proportion of 100 grams of the root to 400 cc. of common alcohol to which is added 1.5 percent by' volume 9f chemically pure sulphuric acid, allowing the mixture to digest under the action of the internal heat generated, the common alcohol dissolving out the rotenone, tephrosin, deguelin and toxicarol, raising the temperature of the mixture by heat -derived from an external source, filtering the mixture, neutralizing the filtrate by adding sodium carbonate thereto, refiltering, this final filtrate containing not only the rotenone but also the deguelin, tephrosin and toxicarol, and mixing the final filtrate with soft soap. Reference is made to the process of obtaining rotenone by extracting the roots with ether and recrystal- izing from carbon tetrachloride. This invention relates to the - 99 - extraction of toxins, for the manufacture of insecticides, from Derris, Barbasco and Timbo roots, such, for example",! as Lone ho carpus nicou , Derris ell iptica , D. c hinensis , D. malaccensis , and other roots con- taining rotehone. Wotherspotn. (477), in United States patent 2,058,200, issued October 20, 1936, applied for September i'2, 1932, assigned to Derris, Inc., claims a composition of matter consisting of a. nonaqueous solu- tion of the insecticidal principles obtainable from one or more members of the group consisting of derris and pyrethrum in at least one member of the group of alkylated phenolic ethers consisting of safrol, anethol, methyl eugenol and camphor oil, said solvents being in sufficient quantities to maintain the insecticidal principles . in solution. Solvents previously used to extract derris and cube include, benzene, acetone, acetone-alcohol mixture, petroleum distillate, chloroform, ethylene dichloride, ether, toluol, xylene, etc, ." Solvents less effective than safrol, etc, include oil of turpentine, pine oil, terpineol, dipentene, phellandrene, terpinolene, limonene, cedrene, and petroleum distillates. The new solvent extracts of derris or cube may also be used in conjunction with water, provided a proper colloid is present to form a' stable emulsion, These colloids are soap, starch, gum acacia, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, dextrin, glucose, sucrose, saponin or extracts of plants rich in the latter. Sankowsky (355), in United States patent 2,058,832, issued October 27, 1936; applied for March 17, 1933, assigned to Stanco, Inc., claims a method for preparing a clear concentrated liquid insecticide which comprises extracting rotenone, and other constituents toxic to insects, from a plant containing such toxic substances, by treating said plant with a mixed solvent, which is capable of selectively dissolving said toxic substances to the exclusion of resinous materials which, upon dilution of the extract with kerosene, would be precipitated, comprising a petroleum distillate having a maximum boiling point below 625° F. and a sufficient amount of an organic solvent, soluble in the petroleum distillate and having solvent power for said toxic substances to dissolve at least 2.5 'percent of said toxic substances. Derris root, cube root, or other plants containing rotenone are extracted by a counter-flow method, or by percolation, etc., with about 20 to 30 percent solution of ethylene dichloride in a petroleum distil- late. A concentrated extract is obtained containing about 2.5 percent of rotenone and about 5 percent of rotenoids. This concentrated extract, after being clarified if turbid by the addition of a small amount of ethylene dichloride or other similar solvent (e, g. , p-dichlorobenzene is mentioned) may be used for the preparation of insecticidal solutions by diluting with a petroleum distillate to the strength desired without the formation of a residue, or it may be first mixed with a concentrated solution of other insecticides and then diluted to the desired strength. The petroleum distillate preferably used is one having a maximum boiling point below 625° F. The term rotenoids is applied to the insecticidal constituents of Derris, Lonchocarpus and Tephrosla. other than rotenone. Other solvents that may be used nixed with a petroleum distillate to extract rotenone and rotenoids from derris root, cube root or - 100 - other plants containing rotenone, are as follows: acetone, "benzol, chloro- benzene, chloroform, dichloroethyl ether, ethylene chlorohydrin, n-propyl formate, toluene, trichloroethylene and xylene. Mike ska (282), in U. S. patent 2,066,194, issued December 29, 1936, applied for October 29, 1932, assigned to the Standard Oil Development Co. , claims an improved insecticide, comprising a hydrogenated extract obtained by extracting petroleum oil with a solvent having a preferential solvent action for aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons of a petroleum oil, separating the solvent from the extract, hydrogenating the separated extract, and dissolving in the hydrogenated extract the active principles of a fish poisoning plant. For example, kerosene having a solvent power for rotenone and/or rotenoids of from 0.25 to 0.05 percent was extracted with sulphur dioxide. The extract was separated from the solvent by means of distillation, and the solvent power for rotenone was found to be in- creased to 2.3 percent. The extract was then hydrogenated, and marked improvements both in the odor and the solvent po?/er were found. The solvent power of the hydrogenated extract for rotenone and/or rotenoids was increased to 7.2 percent. The hydrogenated extract is suitable for use as a solvent in ex- tracting the toxic ingredients from the fish poisoning plants, by percola- tion or by maceration of the plant in the presence of the solvent and separating the solvent containing the toxic ingredients from the residual solids. The hydrogenated extract with the toxic ingredients in solution may be diluted and used as a spray in killing insects, such as flies, mosquitoes, etc. A spray of the emulsion type may be prepared for dipping and spraying animals to control external parasites, such as lice, ticks, mange mites, cattle grub, etc. The emulsion for cattle dips or sprays is prepared by taking hydrogenated oil extract solution containing 5 to 10 percent of rotenone and/ or rotenoids and mixing with water, using a suitable emulsifier such as oil-soluble sulphonated soap, fish oil soap, saponin, etc. Other insecticides may be added to the emulsion, such as lead arsenate, nicotine, pyrethrum, etc. Another use for the spray solution of the emulsion type is for spraying plants such as trees, shrubs, etc. to control parasites such as aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, greenhouse white flies, tent caterpillars, red spiders, squash bugs, roaches, Mexican bean beetles, Japanese beetles, potato beetles, etc. This invention relates to the art of manufacturing improved in- secticides or insect repellents containing novel solvents for toxic ingredients and more particularly it relates to the use of improved sol- vents for the toxic ingredients of fish poisoning plants known as derris, cube, etc. The non-crystalline constituents of fish-poisoning plants known to be a mixture of deguelin, tephrosin, toxicarol. etc. ^.are called rotenoids by Mikeska. LJEiRAKY STATE PLANT BOARD - 101 - Hur.il (208), in United States patent 2,037,599, issued July 20, 1937, applied for September 8, 1932, assigned to Stanco, Inc. , claims an insecticide including water, a suitable oil and finely powdered natural parts of a plant selected from the group consisting of derris and cube root containing an inherent emulsifier and properties toxic to insects. The following specific example is given of one way of carrying out the invention: Spent pyre thrum flowers containing approximately 10 percent oil residue extract from a previous extraction of the fresh flowers with oil are pulverized and mixed with water in the proportion of 1 part of flowers to 3 parts of water, and about 2 percent of cresylic acid (based on the whole mixture) is added as a preservative. This mixture is, after proper agitation, suitable as a stock emulsion which will he ready for use with mere dilution with water. Ground derris or cube root can be satisfactorily used in a composition similar to the above instead of the spent pyrethrum. Simanton (378), in U. S. Patent 2,089,766, issued August 10, 1937, applied for March 7, 1936, assigned to Gulf Research and Development Company, claims an improved insecticide comprising in stable admixture a petroleum fraction, a substance chosen from the class consisting of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, pyrethrins and at least one of the active toxic ingredients of derris and cube. Among the solvents commonly employed as blending agents in combi- nation with petroleum naphthas are ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachlo- ride, acetone, camphor, sassafras oil, benzol, and chloroform. These solvents are each and all objectionable for a variety of reasons, chief of which is that their odor is distinctly disagreeable. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate are each completely miscible with the petroleum fractions known as naphthas and are also miscible to a more limited extent with higher boiling petroleum fractions. In one actual embodiment of the invention the patentee prepared an insecticidal solution by first forming a 5 percent solution of crystal- line rotenone in diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate and then adding one part of this solution to 100 parts of a petroleum naphtha extract of pyrethrum flowers prepared by extracting 1.2 pounds pyrethrum flowers with a deodorized petroleum naphtha. The resulting product was a stable, non-volatile, substantially odorless solution of excellent insecticidal properties. When tested according to the Peet-Grady method the solution repeatedly gave a knock down value of 98 and a kill of 85. Coe (85), in U. S. patent 2,090,109, issued August 17, 1937, applied for November 15, 1933, claims a composition of matter comprising a sus- pension of a powdered insecticide of plant origin subject to deterioration by ordinary light, in a colored globule-forming liquid of adhesive tendency and nonrepellent to insects, the color of the globule-forming liquid - n 02 - having a spectral transmission of above 4900 Angstrom unite o^ the visible spectrum. Re also claims a composition of matter comprising rotenone the individual particles of which are coated with a dry chlorophyll- green film. As an example of the application of this invention, a liquid gelatin is formed by dissolving the gelatin in water. The resulting liquid gelatin is tnen colored with a water- soluble chlorophyll-green dye which may bo made of thiocarmine tlue and tartrazine yellow. "°owdered rotenone is then added to the chlorophyll-green- liquid gelatin. The amount of rotenone to he used is governed by the desired toxic strength of the insecticide, and sufficient water is added to bring tho suspension to the desired consistency fo^ snraying purposes. Donlan (11?), assignor to Stanco, Inc., in United States patent 2,096,885, issued October 26, 1937, applied for October 21, 1933, claims an insect icidai composition comprising as an active ingredient a sub- stantial quantity of mineral oil of 300° to 600° F. boiling range con- sisting predominantly of paraffinic Lydrocarbors relegated from the normally accompanying nr-pnthenic hydrocarbons end added active insect i- cidal principles of vegetable origin, e. g. , pyrethrum, cube, tuba and haiari. Jones (222), in United States patent 2,103,135, issued December 21, 1937, applied for July 3, 1937, dedicated to the frre use of the people of the United States of America claims a new chemical combination of rotenone and dichloroacetic acid having the empirical formula C3;sF2205« C^HgOsClg. He also claims a process for making r chemical compound of rotenone and dichloroacetic acid, which comprises essentially dissolving an extre„ct of plant material (e.g., Lerris, Loncho carpus, Tcphrosia; containing rotenone in dichloroacetic acid, adding water, and separating the resulting crystalline product. Reference is made to the addition compounds of rotenone with acetic acid, propionio acid, and alpha-chloro- propionic acid, in each of which the molecular ratio is t"-o mols of rotenone to one raol of acid. O'Kane (311), in United States patent 2,104,757, issued January 11, 1938, applied for May 31, 1934, claims as an insecticidal agent a substantially nonaqueous combination of an oil selected from the class consisting of vegetable and animal oils, a contact insecticide selec- tively soluble in said oil, and an emulsifying agent soluble in said, contact agent in proportions to givn an unstable d.ispersion in water. Among the insect poisons, a wide variety of materials may bo included, and particularly exemplifying the nerve poisons or contact insecticides, there may be mentioned the extracts of pyrethrum flowers, and other oil-soluble extracts, such as those of derris root, cube root, or oil-soluble nerve poisons, such as the active principle of strychnia, as well as synthetic chemicals including various amine derivatives. - 103 - PROPRIETARY insecticides made from lonchocarpus J. D. Smith (384), American Commercial Attache a.t Lima, Peru, on May 21, 1934, advised that "Cubex" is an insecticide made from Peruvian cube by Piaggio and Turpino at Lima, Peru. Clark (82), Assistant Trade Commissioner at Lima, Peru, in 1937 reported that the cube used in manufacturing Cubex is sold by W. R. Grace and Company who bring it from Iquitos to Lima. According to Crilloy (108), more Cubex was sold in 1936 than previously. Greenup (175), American Commercial Attache at Lima, Peru, in 1937 advised that Cubex is used only as a general house- hold insecticide for killing flies, etc., but it is understood that the manufacturer is planning to make a compound for agricultural purposes. Fisher and Bailey (149) in 1937 published a compilation of in- formation on commercial insecticides. Products made from cube include Pyrote made by the Mechling Bros. Chemical Co., Camden, N. J., and Ro-Tone made by the Lucas Kil-Tone Co. , Vineland, N. J. STATISTICS AND PRICES Information on the exportation of cube from Peru is given by A. J. F. (135), Anon. (4), Crilley (99, 100, 105, 104), Dennis (113), Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam (251), Spoon (389), and the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture (412), but the official statistics of the Peruvian government (320-324) are given below. Exportation of barbasco (cube) from Peru (in pounds*) To 1931 1932 1953 195 4 1935 1936 Australia 1,155 Belgium 5,485 Prance 944 3,801 10,236 135,562 401,125 Germany 172 229 7,535 99,118 68,839 Great Britain 2,436 9,905 42,565 147,346 166,187 Holland 3,660 Sweden 1,490 United States 3,979 11,936 21,520 501,104 581,517 156,338 Total 3,979 15,978 35,455 561,440 969,028 797,304 From Callao 827 1,733 336 3,867 3,624 5,406 Eten 229 Iquitos 3,152 15,179 34,340 552,573 964,866 791,461 Mollendo 437 Paita 66 538 Total 3,979 16,978 35,455 561,440 969,028 797,304 ♦Calculated to the nearest whole pound from the original figures (kilo- grams), using the factor 1 kg. = 2.20462 pounds. - 104 - According: to Dennis (113) a. shipment of IOC kg. of cube mado by him in 1928 constituted the first commercial shipment of this commodi from Peru to the United States. The Imperial Institute of Great Britain (217) in 1934 reported the appearance in London of samples of cube and remarked, "Should supplies of cute root becoiae available in commercial quantities it seems likely that it v. ill prove a serious competitor of derris." The Handelsmuseum (249' of the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam in 1936 compared experts of cube from Brazil during 1930 tc 1934, in- clusive with exports of derris from the Malay States and the Butch last Indies. These figures show an increasing use of cube. According to Kansanjian (234), American Vice Consul at Para, Brazil, exports of timbo roots from the State of Para, Brazil, shored a substantial increase in 1936 over 19co deliveries. Exportation of timbo from the State of Para, Brazil (in pounds) 1935 To Poots Powder 1336 Poet?- Powder United States Europe kj aiDc^n South Brazil Total 15i,32o 154,323 290, C20 52, 72 1, 457,291 18,629 145,725 345 , 001 6. .614 11,023 13,984 557 12,059 529,247 22? , r- 5 1,825,974 Seltzer (371), American Consul at Para, Brazil, reported en rotenone in Brazil under date of June 29, 1935. There are reported to be several varieties of plants commonly known as "timbo" that yield a poison used for killing fish, but real "timbo' 1 is scarce, except on some of the upper rivers. Several shipments of the roots were made in 1953 and early in 1934, but some proved to be worthless because the natives collecting the roots in the interior were not acquainted with the plants that yield a sufficient percentage of rotenone, nor were the firms exporting in a position to guarantee that the roots shipped contained any rotenone at all. By a decree of April 3, 1954, the State of Para prohibited the exportation of "timbo" roots, permitting exportation of only the powder. However, it is reported that no such law exists in the State of Amazonas, but while several small trial shipments were made from Manaos in 1933, no firms have yet gone into the business of exporting these roots. The Chemical Division of the Bureau of foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce (429), on June 29, 1935, announced that it had been informed of the interest of two Ecuadorian firms in the sale of rotenone-bearing botanicals to American importers. - 105 - Crilley (99) on July 10, 203-5, reported tnr.t the Peruvian Govern- ment was planning to instal. at Iquitos a plant for grinding the roots so that these would he exported in pulverised form only, thus reducing transportation charges and at the same time preventing the exportation of fresh roots. McDonough (276, 277), American Consul General at Guayaquil, in September 1935, and again in October 1935, reported that in Ecuador there has been established an export market for a domestic product called "barbasco." Although only small shipments have been made so far, it is understood that deliveries of barbasco for export purposes are increasing. Twenty-six sue res per quintal equivalent to about 5^ per pound is the price paid in Guayaquil "by exporters. The foreign market for barbasco is the United States, where it is to bo used as an insecticide. Browne (55), American Consul at Me dan, Sumatra, on October 10, 1935, transmitted a copy of a pamphlet issued by the Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide Association, 285 Madison Ave., New York City, in which it is stated that according to "association Terms" whole cube must not contain more than 12 percent moisture on arrival. Exports of nekoe roots from Surinam wore reported as follows by the Handel smuseum of the Koloniaal Instituut i (248) of Amsterdam in 1934: Year Metric Tons 1929 4 (8,818 pounds) 1930 0.2 (441 pounds) 1931 1932 6.5 (14,330 pounds) The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (430), on March 21, 1936, announced that it was urepared to supply monthly a specially prepared statistical statement showing imports entered for consumption of cube (timbo or barbasco) root, and derris or tuba root. Particulars will be furnished of quantity and foreign value by countries of shipment, and by United States Customs districts. Typewritten statements will be sent to subscribers 4 to 6 weeks after the close of the month under review. Subscription price is $5 for one year. On April 1, 1936, Wright (478), Secretary of the National Associa- tion of I n secticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc. , called attention to this announcement. The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (434), on June 13, 1935, made a further announcement concerning rotenone import statistics. Effective with January, 1956, statistics, the Bureau has made available monthly import statistics by - 106 - quantity and value for (a) customs districts of entry, and (b) countries from which entered for (l) crude cube (timbo or barbasco) root and (2) derris (tuba) root. Effective with April statistics, the service will include data for the classification (3) "Cr.be (timbo or barbasco) root, and derris (tuba) root, advanced in value" (dutiable)* Greenup (174), American Commercial Attache at Lima, Peru, nn April 7, 1936, reported that practically all Peruvian exports of cube are from Iquitos. For instance, during 1935 only 8,888 kilos were shipped from other ports - 2,644 from Callao and 244 from Paita. Demand for barbasco has been such as to suggest that this pro- duct will take a place among the more important exports of the nation. Exports gained from 1.8 metric tons in 1931 to 439.5 metric tons in 1935, the United States having been the market for 100 percent of the 1931 total. Although exports to the United States have increased from year to year, those to the United Kingdom, France, and Germany have been relatively greater. The distribution of 1935 exports was as follows: United States, 60 percent; United Kingdom, 15.20 percent; France, 14.00 percent; Germany, 10.23 percent ; and Belgium, 0.57 percent. Crilley (104), Assistant Commercial Attache at Lima, Peru, on July 22, 1936, wrote that "Kuasco barbasco" is a local name applied to cube. "Peruvian exporters of cube ship only on the basis of irrevocable letter of credit before shipment. American firms attempting to deal direct with Iquitos merchants may find it difficult to protect themselves. Since the importer in the United States will have to pay on shipping weight the loss on fresh root might be heavy. No peruvian firm is known to be willing to snip by draft against documents with acceptance of the draft subject to analysis upon arrival. "The price per pound of guaranteed 4 percent rotenone content is said to be 18 to 20 cents in New York. Peruvian cube is sold often at 4 percent minimum content with a premium payable for each additional percent in proportion. It is the practice of some houses in the United States to buy entirely on the basis of 5 percent rotenone content, paying for nothing over 5 percent. "Quotations at Iquitos are not as yet obtainable in Lima. Iquitos firms buy cube green and dry it before shipment, paying, it is said, from 40 to 50 centavos Peruvian per kilo (10 to 15 cents U. S. C-/.). Arrivals of cube at Iquitos are irregular. Small lots come down the river by raft, canoe, and river steamers. When the demand is strong cube prices seem to be related with those for fish in the Amazon regions since the Indians and' small farmers may prefer to use their home-grown crop for fishing rather than transport it to Iquitos for sale." - 107 - Crilley (105) on September 23,' 1936, advised that Peruvian cube stocks at Iquitos, Peru, were low. "Several sources state that exploitation has de- creased in consequence of the low-prevailing prices for cube in the New York and European markets. Another reason for reduced stocks is that old cube plantations are about exhausted and new plantings will not begin to produce until next year. "Exporters of cube in Iquitos frequently guarantee a rotenone content not less than 5 percent. In many cases shipments have contained from 5 to 8 percent while in others the range has been from 3-1/2 percent to 11 percent rotenone content. One Iquitos firm states that for some time it has been selling its entire production exclusively to European consumers, but at present it can only supply "5 tons monthly at 3 cents gold per lb. C. I. F. New York per unit of rotenone content, without limit, on weight at time of unloading, which is the price obtained in Europe." Schraud (369), American Vice Consul at Puerto Cortes, Honduras, in 1936 reported that a firm in San Pedro Sula is of the opinion that cube root and other rotenone-bearing plants grown in Honduras can be exported to the United States. Crilley (102), U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, reported on December 23, 1936, that Peruvian cube production may be curtailed. Cube planters in the Iquitos district have decided to limit root extraction until the local price increases to 60 centavos per kilo, according to reports received in Lima. It is also said that further plantings might not be made. Planters claim American users of rotenone pay 20 cents U. S. Cy. per pound for cube of 8 percent content or 2.5 cents U. S. Cy. for each one percent rotenone, which does not justify the low prices of 40 to 50 centavos per kilo paid to planters by cube buyers in Iquitos. One editorial in a Lima paper advocated Government intervention in regulating cube prices and suggest- ed the establishment of a chemical laboratory in Iquitos to assist pro- ducers in ascertaining the exact rotenone content of their shipments. The Xoloniaal Institute of Amsterdam (251) in 1936 summarized recent Dutch work on the insecticidal value of derris and Lonchocarpus. Rotenone also occurs in the roots of various species of Lonchocarpus (especially Lonchocarpus nico u) . These are commonly known by their native names of cube (Peru), timbo (Brazil), nekoe (Surinam) (L. chrysophyllus ) , nicou (French Guiana), and haiari (British Guiana). Cube root is becoming a serious competitor of derris via the American market, being exported to the U. S. A. on the Amazon. Biological tests suggest, however, that, with the same rotenone content, derris is to" be preferred to cube owing to the greater activity of the non- rotenone components. In recent years Lonchocarpus (white and black - 106 - haiari) from British Guiana has been cultivated experimentally in Malaya. The roots, harvested after two years, were, however, found to contain only a low content of rotenone and of ether extract. The cultivation of nekoe from Surinam is also being tried out at Buitenzorg. The exportation of cube from Peru and of derris from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies is shown from 1930 to 1935 (9 months). Clark (82), Assistant Trade Commissioner at Lima, Peru, in 1937, reported on the production of cube in Peru. Iquitos is the port of e^>ort and distributing point for all exports produced in the region served by the Amazon and its navigable tributaries. Several fair-sized firms carry on a general import and export business and finance various parties engaged in exploiting the resources of the region. There has been considerable dissatisfaction among the primary suppliers in the Iquitos region because of the low prices paid for cube by the Iquitos merchants. It is said that the Indians in retaliation mix cube with other materials, thus resulting in a low rotenone content per ton. It appears that the established Iquitos merchants can be circumvented in this trade only by the appointment of an individual or firm to buy directly and exclusively on the behalf of an American firm. Since the traffic in cube is limited it is highly improbable that an indi- vidual could be found that could work in competition with these organized suppliers and quote prices considerably lower. Cube root is grown in scattered regions in the southern part of Peru, but not in dependable commercial quantities. To transport the cube to Callao from these areas would necessitate the use of the railroads or trucks, which would entail considerable more expense than the crude raft transportation medium employed in carrying cube to Iquitos. May and June is the gathering season. Cube root from a plantation in the Department of Ayacucho is said to have a rotenone content of 7.5 to 8 percent. It appears on the whole that the Iquitos prices could not be bettered at present, because it is only in Iquitos that cube can be reliably obtained in commercial quantities. To illustrate, a farmer in Ayacucho might promise three tons in six month's time and in the end perhaps a half ton would be delivered. The United States Department of Commerce (436) in 1936 issued statistics on rotenone-bearing root imports into the United States during the first 9 months of 1936, and in 1937 it (438) published preliminary statistics for the entire year 1936. The United States Tariff Commission (445) in 1937 also published statistics of 1936 imports of derris and cube. Bohan (32), American Commercial Attache at Santiago, Chile, reported in 1937 that derris and cube roots have not been used in the Chilean agricultural insecticide market. According to Nabuco de Araujo 294, about 10 tons of timbo were exported from Brazil during 1933, at about. 430$000 (about 28 dollars) per metric ton. During 1936 exportation amounted to 868 tons of powdered timbo with a value of 3,600 contos de reis, and in 1937 - 109 - exportation of 10,000 tons is expected at an average price of 500$000 per metric ton. Six extraction plants are now in operation, with 3,500 contos de reis of capital and employing about 300 workmen. Crilley (107) in 1937 reported that cube planters in the I qui to s district of Peru have decided to limit root supplies until the local price increases to 60 centavos per kilo, according to reports received in Lima. It is also said that further plantings might not be made. Planters claim that the American market prices do not Justify the low prices of 40 to 50 centavos per kilo paid to planters by cube buyers in Iquitos. An editorial in a Lima paper advocated Government intervention in regulating cube prices and suggested the establishment of a chemical laboratory in Iquitos to assist producers in ascertaining the exact rotenone content of their shipments. Crilley (108) in 1937 reported on cube exports from Peru. The exports of cube root from Peru increased from 254,665 kilos in 1934 to 439,544 in 1935. In the first 10 months of 1936 exports totaled 303,125 kilos. Planters complained during 1936 of low prices and exporters complained of unethical practices such as shipping root of mixed qualities of rotenone content, which fact may tend to influence foreign buyers unfavorably. It is believed that new plantings are not being made as rapidly as was reported to be the case last year. Practically all shipments are,* exported from Iquitos. Government intervention in regulating prices and standardizing the new industry was suggested. Principal buyer of Peruvian cube is the United States, which took 263,772 kilos of 1935 exports. Cube was used to an increasing extent in Peruvian production of cattle dips and insecticides, for the sale of which considerable advertising was done. At least one small factory in Lima ground the root for local use. The insecticide "Cubex" was reported to have been sold in larger volume in 1936 than previously. Some criticisms were heard from home users concerning the odor of domestic insecticides as compared with the more pleasing scent of certain imported American products. « Spoon et al. (390) in 1937 published the following statistics of Lonchocarpus root exports: Exports (in metric tons) Year From Peru From Su rinam 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 ? 0.2 2 — 8 7 16 — •255 1 440 6 362 — - 110 - Clark (81 and 83), Assistant Trade Commissioner, at Lima, Peru, on August 36, 1937, repoited that although only 361,651 kilos of cute was exported from Fe.ru in 1936, as compared with 439,544 kilos in 1935, plantations have "been laid out on nearly all the rivers of the Amazon region, and good shipments are expected in the near future. Exports during the first five months of 1937 were 166,556 kilos, valued at 439,217 soles. France was the principal purchaser in 1936, importing 181,947 kilos; followed by England with 75,331 kilos; and the United States, which had been the largest consumer of the Peruvian root since 1931, imported only 79,914 kilos, as compared with 263,113 kilos during 1935. Dennis (114) in 1937 discussed the growing competition of Brazilian timbo with Peruvian cube. "Certain scientists, especially some in the Department of Agriculture -it Washington, unwittingly gave out the impression that rotenone was the toxic element in cube, when as a matter of fact it is the whole cube root that is valuable." "One reason for the arrival of so much from Brazil, in fact the main reason, was that the product was offered much cheaper, the average price was 6 certs a pound, while the • average of Peruvian cube was 11." "I also have a registered trade mark and hope to educate the trade to expect the trade name CUBE HOOT." Barrington (19, 20), Assistant Trade Commissioner, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on September 30, 1937, reported exports of timbo from Brazil during January to June 1937, inclusive, to be as follows: P ounds Value Timbo root 268,331 $ 25,175.25 Timbo powder 1,030,57 7 19 1,996. 47 Total 1,349,408 217,171.72 The northern States of Para and Amazon as are the largest pro- ducers of this product. Exports are made primarily from the port of Belem, Para. During 1956, shipments from Belem totalled 863,108 kilos (1,902,825 pounds), valued at 3,593 contos ($261,066). Six firms of that city were active in the trade, with two accounting for a. substantial share of the total. The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, in October 1937 (440) published statistics for the first 8 months of 1937 and in '1938 (443) it published preliminary statistics on imports for the entire year of 1937 of rotenone-bearing roots into the United States. - Ill - The final figures for 1935 and the preliminary figures for 1937 are shown in the following table: Rotenone-beariiig root imports into the United. States 1935 1937 Item and Country Pounds Value Pounds Value Derris root, crude British Malaya 332,351 $69,132 401,975 $72,613 Netherlands Indies 26,5bl 5,145 57,524 11,329 Philippine Islands 149,505 21,626 110,528 14,046 Other Er.West Indies 314 63 Total 510,337 95,953 570,341 98,051 Cube, timbo, or barbasco Root, crude Brazil 508,570 34,044 197, r 92 16,677 Colombia Peru Venezuela. Total 704,120 55,325 429,376 51,697 508,570 34,044 197,^92 1 , 200 156 173 , 600 19 , 350 294,484 22 , 750 1,775 704,120 55,325 429,376 1,124,936 172,239 1 ,162,228 2 , 339 , 393 2 ,161,945 Advanced in value Brazil Total The United States Department of Commerce (442) in December, 1937, reported that cube exports from Peru were down. The total cube root exported from Peru for the first 8 months of 1937 amounted to 254,082 kilograms, valued at 563,705 soles (one sole equals approximately 25 cents, U. S.), as compared with 287,716 kilos, valued at 609,817 soles, in the corresponding period of 1936. Ho cube is shipped from the Peruvian ports on the Pacific Coa.st, with the exception of small sample lots of the dried root which have been brought overland from Iquitos, or sample lots of rotenone extracted from such roots in Lima. Almost all cube shipped from Peru is from the, Amazon River port of Iquitos and goes to the United States or Europe by way of the Amazon River and the Atlantic Ocean. The American Commercial Attache (325) at Lima, Peru, on March 12, 1938, reported that preliminary statistics of the United States imports of cube root show en increase from 171,600 pounds in 1936 to 294,484 in 1937. It is stated in Lima that the failure of cube root to obtain greater acceptance on the American market has been caused in some measure by the lower quotations offered on "Brazilian timbo and tr.e poor quality of the roots shipped from lauitos during 1935. It is said that in 1937 the buyers of cube root in Iquitos were more alert in purchasing roots from the native planters.. The practice of analyzing the roots for rotenone content before shipment was established, and in some cases roots were dried before shipment. Foreign buyers reported that shipments arrived in better condition and fewer claims were in evidence. - 112 - .. Cube was used in increasing amounts in Peru In the local produc- tion of cattle dips and household insecticides. There is one cube grinding plant of importance in Lima and one in Iquitos. "Brooks (54), American Commercial Attache at Bogota, Colombia., in October, 1937, submitted samples of rotenone-carbon tetrachloride solvate manufactured by the Cia. de Productos Quimicos, S. A. , Apartado 1635, Bogota, Colombia. These were analyzed by the Division of Insecti- cide Investigations of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agricu.lture, and found to be as represented and to be 94 percent pure. The United States Department of Commerce (441) in November, 1937, called attention to the desire of this firm to develop an export market for this product. Derris, Inc. (115), under date of June 14, 1937, stated their prices of derris and cube powders to be as follows: Domestic milled derris powder 2,000 lbs. to 10,000 lbs. 1,000 lbs. to 2,000 lbs. 200 lbs. to 1,000 lbs. Less than barrel prices: 100 lbs. 50 lbs. 25 lbs. 10 lbs. Less than 10 lbs. Domestic milled cube powder 2,000 lbs. to 10,000 lbs. 1,000 lbs. to 2,000 lbs. 200 lbs. to 1,000 lbs. Less than barrel prices: 100 lbs. 50 lbs. 25 lbs. 10 lbs. Less than 10 lbs. Terms: 1% 10 days, 30 days net. These prices apply to all territory in U. S. A. and Canada. All prices f.o.b. Newark or Baltimore, sales to Pacific coast points freight paid to seaport. Contracts will be accepted for delivery up to September 30, 1937. 35^ 41 TOTAL 100$ the correct values being inserted in the blank spaces where indicated. Claims that products containing the active ingredients of derris root and cube root are non-poisonous or harmless are unwarranted. Products recommended for dusting the coats of animals should not be labeled as "Non-poisonous when used as directed." TIMBO AND 3ARBASC0: At the present time, methods for differ- entiation between cube roots and similar roots which may be imported under the name " timbo" or "barbasco" have not been worked out. There- fore, no objection has been raised to considering all of these closely related products as cube roots. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration (426), R. J. Prentiss & Co. Inc., on May 10, 1937 pleaded guilty to a charge of adulterating and misbranding derris. This product was represented to be derris, which contained a minimum of 5 percent of rotenone, but which in fact consisted of cube root containing less than 5 percent of rotenone. The Bonide Chemical Co., Jnc, on December 9, 1936, pleaded guilty to a charge of misbranding Bonide Dog-Zop Shampoo and Flea Killer. The percentage of water was not stated. Cox (93), Chief of the Division of Chemistry of the California State Department of Agriculture, in his annual report for 1935 held that only rotenone in cube or derris would be considered active, It is permissible, but not required, to state whether the rotenone in an insecticide comes from derris or cube. Later Cox (63) modified this ruling to permit California manufacturers of insecticides to label their rotenone products with the total ether extractive content so as to conform with the ruling of the U. S. Food and Drug Adminis- tration. Seltzer (372), American Consul at Para, Brazil, in a letter dated June 25, 1936 furnished the following information concerning the timbo industry of Brazil. - 116 - "It is understood that there are numerous varieties of plants in the Amazon Valley that are commonly known as "timbo" and that yield the poison that is used for killing fish. Several shipments of the roots were made from Para in 1933 and during the early part of 1934. The natives col- lecting the roots in the interior were not acquainted with the plants that yield a sufficient percentage of rotenone. The firms exporting the roots were also unacquainted with the plants and were not in a position to guarantee that the roots they shipped really contained any rotenone at all. Consequently some of the shipments made to the United States at the time proved to be worthless. The two best yielding varieties of this plant are said to be the "timbo macaquinho" ( Lonchpcarpus nicou ) and "timbo urucu" (L oncho carpus urucu ) . "By decree No. 1259 of April 3, 1934, the Government of the State of Para prohibited the exportation of timbo roots and permitted its exportation only when ground into powdered form. The purpose of the decree was to promote the local manufacture of this product. "A committee of important business men appointed by the local chamber of commerce to prepare suggestions bearing on the revocation of the mentioned decree, presented to the Governor of the State on July 5, 1935, a memorial signed by 71 firms, which emphasizes the fact that the prohibition decree is causing losses to trade, to the people and to the State Treasury, and benefiting Peru and the other producing countries; and that as a result of prohibition the market price of the roots immediately fell. The memorial recom- mended that the trade, exportation and industry be free. "The Governor of the State was evidently in favor of permitting the exportation of the timbo roots. Accordingly, with his permission, one of the local firms on July 23, 1935, shipped 60,000 kilos of these roots to New York. However, inasmuch as only the State Legislature can modify the law, the Governor on September 26, 1935, sent a message to the State Legislature requesting immediate action. Late in November 1935 the Committee of the Legislature reported in favor of continuing the prohibition of exportation of the roots. The regular session of this Legislature terminated on December 31, 1935, without having taken any definite action. "Inasmuch as the general policy in recent years has been to promote and protect the manufacture locally of all natural and cultivated products, and as the consensus of opinion here seems to favor the retention of the prohibition, it is definitely understood that should this bill come before the Legislature at its session due to begin in July of this year, the prohibition decree will be approved and retained. - 117 - "As a result 'of the opinion favorable to the retention of the prohibition decree, those exporters who had accumulated large stocks of the roots, which they expected to be able to ship, rather than lose the large amounts of money tied up in these stocks, decided to install the necessary machinery for grinding the roots into powder.' As a result there are now five firms in Para that are shipping or will soon be ready to ship the powdered timbo root. "Although it is understood that there is a growing sentiment in Manaos in favor of prohibiting the exportation of timbo roots, as far as is known the State of Amazonas has not yet passed any law that prohibits their exportation. Information obtained from Manaos indicates that exports of timbo roots in 1934 amounted to 7,244 kilos and in 1935 to 54,176 kilos. All of the shipments went to New York. It is under- stood that a new source of supply of good-yielding timbo has been found on the Solimoes River in the State of Amazonas, with the result that several firms are now actively interested in the exportation of roots. "Numerous varieties of the timbo plant are also known to exist in the States of ivlaranhao and Piauhy. Information obtained recently from one of the leading exporters in Maranhao indicates that a sample shipment was recently sent to the United States for analysis, which gave negative results. The same firm also sent samples for analysis to Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. If this analysis should indicate a satisfactory percentage of rotenone, American firms will have in the State of Maranhao another source of supply of these roots. It is understood that there is a plan on foot to erect a factory for the grinding of the roots into powder and when that is ready for operation, there is a probability that the Government of that State will prohibit the exportation of the roots. "Timbo plants are also known to exist in the State of Piauhy, but unfortunately none of the larger exporting firms in Parnahyba seems to have shown any interest in this commodity up to the present time. "This consulate has been given to understand that the State Departments of Agriculture both in Para and Manaos have in their nurseries a certain number of the timbo plants and that it is the intention of these Departments to distribute these plants to farmers and individuals. The Japanese planta- tion on the Acara River and another large agricultural under- taking are known to have planted the timbo. The native in general, however, • does not seem to show much interest in planting. As in the cases of other economic plants in the Amazon Valley, the native worker will undoubtedly gather whatever timbo roots he finds available, and when the wild plants are no longer available, he will turn to other work. - 113 - "Colonel R^ymundo Monteiro da Costa, one of the "best known Brazilian authorities on all that concerns the Amazon Vplley, gave this consulate to understand that it is his opinion that unless the natives in general soon "begin planting timbo, at the end of three or a maximum of four years, no timbo roots will he available in the State of Para" The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (437) in 1936 published information received from the aommercial Attache at Caracas, as follows: "A 90 percent cut in the tax imposed on barbasco exploitation under the law of Forests and Waters has been announced by the Venezuelan Ministry of Agriculture. It is said that the high tax made it commercially unfeasible to develop collection of the roots on an export basis." Barrington (15), Assistant Trade Commissioner at Rio de Janeiro, in May 1937, reported that the Government of Para, in a recent decree, concedes exemption of State taxes, including State export taxes, for a perioo of ten years to any firm establishing a plant for the extrac- tion of rotenone from timbo roots, according to notices appearing in the Rio de Janeiro press. Nabuco de Arau.jo (294) in 1937 wrote that. Lonchocarpus species grow abundantly throughout the Amazon basin, and Brazil seems destined to become the largest producer of cube, or timbo as it is called in that country. Several firms and individuals have recently started a campaign locally to interest farmers in the cultivation of the species of timbo that will give the largest percentage of rotenone. They have also obtained the cooperation of government authorities, and recently several deputies have proposed a law establishing three experiment?.! stations in order to facilitate the planting and cultivation of timbo roots on a scientific base. This law will represent an effort to avoid the exportation of timbo roots and to increase the present output of the grinding industry. REVIEWS AND MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION The most complete reviews of the literature on rotenone-bearing plants are those by Roark on Derris (342), on Lonchocarpus (348), and on Tephrosia (350). These contain 456,. 409, and 601 references, respectively. Willbaux(467) in 1935, in a very thorough monograph on Tephrosia vogelii and related species, reviewed the chemistry of rotenone, deguelin, tephrosin, and toxicarol ; the action of rotenone as an insecticide; etc. Reference is made to several species of Lonchocarpus, Kindt (243) in 1935 reviewed information on derris and Loncho- carpus taken mostly from Dutch sources. - 119 - Mann (267) in 1935 published a very complete review of the pyrethriris, rotenone and nicotine. Tilemans (406) in 1936 published a review of the use of rotenone with 114 references. Silva-(376) in 1935 wrote of Brazilian timbo as a source of rotenone, and Caminha (36) in the same year published a review of information on timbos. The United States Department of Commerce (431) has called attention to Caminha' s paper. Morales y Valcarcel (286) of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, in April 1935, published a popular account of rotenone and of the principal plants in which it is found, namely, Derris, Lonchocarpus and Tephrosia. A list is given of insects, arranged according to host plant, against which derris has been used. Lecointe (259) in 1936 reviewed information on the rotenone- bearing plants Lonchocarpus, Derris and Tephrosia from the Amazon Valley. Martin (269) in 1937 published an excellent review of Derris, Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia and Mundulea with special reference to their chemistry and methods for their evaluation. Wille, Ocampo, Y.'eberbauer and Schofield (471) have recently published a bulletin of 117 pages, 26 figures and 163 references on cube and other barbaacos of Peru. The following topics are discussed: the botany, cultivation, chemistry, use as an insecticide, and com- mercial importance of cube. Clark (81), Assistant Trade Commissioner at Lima, Feru, on August 26, 1937, and again later (83) called attention to this bulletin of Wille et al. on cube. Many reviews and popular articles that mention rotenone, cube, timbo, and related plants have appeared in Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, and English in recent years. The Argentine Republic, in its Boletin de Informaciones Petroleras (10), in 1934 briefly reviewed the chemistry, use, and occurrence of rotenone in Derris, Lonchocarpus and Tephrosia,. Brazilian writers on rotenone and Lonchocarpus include Silva (374); Ilabuco de Araujo (290); and de Oliveira (312). Krieg (254) in 1934 reviewed inforrnption on rotenone, its action on insects, its occurrence in Derris and Lonchocarpiis , etc., with 11 references to the literature; and Sprengel (391) in 1937, in a review of scientific progress in the field of chemical insecticides, made reference to work with derris and cube. - 120 - In France much interest has "been manifested in rotenone, and popular reviews on this subject that include reference to Lonchocarpus have been published by J. Chevalier (75); Guerin (178); and Scarone (366). A. Chevalier (73) in 1937 reviewed information on fish-poison- ing plants of the genera Tephrosia and Mundulea. Reference is made to Lonchocarpus scriceus L. , the bark of which is used to poison fish in America.. Frappa (152) in 1937 reviewed the botany of Tephrosia, Mundulea, Lonchocarpus and Derris with special reference to the possibility of their cultivation in Madagascar; and summarized the action of rotenone on mammals, fishes and the different orders of insects. Much fragmentary information concerning Lonchocarpus is scattered through the literature. Brief abstracts of these articles are as follows: An abstract of Martin's paper on timbo is given by an anonymous (1) writer in the Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions for June 16, 1877. Hanriot (187) in 1907 pointed out that tephrosin was analogous to but not identical with the timbo ine of Pfaff (Arch. Pharm. 229: 31-48. 1891) and the derride and pachyrizide of Van Sillevoldt (Arch. Pharm. 237: 595-616. 1899). Sack (363) in 1910, in a list of plant products of Dutch Guiana, listed Lonchocarpus sp. , called nekoe or stinkhout. Reference is made to its use as a fish poison and to the work of Borst Pauwels (Dissertation, Leyden, 1903). Zornig (480) in 1911 included Lonchocarpus cyanescens Benth. in a list of plants that yield indigo. DeSornay (385) in 1913 gave information concerning the uses of Lonchocarpus formosianus , L. latif olius , L. oxycarpus , L. sericeus , and L. sp_. (Savonnette blanche) as medicine and in industry. Tschirch (408), in an article on "Cortex Derridis" published in 1925, stated that the derrid of Greshoff and SiLtevoldt also apparently occurs in Lonchocarpus and other leguminous plants. Campbell (59), in his review of information on the insecticidal value of rotenone issued in 1932, referred to Bishopp et al. who tested powdered cube against cattle grub, and Clark who isolated deguelin from cube. Cube root has been received by the U. S. Department of Agriculture that was riddled by tunnels of a bostrichid beetle. Cory (92), at the 1934 meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, acted as discussion leader of the topic, Arsenical substitutes for insects attacking vegetable crops. Cube was mentioned by Huckett and Hervey of New York; Cubor and Kubatox by Turner of Connecticut, Watson of Florida and Marcovitch of - 121 - Tennessee. Derris was mentioned by practically all participating in the discussion. Silva (375) in 1935 reviewed information on rotenone, Derris and Loncho carpus. Howard, Mason and Davidson (203) in 1935 stated that "Rotenone dusts" on the market are either derris or cube dusts and the term is a misnomer. Pure rotenone is of little value in the field under practical conditions. Roark (347), at the Codling Moth Conference held February 26 and 27, 1935, at Urbana, 111. , spoke of the results obtained with derris and cube for codling moth control. The maximum rotenone residue found on a freshly sprayed apple was 10 micrograms per square inch. Cube and derris have not given better results because very little has been put on. The decomposition of rotenone films by light was discussed. Robinson (357) in 1935, in writing on the preparation and use of insecticidal sprays, mentioned rotenone (from derris and cube) briefly. Fryer (156) in 1936 spoke of the need of a chemical method for evaluating derris and cube. Witten (475) in 1936 reported Win. La Varre's explorations in the Guianas, and in 1937 La Varre (257) himself wrote on exploring for profit. Mention is made of "nekku" and its use as a fish poison and insecticide. D. H. K. (231) in 1936 briefly referred to recent work of Ambrose and Haa_g and of Lightbody and Mathews on the toxicology of rotenone and extracts of derris and cube. G-corgi and Teik (163) in 1936 spoke of the increasing competition that Derris faced from other plants, notably cube root ( Loncho carpus sp.), possessing similar insecticidal properties. Roark and Busbey (354) in 1936, in a list of patented moth- proofing materials, referred to Canadian patent 338,896 which covers a chlorinated hydrocarbon extract of cube as a mothproofing composition. The article by Page (513) is abstracted by Crilley (101), Assistant Commercial Attache at Lima, Peru, in Economic and Trade Note No. 116, dated October 20, 1936, of the U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, and is also referred to in the World Trade Notes of that Sureau (106). J. Chevalier (76) in 1936 reviewed rotcnone-bearing plants. Under the name "Cube du Perou" are found in commerce the roots of Lonchocarpus violaceus («= Robinia nicou Aublet) , L. ruf esc ens Benth. and some neighbor- ing species. According to Spoon pnd Rowran, L. chrysophyllus contains rotenone. - 122 - Barnett (15) in 1935 reported A. S. Small, High Commissioner for the Malay States, as referring to cube root as an important rival of derris. Faloon (137) in an article entitled "Is Eotenone Poisonous?" refers to derris and cube powders "being diluted with talc to a rotenone content of 0.75 or 1 percent rotenone. "Scientific tests have "been made to determine the residue left on apples after a thorough dusting with pure ground cube root — dust that analyzed four percent rotenone. It was found that the apples analyzed six one-hundredth s (6/l00ths) of a grain of cube dust per pound of apples. Inasmuch as the rotenone represented only four percent of the total dust applied, it is self- evident that the actual rotenone residue would be infinitesimal." Crilley (103) in 1936 reported the use of cube in Peru for curing mange, as a remedy for certain skin diseases, and for killing lice. Stoddard (397) in 1937 discussed the growing trend toward derris, cube, end pyrethrum in the use of agricultural insecticides. "The surface has hardly been scratched as yet. Derris and cube have possibilities which have only been lightly touched. Better and more effective methods of using them will open up new fields. * * * The older insecticide industry was based on a few insecticides of the heavy chemical type, requiring extensive equipment and large capital investment for their economical production. Derris, cube and pyrethrum as raw materials require no investment on the part of the insecticide manufacturer for their production and the investment required in the equipment necessary to convert them into the varied types of finished insecticides which can be made from them is small in proportion to the production and probably within the means of the average small company which is adequately financed." In an account of the translation of derris constituents in bean plants Fulton and Mason (157) in 1937 mentioned thpt observation of the use of cube as an insecticide showed similar phenomena. Nabuco de Araujo (291) in November 1936 and again (293) on March 10, 1937, reported on household insecticides marketed in Brazil. Recently various manufacturers of household insecticides have recom- mended the addition of small amounts of rotenone to the pyrethrum extracts. The rotenone extract used in Brazil is obtained from Timbo root, which is found in several places in this country, especially in the State of Para. Timbo root is also exported to the United States and several European countries. The United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration (420), in its annual report for 1936, called attention to the rapid development of plant insecticides, such as those contain- ing derris, cube, pyrethrum extracts, and synthetic organic preparations, - 123 - particularly for use on vegetables and for late-season sprays on fruits, in order to avoid dangerous spray residues. Since these preparations are new, their limitations are not known and practical tests must "be made to determine the truth of the representations under which they are sold and to make sure that they will not cause injury to plants. Georgi, Lambourne and Teik (162) of the Federated Malay States Department of Agriculture wrote in 1936 that because of growing compe- tition from cube root ( Loncho carpus sp.) the necessity for standardizing high-grade Derris becomes of greater importance. Tattersfield (400) in 1937 published a report of the work of the Department of Insecticides and Fungicides of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, England, for 1918-1936, in which the investigations on Derris, Lonchocarpus, Tephrosia, and other fish poisoning plants are reviewed. McDonnell (275) in November 1937 spoke as follows in his address as president of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; "The most recent development in the field of new products is the use of rotenone-bearing plant material and extractives, which are highly toxic to many forms of insect life attacking plants and animals and those occurring in the home. Rotenone is a constituent of many plants of the Leguminosae family and at present the principal commercial sources are Derris elliptica (usually referred to merely" as "derris") and Lonchocarpus n i c ou (known commercially as "cube"), which are imported from the British and Dutch East Indies and the northern parts of South America. It has been known for many years that the roots of these plants contain ingredients highly toxic to insects and some other forms of animal life, but it is only during the past five years that their commercial use for insect control has reached large proportions. There are now scores of commercial insecticides on the market that owe their activity to these materials or extracts made from them. In 1936 this country imported more than two and one-half million pounds of derris and cube in the form of unground and powdered roots. The importations for 1937 will greatly exceed this figure." F. L. Campbell (6l) in 1937 presented information on derris, cube, devil's shoestring, and pyrethrum before the Ohio Vegetable Growers Association. The actions of rotenone and the pyrethrins on insects are compared. Boam, Cahn and Stuart (30) in 1937 reported on the identification of tephrosin and deguelin from different sources. Clark is .credited with having isolated pure tephrosin, m. p. 197-198, from Lonchocarpus nicou roots in 1930 and Boam, Cahn and Stuart in 1936. - 124 - Articles or "books on .insecticides, popular writings on insect control, and reviews of the' literature on ro tenon e and derris which include information on cube have been published as follows: 1929 1930 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1935 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1937 1937 1937 Wardle, 457 Anonymous, 2 Peet, 317 Roark, 345 Roark, 344. Hamilton, 183 Hooper, 197 Neu, 301 Maas, 265 Roark, 346 Whittaker, 465 Whittaker & Whittaker, 466 Peters, 326 Martin, 263 Poole, 331 Nat. Canners Assoc, 295 Nat. Canners Assoc, 296 Raucourt, 339 Vinas , 450 Cates, 67 Consumers Res. , 89 Nat. Canners Assoc, 297 The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, by means of press releases, annual reports and the Monthly News Letter, has from time to time called attention to its work on cube. Roark' s (348) publication on Lonchocarpus is noted in the News Letter (349) for May 1936, and attention is called to Jones' (219) paper on the optical rotatory power of extracts of derris and cube roots in the News Letter (220) for March 1937. Roark' s (350) compilation of information on Tephrosia, which contains some references to Lonchocarpus, is noted in the News Letter (351) for May 1937. The United States Department of Agriculture (414) on January 13, 1936, published the following under the heading "Search is on for organic chemicals deadly to insects but safe for man." Preparations containing rotenone — a natural principle of derris and cube, plants of the Far East and South America — are now used in many parts of the United States for some insect pests. Certain disadvantages, however, bar their use for some types of insects. For example, derris is not effective against all insects. It is not effective against the celery leaf tier. It repels, but has no other effect, on the semitropical army worm. It does kill the common cabbage worm, however. Like many organic compounds, rotenone and related compounds are rather easily destroyed by sunlight. Although toxic to - 125 - codling moth larvae in the laboratory, rotenone preparations, expo.sed to light and air -in a thin spray film, decompose too rapidly for -economical use. If the present search for a stabilizer is successful, Mr. Strong says, these compounds may "become valuable orchard sprays. The United States Department of Agriculture,, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine (419), in its annual report for 1935 reported various tests with derris. Cube is mentioned as being studied. Rotenone residues from cube sprays were investigated and 70 samples of derris, cube, and other rotenone-containing powders were examined. The United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Chemical Division, in its World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products has frequently called attention to its reports and publications dealing with cube. For example, in the World Trade Notes (432) for May 16, 1936,. reference is -made to the report of Greenup (174); and in the issue (435) of September 5, 1936, reference is made to Seltzer (372). The News Edition of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (433) stated that cube, derris, and other rotenone-bearing roots are rapidly growing in favor with American manufacturers but as yet importations are small. This information is from the Chemical Division, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce., United States Department of Commerce. Many casual or incidental references to the occurrence of rotenone in cube are found in the literature of insecticides. These are listed chronologically as follows: 1930 . U. S. Dept. Agr. , 416 1931 Skinner, 379 1931 Spies, 388 1932 U. S. Dept. Agr. , 410 1932 . Chevalier, 75 1932 U. S. Dept. Agr., 411 1933 Frydlender, 154 1933 Frydlender, 155 1933 Klein, 244 1933 London Chem. Soc, 264 1933 Schmitt, 367 1933 Crane, 95, 96 1933 Storgaard, 398 1934 Rothamsted, 361 1934 Gimingham, 165 1934 Kindt, 243 1934 British Pharmaceutical Codex, 327 1935 Robin, 355 1935 Burkill, 57 1935 Blijdorp, 29 1935 Butenandt in Richter, 341 1935 Canneri and Magini , 63 1936 Gehlsen, 159 - 126 - 1936 Boyce, 38 1936 Federated Malay States, 142 1936 Nihon Nohyaku Go . , 309 1937 Wheatley, 462 1937 Hill, 194 ■ 1937 Tisdale, 407 1937 Killip, 242 Dietz of the DuPont Company (116) in 1938 discussed the use of plant extractives in insect control. Mention is made of Derris, ^onchocarpus, Tephrosia, Pyr^thrum, etc. Although a search for irtsecti- cidally active plant extractives other than those now known is admittedly a fascinating problem, it is one on which a tremendous amount of effort can be spent without yielding any immediate, highly practical t profitable results. A review of recent progress in stomach poison insecticides, derris, cube, pyre thrum, etc., by an anonymous writer (6) appears in the 2"ews Edition of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry for January 10, 1938. Work with derris and cube for the control of the Mexican bean beetle, the pea aphid, and other pests by State and Federal entomologists is reviewed 'oy the National Canners Association, "Bureau of • Raw Products Research, C. G. Woodbury, director (298), in a bulletin issued in January, 1938. The United States 'Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine has called attention to the comparison by Roark (353) of cube and derris; and to the procedure of Jones and Graham (226) for the determination of rotenone in derris and cube by extraction with chloroform. Sievers et al. (373), in their study of Forth American species of Tephrosia as commercial sources of insecticides, refer to Jones, Campbell and Sullivan (225), who pointed out that the rotenone content of samples of native species of Tephrosia examined by them are not on a par with that of derris ( Perris sp.) and cube ( Lonchocarpus nicou (Aubl.) DC.) now available, but suggest that more toxic individuals of these species may be found and that the rotenone content may perhaps be increased by selection,- breeding, and cultivation. D. W. Smith (380,381), of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce',' has called attention to the report by Spoon (389). ACKNOWLEDGMENT The manuscript of this publication was read by the following, who contributed helpful suggestions: D. L. Van Dine, principal entomologist, in charge, Fruit Insect Investigations; W. H. White, principal entomologist, in charge, Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations; R. W. Earned, principal entomologist, in charge, Cotton Insect Investigations; F. C. Bishopp, - 127 - principal entomologist, in charge, Insects Affecting Man r>nd Animals; C. F. V. Muesebeck, principal entomologist, in charge, Insect- Identification; L. A. Hawkins, principal physiologist, in charge, Control Investigations; and C. M. Smith, senior chemist, and H. A. Jones, associate chemist, Insecticide Investigations, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine; W. S. Abbott, Insecticide Control Division, Food and Drug Administration; H. B. Haag, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Va. ; E. P. Killip, Smithsonian Institution; and A. F. Sievers, Drug and. Related Plants, and C. 0. 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[Derivate dos Bonzopyrans. ] Chemie der Kohlenstoffverbindungen oder organishe Chemie. ed. 12, v. 2: 506-513. Leipzig. 343. ROARK, R. C. 1932. A digest of the literature of derris (deguelia) species used as insecticides, 1747-1931. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 120, 86 pp. 343. 344. 1934. C race a virgininna . U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chen, and Soils form letter; 1934. Devil's shoestring ( Cracca virginiana L. ) . A potential source of rotenone and related insecticides. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. and Soils, Insecticide Div. , 12 pp. , mimeo. 345. 1934. Insecticides and fungicides. Ann. Surv. Amer. Chem. (1933) 8: 221-242. New York. - 157 - 346. .-• ••• 1935. Insecticides and .fungicides. Indus, and Engin. Chen. 27: 530-532. 347. 1935. Pyrethrum, derris, cube. Codling Moth Conference,- Urbrma, 111., February 26, 27, 1935, pp. 16-17, mineo. 348. 1936. Lonchocarpus species (barbasco, cube, haiari, nekoe, and timbo) used as insecticides, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, E-367, 133 pp., mimeo. 349 . 1936. Complete information on cube and related plants. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine ..News Letter 3(5): 24, mimeo. 350. 1937. Tephrosia as an insecticide — A review of the literature., U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, E-402, 165pp., mimeo. 351. 1937. New publication on Tephrosia. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine News Letter 4 (5): 30, mimeo. 352. 1938. Derris versus cube — Is cube equal to derris as an insecticide? Soap 14 (l): 111-113, 120. 353. 1938. Is cube equal to derris as an insecticide? U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and PI. Quarantine News Letter 5 (3): 23, mimeo. 354. and 3USBEY, R. L. 1936. A third index of patented mothproofing materials. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine. 104 pp . , mimeo . 355. ROBIN, P. 1935. Les poudres vegetales dans la lutte contre le doryphore, Rev. Path. Veg. et Ent. Agr. 22: 288-297. 356. ROBINSON, L. A. 1936. Note on the estimation of rotenone in British Guiana haiaris. Brit. Guiana Agr. Jour. 7: 191-192. 357. ROBINSON, R. H. 1935. Sprays, their preparation and use. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 336, 29 pp. Corvallis. - 156 - 335. PRENTISS, R. J. , & CO., INC 1935, Rotenone content- of dusts. Important that manufacturers place less emphasis on rotenone analysis and more on total toxicity. Derris Developments no. 5, 4 pp. 336. PREUSS 1903. Die TTirkung eines Tornados in dem botanischen Garten zu Victoria auf die dort angepflanzten G-ewachse. Tropenpflanzer 6: 338-341. 337. PULLE, A. 1906. An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam together with their distribution and synonymy. 555 pp., illus. Leiden. 338. ---• *-— . 1933. Novitates taxonomicae I. Rec. Trav. Bot. Nee r land. 30 (2-4): 163-184. Amsterdam. 339. RAUCOURT, M. 1936. Les produits nouveaux utilises' par 1' agriculture comme antiparasitaires. Chim. et Indus. [Paris] 35: 1263-1275. 340. RICHARDSON, H. H. 1935.. The effectiveness of various derris and cube products for control of the red spider on greenhouse plants. Jour. Econ. Ent. 28: 1076-1078. 341. RICHTER-ANSCFJTZ 1935. [Derivata dos Bonzopyrans. ] Chemie der Kohlenstoffverbindungen Oder organishe Chemie. ed. 12, v. 2: 506-513. Leipzig. 343. ROAHK, R. C. 1932. A digest of the literature of derris (deguelia) species used as insecticides, 1747-1931. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 120, 86 pp. 343. 344. 1934. C race a virginio. na. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chen, and Soils form letter; 1934. Devil's shoestring (Cracca virginiana L. ) . A potential source of rotenone and related insecticides. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. and Soils, Insecticide Dav. , 12 pp . , mimeo . 345. 1934. Insecticides and fungicides. Ann. Surv. Aner. Chem. (1933) 8: 221-242. New York. - 157 - 346. 1935. Insecticides and. fungicides. Indus, and Engin. Chen. 27: 530-532. 347. 1935. Pyre thrum, derris, cube. Codling Moth Conference, Urbana, • 111., February 26, 27, 1935, pp. 16-17, mimeo. 348 . 1936. Lor.chocarpus species (barbasco, cube, haiari, nekoe, and tirabo) used as insecticides, U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, E-367 , 133 pp., nineo. ' 349 . 1936. Complete information on cube and related plants. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine News Letter 3(5): 24, mimeo. 350. 1937. Tephrosia as an insecticide — A review of the literature. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, E-402, 165pp., mimeo. 351. 1937. New publication on Tephrosia. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine News Letter 4 (5): 30, mimeo. 352. 1938. Derris versus cube — Is cube equal to derris as an insecticide? Soap 14 (l): 111-113, 120. 353. 1938. Is cube equal to derris as an insecticide? U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and PI. Quarantine News Letter '5 (3)': 23, mimeo. 354. and 3USBEY, R. L. 1936. A third index of patented mothproofing materials. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine. 104 pp . , mimeo . 355. ROBIN, P. 1935. Les poudres vegetales dans la lutte contre le doryphore, Rev. Path. Veg. et Ent. Agr. 22: 288-297. 356. ROBINSON, L. A. 1936. Note on the estimation of rotenone in British Guiana haiaris. Brit. Guiana Agr. Jour. 7: 191-192. 357. ROBINSON, R. H. 1935. Sprays, their preparation and use. Oreg. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 336, 29 pp. Corvallis. - 158 - 358. ROCHEFORT, C de 1665. Eistoire naturelle et morale des lies Antilles de l'Amerique. ed. 2, 583 pp., illus. Rotterdam. 359. ROIG Y MESA, J. T. 1929. . Diccionario "botanico de nombres vulgares Cubanos. 897 pp. , illus. Habana. , 360. ROTH, W. E. 1924. An introductory study of the arts, crafts, and customs of the Guiana Indians. Bur. Araer. Ethnology Ann. Rept. (1916-1917) 38:25-745. illus. 361. ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL STATION 1934. Insecticides. Rothamsted Expt. Sta. , Harpenden, Ann. Rept. 1933: 41. 362. RUNDERHORZEL-BESTRIJDINGS- COMMI SSIE 1937. Runderhorzelhestrijding met derrispoeder. Indische Mercuur 60 i 307-308. 363. SACK, J. 1910. Plantaardige Voortbrengselen van Suriname. Dept. ' van den Landbouw. Suriname Bull. 23, 67 pp. 364. SACLEUX, R. P. C. 1891. Dictionnarfte Franc ais-Swahili. 989 pp. Zanzibar and Paris. 365. SANKCWSKY, N. A. 1936. Insecticides containing derris extracts and methods of preparing the same. U. S. Patent 2,058,832; issued October 27, 1936; applied'for March 17, 1933; assigned to Stanco, Inc. 366. SCARONE, E. 1937. Les plantes a rotenone. Agron. Col. 26: 79-86, 107-118. 367. SCHMITT, N. 1933. Ein neues Yerfahren zur besseren Ausnutzung des wirksamen Stoffes aus rotenonenthaltenden Pflanzen. Anz. Schadlingskunde 9 (l): 1-2. 368. SCHOTTE, H. , and gBrKITZ, K. 1935. Insecticidal preparation. U. S. Patent 2,024,392; issued December 17, 1935; applied for December 12, 1933; in Germany, November 13, 1931; assigned to Sbhering-Kahlbaum A. G. , Berlin, Germany. 369. SCHRAUD, M. H. ' ' 1936. Rotenone in Honduras. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com. , World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 10 (46) : 7. - 159 -: - 370. SEABER, 17. M. '•-'-!'•'- 1937. Notes on the determination of- : rot&nor;e. Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus. 56 i 168T-173T. 371. SELTZER, G. E. 1935." Rotenone' in Brazil. tJ. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 9 (26): 4-5, June 29. 372. -ii£-Li. In Para, Brazil, from American Consul at Para, Brazil. 1936. Importation "of- trmbo. Letter of June 25 to- Mr. M. Rivas, 373. SIEVERS, A- P., RUSSELL, G. A., LOWMAN, M. S. , FOWLER, E. D. , ERLANSON, C ' C. and LITTLE, V. A. 1938. Studies on the possibilities of devil's shoestring (Tephrosia virginiana ) and other native species of tephrosia as commercial sources of insecticides. U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 595, 40 pp. 374. SILYA, P. P. da 1934, Os timbos. Bol Agr., Zootecnia e Vet. Serie Agr. • r No; 19, irpp.;'' Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas-Gerais, ■ Brazil. '■<" 375. SILVA, R. P. ; . . • '■'■ ; 1935." O-melhor-insecticida "do^mundo.- Campo 6 (10): 44-45. 376. 1935. A rotenona, sua extraccao e importancio como insecticida. Rev. Agr. 10: . 405-420. f 377. SIM, T. R. 1909. Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa. (Lonchocarpus p. 45, illus.) 378. SIMANTON, W. A. 1937. Insecticide. U. S. Patent, 2,089,766; issued August 10, 1937; applied for March 7, 1936; assigned to Gulf Research & Development 'Company. 379. SKINNER, W. W. 1931. Insecticidal plants investigated as possible farm crops. U. S. Dept. Agr. 'Yearbook 1931: 318-319. 380. SMITH, D. 17. 1937. Derris substitution in insecticides - Netherland Indies. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Por. & Domestic Com., World Trade Notes on Chemicals and Allied Products 11 (39) : 635. - 160 - 381, 1937. Derris root preparations. U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. For. and Domestic Com. , Economic and 'Trade Note No. 4, 3 pp. Batavia, Java, -July 6. 382. SMITH, G. L. , and SCALES, A- L. 1936. Report on cage toxicity tests conducted at Tallulah, La., in 1936. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, . . Div. Cotton Insect Invs. Typewritten. 383. SMITH, G. L. andSCALES, A. L. 1937. Toxicity of a number of insecticides to three cotton insects. Jour. Eeon.' Ent. 30: 864-869. 384. SMITH, J. D. . 1934. Piaggio and Turpino, Lima, Peru. Memo, from U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., May 21, 1934. 385. SQENAY, P. de 1913. Les plantes tropicales aliment aires et industrielles de la fanille des legumineuses. 489 pp. , illus. Paris. 386. SOUTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1935. Derris-, S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rept. 48: 47, 53-54, 150. 387. SOUTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION • 1936. [Derris and Cube.] S. C. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rept. 49 (1936) 40, 46-47, 93. • • 388. SPIES, J. R. 1931. Pt. I. A study of the toxicity to- goldfish of a group of plants reputed to contain toxic constituents. Pt. II. An investigation of Cracca ( Tephrosia) cinerea . Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 389. SPOON, Ir. V. 1937. Zuiverheid van derrispreparaten. Indische Mercuur. 60: 307. 390. SPOON, W;, LAAN, P. A. van der, SMULDERS, C. M. L. , and DIAKONOFF, A. 1937. Het verschil in werkzaamheid' van' Derris- en Lonchocarpus- wortel en de onderscheiding van hun wortelpoeders. Ber. Afd. Handelsmus. Kon. Ver. Kolon. Inst. no. 110. 26 pp. , illus. Amsterdam. 391. SPRENGEL, L. 1937. tfissenschaf tliche Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet chemischer Insektizide. Ang. Chem. 50: 560-569. - 161 - 392. ST. CLAIR, T. S. 1834. -A soldier's recollections of the West Indies and America with a narrative of the expedition of the Island of Walcheren. v. 1, 395 pp., illus. London. 393. 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Non-poisonous insecticides for use on vegetable crops. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. press Bull. 352, 1 p. 406. TILEMANS, E. 1936. Le rotenone, preparation et usages en entomologie appliquee. Bull. Inst. Agron. Recherches G-embloux, Belgique, 5 (2): 186-205. 407. TISDALE, W. H. 1937. Progress in the development of pest control means discussed and problems yet to be solved outlined. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Agr. News Letter 5 (7): 116, 408. TSCHIRCH, A. 1925. Cortex derridis. Handbuch der Pharraakognosie, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 805. Leipzig. 409. TURNER, N., and WALKER, Q-. L. 1938. Control of onion thrips. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta., mimeo., 8 pp. 410. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1932. Rotenone formula discovered. Indus, and Engin. Chem., .News Ed. 10: 102. [A statement "based on U. S. Dept. Agr., press Release 945-32, April 13, 1932.] 411. 1932. Chemist's study of an American weed yields important results. U. S. Dept. Agr., official Rec. 11 (47): 1. 412. — 1936. Poisonous roots increase commercially. U. S. Dept. Agr., Daily Digest 60 (2): 2. 413. 1936. [Derris and Cube.] Report of the secretary of Agriculture, 1936. p. 69. Washington. 414. 1936. Search is on for organic chemicals deadly to insects "but safe for man. U. S. Dept. Agr., Press Release 1050-36, January 13, 1936. 415. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS 1936. [Derris.] Ann. Rept. 1936: 11. - 163 - 416. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU 0? ENTOMOLOGY 1930. Codling Moth Conference, 1930. UV'S. Dept, Agr., Bur. Ent . 33 pp.,' mimeo. 417. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY 1934, Memorandum regarding the control of insect b attacking certain vegetables, small fruits, and tobacco and the elimination of harmful insecticidal residues from the' market product. 9 pp., mimeo. (L. A. Strong.) 418. mtrnmut, » BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 1935. Results of codling moth investigations. 1934. Pt. I. Work conducted "by State agencies. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 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Patent 2,056,438; issued October 6, 1936; applied for September 4, 1935; in Great Britain, March 30, 1935. 457. WARDLE, R. A. 1929. The problems of applied entomology. 587 pp. New York. 458. WEIGEL, C. A., and NELSON, R. H. 1936. Rotenone and organic thiocyanate sprays control thrips on greenhouse grown cucumbers. U. S. Dopt. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine News Letter 3 (9): 21, mimeo. - 167 - 459. TTEIGBL, C. A., and NELSON, R. H. 1937. Control for red spiders and thrips on tomatoes and cucumbers-. U. S. Dept. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and PI. Quarantine News Letter 4 (12): 21, mimeo. 460. 461, — and NELSON, R. H. 1938. Insecticidal tests against red spiders and thrips on greenhouse tomatoes and cucumbers. Jour. Econ. Ent. 31 (2) : 211-216. and RICHARDSON, H. H. 1935. Proportion of sulphonated castor oil is important factor in effectiveness of derris sprays against red spider. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine News . Letter 2 (11): 21, mimeo. 462. 453. WEEATLEY, J. 1937. Forward — the "bug brigade J Successful Farming 35 (5): 5, 47. WHITS, T7. H. 1936. Recommendations for the control of insects attacking certain vegetables, snail fruits, and tobacco. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, E-376, 14 pp. , mimeo. 464. 465. 1937. Recommendations for the control of insects attacking certain vegetables, small fruits, and tobacco. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine, E-376, issued April 1936, revised March 1937, 14 pp., mimeo. WHITTAKER, R. M. 1935. Development of rotenone and similar substances as insecticides. Jour. Chem. Ed. 12: 156-160. 466. and tfHITTAKER, A. L. 1935. Plant fish poisons as insecticides . (a review for the poult ryman). Poultry Sci. 14: 351-354. 467. T7ILBAUX, R. 1935. Considerations sur Tephrosia vogelii Hook, f . et un certain nombre d'especes voi sines. Ann. Gembloux 41: 1-30, 41-96, illus. 468. fflLCOX, J., and STONE, M. TT. 1938. The tomato fruitworm. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and PI. Quarantine, E-423, 5pp., multigraphed. 469. WILDEMAN, E. de 1903-1905. Notices sur des plantes utiles qu interessantes de la flore du Congo, 662 pp., illus. Bruxolles. - 168 - I7C< ITtfiS, J, 1934. uber ei&igg Vorrats- uad Sneicherschr.dlingc in Poru Mi it. SeaeXl. ffft ?oafratseoh\its! 3. 7. 10 (l) 4/1, WILLS, J, S«, CCAKPO, J. 4., 1SXSBSBiII$a, A*, *nd SCHOITELD, D. 193?, El cube (Loncfcocarpus nicou) y otros barbascos en el Peru. liinistario de fomento, !5stacion Sxperimental Agricola de ]a Molina, Boletin ii, 117 op., illus, Lima, Peru. 47? , WISCOH'SIM AGPICOLTTAUL EXP3BII3INT STATION 1937, Findings in farm science* Ann. Kept. 1935-1936. Bull, 436. Leriis, pp. l?3-.lc;o, illus. 473. WISECtTP, C. B. 1936. Imported cabbage rem larvae prove susceptible to very low concentrations oi cube. U« S. L'ept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quarantine News letter 3 (II): 17, mineo, 474. 1956. 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ZOMIG, H. 1909-11, Arzneidrogen ais lachschlagebuch fur don Gobrauch dor Apotheker, Arzte, Veterinftr&rste, Ironist en und Studiorenden der Pramaaio. ?t. I. 754 pp. 1909. Pt. II. 669 pp. ion. Loipnig. 169 - index c t ' juinoa a.uThops AND3ESON, L. I)., see Walfcer, E. &.-, 452, 4-53 BAILEY, E. M,, soe Fisher, H. J,, 149 BAKES, F. E., seo Fleming, ?. r a E OJ 150 BABBEB, T. C, see Cassidy, T, P., 55 BOUTIQUE, E., see Staner, 295 30YB, 0. 3., see Bourne, A. I., 36 BEANNON, L. I. , seo Howard, N. F» , 199 BROMLEY, S. W., see Felt, E, P., 144 EEONSCN, T, E., see Dudley, J. E., Jr., 120 BUSBEY, E. L«, see Eoark, E. C, 354 CAM, E. S., see Boar:, J, J., 30 CAMPBELL, F. L., sec Jones, H* A., 225 CASEOLL, F. E,, see Dudley, J. B a ; Jr., 120 CEE7ALIER, M, , see Chevalier , J,, 78 CEUPP, C, seo Crosoy. C. 5 109 200 191 3G Faweett, E„ ¥., 139 DAVIDSON, E. He, soe Howard 3 IT. F«, DIAKONOFF, A., sec Spoon, V."., 390 ERODE, 0., seo Engl or, A., 139 EELAKSOH, 0. 0., sej Sievors, A. T. 9 373 FOLLETT- SMITH, E, E. , see Hartjn, 3, 3., 271 FOWLER, E, D'„, ser Sievers, A, F., 373 FULTON, S. C,, see Standard Oil Development Co,, 394 &E0EG-I, CD, Ve, see Mil sum, J.'ff., 383 GLASGOW, H. , see Eervey, G. E, H, , 191 GOENITZ, K,, see Schotte, H, , c5 r GEAHAM, J. J. T,, see Jones, E". A,, 226, 227, 22S, 229 HAA&, H. B«, see Ambrose, A D I'.- .- 7 HOLLIN&SWOETH, H. S., seo Chapman, A, J.. 71 HUCKETT, H. C, see Hervey, G. E. E„, IMPEEIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD,, s LAAN, P. A, van der, see Spoon, ?*., 390 LACBOIX, D. So, see Morill, A. W,, Jr., 267 LAMBOUSNE, J., see G-eorgi , C. D. V., 162 LAPPAEENT, P. de, see Feytaud, J,, 147, 148 LEONARD, If. D. , see Hoyer, D. &., 205 LEPIGEE, A., see Delassus, M. , 112 LIGHTBODY, H. D, , soe Mathews, J. A., 273 LITTLE, V. A., see Si overs, A, F, , 273 LOWMAN, M. S., see Siovers, A. P., 573 MA&INI, P., see Canneri, G. , 63 MARSH, P.. T 7 ., see Koarns, H, &, H. , 235, 235 MABTIN, H. , see Kearns, H. G s H, , 236 MASON, H. C, soo Fulton, E. A., 157 MASON, H. C, soe Howard, X. P., 199, 201, 202, 203 McGAEE, E. L., see Ewing, K. P., 134 NELSON, E. H. , see "'eigel s C. A., 458, 459, 460 OCAMPO, J, A., see V.'ille, J. I., 471 OLIVPE, see Grant, J. A,, 1.72 PASQpIEE, E„, soe Belassus, M., 112 - 170 - PERROTTET, S., see Guillemin, J. -A., 179 PLUMB, G. H.i see Friend, R. B. , 153 QUESTEL, D. D., see Batchelder, C. H. , 22 SI CHARD, A., see Guillemin, J. -A., 179 RICHARDSON, H. A., see Weigel, C. A., 461 ROBERTSON, 0. T., see Chapman, A. J., 71 RUSSELL, G. A., see Sievers, A. F., 373 SANKOWSKY, N. A., see Standard Oil Development Co., 394 SCALES, A. L., see Smith, G. L., 382, 383 .SCEOPISLL, D., see Willo, J. E. , 471 SMITH, A. C, see Xrukoff, B. A., 255 SMITH, C. M., see Gooden, E. L., 158 SMITH, C. M. , see Jones, H. A., 230 SMULEEB5S , C. M. L., see Spoon, W. , 390 SONDER, 0. W., see Harvey, W. H., 119 SOESNSON, C. J., see Knowlton, G. P., 245 SPIES, J. R., see Drake, N. L., 118 STOHE, M. W., see Wilcox, J., 458 STUART, A., see Boam, J. J., 30 SULLIVAN, W. N'., see Jones, H. A., 225 . SULLIVAN, W. N., see LeFelley, R. H., 260 TEIK, G. L., see Georgi , C. D. V., 162, 163 TURNER, N., see Batchelder, C. H. , 22 TURNER, N., see Garman, P., 158 UMPLEBY, S., see Kearns, H. G. H. , 237 VANDENBERG, G. B., see Murphy, D. F., 289 WALKER, G. L., see Turner, N., 409 WARD, H. G., see Booth Steamship Co., Ltd., 34, 35 WEBERBAUER, A., see Willc, J. E., 471 WHIT TAKER, A. L., see Whittaker, R. M., 466 deWlLDEMAN, E., see Durand, T., 122 WILLIAMS, L. L., see Chapman, A. J., 72 - 171 - PATENT INDEX British patents 394,977 (394) 437,171 (34) 445,576 (139) Canadian patents 369,499 (214) French patents 794,206 (35) 797,052 (213) CTerraan patents 630,483 (125) 643,804 (80) 2,024,392 2,030,564 2,042,296 2,052,374 2,056 . -,33 a, 058, 200 2,056,832 2,066.134 2,087 3 o99 2,089,765 2,090,109 2,096,885 2,103,195 2,104,757 U, S. patents (363) (184) (56) (476) (456) (477) (365) (282) (208) (373) (85) (117) (222) (311) M -. 172 - CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX No date 274 1665 358 1743 16 1791 180 1796 396 1801 263 1830-1833 179 1832 192 1834 193, 1836-1840 127 1836-1843 280 1843 270 1844 ..' 284' 1847 . 28 1854 232 1860-1861 288 1861-1862 189 1867 315 1868 46 1872-1875 172 1875 195 1876 262 1877 . 1 1879 31 1880-1881 121 1881 130,. 1883 . .' '•*.' 98',' T23 ' 1887 ....7 12, 64,- 131, ' 233 285 1887-1888 .....196 ' ' ' " 1888 ..' ' 132, 238, 239 1889 ./..../ '. 13, 33, 401 1891 '...... ...... 364 1894 ................... 261 392 1895 ', 128 1897 ..' ' 122 1898 ....... ' 91 1902 ........ ..7... '73," 171, 308, 336 1903 ..... .......... 281 1903-1905 ' ' 469 • 1906 ' 188, 266, 337 1907 . .... 187,215, 318 1908 ... .. . ... 173 1909 ...' V.. 11, 216, 319, 377 1909-1911 ..' : 480 1910 * 129, 245, 363 1911 ' 164, 240 1913 .. 385 1923 247, 328 1924 ............. 360 ' 1925 '. 119 ,408 448 1926 ' 329 » Ha •> \ Citation No. 1928 1929 1930 1932 ,;...,.,.,... 1933 1934 ' 1935 1936 330 359, 457 2, 416 166, 379, 388 . 59, 75,, 118, 342* ' 410, 411 . 95.,. 96, 112, 154, .155,. 244, 264, 320, . 321,. 338, 367,' 394, 398 .. 10, 48, 49, 109", 140, 158, 165, 182,' 217, 243, . 248, 254, 258,' 29*0, 312, .317, 322, 323, 327, 343-345,' 361., 374, 384,' 417, 470 .. 3, 4, 27 , 29," 34, > 50, . 55,. 57,. 58,. 60," 6*2, 63, 65, . 79., ,86, 92, 93,' 99, 100, 1.13, 135., 136.,. 146-148, 183, 191.,. 1.97, 200 2.67 \ tm 376.,. 277. . 313,. .333-3.3.5,. . 347., 35.5.,. 357 .376., .386, 40.5 . 446, 461, 4.6.5- .. .7, 15, .17,. 23 . 4.0-42., .52,. 56 .2.03, 225, 265, , 2.86, 301, 302, 3.40, 341, 346, 368, 371,375, . 418, 419,429, 467, 476, 479 26, 35-38, . 68, 71, 72, 76,. 77, 87, ,90,, 94, 101-106, 124, , 1.2.5, 133 . 1.37- 139, 141, .142, . 145,, 150 , 151, 156, 159, 162 163, 169 i 174, 177, 178, 184 , 186, 198 , 199, 204, 205, 209 , 210, 213 , 219, 230, 231, 234 249- 251, 256, 259, 260, 268 271, 273 , 278, 282, 289, 291 292, 295 , 296, 304, 309, 324 326, 331 , 332, 339, 348, 349, , 354, 356 , 365, 369, 372, 382 387, 393 , 399, 402, 404, 406 , 412, 413 ■ 4:1% 415, 420, 424 , 430-437, 447, 449, 450, 452 , 456, 458 , 463, 473- 475, 477 , 478 - 1*4 - Citation No 1937 1938 5, 9, 14, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 30, 32, 36, 39, 43, 44, 45 47, 51, 53, 54, 61, 66, 67, 69, 74, 78, 80-85, 88, 89, 107, 108, 111, 114, 115, 117, 120, 134, 143 144, 149, 152, 157, 160, 161, 167 168, 170, 175, 176, 181, 190, 194 201, 206, 208, 211, 212, 214, 220 221, 222, 235-237, 240-242, 246, 254, 255, 257, 269, 272, 283, 287 293, 294, 297, 299, 300, 303, 305 307, 310, 314, 325, 350, 351, 362 366, 370, 378, 380, 381, 383, 389 391, 395, 397, 400, 403, 407, 421 422, 423, 425, 428, 438-442, 445, 451, 453, 454, 459,462, 464, 471, 472 6, 8, 21, 70, 97, 110, 116, 126, 153, 185, 202, 207, 218, 223, 224 226-229, 275, 279, 298, 306, 311, 316, 352, 353, 373, 409, 426, 427 443, 444, 455, 460, 468 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA