^l^:^:jlftfscj^n. 
 
 eering Desk 
 CORPS 
 
 ingtoo, D. C. 
 
 uij 
 
 NOTE ; This is a summer '65 progra: 
 description. It is expecte' 
 that these programs will be 
 continued during summer ^GG 
 
 CIVIL ENGIKEERS NEEDED FORTrECTLLENGING ; 
 PEACE CORPS ASSIGNMENTS IN FIVE DEVELOPING MTIOJ ^ 
 
 Five developing nations - Pakistan, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, ar 
 Ethiopia - have asked the Peace Corps for more than 60 Volunteer civil 
 engineers. Volunteer civil engineers presently are working in Ecuador, 
 Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru and Tunisia. 
 
 The civil engineering/rural public works program in Pakistan is typical 
 of the responsibilities and challenges in a Peace Corps engineering 
 assignment. Volunteers assigned to the other programs will perform 
 similar tasks. 
 
 There are now 85 Peace Corps Volunteers working in the Rural Public Works 
 Programs of the Eastern and Western Provinces of Pakistan. About one-third 
 of these men are engineers with varying degrees of experience ranging from 
 recent civil engineering graduates to men with long years of experience in 
 our own country and overseas. The remaining two-thirds are called engineer- 
 ing assistants, which means they have some substantial experience in con- 
 struction work which is useful in improving construction techniques and in 
 supervision and organization of rural construction programs. 
 
 This Rural Public Works Program was conceived and initiated in 1961 and its 
 beginning coincided with the winter 1961 arrival of the first group of Vol- 
 unteers in East Pakistan. Some of these Volunteers were able to provide 
 valuable technical assistance in planning, designing and supervising the 
 construction of sluice gates, small bridges and drainage systems which led 
 to the success of this pilot program in its first year. The principal 
 problems faced were water control and transportation. To quote the official 
 Government of Pakistan evaluation: "The Comilla ... Program proved workable. 
 The record of accomplishment is outstanding. Thirty four miles of Khals 
 (drainage ditches) were cleared, lij-^ miles of embankments -cum-roads were 
 constructed, four dams to prevent sand erosion were built, twenty-six cul- 
 verts were installed, and four large regulators set up. In one considerable 
 area, for six years the summer rice crop has been largely drowned, and the 
 first transplanting of the fall amon paddy had also been drowned. The first 
 year after the local works projects were done, there was a good rice crop 
 and there was no loss of amon transplantation." Success led to expansion of 
 the program throughout Pakistan. 
 
 The value of Peace Corps Volunteers in this important development effort 
 became quickly apparent . A careful survey by the Government of East Pakistan 
 revealed that the greatest program need was for middle -level skills and that 
 the "principal sources of technical assistance will be the appointed staff 
 followed by the Peace Corps . . . There is little or no technical skill avail- 
 able in the rural areas of Pakistan. Volunteers make it possible to build 
 dams and bridges that will stand, buildings that are strong and economical 
 and drainage ditches that drain." 
 
Peace Corps participation in this program is an excellent example of the 
 effective interrelationship of U. S. efforts to assist other countries 
 in their economic development efforts. The Rural Puhlic Works Program is 
 partially financed by the proceeds of the sale of P.L. 480 (Food for Peace) 
 grains in Pakistan. The objectives are: (l) to develop local government 
 institutions by making local bodies responsible for planning, deciding, 
 executing and accounting for capital Investment of the local level, (2) 
 providing jobs for hundreds of thousands of people during the off season, 
 and (3) building up the necessary economic infrastructure, i.e. roads, 
 markets, irrigation ditches, protective embankments, etc. 
 
 Peace Corps Volunteers provide not only technical know how but a sense of 
 management and organization and a confidence that something can be accom- 
 plished, normally lacking in the villages of Pakistan. The transformation 
 from almost total reliance on central authority to local democracy cannot 
 be accomplished overnight. Volunteers ease this transition by helping the 
 villagers plan and successfully implement projects for which they are re- 
 sponsible. The growth in capacity of local institutions to plan and 
 administer this program during the past three years has been truly amazing 
 and our Volunteers have helped. 
 
 A major part of the Peace Corps Volunteers' contribution to the Rural Public 
 Works Program is found in the difficult to measure area of developing con- 
 fidence and skills in others and in their intangible influence on attitude 
 towards work, self-respect and self-government. 
 
 There have also been concrete measurable accomplishments. The program in 
 West -Pakistan began in the fall of 1963- Despite the uncertainties of a 
 new program twenty-six Peace Corps Volunteers have participated in the plan- 
 ning, design and/or construction of 33 schools, 16 drainage systems, 20 water 
 systems, 21 roads, 350 culverts, 2 irrigation projects, 7 medical dispensaries, 
 7 veterinary hospitals, k small dams, 2 bridges, 33 local government office 
 and assembly halls, 2 workshops, 49 shops, 5 libraries, 13 other structures 
 and considerable amount of earthwork. Most of these projects are completed 
 or nearly completed and more are planned. Bill "Sluggo" Laughley in the re- 
 mote district of Dera Ghazi Khan covers part of his 3OO by 70 mile area via 
 fifty mile horse and camel back treks. He has full responsibility for execu- 
 tion of a desert area program including seven roads, ten community drinking 
 water supplies, eleven dispensaries, five veterinary hospitals, one combina- 
 tion library-community center and a number of small 40-student schools. Most 
 of these are under construction and he is preparing numerous preliminary de- 
 signs and estimates for other projects. Two engineering teams in separate 
 mountain areas are involved in road and small dam projects requiring consider- 
 able blasting. Another team at Thana Bula Khan have responsibility in their 
 district for the construction of 3 medical dlspensaires, 2 veterinary hospitals, 
 a $20,000 housing colony, a carpet-making center, 9 iiew schools and repair of 
 older ones, a boys' hostel, 2 libraries, 1 bus station, a poultry distribution 
 center, and numerous other construction and maintenance projects. 
 
 The program is not without its problems. In addition to the lack of 
 administrative experience and responsibility at the local level, shortage 
 of materials like cement, the lengthy monsoon season in East Pakistan, the 
 
 ^ 
 
almost total lack of transportation facilities is some areas and the 
 shortage of skilled craftsmen hamper and delay construction efforts. If 
 this were not so, no real need for Peace Corps Volunteers would exist. 
 The opportunity to contribute to an important economic and social program 
 is present and the Volunteers are taking good advantage of it. 
 
 REPORTS FROM VOLUNTEER ENGINEERS 
 
 THE RURAL PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM 
 IN EAST PAKISTAN 
 
 hy Peace Corps Volunteer Engineer 
 Robert Burns 
 
 In the areas around Comilla, East Pakistan, an experimental program in 
 rural public works was recently completed. The idea behind the experiment 
 was to use the farmers and the landless laborers who are idle during the 
 dry winter season as a work-force to uplift the "monsoon economy." All 
 the available land in East Pakistan is farmed, but lies fallow half the 
 year for lack of water; during the other half, a severe monsoon can destroy 
 the crops. The success of the Comilla program proved not only that local 
 leadership can help solve flood and irrigation problems, but also that such 
 leadership can mobilize manpower and technical resources to offset seasonal 
 unemployment . 
 
 On the basis of the Comilla pilot project, the Government of East Pakistan 
 has decided to expand rural public works throughout the province within 
 the next three years . Fifty-four separate areas will try to duplicate the 
 Comilla techniques. Finding qualified technical people to plan, design 
 and supervise a program of this scope is difficult in Pakistan. 
 
 Consequently, Pakistan has requested the Peace Corps to supply engineers 
 and construction personnel who would work with government officers in the 
 rural areas and give the necessary technical assistance. 
 
 The Rural Public Works Program in its beginning stages poses a human 
 engineering problem. In the first year the problem is to organize the 
 project committees and the villagers. For this program to be a success it 
 requires the civil administration, the engineers, and the villagers to form 
 a partnership that will work as one body. 
 
 In Comilla, during both the first and second years of the program, the 
 majority of projects were classified as earthwork projects. 
 
 The biggest problem facing the cultivator in the Thana (District) is 
 recurring floods. In parts of the Thana, cultivators have not had a crop 
 for the past five years. The Thana is located close to a fairly large river, 
 which has in the past broken its embankments and flooded sizable portions of 
 the Thana. But most of the flooding comes from canals which have been en- 
 croached upon by cultivators seeking to extend their paddy land. This 
 encroaching, coupled with failure to remove silt deposits, reduces the flow and 
 
the water-carrying capacity of the canals. Therefore the water level 
 rises and overflows the canal banks, causing a flood. 
 
 Last year there was a canal which, because it was choked with such 
 encroachments, was constantly flooding a ten square mile area. We re- 
 moved the encroachments and deepened it. When the monsoon came water 
 flowed through the unobstructed canal at a much faster rate and the water 
 level remained noimal. This canal is about 32' miles long. The work was 
 done by village labor under the supervision of two project committees. 
 The technical staff of the Thana Council worked with the project committees 
 in making a pre -work survey to determine the amount of earth to be removed, 
 they assisted in spot checking, and they also assisted in establishing side 
 slopes and grades. 
 
 The basic assumption behind the whole Rural Public Works Program is that 
 a large percentage of flooding can be controlled by small local projects 
 which can be Implemented by village labor with a minimum of technical 
 supervision. These small projects when completed will protect the culti- 
 vators from recurring flood and thereby increase agricultural production. 
 
 Although the major aim of the Rural Public Works Program is flood control, 
 irrigation and communication, the Peace Corps Volunteer will in most cases 
 be advising officials on the soundness and feasibility of plans. In the 
 case of earthwork, they will draw up specifications for roads, embankments, 
 and canals. They will also, together with the Thana Council Overseer, 
 supervise construction and verify excavation measurements . 
 
 Masonry work will consist mainly of bridges, culverts, sluice-gates. Union 
 Council offices, and water control regulators. Peace Corps Volunteer en- 
 gineers will prepare all designs and estimates plus doing the field super- 
 vision. The bridges usually are brick piers and abutments with a reinforced 
 concrete slab. They vary in span from 8 to 50 feet and have roadways from 
 12 to ik feet. The culverts are of three types: box, precast RCC pipe, 
 and Armco pipe. The average size of box culverts is 6 feet by 5 feet, single 
 vent and are a combination of brick and RCC. The sluice gates and regulators 
 are very similar in design to the culverts, the main difference being that 
 they are fitted with vertical lift or flap gates . 
 
 RURAL WORKS PROGRAM 
 IN HYDERABAD DISTRICT (WEST PAKISTAN) 
 
 by L. R. Seymour, Peace Corps Volunteer 
 
 V?ho Proposes and Sanctions Rural Works Schemes ? 
 
 All schemes originate at the union council or town committee level. 
 Experience of the last year indicates that local councils have played 
 their roles well in assessing the needs of their own unions and are, 
 therefore, capable of planning rural development in the initial stages. 
 
Hov are the Schemes Financed? 
 
 The Works Program is financed from two sources. They are P.L. kSO funds, 
 and the community or local share. In the case of District Council schemes, 
 the District Council contributes the "local share." In most cases the 
 P.L. 480 share amounts to three fourths of the total cost and the community 
 share amounts to one fourth. In addition, the local council must hear the 
 expenses of maintenance. 
 
 Hov are Projects Implemented ? 
 
 The program aims at having most of its projects done locally, (departmentally) 
 utilizing local lahor to a maximum. The projects are administered by a pro- 
 ject committee. This committee usually includes the chairman of the local 
 council and two other council members. Their main responsibilities are to 
 deteimine how the projects will be implemented, locally or by contractor, to 
 keep records and accounts of the projects, and to supervise and inspect the 
 construction. 
 
 In many cases the local community did not have sufficient skilled or unskilled 
 labor available for the construction of their projects. In these cases the 
 projects were given out to a contractor under the supervision of the local 
 project committee. Contaractors were instructed to use as much local labor 
 as possible. 
 
 TOiat is the Role of the Technical Staff in Implementing Projects ? 
 
 No project under the Rural Works Program could be uniformly and successfully 
 carried out without the assistance and guidance of the District Engineer and 
 his staff. Approximately 256 projects, both of District Council and union 
 councils, had to be planned, designed and guided. Such a large task needed 
 efficient coordination at every level. The District was supplied with American 
 Peace Corps Volunteer Engineers who are lending their assistance to the 
 District Engineer. They worked almost exclusively with union council pro- 
 jects. For such a large progi-am additional staff was required, some to work 
 on union council projects under the guidance of the Peace Corps Engineers, 
 and others to work on District Council Projects under Supervision of District 
 Engineer; but all working in coordination and conjunction. The result of 
 this first year's experience has been a notable success with the program 905^ 
 complete within the expected time, despite the heavy wind and rainstorm that 
 hit the District. 
 
 What are the Specific Duties of the Engineers and their Staff ? 
 
 The duties of the District Engineer and the Peace Corps Engineers are 
 identical: 
 
 1. To give technical scrutiny to all proposed schemes and approve 
 them on the basis of their technical soundness. 
 
 2. The Engineering Staff provides standard guideline plans for each 
 type of project, including cartage of materials for building. 
 
3. Another duty of the Engineering Staff is to develop clear, well 
 defined and standard operational and organizational methods essential for 
 the proper functioning of the program. They help the local councillors 
 understand the methods of construction, execution of projects and all other 
 technical items concerning the work. From time to time directives and new 
 methods of construction were sent out from the Engineering headquarters . A 
 booklet in the local language, Sindhi, was written hy the District Engineer. 
 This booklet described in a precise, simple way the methods of construction 
 necessary to implement the schemes . 
 
 k. The Engineering Staff is also required to visit all projects at 
 regular intervals to check on progress and keep in touch with the problems 
 in the field. 
 
 AN EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAM 
 
 by M. S. Johnson, Peace Corps Engineer 
 
 Since the latter part of February 1964, two other American Peace Coirps 
 Volunteers and I have had the privilege and pleasure of working with the 
 P.L. ij-80 Rural Works Program of the Hyderabad District. In February only 
 about 35^ of all construction was completed. The Deputy Commissioner (The 
 Project Director) was particularly interested at that time in accelerating 
 the progress of the program. He requested that we assist in the work of 
 the program (l) by lending our technical skills wherever needed and (2) 
 by finding and assisting in unplugging bottle necks that were slowing the 
 progress of the schemes . 
 
 Significant Impressions of the Program of this District 
 
 There have been several features of this program that have impressed us as 
 being most significant in creating a successful development program. We 
 would like to mention two of these features which we, as Peace Corps Vol- 
 unteers, feel are particularly significant: 
 
 Number 1 is the unusual amount of enthusiasm and interest in the 
 program on the part of all individuals and groups in the District. 
 
 Number 2, we feel that probably the most significant feature of 
 this program is the fact that over 90'^ of these schemes were proposed 
 and implemented at the local or union council level - with every 
 local community contributing a share of the cost for each of its 
 schemes. This single feature may well account for the enthusiastic 
 attitude of these people concerning their schemes. 
 
 Some Problems Encountered 
 
 With a development program involving over 250 projects, with 77 local 
 governing bodies implementing them and with relatively little supervision 
 
or assistance (other than monetary) - there were of course many prohlems 
 and bottlenecks. Some are still with us. Much was learned from these 
 problems and from our attempts to solve them. The difficulties most 
 frequently experienced by the union councils are discussed below: 
 
 1. Remote Locations 
 
 As could be escpected, those communities in remote or hard-to- 
 reach areas as a rule experienced many more difficulties in implementing 
 their projects than those more favorably located. (This is a good case 
 for building better link roads.) Difficulties in communication, in 
 getting skilled labor and materials to the site, and in having to pay 
 high cartage rates were typical problems. These difficulties naturally 
 had their effect on the progress of the schemes and the morale of the 
 people involved. 
 
 2. Materials or Funds not Readily Available 
 
 Throughout the district, as everywhere, the supply of cement was 
 always a problem. In many cases the availability of bricks without a 
 prohibitive cartage cost was a problem. As a result, many new kilns were 
 built. Third and fourth quarter allocations of P.L. ^80 funds were not 
 released from the Provincial Government on time. This delay was felt 
 right down to the union council level and slowed the progress of schemes 
 a great deal this spring. 
 
 3. Problems Experience by Project Committees and Union Council 
 
 Chairmen 
 Projects suffered in cases in which the project committees were 
 not taking enough interest in the work. In some cases the union council 
 chairmen and/or the project committee chaiimen were at fault for not 
 putting forth enough initiative. In other cases the work suffered be- 
 cause the project committee chairman was sick or lived outside his union 
 council and the union council chaiiman would not or could not appoint 
 any other man as chairman of the project committee. 
 
 Of course, there were the cases in which funds were leaking or not "well 
 spent." Many times contractors were doing substandard work and over- 
 charging. Many schemes were not adequately inspected or watched over 
 by the project committee or by an overseer. By improving our drawings 
 and estimates and by increasing the inspection of projects by our ad- 
 ministrative and technical staff, we hope to reduce this problem 
 significantly. 
 
 k. Technical Problems 
 
 Some of the schemes did not have standard drawings and estimates 
 made for them. The standard estimates did not allow enough margin for 
 the union councils in remote areas having higher cartage rates. The 
 union councils had these problems to contend with along with the variety 
 of construction problems encountered on any project. They some times 
 had to wait long periods of time before they could get a drawing and 
 est im ate prepared for them or before they could have a technical person 
 assist them with a problem during the construction of their schemes. 
 
5. Shortage of Overseers 
 
 As elsewhere, this District was and is still very short of 
 technical people to work on the Rural Works Program. Overseers are 
 in particularly short supply. It is a major problem. We have only 
 four overseers in the District at present, and one new employee is 
 being trained for the position. The overseer is generally overworked, 
 underpaid (if he is honest), and often lacks adequate experience and 
 knowledge concerning his work. With his low pay scale, the overseer 
 is constantly under temptation and pressure to engage in dishonest 
 activities in connection with his work. Private firms or other govern- 
 ment organizations offer "better working conditions, more pay, and better 
 job security. 
 
 To help overcome this problem, we are now in the process of upgrading 
 the positions of our overseers and other technical personnel in the 
 Works Program of this District. Qualified men will receive attractive 
 enough salaries to be competitive with similar positions elsewhere. A 
 training program will be set up for all overseers in the District to 
 increase their knowledge and effectiveness concerning their work. We 
 are also hiring carefully selected men who are interested in becoming 
 overseers and training them ourselves with the pixDmise of a good future 
 salary as overseer and an attractive salary as a trainee. All of this 
 is being initiated, along with a closer supervision of overseers by the 
 District Engineer and the Peace Corps Engineering Team. 
 
 6. Shortage of Adequate Transportation 
 
 The lack of adequate transportation for the Program's technical 
 and administrative work is another major problem. This lack of trans- 
 portation has been detrimental in our attempt to provide technical 
 assistance where and when it is requested. It has limited the touring 
 of both technical and administrative staff to the projects, especially 
 those in more remote locations . 
 
 Ideally, there should be one jeep with one overseer in each taluka - to 
 be used exclusively for the Rural Works Program. At present there is 
 only one jeep available in the entire district for the Rural Works 
 Program exclusively. This is the Peace Corps jeep. This jeep is on 
 tour constantly, of course, but it is not adequate for serving the 
 entire district in this work. It is hoped that arrangements will be 
 made in the near future enabling the District to purchase transportation 
 to be used exclusively for the Rural Works Program. 
 
 THE PEACE CORPS ENGINEER'S FIELD PROBLEMS 
 
 by Volunteer William Hein 
 Engineering Advisor 
 
 From a technical point of view, the Volunteer will find little difficulty 
 in handling the survey problems in Pakistan. His main problems will arise 
 
in two areas: (a) the degree of accuracy and subsequently the type of 
 equipment that will be needed, and (h) the utilization of survey date 
 in the office. 
 
 The problems of design are many and will vary widely with the different 
 experiences of the Volunteers. One common to all, however, will be 
 brick and masonry design and construction. 
 
 Volunteer engineers point out that the brick structures in Pakistan are 
 over-designed, that is, they are generally much stronger than any minimum 
 specifications would call for, and that the structural designs now in use 
 could serve as models in many cases for future designs. But since brick 
 is so cheap the drawbacks of over-design are minimal. 
 
 There are three classes of brick in general use in Pakistan. First class 
 is hard-burnt and perfectly shaped; second class brick have the same 
 quality as first class but are not perfectly shaped; third class brick 
 are not hard -burnt. All second class brick can be used in structural 
 work since it is the uniform strength which is important. Third class 
 brick could be used for structures that do not require great structural 
 strength, such as small village houses. 
 
 Volunteer engineers agree that only first and second class brick are 
 acceptable for aggregate in mixing concrete. The handiest measure avail- 
 able is the kerosene tin; one and one-half kerosene tins (six imperial 
 gallons) per bag of cement make a good mixture. Cement that had been 
 stored through one monsoon season should not be used for structural work 
 or aggregate. 
 
 Human Relationships on the Job 
 
 Volunteers will face problems in Pakistan which are basically the same 
 as in the United States or any other country - human relations. The Vol- 
 unteer will have people under him, but probably will not have the power 
 to hire and fire personnel. In all personnel matters, the Volunteer 
 should go through the chain of command. 
 
 REPOET BI JACOB FEIDMAN, Peace Corps Civil Engineer 
 
 Now that my two years in Tanzania, East Africa, as a civil engineer with 
 the Peace Corps are completed, I feel that the Peace Corps can now be 
 assessed realistically for what it is and is not. 
 
 I was part of a contingent of 35 - civil engineers, surveyors and geologists - 
 that constituted the first Peace Corps project. We began training in 
 June 1961, and after two months at Texas Western in El Paso and one month 
 in Puerto Rico we flew to Tanzania where we studied the Swahili language 
 for two months before being assigned to our jobs. For the next nineteen 
 months I worked as a resident engineer on a sixty mile gravel road project 
 which was the last link in all weather route between the Indian Ocean and 
 the inland Lake Victoria area. The road was built by an Italian construction 
 
imiVLR- ir r OF FLORIDA 
 
 3 1262 08851 7262 
 
 company with an African labor force of 500 men. Modem earth -moving 
 equipment was used. I worked with an English civil servant and two 
 African technical assistants representing the Tanzania government's 
 interest. The road was built for close to $25^000 a mile. As the 
 proposed plans were both rough and inadequate there were many decisions 
 to be made during the construction period. 
 
 Most of my work was concerned with soil mechanics. If a country cannot 
 afford to surface its roads with either concrete or bitumen the use of 
 suitable gravels becomes critical. This necessitated my both locating 
 and testing g2?avels for paving the 28 foot wide roadway. The job was 
 particularly challenging as the gravels had to serve as a present running 
 surface and as a future base for supporting a bitumenous surface when 
 economic conditions and demand will justify the cost. I has sufficient 
 laboratory equipment available to carry out the Proctor compaction, sieve 
 analysis, Atterberg limit, field density and GBR tests. 
 
 The toughest stretch along the 60 mile 270ute was the one mile crossing 
 of the Wembere swamp which prior to the road being built has been im- 
 passable to traffic for six months of the year. It was crossed with a 
 ten foot embankment with k foot pipe culverts every 100 feet. Most of 
 the road passed through areas of black cotton soil, a type of soil prev- 
 alent in Tanzania which is a headache to road builders. It is a black 
 organic soil, with a high clay content, high plasticity, 50^ shrinkage 
 and a wet GBR of zero; when wet, it has the consistency of toothpaste, 
 and when dry, it's like rock. As no other soils were available 50^ of 
 the embankments on the job were built of black cotton. As a result, 
 the supplying of adequate drainage became particularly important. Two 
 hundred concrete-slab and corrugated steel culverts, plus ten corrugated 
 steel arch bridges were used along the route. The carrying out of an 
 exhaustive soils survey resulted in a saving of $l80,000 in overhaul which 
 we were able to use in assuring adequate drainage. 
 
 In addition to my work as a soil mechanic I carried out realignment surveys 
 of the J)roposed route, quantity calculations for payment to the contractor, 
 and inspection of works - generally trying to see that Tanzania got the 
 most road for its money. 
 
 Those of us who served in the Peace Gorps feel the Peace Gorps has suffered 
 from too much publicity which has emphasized the more dramatic and sen- 
 timental aspects of working overseas. If the Peace Gorps is to be evaluated 
 as it should constantly be it should be assessed for what it is and not for 
 what it isn't. I wasn't over in Tanzania standing on soap boxes giving 
 speeches for democracy. I did not shape the destiny of Tanzania. It is 
 unrealistic to expect a hand full of Peace Gorpsmen in a country of millions 
 to bring about social or economic revolutions. This is not out job or our 
 intention. But we had a very real job to do in helping supply the need for 
 trained and skilled manpower in Tanzania today. 
 
 Very possibly the greatest value of the Peace Corps will be the under- 
 standing we bring back to America. An understanding one gets by living 
 and working with people of another country. Hopefully this understanding 
 will help America remain sensitive and relevant to the living experiences 
 of the emerging peoples. 
 
 GS* DC PC 66- 3867 
 
 1 
 
 n