Issued February 17, 1911. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.— Bulletin 
 
 r>r- 
 
 A. D. MKLVIN, Cviiepof Bureau. 
 
 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSDEl 
 IN DENMARK. 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIK RASMUSSEN, 
 
 Professor of Dairying, New Hampshire College 
 of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1911. 
 
Issued February 17, 1911, 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.— Bulletin 129. 
 
 A. D. MELV1N, Chief of Bureau. 
 
 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS 
 IN DENMARK. 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDEKIK RASMUSSEN, 
 
 Professor of Dairying, New Hampshire College 
 of Agriculture and Mechanic yl/is. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1911 
 
THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
 
 Chief: A. D. Melvin. 
 Assistant Chief: A. M. Farrington. 
 Chief Clerk: Charles C. Carroll. 
 
 Animal Husbandry Division: George M. Rommel, chief. 
 Biochemic Division: M. Dorset, chief. 
 Dairy Division: B. H. Rawl, chief. 
 
 Inspection Division: Rice P. Steddom, chief; Morris Wooden,"H. A. Ramsay, 
 and Albert E. Behnke, associate chiefs. 
 
 Pathological Division: John R. Mohler, chief. 
 Quarantine Division: Richard W. Hickman, chief. 
 Zoological Division: B. EL Ransom, chief. 
 Experiment Station: E. C. Sciiroeder. superintendent. 
 Editor: James M. Pickens. 
 
 DAIRY DIVISION. 
 B. H. Rawl. Chief. 
 
 Helmer Rabilu, in charge of Dairy Farming Investigations. 
 
 B. D. White, in charge of Dairy Manufacturing Investigations. 
 L. A. Rogers, mi charge of Research Laboratories. 
 George M. Whitaker. in charge of Market Mill: Investigations. 
 Robert McAjdam, in charge of Renovated Butter Inspection. 
 2 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 United States Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, 
 Washington, D. c 7 ., September 28, 1910. 
 Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript relating 
 to the cattle breeders' associations and the dairy industry in Denmark, 
 by Frederik Kasmussen, professor of dairying at the New Hampshire 
 College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The paper was written 
 as a result of a personal visit to Denmark, together with the consulta- 
 tion of official reports and with cattle experts in that* country. 
 
 The highly specialized nature of the dairy industry in Denmark, 
 as well as its undoubted success, as evidenced by the high appreciation 
 of Danish products on the British market, are well known. Al- 
 though it may not be practicable or desirable in this country to fol- 
 low in all respects the Danish plan and methods of organization, 
 some of the features can probably be advantageously applied, with 
 or without modification, to our conditions, and the information con- 
 tained in the paper will undoubtedly be of value to our dairymen and 
 to others who may be interested. I therefore respectfully recom- 
 mend the publication of the article in the bulletin series of this 
 Bureau. 
 
 Respectfully, A. I). Melyin, 
 
 Chief of Bureau. 
 Hon. James Wilson, 
 
 Secretary of Agr'iculture. 
 
 3 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries with support from LYRASIS and the Sloan Foundation 
 
 http://archive.org/details/cattlebreeOOusde 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Brief history of the Danish cattle industry 7 
 
 The native breeds of cattle in Denmark 9 
 
 Organization of cattle breeders' associations 10 
 
 Cow-test associations 11 
 
 Duties of expert counselor 11 
 
 Working details of cattle breeders' associations 12 
 
 Method of financing an association 13 
 
 Government aid and supervision 13 
 
 Eligibility for government aid 15 
 
 Value of shmvs and fairs 21 
 
 Government show commissions and bull shows 22 
 
 Method of judging at shows 23 
 
 Market prices of bulls and conditions of transfer 25 
 
 Difficulties encountered in the work of the associations 26 
 
 Influence of cattle breeders' associations upon the dairy industry 27 
 
 Growth of the industry 28 
 
 Acknowledgment 29 
 
 Appendix 30 
 
 By-laws for cattle breeders' associations under common management on 
 
 the island of Funen 30 
 
 Law relating to institutions for the promotion of the breeding and keeping 
 
 of domestic animals 32 
 
 Form of contract used in the purchase of bulls 38 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page. 
 Plate I. Jutland breed of cattle. — Fig. 1. Bull, Elkjaer Hovding, 4 J years 
 
 old, herdbook No. 1442. Fig. 2. Cow, herdbook No. 55 8 
 
 II. Red Danish cattle. — Fig. 1. Knud Lombjerge, bull, herdbook No. 16. 
 
 Fig. 2. Cow, herdbook No. 229 8 
 
 5 
 
CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DANISH CATTLE INDUSTRY. 
 
 During the first half of the nineteenth century Denmark was a 
 grain-producing country. Agricultural success was measured by the 
 raising of crops from a soil still rich in natural fertility. This for 
 awhile was made possible by better drainage, by a rotation of crops, 
 by treating the soil with lime or marl, and by the use of improved 
 agricultural implements. However, it was inevitable that a system of 
 farming in which no efforts were made to retain or add to the fertility 
 of the soil would sooner or later become unprofitable. The live-stock 
 industry at this time was of secondary importance. Although a few 
 cattle were kept on nearty every farm, they received very little atten- 
 tion. They were pastured in summer, and as it was thought unprofit- 
 able to feed grain the stock was fed in the winter time entirely 
 on hay and straw, especially the latter. Such treatment was very 
 detrimental to young animals, and as in addition no systematic 
 method of breeding was carried out, the type of cattle was retrograd- 
 ing instead of improving. 
 
 Later on, when it became manifest that owing to the lack of farm 
 manure the soil was being gradually deprived of its fertility and its 
 power to produce profitable crops, the live-stock industry began to 
 grow in importance. The local conditions favored its development 
 along two lines. In the main portion of Jutland the beef industry 
 first became of greatest importance, while on the islands — Funen, Zea- 
 land, and others — the effort was directed toward the production of 
 daily products. 
 
 Prior to 1850 the general method in use to dispose of cattle in Jut- 
 land was to sell the steers as feeders when from 4 to 7 years old, to be 
 fattened on the marshes along the coast of Holstein. In the year 
 1804 a permanent direct steamship line was established between Jut- 
 land and England, and instead of selling the steers as feeders they 
 were fattened on the large Danish farms. The increased demand for 
 beef at higher prices started considerable importation of Shorthorn 
 cattle from England, to be crossed with the native stock for develop- 
 ment of better beef qualities. The first cross was very promising, 
 the result being a better beef form, as well as earlier maturity. But 
 
 7 
 
8 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 when the farmers began indiscriminately to mate cross-bred animals 
 of second and third generations and at the same time did not fulfill 
 the requirements in the way of feed and care demanded by the Short- 
 horns, a retrogression instead of an improvement was the result. The 
 danger of this method of breeding was soon realized b}- some of the 
 leading agriculturists. They also began to realize that the Jutland 
 cattle, when property fed and cared for, had good qualities which 
 formerly had been overlooked, and in some places the Jutland breed 
 was kept pure. In 1881 definite steps were taken to preserve this 
 breed by appointing a live-stock commission for its preservation and 
 improvement. 
 
 The importation of Shorthorn cattle had an important effect on the 
 development of the cattle industry in Denmark, not so much by an 
 infusion of blood, but by giving the farmers an ideal as to form and 
 teaching them the importance of good feed and care in the rearing of 
 cattle. 
 
 The English market demanded butter as well as beef, and after a 
 time this had its influence on the development of the Jutland cattle. 
 Although the beef qualities at first were considered of greatest im- 
 portance, stress was afterwards laid on the milking qualities and for 
 a time efforts were directed toward the development of a dual-pur- 
 pose breed. As it proved to be difficult, if not impossible, to fix both 
 the milk and beef producing tendencies in the animals so that both 
 could be transmitted with certainty, this effort was abandoned. How- 
 ever, many people began to consider the milking qualities in the 
 animal of greater importance than the beef qualities, and steps were 
 taken to develop the Jutland cow as a dairy animal. But the ma- 
 jority of people continued to breed for beef, as is shown by the steady 
 increase in the importation of Shorthorn cattle until about 1876, the 
 result of which has already been discussed. 
 
 In 1800 the first " dairy counselor " was appointed by the Royal 
 Danish Agricultural Society, and the time from 1800 to 1880 marks 
 the period of transition from beef to milk production. During this 
 period the main topic for discussion in the agricultural press and at 
 meetings was the relative profit in the production of beef and butter. 
 The profits in these two systems were often expressed by comparing 
 the cost at which the manure was obtained. For instance, a report 
 from Gjedsergaard in 1SG5 showed that where dairying was carried 
 on the cost of the manure represented only 2.5 per cent of the value 
 of the feed consumed (the cows being fed liberally), while in the case 
 of feeding for beef it represented 14 per cent. This statement also 
 illustrates that the manure was considered a very important factor in 
 connection with the cattle industry and that the farmers fully realized 
 the value and necessity of the manure in the production of crops on 
 a worn-out soil. 
 
Bul. 129, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate 
 
 Fig. 1.— Bull, Elkjaer Hovding, 4; Years Old. Herdbook No. 1442. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Cow, Herdbook No. 55. 
 JUTLAND BREED OF CATTLE. 
 
Bul. 129. Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 Fig. 1 .— Knud Lombjerge, Bull, Herdbook No. 16. 
 
 Fig. 2.— Cow, Herdbook No. 229. 
 RED DANISH CATTLE. 
 
NATIVE BREEDS OP CATTLE IN DENMARK. 9 
 
 Although the period from 1850 to 1880 shows a marked improve- 
 ment in the cattle industry in Denmark, this was due to better meth- 
 ods of feeding rather than to a systematic application of the prin- 
 ciples of breeding. There were very few farmers who understood 
 the importance of the bull in the improvement of the breed, and the 
 nearest and cheapest bull was, as a rule, considered the best. In 
 some sections the farmers took turns in keeping what was called the 
 " town bull," each man keeping a bull for the use of his neighbors for 
 a year. These bulls seldom reached an age of over 2 years, and were 
 thus disposed of before they were fully developed and before their 
 breeding value had been determined. More care was taken in the 
 selection of the heifer calves for breeding purposes; thejr as a rule 
 were selected from what were supposed to be the best cows; but in 
 regard to milk production this was simply a chance selection, for very 
 few people kept records. 
 
 THE NATIVE BREEDS OF CATTLE IN DENMARK. 
 
 The Jutland breed has already been referred to as being native to 
 the mainland of Denmark. The other native breed, the Red Danish, 
 is indigenous to the islands. The cattle in Jutland were in earlier 
 days known for their beef qualities, especially the excellent quality 
 of meat they produced, while the cattle on the islands had superior 
 milking qualities. 
 
 The characteristic color of the Jutland breed is black and white, 
 a few, however, being gray and white. (See PL I, figs. 1 and 2.) 
 Although the color and to some extent the general appearance Avould 
 indicate the breed to contain some Holstein-Friesian blood, no his- 
 torical references could be found by the writer to that effect. The 
 origin of the breed seems unknown, and, as one writer states, it is 
 ** native to the soil." In the period from 18*20 to 1850 efforts Avere 
 made to improve the Jutland cattle by an infusion of new blood, and 
 animals were imported from T} r rol, Switzerland, England, and Hoi- 
 st ein (those from the latter place were not the Holstein-Friesian 
 breed, but a red breed of cattle). However, this crossing did not 
 result in an improvement of the Jutland cattle and was therefore 
 discontinued. 
 
 The Red Danish cattle (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2) are found in southern 
 Jutland and on the islands of Funen, Zealand, and some of the 
 smaller islands. The native stock which forms the basis for the Red 
 Danish breed is different from the native stock from which the Jut- 
 land breed originated. As the name indicates, the color of the cattle 
 is red. At the time when efforts were made to cross the native cattle 
 of Jutland with the cattle from Tyrol and Switzerland similar 
 attempts were made to use these breeds to improve the native stock on 
 
 62535°— Bull. 120—11 2 
 
10 CATTLE BREEDERS ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 the islands. Furthermore, at this time cattle were also imported to the 
 islands from Scotland (Ayrshire) and Schleswig. Most of these im- 
 ported breeds, however, have had very little influence upon the devel- 
 opment of the Red Danish cattle. The Red Danish cow may be 
 said to be a cross between the native stock of the islands and the 
 Angler (from Angeln in Schleswig) and other strains of cattle 
 imported from Schleswig. The climatic condition of the islands and 
 of Schleswig are practically the same. The imported cattle, although 
 in several respects resembling the native stock on the islands, had 
 superior milking qualities, but were hardly as rugged in constitution. 
 The result of this crossing has been the development of a new and 
 better breed. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 The first cattle breeders 1 association was formed in 187-1. The 
 object of this association was to keep pure and improve the Jutland 
 breed by the use of purebred bulls. Eleven purebred bulls were 
 bought and placed on different farms in the community. Few of the 
 farmers, however, fully realized the value of the purebred bull in 
 improving the herd ; others expected greater results than could be 
 accomplished in the course of two or three years, while the Govern- 
 ment, although encouraging the movement, made no special provision 
 for the aid or support of such organizations. Under these conditions 
 probably the worst mistake made was to start the association on so 
 large a scale ; that is, with too large a territory, too large a mem- 
 bership, and too many bulls under one management. The farmers 
 were not in close enough contact with one another, and it was a diffi- 
 cult task for the management to suit all the members in buying and 
 placing the bulls as well as in other work which necessarily had to be 
 left in the hands of a few. The result was that the farmers gradu- 
 ally lost interest in the work, and the association was dissolved in 
 1878. One of the principal reasons for the success of the smaller 
 associations, as started later, is that the members are in closer 
 contact with each other, giving frequent opportunities for discussing 
 the work, and also that a greater number of them have an active part 
 in the work of the association, thus securing recognition and assum- 
 ing responsibility, which are two very important factors in bringing 
 out the best results. 
 
 In 1881 a second association was formed. In this association the 
 selection of bulls was made of more importance than previously, as 
 shown by a paragraph in the by-laws pledging the members to use 
 on all cows from which calves were to be reared only such bulls as 
 had been passed on by a judging committee. 
 
 The increase in the number of associations was slow until 1887, 
 after which rapid progress took place in all parts of the country. 
 About 1889 the associations in some localities began to combine under 
 
ORGANIZATION OF CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 11 
 
 one management, the object being to foster cooperation between the 
 local and the state agricultural organizations and to get a state 
 representative for the cattle breeders' associations. Soon after, some 
 of the agricultural societies ottered to join forces with the joint 
 cattle breeders' association, and a common representative management 
 was agreed upon. An expert agricultural counselor was, as a rule, 
 appointed by the joint associations, who also frequently acted as 
 secretary for the organization. 
 
 There were 1,095 cattle breeders' associations in operation in 1906, 
 owning 1,369 bulls and having a total membership of 26,200. All 
 of these associations received government aid. In addition there 
 were at least 30 more in operation which did not receive any assist- 
 ance from the Government. 
 
 ( ( PW-TEST ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 The minutes of a meeting of cattle breeders' associations in the 
 district of Kolding in 189-t states that discussions took place in 
 regard to having regular fat determinations made of each individual 
 cow's milk to aid in the selection of good breeding animals. However, 
 no definite steps were taken to carry out this work, and in 1895 the 
 first cow-test association was formed in Vejen, largely through the 
 efforts of members of the cattle breeders' associations. A rapid in- 
 crease in cow-test associations followed, and it soon became evident 
 that these associations made it unnecessary for the testing of cows 
 to be taken up as part of the work of the cattle breeders' associations. 
 In fact, the records of the cow-test associations became the founda- 
 tion and guide for the work of the cattle breeders' associations, and 
 it was natural that the former soon were drawn under the common 
 management which already existed for the cattle breeders' associa- 
 tions and the agricultural societies. 
 
 DUTIES OF EXPERT COUNSELOR. 
 
 As has been stated, these common-management organizations em- 
 ployed an expert counselor. The following rules, quoted below, laid 
 down by the common management for the district of Kolding, will, 
 make clearer the scope of his work : 
 
 1. It is the duty of the expert to work for the advancement of the cattle 
 breeders and the test associations under the common management : 
 
 (a) By taking part in meetings and fairs. 
 
 (6) By assisting in the selection of cows for the various cattle breeders' 
 associations. 
 
 (c) By giving lectures as arranged with the presidents of the official associa- 
 tions. 
 
12 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 ((/) By attending state and other shows considered of importance in connec- 
 tion with his work. 
 
 (e) By assisting in the organization of cow-test associations, and, when neces- 
 sary, helping the associations in making out yearly reports. 
 
 (/) By assisting the individual members in the association as much as time 
 permits. 
 
 (g) By taking charge of the keeping of herd books for herds under the 
 common management, after arrangement with its committee. 
 
 2. The expert works under the direction of the president of the common man- 
 agement, discussing with him the details of the work. It is his duty in every 
 way to further the development of the cattle breeders' association and cow-test 
 associations. He also receives information from breeders within as well as 
 outside the district of the common management in regard to bulls of good breed- 
 ing that are for sale, enabling him to direct prospective buyers. But the expert 
 must in no way have personal financial interest in the sale of breeding animals. 
 
 3. It is also the duty of the expert to assist the agricultural societies in 
 arranging catalogues for fairs and similar work. 
 
 4. Each year, before May 1, the expert gives a written report of his work for 
 the past year. 
 
 WORKING DETAILS OF CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Owing to the necessity of first describing the general character of 
 the cattle breeders" associations and the gradual changes and broaden- 
 ing of the movement, little has been said so far in regard to the details 
 of the work and the aim of these associations. They are local organi- 
 zations, with a membership of from -± to GO, the average being about 
 24. The aim of the organization is to produce a rapid improvement 
 and development of the cattle in the community by the purchase of 
 one or more bulls of recognized breeding. As the members of the 
 association generally own more cows than this bull or bulls can serve, 
 a local judging committee is appointed, which, together with the 
 expert employed by the common-management association, visits each 
 member and selects a number of cows worthy to be bred to the asso- 
 ciation bulls, in proportion to the size of his herd and the total 
 number of cows in the association. 
 
 The bull is, as a rule, stationed with the member who submits the 
 lowest bid for. keeping him, the price varying from 200 kroner 
 ($53.00) to 335 kroner ($89.78) per year." 
 
 Further improvement in the cattle is to be obtained by periodical 
 inspection of the herds, by advice in regard to the rearing of young 
 stock, by compulsory exhibiting at association shows, and by taking 
 part in county and government shows. 
 
 °One krone=26.8 cents in United States money, which makes $1=3.73 kroner. 
 In the remainder of this bulletin only the American equivalents of stated sums 
 are given, except in the Appendix, consisting of quotations from Danish docu- 
 ments, where the Danish amounts are shown as well. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 13 
 
 The by-laws of the associations under common management for the 
 island of Funen, given in the Appendix, are the result of the experi- 
 ence in this work up to the present time. They explain several 
 details of the work of the association and show the thoroughness of 
 the organization. Although these laws govern only a certain district. 
 yet those of other districts in the country for both the Jutland and 
 the Red Danish breeds of cattle are almost identical, so they can be 
 taken as representative of those for the whole of Denmark. 
 
 METHOD OF FINANCING AN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 The principal items of expense in starting an association are the 
 cost of the bull and the necessary books and blanks for keeping rec- 
 ords. To cover these expenses a loan is obtained, for which each 
 member is responsible in proportion to the number of cows he has 
 registered in the association. In this way the individual members 
 do not have to furnish the necessary funds for starting the enterprise, 
 and thus it is possible for farmers with small means to participate. 
 To protect the association from losses which might be incurred by 
 accident, sickness, or death, valuable bulls are, as a rule, insured in 
 special cooperative insurance companies. 
 
 The revenue for the maintenance of the association is derived from 
 membership fees, service fees of the bull, the government aid, which 
 averages $40.20 per annum for each bull belonging to the association, 
 and the income from premiums at fairs and shows. 
 
 GOVERNMENT AID AND SUPERVISION. 
 
 Government aid and supervision have been very important factors 
 in the development of the Danish cattle industry, especially since 
 1902. when the laws relative to the promotion and breeding of domes- 
 tic animals were revised, making provision for additional appro- 
 priations and support for the cattle breeders' associations. (See 
 Appendix for details.) 
 
 The following is a statement of the government appropriation in 
 190G for the promotion of breeding and keeping of domestic animals: 
 
 Premiums at agricultural association shows $29,480 
 
 Premiums at the breeding association shows under common manage- 
 ment 5,360 
 
 Prejniums for government stallion shows 20,100 
 
 Premiums for government bull shows • 20,100 
 
 Horse-breeding associations 32, 160 
 
 Cattle breeders' associations 37,520 
 
 Swine breeders' associations 1.072 
 
 Sheep breeders' associations 1,340 
 
 Cow-test associations 20, 100 
 
 Salaries to association experts 8,040 
 
14 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 For competitive dairy test $6,700 
 
 Breeding centers for swine 12,000 
 
 Publishing herd books 5,360 
 
 Miscellaneous institutions for the improvement of domestic animals 10, 720 
 
 Government show commissions 10,318 
 
 For the eradication of certain contagious diseases and to prevent the 
 
 spread of tuberculosis 53,600 
 
 Total 274,030 
 
 The total state appropriations for the promotion of agriculture 
 amounted to $1,120,930. This is a very large sum of money when 
 compared with the appropriations by our Federal and State govern- 
 ments for similar work. It should be considered also that Denmark 
 is a very small country, only a little over one-fourth the size of the 
 State of Iowa, although the population is slightly larger — about 2J 
 millions. Furthermore, much more can be accomplished for this sum 
 of money in Denmark than can be accomplished for a similar amount 
 in the United States. For instance, the average wages of 106 assist- 
 ants in charge of the test association on the island of Funen in 1906 
 was about $120 per year. The state appropriation for a cow-test 
 association is $67. Thus a little over one-half of the assistants' wages 
 was paid by the State. 
 
 One striking feature of the state appropriations, which is also 
 alluded to elsewhere, is that of giving in proportion to the interest 
 shown in the enterprises undertaken by the various associations. The 
 fact that the State distributes money in proportion to the amount the 
 breeding associations or agricultural societies themselves can produce 
 is an incentive for the associations to raise as much money as possible 
 and helps greatly to keep up interest in the work. 
 
 It must not be understood, however, that the Government controls 
 all the agricultural associations receiving government aid. Although 
 there is a well-regulated supervision of government mone}' expended, 
 it is a supervision which is optional to the cattle owners. The 
 farmers, in forming cooperative associations and accepting the gov- 
 ernment aid, voluntarily put themselves under its supervision. As 
 has already been mentioned, there were in Denmark in 1906, besides 
 1,095 breeding associations receiving government aid, 30 cooperative 
 breeding associations which did not receive government aid, and con- 
 sequently were not subjected to government supervision. The Govern- 
 ment does not trj T to force its supervision upon the cooperative 
 societies, neither does it try to discourage or check individual enter- 
 prise. The great advancement in cooperation has come from the 
 people themselves. They have felt the need and benefit of coopera- 
 tion. Each community seems to have furnished its own leaders and 
 organizers, of whom many have spent a great deal of their own time 
 and money in fostering the spirit of cooperation and in getting the 
 
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDERS* ASSOCIATIONS. 15 
 
 people to see that the welfare of a country or of a community is bound 
 up in the success and welfare of all its individuals and not in the 
 success of a few. The Government has in a wise manner encouraged 
 cooperative enterprises and rendered them stable. It has guided, 
 aided, and bound together the organizations which served the best 
 interests of all, so that they have become powerful agencies in the 
 developing of the agricultural resources of the country and in pro- 
 moting the welfare of its inhabitants. 
 
 Besides the large amount of money set aside by the Government 
 for premiums at fairs and shows, as well as other appropriations 
 which indirectly benefit the cattle breeders' associations, the direct 
 appropriation for these associations in 1906" was $42,880. As before 
 intimated each eligible association receives an amount varying from 
 $34.84 to $4.">. 50 per bull yearly, according to a classification adopted 
 by the common management in which the good qualities of the bull 
 and the work of the association in general are considered. (For 
 details see section 14 in the Appendix, p. 36.) 
 
 Additional aid to the extent of from $13.40 to $40.20 may be ob- 
 tained by breeding associations for special work in developing good 
 families. Furthermore, if the association employs an assistant to 
 keep records of the yield of milk and butter fat and the food con- 
 sumed by the individual cows in the herds, it can be recognized as a 
 cow-test association and receive an additional aid of $G7 a year. 
 
 The aid to the cattle breeders' associations is apportioned by the 
 minister of agriculture. The individual association applies for gov- 
 ernment aid through its common-management association, which 
 refers the application to a still higher common management, the 
 latter representing also the cow-test associations and agricultural 
 societies for the district. This body considers the application and 
 recommends to the department of agriculture. Associations receiving 
 government aid are at all times subject to government inspection. 
 
 ELIGIBILITY FOR GOVERNMENT AID. 
 
 In order to be eligible for government aid the cattle breeders' asso- 
 ciations must have their by-laws approved by the minister of agri- 
 culture. The by-laws must contain provisions to the effect that the 
 cows of the members shall be selected under the proper supervision, 
 that the bull shall be examined twice a year by a veterinarian, and 
 that the herds shall be inspected on the farms at least once a year by 
 the board of directors or a committee of its members. Before gov- 
 ernment aid will be granted for a specified bull he must have received 
 a premium or " recognition money " at a government show or at a 
 breeding-association show supported by the government. 
 
16 TATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 In explanation of the phrase " recognition money." it should be 
 stated that at these shows, in addition to the regular premiums dis- 
 tributed, a certain sum of money is distributed among the bulls which 
 do not receive premiums, but which are considered worthy of recog- 
 nition as good bulls. This is called " recognition money." 
 
 A bull to be eligible for government aid must, furthermore, win a 
 premium every year at a breeding-association show until such time as 
 his offspring receive premiums; or, after having reached the age of 
 3 years, he must at least be found worthy of a premium at a govern- 
 ment show unless special conditions should make it impossible to put 
 the animal on exhibition, in which case the fact must be certified to by 
 the chairman of the district show. Xo aid shall be granted before 
 the bull reaches the age of If years, and then only as long as he shall 
 be in possession of his full breeding capacity. 
 
 In case a bull is sold, the government aid can be retained if the 
 association, within two months after the sale, buys another bull meet- 
 ing the above-named requirements. 
 
 The Government not only requires certain eligibility rules before 
 granting aid, but after this is done it also requires a complete report 
 from each association at the end of the year, giving detailed infor- 
 mation concerning the bull, the cows, and their offspring, and the 
 financial condition of the association. This supervision keeps the 
 Government in touch with the results and progress of the work in 
 all parts of the country. It gives an opportunity for comparison 
 between individual associations, which often yields much valuable 
 information in regard to the success of the work. Furthermore, the 
 fact that a very detailed report is required once a year means that 
 all records and books of the association are completed at that time, 
 which helps to eliminate to some -extent the not uncommon careless- 
 ness of secretaries and treasurers of local organizations where prompt- 
 ness is not compulsory. 
 
 The following blanks used for making application for government 
 aid and for making yearly reports will illustrate the extent and 
 details of the government supervision : 
 
 APPLICATION BLANK FOR GOVERNMENT AID TO CATTLE-BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Name of breeding association: . 
 
 Name of common management association: 
 
 "A copy of tlic laws of the association must accompany the application. If 
 • ill associations under the same common management have uniform laws, one 
 copy will suffice for all the associations. 
 
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDERS ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 17 
 
 To the Department of Agriculture 
 The breeding association of — 
 
 in province hereby applies for 
 
 government aid for the keeping of the association bulls, according to law 
 relating to domestic animals of May 23, 1902. 
 
 The association was formed the . and has to-day members, with 
 
 selected cows. The association has subordinated itself to the common 
 
 management of the . the declaration of which will be found on the 
 
 opposite page. 
 
 The bull belonging to the association is of the_ breed, is named , 
 
 was born in the mouth of 
 chased at a price of 
 
 , in the year , with , and was pur- 
 
 of which was cash and on time. 
 
 Its pedigree will be found on the third page. It has been owned and utilized 
 
 by the association since , and has received premiums at the following 
 
 shows (name the circuit): 
 
 Government shows. 1 Year. 
 
 1'rize. 
 
 Breeding-association shows. 
 
 Year. 
 
 l'rize. 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 Certificate of the veterinarian relating to the health and breeding capacity of 
 the bull will be found on next page. 
 
 Concerning the work of the association during the current fiscal year, the fol- 
 lowing information is rendered: [If the association has changed bull since the 
 last 1st of April, it must be stated when and for what reason the former bull 
 was sold.] 
 
 The breeding association of 
 
 -. the 
 
 -, 190—. 
 
 ( Signature of president ) 
 
 -, President. 
 
 P. O. address 
 
 VETERINARIAN S CERTIFICATE. 
 
 The undersigned has to-day examined the above-named cattle-breeders' asso- 
 ciation bull, named , and found it healthy, and particularly not suffering 
 
 from any disease liable to be transmitted by service, and in possession of its 
 breeding capacity. 
 
 -, the 
 
 -, 190—. 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 Authorized veterinarian. 
 
 Indorsement of the chairman of the common management : 
 This application is recommended. 
 
 -, the 
 
 -, 190—. 
 
 (Signature) 
 
 Chairman of 
 
 6253.: 
 
 -Bull. 129— 31- 
 
18 
 
 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 REPORT TO BE SENT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OH THE WORK OF CATTLE 
 BREEDERS" ASSOCIATIONS RECEIVING GOVERNMENT All). 
 
 4 
 To the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 for the year from April 1, 100 — . to March 31. 190 — , from — — cattle breeders' 
 association, subordinated to common management 
 
 Questions. 
 
 Answers. 
 
 I. The Association. 
 
 I. When was the association formed'.' 
 
 2 How manv members had the asso- 
 tion March 31. 190—? 
 
 3. How many members are also mem- 
 bers of a cow-test association? 
 
 II. Information Concerning the Bull Owned bt the Association March 31. 
 TOO — , at the End of the Fiscal Year. 
 
 1. Name of bull? 
 
 2. Breed of bull? 
 
 3. When born' 
 
 4. Where born? 
 
 5. Where reared'; 
 
 6. When bought? 
 
 7. The price paid for the bull? 
 
 (The amount on time stated sep- 
 arately.) 
 
 8. When and where did the bull 
 last receive a premium, and what 
 amount? 
 
MANAGEMENT OF BREEDERS ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 19 
 
 Quest ions. 
 
 III. Other Information Concerning the Bull. 
 
 !). How many selected cofws did the 
 
 bull serve during last fiscal year'.' 
 
 10. How many calves were dropped last 
 fiscal year by cows served by the 
 bull? * 
 
 11. How often, in the course of the 
 year, has the bull been examined 
 by a veterinarian, and at whai 
 times? 
 
 12. With whom is the bull stabled? 
 (Name and post-office address, i 
 
 IV. Tin: Cows. 
 
 1. How many selected cows did the 
 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Who selected the cows? 
 
 
 3. 
 
 Are the selected cows marked? 
 
 4. Are the selected cows divided into 
 classes? How many in each? 
 
 5. Have the herds of the members 
 been examined at their farms In- 
 direction of the management? 
 "Who made the examination? 
 When was it made? 
 
 6. How many cows, all told, are owned 
 by the members? 
 
 
 7. How many cases of abortion oc- 
 curred with one or more of the 
 members of the association? 
 
 
 8. Has a collective examination of the 
 selected cows been made during 
 the year? When and where'.- 
 
 
 9. What service fee has been charged? 
 
 
20 
 
 CATTLE BREEDERS ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 Questions. 
 
 Answers 
 
 V. The Offspring. 
 
 1. Has the offspring of the selected 
 cows been collectively examined 
 by the management of the asso- 
 ciation? If so. when and where? 
 
 2. T tVhat is their opinion about the 
 offspring on the whole? 
 
 .">. Is the offspring marked according 
 to a certain system? 
 
 VI. Other Remarks. 
 
 (If the association, in the course of the year, has changed bull, information 
 concerning the time and reason should be given here.) 
 
 Account for the year from April l. 190 — , to March .?/, 190 — . 
 
 expenses. 
 
 
 
 REVENUE. 
 
 1 . Cash from last year 
 
 2. Service fees 
 
 
 
 1. Deficit from last year. . . 
 
 2. For feeding bull 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. Insurance of bull 
 
 3. Prizes 
 
 
 4. Veterinarian 
 
 4. Government aid for the 
 year 
 
 
 5. Exhibition of bu.ll 
 
 
 6. Interest 
 
 5. Other revenue. .. 
 
 
 7. Payments 
 
 Deficit at end of year. . . 
 Total revenue 
 
 
 Cash at end of year 
 
 
 Total expenses 
 
 
 
 
 
 Debt of the association March 31, 1! 
 Property of the association March 3" 
 
 )0— . . 
 
 
 
 , 190— 
 
 (value of bull not included). 
 
 
 -, breeding association 
 
 -, 190—. 
 (Signed) 
 
 -. I'r< siil rn t. 
 -. Residence 
 -, P. O. address. 
 
IMPORTANCE OF LIVE-STOCK SHOWS. 21 
 
 VALUE OF SHOWS AND FAIRS. 
 
 Although the value of shows and showing- may be questioned by 
 some, it is the opinion of the Danish experts and the majority of the 
 farmers that cattle shows and fairs have been a very important factor 
 in developing the cattle breeders' associations as well as the whole 
 cattle industry. As early as 1810 premiums for bulls were distributed 
 in a few sections, but not until after 1852 did the practice become 
 general throughout the country. In 1852 the Government appro- 
 priated $4,073.00 for the yearly distribution of premiums for live 
 stock at fairs and shows. That the Government has considered this 
 money well expended is shown by the gradual increase in the amount 
 appropriated for such purposes, until in 1906 it reached $85,358. 
 
 The shows have gradually increased in number as well as in exhibits 
 and attendance. People have come to appreciate more and more the 
 educational benefit of showing, and the efforts of the Government and 
 the management of the shows are directed toward making them as 
 educational and of as much practical value to the people as possible. 
 
 The shows ma}" be classified as follows: 
 
 1. Agricultural-association shows. 
 
 2. Shows of breeding associations under common managements. 
 
 3. Government bull shows. 
 
 4. Shows for young stock. 
 
 5. Agricultural conventions. 
 
 The agricultural-association shows get an annual subsidy from the 
 Government equal to the amount the associations themselves appro- 
 priate for premiums for breeding animals. The shows of breeding 
 associations under common management get twice the amount they 
 themselves contribute for prizes. The government bull shows, which 
 are more fully described in the succeeding chapter, get an annual 
 appropriation, varying according to the recommendation of the bull- 
 show commission." 
 
 The first show for young stock was held in 1892. The aim of this 
 show was to get together the best of all the young stock of all breeds 
 from the whole country. In the development of the breeds the aim 
 had been the fixing of certain characteristics. The bringing together 
 of the young stock would afford an opportunity to study uniformity 
 of development, as well as giving the best animals from the different 
 show circuits an opportunity to compete against each other. These 
 shows have now become annual affairs and are held in different loca- 
 tions each year, so as to make them as educative as possible. The 
 number of entries and visitors has increased from year to year, for 
 
 " For details in regard to distribution of premiums see sections 1, 2, 4. p. :>:>, 
 in Appendix. 
 
22 CATTLE BREEDERS ' ASSOCIATIONS IX DENMARK. 
 
 besides the educational value the shows have also come to be of con- 
 siderable importance as a place to sell and buy breeding stock. 
 
 Agricultural conventions are held from time to time. The prin- 
 cipal object, as far as the cattle industry is concerned, is the same as 
 for the yearly shows of young stock, except that animals of all ages 
 are shown. 
 
 GOVERNMENT SHOW COMMISSIONS AND BULL SHOWS. 
 
 The government show commission is a body of men appointed by 
 the minister of agriculture, who supervises all the fairs and shows re- 
 ceiving state aid for premiums. The country is divided into thirteen 
 districts, or circuits, in each of which is a bull commission. The 
 chairman of this commission is appointed by the minister of agricul- 
 ture and is a member of the government show commission, the rest 
 of the members of the commission being appointed upon the recom- 
 mendation of the agricultural societies in the district. 
 
 In 1906, $20,100 was appropriated for premiums at government 
 bull shows, for bulls over 3 years old and in possession of full breed- 
 ing power. In each of the thirteen show districts is held one or more 
 annual bull shows, which, as a rule, are held in connection with other 
 agricultural association shows. The amount of money appropriated 
 by the government for premiums is distributed by the minister of 
 agriculture among the show districts according to the recommenda- 
 tion of the chairman of the government show commission, who in ad- 
 vance has secured reports and recommendations from the chairman 
 of the bull-show commissions. In the distribution are considered the 
 number of animals which have been exhibited and have received 
 premiums during the last year within the district, and the number 
 of animals present at the last government show. 
 
 The government show commission prepares the necessary rules to 
 guide the judges, thus assuring a uniform system of judging through- 
 out the country. 
 
 The bull-show commission, however, decides upon the number and 
 amount of premiums, the rules for distributing the same, and the 
 place where the show is to be held. Furthermore, the commission 
 judges the animals and distributes the premiums. 
 
 In awarding premiums the offspring of the competing animals are 
 particularly considered, so that the principal part of the money ex- 
 pended is on account of the power of the bull to produce good off- 
 spring rather than for his individuality. 
 
 If a bull receives a premium the owner is under obligation to let 
 the animal remain in the country for breeding purposes until the 1st 
 of May the following year, which practically means for a year after 
 the premium has been awarded, as all the shows are held during the 
 summer months. In case the receiver of a premium decides to forego 
 
METHOD OF JUDGING AT SHOWS. 23 
 
 this obligation, the premium is to be returned to the government 
 treasury. 
 
 It is also tho duty of the chairman of the bull-show commission to 
 see that records are kept containing accurate descriptions as well as 
 information in regard to the pedigree and offspring of the bulls re- 
 ceiving premiums. A report on these topics and a statement of the 
 amount distributed in premiums and otherwise expended for the hold- 
 ing of the bull show in each district is sent to the minister of agri- 
 culture each year before the end of October. 
 
 The importance of the bull shows in developing the cattle breeders' 
 associations and in improving the cattle of the country can not be 
 overestimated. As previously stated, in the distribution of the prizes 
 by far the most importance is placed on the offspring. It is not 
 uncommon for a bull or a stallion which has been unable to take 
 premiums as an individual to receive high awards when shown with 
 offspring. These shows therefore give to bulls which may be lack- 
 ing somewhat in form and general appearance, but which have the 
 power to produce good offspring, a chance to be recognized and 
 valued as they deserve. On the other band, bulls which have ranked 
 high before the a<re of 3 rears mav be entirelv out of the show ring 
 later if they can not produce good offspring. As the real value of a 
 bull depends upon the quality of his offspring more than on his ap- 
 pearance, these shows have had a marked influence upon the rapid 
 improvement of the cattle. 
 
 METHOD OF JUDGING AT SHOWS. 
 
 Many changes mark the development of the judging of cattle at 
 shows. The scale of points on one of the first score cards in use was 
 24, giving 16 points for the escutcheon and 8 points for build and 
 general appearance. This seemingly undue importance laid on the 
 escutcheon was principally due to the Frenchman, Guenon. who at 
 that time called special attention to the escutcheon as an indication 
 of good milking capacity. The score card was gradually changed 
 and broadened. More divisions in the scale of points were made as 
 the importance of the different features which constituted a good 
 dairy animal became clearer. 
 
 In 1887 the ancestors of the animals were for the first time con- 
 sidered in the judging, by giving 8 points in a scale of 72 for pedigree. 
 In 1903 the government show commission revised the score card for 
 dairy cattle as follows : 
 
 Points. 
 
 Form and size 15 
 
 Quality and dairy temperament 12 
 
 Milking qualities 12 
 
 Fedigree 12 
 
 Total 51 
 
24 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 The points given for pedigree were to be considered under the 
 following heads: 
 
 Points. 
 
 a. Detailed information in regard to ancestors 2 
 
 b. Premiums awarded to the animals mentioned in pedigree 3 
 
 c. The importance of the family in the development of the 
 
 breed 3 
 
 (7. Detailed information in regard to amount of milk and per 
 
 cent of fat in milk 4 
 
 Total 12 
 
 In the judging of animals at fairs and shows it has become the 
 aim more and more to place the animal according to its breeding 
 value as shown b\ its offspring and by performance. Although the 
 methods employed with this in view differ in various parts of the 
 country, all are working toward this end. At a show held in Copen- 
 hagen in 11)05 there was a class for herds of cows with authenticated 
 records. In order to be eligible to this class heifers after the first 
 calf had to show a record of at least 5,500 pounds of milk, with an 
 average of 3.2 per cent fat. From heifers after second calf an 
 average was required of at least 0,050 pounds for the two years, with 
 3.2 per cent fat, and for aged cows an average of 0,600 pounds of 
 milk a year, with 3.2 per cent fat. In the herd contest the average 
 per cent of fat in each herd exhibited was required to be at least 
 3.4 per cent. For every additional one-tenth of 1 per cent 1 point, 
 not to exceed 9 points in all, was added to the total score. 
 
 The herd premiums were awarded first according to the appearance 
 of the cows; then an additional premium was given for production. 
 In the classification according to production, 330 pounds of butter 
 was given 1 point, and an additional half point was given for each 
 11 pounds of butter over 330 pounds. Half a point was given for 
 a fat content of 3.5 per cent, and for every additional one-tenth of 1 
 per cent half a point was added." 
 
 Upon this scale the herds were recognized in the following classes: 
 
 Class I A 7 points or more. 
 
 Class I B 5 to 7 points. 
 
 Class II A : 3 to 5 points. 
 
 Class II B 1 to 3 points. 
 
 "The customary method of calculating butter is as fellows: The loss of fat 
 
 in skim milk and buttermilk is estimated at 0.15 pound of fat in every 100 
 
 pounds of milk; and the butter is considered to contain SO per cent butter fat. 
 
 This gives the formula : 
 
 [(Pounds of milk X percentage of butter fat) — (pounds of milk X 0.0015)]X 
 
 100 
 
 -^-r=pounds of butter. 
 
METHOD OF JUDGING AT SHOWS. 25 
 
 By this method of judging both the quantity and the quality of 
 the milk was taken into consideration as well as the individuality 
 of the animals. 
 
 At an agricultural convention in the island of Funen in 190G, in 
 order for a bull to compete for prizes it was required to present 
 authenticated records of his dam for at least two } r ears. Further- 
 more, her production had to be at least 198 pounds" of butter a year 
 for her first and second years, and 27.") pounds for the following- 
 years. After complying with these requirements the bulls could be 
 entered in two classes, to be judged either for their individual^' or 
 for their offspring. 
 
 Not only in Denmark, but also in other European countries, much 
 stress is laid upon pedigree and yield in the judging of dairy animals. 
 In Sweden the following score card has been successfully used in 
 the judging of young bulls : 
 
 Points. 
 
 Pedigree 3 
 
 Yield of ancestors 3 
 
 Form, genera] appearance, and strength :! 
 
 Total !> 
 
 Under pedigree are especially considered the male ancestors and 
 their power to transmit their characteristics, and under the yield of 
 ancestors is considered the amount produced of both milk and butter. 
 
 That the above methods of judging can be carried out success- 
 fully is principally due to the cow-test associations, the records of 
 which are taken as authenticated for this work. It has been a point 
 for much discussion as to how much importance should be placed 
 upon pedigree and how much upon records in the judging of an 
 animal. To go from a s} r stem of judging on individuality alone to 
 a system of judging almost entirely on the records would be going 
 from one extreme to another. The fact that form is the result of 
 function does not make the judging on individuality without founda- 
 tion. However, by also placing due importance on the ancestors 
 and their production, stress is laid upon those points that specially 
 determine the value of the animal for both breeding and economic 
 purposes. 
 
 MARKET PRICES OF BULLS AND CONDITIONS OF TRANSFER. 
 
 In 190G the average price for bulls of the Jutland breed was 
 $406.27, $152.76 of this being cash and $253.51 " on condition." The 
 average for the Red Danish breed was $480.79, of which $192.69 
 
 "One Danish pound equals 1.1023G8 English pounds. The weights men- 
 tioned in this bulletin are all given in English pounds, taking 1.1 English as 
 equal to 1 Danish. 
 
26 CATTLE BREEDERS* ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 was cash and $288.10 w " on condition." The conditional part of the 
 sale is explained as follow^ : 
 
 Since, in order to obtain government aid, bulls must be recognized 
 at the shows receiving government support, it is common to buy bulls 
 for a certain sum of money payable on delivery and an additional 
 sum according to the recognition the bull receives in the show ring. 
 A further sum may also be paid if the bull gets over a certain per 
 cent of the cows he serves with calf or, in case he is shown the first 
 time with offspring, if he receives a premium of not less than a cer- 
 tain rank. As it may take two years before some of the terms can 
 be decided upon, the buyer is, of course, responsible and liable to the 
 seller for the treatment the animal receives up to that time. The 
 seller must furnish a guaranteed pedigree as well as health certificate, 
 including test for tuberculosis, and also guarantee that the bull is in 
 possession of his breeding power. The fact that the greater part of 
 the purchase price of the animals depends upon conditions, as stated 
 above, shows how the people value and are willing to pay for those 
 qualities in the bull which can not be judged from his outward 
 appearance, but which largel}' determine his value for improving the 
 herd. (See Appendix, p. 38, for complete form of contract commonly 
 used in sale of bulls.) 
 
 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN THE WORK OF THE 
 ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Some of the difficulties the associations have had to meet and which 
 in many cases hinder the good results to be expected from this work 
 are: 
 
 1. The associations do not as a rule keep their bulls long enough. 
 Many of the associations keep their bulls only one, two, or at the 
 
 most three years. This time is altogether too short to ascertain the 
 real breeding value of the bull as shown by the offspring. The prin- 
 cipal, reasons for this frequent change of bulls are that many farmers 
 fear evil effects from inbreeding, and that the bulls become either 
 vicious or nonbreeders. That the}- become vicious is often attributed 
 to the custom of changing the boarding place of the bull from year 
 to year in order, perhaps, to save a few dollars on his keep. Often 
 the bulls become nonbreeders due to overfattening, lack of exercise, 
 or too heavy service when young. 
 
 The result of this frequent change of bulls, even of the same breed, 
 is in many cases a hindrance to the development of the cattle industry 
 in the community, since the offspring from year to year are lacking 
 in uniformity. 
 
 2. Some associations have too large a membership. 
 
INFLUENCE OF CATTLE BREEDERS* ASSOCIATIONS. 27 
 
 
 
 It can readily be understood that if an association is too large in 
 membership and in number of cows the benefit to the individual mem- 
 ber becomes smaller. Associations having a membership of from 
 40 to GO, with from 300 to 400 cows and only 1 bull, will not be nearly 
 so important as will the smaller associations. It is considered that a 
 full-grown bull can be used on 125 to 150 cows a year if the time of 
 calving is scattered throughout the } T ear; but as a rule the cows are 
 bred during a few months, and in such cases the ratio of cows to bulls 
 should not be more than 50 to 1, especially if the association is aiming 
 to keep the bull for several years. 
 
 3. Frequency of abortions. 
 
 Although all cattle breeders' associations have rules prohibiting 
 cows that have aborted from being bred to association bulls, vet in 
 many cases abortions have been spread b}' the bull from herd to herd. 
 Abortion in a herd not only causes an immediate loss due to a lower 
 production, but may check improvement in the herd for several }^ears. 
 To prevent the spread of the disease, not only is great care taken in 
 disinfecting the bull after each service, but in some associations there 
 is carried out a frequent sj^stematic veterinary inspection and exam- 
 ination of all cows in the association. 
 
 4. Members do not always use the association bull. 
 
 In some communities the members may have to lead their cows a 
 considerable distance to reach the association bull. This, as also the 
 higher service fee, often causes members who are not fully alive to 
 the importance of a well-bred bull in improving the herd to neglect 
 to bring their cows to the association bull. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS UPON THE 
 
 DAIRY INDUSTRY. 
 
 The influence of the cattle breeders' associations is especially marked 
 along the following lines: 
 
 1. By organization and cooperation it became possible for the 
 smaller farmers to obtain a rapid improvement in their herds, which 
 otherwise would practically have been impossible. 
 
 2. They have constantly and forcibly demonstrated to the farmer 
 the value of a purebred bull of recognized family in the improve- 
 ment of the herd. 
 
 3. The herd books and records kept by the associations have taught 
 the farmer to appreciate the value of a pedigree in the selection of 
 breeding animals. 
 
 4. By cooperating with the cow-test associations and agricultural 
 societies it has become possible to employ many cattle experts, who 
 not only have acted as educators and advisers but to whom is due the 
 credit for the uniform and systematic way in which this work is 
 carried on throughout the country. 
 
28 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 The important part played by the breeders' associations in the im- 
 provement of the cattle is quite noticeable at the fairs and shows. A 
 few years ago the greater portion of the animals exhibited, especially 
 bulls, belonged to individual farmers owning large herds. To-day 
 not only do more bulls in the show rings belong to the breeders' as- 
 sociations, but these most frequently carry off the highest honors. By 
 means of these associations a large number of the smaller farmers 
 who could not afford to keep or buy a high-priced bull for a few cows 
 have had an equal opportunity for improving their herds, as well as 
 equal chances at the shows, with the farmers who own the large herds. 
 Furthermore, they have added greatly to the interest taken in the 
 shows and fairs, as each member of an association takes a personal in- 
 terest and pride in having his association bull successfully meet the 
 often very keen competition. 
 
 GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY. 
 
 The number of cows in Denmark in I860 was 812,000, with an 
 average annual production of about 2,200 pounds of milk per cow. 
 The number of cows in 1903 was 1,089,073, with an average produc- 
 tion of 5,720 pounds. The average annual production at the present 
 time is estimated to be about 0,000 pounds of milk per cow. 
 
 The increase in the production has been specially noticeable as the 
 cooperative movement has taken hold of branch after branch of the 
 cattle industry as well as other phases of agricultural work which 
 indirectly would influence its development. The period from 1880 
 to 1883 will ahvays be memorable in the history of Danish agricul- 
 ture, because it marks the organization of the first cooperative cream- 
 ery, the first permanent cattle breeders' association, the publishing of 
 the first public herd book, and the appointment of the committee for 
 the preservation and improvement of the Jutland breed. It also 
 marks the period at which Denmark ceased to export grain, due to 
 the fact that it proved more economical to feed it to the cattle. Since 
 then not only has the grain raised in the country been fed to the live 
 stock, but the importation of grain and concentrated feedstuffs has 
 increased from year to year. In 1907 the imports amounted to 1,G08 
 million pounds of grain, 987 million pounds of oil meal and oil cake, 
 and 131 million pounds of bran and gluten, a total of 2,720 million 
 pounds. The larger portion of this large total of feedstuffs has been 
 used in the production of butter, of which, in 1907, 200,009,200 pounds 
 were exported to England. But in addition it has added thousands 
 of dollars worth of plant food to the soil. The fertility once lost 
 through the marketing of the grain from the farms has not only been 
 replaced, but in many sections the soil is richer, and is at present 
 producing larger crops than ever in the past. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 29 
 
 It is well to remember that the great improvement effected in 
 Danish cattle has not been brought about by importation of high- 
 priced animals from other countries, but is simply due to organization 
 and cooperation, careful selection, systematic application of the prin- 
 ciples of breeding, and good care and liberal feeding of the cattle. It 
 is the result of having a definite purpose in view which is never lost 
 sight of. The Jutland cow, once primarily kept for the production of 
 beef, has been changed into a profitable dairy cow. The average 
 annual production of the Red Danish cows, according to the creamery 
 statistics for the island of Funen in 1907, was 0,930 pounds per cow, 
 an amount that will compare favorably with any dairy breed. 
 
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 The author desires to acknowledge the great courtesy received in 
 Denmark, not only from the officials and experts connected with the 
 agricultural department and the agricultural societies, but on every 
 hand where information was sought. He is especiallj T indebted to 
 Lars Frederiksen, one of the cattle experts employed by the Jutland 
 Agricultural Society, for the valuable references given to agricultural 
 reports and to other agricultural literature. 
 
 The following literature has been made use of in preparing this 
 bulletin : 
 
 Kousulentberetniug ofjyclske Landboforeninger, 1905. S. 1*. Petersen. 
 
 Husdyrbrug of 1906. Axel Appel. 
 
 Kvaegavl og Kvaegoixlraet. A. Svendsen. 
 
 Landokonomisk Aarbog, 1907. H. ('. Larsen. 
 
 Kvaegbrugets Udvikling i Danmark, A. Appel og 1'. A. Morkeberg. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 BV-I.VWS FOR CATTLE BREEDERS - ASSOCIATION'S UNDER COMMON MANAGE- 
 MENT ON THE ISLAND OF FUNEN. 
 
 Section 1. The aim of the cattle breeders' association is to produce the sure 
 and rapid development of a sound, well-built, productive. Red Danish breed of 
 milch cows. The aim shall he reached principally by the purchase of meritori- 
 ous herd hulls, by selecting the best dams i the selection being, as much as 
 possible, based on information about yielding capacity and pedigree), by a 
 rational treatment of the offspring, and by the holding of local shows according 
 to rules stated below. 
 
 Sec. 2. (o) Every cattle breeder within the district is eligible to membership 
 who subscribes to these by-laws and has in his herd at least one cow which is 
 considered by the management of the association to be worthy of joining the 
 ranks of the breeding animals. 
 
 ( b i Members who join later enter with rights aud obligations in proportion 
 to and in accordance with the state of affairs approved by the last general 
 meeting. 
 
 Sec. 3. Members may be accepted at any time on application to the chairman 
 or a member of the board of directors. 
 
 Sec. 4. Withdrawals from the association can take place only on the 1st of 
 April of each year, and notification in writing must be sent to the chairman not 
 less than one year in advance and be receipted for. From the day of receipt 
 of the notification tbe member shall have no vote. 
 
 Sec. 5. The management of the association shall be vested in a board of 
 
 directors of members, elected for four years by the general meeting. 
 
 From the board of directors, which elects its own chairman, members 
 
 shall retire, alternately, every other year; the first time the retirement shall 
 be by lot. later according to turn. Reelection is permitted. 
 
 The district of the association shall be divided into circuits, with a member 
 of the board as manager of each circuit. 
 
 Sec. 0. The members of the board of directors shall see to the enforcement 
 of the laws and take care of the affairs of the association. When the chairman 
 or three of the members desire, meetings of the board shall be held. Both at 
 these and at the general meetings records shall be kept. 
 
 The board shall select, purchase, offer for service, exclude, and sell the herd 
 bulls of the association, select the cows of the members, act as judges at the 
 local shows, and give the members advice regarding their bookkeeping. 
 
 The chairman shall call the meetings of the board of directors, decide when 
 and where they shall be held, preside at the same, and keep the minutes. lie 
 shall represent the association, keep its correspondence and accounts, and act 
 as its treasurer. He shall be responsible for the funds of the association 
 intrusted to him aud endeavor to make them profitable. 
 
 The circuit managers shall work for the benefit of the association in their 
 respective districts and pay strict attention to the work there. The board of 
 directors or a committee of the members shall, once a year, inspect the herds of 
 the members ou their farms. 
 30 
 
APPENDIX. 31 
 
 Sec. 7. The herd bull must be sound and well built, of lied Danish milking 
 breed, and recognized good pedigree. He shall be insured, and twice a year 
 shall be examined by a veterinary surgeon. He should not be utilized for breed- 
 ing purposes until he reaches the age of 13 years. When purchasing bulls, the 
 association should secure guarantee of breeding capacity. The bull shall be 
 exhibited every year until he shall have received premiums on account of his 
 offspring. Until the age of 3 years he shall be exhibited at a breeding asso- 
 ciation show subsidized by the Government ; and after the age of 3 years at the 
 government show. He shall also be exhibited at the local shows. 
 
 Sec 8. The members are entitled to have their cows served by the association 
 bull, provided that the cows are not subject to abortion, are otherwise healthy, 
 and are approved by the board of directors. 
 
 Sec 9. The fee for service shall be determined every year by the board of 
 directors, and shall be paid by the members in proportion to the number of their 
 eligible cows. 
 
 Sec 10. Every member must keep the records directed by the board of 
 directors and is bound to exhibit, at the local shows arranged by the board of 
 directors, all selected cows and their offspring by the association bull until 
 the heifers become pregnant for the first time and the bulls reach the age of 
 2 years. Calves less than 3 months old need not be exhibited. Each calf shall 
 be earmarked with the number of its dam, according to a method adopted by the 
 management. 
 
 The members shall be bound on the demand of the board of directors to ex- 
 hibit the offspring of the association bull, if such are in existence, at the annual 
 offspring shows preceding the government shows. 
 
 Sec 11. The cows shall be selected and a record kept in the selection book. 
 The selection shall be conducted under proper supervision, but may take place 
 at any time of the year, and either at the farms or at the local shows. 
 
 Only healthy animals shall be admitted. According to their characteristics 
 they shall be divided into two classes, A and B, the former of which includes 
 animals especially suited for breeding and the latter comprises animals which may 
 be utilized for breeding purposes. Every animal shall have its number branded 
 on the back of the right horn. Cows of class A also have an A branded on the 
 back of the left horn. Branding may be dispensed with when the cows are 
 otherwise marked in a safe manner. 
 
 Sec 12. The board of directors fixes the time and place of the local shows, 
 and notifies the members eight days in advance. Any cows excluded by the 
 circuit manager, with the acquiescence of the owner, need not be exhibited, as 
 they are considered stricken out. 
 
 Sec 13. The fiscal year of the association shall run from the 1st of April 
 to the 31st of March. The chairman shall deliver his accounts, and they shall 
 be returned to him in the course of eight days. 
 
 For accounts relating to the individual cows and the association bulls the 
 adopted forms are used. When the selected cows have been accepted by a cow- 
 test association, the forms of the latter are used. 
 
 Sec 14. A regular general meeting shall be held once a year after eight 
 days previous notification. At the annual meeting the audited accounts shall 
 be produced, and the chairman shall give a short report of the work of the 
 association during the past year. Furthermore, new members of the board of 
 directors shall be elected to succeed the retiring members and also two auditors. 
 
 a See law on domestic animals, in Appendix, paragraph 14. 
 
32 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 All questions except those mentioned in section 16 are decided upon by a 
 majority vote. The votes must be delivered in person. At the general meeting 
 all matters or questions communicated to the chairman in writing at least four 
 days prior to the meeting, or proposed by the board of directors, are discussed 
 and acted upon. 
 
 Extra general meetings may be called by the board of directors, and must be 
 called when one-third of the members so desire. The call shall be issued as 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Sec. 15. The members are jointly responsible for all debts contracted in 
 accordance with the action of the general meeting and for deficits in the annual 
 accounts or in the settlement of the financial affairs of the association when 
 such settlement has to be made on account of the death or sale of bulls or for 
 any other reason ; each individual's liability being in proportion to the greatest 
 number of cows registered as belonging to him at any time during the fiscal 
 year, regardless of whether some of them were sold, killed, or stricken out. 
 At withdrawals the withdrawing member, in order to be relieved of his liability, 
 must pay the proportionate portion of the debt of the association, according to_^ 
 a statement rendered by the board and approved by the general meeting. He 
 shall not be entitled to any portion of a possible surplus. 
 
 Sec 16. The dissolution of the association can only be agreed upon by 
 a general meeting where three fourth of the members are present and when 
 three-fourths of those present vote in favor thereof. If no quorum should be 
 obtained by the first call, a new general meeting shall decide by a majority vote, 
 regardless of the number of members present. 
 
 LAW RELATING TO INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE BREEDING 
 AND KEEPING OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS." 
 
 The institutions named l>elow. for the promotion of the breeding and keeping 
 of domestic animals, shall be aided by government subsidies as follows: 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF PREMIUMS AT SHOWS. 
 
 1. The provincial agricultural association fairs or shows may receive a sub- 
 sidy which, with the restriction named in section 3. shall be equal to the amount 
 the associations themselves appropriate for premiums for breeding animals. 
 Agricultural associations holding their annual shows in common may receive, 
 subject to the discretion of the minister of agriculture, a further aid of 10 per 
 cent of the amount named. (See sees. 2 and 3.) 
 
 2. Shows in common. (See sees. 2 and 4 to 6.) 
 
 (a) The shows conducted by associations under common management may 
 be aided to the amount of twice as much as the interested associations them- 
 selves contribute for prizes at these shows. 
 
 4. Government shows for bulls may receive the amount of 73,000 kroner 
 ($20,100). (See sees. 2 and 7 to 11.) 
 
 BREEDING ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 6. Cattle breeding associations may receive 150 kroner ($40.20) for each bull 
 belonging to the association. (See sees. 12 and 14.) 
 
 7. Breeding associations specially apt to develop good strains may receive 
 sums up to 20.000 kroner ($5,360). (See sec. 15.) 
 
 Only those clauses which influence the cattle industry are here quoted. 
 
APPENDIX. 33 
 
 OTHER INSTITUTIONS RELATING TO THE BREEDING AND KEEPING OF DOMESTIC 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 9. Test associations may receive up to 250 kroner ($07) each; not. however, 
 to exceed a total amount of 120,000 kroner ($32,160). (See sec. 17.) 
 
 10. For competitions between entire herds there may be appropriated an 
 amount of not more than 25,000 kroner ($6,700). (See sec. 18.) 
 
 13. For the publication of herd books, an amount of not more than 20,000 
 kroner ($5,360). (See sec. 21.) 
 
 14. For experts in breeding, a subsidy of sums up to three-fifths of their 
 annual salaries; not. however, to exceed 30,000 kroner ($8,040). (See sec. 22.) 
 
 15. Institutions not included in those above named, but aiming at the pro 
 motion of the breeding and keeping of domestic animals, and in the judgment 
 of the minister of agriculture deserving support, shall receive an amount not 
 to exceed 40.000 kroner ($10,720). 
 
 Furthermore, the Government shall defray the per diem and transportation 
 expenses of the chairmen of the bull and stallion show commissions, of the 
 judges at the government shows, and of the supervisors of the shows of the 
 breeding associations, and the expenses connected with the publication of the 
 reports of the government show commissions. 
 
 Aid for Fremiums at Shows." 
 
 Sec. 2. In awarding premiums according to this law. everything else being 
 equal, the first animals to be considered shall be such as have prominent marks 
 of their breed, have reliable and instructive pedigree records, and belong to 
 good, and as far as possible, pure breeds and families. 
 
 It shall also be looked after that animals having received premiums at one 
 show shall not receive such at another show in the same year; the cooperative 
 shows mentioned in section 1, paragraph 2, and shows at agricultural conven- 
 tions, however, excepted. 
 
 Sec 3. The government aid mentioned in section 1, paragraph 1, shall, in 
 the proportion there stated, be distributed by the minister of agriculture among 
 the agricultural associations working for the promotion of the breeding and 
 keeping of domestic animals; provided, however, that no association which has 
 not been in existence for one year, and has not at least 150 contributing mem- 
 bers, with annual contributions aggregating at least 300 kroner ($S0.40), shall 
 receive government aid (provided, however, that the minister of agriculture, 
 when special geographical conditions make it desirable, may ignore this rule) ; 
 and further provided, that the number of kroner in the subsidy shall not be 
 more than four times the number of contributing members in the association. 
 
 The amounts appropriated may be used for premiums and recognition money 6 
 for: 
 
 Bulls between 1 and 3 years old. 
 
 Cows and heifers; provided that individual cows or heifers shall not receive 
 prizes when belonging to herds of more than six milk cows. 
 
 Herds of at least three members, the female animals of which must have 
 been born in the ownership of the exhibitor, or else reared by him, and in the 
 latter case must have been bought by him before they were 3 months old ; and 
 family groups of cattle. 
 
 ° Section 1 is a summary of the provisions stated in more detail in section 2 
 and following sections. 
 
 6 The term "recognition money" is explained on p. 16. 
 
34 CATTLE BREEDERS ' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 Bulls under 2 years of age and mares under 4 years can lie awarded recogni- 
 tion money only. 
 
 The amount by which the subsidy may be increased for associations which, in- 
 stead of holding their shows separately, hold a yearly show in common, may by 
 the minister of agriculture be allowed to be used for either premiums or 
 expenses. 
 
 The award of premiums, both at the shows of single associations and at shows 
 held under common management, shall be made by a judging committee chosen 
 by the association. Associations which desire to be considered in the allotment 
 of subsidies from the government treasury must, before the end of March, make 
 application therefor to the minister of agriculture, the application to be accom- 
 panied by information as to whether they fulfill the conditions required for the 
 granting of subsidies, and as to the size of the fund which the associations 
 themselves have decided to distribute during that year in premiums. 
 
 The time for holding shows is to be determined by the associations holding 
 same, after consultation with the government show commissioner for the dis- 
 trict in which each association is located. (See Sec. 11.) 
 
 Premiums may bo awarded only to such animals as are pledged to be kept 
 in the country for breeding purposes for at least one year after the payment of 
 the premium. If any such animal is sold abroad before the expiration of one 
 year tbe premium shall be refunded. 
 
 In other details the rules for distribution of premiums shall be made by the 
 associations themselves. At every distribution a record must be kept in which 
 all animals that are awarded premiums shall be noted, with a short description 
 of their breeding and characteristics, on forms approved by the minister of 
 agriculture. An extract from this record shall be sent each October to the 
 minister of Agriculture, who thereafter will demand the return of such sub- 
 sidies as any association may not have used or which are distributed or kept 
 contrary to the foregoing regulations. 
 
 Sec. 4. The aid mentioned in section 1, paragraph 2a, shall be distributed, 
 in the proportion there stated, by the minister of agriculture, as premiums at 
 the shows held by associations under common management, which, besides the 
 kinds of animals mentioned in section .">, may comprise other gatherings of 
 horses and cattle and. with a regular intermission of three years, older stallions 
 and bulls. 
 
 Sec. 7. The amount of 75,000 kroner ($20,100) mentioned in section 1, para- 
 graph 4, shall be used for premiums for bulls, only bulls more than 3 years 
 old and still strong and in possession of full breeding capacity being eligible. 
 
 In every show district shall be held an annual stallion show: while the bull- 
 show commissions in one or more connected show districts, when conditions 
 make it desirable, shall hold annual shows for smaller districts, the number 
 of which must not exceed the number of counties (Amtsraadskredse) in said 
 show district or districts, and the boundaries of which, as much as possible, 
 shall coincide with those of the counties, provided that considerations as to the 
 kind of herds or geographical conditions do not necessitate other boundaries. 
 The division into districts must be approved by the minister of agriculture, 
 and can not be changed without his consent, after a new general election of 
 bull-show commissioners. Changes in the district divisions necessitated by 
 the appearance of contagious diseases may be made by the minister of 
 agriculture. 
 
 The amount appropriated by the Government for premiums for stallions and 
 bulls shall be distributed by the minister of agriculture among the show dis- 
 
 11 As provided in section 1. paragraphs 1 and 2<i. 
 
APPENDIX. 35 
 
 triets, according to recommendation from the chairman of the government bull- 
 show commission, who shall secure reports and recommendations in advance 
 from the chairmen of the stallion" and bull show commissions, which reports 
 and recommendations shall be forwarded to the minister of agriculture at the 
 same time as the recommendation of the chairman. 
 
 In the distribution shall be considered the number of animals that have been 
 exhibited and have received premiums during the preceding year and the sta- 
 tistical information gained by the last enumeration <>f cattle at the last govern- 
 ment shows, which information shall be forwarded by the chairman of the gov- 
 ernment show commission to the chairmen of the stallion and bull show com- 
 missions, who at the same time shall be requested to report. 
 
 Sec. S. The government shows shall be managed by stallion and bull com- 
 missions, respectively, the chairmen of which shall be appointed by the minister 
 of agriculture, and the other members of which shall be elected for a term of 
 three years by the county boards from among the men proposed by the agri- 
 cultural associations indicated below. 
 
 To the bull commissions two members and two alternates shall be elected 
 by the county boards in the show districts. In case of a tie vote the elec- 
 tion shall be decided by lot. Three months prior to the election the county 
 chairman shall request each agricultural association in the district which has 
 150 members, in the previous year has appropriated at least 300 kroner (.$S0.40) 
 of its own means for premiums, and holds annual shows, to propose in writing 
 a number of members and alternates equal to the number to be elected by 
 the county board, and from among that number the members shall be chosen. 
 If there should be only one agricultural association in the county, the latter 
 shall propose twice as many members and alternates as the county board shall 
 elect. Each and every stallion and bull show commission shall from among its 
 members elect a secretary, who shall act until the following year's stallion or 
 bull show shall have been held. 
 
 Sec. 0. The stallion and bull show commissions shall decide upon the number 
 and amount of premiums, the rules for distributing tiie same, the place where 
 the show shall be held, and the expenses necessary. 
 
 These decisions, as well as the changes in and amendments to the same, 
 adopted by the commission shall be published by the commission. 
 
 The government show commission shall prepare the necessary rules to guide 
 the judges. 
 
 The commissioners shall act as judges at the horse and bull shows, respec- 
 tively, and shall distribute the premiums. 
 
 In awarding premiums the offspring of the competing animals shall be par- 
 ticularly considered, so that the principal part of the amount shall be expended 
 for premiums for good offspring. 
 
 Bulls that have received premiums may be branded with the mark of the com- 
 mission, but only when the owner so desires. 
 
 Whoever receives a premium thereby assumes the obligation to let the animal, 
 having been considered worthy of it. remain in the country for breeding pur- 
 poses, if it is a bull, until the 1st of May of the following year. 
 
 Should the receivers of premiums neglect to fulfill this obligation, the pre- 
 miums shall be returned to the treasury, unless the minister of agriculture shall 
 admit that special reasons for such neglects have been proved. Amounts of 
 premiums to be returned according to this regulation may be collected by legal 
 proceedings. 
 
 a Stallion show commissions and bull show commissions are independent com- 
 missions having separate funds for distribution. Sums of money quoted are 
 used for promoting cattle industry only. 
 
36 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 Sec. 10. The chairmen of the stallion and bull show commissions shall deter- 
 mine the time for holding stallion and bull shows. They shall preside at the 
 meetings of the commissions and, with the assistance of the secretaries, keep 
 records which, among other things, shall contain accurate descriptions of the 
 stallions and bulls that have received premiums, and information regarding 
 their pedigree and offspring. The chairmen shall receive the amounts appro- 
 priated for premiums by the Government and distribute the same. They also, 
 before the end of October of each year, shall send to the minister of agricul- 
 ture a complete report of the results of the shows, accompanied by a transcript 
 of the records and a statement setting forth the amount distributed as premiums 
 and expended for the holding of stallion and bull shows, etc. 
 
 The secretaries of the commissions, who on the whole shall take care of the 
 preliminary preparation of the shows, shall advertise for not less than two 
 weeks prior to the holding of the show, in the most widely circulated news- 
 papers in the district, the place, the time, and the amount of premiums. 
 
 Sec. 11. The chairmen of the stallion and bull show commissions, in connec- 
 tion with the government expert in breeding of domestic animals, under the 
 presidency of a man appointed by the minister of agriculture, shall form a 
 government show commission, through which the supervision provided for in 
 section : J > in the present law shall be conducted in such a way that the full 
 commission shall divide the associations among its members, and one of the 
 commission chairmen shall be present at each association show, with the right 
 to take part in the deliberations and votes of the judging committee. 
 
 The government show commission shall hold a regular annual meeting, at 
 which questions of importance for the work of the commission shall be brought 
 up and discussed, and issue an annual report. 
 
 AID TO BREEDING ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Sec. 12. The aid to breeding associations discussed below shall be distributed 
 by the minister of agriculture and only be given to associations, the aims of 
 which are recognized as good and useful and which are recommended by the 
 common management associations of the province. Applications for aid shall be 
 sent through the latter. 
 
 The breeding associations are, as far as the application of the government 
 aid is concerned, subjected to the supervision of the minister of agriculture. 
 
 Should an association dissolve during the fiscal year for which government aid 
 has been received, the minister of agriculture shall be entitled to claim the 
 reimbursement of the amount or a proportionate part of the same; for this 
 reimbursement the members of the board of directors are jointly (one for all 
 and all for one) responsible. 
 
 Sec 14. The cattle breeders' associations referred to in section 1, paragraph 
 6. in order to be eligible for government aid, must have their by-laws approved 
 by the minister of agriculture. The by-laws must contain provisions to the 
 effect that the cows of the members shall be selected under proper supervision, 
 that the bull shall be examined twice a year by a veterinarian, and that the 
 herds shall be inspected at their homes at least once a year by the board of 
 directors or a committee of its members. The government aid shall be granted 
 for a specified bull that must have received a premium or recognition money " 
 at a government show or at a breeding association show supported by the Gov- 
 ernment. Besides, the bull, until he shall have received offspring premium, 
 must receive every year a premium at a breeding association show or, after hav- 
 ing reached the age of 3 years, must at least be considered worthy of a premium 
 
 See p. 16. 
 
APPENDIX. 37 
 
 at a government show, unless special conditions should make this impossible, 
 in which latter case the fact must be certified to by the chairman of the dis 
 trict show. No aid shall be granted before the bull reaches the age of 1} years; 
 and only as long as the bull owned by the association shall be in possession of 
 his full breeding capacity. 
 
 The annual amount, counting from the day the bull was received by the asso- 
 Ciation, shall be 150 kroner ($40.20) for each bull ; provided, however, that in 
 proportion to the number of bulls the amount intended for breeding associations 
 under a common provincial management shall be distributed in amounts ranging 
 from 130 kroner ($34.84) to 170 kroner ($45.56), according to a classification 
 adopted by the common management at which the good qualities of the bull as 
 well as the work of the association in general shall be considered. 
 
 If the bull should be sold, the government aid shall be kept without dis- 
 count, provided, that the association, within two mouths after the sale, shall 
 purchase another bull meeting the requirements named above. 
 
 Sec. 15. The amount of aid mentioned in section 1, paragraph 7, may be 
 utilized by the minister of agriculture for the further encouragement of breed- 
 ing associations which, by the exhibition of excellent young animals, prove them- 
 selves to possess special adaptation for the development of valuable strains of 
 cattle. 
 
 The passing of judgment ou the young animals shall occur at the offspring 
 shows conducted by the bull-show commissions, and with the commissioners as 
 judges. 
 
 The aid, granted in amounts ranging from 50 kroner ($13.40) to 150 kroner 
 ($40.20), shall be distributed according to the recommendation of the interested 
 common-management associations. 
 
 In case the associations here mentioned have assistants to keep herd books 
 and accounts of the yield and feeding of the individual cows, they may, in 
 accordance with section 17, be granted additional aid as cow-test associations. 
 
 AID TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS CONCERNED IN THE BREEDINO AND KEEPING OE DOMESTIC 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 Sec. 17. The aid mentioned in section 1, paragraph 9, shall be distributed by 
 the minister of agriculture, in the proportion there indicated, to cow-testing asso- 
 ciations which have as their aim to instruct cattle owners, increase the profits of 
 cattle breeding, and promote the development of cattle breeds whose milk will 
 yield an increased amount of butter; such efforts being made on the basis of 
 investigations into the feeding, milk yield, and fat content of milk of individual 
 cows. 
 
 Such associations must have at least 8 members and 200 cows; but the min- 
 ister of agriculture may dispense with the requirement of such a number of 
 members or cows, either in consideration of the scattered population of the 
 locality and special local conditions, or because the association in question has 
 taken up the work of testing and other branches of the trade, closely connected 
 with the principal aims, or, finally, when breeding associations of the kind men- 
 tioned in section 15 are concerned. 
 
 Associations having a sufficient number of members and cows to form more 
 than one association, and employing more than one assistant, may, at the dis- 
 cretion of the minister of agriculture, receive aid as more than one association. 
 
 Cattle breeders' associations or mergers of such, with cows to the number 
 of 150, which have taken up the testing and examination of the yield and feed- 
 ing of the cows, may secure aid as cow-testing associations. 
 
38 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 The by-laws of the associations must be approved by the minister of agri- 
 culture, to whom applications for aid should be sent, accompanied by a declara- 
 tion from the common-management association of the province. 
 
 Sec. IS. The aid mentioned in section 1, paragraph 10. may be used by the 
 minister of agriculture for holding competitions between entire herds. 
 
 The passing of judgment shall be based on a two years' competition conducted 
 by the common-management association of the district. 
 
 In passing judgment, besides the appearance and yielding capacity, the ability 
 of the individuals to transfer the characteristics and good qualities of the 
 breed to the offspring should be considered. 
 
 Judgment shall be passed by committees, each consisting of three members, 
 one of whom shall be appointed by the minister of agriculture and the other 
 two by the breeding association which conducts the competition. 
 
 The results of the competition shall be published. 
 
 Two-thirds of the expenses connected with the competition shall be defrayed 
 by the Government and one-third by the interested associations, in cooperation 
 with the competing members. 
 
 Sec. 21. The amount of 20,000 kroner ( .$5,300 ) provided for in section 1, para- 
 graph 13, may be expended by the minister of agriculture in publishing herd 
 books kept by the cooperative Danish agricultural associations; and if the 
 whole amount should not be expended for that purpose, then, on the recom- 
 mendation of the interested common-management association, a portion of it 
 may be expended for promoting by other means the keeping of herd books 
 for cows by the agricultural associations or the common managements of 
 breeding associations. 
 
 Sec. 22. The amount provided for in section 1, paragraph 14. for association 
 experts shall be distributed by the minister of agriculture in the proportion 
 there named for salaries to experts for one or more breeding associations and 
 common managements of cow-test associations. 
 
 The government aid shall be subject to recommendation from the common- 
 management association of the province. 
 
 The associations or the common managements shall take care that the experts 
 render an annual report, according to further directions from the minister of 
 agriculture, illustrating the work of the experts, and that they take part in the 
 combined meetings of government and association experts called by the sec- 
 retary. 
 
 Sec. 2.'!. With the permission of the minister of agriculture, and on terms 
 fixed by him, on recommendation of the interested common-management associa- 
 tion, associations working for the improvement of the breed may hold voluntary 
 public auctions for the sale of breeding animals without the interference of the 
 director of auctions and without paying fees. 
 
 FORM OF CONTRACT USED IN THE PURCHASE OF BULLS. 
 The following contract is this day made in regard to the bull. 
 
 (Name of ball, i 
 
 owned by and dropped 
 
 (Name of owner.) (Day and year.) 
 
 at by 
 
 (Place of birth.) (Dam's name and number.) 
 
 This contract is made on the following conditions: 
 
 Section 1. The seller is to deliver the bull at his own expense and risk, at 
 
 (Time and place of delivery must be definitely agreed on.) 
 
APPENDIX. 39 
 
 Sec. 2. At the time of the delivery of the bull the seller will furnish to the 
 buyer : 
 
 (a) The pedigree of the bull. If the seller has himself reared the bull, he 
 guarantees by his signature on the pedigree the accuracy of the information 
 therein contained. If he has not reared the bull himself, the accuracy of the 
 pedigree must be attested in such manner as the buyer agrees to when the 
 bargain is made. 
 
 (&) A veterinarian's certificate of the health of the bull at time of delivery, 
 in which it must be specially noted that the tuberculin test has been applied, 
 with favorable outcome. If there is anything lacking in the bull's condition of 
 health, and the buyer is for that reason unwilling to accept the bull, this con- 
 tract shall become void and neither of the contracting parties shall have any 
 claim against the other. 
 
 Sec. 3. The seller guarantees that the bull is willing to serve and able to get 
 calves. If the bull, in spite of proper care, proves to be, in the judgment of the 
 buyer, not sufficiently able to serve and get offspring the first year, the seller 
 will take the bull back again and refund two-thirds of the sum received in 
 accordance with section 4. A. of this contract, and all the conditional pay- 
 ments described in section 4, B, shall thereupon be canceled. 
 
 Sec. 4. The purchase price is agreed upon as follows: 
 
 A. When the bull is delivered the buyer shall pay kroner. 
 
 B. In addition, the buyer shall pay upon the conditions named below the 
 following amounts (conditional payments) : 
 
 (a) If there are found amongst the cows served by this bull not over 
 
 per cent of farrow cows in any one of the first years, then the buyer 
 
 shall pay kroner for that year; and this clause shall hold good for each 
 
 separate year of the number of years specified. 
 
 (6) If the bull is awarded first-class recognition money at the cooperative 
 shows of the island of Funen, the buyer shall pay kroner. 
 
 (c) If the bull is awarded first, second, or third premium at the government 
 
 show for bulls in the year , the buyer shall pay kroner. (The 
 
 year following the show indicated in ('d), next paragraph.) 
 
 (<1) If, on the first occasion when offspring of this bull is exhibited at a gov- 
 erument bull show, the bull is awarded an offspring premium of at least second 
 class, first degree, the buyer shall pay kroner. 
 
 The conditional payments agreed upon under (a) shall be due without notice 
 
 every year on the first day of October, beginning with October 1, . The 
 
 amounts agreed upon under (b), (c), and (</) shall likewise be due without 
 notice eight, days after the above-mentioned recognition money or premiums 
 are awarded to the bull. 
 
 All payments shall be made at the residence of the seller, or at any other 
 place which he may designate in this country, without expense to the seller. 
 
 Sec. 5. The buyer shall exhibit the bull at the shows named in section 4, 
 unless prevented by ill health on the part of the bull, which must be certified 
 by a veterinarian. In case the bull's ill health prevents exhibiting him, all 
 conditional payments provided for in section 4, B, shall be suspended, but the 
 obligation nevertheless remains upon the buyer if the bull in that year wins 
 any of the awards mentioned in section 4, (b) and (c). 
 
 Should the buyer neglect his obligation to exhibit the bull as agreed, he shall 
 be bound nevertheless to make the payments agreed upon in section 4, (b) 
 and (c), when they become due. 
 
 °See p. ](i. 
 
40 CATTLE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN DENMARK. 
 
 Sec. 6. The buyer shall keep the bull in proper condition of feed for breeding 
 purposes, and give hiru in all respects good and reasonable care, and keep him 
 covered by life and accident insurance to the amount of his full value. 
 
 Sec. 7. Should it be shown that the seller has delivered to the buyer an incor- 
 rect pedigree or a false veterinarian's certificate, or that the seller has in any 
 other way given to the buyer false information about the bull, the buyer may 
 annul the contract, and the seller (even if he has acted in good faith) shall be 
 bound to take back the bull and refund the money he has received in accordance 
 with section 4, A; and, furthermore, must pay the buyer for stable room, feed. 
 
 and care an allowance of kroner for every day which has passed since 
 
 the delivery of the bull to the buyer until his return delivery to the seller; and 
 neither of the parties shall thereafter have any further claim upon the other. 
 
 If the seller knowingly furnishes a false pedigree, veterinarian's certificate, 
 or other information, the buyer may annul the contract, and the seller shall not 
 only refund the sum received according to section 4, A, and reimburse the buyer 
 for stabling, feed, and care, as provided in the first paragraph of this section, 
 but he shall moreover pay the buyer damages to the extent of 1,000 kroner. 
 
 Sec. 8. Should the seller fail to fulfill this contract, by not delivering the bull, 
 or by not delivering him at the time and place agreed on, even if such failure 
 be not the fault of the seller, the buyer shall have the option of demanding that 
 the contract be fulfilled or annulling the contract. In either case the buyer 
 shall have the right to demand damages for any loss suffered by such non- 
 fulfillment, and particularly for traveling expenses, loss of time, and hotel bills, 
 incurred in the trip to and from the place of delivery. Should the seller refuse 
 to deliver the bull, or be unable to do so (for instance, by reason of having sold 
 him to some other party), he shall be bound to pay damages in the minimum 
 amount of 200 kroner, and more if the buyer's loss shall actually amount to more. 
 
 Sec. 9. Should the buyer be deprived of the bull (by the operation of this 
 contract or by nonfulfillment of the contract on the part of the seller), then the 
 seller, even if he has acted in good faith, shall be bound to refund all money 
 received, and furthermore to pay damages of at least kroner. 
 
 If the seller has known in advance that the bull would not be available, he 
 .shall, besides refunding all money received, be bound to pay damages of at least 
 1,000 kroner. 
 
 Sec. 10. Should either party refuse or neglect to fulfill the provisions of this 
 contract (including section !>), he shall be bound, whether with or without suit 
 at law, to pay all expenses of collection, including attorneys' and collectors' fees, 
 traveling expenses, and other expenses of collection, even if the amount of the 
 claim should be less than 200 kroner. In regard to this the provisions of the 
 law of August 6, 1824, are expressly waived. The violator shall in addition 
 pay interest on said sums which are to be paid or refunded by him, at the rate of 
 6 per cent per annum, which interest, on the amounts agreed upon in section 4, 
 is to be calculated from the day when such amounts become due, and on other 
 amounts from the date of the first demand. 
 
 (Place and date.) 
 
 (Signature of seller.) 
 
 (Signature of buyer.) 
 
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