A 13.4', 35 
 
 [.KMHll All- 
 
 U. S. DI-PARTMFNT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY Circular No. 
 B. T. >; VLLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 
 
 Tin; PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE- 
 PINE BLIGHTS. 
 
 PERLEY. SPAlI.DiXu. 
 Pathologist, Investigations i\ Forest Patjhologi 
 
 &87 <<■> 
 
 WASHINGTON [ GOVlRt.MENT PRINTING OFFIC 
 
 o 
 
 ^ UNIV OF FL LIB 
 DOCUMENT^ DFP 
 
 OEPC 
 
 
BIREAI OF PLANT INDUSTRY 
 
 Chief of Bureau, Bevekly T. Galloway. 
 Assistant Chief of Bureau, ALBERT F. WOODS. 
 Editor, J. E. Rockwell 
 Cliiif Clerk, James E. Jones. 
 
 [Cir. 35] 
 2 
 
 i ) 
 
II. P, I N. 
 
 THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE W 
 PINE BLIGHTS." 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 During the j >a^t four or five years there have been many complaints 
 from owners of timber lands concerning a blight of while pine (Pinus 
 stroh us L.). These complaints began in 1904 and have become increas- 
 ingly frequent ever since. While there is some foundation for alarm 
 it is undoubtedly true that thesame amount of damage fifteen years 
 ago would hardly have excited comment. The price of timber has 
 advanced during this period and people generally are becoming au are 
 that a timber shortage is imminent. 
 
 The original stand of white-pine trees is exhausted and the [umber 
 trade can depend only en the scrubby sec, ml growth, which is 
 usuallj less than 75 years of age. Tins has led to the planting of 
 young trees in very considerable quantities, in the hope of supplying 
 the future more urgent demand at an adequate profil on the invest- 
 ment. The handling of the young trees either in the nursery or in 
 the permanent plantation has led to a mueh more intelligent and 
 careful consideration of the factors controlling the growth and life of 
 this species than was the ease only a few years since. However, 
 much is yet to 1> ( ' accomplished in t his regard, not only with the white 
 pine hut with many other less esteemed species of our forest tree-. 
 
 " This circular presents the results of investigations on the white pineblighl to date. 
 its thai there are 8C\ eral distinct diseases due to as many differenl causes. I om- 
 paratively few trees have been killed ami timber owners Bhould not become undul) 
 alarmed, a- the trees have in many cases already partially recovered from the blight. 
 At present there is absolutely no reason known for cutting or disposing of thrifty young 
 white-pine forests in which an ted with the blight in any of its 
 
 forms; nor should work upon pi posed plantations of this species be relinquished or 
 postponed From fear <>i' this trouble. Studies on the relation of insects t<> twig-blight 
 have been carried on by l>r. A. I». It>|>kins^jf the Bureau of Entomology, and his 
 
 mi-. The writer and 1 >". t<>r ll"pkin-ha ma<le -om perative studies 
 
 in the field. I?. T. Gallon \'> . ' 
 
 • 35] 
 
4 PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHTS. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF BLIGHT. 
 
 Specimens of diseased twigs were referred to the Bureau of Plant 
 Industry at various times before the writer took up the problem. 
 The correspond ci ice shows that a number of fungi were found on the 
 dead leaves, the more common ones being Septoria spadicea Patterson 
 and Charles," Hendersonia foliicola (Berk.) Fckl., Lophodermium 
 pinastri (Shrad.) Cher., L. brachysporum Rostr., and Pestalozzia 
 funerea Desm. 
 
 In 1907 the complaints were renewed with increasing insistence 
 and specimens of affected leaves and twigs were received from many 
 sections of New York and New England. Accordingly, in August, 
 1907, the writer was detailed to study the problem carefully. Exami- 
 nation of the specimens of diseased leaves showed that the fungus 
 Septoria spadicea Patterson and Charles practically always accom- 
 panied the disease. In November, 1907, plots of labeled trees were 
 established at Westbury (Long Island), N. Y.; Windsor, Conn.; 
 Brunswick, Me.; Exeter and Nashua, N. H.; and Burlington, Vt. 
 Each tree was given a number, and one hundred or more trees were 
 included in each plot, except the one at Windsor, Conn., where there 
 were but fifty. Later, the plot at Exeter, N. H., was discontinued, 
 so that finally 600 trees were kept under observation. At various 
 times careful notes have been made on the condition of the foliage of 
 these trees, thus furnishing a history of the progress of the disease on 
 the labeled trees. 
 
 COMPLEX NATURE OF THE DISEASED CONDITION. 
 
 At the very outset it was recognized that there was more than one 
 disease which was included in the term "white-pine blight," and this 
 has become increasingly evident with the further progress of the 
 investigations. In 1907 the disease discussed later in this circular 
 under the name "leaf-blight" was by far the most common one and 
 was usually the one referred to by correspondents and forest owners; 
 but there was also found a twig-blight caused by Lophodermium 
 brachysporum Rostr. which was fairly common, though not notice- 
 able in destructive effects. Some cases were also noted where winter- 
 killing might have occurred, though this could not be definitely 
 ascertained. 
 
 a This fungus has been confused with Septoria parasitica Hartig, but is quite distind . 
 A technical description by Mrs. Flora W. Patterson and Miss Vera K. Charles follows: 
 
 Septoria spadicea Patterson and Charles. 
 
 Pycnidia not spot forming, late becoming slightly erumpent on inner surface 
 of browning needles, scattered, membranous, fuscous-olivaceous, subimmersed, 
 190-225/1 in diameter. Spores hyaline, cylindrical, slightly curved or flexuous, apex 
 acute, one septate, rarely constricted at septum, 3-4 X 30-45 /(. Basidia short. 
 
 ( )n leaves of Pinus strobus. 
 [Cir. 35] 
 
PRESENT BTATU8 OF THE WHITE-PINK BLIGHTS. :> 
 
 In L908 a still greater diversity of forms of disease was found and, 
 in some sections al least, the leaf-blighl which had been so prevalenl 
 the preceding season was qoI the disease which was then arousing 
 attention. The leaf-blight was less prevalenl and apparently much 
 less virulent than in 1907," although it still had about the same dis- 
 tribution. The trouble which attracted attention in most localities, 
 however, was a twig-blight and uot the leaf-blight. Examinations 
 made in New Y'ork and New England showed that this twig-blighl 
 was caused by several distinct factors. < >ne type of this blight was 
 found t'> he largely localized on one side of the affected trees, and it 
 was concluded thai this was a case of true winterkilling. 6 Studies 
 made by the pathologist of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta 
 1 1 mii seem to show t hat much of the blight in Maine was due to winter- 
 killing. This was not true of all sections, however. Besides the 
 several forms of blight ahead} mentioned, an additional one appeared 
 in certain localities which is apparently caused l>\ insects. 
 
 I EAF-BLIGHT. 
 
 I'l SCRIPTION OF LEAF-BLIGHT. 
 
 Leaf-blight is characterized by the death of the apical portion of 
 the leaf, commonly for a fourth or a third of the entire length of the 
 leaf, hut in extreme caves finally extending to the base ami causing 
 the premature fall of the deadened leaves. 
 
 When first attacked, the Color of the dead parts is bright reddish 
 
 brow n, different from the color assumed in any other disease known 
 to the writer. It is at this stage that the disease attracts the most 
 attention, as the reddish color shows conspicuously against the dark 
 green of the healthy trees. In two or three months the color fades to 
 ;i dull brownish graj . at which stage it is quite difficult to dist inguish 
 the diseased trees from the healthy ones at a little distance. This 
 change in color gives the impression that the trees have partially 
 recovered from the trouble unless a close examination is made. The 
 dead portions sometimes break off during the winter, but are usuallj 
 intact the next spring and summer. 
 
 The leaves of the diseased tree may 1 f normal length, or they 
 
 ina_\ be much shorter than normal, and the same variations occur in 
 
 the length of the leaves of unalfeeted trees, i. <■.. the blight serins to 
 
 have no relation to the length of the leaves except in the lasl stages 
 
 of the disease, w hell t he lea\ es are Very short . 
 
 " DaiKi, s. T. Unnumbered circular of 1 - I e on " Extent and Impor- 
 
 tanceof the White Pine Blight," pp. 1 I. 1908 
 
 1 Galloway, B. T, Rep ef of Bureau of Plant Industry, p. 21. 1908 
 
 i Morse, W. .1- Report, Maine Forest Commission, vol. 7, pp. 20 25, L908, and 
 
 Bulletin 164, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, pp. 21 2S, 1909 
 [Clr.35] 
 
6 PKESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-VINE BLIGHTS. 
 
 The white pine ordinarily sheds its leaves in their second autumn, a 
 although it is not uncommon for them to persist until the third sum- 
 mer and autumn. Usually the tree has but two sets of leaves and 
 one or both may be affected with the leaf-blight. The disease may 
 affect the whole crown or only a portion of it. Usually the blight 
 is generally distributed throughout the entire crown of the tree, but 
 many cases occur where the upper part is diseased while the lower 
 branches are healthy. On the contrary, the blight sometimes affects 
 the lower branches and the upper part of the crown is still healthy, 
 but single diseased branches scattered here and there among the 
 healthy ones never occur with this trouble. 
 
 The leaf-blight has been observed by the writer on trees of all 
 ages, from four years upward. It attacks young and old almost 
 indifferently when the comparative numbers of each are considered. 
 Trees in thick stands are apparently as likely to be affected as those 
 standing in the open. As alreatly indicated, an affected tree is apt 
 to be generally diseased in all parts of its crown. Such trees are 
 usually found singly or in twos or threes among their fellows and 
 often healthy and affected trees in all stages of disease stand side by 
 side, and even with their bases grow T n together. But forked trees 
 may or may not have both parts diseased. 
 
 The disease appears on the new leaves about the time they reach 
 full length, beginning in 1907 and 1908 about Julv 1. It attacks the 
 leaves only during their first summer. 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OP LEAF-BLIGHT. 
 
 The leaf-blight is known to extend from the southern part of Maine 
 and northern New Hampshire and Vermont to the Hudson Valley in 
 New York, central Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghenies to west- 
 ern North Carolina. Whether it occurs in the western portion of 
 the white-pine region is as yet uncertain. In the sections where it is 
 present it is distributed locally, there being areas free from it, while 
 other areas are seriously infested. It apparently does not occur at 
 the higher altitudes in the north, as it has not yet been found in the 
 Adirondacks, where white pine is fairly common and is being planted 
 in large areas. 
 
 POSSIBLE CAUSES OP LEAF-BLIGHT. 
 
 Dry weather, resulting in an insufficient supply of water in early 
 summer, would seem to cause the death of leaves in this manner, but 
 observations seem to show that this can not be the cause of the leaf- 
 blight. A tree about 20 inches in diameter and which is in good con- 
 dition otherwise, standing beside a reservoir of water which has not 
 
 " Sargent, C. S. Manual of Trees of North America, p. 4. 1905. 
 [Cir.35] 
 
PBE8ENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHTS. 7 
 
 beenempt} for the last fifteen years, is nevertheless affected generally 
 throughout the top with leaf-hlight. Other similarly situated frees 
 in other localities show the same condition. 
 
 Winter injurj is still an unsettled question, It would seem thai 
 trees which were affected by winterkilling in the roots during the la>t 
 two or three winters would show the effects more plainly during the 
 past extremel) dry summer (1908), rather than a partial recovery, as 
 was actually the case with 50 per cent of the diseased trees which 
 have been under careful observation. In other words, the affected 
 trees have been recovering during the driest summer that has been 
 experienced for many year-. There is another form of winter injury 
 which is essentially a drying out of the tissue due to continued trans- 
 piration from the leaves when the soil and roots are frozen. This is 
 a common cause of deal h of conifiers in t he ( treat Plains region of the 
 West and ha- affected the while pine in certain districts of the Bast, 
 as has been slated in other parts of this circular. 
 
 The late freeze in the spring of 1907 might have killed the tips of 
 the leave- of the while pine, hut growth at that time was hardly 
 more than begun. Moreover, observations made by the writer upon 
 the freeze "I' -lime :;. 1908, showed thai the white pine was not in- 
 jured in i he Adirondack-, although other native trees were fro /ami and 
 immediately showed the effects of freezing. The white pine was eon- 
 spicuouslj free from leaf-bhghl throughout the season, as it always 
 
 ha- keen in the Adirondack region, where both early and late frosts 
 
 arc very prevalent. 
 
 Sun-scald would affecl the tree top more or less locally on one side, 
 a- i- described by Stewart" a- occurring on cherry, an. I by Stone 
 and Smith b on sugar maple, whereas such i- not the case. The dis- 
 ease occurs ireneralk throughout the tree top or in the entire upper 
 or lower port ion of i he top; the leaf-blight is not localized on one side 
 of the tree. I low ever, t he leaf-blight appears at the time when sun- 
 scald would seem to be most likely to affect the white pine just as 
 the new leaves reach their full length. 
 
 [njurious gases can hardly he the cause of leaf-blight, as the disease 
 occurs in localities far from any considerable source of smoke or 
 sulphur gases. 
 
 Aeration can have nothing to do with the death of the tips of 
 
 leaves, a- the disease occurs on trees in open ground, as well as on 
 those in close stands where there i- a thick layer of dead needles 
 
 covering t he root-. 
 
 .■..in .1 C. Bulletin 162, New York (I ieneva) Agricultural Experiment Station, 
 pp. 171 178 
 
 b Stone, G E., and Smith, It. E. Report 9, Massachusetl (Hatch) Agricultural 
 Experiment Station, 141. 81-82. I - 
 
 35J 
 
8 PRESENT STATICS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHTS. 
 
 Root-rot can not apparently produce such a trouble as leaf-blight, 
 as a considerable number of white-pine trees have been examined by 
 the writer which had their roots largely killed by Fomes annosus (Ft.) 
 Cke., but their leaves were green for their whole length, and in fact 
 showed no disease, although the roots were so badly rotted that the 
 trees were blown over. Clinton a has described diseased trees which 
 had a fungus on the roots, but he was uncertain whether the fungus 
 killed the roots or not. In this case the tree top died downward 
 gradually. 
 
 As before mentioned, a number of fungi have been found fruiting 
 on the needles affected with leaf-blight. These are Septoria spadicea 
 Patterson and Charles, Hendersonia foliicola (Berk.) Fckl., Pestalozzia 
 funerea Desm., and a number of others which are known to occur only 
 on dead tissues. Of all these only the first has been found occurring 
 at all regularly on the diseased parts. Inoculations have been made 
 by the writer on young white pines in the greenhouse, but no infection 
 resulted. This proves nothing, as the leaves of the inoculated plants 
 were not young and newly grown, which condition may be necessary 
 for the attack of the fungus. Also, other conditions necessary for the 
 growth of the fungus might not have been obtained in the experiments. 
 Septoria spadicea Patterson and Charles has not been found so gener- 
 ally accompanying the disease in 1908 as was the case in 1907, but 
 this may possibly be explained by the extremely dry season of 1908, 
 which might have hindered the development of fruiting bodies. 
 
 It is impossible to definitely state what is the primary cause of 
 the leaf-blight, but it probably is closely connected with extreme 
 climatic conditions which have prevailed during the past few winters. 
 
 During the past two years there has been considerable mention of a 
 disease of larch and Abies pectinata in Scandinavia and France. This 
 disease was characterized by the reddening and ultimate death of the 
 leaves quite generally throughout the top of the arTected tree. A 
 number of different fungi have been found by various investigators 
 associated with the disease, but proof of their parasitic character was 
 in most cases not obtained. The outbreak simultaneously in Europe 
 and America of a somewhat similar disease on closely related trees is 
 at least interesting, and it is barely possible that they are both 
 primarily due to extreme weather conditions, which are not thoroughly 
 understood at present in either locality. 
 
 RESULTS OP INVESTIGATIONS OF LEAF-BLIGHT. 
 
 The leaf-blight has been known for a number of years and several 
 wood-lot owners say they have known it for ten or more years. The 
 outbreaks usually begin about July 1 and vary in intensity from year 
 
 « Clinton, <i. P. Report, Connecticut State Botanist for 1906, pp. 320-321. 
 [Cir.35] 
 
PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHT8. 9 
 
 to year, that "!' 1907 being especially bad, while in 1908 it was much 
 less serious. 
 
 The leaf-blighl may cause the death of affected trees. In a few 
 instances ii has been known t<> do so in a single season, but ii usually 
 lakes two or more seasons. Even in the worsi affected districts the 
 number of trees killed is relatively small, so the damage is one thai is 
 negligible, for the present a1 least. Our records show that the di 
 was much less virulent in 1908 than in 1907; thai no new trees 
 became affected in 1908; thai many of the tree- thai were affected in 
 1907 were also diseased in I908;and thai 50 per cenl which were dis- 
 eased in 1907 did nol have their 1908 leaves affected and are thus 
 showing a partial recover} from the trouble. The status of the 
 trouble is generally much more encouraging than it was in 1907. 
 
 TWIG-BLIGHT. 
 
 Iii 1907 the leaf-blight previously described was found to be the 
 prevalent white-pine disease, but this was nol the case generally in 1908 
 Except in localities where the leaf-blight had been most prevalent 
 in the preceding season a twig-blight was found to be most common 
 in 1908. It was also found that there were several different forms or 
 types of twig-blight, apparently caused by as many different factors. 
 
 TWIG-BLIGHT I VUSED HY WINTERKILLING. 
 
 One form of twig-blight in which the injury was usually limited to 
 the north and west sides of the trees, while the opposite sides were 
 uninjured," was prevalent in Maine. Sometimes the entire tree was 
 affected, bul this was rather uncommon. This blight affected only 
 small trees, usually less than 10 or 1"> feet in height, while large trees 
 were seldom or onlj slightly blighted. All the indication- seemed 
 to show i hai i hi- was a real winter injury, caused by excessive 
 transpiration of water from the leaves while the roots were fro/en 
 solidly in the earth. The leaf t i — lies were thus drained of their 
 
 necessary water content without being able t<» replace it from the 
 roots and of course died from lack of water. Aside from the rela- 
 tively small number of trees which were entirely killed the damage 
 was \ er\ slight, amounting at most to a setback in growth for a year 
 or possibly two \ ears. 
 
 TWIG-Bl ICHT CAUSED B1 INSEl TS. 
 
 Another twig-blight was studied more especially in New Hamp- 
 shire by the Bureau of Entomology of t he Depart ineni of Agricull ure. 
 It was characterized by t he wilting and death of the previous year's 
 
 ■ Morse, \\ .1 Report, Maine Forest Commis ion, vol. 7, pp. 20 25, L908, and Bul- 
 letin L64, Maine Agricultural Experimi u, pp. 21-28, 1909. 
 [Clr. 35] 
 
10 PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHTS. 
 
 growth on the lateral branches on all sides of the trees in April and 
 May, 1908. The leader or central shoot was very rarely affected. 
 This type of twig-blight was apparently caused by insects, and is 
 mentioned here to differentiate it from the other forms of blight. 
 This blight was found in the more northern part of Maine also, but 
 not in the belt of lower altitude, including the well-settled region 
 near the coast, where t he winterkilling previously mentioned seemed 
 to be especialty prevalent. 
 
 TWIG-BLIGHT CAUSED BY LOPHODEEMIUM BRACHYSPORUM . 
 
 The twig-blight caused by Lophodermium brachysporuiri Rostr. 
 was noted more especially at Brunswick, Me., in a small tract of young 
 trees from 1 to about 10 feet in height which was located on the edge 
 of an older stand and thus at a disadvantage by being overshadowed. 
 Here some damage was done, a considerable number of the young 
 trees being killed outright. The disease was also noted on the lower 
 branches of older trees, not only at Brunswick but also sparingly at a 
 number of other stations. 
 
 SENSITIVE NATURE OF THE WHITE PINE. 
 
 Among all our native forest trees the young white pine is especially 
 liable to serious and permanent injury from wounds which are almost 
 of a trivial nature. If a branch or j'oung tree becomes sharply bent 
 without any external indications of breakage it is almost sure to die 
 from the effects of the undue strain. Many trees which have a com- 
 paratively small wound, extending less than one-third the circum- 
 ference of the stem, die from the effects of such wounds. This is 
 especially true of small trees. The white pine, too, is said to be par- 
 ticularly susceptible to injury from poisonous gases and smoke. a 
 These statements must not be taken as an argument against planting 
 •the white pine, as its many valuable properties far outweigh any 
 sensitiveness to injury while young. 
 
 DEATH OF WHITE-PINE TREES FROM OTHER CAUSES THAN 
 
 BLIGHT. 
 
 COMPETITION. 
 
 In any fairly dense stand of trees it is inevitable that some of them 
 will die unless thinning is properly done; it is perfectly natural that 
 some should die from various causes. The most potent factor in the 
 death of such trees is competition among the I ices themselves. There 
 is a very keen competition among the roots for food, water, and 
 space in the soil. There is an equally sharp competition among the 
 
 " Schrenk, Hermann von, and Spaulding, Perley. Bulletin 149, Bureau of Plant 
 Industry, 1909. 
 [Cir. 35 | 
 
PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHTS. 11 
 
 terminal shoots and lateral branches for light and sunshine, which 
 results in the most vigorous trees gaining the lead and keeping 
 slighthj ahead ever after if no accident happens t<> prevent. This 
 results in the weaker trees being placed at a constantly increasing 
 disadvantage, and finally being crowded out of the race, suppressed, 
 and nit imately killed. 
 
 I \-l (IS. 
 
 It has been shown l>\ the entomologists thai insects are responsi- 
 ble for the death of t rees of all ages and that they often cause injuries 
 to the leaves, tun:-, and branches which are of more or less serious 
 consequence. There are also certain troubles affecting the living 
 trees in which it is \ ery difficull to determine whether or not insects 
 or fungi are the primary cause or whether it is a combination of 
 factors, including insects, diseases, climate, etc. 
 
 ROOT-ROT. 
 
 There areseveral different fungi which cause root-rot and it is by 
 
 no means an uncommon thing to find tree- killed in this way. The 
 two fungi which are found most commonlj causing root-rot are 
 Ariiiilhiriii meUea (Vahl.) Quel, and Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. 
 
 I Kill I \ [NG. 
 
 Lightning also kills scattered trees and groups of trees, and the 
 loss from this source may not be as insignificanl as it is now sup- 
 pi >sei I to be. 
 
 CAUTION. 
 
 All of the factor- mentioned competition among the trees for 
 food, water, etc.; injuries caused by insects, root-rot, and light- 
 ning are constantly causing the death of white-pine trees, and the 
 timber owner must be careful not to come to the conclusion that all 
 dead tree- are caused by the blight. The blight does kill trees, but 
 the damage thus far caused by it is not great, and apparently will 
 not become a serious matter in most localities. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 The white-pine blight i- a complex of several different diseases. 
 
 The leaf-blighl is the disease which bas persisted longest in many 
 localities, [ts cause is as yet undetermined. It was much less preva- 
 lent in 1908 than in 1907 and man) affected trees have partially 
 recovered, while no new one- became diseased. This is believed to 
 be t he mi >st important form of blight . 
 
 The twig-blighl caused l>\ Lophodermium may occur another sea- 
 son if the weather is especially favorable for the fungus, bul serious 
 
 [Cir.3o] 
 
! 12 PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE-PINE BLIGHTS. 
 
 jj* damage from this disease is not at all common. The other twig- 
 ico blights arc transitory in character and have thus far caused no 
 §o> permanent damage. Any or all of them may not occur again in 
 !o the next ten years, and they may recur within one or two years, 
 |to though this is not likely. The total damage caused by the blight is 
 i<f comparatively slight, only scattering trees having yet been killed. 
 1*° Trees die constantly from the effect of competition among them- 
 | selves, from the attacks of insects, from root-rot, and from lightning, 
 and the timber owner must be careful not to confuse trees killed in 
 this way with those killed by the blight. 
 
 Those trees which are so badly diseased as to be unable to recover 
 ought to be cut and utilized, for the same reasons that any dying 
 tree should be removed from the forest. There is absolutely no 
 reason known at present for cutting trees that are able to recover 
 or that are healthy. 
 
 Approved: 
 
 James Wilson, 
 
 S< cretary of Agriculturt . 
 
 Washington, 1). ('.. June 8, 1909. 
 
 [Cir. 3.5] 
 
 o