'3; 45 HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION HONOLULU, HAW AH Under the Joint supervision of the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII BULLETIN No. 65 RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII BY J. C. RIPPERTON, Chemist R. A. GOFF, Extension Agent, Island of Hawaii D. W. EDWARDS, Junior Chemist and W. C. DAVIS, Junior Scientific Aide Issued June 1933 W ml it NOV JM*;** UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - Price 5 cents HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, HONOLULU [Under the joint supervision of the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agricul- ture, and the University of Hawaii] James T. Jardine, Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Walter H. Evans, 1 Chief, Division of Insular Stations, Office of Experiment Stations. D. L. Crawford, President, University of Hawaii. STATION STAFF J. M. Westgate, Director. C. P. Wilsie, Agronomist. L. A. Henke, Animal Husbandman. J. C. Ripperton, Chemist. Mrs. Leonora Neuffer Bilger, Collaborator in Chemical Research. W. T. Pope, Horticulturist. Carey D. Miller, Specialist in Nutrition. C. J. Hamre, Histologist, Nutrition Investigations. C. M. Bice, Poultry Husbandman. H. A. Wadsworth, Irrigation Engineer and Soil Physicist. D. W. Edwards, Junior Chemist. Ruth C. Robbins, Assistant in Nutrition Investigations. W. C. Davis, Junior Scientific Aide. John Castro, Plant Propagator. M. Takahashi, Assistant in Agronomy. G. W. H. Goo, Assistant in Animal Husbandry. HALEAKALA SUBSTATION H. F. Willey, Superintendent, Makawao, Island of Maui. KONA SUBSTATION R. K. Pahau, Superintendent, Kealakekua, Island of Hawaii. i Retired Jan. 31, 1933. HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION HONOLULU, HAWAII Under the joint supervision of the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII BULLETIN No. 65 Washington, D. C. June 1933 RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII By J. C. Rippertox, Chemist, R. A. Goff, Extension Agent, Island of Hawaii, D. W. Edwards, Junior Chemist, and W. C. Davis, Junior Scientific Aide. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Description of grasses 2 Composition 52 Page List of grasses, by scientific name 56 List of grasses, by common name 57 Literature cited 58 INTRODUCTION During the early years of its existence, beginning in 1901, the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station was actively engaged in in- troducing various improved grasses and range plants into the Hawaiian Islands, and had the generous cooperation of the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, now known as the Office of Foreign Plant Introduction, of the United States Department of Agriculture, which furnished numerous lots of seed of grasses and other forage crops for trial. The work was supplemented to a large extent by many local ranchmen, wUo placed their respective ranges at the dis- posal of the station for testing the introductions in comparison with the native grasses. Nearly all of the more progressive 'ranchmen of the islands have introduced new species of grasses on their ranges. As a result, many improved American and European grasses are now established on the higher levels, where soii and climatic conditions more nearly approach those of the Temperate Zone than do the conditions elsewhere in Hawaii; and introductions from Africa, Australia, and India have greatly improved the grass ranges of the lower levels, particularly in the drier regions. Shorey (ll), 1 former chemist of the station, analyzed the more im- portant local grasses in 1906, and found some of them deficient in lime and other mineral constituents. McClelland (8) in 1915 summa- rized the status of the early introductions. Since that time additional kinds of grasses have been introduced into the Territory, and methods of range management have undergone some changes. Dividing the range into paddocks with the resultant resting and reseeding of the grasses, and developing fattening paddocks by intensive methods of i Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Literature Cited, p. 58. 162845°— 33 1 1 I BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION culture and fertilization have been factors contributing to changes in the grass population. This bulletin discusses the more important grasses growing on local ranges, their growth in other parts of the world, nature of growth, palatability, persistence, climatic requirements, and present impor- tance and possibilities for Hawaii. DESCRIPTION OF GRASSES The grasses described were tested by the station at the University of Hawaii, Manoa Valley (100 feet elevation, 28 inches of rainfall annually), the Pensacola Street station (150 feet elevation, 40 inches of rainfall annually), the Parker ranch at Kamuela, Hawaii (2,600 feet elevation, 45 inches of rainfall annually, and cool, moist climate), and the Parker ranch at Keamoku (2,700 feet elevation, 15 inches of rain- fall annually, and windy, dry climate). For the sake of convenience each grass is treated separately. In nearly all instances the grass is pictured under actual field conditions, and a drawing is given showing the root systems, the methods of stooling or spreading, and, with some exceptions, a single flower enlarged. Numerous grasses have more than one botanical name each. This is because changes have been made in their botanical nomencla- ture from time to time. The so-called synonyms should enable the reader to know readily what grass is referred to, regardless of which name is given in other publications. The botanical name first given is the preferred one. The common names by which a grass is known may be misleading. For example, nearly every district has a " bunch grass," a "bluestem grass," a "wire grass," and a "rattail grass." In another district these names may be used for entirely different species. Some of the more widely distributed grasses, such as Ber- muda grass, may have a score of local names. In this bulletin only such names as are used locally or are in common use elsewhere are given. The dates on which some of the species were introduced into Hawaii are not definitely known. Some species may have been brought in with the seed of other species, -or in baled hay or imported grain. In the absence of definite information on date of introduction, the date of the first collection of the grass in the Territory is recorded in order that some approximate idea of its length of time there may be had. For the sake of brevity, all details as to source of information have been omitted from this bulletin. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII No. 1. AGROSTIS ALBA (7, p. 80) Common name: Redtop Agrostis alba is found growing commonly in the eastern part of the United States, westward to Indiana and Illinois and in the southern part of Canada. It makes its best growth in wet meadows, and is not regarded as drought resistant. Redtop is perennial, and is vari- able in habit of growth, often attaining a height of 1 to 2 feet. Some Figure 1.— Agrostis alba varieties spread by means of creeping stems or stolons and form a uniform sod, whereas other varieties make tufted growth. Although not widely planted, redtop is found thriving in the Glen- wood and the Volcano districts of Hawaii, and on some of the higher slopes of Mauna Kea. Opinions on its value differ. In general, it is regarded as having fair grazing qualities. Used in grass mixtures, it is especially valuable on poor, thin soils. It does not crowd out other grasses and can be used until they have become established. Because of its reddish flower clusters, this species is sometimes locally confused with Natal grass (Tricholaena rosea). 4 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 2. ANDROPOGON ANNULATUS Common name: Angleton grass Angleton grass grows in India, where it is regarded as one of the best wild grasses. It is especially well suited to areas of heavy rainfall, Figure 2.— Andropogon annulatus is a perennial, and semierect, attaining a height of 5 feet or more under optimum conditions. The grass is said to be greatly relished by cattle, and is used both for pasturing and for hay. It has been grown experi- mentally at the station in Honolulu for a number of years, but has not been tried to any great extent on the open ranges. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII No. 3. ANDROPOGON NODOSUS Common name: Wilder grass Wilder grass is a native of tropical Asia and has been introduced into parts of tropical America. It was introduced into Hawaii by Figure 3.— Andropogon nodosus G. P. Wilder and is locally known as Wilder grass (6, p. 216). It is perennial, semierect, and branches freely. It has grown well in experi- mental plantings at the Pensacola Street station in Honolulu for a number of years. BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 4. ANDROPOGON SACCHAROIDES (6, p. 214) Common names: Silver beardgrass, feather bluestem, fuzzy top Andropogon saccharoides was found growing in the leeward parts of Molokai, Kauai, and Niihau in 1910. It is erect, attaining a height Figure 4.— Andropogon saccharoides of 2 to 3 feet. Of no great importance at present it nevertheless offers possibilities for very dry localities. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII / No. 5. ANDROPOGON SERICEUS (l,p.204) Common names: Australian bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass Australian bluegrass (6, p. 216) or Queensland bluegrass (1, p. 203) is erect or semierect and usually not more than 2 feet tall. In Hawaii it is regarded as a valuable grass for low, dry lands, particularly on Figure 5. — Andropogon sericeus Maui. The grass is palatable even when mature. It is hardy and will crowd out many of the undesirable grasses and weeds. Australian bluegrass thrives under such dry conditions as are suitable for cactus and will withstand a moderate amount of grazing. It should, how- ever, be rested or reseeded at intervals. Under field conditions the segments of the head are held tightly together, giving to the whole the appearance of a solid head. tYhen forced open the head is found to have three or more segments. 8 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 6. ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM (6, p. 168) Common name: Sweet vernal grass A native of Europe (6, p. 167-169), sweet vernal grass is also found growing in the temperate regions of North America. It was collected on Molokai in 1912 and is now generally distributed over the several Figure 6. — Anthoxanthum odoratum Hawaiian islands. It is perennial, erect, and attains a height of 1 to 2 feet. It thrives and seeds heavily in the higher elevations of Puu Oo and Humuulu, Hawaii. The dried grass has a pronounced sweet smell, whence its name. Livestock will not eat this grass readily, and it may prove to be a pest in uplands where it seeds heavily. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII V No. 7. ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS (6, p. 144) Common name: Tall oatgrass Arrhenatherum elatius, sometimes called tall oatgrass (3, p. 18), is a native of Europe (6, p. 1J+3). It was found growing on Lanai in 1914. It is an erect perennial, often attaining a height of 3 feet or more, and Figure 7. — Arrhenatherum elatius is best adapted to moist regions at medium altitudes. Cattle must acquire a liking for it. Tall oatgrass stands grazing well and furnishes an abundance of feed. It has not proved to be of any great impor- tance in the United States or in Europe. In Hawaii it is decidedly helpful in establishing a sod on thin, poor soils where desirable grasses can be grown only with difficulty. 10 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 8. AXONOPUS COMPRESSLS, PASPALUM COMPRESSUM (5, p. 224) Common name: Carpet grass Carpet grass is a native of tropical America. It is of considerable importance to the stock industry of the Gulf States (5, p. 224), and has a wide range of adaptability to soil and moisture conditions. In Ha- waii carpet grass makes its most important growth in pastures below 2,000 feet. It is a perennial, attaining a height of 5 to 10 inches, spreads by runners, and, under grazing conditions, forms a dense sod. It is among the most persistent of all Hawaiian grasses, crowding out most weeds and other grasses, and withstanding heavy and continuous grazing. It is fairly well liked by livestock, being more palatable Figure 8. — Axonopus compressus than Hilo grass (Paspalum conjugatum) and rice grass (P. orbiculare, but less so than Australian water grass or Dallis grass (P. dilatatum) . Carpet grass covers a large part of the pastures in the wet districts of Kauai, and will furnish fair pasturage, especially when sown with the sensitive plant. However, it is not liked by local ranchers because it crowds out other more nutritious grasses. It is being propagated on pahoehoe lands in the Puna district because it supersedes and smothers out the rice grass growing there. Carpet grass crowds out Hilo grass on the Parker ranch, but is not allowed to get into the pad- docks where bromegrass, bur clover, and ryegrass are established. Carpet grass is encouraged in the Kona district where other grasses have not become established. Its dense, matted sod is said to aid materially in repressing the guava, an ever-encroaching pest on Kona pasture lands. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 11 No. 9. BROMUS UNIOLOIDES (14, pi. 85) Common names: Rescue grass, bromegrass, wild oatgrass Rescue grass or bromegrass (13, p. 32) is found growing from Chile to the southern part of the United States, and was first reported in Hawaii in 1916. It thrives only in warm climates, is an annual, and grows to a height of 2 to 3K feet. It is hardy, does well in mixtures with Bermuda grass, Kentucky bluegrass, ryegrass, and velvet grass (mesquite), and is very palatable and nutritious. Regarded as one of Figure 9. — Bromus unioloides the most valuable grasses on the Parker ranch it has, by self-seeding, spread for miles over the moist upper areas at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 6,000 feet. It has not been so successful on the wetter wind- ward slopes. When first planted it should be protected from cattle until after it has seeded. It grows best where the sod has been loos- ened. Table 2 (p. 53) shows that two samples from the Parker ranch were exceptionally high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus. A sample from the upper part of the Kapapala ranch was of fair quality. It is strongly recommended for areas of medium altitude and moderate rainfall. 12 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 10. CHLORIS GAY ANA (6, p. 166) Common name: Rhodes grass Rhodes grass, a native of Africa (6, p. 165), was found growing in Hawaii as early as 1913. It is an erect, semibunched perennial rang- ing from 2 to 4% feet in height and spreading by means of strong creeping stolons. It forms a dense sod that furnishes abundant graz- Figure 10. — Chloris gayana ing, and is almost the only grass used for hay in Hawaii. It with- stands fairly heavy grazing if rested occasionally and is relished by all kinds of livestock, both as pasturage and as hay. As a soiling crop, it is a very heavy producer. One of its most valuable features is its ability to withstand interplanting with larger crops, such as pigeon peas and koahaole. On Hawaii it is showing up well under wet condi- tions similar to those at Keeau, and also under dry conditions at Kapapala, RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 13 No. 11. CHLORIS INFLATA, C. PARAGUAYENSIS (6, p. 164), C. BARBATA Chloris inflata is a native of the American Tropics. It is distrib- uted throughout the pastures and cultivated fields of Oahu, and to a Figure 11. — Chloris inflata lesser extent on the other islands. It is an annual, and attains a height of 1 to 2 feet. Livestock do not relish C. inflata, and it is a pest both in pastures and in cultivated fields. 14 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 12. CHLORIS RADIATA (6, p. 164) Chloris radiata was originally described from Jamaica (6, p. 163- 165). It is distributed throughout Central America at medium and Figure 12. — Chloris radiata low altitudes. In Hawaii it was found growing as early as 1895. C. radiata grows along the roadsides and to a limited extent in the pastures of Oahu. Together with C. inflata it is one of the chief pests in the alfalfa fields at Wailupe, Oahu. It is generally regarded as undesirable, although somewhat more palatable than C, inflata. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 15 No. 13. CYNODON DACTYLON, CAPRIOLA DACTYLON (6, p. 162) Common names: Bermuda grass, manienie Bermuda grass is a native of the Mediterranean region (6, p. 161) and southern Asia, and is widely distributed over the warmer regions of both hemispheres, extending through the Tropics well up into the Temperate Zones. In Hawaii it was noted growing as early as 1895. It is perennial, and under favorable conditions attains a height of 1 foot. Bermuda grass spreads rapidly by means of runners ranging from a few inches to several feet in length. While Bermuda grass will thrive under moist conditions, it is valued in Hawaii chiefly because of its ability to grow under dry conditions where the better Figure 13. — Cynodon dactylon grasses fail. It does not thrive in combination with other grasses, but grows well with various clovers, such as yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), bur clover (Medicago denticulata) , Japan clover {Lespedeza striata), and black medick (M. lupulina). Bermuda grass forms the foundation of most of the pastures of Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Hawaii, from pea level to altitudes of more than 4,000 feet, except in the wetter regions where it is displaced by Hilo grass and by carpet grass. Bermuda grass is relished by cattle when it is not too old, and is of fair value for fattening. Ranchmen state that pigeon peas will thrive in a locality in which Bermuda grass makes good growth. A giant variety of Cynodon dactylon has been tried at the station in Honolulu for several years and seems to have considerable merit. It spreads rapidly, produces an abundance of feed, and appears to be as palatable as the common variety. 16 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 14. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA (6, p. 136) Common names: Orchard grass, cocksfoot Orchard grass, introduced into Hawaii in 1911, is an erect perennial growing in tufts or bunches, sometimes as high as 4 feet. It is re- stricted to altitudes of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. Generally regarded Figure 14. — Dactylis glomerata as hardy, it grows well in shaded places and with many other grasses and legumes. It will not withstand close, continuous grazing, but furnishes a large amount of feed if rested occasionally. It is nutri- tious and palatable in its earlier stages, and in the high, dry districts is regarded as better than bromegrass. It merits more extensive trial, particularly at the higher levels. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 17 No. 15. DIGITARIA PRURIENS, SYNTHERISMA PRURIENS (6, p. 174) Common names: Crabgrass, kukaipuaa Digitaria pruriens was collected on Oahu as early as 1895. It is distributed over all the islands up to elevations of at least 6,000 feet. It is an annual and sometimes a perennial with semierect stems, and is the most erect and vigorous of the three species of Digitaria Figure 15. — Digitaria pruriens common in Hawaii, often attaining a height of 3% feet. It is dis- tinguished from D. violascens and D. sanguinalis by the fingers of its flowering stalk, which remain unspread even when mature. This species does not grow to any extent in continuously grazed areas, but springs up readily in rested paddocks. It roots at the joints, and when not cut or grazed a single stool may spread into a clump several feet in diameter. D. pruriens has fair palatability. 162845°— 33 2 18 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 16. DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS, SYNTHERISMA SANGUINALIS (6, p. 176) Common names: Crabgrass, kukaipuaa Originally described from Europe (6, p. 175), Digitaria sanguinalis is well distributed over all the Tropics and the warmer parts of the Temperate Zones. It is annual and sometimes perennial and makes a more prostrate form of growth than does Digitaria pruriens. D. san- Figure 16. — Digitaria sanguinalis guinalis roots at the nodes and under favorable conditions the prostrate stems attain a length of 3 feet or more. Under field condi- tions the grass is recognized by its characteristically curled, partly browned leaves, which have a dried appearance in the central part of the clump. Like D. pruriens, it is easily crowded out under continuous grazing, but in a rested paddock quickly reseeds itself. It is relished by alf kinds of livestock and under careful management attains considerable importance. It is a common pest in cultivated fields. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 19 No. 17. DIGITARIA VIOLASCENS, D. CHINENSIS, SYNTHERISMA CfflNENSIS, S. HELLERI (6, p. 172) Common names: Crabgrass, kukaipuaa Digitaria violascens was originally described from China (6, p. 173). In Hawaii it is distributed over all the islands to elevations of more than 5,000 feet. It is an annual with erect or semierect stems. Locally, Digitaria violascens, D. pruriens, and D. sanguinalis are Figure 17. — Digitaria violascens classed under the common name of " kukaipuaa." D. violascens differs from the other two species in that under similar conditions it is much smaller. It forms a small, dense clump and does not root at the nodes. It grows well among other grasses and withstands continu- ous grazing much better than do the other two species. It forms an appreciable part of the grass population on many ranches, although because of its size it is rather inconspicuous. It does well on poor soils and is very palatable.- 20 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 18. ELEUSINE INDICA (6, p. 160) Common names: Crowfoot, goose grass or yard grass Eleusine indica was originally described from India (6, p. 161), and is common to the Tropics. It was first collected on Oahn in 1902. Figure 18.— Eleusine indica Usually annual, but sometimes perennial, with semierect or spreading stems, yard grass is often classed as a weed. Locally, however, it is regarded as a good maintenance grass and is readily eaten by cattle and by horses when the more succulent grasses are not available. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 21 No. 19. FESTUCA DERTONENSIS (6, p. 112) Common name: Brome fescue Brome fescue was originally described from Europe (6, p. 116). It was collected on Hawaii in 1909, and is now generally distributed over Figure 19.— Festuca dtrtonensis the other islands of the Territory. Usually annual but sometimes, persisting more than one season, brome fescue has fine, long, slender leaf blades. Little is known about its palatability, but observations show that it is usually closely grazed on the open ranges. 22 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 20. FESTUCA ELATIOR (14, pi. 81) Common names: Meadow fescue, tall fescue Meadow fescue is found growing throughout England and conti- nental Europe. An erect perennial, 2 to 4 feet tall, it spreads rapidly by means of creeping stems. It is said to be valuable for hay and for Figure 20.— Festuca elatior pasturage, and is adapted to both dry and wet climates. In Europe it is grown in combination with ryegrass, orchard grass, timothy, and with red, white, and alsike clovers. The grazing qualities are said to be good. Meadow fescue did well in the grass garden at Waimea, Hawaii, and seems to be worthy of further trial. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 23 No. 21. HETEROPOGON CONTORTUS (6, p. 220), ANDROPOGON CONTORTUS Common names: Pili grass, twisted beardgrass Pili grass, a tropical perennial originally described from India (6, p. ), was found growing on Kauai as early as 1895. It usually thrives best at the lower levels. It grows 20 to 40 inches tall and has a tan- Figure 21 —Heteropogon contortus gled, bearded head. It is very palatable when young and in the drier regions is relished by cattle even when thoroughly dry. It is fre- quently uprooted by cattle and mil not withstand continuous grazing. It is also crowded out by such plants as Hilo grass and Bermuda grass. Eragrostis atropioides, also called pili grass, is a coarse grass of little value as feed, growing usually at levels above 4,000 feet and spreading by scaly, creeping underground stems. 24 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 22. HOLCUS LANATUS, NOTHOLCUS LANATUS (6, p. 146) Common names: Velvet grass, mesquite, Yorkshire fog Velvet grass was originally described from Europe (6, p. 147). It grows in the higher regions of various parts of Europe, the United States, and Australia, and was collected on Hawaii as early as 1903. It persists under dry conditions and will withstand frosts so severe as to kill many other lands of grass. In Hawaii it is found growing mostly above the 3,000 feet elevation on the Parker and the Puu Oo Figure 22.— Holcus lanatus ranches, but at the Kukaiau ranch it grows at an elevation of 2,000 feet. Velvet grass is an erect perennial 1 to 2 feet tall. Its stems and leaves are soft and velvety, and are covered with fine hairs which gather moisture from the air and thus aid the plant in withstanding drought. There is much difference of opinion on the value of velvet grass. In Australia and in the States of Washington and Oregon it is regarded as a weed. On Hawaii, however, it is considered an excellent grass. It is a heavy yielder. Cattle fatten readily on it when it is coming into flower. It will not withstand as close grazing as will bluegrass or carpet grass. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 25 No. 23. IXOPHORUS UNISETUS (12, p. 4) Common name : Mexican grass Mexican grass is found growing in Central America at low altitudes in wet thickets and in ditches. It was introduced into Hawaii about 1922, and grows in erect or semierect bunches, 2 to 5 feet tall. For Figure 23.— Ixophorus unisetus good growth Mexican grass requires an abundance of water and ferti- lizer, and under such conditions yields exceptionally well. It will not withstand pasturage to any extent, and od the ranch should be used chiefly as a soiling crop. Its remarkable succulence and palat ability make it desirable for propagation where conditions are suitable for its maintenance. It may be propagated either by seed or vegetatively by division of the stool, 26 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 24. LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM (6, p. 138) Common name: Italian ryegrass Italian ryegrass was originally described from Europe (6, p. 141) t being a native of Italy. It was recorded in Hawaii in 1903. It is one of the oldest of the cultivated grasses and together with perennial (English) ryegrass (Lolium perenne) occupies an important place in European agriculture. In Hawaii the grass is considered valuable on Figure 24 — Lolium multiflorum the Parker and the Shipman ranches in both wet and dry districts at the higher elevations. It is an erect, short-lived perennial, 2 to 3 feet tall. It is usually grown in combination with other grasses and with clovers. It reseeds well and if allowed to rest occasionally will grow permanently on the upper areas. It is very palatable, and is nearly as valuable as bromegrass, although not so widespread. Italian ryegrass can be aistinguished from English ryegrass by its awns. The two spe- cies are of practically equal value. A species known as darnel (L. temulentum) has also been reported as growing in Hawaii. It is poison- ous and is regarded as a pest. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 27 No. 25. MEUNIS MINUTIFLORA (9, p. 1032) Common names: Molasses grass, Brazilian stink grass Molasses grass or Brazilian stink grass (9, p. 1033) is a native of Africa and is also found growing in South America. It was intro- duced into Hawaii in 1914. It has not been adopted to any great ex- tent except on Lanai, where it thrives in the wet districts and stands Figure 25 — Melinis minutiflora up well during dry weather. Molasses grass is a perennial and spreads out in a mass by means of prostrate stems. Opinions as to its palata- bility differ greatly. Some ranchmen and dairymen regard it as pal- atable and nutritious, wmereas others state that cattle will not eat it. This difference of opinion is due to the fact that cattle are slow to acquire a liking for it. After they acquire the taste, however, they eat the grass readily and fatten on it. Molasses grass will not with- stand continuous grazing, but recovers quickly upon being rested. 28 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 26. MICROLAENA STIPOIDES (6, p. 168) Common names: Meadow rice grass, puu lehua Meadow rice grass was originally described from Tasmania. It grows also in Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines (6, p. 167). In Hawaii it is found growing chiefly on the upper slopes of the Kona Figure 26 — Microlaena stipoides district, Hawaii. A perennial, meadow rice grass is erect or semierect, and may attain a height of 2}£ feet. In Australia it is regarded as an excellent feed, a heavy yielder, and palatable. It withstands heavy grazing and is adapted to haymaking. It is said to withstand drought remarkably well, and is a good source of feed the year around. This grass would seem to deserve trial in localities other than Kona. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 29 No. 27. ORYZOPSIS MTLIACEA Oryzopsis miliacea is found growing in China, Japan, southeastern Russia, Egypt, Arabia, and in parts of the United States. It is a Figure 27. — Oryzopsis miliacea Temperate Zone annual, 3 to 4 feet tall. It was introduced into Hawaii in 1918 from Florida, where it is favorably regarded. In experimental plantings in dry places on the Parker ranch at Keamoku it withstood drought well. 30 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 28. PAN1CUM MAXIMUM (6, p. 188) Common name: Guinea grass Guinea grass, a native of Africa (6, p. 191), was collected on Oahu in 1903. It is an erect, tufted perennial growing 3 to 6 feet or more tall, and although primarily a soiling crop is regarded in Cuba as one Figure 28. — Panicum maximum of the best pasture grasses. It tillers strongly, is one of the heaviest yielding grasses, and recovers quickly after having been cut. Although harsh and coarse, guinea grass is palatable and nutritious when immature, and should be more widely grown on ranches in Hawaii for soiling purposes and for pasture in both wet and dry districts. It is being planted in the Puna district, Hawaii, and is growing well on Gouveia's ranch, Kona, where it is intercropped with koahaole (Leucaena glauca). RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 31 No. 29. PANICUM PURPURASCENS, P. BARBINODE (6, p. 188) Common names: Para grass, panic grass Para grass, locally known as "panicum," is a native of Africa (6, p. 189), and was introduced into Hawaii from Fiji in 1902. It is essentially tropical and is generally restricted to the lower elevations. In Guam it is used for the lowland pastures. Para grass is a perennial, with semierect stems often several feet high. It spreads rapidly by means of creeping stems and is ordinarily propagated from cuttings. I£*ll T- wm Figure 2Q.—Panicum purpurascens Para grass will thrive under extremely wet conditions and will also withstand severe drought. It was originally thought to be only a soiling crop, but it has been found to withstand heavy and continuous grazing. It is now used in fattening paddocks on the H. Greenwell ranch in Kona, Hawaii, the Harold Castle ranch, Oahu, and at Princeville, Kauai. Numerous dairies now cut it for use as one of their principal green feeds. It is used to a considerable extent as a green-manure crop in the local pineapple fields, is of fair palatability, and deserves a place on many Hawaiian ranches as an emergency feed during dry spells. 32 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 30. PASPALUM CONJUGATUM [6, p. 178) Common name: Hilo grass Hilo grass is a native of tropical America and grows in the Tropics of both hemispheres (6, p. 179). It appeared in Hawaii near Hilo about 1840, and is now widely scattered over all the islands from sea Figure SO.—Paspalum conjugatum level to about 4,000 feet. It is a perennial, erect, 1 to 2 feet tall, and spreads rapidly bv means of creeping stems. It is primarily a wet- district grass, and in such areas will grow well on poor, sour soils on which other grasses fail. Hilo grass is not well thought of where other grasses will grow. Ordinarily it is regarded as only a mainte- nance grass, but on rich soils it will produce good feed when kept closely grazed. It has been a good emergency crop for the Parker ranch in times of drought. In many places ranchmen are replacing Hilo grsss with the superior carpet grass. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 33 No. 31. PASPALUM DILATATUM (6, p. 180) Common names: Dallis grass, Australian water grass, paspalum grass Paspalum dilatatum is a native of South America (6, p. 181). _ It is generally distributed throughout the Tropics and sub-Tropics of both hemispheres. It was collected in Hawaii in 1911, and is now generally scattered over all the islands, from sea level to 5,000 feet. Dallis grass is a perennial, semierect, and 1 to V/i feet tall. It is decidedly bunching in habit of growth and spreads slowly. It is hardy, Figure 31.— Paspalum dilatatum thriving under wet conditions but is fairly resistant to drought. Under proper conditions it will slowly crowd out Hilo grass. It is one of the most palatable of grasses. Cattle readily fatten on it in all seasons. It withstands heavy grazing and is a valuable hay and pasture grass. Dallis grass has been widely planted on the ranches of the Territory in the last 15 or 20 years, and has proved a valuable addition to the pasture mixtures. It is not being planted extensively at present because managers feel that it spreads rather slowly and does not quickly recover after having been grazed. However, because of its excellent palatability, resistance to drought, and ability to thrive under wet conditions, it is worthy of a place on the lower levels where succulent grasses such as bluegrass, bromegrass, ryegrass, and mesquite grass do not grow readily. 162845°— 33 3 34 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 32. PASPALUM F1MBRIATUM (6, p. 174) Common name: Panama paspalum Panama paspalum is found growing in Panama, the West Indies, and in the northern part of South America. It is at home in open, Figure 32.— Paspalum fimbriatum waste ground, mostly in moist places. It is an annual, semierect, and 1 to 3 feet tall. In Hawaii it grows along the roadsides in numer- ous places on Oahu. Little is known regarding its forage value. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII No. 33. PASPALUM NOTATUM Common name: Bahia grass 35 Bahia grass is a native of South America and the territory north- ward to Mexico. It also grows in the West Indies. It is a perennial, stools rapidly, and attains a height of 1 to 2 feet. It is very hardy, Figure 33.—Pa$palum notatum being drought resistant and likewise thriving under moist conditions. It persists at elevations ranging as high as 6,500 feet in Mexico. In Australia it withstands heavy and continuous grazing after it becomes established. It has been tried experimentally at Waimea, Hawaii, where the elevation is 2,600 feet. It grew vigorously and spread with great rapidity. Little is known about its palatability, but its vigor and rapidity of growth seem to deserve further trial. 36 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 34. PASPALUM ORBICULARE (6, p. 178) Common name: Rice grass Rice grass was originally described from the Society Islands (6, p. 179-181), and was found growing on Oahu as early as 1895. It is perennial, erect, and attains a height of 3K feet. It grows well where Figure 3i.—Paspalum orbiculare other grasses fail on pahoehoe lands and similar poor, thin soils. Usu- ally it is of low feeding value. In some places the old growth of rice grass is burned off to induce new growth, which is relished by cattle. Results of a fertilizer test at Waipahoehoe, Hawaii, indicated that fertilization increases the palatability of the grass. Some ranchmen prefer it to carpet grass, but usually it is given a much lower rating than carpet grass. EANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 37 No. 35. PASPALUM URVILLEI, P. LARRANAGAI (6, p. 180) Common name: Vasey grass Originally reported from Uruguay (6, p. 181), Vasey grass grows also in the United States from North Carolina to Texas. An erect Figure Zb.—Paspalum urvillei perennial, Vasey grass is coarse growing, bunchy, and from 3% to 7 feet tall. It has been grown in experimental plats at Waimea, where the elevation is 2,600 feet, and farther westward under the arid condi- tions of Keamoku. It did well in both places and seems to be worthy of further trial in the dry localities. 38 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 36. PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM Common name: Kikuyu Kikuyu grass has been tested extensively in Australia, particularly in New South Wales, and also in South Africa and east Africa (1, p. 95). It was introduced into Hawaii from California in 1924. It is a perennial with vigorous surface and underground runners. It some- times grows 3 feet high on rich soil with ample moisture, but usually is 12 inches high or less. It seldom seeds in Hawaii and is propagated entirely from cuttings. It forms a sod not easily trampled out, and ^v ^-> .• :ffT: * - Y V 1 '/ J**-** //v \ V ■V V < % V •m «■- ^K§-i Figure 36.—Pennisetum clandestinum withstands grazing. Kikuyu grass spreads very rapidly and holds its own against practically all other grasses. In South Africa it is said to grow satisfactorily with white clover. Opinions of its palatability differ, some ranchmen stating that cattle eat it readily, others be- lieving that stock must acquire a liking for it. In Hawaii, the grass is being planted from sea level to 6,000 feet in elevation. It is thriving at the latter altitude, and is said not to be affected by the light frosts there. It is too early to predict the future of kikuyu grass in Hawaii, but unless it shows some undesirable fea- ture it will be planted widely to supplant some less desirable kinds. In Australia it is being substituted for Dallis grass (Paspalum dilata- tion) because it grows more rapidly. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 39 No. 37. PENNISETUM COMPLANATUM (2, p. 227) Pennisetum complanatum is found growing in Mexico and in Central America on the comparatively dry- slopes above 6,500 feet. It is an Figure 37.— Pennisetum complanatum erect perennial, 2 to 6 feet tall. In Hawaii this grass, together with a closely related species, P. setosum, has done well under dry conditions at the Pensacola Street station in Honolulu and at Waimea, Hawaii. Little is known about the palatability of these grasses. 40 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 38. PENNISETUM PURPUREUM (10, p. 25) Common names: Napier grass, elephant grass Napier grass, a native of tropical Africa (10, p. 25), was introduced into Hawaii about 1916. A tropical grass, it can be grown in the warmer parts of the Temperate Zones. It is best suited to moist con- ditions and rich soil, where it sometimes grows 12 to 14 feet high. However, it is comparatively drought resistant and makes a fair growth on poor soils. It tillers extensively, ratoons freely, and in Hawaii can be cut the year around. Like other very heavy-producing soiling crops, it imposes a heavy drain on the soil and ultimately re- Figure 38. — Pennisetum purpureum quires fertilization to maintain yield. Although seeding fairly well at lower altitudes, it is most easily propagated by means of cuttings. It is one of the most important soiling crops in Hawaii and it is now rather extensively planted for pasturage. For pasturing the field should be rested until the grass is about three-fourths grown. It may then be heavily stocked, has a high carrying capacity, and with- stands pasturing well. It is very palatable and nutritious, and cattle come off it in prime condition. It is considered the best fattening grass for the wet districts of Maui. Merker grass is a form of elephant grass, having a greater number of more narrow and erect leaves, and stems showing more white " bloom," and less hairy than those of Napier grass. RAXGE GRASSES OP HAWAII 41 No. 39. PHALARIS TUBEROSA, P. BULBOSA (l,p.241) Phalaris tuberosa, a native of the Mediterranean regions of Europe (1, p. 239), is an erect perennial, and spreads rapidly by stooling. In other countries it is said to resist drought and frost remarkably well. In Hawaii it is an excellent grass for high, cold, wet districts, and with- stands heavy grazing, particularly if lightly stocked during the first Figure 39.— Phalaris tuberosa year. The grass recovers quickly after it has been grazed and pro- duces a large amount of feed. It is said to form a good mixture with white clover, and is regarded as exceptionally palatable, the equal or superior of ryegrass, cocksfoot, and Dallis grass. Phalaris tuberosa is recommended for trial in Hawaii at elevations above 2,500 feet. P. stenoptera, a form of P. tuberosa, with a less well-developed bulb- ous base, and sometimes with short rhizomes, is commonly called Peruvian winter grass or Harding grass. It has been tried locally, and is to be recommended for trial. 42 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 40. POA PRATENSIS (6, p. 120) Common names: Kentucky bluegrass, bluegrass Kentucky bluegrass grows throughout the Temperate Zones of both hemispheres. It grows in the Tropics at the higher altitudes. In Hawaii it is found growing as low as 2,600 feet, although its optimum growth is at 4,000 feet or higher. Kentucky bluegrass is a perennial, erect and spreading, and 1 to 2 feet tall. It forms an excellent compact turf when grazed. Primarily a rich-soil grass, it is decidedly shade- loving and hence is ideally adapted to the cool, cloudy upper slopes of Figure 40— Poa pratensis Hawaii. It grows well in combination with other grasses and with clovers. On the Waimea plains of the Parker ranch it persists together with Hilo grass, Dallis grass, Bermuda grass, and bromegrass, and with clovers and alfilaria. Kentucky bluegrass is one of the most palatable of grasses, and is preferred by all kinds of livestock, including dairy cattle and fattening beef animals. Under favorable conditions of soil and climate, it withstands heavy and continuous grazing and recovers rapidly after a dry period or a frost. A related species, Poa annua, grows to some extent at the higher altitudes in Hawaii. It is regarded as an excellent feed in shaded and wet places. It is an annual, semierect, and 4 to 12 inches tall. P. annua is tufted with very fine leaves and is rather easily killed by heavy grazing, and by encroachment of perennial grasses. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 43 No 41 RHAPHIS ACICULATA, CHRYSOPOGON ACICULATUS, ANDROPOGON ACICULATUS (6, p. 218) Common name: Pilipiliula Pilipiliula grass was originally described from the East Indies (6, p. 219-221). In Hawaii it occupies a considerable area on the several Figure 41,—Rhaphis aciculata islands. It is a perennial, 4 to 12 inches tall, and spreads by means of creeping stems that root at the joints. It is said to be able to crowd out Bermuda grass, but in turn can be displaced by carpet grass. Cattle eat pilipiliula grass sparingly, and nearly all ranchmen regard it as undesirable. 44 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 42. SACCIOLEPIS CONTRACTA (6, p. 198) Common name: Glen wood grass Glenwood grass, originally described from the East Indies (6, p. 199), grows in abundance in the Glenwood district, Hawaii, and is Figure i2.—Sacciolepis contractu found on all the other islands. It is an annual, erect from a spreading base, and 1 to 2 feet tall. It seeds profusely, spreads rapidly, and is very persistent. On the poor, soggy soils of the Glenwood district it crowds out Hilo grass and sedges. Cattle relish Glenwood grass and fatten on it. Its excellent qualities are not generally appreciated. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 45 No. 43. SETARIA LUTESCENS, SETARIA GLAI CA, CHAETOCHLOA LUTESCENS (6, p. 210 ) Common name: Yellow foxtail Setaria lutescens was originally described from Europe (6, p. 207). The seed is said to have been brought into Hawaii in hav from Cali- Figure 43. — Setaria lutescens fornia. It is an annual, semierect, and usually not over 2 feet tall. It is regarded as one of the most undesirable of Hawaiian grasses. Cattle do not relish it and the hairy heads are said to give them throat trouble. It forces out most of the other grasses and grows as almost a solid stand in certain areas on Kauai. 162845°- 46 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 44. SETARIA VERTICILLATA, CHAETOCHLOA VERTICILLATA (6, p. 204) Common name: Bristly foxtail Bristly foxtail was originally described from the Old World U, p. 178-180). It is an annual, erect or semierect, and attains a height of 1 \ ? ^S^^iZi J k\ w\ Figure 44.— Setaria verticiUata to 3 feet. It seeds profusely and is seasonal in growth, springing up after a heavy rain. Unlike yellow foxtail, bristly foxtail is regarded as a good feed, both for pasture and as a soilage crop. It is considered equal or superior to Para grass for milk production. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 47 No. 45. SORGHUM VULGARE SUDANENSE, HOLCUS SORGHUM SUDANENS1S, ANDROPOGON SORGHUM SUDANENSIS (10, p. 37) Common name: Sudan grass Sudan grass (10, p. 36) is cultivated in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. It is annual or perennial and 3 to 7 feet tall. Although making its best growth at lower levels it will grow at relatively high altitudes. It is as drought resistant as the best varieties of sorghums. In regions of low rainfall and high temperature its carrying capacity Figure 45.— Sorghum vulgare sudanense during the summer is said to exceed that of any other grass or legume. It is also well adapted to irrigated regions. It is valuable as cut feed and also as pasturage if rested at intervals. The grass recovers rapidly after having been cut and produces heavily throughout the year. Sudan grass resembles Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) in appearance, but has broader and more numerous leaves and no under- ground stems. So far as is known, Johnson grass is not used in Hawaii either for pasture or for cut feed, but grows along the roadsides in many places. Although about equal in value to Sudan grass, Johnson grass is not recommended because of its underground stems, which make its eradication from cultivated fields difficult. 48 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 46. SPOROBOLUS BERTEROANUS Common name: Rat tail grass Rattail grass, originally described from Australia (6, p. 157-159), is an erect, tufted perennial, 2 to 3 feet tall. It is found growing on a considerable area of pasture land over the Territory of Hawaii. Figure 46. — Sporobolxis berteroanus Rattail grass is generally regarded as low in feeding value, although in certain parts of Kona and Maui the fresh growth is used in fatten- ing. It serves as a maintenance grass in dry weather, and will grow on lands failing to support better grasses. A smaller species, S. diander, has a branched, paniclelike seed head and fine, narrow leaves. It has medium feeding value. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 49 No. 47. STENOTAPHRUM SECUNDATUM (6, p. 176), S. AMERICANUM Common names: St. Augustine grass, buffalo grass St. Augustine grass is a creeping perennial 4 to 12 inches high, and in Hawaii grows well in shaded places where other grasses die. Under Figure 47 .—Stenotaphrum secundatum moist conditions at low altitudes it grows rapidly and furnishes large amounts of feed. The grass is not generally regarded as having high palatability, although in Kona, Hawaii, cattle are said to fatten on it. St. Augustine grass is also used for lawns in locations too shaded for Bermuda grass or manienie. 50 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION No. 48. TRICHACHNE INSULARIS, VALOTA INSULARIS (6, p. 172) Common names: Silk grass, sour grass Sour grass, originally described from Jamaica (6, p. 170), is dis- tributed over the Tropics and sub-Tropics of the Western Hemisphere. Figure 48.— Trichachne insularis This perennial is rather coarse, tufted, and 4 feet high or more. It is decidedly unpalatable to all kinds of stock, and is regarded as a weed in Central America. In Hawaii it is one of the most obnoxious grasses. It seeds heavily and spreads rapidly. At present, it is largely restricted to Oahu. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 51 No. 49. TRICHOLAENA ROSEA (6, p. 206) Common names: Natal grass, Natal redtop Natal grass, a native of Africa (6, p. 20 J h 205), was reported in Hawaii as early as 1894, and is now scattered over all the islands. It is an erect perennial attaining a height of 3 feet or more, and spreads Figure 49. — Tricholaena rosea by means of underground stems and by seeds. In Hawaii it is valu- able for the dry lands. It will likewise grow on stony land in dry places where few other grasses survive. Natal grass withstands pas- turing if it is allowed to rest and reseed itself at intervals. It is said to recover quickly after drought. The grass is tender and palatable when young but wiry and tough when old. Because of its abundant seeding it is regarded as a pest on sugar plantations. It can be propa- gated easily by scattering the dried mature grass containing the seed. 52 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION COMPOSITION Results of recent investigations have shown that analysis of a grass is of little value unless attention is paid to the stage of maturity at which it is cut and to climatic conditions prevailing during its growth. Grass progresses from a succulent stage consisting entirely of leaves and sheaths, to a mature stage in which stems predominate and bear partly dried leaves or none at all. During this period the plant changes from an easily digested, concentrate feed of high protein content, to one high in fiber and low in protein and in digestibility. Table 1, compiled from data collected by the Waite Institute (3, p. 28), illustrates the effect of the maturity of a plant on its protein and fiber content. Table 1. — Percentages of protein and crude fiber in dry weight of grass, as affected by cutting the grass 1 at different intervals Plat Xo. Interval between cuttings Protein Crude fiber Plat No. Interval between cuttings Protein Crude fiber ] Weeks 2 4 7 Per cent 14.56 14.00 10.56 Per cent 18.84 23.43 25.33 4 Weeks 10 Per cent 8.56 5.00 Per cent 25.18 2 5 29.93 3 i The herbage — a mixture of perennial and annual grasses, legumes, and miscellaneous species— was cut from adjoining plats. 2 Plants were mature. End of the growing season. Table 2 gives information about each grass analyzed, where it was grown, and the stage of maturity at which it was cut. In most instances analyses were made of mature grasses only, all the leaves being green and the seed in the dough stage, approximating the con- dition in a rested paddock at the time when the cattle are turned in. RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII 53 — o? ( ? 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CS-r) T3 © © ■ co w o _ 52 © ■ •=Sgo ! rt mO 5 £ © B oj & -gsi _.* © Bawaii; feet, pad do elevati rich, W ,500 feet apapala t. 3j 8-33STM8 o O oa BO a 'aimea tion 3, asterti Hawa arker vation pper 4,000 f ~ > W Ph p 3 a pi I Jj C3® coOQ CO S3 CO CO oa a £ co -a ■yp S sis w 33 co aT2 £ V, ©^ it o „ o g © 'S£0©§_:- o i-H 04 C0-«*< cgE-iO UJCOt^OO 00 •S 3d #s © O pq 5 5 COCO ■* tJ< io 54 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION —01 I OIJBJ 8AIJIJ1T1X oa co r- >o ic»o ono-^ oeON^NNw-o cn — t^o d co t^ d -Og»CDOO ' X O co — oo t- ;— i NST^TfO 'C5CO N'* OO (0*0) araii f«C t~-o X00 COCO qsy (NCO COiO do d — : co X — co O O 00 d»o co c co ocicoN^y.oo ceN x - x - c -ct c c o «o CO o i X t- ONCKXSXfS X t- oo jaq -g apruo : O i«h Nffl'^rt CO CO co co co co co co CO CO X O O -*f ^f O ■ COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOl COCO COIN -xa aaj; -uaSojji ^ t- 1M XCO COO d O x d <* — Kfir.Cffi-f*^ co ^r u- co co C-4 ■ CO OS ■* >0 «iO NO (loejjxaiaqja) jbj XL! 00 «0 en eo »-o x —00 **' — S 2£§S LO t^ CO CO CO OS : OO CO CO — •<*< CO l — rH co ci — ' — ' ocot coo-* o< — ■ co co co co — •-« i c p. a ttZ - 9 X X) uiajojd apmj X X < CO rr ■ BG IO if — d»o ox « CO vV, — a » c u s c > 9 o 11- ^1 >— g^ ;- 3 T3 te £ § § I s « C w O OB u £ — = c o (3 fl £ x o — X do — ^ ■ - •_ 1 3 o £tZe2 Viz -'§!• ■SMc s- - 9W .SM ..2 ~- >■£ S.£ IS^-SfcC ■j = ,=; -.r_ 3 8S|2f "Cm J w = Pi 51 ^ffl ■2*9 - C u SWdn a O C3 5 P 52 ? 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Anthoxanthum odoratum Arrhenatherum elatius Axonopus compressus Bromus unioloides Capriola dactylon Chaetochloa lutescens Chaetochloa verticillata Chloris barbata Chloris gayana Chloris inflata Chloris paraguayensis Chloris radiata Chrysopogon aciculatus Cynodon dactylon Dactylis glomerata Digitaria chinensis Digitaria pruriens Digitaria sanguinalis Digitaria violascens Eleusine indica Er agrostis atropioides Festuca dertonensis Festuca elatior Heteropogon contortus Holcus lanatus Holcus sorghum sudanensis Ixophorus unisetus Lolium multiflorum Lolium perenne Lolium temulentum Melinis minutiflora Microlaena stipoides Notholcus lanatus Oryzopsis miliacea Panicum barbinode Panicum maximum Panicum purpurascens Paspalum compressum Paspalum conjugatum Paspalum dilatatum Paspalum fimbriatum Paspalum larranagai Paspalum notatum Paspalum orbicular e Paspalum urvillei Pennisetum clandestinum Pennisetum complanatum Pennisetum purpureum Pennisetum setosum Phalaris bulbosa Phalaris stenoptera Phalaris tuberosa Poa annua Poa pratensis Rhaphis aciculata Sacciolepis contracta Setaria glauca Setaria lutescens Setaria verticillata Sorghum halepense Sorghum vulgar e sudanense Sporobolus berteroa nus Sporobolus diander Stenotaphrum americanum Stenotaphrnm secundatum Syntherisma chinensis Syntherisma helleri Syntherisma pruriens Syntherisma sanguinalis Trichachne insularis Tricholaena rosea Valota insularis Common name Redtop Pilipiliula Angleton grass Pili grass, twisted beardgrass Wilder grass Silver beardgrass, feather bluestem, fuzzy top. Australian bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass... Sudan grass Sweet vernal grass Tall oatgrass , Carpet grass Rescue grass, bromegrass, wild oatgrass Bermuda grass, manienie Yellow foxtail Bristly foxtail Rhodes grass. Pilipiliula. Bermuda grass, manienie. Orchard grass, cocksfoot. Crabgrass, kukaipuaa. do. do. _._do Crowfoot, goose grass, yard grass Pili grass Brome fescue Meadow fescue, tall fescue Pili grass, twisted beardgrass Velvet grass, mesquite, Yorkshire fog- Sudan grass Mexican grass Italian ryegrass English ryegrass Darnel Molasses grass, Brazilian stink grass. . Meadow rice grass, puu lehua Velvet grass, mesquite, Yorkshire fog. Para grass, panic grass Guinea grass Para grass, panic grass Carpet grass Hilo grass Dallis grass, Australian water grass, paspalum grass. Panama paspalum Vasey grass Bahia grass Rice grass Vasey grass Kikuyu Napier grass, elephant grass, Meiker grass. Harding grass, Peruvian winter grass. Kentucky bluegrass, bluegrass . Pilipiliula Glenwood grass Yellow foxtail do Bristly foxtail Johnson grass Sudan grass Rattail grass St. Augustine grass, buffalo grass. do Crabgrass, kukaipuaa do do do Silk grass, sour grass Natal grass; Natal redtop Silk grass, sour grass RANGE GRASSES OF HAWAII LIST OF GRASSES, BY COMMON NAME 57 Common name Scientific name Page Angleton grass Australian bluegrass. . Australian water grass. Bania grass Bermuda grass Bluegrass Brazilian stink grass, . . Bristly foxtail Bromegrass Brome fescue Buffalo grass Carpet grass Cocksfoot Crabgrass Crowfoot Darnel Dallis grass Elephant grass English ryegrass Feather bluestem... Fuzzy top Glenwood grass Goose grass Guinea grass Harding grass Hilo grass Italian ryegrass Johnson grass Kentucky bluegrass. Kikuyu Kukaipuaa Manienie Meadow fescue Meadow rice grass Merker grass Mesquite Mexican grass Molasses grass Napier grass Natal grass Natal redtop Orchard grass Panama paspalum Panic grass Para grass Paspalum grass Peruvian winter grass. Pili grass Pilipiliula. Puu lehua grass Queensland bluegrass . Rattail grass Redtop Rescue grass Rhodes grass Rice grass Ryegrass Silk grass Silver beardgrass Sour grass St. Augustine grass.... Sudan grass Sweet vernal grass.. Tall fescue Tall oatgrass Twisted beardgrass. Vasey grass Velvet grass Wild oatgrass Wilder grass Yard grass Yellow foxtail Yorkshire fog Andropogon annulatus A ndropogo n sericeus Paspalu m dilatat um Paspalum notat um Capriola dactylon: Cynodon dactylon Poa pratensis Melinis minutiflora Chaetochloa verticillata; Setaria verticillata Bromus u n ioloides Festuca dertonensis Stenotaphrum americanum; S. secundatum Axonopus compressus; Paspalum compressum Dactylis glomerata Digitaria chinensis; D. pruriens; D. sanguinalis; D. riolas- cens; Syntherisma chinensis; S. helleri; S. pruriens; S. sanguinalis Eleusine indica Lolium temulentum Paspalu m dilatat um Pennisetum purpureum Lolium perenne Andropogon saccharoides _...do Sacciolepis contracta Eleusine indica Panicum maximum Phalaris stenoptera Paspalum conjugatum Lolium multiflorum Sorghum halepense Poa pratensis Pennisetum clandestinum Digitaria chinensis: D. pruriens; D. sanguinalis; D. riolas- cens; Syntherisma chinensis; S. helleri; S. pruriens; S. sanguinalis Capriola dactylon; Cynodon dactylon Festuca elatior Microlaena stipoides Pennisetum purpureum Holcus lanatus; Notholcus lanatus Ixoph or us un isetus Melinis minutiflora Pennisetum purpureum _._. Trich olaena rosea .___do Dactylis glomerata . __ Paspalu m fi mbriatu m Panicum barbinode; P. purpurascens. -.-do Paspalum dilatatum Phalaris stenoptera Andropogon contortus; Eragrostis atropioides; Heteropogon contortus Andropogon aciculatus; Chrysopogon aciculatus; Ehaphis aciculata Microlaena stipoides Andropogon sericeus Sporobolus berteroanus Agrostis alba Bromus unioloides Chloris gayana Paspalum orbiculare Lolium multiflorum Trichachne insularis; Valota insularis ^4 ndropogon saccharoides Trichachne insularis; Valota insularis Stenotaphrum americanum; S. secundatum Andropogon sorghum sudanensis; Holcus sorghum suda- nensis; Sorghum vulgare sudanense A nthoxa nth u m odoratu m Festuca elatior Arrhenatherum elatius Andropogon contortus; Heteropogon contortus Paspalum larranagai; P. urvillei Holcus lanatus; Notholcus lanatus Bromus unioloides : .4 ndropogon nodosus Eleusine indica Chaetochloa lutescens; Setaria glauca: S. lutescens Holcus lanatus; Xotholcus lanatus 18,19 20 26 33 40 18,19 15 22 28 40 24 25 27 40 51 51 16 34 31 31 33 41 23 43 28 48 3 11 12 36 26 50 6 50 49 47 8 22 9 23 37 24 11 5 20 45 24 58 BULLETIN 65, HAWAII EXPERIMENT STATION LITERATURE CITED (1) Breakwell, E. 1923. THE GRASSES AND FODDER PLANTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES. 370 p., illus. Svdney. (2) Chase, A. 1921. THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. U. S. Natl. MuS. Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 22:209-234, illus. (3) Davies, J. G., and Sim, A. H. 1931. THE INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY OF CUTTING ON THE PRODUCTIVITY, BOTANICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, AND THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF "NATURAL" PASTURES IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA. Aust. Council Sci. and Indus. Research Progress Report on Coopera- tive Investigations at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. 28 p., illus. Melbourne. (4) Hitchcock, A. S. 1920. REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES! ISACHNE, OPLISMENUS, echinochloa, and chaetochloa. U. S. Natl. Mus. Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 22:115-208, illus. (5) 1920. THE GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECONOMIC SPECIES. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 772, 307 p., illus. (6) 1922. the grasses of Hawaii. Mem. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 8: [101]- 230, illus. (7) Lamson-Scribner, F. 1900. AMERICAN GRASSES III. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TRIBES AND genera. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrostology. Bui. 20 (rev.), 197 p., illus. (8) McClelland, C. K. 1915. grasses and forage plants of hawaii. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 36, 43 p., illus. (9) Maiden, J. H. 1911. THE BRAZILIAN STINK GRASS (MELINIS MINUTIFLORA, BEAUV.). A PROBABLY USEFUL GRASS FOR NEW SOUTH WALES. Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales 22:1031-1033, illus. (10) Piper, C. V. 1922. important cultivated grasses. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1254, 38 p., illus. (11) Shorey, E. C. 1906. THE COMPOSITION OF SOME HAWAIIAN FEEDING STUFFS. Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 13, 23 p. (12) United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Agrostology. 1899. recent additions to systematic agrostology. u. s. dept. Agr., Div. Agrostology Circ. 15, 10 p., illus. (13) Vasey, G. 1887. GRASSES of the south, a report on certain grasses and FORAGE PLANTS FOR CULTIVATION IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTH- WEST. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Bot. Bui. 3, 63 p., illus. (14) 1889. the agricultural grasses and forage plants of the united states; and such foreign kinds as have been introduced. With an appendix on the chemical composition of grasses, by Clifford Richardson, and a glossary of terms used in describing grasses. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bot. Div. Spec. Bui. [Dept. Rpt. 32, rev.], 148 p., illus. (15) Vinall, H. N. 1920. sudan grass. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 1126, 30 p., illus. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1933 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - Price 5 cents UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08929 0885