^3(,.ua"'* 3E L_ fORY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE Bureau of Agricultural Economics Economic Library List No. 20 Washington, D. C. , April 1941 THE SUNFLOWER, .ITS CULTIVATION AKD USES A Selected List of References Compiled "by Annie M. Hannay Library, Bureau of Agricultural Economics Sources examined in the compilation of this list are the card catalogues of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture Library and the Bureau, of Agricultural Economics Library; the Botanical Catalogue of the Bureau of Plant Industry Library; Agricultural Economics Literature, 1928-1940; Agricultural Index, 1919-Sept. 1940; Experi- ment Station Record, 1912-1940; Public Affairs Informa- tion Service Bulletin, 1930-Mar. 1941; Industrial Arts Index, 1913-1940.; Readers' Guide to Periodical Litera- ture, 1910-Eeb. 25, 1941; International Index to Periodicals, 1920- Jan. 1941. Call numbers following the citations are these of the U. S. Department of Agriculture Library. Abitia, Luis J. El cultivo del girasol. Mexico. Secretaria de Rela- cicnes Exteriores. Revista del Comercio Exterior 5(4): 35-40. Sept. 1940. -286.8 N575 . , Describes the sunflower plant, the advantages in growing it, methods of cultivation and uses of the seed, and concludes that sunflower cultivation in Mexico, in addition to being more valu- able than corn because of its .resistence. to drought, frost, in- sect attack and disease, may be used to overcome the practice of planting the land one year and letting it lie fallow the next, since the sunflower plant restores the necessary elements to the soil. - .2 - Alexandrow, Alexandre. Informe preliminar sobre el cultivo del "girasol" en Venezuela. El Agricultor Venezolano 4(49) : 18-22. Mayd94C.' 9.95 Ag8 The writer describes the conditions needed for sunflower cultiva- tion and methods"of growing it, and discusses the cost of production, the uses of the sunflower and its importance to Venezuela. Amos, Arthur, and Woodman, Herbert Ernest. Sunflower silage. Jour. Agr. Sci. 13(2): 163-168. Apr. 1923. 1C J822 Gives the results of an experiment in which the sunflower was grown for silage. A comparison is made "between the composition of green sunflower and sunflower silage. "The results. . .indicate that the absolute amount of crude protein, underwent little or no change during ensilage... As a source of digest ible protein, sun- flower is, .. inferior to oats and tares... the sunflower protein suffered a slight depression of digest ibility during storage in the silo.., "The writers do not, from a consideration of the findings in this preliminary trial,"" feel prepared .as yet to recommend the mak- ing of sunflower silage on a large scale for feeding to stock." The Argentine vegetable oil industry. Impressive increase in sunflower seed oil production.- pev. River Plate 88(2532): 21-23. . June 21, 1940. 286.8 P.32 . - ' "The latest industrial statistical survey carried out by the National Statistical Department and published -in the customary form of a report addressed to the Minister of Finance is identified with the production in Argentina of edible oils. The report just pub- lished comprises a census of the edible oil industry as at December 31, 1938, with the analogous statistical comparisons corresponding to the years 1937 and 1935." As far as sunflower is concerned, tables give quantities and values of seed consumed by edible oil factories, quantities and values of oil, oilcake, and flour pro- duced in the above mentioned years, and amount of oil produced annually 1924-1925, 1927-1938. Attention is called to the "enormously increased production of sunflower seed oil in 1938 as compared with the two former years. . At 55,752,703 kilos in 1938, sunflower seed oil production repre- . sented an increase of 100.6 per cent, over the 1937 period, and no less than 769.9 per cent, over the 1935 result." f Argentine vegetable oil production. 248$ increase in ten years: huge supplies from cotton seed and sunflower seed. P.ev. P.iver Plate 89(2541): 15, 17. Aug. 23, 1940. 286.8 P.32 "Argentina's progress in vegetable oil production in the past decade is impressively revealed in a Ministry of Agriculture sta- tistical report issued during the past week with special refer- ence to production during 1939." - 3 - Atkeson, F. W« Sunflower silage for milk production. Idaho. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 215, 8pp. Moscow, 1935. "On the "basis of total digestible nutrients consumed and milk produced the sunflower silage was equal to corn silage... Choice "between corn silage and sunflower silage is a problem cf more milk per "acre rather than more, milk per cow. " Atkinson, Alfred, Nelson, J. B., and others. Growing and feeding sun- flowers in Montana. Mont. Agr, Expt. Sta. Bui. 131, 29pp. 3ozeman, 1919. A "brief survey cf the characteristics and history of the cultiva- tion of the sunflower, and an account of the results of investiga- tions made in Montana of the yields and methods of growing and feeding. Silage made from sunflowers 30 to 4C percent in "bloom were found to "be equal to chopped green corn in the roasting-ear stage as a soiling crop for dairy cows. Audas, J. W. The sunflower. Its cultivation and utilization. Victoria. Dept. Agr. Jour. 16(lC): 62C-626. Oct. 1913. 23 V66J Discusses cultivation and harvesting of the sunflower its value as -a stock food, and as silage for dairy cows, and the uses of the plant and seed. It is said to be a good honey plant. Bechdel, S. I. Sunflower silage for milk production. Pa. Agr., Expt. Sta. Bui. 172, 16pp. State College, Pa., 1922. Experiments in feeding cows with sunflower and corn silage in- dicate "that the use of sunflowers as a silage crop is not advisable on Pennsylvania farms except in a very few localities where corn is not always a sure crop, " Cole, C. L., Donovan, R. L., and Allen, Nat N. The influence of sun- flower silage upon milk production. Jour. Dairy Sci. 2C(5): 221-230. May 1937. 44.8~J822 "In a group of 13 cows, no advantage in milk production or in health and condition of the cows was found due to inclusion of sun- flower silage in the ration containing an abundant supply of legume hay and with water supplied by means of drinking cups." French, H. E. , and Humphrey, H. 0. Experiments on sunflower seed oil. Missouri. Univ. Bui. v. 27, no. 7, Engin. Expt. Sta. Ser. no. 25, 27pp. Columbia, Missouri, 1926. 29C.9 M69 It is stated in the introduction that the experiments described were undertaken to investigate the possible industrial uses of sun- flower seed oil in order to obtain information as to the advisability of encouraging or discouraging increase of production of the seed. "No attempt was made to develop special uses for the oil, nor was any effort made to compare the cost of sunflower seed oil with that of the oil for which it was substituted." - 4 - A review of the literature shows conflicting opinion as to the value of sunflower as silage. The .suggestion* is made that the ash ' 'would he a valuable fertilizer for certain soils. A table shows considerable variation in the analyses of sunflower products. The vitamin content of the oil hos been found to be low. Investigators have found that the oil dries slowly. Paragraphs are given on expressing the oil, on clarification, purification and bleaching, on the oil as a salad and frying oil, on its hydrogenation, and its use in paints. Gaines, W. L. , and IJevens, W. B. The sunflower as a silage crop. Composition and yield at different stages of maturity. Ill.'Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 268, pp. 4C5-455. Urbana, 1925. Investigations of yield and composition of the sunfl j^er crop were made to ascertain " (a) the state of maturity at which it is best to harvest the sunflower crop for silage; (b) the best time ( and rate of planting for silage; and (c) the -amount and kind of fertility removed in the crop," Garcia Mata, Carlos. Estudio economico de la produccio'n y consume de aceites comestibles en la Argentina. Ed. 2, 73pp. Buenos Aires, G. Kraft, 1936. (Junta Nacional del Algodon, Pub. 6) 3C7 G16 Contains information on the production and use of edible oils in Argentina. Tables give production of sunfl ower seed oil and its percentage of the total oil production 1924, 1925, 1927-1935, the percentage of by-products resulting from industrialization, the cost of industrialization of IOC kilos of sunflower and the export of sunflower seed 1920-1935. Granato, L. girasol; sua cultura e exploracab industrial. Sao Paulo, Secretary da Agricultura, Comnie re io e Obras Publicas. Boletim de Agricultura 24(2): 47-61. Feb. 1924; (3): 95-113. Mar. 1924. 'j. 2 Sa63 Discusses the historjr, cultivation, and uses of the sunflower and its derivatives. Gutierrez, H. P. El girasol; su importancia en la industria aceitera nacional. Sociedad Rural Argentina. Anales 71(2): 143-145. Feb. 1937. 9 Sol Gives statistics to show the increo,se in sunflower oil production in Argentina since 1924 and a price increase from 8.50 pesos per ICO kilos in 1933 to 12.51 pesos in 1936. Brief information is given on the cultivation of the sunflower and on its composition, including its protein content. Helm, C. A. Production of sunflower seed in Missouri. Missouri. Univ. Col. Agr.'Agr. Ext. Serv. Cir. 241, 4pp. -Columbia, Feb. 1930. 275.29 M69C "In the United States, the seed is used chiefly for chicken feed. - 5 - The present market outlet is a United one and may easily be glutted." Information is given on growing, harvesting and threshing the crop, on insect pests, and on storage and marketing. "Providing the seed is dry when threshed, it will keep indefinitely when warehoused. . . Since the market outlet is limited the price received per pound often fluctuates violently. The price tc the grower within the past 10 years has ranged between 1 1/2 and If cents per pound. During this period, the grower probably has received an average of 3 cents per pound. Following the disastrous season of 1920 the growers of sunflower seed in Southeast Missouri, through their commodity organization, secured a tariff of 2 cents per pound en foreign seed. Since this became effective, the market has risen about 2 cents per pound." ■ • Henderson, H. 0., and Gifford, Warren. Sunflower silage vs. corn silage for milk production. ■ 17. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 210, 15pp. Morgaiitown, 1927. "In West Virginia, where sufficient good silage corn can be grown, there is no advantage in growing sunflowers for silage. In sections where sufficient corn cannot be grown. ..the sunflowers will make a sat isf act ory substitute." : Hensley, Harry C. Production of sunflower seed in Missouri. Missouri. Univ. Ccl. Agr. Agr. Est. Serv. Cir. 140, 7pp. Columbia, 1924. 275.29 M69C A brief account of production, chemical analysis and uses of sun- flower seed. A graph shows the average minimum price of sunflower seed at all seasons. of the year from 1912 to 1921, Merchants Ex- change, St. Louis, The main accomplishments of the Southeast Mis- souri Sunflower Growers' Association care enumerated. Holden, E. D. , and Delwiche, E. J. Sunflowers for silage. Wis. Univ. Col. Agr. Ext. Serv. Cir. 220, ISpp. Madison, 1914. 275.29 W75C ; Give.s reasons for recommending sunflowers for silage in certain parts of Wisconsin. Tables give yield and labor cost for rutabagas," corn silage, and sunflower silage at Ashland Station, 1919-1927. Many illustrations are given. Hopoer, W. C. Sunflowers as a silo-ge crop. Jour. Agr. and Hort. .(Quebec) 33(12): 178. June 1930. 7 J82J Indicates that, in spite of drawbacks, sunflowers ma:^ be grown with profit on farms in eastern Canada. Hulbert, K. W. , and Christ, J. H. Growing sunflowers for silage in Idaho. Idaho. Agr. Sxpt. Sta. Bui. 141, 12pp. Moscow, 1926. Sunflowers are said to be a valuable silage crop in many sections of Idaho. "At Moscow sunflowers have yielded 72 per cent more silage than corn. Under Sandpcint conditions sunflowers have out- 3'delded corn by 303 per cent... Analyses of sunflowers and corn show that they are nearly equal in feeding value... Sunflowers are — b - slightly higher than corn in ash, protein and. fat. Corn has a higher crude finer content and is substantially higher in nitrogen- free extract."' La industria aceitera en nuestro pais. G-aceta Algcdonera 17(199): 6. Aug. 31, 1940- 72.8 Gil A brief summary of trends in vegetable oil production in Argentina, showing particularly large increases in cottonseed and sunflower oil. Production of vegetable oils in 1939 was 248$ of production in 1929. International institute of agriculture. Hungary. General situation of agriculture. Internatl. Inst. Agr. Monthly 3ul. Agr. Econ. and Sociol. creprint fron Internatl. Rev. Agr.j 30(2): 71E-77E. Peb. 1939. 280.29 In83 "The Ministry of Industry and Trade cof Hungary: authorized the Putura A. G-. ...to buy and work up sunflower seed and to sell sun- flower oil. The prices of seed and oil were fixed for the whole year." International institute of agriculture. International chronicle of agriculture, Bulgaria. Internatl. Inst. Agr. Monthly Bui. Agr. Econ. and Sociol. creprint fron Internatl. Rev. Agr.: 29(12): 580E- 587E. Dec. 1938. 280.29 In83 ,T By the law of July 18, 1936 the Cereals Purchase and Export Administration cof . Bulgarian was required to purcho.se sunflower seed of the 1936 crop at the price of 3 leva per kg... Later in 1937, following an appreciable improvement in the prices of sun- flower seed, the law of 1936 was annulled, and trade in this product was freed from restrictions." Jaaiescn, George S. , and Baughman, Walter P. The chemical composition of sunflower- seed oil. Amer. Chen. Soc. Jour. 44(12): 2952-2953. Bee. 1922. 381 Am33J rJotes the long continued commercial importance of sunflower- seed oil in Russia, Hungary, India and China. "In Russia it is used for culinary purposes, as a salad oil, and in making butter substi- tutes, soaps and Russian varnishes. It is stated that in 1911 more than 500 mills in the Caucasus were engaged in pressing sunflower seed and that some of the oil was exported to English refineries. It is reported that this oil is used in the manufacture of the ex- cellent Holland enamels." Decline in production in the United States is noted due to un- satisfactory prices for the oil. "Sunflower* seed contains from 27 to 30$ of oil. The hulls con- stitute from 46 to 49$ of the seeds, so that by removing the hulls prior to pressing, a material very rich in oil is obtained. The press cake is a valuable stock feed, and lias been used for many years in Europe." Tables give the chemical composition of sun- flower-seed oil. Jamieson, George S. Vegetable fats and oils. The chemistry, production and utilization of vegetable fats and oils for edible, medicinal and technical purposes. 444pp. Hew York, Chemical catalog co., inc., 1932. (American chemical society. Monograph scries) 307 J24 Pages 215-217 contain information on sunflower seed oil and give a brief bibliography. June lie, Henri. Les huiles vegetales; origines, procedes de preparation, caracteres et cmplois. 496pp. Paris, J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1921. 307 J95 Discusses briefly the composition and uses of sunflower seed, oil, and cake. It is said that the oil may be used for lighting purposes. Kerle, "W. D. Sunflowers a possible sideline. Agr. G-az. N. S. Wales 51(9): 479-481. Sept. 1940. 23 H472 The author suggests that this is an opportune time to get the sunflower industry established in Australia. He states that "the annual production of the Danubian countries amounts to from 60C to 700 million pounds, Russia producing 223 million pounds and export- ing annually 110 million pounds chiefly to Germany, Sweden and Great Britain. In 1935 approximately 5,000,000 acres were sown in P.ussia. The uses of the sunflower and its derivatives are enumerated, among them its use as feed for poultry and stock and for ensilage, for the production of edible and technical oils, as a substitute for olive oil, and as a staple diet of the Russian peasant. Sunflower cake is said to contain 45 percent protein and about 10 percent oil, and the meal 35 percent protein and about 2 percent oil. Knapp, Otto. Sonnehblumenzuchtung in Ungam. Der Zuchter 12(8): 193- 199, illus. Aag. 1940. 442.8 Z8 An account of sunflower production in Hungary with a "brief refer- ence to its economic importance. Lozano Villegas, A. El cultivo mecanizado de las oleaginosas en Vene- zuela. SI Agricultor Venezolano 5(55-56): 33-38. Hov.-Dec. 1940. 9.95 Ag8 This article on mechanized cultivation of oilseed crops in Vene- zuela includes cost of production per hectare for sunflowers. Lund, Charles E. Fats and oils trade of the United States in 1940. U. S: Dept. Con. Bur. Foreign and Pom. Com. Indus. Ref. Serv. Pt. 3, Foodstuffs, no. 22, 17pp., processed. Washington, D. C, Feb. 1941. A taDle shows imports of sunflower seed oil into the United States for the 5-year period 1934/38, and fcr 1939 and 1940. Mainwaring, C. The common sunflower. (Helianthus annuus) Rhodesia Agr. Jour. 19(3): 295-301, illus. June 1922. 24 R34 A table gives Rhode sian acreage and yield per acre for the years 1917-1921. Others give the Rhode sian and American composition of sunflower leaves and heads fcr feeding purposes. The cultivation of the sunflower and its uses are discussed. - 8 - Mal"berti, Felix. El girasol, cultivo y aprovechamic-ntc industrial. Oiiba. Revista de Agricultural Comercio y Trabajo 13(1): 31-33. July 1931. 8 AgSSRe Discusses the importance of developing sunflower seed in Cuba because of the large sums spent to import surf lower seed and other oils. Markets for Southern Rhodesia sunflower seed. Rhodesia Agr. Jour.' 27(3,): 283-289. Mar. 1930. 24 R54 Gives the results of the examination of samples cf sunflower seed to determine the best. types" to" grow for marketing purposes. Markley, K. S. , and Schreiber, T7. T. Helianthus argophyllus. Commercial, possibilities as indicated by its composition. Indus, and Sngin. Chem. 20(6): 636-637. June 1928. 381 J825 An analysis "indicates that, in regard to the content cf crude fiber, protein 'and nitrcgen-free extract, K. argophyllus has about the sane value for roughage as that of the commcn sunflower... The total cellulose content, amounting. . .to 46.5 percent, compares favorably with that of cotton stalks... "It is not likely that this material could compete with wood in the cellulose-ester, rayon, or paper industries at the present tine; but it is conceivable that in the face of the continually diminish- ing wood supply it could compete with materials such as bagasse, cotton stalks and grain hulls." Marseille. Institut colonial. La production mcndiale du tcumesol. Marseille. Institut Colonial. Bulletin des Ma.tieres Grasses 16(8): 225-229. 1932. 77.9 M35 English translation in Oil and Colour Trades Jour. 82(1766): 497-498. Aug. 19, 1932. 306.8 0i52 Discusses briefly sunflower production in Russia, Rumania, Bulgaria and Hungary. "International trade in sunflower seed oil or cake is very limited." Maxim, Marie, and Sors, -George. Der vitamingehalt einiger inlandischen ole. Klinische Wochenschrift 18(49): 1555-1555. Dec. 9, 1S39. 448.8 K63 Lists the vitamin content of certain vegetable oils of Rumania, including sunflower seed oil. Mell, C. D. The dyeing substance in the sunflower cf doubtful utility. Textile Colorist ' 52(613) : 50-51. Jan. 1930. 3C6.8 T31 Mell, C. D. The sunflower. Sci. Araer. Sup. 85(2217): 411. June 29, 1918. 470 Sci25 . _ . Lists a number of uses for the various parts of the sunflower plant. The pith cf the stalk is said to be the lightest substance known. One of its chief uses is the making of life-saving appli- ances. "The pith of the larger sunflower stalks is used extensively as a substitute for other materials formerly employed in making moxas - 9 - Mendoza (Province) Argentina. Minicterio de econonia, obras publicas y riego. Institute tecnico de invest igaciones y orientacicn econoroica de la produce icn. Econcmia y finanzas de Mendoza, v. 1, no. 1, 125pp.. Mendoza, Dec. 1939. 255.1 M523E Tables of production and value of sunflower by provinces and districts of Argentina are given on pp. 88-89. ITeidig, Bay E., and Snyder, Pobt. S. Mineral composition of sunflowers grown for silage. U. S. Dept. Agr. Jour. Agr. Pes. 3l(l2): 1165- 1171. Dec. 15, 1925. 1 Ag84J "The composition of the ash of sunflowers has "been determined for different systems of plantings and for different stages of growth. A comparison of the minerals removed "by 10- ton crops of sunflowers and corn is given. Sunflowers draw more heavily than corn upon certain soil elements, especially potassium and calcium. " llevens, W. B. The sunflower as a silage crop. Feeding value for dairy cows; composition and digestibility when ensiled at different stages of maturity- 111- Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 253, pp. 183-229. Urbana, 1924. Odland, T. E. , and Henderson, H. 9. Cultural experiments with sunflowers and their relative value as a silage crop. ¥. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 204, 16pp. Morgantown, 1926. Comparison is made for silage of sunflowers and corn and the results are given. Differences with corn in protein, ash, fat and fiber contents were found to be relatively small. Oil and Colour Trades Journal, v. 98, 1940. Published oy Scott Green- wood & Son Ltd., 8, ludgate Broadway, London, E. C. 4, England. 306.8 0i52 Each weekly issue contains prices of sunflower seed oil, crude, and refined. Oklahoma. Agricultural experiment station. The tame sunflower as a honey plant. Okla. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Ppt., 1920/21, pp. 22-23. Stillwater, 1921. "Records e,re on file to the effect that tons of honey have been made from wild sunflowers." Experiments have been made which indi- cate that "the tame sunflower can be used to a good advantage as a honey and pollen plant, as well as a silage plant." Los oleaginosos en la Argentina. P.evista de Economia Argentina, anb 21, t. 38, no. 254, -pj). 224-226. Aug. 1939. 280.8 P.325 Tables on ,p. 226 give statistics of area, and yield of sunflower 1934/35-1937/38, production 1922/23-1937/38, export 1922/23-1937/38 and consumption and stocks 1923/24, 1924/25, 1926/27-1937/38; also area, production, and yield by provinces 1937/38. - 10 - P., A. Present importance cf sunflower cultivation in the .Argentine Republic and. .its influence on the production of vegetable edible- oils. Internatl. Inst. Agr. Monthly 3ul. Agr. Sci. and Pract. creprint from Internatl. Pey. Agr. j 31(10): 367T-36ST. Oct. 1940. 241 In32 llotes the steady increase cf sunflower production since 1920. "The use of sunflower seed in the Argentine oil industry dates from 1924. In that year, 232 tons of seed were milled, producing 52 tons of oil, a yield of 19 per cent. The improvements made in this industry increased this yield to 25 per cent, in 1938. The oil -cake, for cattle feed, is exported to Germany, Denmark and the Scandinavian countries. The Argentine Government encourages the home production of oil-yielding seeds, with a view to entirely eliminating the importa- tion of foreign produced vegetable oils and fats... "The market has already benefited by the heavy demand for oil for industrial purposes. . . The seeds originally used, vrhich were imported by the Pussian settlers, have been replaced by an early pure variety of uniform height and good industrial value (25-27 per cent, oil is obtained from the seed)-" Papaicannou, J. H. Le grand scleil et le tourteau du grand soleil. Annales de Gemblcux 22(1, 4): 74-104, 209-234. Jan., Apr. 1912. 13 G28 Discusses the cultivation, composition, and uses of the sunflower and sunflower cake. Pieraerts, J. Le grand soleil 011 tournesol, Dcnne'es generalcs - Quelques dennees ncuvelles concernant l'huile qui s 1 en extrait - Son intro- duction et sa culture au Congo beige. Bulletin Agricole du Congo Beige 16(1, 2): 240-255, 393-40G. Mar., June 1925. 24 K83 The sunflower was introduced into the Belgian. Congo in 1906, but had not been cultivated to any appreciable extent until shortly before this article was written. The cultivation and composition of the sunfl^-er seed, and. its uses and the composition and uses of sunflower seed oil and cake are discussed. Phodesia,. Dept. of agriculture. Export of sunflower seed. Phcdesia. Agr. Jour. 23(12): 1143-1145. Dec. '1926. 24 P34 Contains regulations governing the export cf sunflower seed con- tained in Government Notice No. 459 of August 6th, 1926. Polet, Antonin. Le tournesol olelfere. Les Matieres Grasses 16(191): 6716-6718. Mar. 15, 1924. 307.8 M42 A brief description cf varieties of sunflower, its characteristics, the places where it is grown, and its uses. The oil is sa.id to be used as a table oil in southern Russia. It is recommended for making soap. The oilcake is used as a fertilizer. Sunflower seeds are used for food in Chile and Peru. They are used also as chicken feed and as a flour for baking. The stalks furnish a fibre that looks - 11 - like silk, and the petals of the flowers provide a yellow color for dyeing. The leaves may he used in the treatment of asthma instead of stramonium (thorn apple). Rolet, Ant on in. <■' Le tournesol, ses graines et son huile. La Vie Agricole et Kurale, 13.annee, t. 25, no. 35, pp. 140-143. Aug. 30, 1924. 14 V67 Contains the same information as the article "by the same author cited' above. Ross, A. 1.1. ' Seme morphological characters of Helianthus annuus L. , and their relationship to the yield of seed and oil. Sci. Agr. c Canada: 19(6): 372-379. • Feb. 1939. 7 Sci2 "Sunflower seed contains an extremely high percentage of vegetable oil which is used extensively in the manufacture of various food products. After the oil has been extracted, the remainder o.f the seed is utilised as a cattle feed and for this purpose is conparable with linseed cake both in nutritive value and in palatability. Unfortunately, no statistics are available to show the amount of sunflower oil which is annually imported into Canada." Results of an experiment at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, are given, showing the correlation- obtained between the percentage of oil in the seed and the yield of seed, and various . factors., studied. Factors affecting the oil percentage and the yield of seed are discussed. Sessous, G. Entwicklung und bedeutung des olfruchtaribaus in Deutschland. Fette und Seifen 47(l): 10-12. Jan. 1940. 384 C422 Contains a table giving the fat and protein content, of. a number of oil seeds including sunflower seeds.- . ... Sever in, Q. Sunflower seed and sunflower oil. In International insti- tute of agriculture. Studies of principal agricultural products of the world market, no.' 4. Oils and fats: Production and inter- national trade. Pt. I, pp. 77-39. Rome, 1939. 280.39 In8 Three varieties of sunflower are distinguished, the wild sun- flower being native to America and the ornamental sunflower having been discovered in Central America. The seeds were imported into Europe from Central America in the sixteenth century. They were used first in confectionery and as coffee substitutes in the seven- teenth century. And towards the middle of the nineteenth century the oil was first extracted in Russia. The uses of sunflower products are enumerated as follows: "(l) the seeds.. .are used for the extraction of edible or industrial oil; (2) sunflower oil is largely employed in the manufacture of margarine and compound lard; it is an oil of low drying capacity; (3) the seeds of certain varieties are also consumed baked, especially in the IT. S. S. R. ; (4) the refuse of oil extraction, cake and meal, rich in protein and fatty matter, are used especially as concentrated feed - 12 - for livestock; (5) the stalks, leaves azi<± inflorescences of the fodder varieties rake good ensilage for large livestock; (6) the f lowers are attractive to bees, vhich help to pollinate then; (7) the stalks, leaves and inflorescences when threshed are used by the peasants as fuel; the ash is a good fertilizer, rich in potash; (8) finally, the crop plays an important part in the rotation. Information is given on the production of sunflower in the U. S. S. R. , Rumania, Bulgaria where the Office for the Purchase of Cereals regulated the price of the seed in 1934, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Argentina. Tables give world area and production of sunflower by countries average 1909/13 and 1924/28 and annually 1929-1936; and export and import of sunflower seed by countries 1929-1937. Severin, G-. The trade in sunflower seed. Intematl. Inst. Agr. Inter- natl. Rev* Agr. 26: 280S-284S. 1935. Rome, 1935. 241 In82 Tables give area, production, and yield of sunflower seed in European countries, 1915, 1930-1934 and exports and imports of sun- flower seed 1930-1934. Shutt, Prank T. Chemistry of the sunflower plant; sunflower seed. Canada. Dept. Agr. Dominion Expt. Farms. Div. Chem. Interim Rpt. 1921/22, pp. 90-102. Ottawa, 1922. 101 Ex68 An account of the chemistry of the sunflower plant "dealing chiefly with composition as related to the stage of growth... The sunflower crop in Canada is grown almost exclusively for the silo; there is nc extensive cultivation of it for seed." Sievers, A. F. The sunflower: its culture and uses. 5pp., processed. Washington, D. C. , U. S. Dept. of agriculture, Bur. of plant in- dustry C1940] 1.965 D2Su7 The author discusses briefly the cultivation of sunflower in the United States as a silage crop and as a seed crop. Under the head- ing of production, chief demand, and prices of sunflower seed he notes that "approximately 95 j)ercent of the sunflower seed produced' in the United States is grown in Missouri, Illinois, and California... The largest crops on record (since 1919) were harvested in 1928 and 1929, the production in each of those years amounting to about 16,000,000 pounds... Up to 1927 the domestic production of sunflo\?er seed was usually insufficient to meet the demand, hence much seed • was imported. Prior to the First World War Russia contributed the largest imports, but since then Argentina, Manchuria, Rumania, Hungary, Bulgaria and other countries have been the chief sources, although during the past two years the quantity of sunflower seed imported has been small. Imports during the 10-year period, 1930- 39, averaged 334,152 pounds. The largest quantity ever imported in any year was 5,677,525 pounds, which occurred in 1923. Since 1922 there has been a duty of 2 cents a pound on sunflower seed. "The principal demand for sunflower seed in the United States is as an ingredient of scratch feeds for poultry. A small percentage - 13 - of this seed is put in many commercial scratch feeds. It not only adds variety to the ration, "but also increases "both the protein and fat content of the scratch. feed and is considered especially desirable for use during the molting period. Although much higher in protein and fat than either corn or wheat, sunflower seed is usually relatively too high in price to make up more than a small percentage of poultry feed... "The lack of a sustained active demand for sunflower seed has "been reflected in prices of this seed during the last 8 years. Growers in. Illinois and Missouri have received an- average price of 2 1/10 cents a pound during the 10-year period, 1930-39, and growers in California received 2 4/5 cents... There seems to be no dispo- sition on the part of poultry-feed manufacturers to increase the percentage of sunflower seed in their feeds... "Sunflower seed weighs from 21 to 26 pounds per bushel and con- tains from 2° to 32 percent of oil that can be used for food or for technical purposes... In the United States there has been no sus- tained commercial production of sunflower oil. In 1920 about 100 tons of seed were crushed in a cotton-oil mill in Tennessee, hut this operation was not repeated in subsequent years. It is rejDorted that seed could not be obtained at a price that would permit a profit to the mill... "luring the 5-year period, 1932-35, a total of 120,000,000 pounds of sunflower- oil was' imported, of which about 75 percent was desig- nated as edible oil. In 1937 only 172,000 pounds of the oil desig- nated as edible were imported. The following year only a few thou- sand pounds came in, and there was no edible sunflower oil imported during 1939. The largest quantity was imported in 1935 when 37,250,000 pounds were received, less than 1 percent of which was designated as inedible oil." Simmons, W. H. , and Mitchell, C. Ainswcrth. Edible fats .and oils; their composition, manufacture and analysis. Ed. 2, rev., 189pp. London, Scott, Greenwood & son, 1921,. 389 Si4 Contains brief references to sunflower- seed oil on pp. 25 and 112. Its iodine value is said to be "considerably higher than that of cot ton- seed oil." Sunflower oil for paints. Canad. Chem. and Me tall. 20(8): 269. Aug. 1936. 381 C16 Notes use of sunflower oil in paint as a substitute for lin- seed oil. Sunflower oil industry in Cuba. Soap 7(ll): 116. Nov, 1931. 307.8 Sol2 Discusses the project of an "American Company" for the develop-' ment of the sunflower oil industry in Cuba. The first sowing was of approximately 9,000 acres. The aim is to develop the Cuban market "by selling sunflower oil at a price based upon the market price of prime summer yellow cotton seed oil plus the cost of freight to Cuba and a certain part of the difference due to improved quality." This is expected to benefit the cattle industry as a whole. - 14 - Sunflower seed. A flourishing new branch of Argentine agriculture . Rev. River Plate 88(2513): 17. Feb. 6, 1940. 286..8 R32 Points out the importance of and uses for sunflower seed and its possibilities in Argentina. Timson, S. D. The sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Rhodesia Agr. Jour. 25(3): 281-296. Mar. 1928. 24 R34 Discusses the production of the sunflovrer and its uses. Analyses are given of sunflower head meal, sunflower silage, and the digestible nutrients in sunfloner silage as compared with corn silage. "ITo plant produces finer honey and wax. " ; A table gives area, production and yield in Southern Rhodesia 1921/22-1925/26. Torres, L. G-. "El girasol (Eelianthus annuus). Mexico. Secretaria de Agricultura y Fomentc. Boletin Oficial, t. 8, epoca 6a, nos. 5-12, pp. 635-639. Kay-Dec. 1923. 8 P732B A short sketch of cultivation, yield, and composition of the sunflower which is said to be a native of Peru and rhich is grown in Mexico only as an ornamental plant. Contains a good illustra- tion of the plant. U. S. Be-pt, of agriculture. Agricultural statistics 194C. 737pp. Washington, D. C. , 1940. 1 Ag84Yas Table 460, p. 342, gives statistics of production of sunflower seed in California, Illinois, and Missouri, average 1928/37 and annually 1928-1939; also imports for consumption during the same period. U. 3. Dept. of agriculture. Office of foreign agricultural relations. Argentine peanut and sunflower production estimates revised. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Foreign Agr. Relations. Foreign Crops and Markets 41(19): 694, processed. Nov. 12, 1940. 1.9 St2P Revised tables are given for area and production of sunflovrer seed in Argentina, 1934/35-1939/40. U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Office of foreign agricultural relations. Argentine vegetable-oil and oilseed production increases. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Poreign Agr. Relations. Foreign Crops and Markets 41(9): 270-275, processed. Sept. 3, 1940. 1.9 St2P Notes increased production of oilseeds in Argentina in recent years most of which are consumed by the domestic oil-milling industry. "Sunflower- seed production, which was introduced by Russian set- tlers more than 3C years ago, received little attention until about 5 years ago,: when it became difficult to obtain olive-oil supplies from Europe. Its cultivation has expanded rapidly, as it has been recognized that the cost of production is low, and the returns have been sufficient to encourage farmers to increase their acreage. The average yield of seed in the past 5 years has risen from 588 pounds to 828 pounds per acre, due to improved cultural methods." Statistics are given of sunflower seed crushed, 1935-1933, and of exports of the seed, 1936-1939. - 15 - U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Office of foreign agricultural relations. Argentine vegetable- cil production increased in 1939. U. S. Dept. Agr* Off. Foreign Agr. Relations* Foreign Crops and Markets 4l(ll): 367, processed. Sept. 16, 1940; 1*9 St2F "Sunflower .seed shows the greatest volume, accounting for 64 percent of the total 1939 production." The amount of seed crushed and oil produced in 1939 is given. U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Office of foreign agricultural relations. Sunflower cultivation in Rumania to "be expanded. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Foreign Agr. Relations. • Foreign Crops and Markets 41 (19): 694, processed. Nov. 12, 1940. 1.9 St2F "Germany appears to "be cooperating closely with Rumania in developing cultivation of sunflower seed in the latter country. German interests are active through their participation in a German- Rumanian oilseed organization called ■ Solagra. ' It is reported that this company was instrumental in sowing a large area to sunflowers this year, and the expansion is- expected to be much greater in 1941. The latest production figures available for all of Rumania are for 1938, when the output was approximately 509 million pounds. Over 70 percent of this amount was produced in Bessarabia and about 8 percent in Transylvania, now ceded to the Soviet Union and Hungary, respectively. " U. S. Dept. of agriculture. Office of foreign agricultural relations. United States foreign trade in agricultural products, 1939-40. U. S. Dept. Agr. Off. Foreign Agr. Relations. Foreign Crops and Markets 41(9): 295-328, processed. Sept. 5, 1940. (Sup. to issue of Sept. 3, 1940) 1.9 St2F Imports of sunflower oil are given for 1938/39 as 271,000,000 lbs. of a value of $13,000. U. S. Dept. of commerce. Bur. of the census. Animal and vegetable fats and oils; production, consumption, imports, 'exports and stocks. Quarterly for calendar years 1935 to 1939. 29pp. Washington, D..C.,1940, 157.41 An52 Contains tables which give imports of sunflower seed oil for consumption 1935 to 1938 and factory consumption in 1935 and 1936. For earlier years see earlier reports. Varadachar, K. S. Synthesis of proteins in plants. Part I. Conversion of nitrates into protein in Eelianthus annuus, Linn. Indian' Inst. Sci. Jour. 16A(12): 129-138. 1933. 513 In23 "A direct method of feeding of plants with nutrients is described. This technique has been applied to the study of protein synthesis by feeding nitrogen- starved sunflower plants with potassium nitrate solution and studying the attendant changes. "There is evidence to suggest that there is continuous conversion of nitrate into other forms of nitrogen. The added nitrogen would appear to pass through the amide stage before being converted into •protein." Va ™, *.!•«. ~ 16 " natei- +•>,« J - Ca de f arng w-i.ce as ouch R n a *• a. iv. ju ar ---ugat 1045 7o-.- suiifi 0l7e nc3 **<*-• «*« „, .. "' feedi ^ -lue. "» <*«« States, "sS^ ^egans, p r ^sed. ^ ovation of the Ithaca, i 9p r "• Cornell) j^ * d "^ corn as a ^ ,,, " Usef «l JOTrpoBB.. der s P e =ial oondit?™ f e «s nell Contains 5 J: ^ no - 60 " hs '~- 3a l. 60, m' "position, aetfiods tf oi^ atioa °» the eon ' **hi»Ston, this -bulieti^^' ffld the a^S?"" l0 ° ° f the ^ * v w the »*£ sttt.^ 10 "- - e i e s ,£r - 17 - ECONOMIC LI3PAPY LISTS " No. 1. State trade "barriers; selected references. March 1939; Revised June 1940. Ho. 2. The frozen fond industry; selected references, January 1937 to March 1939. April 1939. Ho. 3. High drafting in cotton spinning; selected references. April 1939, Ho. 4. Egg auctions; selected references. July 1939. No* 5. Acts administered by Agricultural Marketing Service. October 1939, No. 6. Periodicals relating to shipping. October 1939. No. 7. Electrical properties of cotton; some references to the litera- ture, 1931-date. November 1939. No. 8. Sea island cotton; selected references. November 1939. No. 9. Cotton picking machinery; a short list of references. March 1940. No. 10. The tomato industry in Puerto Pico and Cuba; a short list of ref- erences. June 1940. No. 11. The dairy industry in the United States; selected references on the economic aspects of the industry. July 1940. No. 12. Planning for the farmer; a short reading list of free and inex- pensive material. July 1940. No. 13. Indirect flood damages; a list of references. August 1940. No. 14. Relocation of farm families; selected references on settler relo- cation. September 1940. No. 15. Homestead tax exemption in the United States; a selected list of references. October 1940. No. 16. Mate; a list of references. October 1940. No. 17. Exhibits; a selected list of references. November 1940. No. 18. Pood and cotton stamp plans; a selected list of references. November 1940. No. 19. The banana industry in tropical America with special reference to the Caribbean area., 1930-1940; a selected list of refer- ences. January 1941. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 3 1262 08926 5523 - 18 - No. 20. The sunflower, its cultivation and uses; a selected list of references. Anril 1941.