STATfc 1 V E-?26 Jf.nucry I9UI United Stnter Departnu^nt of Atrricijlturo Buret. u of EntcTiolop^y and plant '.uarantine METIIYL BROMDE ^^liMI'UTIO^I OF GREEIIHOUtE PLANTS AT THE U. S, PLANT IlITllODUCTION GARPEH. GJJ^M DALE, MD. By Rpndn.ll Latta, Division of Control Investigr.tions, r.nd Viillirm H. Cov;gill, U, C. Plrait Introduction (}c.rdon, Division of plnnt Exploraticjn and Introduction, Burcru .of Plant Industry The uRo of methyl bromide furugfvfcion to d;.Etroy various stages of insects on plants being distributed from the IJ. S. Plrnt Introduction Garden, Glenn Dale, I"id., ha:; r-jccivcfi consid.orablo study during, the past year. The interest of th'^ senior author hr.s been to aid the District of ColuEibia Inspection Service, a unit of the Division of Foreign pltuit viuarantinos, Bureju of Entomology and plant Quarantine, which inspects all sliipmonts frcin thia c stablishmunt, by extending stucioG of tolei'czice of hithtrto untcstod cpccios of r lints to motliyl bromide fumigfvtion under routine commercial conditions. The junior author was condernod in perfoctin?; the method as part ol' his ref^ular duties of conditioning plt-nts for distribution from the Plcuit Introduction Garden. The use of mc tliyl bromide c.c. a plant fumigant is still rather now, and since thci-e is considerable inter- est in its various applicatlonr, spccirlly as rGi;;ardE plant tolcrraice, and in the use of vault fumigation for the control of greenliouso pests on potted plants, the result? presented here m^y hr.vo vr.luo to other workers in this field. Since mrny of the; plr^itr. rtudicd were i:re...nhcuso-'rrcwn ornamentals x/hich v;ould bo in .".ctivo g-.rowth v/h;n shippoe, fumifauions vYcre a-c- tempted at Tiiinimumi c'csff^j rates. The Plant introduction Garden vaas f..c..u also v.dth the difficult problem of insect control in it,i: preonhous'.s, v/hicn v;er.. occvipied by a great number of fairly smrll lots of mrny sp'-.cies, of mrny frmi- lies, rnd in all stages of grovrth, vdii ch precluded general use of ordina.ry greenhouse sprays or f umi-'mts . Bee- use of thir: situ:: - tion the studies vrith methyl bromi''^e included cxt'/nsive trirls d.ocignod to tost the possibilities of .a '- pting this mttho:' to gen- eral srnitr.tion of potted plr.ntr, . The trir.l-r.nd-crror natho.. vr s used from the first. A fev.^ plants of given lots rcccivoc'. t^st fumigations, ; nd if the trirds v:cre suc- cessful the remaining plaits in thes-j lotf, vrcre fumigated. The effect of dosage rates on insect kill v;as studied in this gross nanner, the ratas varying during, the course of tho studies from 2 lbs./l20 mini/ to 1.^, Ibs./l20 nin. rnd to 2 lbs/90 ndn., and finally stabilized at 2.^. lbs./;>0 min., & rate v/hich seemed to give complete destruction of all stages of insects usually present, vndcr the various conditions oncountcrod in routine fiord gut ion. Other rates wore elso tried in single tests; 1 lb./l20 min., 2 lbs./l',;0 min,, and 2.25 lbs./90 nun. Studies v;orc begun in September 1939 v>'ith plrjits renovod froia greenhouse benches and reset there follov/ing fumigation. As information vms obtained on the tolerance of certain species, these v/ere fumigated in quantity in a (^encrr.l clor,n-up effort. Py February 1914-0 sufficient data had been accuiriulatod to permit fumi- gation of practically all greenhouse plrnts to bo distributod. Dormr.Jit fiold-r:ro\vn ornam mtali.' also wore fumigated and stored in a cold shod until shipment. All plcjits v/ere fumigatud in a l|SO-cubic-f cot atmospheric vault, v;hich was lined \\'-ith sheet metal to prevent leakrge. Tha vault vms provided vdth a 10-inch defik fvn for circulation and a 12-inch exhaust fan to remove the gas following treatment. The methyl bromide was measured by v;eight, A thermostatically con-- trolled heater maintr.in'Cd r. tonporr.turo of rpproximat': ly 70 degrees F. during fui-iigation. The plants v.'ere loaded in v.'irc -bottomed carriers, which v/ore so arrrnged as to provide about 110 square foet of shelf spact . Since, at the rate of 2.n lbs. /l, 000 cu. ft., only 1.2^ pounds of m>.,thyl broiude (costinr about 8? cents) v/as used per fujnigrtion, the coi.t per 1,000 plants wr.s rel-.tivoly low. Injury appeared to b.^ specific for the plant treated and uniform vathin that species. V^ere a given dorage produced leaf burn or defoliation of plants, a repetition of the tre-^.tmont usually caused comparr.blo r^. suits. The type of injury, hovrcvor, vcriod on different species. On some, young grovrth was burned, v/hile on others only nature loaves were effected. On still others no burning occurred but abcission of all m.aturc leaves resulted. In one instance pjrowth was suspended for some tine. Instances of injury vrcrc confined to rolrtivoly few species, however. A tot;.l of several thousand plrr^ts of lU+l species from widely separated fcj.dlies were fumigrted. Of those, I4IU species (95,9 percent) v/cre uninjured, v/hile 27 species (6,1 percent) showed vr;.riou5 degrees of injury. Only ? spocits (1.1 perc:;nt) were sevc;rely 1/ The dosr-.ge rate is expressed in pomds of methyl broi^.ido per 1,000 cubic feet of space, including the load, for a given period of timo. For the srke of brevity an' to rvoid confusion on tho reader's pi'-rt, it is abbreviated to pounds/minutes. In rll tests the t^-nperrture vr s 70 c'egrces F. burnoci. In four of them, /.loo r.p., Ct.r ''.ios purnun intcgcrrinur.i, F okicni g hodf^iiasii , c.nC Guadua cp., tL.j"pTrrits v/o rF~G o "definitely injured, or such limited nunbcrs v/oro r.vt.ilt.blc, th«-.t no further tests beyond one- or two-pl;.nt trif.lr w:.rc rttenpted. FuchEir. ''i£^9^.9IiSSi}]:3 ^'^^-s br.dly burned hi j. firrt trir.l, r>n(' even slightly burned when the dosr.-^ ytsLG reduced by hrlf . /; further test with 2 lbs./90 lain. r.lGo produced cever:; btu'ninr,, but this seme dosage v/as not injurious v/hon the plrnts v;oro syringed r.ftorvfcrds en':, kept in r. cool lociitiouo Plants in one species, Molrstom;.-. sp., were not burned, but growth stopped t.ftor v. furiigr.tion in Kovembcr. a large number treated in February, after new grov^-th had started, were not retarded or otherwise injured. Tvm species sh.owod various degrees of light burning, So-'e leaves of Amphi c omi.- arguta were burncc. in September and November fumigations but not ::,t allTn Februar}- rjid April treat- ments. Cinchona pubo scons X o ffic inalis shov^ed an occasional burned tip or lower loaf in one tost but no~bu'rning in mother, an-' hundreds of pl;ntc of a close relative in the same genus v/ero not burned at ell. Six species shov/ed injury to ne'i/ tip grovfth. Tips on Dofjr.oaium tili ae folium were generally burned by treatment in Septem.beF7"as" we're plants of Eupatorium ligustrinum.. Cotyledon sp. suffered tip burn on mature 1 oavo s " "Trp"s~of^P"loc"tranthvis"" sp . , Psidium gu- java , and Theobroma purpurcum also Micro burned o Ptim-igation causoc' burning or dropping of mature Ictves in 12 species. Bryophyllum c^lici," ■ lu' F. .miniatum dropped mature leaves, and B^ tubiflorun; iicd £0:;;e iiirai i;./, oi' mature le^.v\-s. Jacar anda acuti fo lia 7/as almost defolit tec ovmng to droppinr of m^.ture leaves, but no injury resulted to nev; foliage in later tests. Five species of Kalrncho e had burning or loss of lower let vcs* Four plrnts of K. synsepal':. died follov/iri^'; f'amig'tion, but four plants of the same " spoVies from another source fui/iigated at the si:no time were uninjured. Repeated tests vvith pittosporuiii gl'.brrtum cf-usod ' loss of mature leaves but no injury to other plant pr.rts. Tv/o species, Omcoba routledgii C'nd. Ski miai.- . j'rpcnicr' veitcliii, W'.;ro 'completely defoliated vrithout any c-ppr.rent burning of th.:- foliage. Light tip burning '^aid the loss of mature leaves did not seem, to be significantly detrimental in most crses. Moisture conditions apparently exercised oonsid^, rablc influence on alaxit reaction. In one instance plr.nts of Fuch sia arbore scan s v;ere severely burned by fumigation when the relative humidity of' the vault romrincd at Lo-SO percent. Fl-nt,--: of tne seme species were uninjured by an equal ('osagc v^ien rtmosphoric humidity waa kept at or near saturation, plcnts in dry soil tended to shov/ more injury thr.n those in moist soil. B'caus., of t lie so observations a high relative huirddity was rLS.intcJned in the fur.ut:ating vault by souking all potr preceding trort.nent, arid r.U£:-rLentin,c the humidity by neans of v/atcr drippod on u quintity of oxccleior in a wire basket placed in front of the heater which r.airtainod the vault terpteraturc . It v/as observed rlso that conditions during the postfunigation period influenced the ultimr.to reaction of the plants. In experi- mental tests fiUTiif^atcd plants kept in rr.pid air currents showed norc injury then sinilar plants in a profcectod position, in rather direct proportion to the length of tine so exposed. For tiiis rearon the cxhr.ust period v/as shortened to only the ninimum period ncccssrry to free the vault of methyl bromic'c, usvally 20 to 30 minutes. As stated previously, the dosage rate v/as varicc'. . Practically all dosages used produced extremely iii<^h mortality of the insects present. Aphids and. v^itcflios were killed by doses lov.'cr thrn those required for thrips, mealybugs, soft series, rrs\ red spiders. Since occasional individuals apparently survivv^d fumigrtions v/ith 2 lbs./90 nin., the rate of 2.5 lbs,/90 :iin. wr s finally f^;opted. /.dvrr.ccs in the general knov/ledgo of plant tolcranc; and the improvement of factors influencing.; successful fvjiif^rtien showed that this dosage would be tolerated by a lar-yc r.iajcrity of the i;pocicp of plcnts con- cerned. The species of plants I'ujfp.i gated are given in the following trble. Absence of a str.tencnt concerning injury sip;nilies absence of J-nJury. WTrusT'Tre'lxiiiK.inbcrrTd'ThaV cho"^^^ treatments" Wore generally perf ornec'. at dosages as near as possible to the minimum required for insect control under the particul.r set of concitions existin^^ at th; riant Intro:'.uction Garden. Slightly hif^lior or lower dosages night be re- quired elsewhere to effect ins, -a Ji 5-1 p' 13 .•) X' o O Sh w -p rO rl 1— 1 w -P o § •H g o O fl Jh o ^ o M -P' >^ tl ^ y -P O 6 g 4-^ d s: 4J -p w •rl ^ d ■X3 tw^ « O w 4J So ON I N> I ON d "^n O P O ?H i^ ri" ^ ^H ^ l' ''1 T ^ 4^ • .-P ft rO > P O o ,.9 o ^.'J -1^ (V3 ^ P . r' . ;> o fJ ■ O •xi * i •p -a o O o O o o ^O o r<> KN Lr^ i_3 N-\ r^ w •r-1 !h d .p w to o O h: ex, u u o o .r: o 6 d 4^ ■p CO cj' ^( fi) ba ■'-' ' < r-i O t; "p e: O TJ d o i\J rH LTA o c:> o O o o o ON OS G\ ON OJ G^ On w d ^ ^ •H • O p. 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