AER No. LUF06 
 
 i 
 
 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 WARTIMK REPORT 
 
 orkjINAlly issued 
 
 Octoter igkk as 
 Advance Ees trie ted Eeport Li4-F06 
 
 TENSILE TESTS OF NACA AND CONYENTIONAL 
 
 MACHIKE-COtMTEESUNK FLUSH RIVETS 
 
 By Merven W. Mandel and Leonard M. Bartone 
 
 Laj3gley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory . 
 Langley Field, Va. 
 
 NACA 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 NACA WARTIME REPORTS are reprints of papers originally issued to provide rapid distribution of 
 advance research results to an authorized group requiring them for the war effort. They were pre- 
 viously held under a security status but are now unclassified. Some of these reports were not tech- 
 nically edited. All have been reproduced without change in order to expedite general distribution. 
 
 L - 176 
 

 ¥.kCk KR3. I'o. ri,FC6 
 
 NATIONAL ADVISORY COT^i'ITTES FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 ADVA'^CE RESTRICTED REPORT 
 
 TENSILE TESTS OP NACA AND CONVENTIONAL 
 MACHIlNlE-COUNTERSimK FLUSH RIVETS 
 By Merven W. Mandel and Leonard M. Bartone 
 
 SUJIMARY 
 
 An Investigation was conducted to determine and 
 compare the tensile strength of NACA and conventional 
 machine -counter sunk flush rivets of several rivet- 
 head angles and varying countersimk depth. The results 
 of the investigation are presented in the form of curves 
 that show the variation of the tensile strength of the 
 rivet Vifith the ratio of the sheet thickness to the 
 rivet diameter. 
 
 INTRODLX^TION 
 
 Comparative data on the tensile strength of machine- 
 countersunk flush rivets are scarce, although it is 
 known that rivets are under tensile load in many applica- 
 tions. An investigation was therefore conducted to 
 determine and compare the tensile strength of NACA 
 machine -coimtersunk flush rivets and of conventional 
 machine-countersunk flush rivets. The effect of rivet- 
 head angle and depth of countersink on the tensile 
 strength of both types of rivet v/as investigated. 
 
 SPECBISNS AND RIVETING PROCEDURE 
 
 Each specimen consisted of two sheets of 2I4.S-T alu- 
 minum alloy of equal thickness, assembled with one 
 AI7S-T aluminum-alloy rivet, as shown in figure 1. 
 Tables I and II give the rivet diameters and sheet 
 thicknesses for all specimens, the depths of counter- 
 sink for the NACA flush-rivet specimens, and the heights 
 of the rivet heads above the sheet sur^'^ace before 
 
MCA ARR No. LkF06 
 
 driving for the conventional coimtersunk-rivet specimens. 
 For the NACA flush rivets, the depth of coiintersink 
 (designated c and shown in fig, 2(a)) was measured 
 v;ith a l^O^ conical spindle mounted on a dial gage 
 graduated in ten- thousandths of an inch. For the 
 conventional countersunk rivets, the height of the rivet 
 head above the sheet surface before driving (desig- 
 nated h]3 and shown in fig. 2(b)) was also measured 
 with a dial gage . 
 
 The NACA flush-riveting procedure (method E of 
 reference 1) is shown in figure 2(a), The rivet hole 
 in the sheets of the specimen was machine -countersunk 
 with a 600, 82°, or 100° countersinking tool. An 
 ANI4.3O round-head rivet was inserted from the back of 
 the joint, and the manufactured head of the rivet was 
 then driven with a vibrating gun while the shank end 
 of the rivet was bucked into the countersunk hole with 
 a bar. The protruding portion of the rivet head was 
 removed with a flush- rivet milling tool similar to 
 that described in reference 2, 
 
 The conx'entional riveting procedure for countersunk 
 rivets (method C of reference 1) is shown in figure 2(b), 
 The rivet hole in the sheets of the specimen was machine- 
 countersunk with an 82° countersinking tool for the 
 An1|25 73° countersunk-head rivets, and with a 100° counter- 
 sinking tool for the ANI4.26 100° cou:itersunk-head rivets. 
 The rivet was inserted in the rivet hole and the 
 manufactured head was driven with a vibrating gun while 
 the shank end was bucked with a bar. 
 
 TEST PROCEDURE 
 
 The test rirocedure was the same as that described 
 in reference $. The specimens were mounted in the 
 fixtures shown in figure 3- The small rods on each of 
 the fixtures pass through the holes in one of the 
 sheets of the specimen and bear against the other sheet, 
 VkTien load is applied, the rods push the sheets of the 
 specimen apart. Loads were applied to the specimens in 
 hydraulic testing machine accurate within one-half of 
 1 percent. Maximum load and type of failure were 
 recorded for each test. 
 
MCA ARR No, 
 
 l1|.fo6 
 
 REoHLTS AND GOlvCLUSIONS 
 
 The results o''^ the tests are given 5n tahles I and 
 II, and typical specimens after failure are shown in 
 figure Jj_. The variation of '.''>& maxlmuni tensile load 
 with the sheet thickness is shown in figures 5 to 9* It 
 ma^T- he noted in figu.re3 8 and 9 that the tensile strength 
 
 3 
 of the inch-diameter conventional countex-'sunk rivets 
 
 was Increased slightly for values of hv, greater than 
 zero and decreased slightly for values of h-'Q less than 
 zero. 
 
 In order to per 
 the different types 
 tensile strength of 
 of the tensile stren 
 against the ratio of 
 diameter in figures 
 of the rivet shank w 
 loads for those spec 
 shank. Curves were 
 as shown in figures 
 in the preparation o 
 in which the effect 
 revealed. 
 
 ■fflit cornoarison of the results for 
 of rivet tested, the values of the 
 the rivet, expressed as a fraction 
 gth of the rivet shank, were plotted 
 
 the sheet thickiiess to the rivet 
 10 and 11, The tensile strength 
 as taken as an average of the -raaximvixn. 
 imens that failed oy tension of the 
 faired tjirough the points so plotted, 
 10 and 11. These curves were used 
 f additional figures (figs. 12 to 15 ) 
 
 of the different variables are 
 
 ]\jACA machine-countersunk flush rivets.- Per a given 
 
 with the 
 
 angle the 
 
 tensile strength increased 
 
 rivet-hp. ad 
 
 ratio of countersunk denth to rivet diaaneter c/d. ($ee 
 fig, 12.) For c/d = O.5O and rivet-head angles of 
 60°, 82^, and 100°, the full tensile strength of the 
 rivet shank was developed for values of the ratio of 
 sheet thickness to rivet dlaaeter t/d greater than O.7. 
 
 For a gix'en value of c/d, the tensile strength 
 increased with rivet-head angle, hut at c/d = O.5O 
 the teiisile strengths of the 1C0° rivets were only very 
 slightly greater than for the S2° rivets. (See fig. 15.) 
 For c/d = 0.36 and O.3O, the tensile strength of the 
 60° rivets approached the tensile strength of 82^ and 
 100° rivets as t/d aDproached O.7. 
 
 C onve ntional co untersunk f lus h rivets .- For values 
 of t/d. greater than about 0,14. the tensile strength of 
 ANI4.25 78° conventional rivets -was higher than for 
 AN14-26 100° conventional rivets. (See fig. ll|-. ) 
 
k NACA ARR No. li;F06 
 
 For t/d greater than about 0.7> the "8^ rivets 
 developed more than nine-tenths and the 100° rivets, 
 more than about eight-tenths of the tensile strength of 
 the rivet shank. From the tensile tests of the NACA 
 rivets, it is concluded that the greater tensile strengths 
 for the 78° rivets v/ere caused by the higher c/d ratio 
 (c/d =0.50 for the 78° conventional rivets; c/d = 0.55 
 to 0.58 for the 100° conventional rivebs). 
 
 Comparison of NACA and conventional machine - 
 countersunk rivets .- For the same rivet-head angle - 
 or essentially the same rivet-head angle - and for a 
 given value of c/d, the NACA rivets developed higher 
 tensile strength than the conventional rivets. (See 
 fig. 15.) 
 
 Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory 
 
 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 
 Langley Field, Va. 
 
 REFERS NOES 
 
 1. Lundquist, Eugene E., and Gottlieb, Robert: A Study 
 
 of the Tightness and Flushness of r^'achine- 
 Countersunk Rivets for Aircraft. NACA RB, June 
 19i|.2. 
 
 2. Gottlieb, Robert, and Fandel, Merven "J . : An Improved 
 
 Flush-Rivet Milling Tool. NACA RB No. 5El8,^ 191^5. 
 
 5. Schuette, Evan K., Bartone, Leonard M., and Mandel, 
 
 Merven W . : Tensile Tests of Round-Head, Flat-Head, 
 and Prazier-Head Rivets. NACA TN No. 950, ISkk' 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F0e 
 
 TABI£ I 
 TESSILB STRENGTH OF NACA MACHINE-COnHTERSUSK FXUSH RIVETS 
 
 Stocet 
 
 
 Depth of 
 
 
 Rivet-head •nglo, 60° 
 
 Rivet-bead ang] 
 
 e. 82° 
 
 Rivet-head angle, 100° | 
 
 thloknass, 
 t 
 
 t/d 
 
 counterainkf 
 c 
 
 c/d 
 
 uajc. load 
 
 R 
 
 Type of 
 
 Max. load 
 
 R 
 
 Type of 
 
 Hax. load 
 
 R 
 
 Type of 
 
 (In.) 
 
 
 (In.) 
 
 
 (lb) 
 
 (.) 
 
 fallvire 
 
 (lb) 
 
 (a) 
 
 failure 
 
 (lb) 
 
 (a) 
 
 failure 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rivet diaMt 
 
 »r d = 5/52 In, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.025 
 
 0,270 
 
 0.025 
 
 0.267 
 
 109 
 
 0.255 
 
 (b) 
 
 ifiU 
 
 0,1428 
 
 (b) 
 
 106 
 
 0.265 
 
 (b) 
 
 .025 
 
 .270 
 
 .055 
 
 .571+ 
 
 i^? 
 
 .525 
 
 (h) 
 
 79 
 
 .185 
 
 (b) 
 
 ■M^ 
 
 (b) 
 
 .032 
 
 .3U2 
 
 .025 
 
 .267 
 
 .5l;2 
 
 (b) 
 
 190 
 
 .W^Z 
 
 (b) 
 
 1^? 
 295 
 
 (b) 
 
 .052 
 .0J2 
 .Qli.0 
 
 .3h2 
 
 .■ik2 
 .429 
 
 .055 
 
 .ol5 
 
 ifo 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 2J' 
 280 
 
 :^ri 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 :m 
 
 (b) 
 (e) 
 
 .025 
 
 .267 
 
 210 
 
 .liSo 
 
 (b) 
 
 230 
 
 .555 
 
 (c) 
 
 11 
 
 :ttl 
 
 (b) 
 
 .Ql;0 
 
 .kZ9 
 
 • 055 
 
 • 0^5 
 
 Hi 
 
 205 
 
 .1+77 
 
 (b) 
 
 
 .■567 
 
 (b) 
 
 (c) 
 
 .QltO 
 
 fil 
 
 255 
 
 .595 
 
 (b) 
 
 260 
 
 .605 
 
 (b) 
 
 351 
 
 .816 
 
 (b) 
 
 .051 
 
 .025 
 
 .267 
 
 250 
 
 .555 
 
 (b) 
 
 
 .655 
 
 (0) 
 
 354 
 
 .825 
 
 (c) 
 
 .051 
 .051 
 
 
 :^i 
 
 
 558 
 
 .600 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 .855 
 .919 
 
 (b) 
 (e) 
 
 m 
 
 .865 
 
 .?8L 
 
 (e) 
 
 (0) 
 
 .Qdk 
 
 .025 
 
 '267 
 
 258 
 
 (b) 
 
 .660 
 
 (0) 
 
 290 
 
 .671+ 
 
 (e) 
 
 .Oik 
 
 .685 
 .-685 
 
 '°il 
 
 ifo 
 
 560 
 
 k09 
 
 .857 
 .951 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 ^ 
 
 .700 
 
 .981 
 
 (c) 
 (d) 
 
 .900 
 1.019 
 
 (c) 
 (d) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rlvat dlaaat 
 
 •r d = 1/B In. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.052 
 
 0.256 
 
 °:°il 
 
 0.280 
 
 22U 
 
 0.299 
 
 (b) 
 
 261 
 
 0.548 
 
 (b) 
 
 289 
 
 °:lll 
 
 (b) 
 
 !o^o 
 
 .256 
 
 .560 
 
 221 
 
 .295 
 
 (b) 
 
 265 
 
 .553 
 
 (b) 
 
 5^5 
 
 (b) 
 
 .520 
 
 .0J5 
 
 .280 
 
 281; 
 
 •579 
 
 (b) 
 
 516 
 
 .h$z 
 
 (b) 
 
 g 
 
 .492 
 
 (c) 
 
 .Ql;0 
 
 .?20 
 .II06 
 
 .0^5 
 
 .560 
 
 281 
 
 ■Ml 
 
 (b) 
 
 S? 
 
 .1+55 
 
 (b) 
 
 .556 
 .676 
 
 (b) 
 
 .051 
 
 :^l 
 
 .560 
 
 1)26 
 
 (b) 
 
 .575 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 .051 
 
 .ko6 
 
 .520 
 
 U20 
 
 :ll7° 
 .769 
 
 (b) 
 
 
 .7U5 
 
 (b) 
 
 552 
 
 
 (b) 
 
 .06k 
 .06k 
 
 .515 
 .51? 
 
 .065 
 
 .560 
 .520 
 
 515 
 
 P 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 6S5 
 
 (e) 
 (b) 
 
 508 
 
 Fil 
 
 (0) 
 
 (e) 
 
 .081 
 
 .ik5 
 
 .0^ 
 
 .560 
 
 Ao 
 
 .777 
 
 !969 
 
 (c) 
 
 652 
 
 .870 
 
 (c) 
 
 .816 
 
 (c) 
 
 .081 
 
 .614.5 
 
 .055 
 
 659 
 
 (c) 
 
 682 
 
 .909 
 l.QQt 
 
 (e) 
 
 2JI 
 
 .959 
 
 (d) 
 
 .081 
 
 ,6^5 
 
 .065 
 
 .520 
 
 726 
 
 (d) 
 
 755 
 
 (d) 
 
 1.075 
 
 (d) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rivet dlamet 
 
 sr d = 5^2 In. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O.Qi;0 
 
 0.258 
 
 0.Ql(.5 
 
 0.288 
 
 5I44 
 
 °'5SJ 
 
 (b) 
 
 ?75 
 
 0.526 
 
 (b) 
 
 14.81 
 
 0.421 
 
 (b) 
 
 .OI4.O 
 
 .258 
 
 fil 
 
 •Ml 
 
 529 
 
 .288 
 
 (b) 
 
 ko6 
 
 .355 
 .556 
 
 (b) 
 
 t^ 
 
 .365 
 
 (b) 
 
 .051 
 
 .J25 
 
 375 
 
 Ii.19 
 
 .526 
 
 (b) 
 
 656 
 
 (b) 
 
 •700 
 
 (b) 
 
 .051 
 
 .oSk 
 
 .06I4. 
 
 JtlO 
 
 Mo 
 
 .055 
 
 .555 
 
 .566 
 
 (b) 
 
 S80 
 
 
 (b) 
 
 810 
 
 (b) 
 
 .055 
 .075 
 
 M 
 
 'lU 
 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 '.770 
 .870 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 955 
 970 
 
 (c) 
 (b) 
 
 .081 
 
 .518 
 
 .055 
 
 •Ml 
 
 779 
 
 (b) 
 
 995 
 
 (c) 
 
 lOkO 
 
 .910 
 .840 
 
 (c) 
 
 .081 
 
 .518 
 
 .075 
 
 975 
 
 .852 
 
 (b) 
 
 1160 
 
 1.014 
 
 (0) 
 
 960 
 
 (e) 
 
 .102 
 
 .65I; 
 
 .055 
 
 .555 
 
 .i*8l 
 
 1110 
 
 .971 
 
 (d) 
 
 1000 
 
 ill 
 1.019 
 
 (b) 
 
 1100 
 
 i!o25 
 
 1,059 
 
 (0) 
 
 .102 
 .102 
 
 .65S 
 .651+ 
 
 .065 
 .075 
 
 lljo 
 1159 
 
 .901 
 
 1.012 
 
 Cd) 
 (d) 
 
 1060 
 ii61i 
 
 (d) 
 
 1170 
 
 ^10 
 
 (*) 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rivet dianet 
 
 ir d = 5A6 In. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.051 
 
 0.271 
 
 0.055 
 .065 
 
 0.285 
 
 559 
 
 0.557 
 
 (b) 
 
 780 
 605 
 
 o.Wfi 
 
 (b) 
 
 7? 
 
 °Mi 
 
 (b) 
 
 .051 
 
 .271 
 
 'M 
 
 It22 
 
 .26U 
 
 (b) 
 
 .578 
 
 (b) 
 
 780 
 
 .488 
 
 (b) 
 
 .o(h 
 
 .3h2 
 
 .055 
 
 658 
 
 .Ui 
 
 (b) 
 
 915 
 
 906 
 
 1052 
 
 •m 
 
 .|45 
 
 (b) 
 
 1093 
 
 .577 
 
 •1 
 
 (e) 
 
 .o£k 
 .081 
 
 4k2 
 .1+51 
 
 .065 
 .055 
 .065 
 
 ■M 
 
 690 
 
 892 
 
 .kn 
 
 •558 
 .561 
 
 (b) 
 (0) 
 
 (b) 
 (e) 
 
 (b) 
 (0) 
 
 .081 
 
 .1+51 
 
 .51+6 
 
 950 
 
 (b) 
 
 11426 
 
 .800 
 
 (0) 
 
 12h.O 
 
 .775 
 
 (0) 
 
 .102 
 
 
 .065 
 
 .51+6 
 
 1125 
 
 l)4iA 
 
 .705 
 
 (b) 
 
 •§?? 
 
 (c) 
 
 II4.8O 
 
 .925 
 
 (0) 
 
 .125 
 
 *6o7 
 
 .065 
 
 .5^6 
 
 .905 
 
 (c) 
 
 1285 
 1556 
 
 .804 
 
 (c) 
 
 1555 
 
 •972 
 
 (e) 
 
 .125 
 
 1667 
 
 .075 
 
 .599 
 .II52 
 
 1571+ 
 1565 
 
 .985 
 
 (e) 
 
 .960 
 
 (0) 
 
 1655 
 
 1.021 
 
 (d) 
 
 .125 
 
 .6£j_ 
 
 .085 
 
 .979 
 
 (d) 
 
 1599 
 
 1.000 
 
 (d) 
 
 1707 
 
 1.067 
 
 to) 
 
 _ Tenalle strength of rivet 
 TenBlle strength of rivet ahank 
 
 ''countersunk head of rivet pulled through sheet. 
 "Countersunk head of rivet sheared. 
 ^Tension failure of rivet shank. 
 
 NATIONAL AIWISORY 
 COMMITTEE FOR AERONAIHICS 
 
Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive 
 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 
 University of Florida, George A. Smathers Libraries with support from LYRASIS and the Sloan Foundation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/tensiletestsofnaOOIang 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
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NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
 Fig. 1 
 
 Rivet 
 
 No. 16 drill 
 4 holes In each' 
 sheet, ec^ually 
 spaced 
 
 £■■' I f% \ W % » m ' I 
 
 -x^^ 
 
 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
 COMMinEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 Figure I.- Test specirncn 
 
^\ 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F0e 
 
 Fig. 2 
 
 x: 
 
 I 
 
 c 
 
 E 
 
 §-43 
 
 CD 
 
 m 
 
 T 
 
 -a 
 
 JL 
 
 —I o 
 
 8 
 
 to 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 cvi 
 
 I. 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F0e 
 
 Fig. 3 
 
 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
 COMMIHEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 Figure 3.- Fixtures and spo-am^r) 
 for tension tests of rivets. 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
 Fig. 4 
 
 (a 
 
 NACA rivet; countersunk 
 head pulled through sheet 
 
 NACA rivet," countersunk 
 head sheared. 
 
 (c 
 
 NACA rivet; rivet shank 
 failed in tension. 
 
 (d) Conventional rivet; 
 
 countersunk head pulled 
 through sheet. 
 
 (e) Conventional rivet; 
 
 countersunk head sheared 
 
 Figure 4.- Typical — -inch-diameter rivet specimens of 100° head 
 
 angle after failure. 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
 Fig. 5 
 
 cl=^inch 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 
 /a 
 
 
 4p 
 
 C,in. 
 
 A 
 
 oQ0£5 
 
 1 
 
 X .035 
 
 J 
 
 □ .045 
 
 H 
 
 A .055 
 
 
 O .065 
 
 1 ' 
 
 V .075 
 
 1 1 
 
 3_ 
 16 
 
 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
 COMMinEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 .040 
 
 060 .120 .040 .080 
 
 Sheet thickness , in. 
 
 .120 .160 
 
 Figure 5. -Variation of maximum tensile load with 
 sheet thickness for NACA machine -countersunk 
 flush rivets ; rivet -head angle = 60! 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
 Fig. 6 
 
 d=^inch 
 
 6 
 
 .040 
 
 3. 
 16 
 
 c , in. 
 
 oQoas 
 
 X .035 
 □ .045 
 A 055 
 O .065 
 ^ .075 
 
 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
 COMMIHEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 .C60 .\Z0 .040 .060 
 
 Sheet thickness, in. 
 
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 Figure 6.- Variation of maximum tensile load with 
 sheet thickness for NACA machine -countersunk 
 flush rivets ; rivet- head angle =6£! 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F0e 
 
 Fig. 
 
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 NATIONAL ADVJSORY 
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 Figure 7. -Variation of maximum tensile load with 
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 flush rivets ; rivet -head angle = 100! 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
 Fip. 8 
 
 d=A inch 
 
 '5 
 
 16 
 
 hb,in. 
 
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 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
 COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 080 A2D .040 .060 
 
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 Figure 6. -Variation of maximum tensile load with 
 sheet thickness for conventionai machine - 
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NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
 Fig. 9 
 
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 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
 COMMinEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
 
 050 .120 J040 j080 
 
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 Figure 9. -Variation of maximum tensile load with 
 sheet thickness for conventional machine - 
 countersunk flush rivets ; rivet-head angle = 100.° 
 
NACA ARR No. L4F0e 
 
 Fig. 10 
 
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 NATIONAL ADVISOm 
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NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
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 NATIONAL ADVISORY 
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NACA ARR No. L4F06 
 
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UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 
 
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 V20MARSTON SCIENCE LIBRARY 
 
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