1,^ _ ^ss; ^■^^-i^-. -m - --di HI^^Bfl^^Bit|d^— y^rising a reprint of the article on the subject in the Yearbook of the United States DeiDartnient of Agriculture for 1807 and considerable additional mat- ter. This report is accompanied b}' a new map of the life zones of the United States, corrected to December, ISO 7, and consists of four parts, as follows: I. Relations of the Biological Surve}' to practical agriculture. II. Life zones of the United States : Boundaries, native si^ecies, and important crops. III. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution ol animals and plants. lY. Crop tables. Il is hoped that this report, with its accompanying zone map and crop lists, will serve to emphasize the extreme wastefulness of indis- criminate experimentation, by which hundreds of thousands of dollars are thrown away each year in futile attempts to make crops grow in areas totally unfitted for their cultivation. Respectfully, C. Hart Merriam, Chief, Biological Survey. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of AgricuMure. CONTEXTS. Page. Introduction 7 PART I. Relations of the Biological Survey to practical agriculture 9 Need of diversification of crops 9 Sea Island and Egyptian cotton for new sections 11 Profitable crops for different climates . 11 What the farmer needs to know 12 Mapping agricultural regions - 13 Development of agriculture in California .. 14 The arid regions 15 Special value of narrow extensions of faunas 15 PART II. Life zones of the United States: Boundaries, native species, and important crops - 18 1. The Arctic-Alpine zone ._ 18 2. The Hudsonian zone 19 3. The Canadian zone - .. 19 4. The Transition zone . 20 («) The Alleghanian faunal area 20 Crops of the Alleghanian faunal area 21 (Z>) The arid Transition faunal area ... -.. 25 Crops of the arid Transition faunal area . - - . 25 (c) The Pacific coast Transition faunal area. 27 Crops of the Pacific coast Transition faunal area . - 29 5. The Upper Austral zone 30 (a) The Carolinian faunal area . 30 Crops of the Carolinian faunal area 31 (b) The Upper Sonoran faunal area 36 Crops of the Upper Sonoran faunal area . - 37 6. The Lower Austral zone . . 41 (a) The Lower Sonoran faunal area 41 Crops of the Lower Sonoran faunal area . . 42 (b) The Austroriparian faunal area . 45 Crops of the Austroriparian faunal area 46 (c) Semitropical or Gulf strip. 49 Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf strip 49 7. The Tropical region 51 Crops of the Tropical region 52 Crops of Tropical Florida. 52 6 CONTENTS. PART III. Page. Laws of temperature control of the geographic distribution of animals and plants 54 Zone temperatures 54 The Boreal rej^ioii 54 The Austral region 55 The Tropical region 55 PART IV. Crop tables 56 Cereals. 56 Apples . - 57 Apricots 62 Cherries 62 Grapes _ 64 Peaches 65 Pears . 67 Plums 68 Strawberries 70 Nuts. 71 Miscellaneous crops ... 73 ILLUSTRATION. Map showing life zones of the United States Frontispiece. INTRODUCTION. For teu years the Biological Survey (and its predecessor, the Divi- sion of Ornithology and Mammalogy) lias had small parties in the field traversing the public domain for the pur^Dose of studying the geographic distribution of our native land animals and plants and mapping the boundaries of the areas they inhabit. The in'esent report is intended to exi^lain the relations of this work to practical agriculture and to show the results thus far attained — it does not deal with other investigations carried on by the Survey. It was early learned that Xorth America is divisible into seven transcontinental belts or life zones and a much larger number of minor areas or faunas, each characterized by particular associations of animals and plants. It was then suspected that these same zones and areas, up to the northern limit of profitable agriculture, are adapted to the needs of particular kinds or varieties of cultivated crops, and this has since been fully established. When, therefore, the natural life zones and areas, seemingly of interest only to the naturalist, were found to be natural crop belts and areas, tliej' became at once of the highest importance to the agriculturist. A map show- ing their position and boundaries, so far as ascertained at the close of the field season of 1897, accompanies this report, and lists of the more important crops of each belt and its x)rincipal subdivisions are here for the first time published. The matter relating to the native animals and plants has been reduced to a fragmentary outline, for the reason that this branch of the subject is of comparatively little inter- est to the farmer and fruit grower. Under the head 'Important crops,' and in the corresponding 'Crop tables' at the end of the report, great care has been taken to make the lists accurate and trustworthj' as far as flieij go. One of the chief difficulties encountered is that nearl}^ all of the published matter relating to the distribution of crops is arranged by political divisions, as States or counties, and consequently is of little assistance as a guide to climatic or zone requirements. Another difficulty is the over sanguine attitude of mam^ fruit growers and horticultural socie- ties, particularly in the West, where innumerable varieties are re- ported as succeeding in places Avhere they have not been tested a sufficient length of time. The intention in the present report has been to omit doubtful records, and since reliable information from specific localities of known zone position is exceedingly scarce, it is 7 \ 8 INTRODUCTION. obvious that the lists arc very incoiuplete. They should be taken as a base on wliich to build. Slat isiieal information lias been freely furnished by INIr. John Hyde, Statistician of the Departnu^nt. 'i'he data on the disti'ibution of cereals T have compiled from a stud}- of the manuscript maps accom- panying' a report by Prof. C'. S. Plumb, about to be published by the l>ioloi>ieal Survey. The data on fruits and othei* ci'ops have been obtaiiuMl fi'om various soui'ces, published and unpublished. Among tlie former may be nuMitioned the ' (^atal()i»ue of Fruits' of the Ameri- can Pom()loi>ieal Society (I>ull. it, l)iv. i*omology, U. S. Department Agriculture), reports of several State boards of horticulture, and reports of tlie State ]>oard of Trade of California. Special informa- tion on Arizona has been contributed by Prof. J. W. Toume}'; on Florida, by Mr. Herbert J. Webber; on California, by Prof. E. J. Wickson; on Washington, l)y Mr. Jesse ]>aker, and on the Snake River Valley at Lewiston, Idaho, and adjacent parts of Washington, b}^ Mv. E. II. Libb}^ president of the Lewiston Water and Power Company, and Ilenrj^ II. Spalding, of Almota, Wash. But most of all T am indebted to the courtesy of the Division of Pomology of the United States Department of Agriculture, and particularly to Mr. William A. Taylor, assistant pomologist, who lias kindly gone over and corrected the various fruit lists with me and has made the nomen- clature conform to the rules of the j\iiiericaii Pomological Society. Without Mr. Tayhn-'s invaluable assistance these lists would not have b(HMi lit for publication. Con-ections and additions are earnestly desired in order that sub- sequent editions of the report, which is intended to serve as a guide and index to the crop adaptations of the various life zones and areas, may be made more complete and useful. The list of miscellaneous crops hei-e given is regrettably meager, and nothing whatever is said of the vai'ieties of tobacco, tomatoes, eggplants, pumpkins, squashes, beans, i)ease, potatoes, oi* other garden vegetables. It is hoped the necessary data on these will be obtained in time for insertion in the next edition. C. II. M. LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES. PART I. RELATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY TO PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. The Biological Survey aims to define and map the natural agricul- tural belts of the United States, to ascertain what products of the soil can and what can not be grown successfully in each, to guivle the farmer in the intelligent introduction of foreign croijs, and to point out his friends and his enemies among the native birds and mammals, thereby helping him to utilize the beneficial and ward off the harmful kinds. Xo fact is better recognized by thoughtful students of our resources than the need of diversifying our agricultural products, with a a iew not only to remedying the present unequal apportionment of stand- ard crops throughout the United States, but also with a view to the introduction of new kinds. This is the more important because of the varying market values of .standard croj^s from year to year, prices frequently falling so low as barely to cover cost of i^roduction, bringing hardship if not financial ruin to the i^roducer. In order to obviate so far as i^ossible the disastrous effects of such years it would seem the part of wisdom to be prei)ared with two or more crops, so that if one fails by reason of unsuitable seasonal conditions or low price the other can be depended on for sufficient revenue to bridge over the period of loss from failure of the first. Farms so favorably situated that absolute reliance can be placed on a single crop, or so little diversified that all parts are equally fitted for this crop, are few and far between; and even in such cases there is danger of overproduction. As a rule, if the major part is well adapted for corn, wheat, cotton, sugar, or tobacco, the crop chosen is subject to material fluctuations in yield and value, and minor areas are better fitted for some other use. NEED OF DIVERSIFICATION OF CROPS. The Statistician of the Department, in his last report to the Secre- tary, calls attention to the marked geographic concentration of agi'i- cultural productions, and points out that "twenty-five States, or just half the total number, produce OS per cent of the cotton, 95 per cent 9 10 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. 1)1" \\w corn, 1)5 per coiit of tlie barley, 03 per cent of tlie oats, and from ei^lit-tentlis to nine-tenths of the wheat, rye, buckwheat, tobacco, potatoes, and liay produced in the entii-e country." This certainly is an unfortunate state of affairs, and one which, in the light of present knowledge of crop adaptations, seems unnecessary. At the same time, it is well to keep in mind the distinction l)et\v(^en crops raised for home consumptiiMj aniological Survey by Prof. C. S. Plumb show that Fultz wheat and the springer ]\Iay Avheats (including red May, early May, late May, big May, and others) may be grown successfully, except in the lowlands, in what is known as the Austroriparian zone, a belt which covers the greater part of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and central Texas; and that Sonoran and Australian wheat do well in the Lower Sonoran belt in Arizona and southein C^alifornia. Similarly, oats, in the nuiin a Northern crop, has been found to do well in tlie Austroriparian belt of the Southern States if proper varieties are chosen; and these varieties nvc the l>urt and R(^d liust Proof. In tlie ease of corn, Moseby's Prolific, (Tolden Dent, and White Uourd Seed seem well adapted to the same belt. So there appears to be no reason why (cereals can not bi^ grown in the Southern States in (piantities more than sufficient for local consumption. Cotton is the staple (M-op of the South, far exceeding all others in money value. l>ut during 18!l7 the price of cotton was so h)w as to yield no profit, while at the sanu' time wheat was so high that if a fail- division of aci-eage had been made between the two, the Southern plantrotits instead of suffering financial distress. Attention must l)e called also to the fact that in 'In 1897 the price of wheat was so high that in Ore.ii:on and Washington the farm value was 70 cents i)er bushel, and the crop was so large (more than :^8,l)00.()00 busliels) that its farm valuo in Washington was $i;J,(JS4.7r)l, and in Oregon $13,07 1,<)'2*J. or a total for the two States of nearly $'27,000,000. CROPS FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES. 11 the face of the verj- large crop and extreme low price of cotton in 1897, when our export amounted to 8212,640,760 (and similarly in 1894, when we exported ^210,000,000 worth), enormous quantities were imported from Egypt. This, while inferior to our Sea Island cotton, is of higher grade than our ordinary product and is used "for goods requiring smooth finish and high luster. It gives to fabrics a soft finish somewhat like silk." During the fiscal year 1896 the value of the Egj'ptian cotton imported into this country was more than $5,000,000, and in 1897, s4, 277, 618. This l)rings up the important question whether we can not, with the aid of irrigation, raise these high-grade varieties in certain parts of the arid Southwest — in south- ern Arizona and the desert region of southern Califin-nia. SEA ISLAND AND EGYPTIAN COTTON FOR NEW SECTIONS. The histor}' of Sea Island cotton is interesting, as showing how the intelligent introduction and cultivation of choice crops in suitable climatic areas may yield rich returns. Dr. Walter H. Evans states that the Sea Island cotton, whose fiber is so highly prized, "is indige- nous to the Lesser Antilles, and probably to San Salvador, the Baha- mas, 1 Barbados, (xuadeloupe, and other islands between 12'' and 2()'' north latitude. I>y cultivation it has been extended thi'oughout the West Indies, the maritime coast of the Southern States, Central Amer- ica, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, etc., southern Spain, Algeria, the islands and coast of western tropical .Vfrica, Egyi^t, Island of Bourbon, East Indies, Queensland, New South Wales, etc. It may be cultivated in an}^ region adapted to the olive and near the sea, the principal requi- site being a hot and humid atmosphere; but the results of acclimati- zation indicate that the humid atmosphere is not entii-ely necessarj^ if irrigation be employed, as this species is und()ul)tedly gro\\n extensively' in Egypt." Although the area in which Sea Island cotton. is produced in the United States is very small, and although a large quantity is manu- factured in our country, still the value of the ci'op exported amounted in 1891 to nearly $3,000,000, in 1896 to $3,816,216, and in 1S!)7 to $4,078,041. It is quite probable that both Sea Island and Egy[)tian cotton could l)e cultivated with profit in parts of southern California and southwestern Arizona. PROFITABLE CROPS FOR DIFFERENT CLIMATES. But wheat and cotton are not the only croi)S to be grown with advantage in the South, foi' the list of fruits, fiber plants, and other agricaltui-al products fit for the climatic conditions of the ^Vustroripji- rian belt is a long one, and a wise selection witli reference to home consumption and convenient markets is bound to place agricidture in the Southern States on a very different plane from tiiat whicli it now occupies. 12 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Ill northern New York and Wisconsin^ the dairying industry is one of the chief sources of revenue, and cheese is a staple product. In years like tlie present, when cheese sells at the factoiy for 8 or 9 cenis — and still worse a few years ago, when it sold for 4 cents — the faruHM- is left a1 llie end of tlie season withcnit return for his labor. Yet, most of the lands now devoted almost exclusively to dairying are situated in the sugar-bei^t belt, and are also adapted to several excel- lent varieties of wheat and other crops to which little or no attention is now given. WHAT THE FARMER NEEDS TO KNOW. The farmers of the irnited States spend vast sums of monej^ each j^ear in tiying to find out whether a particular fruit, vegetable, or cereal will or will not thrive in localities where it has not l)een tested. Most of these experiments result in disappointment and pecuniary loss. It makes little ditference whether the crop experimented with comes from the remotest parts of the earth or from a neighboring State, the result is essentially the same, for the main cost is the labor of cultivation and the use of the land. If the crop happens to be one that re([uires a period of years for the test, the loss from its failure is proportionately great. The cause of failure in the great majority of cases is climatic unfit- ness. The ({uantitj, distribution, or interrelation of heat and moisture may be at fault. Thus, while the total quantity of heat may be ade- quate, the moisture may be inadequate, or the moisture may be adequate and the heat inadequate, or the quantities of heat and mois- ture nia}^ be too great or too small with respect to one another or to t he time of year, and so on. What the farmer wants to know is how fo tell in advance whether the climatic conditions on his own farm are fit or unfit for the pai'ticular crop he has in view, and what crops he can raise with reasonable certainty. It requires no aigument to show that the answers to these questions would be worth in the aggregate hundreds of thousands of dollars yearly to the American farmer. The Biological Survey aims to furnish these answei-s. MAPPING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS. From the study of the ge()grai)hie distribution of our native animals and plants it has been learned that the rnited States maybe divided intoseven transcontinental beltsand a number of minor areas, each of which isada])ted to ])articular associat ionsof animal and vegetable life. It has been found also that each of these beltsand minor areas, except tlie coldest, is adapted to the needs of particular agricultural products. ' In 1890 New York produced 48.:? ])er cent and Wisconsin 2t.:'> per cent of the total output of cheese for tli.' country. The New York output in that year was 134,()80,ry24 pounds. MAPPING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS. 13 and that the distribution of native animals and plants may be coordi- nated with the successful distribution of cultivated crops. In other words, the study of the geographic distribution of our native or indig- enous fauna and flora has resulted in the establishment of a number of agricultural belts, each of which comprises several minor divisions fit for particular varieties of fruits, cereals, and breeds of live stock. Through the intelligent efforts of man the slow processes of nature have been hastened, so that most fruits and cereals have been made to yield varieties adapted to a diversity of climatic conditions. The happy outcome of this artificial selection is that, while certain varieties of wheat, oats, corn, apples, pears, grapes, and so on, thrive only in certain limited areas, different varieties thrive in other areas, a very large proportion of crops having varieties fit for each of the natural agricultural belts of the country. The same is true, though perhaps in less degree, of poultry and live stock. The Biological Survey is engaged in tracing with as much precision as possible the actual boundaries of these belts and areas, in x^rei^ar- ing lists of the native or indigenous species, and of the fruits, grains, vegetables, and other agricultural products that are adapted to each. In this undertaking it aims to point out such exotic agricultural and horticultural i^roducts as, from their importance in other lands, are likely to prove of value if introduced on fit soils and under proper climatic conditions. In view of the fact that all of the climatic life zones of the world, except the hottest tropical, are represented in our own country, there can be little doubt that an intelligent study of the agricultural products and adaptations of distant lauds will result in the discovery of fruits, vegetables, fibers, farm crops, and breeds of stock which may be introduced into the United States not onlj' with l^rofit, but which by diversifying our products and leading to the development of new industries will render our agricultural resources far more stable and certain. The colored maps prepared by the Biological Survey furuish the first rational basis the American farmer and fruit grower has ever had for the intelligent distribution of seeds and tlie only reliable guide he can find in ascertaining beforehand what crops and fruits are likely to prove successful on his own farm, wherever it may be located. These maps, in connection Avith the work of the Entomologist, show also the belts along which noxious insects are likely to spread, fore- warning the liusbandman of impending danger. In studying crops with relation to the zones or areas in which they may be most profitably cultivated considerable progress has been made. The results of an investigation of the zone adaptations of several hundred varieties of fruits and nuts form a part of the pres- ent report, and by cooperation with Prof. C. S. Plumb, director of the agricultural experiment station at Lafayette, Ind., the more impor- tant results of a similar study of the varieties of corn, wheat, and oats are also given. 14 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CALIFORNIA. Tlie liislory o^ llie clo\ ('lopiiieiil ul" agriculture in C'alit'oriiia affords an excellent example of the changes in staple products that come with increased knowledge as 1o the fitness of paitieular areas for par- ticular crops. In the early days California was distinctly a grazing State, and hides and wool were the chief exports. Then wheat came to the fi-ont, and soon formed th(i staple product. Later it was learned that large areas wei-e particularly well suited to the needs of fruits, and the fruit industry rapidly grew, until at the i)resent time it exceeds even the wheat crop in money value. But the fi-uits from which so large a revenue is now deriv^ed are only in part those first introduced. Fifteen years ago wine grapes were perhaps tlie most important fruit; now they are of secondary conse carloads.^ ' Statistics from California Fruit Grower. '^FiKiiros from Fifth Biennial Kept. California State Board of Agriculture, 1896. ''From California State Board of Trade. VALUE OF NARROW EXTENSIONS OF FAUNAS. 15 THE ARID REGIONS. While considerable progress has been made in ascertaining what agricnltnral prodncts are adapted to the climatic conditions of south- .ern California and sonthern Arizona, this has been done at great cost, and nothing like a complete knowledge of the snbject has been attained. Before this will be possible the life zones and their snb- di visions must be accnrately mapped and corresponding arid areas in Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Chile, and Australia must be studied with reference to agricultural ^productions wliich might be introduced with i^rofit in proper zones in our arid Southwest. Xature has not been overgenerous in the distribution of water in this part of our country, but she has been lavish in her gifts of soils and climates. The fruit growers of California were long in finding out that their State com- prises all of the agricultural belts of America except the humid tropical, and that its diffei'ent areas are naturally adapted to a great divei-sity of agricultural and horticultural products; and even at the j)resent day few realize that in the southern half of the State hun dreds of farms might be so laid out witli reference to tlie mountain slopes that each ^\'ould embrace sections of all the agricultural belts, enabling the fortunate husbandman to produce not only early and late ripenings of small fruits and garden vegetal^les, but also an astound- ing diversity of crops, from the ai^iDles, cherries, i^otatoes, and hardy cereals of the upper Transition and lower edge of the Boreal belts, to the oranges, lemons, almonds, olives, and cotton of the Lower Sonoran zone, and in certain localities the pineapple, date, and citron of the arid Tropical areas. It is probably not too much to say that an accu- rate map of the agricultural belts of California in the early days would have saved the State in the aggregate millions of dollars that have been expended in finding out what crops are best adapted to particular areas, and although much has now been learned by per- sistent and costly experiments, such a map would still be of ver}^ great value. SPECIAL VALUE OF NARROW EXTENSIONS OF FAUNAS. In looking at the map of the life zones (see frontispiece), it will be seen that nearly all of the belts and areas send out long arms which penetrate far into the heart of adjoining areas. When such arms occupy suitable soils in thickly inhabited regions, so that their prod- ucts may be conveniently marketed, the}' are of more than ordinary value, for the greater the distance from its area of princiiDal produc- tion a crop can be made to succeed, the higher price it will command. Hence, farms favorabh^ situated in northern j^rolongations or islands of southern zones, or in southern x^rolongations or islands of northern zones, should be worth considerably more per acre than those situated within normal parts of the same zones. The obvious reason is that 16 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. ])V .ii:r()\vin«j: particular crops at X)(>iiils reiiiole from the usual sources of supi)ly, and at tlie same time conveniently near a market, the cost of transportation is ij:reatiy reduced and the profit corresj^ondingly increased. .Vmonjj^tiie numeious fauna! arms wliich penetrate adjacent belts are tlie Hudson, central New York, and Miehi^m extensions of the Caro- linian fauna, and the arms of the Lower Sonoran fauna which occupy the valleys of the Pecos and Rio Grande in New Mexico and the val- ley of the Lower \Mrgin in Utah. The latter is a good case for illus- tration. It is not only the sole Lower Sonoran area in Utah, but lies nearly 300 miles in a straight line, and a little more than 1,000 miles by railroad, fi'om the nearest point where similar crops and fruits are commercially produced. It is an insular pocket or basin, completely hemmed in by mountains, and marks the extreme northeastern exten- sion of tlie typical Sonoran desert fauna and flora. The creosote bush, mesquite, desert willow, Gregg acacia, and other Sonoran shrubs, and the Gambel quail, Le Conte and crissal thrashers, mock- ing bird, cactus wren, yellow-headed tit, Abert chewink, black phaino- l^epla, vermilion flycatcher, and Texas nighthawk serve as a guide to its faunal position. The valley is traversed by the Virgin River and its tributary, the Santa Clara, which, together with copious springs, afford .water for irrigation. It contains the Mormon settle- ments St. Geoi-ge, Santa Clara, Toquerville, and a few others of smaller size, with an aggi'cgate population of about 3,000. Among the important products are cotton, tobacco, raisin grapes, almonds, olives, and figs; and among the ornamental shade trees are the pep- per tree, tobacco tree, and China tree or Pride of India. The fertility of the soil is mai-ked and the limit of its agricultural capacity, meas- ured either by number of varieties or quantity of output, is still far in tlie future. Nevertheless, x^resent production greatly exceeds the possibilities of local consumx^tion, as shown by the cotton crop, which, for the year 189(3-1)7, was no less than 123 bales of 500 pounds each, and was wortli $4,305. ^ A feature of special interest in relation to the future possibilities of the valley is the fact that the yield of cot- ton per acre is very much higher than in any other State of the I'nion, and more than double that of the Gulf States. Wliat is true of cot- ton is true in greater or less degree of fruits and other crops, Tliere can be little (piestion, therefore, that when railroad connection with northern Utah is established, the St. George Valley is bound to plat- an important part in the history and commercial prosperity of the youlig State. The case of tins remote valley l)rings into i)roniinence the necessity for studying a much neglected subject, and one (ju which i)rofllable 'Statistics from John Hyde, Statistician, Dept. of Agric, in Circ. 8, Div. of Statistics. NECESSITY OF ZONE MAPS. 17 airi'iculture very largely dei^encls. It is not enough to .succeed in growing crops well adapted to a particular localit}, for bountiful crops are of little value unless the}' can be i)rofitably marketed. But in order to reach the best markets it is necessary to ascertain the prices various products bring from year to year in different parts of the country, to make (xuantitative studies of production and con- sumi)tion, to avoid overproduction, to study statistics of our imports and exports, and give thoughtful attention to questions of transpor- tation: in short, to study commercial geography, at least so far as it relates to the products of one's own farm. The number and value of the exotic crops now grown successfully in the United States, swelling our revenue by many millions of dol- lars, is a monument to the industry, i^erseverance, and determination of the American people, but atfords little clue to the multitude of failures and the enormous sums of money lost in experimentation. And it must be admitted that a very large i)roportion of these costly exijeriments have been conducted blindly, or at least without the aid of the scientific knowledge so necessary to success. As Professor Hilgard states in a recent report, "the farmer is left to his own devices to find his way as best he nia}^; and we grope along laboriously gath- ering driblets of information here and tliere, and gradualh, tenta- tively i)utting tliem together into a more or less connected whole." It is not so with other industries. Railroad corporations planning new lines study topographic nmps and employ skilled engineers that they ma}' ascertain the most feasible routes; capitalists having in view the purchase of mining properties employ experienced mineral experts that they may learn the direction, extent, and value of the mineral- bearing rocks; manufacturers employ not only skilled artisans, but also expert machinists, chemists, and electrical engineers that their apparatus and methods may yield the fullest returns. But the farmer in his struggle with the soil has none of these resources, and as a rule has little capital to risk in exi)eriments. The Biological Survey aims to assist him by laying before him maps of the agricultural belts and their subdivisions, with lists of the crops suited to each. These maps, studied with reference to the commer- cial availability of the different agricultural areas, including the various arms or extensions of the life zones, and with due respect to the density of i^opulationand facilities for transi^ortation, are believed to contain much that Avill be found useful to the ijrogressive student of agriculture. 1002— No. 10 2 PART II. LIFE ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES : BOUNDARIES, NATIVE SPECIES, AND IMPORTANT CROPS. 'J'he (♦ontinent of Nortli America may be divided, according to the distri])iiti()n of its animals and plants, into three primary transconti- nental I'egioiis — Boi'eal, Austral, and Tropical. The Boreal region (coloi-ed green on the map) covers the whole of the nortliern part of the continent, from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundar\M)f tlie United States, and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the higher parts of the thi'ce great mountain s^^stems, the Sierra-Cascade Range, the Rocky Mountains, and the AUeghanies. Tlie Austral region (colored blue, yellow, and brown on the map) covei's the whole of tlie United States and Mexico except the Boreal mountains and Tropical lowlands. The Tropical region (colored red on the map) covers the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands of southern Mexico south of the table-land, and a nar- row strip on each side of Mexico, which follows the coast northward into the United States. The fauna and flora within each of these three great regions are not homogeneous, l)ut present marked differences, which have led to the subdivision of each region into a number of minor belts or areas, char- acterized b}^ particular associations of animals and plants. Thus, the Boreal region is divided into three transcontinental belts or zones, known respectively as the Arctic, Iludsonian, and Canadian; the Austral region^ into three transcontinental belts, known as the Tran- sition, Tapper Austral, and Lower Austral. The Tropical region is likewise divisil)le, but the tropical areas within the United States are of such small extent that the divisions need not be here considered. Hence, in North America north of southern Mexico, the total number of transcontinental life zones is seven, of whicli three are I^oreal, three Austral, and one Troi)ical. lieginning at the north, these zones may be described as fi)llows: 1. THE ARCTIC- ALPINE ZONE. Tlie Arctic or Arctic-Alpine zone lies above the limit of tree growth and is characterized by such plantr. as the arctic poppy, dwarf willow, and various saxifrages and gentians. In tlie far north the snow bunt- ing, snowy owl, i)laiinigan, polar bear, arct ic fox, polar hare, lemmings, 18 THE HUDSONIAN AND CANADIAN ZONES. 19 musk OX, and barren-ground caribou or reindeer, are characteristic animals. AVithin the United States the Arctic- Alpine zone is restricted to the area above timber-line on the summits of high mountains. It is inhabited by arctic-alpine plants and animals, and is far too cold for agriculture. 2. THE HUDSONIAN ZONE. The Hudsonian zone comj^rises the northern part of the great trans- continental coniferous forest — a forest of spruces and firs stretching from Labrador to Alaska — and the upper timbered slopes of the higher mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the north it is inhab- ited b}^ the wolverine, woodland caribou, moose, rough-legged hawk, great gray owl, great northern shrike, pine bullfinch, white-winged crossbill, white-crowned sparrow, and fox sparrow. In the eastern United States the Hudsonian zone is restricted to the cold summits of the highest mountains, where it occurs in the form of a chain of widely separated islands reaching from northern New England to western North Carolina. In the western United States it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra-Cascade system, and is the home of the mountain goat, mountain sheep, coney or iHka, alpine flying squirrel, Clark's crow or nutcracker, evening grosbeak, and Townsend's solitaire. • Like the preceding, this zone is of no agricul- tural importance. 3. THE CANADIAN ZONE. The Canadian zone comprises the southern part of the great trans- continental coniferous forest of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire, and Michigan, a strij:) along tlie Pacific coast reach- ing as far south at least as Cape Mendocino in California, and the greater part of the high mountains of the L^nited States and Mexico. In the East it covers the Green Mountains, Adirondacks, and Catskills, and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. In the mountains of the West it covers the lower slopes in the north and the higher sloj^es in the south. In the Rocky Mountain region it api3ears to reach con- tinuously from British Columbia to west central Wyoming; and in the Cascade Range, from British Columbia to southern Oregon, with a nar- row interruption along the Columbia River. Among the many charac- teristic mammals and birds of the Canadian zone are the lynx, marten, porcupine, northern red and pine squirrels, varying and snowshoe rabbits, star nose. Brewer's and Gibb's moles,, water shrew, voles, and long-tailed shrews of various species, northern jumping mice, Belding's and Kennicott's ground squirrels, white-throated sparrow, Blackburnian, yellow-rumped, and Audubon's warblers, olive-backed thrush, three-toed woodpeckers, spruce and dusky grouse, crossbills, and Canada jays. Counting from the north, this zone is the first of any agricultural importance. Wild berries — as currants, huckleber- 20 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. I'ie.s, l)hickl)iMiies, jiiul craiiluHi-ies — i^row in 2)i{)i'usioii, and the beech- nut (in tlie East) is an important food of the native birds and mam- mals. In faA'ored spots, particularly aloni;- the southern border, white potatoes, turnips, beets, and the more hardy liussiau ai)ples and cereals may be cultivated with moderate success. 4. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 'I'hc Ti-ausition zone (coioi-eii ))lu(' on the map) is the transconti- nental belt in whicli Uoreal and Austral elements overlap. From New Knjrhiud to the northern Rocky JNIountains its course is fairly even and rejjfular, but west of the Great IMains it is tortuous and irregular (see nuip). The zone as a whole is characterized by com- X>aratively few distinctive animals and i)lants, but rather by the occur- rence together of southern species whicli here lind their northern linut and northern species which here find their southern limit. It may be subdivided into three fauiml areas, which, although grading into one another, ai'e in the main strikingly different: (fi) An eastern humid or Alleghanian area; (b) a western arid area; (c) a Pacific coast humid area. In the Transition zone we enter from the north the true agricultural part of our country, wliei'e many vegetables, the sugar beet, chicory, oats, and numerous vai-ieties of ai)i)les, i^lums, cherries, pears, grapes, white potatoes, and cereals attain their highest i^erfec- tion. These will be considered more in detail under the subdivisions of the zone. (a) The Alleghanian Faunal Area. The eastern humid or Alleghanian area comprises the greater j)art of New England, southeastern Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, 3Iinnesota, eastern North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Its fauna and floi-a ai-e not homogeneous, but point to an important subdivision west of Lake Michigan, where numerous species occur that do not inhabit t he area east of this lake. A glance at the accompany- ing list of apples, where a cross in front of the variety indicates its al)sen<'e from Wisconsin and .Minnesota, may be taken as an index to the horticultural importance of this Upper IMississippi subdivision. In the Alleghanian faunal area the chestnut, walnut, oaks, and hickories of the South nu'ct and overlap the beech, birch, hemlock, aiul sugar maj)le of the North; the Southern mole and cottcmtail rabbit meet the Northern star-nosed and Brewer's nioles and vaiying hare, and the Southern bobwhitc, Baltimore oriole, bluebird, catbird, chewink, thi-asher, and wood thrush live in or near the haunts of the bobolink, solitary vireo, and the liermit and Wilson's thrushes. Severjvl native nuts, of which the beeclinut, butternut, chestnut, hazelnut, hickory nut, and walnut arc most important, grow wild in this belt. Of these, THE TRANSITION ZONE. 21 the chestnut, hickory nut, and walnut come in from the South (Caro- linian area) and do not extend much bej^ond the southern or warmer parts of the Alleghanian area. Crops of the Alleghanian Faunal Area. Varieties prefixed by a cross ( 4- ) do not thrive in the Upper Missis- sippi section of the Transition zone (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas), except in eastern Wisconsin in the vicinitj' of Green Bay. Those followed b}^ the letters {n) or (s) in this and the follow- ing lists are practically restricted, respectively, to the northern or southern parts of the areas under consideration. Similarly the letter (h) indicates that the variety' is confined to the hottest parts of the zone and belongs more properly to the zone below. Credit is due to Mr. William A. Taylor for marking the fruits in accordance with this plan. The numerals (2) and (S) indicate that the cereals thus marked are second or third rate in the area under consideration. cereals. Wheat. Australian (e^ (s). -f Baker. -fBaldwin. Apples. -f-Benoni (s). -fBietigheimer (s). -fBlenheim. -j-Blue Pearmain. ' The nomenclature of fruits is that adopted by the American Pomological Society (Bull. 6, Div. Pomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1897). Synonyms (indicated by parenthesis) and all descriptive terms which will be eliminated eventually, are printed in italics. A comma indicates a transposition of p.art of the name. 22 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS— continued. Apjjles— -f-Bnllocl: (Aiuen'cuv Golden Jiiisset). -f Canada Reinette. +C'lienango (.s). -f- Clyde Beauty. + Cogswell (.s). -f Dan vers (s). -|-Doniine (s). 4- Dutch Mignonne (.s). -f-Dyer {I'omme Roijal) (s). -f Early Harvest. + Early Ripe (.s). -f-Early Strawberry (.s). -f Esopas Spitzenhuvg. -I-Ewalt (.s^). H-Fall Pippin. +Fameuse. 4 Garden Royal. -f Golden Russet. -I-Golden Russet (N. Y.) (.s). -f (xolden Sweet. -|- Gravenstein. -f Green S\veet. Haas {Fall Queen) [Mississippi Val- ley]. -fHightop Sweet. -f-Hubbardston. 4-Hunt Russet. +Jefferis (.s-). -j-.Tefferson County. H-Jewett Red. -f Jonathan (s). -f Keswick (s). Longfield. +Lowell (.s). -f- Mcintosh. McMahon. -f-Maiden Blush (.s). -f Margaret, Karli/ Red (s). -|-Melon, Norton {.s). + Minister. ^-Montreal Peach, -f- Moore Sweet (.s). Continued. -f- Mother (.s). H-Newtown Spitzenburg (.s-). -f-Northern Spy. -{-Ohio Nonpareil (s). Oldenburg. Duchess of. -j-Ontario. -j-Peck Pleasant. H-Perrj' Russet. Pewaukee. -fPomme Gris. H-Porter (.s). + Primate (.s-). 4- Pumpkin Sweet {Pound Sweet). -|-Rambo (.s). -f Red Astrachan. -fRed Canada. 4-Rhode Island Greening. -|-Ribston. -fRolfe. Roman Stem. 4-Roxbury. -j-Saint Lawrence. +Scott Winter. -f-Shiawassee. +Sops of Wine. 4-Sterling {AmeHcan Beauty). 4-Summer Pearmain {s). +Sutton. 4-Swaar (.s). Tetofski. -f-Tolman Sweet. -f-Tompkins King. 4-T wenty-Ounce. -f-Vandevere (.s). 4-Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. -f Williams FavoHte. 4-Wine, Hays {s). Wolf River. Yellow Transparent. Crab apple.9. Beach. Brier. -f Elgin. Excelsior. Gibb. -}-Hyslop. Martha. Marengo. Minnesota. Montreal. Orange. Red Siberian. Transcendent. -I-Van Wyck. Whitney So. 20. Yellow Siberian. THE TRANSITION ZONE, 23 FRUITS — continued. Cherries. -I-Archduke. Bessarabian. +Black Heart (s). -fButtner, Yellow (s). -|-Choisy, Belle cle. -(-Coe Transparent (s). +Donna Maria (s). -+Downer (.s). H-Dyehouse (s). -{-Eagle, Black (s). -{-Early Purple Guigne (s). -j-Elton (s). -f Eugenie, Empress (s). -{-Florence {s). -{-Hortense, Reine (.s). -fHovey {s). Albert, Prince. -I-Cherry. -{-Fay Prolific (s). Holland, Long Bunch. -{-London Red {s). Red Dutch. Late Kentish. Lutovka. -{-Magnifique, Belle (s). -{-May duke (s). -(-Montmorency Large, -{-Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, English. -{-Napoleon (s). -{-Olivet (.s). -{-Philippe, Louis (s). -{-Plumstone Morello (.s). Richmond, -{-Tartarian, Black. -{-Windsor. -{-Wood, Governor. Cranberries. Currants. -f Red Grape. -{-Versaillaise. Victoria. White Dutch. White Grape. Black currants. Champion (s). English (s). Agawam. H-Barry. Brighton. Champion. Clinton. Concord. Cottage. -fDiana, Lindley. -{-Andrews. -{-Angouleme, Duchess de (s) H-Anjou (s). -f Bartlett (s). -1-Bosc (s). -{-Boussock (s). -{-Brandy wine (.s). -fBuffum, -|-Clairgeau (s). 4-Clapp Favorite (s). Naples (s). -{-Wales, PHnce of (.s). Grapes. -{- Martha. Moore Early. -{-Salem. Vergennes. Victor, Early. -f Wilder. Winchell {Green Mountain). Worden, P(?ar.s. -{-Columbia (s). -{-Dana Hovey (s). +Diel. -{-Dix. -{-Elizabeth, Planning. -(-Flemish Beauty. -}-Fulton. +Giffard («). -{-Goodale. -f Ho well (s). 24 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continued. J\'(irs — Continued. + Julienne (s). -f Lawrence (.s). -f Louise lion lie dc Jersey. -fLucnitive (.v). -fMcLaughlin. -f Madeleine (.s). -f-]\ralines, Josephine tie (s). -j Onondaga (s). +Osband Summer (s). -{-Arctic, Moore. Aubert, Yelhnr. -|-Bavay Green Gage. De Soto. -t-Dianiond, Black (s). Downing, Charles. -f-Drap d'Or (s). +Duane Purple (s). -j-Englehert (.s). Forest Garden. -f German Prune (.s). -j-Golden Drop, Coe (.s). -{-Grand Duke (.s). Green Gage. -{-Hudson River Purple Egg (s). -f Rulings Supei'h (s). -f Imperial Gage (.s). -{-Jefferson (.s). -{-Kingston (s). -{-Lawrence Favorite (s). Lombard. -{-Pound. -{-Rostiezer (.s). -{-Seckel (.s). -)- Sheldon (.s). -{-Souvenir du Congress (s). i Sterling. -{-Summer Doyenne (.s). -{-Tyson. Plums. -{-McLaughlin. Moldavka. -{-Monroe Egg (s). -f Orleans (s). -f Ottoman (s). -{-Pond {Hungarian Prune). -{-Purple Gage (.s). -fQuackenboss («)• Richland. Rollings tone. -{-Shrojishire (s). -{-Smith Orleans (.s-)- -{-Transparent Gage (s). -{-Wales, Prince of (s). -{-Wangenheim (s). -{-Washington (.s). Weaver. Wolf. Wyant. Yellow Egg. Quinces. Orange (Apple) (s). Strawberries. Bubach No. f>. Crescent. Cuml)erland. Downing, Charles. Eureka (.s). Haverland. Jessie. Michel PJarly (s). Miner. Princess, Sharpless. Warfield. Wilson. MISCELLANEOUS. Fla.r (s). IIo2)s. Maple sugar. Sorghum (s). Sugar beet. Sweet eorii. White potatoes. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 25 (b) The Arid Transition Faunal Area. The western or arid division of the Transition zone comprises the western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rocky Mountains, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau region generally (except the Boreal Mountains), the eastern base of the Cascade-Sierra system, and local areas still farther west, in Ore- gon and California, where it merges into the humid Pacific Coast division. In the western arid Transition area the true sage brush (Artemisia tridentata) is the prevailing type of vegetation, although extensive tracts are covered with noble forests of the yellow or bull pine {Pinus ponderosa) and subspecies.^ The sage hen aud sharp-tailed grouse, green-tailed towhee, white-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus campestris), pal- lid voles (subgenus Lagurus), and certain ground squirrels are char- acteristic species. In the northern i)arts of the Great Basin (northern and eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and northwestern Idaho) the large Columbia or Lewis and Clark ground squirrel (Sj)er- mopliilus coluinbianus) is common in the Transition zone, whence it ranges northward into the Boreal. East of the Rocky Mountains, on the northern plains (in North Dakota, northern Montana, and parts of Assiniboia and Manitoba), it is replaced hy a verj' different spe- cies {S. ricliardsoni), which resembles a small i^rairie dog (Cyiiomys) so closely that it is often mistaken for that animal. Crops of the Arid Transition Faunal Area. [Lists very incomplete.] . ^ CEREALS. Wlieat. Ladoga. Red Fife. Saskatchewan Fife {2), Scotch Fife. Oats. American Banner. Black Tartarian. Lincoln. Welcome. White Russian. Corn. Angel of Midnight (?). Longfellow (?). Canadian Eight-Row Yellow Flint (J) . Squaw. King Philip (?). Stowell Evergreen (2). ' Among the distinctive humbler plants which recur throughout the pine belt from Arizona to Oregon two small shrubs, Berberis repenn and Ceanothus fendleri, are conspicuous. Gilia aggregata. a small plant with handsome red flowers, is also common in this belt. 26 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. CEREALS — continued. Barley. Rye. B^ickwheat. FRUITS.' Apjjlea. Alexander. Porter. Baldwin. Primate. Dutch Mignonne. RambO. Dyer (Pinnnic Royal). Red Astrachan. Early Harvest. Rhode Island Greening. Early Strawberry. Roman Stem. Esopus Sjntzenburg. Rome Beauty. Fameuse. Roxbury. Golden Russet. Sops of Wine. Golden Sweet. Summer Pear main. Gravenstein. Swaar. Hightop Street. Tetofski. Hubbard st on. Tolman Street. Jefferis. Tompkins King. Jonathan. Twenty-Ounce. Keswick. Wagener. Longfield. Wealthy. Lowell. Westfield. Maiden Blush. Williams Favorite. Monmouth. Wine, Hays. Mother. Winesap. (?) Newtown Spitzenburg. Wolf River. Northern Spy. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Yellow Transparent. Pewankee. Cherries. Archduke. Ostheimer Weichsel. Choisy, Belle de. Grapes. Wilder. Worden. Pears. Angoulenie. DitcJiefis de Easter Beurre. An,iou. Flemish Beauty. Bartlett. Lawrence. Bosc. Lucrative. Boussock. Onondaga. Brandy wine. Osband Suunner. Clairgeau. Seckel. Clai)p Farorite. Tyson. Colunil»ia. Winter Nelis. ' At the present time the culture of fruits enumerated under the Arid Transition faunal area is confined largely to western Montana, Idaho, eastern Washington, eastern (Oregon, and parts of Utah. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 27 FRUITS — continued. Plums. De Soto. Forest Garden. Strawberries. Bubach Xo. 5. Jessie. Captain Jack. MISCELLANEOUS. Wli ite potatoes. Flax. Sugar beet. (c) The Pacific Coast Transition Faunal Area. The humid Pacific Coast division of the Transition zone comi^rises the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the coast moun- tains and the Cascade Range, parts of northern California, and most of the coast region of California from near Cape Mendocino south- ward to the Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the Arid Transition, and in lilaces into the Upper Sonoran. In the Pacific Transition area unusual conditions prevail. The region as a whole is one of great humidity, and in places on the north- west coast the annual rainfall reaches 100 inches. The northern and more humid part is covered bj' a magnificent coniferous forest, car- peted Avith moss and ferns, and often choked with undergrowth. The prevailing trees are Douglas fir, Pacific cedar, Western hemlock, and Sitka spruce, whose majestic trunks attain an average height of more than 200 feet. There are also many broad-leaf maples, tree alders, madroiias and Western dogwoods, and numerous kinds of shrubs,^ a goodly proportion of which aspire to the size of small trees. Among the birds which inhabit these forests are the dark Pacific Coast forms of the great-horned, spotted, screech, and pigmy owls, the sooty grouse and handsome Oregon ruffed grouse, Steller's ja}', the chestnut-backed chickadee, and the Pacific winter wren. Among the mammals are the Columbia black-tail deer, Western raccoon, Oregon spotted skunk, Douglas red squirrel, Townsend's chipmunk, peculiar species of pocket gophers and voles, the curious Gibb's mole, and the remarkable tailless sewellel {Aplodontia rufa). In the Puget Sound region and most of the cultivated parts of western Washington the annual rainfall is 50 to 60 inches; in western Oregon it is still less, decreasing in the AVillamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River vallej^s from about 50 to less than 30 inches. - In the 'Among the small shrubs perhaps noae are more characteristic and wide- spread than the salal {Gaultheria shaJlon), thimble berry (Rubus nootkanus), sahnon berry (Rubus sj^ectabilis) , Oregon grape {Berberis nervosa), and in wet places the devil's club {Echinopanax horridum). -Rainfall of the Pacific Slope and the Western States and Territories, by G-en. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, and Lieut. W. A. Glassford, assistant, 1888. 28 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. last -mentioned valleys the sununer rainfall (May to September) is less than 5 inches, while in western Washington (not including the coast or mountains) it varios from 5 to 10 inches. The region as a whole is one of relatively uniform temx^eraturo, the wide seasonal differences usual iu other parts of the Transition zone being unknown. The temperature of the summer season, the hottest part of the year, is pheuomeually low foi* the latitude, enabling northern or Boreal types to push south as far as latitude ^J5°. On the other hand, the summer sea- son is so pi'olonged (from the standpoint of temperature) that the total (|uautity of heat for the entire season is phenomenally high for the latitude, enabling southern or Austral species to push north as far as Puget Sound, where the total quantity of heat is even greater than at Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Cleveland, and Omaha, although Puget Sound is 500 miles north of the latitude of these places. Even at C'ape Flattery — the extreme northwestern point of the United States — which is exposed thronghout the j^ear to the cold coast fogs, the total (juantity of heat is 500° F. greater than at Eastport, 3Ie., although the latter is the more southern locality and has the higher mean summer temperature. The low summer temperature along the Pacific Coast permits northern species to come far south, while the high sum total of heat enables southern species to push northward as far as Puget Sound. Such an extensive overlapping of Boreal and Austral faunas does not occur elsewhere in North America, and for the evident reason that no area approaching it in extent has so equable a temperature. Tn most pai'ts of the United States it is easy to distinguish the boundaries between the Transition and Ui^per Austral zones, but in the Pacific Transition area these distinctions are nearly obliterated, a large pi'oi)ortion of the- species ranging in common over both belts. To the southward, particularly away from the coast, where the Pacific Transition area receives less moisture and more summer heat and the seasonal changes of temperat ui'e are greater, the faunal rela- tions become more and more complex. The decrease in humidity allows Arid Transition species to creep in, while the increase in total (juantity of heat brings with it a marked increase in the number of rpper Souoran species, so that tyi>es ordinai'ily characteristic of the humid Pacific Transition, the Arid Transition, and the Upper Sonoran occur together.' The total quantity of heat in most parts of the Wil- lamette and liogue Kivcu- valleys is about 2,000° F. more than in tli(^ Puget Sound regicm, and is as great as on the adjacent plains of tlie Columbia and slightly greater than at St. Louis, iMo., and Wasli- ington, I). C. These warmer and less humid parts of the Pacific Transition area, ' TTood Rivor, at tho north hase of the Cascade Ran.c:e in Oregon, is situated in the h«'lt of overlapping, where the humid Pacific Transition of the gorge of the Columbia merges into the arid Upper Sonoran of the adjacent Great Basin. THE TRANSITION ZONE. 29 as the AVillaraette, Umpqua, and Rogue River valleys in Oregon, and numerous small areas in California, are adapted to a much wider range of agricultural products than normal parts of the same zone, and are conspicuous for the large number of Upper Austral fruits which may be cultivated with success. In passing southward from the Puget Sound region this increase in Austral varieties is very marked, but it is poorly indicated in the following list: Crops of the Pacific Coast Transition Faunal Area. CEREALS. Wheat. Red Fife {2). Oats. American Banner {2). Welcome. Black Tartarian (,?). White Russian. Lincoln {2). Corn. King Philip. Stowell Evergreen (2). Pride of the North (J). Buckicheat. fruits. Apples. Baldwin. Rambo (.s-). Ben Davis («). Red Astrachan. Blue Pearmain. Red June (.s). Early Harvest {s). Rhode Island Greening. Esopus. Sops of Wine. Fall Pippin (.s). Swaar. Gravenstein. Tompkins King. Jonathan {s). Wagener. Keswick. Wealthy. Maiden Blush. Winesap (s). Monmouth. Yellow Bellflower (s). Northern Spy. Yellow Newtown Pippin {s) Oldenburg, Duchess of. Yellow Transparent. Cherries. Advance, California. Richmond {Kentish). Bing. Rock port. Centennial. Spanish, Yelloiv. Coe Transparent. Tartarian, Black. Elton. Windsor. Lewelling {Black Republican). Wood, Governor. Napoleon {Royal Ann). Cranberries. Currants. Black Naples. Red Dutch. Cherry. Victoria. Fay Prolific. White Grape. 30 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Concord. Isabella. Hale. Bartlett. Bosc (.s). Boussock. Clairgeau (.s). Clapp Fnvorite FRUITS — continued. Gooseberriea. Grajics. Moore Early. Peaclu'H. Peara. Flemish Beauty. Seckel (.s). Tyson («). Winter Nelis (s). Plums {including prunes) . Agen {French, Petite, etc.) (.s). Columbia. Dosch. German Prxnc. Golden Drop, Coe {s). Golden Prune (s). Bnbacli, No. 5. Clark Seedling.^ Crescent. Everbearinij. Jessie. Italian {Fellenherg) {s). Pond {Hungarian Prune). Silver Prune (s). Tragedy {s). Yellow Egg. Straivberries. Monarch. Perry. Sharpless. Vick. Wilson Albany. MISCELLANEOUS. Alfalfa {s). Hops. Sugar beet («). Sweet corn. White potatoes. 5. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. The Upper Austral zone (colored yellowish on the map) may be divided into two large and important faunal areas — an eastern Immid or Carolinian area and a western ai'id or Upper Sonoran area, wliicli pass insensibly into one another in the neigliborhood of the one hun- dredth meridian. 'Diey may be described separately. {a) The C'arolinian Faunal Area. Tlie ('aroliniaii faunal area (colored ^^ellowish, spotted with red, on tlu^ map) occupies tlu^ larger part of the Middle States, except the mountains, covering southeastern South Dakota, eastein Nebraska. Kansas, and part of Oklahoma; nearly the whole of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey, and large areas in Ahibania, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, 'Markedly successful at Hood River, Oregon, where the Pacific or humid divi- sion of the Transition zone merges into the arid Upper Sonoran. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 31 New York, Michigan, and southern Ontario. On the Atlantic coast it reaches from near the moutli of Chesapeake Ba}^ to southern Con- necticut, and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Connecticut and Hudson rivers. A little farther west another slender arm is sent northward, following the east shore of Lake ^Michigan nearly or quite to Grand Traverse Bay. These arms, like nearly all narrow north- ward prolongations of southern zones, do not carry the complete faunas and floras of the areas to which they belong, but lack certain species from the start and become more and more dilute to the northward till it is hard to say where they really end. Their north- ern boundaries, therefore, must be drawn arbitrarily or must be based on the presence or absence of particular species rather than the usual association of species. Counting from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, rose magnolia, red bud, persimmon, and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, together with the opossum, gray fox, fox squirrel, cardinal bird, Caro- lina wren, tufted tit, gnatcatcher, summer tanager, and 3'ellow-breasted chat. Chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, and walnuts grow wild in abundance. The area is of very great agricultural imi^ortance. Crops of the Carolinian Faunal Area. Cereals do well in the Carolinian area, particularly wheat and corn. The sugar beet is an imi^ortant cro^) in the northern parts, but fails to develop sufficient sugar for profitable culture in the southern parts. Fruits thrive almost everywhere, and in great variety, as shown by the following list: CEREALS. Wheat. Clawson. Mediterranean. Fnlcaster. Turkey Red [Mississippi Valley]. Fnltz. Velvet Chaff. Oats. Lincoln (?). Welcome. Red Rust Proof. White Russian (J). Corn. Bloody Butcher. St. Charles White [Mississippi Valley] Golden Dent (J). (J). Hickory King (i*). Stowell Evergreen. King Philip (J). White Gourd Seed {J). Learning. Barley. Rye. Buckicheat (2). 32 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Arkansas (Mnmvwth Black Twig). liailey Street . liaklwin {u). Ijehiiout. Ben Uavis. Bi'noni. Bentley. Bonum. Bough, Street. Bradford Best { Kentucky Red). Broadwoll. Buckingham. Cannon J't'drntaiu. Chaniplain {Xtjack). Clayton. Cornell Fancy. Cullasaga. Domhie {ti). Dyer {Pottime Royal). Early Cooper. Early Harvest. Early Joe. Early Pennock. Early Strawberry. EdwiXTd Early. Esopus (ri). Evening Party. Ewalt. Fallawater. Fall Orange. Fall Pii)pin. Fall Wine. Fanny. Fink. Fulton. Uilpin. Golden Russet (n). Golden Sweet. Green Cheese. Green Newtown. Grimes (i olden. Haas {Fall Qtieeti). Hewes Crab. Higlitop .S/rr(7 (Mississippi Valley]. Hoover. Hor.se. Hubbardston in). Jefferis. Jersey Sweet. Jonathan (//). July (Fourth of Jitfy). Keswick. FRUITS. Apples. Kinnaird. Lady. Lady Sweet. Lansingburg. Late Strawberry. Lawver {Delaware Red Winter). Limber Twig. Lowell. McAfee. McLellan. Maiden Blush. Mangum. Margaret, Early Red. Milam. Missouri Pippin. Melon, Norton {n). Monmouth. Moore Sweet. Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. Nickajack. Northern Spy {n). Ohio Nonpareil. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Ontario {n). Ortley. Otoe (71). Perry Russet {n). Porter. Primate. Pryor Red. Ralls Genet. Rambo. Ramsdell Sweet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Red Scripe. Rhode Island (freening {n). Romanite. South . Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Shockley. Smith ( U'der. Smokehouse. Sops of Wine (^O- Stark (It). Summer Pearmain. Sunnnev Queen. Summer Rose. Sutton {n). Swaar (70. Sweet Winesap. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 33 FRUITS — continued. Apxjles — Continued. Tetofski. White Pippin. Tompkins King {n). Willow Twig. Trenton Early. Wine. Hays (n). Tyventy-Ounce {n). Winesap. Vandevere. Wythe. Wagener («)• Yellow Bellflower. Walbridge {Edgar Red Streak). Yellow Newtown Pippin {Albemarle). Westfield (ii). Yellow Transparent. White Juneating. York Imperial. White Pearmain. Crabapples. Hyslop. Transcendent. Martha. Yellow Siberian. Apricots. * Alexander [Mississippi Valley] . Harris. Breda. Hemskirke. Budd [Mississippi Valley] . Large Early. Early Golden. Moorpark. Gibb [Mississippi Valley]. Peach. Cherries. Archduke (n) Late Kentish. Black Heart. Magnifique, Belle, Carnation. Mayduke. Choisy, Belle de. Morello, English. Coe Transparent (n). Napoleon {Royal Ann). Downer (n). Olivet. Dyehouse. Plumstone Morello. Eagle, Black. Richmond {Kentish). Early Purple Giiigne. Rockport {n). Elton (n). Spanish, Yellou: Eugenie, Empress. Tartarian, Black. Hortense, Reine. Windsor {n). Knight Early. Wood, Governor. Cranberries. [While cranberries are an important crop in parts of New Jersey and a few other States within the general boundaries of the Carolinian fauna, they grow only in cold bogs which have the proper temperature of the Transition or even Boreal zone.] Grajyes. Agawam {n). Barry (n). Brighton. Catawba. Champion. Clinton {n). Concord. Cynthiana (s). Delaware. Diamond {n). Diana («). Duchess. ' Of little account in the Eastern States, consequent danger from frost. 1002— No. 10 3 because of too early flowv-ring, with 34 LIFE Z(3NES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS — continued. Grapes— Continued. Elvira (s). Noah [South Mississippi ValleyJ (s) Goethe (.ncQ Favorite (?i), Lombard. Miner. Monroe Egg (n). Newman. Ogon. Orleans (n). Ottoman (n). Peach (n). Prince Yellou: Purple Favorite {n). Purple Gage (n). Red N agate. Richland. Robinson. Saratoga (n). Saunders (n). Satsuma. Shropshire. Smith Orleans (.'0. Transparent Gage (n). Washington (n). Wales, Prince of (n). Wangenheim (n). Wild Goose. Willard. Yellow Egg [n). Quinces. Orange {Apple). Rea. Raspberries. Strawberries. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Cumberland. Downing, Charles. Enhance. Eureka. Gandy. Greenville. Haverland. Jersey Queen. Jessie. Michel Early. Miner. Parker Earle. Sandoval . Sharpless. Warfield. Wood, Beder. 36 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. NUTS. PetniKts ' (/i). MISCELLANEOUS. Cowpras. Sugar beet. Fla.v. Sweet potatoes (Jt). Hemp {Cannabis satira). Tobacco. Lima beans. White potatoes. Sorghum. (b) The Upper Sonoran Faunal Area. The Upper Sonoran faunal area (colored yellowish without spots on the map) of the Western States and Teri-itories is the arid-land con- tinuation of the Carolinian ai'ea of the more humid Eastern States. Beginning in the neighborhood of the one hundredth meridian, it covers most of the great plains in eastern Montana and Wj^oming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico. In Oregon and Washington it covers the plains of the Columbia and the Malheur and Ilarney plains; in California it encircles the Sacramento and San Joaquin valle3\s and forms a narrow belt along the eastern boundary of the Colorado and Mohave deserts; in Utah it covers the Salt Lake and Sevier deserts; in Idaho the Snake Plains, and in Nevada and Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation, as will be seen by the map. Except in California, the most conspicuous vegetation of the Upper Sonoran areas is the true sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata), which, however, is equally abundant in the Transition zone. Several of the so-called 'grease woods' {Atriplex confertifolia^ A. canescens, A. nuttall% Tetradymia canescens, Sarcobcdus vermiculatus^ and Orayia spinosa) are characteristic of suitable soils, and nut pines (piiion) and junii^ers occur here and there, mostly on the mountain slox)es. Among the characteristic birds and mammals are the burrowing owl, Brewer's sparrow, Nevada sage sparrow, Lazuli finch, sage thrasher, Nut tail's poor- will, Bullock's oriole, rough- wiuged swallow, five-toed kangaroo rats, pocket mice, grasshopper mice, sage chipmunk, sage cottontail, Idaho rabbit, black-tailed jack rabbit, and the Oregon, Utah, and Townsend's ground squirrels. Some parts of the Upper Sonoran in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho have so hot a climate that they miglit almost be considered Lower Sonoran, The localities referred to are Alvord Desert in southern Oregon, and certain parts of the valleys of the Snake and Columbia rivers, including the lower part of the canyon of the Des Chutes. While Alvord Desert is a direct continuation of the Sonoran deserts of Nevada, the areas along the Columbia and Snake rivers are completely isolated and widely ' Peamits :ire not of much commercial importancp in this zone, thouu:h grown on a small .stale locally in Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, Delaware, and a few other States. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 37 removed, geographieallj', from the Lower Sonoran. Nevertheless, hot stretches in these vallej^s have been reached by the cam'on wren (Ccdlierpes mexicanus conspersus) and other southern species, and have been found adapted to the needs of a number of Lowei* Sonoran fruits. Thus, in the Snake River Valley at Lewiston, Idaho, and Almota, Wash., almonds, peanuts, sweet potatoes, and a varietj^ of Lower Austral fruits do as well as several hundred miles farther south. This is well shown by the fact that the Sweetwater; Alexan- dria, Muscat of; Mahiga; Peru, Bose of; Tokay, Flame; Zinfandel; and Thompson Seedless grapes thrive in this part of the valley. Crops of the Upper Sonoran Faunal Area. The Upper Sonoran area, notwithstanding its aridity, is of consid- erable agricultural importance. Fruits and cereals succeed wherever water may be had for irrigation, and in tlie less arid parts wheat, corn, barle}', and rj^e yield their heaviest returns. Kafir corn (a kind of millet) thrives without irrigation, particularly on the great plains, and alfalfa with irrigation matures several crops a year, though not so many as in the Lower Sonoran. cereals. Wheat. Red Fife (2). Sonora. Turkey Red (:?). Velvet Chafle (S). Australian. Fultz (3). May wheats (o). Mediterranean (2) . Lincoln (2). Red Rust Proof (2). Hickory King (3). King Philip {2). Learning (2). Oats. Welcome (2). White Russian (2). Corn. Pride of the North (3), Squaw (3). Barley. Rye. FRUITS. Apples. Alameda, Beauty of. Esopus Spitzeiiburg. Belmont. Fall Jenneting. Ben Davis. Fall Orange. Blue Pearmain. Fall Pippin. Cook Seedling. Fall Wine. Dyer {Ponime Royal). Gloria Mundi. Early Harvest. Grolden Russet. Early Pennock. Golden Sweet. Early Strawberry. Grimes Golden. 38 LIF?: ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRUITS— continued. Appk's—i 'ontinned. Haas {Fall Qiieen). Hawthornden. Hiji^htop Sweet. Holland Pijtjtin. Hnbbardston. Jersey Sweet. Jonathan. Keswick. Lady Sweet. Lawver {Delmcare Red Winter) Limber Twig. Lowell. Maiden Blush. McAfee. Marshall Red {Red Bellflower). Missouri Pippiti. Monmouth Pippin {Red Cheek Pippin) . Mother. Newtown Spitzenburg. l^ickajack. Northern Spy. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Porter. Primate. Ralls (ienet. ing. Rambo. Red Astrachan. Red Canada. Red June. Rhode Island (}, Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Smith Cider. Summer Pearmain. Summer Queen. Summer Rose. Swaar. Tetofski. Tompkins King. Twenty-Ounce. Wagener. Wealthy. Westfield. White Pearmain. Wine, Hays. Winesap. Wolf River. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin, Apricots. Alexander. Blenheim. Breda. Budd. Eureka. Gibbs. Hemskirke. Large Early Montgamet. Alberge de. Montgamet Early. Moore Early. Moorpark. Newcastle. Peach. Pringle. Royal Golden, Brier. St. Ambroise. Vestal Moorpark. Cherries. Archduke. Bing. Centennial. Choisy, Belle de. Cleveland. Early Purple dnigiif. Late Duke. Lewelling (Blaek Repnbiiean). Maydnke. Montmorency Large. Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, English. Napoleon {Royal Ann). Olivet. Ostheimer, Weiclisel. Richmond (Kentish). Rockport. Si)anish. Velloic. Tartarian. Black. Thom])son Seedling. Windsor. Wood. (U>vernor. THE UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. 39 • FRUITS — continued. Grapea Agawain. Alexandria, Muscat of (k)'^ Black FeiT-ara. Black Hamburgh. Catawba. Chasselas, Red. Chasseias Rose. Concord. Delaware. Elvira. Emperor (h), Isabella. Ives. Malaga (h). Mas.sasoit. Alexander. Beers Smock. Bih'en. Brandywine. Chair Choice. Early Ci'awford. Early York. Elberta. Foster. Garey. Garfield. Globe. Golden Cling. Garland, Governor. Hale. Heath Cling. Late Crawford. LoveU. Malta. Hunt Tawny. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou. Bartlett. Bosc. Bonssock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Mission. Moore Early. Xorton Virginia. Pierce {Isabella Eegia), Peru, Rose of (h). Prince. Black. Royal Muscatine (h). Salem. Sweetwater (h). Thompson Seedless (/<). Tokay, Flame (h). Victor, Early. Worden. Zinfandel (h). PeacJies. McKevitt Cling. Muir. Newhall* Nichols Cling. Orange Cling. Picquet Late. Reeves Favorite Rivers. Runyon Orange Cling, St. John, Yellow. Sal way. Smock. Strawberry. Stump. Susquehanna. Tuskena (Tuscany). Waterloo. Wilkins. Xectai^ines. Red Roman. Pears. Clapp Favorite. Columbia. Dana Hovey. Diel. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beauty. Glout Morceau. 'As explained on page '21. varieties marked {h) succeed only in the hottest locali- ties, as at Lewiston and Almota, in Snake River Valley. They are in reality not Upper Sonoran varieties at all, but belong to the Lower Sonoran area. 40 LIFE ZONES AND CHOP ZONES. Idaho [local in Idaho]. Lawrence. Louise Bonue de Jersey. Lucrative. Maricaret. Onondaga. Agen {Freneh, Petite Bavay Green Gage. Bradshaw. Cherry. Columbia. Clyinan. German Prune. (i olden Drop, Coe. Golden Prune. Imperial Gage. Italian. Champion. Orange. etc. ) . Bubach No. 5. Captain Jack. Clark Seedling. Crawford. Jessie. Combale, Marron. Chaberte. Franqiiette. Mayette. Du Chilly. Lambert. Piedmont. Alfalfa. Cou'pcas. Kafir corn. Hemp. Lima bea tis FRUITS — continued. Pears — Continued. Osband Summer. Patrick Barry. Seckel. Vicar of Winkfield. White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. Plnnis {inelnding prunes). Kanawha. Lombard. McLaughlin. Peach. Pond {Hungarian Prune). Sergent, Robe de. Shropshire. Silver Prune. Tragedy. Washington. Yellow Egg. Quinces. Portugal. Raspberries. Strawberries. Longfellow. Monarch. Parker Earle. Sharpless. Thompson No. 7. NUTS. European chestnuts. De Lyon, Marron. European ivalnuts. Parisienne. Prueparturiens. Serotina. Filberts and hazelnuts. Purple Leaf. Red Aveline. MISCELLANEOUS. Sorghum. Sugar beet (»)• Street potatoes. Talxtceo. White pot <( toes. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 41 6. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. The Lower Austral zone occupies the southern part of the United States, from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of Califor- nia. It is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, and is di^^ded, according to conditions of humidity, into an eastern or Ausfrorijxirian, and a western or Lower Sonoran, area. (a) The Lower Sonorax Fauxal Area. The Lower Sonoran area begins with the arid region of Texas in the neighborhood of latitude 98°, and stretches westerly- to the Rio Grande Yalle}', in which it sends an arm northwest to a i^oint a little north of Albuquerque, N. Mex. Another arm reaches up the valley of the Pecos. West of the Rio Grande Valley in Xew Mexico the Lower Sonoran is interrupted hj the continental divide. It begins again in eastern Arizona and sweeps broadly westward below the high plateau, covering southern and western Arizona, the deserts of southern Nevada and eastern California, and the San Joaquin and Sacramento vallej's. Followed more in detail, the Lower Sonoran in western Arizona sends a narrow tortuous arm eastward in the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, which expands to cover the lower levels of the Painted Desert, and another arm northward, which enters the extreme southwestern corner of L'tah, where it is restricted to the St. George or lower Santa Clara Valley, and is of much agricultural importance.^ From western Arizona it spreads over southern Xevada, pushes northerl}' into Pahranagat Valley, sends an arm by way of Oasis and Sarcobatus valleys all the way to the sink of the Humboldt and Car- son rivers, fills the whole of Death, Panamint, and Saline valleys and part of Owens Vallej', and thence curving southwesterly follows the eastern base of the Sierra Xevada, Tehachapi, and Tejon mountains, and covers the whole of the Mohave and Colorado deserts and all the rest of southern California except the mountains. It sends an arm southward over most of the peninsula of Lower California, and another northward over the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. The Lower Sonoran area com i3 rises the most arid deserts of Xorth America, and is characterized by a fauna and flora of extreme inter- est. Among the commoner plants are the creosote bush, mesquites, acacias, cactuses, yuccas, and agaves. Among the characteristic birds are the mockingbird, road runner, cactus wren, canyon wren, desert thrashers, hooded oriole, black-throated desert sparrow, Texas nighthawk, and GambeFs quail. Among the distinctive mammals are the four-toed kangaroo rats, Sonoran pocket mice, long-eared desert fox, and the big-eared and tiny white-haired bats. The region, Avherever water may be had for irrigation, is of great agricul- tural importance, particularly for fruit. ^ Cotton, tobacco, raisin gi'apes, almonds, olives, figs, and other Lower Sonoran crops are raised successfully in the St. George Valley. 42 LIFE ZONKS AND CROP ZONES. Crops of the Lower Sonoran Faunal Area. Raisin and wine grapes, oranges, lemons, olives, prunes, peaches, apricots, Knglisli walnnts, and almonds are among tlie important products of tlic Lower Sonoran area, and the fig rii)ens several crops each year. Although too far south for the highest development of cereals, several varieties, as the Australian and Sonora wheats, the red rust-proof oats, and the white gourd seed corn, do well. Cotton, tobacco, pyrethrum, and the opium popp}" thrive in ceilain localities, and alfalfa, cowpeas, and canaigre (a plant valuable for tanning) do better than in any other area. cereals. Barley {2). Corn. Oats. Rye {2). Wheat. Australian. Sonora. White Gourd Seed (.?). Red Rust Proof {2). FRUITS. Ai'ocado {Aguacate). (h)^ Apples. Marshall Red (Red Bellflower). Sexton Golden. Skinner Seedling (Santa Clara Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pip^nn. King). Apricots. Breda. Hemskirke. Hinds Seedling. Montgamet, Alberge de. Montgamet Early. Moorpark. Peach. Early Purple Ouigne. Roman. Royal. Royal Golden, Brier. Sparks. St. Ambroise. Vestal Moorpark. Cherries. Carol). Cherimoyer.(hy ' Citron. Dates, (hy ' Tiiere are several hot p(x;kets in the Lower Sonoran in which troi)ical or arid tropical fruits may be grown with greater or less success. The bt st known of these is near Santa Barbara. Calif., where the following are said to flourish: Avo- cado (Persid gnitissima), capullin (Primus capidi). cherimoyer {A)iona cheri- vtolia), kai-apple (Aberia caff ra) . mango (Ma ng if era indica), Moreton Bay chest- nut (C'«.s7a«o.s^><'r>/<«wi au.strale), pepino (Solanum vutr tea lion), (Queensland nut (Macadamia ternifolia), rose apple (Eugenia Jambos), sapodilla (Acliras sapota), tree tomato (Cyplioniandra brtacra), and zapcto bianco (Casiniiroa edidis). THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 43 FRUITS — cou tinned. Figs. Adriatic. Brnnswick. Dn Roi. Genoa. White. Gentile. Iscliia. WJiite. Alexandria, Muscat of. Black Hamburg. Emperor. Feher Szagos, Gordo Blanco. Herbemont. Hnasco. Malaga. Mission. Cattley ( Stra wherry j Eureka. Genoa. Mexican. Satsnma. Black Spanish. Downing. Bahia {Washington Navel). Hart Late [Excelsior). Malta Blood. Maltese Oval. Mediterranean Sweet. Marseillaise, White. Mission. Bkick. Monaco Bianco. Smyrna. San Pedro Black. Turkey, Brown. Granadilla. Grapes. Muscat- Hamburg. Pern. Rose of. Prince, Black. Sultana. Sweetwater {Fontaiuebleau). Thompson Seedless. Tokay. Flame. White Muscat. Zinfandel. Gua vas. Chinese (Mexican). Japanese persimmons. [Numerous varieties. ] Jujube. Kumquat. Lemons. Sicily. Villa Franca. Limes. Tahiti. Loquat. Mandarin oranges. Tangerine. MulberHes. Persian. Olives. [Numerous varieties.] Orange.^. Paper Rind St. Michael. Ruby Blood. St. Michael. Valencia Late. 44 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES FRUITS — continued. Peaches. Alexander. Early Crawford (?i). Early York. Elberta. Foster {u). Garland, Governor. Hale. Heath Cling. Boston. Downton. Early Newington. Angouleme, Duchess de. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandy wine. Clairgeaii. Easter Beurre. Glont Morceau. Howell ^?).' Lawrence. Henrietta. Late Crawford (n). Lemon Cling. Muir. St. John, VcUow. Strawberry. Sus(iuehanna. Nectarines. Early Violet. Elruge. Hardwicke. Pears. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Patrick Barry. Pound. Seckel. Super fin. Tyson (?).' White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. Pepino {Solaninn mnricatuvi). Pineapple (F).' Pomegranates. Ponieloes. [Several varieties] Plums {including pinines). Agen {French, Petite, etc. Caddo Chief. Columbia. El Paso. German Prune. Golden Drop, Coe. Australian Crimson. Burt. Longfellow. Italian {Fellenberg). Jefferson. Peach. Sergent, Pohe de. Simon {Prunus simonii). Strau'herrie Monarch. Sharpless. Tain(trind. 'The interrogation point (?) signifies that the variety or species so marked is included in the list upon information sufficiently positive to make such inclusion necessary, but lacking such full verification as would permit the listing without (lualification. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 45 NUTS. Almonds. Blowers. McCoy. Brier. Ne Plus Ultra. Drake. Nonpareil (Exti-a). Golden State. Paper Shell. Gray [southwest Utah] . Routier, Xew. HaiTiott. Soft Shell, Routier. IXL. Supremo, King Soft Sliell Tarragona. Languedoc. Twin, Routier. Lewelling. Europeai I walnuts. Bijou. Maj-ette. Chaberte. Mesange {Paper Shell). Cluster. Mission (Los Angeles) Ford. Parisienne. Franquette. Prctparturiens. Gant (Bijou). Santa Barbara. Kaghazi. Serotina. Pea nuts. Pecans. Pistachio nut. MISCELLANEOUS. Alfalfa. Opium poppy. Black leattle (Acacia decarrens). Pyrethrum. Canaigre {Rxiinex hyvienosepalus) . Ramie. Castor-oil bean. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Cork oak (Quercus siiber). Sorghum. Cotton. Sugar cane. Cou'peas. Su-eet potatoes. Flax (seed). Tagasaste ( Cytisxis). Hemp. Tobacco. Mustard. (h) The Austroripariax Faunal Area. The Austroriparian area occupies the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Beginning near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay it covers half or more than half of Virginia, Xorth and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, the whole of Mississippi and Louisiana, eastern Texas, nearly all of Indian Territorj^ more than half of Arkansas, and parts of Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, south- ern Missouri, southern Illinois, the extreme southwestern corner of In- diana, and the bottom lands of western Kentucky and Tennessee. The long leaf and loblolh' pines, magnolia, and live oak are common on the uplands; the bald cj'press, tupelo, and cane in the swamps. Here the mocking bird, painted bunting, prothonotarj^ warbler, red-cockaded woodpecker, chuck-wills-widow, and the swallow-tail and Mississippi kites are characteristic birds, and the southern fox squirrel, cotton rat, rice-field rat, wood rat, and free- tailed bat are common mammals. 4b J.IFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Croi»s of the Austroriparian Faunal Area. This is the zone of tlie cotton plant, sugar cane, rice, pecan, and peanut, and of the scuppernong grape and oriental pears (Le Conte and Kieffer). The more important crops are mentioned in the follow- ing list: cereals. Barley (^). Com. Golden Dent. Hickory King. Leaniinu (.'). Mosbv Prolific. Burt. Fultz (2). May wheats [away from coast]. Bonum (n). Bradford Best (Kentucky Red). Bruce. Buckingham. Cannon Pcannain. Carter Blue. Champhiin {Nyack) (n). Clark Pearmain. Cornell Fancy (n). Cracking. CuUasaga. Disharoon. Farrar (Robinson Sujjcrb). Ferdinand. Gilpin (n). Green Cheese. Hall. Hockett. Hoover (?i). Horn. Horse. Jennings. .Julian. ,Tuly (Fourth ofJidi/) (n). .lunaluskee. Limber Twig (n). McAfee (n). •St. Charles White (J) [Mississippi Val- ley]- Stowell Evergreen (2). White Gourd Seed. Oats. Red Rust Proof. . Rye (2). Wheat. Mediterranean (3). fruits. Apples. Mangum. Manomet. Mason Stranger. Mattamuskeet. Maverack. Nansemond. Nickajack (n). Oconee. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Ralls Genet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Romanite, South. Shockley. Stephenson. Switzer | Mississippi Valley] Taunton. Watson. Waugh Crab. White Juneating. Willow Twig. Winesap (n). Yates. Yellow .Tune. Yellow Transparent. Yoi)p. York Imperial {n). THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 47 FRUITS — continued. Apricots. Breda. Earl 3" Grolden. Hemskirke. Moorpark. Mnsch. Archdnke {n). Black Heart («)• Choisy. Belle de («)• Early Purple Guigne (n). Late Duke (?<)• Orange. Royal. St. Ambroise. Turkev. Cherries. Magnifique. BeUe (n). May duke (??)• Morello, English («)• Richmond {Kentish) (n). Chinese quince. Deicberry. Lucretia. Fi^s. Brunswick. Green Ischia. Turkev. Brown. Grapes.- Berckmans. Lenoir. Brighton {n). Lindley (m). Brilliant [Mississippi Valley] Missouii Reisling [Mississippi Valley] Catawba. Moore Early {n). Cynthiana. Niagara («). Delaware («). Norton Virginia. Diamond, Moore (n). Salem («)■ Elvira. Scupi>emong. Flowers. Tenderpulp. Goethe (n). Thomas. Herbemont. Triumph. Jefferson («). Wyhe. Peter. Japanese persimmons. Costata. Okame. Hachiya. Yemon. Mulberries. Downing. Stubbs. Hicks. 'Apricots are too often injured by late spring frosts to he a profitable crop in the Austroriparian. -Varieties followed by the letter («) belong to the Carolinian area, but thrive also along the upper edge of the Austroriparian. 48 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. FRLITS — continued. PcdcJu Alexander (n). Amelia. Austin. Blood Cling. Blood Free. Cabler Indiati. Chinese CHjkj. Coin ml )i a. Early Crawford (n). Early York (u). Elberta. Hale (n). Heath Clhuj (n). Angouleme, Duchess de (n). Garber. Julienne (n). Kieffer. Lawrence (n). Abundance (Botan). Berckmans. Burbank. Caddo Chief [western] . Caradeuc, De. Chabot. Cumberland. El Paso [western]. Georgeson iUdttanh'io). Golden Beauty. Kerr {Hattankio 2). Bubach Ao. 5 (n). Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. Crescent. Gandy {)i). Hoffman. Hoover. Kerr, Jessie. Late Crawford. Lee, Generdl. Lemon Cling. Mountain Rose (v). Oldmixon Cling (n), Pallas. Picquet Late. Sneed. St. John. Yellow. Tharber. Tillotson. Pears. Le Conte. Magnolia. Rostiezer (»)• Seckel {n). Tyson (??). Plunif Indian Chief. Lone Star. Marianna. Miner. Newman. Red Nagate. Satsuma. Transparent, Yellotr Weaver. Wild Goose. Pomegranates. Strawberries. Michel Early. Parker Earle. Thompson, Lady. Wartield [Mississippi Valley]. NUTS. Almonh.^ English walnuts. Pecans. Peanuts. Almonds are grown in the Austroriparian area, but are not a commercial success. THE LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. 49 MISCELLANEOUS. Castor bean. Sorghum. China graas. Sugar cane. Cotton. Siceet potatoes. Cowpeas. Tea.^ Jute. Tobacco. Lima beans. Turpentine. Rice. (c) Semitropical or Gulf Strip. The Gulf strip, or southern part of the Austroriparian area (col- ored orange on the map), reaches from Texas to southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in southern Georgia, and probabh' follows the coastal lowlands northward into South Carolina, though not so indi- cated on the map. It has a semitropical climate and is the home of a number of plants and animals not found farther north, among which are the cabbage palmetto, Cuban pine, ground dove, white-tailed kite, Florida barred and screech owls. Chapman's nighthawk, the Florida and boat-tailed grackles, and several small mammals. Crops of the Semitropical or Gulf Strip. The Gulf strip, though small in area, is of very great importance from the standpoint of agriculture and horticulture. It is the belt in Avhich rice, sugar cane, and the much-prized Sea Island cotton are pro- duced in greatest quantity and value; and, as a fruit belt, has no competitor except the Lower Sonoran areas of California and Arizona. Bitter oranges, loquats, granadillas, figs, Japanese persimmons, pecan nuts, and numerous varieties of peaches and grapes thrive here, and the citrus fruits (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, and shaddocks) are grown successfully in the warmer parts, particularly in peninsular Florida, but in the northern parts have suffered severelj^ from frosts. The more important agricultural products are mentioned in the fol- lowing list : citrus fruits. Bergamot oranges (P)^. Bitter oranges. Lemons (P) . Belair. Sicily. Eureka. Villa Franca. Genoa. ' Tea is grown successfully at Summerville, near Charleston, S. C, and would doubtless thrive in other parts of the Austroriparian belt; but the cost of pick- ing the leaves is so great as to discourage its general cultivation. '^ The letter (P) indicates that the fruit after which it is placed is cultivated suc- cessfully in peninsular Florida only, except in a few cases where it thrives also in the Mississippi delta below New Orleans. 1002— No. 10 4 50 LIFK ZONK^ AND CROP ZONES. Cloopatra (/*). Djiiicy Titnijcrhic (P). Kmg(/'). CITRUS FRUITS— continued. Mandarins. Satsuma. Tangeroiia(P). Oranges (P). Bahia {Wnshuujton Navel), Beach No. '>. Bessie. Boone Early. Buttercourt. Centennial. Circassian. Colniar. Cunningham. Drake Stdr. Dulcissima. Du Roi. Foster. Hart Late (Excelsior), Higley Late. Imperial Blood. Jaffa. Aurantium. Blood. Forbidden Fruit. Hart. Josselyn. Jaffa Blood. Lamb Summer. Magnum Bonum. Maltese Oval. Mediterranean Sweet. Nonpareil. Oblong, Early. Old Vini. Parson Brown. Pineapple. St. Michael. St. Michael Blood. Star Calyx. Thorpe Trophy. Valencia Late. Vinous, Madame. Poineloes (P). Jennings. Adriatic, \Vliif< Celestial. Elvira. Flowers. Herbemont. Scupi)ernong. Mammoth. Seedless. Triumph. Walter. OTHER FRUITS. Apples. Red Astrachan. Chinese quince. Detvberry. Lucretia. Figs. Magnolia. Marseillaise, White. Gi^ajiadillas. Grapes. Tenderpulp. Thomas. Wylie, Peter. Cattley (Strawberry). THE TROPICAL REGION. OTHER FRUITS— continued. Guavas (P.). Chinese (Mexican). Japanese persimmons. 51 Costata. Tane Nashi. Hachiya. Tsuro. Hiyakume. Yedo-ichi. Kurokuma. Yemen. Okame. Zengi. Kumquats (P.). Loquats. Peaches. Angel. Gibbon. Bidwell Early (P.). Honey. Bid well Late (P.). Imperial. Cabler Indian. Maggie Burt. Climax. Onderdonk. Countess. Pallas. Early China (P.). Peento(P.). Ferdinand. Waldo. Florida Crawford. Pears. Garber. Le Cont«. Kieflfer. Magnolia. Plums. Kelsey. Wild Goose.' Satsuma. Pomegranates. Strawberries. Hoffman. Neunan. Michel Early. Thompson. Lady. NUTS. Peanuts. Pecans. MISCET.T,A\EOUS. China grass [for fiber]. SorgJium. Cotton. SiLgarcane. Jute. Sweet potatoes. Rice. Tobacco. Sea Island cotton. 7. THE TROPICAL REGION. The Tropical region within the United States is of small extent and is restricted to three widelj' separated localities — southern Florida, extreme southeast Texas (along the lower Rio Grande and Gulf coast), 52 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. and the valley of the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California. Tlie Florida area is genuine hiiinid tropical; the Texas and Arizona- California areas are dilute arid tropieal. Among the tropical trees that grow in southern Florida are the royal palm, Jamaica dogwood, manchineel, mahogany, and mangrove; and among tlic birds are the caracara eagle, white-crowned pigeon, zenaida dove, quail doves, a l^ahama vireo, and the Bahama honey creeper. The absence of characteristic tropical mammals and the relatively small number of tropical birds in Florida is due to the lack of land connec- tion with other tropical areas; while the presence of the jaguar, ocelot, and othei" t ropical cats, the armadillo, and a considerable number of troi)ical ])irds in southeastern Texas is the direct result of the continu- ous extension of the Tamaulipan arid tropical fauna from Mexico into Texas. The extension of the arid tropical along the lower Colorado and Gila rivers is over a desert region of such excessive aridity that only desert mammals and birds can live there. The flora has not been sufficiently studied, but is characterized by giant cactuses, desert aca- cias, palo verdes, and the Washington or fan-leaf palm. Crops of the Tropical Region. With irrigation the arid tropical areas are found to be as produc- tive as the humid tropical, but they have been cultivated so short a time that their capabilities can only be inferred from the circumstance that bananas, citrons, dates, guavas, lemons, loquats, oranges, and Mexican limes do well in the Arizona-California arm. No informa- tion is at hand relating to the Texan or Tamaulipan arm. Tropical Florida, witli its handsome cocoanut palms and extensive banana fields, has been longer under cultivation, but its full capacity is still unknown, and the following list must be regarded as far from complete : Crops of Tropical Florida. citrus fruits. Bergavwt Orange {Citrus hergaviium). Mandarins. Citrons. Oranges. Lemons. Pomeloes. Limes. OTHER FRUITS. Avocado (Agitacate). Caroh or St. John's bread {Ceratonia Aniatntignla {Can'ss(( ardjtina). siligua). Burnt ua. Cherhnoi/rr. Barbados gooseberry (Pereskia acu- Cocoanut. leuta). Custard apple {Anona reticulata). Caraunda, Christ thorn {C((rissa ra- Date. randas). Dotony myrtle {Rhodomyrtus tomen- Capc gooseberry {Physalis peruviaiia). tosa). Cashew' nut. Egg fruit. THE TROPICAL REGION. 53 OTHER FRUITS — continued. Ginep or Spanish lime. Granadilla. Guava. Hog plum (Ximenia). Kumqnat. Loquat. Mammee apple. Mammee sapota. Mango. Melon papaw ( Car tea papaya ) . Monster a deliciosa. Otaheite gooseberry (Phyllanth tiehus). Camphor. Coffee. Ramie. Pepino {Solanum muricatum). Pineajyple. Pond apple (Anona glabra). Rose apple {Eugenia jambos). Sapodilla {Achras sapota). Soursoj) {Anona muricata) . Southern dewberry {Rubus trivialis). Straicberry tomato {Physalis alke- kengi) . Sugar apple {Anona squamosa). Surinam cherry {Eugenia uniflora). us dis- Tamarind. MISCELLANEOUS. ' Sisal hemp. Tobacco. ^ Eggplants, tomatoes, beans, and some other garden vegetables are important crops in tropical Florida, but as the varieties of these have not yet been arranged by zones they can not be given here. PART III. LAWS OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.' Apart from obvious inechanieal barriers, such as oceans, tempera- ture is the most important single factor infixing the limits beyond wliich particular species of animals and plants can not go. Investi- gations conducted b}^ the Biological Survey have shown that tlie north- ward distrihution of terrestrial animals and plants is governed by the sum of the positive temperatures for the entire season of growth and reproduction^^ and that the southward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year.'^ ZONE TEMPERATURES. The Boreal Region. Arctic^ Hudsonian, and Canadian zones. — The distinctive tempera- tures of the three Boreal zones (Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian) are not positively known, but the southern limit of the Boreal as a whole is marked by the isotherm of 18° C. (G4.4° F.) for the six hottest consecutive weeks of summer. It seems probable, from the few data available, that the limiting temperatures of the southern boundaries of the Hudsonian and Arctic zones are, respectively^ 14° C. (57.2° F.) and lO'' C. (50° F.) for the same period. ' Abridged from a paper by the author entitled ' Laws of temperature control of the geo^jraphic distribution of terrestrial animals and plants.' National Geo- graphic Magazine, Vol. VI, pp. 229-238, 8 colored maps, December, 1894. -In computing the sum of the positive or effective temperatures a minimum tem- perature of G^ C. (43° F. ) has been assumed as marking the Inception of the period of physiological activity in plants and of reproductive activity in animals. The effective temperatures or degrees of normal mean dally heat in excess of this mini- mum have been added together lor each station, beginning when the normal mean daily temperature rises higher than 6^ C. in spring and continuing until it falls to the same point at the end of the season. The sums thus obtained were platted on a large scale map of the United States and connected by isotherms, which were found to conform in the most gratifying manner with the northern boundaries of the several life zones. =*The exact length of this period has not been determined. It must be short enough to fall within the hottest i)art of the summer in high northern latitudes, and i)robably increases in length from the north southward. For experiment, the mean normal temperature of the six hottest consecutive weeks was arbitrarily chosen and platted on a large scale map. Isotherms were then drawn, which con- formed .so clo.sely with the southern boundaries of the Boreal, Transition, and UpiMir Austral zones that the matter was not carried further. 54 TEMPERATURE OF AUSTRAL AND TROPICAL REGIONS. 00 The Austral Region. Transition zone species require a total quantity of heat of at least 5,500° C. (10,000° F.), but can not endure a summer temperature the mean of which for the six hottest consecutive weeks exceeds 22° C. (71.6° F.). The northern boundary of the Transition zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive tempera- tures of 5,500° C. (10,000° F.), while its southern boundary is coinci- dent with the isotherm of 22° C. (71.6° F.) for the six hottest con- secutive weeks. Upper Austral species require a total quantity of heat of at least 6,400° C. (11,500° F.), but apparently can not endure a summer tem- perature the mean of which for the six hottest consecutive weeks exceeds 26° C. (78.8° F.). The northern boundary of the Upper Austral zone, therefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive temperatures of 6,400° C. (11,500° F.), while its southern boundary agrees very closely with the isotherm of 26° C. (78.8° F.) for the six hottest weeks. Lower Austral species require a total quantity- of heat of at least 10,000° C. (18,000° F. ). The northern boundary of the Lower Austral zone, tlierefore, is marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive temperatures of 10,000° C. (18,U0U° F.). The Tropical Region. Tropical species require a total quantity- of heat of at least 14,100° C. (26,000° F.); and since the tropical life region is a broad equatorial belt, it is probable that both its northern and southern boundaries are marked by the isotherm showing a sum of normal positive tem- peratures of 14,000° C. (26,000° F.). Governing temperatures of the zones. Zones. Governing temperatures. Northern limit. ' Southern limit. Regrions. Sum of normal mean daily tem- peratures alx)ve »i° C. (43^ F..). Normal mean temperature of six hottest con- secutive weeks. Boreal Arctic Hudsoman Canadian Transition Upper Austral ^C. op °C. UO U4 18 22 36 T. 157.2 &4.4 Austral 5,500 6,400 10,000 14,500 2 10,000 ]1,.5. -f- Mcintosh. Williams Favorite. McMahon. Wine, i/aj/.s. + Maiden Blush (s). Winesap i.^). 4 Margaret, Early Red (.s). Wolf River. (-Melon, .\ortou (s). Yellow Newtown Rippin. ) Minister. Yellow Tran.si)arent. 1 Montreal Peach. f- Moore Sweet (.sM. 4- Mother (.s). f Newtown Spitzenburg (s). I- Northern Spy. 4- Ohio Non])areil is). Oldenburg, f)iiclie.>is of. 4- Ontario. -\- Peck Pleasant. 4- Perry Rus.set. Powaukee. 4-PouiraeGris. h Porter (s). -f Primate is). 4- Pumpkin Sweet i /\»ini> loirare Red Winter). Liiul>er Twig. Lowell. McAfee. McLellan. Maiden Blush. Mangum. Margaret, E(trly lied. Milam. Missouri Pippin. Melon, Norton (n). Monmouth. Moore Sweet. Mother. Newtown Spitzenlmrg. Nickajack. Northern Spy (?i ). Ohio Nonpareil. Oldenburg. Duchess of. Ontario (/«)• Ortley. Otoe in). Perry Russet (n). Porter. Primate. Pryor Red. Ralls Genet. Ramlx). Ramsdell Sweet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Red Stripe. Rhode Island (ireenimj in). Romanite. South. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Shocklev. Smith CifUr. Sinokohouso. Sops of Wine in). Stark (in. Summer Pcarmain. Summer Queen. Summer Rose. Sutton (H). Swaar in). Sweet Winesap. Trtofski. Tomjikius King (>i). Trenton Early. Twenty-Ounce {n i. Vandevei-e. Wagener ( ni Willow Twig. Wine. Uays («). Wint'sai). Wythe. Upper Sonoran area. Northern Spy. Oldenburg, Duchess of. Porter. Primate. Ralls Genet. Rambo. Red Astrachan. Red Canada. Red June. Rhode Island Greening. Roman Stem. Rome Beauty. Smith Cidtr. Summer Pearmain. Summer Queen. Summer Ro.se. Swaar. Tetotski. Tompkins King. Twenty-Ounce. Wagener. Wealthy. West field. White Pearmain. Wine, Haijs. Winesap. Wolf River. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin. APPLES. 61 Zone ranges of apples — Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZOXE-Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin (Albemarle). Yellow Transparent. York Imperial. Crab apples: Hyslop. Martha. Transcendent. Yellow Siljerian. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip Marshall Red (Red BeUflower}. Sexton Golden. Skinner Seedling (Santa Clara King\. Yellow Bellflower. Yellow Newtown Pippin. Bonum (ii). Bradford Best {Kentucky Red). Brnce. Buckingham. Cannon Pt anna in. Carter Blue. Champlain (Xyackt tn). Clark Pearmair . Cornell Fancy ni\. Cracking. Cullasaga. Disharoon. Farrar i Robinson Superb). Ferdinand. Gilpin (n). Green Cheese. Hall. Hockett. Hoover (»). Horn. Horse. Jennings. Julian. July (Fourth of July) (n). Junaluskee. Limber Twig (n). McAfee («). Mangum. Manomet. Mason Stranger. Mattamuskeet. Maverack. Nansemond. Nickajack ihk Oconee. Oldenburg, Duche.ss of. Ralls Genet. Red Astrachan. Red June. Romanite. South. Shockley. Stephenson. Switzer [Mississippi Valley]. Taunton. Watson. Waugh Crab. White Juneating. Willow Twig. Winesap in\. Yates. Yellow June. Yellow Transparent. Yopp. York Imperial nw. Jennings. Red Astrachan. 62 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. APRICOTS. Apricots I'eciuiro ;i warm climate and do best in the dry summer heat of the Upper and Lower Sonoi-an areas. They bloom early and are easily injured by frosts, for which reason tliey are a precarious crop in the Eastern States. Zone ranges of (tprlrots. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Cjirolinian aroa. Upper Sonoran area. Alexander [Mississippi Valley]. Alexander. Breda. Blenheim. Budrt fMississipi)i Valley]. Breda. Early (4o1(Umi. Budd. Gil)l) [Mis.sii?sii)pi Valley]. Eureka. Harris. Gibbs. Hemskirke. Hem.skirke. Lar^re Early. Large Early. Moorpark. Montgamet, Albn-qe de. Peach. Montgamet Early. Moore Early. Moorpark. Newcastle. ' Peach. Pringle. Royal Golden, Brier. St. Ambroise. Vestal Moorpark. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Breda, Breda. Hemskirke. Early Golden. Hinds Scidling. Hemskirke. Montgamet, Albrrge de. Moor])ark. Mnsch. Montgamet Early. Moorpark. Royal Orange. Peach. St. Ambroise. Roman. Turkey. Royal. Royal Golden, Brier. St. Aml)roi.se. Sparks. Vestal Mnorjtark. CHERRIES. Cherries like a warm temperate climate, and do best in tlie Upper Austral zone, although some varieties flourish in the Transition and others in the Lower Austral. In both of these extremes, however, it will be observed that by far the i!:reater number are confined to those parts of tlie zones whicdi lie nearest to the Tpper Austral (as indi- cated by the letter (.s) in the Transition list, and the letter (n) in the Austroriparian list). CHERRIES. 63 Zone ranges of cherries, [Key— Cross ( — ). do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section 'Wisconsin. Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas i except in eastern "Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay: i /< >. in northern part only: (.*; >. in southern part only: ( ? i. information sufficiently positive to make the listing neces- sary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian » eastern > area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. + Archduke. Bessarabian. + Black Heart (s). -f-Buttner. Yellotc (s). + Choisy, Belle de. -i-Coe Transparent (s). — Donna Maria (s). — Downer {s). — Dvehouse (s). ^ Eagle. Black (s). -i- Early Purple Guigne (s). —Elton (s). -i- Eugenie. Empress (»). -f Florence (s>. -r-Hortense. Reine (s) -rHovey (s). Late Kentish. Lutovka. -rMagnifique, Belle («). -r May duke (.si. -fMohtmorency Large. + Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello. English. — Napoleon (s). —Olivet is). -r Philippe. Lrmis (.?). + Plums tone Morello. Richmond i Kentish). -{-Taii:arian, Black. + Windsor. 4- Wood, Governor. Archduke. Choisy. Belle de. Ostheimer Weichsel. Advance California. Bing. Centennial. Coe Transparent. Elton. Lewelling (Black Republican). I Napoleon (Royal Ann). I Richmond {Kentish). Rockport. Spanish. Yellotc. Tartarian. Black. Windsor. Wood, Governor. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Archduke i /< '. Black Heart. Carnation. Choisy. Belle de. Coe Transparent (n). Downer in). Dvehouse. Eagle. Black. Early Purple Guigne. Elton in). Eugenie. Empress. Hortense. Reine. Knight Early. Late Kentish. Magnifique, Belle. Mayduke. Morello. English. Napoleon {Royal Ann). Olivet. Plumstone Morello. Richmond. Rockport (n i. Spanish, Yellotc. Tartarian, Black. Windsor. Wood. Governor. Archduke. Bing. Centennial. Choisy. Belle de. Cleveland. Early Purple Guigne. Late' Duke. Lewelling ( Black Rejyublican). Mayduke. Montmorency Large. Montmorency Ordinaire. Morello, English. Napoleon {Royal Ann\. Olivet. Ostheimer Weichsel. Richmond (Kentish \. Rockport. Spanish. Yellotr. Tartarian. Black. Thompson Seedling. Windsor. Wood. Governor. 64 LIFK ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of cherries — Continued. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Eiii-ly Purple (iuit/ne (?)■ Archduke (»)• Black Heart. Choisy. Jicllr dr (n). Early Purple (iuigne (n). Lato Duke. Mag:nifi(iue, TMle (71). Mayduke (n). Morello, Knglitih (n) Richmond {Kentish) (?i). GRAPES. Grapes of liigh excellence and in great variety f ourish in all the zones fi'oiii the Transition to the Lower Austral, inclusive, although no single variety does well in more than two zones. The following table contains only the more important varieties, and might be largely extended, particularly in the Lower Sonoran area: Zone ranges of grapes. [Key.— Cross (+ t, do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas) e.Kcept in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay; (/i), in hottest part only; (n», in northern part only; (.s), in southern part only]. TRANSITION ZONE. AUeghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Agawam. Wilder. Concord. -1- Barry. Worden. Isabella. Champion. Moore Early. Clinton. Concord. Cottage. +Diana. + Martha. Moore Early. + Salem. Vergennes. Victor, Early. + Wilder. Winch ell [dreen Mountain). Worden. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Airawam (u). Agawam. Alexandria, Muscat of (h). Barry (0). Brighton. Black Ferrara. Catawba. Black Hamburg. Champion. Catawba. Clinton ( n). Chas-sehis Red. Concord. Chasselas Rose. Cynthiana (»). Concord. Delaware. Delaware. Diamond in). Elvira. Diana in). Emperor (h). Duche.ss. Isabella. Elvira («). Ives. (4»)ethe (s). Malaga (/»). lona in). Massasoit. CARAFES AND PEACHES. 65 Zone ranges of grapes — Continned. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE-Oontinued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Isabella. Ives. Jefferson. Lindley. Missouri ReisUng »s >. Moore Early. Niagara. Noah [Southern Mississippi Valley.] (s). Norton Virginia (s\. Poeklington (n). Prentiss (n). Salem. Telegraph. Ulster (n). Worden (ii). Wyoming. Mission. Moore Early. Norton Virginia. Peru. Rose of (hK Pierce < Isabella Regia). Prince Black. Royal Muscatine (h). Salem. Sweetwater { Fontainebleau) (A). Thompson Seedless •/«>. Tokay. Flame {h). Victor. Early. Worden. Zinfandel yh). LOWER .\USTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Alexandria. Muscat of. Black Hamburg. Emperor. Feher Szagos. Gordo Blanco. Herbemont. Huasco. Malaga. Mission. Muscat-Hamburg. Peru. Rosi- of. Prince. Black. Sultana. Sweetwater (Fontainebleau). Thompson Seedless. Tokav. Flame. Wbit'e Muscat. Zinfandel. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Berckmans. Brighton i/n. Brilliant [Mississippi Valley]. Catawba. Cynthiana. Delaware {n^. Diamond. Moort^ ( n i. Elvira. Flowers. Goethe in). Herbemont. Jefferson {n). Lenoir. Lindley (« ». Missouri ReisJing [Mississippi Valley]. Moore Early (n). Niagara (/i>. Norton Virginia. Salem on. S^cuppernong. Tenderpulp. Thomas. Triumph. Wvlie. Peter. Elvira. Flowers. Herbemont. Norton Virginia. Scuppernong. Tenderpulp. Thomas. Wylie, Peter. PEACHES. Peaches require a warm climate, and are one of the most important fruits of the Upper and Lower Austral zones. In the Transition zone, except along the southern edge, where the Transition shades into the Upper Austral, they can not be depended on. But in the Pacific Coast division of the Transition, which, as elsewhere explained, receives more heat than the other parts of this zone, peaches are grown in certain localities, and the Hale is said to do well. Xectarines follow peaches, except in the humid areas, but are of little consequence in the Eastern States. They reach their highest development and greatest commercial consequence in the arid Lower Sonoran. 1002— Xo. 10 5 66 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ratiyca of peaches. [Key.— ()i), in northern part only.] UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carol iniau area. Upper Souoran area. Alexander. Beers Siinnk. Bilvini (Miili. ///7/.S-. Early Crawford. Elbi'i-ta. Fostor. Goorge IV. Globe. Golden Drop. Gros.se Mi^nonne. Hale.' Heath Ciinij. Hoover. Konriok Ucofl,. Large York. Late Admirable. liate Crawford. Late Rarerii)e. Morris White. Mountain Rose. Oldmixon Cling. Oldmixon Free. Red Cl)eek Mclocoton. Reeves Favorite. Richmond. River.s. Sal way. Smock. Sneed. Stevens Rareripe. Strawberry. Stump. St. John, Yellow Susquehanna. Nectariiics: Boston. Elruge. Stanwick. Alexander. Beers Smock. Bilyeu. Brandy wine. Chair Choice. Early Crawford. Earlv York. Elberta. Foster. Garey. Garfleld. Garland, Goveinior. Globe. Golden Cling. Hale. • Heath Cling. Late Crawford. Lovell. Malta. McKevitt Cling. Muir. New hall. Nichols Cling. Orange Cling. Pic(iuet Late. Reeves Favorite. Rivers. Runyon Orange Cling. St. John, Yelloiv. Salwaj'. Smock. Strawberry. Stump. Susquehanna. Tuskena {Tuscany). Waterloo. Wilkins. Nectarines: Hunt Tawny. Red Roman. ' The Hale peach is said to do well in the Pacific Coast Transition area, and is the only peach known to thrive in the Transition zone. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Alexander. Alexander (n). Angel. Early Crawford (n). Amelia. Bid well Early {P). Early York. Au.stin. Bid well Late (P). Elberta. Blood Cling. Cabler Indian. Foster (?0. Blood Free. Climax. Garland, Cover nor. Cabler Indian. Countess. Hale. Chinese Cling. Early China (P). Heath Cling. Columbia. Ferdinand. Henrietta. Early Crawford ui)- Florida Crawford. Late Crawford (n). Earlv York (u). Gibbon. Lemon Cling. Elberta. Honey. Muir. Hale (/I). Imperial. St. Jobn, Yellow. Heath Cling (n). Maggie Burt. Strawberry. Hoover. Onderdonk. Susquehanna. Kerr. Jessie. Pallas. Nectarines: Late Crawford. Peen-to (P). Boston. Lee, Ceneral. Waldo. Down ton. Lemon Cling. Early Newington. Mountain Rose (»). Earlv Vioh't. Oldmixon Cling («). Elrnge. Hardwicke. Pie(iuet Late. Sneed. St. John, Yellow. Thurber. Tillotson. PEARS. 67 PEARS. Pears thrive best in the Transition and Upper Austral zones and fairl}^ well in the Lower Austral, though the number of varieties adapted to the latter is relatively small. In the Gulf strip only four varieties flourish. Zone ranges of pears. [Key.— Cross (4-). do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section (Wisconsin. Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotas ) except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay: ( >i ). in northern part onlv: (s), in southern part onlj;: (.?), information sufficiently positive to make the listing neces- sary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] TRANSITION ZONE. Alleghanian (eastern) area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. +Andrews. +Angouleme. Duchess de (s). + Anjou (s). +Bartlett (s). 4-Bo.sc (s). -i-Bous.sock. -|- Brandy wine (s). + Buff urn. -j-Clairgeau (s). -|-Clapp Favorite (s). 4- Columbia is). -i-Dana Hovey (s). -fDiel. +Dix. -i-Elizabeth, Manning. -I- Flemish Beauty. + Fulton. + Giffard (s). -I-Goodale. + Howell (s). 4- Julienne (s). 4- Lawrence (.s). -j-Louise Bonne de Jersey. -)- Lucrative is). 4-McLaughhn. -j- Madeleine (.s). -f Malines. Josephine de (s). -j-Onondaga is). 4-Osband Summer. -f Pound. -I-Rostiezer (s). 4-Seckel (s». -f Sheldon (s). -I-Souvenir du Congress (s). -(-Sterling. ^ Summer Doyenne (.s). +Tyson. Angouleme. Duchess de. Anjou. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Clapp Favorite. Columbia. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beauty. Lawrence. Lucrative. Onondaga. Osband Summer. Seckel. Tyson. Winter Nelis. Bartlett. Bosc (si. Boussock. Clairgeau (s). Clapp Favorite. Flemish Beauty. Seckel (s). Tyson (s). Winter Nelis (s). UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. L^pper Sonoran area. Angouleme, Duchess de. Anjou (?i). Bartlett (n). Bloodgood. Bosc (n). Boussock (n). Brandywine. Buffum (n). Chambers. Clairgeau (u). Clapp Favorite {n). Columbia. Cornice, Doyenne du (n). Diel Easter Beurre. Garber. Giffard. Gray Doyenne (n). Hosenschenk. Angouleme. Duchess de. Anjou. Bartlett. Bosc. Boussock. Brandywine. Clairgeau. Clapp Favorite. Columbia. Dana Hovey. Diel. Easter Beurre. Flemish Beauty. Glout Morceau. Idaho [local in Idaho]. Lawrence. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Margaret. 68 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of pears — Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE— Continued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Howell. Onondaga. Julienne. Osband Summer. Kioffer. Patrick Barry. Kirtland. Seckel. Lawrence. White Doyenne. Louise Bonne de Jersey. Winter Nelis. Lucrative (»). Vicar of Winkfield. Madeleine (n). Malines, Josephine de (n). MarKuerite, Petite (n). Mt. Vernon (»). Napoleon (a). Oncmdaga (h). Osband Summer. Paradise d\4.ittomne (n). Rostiezer. Rutter. Seckel. Sheldon. Summer Doyenne. Superfin (n). Tyson. White Doyenne (n). Wint^ir Nelis. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Angouleme, Duchess de. Angouleme, Duchess de (n). Garber. Bartlett. Garber. Kieflfer. Bosc. Julienne (n). Le Conte. Boussock. Kieffer. Magnolia. Brand V wine. Lawrence (n). Clairgeau. Le Conte. Easter Beurre. Magnolia. Glout Morceau. Rostiezer (n). Howell (.■'). Seckel (n). Lawrence. Tyson (n). Louise Bonne de Jersey. Lucrative. Patrick Barry. Pound. Seckel. Superfin. Tyson (f). White Doyenne. Winter Nelis. PLUMS. Plums have a wide range. Tliey attain their highest development in the Upper Austral zone, but numerous varieties flourish in the Transition and Lower .Vustral zones. In the dry summer heat of the Upper and Lower Sonoran areas many varieties develop so much sujrar that they make the best of prunes, but in the cooler Transition zone and llie more liumid Carolinian and Austroriparian areas prune cultni-e 's not a success. PLUMS. 69 Zone ranges of pluvis {including prunes). [Key.— Cross t -r >. do not thrive in the Upper Mississippi section ^Wisconsin, Minnesota, and the eastern Dakotasi except in eastern Wisconsin in vicinity of Green Bay: (hk in northern part only: (s». in southern part only.] TRAXSITIOX ZOXE. Alleghanian (eastern > area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. -f- Arctic. Moore. Aubert, Yellow. -f Bavay Green Gage. De Soto, -i- Diamond, Black ^.s). -t-Drap d"Or (s). -i-Duane Purple (s). -f-Englebert (s). +German Frxtne (s). —Golden Drop. Coe (s). 4-Grand Duke (s). Green Gage. — Hudson River Purple Egg (s). — Hulings Superb (sK —Imperial Gage (s). -i- Jefferson (si. +Kingston (sk -f Lawrence Favorite (s). Lombard. —McLaughlin (s). Moldavka. + Monroe Egg (s). -fOrleans (s). -f Ottoman (s). ^Pond (Hungarian Prune). —Purple Gage (s). — Quackenboss >s). Richland, -f Shropshire (s). + Smith Orleans (s). -i- Transparent Gage (s). —Wales. Prince of (s). fWangenheim (st. ^Washington (s). Wolf. Yellow Egg. De Soto. Forest Garden. Agen (French, Petite, etc. ) (s> Columbia. Dosch. Italian (Fellenberg). German Prune. Golden Drop. Coe. Golden Pmne. Pond {Hungarian Prune). Silver Prune. Tragedy. Yellow Egg. UPPER AUSTRAL ZOXE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Abundance. Agen I French, Petite, etc.) (n). Archduke (n). Bavay Green Gage (n). Bltecker Gage (n). Bradshaw On. Bur bank. Chab.:)t. Clinton. Columbia . imperial Gage (n). talian (Fellenberg) tn). efferson. [err { Hattankio -2 k Kingston (n). .^wrence Favorite in), orabard. liner. lonroe Egg < n ■. "ewman. Agen ' French. Petite, etc > Bavav Green Gage. Bradshaw. Cherry. Clyman. Columbia. German Prune. Golden Drop. Coe. Golden Prune. Imperial Gage. Italian. Kanawha. Lombard. McLaughlin. Peach. Pond (Hungarian Prune). Sergent, Robe de. Shropshire. Silver Prune. Tragedy. Washingrton. Yellow Egg. 70 LIFE ZONES AND CROP ZONES. Zone ranges of plums {including prunes) — Continued. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE-Uontinued. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Ogon. Orleans (h). Ottoman (h). Peach in). Prince Yellou: Purple Favorite (»i). Purple ttaKe (n). Red Nngate. Richland (n). Robinson. Saratoga (n). Saunders (n). Satsunia. Shronshire. Smith Orleans (n). Transparent Gage (n). Washinprton (h). Wales. Prince of (n). Wantrenheim (»i). Wild (xoose. Willard. Yellow Egg («). LOWER AUSTRAL ZOXE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Agen ( French, Petite, etc. ). Abundance (Botan.). Kelsey. Caddo Chief. Burbank. Sat.suma. Columbia. Caddo Chief [western]. Wild Goose. El Paso. Caradeuc, De. German Prune. Chabot. Golden Drop, Coe. Cumberland. Italian ( Felleit berg). El Paso [western]. Jefferson. George.son ( Hattankio). Peach. Golden Beauty. Sergent, Robe cle. Kerr (Hattankio 2). Simon ( Prunus simonii). Indian Chief. Lone Star. Marianna. Miner. Newman. Red Nagate. Satsuma. Transparent, Yellow. Weaver. Wild Goose. STRAWBERRIES. Strawberries taken collectively have a wide range, special varieties being commercially profitable in everj^ zone from the lower edge of the Boreal in Canada to the semitropical strip bordering the Gulf of Mexico, Nevertheless, the strawberry is the product of cool temper- ate climates, and by far the larger number of varieties are found in the Transition and Upper Austral zones. STRAWBERRIES AND XUTS. 71 Zone ranges of strawberries. [Key.— (n). in northern part only: ^s>. in southern part only: t /\ information sufficiently posi- tive to make the listing necessary, but lacking such full verification as to require qualification.] TRANSITION ZONE. AUeghanian (eastern i area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Bubach No. 5. Crescent. Cumberland. Downing, Charles. Eureka (s). Haverland. Jessie. Michel Early (s). Miner. Sharpless. Wartield. Wilson. Bubach Xo. ;>. Captain Jack. Jessie {f). Bubach Xo. 5 ClRvk Seedling.^ Crescent. Everbearing. Jessie. Monarch. Perry. Sharpless. Vick. Wilson Albany. UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Bubach Xo. 5. Bubach Xo. 5. Crescent. Captain Jack. Cumberland. Clark Seedling.^ Downing. Charles. Crawford. Enhance. Jessie. Eureka. Longfellow. Gandv. Monarch. Greenville. Parker Earle. Haverland. Sharpless. Jersey Queen. Jessie. 'Michel Early. Thompson Xo. 7- Miner. Parker Earle. Sandoval. Sharpless. Warfield. Wood. Beder. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Australian Crimson. Burt. Longfellow. Monarch. Sharpless. Bubach Xo. ,' [n). Cloud [Mississippi Valley]. Crescent. Gandy (n). Hoffman. Michel Early. Parker Earle. Thompson. Lady. Warfield [Mississippi Valley]. Hoffman. Michel Early. Neunan. Thompson, Lady. 1 Markedly successful at Hood River. Oregon, where the Pacific or humid division of the Tran- sition zone merges into the arid L^pper Sonoran. NUTS. Our native Avild nuts, of which the butternut, chestnut, hazelnut, hickory nut, and black walnut are of some commercial importance, are not included in the table, which treats of cultivated kinds only. Peanuts are grown on a small scale in hot localities in the Caro- linian area, in Michigan and Nebraska, and to a greater extent in New Jersey and Delaware, but belong properly to the Austroriparian. Pecans thrive in the Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran areas, but do 72 LIFE ZONES AND CHOP ZONES. I)('s1 in Ww (Jiiir strip. Almonds, thoiij^h u^rown sparingly in the Austr<)rii)ariaii areti, do not fruit well, and are not a commercial suc- cess except in the Lower Sonoran area of California and Arizona, where they and Englisli walnuts are verj' important crops. Zoiio ranges of nnta. [Key.— (/i)i in hottest part only.] UPPER AUSTRAL ZONE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. r<'aintts (/(>. Kuro]>enn iralmits: Chaberte. Franquette. Mayette. Parisienne. Proeparturiens. Serotina. European chestnuts: Combale, Marron. De Lyon, Marron. Filberts and hazelnuts: Du Chilly. Lambert. Piedmont. Purple Leaf. Red Aveline. LOWER AUSTRAL ZONE. Lower Sonoran area. Austroriparian area. Gulf strip. Altnonds: Ahnonds.^ Peanuts. Blower.s. Brior. English walnuts.^ Pecans. Drake. Golden State. Peanuts. Gray [.southwestern Utah]. Harriott. Pecans. IXL. King Soft Shell. Languedoc. Lewelling. McCoy. No Plus Ultra. Nonpareil (Extra). Papor Shell. Routier, Nen\ Soft Shell, Routier. Supremo. Tarragona. Twin, Routier. Eurnpeati uutlnuts: Bijou. Chaberte. Cluster. Ford. Franquette. Gant (Bijou). Kaghazi. Mayotto. M<*sange ( Paper Shell). Mission ( l^os Angeles). Parisi«'nne }'ro>parturiens. Santa Barbara. Serotina, Peanuts. Perans. Pistnihio nut. Not commercially ^rown in the Austroriparian area. MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. MISCELLANEOUS CROPS. 73 This list is only the merest skeleton. Additions of all kinds, I^articulaiiy specific information respecting the ranges of definite varieties of garden vegetables, will be thankfully received. Zone ranges of misceUaneous crops. [Key. — (A I. in hottest part only: yn). in northern part only: (s i. in southern part only.] TRAXSITIOX ZOXE. Alleghanian (eastern i area. Arid Transition area. Pacific Transition area. Flax (s). Flax. Alfalfa is). Hops. Sugar beet. Hops. Maple sugar. White potatoes. Sugar beet (s,i. Sorghum (s). Sweet corn. Sugar beet. White potatoes. Sweet corn. White potatoes. UPPER AUSTRAL ZOXE. Carolinian area. Upper Sonoran area. Cowi)eas. Alfalfa. Flax. Cowpeas. Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Kafir com. Lima beans. Hemp. Sorghum. Lima beans. Sugar beet. Sorghum. Sweet potatoes {h). Sugar l:>eet {n^. Tobacco. Sweet potatoes. White potatoes. Tobacco White potatoes. LOWER AUSTRAL ZOXE. Lower Sonoran area. Axistroriparian area. Gulf strip. Alfalfa. Black wattle. Canaigi'e. Castor bean. Cork oak. Cotton. Cowpeas. Fiax (seed). Hemp. Mustard. Olive oil. Opium poppy. PjTethrum. Ramie. RoseUe. j^orghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tagasaste. Tobacco. China grass. Castor bean. Cotton. Cowpeas. Jute. Lima beans. Rice. Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tea. Tobacco. Turpentine. China grass i for fiber). Cotton. Jute. Rice. Sea Island cotton. Sorghum. Sugar cane. Sweet potatoes. Tobacco. Camphor. Coffee. TROPICAL FLORIDA. Ramie. Sisal hemp. Tobacco. INDEX. Page. Agricultural regions 12-13 Agriculture in California 14 Alfalfa 30, 45 Alleghanian area 20-24 Birds 20 Cereals 21 Flax 24 Fruits 21-24 Hops 24 Mammals 20 Maple sugar 24 Nuts..... 20-21 Sorghum 24 Sugar beet 24 Sweet corn 24 Trees 20 White potatoes 24 Almonds 45, 48 Amatungula 52 Apples — Alleghanian area 21-22 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 46 Caroliniau area 32-33 Gulf strip 50 Lower Sonorau area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonoran area 37-38 Zone ranges of 57-61 Apricots— Austroriparian area 47 Carolinian area 33 Lower Sonoran area 42 Upper Sonoran area 38 Zone ranges of 62 Arctic- Alpine zone 18-19 Birds 18 Mammals 18-19 Plants 18 Arid regions 15 Arid Transition areas 25-27 Birds 25 Cereals 25-26 Flax 27 Fruits 26-27 Mammals 25 Potatoes 27 Sugar beet 27 Austroriparian area 45-49 Birds 45 Castor-oil bean 49 Cereals 46 Pa^e. Austroriparian area — Continued. China grass 49 Cotton 49 Cowpeas 49 Fruits 4648 Jute 49 Lima beans 49 Mammals 45 Nuts 48 Rice 49 Sorghum 49 Sugar cane 49 Sweet potatoes 49 Tea 49 Tobacco 49 Trees 45 Turpentine 49 j Avocado 42,52 Banana 52 Barbados gooseberry 52 Barley— Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 46 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 Upper Sonoran area 37 Bergamot orange 49, 52 Birds— Alleghanian area 20 Arctic- Alpine zone 18 Arid Transition area 25 Austroriparian area 45 Canadian zone 19 Carolinian area 31 Gulf strip 49 Hudsonian area 19 Lower Sonoran zone 16 Lower Sonoran area 41 Pacific Coast Transition area 27 Transition zone 20 Tropical 52 Bitter oranges 49 Black currants 23 Black Avattle 45 Buckwheat — Alleghauian area 21 Arid Transition area 26 Carolinian area 31 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 California, development of agriculture 14 Camphor 53 75 76 INDEX. Pago. CaiiJitlian zono 19-20 Birds 19 Fruits 19-20 Mammals 19 Xuts 2(1 Cnnai«rn' 45 Cape jrooseberry 52 Caimllin 42 Caraunda 52 Carol) 42,52 Ciiroliiiian area 30-36 Hirds 31 Cereals 31 Cowiwas 36 Flax 36 Fruits 32-35 Hemp 36 Lima beans 36 Mammals 31 Nuts 36 Potatoes 36 Sorghum 36 Sugar beet 36 Sweet potatoes 36 Tobacco 36 Trees 31 Casliew nut 52 Castor-oil bean 45, 49 Cereals — Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 25-26 Austroriparian area 46 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 PaciHc Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonoran area 37 Zone, ranges of 56-57 Cherimoyer 42, 52 Cherries — Alleghanian area 23 Arid Transition area 26 Austroriparian area 47 Carolinian area 33 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 I'pper Sonoran area 38 Zone ranges of 62-64 Chestnuts — European 40 Moreton Bay 42 China grass 49, 51 Chinese quince 47, 50 Christ thorn 52 Citrons 42, 52 Citrus fruits 49-50, 52 Cocoanut 52 Cort.e 53 Cork oak 45 Corn— Alleghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 25 Austroriparian area 46 Candinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 I'acific Coast Transition area 29 Page. Corn— Continued. Ui)per Sonoran area 37 Zone ranges of .56-57 . Cotton— Austr()rii)arian area 49 Gulf strij) 51 Lower S(moran area 45 Sea Island or Egyptian for new sections. 11-12 Cowpeas— Austroriparian area 49 Carolinian area 36 Lower Sonoran area 45 Upper Sonoran area 40 Crab apples 22, 33 Cranberries — Alleghanian area 23 Carolini.in area 33 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Crop tables 56-73 Crops— Alleghanian area 21-24 Arid Transition area 25-27 Austroriparian area 46^9 Carolinian area 31-36 Gulf strip 49-51 Lower Sonoran area 42-45 Need of diversification of 9 Pacific Coast Transition area 27-30 Profitable for difl'erent climates 11 Tropical Florida 52-53 Tropical region 52-53 Upper Sonoran area 37-40 Carrants 23, 29 Custard apple 52 Dates 42, 52 Dewberry 47, 50 Downy myrtle 52 Egg fruit 52 Faunal areas— Alleghanian 20-24 Arid Transition 25-27 Austroriparian 45-49 Carolinian 30-36 Gulf strip 49-51 Lower Sonoran 41-45 Pacific Coast Transition 27-30 Tropical 51-53 Upper Sonoran 36-40 Faunas, special value of narrow extensions. 15-17 Figs 43.47,50 Filberts 40 Flax- AUeghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Carolinian .irea 36 Lower Sonoran area 45 Fruits- Alleghanian area 21-24 Arid Transition area 26-27 A ustrorijjarian area 46-48 Canadian zone 19-20 Carolinian area 32-35 G ulf strip 50 Lower Sonoran aroa 42-44 P.icific Coast Tran.sition area 29-30 INDEX. 77 Fruits— Coutinued. Page. Transition zone 20 Tropical Florida 52 Ginep or Spanish lime 53 Gooseberries .^. 30 Granadillas 43,50,53 Grapes — AUeghanian area 23 Arid Transition area 26 Austroripariau area 47 Carolinian area 33-34 Gulf strip 50 Lower Sonorau area 43 Pacific Coast Transition area 30 Upper Sonoran area 39 Zone ranges of 64-65 Guavas 43.51,53 Hazelnuts 40 Hemp 36, 40, 45 Hug plum 53 Hops 24, 30 Hudsonian zone 19 Birds 19 Mammals 19 Trees 19 Japanese persimmons 43. 47, 51 Jujube 43 Jute 49,51 Katir corn 40 Kaiapple 42 Kumquat 43,51,53 Lemuna 43. 49, 52 Lima beans 36,40,49 Limes 43, 52 Loquats 43, 51, 53 Lower Austral zone 41-51 Lower Sonoran area 41-45 Alfalfa 45 Birds '.... 16.41 Black wattle 45 Canaigre 45 Capullin 42 Castor-oil bean 45 Cereals 42 Cork oak 45 Cotton 45 Cowpeas 45 Flax 45 Fruits 42-44 Hemp 45 Mammals 41 Mustard 45 Xuts 45 Olives 43 Opium poppy 45 Plants 16. 41 Pyrethrum 45 Ramie 45 Hoselle 45 Sorghum 45 Sugar cane 45 Sweet potatoes 45 Tagasaste 45 Tobacco 45 Mammals — AUeghanian area 20 Arctic-Alpine zone 18 Mammals — Continued. Page. Arid Transition area 25 Austroripariau area 45 Canadian zone 19 Carolinian area 31 Hudsonian zone 19 Lower Sonoran area 41 Pacific Coast Transition area 27 Tropical region 52 Mammee apple 53 Mammee sapota 53 Mandarin 43. ."> J. 52 Mango 42. 53 Maple sugar 24 Mapping agricultural regions 1 2-13 Melon papaw 53 Miscellaneous crops — AUeghanian area 24 Arid Transition area 27 Austroripariau area 45 Carolinian area 36 Gnlf strip 51 Lower Sonoran area 45 Pacific Coast Transition area 30 Tropical Florida 53 Upper Sonoran area 40 Momtera deliciosa 53 Mulberries 43, 47 Mustard 45 Xectarines 34. 39. 44 Xuts— AUeghanian area 20-21 Austroripariau area 48 Canadian zone 20 Carolinian area 36 Gulf strip 51 Lower Sonorau area 43 Upper Scnoran area 40 Zone ranges of 71-72 Oats— AUeghanian area 21 Arid Transition area 25 Austroripariau area 46 Carolinian area 31 Lower Sonoran area 42 Pacific Coast Transition area 29 Upper Sonoran area 37 Zone range of 56-57 Olives 43 Opium poppy 45 Oran ges 43. 50. 52 Otaheite gooseberry 53 Pacific Coast Transition area 27-30 Alfalfa 30 Birds 27 Cereals 23 Fruits 29-30 Hops 30 Mammals 27 Potatoes 30 Shrubs 27 Sugar beet 30 Sweet corn 30 Trees 27 Peaches — Austroripariau area 43 Carolinian area 34 78 INDEX. IVaclies— f'ontimuMl. Gulf strip 51 Litwor Soiioniii urea 44 ra^ >^^. ..kZ. ^'•-•^^^#V *^--- '• ^•;.V» •?.#■*