fATE FLANT BOARD. 
 
 December 1944 . , j**630 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 AGRI CULTURAL RESEARCH ADMINI S TRATI ON 
 
 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 
 
 A REVIEW OF THE INSECTICIDAL USES OF ROTENONE ;j>ID 
 
 ROTENOIDS FROM DERRIS, LONCHOCARPUS (CUBE i\ND 
 
 TBffiO), TiPBROSIA, AND RELATED PUNTS 
 
 PART Villi HYMENOPTERA 
 
 Jy R. C» Roark, Division of Insecticide Investigations 
 
 1/ 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Pa£e 
 
 Introduction- 2 
 
 Hymenoptera 
 
 Apidae 2 
 
 Bra<gonidae 4 
 
 Cephidae 4 
 
 Diprionidae • 5 
 
 Formicidae 6 
 
 Tenthredinidae . 11 
 
 Vespidae (unidentified species) — — — — 27 
 
 Unidentified species of Hymenoptera n 27 
 
 Insect index — 28 
 
 Literature cited 32 
 
 Junior-author index 42 
 
 1/ 
 
 The manuscript of this publication was read in the following re- 
 search divisions of the Bureau and helpful suggestions were contributed: 
 Fruit Insect Investigations, Truck Crop and Garden Insect Investigations, 
 Cotton Insect Investigations, Insects Affecting Man and Animals, Insect 
 Identification, Control Investigations, Cereal and Forage Insect Investi- 
 gations, and Bee Culture. The reviewers in these divisions were, 
 respectively, B. A. Porter, W. H. White', U. C. Loftin, H. K. Stage, 
 C. F. W# Muesebeck, H. H. Richardson et al., C. M. Packard, and Jas. I. 
 Uambleton* 
 
 December 1944 
 
 
 
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 IMTROITDCTION 
 
 This is the eighth in a series of papers designed to review all 
 available information on the insecticidal uses of rotenone and the ro- 
 tenoids. Parts I -VI I have reviewed tests with derris, oube, timbo, 
 Tephrosia, Mundulea, and their, constituents on member a. of the Collem- 
 bola, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, "Odonata, IsopteFH;. Gorrodentia, Mallo- 
 phaga, Thysanoptera, Homoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura, Coleoptera, and 
 Lepidoptera. Apparently no tests, with the rotenone plants on Thysanura, 
 Ephemeroptera, or Flecoptera have been recorded. Part VIII, the present 
 paper, reviews the tests and recommendations for use on Hymenoptera. 
 
 EYMENOPTEPA 
 
 Apidae 
 
 Apis mellifera L,, the honeybee 
 
 In 19.19 Mclndoo, Sievers, and Abbott (80) extracted fine derris pow- 
 der successively rath five .solvents— petroleum ether, ether, chloroform, 
 alcohol, and water, in fivo different sequences. Water used as the pri- 
 mary solvent extracted 10.8 percent of the material. The extracts and 
 the marcs were added to honey. and were fed to honeybees. The extracts 
 were dissolved in alcohol (0.4 gm. in 10 cc, of 013-percent alcohol), 
 and 0,25 cc. of this . solution was mixed with 5 cc. of honey. The water 
 extract had no ..effect on the bees tested and the powder exhausted with 
 water killed 94 .percent of the bees within 43 hours. All the ether ex- 
 tracts were almost .equally toxic to honeybees. The poivders exhausted 
 vdth ether, chloroform, and alcohol (l/S gm. of powder mixed with 5 cc. 
 of honey) had. very little effect on bees. 
 
 In 1928 GInsburg..(36) reported that a suspension of derris (1:400) 
 killed 100 percent of the honeybees after 24 hours, and a suspension of 
 cube root (1:200) killed 100 percent after 48 hours. These suspensions 
 were mixed vdth honey and were fed to the bees. 
 
 who 
 Campbell (13) in 1932 referred to the work of Ginsburg/"compared the 
 
 susceptibility of aphids and honeybees to rotenone suspensions without 
 
 spreader. A dilution of 1:160,000 killed 83.2 percent of the aphids and 
 
 bne of 1:5,000 killed 74.5 percent of the bees in 24 hours. Honeybees 
 
 are evidently more resistant to rotenone suspensions than are aphids." 
 
 In 1932 Ginsburg and Schmitt (37) compared the contact insecticidal 
 actior. of rotenone and the pyrethrins. Honeybees were sprayed with 
 aqueous suspensions of rotenone and derris extract, and pyre thrum extract* 
 obtained by adding acetone solutions of these to water without a spreader. 
 Rotenone at 1:2,500 and derris root at 1:400 (equivalent to 1 part of ro- 
 tenone to 13,200 parts of water) killed 100 percent of the honeybees in 
 24 hours. Pyre thrum at 1:400 (equivalent to 1 part of pyrethrins to 
 44,000 parts of water) killed 89.3 percent of the bees in the same time. 
 
-3- 
 
 Gerard (33) in 1935 called attention to the poisoning of honeybees 
 caused by dusting blooming raspberries with derris dust for the control 
 of the raspberry beetle in 1934 in England, A microscopic examination 
 of the dead and dying bees revealed the presence of a fine brownish dust. 
 The entrances to the tracheae were thickly covered with the powder, and 
 Gerard suggested that the flying bees had died from actual suffocation 
 due to the tracheae becoming blocked rath the pov/der, whereas the dead 
 brood had been poisoned by being fed pollen in which this pov/der had 
 been mixed by the bees. 
 
 In 1935 Tischlcr (114) studied the mechanism by which derris kills 
 insects. Tests made wiTh insects such as bees led to the conclusion that 
 derris inhibits the utilization of oxygen by the tissues and that its 
 detrimental effects are general rather than specific to any organ. Ex- 
 periments in which bees were exposed to a stream of air passed over der- 
 ris pov/der and derris extracts, and to the build-up vapors of these der- 
 ris mater ials in a container confirmed the findings of other investiga- 
 tors that derris does not emit a toxic vapor. 
 
 In 1935, the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Ento- 
 mology and Plant Quarantine (118 ), reported the results of laboratory 
 tests on bees at Somerset, Md. Under laboratory conditions derris, cube, 
 and pyre thrum, were extremely toxic to bees, both as stomach poisons and 
 as contact sprays. 
 
 DeBussy et al. (14) in 1936 reported that this species is sensitive 
 to derris dust or spray. No reports of damage to bee culture in Holland 
 have been received. "■''..)• 
 
 In 1936 Ilundertmark (48) tested the rotenone and derris proprietary 
 products Derosil, Derrothan I, and Derrothan II on bees. All were toxic. 
 The dusts v/ere applied in the laboratory at the rate of 50 kg. per 
 hectare (44.5 lbs. per acre). 
 
 In 1936 Van der Laan (78) found that bees are sensitive to derris, 
 especially to dusts. In 1937 Bottcher (7) discussed the killing of bees 
 by insecticides, including derris. 
 
 Filmer (29) reported in 1957 that a dust containirg 0.75 percent of 
 rotenone, 20 to 35 percent of sulfur, and about 15 percent of copper, 
 applied by airplane to lima-bean fields on the evening of July 19 near 
 Findley, I\f. -J., was believed to be responsible for many dead bees found 
 nearby. The fact that nurse bees, as well o.s field bees, had been poi- 
 soned sug-ested that the rotenone dust has poisoned the nectar. To check 
 this theory, sugar solutions containing varying quantititos of rotenono 
 dusts wore fed to colonies of boes. Oil as of dusts containing 4 per- 
 cent of rotenone •./ere added to dilute sugar sirup to make up dilutions 
 ".ontaining the following amounts of rctcnono: 1:2,500 (= 0,4 percont); 
 1:1,250; 1:625; 1:317. Those diluti en fed to colonies of boos 
 were all toxic with the exception of the ]:2,500 dilution. The colony 
 fed this solution showed no sigrs of poisoning It up normally. 
 The other colonics showed symptoms of pons- L] day following the 
 feeding of the sirup, and in all colonics praotioi lly all the bees wore 
 killed within 72 hours. Th ral symptoms were similar to those duo 
 
to arsenical poisoning, -with "bees crawling from the hives, the abdomens 
 of many being greatly distended. To check the contact action'of rote- 
 none dusts several batches of bees were dusted directly" with an 0.75 — 
 percent dust and were then placed in. clean cages. Other hatches of bees 
 were placed in cages, the floors of which had heen dusted lightly with 
 0,75 percent-rotenone dust. A complete kill was obtained in 24 hours. 
 
 According to SteHwaag ( 112 ) in 1937, derris is. both a contact and 
 a stomach poison to bees. 
 
 Bcttcher (8_) in 1939 recorded the results of tests of derris and 
 rotenone upon bees. Rotenone had a lethal effect on bees as a stomach 
 and s. contact poison, but was ineffective by inhalation. The toxic ef- 
 fect was influenced but little by the temperature. The minimum lethal 
 dose of pure rotenone in a 0,2-percent concentration was 0.5 to' 11 micro- 
 grams. The median lethal dose was about 3 micrograms. From 0,6 to 1.7 
 micrograms gave mortalities of 25 to 33,5 percent at a temperature of 
 20°-34.5° C. Derris extracts (0,5 and 5,6 micrograms of rotenone) were 
 more effective than the saive amount of pure rotenone. The median lethal 
 dose was about 2.2 micrograms. From 25 to 33.5 percent of the bees 
 treated with about 1.1 micrograms of rotenone died within 3 days. Con- 
 centrations up to 0,02 percent of rotenone in sprays and to 1.75 percent 
 in dusts did not seriously injure either the workers or their brood, and 
 the injuries to bees collecting pollen and honey were insignificant. 
 Even when the concentration was 10 times as great, relatively few bees 
 succumbed to the treatment. Large-scale experiments in fields frequented 
 by bees confirmed these results. 
 
 In 1939 Downes (20) reported that a colony of honeybees under the 
 shingles of a house y^s destroyed with a *dust of derris powder (4 percent 
 rotenone). 
 
 Braconidae 
 
 DeBussy (it al. (14) in 1936 reported that full— grown braconids in 
 tobacco seed are verv sensitive to derris dust. 
 
 Cephidae 
 
 Janus integer (Nort.), the currant stem girdler 
 
 In 1958 the New York County Agents Training School (93) stated that 
 emergence of the currant stem girdler in Chautauqua County, W. Y. , exten- 
 ded over the period May 5 to June 10, with the most activity from May 20 
 to 28. Sprays containing nicotine, derris, or pyre thrum were not effec- 
 tive in limited' tests. 
 
 J 
 
- 5 - 
 
 Diprionidae 
 
 Diprion pini (L.) 
 
 In 1936 DeBussy et al. (M) reported tha^ larvae of (Lophyrus ) 
 Diprion pini were sensitive tg-a dust containing 0,25 p«roent of rote- 
 none. This insect on trees was controlled by this dust applied with a 
 motor-driven duster, 
 
 Houtzagers (47) in 1936 discussed control measures, stating that 
 there was only one practical method of control for the pine wasp, namely, 
 dusting with derris powder containing at least 0.5 percent of rotenone, 
 as soon as a part of the forest is infested. The derris powder should be 
 apolied at the rate of 20 to 25 kg* per hectare. The infestation usually 
 begins on the sunny exterior portions of the forest, and the beginning of 
 the infestation can be readily observed. If treated at this time, it is 
 sufficient to apply the derris dust to a strip 15 to 20 meters wide. By 
 operating in this way dusting an area of 2.5 hectares is sufficient to 
 protect a forest having an area of 10 hectares, thus reducing the per- 
 hectare cost of protecting the whole forest to 20 guilders per hectare. 
 If the infestation has proceeded too far, the cost of the dusting is ex- 
 cessive and the only thing to do is to let the infestation run its 
 course. 
 
 Klinger ( 73 , 74 ) in 1936 reported that rotenone-talc dust (0.15 mg, 
 of rotenone per 415 sq, cm.) killed none of the fourth instars and a 
 rotenone spray (0.18 mg, per 500 sq, cm.) killed only 5 percent in 8 days. 
 
 Van der Laen (78) in 1936 reported control with derris dust applied 
 by a power duster. 
 
 An anonymous writer (3) in 1937 wrote that in the Netherlands dust- 
 ing tests with a 0,5-percent concentration of rotenone against this 
 species produced good results* 
 
 In 1938 the Koloniarl Instituut of Amsterdam (77) in the Nether- 
 lands reported that one of the principal usae of derris dust (0.5 to 
 0.75 percent rotenone) during 1937 was for combating this species. 
 
 Spoon et al. ( 109 ) in 1937 compared the insecticidal value of derris 
 powder and of Loncho carpus powder, both containing equally high amounts 
 of rotenone and ether extract. Against the larvae the derris-diatoma- 
 ceous earth (0.5 percent rotenone) dust was about 1^- times as effec- 
 tive as the Lonchocarpus dust* 
 
 Diprio n simile ( u tg.), the introduced pine sawfly 
 
 McDaniel (84) in 1939 recommended a dust containing 0,75 percent of 
 rotenone, although .--bout 72 hours was necessary to obtain any indication 
 o kill. Cryolite and calcium arsenate dusts more effectr* . 
 
-6- 
 
 Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), the European spruce sawfly 
 
 MacAloney (82) in 1936 reported, under the name Diprion polytomum , 
 that derris showed premise, and Potts (101, 102 ) in the same year re- 
 ported that derris extract, 0.5 pound to 100 gallons of -water (contain- 
 ing 0.5 percent linseed ; oil), and derris powder (4 -percent rotenone), 
 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water (containing 0.5 percent linseed oil), 
 were very effective. Final observations on sprayed plots showed ex- 
 cellent control by derris extract, derris, lead arsenate, calcium ar- 
 senate, and lime-sulfur. Poor control resulted from nicotine in any 
 form, pyrethrum, bordeaux mixture, and phenothiazine. 
 
 1'Ieo diprion lecontei (Fitch), the red-headed pine saivfly 
 
 Hamilton (41) in 1938 reported that larvae on white pine trees were 
 controlled 100 percent by a spray of derris or cube powder (4 percent 
 rotenone) at 4 pounds per 100 gallons .of water plus 4 pounds of rosin- 
 residue' emulsion. The spray acts as a contact poison. The effective 
 period was 4 to 6 days and full-grown larvae were fairly easily killed. 
 
 McDaniel (84)- in 1939 recommended a dust containing 0.75 percent of 
 rotenone, although about 72 hours was necessary to obtain any indication 
 of kill. Cryolite and calcium arsenate dusts were more effective.' 
 
 Neo diprion pine turn (iTort.), the white-pine sawfly 
 
 See McDaniol (84) under N. lecontei (Fitch). 
 
 He o diprion s] 
 
 'r» 
 
 Potts (103) in 1937 reported that derris (4 percent rotenone) at 
 1:500 and 1:1,000 was very effective both as # a stomach poison and as s. 
 contact spray against the larvae in laboratory tests. 
 
 Formicidae 
 
 Anoplolepis lonp;ipes ( Je rd . ) 
 
 According to Van der Vecht ( 119 ) in 1938, some small-scale tests 
 against the "gramange" ant ( Plag;iolepis ) Anoplolepis longipes gave un- 
 satisfactory results. If the treatment is to be done properly, so much 
 powder must be used that the control would not be profitable in most 
 cases. . , - 
 
 Camponotus herculeanus (7,. ) 
 
 In 1933 Lindblom (80 ) reported that when derris • powder was strewn 
 around in the room or paths where these ants were prevalent, or was 
 blown into cracks or holes in the walls, complete kills were obtained. 
 
-7- 
 
 Camponotus S p # „ .- 
 
 (81) 
 In 1934 Li ndb lorn/wrote that when blown into their nests in' hollow 
 trees, derris powder was fairly satisfactory. 
 
 Downes (20) in 1939 reported remarkable success with derris powder 
 containing 4 percent of rotenone. No matter where the nest was situated 
 or how extensive the infestation, if the powder could be placed where the 
 ants must walk through it and thus get some of it on their bodies, the 
 colony could be exterminated rapidly. 
 
 Dolichcderus ( Hypoclinea ) bidens (L. ) 
 
 Reijne ( 104 ) in 1919 reported that of various sprays used, carbolic 
 acid and Fhytophiline gave the best results, but the high cost of the 
 latter precluded its use. I'lekoe water (probably an infusion of cube 
 root) was useless. [According to some reports the proprietary product 
 Fhytophiline contains rotenone and rotenoids.] 
 
 Dclichoderus bi tub erculatus (Kayr ) 
 
 According to Van der Vecht (119) in 1936, the black cacao ant is 
 very sensitive to derris. Dusting, with derris powder (rotenone 0.5 per- 
 cent) or spraying with suspensions containing rotenone at 1:10,000 is 
 usually effective. 
 
 Formica rufa L. 
 
 Lindblom (80) in 1933 reported results obtained rath derris against 
 mound-building, or fallow, ants. Derris was spread in a ring around the 
 anthill, . so that the insects had to come in contact with it on entering 
 or leaving the mound. The ants at first hesitated before crossing the 
 strip of powder but later did so freely. Eight or ten minutes after 
 having' been in contact with the derris, the ants began to lose control 
 of their movements and later became paralyzed arid died. The foil ova ng 
 day an area of 8 to 10 meters from the mound was covered with dead or 
 half-dead ants. At intervals of a few days more derris was strewn 
 around, until 1,5 kg. had been used. Four weeks later the mound was 
 opened, and it was found that every insect had been destroyed. 
 
 Iridomyrmex humilis teayr, the Argentine ant 
 
 J. E. Eckert, (26a) in 1940 reported that he had found derrie powder, 
 lightly sprinkled where the ants enter, very effective in keeping these 
 ants out of the honey house and away from colonies of bees in the apiary 
 and from entering his own home. Since, afte^ 4 or 5 days, the ants 
 seemed to be about as numerous as before, he concluded that the material 
 must act more as a repellent than as a definite poison. 
 
Kyrmica rubra. (L. ) 
 
 In 1935 Van der Schoer ( 106 ) reported that red ants were controlled 
 "by spraying with rotenone emulsion 1:80,000. Rotenone was dissolved in 
 benzene and this was emulsified in water with Igepon T. 
 
 Red ants were used by Spoon and Van der Laan (108) in 1935 in eval- 
 uating derris dusts and sprays. It was concluded that in rating derris 
 products first consideration should be given to rotenone content „ 
 
 DeBussy et al. (14) in 1936 reported that these ants are sensitive 
 to derris dust (rotenone 1 percent) and derris spray (rotenone 1:5,000), 
 but that the effect does not appear immediately. An entire city garden 
 in Amsterdam was dusted with derris pov/der containing 7 percent of rote- 
 none and 17 percent of ether extract. TTo ants could be found after 10 
 days . 
 
 Van der Laan (78) in 1936 reported these ants as sensitive to derris 
 
 Spoon et al.- (109) in 1937 stated that Derris and Lonchocarpus pow- 
 ders were each diluted with diatomaceous earth to rotenone contents of 
 0,5, 0.75, and 1,0 percent and tested against this species. Derris dust 
 was twice as effective as Lonchocarpus dust of the same content of rote- 
 none and ether extract. 
 
 The Mysore (India) Agricultural Department (89) in 1938 reported 
 that derris powder (7 percent rotenone and 22 percent ether extract) 
 was effective against red ants. 
 
 Oecophylla smaragdina ( F . ) 
 
 In 1936 Van der Vecht (119) stated thai; although spraying and dust- 
 ing the nests of the "nangrang" ant with derris powder plus talc (rote- 
 none l-l/3 percent) and derris powder in water (rotenone 1:2, 000 ) killed 
 a great many ants, it did not seem, possible to eradicate the ants com- 
 pletely in this way. 
 
 Frenolepis sp. 
 
 The British Guiana Department of Agriculture (l_3) in 1934 reported 
 that an aqueous extract of haiari gave excellent results against an un- 
 determined species of ant, probably Pr enol epi s , infesting coffee trees. 
 
 Solenopsis geminata (F„), the fire ant 
 
 Travis (116) In 1939 reported the results of tests of soil treat- 
 ments for the' control of the fire ant. Commercial derris powder was 
 applied in sufficient quantities to cover the colony mound with a thick 
 coating of dust. At the time of application, the colony was stirred 
 with a stick to expose as many ants as possible to the powder. Three 
 hours after treatment many partially paralyzed ants were seen, and large 
 numbers of dead ants were carried from these colonies during the follow- 
 ing week,, One week after treatment 20 percent of the colonies showed no 
 activity, but 3 months later all woro active and appeared normal . 
 
29* 
 
 Solenopsis sp. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture of British Guiana (_13) in 1934 pub- 
 lished results of tests of cold "water, hot water, and carbon tetrachlor- 
 ide extracts of the bark, stems, and leaves of fresh young shoots of 
 haiari against the red stinging ' ants. None of the extracts had any 
 effect on them. 
 
 Tetramorium caespitum (L, ), the pavement ant 
 
 Walker and Anderson ( 121 ) in 1937 reported that in 1935 a derris 
 spray applied around the base of infested eggplants at Norfolk, Va,, was 
 not effective against the pavement ant. In 1936 derris fumigant powder, 
 containing 5 percent of rotenone, killed a few of the ants and appeared 
 to have a slight temporary repellent action, but the ants soon returned 
 and eventually killed two of the plants. Finely ground derris powder 
 was used undiluted as a dust containing 5 percent of rotenone, and di- 
 luted with both sulfur and talc to make dusts each containing 1 percent 
 of rotenone, and with finely ground tobacco to make a dust containing 
 0.75 percent of rotenone. None of these materials had any noticeable 
 effect on either the ants or the plants, the ants continuing to feed on 
 the eggplants in the presence of derris. 
 
 Formicidae (unidentified species) 
 
 Wood (123) in 1912 reported that a preparation made by adding 2 v.oJ 
 pounds of crushed fresh derris root to 2 imperial gallons of boiling 
 water, soaking it for a few hours and then diluting it by adding 1 quart 
 of this stock solution to 2 gallons of water, repelled ants from a bed 
 of germinating celery without damaging the plants. 
 
 Gilmer (34) in 1923 wrote that derris is fully the equal of pyreth- 
 rum as a check against ants. 
 
 Lindblom (81) in 1934 published directions for destroying red, yel- 
 low, and black American lawn ants in Sweden by strewing pure derris pow- 
 der in a narrow circle around the anthill or in places where the ants 
 will come in contact with the powder, 
 
 Stanco, Inc., in 1934 first advertised Flit pov/der, a pyrethrum pro- 
 duct with 1 percent of "rotenone extractive"* According to a label re- 
 ceived in 1937 from the manufacturer, Flit Powder contains 94 percent of 
 pyrethrum flowers, 1 percent "extract tubatoxin"- and 5 percent of inert 
 ingredients. It is recommended for control of ants. 
 
 Wiles and Wiles (88) in 19 35 wrote that, for the control of ants in 
 glasshouses, derris dust may be blown into crevices and cracks. 
 
 DeBussy et al . (14) in 1936 reported that ants are sensitive to der- 
 ris dust (rotenone 1 percent) and derris spray (rotenone 1:5,000), but 
 that the effect does not appear immediately. An entire city garden in 
 Amsterdam was dusted with derris powder containing 7 percent of rotenone 
 and 17 percent of ether extract. No ants could be found after 10 days. 
 
 STATE 
 
 .^BOABD 
 
-10- 
 
 The Idaho Agricultural Experiment (53) in 193S reported results of 
 preliminary tests made with a cube-kaolin dust mixture containing 0,02 
 percent of rotenone. This mixture, applied in the center and over the 
 top of an anthill, killed most of the colony, and a second application 
 2 weeks later usually served to exterminate it. Occasional light dustings 
 of the mixture around shrubbery or ornamentals or at places where the in- 
 sects entered the buildings effectively controlled ants. 
 
 In 1936 the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam (75) reported that ants 
 can be destroyed with the help of derris. 
 
 Van der Laan (78) in 19 36 stated that ants are rather sensitive to 
 derris . 
 
 McDaniel (83) in 1936 published directions for ant control in houses 
 and on lawns. After discussing sprays, fumigants, and poison baits he 
 stated that poison dusts, such as borax, pyrethrum, derris, or some of 
 the fluorine compounds, should be distributed where the ants will walk 
 through it, and the barrier kept there as long as ants are present. 
 Poison dusts are satisfactory only when dry, Neither borax, nor pyre- 
 thrum, nor derris are poisonous to higher animals. 
 
 Schoevers ( 107 ) in 1936 wrote a general account of derris in which 
 mention was made of its use to control ants. 
 
 In 1936 Van der Vecht ( 119 ) stated that in the Netherland Indies 
 only a few ants were recorded as injurious. Although ants are very sen- 
 sitive to derris, it is doubtful whether any use of derris on a larger 
 scale would be practicable. Ants which, for example, attend inj\.irious 
 plant lice on cultivated plants can be killed by dusting or spraying; 
 but unless the nests are eradicated, success is short-lived. The use of 
 derris in baits has shown some promise. Derris has demonstrated some 
 use as an ant repellent; floors dusted with it were avoided by these in- 
 sects, but the powder must be regularly renewed. 
 
 Dietz (19) in 19 38 advised the housewife on control of ants. If a 
 poisonous material is undesirable, use ground derris powder or, in an 
 emergency, use any one of the many common fly sprays once or twice a day, 
 
 Haude in 1939, in advertising literature published by John Powell & 
 Co,, New York, N. Y. , recommended dusting around the anthills with cube 
 or derris (0,75 percent rotenone), 
 
 Hackley (39) at the meeting of the California Pest Control Associa- 
 tion held at Oakland, Calif., in 1939, stated that some brands of derris 
 powder are very effective ant repellents until destroyed by light. 
 
 C. B. Dibble in a ".Bug Flash" in 1940 recommended derris or cube pow- 
 der as a barrier against ants in cupboards. 
 
Hackley (4-0) in 1941 wrote that- , some, derris powders effectively re- 
 pel ants for several days-. . This- repellent quality does not, jexist . 
 equally in all brands or types; some -that were tried were lacking in 
 this respect. The one that was most effective was very pungent and so 
 irritating to the nose and throat that care was needed to avoid the un- 
 pleasant effect. It seems likely that- the- value of. the powder lies in 
 this irritating quality. 
 
 Tenthredinidae 
 
 Athalia colibri (Christ. ) 
 
 DcBussy et al. (14) in 1936' roportod that larvae were successfully 
 controlled with a derris dusting mixture-. 
 
 Trappmann and Nitsche ( 115 ) in 1935 reported on the action of rote- 
 none and pyrethrins on various insects. A pyreth rum- talc dust contain- 
 ing 0.15 percent of pyrethrins, a .rotenone-talc dust containing 0.15 
 percent of rotenone, a spray containing 0.15 percent of pyrethrins in 50 
 percent of Turkey- red. oil , and a spray containing 0.15 percent of rote- 
 none in the Turkey-red .oil were tested against a variety of insects. 
 The dusting "bell jar described by Lang and ~..elts (ITachrichtenbl . f. den 
 Deut. Pflanzenschutzdienst 10(9 ):75-76) was used *for the tests with the 
 dusts, and the balance described by the authors"(lbid. 14(5) :51-52. ) for 
 spray materials was used for the spray tests. In every case the dosage 
 was .regulated tc give a deposit of 0.18 mg. of pyrethrins or rotenone 
 per sq. cm,,. The tests were made with the insects in glass dishes 5.5 
 centimeters high -and 15 centimeters in diameter, 10 insects in each dish. 
 Rotenone spray killed only 10 percent of the larvae of this species 
 after 8 days. . • . 
 
 Riggort ( 105 ) in 1939 reported that three dusts containing both py- 
 rethrum and derris killed 99,5, 95.5, and S5.9 percent, respectively, of 
 the larvae within 24 hours in tests made in 1936; whereas two dusts, con- 
 taining pyrethrum only, killed 4.5 and 24.1 percent, respectively. 
 
 Caliroa aethiops (F. ), the rose sawfly 
 
 According to the (Tokyo) Institute of Physical and Chemical Research 
 (55) in 1927, Neoton, 1 pound in 40 imperial gallons of water, completely 
 exterminated larvae of the rose sawfly. 
 
 Gorham (38) in 1928 reported on the European rose sawfly in Nov; 
 Brunswick, Canada, It was found that, like other sawfly larvae, those 
 were very susceptible to the toxic action of derris dust and that thoy 
 dropped in a helpless condition within 2 hours after application. No 
 objectionable stains were left on the foliage or blooms o 
 
 In 1938 Parks and Piorstorff (97) of the Ohio Agricultural Exton- 
 sion Service, recommended spraying rath derris powdor (4 percent rote- 
 none) at the rate of 3 pounds in 100 gallons of water for the control 
 of tho rose slug on roses. 
 
-12- 
 
 Haude in advertising literature published by John Powell & Co., New 
 York, N. Y., in 1939 recommended cube or derris dust (0.75 percent rote- 
 none) or spray (4 pounds of powder of 4 percent r'oifenone content per 100 
 gallons) . 
 
 Caliroa cerasi (L»), the pear slug 
 
 In 1932 Andries (5) reported derrisol as effective against the pear 
 slug. 
 
 DeBussy et al . (14) in 1936 reported that this insect is sensitive 
 to derris dust. 
 
 According to an anonymous writer (2), the University of Bristol 
 Research Station at Long Ashton, England", in 1937 demonstrated control 
 by the use of combined washes containing white-oil emulsion and rotenone- 
 containing substances. 
 
 The Colorado Experiment Station (17) in 1937 stated that derris or 
 cube powder containing 3 percent of rotenone, at the rate of 4 pounds to 
 100 gallons of water, gave controls equal to those effected by lead ar- 
 senate. Rotenone dusts were also used on this slug. 
 
 Kearns and F'arsh (60) in 1937 recommended derris spray for control 
 and reported that the second brood is best controlled by the application 
 in raid- July of a spray containing 6 ounces of nicotine and l/2 pound of 
 wetter to 100 imperial gallons of water, or that 1.5 pounds of derris 
 or barbasco root, containing not less than 1.5 percent of crystalline 
 rotenone, may be substituted for the nicotine, 
 
 Evans (27) in 1938 reported that the pear slug (Caliroa cerasi (L.)) 
 in Tasmania Ts best controlled on fruit trees with lead arsenate but that 
 lead arsenate should not be used on plum or cherry trees when the fruit 
 is ripe or almost ready for picking] instead, any contact insecticide, 
 such as nicotine sulfate or derris, should be applied either as a spray 
 or as a dust. Hawthorn hedges surrounding gardens should be given two 
 applications of a derris dust, which acts as both a stomach and a con- 
 tact poison. The first application should be made during the first 
 fortnight in December and the second during the first fortnight in Feb- 
 ruary. The second application, which is intended for larvae of the sec- 
 ond generation, is the most important. v 
 
 Hamilton (41 ) in 1938 reported thatpear slugs on pear trees were 
 controlled 100 percent by a spray of derris or cube powder (4 percent 
 rotenone) at 4 pounds per 100 gallons of v/ater plus 4 pounds of rosin- 
 residue emulsion. The spray acts as a contact poison and as a repellent. 
 The effective period is 6 days. 
 
 According to the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (91) in 
 1938, derris or cube powder in water to which rosin-residue emulsion had 
 been added was shown to be effective against sawfly or pear slug larvae. 
 
-13- 
 
 Emphytus al"bicinctus Mats. var. meridional! s Takduchi 
 
 Oishi (96) in 1934 reported that the larvae can be killed by a der- 
 ris spray. 
 
 Fenusa pulsilla (Lep.) (Syn. , F. pumila) 
 
 Turner (117) in 1932 reported that cube extract in 1-percent oil 
 emulsified v/ith pov/dered milk (cube extract 1:25,000) killed 74 percent 
 of the larvae in mines; the check oil killed 3 percent. 
 
 Hoplocampa flava (L. ) 
 
 Kearns, Harsh, and Martin (Si) in 1935 reported trials carried out 
 the previous year at Long Ashton, England, with combined sprays for the 
 control of "red spider, caterpillar, and plum sawfly 1 ' on plums. At 
 Pinvin trials were carried out on trees of the Czar variety. Double 
 spraying was employed, and two types of spray were tested in the second 
 application. For the first application, on Kay 11, 7 days after petal 
 fall, a spray containing lead arsenate and nicotine v. r as used. The sec- 
 ond application was made on Kay 29, when half the trees sprayed on Kay 
 11 received an oil and lead arsenate spray. The remaining half of these 
 trees were sprayed on May 29 v/ith a derris-lead arsenate spray of the 
 follov/ing composition: Ground derris root (2 percent crystalline rote- 
 no ne ) 2 pounds, lead arsenate pov/der ( 300-m.esh) 4 pounds, Lethalate 
 wetting preparation 8 ounces, and vater 100 gallons. The control of the 
 plum sawfly v/as in no case satisfactory, as the first spray was applied 
 before oviposition v/as completed, v.hcreas the second spray did not pro- 
 vide any material control of wandering sawfly larvae. 
 
 The University of Bristol Agricultural and Horticultural Research 
 Station at Long Ashton, England (_ll), in 1936 .reported that carefully timed 
 applications of nicotine and arsenate sorays did not provide a satis- 
 factory control of the plum sawfly, Derris was the most satisfactory 
 spray. 
 
 Jancke and Maercks (57) in 1936 reported the following results v/ith 
 pure rotenone: On blooming twigs, a 0,75-percent solution killed 51 per- 
 cent of the eggs of the plum sawfly and a 0,5-percent solution killed 35 
 percent; on twigs that had ceased blooming, a 0,5-percent solution killed 
 58 percent of the eggs and a 0,75-percent solution killed 73 percent. 
 
 Leib (79) in 1936 reported the results of tests of a commercial 
 derris product applied as a spray at 0,4-pcrcent concentration against 
 the plum sav/fly; 81 to 95 percent of the fruit treated 3 times at 4- to 
 5-day intervals v/ith this spray v/as sound., without holes. 
 
 Petherbridge and Thomas (98) in 1936 reported on the control of the 
 plum sawfly in England v/ith derris. Two sprayings (derris 0,8 pound, 
 spreader 3 pints, or sulfonated lorol l/3 pound, water 40 imperial gal- 
 lons) gave bettor results than did spraying i.ith nicotine sulfate (10 
 ounces) plus lead arsenate (l pound) to 40 imperial gallons. Only 5,2 
 percent of the damsons on the trees sprayed with derri injur 
 whereas the unsprayed trees showed 16.7 percent damage. One dusting 
 
-14- ' 
 
 \vith a derris dust (0.2 percent rotenone) was not satisfactory. In the _ 
 case of a bad attack they recommended spraying twice with 'derris, 0.8 
 pound plus 5 ounces of a spreader in 40 imperial" gallons, 'when the ; cots 
 (receptacles) are beginning to split, and also a week later, --•'-' 
 
 Steer ( 110 ) in 1936 reported that the use of ■ d'erri's " agains.t the 
 plum sawfly apparently was not a marked success, but that observations . 
 made in 1934 suggested that it might with advantage be used. iri ; a dry 
 forai against migrating larvae when the first signs of secondary attack 
 are observed. 
 
 Kearns and Marsh (60) in 1937 recommended derris br derris extract 
 as. a spray for control of the plum sawfly in England, The spray should 
 contain not less than 0,004 percent of crystalline rotenone; The trees 
 should be sprayed about May 10-20 and "again 7 days later. Barbasco or 
 any other rotenone-containing material may be used as a substitute for 
 derris, provided it is suitable for use with a white-oil emulsion. 
 
 Kearns, Marsh, and Martin (63) in 1937 reported that a refined pe- 
 troleum oil proved more effective than a water-soluble spreader as a 
 supplement for rotenone-containing sprays applied for the control of the 
 plum sawfly. 
 
 Petherbridge and Thomas (99) in 1937 recommended the following" spray 
 for the control of the plum sawfly when the fruit-tree red spider or the 
 plum thrips is troublesome: Mineral-oil emulsion 3-l/5 pints, derris 12 
 ounces, water 40 imperial gallons. Used against the plum sawfly, derris 
 with the oil was better than derris with sulfonated lorol. The fruit- 
 tree red spider and the thrips were controlled only by the derris-oil 
 spray, 
 
 Jary and Austin (58) in 1938 reported that heavy attack^ by the plum 
 sawfly in Kent, England, were controlled commercially by applications of 
 derris and derris-petroleum-oil sprays, 
 
 Kearns end Martin (65) in 1938 recommended a spray containing 0.67 
 gallon of actual oil and~T pound of derris or Lonchocarpus ground root 
 (rotenone 4 percent) in 100 imperial gallons of water for the control- of 
 the plum sawfly. Oil emulsion gave better results than a water-soluble 
 wetter, but if for any reason the latter is preferred- 0,5; pound of Agral-2, 
 or Lethalate Wetting Preparation, or sulfonated lorol, per 100 gallons , 
 may be used. One drenching application made just before the hatching of 
 most of the eggs controls not only the sawfly but also the red spider. 
 An extract of Lonchocarpus . nicou gave a more potent combined spray than did 
 the powdered root. 
 
 Steor and Hassan ( 111 ) in 1938 reported that in field spraying trials 
 on the control of the plum sawfly on Czar plums, ,one spraying with dor- 
 ris gave substantially as good a result as did two sprayings. Derris, at 
 0,2 percent (equivalent to a crystalline rotenone. content of 0,004 per- 
 cent), in conjunction with soap, gave an adoquate measure of control if 
 applied at any time during the 7 to 10 days following petal fall. An 
 unusually low concentration of dorris (equivalent to about 0.002 per- 
 cent crystalline rotenone)- gave vory promising results. Nicotine at 
 0,05 percent and lead arsenate paste at 0,4 percent were each ineffec- 
 tive, whereas a preparation of thiodi phenyl amine at 0.1 percent • 
 
-15- 
 
 was only partially successful. The. derris. powder contained 10,4 percent 
 of ether extractives and 2.14 percent of rotenone. The soap was prepared 
 by dissolving 3 ounces of caustic soda in 50 gallons of water and then 
 adding a pint of commercial brown oleine. On each occasion the spraying 
 was followed by rain. 
 
 Hoplocampa minuta (Christ.) 
 
 Ahlberg (4) in 1934 reported spraying experiments to kill the eggs 
 of this plum sawfly. The sprays tested included pyre thrum and derris 
 preparations, and the- trees were sprayed immediately before as well as 
 during and after blooming. These sprays have given no results up to now. 
 
 The Yiageningen Plantenziektenkundige Dienst ( 120 ) in 1934 reported 
 that rotenone, 1:10,000 with 0,2 percent of Agral I, was sprayed on plum 
 to control this species. The results could not be ascertained because 
 the insects were repelled. Rotenone 1:5,000 with 0.1 percent of Agral 
 I, was sprayed on plum on May 3 arid Kay 15, 1933, with satisfactory re- 
 sults. 
 
 DeBussy et al . (14) in 1936 reported that sprays of derris having 
 a rotenone concentration of 1:5,000, 1:8,000, and 1:10,000, plus a 
 spreader, applied immediately after the appearance of the eggs, gave 
 good control of this Species. A concentration .of rotenone 1:13,000 
 proved too dilute to be effective. 
 
 -In 1936 Van der Laan (78) reported that this species may be control- 
 led with derris dust. 
 
 Hoplocampa pyricola Roh. 
 
 Yago (124) in 1933 wrote that this spocies, formerly abundant in 
 pear orchards 1 in Shidzuoka, Japan, had become scarce, probably owing to 
 the use of insecticides, including derris. 
 
 Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) 
 
 Austin, Jary, and Margin (6) in 1932 reported that a Polvo-soap 
 solution was prepared by the (addition of l/3 gallon of brown commercial 
 oleic acid to 100 gallons of wator containing 1 pound of flake caustic 
 soda. Polvo at the rato of 2-l/2 pounds per 100 gallons was stirred in- 
 to a smooth past with a little of the soap solution and then added to 
 the bulk of the solution in the spray tan];. This gave a control of tho 
 apple fruit sawfly similar to that given by nicotine at 8 ounces per 
 100 imperial gallons. Katakilla (5 pounds per l.OC imperial gallons of 
 water) gave oqually good control. 
 
 The Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station of the "Univer- 
 sity of Bristol, England (10), in 1933 stated that dorris emulsion, 
 ground derris root in a soap" suspension, pyrethrum ':mulsion, and colloi- 
 dal lead arsenate xvere tosted against the apple sawfly, the derris emul- 
 sion giving results equal to the nicotine spray v.hich, when applied 5 to 
 8 days after petal fall, had given the highest control. 
 
.-16- 
 
 The ^ East Mailing Research Station (_23), Kent, England,, in 1933 re- 
 ported that a derris dust of known composition was applied at night to 
 apple trees infested with the apple fruit sawfly. 
 
 The dust was applied by means of a hand duster on June 22 at 
 8 p,m# Tllhite sheets were placed under the dusted trees, while 
 other sheets were placed under adjoining trees, which were left as 
 controls. The weather proved to be bitterly cold for the time of 
 the year (the temperature registered only 1° above freezing soon 
 after midnight), but in spite of this a number of larvae came out, 
 as usual, after dusk. The observations were contined each night, 
 and after 4 nights more than 100 larvae were removed from the white 
 sheets under each dusted tree, while an average of 23 larvae were 
 collected from each of the sheets under the control trees. 
 
 Kearns, Harsh, and Pearce (64) in 1933 reported that derris spray 
 gave a good measure of control of the apple sawfly. Commercial experi- 
 ence with derris as a means of controlling apple pests in England is 
 limited and the results have been variable. The indifferent results. are 
 probably due to the use of too low a concentration of the toxic princi- 
 ple (rotenone). Derris is used mainly in two forms for the preparation 
 of sprays: (a) Finely ground derris root added to a weak soap solution, 
 and (b) an oiT emulsion consisting of a derris extract in a mineral 
 or vegetable oil. The duration of effective toxicity after application 
 of seme preparations may be several days, but critical data on this point 
 are not available for apple pests. Derris dusts have not been used to 
 any extent on apples. 
 
 Kearns and Swarbrick (68) in 1933 reported further observations on 
 the control of the apple sawfly. Among the sprays tested were the fol- 
 lowing: (l) derris-soap solution: 2.5 pounds of finely ground derris 
 root, 10 pounds of soft soap, 100 imperial gallons of water (rotenone 
 0.004 percent, which was sufficient to kill the young larvae provided 
 it came in contact with them). This spray possessed good spreading prop- 
 erties. (2) Derris emulsion: A proprietary spray consisting of a derris 
 extract in a rape-oil emulsion and applied at a concentration represent- 
 ing approximately l c percent of the rape oil and an undetermined content 
 of rotenone. The emulsion wetted the fruitlets thoroughly, Those sprays 
 were applied 7 days after petal fall. Trees sprayed with the derris 
 emulsion had 9.2 percent of infested fruits and those sprayed with derris- 
 soap had 15,1 per cent, as compared with 41 n percent in the untreated 
 check. The best control (2.7 percent of infested fruits) was given by 
 nicotine fo fluid ounces of 98 percent nicotine, 2,5 pounds of Agral I 
 as activator and spreader, 10C imperial gallons of water) applied 6 days 
 after peta] fall, Derris-soap did not give good results because it 
 killed only exposed larvae and not those in burrows. The derris emulsion 
 reduced the infestation to 9.2 percent and possibly owed its increased 
 efficacy, as compared with the derris soap, mainly to the ease with which 
 it penetrated the larval burrow because of the presence of the oil. 
 
-17- 
 
 Kearns and Walton (70) in 1933 reported tests with derris spray (2.5 
 or 5 pounds of derris powder containing 1.72 percent of rotenone, and 10 
 pounds of spraying soap per 100 imperial gallons) and derris emulsion 
 (derris extract in rape oil). The proprietary derris emulsion gave a 
 good control of the apple sawfly, whereas the derris in soa.p^ suspension 
 gave a poor control. 
 
 The East falling Research Station_(24_) of Kent, England, in 1934 
 stated that derris in both wet and dry form was tried against the apple 
 sawfly. Derris dust prevents oviposition by this insect. . 
 
 Hey, Moore, and Steer (44) in 1934 made the following recommendation 
 for the control of the apple sawfly: 
 
 The object of a petal-fall application for sawfly is to kill 
 the eggs and so to prevent infestation of the fruits.. If, for any 
 reason, this spray is omitted, some loss can still be avoided. 
 Examine the trees about a fortnight after petal fall and, if tunnels 
 under the skin or holes in the sides of the fruitlets are seen, 
 apply a derris dust immediately to protect the remaining uninjured 
 fruits. If the dust is washed off by rain within 10 days of appli- 
 cation, then dust again. 
 
 Hey and Steer (45, 46) in 1934 reported experiments undertaken to 
 determine the relative value of control measures against the apple saw- 
 fly adults by means of derris j against the eggs by means of nicotine j and 
 against the young larvae by means cf (a_) petal-fall applications of der- 
 ris, barium silicofluoride, and lead arsenate, and (b) post-petal-fall 
 applications of 'derris, barium silicofluoride, lead arsenate, and nico- 
 tine; and against the migrating larvae by means of derris and nicotine. 
 The derris contained 2.71 percent of crude rotenone end was used at the 
 rate of 2 pounds per 100 imperial gallons plus 8 pounds of soft soap. 
 The derris dust consisted of 10 percent of derris and 90 percent of 
 china clay. The report states: 
 
 When used primarily against the larvae, nicotine and derris 
 were of approximately equal value at the concentrations used. In 
 addition to killing those larvae vath which it comes into contact, 
 nicotine probably kills the unhatched eggs remaining at the time of 
 spraying. On the other hand, derris is probably toxic only to the 
 larvae, though its residual contact properties give it an advantage 
 over nicotine which compensates for its presumed lack of ovicidal 
 effect. 
 
 As a dust the scope of derris appears to be restricted to its 
 uses (a) as a means of preventing oviposiuion by killing the adults 
 and (b"J as a means of arresting secondary infestation by migrating 
 larvae. For the latter purpose derris-soap and nicotine-soap sprays 
 also seem effective. 
 
. -18- 
 
 Ficotine (95-98 percent) ?/as used at the rate of 8 ounces per 100 
 imperial gallons plus 8 pounds of soft soap. 
 
 The authors' conclusions, were as follows: 
 
 (A) The adult is susceptible to a derris dust. 
 
 (B) The egg is (at any stage of its incubative period) suscep- 
 tible to nicotine and soap--a fact of vast importance in commercial 
 spray practice. 
 
 (C) The newley hatched larva appears to be equally susceptible 
 to nicotine and to derris (each with-.soap) at the concentrations 
 used, but in the case of nicotine (applied a week after petal fall) 
 it is difficult to differentiate exactly between an effect on the 
 egg and an effect on the larva. Arsenate of lead and barium silico- 
 fluoride (each with gelatine) were of about equal value at the con- 
 centrations used, and were each much less efficient than nicotine. 
 
 '" . (d) The migrating larva. Secondary infestation by migrating 
 larvae, an important phase of sawfly attack, was arrested by a der- 
 ris dust, by derris and soap, and by nicotine and soap, each applied 
 eighteen days after petal fall. 
 
 The same authors observed that migrating larvae of the apple sawfly 
 were controlled best by derris dust (0.19 percent rotenone). Derris- 
 soap reduced the secondary attack but was less effective than the dust. 
 
 M. H. Moore, of the East Mailing Research Station (25), in 1934 re- 
 ported field tests of combined derris-fungicide sprays. ~" Derris contain- 
 ing 2.7 percent of rotenone was sprayed on Cox's Orange Pippin apple 
 trees at the rate of 2 pounds per 100 imperial gallons admixed with lime- 
 sulfur and sulfite-lye liquid concentrate (sp. gr. l.S). The derris pro- 
 gram was as follows: 
 
 At green-bud Derris (2 pounds) + sulfite-lye (6 pints) 
 At pink-bud Lime-sulfur (1:40) + derris (2 pounds) + 
 
 sulfite-lye (6 pints) 
 At petal fall Lime-sulfur (G pints) + derris (2 pounds) 
 
 + sulfite-lye (6 pints) 
 Three weeks after ■' J *.r,v-.' :~ P -.:■' [1 ^~'"~~, 
 petal fall Lime-sulfur (l gallon) 
 
 The conclusions were as follows: 
 
 Excellent control of apple scab (V enturia inaequalis Aderh.), 
 red spider ( Oligonychus ulmi Koch. ) and ©awfly ( Tloplocampa testudinea 
 Klug.) to.s given on Cox's Orange Pippin in 1933 by employing a pro- 
 gramme of sprays in which lime- sulphur was used in combination with 
 nicotine, with sulphite-lye as wetter and spreader. Reasons are 
 given to show that the effect of the nicotine against giawfly was 
 ovicidal. YJhere derris was the contact insecticide used, the effec- 
 tiveness of the combined spray against Sawfly was reduced by about 
 one-half, while against Scab it remained excellent. Load arsenate 
 was not included in the programmo ***, 
 
.. v. -19- 
 
 The East Mailing Research Station (26) in 1935 reported dusting and 
 spraying tests against the apple sawfly with derris (2 pounds) + lime- 
 sulfur (6 pints) + .sulfonated Lorol (0,5 potund) per 100 imperial gallons, 
 and with nicotine (8 ounces per 100 gallons') sprays. On the "Worcesters, 
 nicotine, lime-sulfur, and a wetter reduced the attack by about 85 per- 
 cent, whereas derris reduced it by only 60 percent, a result which agrees 
 well 57i th last season 1 s findings. It was concluded that derris can con- 
 siderably reduce sawfly damage but is inferior to a petal-fall applica- 
 tion of nicotine, and that a derris dust can control the migratory larvae 
 and so prevent most' of the secondary .danjage. 
 
 The Bristol University Agricultural and Horticultural Research Sta- 
 tion at Long Ashton, England (ll_), in 1936 reported that laboratory and 
 field experiments were carried out in 19'33:~35 with rotenone sprays for 
 -the control of the apple sawfly. Investigations showed that nicotine did 
 not act as an ovicide but as a stomach poison to the young larvae. Rote- 
 none also functioned in a similar manner. 
 
 Kearns et al . (62) in 1936 concluded that in the control of the apple 
 sawfly rotenone at' 1.2 dunces per' 100 gallons and derris root at 2.5 
 pounds per 100 gallons, as constituents of combined sprays of .iimel sulfur 
 plus a wetter, proved practically as effective as nicotine at 8 ounces 
 per 100 gallons. Yilhen applied up to. 8 days before egg natch, nicotine 
 and derris controlled the apple sawfly by acting as stomach poisons. 
 There was no evidence that nicotine acted as an ovicide. 
 
 Steer ( 110 ) in 1936 reported" that derris was useful as an ingredi- 
 ent of the petal-fall spray for scab. Derris was effective against lar- 
 vae of the apple sawfly but not against the eggs. where a petal-fall 
 spray has been omitted, derris dust can be usefully employed to prevent 
 attack by migrating larvae. 
 
 The Bristol University Agricultural and. Horticultural Research Sta- 
 tion at Long Ashton, England (12), in 19 37 stated that a biological 
 method for the evaluation of wetters and spreaders had been perfected. 
 The apple sawfly was used as the test insect. Experiments showed that a 
 white-oil emulsion was superior to water-soluble wetters when used in 
 conjunction with a rotenone-containing substance. Investigations were 
 continued on the chemical and biological evaluation of rotenone-contain- 
 ing materials. The work included experiments with the ground root and 
 extracts of species of Derris and Lonchocarpus . 
 
 Kearns, Earsh, and Martin (63) in 1937 reported tests made in Eng- 
 land v<ath derris, derris extract, and barbasco (5.6 percent rotenone and 
 17 percent other extractives) sprays to test the efficacy of spreaders. 
 Rotenone-containing insecticides were shown to be suitable for use in 
 field triads for comparison of the relative efficiencies of spray sup- 
 plements a penetrants. The synthetic spreaders Agral 2 and sulfonated 
 lorol, used with rotenone-containing insecticides for the control of the 
 apple sawfly, proved to be more effective at 0.05 percent than sulfite- 
 lye at 0.75 percent, gamma- sulfonates at C.05 percent being intermediate 
 in efficiency. The most effective spray supplement examined was a r> - 
 fined (grade G) petroleum oil emulsified with sulfito-lyc, the superior 
 efficiency of which as a penetrant may have boon associated with solu- 
 bility factors. 
 
-20- • 
 
 According to Etabli'ssements Ro tenia, in a letter to R. C. Roark in 
 1938, this pest on cherry trees was killed by a product containing 12 
 percent of powdered Loncho carpus nicou root (of 6 percent rotenone con- 
 tent) and 88 percent of talcum. 
 
 Plant Protection Ltd-.- ( 100 ) of Yalding, Kent, England, in 1938 ad- 
 vertised Drymac No. 2 as a derris dust suitable for the control of the 
 apple sawfly. 
 
 Kearns and Martin (66, 67) in 1939 described tests to control the 
 apple sav/fly in England. The results were as follows: 
 
 Insecticide 
 
 Spreader 
 
 Total ffuits 
 
 Mean Sawfly 
 infestation 
 
 None 
 
 Nicotine 
 
 Derris (0,25 percent) 
 Derris (0.1 percent) 
 Barbasco (0.1 percent) 
 Lonchocarpus extract 
 Lonchocarpus extract 
 Lonchocarpus extract 
 Lonchocarpus extract 
 Lonchocarpus extract 
 
 Significant differences 
 (P = 0.05) 
 
 Sulfonated 1 , lor ol 
 Sulfonated lorol 
 Lorol 
 
 Sulfonated lorol 
 Sulfonated lorol 
 Sulfonated lorol 
 Agral 2 
 
 Gamma- sulfonates 
 Sulfite^lye 
 Petroleum-oil 
 emulsion 
 
 Number 
 
 Percent 
 
 2,111 
 
 65.3 
 
 2,220 
 
 16.7 
 
 3,255 
 
 15.9 
 
 2,829 
 
 39.8 
 
 2,732 
 
 23.8 
 
 2,822 
 
 24.2 
 
 2,562 
 
 23.9 
 
 2,478 
 
 34.0 
 
 2,804 
 
 39.2 
 
 1,795 
 
 6.8 
 
 750 
 
 12.72 
 
 Rotenone-containing sprays act-' as stomach poisons to newly hatched 
 larvae of the apple sawfly, but apparently the insecticide is not fixed 
 by the calyx-cup tissue and toxicity decreases each day after applica- 
 tion. If the period between application and egg hatch is too long, the 
 initial concentration of rotenone may have decreased torsuch an extent 
 that the larvae are not killed. Variable results are therefore obtained 
 with derris and similar rotenone-containing materials. Further work may 
 indicate a concentration of rotenone that provides' a satisfactory dura- 
 tion of toxicity to cover all normal requirements. The sawfly spray must 
 be applied as a drenching application to wot the flowers thoroughly, en- 
 suring that the spray deposited on the stamens will run into the calyx 
 cup. 
 
 Hoplocampa sp. 
 
 According to the (Tokyo) Institute of Physical and Chemical Research 
 (55) in 1927, a solution of 1 pound of Neoton in 60 gallons of water ex- 
 terminates larvae of the pear sawfly if they are on the rind of the 
 fruits in course of transition. If a transition takes place after the 
 solution become. , dry, only 40 percent of such larvae succumb. 
 
-21- 
 
 Fetallus rubi Forbes 
 
 Daniel (18.) in 1928 reported on the control of the blackberry leaf 
 miner, which is probably a limiting factor in the culture of blackberries 
 in western New York. Derrisol, in a dilution of 1:200, averaged 69 per- 
 cent control when sprayed upon the larvae, but had no value as an 
 ovicide. ;. ,',■, 
 
 Blennocampa rubj . ,(Harr. ), the raspberry sawfly 
 
 The Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station (87) in 1931 reported 
 that one application of Derrisol at 1:800 plus 2 pounds of Ivory soap 
 per 100 gallons of solution completely controlled the raspberry sawfly, 
 ( rionophadnoides ) Blennocampa rubi, in a field of red raspberries. 
 
 Kutson (50) in 1934 reported that after the fruit v/as set, raspberry 
 sawfly larvae can be combated with sprays of the contact insecticides, 
 derris or pyrethrum. Derris acts slowly but insects do not feed after 
 they have been hit.. 
 
 Dutton, Hutscn, and Cation (22) in 1936 recommended derris for con- 
 trol -of late infestations of sar/flies on raspberries. Derris prepara- 
 tions are slow-acting poisons and a good thorough application is required, 
 Repeat in- a week if all the larvae are not killed the first time. 
 
 Caffrey (15) in 1938 recommended a derris dust containing 0.75 per- 
 cent of rotenone for the control of the raspberry sawfly on raspberries 
 and blackberries after blooms appear on the pla-nts. 
 
 Neurotoma nemoralis ( L . ) 
 
 Jahnke and Roesler (56) in 1940 reported that dust residues of der- 
 ris retain their effectiveness much longer than those based on pyrethrum 
 or nicotine. 
 
 Phymatocera aterrima (Klug) 
 
 See Fryer et al. (31) under Pteronidea ribesii (Scop.), on page 22, 
 
 Priophorus rubivorus Roh. '• 
 
 Hanson and r febster (42) in 19 38 recommended derris or cube dust 
 (0.5 percent rotonone) or spray (0.01 percent rotenone) for the control 
 of the raspberry sawfly. 
 
 Pristiphora abietinus (Christ.) (Syn., Ly^aoonematus plni Retz. ) 
 
 DeBussy et al. (14) in 1936 roported that a heavy infestation of 
 larva© of ( Lyga eon oma tu s ) Pristiphora abic Linus in spruce trees was 
 killed in a few hours with a dust containing 0.5 percent of rotenone and 
 1.2 percent of ether extract. As a result of theso experiments, the 
 forester was able to control the infestation by dusting with motor- 
 driven dusting equipment usinr a dusting mixture containing 0.2 percent 
 of rotenone purchased on the open market. 
 
-22- 
 
 The Kolohiaal Instittrat of .Amsterdam (73) in 1936 reported that in 
 the Netherlands derris had been used for the control of this species. 
 
 Van dor Laan (78) in 1936' reported control with derris dust applied 
 by a power duster.. 
 
 In 1936 Nageli (90) reported having dusted infested spruce trees 
 with Pirox, a rotenone preparation which also contains fungicidal sub-» 
 stances and which is prepared by the fim of Dr. Maag in Dielsdorf. Ten 
 to 12 kilograms of Pirox per hectare -was used. This treatment completely 
 destroyed the -larvae and also, with correctly timed dusting, greatly re- 
 duced the damage during the current year. 
 
 Lygaeonematus erichsonii (Htg.), the larch sawfly 
 
 Kelsall et al. (71) in 19 26 reported that an undiluted derris dust, 
 applied with a hand duster, gave 100 percent control of larch sawfly 
 larvae, ( Pristiphora ) Lygae onematu s erichsomii . 
 
 McDaniel (84) in 1939 recommended a dust containing 0.75 percent of 
 rotenone, although about 72 hours were necessary to obtain any indica- 
 tion of kill. Cryolite and calcium arsenate dusts were more effective. 
 
 Pteronidea ribesii (Scop.), the imported currant worm 
 
 Fryer et al. ( 31 ) in 1923 reported an investigation in which extracts 
 of Derris elliptica were shown to have a high insecticidal value, partic- 
 ularly for caterpillars, but were not so toxic to aphids. The dry root 
 itself may be used in a finely powdered condition worked up with water 
 together with soap or other emulsifying reagents. As the pure poisons 
 found in derris root are solids and only slightly soluble in water, their 
 toxicity appears to depend on the degree of dispersion. A biological 
 method of determining insecticidal properties quantitatively is described. 
 It depends on dipping insects, for a constant period of time (10 seconds) 
 in known strengths of highly dispersed suspensoids in dilute aqueous sol- 
 utions of saponin. Results agreeing with those given by the chemical 
 method already described were obtained. It enabled the authors to com- 
 pare extracts of derris with nicotine. To certain caterpillars, tuba- 
 toxin and dorrid were shown to be of the sane order of toxicity' as nico- 
 tine. These conclusions arc based on tests with the gooseberry sawfly 
 larvae and larvae of another sawfly, Phymatocora aterrima (Klug). 
 
 Durham (21) in 1926 gave an interesting account of his early work 
 with derris, which he regarded as essentially a stomach poison. A fair- 
 ly large-scale trial was made in June 1904 in a garden at Shelford, where 
 the gooseberries were covered with sawfly larvae; the larvae were prompt- 
 ly killed; and the cooked fruit caused no unpleasant symptoms. 
 
 According to Kelsall et al. (71 ) in 1926, derris at 0.31/pound per 
 100 imperial gallons of water killed 100 percent. A dust of 98.75 parts 
 hydrated lime and 1.25 parts derris gave 100 percent control in a heav- 
 ily infested currant plantation. 
 
-23- 
 
 Turner ( 117 ) in 1932 reported the results of work carried on during 
 1928-31 with cube extract and with rotenone obtained. from cube. Cube 
 extract in 0.5 percent of oil emulsified rath a sulfonate emulsifier 
 (cube extract 1:25,000) killed 100 percent of the eggs; the check oil 
 killed 12 percent. Two series of tests of„ repellents were made on the 
 larvae. In the first series cube extract at the rate cf 1:2.5,00.0 caused 
 death within 24 hours of 80 percent of the 20 larvae, whereas only 15 
 percent of the 20 larvae on check twigs died. In the second series all 
 the larvae on the sprayed leaves died within 3 days and 84 percent of 
 the larvae on check leaves died within the same period. The high mortal- 
 ity within a short period indicated some toxic action aside from the 
 repellent effect. 
 
 Kearns (59) in 1934 reported that "caterpillars", of the gooseberry 
 sawfly arc readily controlled by derris spray.- 
 
 Wilbaux ( 122 ) in 1934 tested extracts of the leaves of 22-year-old 
 Tephrosia vogolii and reported that as a contact insecticide the leaves 
 are about as toxic as nicotine. Larvae of the imported currant worm were 
 very sensitive, even when the material was used without a wetting agent. 
 Variable amounts of acetone extract wore added to the water used for 
 spraying. The emulsions were used immediately. The following results 
 were obtained: 
 
 
 Acetone 
 "."c'ontont 
 
 Larvae observed after — 
 
 Concentration 
 
 r 24 hours 
 
 67 hours 
 
 
 •Percent 
 
 On s eods 
 
 1:200 
 
 1.00 
 
 8 dead, 
 
 2 
 
 sick 
 
 9 dead, 1 
 
 moribund 
 
 1:500 
 
 .40 
 
 6 dead, 
 
 4 
 
 sick 
 
 10 dead 
 
 
 1:1,000 
 
 .20 
 
 6 dead, 
 
 A 
 
 sick 
 
 9 dead, 1 
 
 moribund 
 
 1:2,000 
 
 .10 
 
 6 dead, 
 
 4 
 
 sick 
 
 8 dead, 1 
 1 sick 
 
 moribund, 
 
 1:4,000 
 
 .05 
 
 5 dead, 
 
 5 
 
 sick 
 On 
 
 6 dead, 2 
 2 s i ck 
 
 Leaves 
 
 moribund, 
 
 1:200 
 
 1.00 
 
 10 dead 
 
 
 
 10 dead 
 
 
 1 : 500 
 
 .40 
 
 10 dead 
 
 
 
 10 dead 
 
 
 1:1,000 
 
 .20 
 
 8 doad, 
 
 2 
 
 sick 
 
 9 dead, 1 
 
 living 
 
 1:2,000 
 
 .10 
 
 5 dead, 
 
 2 
 
 s i ck 
 
 7 dead, 3 
 
 sick 
 
 
 
 3 living 
 
 
 
 1:4,000 
 
 :.05 
 
 1 dead, 
 
 9 
 
 living 
 
 5 dead, 3 
 living 
 
 sick, 2 
 
 The checks sprayed with 1 porcont of acctono were unaffected. 
 
-24- 
 
 DeBussy et al. (l4)in 1936 reported that this species is sensitive 1 to 
 derris dust. 
 
 According to Van der Laan (78) in 1936, this species may be controlled 
 with derris. 
 
 The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station ( 94 ) in 1936 re- 
 ported that when stomach insecticides are needed for control of the im- 
 ported currant worm a rotenone spray or dust may be used. Studies made in 
 1935 showed that derris or cube dusts containing from 0.3 to 0.5 percent 
 of rotenone were very effective. 
 
 Kearns and Marsh (60) in 1937 recommended a spray containing derris, 
 l/2 pound of a wetter, and 1 gallon of lime-sulfur per 100 gallons of 
 water for control of gooseberry sawfly and Americal mildew. 
 
 Kearns and Umpleby (69) in 1937 recommended derris for the. control of 
 the gooseberry sawfly. The derris dust must be used at a concentration 
 that represents not less than 0.18 percent of crystalline rotenone. A der- 
 ris, nicotine, or lead arsenate spray may be substituted for the dust. 
 
 Kelsall and Stultz (72) in 1937 reported that in laboratory experi- 
 ments derris-gypsum dusts gave the following results: 
 
 Derris in dust 
 
 ' Mortality 
 
 Per( 
 
 sent 
 
 70 
 
 in 
 
 3 
 
 days 
 
 70 
 
 in 
 
 3 
 
 days 
 
 90 
 
 in 
 
 3 
 
 days 
 
 91 
 
 in 
 
 3 
 
 days 
 
 100 
 
 in 
 
 2 
 
 days 
 
 100 
 
 in 
 
 2 
 
 days 
 
 Percent 
 
 0.25 
 .50 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.50 
 
 5.00 
 
 12.58 
 
 In field experiments derris was most extraordinarily effective against 
 this insect. Derris used at a concentration of 2.5 percent of rotenone 
 was effective from a practical standpoint. It was observed- that bushes 
 treated with derris prevented reinfestation for apparently 3 weeks, whereas 
 bushes treated with pyrethrum were rapidly reinfested by newly hatched 
 insects. From these experiments it is obvious that derris is exceedingly 
 toxic to this insect, but that pyrethrum is toxic only when used copiously. 
 
 The New York Agricultural Experiment Station (95) in 1937 reported 
 that the imported currant worm is readily controlled with rotenone sprays 
 and dusts » As infestations of this insect in a given planting are often 
 localized, spot dusting or spraying may be practiced to advantage. All 
 the currant pests for which arsenicals have been used previously may now 
 be controlled by rotenone sprays or dusts, on the use of which there are 
 no legal restrictions. 
 
-25- 
 
 Hamilton (41) in 1938 reported that currant worms on currant bushes 
 were controlled 100 percent, by a spray of derris or cube powder (4 per- 
 cent, rotenone) at 4 pounds, per <100 gallons of- water plus 4 pound's of rosin- 
 residue emulsion. The spray acted as a contact poison, and killed 100 
 percent in 1 or 2 days. 
 
 Flint and Anderson (30) of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
 tion in 1939 recommended a rotenone spray (8 pounds ground derris or cube, 
 containing 0.75 percent rotenone, in 100 gallons of water) for the control 
 of the currant worm on currants and gooseberries. This spray should be 
 applied eerly in the season just after the plants come into full foliage. 
 
 Pteronidea salicis (L.) 
 
 DeBussy et al. (14) in 1936 reported that this species was sensitive 
 to derris dust* 
 
 ?elandria atra (Steph.) 
 
 inl-938, 
 According to Etpblissements Rotenia in a letter to R-. .C. Roark/this 
 
 pest on pear trees was killed by a product containing- 12 percent of powdered 
 
 L on cho corpus nicou root (6 percent rotenone) and 88 percent of talcum. 
 
 Tomostethus juncivorus Roh. 
 
 Harukawa (43) in 1925 reported tests made in Japan .with "tuba-fluid," 
 a whitish solution made from derris roots supplied by an insecticide 
 dealer. It was particularly effective against the larvae of the rush saw- 
 fly, killing 100 percent when diluted 1:1,000. The addition of soap did 
 not increase the effectiveness. 
 
 The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (55) Tokyo, Japan, in 
 1927 reported that Neoton at 225 gm. plus 450 gm. of soap per 40 imperial 
 gallons of water gave 85 percent mortality of larvae. ' 
 
 Tenthredinidae (unidentified species) 
 
 Tattersfield and Roach ( 113 ) in 1923 published some of the results of 
 Durham's work with derris from 1902 to 1907. He found the larvae of saw- 
 flies to be very susceptible. 
 
 Mclndoo and Sievers (85) in 1924 stated that the cold alcoholic ex- 
 tract of cube used with soap was efficient against sawfly larvae. The 
 alcoholic extract of derris used with soap -.vas efficient against half- 
 grovwo sawfly larvae. 
 
 The Institute of Physical .^nd Chemioal Research (55) Tokyo, Japr>n, in 
 1927 reported that Neoton at l/2 pound plus 1 pound of soap per 40 imper- 
 ial gallons of water gavo 100 percent mortality. 
 
-26- 
 
 Hus ( 49 ) in 1933 stated that derris preparations could be used for 
 the control of hymenopterous larvae on currants, raspberries, and straw- 
 berries . 
 
 Hutson ( 51 , 52) in 1936 and again in 1937 wrote that currant worms 
 were controlled by the application of a dust containing 0.5 to 0.75 per- 
 cent of rotenone at the rate of 15 to 25 pounds per acre. Derris spray 
 was also effective. 
 
 According to the Koloniaal Instituut of Amsterdam ( 75 ) in 1936, the 
 larvae of sawflies can be destroyed with the help of derris. 
 
 The New York (Cornell) Agricultural Experiment Station (92) in 1936 
 reported- thp.t in two counties where currant growing is an important busi- 
 ness, considerable difficulty had been experienced in 1934 from arsenical 
 residue. A part of the residue came from spraying the currants for worms, 
 and a part came from the drip from overhanging apple trees. For currants 
 grown in the open, the problem was solved by using a rotenone dust. Where 
 the currants were grown under trees, it was necessary to wash the crop be- 
 fore it could be marketed. 
 
 The Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station (54) in 1937 issued di- 
 rections for spraying fruits in Illinois. The currant worm on currants 
 and gooseberries may be controlled by spraying with 8 pounds of ground 
 derris or cube (0.75 percent rotenone) in 100 gallons cf water. Do not 
 wait until the worms appear, but spray early in the season just after 
 the plants come into full foliage. 
 
 Westcott, in the New York Times, Sunday, June 6, 1937, wrote that 
 rose slugs (3 species of sawfly larvae) are readily controlled by a com- 
 bination spray or dust containing lead arsenate or rotenone. 
 
 According to the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station (9l)in 
 1938, derris or cube powder in water to which rosin-residue emulsion had 
 been added was effective against sawfly larvae. June sawfly larvae and 
 currant worms were easily killed. 
 
 Parks and Pierstorff (97) in 1938 recommended the application of a 
 derris or cube dust (0.5 percent of rotenone) or spray (3 pounds of powder 
 containing 4 percent of rotenone in 100 gallons of water) for the control 
 of currant worms on currant. 
 
 C. B. Dibble, of Michigan, in a "Bug Flash" in 1940, recommended der- 
 ris or cube dusts diluted with flour or talc, or commercial dusts contain- 
 ing 0.5 or 0.75 percent of rotenone for the control of the raspberry saw- 
 fly. 
 
 Fenne (28) in 1940 recommended derris and cube dusts and sprays for 
 control of currant worms. 
 
-27- 
 
 V-eapidae (unidentified .sp.. )•• 
 
 'An anonymous writer- (•!}• in "1927" reported _thpt. s large hornet in • 
 flight was" stunned, .and -later 'fli"e<JJ -"'hen sprayed with e proprietary der- - 
 ris product probably Neoton at the rate of 100 gm. in 300 liters of 
 water. .._-•••" 
 
 Downes (20) in 1939 reported that a hornet's nest in a cherry tree was 
 destroyed in 24 hours, by -throwing' a handful of derris- powder (4" percent 
 rotehone) at the jiale. i-n -the -side" of the ne_st_» 
 
 Unidentified species of Hymenoptera - - 
 
 • G'eoffroy (32) in 1895 reported that sugar dipped in a saturated alco- 
 holic solution of rotenone and dried in an oven was -highly tcxic to wasps. 
 
 The Wageningen Plantenziektenkundige Dienst. (120) in 1934 reported 
 that rotenone 1:5,000 with the addition of 0,1 percent of-Agral I -was- ■ 
 satisfactory against hymenopterous larvae on Astilbe at -Amsterdam. 
 
 DeBussy et nl. ( 14 ) in 1936 reported that leaf -wasp larvae are "very 
 sensitive to derris. 
 
 Van der Laan (78) in 1936 reported that wasps are less sensitive, than 
 honeybees to derris. 
 
 Downes (20) in 1939 stated that a small wasps' nest was destroyed 
 within 5 hours with derris powder (4 percent rotenone-) . • ' 
 
- 28 - 
 
 Insect Index 
 
 Page 
 
 Anoplolepis longipes ---------------------- ---6' 
 
 Ants - -~ -6, 10 
 
 Aphid -2, 22 
 
 Apidae -----------------„„._____.__..._•_ -- 2 
 
 Apis mellifera ------------_------.------_ - -' 2 
 
 See also Honeybee* 
 Apple— •- — — 
 
 fruit sawfly ■ "' i$-l6 
 
 See also Apple sawfly. 
 
 sawfly ■ 15-20 
 
 scab ----------i------------------ — --18 
 
 Argentine ant ------------------------ — -- 8 
 
 Athalia colibri --------------------------- 11 
 
 Bees 2-4,8 
 
 See also Honeybee. 
 Black— 
 
 American lawn ant --------------------------9 
 
 cacao ant ---- — -_-___----__-• -______..--- 7 
 
 Blackberry leaf miner --,----------------------21 
 
 Blennocampa rubi _--__-_---_________--- 21 
 
 Braconidae ------ _____________________ 4 
 
 Caliroa- - 
 
 aethiops --- - _-----____-_______-___---12 
 
 cerasi ----- _____-_--_______._____---- 12 
 
 limacina. See Caliron cerasi. 
 Campcnotus — 
 
 hercule^nus ------------------------ — - - - 6 
 
 sp. - - - - --___---_-__---_--_--__--- - - - 7 
 
 Carpenter ants ----------------------- — -- 6^7 
 
 Caterpillars ------------------------- _13,22,23 
 
 Cephidae - — _-_-_-----_--___--_--_-------4 
 
 Cherry — 
 
 sawfly - - ---------------------------- 12 
 
 See also Pear slug. ' 
 
 slug --------------------------- --12 
 
 See also Pear slug. 
 Currant — 
 
 stem girdler -------------------------- - 
 
 worm ------------------------------ 24-26 
 
 Di pr i on— 
 
 — . — : — R 
 
 pini ---------------------------- — -- «-" 
 
 simile ----------------------------- -- ° 
 
 Diprionidae ------------------------- — - °""° 
 
 Doliclioderus — 
 
 b i tub er cu 3. a tus ----------------------- -- - - - ' 
 
 ( Hypoclinea ) bid ens ---------------------- - - 
 
 Emphytus albicinctus meridionalis -------------- — -- -13 
 
 Eriocaropa limacina.- See Caliroa cerasi. --••■- - - ■■ -. - - 
 
.._.... .-. 25 - .. .... 
 
 Eriocarapoides limacina - ~" ■• -' - - "■"• - "--' - - - • -'..-". - 
 
 Europeanr- 
 
 rose sawfly - - - - - - - - - -. ~ --..-.-.- - - - - - - - - — 11-12 
 
 spruce sawfly -»--------,-----.--.------- --6 
 
 Fallow ant -------------■*---.---------- - - 7 
 
 Fenusa — . »■ _' .. 
 
 puraila . See Fenusa pulsilla . 
 
 pu 1 s i 1 1 a -----------------„-,.-—--..-.---- - -13 
 
 Fire ant ------------------------------ 8 
 
 Formica rufa r t -. - - - -.- -.- - - - - - - -.-.--. - -- - - . - - - 7 
 
 Formicidae - -.-.- - -* -.- - --,-- - - - - - -.-.-.-- - - - - 6-11 
 
 Fruit tree red spider -. - - -.- -.-.--- -.---- ---- --- -14 
 
 Gilpinia . polytoroa -.----.- -------- --------- --6 
 
 Gooseberry sawfly -------------------.-.---. 22-24 
 
 Gramange ant ----------------------------- 6 
 
 Honeybee -.- - -.- -------------- -,- - .-.- .- - - -1-4,27 
 
 Hcplo c ar pa — 
 
 flava""- --13 
 
 ful v icornis . See Hoplocampa minuta. 
 
 minuta ------------------------- -.- - - 15 
 
 pyricola ----------.----------. ---------15 
 
 testudinea -------------------------- 15,18 
 
 sp. -. - -; 20 
 
 Hornet ----------------------------- - 27 
 
 Hymenoptera -------------------------- S, 27 
 
 Hymen opt erous lnrvae ---------------------- 26-27 
 
 Hypoclinen bidens . See Polichoclerus (Hypoclinea) bidens. - •■ - 
 
 Imported— 
 
 currant worm ----------------- _--____- 22-25 
 
 sawfly ---------------------------- --5 
 
 Se.e also Introduced pine sawfly. 
 Introduced pine sawfly ----------------------- 5 
 
 Iridomyrmyx humilis -----------------------»- 8 
 
 Janus integer -------------------- ------- 
 
 June sawfly ------------------ -------- _- 26 
 
 Larch sawfly -------------------------- - 
 
 Leaf-wasp larva -----t---~---t. ---------- - 
 
 Lophyrus pini . .See Djpriqn .pini . , 
 Lyp;r.>oonematus — 
 
 abietinu,s « See Pri stiphor r abietinu s. 
 
 pini . See. Frist i phora nbjetinus . . . . 
 
 Metal lus rubi ------,.-------------------- 21 
 
 Monophadnoides rubi . See Blennocampa rubi . 
 
 Mound-building unt .--.--•»-•?-. ------------ -----7 
 
 Myrroi ca rubra ----------------------------7 
 
- 30 - 
 
 Nar.grang ant ----------------------------8 
 
 Neroatus abietinus . See Pristiphora abietinus * 
 
 Keodiprion — ..-■-..■' 
 
 pineturo ------------------- _---_-_.-._-- — -6 
 
 Feurotqrna nemo it p lis. *■ jr .r jt .r jr .*■ * -r #* .r ." ~ -.r .- **■*> - ■ - .- - - - 21 
 
 Oecopjiylla smar.agdina., ,- „.- _- ..*■ n> -r r r _- -"" ■? ~ ~ r r r --,?■ - .*? — - 
 Oligonychus ulmi ___.__-____--_______-___ 18 
 
 Pavement ant .------ ■- .r ~ r -~ ,~ ~ ~ ' r f ,r ''"■? ".-*• r .,- ~ ~"~ -'-* - - ^ 
 
 .Pear-- , : j _ ' _. ,. ... ....„._ ... , ■ ; '. ■ 
 
 . Phyroatqcera aterrima - y -.*■'•>• .*■ .- - *■ *• .- - --- •- ./••*- -~ ~ '"■'•* " 2-1,22 
 Pine — 
 .- sawfly _- - - - - - - ---.--.-- - - - ? --_--- - ■_ _ 6 
 
 Pl?giolepi's . longi-pes^ ' 3ae" Anoplo.le.pLs longi.pes^ .., ... . 
 Plum— " " """"" : 
 
 thrips ---------------------------- _ 14 
 
 Prenolepis sp. tr .r - - .------.- r. ,- - t --------- - » 8 
 
 Priophorus rubivbrus ----------------------- 21 
 
 Pristiphora— . . .-«."• '.','•- - .~i- '...'... 
 
 abietinus - - - - - - -"--'•? - - - - r - - - ..- - - -.-.-■■:-•,'-'-"- 21-22 
 
 erichsonii' - - - - - - - - - - r -- -_ - - .-..-,.-.- - - -•- - — - 22 
 
 Pteronidea-- . .. . ... _. ...'"'' 
 
 - ribesii -■-_-_-------.---.--.-.--.--- --.-..-- - — 22 
 
 W L salicis - - r - .-.,-..- ---_-_----.-.--.---.----- - - - - .25 
 
 Raspberry — ... - ,:..'- - .. - , ..-.. - - 
 
 beetle , : --. - - ; . - .- ; - - - 3 
 
 Red~ 
 
 American lawn ant ---------- -^.r, -,-, -- -_-.---•- - ------ y 
 
 spide/ "■ - - 1 1* i y.i z - 1 Z:.i'i:'.M r ri r?!';".i ii*^ 
 
 . .stinging ant „■---• --- ---•-, -...'- -.-,---.----.---------'- 
 
 ..Red-hoaxed -pine* sawfly -- --- - -. - -%.-^-- - ■?■ -?-.r -------- _• 
 
 Rose — 
 
 slug-. -.,-.-..--.-..-.- .- - - -„-.,'.-.- -..-_-. -.,-.'-- - t -•"- - -11-12,26 
 Rush sawfly --'------------------------- *~3?5 
 
 Sawfly ' - - -.-'- -,'- L - — -- -V-V-V-: -.-V- -'-" -.- * - 13-26 
 
 S elaridria atra - - - - - - - - - - .■-. - - - -•- - - - v - -. - •>-,- - - 25 
 
 Solenopsis — "*"" " '* — " '"*'*' 
 
 gerninata 
 
 Spruce sawfly --------- _"---•'- •- •-'--•- -• -± - - - -"- - - 21 
 
 Tenthredinidae -------- ,-,.- --------- -"- - - - -"- 11-26 
 
 TotramoriuiTi caosp u it.um ,.-.-..-. -'.;-'.'-."- .-._-»;,- •■ -■ --"r > -'- - -"r- - - - 9 
 
- 31 - 
 
 Thrips - __--_---.- -__..__-»-____ ]_4 
 
 Tomostothus juncivorus ------------------ _ _ _ 25 
 
 Venturia inaequrlis - — -__-__-_--_-__..-.--__ ]_g 
 
 espidae - - - - --"**•'«*. ----------- _-.___ 27 
 
 "fesps - -"■« ------------------------ 27 
 
 White-pine sawfly ---•--'--~--------- ------ 6 
 
 Yell cry American lmvn grnt -------------.------- 9 
 
 J 
 
 * -• 
 
- 32 - 
 Literature cited 
 
 i. aitoiymous 
 
 1927. Schadlingsbekampfung rait Derris elliptica . Weinbau u. 
 Xellerw. 6(10) :10S-109. 
 
 1937* Long Ashton Research Station. Nature [London] 
 139:87^-875- 
 
 3. 
 
 1937* Nederlandsche insecten en derris in 193^. Tijdschr. 
 over Plantenziekten. 43:251-265. 
 
 '• "4. AHLBERG, 0. " ..... 
 
 193 ^« Plommonstekeln. ' Ett observandum for vara fruktodlare. 
 [Sweden] Statens Vaxtskyddsanst. Plygbl. 10:4, 
 illus. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 23:626-627.] 
 
 5. AHERI1S, H. E. 
 
 1932. Controlling plant pests in southern Africa. 199 PP» » 
 illus. Johannesburg, 
 
 6. AUSTIN, M. P., JARY, S. G. , and MARTIN, H. 
 
 1932. Some new insecticides and possible insecticide-fungicide 
 combinations. [Wye, Kent] Hort. Ed. Assoc. Year Book 
 1:85-92. 
 
 7. BOTTCHER, P. K. 
 
 1937* Bienensterben durch Schadlingsbekampfung? Angew. Chem. 
 50(3): 81-84. 
 
 g. 
 
 1939* Untersuchungen uber den Einfluss von Pflanzenschutzmitteln 
 auf die Bienen. Ztschr. f. Angew. Ent. 25(4) :68l-702. 
 
 9. BOYP, ¥, M. 
 
 1937. Rotenone in household insect control. Soap 13(6) :125, 129. 
 
 10. BRISTOL (ENGLAND) UNIVERSITY 
 
 1933» Report on advisory work 1931-32. Bristol Univ., Agr. 
 and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1932:237-258. 
 
 11. 
 
 1936. Report on advisory work 193^- 35* Bristol Univ., Agr. 
 and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1935:220-247. 
 
 12. 
 
 1937* Report on advisory work 1935-3&* Bristol Univ., Agr. 
 and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1936:263-293. 
 
 13. BRITISH GUIANA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 
 
 1934. [Rotenone.] Brit. Guiana Dept. Agr., Div. Rpts. 
 1932:135-140. 
 
- 35 - 
 
 lk. BUSSY, L. P. de, LAAN, P. A, van der, and DIAKONOPP, A. 
 
 1936. Bestrijding van nederlandsche insecten met derris. 
 ,.' ..- • ' Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten. ^2:77-100, illus. 
 
 15. CAFPREY, D. G. 
 
 1932. Some insects and other pests attacking raspberries and 
 . '. "blackberries and how to control them. *U. -S. Dept. 
 
 Agr., Bur. "Ent. and Plant Quar. E-HH9, 5 pp. [Pro- 
 cessed.] 
 
 16. CAItPBELL, P. L. 
 
 1932. Review of information on the insecticidal value of 
 rotenone. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. E-298, 
 28 pp. [Processed.] 
 
 17. COLORADO EXPERIMENT STATIC® 
 
 1937. [Rotenone.] Colo. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1936-37) 
 . 50:23. ' ' .... 
 
 18. DANIEL, D. M. " 
 
 1928. Biology and control of the "blackberry leaf miner. 
 
 N. Y. State Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 133. 37 PP« 
 
 19. DIETZ, : H. P. " 
 
 1938. Some interesting facts about ants and their habits 
 
 and suggestions as to effective methods of control. 
 Du Pont de Nemours, E. I. & Co., Agr. .News Let. 
 *' . 6(5):75-77.- 
 
 20. DO IJNES, W. 
 
 1939». Derris for ants and wasps. -Jour. Ecoiv. Ent. : 
 32:883-88U. 
 
 21. DURHAM, H. E. ...."._ 
 
 1926. Non-arsenical preparations for garden use. .Gard. 
 Chron. (ser. 3) 79(20^7) : 213-2lU. :. 
 
 22. DUTTON, V. C, RUTS ON, R. , and CATIOF, D. i - 
 
 1936. Spraying calendar. Mich. State Col. Ext. Bul.l^U:^. 
 
 23. EaST MALLING RESEARCH STATION 
 
 • 1933. ; [Derris.] East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 
 ' (1932) 20:112. 
 
 2U. 
 
 25. 
 
 19"^» [Entomology.] East Mailing {Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 
 ' (1933) 21:52-55. 
 
 193^» , a field spraying trial of combined fungicide-contact 
 insecticide sprays in 1933* A progress report. 
 East Mailing [Kent] Res* Sta. . Rot. (1933) 
 21:156-165. 
 
 26. '••••.'.■ v "■"'";. 
 
 1935. [Derris.] East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann, Rpt. 
 (193*0 22:165-172. 
 
26a. ECKEBT, J. B. 
 
 19^0.- Controlling the Argentine ant. ' Letter dated Sept. 5» 19^0, 
 to the Editor of Pests 8(11) :12. 
 
 27. EVAFS, J. W.. 
 
 193S. The pear slug. - Tasmanian Jour. 'Agr. 9(3) :130-131. 
 
 28. FEFFE, S. B. 
 
 19^0. Information on insecticides and fungicides. ' Va. Agr. 
 Col. Ext. Bui. 150, 12 pp. 
 
 29. FILMEE, E. S. .. ' 
 
 1937* Poisoning of honeybees "by rotenone-derris dusts. Jour. • 
 Econ. Ent. 30:75-77. 
 
 30. FLIFT, ¥. P. ,' and AFDEBS ON, H. V. ; A '' 
 
 1939* Directions for spraying fruits in Illinois. 111.' 
 Agr. Expt. Sta. Cir. U92, 32 pp., illu's. 
 
 31. FEYEE, J. C. F. , -STBFTOF, H. , TATTERSFIELD. F. , and^QACH, W. A. 
 
 • 1923. ' A quantitative study of the insecticidal properties 
 of Derris elliptica (tuba root). Ann. A'ypl. Biol. 
 10:18-3*!-, illus. 
 
 32. GEOFFROY, E. . '. 
 
 1895* Contribution i& 1 'Etude du Bobinia nicou Applet* 
 Marseille Inst. Colon. Bui. 2: 1-86 i illus. 
 
 33. GEEAED', V. J.. 
 
 1935. Bees and derris dust. Bee World l6(ll):12*l. 
 
 3^. GILMEE, P. M. . 
 
 1923. Derris as a parasiticide. Minn. State Ent. Ept. (1922) 
 19:!+lJ49. ' 
 
 35. GIMLETTE, J. D. 
 
 1923. Malay Poisons and Charm Cures. Ed. 2, 260 pp., illus. 
 London. 
 
 36. GIFSBUBG, J. M. ' 
 
 1928. Insecticide investigations. F. J. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. 
 Ept. U9 , 336 pp., illus. 
 
 37. and SCHMITT, J. 3. ' ' 
 
 1932. A comparison "between rotenone and pyrethrins as con- 
 tact insecticides. Jour. Econ. Ent. 25:9^^-922.. 
 
 38. GOEHAM, E. P. 
 
 1928. The European rose sawfly in Few Brunswick. Ent. Soc. 
 Ontario, Ann. Ept. 58:70-72. 
 
 39. HACKLEY, E. E. 
 
 1939. Highlights of ant clinic. Pests 7(8) :12. 
 
- 35 - 
 
 Uo. • 
 
 I9U1. [On derris as an ant repellent.] . Pests 9(2)':3. 
 
 kl. HAMILTON , C. C. 
 
 1935. Tests with derris powder or cube powder in rosin residue 
 
 emulsion sprays for the control of shade tree insects. 
 ITatl". Shade' Tree Conf. Proc. l3:lUO-lU7. 
 
 k2. KAFSOF, A. J. , and ^'fEBSTER, R. L. 
 
 l53S. Insects of the blackberry, raspberry, strawberry, cur- 
 rant, and gooseberry. ' Wash.'Agr. Expt. Sta. Pop. 
 Bui. 155, 3S pp., illus. 
 
 43. HARUKA^A, C. 
 
 1925. Studies on the rush sawfly, Tomoste'thus juncivorus 
 Rohwer. ^t)hara Inst. f. Landw. Forsch. Ber. 
 2:521-5^. 
 
 kk. HEY, G. L./MOCRE, M. H. , and STEER, W, 
 
 193^» Apple sawfly - some suggestions for control measures. 
 East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1933) 
 21:253. 
 
 1+5. and STEER, tf. 
 
 193^» Experiments on the control of the apple sawfly 
 
 ( Ko-oiocampa testudinea Klug. ) the results of one 
 season's field trials and some considerations 
 arising from them. East Mailing [Kent] Res. 
 Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1933) 21:197-216. 
 
 £6, and STEER, W.. ... " * 
 
 193^ • Miscellaneous observations on apple sawfly ( Hoplo- 
 campa testudinea Klug.) in 1933* East Mailing 
 [Kent] Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1933) 21:23^-2^2. 
 
 U7. HOUTZAGERS, G. 
 
 1936. De dennenbladwesp (Diprion pini L.). Nederland. 
 
 Heidemaatsch. Tijdschr. U8(12) :^39-^9, illus. 
 
 Ug. HTOTDERTMaRK, A. . . , ' * 
 
 1936. ' i)ie* wirkungs^eise verschiedener kontakt- und' frassgifte 
 bei bestaubung auf bienen. "Anz.'f. Schadlingsk. 
 12:30-33. 
 
 U9. HtS, I. P. 
 
 1933* Ziekteh en beschadigihgen van klein fruit (bessen, 
 
 frambozen, aardbeien). Wageningen Plantenziektenkund. 
 Dienst, Verslag*. en Meded. 70," ^1 pp., illus. 
 
 50. HUSTOF, R. 
 
 193^« Avoiding residue in controlling raspberry beetle and 
 sawfly. Mich.'Agr. Expt. Sta.' Quart. Bui. 
 I6(3):183-lg5. 
 
^ - 36 - 
 
 51, 
 
 1936. Derris and pyrethrum for insect control. Mich, 
 State Col. Ext. Bui. 16U, k pp., illus. 
 
 52. - * ' ' 
 
 1937* Chewing insects. affecting garden crops. Mich. State 
 Col. Ext., Bui.. ISO, UH pp., illus. 
 
 53. IDAHO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 1936. [Cube-kaolin dust.] Science aids Idaho farmers. 
 
 Idaho Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1935, (Bui. 220) :31. 
 
 5U. ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ^TaTION 
 
 1937* Directions for spraying fruits in Illinois. 111. Agr. 
 Expt. Sta. Cir. kkl :1J . 
 
 55. INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH ' 
 
 1927 e "Neoton" what it means to agriculturists. [Tokyo] 
 Inst. Phys, and Chem. Res. Bui. 12 pp. 
 
 56. JANCKS, 0., and MAERCKS , H. 
 
 1936. Versuche zur Bekampfung der Pflaumensagewespen. Prakt. 
 Bl. f. Pflanz enbau u. Pflanz ens chut z. 1^:189-198. 
 
 57. JAHNKE, 0., and ROESLER, R. 
 
 19^0. The mode of action and duration of effectiveness of 
 contact poisons. Ztschr. f. Pflanz enkrank. 
 50:13^-1^2. [Abstract in Chem. Abs. 3M15): 
 5236-37.] m .\ 
 
 58. JARY, S. G. , and AUSTIN, M.< D. 
 
 1935. Department of Entomology. South-east* Agr. Col. Jour. 
 
 Ul:9-lU. 
 
 59. KEARNS, H. G. H. 
 
 &93^"» Insect pests of gardens in the Bristol district and 
 how to control them. Bristol [England]" Nat. Soc. 
 ' Proc. (U) 7:5^2-5*18. 
 
 60. and MARSH, R. W. 
 
 1937* A summary of fruit spraying programmes. '. I. Bristol 
 
 Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 193^:75-39* 
 
 61. MaRSH, R. W. , and MARTIN, H. 
 
 1935* Combined washes. Progress Report. Bristol Univ., 
 Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann.. Rpt. 193 i +:109-12'5. 
 
 62. MARSH, R. W. , and MARTIN, H. 
 
 1936. Combined washes. Progress report - II. Bristol Univ., 
 
 Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1935:37-^8. 
 
 63. ., -MARSH, R. ¥. , and MARTIN, H. 
 
 1937. Combined washes. Progress report - III. Bristol 
 
 Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1936:99-117. 
 
- 37 - 
 
 Sk. MARSH, R. Vr.. f and PeIrCE,"t. J. P. 
 
 1933» Experiments with combined insecticide-fungicide sprays 
 for apples. Progress Report. Bristol Univ., Agr. 
 and Hort. Res.* Sta". Ann. Rpt. 193-2-;68-85. ■ 
 
 65. and MARTIF, H. 
 
 193S. The control of plum sawfly ( Hoplocampa f lava L.). 
 
 Bristol Univ., Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann.- Rpt. 
 1937:78-SU. . 
 
 66. and MARTI!", H. ' 
 
 1939* The position of combined washes in the post-dormant 
 spray programme. I. The physical properties of 
 spray-fluids with special reference to post-^dormant 
 washes. Sci. Hort. [Wye, Kent] 7:96-10H. 
 
 67. , and MaRTI1 t ; H. * ' 
 
 1939* The position of combined' washes in the post-dormant 
 spray program. II. The use of post-dormant com- 
 bined washes in fruit crops. Sci. Hort» [Wye, 
 Kent] 7:105-118. ' . 
 
 68. — ' ' and SVaRBRICK, T. " 
 
 1933* Further observations on the control of the apple 
 sawfly, Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug.). Bristol 
 
 Univ., Agr. and Hort. .Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 0.'932:90-9^. 
 
 ,> • • ■ ■ • . ■• 
 
 69. and UMPLEB'Y, E. : ■ •'- ' -' ■ . 
 
 1937* The control of the insect pests of nursery fruit stock. 
 Bristol Univ. , Agr. and Hort. Res. Sta. Ann." Rpt. 
 1936:90-98. ' 
 
 70. and WALTON, C. L. 
 
 1933 • The control of the loganberry and raspberry- beetle 
 ( Byturus tomentosus ) ; Experiments with pyrethrum 
 V ■: '-r'.and dbrria Kaehes^andj" dusts. ■ Jour Pomol. and 
 Hort. Sci. 11:39-52. 
 
 71. KELSALL, A., SPITTALL, J*. P., GORHAM, R. P., and WALKER, G. P. 
 
 1926. Lerris as an insecticide. Ent.- Soct" Ontario, Ann. 
 Rpt. 56:2^-U0. 
 
 72. and STULTZ, H. T. 
 
 1937* Pyrethrum and d'erris 'dust. - Ent*. Soc. Ontario, Ann, 
 Rpt. 67:20-30. 
 
 73. ' KLINQERrH. ■, 
 
 193o. Die ins'ektiz'ide Wirkung *von Pyrethrum- und Derrisgif ten 
 und ihre Abh&ngigkeit vom Insektenkorper. ^rb. uber 
 Physiol, u. ^nge"'-. 'Ent. 3:^9-69. ■ 
 
 IK 
 
 1936. Die insektizide Wirkung von Pyrethrum- und Derrisgiften 
 und ihre Abhangigkeit vom • Insektenkorper. Arb. uber/ 
 Physiol, u. Angew« Ent. 3:H r >~i6l. 
 
- 38 - 
 
 75. KOLONIaaL INSTITUUT TS ^KSTERLaM- 
 
 193&* Insecticides of derris type. Chem. and Drug. 
 • 125:2UU-2U5. 
 
 76. 
 
 1936. Plantenziekten en =Plagen. Inlichtingen en • 
 
 onderzoekingen van de afdeeling handelsmuseum in 
 1935* Amsterdam Kolon. Inst. Afd. Handelsmusetun 
 Meded. 39(l6) : 78-102, illus. 
 
 77. 
 
 1933. Plantenziekten en -Flagen. Yoorwaarden voor derris- 
 wortel, -poeder en -stuifmengsel. Inlichtingen 
 en ohderzoekingen van de afdeeling handelsmuseum 
 in 1937* Amsterdam Kolon. Inst. Afd. Handelsmuseum 
 Meded. ^+5(18) :6l-77. 
 
 78. LAaN, P. A. van der 
 
 1936. Yerslag ven de negen-en-zestigste winter vergadering 
 der Iveder lands che Entomologische Vereeniging, 
 Amsterdam, February 23 1 193^. Tijdschr. v. Ent. 
 79:52-5S. 
 
 79. LEIB, P. 
 
 1936. • Zur frag©;" der bekampfung der^ pflaumensagewespe. 
 Anz. f. Schaulingsk. 12:101-107. 
 
 SO." LINPBLOM, A. 
 
 ' 1933* -Bekampf ingsf orsok mot-myror. [Sweden] Statens 
 VSxtskyddsanst. Meddel. 1, l6 pp., illus. 
 
 193^-« Bekampning av myror. [Sweden] Statens Vaxtskyddsanst. 
 Elygbl. 8, 5 pp., illus. 
 
 82. MacALOEBY, H. J. 
 
 1936. The European spruce sawfly. Natl. Shade Tree Conf. 
 • - Proc. 12:lU5-150. • *;■> 
 
 83. McBANIEL, E. I. 
 
 1936. Ant control in houses and on lawns. Mich. State 
 Col. Ext. Bui. l66, U pp. 
 
 gl+. 
 
 1939* Suggestions for the control of sawflies on conifers. 
 Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Quart. Bui. 21(3) :l6l r l6^. 
 
 85. McIND00,-N. E. and S LEVERS, a. F. 
 
 192U. Plants tested for- or reported- to-possess insecticidal 
 properties. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. 1201, 6l pp. 
 
 86. SIEVJSRS, a. P., and ABBOTT, W. S. 
 
 1919* Derris as an insecticide. Jour. Agr. Res. 17:177-200. 
 
 87. MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 1931. [Derrisol.] Mich. Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 1931:11, Ik, 
 
- 39 - 
 
 88. MILTS, K. W. , and MILES, M. 
 
 1935* Insect 'Pests of Glasshouse Crops. Yjk pp., illus. 
 Surbiton, Surrey, England. . 
 
 89. MYSORE (INDIA) AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT 
 
 1938. [Derris.] Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt. 1936-37, 203 PP» 
 
 90. NAGELI , w. . . . 
 
 1936. Die kleine Fichtenblattwespe. ( Lygaeonematus pini 
 Retz. = Nematus abietinus Christ) . Schweiz 
 Centralanst. f. Forstl. Versuchsw. Mitt. 19:213-381. . 
 
 91. NEW JERSEY .aGRICULTURaL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 1938. [Rotenone.] N. J. A gr. Expt. Sta. .Ann. Rpt. 59:33. 
 U3, U6-U7. 
 
 92. NEW YORK (CORNELL)- AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTION 
 
 1936. .[Rotenone.] N. Y. (Cornell)Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. 
 ' k8>M, 100. 
 
 93. NEW YORK COUNTY AGENTS' TRaINING SCHOOL .." . , 
 
 1938. Fruit diseases and insects. Report of county agents' 
 
 -training school. Dec. 19,.1938.«, 18 pp. [Processed.] 
 
 9U. NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 
 
 1936. [Division of Entomology.] N. Y. State Agr. Expt. 
 
 Sta. Ann. Rpt. 5 1 +:5 1 +. 59, 60, 6l. 
 
 95. 
 
 1937. [Derris, eube.l N. Y. State Agr.cBJtpV Sta. Ann. 
 " Rpt. 55:5^-55. 58-60. 
 
 96. OISHI, T. 
 
 193^. Emphytus albicinctus Mats. var„ meridionalis TakeuchV. 
 Jour. Plant Protect. 21(8) :602-6o6. [In Japanese. 
 . Abstract ,in Rev. Appl. Ent.. (a) 23:U3»] 
 
 97. PaRKS, T. H. , and PIFRSTORF^, a. L. . : ; 
 
 1338. The control of garden insects and diseases. Ohio Agr. 
 Col. Ext.. Bui. .76,. 56 pp., illus. ... 
 
 98. PETRFRBRIDGS, F. R. , and Thomas , I. 
 
 1936. The control of plum sawfly (with -a note on thrips 
 
 damage). [Gt. Brit.] Min. Agr. and Fisheries 
 Jour. k2: 1108-1118. 
 
 99. and THOMAS, I. 
 
 1937. Spraying for plum sawfly. [St. Brit.] Min. Agr. and 
 
 Fisheries Jour. UU(9) :858-865. 
 1, . •■ 
 100. PLANT PROTECTION Ltd., YaLDING, KENT 
 
 1938. McDo\igall's dorris products. Urymac No. 1 and Dry- 
 
 mac No. 2. Fert. , Feed. Stuffs and Farm Supplier 
 Jour. 23(11): 286. 
 
-kO - 
 
 101. POTTS, S. F. ,.-... 
 
 1936. Insecticides tested in control experiments.' U.. S. 
 Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. Hews 'Let. 
 3 (10) : lU-15. [process r ec . ] 
 
 102, 
 
 1936. Tests of sprays for spruce sawfly. U, S. Dept. -a.gr., 
 Bur. Ent. and Plant Q,uar. Hews Let. 3(11) :9. 
 [Processed. ] 
 
 103, 
 
 1937* Insecticides and forest insects. U. S. Dept. Agr., 
 Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. Hews Let. 4(7): 11. 
 [Processed.] 
 
 104. HE-EFHB, A. 
 
 1919* Eenige opmerkingen over de bstrijding van insecten, 
 
 schadelijk voor Liberiakoff ie. Suriname Dept. * ' 
 Lands BUl. 37, 100 pp. ' 
 
 105. RIGGSRT, E. 
 
 1939* Untersuchungen 'uber die Rubenblattwespe Athalia 
 colibri Christ (A. soinarum F. ) . Ztschr. f. 
 Angew. Ent. 26(37?+62-51b. 
 
 106. S CHEER, J. van der 
 
 1935* Over emulsies van het insecticide rotenon in" water. 
 Bergcultures 9(lb) : 3 58-3^1. 
 
 107. iSCKOEVERS, T. A. C. 
 
 1936. Het insecticide derris.' Tijdschr.' over Plantenziekten. 
 1+2(4) :101-115. 
 
 10g. SPOOF, ¥. , and LAAH, P. A. van der 
 
 1935* l> e beteekenis van het rotenongehalte bij de 'beoordeeling 
 van derriswortel. Amsterdam Kolon. Inst. -ttfd. 
 Handelsmuseum. Ber. 9&« Repr. from Indische Mercuur 
 58(4l) :625-627. [Also in Bergcultures 9(4l) : 1018-10233 
 
 109. LAAH, P. A. van der, SI-tULDERS , C. Mi L. , and DIaKOFOFF, A. 
 
 1937- Het verschil in werkzaamheid van derris en lonchocarpus- 
 
 wortel en de onderscheiding van nun wortelpceders* 
 Indische Merciiur '60( 18) : 259-261; and 60(19.) ,2/^-277; 
 also Amsterdam Kolon. Inst. Afd. Handelsmuseum. Ber. 
 110, 26 pp. ," illus. 
 
 110. STEER, W. 
 
 1936. Insecticides and fungicides.' The use of derris root' 
 as ah insecticide. East Mailing [Kent] Res. Sta. 
 Ann. Kpt. (.1935) 23:225-227. 
 
 111. and HASSaF, X A« G. 
 
 193S. Experiments in the control of plum sawfly on Czar 
 plums. East Mailing [Kent] 'Res. Sta. Ann. Rpt, 
 (1937) 25:223-228. 
 
- in - 
 
 112. STELLWASG, F. 
 
 1937* Institut fur Pf lanzenkrankheiten. Untersuchungen 
 
 iiber die Toxizit&t von Pf lanzenschutzmitt In gegen 
 Bienen. Landw. Jahrb. 8^(6) :851. 
 
 113. TATTERSFIELD, F. , and ROACH, W. A. 
 
 1923. The c hemical properties of Derris elliptica (tuba . 
 root). Ann. Appl. Biol. 10:1-17. 
 
 llU. TISCHLER, N. 
 
 1935* Studies on how derris kills insects. Jour. Econ. Ent. 
 28:215-220. .... 
 
 115. TRAPPMANF, V., and NITSCHE, G-. 
 
 1935* Beitrage zur Giftwirkung von Rotenon und Pyrethrinen 
 auf verschiedene Insekten. Nachrichtenbl.. f . den. 
 Deut. Pflanzenschu.tzd,ienst. 15:6-7. 
 
 116. TRAVI'S, B. V. ..." .-. 
 
 1939* Tests of soil treatments for the control of. the fire 
 ant, Solenopsis geminata (E.) Jour. Econ. Ent. 
 32:6^5-650.. T ... 
 
 117. TURNER, IT. , ....... 
 
 1932.. Notes on rotenpne as an insecticide. Jour.. Econ. 
 
 Ent. 25:1228-1237. .... 
 
 118. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, . , , 
 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE .... 
 
 1935« Results of codling moth investigations 193*+. II. 
 ... Work conducted by the Fruit Insects Division. . 
 U. S. Dent. Agr. , Bur. Ent. and ^lant Quar,, 
 [Unnumbered] UU pp. [Processed.] ., 
 
 119. VECHT, J. van der . . . 
 
 1936. Proeven met derris tegen insectenplagen, in Neder- 
 
 landsch-Indie. Landbouw. 11(10) i^OlJ+65, 
 
 120. WaGENINGEN plantenziektenkundige DIENST . . . 
 
 193^. [Rotenone.] Wageningen Plantenziektenkund. Dieast 
 Verslag. en Meded. 76, 116 pp., illu§. , ,■ 
 
 121. t aLK^R, H. G. , and ANDERSON, L. D. .... 
 
 1937. Control of the pavement ant attacking eggplants. 
 
 Jour. Econ. Ent. 30:312-3lU. ,. . . 
 
 122. WILBaUX, R. 
 
 193^. Composition et proprietes toxiques des graines et 
 des fueilles de Tephrosia vogelii Hook. Rev. 
 de Bot. Appl. et d'^gr. Colon. lU: 1019-1027. 
 
 123. WO r D, V. L. 
 
 1912. Tuba root. Fed. Malay States Dept. Agr. Bui. 
 l:l6U-l66. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 
 
 - 42 - 
 
 3 1262 09230 4194 
 
 124. YAGO, II. 
 
 1933, Changes in the fauna of injurious insects in the 
 pear orchards. Jour. Plant Protect. 20:27-32, 
 [in Japanese. Abstract in Rev. Appli-Ent. (A) 
 21:263.] 
 
 Junior Author Index 
 
 Abbott, W. S. See Mclndoo, N. E. , 86 • ■ 
 
 Anderson, H. W. See Flint, W. P., 30 
 
 Anderson, L. D. See Walker, H, G., 121 ■ 
 
 Austin, M. D. See Jary, S. G., 58 
 
 Cation, -D. See -Button, W. C, -22 
 
 Diakonoff, A. See Bussy, ■ L. P. de, 14 and Spoon, W«, 109 
 
 Gorhara, R. P. See Kelsall, A., 71 
 
 Hassan, A. A. G. See Steer, W. , 111 ... 
 
 Hutson, R. ' See Dutton, VlT.'C, 22 
 
 Jary, S, G. See Austin, M. D., 6 
 
 Laan, P. A. van der. See Bussy, L. P. de, 14 -and Spoon, W. , 108, 109 
 
 Maercks, H. See Jancke, 0,, 57 
 
 Marsh, R. W. See Kearns, H. "G. H., 60, 61, ' 62, 63, 64 
 
 Martin, H. See Austin,- ' M. D., 6 and Kearns, H. G. H., 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 
 
 Mies, M. See Miles, H. W., .88 
 
 Moore, M. H, See Hey, G. L., 44 
 
 Nitsche, G. See Trappmann, W. , 115 
 
 Pearce, T. J. P. See Kearns, H, G, H, , 64 
 
 Pierstorff , "A. -L. See Parks, T. H., 97 
 
 Roach, W, A«r See Fryer, J. C. F., 31 and Tattersfield, F., 113 
 
 Roesler, R. See Jahnke, 0., 56 
 
 Schmitt, J. B. See Ginsburg, J. M#, 37 
 
 Sievers, A. "F. * See Mclndoo, N. E., 85, 86 
 
 Smulders, C. Mi L, See Spoon, W. , 109 
 
 Spittall, J. P. See Kelsall, A., 71 
 
 Steer, W. 'See Hey, G, L., 44, 45, 46 
 
 Stenton, R, "See Fryer, J. C. F., 31 
 
 Stultz, H. T. See Kelsall, A., 72 
 
 Swarbrick, T. See Kearns, H, G. fi. , 68 
 
 Tattersfield, F. See Fryer, J. C, -F., -31 
 
 Thomas, I.' See Petherbridge, "F. R., 98, 99 
 
 Unpleby, E. See Kearns, H, G, H. , 69 t 
 
 Walker, G. P. See Kelsall, A., 71' 
 
 Walton, C. L,' Sec Koarns, H.'G. II., :70 • 
 
 Webster, R. L. Soe Hanson, A. J., 42 
 
 — ooO'oo —