May 1945 E-661 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Administration Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine PLANTS OP POSSIBLE INSECTICIDAL VALUE A Review of the Literature up to 19^1 By N. E. Mclndoo, Division of Insecticide Investigations CONTENTS page page Scope of this review — 1 Part 1 --Cryptogams — — — — b Brief history of Part 11 — Phanerogams or incecticidal plants — 2 spermatophytes -—---— 12 Methods of research — — — U Literature cited 21 U Commercial and experimental Index of "botanical names 252 cultivation of insecti- Index of insect names 281 cidal plants — — — 5 Index of plant products 285 SCOPE OP THIS REVIEW This is a review of the literature on plants that have been re- ported to have insecticidal value or have been tested or used in in- secticides or other preparations, such as repellents or attractants, for the control of insect pests. In addition to plants that are sources of the active ingredient of such preparations, brief mention is made of those that furnish such accessory materials as spreaders, adhesives, emulsifier6, and synergists. The notes give only informa- tion on the Insecticidal value of these plant materials, not on their chemical nature. The preparation of this review was reported in 19^2 (Mclndoo, 255). This review covers the literature up to 19^1, with a few more recent references that were addad In l^kk when the manuscript was re- vised. Reviews on some of the more common insecticidal plants and their constituents, as well as lists of patents, have already "been issued, most of them in the I series of this Bureau, and in such cases the reader is referred to the Published reviews. A list of nearly 200 species of plants that had been tested for or reported to possess insecticidal properties was published "by Roark (331) in 1919. Included in this review are about 1,182 species of plants, rep- resenting 697 genera and 173 families. The lower orders( cryptogams) , including the algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, and horsetails, which total 27 species, 20 genera, and lk families, are given first, followed by the higher orders (phanerogams), which total about 1,155 species, -2- • 677 genera, and 159 families. Most of these species do not deserve further investigation, and some of the families, for example Asteraceae, have been extensively investigated. In each of these two divisions the plants are grouped by families so that the families may be com- pered from an inseoticidal standpoint. The botanioal names are listed in accordance with the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, and have been reviewed by botanists—/ in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, and the National Herbarium. The references were obtained mostly from the files of the Division of Insecticide Investigations and the Division of Control Investigations, and from the Review of Applied Entomology. Most of the notes were taken from the original articles, although occasionally the author had access only to abstracts. BRIEF HISTORY OF INSECTICIDAL PLANTS Dioscorides (A* D. 40-90), according to Blyth and Blyth (64, pp. 4-5), divided poisons into three classes — animal, plant, and mineral. As plant poisons he enumerated opium, black and white Hyoscyamus, Mandr agora, Conium, elaterin, and the juioes of Euphorbia species. He also especially mentioned aconite, the deadly nature of which the Greeks were well aware* Colchicura was also known to Dioscorides. Veratrum album and V. nigrum were famous medicines of the Romans, and constituents of their "rat and mioe powders •" They were also used as insecticides. From the time of the early Romans to the twentieth century only three efficient insecticides were discovered— nicotine, pyrethrum, and hellebore. The nicotine-insecticide industry has been developed largely in America, whereas the pyrethrum and hellebore industries are European in origin. During the nineteenth oentury there was little interest in searching for new insecticidal plants, although in 1885 the United States Department of Agriculture (Riley, 325) tested 42 species of plants a-ainst cotton caterpillars without finding, any new effective ones. In the second decade of the present century large-scale in- vestigations were be^un which led to a new world-wide industry using Derris and Loncho carpus as insecticide materials. More recently 1/ S. F. Blake, C. 0. Erlanson, P« R. Fosberr, Oliver !.!. Freeman, F. J. Hermann, E. C. Leonard, Robert F. Martin, Rogers McVaugh, C. M. Muller, Paul G. Russell, J. A. Stevenson, and Jason R. Swallen. -3- anabasine, derived from An abasia aphylla, has become commercially im- portant in the country of its' origin, Russia, and Tephrosla is also used locally in a few places in Africa where it is easily obtained* In 1915 and 1916 the Russian investigators Gomilevsky (164), Goriainov ( 166) , and Sohreiber (358-560) wrote considerable about vegetable insecticides, but they tested only a comparatively few plants and discovered none of commercial value* For centuries a few countries, for example China, have had their own insecticides, but these have not become commercially important in other countries* In 1915 the United States Department of Agriculture began a series of investigations on this subject* The first problem was to find a substitute for nicotine, which was expensive, and in 1916 Mclndoo (254) reported the results of his studies on nicotine as an insecticide* This was followed in 1917 by a paper on quassia (Mclndoo and Sievers, 258), and in 1919 by one on derris (Mclndoo, Siever6, and Abbott, 260) > Soon after the publication of the last paper an English firm, which had previously tried to sell its derris products in the United States, prepared other derris spray materials on the basis of information given by these writers. Since that time interest in derris has grown rapidly, and it is now used more widely than nicotine* A later problem w«>s to find a substitute for both nicotine and derris, one that could be grown cheaply in America* This was partly solved by the finding of cube in South America, as first reported by Mclndoo and Sievers (259) in 1924* Up to that time cube was practi- cally unknown, both botanically and from an insecticidal viewpoint* It has since been identified as a species of Lon oho carpus* These writers also gave the results of testing 232 preparations from 54 other species of plants against 28 species of insects, and reported on others mentioned in the literature, making a total of 260 different plants* In 1920 appeared a bulletin on insect powder (pyrethrum) by McDonnell, Roark, LaForge, and Keenan (251) » Work in England on vegetable insecticides was begun at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1920 (Tattersfield 390, p. 90)* In 1923 Tattersfield and Roaoh (396) reported on the chemical prop- erties of derris, and Fryer, Stanton, Tattersfield, and Roach (147) on its inseoticidal properties* In 1925 appeared a paper by Tattersfield, Gimingham, and Morris (392) on the toxicity of Tephrosia, which grows in West Africa, the Sudan, Rhodesia, and the Comoro Islands* Following a search for some substance that would prove an adequate alternative to nicotine as a contact insecticide, they found that extracts of Tephrosia could be substituted for nicotine against aphids. In 1926 the same writers (593) discussed 28 species of plants as contact insecticides. In 1932 appeared a second paper on Tephrosia, this one by Tattersfield and Gimingham (391) • In 1940 Tattersfield and co- workers (395) described the insecticidal properties of Annona and Mundulea and of some fish-poison plants (394) • In 1931 Roark and Keenan (347) published a long list of plants found in India that were reputed to have insecticidal value. Since 1927 several papers on the insecticidal properties of Indian plants have appeared, and since 1933 several others on plants found in China, Worsley (431-434) between 1934 and 1939 wrote about the insecti- cidal properties of some East African plants, METHODS OF RESEARCH In the search for insecticidal plants no dependable guide has been found. The only procedure is the trial-and-error method. Botanical classification is not a trustworthy guide, because hundreds of plant species must be examined to find one that is sufficiently pr< rising to warrant intensive chemical and toxico logical studies. Evidence of this is the fact that the most important commercial insecticides of plant origin are distributed in five different families as follows j Insect powder or pyrethrum, Asteraceae; anabasine, Chenopodiaceae; derris, cube, and timbo, Fabaoeaej hellebore, Liliaceae; and nicotine, Solanaceae, Much time has been spent in insecticide laboratories trying to find an ideal test insect, which would correspond to the white rat commonly used in other fields of research, A method used by Mclndoo and coworkers (260) in a study of Derris in 1919 was to extract the plant materials with several solvents and to test the extracts against several species of insects, A later method, used by Tattersfield and coworkers (392) in a study of Tephrosia in 1925, was to use only two solvents (alcohol and water) and only one species of insect, the bean aphid, A still more recent method is to use only one solvent (alcohol or acetone) and only one species of insect, such as the bean aphid, housefly, mosquito larva, codling moth larva, or Japanese beetle, Roark (345) has pointed out that many of the tests on insecti- cidal plants are inadequate because the material was not tested against the proper insect, all parts of the plant were not tested, or the proper solvent was not used for extraction. He considers that the examination of plants for insectioidal value should be prosecuted as follows i (a) The plant should be identified by a botanist who is a specialist in the order or family to which it belongs. -5- (b) The entire plant should be tested unless it is known that the active principles are localized in one part. (c) The plant should be tested shortly after it is collected, because many plant constituents, e_. £., the pyrethrins, deteriorate when the dried plant material is stored. (d) Several species of insects, representative of different orders, should be employed as test organisms. (e) The plant material should be tested as a con- tact poison, as a stomach poison, end as a fumi?ant by the aerosol method. (f) The plant material should be tested as a finely pulverized powder and in the form of extracts made with different classes of organic solvents.*** If these precautions are observed, many plants for- merly discarded as worthless may be found to have value. Botanists, chemists, entomologists, plant physiologists, and toxicologists should cooperate more than ever to find suitable insecti- cidal plants that can be introduced and grown in the countries in which insecticides are used on a large scale. As Mclndoo and Sievers (259) stated in 1924 the search for a plant which may be made commercially available as an insecticide at a reasonable price extends much further than merely finding a plant with satisfactory insecticidal properties. It involves, in addition, a study of the botanical characteristics of such a plant, its hab- itat, the available natural supply, the effective part of the plant, the means necessary for its collection and shipment, and, above all, the cost at which it can be delivered to the manufacturers in this country. COMMERCIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF INSECTICIDAL PLANTS A book by Holman (198) on insecticides of vegetable origin w°s published in 1940. He named 9 countries as the principal producers of nicotine insecticides and 10 others ps lesser producers, pnd gave the total production as more than 3,593 long tons. He devoted 66 pages to plants containing rotenone and allied compounds. Derris was grown commercially in 12 localities and was under experimental cultivation in 20 others. The derris root exported from ^British Malaya alone in 1939 amounted to 1,456 long tons, and 913 tons of -6- thia ceme to the United States. Cube and timbo are produced comner- cially in Peru and Brazil, and Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and the Guienas are potential producers. Peru exported 550 long tons of cube in 1938 and 770 tons during the first 8 months of 1939. In 1938 prpzil exported 1,038 long; tons of Loncho carpus powder and 38 tons of roots, most of which came to the United States. Holman pIso geve very brief pccounts of Tephrosin, Mundulea, find 7cillettis, which up to 1940 had not been cultivated for commercial purposes. He devoted 37 ppg-es to pyrethrum, Chrys pnthemum cinerprifiefoliun end C. cocoineum. The first species is the only one of commercial importance and is grown chiefly in Japan, Kenya, and Yugoslavia, although there are 16 other producing countries. The United Stetes consumed a large proportion of the world's exportable surplus of the crop. The total exports in 1937 were 8,969 Q.ong?tons; in 1938, 6,490 tons; and in 1939, 6,058 tons. Short ac- counts of anabasine, hellebore, and quassia are also given. Roskill (349, p. 114) and Sievers (_364_) discussed the growing of derris, end the former told about the exports of cube and timbo. Tnttersfield end coworkers (394) said thpt the well-known insecti- cidel properties of Derris and Lonchocerpus have stimulated the search for the other plants in many parts of the world, partly with the ob- ject of establishing local industries or of finding local means for the control of insect pests. Sievers and coworkers (365) discussed the possibilities of the devil1 s-shoestring as a commercial source of insecticides. Moore ( 233) reported on the introduction of insecti- cidal plants in Puerto Rico. In 1939 there were imported into the United States 2,355,048 pounds of crude derris root, 1,907,194 pounds of crude cube and timbo roots, and 896,640 pounds of powdered roots (U. S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, 406). Before World .ter II the United states im- ported annually 15 to 20 million pounds of pyrethrum flowers, largely from Jppm. About 1 million pounds of quassia wood were also imported annually. P*RT t CRYPT0CrA?fS AGARIC ACEAE (Fungi — Mushrooms) AMANITA MUSCARIA Fr. Synonym: Agaricus muscarius L. Fly mushroom. Bug agaric* A solution of the alkaloid muscarine increased the heart activity of the lnrva of Corethra crystalline (Deg.). — Dogiel (120, p. 29). — r7 — The spraying of peach trees with a decoction of poisonous mush- rooms (l kg. to 10 liters of water) was recommended to destroy peach aphids in France,— Anonymous (5) • This mushroom has been used in Europe as a fly poison for hundreds of years, — Chesnut (87, p. 13). This fungus was used formerly as a popular insecticide. It was bruised, steeped in milk, and the milk exposed as we now expose ar- senical flypaper. — Dlyth and Rlyth (64, p. 426). The poisonous qualities of this fungus probably depend on the presence of volatile matter and the alkaloid amanitine (muscarine) • An extract of the whole funrus is likely to prove effective against all kinds of gnawing insects and their larvae.— Gomilevsky ( 164) • Comments by reviewer. — Since poisonous mushrooms are extremely toxic to people and appear to be also to certain insects, toxicolog- ical studies should be made with various orders of insects. If the poisonous fungi prove to be wxrtti while, they might be cultivated as we now cultivate the edible mushrooms. AMANITA PANTHERINA Fr. This fungus was used as a fly poison.— Lyons (248, p» 29). CHARACEAE (Algae— -ot on eworts) CHAR A FOETIDA An active principle isolated from this alga was toxic to mosquito larvae. In action it appeared to be similar to derris. — Howard (204, p. 10). CHARA FRAGILIS Desv. Ponds in which this alga grows naturally were free from mosquito- larvae. It was lethal to four species of Culex larvae, and the lethal action seemed to be closely pssocipted with hi^h pH. The pH seemed to vary directly with photosynthetic activity. Tests with the dried plants also showed a marked lethal action.--l'atheson (271, pp. 35-06) • Char a is grown widely in India in paddy fields and in pools. It is said to destroy mosquito larvae. Alcoholic extracts and water suspensions had no effect on caterpillars •--Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (312). -8- EQUISETACEAE (Horsetails) BQUISETUM ARVENSE L. Common horsetail. EQUISETUM HYEMALE L. Scouring-rush. Extracts from these horsetails were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Met zger and Grant (277) • An aqueous extract end a powder of E. ervense were recommended as insecticides in a German patent.— Diener (119). HYPOGREACEAE (Fungi) CLAVTCEPS PURPtfRFA (Fr.) Tul. Ergot of rye. A wnter extract killed aphids, psyllps, And thrips.-- llevsky (164). Extracturc secale cornuti (10 percent in water) and secele cornutum pulvis (100 percent, end 10 percent in flour) had no perceptible effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.).-- DeBussy (76). LYCOPERDACEAE (Fungi— Puff balls) CALVATIA GIGANTEA (Pers.) Cunningham. Synonyms: Lycoperdon bovista L., L. giganteuro Batsh. Giant puff ball. This fungus was used in its mature oondition as a styptic and for stupefying bees. — Greshoff (170, p. 167). The spores may be used in the same way as flowers of sulfur. Insects covered with this powder either perish from its mechanical effects or are poisoned by it.— Gomilevsky (164) . LYCOPODIACSAE (Club Mosses) LYCOPODIUM COMFLMATUM L. Ground cedar. The decoction killed lice.— Williams (428, p. 924). LYCOPODIUM SELAGO L. Fir club moss. Listed as an insecticide. ~Greshoff (170, p. 165). -9- OSMONDACEAE (Ferns) OSMUND A CINNAMONEA L, Cinnamon fern. OSMUNDA REGALIS L. Flowering fern. Extracts of the cinnamon fern were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) » Extracts of the rhizomes of both species killed none of the mos- quito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) ♦ PARMELIACEAE (Lichens) CETRARIA ISLANDICA (L.) Ach. Iceland moss. To destroy eggs of Lepidoptera, trees were sprayed with a solution made by boiling 4 pounds of Iceland moss for 1 hour in 20 gallons of water, adding more water as needed to maintain a constant volume.— Chmielewski (96) . POLYPODIACKAE (Ferns) ADIANTW CAPILLUS-VENERIS L. Southern maidenhair. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). DENNSTAEDTIA FUNCTILOBULA (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scented fern. Acetone extracts of the rhizomes killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hertz ell and Wilcoxon ( 188) . DRYOPTERIS FELIX-MAS (L.) Schbtt. Synonym: Aspldlum filix-mas (L.) SW. Male fern. The powdered rhizome of the male fern has been used since ancient times as an anthelmintic. A commercial extract (an oleoresin) was secured, and crude filicin was obtained from it. Preliminary tests on mosquito larvae (Culex qulnquefasciatus Say) showed that the oleoresin was toxic. Purified filicic acid was four times as toxic as the crude filicin to these larvae. Satisfactory control of bean aphids was obtained with a spray containing 0.03 percent of crude filicin and 0.5 percent of Penotrol.— Wilcoxon and coworkers (425). -10- Acetone extracts of the rhizomes and the oleoresln (25 p.p.m.) killed 100 percent of the mosquito larvae tested# A 0.1-percent con- centration of filicin killed 99 and 96 percent of the bean aphids tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L. Sensitive fern. Acetone extracts of the rhizomes killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDklbM (L.) Newman. Hartstongue. Extr^ its were not repellent to the Japenese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277). POLYS TI CHUM AGROSTICHOIDES (Michx.) Schott. Christmas fern. Acetone extracts of the rhizomes killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) ♦ PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (L.) Kuhn. Bracken. In Spain it was suggested that fern leaves be placed among clothes, for it was claimed that clothes moths do not deposit eggs in the presence of these leaves.— Anonymous (27). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM (Desv.) Hieron. Bracken. Acetone extracts of the rhizomes of this fern killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . POLYPORACEAE (Bracket Fungi) FOMES OFFICINALIS (Fr.) Faull. Synonym: Polyporus officinalis Fr. Larch agaric. Agaricine (10 percent in flour) and aparicus alba had no per- ceptible effect on caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.). — OeBussy (76) . [These botanical drutrs are derived from this species»J Extracts from this funrus were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzerer and Grant (277). -11- POLYTRICRACEAE (Mosses) POLYTRICHDM JTJNIPERINUM Wllld. Hairoap moss. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). RHODOPHYCEAE (Red Algae) CHONDRUS CRISPUS (L.) Staok. Carrageen. Irish moss. In Germany it was believed that seaweed mucilage might control insects in orchards and vineyards. The mucilage was prepared by boil- ing 4 pounds of Irish moss in 20 gallons of water for 1 hour. When the mucilage was sprayed on infested plants, pieces flaked off taking with them the eggs and larvae of the injurious insects. Still more effeotive results were obtained by adding 2 pounds of ethereal oil of mustard, dissolved in 10 pounds of methylated spirit, to every 2,000 to 4,000 pounds of mucilage.— Issleib (215) • Alginio acid is derived from a seaweed, probably from Chondrus or other alga* Woolen fabrics are impregnated with a soluble salt of alginio aoid and then plaoed in a bath of antimony salt (Ger. patent 304,506) •-- Ro ark (535, p. 7). This boss was a constituent of a petrolatum emulsion used for mothproofing fabrios (U. S. patent 1,799,047) .— Roark (335, p. 24). SALVINIACEAE (Fernlike Plants) AZOLLA CAROLINIANA Willd. This small floating plant grows densely in stagnant water and oovers the surface for large areas so that mosquito larvae are unable to reach the surface to breathe. It is recommended in Austria as a good plant to raise in stagnant waters to prevent the development of mosquitoes.— Henkel (192). AZOLLA sp. Asolla and Lemna, when grown in water where mosquitoes breed, oheok the breeding by preventing the larvae from getting air. — Howard (203, pp. 25, 27). -12- SELAGTNELLACEAE (Club-?/0S3 Allies) SELAGINELLA SCANDENS Spring. The leaves of this small creeping herb were put on fires to keep tiolcs away from houses in the Gold Coast, Africa*— Irvine (213) ♦ PART II— PHANEROGAMS or SPERMATOPHYTBS ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family) JUSTICIA ADHATODA L. Synonym: Adhatoda vasioa Nees. Malabar nut. This plant was fatal to flies, fleas, mosquitoes, and the pupae of aquatic insects.— Rusby (350) . This species was reported to be *sed as an insecticide in India.- Roark (332, p. 2). JUSTICIA GENDARUSSA L. f. Synonym: Gendarussa vulgaris Nees. In India the natives scattered the leaves among their clothes to preserve them from insects.— Drury (122, p. 233). This plant is widely distributed in India. A 5-percent extract of the leaves killed 100 percent of the caterpillars of Prodenla litura (F.) and Euprootie fraterna (Moore), and a 3-percent extract killed 80 peroent of E. fraterna. A 3-percent extraot of the root bark killed 60 percent of E. fraterna and a 4-percent extract killed 100 percent. Powdered roo^s, leaves, and stems dusted upon beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), killed 75 to 80 percent of them in 5 days .—Putt arudri ah and Subramanian (31l). RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS (L.) Kurz. Synonym: R. communis Nees. In India the root bark was used as a remedy for dhobi's Itoh.— Watt (422, v. 3, p. 90). RUNGIA REPQJS (L.) Nees. Synonym: Justiola repens L. In India the fresh leaves were bruised, mixed with castor oil, and applied to the scalp. The whole plant was considered a vermifuge.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1, p. 593). -13- ACERACEAE (Maple Family) ACER PLATANOIDES L. Norway maple* Acetone and water extracts of the leaves killed none of the mosquito larvae tested*— Hartz ell and Wilcoxon (188). ACS* PSEODO-PLATANUS L. Sycamore maple* Acetone extracts killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested*— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188)* ACER RUBRUM L. Red maple. ACER SACCHARIUM L* Silver maple* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*- Metzger and Grant (277), ACER SACCHARUM Marsh* Sugar maple* Acetone and water extracts of the leaves killed none of the mosquito larvae tested*— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188)* AESCULACEAE (Horeechestnut Family) AESCULUS CALIFORNICA Nutt. California buokeye. Observations on honeybees that visited this tree showed that the young brood was most affected* The eggs either failed to hatch or produced drones* The larvae soon died and disappeared, and the pupae were often deformed* The emerging young adults crawled from the hives, and older adults died prematurely* The queens ceased laying or became drone layers* The colonies were weakened or killed*— Durnside and Vansell (72). This plant has taken a heavy toll from the beekeepers of California* The brood of bees was seriously affected when fed products of this tree* The eggs failed to hatch and oviposition might cease entirely* Immature and deformed dead bees accumulated at the hive entrances* On rare oc- casions the adult field bees feeding on buckeye blossoms became pnralyzed and died in alarming numbers*— Vansell and coworkers (409) * Flours made from the nuts were toxic to the Mexican bean beetle, when applied to bean foliage* Adults and second inetars died within 3 days after eating the hulls or meat, and the newly hatched larvae died 2 days after eating the meat* Neither the meat nor hull flour was a violent poison, heavy doses being required to kill the insects within 2 or 3 days*— Apple and Howard (U. S. Bur* Ent* and Plant Quar* News Letter 7(ll): 23-25. 1940). -14- AESCULUS GLABRA Willd. Ohio buckeye. Alcoholic extracts of the fruit ahd leaves and a decoction of the leaves had no effect on cotton caterpillars,— Riley (325, p, 184), AESCULUS HIPPO CASTANUM L. Horsechestnut, Acetone extracts of the leaves killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) , AhSCULUS PAVIA L. Red buckeye. Bedsteads made of this wood were said not to be infested by bugs,— Porcher (308, p. 91). An infusion of horsechestnuts was recommended as a spray against leaf-eating insects on vep-etables,— V, (408) , A decoction of horsechestnut proved effective against aphids ( Rhopalosiphum sp,) on seedlings of sugar beet near Prague,— Neuwirth AIZOACEAE (Carpetweed Family) MOLLUGO CERVIANA Ser. This plant mixed with oil was made into an ointment for scabies and other cutaneous diseases,— Drury (122, p, 305) • MOLLUGO SPERGULA L. The juice of this plant was applied as a remedy for itch and other skin diseases,— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v, 1, p, 615), AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth Family) Ai/iARANTHUS RETROFLLX.US L. Pigweed. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Ketzger and Grant (277). AMARYLLIDAC15AE (Amaryllis ^amily) A GAVE AMERICANA L. Century plant. The infusion of the leaves can be applied ss an insecticide,— Von Mueller (414, p. 24), -15- In India wallpaper impregnated with the expressed juice was said to be proof against white ants.— Chopra and Badhwar ( 98) . AGAVE LECHEGUTLLA Torr. Lechuguilla. Infusions of the roots had only a slight effect on fly larvae.-- Cook, Hutchison, and Scales (103, p. 5j 104, p. 13). FURCRABA HEXAPETALA (Jacq.) Urban. Synonym t F. cub ens is (Jaoq.) Vent. A water extract had practically no effect on silkworms.--McIndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). NARCISSUS PSEUDONARCISSUS L. Common daffodil. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — fc.etzger and Grant (277). ANACARDIACEAE (Sumac or Cpshew Family) ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L. Cashew. The pericarp of the nut contains a black acrid oil, which was often applied to floors or wooden rafters of houses to prevent attacks by white ants. — Drury (122, p. 33). Oil from the shells mixed with kerosene was tested in India against the mosquito Armigeres ob turbans (Wlk.). Nearly 100 percent of the larvae and pupae were killed within 2 hours in laboratory sinks.— Wats and Bherucha (420). An emulsion of cashew-shell oil was tested in India Against the coffee stem borer. It was found to be a good ovicide, provided it came in contact with the eggs.— Subramanyam (386). BUCHANANIA LATIFOLIA Roxb. In India this plant wes believed to cure itch. — Kirtiknr and Bbsu (230, v. 1, p. 381). HOLIGARNA AMOTHIAKA Hook. Bibo. An extract of the seeds mixed with kerosene wes tested as e lprvi- cide against mosquitoes, but poor results were obtained. — Wpts pnd Bharucha (420). -16- MANOTFEFA TNDTCA L. Manro. The gum resin , mixed with lime juice or oil, wes used as a cure for scabies, and the powdered flowers were used for fumigating mosquitoes. — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, pp. 375-376) • PISTACIA LENTISCUS L. Mastic tree. Various gums with oils were tested for stability as emulsifiers. Mastic gum was unstable.— Ginsburg (158) . •RHUS CANADENSIS March, Synonym: R. aromatica Ait. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). RHUS CORIARIA L. Sumac. When grown in proximity to infested vines, sumac destroys phylloxera. — Von Mueller (414, p. 461) . Negative results were obtained upon testing infusions of the wood and leaves against phylloxera on grape vines in Italy.— Floriano (141) • A bag of sumac leaves wbs buried around the base of each apple tree infested with the woolly aphid. For some time aphids remained on the roots, but a year later they had disappeared, and it was thought that the tannin in the leaves killed or repelled them.— Reymond (320) . RHUS GLABRA L. Sumac. Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). RHUS sp. Water extracts of the leaves and berries killed only 5 and 20 percent, respectively, of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartz ell and Wilcoxon (188). SCHINOPSIS sp. Quebracho. The commercial extract was an effective repellent against the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . SEMECARPUS ANACARDIUM L. TOXICODENDRON RADICANS (L.) Kuntze. Synonym: Rhus toxicodendron L. Extracts tested in sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide. — ,Vats and Singh (421) . -17- ANNONACEAE ( Custard-Apple Family) ANNONA CHERIMOLIA Mill. Synonym: A. tripetala Ait. Cherimoya. The seed was used as an insecticide.— Greshoff (170, p. 12). ANNONA GLABRA. L. Synonymx A. palustria L. Alligator-apple. Pond-apple. The powdered seeds were used as an insectioide.— Maisch (262). Alcoholic extraots of the leaves, stems, and roots of this plant from Ceylon were tested against the ohrysanthemum aphid, ^he stems and roots were not toxio, but the leaves were moderately toxic. — Tatter sfield and Potter (395)« ANNONA MURTCATA L. Sour sop» Extracts of the leaves, stems, roots, and seeds were tested against aphid Macroslphoniell a sanborni (Gill.). The seeds were the most toxic, but not enough to make this plant of any value as an insecticide •-- Tattersfield and Potter (395). ANNONA RETICULATA L. Custard-apple. The powdered seed was used as an insecticide.— Maisch (262) « This plant is widely distributed in India. Alcoholic extracts of the seeds and stem bark were tested sgainst adult grasshoppers, Epecromia tamulus (F.). A 3-percent extract of the seeds killed 80 percent, a 4- percent extract 90 percent, and a 5-percent extract 100 percent. The same extracts of the stem bark killed 40, 70, and 100 percent, respec- tively. Alcoholic extracts of the stem berk, seeds, leaves, snd root bark were tested against caterpillars, Prodenla litura (F»), Hyps a ficus (F»), Acheae Janata (L.), Euproctis fraterna (Moore), Plutella macullpennis (Curt.), and Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller. The 3- and 5-percent extracts of the seeds, leaves, and root bark were always efficient while those of the stem bark were sometimes efficient. Alcoholic extracts were also tested against nymphs of the mango hopper (ldloceru8 sp.)» A 5-percent extract of the leaves and of the root bark each killed 100 percent of them. Powdered seeds dusted on beetles, C al lo s obruohus chinensls (L.), killed 80 percent of them in 42 hours.— Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (31l). This is one of three plants in Mysore, India, found to have great inseoticidal value. The seed contains the insecticidal principle.— Subr amani am (385) • Alcoholic extracts of the leaves, stems, roots, and s^ed from Ceylon were tested against the ohrysanthemum aphid. The leaves had a measure of toxicity, the stems and roots were not toxic, but the -18- seeds were pronouncedly toxic. In other teste, in which A. reticuleta and Derris elliptica (rotenone content 9 percent) were compared, the root of Derris was decidedly more toxic to bean aphids than any part of Annonaj the root of Derris paralyzed 96 percent of the beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamgnsis (L.), tested, while the root of Annona par- alyzed only 14,5 percent. An alcoholic extract of the seed was in- effective as a stomach poison or deterrent against larvae of a moth. An ether extract of the seed was much less toxic than nicotine to aphids, but it had a delayed action which is advantageous to a contact insecti- cide.--Tattersfield and Potter (395) • Ccmmeri* ■■ r vi.ewer .— More work should be done with the custard- apple. ANNONA SPINES CENS Mart. The seeds, either finely powdered or in the form of a decoction, were used as an insecticide. — Greshoff (170, p. 12). The pulp was used as a fish poison and for killing noxious insects.-- Dragendorff (121, p. 216). ANNONA spp. The seeds of A. cherimolia, A. murlcata, and A. squamosa were used crushed to poTson fish in rivers. The milky "Juice °f "the seeds was a remedy for soabies and was also used for destroying insect pests. — Soarone (363). ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. Sugar- apple. The seeds contain a highly acrid principle said to be fatal to insects, for which purpose the natives in India used them. The dried immature fruit was used for washing the hair to destroy vermin.— Murray (290, p. 72). The seeds were used against head lice.— Greshoff (170, p. 11). This species is cultivated in Brazil, and its leaves are used ps an insecticide.— Barcellos Fagundes (51). An extract of the seeds mixed with kerosene was tested as a mosquito larvicide, but poor results were obtained.— Wats and Bharucha (420). Alcoholic extracts of the leaves, stems, and roots of this plant from Ceylon were tested against the chrysanthemum aphid. The stems had no toxicity, the roots a slight toxicity, but the leaves had a high toxicity. — Tattersfield and Potter (395). -19- Comments by reviewer. — Since the leaves appear to have a high toxicity, more work should be done testing them and the seeds against a number of insects. ARTABOTRYS SUAVB0LEN5 Blume. Artabotrine is one of three alkaloids isolated from the bark of this species. Some of this alkaloid dissolved in alcohol was sprayed on aphids, Macrosiphoniella sanborni. It was not toxic.-- Tattersfield and Potter (59?) . ASIWINA sp. Papaw. Papaw trees planted to serve as a mosquito repellent were found to be of no value. — Howard (205, p. 24). FELnDOFJTK LATI FOLIA (Bl.) Hook k Thomas. Synonym: Uvaria latifolia ^rpin. Extracts of the roots of this plant from Siam were not toxic to the bean aphid. — Tattersfield and Gimingham (591) • APIACEAE (Carrot Family) ANGELICA ARCHANGELICA L. Angelica. The root was ineffective against bedbugs, roaches, and clothes moths. — Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (361, pp. 5, 13, 26). It was found of no value against chicken lice and dog fleas •-- Abbott (37, pp. 7, 11). The root was worthless as a clothes moth control. —Back (44, p. 27) . The root wes of no value as a repellent to screwworm flies.-- Parman and ooworkers (302) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and 3rant (277) . Acetone extracts of the roots killed only 40 percent of the mos- . to larvae tested.— Hartz ell and Wilcoxon (188) . ANTHRISCTTS V 5 Pers. European chervil. Chervil has been reported to drive away ants. A few handfuls of the leaves are placed on the anthills or scattered between rows of melons.— Lesne (246). -20- CARUM BULBOCASTANUM (L.) Kooh. This plant was used in India to protect clothes and skins against the ravages of insects .--Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 622). CARUM CARVI L. Caraway. Oil of caraway was one of the best cures for scaly leg of poultry. It was applied in an ointment made of 1 part of the oil to 5 parts of white vaseline. This ointment should be rubbed into the leg and foot every few days until signs of the disease disappear.— Pearl and co- workers (304, p. 222) • Carvacrol was tested against the body louse. A piece of cloth impregnated with the oil was kept for observation in a vial with lice on it. All of them were dead within 12 hours.— Moore and Hir6chf elder (285, p. 55). Oil of caraway was sometimes sliphtly attractive but usually fairly repellent to the oriental cockroach.--Cole (101) . Acetone extracts of the seed killed 90 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). CICUTA MACULA TA L. Spotted water hemlock. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Mettger and Grant (277). CONIUM MACULATUM L. Poison hemlock. The action of coniine on the common blowfly was determined. Drop- lets of coniine were applied to various parts of blowflies, which with- in a minute showed signs of external irritation j there were rapid motions of the wings, and quick and aimless movements of the legs. The wings, as a rule, became completely paralyzed before the legs, and death oc- curred within 10 minutes to 2 hours.— Blyth and Blyth (64, p. 270). Spray solutions of coniine hydrochloride were tested against the bean aphid. The minimum concentration required to kill about 95 per- cent of the aphids was greater than 0.5 gm. per 100 cc, while that of nicotine sulfate was 0.009 gm.' — Richardson and Smith (322) . When coniine was tested as a contact poison, 1.0- and 0.75-percent solutions killed 90 and 60 percent, respectively, of bean aphids.— Tattersfield and coworkers (393). In laboratory tests coniine hydrobromide used ns a dust killed only 25 percent of the codlinr moth larvae tested.— McAlister and Van Leeuwen (249). -21- To prepare an extract of poison hemlock use 100 parts by weight of fresh leaves with flowers and small stalks out into small pieces and mixed with 5 or 6 parts of water and ground in a mortar; press out the pulp and again mix with 15 parts of waterj again grind end press out, adding the second liquid to the first* The extract was found effective against various" insects.— Gomilevsky (164) . The powdered fruit was ineffective ap-ainst fly larvae, — Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4). Extracts from poison hemlock were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.—Metzger and Grant (277) . Coniine is added to a drenching solution for hides to serve as a mothproofing agent (Ger. patent 595, 849) •— Roark and Busbey (346, p. 20), Comments by revi ewer • —Since coniine is closely related to nic- otine, more work on this alkaloid should be done so that the results can be compared with those obtained with nicotine. CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L. Coriander. Oil of coriander was one of the best repellents tested against screwworms#— Parman and coworkers (302). Oil of coriander, applied in 2-percent emulsion sprays, killed from 51 to 80 percent of the red spiders and cotton aphids tested within 24 hours. — Kayumov (226) . CUKINUM CYMIHDM L. Synonym: C, odorum Salisb. Cumin. Oil of cumin exhibited good repellency ap-ainst screwworms for 1 or 2 days only.— Parman and coworkers (302) • It was moderately repellent to the oriental cockroach. — Cole (lOl) . DAUCUS CAROTA L. Common carrot. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). FERULA ASSAFOETIDA L. Asafetida. Asafetida was ineffective against the tarnished plant bug.— Crosby and Leonard (108) • In laboratory tests tincture of asafetida was very strongly repellent to the cornfield ant.- Forbes (142, p. 465). -22- Asafetida was stored with grain which was kept in closed receptacles, but the grain was not protected against the weevil Sitophilus oryza (L.) • — Fletcher and Ghosh (140, pp. 733-755) • Asafetida (10 percent) had no perceptible effect on the cater- pillars of Prodenia litura (F.) .--DeBussy (76) . Asafetida, 1 ounoe per marla, did not reduce the white ant attacks on sugarcane in India, but ouch larger doses did slightly reduce the attacks on wheat .--Chopra (97), An alcoholic solution of asafetida was of no value as a repellent to screwworms. — Parman and coworkers (302) . Comments by reviewer* — It is not worth while to spend more time on asafetida as an insecticide. FERULA FOETIDA Regel. Hing. Extracts used as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide. — '.fats and Sinrh (421) • FERULA GALBANIFLUA Boiss. and Buhse Of 20 gums tested with 4 oils to find stable emulsifiers, galbanum Indian gum was found to be the best. Only 0.5 percent of it was suf- ficient to produce a solid emulsion which remained stable for several weeks without the addition of a preservative.— Ginsburg (158) . [.This is probably not correctly classified, and amber gum, which was not classified, was found to be unstable.} FOENICULUM VULGARE Mill. Common fennel. Oil of fennel exhibited good repellent action against screwworms for 1 or 2 days only.— Parman and coworkers (302) • Oil of fennel wps attractive to the oriental cockroach in 21 counts and repellent in 54 counts. — Cole (101) . Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Lletzger and Grant (277). GARCIWIA HMDURYI Hook, f . Various rums were tested with oils to find a stable emulsifier. \mmoniac rambope gun wns one of the four efficient rums used. £This may not be correctly classified.] — Ginsburr (IFP) . OARCINIA. W)R^LLA T)esr. Extracts used as sprays an^inst adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide.-- TJats and Singh (421) • -23- IMPERATORIA OSTRUTHIUM L. Master wort. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). OENANTHE CROCATA L. Alooholio extracts of the roots were effective against larvae of Pier is brassicae (L.). This plant, which is common in England, con- tains a principle toxic to insects.— Tutin (403) . PASTINACA SATIVA L. Parsnip. Extracts from parsnip were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). PETROShLIMM CRlSPUid (Mill.) Nym. Oil of parsley was moderately repellent to the orients 1 cock- roach.—Cole (101). PIMPINELLA ANISUM L. Anise. In laboratory tests anise oil was very strongly repellent to colonies of the cornfield ant.— Forbes (142, p. 465). Anise oil, sprayed in pure form or dllutgd with alcohol, was used in Germany to kill lice on soldiers.— Frankel (143). Anise oil was almost as effective as oil of bergamot against lice on soldiers.— Galewsky (150) . Anise oil in carbon tetrachloride was said to be among the most promising chemical means of controlling lice on humans.— Zucker (437) . Powdered anise seed was ineffective against roaches.—Scott and coworkers (361, p. 13). Fructus anisi had no perceptible effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) • — BeBussy (76) • Star-anise oil plus kaolin was one of the best repellents against screwworms. There was no emergence of these flies from meat treated with this oil. — Parman and coworkers (302). Extracts from anise were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) • Clothing treeted with a soapy emulsion of anise oil will protect the wearer from the stings of gn^ts (Ger. patent 557,760). — Ro«rk and Busbey (346, p. 4) • -24- PIMPINELLA. SAXIFRAGA L. Pimpinella. Extracts from the dry rhizomes and roots were more or less effec- tive repellents against the Japanese beetle, — Metzger end Grant (277) • PRANGOS PABULARIA Lindl. Water in which the plant was steeped destroyed snails, and its roots were said to be a valuable remedy for itoh.— Murray (290, p. 201) • In India the root was considered a valuable external application for itch and a decoction. of the fruit was employed as a wash to cure *rottt in sheep,— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1, p. 335). Sims. SUAVE Walt. Water parsnip. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane Family) ACOKAMHERA LONGI FLORA Stapf. This plant was used as an arrow poison in East Africa, but extracts of the leaves and stems had only a very slight effect on citrus aphids. — Wore ley (431). APOCYNUM ANDROSAEMIFOLUJM L. APOCYNUM CANNABINUM L. Dogbane. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant ( 277) • CARISSA CARANDAS L. Synonym: £. oongesta Wight. In India this plant was used to keep off flies, and when pounded with lime juice and camphor as a remedy for itch.— Watt (422, v. 2, p. 165) HAPLOPHYTON CIMICIDUM A. DC. Cuoaracha herb. Cockroach plant. This plant is listed as an insecticide. — Greshoff (170, p. 107). Considerable success was had in poisoning Culex, Anopheles, var- ious species of Instrypetas, and other Diptera, by using the juice and infusion of the leaves or of the entire plants, the macerated bark, and the concentrated alcoholic extract. — Mexico Comision de Parasitologia A^ricola (278) . -25- This plant was reported to be used as an insecticide and as n medicine by the natives of Mexico, who gathered it in the wild state and sold it at the local markets for a few centavos a bundle.—Roark (332, p. 24), This plant has been used in Mexico since time immemorial for killing cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, fleas, lice, and other insects. In the campaign against the Mexican fruitfly in 1900, extracts of the plant were found effective against that insect and many trees were spreyed with it. In recent tests a spray containing 3.3 gnu of dried leaves of a good sample per 100 cc. was toxic to fruitflies. Some samples, however, were nontoxic or only slightly toxic to the flies.— Plummer (306) . Comments by reviewer.— This plant is apparently the only one in the family Apocynaceae that is worth while as an insecticide. HOLORRHENA ANTIDYSENTERICA Wall. Green vegetable matter decaying in water sometimes pollutes the water and thus helps to control mosquitoes. In running water, apparently not every plant is suitable. One of the best so far found in India is the above species, which contains several alkaloids.— Racket and co- workers (175, p. 1028) • NERIUM INTO CUM Mill. Synonym: N. odoruro Soland. Sweet oleander. Kaner. Water extracts, maoerated juices, and dusts of kaner leaves were tested in India against citrus psyllas, aphids, luoerne weevil grubs, and adult beetles (Aulacophora abdominalis). The extract of its roots appeared to be more poisonous than that of the leaves* In these preliminary tests this material was less effective than tobacco.— Chopra (97, pp. 106, 109) • This plant is widely distributed in India* A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the leaves caused the following mortalities of caterpillars: 80 percent of Prodenia litura (F*), Baproctls fraterna (Moore), and Perlcallia rioini (F.)i and 70 percent of Crocldolomla binotalis t el 1 • —Putt arudr'i ah and Subramaniam (312). NEPJUM OLEANDER L. Common oleander. The bark was frequently used for the destruction of rat6 and insects.— Greshoff (170, p. 105). The powder from the leaves and stems and a decoction from this powder had no effect on aphids (Macrosiphum sp.). — Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 23). -26- PLUMSRIA RUBRA L. Synonyms: P. ecuti folia (Poir.) Woodson; P. _*cu- minntei Roxb. Mexican fran^ipani. In India the juice mixed with sandalwood oil and camphor was employed as a cure for itch.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1, p. 297), The sap mixed with ooconut was used as a remedy for itch.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 785). RAUVOLFIA OBSCURA K. Sch. RAUVOLFIA VOMITORIA Afz. The latex or a deoootioh of the leaves was used in West Africa as a remedy for parasitic skin diseases, yaws, and for hair lice.— Dalziel (112). STROPHANTUS KOMBE Oliver. Strophanthus. Extracts were not repellent to the Japnese beetle. — '/etzger and Grant (277) • '& *e __— THEVETIA PERUVIANA (Pers.) K. Schum. Synonym: T. ^s Juss. This plant is widely distributed in India. Alcoholic extracts and water suspensions had no effect on caterpillars. — Futtarudriah and Subramaniam. (312). .eevjaef »ri# 1o ^QUIFOLTACEAE — .oooadod- tisrt* evi^oeTie stfflolly Family) aiiii .(eo.r. ,aoi .qq ILEX OP AC A Ait. American holly. Zortoola d-neo*req-3 A »Mibi Extracts from the fresh leaves were more or less * the Japanese beetle.— Metier and Grant (277). ai ILEX PARAGU'ENSIS St. Hil. Paraguay tea. Extracts from the dry leaves showed some repel lency to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277). ILEX VERTICILLATA (L.) A. Gray. Common winterberry. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). —27— ARACEAE (Arum Family) ACORUS CALAMUS L. Synonym: Calamus aroma ticus Guelrienst. Calamus. Evteetflae. The lesves were said to be noxious to insects .--Prury (122, p. 14). In India the sweetflpf? was used by the natives chiefly for pro- tecting woolen »nd flpnnel clothing from insects. — Dalzell and Gibson (111, sup, p. 96). In India the aromatic rhizome was held in high esteem as an insectifuge, especially for fleas and moths. An infusion of the roots sprinkled in infested places also drove away vermin. The rhizome was used to keep moths from woolen goods and fleas from rooms.— Watt (422, v. 1, pp. 99-101). In Malaya and Java the roots were dried and made into powder, which was scattered around fruit trees to protect them against ants.— Ridley (324); Krausse (234, p. 158). The aromatic rhizome was held in high esteem as an insecticide and insectifuge. — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, pp. 1350-1352). Paper is rendered insect proof by adding a decoction of sweet- flag to the pulp during the process of manufacture. Fabrics are also rendered insectproof with this preparation (Brit, patent 13,071) .— Roark (333, p. 6). Extracts of sweetflag were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Metzger and Grant (277) • ACORUS GRA1'PTEUS So land. In Tndifl the roots were strted to be used ps an insecticide and insectifuge.— Chopra find Bpdhwar (98). AMORPHOPHALLUS CAMPANULATUS (Roxb.) Blume. As the flower stalk matures it emits an odor of putrid flesh, inviting hordes of bluebottle and other large flies, which cover the whole mass with their eggs; and the subsequent maggots, which thickly beset it for the next 4 or 5 days, render the flower stalk as dis- gusting to the eye and nose as carrion. — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 1337). ARISAEMA DRACONTIUM (L.) Schott. Synonym: Arum dracontium L. Indian turnip. Dragonroot. The corn is used to kill insects. — Pammel (299, p. 103). -28- ARISAEMA JAPONICUM Blume. The roots are used in Japan as an insectic *. — Jres f (171, p. 19). ARISAEMA SPECIOSUM Mart. In India this plant was considered to be in -;tici — Chopra and Badhwar (98) • JRISAEMA TORTTJOSUM (Wall.) Schott. The roots are used as an insecticide. — Greshoff (170, p. 157). The species was known in India to have insecticidal or repelling properties.— Roark (332, p. 3). ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM (L.) Schott. Jack-in-the-pulpit. Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) • CALADIUM BIC0L0R (Ait.) Vent. The powdered leaves were used as an insecticide.—Greshoff (170, p. 158). DRACUNCTJLUS VULGARIS Sohott. Synonym: Arum dracun cuius L. This plant bears a large flower which exhales an odor so fetid and carrion-like that blowflies, CRrrion flies, and other slaughter- house frequenters flock to it to deposit their egrs.— Bogert (65, p. 361). LAGENANDRA OVATA (L.) Thw. Synonym: L. toxicaria Dalz. This is an insecticidal plant in India. — Chopra pnd Padhwpr (98) . ORONTTUT AQTJATICTTM L. Golden club. PELTAJTDRA VIRGINICA (L.) Kunth. Virginia arrow-arum. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . PISTIA STRATIOTSS L. Waterlettuceo In India this plant was reported to destroy the bugs that in- fested a jail.— Kirtikar and Bnsu (230, v. 2, p. 1331). REMUSATIA VIVIPARA (Lodd.) Scott. Synonym: Arum viviporlim Roxb. The root wns made into an ointment with turmeric, and used as a remedy for the itch. — Kirtikar and Pasu (230, v. 2, p. 1342). -29- SAUROMATUM GUTTATUM Schott. Synonym: Arum venosum Ait, This plant was observed during its blooming period to attract in 2 days more than 100 flies, which were found dead in the bottom of the flowers •—Anonymous (15). SYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS (L.) Nutt. Synonym: Spathyema foetida (L.) Rpf. Slcunkcabbage. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger end Grant (277). Acetone extracts of the roots killed 65 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . SYNANDROSPADIX VERMITOXICUS Engl. The bulbs served for the destruction of injurious insects. — Greshoff (170, p. 158). ARALIACEAE (Ginseng Family) ARALIA HISPIDA Vent. Bristly aralia. ARALIA RACEMOSA L. American spikenard. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . ARALIA NUDICAULIS L. American sarsaparilla. Acetone extracts of the roots killed only 45 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). HEDSRA HELIX L. English ivy. In England it was recommended that a solution of ivy be pumped with a garden engine upon the caterpillars of the ermine moth. — F. (132, p. 179). In England extracts of ivy were tested against cpterpillars. A 5-percent spray solution made from a commercial extract killed 43 percent of the six species tested within 7 days, «nd a 1-percent solution killed only 13 percent of four of these species. In other tests with decoctions of ivy leaves, fairly good results were ob- tained but not sufficiently so to render them preferable to various other insecticides.— Duke of Bedford and Pickering (53, pp. 83-94). -30- HEDERA spp. In India ivy leaves have, from remote antiquity, been reputed to possess remedial virtues, especially as a dressing for ulcers and to destroy vermin on the body •--Watt (422, v. 1, p. 289), In India a decoction of ivy leaves was used to kill lice*— Chopra pnd Badhwar (_98) • ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family) ARISTOLOCHIA BR AC TEAT A Retz. In India the leaves, freshly bruised end mixed with castor oil, were considered a valuable remedy in obstinate cases of itch. The natives squeezed the juice into wounds to kill worms. — Drury (122, p. 60). ARISTOLOCHIA BP AST LI ENS IS Mast, ARISTOLOCHIA COPTTTJTA. Mast. ARISTOLOCHIA EL^OAHS Mast. The insects visiting these three species were killed.- Greshoff (170, p. 151). ARISTOLOCHIA. GRANDIFLORA Sw. This species was used by certain Indian tribes for poisoning fish. The berk and seeds were macerated or an infusion was made which was very effective against cabbage butterflies.— Scnrone (553) . ARISTOLOCHIA INDICA L. This species is found in the Bangalore district of India. Al- coholic extracts killed 100 percent of the following caterpillars: Prodenia litura (F.), e 5-percent extract of the leaves; Euproctis frnterna (Moore) , a 3-percent extract of leaves, stems, or fruit. } 20-percent water suspension of the powdered leaves and stems killed only 48 percent of the nymphs of the mengo hopper (idiocerus sp.). — Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (311) . aristolol.ua ;axii.a l. This plant was vised as a fish poison. Hie bark and seeds were macerated or an infusion was made which wps very effective arpirst co^bapte huf-i-ar^lias. — Scarone (353). -31- 4RIST0L0CHIA ROTUNDA L. Round-rooted birthwort. In India the roots were used by the natives in the treatment of itch and lice.— Watt (422, v. 1, p. 316). ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA L. Virginia snskeroot. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ASARUM CANADENSE L. Canada Bnakeroot. Wild ginger. This plant was of no value as a repellent or attractant to screw- worms.— Parman find coworkers (502) . Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). "Tater extracts of the buttons killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell end Wilcoxon. (188). ASCL^IAtACLAE (i.lilkweed Family) ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA L. Bloodf lower. The Indiens of southern Nexico were reported to hsve swept the floors and wpIIs of their huts with this pl^nt to keep away vermin, especifllly fleas.— Anonymous (13), This milkweed wps reported to check the spread of fleas in houses.— Bergey (56) . Alcoholic extracts of the stems and roots of this species, called *conami,u from British Guiana, were ineffective against the been aphid, but an extract of the flowers had a slight insecticidal action.— Tpttersfield and coworkers (393) • ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA L. var. of A. BULCHRA (Ehrh.) Pers. ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L. ' Milkweed. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA. L. Butterflyweed. An infusion of the roots had a considerable effect on fly larvae, but it was not efficient. — Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 14») . -32- Extracts of the roots killed none of the mosquito lervee tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) ♦ CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA (Willd.) R. Cr. This plant was used as an insect deterrent in India. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the stems killed only 55 percent of the cater- pillars o f P lut e 11 a ma cu li p enni a (Curt.) .— Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (311). CALOTROPIS PROCERA Ait. Swallowwort. Water extracts, macerated juices, and dusts of the leaves were tested in Indie against citrus psyllas, ephids, and lucerne weevil grubs, but were inefficient.-- Chopra (97, p. 109). the leaves were used in Senegal to destroy fowl lice.— Dalziel (112) o A spray consisting of a decoction of the flowers, leaves, and twigs of this plent with soap killed 86 percent of the grapevine thrips (Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood) in India, but without soap not more than 25 percent. Spraying with tobacco decoction and nic- otine sulfate, both with soap, gave a mortality of about 98 percent.— Rahman and Bhardwaj (314) • CYNANCHUM ARNOTTIANUM Wight. This plant was used as an insecticide in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98). CYNANCHUM MACR0RR7Z0N Carr. The blossoms of this plant contain a viscous substance in which all visiting insects are unable to extricate themselves .--Carriere (79). OXYSTELMA ESCULENTUk (L. f .) R. Br. ' Synonym: Asclepies rosea Roxb. The milky sap in combination with turpentine was said to be a valuable cure for itch in Sind, Indie. — Murray fe90, p. 161). In Sind the milky sup is used as a wash for ulcers. — Kirtikar and Pasu (230, v. 2, p. 810). SARCOSTEMMA BREVISTIGMA Wight * Am. Synonym: Asclepias acida Roxb. In India water passed through a bundle of these plpnts and a bag of salt is used to extirpate white ants from a field. — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 823). -35- TTLOPHORA ASTHMATICA (Willd.) W. & A* This plant ia widely distributed in India* A 5-percent alcoholic eztraot of the whole plant killed only 50 percent of the caterpillar a of Achaea Janata (L.), but a 10-peroent extract killed 100 peroent. A 20-peroent water suspension of the powdered whole plant killed only 40 peroent of the nymphs of mango hoppers (idiocerus sp*).— Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (511)* TTLOPHORA FASCICULATA Ham. This plant was used in southern Konkan (near Bombay) as a poison for rats and other vermin.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 4, p. 206). Comment a by reviewer.— The milkweed family doea not 8eem to be a promising one in which to find efficient insecticides. ASTERACEAE (Thistle or Aster Family) ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. Common yarrow. A powder and a decoction had no effect on aphids.— Molndoo and Sievers (269, p. 21). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ACHILLEA NOBILIS L. Camphor yarrow* The flower heads were reported to have insecticidal properties.— Gieseler (155). ■GERATOM sp. Ageratum. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA L. Synonym* A. elatior L. Ragweed. An alcoholic extraot or a decoction had no effect- on cotton caterpillars. — Riley (-525, p. 184). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . AMBROSIA TRIFIDA L. Great ragweed. A decoction, an infusion, or an alcohol! o extract had no effeot on cotton caterpillars.— Riley (326, p. 184). -34- ANACYCUJS PYRETHKOM (L.) D.C. Pellitory. A5TENNARIA spp. Pussytoes. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- •Metiger and Grant (277) » AN THailS ARVENSIS L« Corn camomile* The flowers were entirely inactive against flies, — Kalbruner (224) * The odor of this plant drove away mice and insects*— Greahoff (171, p. 157). ANTHEMIS ARVENSIS L. Camomile. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metiger and Grant (277). ANTHEMIS COTA L. The flower heads killed the dog flea, although very slowly, bwt had no prectical effect on flies and ants.— Pas serini (505, p. 42) • ANTHEMIS COTULA L. Synonym: Maruta cotula D.C. Mayweed* In Russia the powdered flower heads were very effective against bedbugs, fleas, and flies, but ineffective against grain worms and caterpillars*— Anonymous (_l)* A decoction of the leaves was said to destroy all species of insects.— Garrigues (152). The flowers were entirely inactive against flies.— Kalbruner (224)* ANTHEMIS NOBILIS L. Synonym: Chamondlla nobills Godr. Common camomile* The flower heads were reported to have inseotioidal properties*— Gieseler (155)* The flowers were entirely inactive against flies*— Kalbruner (224). Camomile was ineffective against fly larvae. — Cook and Hutchison (105, p. 4). ANTHEMIS spp. Smoke from the burning dried flowers of camomile stunned mosquitoes in 4 minutes end killed them in 56 hours, while smoke from firewood stunned mosquitoes in 5 to 7 minutes and killed them in 12 to 48 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, p. 96). -35- Alcoholic extracts of the flowers, leaves, and stems of crmomile showed no significant toxicity to the bean aphid*— Tpttersfield and ooworkers (393) • ANTHEMIS TINCTORIA L. Yellow camomile. The flowers were entirely inactive against flies.— Kalbruner (224) . The flowers were of no practical use against flies and ants, but they did kill the dog flea slowly. — Passerini (303, p. 42). ARCTIUM MINUS Bernh. Common burdock. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Met zger end Grant (277). Acetone extracts of the roots killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . ARNICA ALPINA (L.) Olin & Ladau. ARNICA MONTANA L. Arnica. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.—Metzger end Grant (277). ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM L. Southernwood. Extracts of the whole plant killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L. Synonym: Absinthium vulgare Lam. Common wormwood. Absinthium. Decoctions were reoommended in France against leaf-eating cater- pillars on fruit trees. — Lesne (244, p. 511). The odor of absinthium killed mosquitoes in 6 to 24 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, p. 95). In Siberia a decoction made from young wormwood was used as a cheap remedy for insects. A mixture containing 27 gn lions of this decoction, 10 pounds of green soap or rye paste, and 27 jpore gallons of water, and one containing 27 gallons of decoction, 54 gallons of water, 27 gallons of poultry dung dissolved in water and 10 pounds of paste of molasses were effective as sprays against aphidB and cater- pillars.— Stuptchenko (376). -36- Various dilutions of extracts had only a slight effect on the insects tested. — Schreiber (360) and Gorianinov (166), The powdered leaves had no effect on fly larvae, — Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4). Extracts killed only 5 to 15 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,--Hartzell and Wilcoxon (186) . ARTEMISIA DRACWCULOIDES Pursh. tn extract was not repellent to Japanese beetles, — Metzger and Grant (277) , ARTEMISIA PAUCIFLORA. Levant wormseed. The oil was moderately repellent to the oriental cockroach,— Cole (lOl) . £lf this oil was the American oil of wormseed, it was derived from Chenopodium ambrosioides,"] Santonin (100 p,p,m,), which is derived from this species, killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,— Hartzell and "Wilcoxon (188), ARTEMISIA SACRORUM Ledeb. Russian tarragon. Acetone extracts of the leaves and stems killed only 15 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,— Hnrtzell and Wilcoxon (188) , ARTEMISIA TRID2NTATA Nutt. Sagebrush. Water extracts slowly killed honeybees, but had no effect on silkworms, webworms, potato beetle lerv»e, rose aphids, and nasturtium aphids. — Wclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 21). ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. Muf^wort. Extracts were not repellent to the Japrnese beetle,— I'etzger and Grant (277) . According to a Japanese patent, mugwort is dried in the shade, powdered, treated with kerosene, cresol, soap and menthol oil, then with water and mineral outting oil, and filtered, — Nakamu (291) , ASTER LINOSYRIS (L.) Bernh. ASTER TRIFOLIUM L. The flowers were inactive against flies, — Passerini (303), -37- ASTER NOVAE- ANGLE AE L. New England aster. Extracts from the fresh leaves and flowers were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . ASTER PANICULATUS Lam. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). ATRACTYLIS OVATA Thunberg. This plant is used in China for fumigating grain stores. — Scarone (363). BACCHARIS FLORIBUi-iDA H. B. K. Niquitau. Niquivau was used in Venezuela for killing insects.-- Roark (332, p. 31). £Niquivau may not be identical with niquitau 7} BACCHARIS SAR0THR0ID5S Gray. Baccharis. Acetone extracts of the seeds killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hwrtzell and Wilcoxon (18?) » BAILEYA MULTIRADIATA Hary. & Gray. Baileya. The acetone and water extracts of the flowers killed none of the mosquito larvae test ed.~Hartz ell and Wilcoxon ( 180) . BLUMEA AURITA DC. Plaadura. This plant has been suggested for driving away insects in the Gold Coast, Africa, and as a possible source of insect powder. — Irvine (213). BLUMEA LA CERA (Roxb.) DC, Nuraurdi. The natives of Konan, near Bombay, used this plant to drive away fleas and other insects. It was suggested as a possible source of an insect powder. — Watt (422, v. 1, pp. 459-460). BRAUNERIA sp. (probably echinacea) • Acetone extracts of the root (N.F.) of this plant killed 100 per- cent of the mosquito larvae tested. A 0.2-percent concentration of the roots killed 49 and 38 percent of the been ephids tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). CALLILEPIS LAUREOLA DC. The powdered roots were used as an insecticide in Natal. — Greshoff (171, p. 155). -38- CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS L. Saf flower. In Bengal the oil was considered to be a valuable remedy for itch.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 717). CENTIPEDA ORBICULARIS Lour. This species was said to be used in Sind, India, as an insecticide. — Roark (332, p. 8). CHRYSANTHEMUM ACHTLLEAE L. Synonym Pyrethrum achilleae DC. The opened flower heads had some effect on flies, fleas, and ants; they were not much inferior to those of C. _cinerariaefoiium» — Passerini (303). CHRYSANTHEMUM CAUCASICUM (Willd.) Pers. Persian insect powder was reported to be made from this species .~ U. S. Commissioner of Patents (407) . CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERAPJAEFOLIDM (Trev.) Vis. Synonym: Pyrethrum cin- eraria efolium Trev. Dalmatian insect flowers. CHRYSANTHEMUM COCCINEUM Willd. Synonyms: _C. roseum Adam, Pyrethrum earn sum Bieb. Persian insect flowers. These two species and C. marschallii were recognized by the Insecticide and Fungicide Bo~ard of the United States Deportment of Agriculture in 1911 as sources of genuine £ pyrethrum^ insect powder.— McDonnell and coworkers (251) • The literature on pyrethrum as an insecticide is too extensive to include here. CHRYSANTHEMUM CORONARIUM L. Crown daisy. The flowers were entirely inactive against flies.— Kalbruner (224) . CHRYSANTHEMUM CORYkBOSUM L. Synonym: Pyrethrum corymbosun Scop. The flowers were feebly benumbing to flies. — Kalbruner (224) . A powder made from the opened and unopened flower heads, dried in the sun, was slightly less active than genuine insect powder against ants and flies.— Bohmer (66). The opened flower heads were not of much value against flies, dog fleas, and ants. — Passerini (303). -39- CHRYSANTHEMUM FRUTESCENS L. Marguerite. The flowers could ordinarily be substituted for genuine insect powder.— Lander er ( 242) . Extracts of the leaves and bark from Uganda were not toxic to the bean aphid*— Tattersfield and Giminghnm (_39l) •' CHRYSANTHEMUM INDICUM L. Mother chrysanthemum* The open and closed flower heads and the leaves of this species were entirely inactive against the insects tested,— Passerini (303) . CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCAN1HEMUM L. Synonym: Leucantheraum vulgare Lam. Oxeye Daisy. The flowers were entirely inactive against flies. — Kalbruner (224) . The powder, water extract, and alcoholic extract from the flower heeds had no effect on cotton caterpillars. — Riley (325, p. 180). This species had no effect on fly larvae.— Cook and coworkers (104, p. 21). The powder and hot water extract from the flower heads had no effect on silkworms, webworras, potato beetle larvae, and rose aphids.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). Pyrethrins were not found in the flowers, hence their worthless- ness as an insecticide.— U. S. Bureau of Entomologv and Plant Quarantine (405). The oxeye daisy was found to yield an oleoresin similar to that of pyrethrum, which, however, was found to contain no pyrethrins and was nontoxic to flies.— Shepard (363, p. 269). CHRYSANTHEMUM MARSCHALLII Aschers. Synonym; Pyrethrum roseum Bieb. Caucasian insect flowers. This is one of the three species from which genuine insect powder is made (see C. cinerariae folium and C. coccineuro) .—McDonnell ?nd coworkers (251) • CHRYSANTHEMUM MYCONIS L. The flower heads killed dog fleas, although very slowly. — Passerini (303). -40- CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM (L.) Pars. Synonyms: Matricaria parthenium '-•» PyrQ^rum parthenium J. E. Smith. Feverfew. The dried, fresh flowers had an effect on roaches similar to that of genuine insect powder .--Glover (163, p. 133) • The flowers had a benumbing effect on flies, acting within 1 or 2 hours .--Kalbruner (224) . The flower heads were not effective against the insects tested.— Passerini (303) • Alcoholic extracts were not significantly toxic to the bean aphid. — Tattersfield and coworkers (393) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Met zger and ^rant (277), CHRYSANTHQJUl.il SEGETUT* L. Synonym: Pyrethrum segetum Moench. Corn marigold. Thia plant was used in Greece and was as effective as Persian insect powder, particularly as a fumigant.— Lander er (241) . CHRYSANTHEMUM opp. Cultivated Chrysanthemums. CHRYSOPSIS MARIANA (L.) Nutt. Golden Aster. CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. Chicory. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . CLIBADIUM SURINAMENSE. L. The powder had practically no effect on silkworms.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). CLIBADIUM SYLVESTRE (Aubl.) Baill. Synonym: C. vargesii. Nivrai. Extracts of the leaves and stems of this fish-poison plant from Antigua were nontoxic to the bean aphid. --Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). CNICUS BENEDICTUS L. Blessed thistle. Extracts were not repellent to the Jappnese beetle. Metzger and Grant (277). -41- Water extracts of the whole plant killed only 35 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wllcoxon (188) » COREOPSIS GRANDIFLORA Hogg. Big coreopsis. Jactracts from the entire plant were repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . ECHINACEA PALLIDA (Nutt.) Britton. Hedgehog-coneflower. '^tracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ECHINOPS ECHINATUS Roxb. The roots are pounded and applied to the hair to destroy lice, and the powdered roots are applied to wounds in cattle to destroy mag- gots.— Greshoff (171, p. 160). ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) Raf. Fireweed. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277), ERIGERON ANNUUS (L.) Pers. Daisy fleabane. ERIGERON CANADENSIS L. Horseweed. ERIGERON PULCHELLUS Miehx. Poor-robins-plantain. Extracts of the daisy fleabane and poor-robins-plantain were not repellent to the Japanese beetle, but extracts of the fresh leaves and heads of the horseweed were repellent.— Metzger and Grant (277) . EDPATORIUM CAPILLIFOLIUM (Lam.) Saall. Dogfennel. This plant was used to keep off insects by strewing it on the floors of cellars and dairies .—Porcher (308) . EUPATORIUM COELESTINUM L. EUPATORIUM HYSSOPIFOLIUM L. Thoroughwort. EUPATORIUM MACULATUM L. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L. Synonynu E. connaturo Michx. Bones et. EUPATORIUM PUBESCENS Muhl. Extracts of the leaves and flowers of E. hyssopi folium were re- pellent to the Japanese beetle while extracts of the other four species were not repellent. — Metzger and Grant (277). -42- The powdered leaves of E. perfoliatum seemed obnoxious to cotton caterpillars, but an infusion had no effect on them.— Riley (325, p. 184) • Extracts of the leaves and stems of E. perfoliatum killed none of the mosquito larvae tested, — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • GALINSOGA PARVIFLORA Cav. Galinsoga. A powder and a deooction had no effect on aphids (Macrosiphum sp.) — Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277), GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM L. Sweet everlasting. GRINDELIA CAMPORUM Greene. Grindelia. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Metzger and Grant (277). GRINDELIA sp. (probably robusta Nutt.) . Grindelia. Acetone extracts of the whole plant (N. F.) killed 65 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.- Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . HELENIUM AUTUMNALE L. Sneezeweed. HELENIUM TENTH FOLIUM Nutt. Bitterweed. The decoction, infusion, and alcoholic extraot did not affect cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p. 184). The powdered heads of the bitterweed had only a slight effect on silkworms, flies, and aphids, and the decoction had no effect whatever on aphids .--Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). HELENIUM sp. Yerba de la pulga. The Pan American Society of Tropical Research brought to this country nearly 3 million seeds of this plant. After extensive ex- periments the Society concluded that the plant possesses exceptional insect-repelling qualities, and not only contains but actually exudes sufficient quantities of rotenone to make a single growing specimen of the plant repellent to practically all forms of insect life in an area of some 15 to 20 square feet. — Anonymous (34). HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. Common sunflower. -43- HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES (L.) Sweet sunflower. Heliopsis. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Met zger and Grant (277) . HIERACIUM PRATENSE Tausch. Hawkweed. Extracts from the entire plant were repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277) • INULA CONYZA DC. Synonyms: I* squarrosa Bernh., Conyza squarrosa L. Cinnamon root* / This plant is listed as an insecticide.— Lyons (248, p. 246). INULA HELENIUM L. Elecampane. This species was said to protect clothing from the clothes moth. Extracts of flowers collected in England did not kill the larvae of the birch mocha moth.— Tutin (403) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger find Grant (277). A strong concentration of acetone extracts of the roots killed 100 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,- and a 0.2-percent concen- tration killed 34 and 40 percent of the bean aphids, while an 0.18- percent concentration of steam-distilled roots killed 79 and 90 per- cent of these aphids. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). INULA VISCOSA (L.) Ait. Synonym* Erigeron viscosus L. This was reported to be one of the most common plants in Greece. The fumes of the burning plant had the same stupefying effect on mos- quitoes as those of Caucasian insect powder.— Landerer ( 240) . The flower heads were inactive against flies.— Passer ini (303). KRIGIA BIFLORA (Walt.) Blake. Cynthia. LACTUCA CANADENSIS L. Wild lettuce. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). LACTUCA sp. Lettuce. A spray, made by boiling 20 to 30 minutes 1 pound of lettuce plants from which the 6eed head has begun to shoot in 2 gallons of water and strained, w.s recommended for eradicating the cabbage moth and cabbage aphid in New South Wales.— Fuller (148). -44 LACTUCA VIROSA L. Lactucariura. A 10-percent concentration in flour had no perceptible effect on Prodenia lltura (F.) •— DeBussy (76) . LEONTODON TUBEROSUS L. Synonym: ThrincJB tuberose DC. The opened flowers and roots were inactive «?ainst flies and dog fleas. — Pa8serini (303). LIATRIS SPICATA (L.) Willd. Spike gayfeather. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. Synonyms » Chrysanthemum chamomilla Bernh., Chamomilla vulgaris S. F. Gray. German false-camomile. The flower heads had an action similar to that of Persian insect powder.~Schenck (356). The dried fresh flowers had an effect on the oriental cockroach somewhat similar to that of pyrethrum.~Glover (165, p. 133). The powder was inert towards roaches .--Hirschsohn (194) . Camomile flowers were ineffective against bedbugs and roaches.— Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (361, pp. 5, 13). The flowers kill lice, although very slowly, but have little effect on flies and ants.— Passerini (303) . Extracts from camomile were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . Extracts from the leaves and stems killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wllcoxon (188). MATRICARIA INODORA L. Scentless false camomile. The flowers have a benumbing effect on flies, acting within 1 or 2 hours.— Kalbruner (224) . MATRICARIA MATRICARIOIDES (Less.) Porter. Synonyms t M. discoidea DC, M. suaveolens Buehenau. Rayless false-camomile. A decoction was ineffective against Malacosoma neustria (L.).~ Goriainov (166). -45- NEUROLAENA LOBATA (L.) R. Br, Erb-a-picque. This plant was employed in the West Indies in conjunction with the bark of the mammee tree (Mammea americana) to make a wash for animals infested with ticks •--Anonymous (24) • Extracts of the leaves find stems of this fish-poison plant from Antigua were slierhtly toxic to the bean aphid.—Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). PULICARIA DYSENTERICA (L.) Gaertn. Synonym: Inula dysent erica L. Fleawort. Fleabane. This plant was called an herb insecticide.— Lyons (248, p. 384). The action of the flower heads against flies, fleas, and ants was uncertain.— Passerini (303). The flowers have long been supposed to be poisonous to insects; hence the name of "fleabane." Extracts of flowers collected in England were found to be inactive against larvae of the early thorn moth.— Tutin (403) . Extrpcts from the leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of this plant from England were nontoxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). PULICARIA VULGARIS Gaertn. Synonym: Inula pulicaria L. The flowers were entirely nontoxic to flies. — Kalbrunner (224) • RUD^ECKIA HIRTA L. Black-eyed susan. Extracts from the entire plant were repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger end Gr*nt (277). SANTOLINA CHAMASCYP4RISSUS L. Lavender cotton. This plant is listed as an insecticide.— Greshoff (171, p. 158). This plant killed the dog flea, although very slowly, but had practically no effect on flies and ants.— Passerini (303) . SANTOLINA sp. Small quantities of these plants put in containers holding herbar- ium collections were reported to kill the insect pests.— Regel (316) . -46- SAUSSUREA LAPPA (Decaisne) C. B. Clprke. Synonyms: Aplotaxls lappa Lveoaisne, Auckland! a costus Falconer. Co6tus root. This plant was used as an insecticide to keep moths from cloth. The leaves were used as a wrapping for shawls.— Von Mueller (414, p. 492). In India the roots were used as an insect repellent .--Chopra and Badhwar (98) ♦ SCHKUHRIA ABROTANOIDES Roth. The flowers were used in Peru for the seme purpose as genuine insect powder.— Has s (174). This annual herb yielded an insecticide powder.— Von Mueller (414, p. 497). SCORZONERA LATIFOLIA (Fisch. & May.) DC. An adhesive containing 38.5 percent of treated colophony, 57.5 percent of castor oil, 3 percent of beeswax, and 1 percent of water was prepared and tested. A study of the physico-chemicrl constants of resins extracted from certain plants occurring in Russia showed that colophony, the resin obtained from this species, may be of value in the manufacture of adhesives for use in caterpillar f lue.— Iprnat* eve (210). SENECIO AUREUS L. Groundsel. SENECIO VULGARIS L. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Ketzger and Grant (277). SERICOCARPUS ASTEROIDES (L.) B.S.P. Whitetop aster. A powder end e decoction had no effect on the aphids tested.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 23). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger end Grant (277). SILPHIUM LACINIATUM L. Compass plant. SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait. Early golrienrod. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Lietzger and Grant (277). -47- SOLIDAGO ODORA Ait. Goldenrod. Extracts of the leaves end tops killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell nnd Wilcoxon ( 188) • SOLI DAGO sp. Goldenrod. Extracts from the fresh leaves were slightly repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277) . SONCHUS OLERACEUS L. Sowthistle. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277) . SPILANTES ACMELLA (L.) Murr. The fruit was used in India as a fish poison aid as an insecticide.— Roark (532, p. 37). TAGETES ERECTA L. African marigold. An extract of the seeds mixed with kerosene gave poor results rs a larvicide.— VTats and Bharucha ( 420) . TAGETES MIKUTA L. Synonym: T. glandulifera Schrank. The khaki bush (T. minimar probably T. minute), e weed common in South Africa, contains a strong-smelling volatile oil or mixture of oils in its leaves, flowers, pnd seedsj this can be removed by steam distil- lation, the yield being about 0.5 percent of the total weight. Baits treated with this oil were very repellent to blowflies. In other tests to discover a dressing for sheep infested with blowfly lprvr-e, the most satisfactory mixture or emulsion contained 20 percent of carbon tetra- chloride, 5 percent of Tapretes oil, 6 percent of wool grepse, pnd w*>ter. The emulsion broke down soon" after it wps applied, the larvae were killed within a minute, and the carbon tetrachloride pnd w^ter soon evnporated.— Monnig (282). TAGETES spp. Experiments in Natal, South Africa, to control the stalk borer in maize were conducted by applying extracts of the Mexican marigold (probably T. erecta) to the tops of the plants. Only the pure oil from this plant had any appreciable effect upon the borers. It acted as a contact poison and undoubtedly contains a toxic principle, but it is far too weak an insecticide to be used commercially against this insect.— Ripley and Hepburn (328). -48- Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Lletzger and Grant (277). An emulsion containing 3 percent of oil of lagetes had a repellent effect on blowflies for less than 5 days, — Hobson (196). TAKACETUM VULGARE L. Common tansy. The heads exerted en effect on insects similar to that of pyrethruir.— Gieseler (155, p. 112). The flowers were very feebly benumbing; to flies.— Kelbruner (224) . An alcoholic extract and en infusion had no effect on cotton ceterpillers. — Riley (325, p. 186). An action similer to that of Persian insect powder was produced by the common tansy, which was sold in the north of England to replace this powder. — Kirby (229, p. 241). Tansy plants grown near peach trees have only a very slight effect on the peachtree borer .--Slingerland (366, p. 196} • Alcoholic extracts were not significantly toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and coworkers (393). Acetone extracts of the whole plant killed from 10 to 30 percent of the mosquito lprvee tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . In laboratory tests oil of tansy was strongly repellent to oolonies of the cornfield ant. Field tests with this oil, applied first to bonemeal, which was then dropped with the corn, showed a gain of 10.8 bushels per acre.— Forbes (142, p. 465). Oil of tansy was of no value as a repellent or attractant to screwworms.— Parrrian end coworkers (302) . TARAXACUM PALUSTRE VAR. OFFICINALE (Lam.) Fernald. Dandelion. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Vetzger and Grnnt (277). TRILISA ODORATISSIMA (V/alt.) Cass. Caroline vanilla. The lepves were used to protect woolen clothes against moths. — Jackson (218). TUSSILAGO FARFARA L. Coltsfoot. Water extracts of the roots killed 70 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). -49- VERONIA ANTHELMINTICA (L.) mild. The bruised seeds were largely employed as a means of destroying pediculi.— Greshoff (170, p. 92). This species was used in India as en insecticide and insect repel- lent.--Chopra and Padhwar (98) • VERO^IA FOVEFORACENSTS (L.) Willd. Common ironweed. The plcoholic extract and decoction vrere ineffective against cotton caterpillars. — Riley (325, p. 186). * Extracts of ironweed were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Metzger and Grant (277), XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM L. Cocklebur. A decoction and an alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars .--Riley (325, p. 184). Comments by revi ewer .— None of 121 species belonging to the Aster- aceae, except those from which pyrethrum is derived, serve as materiel for efficient insecticides. BALSAJUNACEAE IMPATIENS BALSAMItfA L. Garden balsam. IL5PATIENS BI FLORA Walt. Spotted snapweed. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle, — Hetzger and Grant (277). BERBERIDACFAE (Barberry Family) BERBERIS AQTJI FOLIUM Pursh, Synonym: Mahonia aguifolium Nutt. Oregon hollygrppe. An infusion of the roots had a considerable effect on fly larvee, but it was inefficient.— Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Met zger and Grant (277). BERBERIS ARISTA.TA DC. ■* The bark was used in India as a fish poison and as an insecticide.-- Roark (332, p. 6). -50- BER3ERIS sp, BERBERIS VULGARIS L. forme ATROPUKP'JHEA Ke«*. Berberry. Acetone extracts of the roots of Berberis sp. killed 70 percent of the mosquito larvpe tested, end extracts of the roots pnd stems of B. v, atropurpuree killed only 10 percent of the lervae.~Fe.rtz ell end Wilcoxon (JIBR). CAULOPHYLLUF THALIOTROIDES (L.) Michx. Blue cohosh. JEFFEFSONIA DIPHYLLA (L.) Pers. Twinleaf. Extracts were not repellent to the Japenese beetle.— Metzger end Grant (277). PODOPHYLLUM EMODI Wall, ex Hook. & Thomas . Extrects applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mo8quitocide.--Wats end Singh (421) • PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM L. Common mayapple. The powder from the dried roots was ineffective v/hen dusted on cotton caterpillars. — Riley (325, p. 187). Rhizoma podophylli had no perceptible effect on caterpillars of Prodenip litura (F.) .— DeBussy (76). Extracts from the entire fresh plent were slightly repellent to the Japanese beetle.--LIetz£er end Grant (277). BETULACEAE (Birch Femily) BETULA ALBA L. White birch. In cherotropic tests in the fielr with oil of birch t»r negative results were obteined.— Imms end Husein (212) . BETULA- LENTA L. Sweet birch. Water extracts of the bark killed only 10 percent of the mosquito lervee tested. — Hertzell and Wilcoxon (lS8j . OSTRYA VIRGINIAN* (Mill.) Koch. Hophornherm. Ironwood. Extracts were not repellent to the Jppenese beetle. — Metzger end Orrnt (277). -51- Acetone extracts of the wood killed 65 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hart z ell and Wilcoxon ( 188) . BIGNONIACEAE (Trumpet creeper Family) CAMPSIS RADICANS (L.) Seem* Synonym: Bignonia radicans L. Trumpet- oreeper. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle •— Vetzger and Grant (277) . CATALPA BIGNONIOIDfcS Walt, Catalpa. The juice, highly concentrated, from the green leaves and beans had a slight effect on honeybees.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 21). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Metzger and Grant (277). CATALPA OVATA Don. Hardy catalpa tree. Acetone extracts killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartz ell and Wilcoxon (188). BIXACEAE BIXA ORELLANA L. Anatto tree. The seed pulp was used by the American Indians to paint their bodies for full dress, and also to prevent mosquito bites.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 118). HYDNOCARPUS ANTHELMINTHICUS Pierre. The seeds were listed as an insecticide. — Greshoff (171, p. 112). PANGIUM EDULE Reinw. Water extracts of the bark and leaves were inefficient against tent caterpillars. The extracts from the bark appeared a little better than those from the leaves. — Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 23). BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family) B0RA.G0 OFFICINALIS L. Common borap-e. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — lTetzger pnd Grant (277). LIBRARY TATE PLANT BOARD -62- CORDIA MYXA L. In India the Santala used the powdered bark as an external appli- cation in prurigo.-- -Watt (422, v. 2, p. 564) • CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L. Common houndstongueo Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle, — Metzger and Grant (277). HELIOTROPIUM EUROPAEUM L. HELIOTROPIUM PERUVIANUM L. In tests against the body louse a small piece of cloth impregnated with a saturated solution containing lubricating oil end the alkploid heliotropine was kept for observation in a vial with a number of lice on it. All the lice were dead within 12 hours, Heliotropine wps one of the best chemicals tested, beinp- apparently nontoxic to the skin and lasting as long as 168 hours when used with coco* butter, in which it w*s more soluble than in other fats. Without the oil heliotropine killed just as rapidly, but it crystallized on the underwear end soon rubbed off in wearing.— Moore and Hirschfelder (285, pp. 54, 57). HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L. India heliotrope. A decoction had no effect on cotton caterpillars .--Riley (325, p. 186). This plant is widely distributed in Indie, where the juice of the leaves is applied for the stings of scorpions and insects. Alcoholic extracts and water suspensions had no effect on caterpillars •-- Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (312) . PULMONARIA OFFICINALIS L. Common lungwort. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — L'etzger end Grent (277). SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE L. Common comfrey. Extracts from the dry roots were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle. — I'etzger and Grr.nt (277). 77eter extrects of the roots killed 45 percent of the mosquito lprvee tested. --Hp.rt.zell end "Tilcoxon (lpq) . TOURNFFORTIA HTRSUTISSIt'A L. This species wos used as a generel insecticide in Heitio — Ronrk (332, p. 38). -53- TOURNEFORTIA VOLUBILIS (L.) R. k S. The powdered leaves were used as an insecticide, being very ef- fective against ticks.—Soarone (353) . BRASSICACEAE (Mustard, Cabbage, or Cress Family) ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (L.) Britton. Mouse-ear cress. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) * ARMORACIA RUSTICANA Gaertn* Synonym: Radicula araoraoia (L.) Robinson* Horseradish* Oil of horseradish was always repellent to the oriental cock- roach*—Cole (101)* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277)* BARBAREA VULGARIS R* Br* Synonymi Campe barbarea (L.) W* F* Wight. Bitter winter cress* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Met zger and Grant (277)* BRASSICA JUNCEA (L.) Coss* Oil from the seeds applied in sprays against adult mosquitoes was much inferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Wats and Singh (421). BRASSICA NIGRA (L.) Koch. Black mustard. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277)* Water extracts of the seed (U.S*P*) killed all the mosquito larvae tested*— Hart z ell and Wilooxon (188)* BRASSICA OLERACEA CAPITATA L. Cabbage, cultivated* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Met zger and Grant (277). -54- BRASSICA app* Mustard, rape* etc. Mustard oil is derived from the seeds .of various species of Braiaioa (Slnapis), Chinese colza oil from B* campestris L*, and rape oil probably from B* napua L* These oils have 'often been used im eaaulaioaa as inaeoti- cides and occasionally as repellents* CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS (L*) Medic* Synonym j Bursa buraa-paatoria (L*) Britton* Shepherds-purse* Extracts of the entire plant were repellent to the Japanese beetle* — Metzger and Grant (277), ERYSIMUM i-EROFSKIANUM Fisch. & Mey. Afghan bittercress. Full-strength extracts from the entire plant *ere repellent to the Japanese beetle* — Metzger and Grant (277) * LEPIDIUM RUDERALE L. Peppergrass* In Austria this plant was recommended as effective against flea beetles* In Japan it was dried and powdered and used as an insecticide* — Anonymous (6) • Fumigation with this plant in hothouses was recommended against aphids and mites* When the leaves were dried in the shade and burned between sheets of paper soaked in nitrio acid, they caused a very dense smoke*— Binnenthal (57, p* 69)* LEPIDIUM VTRGINICUM L. Wild peppergrass. Extraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277)* BROMELIACEAE (Pineapple Family) ANANAS SATIVUS Sohult. Pineapple. In olfactory tests to find an attractive essential oil that could be added to a poisoned bait, the oil of pineapple was found strongly attractive to the oriental cockroach* An attractive bait was made with 6 gm* of gelatin, 200 oc* of dilute beef broth, 0*5 gra» of mercuric chloride, and 1 drop of oil of pineapple* — Cole (101) » TILLANDSIA USNOIDES L. This species contains rotenone* — Scarone (553). -55- BURSERACEAE BALSAMODENDRON PLAYFAIRII Hook. f. The opaque, itfiitish gum resin was used by the Arabs and Somalis as a soap to kill lice.— Watt (422, v. 1, p. 369). ■ BOSWELLIA CARTERI Birdw. Frankinoense. In India frankincense and resinous gums are burned in houses to keep away mosquitoes.— Ayyar (43, p. 47). Various gums with oils were tested to find stable, emulsifiers. Frankincense was unstable. — Ginsburg (158) . BOSWELLIA SERRATA Roxb. COMMIPHORA sp. These plants were said to be used as insecticides in Sind, India.— Roark (332, pp. 7, 10) . BUXACEAE (Box Family) BUXUS SEMPERVIRENS L. Box tree. Extracts from the leaves were more or less effective repellents against the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . CACTACEAE (Cactus Family) CEREUS sp. Cactus. Cactus leaves, made into a sticky paste and spread over the surface of the water, killed mosquito larvae by asphyxiation.— Howard (203, p. 74) OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA Raf. Pricklypear. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). CAESALPINIACEAE (Senna Family) BANDEIRAEA SIMPLI CI FOLIA Benth. Kagyew. The leaves were used to kill lice in hen houses in the Gold Const, Africa.— Irvine (213). -66- CAESALPINIA CORIARIA Willd. Divi-divi. The commercial extract was an effeotive repellent against the Japanese beetle*— Metxger and Grant (t77)» CASSIA ALATA L. The powdered bark of this plant was reported to destroy ticks*— Soarone (355) . CASSIA ANGUS TIFOLIA Vahl. Senna* Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide*— Wats and Singh (421) » CASSIA AURICULATA L. Synonym* Senna aurioulata Roxb* In India the fresh leaves were ground into a paste with water r green hall (Phaseolus radlatus), and poppy seeds and applied to the body for itch*— Moo^ooswitmy (ZB6)» CASSIA BACILLARIS L. f. Sprays containing extracts of the leaves and seeds had only a slight toxio effect on citrus aphids*— Wore ley (431) * CASSIA DIDTMOBOTRIA Fires* Extracts of the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of this fish-poison plant from Kenya were slightly toxio to the bean aphid*~-Tatterafield and Giminghaa (391)* This species is a fairly widespread shrub, indigenous to East Africa, and used by the natives as a fish poison* The seeds and leaves were only moderately toxio to citrus aphids* An amorphous solid and an oily resin were obtained from the alcoholic extracts* A spray contain- ing the former killed ICO peroent of the aphids treated, but * spray containing the latter killed only 37*5 percent— Woraley (431) » CASSIA FASCICULATA Miohx* Synonymt £• chamaecrista L. Partridge-pea. CASSIA HBBSCABFA Fern* Synonymt C. marilandioa. Wild senna. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetles.— ilettger and Grant (2T7). CASSIA FISTULA L. This plant is widely distributed in India. Alcoholic extracts and water suspensions had no effect on caterpillars .—Putt arudriah and Subramanian (312). -57- CASSIA HIRSUTA L. Extracts of the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of this fish-poison plant from Malaya were nontoxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391) » CASSIA LAEVIGATA Willd. CASSIA MULTIJUGA Rich. Sprays containing extracts of the leaves and seeds had only a slight toxic effect on citrus, aphids»— Worsley (431) • CASSIA OCCIDENTALS L. Coffee senna. An alcoholic extract and a decoction had a slight effect on cotton caterpillars* — Riley (325, p» 186). CASSIA SOPHERA L. Synonyms: Senna soph era Roxb., Se purpurea Roxb. In India both the powdered seeds made into a plaster and an ointment made of the bruised seeds and leaves with sulfur were used for itch* The sap was a good specific for dhobie itch»— Watt (422, v. 2, pp. 223-224). CASSIA sp» This plant was ineffective against cockroaches.— Scott, Abbott, and Dudley (361, p. 13) • CASSIA STIPULACEA Ait. The leaves were used as an insecticide.— Greshoff (170, p. 67). CASSIA TORA L. Foetid oassia. In India the leaves and seeds constituted a valuable remedy for itch.— -Watt (422, v. 2, p. 226). CERATONIA SILEtfJA L. Algarroba. Carob bean. This plant was used in Venezuela for killing Insects*— Roark (352, p* 8). COPAIFERA LANSDORFII Desf. Synonym: Copaiva lansdorfli (Desf.) 0. Kze. Copaiba. Oil of copaiba exhibited good repellent action on screwworms for 1 or 2 days only.— Parman and coworkers (302) . -58- COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS L» Synonym* Copaiva officinalis (L.) Jacq.. African copaiba oil (66 percent) was a powerful attractant for male fruit flies (Ceratjtis rosa Ksh.) in South Africa.— Ripley and Hepburn (330). CY*IOMETRA RAMIFLORA L» Synonym* C. bijuga Spanog» In India a lotion made by boiling the leaves in cow's milk and mixing with honey was applied externally for scabies. An oil prepared from the seeds was used for the same purpose.— Watt (422, v« 2, p. 682) » GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (L.) Koch. Synonyms* G« canadensis Lam#, Guilandina dioioa L* Kentuoky coffeetree. Insects eating the foliage of this tree are poisoned by it«~ Von Mueller (414, p. 248) • The leaves and fruit pulp, when rubbed up with milk, have been used to poison flies*— Chesnut (87, p. 28) • Juice from the green leaves mixed separately with sugar sirup, molasses, and honey had no apparent effect an the many flies tested.— Molndoo and Sievers (259, p# 2?)» Extracts from the fresh leaves were repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) • HYMENARA COUREARIL L. Various gums were tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers* Anime gum was unstable.— Ginsburg (158) • TRACHYLOBIUM HORNEMANNIAFTJM Heyne. Zanzibar copal tree. Copal resin was used with an odorous insecticidal material in impregnating wood to form an artificial cedar board or "mothwood" (Ger. patent 470,458) •— Roark (335, p» 74). CAMPANULACEAB (Bellflower Family) HIPPOBROMA LONGIFLORA (L.) Presl. Synonym: Isotoma longi flora (L.) Presl. Powdered leaves and infusions had no perceptible effect on the caterpillars of Prodenla litura (F.). — DeBussy (76). -59- SPECULARIA PEP.FOLIATA (L.) A. DC* Venus lookingglass. Extracts were not repellent to the Jnponese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . CANELLACEAE (Canella-Bark Family) CANELLA ALBA ?.furr» Synonym: C. winterana Gaertn. Canella. Wild cinnamon* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277), Baravol, made from, the roots of this South American plant, gave fairly good results with a single wash in control of ox warbles in low- land cattle*— Holmberg (j-99) • CAMACEAE (Canna Family) CANNA sp. The sterns and leaves of canna plants contain a very effective principle, which will give as satisfactory results as tobacco in green- house fumigations—Anonymous (17). CAPPARIDACEAB (Caper Fpmily) CAPPARIS APHYLLA Roth. Dela. Water extracts, macerated juices, and dusts of dela leaves had little effect on the citrus psylla, aphids, and lucerne weevil grubs in India.— Chopra (97, p. 109). Dela was said to be used in Sind, India, as an insecticide.-- Roark (532, p. 8). CAPPARIS SPINOSA L. Synonym: J2. murrayana Graham* Caper. In India the juice of the fresh plant was dropped into the human ear to kill worms. — Watt (422, v. 2, p. 133) » GYNANDROPSIB GYNANDRA (L.) Briq. Synonym: G. pentaphylla (L.) DC. In India the seeds were used, rubbed with oil, as a vermicide in dressing the hair.— Watt (-422, v. 4, p. 192). In India this plant was used es an insecticide.— Chopra and Badhwar (98). -60- CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) LONICERA JAPONICA Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— -Icetzger and Grant (277), SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS L. American elder. A deooction made "by pouring boiling water over the leaves, flowers, or berries of the elder was recommended as a wash for wounds to prevent injury from flies.— Porcher (308, p. 448). A hot water extract from the green tops had no effect on silkworms, webworms, or rose aphids. — Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p.23). SAMBUCUS NIGRA L. European elder. The leaves are noxious to insects, moles, etc.— Porcher (308, p. 449). A decoction of the leaves was recommended against Cydnus bi color (L.) on vegetables.— Hens chel (193, p* 55). In Belgium a decootion was suggested as a spray to destroy cater- pillars on fruit trees.— Anonymous (20). VIBURNUM DENTATUM L. Arrowwood. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— lietzger and Grant (277) ♦ VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM L. Blackhaw. Extracts of the root bark (N. F.) killed only 30 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Kartzell and VTilcoxon (188) » CARYOPHYLLACEAB (Pink Family) AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO L. Corncockle. An infusion has practically no effect on fly larvae.— Cook and coworkers (104, p. 13) • SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS L. Soapwort. The action of snponln, when applied in concentrated solution to flies, was that of an intense irritant. There was protrusion of the proboscis and progressive paralysis. (Saponin is also derived from other species in this family, and even from members ofi, other fpmilies.J — Blyth and Blyth (64, pp. 451-452). -61- A concoction containing soapwort has been employed in France and Germany as an external application for the itch. — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 133). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metzger and Grant (277). SAPONARIA VACCARIA L. Synonym* Gypsophila vaccaria Sibth. & Sra* Cow soapwort* The mucilaginous sap was used as a soap by the natives of Sind, India, for washing clothes, and it was said to be a cure for itch.— Murray (290, p. 95). SILENE ANTIRRHINA L. Sleepy catchfly. STELLAR! A MEDIA (L.) Cyr. Synonym: Alsine media L. Common chickweed. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). CELASTRACEAE (Staff-Tree Family) CELASTRUS ANGULATUS Max. Bitter tree. This plant is widely distributed in the Yangtze and Yellow River Valleys in China. Thirteen thousand plants were collected and trans- planted. The powdered leaves and root bark were effective against the cabbage beetle Fhaedon brassicae Baly. In field tests against the adults of another cabbage leaf beetle, Colaphellus bowring^i (Baly) , the powdered root bark killed 94 percent and an alcoholio extract of the bark, each in soap solution, 91 percent;, powdered leaves killed 92 per- cent and; an alcoholic extract of the leaves, 84 percent. This plant was also effective against Locusta roigratoria migratorioides (R. & F.).- China National Agricultural Research Bureau (90-92). The ground berk of this plant, common in northern China, was used as a dust or spray against garden insects in China. Extracts used as contact sprays, however, seemed to hnve no effect on aphids.— Shepard (563, p. 300). CELASTRUS SCANDENS L. American bittersweet. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). EUONYMUS AMERICANA L. Brook euonymuso -62- HJONYMJS ATROPURPURA Jacq. Wahoo* The seeds were used to destroy vermin in the hair.— Porcher (308, p. 154). Extracts of the root bark (N. F.) killed only 15 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and TTilcoxon (188). EUONYHUS EUROPAEA L. Spindle tree. The berries, when powdered and dusted into the hair of sheep, destroyed lice.— Green (169, v. 1, p. 529). This plant was listed as an insecticide.— Lyons (248, p.188). The fruit, made into an ointment, was used for the destruction of Pedioulidae. — Hare, Caspari, and Rusby (183, p. 632) o GYMN0SP0RIA MONTANA Benth. Synonym: Celastrus roontana Roxb. GYMNOSPORIA SENEGALE8SIS (Lam.) Loes. The bark, ground to a paste, was applied with oils to the heed to destroy Pediculidae. — Kirtikar and Basu (250, v. 1, p. 330); Watt (422, v. 2, p. 239). TRIPTERYGITTM WILFORDII Hook, f . Roy-kung-teng. Thundergod vine. An extract of the cortex was reported to be of value against in- sects attacking vegetables. Descriptions of the plant and its physical and chemical characteristics are given, together with a map showing where it is produced in Chekiang, China.- Cheng (85). Spraying cruciferous vegetables with an extract of the roots killed the larvae and adults of cabbage beetles, Phaedon brassicae Baly and Colaphellus bowringi (Baly), and farmers found the powdered root bark of value in the control of P. brassicae .--Wong and Chin (430) ; China National Agricultural Research Bureau (90). In 1934 and 1935, 20,000 plants were oollected in China and trans- planted on the Bureau farm. In field tests against the adults of Colaphellus bowringi (Baly), the following mortalities were obtained with powdered root bark and 1 eaves t In soap solution 95, alcoholic extract 73; in kerosene emulsion 87; as compared with pyrethrum in soap solution 98. — China National Agricultural Research Bureau (92). This plant appears to be the most common insecticidal plant in use in southern China. It also occurs in Japan and Formosa. — Shepard (363, p. 300). -63- An alkaloid was isolated from the root bark, oalled tripterygine, which was proved to be a strong inseoticidal substanoe*--Hwang (207) • The poison of this plant has been found in the root bark* Its chemical nature has been investigated by the U* S. Department of Agri- culture, and thousands of cuttings sent from China are being grown at the Departments plant-introduction garden at Glenn Dale, Md»~ Anonymou8 (35) • For a long time the Chinese market gardeners have made use of the powdered roots to kill insects which eat the leaves of vegetables* Seven Chinese papers are cited dealing with the insecticidal value of this plant which has been introduced into the United States* When tested against codling moth larvae, at the rate of 2 pounds per 50 gallons of solution, the root powder gave about 60 percent of olean fruit* An alcoholic extract of 'the fresh root, used at the rate of 2 pounds of extractives per 50 gallons, gave 90 percent of olean fruit* The root powder was also very toxic to first instars of the diamondback moth and to the cabbage worm, but caused relatively low mortalities on first instars of the southern armyworm*— Swingle and coworkers (389)* CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) ANABASIS APHYLLA L. In the past deoade this plant has become important as the commer- cial souroe of anabasine, an alkaloid closely related to nicotine* The literature on anabasine as an insecticide has been reviewed by Roark (544) » BETA VULGARIS L. Sugar beet* Betaine hydrochloride was ineffective for mothproofing*— Jackson and Wassell (219, p* 1177)* ^Betaine is derived from beet juice*] Betaine fluosulfonate was used for preserving textile fabrics (U* S* patent 1,448,276) •— Roark (335, p* 27). CHENOPODIUM AWBROSIOIDES L. Synonyms: C. anthelmintioum L*, £• ambrosioides anthelminticum A* Gray* American worms eed* An infusion and an alcoholic extraot from the blossoms and green fruit had no effect on cotton caterpillars. --Riley (525, p* 186)* A water extraot from the dried leaves and seeds had no effect on bees* A strong decoction from the leaves, stems and seeds, mixed with soap, had no effeot on potato aphids and nasturtium aphids© The powder used as a dust had no effeot an tent caterpillars, but a considerable effeot on cockroaches j and used as a stomach poison it had no effect an grasshoppers*— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p* 22)* -64- Oil of wormseed and carbon disulfide were the best materials to use in emulsions to destroy larvae of the Japanese beetle. The principal ac- tive ingredient of this oil is ascaridole, although other ingredients are also toxio to varying degrees*— Leaoh and Johnson (243) • Powdered American wormseed was effective as a repellent to screw- worms for only 2 days*— Parman and coworkers (302) « Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metrger and Grant (277). The oil of wormseed (25 p.p.m.) killed 90 to 100 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • CISTACEAE (Rockrose Family) EELIANTHEMJM CAKADENSE (L.) Michx. Sunrose. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Lietzger and Grant (277). CLUSIACEAE (Balsam Tree Family) CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM L» Alexandrian laurel. The seeds or berries contained nearly 60 percent of a fixed oil, which was used for medicinal purposes-, being considered a cure for the itch. — Drury (122, p. 99). In India the fixed oil obtained from the seed kernels was said to oure soabies.— Watt (422, v. 2, p. 31). Extracts of the bark, which are said to be used as a fish poison in East Africa, had little toxic effect on citrus aphids. — Worsley (431). CALOPHYLLUM SPECTABILE Willd. Kulit bentangor. A 5-percent water extraot of the bark of this Malayan fish-poison tree killed none of larvae of the moth Parasa herbifera (Wlk.), and a similar extract of the roots killed only one- fifth of1 the larvae treated.— Gater (155). CALOPHYLLUM WIGHTIANUM Wall. Synonym t £. spurium Chois. In India the oil from the seeds was used in cutaneous affections, and an infusion mixed witn honey was used for scabies.— Watt (422, v» 2, p. 33). -65- HARONGA MADAGASCARIENSIS Choisy. Synonym t H» paniculata Lodd* Extracts of the bark of this plant from Sierra Leone were not toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391) • MAMMEA AMERICANA L. Sxtraots of this plant from the »Yest Indies were not sufficiently toxic to the bean aphid to warrant further investigation.- Tattersfield, Gimingham, and Morris (393). Extracts of the roots, shoots, and branches of this plant from Trinidad were slightly toxic*— Tattersfield end Gimingham (39l). MBSUA FERREA L. Synonymt M. speciosa Chois. The oil of the seeds was found useful in the treatment of itch.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 155) • COCHLOSPERMACEAE COCHLOSPERMUM GOSSTPIUM (L.) DC. The value of karaya gum to increase the effectiveness of niootine sulfate sprays is established. A 1-400 concentration of nicotine sul- fate with soap was required to oontrol aphids, Macrosiphum ambrosiae (Thomas)* The addition of 0.2 percent of karaya gum in combination with a commercial spreader-emulsifier made it effective at a dilution of 1-2,000. In similar tests on the bean aphid nicotine sulfate with soap was as effective at 1-2,000 with the addition of 0.2 percent ksraya gum as at 1-800 without it.— Bddy and Meadows (127). The addition of 0.2 percent of karaya gum considerably increased the effectiveness of all the nicotine sprays used against Frankliniella fusca (Hinds).— Bddy and Sharp (128)» When karaya was combined with nicotine sulfate plus a wetting agent, the toxicity to the bean aphid was increased 8 to 27 percent over the toxicity of the nicotine and gum alone.--Garman (151). COMBRETACEAE (Myrobalan Family) CACOUCIA COCCTNEA Aubl. Extracts of the shells and kernels of the fruit from British Guiana were not toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). TERMINALIA CATAPPA L. Synonymt JT* moluccana Lam. Indian almond. The juice of the young leaves was employed in Southern India in an ointment for scabies .--Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 4, p. 24). -66- The commercial extract was an effective repellent for the Japa- nese beetle.— Met2ger and Grant (277) . CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning-Glory Family) ARGYREIA NERVOSA (Burn.) Bojer. Synonym: A. speciosa Sweet. Elephant creeper* In India the juice, mixed with an equal quantity of gingelly C sesame] oil and a little powdered dill seed, was used as an external application for scabies.— Watt (422, v. 1, p. 310). CUSCUTA REFLEXA Roxb. Synonym: C. grandiflora Wall. In India this plant was used externally against itch.— Watt (422, v. 2, p. 672). IP0M0EA HEDERACEA Jacq. IP0K0EA. PURPUREA (L.) Roth. Decoctions of the fresh leaves and young shoots were used against aphids, scale insects, caterpillars, and flea beetles.— Binnenthal (57, p. 46). IP0M0RA JAL4PA (L.) Pursh. Jalap. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metzger and Grant (277). IP0M0EA MDRICATA Jacq. The juice was used to destroy bugs.— Dymock and coworkers (124, v. 2, p. 532). IP0M0EA PANDUPATA (L.) Meyer. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metiger and Grant (277). IP0M0EA sp. Alcoholic extracts of tubers from the British Solomon Islands were not toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield, Martin, and Howes (594) * COPJIACEAE (Dogwood Family) CORPUS FLORIDA L. Flowering dogwood. -67- NYSSA STLVATICA Marsh. Tupelo* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Hetzger and Grant (277)* Aoetone extracts of the leaves of dogwood killed 60 peroent of the mosquito larvae tested.- Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • CRASSULACEAE (Orpine Family) KALANCHOE SPATHULATA DC* The leaves were used as an insecticide in India*— Chopra and Badhwar (98)* CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family) BRYONIA ALBA L. White bryony* The root and other parts can be used against aphid6.--Gomilevsky (164)* CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS (L.) Schrad. Synonyms* Cucumis colocynthis L., Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad* Colocynth. Bitter gourd* Decoctions were recommended in France against leaf-eating cater- pillprs on fruit trees.— ilesne (244, p. 511)* An excellent remedy for the cactus aphid, red spider, etc., was colocynth tincture, whioh was applied to the infested plants with a stiff brush* This tincture was made of 2 gm* of colocynth extract, dissolved in 100 oc* of 95 percent alcohol*— Graebener (168) . The pulp was ineffective against bedbugs, roaches, and clothes moths*— Scott and coworkers (361, pp* 5, 13, 26)* Colocynth was of no value against chicken lice and dog fleas*— Abbott (£7, pp* 7, 11). A 10-percent extract in water and fructus oolocynthidis had no effeot on the caterpillars of Prodenia lltura (F*). — DeBussy (76)* Commercially prepared extracts of colocynth were not toxio to the bean aphid*— Tattersfi eld, Gimingham, end Morris (393)* The use of aqueous extracts of colocynth, or bitter gourd, for mothproofing is discussed in a petent (Ger. 488,307)* — Roark (335, p* 24). -68- Colocynth is widely distributed in India, where the root powder is used as an insecticide* A 5-percent extract of the leaves killed 100 percent of the caterpillars of Plutella maculipennis (Curt*) and Buproctis fraterna (Moore). A 5-peroent extract of the fruits killed 100 percent of P* maculipennis, and a 3-percent extract killed 90 percent of E* fraterna* A 3^percent extract of the stems killed only 50 percent of E. fraterna and a 4-percent extract killed 100 per cent •— Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (311) • Connnents by reviewer,*— Colocynth appears to be of little value as an insecticide, but since it is one of our common poisonous drugs a more careful toxicological study of it would be worth while* CUCUMIS SATIVUS L. Cucumber* The juice was said to banish wood lice and to kill cockroeches* It was recommended that floors be strewn with the green peel for three or four nights.— Drury (122, p* 173)* CUCURBITA FOETI DISS IMA H.B.K. Missouri gourd. Acetone extracts of the roots killed none of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Vfilcoxon (188) * CUCURBITA PEPO L. Pumpkin* In Germany it was suggested that freshly cut pumpkin leaves be rubbed on cattle or horses as a repellent for flies*— Anonymous (_8) • Acetone extracts of pumpkin seeds killed 100 percent of the mosquito larvae tested and a concentration of over 600 p.p*n. killed 85 percent*— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188)* ECBALLIUM ELATERIUM (L.) A. Rich. Squirting cucumber* Elaterin, derived from this plant, was ineffective for mothproof- ing.— Jackson and Wassell (219, p* 1177)* MICROSECHIUM HELLERI (Peyr*) Cogn. Sanacoche. Chichicamolle* This plant, which contains saponin, was found at Villa del Carbon, Mexico. For insecticidal purposes, the fresh roots were crushed end macerated in water (1:20) and boiled for about 1 hour, but if the roots were dry the maceration was prolonged for 2 days or more before boiling. This decoction was found satisfactory as a spray against phylloxera. — Mexico Cornision de Parasitologia Agricola (279) . Alcoholic and water extracts of this plant used as sprays and the powder used ns a dust had almost no effect on aphids and potato beetle larvae. The powder had no effect on silkworms and fall webworms.-- Mclndoo and Sievers (unpublished results of tests in 1928)* -69- MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. Balsan-pear.. In India the whole plant mixed with cinnamon, pepper, rice, and oil of Hydnocarpus inebrians was used as an ointment for psora, soabies, and other cutaneous diseases.— Drury (122, p. 306) • This plant was used in Haiti as a general insecticide, — Roar k (332, p. 30). MOMORDICA SCHIMPERIANA Steud. Iuru. The fruit of this plant in Bast Africa was listed as insecticidal.— * Bally (50). CYCADACEAE (Fern-Palmlike Family) CYCAS CIRCINALIS L. Sago palm. The male bracts of this gytnnospermous tree were used in southern India as a narcotic and were called "madana-kama-pu* or "flowers of Kama," which were said to contain a property that intoxicates insects that rest upon them.— Dymock and coworkers (124, v. 3, p. 383) • CYRILLACEAB (Cyrilla Family) CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L. Southern leatherwood. Honeybees were poisoned by this plant, but only the brood was affected* The larvae died usually when nearly matured, often causing the colonies to be severely weakened.— Burnside and Vansell (72). DICHAPETALACEAE DICHAPETALUM HOHLANDII Engl. This bush was poisonous to cattle and goats in Africa. Sprays containing an extract of the leaves were nontoxio to citrus aphids.- Worsley (431). DICHAPETALUM TOXICARIUM (G.Don) Bngl. West African ratsbane. In Sierra Leone this plant was used to destroy head lice.— Daliiel (112). DILLENIACBAB DILLENIA INDICA L. This plant grows in India. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the leaves killed 80 percent of the larvae of Prodenia litura (F.) and -70- Crocidolormia binotalls Zell., and 100 percent of Euproctis fraterna (Moore) and Epllachna sp. Five-percent extracts of the root bark and stem bark killed 100 percent of E. fraterna* A 5-percent extract of the leaves killed only 60 to 70 percent of Lecanium viride Green.— Putitarudriah and Subramaniam (312) • DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam Family) DT0SC0REA CYLINDRICA Burm. Synonymi D. hisplda Demist, Nami. This tuberous vine is common in the Philippine Islands, where the roots seem to be generally used for killing mappots infesting wounds of animals* A large root is peeled, slioed, and finely crushed in a mortar. to the consistency of a paste. In an experiment all the maggots were killed within 2 days.— Manresa (264). DIOSCOREA PISCATROUM Prain & Burkill. Tuba cherok. Sakut. A 5-peroent water extract of the roots of this Malayan fish-poison plant killed four-fifths of the larvae of the moth Paras a herbifera (Wlk.) but a 0.5-percent extract of derrii roots killed all the larvae in less time.— Gat er (153). The tuber was reported in North Borneo as a more potent fish poison than many species of Derris. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of it showed only a slight insecticidal aotion, but the expressed sap showed more potency although not enough to warrant an extended investigation.— Tattersfield and coworkers (394). DIOSCOREA sp. This plant was recommended as a repellent against fleas on man.— Kisskalt (231). DIOSCOREA VILLOSA L. Wild yam. Extracts of the roots killed none of the mosquito larvae tested.-- Hartsell and Wllcoxon (188). TAJTIJS COMMTTNIS L. Black bryony. The powdered root has been recommended to destroy lice in chil- dren's hair.-- Greshoff (170, p. 152). -71- DIPSACACEAB (Teasel Family) SCABIOSA ATROFURPUREA L. Sweet scabiosa. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Mete ger and Grant (277). DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPUS TURBINATUS Gaertn. f. Synonym: D. laevis Ham. In India garjin oil, obtained from this plant, was largely employed in preserving bamboo wickerwork from inseot attack.— Watt (422, v. 3, p. 170). VATERIA INDICA L. An effective and cheap viscous adhesive for banding to prevent ants from reaching the crowns of trees was prepared with 10 ounces of powdered Manila eum copal (the gum of this species), 1 pint of castor oil, and 1 ounce of beeswax.— Costantino (107) . DROSERACEAE (Sundew Family) DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA L. Roundleaf sundew. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). EBENACEAE (Ebony Family) DIOSPYROS MALABARICA (Desr.) Kostel. Synonyms: D. embryopterls Pers., Embryopteris glutenifera Roxb. The glutinous pulp surrounding the seeds was used by the Europeans in binding; books, as it was obnoxious to insects.— Drury (122, p. 210). DIOSPYROS MONTANA Roxb. This fish-poison plant is widely distributed in India. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the leaves killed only 40 percent of the adult grasshoppers, Epacromia tamulus F., tested, but 100 percent of the beetle grubs (Epilachna sp.) • A 3-percent extract killed 70 percent of Achaea janata (L») and 80 percent of Dlacrisia oblique (Wlk.).~ Puttnrudrieh and Subramaniam (311). -72- DIOSPYROS sp. The wood is listed as an insecticide,-- Greshoff (170, p. 103), DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA L. Common persimmon. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Metzger and Grant (277). DIOSPYROS WALLICHII King & Gamble, Tuba-buah-daun* A 5-peroent water extract of the leaves of this Malayan fish- poison tree killed only one-fifth of the larvae of the moth Par as a herblfera (Wlk.) treated, but a similar extract of the roots killed none.— dater (153), ERICACEAE (Heath Family) AGAURIA SALICIFOLIA Hook* f. Mgagana. This plant in East Africa is listed as insecticidal,— Bally (50), ARCT0STAPHYL03 UVA-URSI (L.) Sprang. Bearberry. An extract (U,S,P,) was more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle. ~ Metsger and Grant (277), AZALEA NUDI FLORA L. Pinxterbloom. CHIMAPHILA UMBELLAIA (L.) Nutt, Common pipsissewa, EPIGAEA REPENS L, Trailing arbutus. Extracts of these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Metrger and Grant (277). GAITLTHERIA FRAGRANT! SS IMA Wall. Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquito cide.—^fats and Singh (421) . GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS L. Wintergreen. Diluted oil of wintergreen was usually attractive to the oriental oookroaoh.— Cole ( 101) ♦ Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metiger and Grant (277). -73- Water extracts of the whole plant killed only 20 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon ( 188) . KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. Lambkill. The dried leaves had no effect on fly larvae.-- Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4). The powdered leaves had no effect on grasshoppers and honeybees •— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). KALMIA LATI FOLIA L. Mountain laurel. Infusions of the dried leaves had no effect on fly larvae in horse manure.— Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). LEDUM GROENLANDICUM Oeder. Synonym: L. latifolium Ait. True Labrador-tea » This plant was reported to kill lice and other insects.— Williams (428, p. 916). LEDUM PALUSTRB L. Crystal-tea. It was reported from Austria that this plant killed lice, bedbugs, fleas, moths, and other insects. It was most active when green and in blossom, but the dried material was also effective.— Anonymous (3). The Reaves and twigs were used as an insecticide.— Lyons (248, p. 266). LEUCOTHOE GRAYANA Maxim. Extracts of dried leaves were sprayed on larvae of various insects in Japan. Some of the samples seemed to be fairly toxic to Phaedon brassioae Baly, 50 to 80 percent being killed, but most of them were not effective enough to be promising as insecticides.— Harukawa ( 189) . LYOKIA OVALIFOLIA (Wall.) Drude. Synonyms: Fieris ovalifolia (Wall.) D. Don., Andromeda ovalifolia Wall. In India the younr leaves and buds were used to kill insects, and an infusion was employed in cutaneous diseases.— Watt" (422, v. 3, p. 90). -74- OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM (L.) DC. Sourwood. Extraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). PTERIS JAPONICA (Thunb*) D. Don. Asebo, asemi, etc. This plant is known by at least 38 common names. It was first desoribed by Kraempfer in 1712 under the names "asjebo (asebo)" and •asjend (asemi) .n It is very common in all the mountainous regions of Japan and has been used for a long time as an insecticide. One employs, according to the circumstances, a decoction of fresh leaves (150 gm. of ground leaves per liter of water) 9 dried leaves (30 gm. per liter), or dried branches with leaves (70 gm. per liter). The mixture is boiled for 45 to 60 minutes, and when it is ready to be used the first is diluted 10 times, the second once, and the third twice.— Motte (288) . RHODODENDRON HUNNEWELLIANUK Rehder & Wilson. Nao-yang-wha. This plant grows in China, and the compounds (andromedotoxine and an unidentified substance) present in it are effective as insecticides. Preparations made from this plant paralyzed the insects, the injury spreading from the posterior to the anterior end. It is recommended especially as a stomach poison, end three formulas are fiven.-- Ku (237). This species crows wild in the Yangtze River rep-ion in China and is used there as a stomach poison for insects. The flowers are supposed to be the most valuable, but in recent tests extracts of the flowers had no value against aphids as a contact poison.— Shepard (363, p. 299). RHODODENDRON JAPONICUM (Gray) Suring. Synonym: R. molle Sieb. & Zucc. The powdered flowers might be used to good advantage to control the mulberry white caterpillar (Rondotia menciana Moore) in China.— Scar one (353). RHODODENDRON MOLLE (Bl.) G. Don. Synonym: R. sinense Sw. Sheep poison. This 6peoies has been found effective against certain insects in China.— Chiu (94) • The dried and ground flowers were oommonly sold by Chinese drug stores because of their effectiveness against bugs and maggots. In 1935, 18,000 plants of this species were collected and transplanted on the Bureau farm in China. In field tests against the adults of cabbage leaf beetles, Colaphellus bowringi (3aly)# the following mortalities were obtained with the powdered flowers: In soap solution 96, alcoholic ex- tract in soap solution 92, in kerosene emulsion Plj as compared with pyrethrum in soap solution 98.--China National Agricultural Research Bureau (92). -75- RHODOD2NDR0N sp. The best results obtained Against the mulberry white caterpillar (Rondotia menciana Moore) were with a pyrethrum-soap solution, which was followed in effectiveness by a rhododendron-soap solution and croton oil emulsion.— Chen (84), VACCINIUM sp. Blueberry. Extracts from the leaves and berries were repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzeer and Grant (277) . ERYTHROXYIACEAE ERYTHFOXYLON COCA Lamarck. Coca. An aqueous solution of 0.05 part of cocaine hydrochlorate mixed with 2 parts of honey did not affect ants.—Cobelli (100). In Brazil a tincture of coca leaves was recommended as a remedy for lice on poultry.— Carneiro (78). Folia coca and hydrochlorax cocaini (10 percent in flour) had no effect on caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) .--DeBussy (76) • Spray solutions of cocaine hydrochloride were tested against the bean aphid. The concentration required to kill about 95 percent of the aphids was greater than 1 gm., while that of nicotine sulfate was 0.009 gm. to 100 cc. —Richards on and Smith (322). EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) ACALYPHA INDICA L. Synonym: A. spicata Forsk. In India the powdered leaves mixed with common salt were applied externally for scabies. The powder of the dry leaves was used in wounds attacked by worms.— Watt (422, v.l, pp. 63-64). This medicinal "Indian acalypha" is widely distributed in India. A 5— percent alcoholic extraot of the stem bark killed caterpillars as follows: 90 percent of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) and Pericalia ricini (F.), 50 percent of Prodenia litura (F.), 40 percent of Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller., and 100 percent of Euprootis fraterna (Moore) •— Puttarudriah and Subramanian (312). ALEURITES FORDII Hemsl. Tung-oil tree. Since stink bug nymphs in southern China migrate by ascending litohee trees, sticky bands composed of tung oil and resin were used to trap them.— Hartman (187) o -76- The acids or acid compounds in oxidized or blown tung oil were used (U. S. patent 1,739, 840j Brit, patent 247,242) to form salts with rere earth elements for use in mothproofing compositions •~Roark (333, p. 109). Tests were conducted to find an adhesive for cryolite suspensions to be used against Busseola fuBoa (Full.) on maize in South Africa. Of the 31 materials examined, boiled linseed oil, tung oil, and fish oil, in this order, were the only ones of sufficient adhesive value to justify their use.— Ripley and Hepburn (329) • Extract of the leaves of this tree killed 40 peroent of the mosquito larvae tested, but the extract of the stems killed only 6 percent and the extract of the roots killed none.— Hart* ell and Wllcoxon (188). ANDRACHNE CORDI FOLIA Muell. Arg. This plant was used in India as an insecticide.— Chopra and Badhwer (98). CLEISTANTHUS COLLINUS (Roxb.) Benth. and Hook. The bark of this Indian fish-poison tree was thought to contain some poisonous property, for white ants leave it alone. The inner berk placed on the sores of sheep and goats wps efficacious in heeling them and in destroying infesting maggots. — Hooper (201) . CLEISTANTTFTS spp. Green vegetable matter deoaying in water sometimes pollutes the water and thus helps to control mosquitoes. One of the best genera so far found in India is Clelstanthus, which is poisonous to fish.— Hackett and coworkers (175, p. 1028) • CROTON CAPITATUS Michx. CROTON G1ANDULGSU8 L. CROTON MONANTHOGYNUS Michx. CROTON TEXENSIS (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Crotonweeds. Decoctions from the leaves and blossoms of these species had no effect on cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p. 186). CROTON ELUTERIA (L.) SWartz. Cas car ilia. In Bermuda fresh cascarilla bark is burned to obtain a smudge for driving away mosquitoes.— Howard (203, p. 30). -77- CROTON FLAVENS L* This plant was reported to be used as an insecticide in Venezuela, but it had no effect on roaches, flies, or gnats.— Thorns (401) • CROTON OBLONGIFOUUS Roxb# The seeds were stated to be used as an insecticide in India*— Chopra and Badhwar (98) • CROTON sp*. Croton was used in China as an insecticide; its poison killed aphlda (Jen* 1958* Univ. of Minn* Master's thesis) •— Shepard (563, p. 29)* Ca^ncanapire £ a species of Croton^ was used in Venezuela for killing insects*— Roark (352, p* 8)* CROTON TIGLIUM L. In eastern China one of the control measures for larvae of Rondotia aenoiana Moore, attaoking mulberry trees, was spraying with croton oil emul si an*— Chu (99)* The seeds of this species are the source of an important home-made insecticide in China* The methods of making and using are given*— Jung (223) * This plant has been found of inseotioidal value against oertain in- sects in southern China*— Chiu (94)* This plant is cultivated in China, where the powdered seeds soaked in water are used to destroy Rondotia menoiana and aphids*— Soar one (355) • EREMOCARPUS SETIGERUS (Hook.) Benth* Turkeymullein* Cold-Crater extracts of this common weed of southern Oregon were found to be toxic to goldfish, just as are extracts of derris and cube root* Extended studies were being made by the Oregon State Department of Agriculture to determine whether this plant could be developed as a source of insecticide*— Thomssen and Doner (402)* EUPHORBIA ANTIQUORUM L. The juice was used to kill maggots in wounds*— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 1131)* -78- EUPHORBIA BI COLOR Engelm. & Gray. EUPHORBIA. MARGINATA Pur ah • The juice of these plants was used to some extent in Texas to brand cattle, it being held to be superior to a red-hot iron for that purpose, beoause screwworras would not infect the fresh scar and the spot healed more reodily,— Chesnut (88, p. 407) • EUPHORBIA BIGLANDULOSA Desf. EUPHORBIA DENDROIDES L. Decoctions of these plants were recommended as insectioides.— Sprenger (573) • EUPHORBIA COTINOIDES Mi quel. A water - extract had a considerable effeof on silkworms.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). Extracts of the stems and leaves of this fish-poison plant from British Guiana were nontoxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (591). EUPHORBIA CYPARISSIAS L. In Crete gardeners collected these plants, crushed them, and expressed the juice, and then diluted it with water to make a 2 to 4 per- oent solution. After an hour the liquid was used for watering gardens in which melons, cuoumbers, etc., had been planted, in order to destroy the mole oricket.— Rastello (315) . EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPTA L. Dodhak. Water extraots, macerated juices, and dusts of dodhak leaves were tested against Psylla, aphids, and weevil grubs, but poor results were obtained.— ChopraOFF, p. 109). EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA L. Spurge. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metsger and Grant (277). EUPHORBIA HTBERNA L. Extracts of the stems and leaves of this fish-poison plant from Ireland were nontoxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). -79- EUPHORBIA MARGINATA Pursh. Synonym i Diohrophyllum marginatum Klotzsoh St Garoke. 8now-on-the-mountain. A decoction was ineffective against cotton o aterpi liars •— Riley (325, p. 186). EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA L. This speoies was said to be used as an inaeoticide in Sind, India,— Roark (532, p. 22). Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Wats and Singh (421) • BUPHORBIA RESINIFERA Berg. Cactuslike plant of Morocco. Buphorbium gum had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.).<— DeBussy (76). Various gums were tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers. Euphorbium gum mas unstable.- Ginsburg (158) . BUPHORBIA sp. Spurge. A decoction of spurge gave only 38 percent kill of Mai aco soma neustria (L.) •-- Oorlainov (166). EUPHORBIA THYMIFOLIA L. This plant was stated to be used as an insecticide in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98). EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI L. This speoies was used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India.— Roark (332, p. 22). All parts of this plant were said to poison fish in East Africa, but it was not widespread. A 2-peroent extract of the stems killed 72.5 percent of the oltrus aphids sprayed. —Worsley (431). This tree in East Afrioa was said to keep away mosquitoes .--Bally (50). EUPHORBIA VERMICUIATA Raf . Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). -80- Cossaents by reviewer*— 80 far this genus does not appear to be a profiting one in which to find effioient insecticidal Material. EXCOBCARIA AGALLOCHA I*. Blinding tree* Baboo tar. The Malays knew of the poisonoua qualities of this tree and used the sap to kill maggots infesting sores on bu^aloee.-- Stevens (574, footnote, p. 107). FLUGGEA LHJCOFYHUS HI lid. Synonynei Phyllanthus leuoopyrus Roxb.i 8eourinega leuoopyrus ifuell. Argj ?• virosa (Mild*) Dels* & Gibs* The bark was used to kill flail, and the Juice of the leaves was fatal to worms in sores.— Dal* ell and Gibson (ill, p. 256). In India the $uloe of the leaves or the leaves made into a paste with tobaooo were used to destroy woras in sores.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 2, p. 496) • FLUGGEA MICROCARPA Blum*. The Juice of the leaves or the leaves made into a paste with tobaooo were used to destroy woras in sores • — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 1147) This speoles was used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India.— Roark (332, p. 23). HBVEA spp. Rubber tree. Rubber latex was employed as an ingredient of an adhesive composi- tion which might be used for mothproofing (British patent).— Isaacs (214) . HURA CREPITANS L. Sandbox tree. Both 10- arid '^peroent sap killed most of the aphids tested within 3 days, but both 6- and 10-peroent sap mixed with soap were inefficient. The alcoholic extracts of the bark and sawdust were inefficient, but the extract of the bark » jmed promising.— Molndoo and Sievers (269, p. 8). In 1924 and 1925 the sap or latex of this tree was again tested. Both 6-percent and 10-peroent latex mixed with soap were effioient against Aphis splreacola Patoh within 2 days. A 5-peroent sap taken from the upper portion of4 the latex killed nearly all the three speoies of aphids sprayed within 2 days*— Molndoo and 8ievers (unpublished). HURA P0LYA1TORA Belli. Javillo* In Central Amerioa this plant produces a latex of blistering proper- ties -which was used against microscopic skin parasites^ especially Tunga penetrans (L.) •— Soar one (553) ♦ -81- JATROPHA MACRORHIZA Benth. A powder used as ft dust had a slight effect on tent caterpillars and roaahes*— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p* 22)* MALL0TU8 PHILIPPINEN3IS (tan*) Muell* Arg. Monkeyfaoe tree* Kamala. In India the leaves and fruit nixed with honey were made into a cataplasm for the treatment of itch*— Watt (422, v* 6, p. 116)* Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. ~ Metsger and Grant (277)* MinTHOT DULCIS (Gael*) Pax* Sweet cassava* Tapiooa was employed as a constituent of an adhesive composition whioh night be used for mothproofing (British patent)*— Isaacs (214)* OLDFIELDIA AFRICANA Benth* and Hook* f* African oak* The bark and leaves were used in Liberia as remedies for hair lioe and crab lice*— Dalai el (112) ♦ PHYLLAHTHOS CQHAMX 8w* Dan con ami* Extracts of the roots, stems, and leaves of this fish-poison plant from British Guiana were nontoxic to the bean aphid*— -Tatter sfield and Giminghan (591) * FHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L* In India the bruised leaves were applied for scabies*— Watt (422, v* 6, pt* 1, p* 222)* FHTLLANTBT7S SIMPLEX Seta* In India the fresh leaves bruised and mixed with buttermilk made a wash to cure the itch in children.— Watt (422, v* 6, pt* 1, p. 224)* RICIHDS COMMUHIS L. Synonyms t R* vulgaris Mill*, R* medlous Forsk. Castor-bean plant* Castor-oil plant* Attention is oalled to recent publicity on the insecticidal uses of this plant* — Hall er and Mclndoo (180)* 8APIUM ELLIPTICOM (Hoohst*) Pax* Usharaka* The branches of this plant in East Africa were used on maggot- infested wounds*— Bally (60) • -82* SAPIUM INDICUM Willd. The needs were used in India as a fish poison and as an insecticide.— Roark (532, p# 35) • SEBASTIANA PAVONIANA Muell. Arg* Arrowwood. This speoies is found in Guatemala* Its milky juioe oaused the death of various insects ♦ — Scarone (363) • STILLINGIA SYLVATICA L. 8tillingia. Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle, — Metzger and Grant (277) * TRAGIA sp» This is one of the inseotioidal plants occurring in Nicaragua.- Roark (332, p. 38). Comments by reviewer.— Despite all the work done on the numerous species of Euphorbiaceae, none have yet furnished material for a valuable insecticide. PABACEAE (Pea Family) ABRUS PRECATORIUS L. Prayer beads. Extracts of the roots and stems killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Harte ell and Wilooxon (188) . ARACHTS HYPOGAEA L. Peanut* Groundnut* Many published papers discuss oil of peanut or groundnut as an insecticide and repellent. ASTRAGALUS GUMUIFER Labill* Various gums were tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers. Tragacanth gum was unstable.— Ginsburg (158 ) • ASTRAGALUS spp. Locoweeds. When honeybees were poisoned by these plants, adult workers and pupae were mostly affected, the field bees dying first and then the pupee. The queens frequently died, and the colonies became demoralised, and sometimes died.— Burnside and Vansell (72)* -85- BAPTISIA TINCTORIA (L.) R. Br. Synonym: Sophora tinctorla L. Yellow wild indigo* The plants when placed in the harness kept flies from the horses* — Williams (428, p* 916). An alooholio extract and a deooction had no effect on cotton caterpillars. — Riley (325, p* 184). Extracts from this plant were not repellent to th* Japanese beetle*— Metsger and Grant (277). BUTEA MONOSPERMA (Lam.) Taub. Synonyms B. frondoss? Roxb. Butea* Kino gum* In India the seeds were used for the cure- of dhobies it oh.— Watt (422. r. 1, p. 553). This was one of four efficient gums among those tested with oils to find stable eraulsifiers.-- Ginsburg (158) ♦ The seeds were used as an insecticide in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98). CAJANUS INDICUS Spreng. This species, found in Mysore, India, was of no value as an insecti- cide.—Putt arudri ah and Subramaniam. (311). CALOPOGONIUtt VELLDTIUM Benth. Catinga de macaco. In Brazil satisfactory results were obtained with the alooholic extract of this fish-poison plant against lice and ticks* Chemical analysis indioated that the extract contained rotenone.—Ildefonso Ramos (211)* CLADRASTIS (MAACKIA) AMURENSIS K. Koch. Cladrastis. Extracts of the roots and stems killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested* — Hartzell and Wilooxon (188) ♦ CLITORIA MACROPHYLLA Wall. Extracts of the roots of this plant from Siam were slightly toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (591). -84- CRACCA spp* 3m TEPHROSIA. CROTALARIA PANICULATA Willd. This plant was used in India aa a fiah poison and as an insecti- oide. — Roark (532, p. 14)* CROTALARIA spp* In tests an the effect of poisonous plants on oane grubs in Queensland this genus waa the most promising.— J arris (220) . CROTALARIA VERRUCOSA L. Synonym: C. anguloaa Lam. The juice of the leaves and tender stalks was used in cases of soabies*~^ffatt (422, v. 2, p* 614). CYTISTJS LABURNUM L* Laburnum* Cytisine is an alkaloid showing physiological properties similar to those of nicotine* Tests with body lice, in which garments were impregnated with weak solutions of oytiaine, were satiafactory from the experimental viewpoint, but this alkaloid was too toxio to the human skin to be considered as a practical louse remedy, — Bacot (48) • Cytisine is rather widely distributed in nature, being found in many species of Cytiaua and also in several speoies of Genista, Ulex, Sophora, and Baptlsia* It has been isolated from the seeds of laburnum (1*56 peroent), gorse (l*03 percent), broom, Sophora speciosa Benth* (the poison bean of Mexico and Texas, 3.23 peroent) , S* secundl flora Lagasoa (a small shrub of Texas, 3*47 peroent), S. tomentosa Sohrurbaum (2*06 peroent), and Baptisia australia (1*56 peroent!"* The crude oytisine, unlike nicotine, did not prove toxio to the eggs of a moth. A 6-peroent chloroform extract of the seeds killed 100 percent of the bean aphid and a 2*5-peroent extract killed 80 peroent, while a 0.06- percent nicotine solution killed 92 peroent*— Tatters field and coworkers (393)* CYTISUS SCOPARIUS (L.) Link. Scotch broom. An infusion made from freshly crushed broom tops was recommended for killing larvae of the oabbage butterfly. In France it had also been found effective for removing cochylis larvae from vines and various caterpillars from apple treea.— Anonymous (26). Water extraots from the tops of Scotch broom, collected in two localities, had practioally no effect on silkworms. Since this plant con- tains sparteine, a 0.5-peroent solution of sparteine sulfate was fed to silkworms. This solution proved effioient but acted very slowly. — McTndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22)* -85- Sparteine has a narcotic action similar to that of coniine and, to some extent, of nicotine* Sparteine was tested both as sulfate and as base. The sulfate was not found materially toxic at a concentration equal to 1 percent of the base, but the base at this concentration gave 100-percent control of the bean aphid. Sprays containing 0.35 and 0.2 percent of pure cytisine killed 100 and 80 percent of bean aphids, respectively, and sprays containing 0*5 and 0.4 percent of crude cytisine killed 98 and 80 percent* Sprays containing 2*5 and 1.0 percent of crude- chloroform extract of broom seeds killed 100 and 40 percent.— Tatters field and coworkers (393). DALEA VULNERARIA var* BARBATA Oerst* Synonym: P arose la barbata (Oerst.) Rydb* Two constituents were isolated from this Florida plant, but they were nontoxic to insects.— Roark (342) • DERRIS. Synonym: Deguelia. Since several reviews on the use of Derris as an insecticide have been published (Roark 234, 339, and 340) , the reader is referred to them for digests of the literature on this group of plants. Little information is given here other than to name the species that have been tested for inseotioidal value. A more recent article by Roark (345) discusses the present status of rotenone and rotenoids as insecticides. DERRIS BENTHAM1 Thw. Inseotioidal investigations on this plant, which was reputed in Ceylon to be a fish poison, were begun in 1928. — Stockdale (375, pp. 78-79) • DERRIS CHINENSIS Benth. This species has been found by test to have insecticidal vnlue.— Roark (334, p. 2). DERRIS CUNEIFOLIA Benth* Synonym: Deguelia cuneifolia (Benth*) Taub* Derris cuneifolia was the only plant used in Hong Kong, China, as an insecticide* It was imported in small quantities from Singapore.— Roark (532, p* 18)* DERRIS ELLIPTICA (Roxb.) Benth. East Indian fish poison* Derris* This was the first species of Derris to be tested for inseotioidal purposes, and it is the most important species cultivated and used in preparing commercial derris insecticides* To control the insects infesting the nutmeg planfc in 1848 it was necessary to wash the leaves with a decoction of tuba root.— Oxley (296, p. 661)* -86- This was the species tested mostly by the .United States Department of Aericulture in 1919 and 1924, although the commercial powder used was a mixture of D. elllptica and D. ull ginos a. —Mclndoo and coworkers (259, 260). ~ DERKES HEPTAPHYLLA (L.) Merr. This species had insecticidal value.— California Agricultural Experiment Station (77, p. 53). DERRIS K00LGIBBERAH F. M. Bailey, Alooholic extracts were generally efficient, but this species was unsatisfactory for insecticidal purposes.— Mclndoo and coworkers (260, pp. 188, 199). DERRIS MALACCENSIS (Benth.) Prain. Derris This species is effective against lepidopterous larvae.— Gater (153, p. 322). This species and D. elllptica are cultivated in Malaya, Philippine Islands, Sarawak, and Tndo-China, and practically all the exported roots are obtained from these two species.— Ho lman (198, pp. 60, 69, 71, 73). DERRIS 0LIGOSPERMA K. Schum. Alcoholic extracts were seldom efficient, and this species wps unsatisfactory for insecticidal purposes.— Mclndoo and coworkers (260, pp. 188, 199). DERRIS PHILIPPINENSIS Merr. The powdered roots of this Philippine species were effective against mosquito larvae and aphids.— Castillo ( 81) . DERRIS POLYANTHA Perk. The powdered roots of this Philippine species were more effective against aphids and mosquito larvae than those of either D. elliptioa or D. philippinen8i 8. —Castillo (81). DERRIS ROBUSTA Benth. Same as for D. oligosperma. DERRIS SCANDENS (Roxb.) Benth. Extracts were seldom effioient and this species was unsatisfactory for insecticidal purposes.— Mclndoo and coworkers (260, pp. 188, 199). This species, which i6 indigenous to Queensland, appears to be of no commercial value.— Ho lman (198, p. 74). -87- DERRIS sp. Japanese farmers apply treatments containing a soap with rotenone derived from a species said to be Derris sekken.— Scar one (553) • |^This specific name could not be found by F. J. Hermann.] DERRIS THYRSIFLORA Benth. This species was slightly toxic to lepidopterous larvae. — Gater (153, p. 322). DERRIS TRIPOLI ATA Lour. Synonym: D. uliginosa (Roxb.) Benth. In India this species was reported to have an insecticidal value.-- Perredes (305). Alcoholic extracts of the stems from the Fiji Islands were generally efficient. — Fclndoo and coworkers (260, pp. 188, 199) • This species, which is indigenous to Queensland, appears to be of no commercial value.— Ho lman (198, p. 74} • DESMODIUM LABURNIFOLTJM (Poir) DC. Synonym; Meibomia laburnifolium DC. The leaves were used as an insecticide.— Greshoff (171, p. 72) • DESMODIUM TRIFLORUM (L.) DC. Synonym: Meibomia triflora (L.) Kuntse. A paste of the bruised leaves with kamala was applied to indolent sores and as a remedy for itch.—Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 430) • DIPTERYX ODORATA Willd. Synonym: Coumarouna odor at a Aubl. Tonka bean. Coumarin, when chemically pure and used in relatively large quantities, was toxio to grain weevils.— Z a oher (436, p. 152). (^Coumarin is obtained from tonka beans, sweetclover, and other plants, and also made synthetically J An alcoholic solution of coumarin has been used for mothproofing purposes (Ger. patent 485,101) •— Roark (335, p. 25). DOLICHOS LUPINIPLORUS N. E. Brown. Extracts of the roots of this fish-poison plant from southern Rhodesia were nontoxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). DOLICHOS PSEUDOPACHYRRHIZUS Harms. Mhayo. The roots of this plant in East Africa are listed as insecticidal.— Bally (50). -88- The natives of Xenya boiled the bulbous roots of this fish-poison at and used the rr rerooving ticks :rcr sheep and goats. 7 2holic extracts of the roots were sc arai^s- the tear. a results 1 that the roots were not of c aercial interest a'. ght have scne value for local use. — fetterefleld ati coworkers (394' . DEEPAK OCABPUS LOTATO8 L. f.) Hey. Extracts of the leaves, stees, roots, and fruit of this plant froa British Guiana we.? nontoxic to the bean p.phid.— Tatterafiel i zs.i :haa. (391) • EEIOSatA PSCSAIJSOICES Don. Synanyai _2. paranoides Hook, f • tr:pical West Africa the leaves were used to rub on dogs as a reetiv for or preventive of lice, etc.— Taliiel (112'; . ffiYTHEINa VARI3GATA Sticks. Synonyn: E» indloa Lea. In the Cancan, India, the juioe of the young leaves was used to kill woraa in sores.— Kirtikar and 3asu (230, v. 1, p. 440). :iLSA OFFICINALIS L. Coeawn goatsrue. Srtracts froa this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Mats gar and Grant (277) • GERISTA GZLiA::::A 1. Suropean brocc. The control of cabbage worns in France was the spray nace fror an infusion of this shrub. It nignt be retained as useful for it r.ac repeatedly been reported as very satisfactory, acting both as an insecti- le and iasectifuge.- Blanchard (£0). In France an infusion of the I\:ropean broon -w*s recomnended as a spray against the larvae of ceehylla ar.c the cabbege butterfly. A bundle of -he fresh twigs was kept in water for 10 days, preferably >:en in short fragoente, before use.— AnonyEOus (_2£, 26] . GSSISTA sp. Brooa. Sparteine and other extracts of broor seeds have been used for rothproofing purpose* {O^r* patent 421,100) .— F.oark (333, p. 31). G2SISTA TISCT0B1A L. Woadwaxen. Srtracti froa thia plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met iger and Grant (277) . -89- GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM (Jacq.) Steud. Madriado. This speoies was considered one of the insecticidal plants occurring in Nicaragua.— Roark (332, p. 23). GLYDYRRHIZA GLABRA L. Common licorioe. Same as for Genista tinctoria. HAEMATOXYLON CA1SPECHIANUM L. Logwood. Two commercial extracts were effective repellents against the Japanese "beetle.-- Metager and Grant (277) . INDIGOFERA TINCTORIA L. Synonym: I_. indlca Lam. True indigo. In Jamaica this plant was employed to destroy vermin.— Porcher (308, p. 205). A strong infusion of indigo roots was said in India to destroy vermin in the hair.— Watt (422, v. 3, p. 86). The seeds yielded a tincture which was used to destroy lice.— Greishoff (170, p. 52). Wool dyed with indigo was badly damaged by larvae of Tinea pellionella L. and Attagenus piceus (Oliv.) • — Minaef f (280) • LONCHOCARPUS spp. In 1924, when Mclndoo and Sievers (259) first reported on the insecticidal use of cube, it was impossible to give the botanical name of this plant. Since 1924 the botanists have become greatly interested in the South American fish-poison plants. Up to 1937 there was still oonfusion concerning the correct botanical names for the plants known locally as cube, haiari, and timbo, but more definite information on this subject was had when Krukoff and Smith (235) in 1937 reported that they had studied 11 species of South American rotenone-yielding plants, inoluding three new speoies (Loncho carpus sylvestris, L. martynii, and L. utilis) , with special reference to native names, distribution, economic importance, and specimens examined. The literature was re- viewed by Roark (336, 338) in 1936 and 1938. The six speoies that have been tested for insecticidal properties are reported below. LONCHOCARPUS CHRYSOPHYLLUS Kleinh. Black haiari (British Guiana) . Nekoe (Surinam) • The speoies appears well distributed in British Guyana and Surinam. The rotenone oontent of the roots averaged 2.1 percent, and the -90- extraotives oontent 9*4 percent. The natives use the roots as a fish poison more- extensively than those of the white haiari (L. martynii) , as the plant is more common. The plant is not yet used Tor commercial purposes, although it is under experimental cultivation in British Guiana and the Federated Malay States.— Krukoff and Smith (235) • Alcoholic extracts were tested against the bean aphid,— Tatter sfi eld and coworkers (393) • LONCHOCARFUS LATIFOLIUS (mild.) H. B. K. Acurutu. Extracts of this species from Trinidad were slightly toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (591). LONCHOCARPTTS MARTYNII A. C. Smith. Tfhite haiari. This speoies appears to be found throughout British Guiana. The rot en one content of the roots averaged only 2*5 percent, and the ex- tractives content 10.1 percent. The plant is not used for oommeroial purposes, although it is under experimental cultivation in British Guiana and the Federated Malay States. — Krukoff and Smith (235). Alcoholio extraots were tested against 'the bean aphid.— Tatters- field and coworkers (393). LONCHOCARFUS RARIFLORUS Mart. This speoies has a wide range, being found throughout Amazonian Brazil and in British Guiana. The roots are not collected commercially, as they contain only traces of rot en one and an average of 7 peroent of extractives. An extract of the roots is often used by the natives for exterminating "sauba* ants.— Krukoff and Smith (235) . LONCHOCARPUS URUCU Killip and Smith. Timbo vermelho (Amaxonian Brazil). Timbo uruou (Para). This species is widely distributed throughout Brazil and it wns found often in large clumps several acres in extent. The roots often are 3.5 lnohes in diameter and extend from 65 to 82 feet in length, resembling garden hose, and confined to the upper 12 inches of the soil. The rotenone content averaged 4.4 percent, and the extractives content 17 percent. The bulk of roots and powder now exported from Para and Manaos is from this speoies.— Krukoff and Smith (235). During the past decade this speoies has strongly competed with the L» utills as an insecticide, but L. utills was tested as an insecticide Tong before timbo was known to have inseotioidal properties. Both species have reoently been given new botanical names. -91- LONCHOCARPUS UTILIS A. C. Smith. Synonym: L. nicou (Aubl») DC. Cube and barbasoo (Peru). Barbasco (Ecuador). Timbo (Brazil). This species is found throughout the Amazon Basin, in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, and the natives generally recognize it as a very effective fish poison. Since all the specimens seen by collectors were either of cultivated plants or of plants growing in secondary forests on the sites of old Indian plantations, it is doubtful whether this species grows wild. The rotenone content of the roots averaged 12 percent and the extractive content 25 percent. The bulk of cube or barbasco roots now exported from Peru (iquitos) is this species. The roots are seldom collected in Brazil, as no large quantities of them appear to exist either in Aroazonas or Para.— Krukoff and Smith (235). This is the species that W. J. Dennis, head of the missionary school at Huancayo, Peru, first purchased at a shop in Huancayo for Dr. Eigen- mann to use in catching fish. Some of the roots were brought to the United States in 1920 by Dr. Allen, a student at Indiana University. These were later ground into powder, some of which was sent by Dr. Eigen- mann to the writer who first tested it on March 23, 1921. LUPINUS ALBUS L. LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLIUS L. LUPINUS LUTEUS L. LUPINUS NIGER L. Lupine. Six patents (Brit. 230,203, Can. 247,378, Ger. 421,100 and 488,307, U. S. 1,610,167 and 1,885, 292) have been granted in which the alkaloidal extract of the seeds of these plants' are used for mothproof ing.-- Roark (333, p. 56* 355, p. 38); Roark and Busbey (346, p. 29). LUPINUS PERENNIS L. Sun-dial lupine. Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met z ger and Grant (277) . LUPINUS spp. A quantity of yellow lupine was grown but an extract of the roots gave negative insecticidal results.— Durham (125) . The leaves, stems, and roots of the three species of Lupinus tested had no marked poisonous action. Alcoholic extracts -of the seeds of a perennial and of an annual blue lupine were toxic, but the toxicity of these plants waB not of the same order as that of Tephrosia toxicaria and T. vogelii.— Tattersfield and coworkers (393). -92- MEUL0TU8 ALBA Dear* White sweet olover* Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grant (277). MELILOTUS ALTISSIMA Thuill. Clover. Mosquitoes in Egypt fed on the juioe of the highly soented blossoms, which o on tain coumarin. It was suggested that ooumarin might hnve a similar aotion in the mosquito to that which quinine had in man and that the wealth of leguminous crops, especially of clovers, occurring; in the cultivated areas of Egypt, might be responsible for the immunity from malaria in these area*.— Willoooka respoi (426) • Inasmuoh as synthetio ooumarin had no deleterious influence on adult mosquitoes (Anopheles spp* and Culex fatigana Wied,), it was be- lieved that ooumarin taken with" the liquid extracted from clover blossoms would have no deterrent aotion on malarial parasites in the mosquito*- Mayne (273) . MELILOTUS OFFICIIAUS (L.) Lam* Yellow sweetolover. The natives of Bessarabia kept their houses free of moths by keep- ing bunches of this plant in all the rooms* This effect was confirmed by experiment.— Ossipov (295). A saturated solution of ooumarin* in sugar solution was ineffective against the housefly*— Jackson and Lefroy (217) • MILLBTTIA AURICULATA Baker* In India the roots were applied to sores on cattle to kill vermin*— Watt (422, v* 3, p* 89). The roots were used as an insecticide*— Greshoff (171, p. 69). MILLBTTIA PACHYCARPA Benth. Fish-poison climber. Extracts of the bark from Burma were nontoxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gindngham (391)* This plant has been found of inseotioidal value against certain insects in south China*— Chiu (94). This plant is widely distributed in the mountains of Kwangsi Prov- ince in China* It oontains a large amount of saponin and possibly considerable rot en one. Mixed with soap it aoted both as a oontast and a stomach poison, being as efficient as derris and far cheaper.— Chen (83)* -93- The best method of cultivating this insectioidal plant in China is described, — Ku (236)* Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquito cide*— Wats and Singh (421) . An alcoholic extract of roots from China was tested against the bean aphid. Concentrations of lj 0.5, and 0.25 percent each paralyzed 100 percent of the aphids sprayed, but a 0*1 percent concentration paralyzed only 55 percent* In toxicity these roots were better than the leaves of Tephrosia vogelii and equal to the roots of T. macropoda which were tested at the same time, but not equal to the rotenone- rich roots of D err is elliptioa* Unless greatly improved by selection it oould not commercially compete with D* elliptica, but where locally available it ahould prove of value*— Tattersfi eld and coworkers (394) • The seeds are toxic to several species of insects* Further studies on this plant offer a fertile and promising field* — Chiu and coworkers (95)* Comments by reviewer*— More work on this promising plant should be done using insects other than aphids and caterpillars* MILLETTIA PISCIDIA (Roxb*) Wight* The powder of the bark and flowers was used as a fish poison and as an inseotioide in India.— Roark (552, p. 30) • MILLETTIA RETICULATA Benth. Roy-teng* This plant was especially efficient for the large cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringii (Baly), in China*— China National Agricultural Res ear oh Bureau (91)* This plant grows in China, where the farmers obtained good results with the powder against cabbage pests* In laboratory tests the powdered roots dusted on food plants killed only 55 percent of the nymphs of a grasshopper but 100 percent of the adults of Colaphellus bowringii (Baly).— China National Agricultural Research Bureau (92) • ~ MILLETTIA TAUWANIA Hayata. This specieB is found in Formosa* The crushed fresh roots pro- vided a liquid having insectioidal properties due to rotenone* This plant served for the preparation of medicaments used against scab*— Scar one (353)* MONDULEA SERICEA (Willd.) A. Cheval* Synonym: M. suberosa (Ro*b.) Benth* Mundulea* Preparations of this plant were effective against aphids, mango hoppers, and mosquito larvae but not more than 50 or 60 percent of -94- the other insects tested were killed. Laboratory results indicated that it might prove to be a cheap larvicide locally available and easily handled. The treatment, of pieoes of wood with varnishes to which an alcoholic extract of Mundulaa had been added ^rendered them fairly im- mune from the attacks of termites.— Kunhikannan (238,. 239). The seeds and inner layer of the bark were used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India.— Roark (332) . Mundulea grows wild over large areas in Mysore, India. The labora- tory and field tests, against a mango hopper, grasshoppers, cattle lice and fleas, a potato beetle (Epilachna sp.jl, a beetle store pest, and mosquito larvae, were so encouraging as to warrant an intensive chemical study of its active principles, one of which had previously been called derrin (rotenone). In a laboratory test a water extract of the powdered bark with soap killed 100 peroent of potato beetles, and in the field the powder applied as a dust killed 70 percent.— Subramaniam (377, 378). Mundulea is common in most parts of tropical and subtropical Afrioa, Madagascar, India and Ceylon. It has long been cultivated, and the seeds and bark have been used as fish poisons. Extracts of the stems, bark, cork, and leaves from South Afrioa showed nor appreciable toxicity to the bean aphid. Alcoholic extracts of the stems, seeds, and pods from India were toxio to this aphid, but extracts' of the roots and leaves had no appreciable action at a concentration equivalent to 1 percent of the plant material. The stems were the most active part of the plant.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). A powder made from the dried bark gave complete protection against bruchids when it was scattered thinly over grain in bins. A half-inch layer of fine sand or powdered bark laid on top of pulses in the receptacles prevented infestation by bruchids. — Subramaniam (380, 382) . The powdered root bark, spread thinly over grain in basket bins, kept it free from bruohid attack in Mysore, India. All the insects coming to the surface from infested grain were killed, and no further breeding took place. A 5-percent water extract of this powder killed 95 percent of the green scale of coffee in about 6 days. A 10-percent kerosene extract made into an emulsion and diluted to 50 tiroes with water killed more than 75 percent of this pest in 3 days.— Subramaniam (381) • This fish-poison plant is available in large quantities in the jungles of India. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the stem bark killed 100 percent of the caterpillars (Hyps a ficus (F.)) and beetle grubs tested in 24 hours. A 0.12-peroent alcoholic extract killed 90 to 100 per- oent of culicine mosquito larvae. A 20-peroent water suspension killed 100 percent of the mango hoppers, and the powdered stem bark dusted on bruchids killed 80 to 100 peroent of them.— Putt arudri ah and Subramaniam (311). -95- Mundulea has been recognized as an efficient fish poison for many- years in East Africa* In tests with sprays and dusts against aphids, oaterpillars, bugs, psylla, cookroaches, and ,hous ef lies, the bark from the Moa district (rotenone 0.9 percent) was as toxic as the Amarii derris (rotenone 5.4 percent), but bark obtained from two other districts (rotenone 0.5 percent) was only about half as toxic The powder dusted on cockroaches and flies, although having a much smaller initial effect than pyrethrum and not causing any rapid knock-down, yet caused death in about half the time; derris had the same action. The seeds were about three-quarters as toxic as the bark, but were unlikely to be of any commercial value on account of their scarcity.—Worsley (432, 435) « Samples of Mundulea bark from various localities in Tanganyika and Zanzibar, when examined chemically and biologically, fell into two main divisions, (l) those with smooth barks, which were toxic, and (2) those with rough, corky barks, which were nontoxic. No correlation existed between toxicity and the amount of ether-extractable material* A fair correlation was found between toxicity and rotenone content, the toxicity being about 1*6 times as great as for pure rotenone. The mortality of the aphids tested ranged from. 0*0 to 85 percent* The 12 samples analysed ranged in rotenone content from 0 to 0*55 peroent and the ether extract from 4.1 to 8.9 percent*— Worsley (433) * Extracts of Mundulea applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide*— Wats and Singh (421)* Mundulea was one of three plants found to compare favorably with standard insecticides* It is largely obtained in Mysore, India, and the stem bark contained the insecticidal principle*— Subraraaniam (385) • A sample of Mundulea from the Union of South Africa contained no rotenone, but it was slightly toxic to the bean aphid. A sample of stems from another source in South Africa was nontoxic, whereas a sample of stems from India was toxic. A 1-percent extract of leaves from India proved completely toxic— Anonymous (36)* The genus Mundulea contains 20 species, the majority of which are reoorded from Madagascar* At one time inoluded under Tephrosia, it is now regarded as a connecting link between that genus and Millettia. Mundulea sericea has been found in India, Ceylon, Madagascar, and in Africa from the Sudan to Natal* The seeds and bark have been used in India and the bark in East Africa for poisoning fish. An erect shrub or a slender tree up to 25 feet tall, it shows either a smooth, greenish yellow-brown bark or a rough, longitudinally fissured, very corky yellowish-brown bark* The leaf, bark, and root of the Indian variety possessed marked insecticidal properties against aphids and beetles, in contrast to the African variety, the leaf and root of which were reported as distinctly less potent than the bark* The toxicity of none of these parts was of the same order as that of the root of Derris elliptioa (rotenone about 9 percent)*— Tattersfield and Potter (395) . -96- Comments by reviewer . — This is the most promising insecticidal plant discovered during the 1930* s. Although a rotenone-yi elding species, thus far it does not oompete favorably with the best samples of Derris. Work with it should be continued* NEORAUTANENIA FI SI FOLIA (Benth.) C. A. Sin* Synonym: Rhynohosia fislfolia Benth. This plant occurs in eastern South Afrioa, particularly in the Transvaal and Natal, and in southern Rhodesia* Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of the ground roots were toxic to the bean aphid, a 1-percent alooholio extract killing all the aphids sprayed.— Tattersfi eld and Gimingham (591). OSTRYODERRIS GABONICA Dunn. Boleraba. Alcoholic extracts of the roots, stems and leaves of this olimbing shrub from the Belgian Congo were tested against the bean aphid. Five- percent extracts of the stems and roots paralyted 100 percent of the aphids sprayed; a 2-peroent extract of the stems paralyted 70 percent, and of the roots, 90 percent; but the leaves were nontoxic. No part of this plant was comparable in insecticidal activity with Derris elliptlca.— Tatter sfield and coworkers. (394) . OUGEINIA DALBERGIOIDES Benth. Extracts of th« leaves and bark of this plant from India were non- toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (39l). This fish-poison plant is widely distributed in India. A 5-percent alooholio extract of the stem bark killed 75 percent of Plutella maculi- pennia (Curt.), 80 percent of Prodenia litura (F.) and Crooidolomia binotalls Zeller., and 100 percent of Euprootis fraterna (MooreT* A 5-percent extract of the leaves killed 100 percent of the first, third, and fourth species, and 90 percent of the second species. The powdered stem bark dusted upon beetles (Callosobruohus shinensls (L.)) killed only 60 percent of then in 72 hours, but the powdered leaves killed 100 peroent.—Puttarudriah and Subrananian (512) • PACHYRHIZUS ANGULATDS Rioh. Th« ground seeds had a slight effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) • — DeBusey (76) • PACHYRHIXUS EROSUS Urban. Yam bean. The portion of the bean most toxio to insects gives positive reactions for rotenone by the Gross-Smith and Durham tests.— Hwang (208) . -97- The seeds have long been used as an insecticide and fish poison in various tropioal countries. The toxic principle is called pachyrhizid, and the ground seeds had a high efficiency against the striped flea beetle and aphids in China. During the summer of 1942 yam bean seeds were wide- ly used there in the control of several insect pests of staple food crops. Tests conducted in New York State gave promising results against the bean aphid and Mexioan bean beetle.—Hansbery and Lee (181) • PACHYRHIZUS TUBEROSUS (Lamb.) Spreng. The seeds were used in Venezuela for, killing vermin.— Greshoff (170, p. 57). PHYSOSTIGMA VENENOSUM Balf . Calabar bean. Semen physostigmatis had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura {?•) •— DoBussy (76). Eserine (physostigmine) , the alkaloid in calabar beans, is very poisonous to higher animals. In some respects its physiological action is similar to that of nicotine* A 0.2 and a 0.1 percent emulsion of eserine killed 100 and 56.6 peroent of the bean aphids, respectively.— Tatter sfi eld and coworkers (393). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— -JSetzger and Grant (277). PISCIDIA ERYTHRINA L. Synonyms: Iohthyomethia piscipula (L.) Hitchc .; P. piscipula Sarg. Jamaica fish poison. Jamaica dogwood. The powdered bark had considerable effect on fly larvae. --Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4) • The Jamaica dogwood is used by the Carib Indians as a fish poison, and a decoction of the bark as a cure for mange on dogs .--Gif ford (156) . Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . Extracts of the Jamaica dogwood, daisy flowers, and Tephrosia pisoatoria were tested against codling moth larvae, but none of them ap- peared promising.— Siegler and Hunger (unpublished report) • PITHECELLOBIUM ELLIPTICA Hassk. Extracts of the leaves and bark of this fish-poison plant from Malaya were slightly toxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfi eld and Gimingham (391). -98- PONGAMIA GLABRA Vent, Synonym: Galedupa indloa Roxb. Hongay. In India a fixed oil was prepared from the seeds, which was supposed to be an effioaoioue application for itch.—Mootooswamy (286) , | This oil is called hong oil or Pongamia oilJ7 This species grows in Mysore, India, It was fairly effective a- gainst aphids. Extracts of the powdered root bark killed only 15 to 20 percent of the leafhoppers sprayed. Spraying with hongay oil-resin soap was effective against several species of mango hoppers and scale insects and against lepidopterous larvae,— Subramaniam (377-383) , A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the roots killed 10 percent of Prodenia litura (F.) and 80 percent of Plutella maculipennls (Curt,), A 10-peroent extraot killed 100 percent of P, litura, A 3-percent extract killed 100 percent and a 2 percent extract killed 80 peroent of Euproctis fraterna (Moore) ,—Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (511) . PONGAMIA PINMATA (L.) W. F. Wight, Synonym: P. glabra Vent. The oil of the seeds was an excellent remedy for itch or mange,-- Dalzell and Gibson (ill, p, 77), In India a poultice of the leaves was applied to ulcers infested with worms, and the oil was one of the best native remedies for cuta- neous diseases, —Watt (422, v. 3, p. 90) • A decoction from the green leaves had no effect on nasturtium aphids,— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p, 23), PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA L. Babchi. An extract of the seeds mixed with kerosene gave poor results as a mosquito larvicide.—Wats and Bharucha (420), PSORALEA PEDUNCULATA (Mill,) Vail. Sampson snakeroot. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Metzger and Grant (277). PUERARIA THUNBERGIANA (Sieb. ft Zucc.) Benth, Kudzu vine. Extracts killed none of the mosquito larvae tested,— Harts ell and Wilcoxon (188), ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA L. Common locust. Infusions of the powdered bark mixed with manure were slightly effective against fly larvae,— Cook and Hutchison ( 103 , p, 4) , -99- Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grent (277). SESBANIA ACULEATA Poir. In West Africa the natives claimed that animals washed in water in which the leaves of this shrub had been pounded could safely traverse a tsetse fly belt*— Dalziel (112) . SBSBANIA AEGYPTIACA Pere. Synonym: AeBohynonmene sesbania L. In the Punjab the seeds mixed with flour, were applied external ly» as a remedy for itch* — Kirtikar and Basu (250, v. 1, p. 418) • SESBANIA PUNCTATA DC. Sabral* The natives in Africa used a decoction of the leaves for washing animals to prevent bites of the tsetse fly.— Holland (197, p. 198) • SOJA MAX (L.) Piper. Soybean. Many papers discuss soybean oil as an insecticide, but since this oil is not poisonous, it is effective in other ways, chiefly mechani- cally. A review of it will not be given here. SOPHORA FLAVESCBNS Ait. A decoction of the stems and leaves is used in Japan as an insecti- cide.— Greshoff (171, p. 65) . SOPHORA GRIFFTTHII Stocks. Synonym: Keyserlingia griff ithii Boiss. The powdered seeds mixed with oil kill lice in the hair.— Greshoff (171, p. 65). SOPHORA JAPONICA L. Pagoda tree. Extracts of the roots killed 20 percent of the mosquito larvae tested but extracts of the stems killed none.— Harts ell and Wilcoxon (188) . SOPHORA MOLLIS R. Graph. This plant was used as an insecticide in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98) • SOPHORA PACHYCARPA Schrenk. This species grows wild in central Asia and is a rich source of an active alkaloid, pachicarpine, which might be used as a contact insecti- cide. Sophodust has been proved effeotive in controlling aphids.— Anonymous (33). -100- The alkaloids are intermediate between anabasine and lupine in inseotioidal power. d-Sparteine, contained in the vegetative parts of this speoies, is the most toxio alkaloid.— Sokolov and Koblova (372) . SOPHORA TOMHJTOSA L. Extracts of the seeds showed little toxio - ction to the bean aphid. Crude extracts of cyti sine-containing seeds H\ as these , with the possible exception of laburnum, are not likely to prove of practical importance* Cytisine itself, if it could be prepared oheaply, would be worth further consideration. Cytisine showed no aotion as a stomach poison against larvae of the moth Selenia tetralunaria Hufm.— Tattersf ield and ooworkers (393) • " SFATHOLOBUS ROXBURGH! I Benth. A sample of roots of this fish-poison plant from Burma oontained about 1 peroent of rotenone. An extraot was highly toxic to goldfish and larvae.— Jones (221) • STYLOSAKTHES BI FLORA (L.) B. 8. P. Pencil flower. Extracts from this plant were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.—Metiger and Grant (277) • TEPHROSIA. Synonym: Cracca. For a long time it has been known that Tephrosia possesses insecti- oidal properties, but a serious study of it was not undertaken prior to the work done in 1925 by Tattersf ield and coworkers (392) • Since that date it has been studied considerably and if it had not been for a joore lively interest in Derris and Lonchooarpus, Tephrosia might now "be one of our commercial insecticides instead of being still in the experimen- tal stage. However, progress with it has been handicapped by the fact that the roost promising speoies do not oontain so much toxic of the principles as do oe- ain speoies of Derris and Lonchocarpus. In 1987 the literature on Tephrosia as an insecticide was reviewed. Of 35 species listed IP «rere reported to have insecticidal value. — Roark (337). TEPHR08IA AMBIGUA M. A. Curtis. Extracts from the roots and seeds collected in North Carolina were slightly toxic to houseflies, but were not promising. — Jones and oo- workers (222). -101- TEPHROSIA CANDIDA Roxb. Alooholio extraots of the roots and steins were moderately toxio to the "bean aphid.— Tattersfield and coworkers (393) • » The insectioidal value of alcoholic extracts of the seeds was equal to that of niootlne sulfate.— Subraraani am (384) . TEPHROSIA DIFFUSA (B. Mey.) Harv. The Zulus used a decoction of the roots to destroy head lice.— Bryant (70, p. 74>. TEPHROSIA GRANDIFLORA (Vahl.) Pers. The Thongas used a decoction of a root of a species of Tephroaia (probably T. grandiflora) as a parasiticide.— Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (423) . "" TEPHROSIA HECKMANNTA Harms. Infusions of the fresh leaves were reported to be toxic to bedbugs and to larvae of the roaise stalk borer, but extracts of the dry material were harmless to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391, p. 255) • TEPHROSIA HISPIDULA (ittchx.) Pers. An extract from the roots collected in North Carolina was slightly toxio to houseflies, but was not promising.— Jones and coworkers (222) . TEPHROSIA HOOKERIANA Wight k Am* Extraots of the roots, stems, leaves, seeds, and fruits were slight- ly toxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). TEPHROSIA LATIDENS (Small) Standi. An extract from the roots oollected in Florida was considerably toxic to houseflies.- Jones and coworkers (222). YH>HR0SIA LINDHEIJffiRI A. Gray. Extraots of the roots and seeds collected in Texas were considerably toxic to houseflies.— Jones and coworkers (222). TEPHROSIA MACR0P0DA (E. Mey.) Harv. The Zulus used a decoction of the roots to destroy head lice.— Bryant (70, p. 74). -102- TEPHROSIA NOCTI FLORA Boj. Extracts of the loaves and seeds had no insecticidel value against the citrus aphids.— Worsley (431) • TEPHROSIA NYIKENSIS. Bak. Extracts of the leaves, seeds, and pods were much less toxic to the citrus aphid than were those of T. vogelli.— Woraley (431) . TEPHROSIA PISCATORIA (Ait.) Pera. An ether extract of the roots of a barbaaco (thought to be this species) killed flies, but waa muoh le88 effective than pyrethrum f lowera •-- Gatirner and Hunerbein (172) . TEPHROSIA PURPUREA (L.) Pera. Synonym; Cracoa vil.loaa purpurea. (L.) Kuntte. Extracta of the atema of thi8 fish-poispn plant had no effect on tent oaterpillars.— Mclndoo and Sievera (259, p. 22). Extracta of the roots, stems, and leaves were nontoxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391). TEPHROSIA SPICATA (Walt.) Torr. & Gray. An extrnct from the roots collected in North Carolina was not toxio to houseflies .--Jones and coworkers (222). TEPHROSIA TOXICARIA Swart*. The roots were more toxic to the bean aphid than the stems when tested as extracts, while the leaves possessed only slight insecticidal propertiea.— Tattersfield and coworkers (393). TEPHROSIA VILLOSA (L.) Per a. Same as for T. Candida.— Subramani am (384) . TEPHROSIA VTRGINIANA (L.) Pere. Devil 'a shoestrings. The most toxic samplea were 8lightly more poisonous than pyrethrum, but less toxic than derris. The plant showed considerfible promise as a contaot spray against five speoies of agricultural insects, but it possibly had greater promise for the oontrol of various animal parasites, such as fleas, lioe and cattle grubs .--Little (247) . -103- TEPHROSIA VISTITA Vog. In Holland dusts made from this plant did not injure an ant (Myrmica rubra (!••)) or larvae of Phalera bucephala (L.), but derris was fatal to them. In spraying tests a few were killed*— Anonymous (32). ' TBPHROSIA VOGELII Hook. Aqueous and alooholic extracts of the leaves and seeds were shown to be highly toxic to the bean aphid, the toxicity being of the same order as that of nicotine. Extraots of the stems were not so poisonous.— Tattersfield and coworkers (392). TRI FOLIUM AGRARIUM L. Hop clover • TRIPOLIUM ARVENSE L. Rabbitfoot clover. TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM L. Fenugreek. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Mettger and Grant (277). ULEX EDROPAEUS L. Gorse. A 2-percent and a 1-peroent crude alcoholic extract of gorse seeds killed 100 and 55 percent, respectively, of bean aphids, while an 0.08 percent of nicotine solution killed 98 percent.— Tattersfield and coworkers (593) • URARIA PICTA Desv. Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Wats and Singh (421) • VI CIA VILLOSA Roth. Hairy vet oh. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Mettger and Grant (277). FAGACEAE (Beech Family) CASTANEA DENTATA (Marsh.) Borkh. American ohestnut. The commercial extract was an effective repellent against the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grant (277). -104- FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrh. American beech. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277), QUERCUS ALBA L. White oak* Extracts of the leaves killed 25 percent of the mosquito larvae tested*"Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188), QUERCUS COCCINEA Muench. Soarlet oak* Extracts of the leaves killed 35 percent of the mosquito larvae tested*- Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • QUERCUS RUBRA L. Common red oak* Same as for Fagus grandifolla. QUERCUS spp* Tannin was ineffective for mothproofing*— Jackson and Wassell (219, p. 1177). Woolen fabrics were protected from moths by treatment with a 3-percent tannin solution and then a bath of antimony salt.— Roark (333, p* 103)* The oommercial extracts of gallnut and valonia were effective repellents against the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277) . QUERCUS VELUTINA Lam. Black oak. Quercitron. Extracts of the fresh leaves and a commercial extract were ef- fective repellents against the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of t1 e leaves killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . FLACOURTIACEAE GYNOCARIDA ODORATA R. Br. Chaulmoogra. The fruit was used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India.— Roark (332, p. 23)* Rare earth salts of chaulmoogric acid were claimed for mothproof- ing (Brit, patent 2^7,2^2; Fr. patent 603,552; U. S. patent 1,739,340).— Roark (333, p. 37). -105- HYDNOCARPUS VENENATA Gaertn. The fruit was used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India.— Roark (332, p. 25). HYDNOCARPUS mGHTTANA Blume. Maravitti tree. In India the oil, beaten up with the kernels and shells of castor oil seeds, was used as a remedy for itoh.— Watt (422, v. 4, p. 309), The use of the powdered oake of the fruit in India checked the coconut rhinooeros beetle.— Ayyar (43, p. 48). This tree was olaimed to be a fish poison in East Africa, but extracts of the leaves and bark had no appreciable toxic effect on citrus aphids.— Worsley (431). FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family) DICENTRA CANADENSIS (Goldie) Walp. Synonymi Bikukulla canadensis, (Goldie) Millsp. Squirreloorn. FUMARIA OFFICINALIS L. Common fumitory. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metsger and Grant (277). GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) CENTAURIUM UMBELLATTJM Gilib. Centaury gentian* A decoction of the whole plant destroyed lice and cured the itch.— Green (169). GENTIANA LUTEA L. Yellow gentian. Radix gentianale had no effect on caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) .— PeBussy (76). Bxtraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metager and Grant (277). MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA L. Bogbean. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of the leaves killed none of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartsell and Wilooxon (188). -106- SABBATIA ANGULARIS (L.) Pursh. * Rose gentian. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.—Metiger and Grant (277), SWERTIA CHIRATA Buch.-Ham. Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Wats and Singh (421) . SWERTIA CHIRAYITA (Roxb.) Lyons. Chiretta. Extracts were repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Mettger and Grant (277). GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family) GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L. Cranebill geranium. Extracts were not repellent to the Japtnese beetle.— Mettger and Grant (277). GERANIUM MACULATUM L. Wild geranium. Extraots of the roots killed 20 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartsell and Wllcoxon, (188). PELARGONIUM ODORATISSIMUM (L.) L»Her£t. Aroma-rosa, which Is probably this species, was used in Venezuela for killing insects. — Roark (332, p. 4). PELARGONIUM spp. Geraniums. Rose geranium oil was considered one of the best repellents against the screwworm.— Parman and coworkers (302). The feeding of Japanese beetles on cultivated geraniums caused paralysis, and about 35 percent of them died within 4 days. The flowers appeared to be more attractive and more toxic than the foliage.— Ballou (49, p. 293). The essential oil from geraniums was applied as emulsion sprays in Russia against the oomraon red spider and the cotton aphid. A 2-peroent concentration killed from 51 to 80 percent of them.-- Kayumov (226) • PELARGONIUM ZONALE Willd. Horseshoe geranium. Extraots of the leaves and stems killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartiell and Wilcoxon (188). -107- TROPAEOLUM MAJUS L. Common nasturtium. This plant was reported to have some insecticidal value and was plant e/1 around apple trees to rid them of woolly apple aphids.— Von Mueller (414, p. 643).. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metzger and Grant (277). GINKGO ACEAE (Ginkgo Family) GINKGO BILOBA L. Synonym* Salisburia adiantifolia Smith. Maidenhair tree. Ginkgo tree. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of the leaves killed none of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hart z ell and Wilcoxon (188) • GNETACEAE ( Joint-Fir Family) EPHEDRA A1TISSIMA Desf. EPHEDRA PROCERA C. A. Mey. EPHEDRA sp. Extracts of the stalks of the first species killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested, but extracts of the other species killed none • --Hart z ell and Wilooxon (188). HABMODORACEAB (Bloodwort Family) LACHNANTHBS TINCTORIA (Walt.) Ell. Synonym! Gyrotheoa tinotoria (Walt.) Salisb. Redroot. Full-strength extracts from the entire plant were repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). HAMAMELIDACEAB (Witoh-Hazel Family) HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L. Common witch-hazel. UqUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. Sweet gum. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Met zger and Grant (277) • -108- HYDRANGEACEAE (Hydrangea Family) HYDRANGEA ARBORESCENS L. Hydrangea. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Uettger and Grant (277). Acetone extracts of the root (N. F.) of hydrangea killed 90 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. —Hartzell and Wllcoxon (188) . RIBES GROSSULARIA L. Bxtraotum thebi (10 peroent in water) had no effect on the oaterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) .— DeBusey (76). HYDROPHYLLACEAB (Waterleaf Family) ERIODICTYON CALIFORNICUM (Hook. * Arn.) Greene. Yerba santa. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-^Metsger and Grant (277). Extracts of the leaves killed none of the mosquito larvae tested, but exfcraots of the stems killed 35 percent.— Hart eel 1 and TTilooxon (188). HYDROLEA ZEYLANICA Vahl. The leaves beaten into a pulp and applied as a poultice were considered efficacious in cleaning and healing bad ulcers, particularly those in which maggots had begun to breed.— Drury (122, p. 267). HYPERICACEAE (St. Johnswort Family) HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. St. Johnswort. IRIDACEAE (Iris Family) CROCUS SATIVUS L. Crocus. Extraots from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277) . GLADIOLUS spp. Gladiolus. Extracts of the leaves killed only 6 peroent of* the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartxell and Wilooxon (188). -109- IRIS GERMANICA L. Orris root. Orris root was of no value against chicken lioe and the dog flea*— Abbott (37, pp. 7, 12), Dusting orris root over garments did not protect then against clothes moths.— Mullln (289)* IRIS VERSICOLOR L. Blueflag iris. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of the roots (N. F.) killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Harts ell and Wilcoxon ■> ( 188) . SISYRINCHIUM sp. Blue-eyed-grass. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . • JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family) CARYA GLABRA (Mill.) Sweet. Synonym: Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton; Juglans glabra Mill. Pignut. An infusion of the leaves rubbed on a horse prevents the annoyance of flies.— Williams (428, p. 920). Extracts from the pignut were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). CARTA sp. Hickory. Extracts from the fresh leaves were repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metsger and Grant (277). JUGLAHS CINEREA L. Butternut. Extracts from the butternut were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grant (277) • An extract of the root bark killed 55 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartsell and Wilcoxon (188). -110- JUGLANS NIGRA L. Black walnut. Infusions or deooctions of walnut leeves were recommended for controlling the striped cucumber beetle, flea beetles, coleopterous larvae, and a bug*-- Harris (185, pp. 101, 106, 107, 163). A decoction of walnut leaves applied to the skins of horses and other animals prevents their being bitten or worried by flies. — Porcher (308, p. 362) . A decoction and an alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars, but the insects avoided the sprayed leaves whenever possible. — Riley (325, p. 186). JTTGLA!*TS REGIA L. Synonym: J. regie var. kumaonica C* DC. Persian walnut* In India a walnut twig, kept in a room, was recommended to dispel flies.—Honigberger (200, p* 293). Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide*— Wats and Singh (421) . JUNCACEAE (Rush Family) JUNCUS EFFTJSUS L. Common rush. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). LAURACEAE (Laurel Family) CASSYTdA FILIFORMIS L. This plant was used as an insecticide in India. — Chopra end Badhwar (98). CINNA?«JMOM CAMPHORA (L.) Nees * Eberm. Camphor-tree. The following statements include the best results obtained by using camphor as «n insecticide. Camphor preserved clothing and other articles against inseots and worms .—Watt (422, v. 2, p. 93). -111- In Belgium it was suggested to burn camphor over oharcoal or place a piece of camphor on a hot iron to fumigate flies .--Anonymous (U). The fumes stunned mosquitoes in 4 to 5 minutes and killed them in 4 or 5 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, p. 95). Adult silverfish were killed by the vapors in a confined space, but bits of camphor soattered among papers or in book shelves did not keep them away.— Cornwall (106, p. 121) • The larvae and eggs of the clothes moth Tineola biselliella (Hum.) oan be killed by placing oamphor or naphthalene in closed places.— Benedict (64). Camphor was ineffective against bedbugs, cockroaches, clothes moths, and carpet beetles* Naphthalene and camphor prevented infesta- tion of clothing by Attagenus pioeus (Oliv.), and killed all stages of the beetle, though the aotion of oamphor was very slow.— Scott and ooworkers (361) • Camphor-oil byproduct plus bonemeal was oonsidered one of the best repellents against the screwworm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with camphor oil.— Parman and coworkers (302) . To destroy body lice in military camps apply a mercurial oint- ment of camphor oil.—Beaulieu and Maheux (52, p. 175). There are at least 26 patents which describe the use of camphor as an insecticide or insect repellent.— Roark (333, 335, 346). Gum oamphor, used in the manner recommended for naphthalene and paradichlorobenrene, will kill all stages of the clothes moth. While it does kill some eggs and larvae when sprinkled upon infested cloth in open containers, it is not to be depended upon except where the fumes can be closely confined with the clothing.— Back (44). CINNAMOMOM CASSIS Blume. Oil of cassia exhibited good repellent action against the sorew- worm for 1 or 2 days only.— Parman and ooworkers (302) • Oil of cassia was moderately repellent to cockroaches.— Cole (101) . CINNAMOMOM ZEYLANICUM Nees. Cinnamon. Cinnamon oil was considered one of the best repellents against the screwworm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with it. Cinnamon powder was effeotive for only 2 days.— Parman and coworkers (302) • -112- Extracts applied as sprays, against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide. — Wats and Singh ( 42l) , LAURUS NOBILIS L. Noble laurel. In Belgium it was suggested to rub all wood work and furniture with laurel oil to repel flies.— Anonymous (14) . The butchers of southern Switterland painted the doors and windows of their shops with juice obtained from crushed leaves to keep away houseflies and bot flies.— Rehnelt (318). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277). LINDERA BENZOIN (L.) Blume. Synonymi Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees. Spicebush. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Met zger and Grant (277). Acetone extracts of the buds killed 65 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). LITSEA GLAUCESCENS H. B. K. LITSEA GUATEMAXENSIS Mez» The powdered leaves of these species were used aerainst ants.-- S car one (353). SASSAFRAS ALB1D01I (Nutt.) Nees. Synonyms i S. variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze; 3* sassafras Karst. Sassafras. An alcohol! o extract of the dried root bark had no effect on cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p. 186). The powdered bark was effective against chicken lioe and the dog flea, but it was not recommended against these insects.— Abbott (37, pp. 7, 11). Oil of sassafras plus petrolatum wrs considered one of the best repellents against the screwworm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with it. The powdered bark was effective for only 2 days.- Parman and coworkers (302) • Oil of sassafras was always attractive to cockroaches. — Cole (lCl) » Extracts of sassafras leaves killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). -113- TJMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA (Hook, ft Am.) Nutt* Synonym: Oreodaphne oalifornica Nees» California laurel* The leaves appeared to be a valuable repellent for fleas*— Chesnut (89, p* 531). LECYTHIDACEAE BARHINGTONIA ACUTANGULA (L.) Gaertn* The juice of the leaves mixed with oil was made into an ointment for scabies*— Drury (122, p* 65). BARRINGTONIA ASIATICA Kuri* Synonym: J3* speoiosa Porst* BARRINGTONIA CARETA F. Muell* Synonym: Careya austral! a P. Ifuell* Alcoholic extracts of the bark of these fish-poison trees from Australia were not toxic to the bean aphid«~Tattersfielcl and coworkers (394)* BARRINGTONIA KXCELSA Bluae* Synonym: Chydenanthus excelsus Mayr* Water extraots of the seed kernels had no effect on the cat erpi Hers of Prodenia litura (P*)«— DeBussy (76) ♦ BARRINGTONIA RACB40SA (L.) Roxb. This species was used in India as a fish poison and as an insecti- cide* The seeds were mixed with bait*— Roark (332, p* 8) . The bark is reported to be used as a fish poison* A 2*5- and a 2-percent alcoholic extract of the bark killed 100 and 98 percent, respectively, of the aphids sprayed, while a 0*5 percent of a 40-percent nicotine sulfate solution killed 95 peroent*— Wore ley (431) • The natives of Kenya used the bark as a fish poison* A sample of bark from Kenya showed no toxicity to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and coworkers (394). BARRINGTONIA spp. A 6-peroent water extraot of the bark of a Malayan fish-poison tree (B. speciosa) killed only one-fifth of the moth larvae tested,— Gater Tl53]T Fish-poison plants, which might be of value as iasecticides in the Solomon Islands, included the seeds of this tree,— Pagden (298). -114- LENTIBULARIACEAB (Bladderwort Family) PINGUICULA VULGARIS L. Butterwort. The juice of the leaves destroyed lice.— Green (169, v. 2, p. 321). LILIACEAE (Lily Family) ALETRIS FARINOSA L. True unicorn. Extracts of the roots killed only 15 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) » ALLIUM AHPELOPRASUM var. PORRUM (L.) Regel. Leek* In Belgium an infusion, made by keeping small pieces of the plant for 1 week in -water, was said to repel flies •—Anonymous (14). ALLIUM CANADENSE L. Meadow garlic. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277) . ALLIUM CEPA L. Onion. The odor of onions stunned mosquitoes in 4 to 6 hours but they recovered.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, p. 95). ALLIUM SATIVUM L. Garlic The odor of garlic stunned mosquitoes in 5 to 10 minutes and killed them in 5 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, p. 95). Garlic bulbs stored with grain which was kept in closed receptacles did not protect it from weevil (Calandra) Sitophilus oryza (L.) attacks.— Fletcher and Ghosh (140, pp. 754, 753). ALLIUM SCHOENOFRASUM L. Chive. A water extract of the whole plant killed 70 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Harttell and Wilcoxon (188) . ALOE BARBADENSIS Mill. Synonyms: A. perfoliate var. vera L.j A. vera L«, of authors. Barbados aloes. Powdered aloes was on one occasion found as effective as insect powder. — Kirby (229, p. 241). -115- Aloin, which is derived from this plant, was ineffective for mothproofing.-- Jackson and Wassell (219, p. 1177). Extracts from the dry leaves were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Met sger and Grant (277) • ALOE FERQX Mill* Cape aloe. The bitter sap, used for dressing wounds, keeps off flies ♦-- Yon Mueller (414, p« 34) • Of various gums tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers, aloes cape was unstable.— Ginsburg (158) • A spray of 2.5-peroent sodium arsenite gave better protection to sun-dried hides attacked by the skin beetle than one consisting of 2 ounces of bitter oape aloes, 5 ounces of sodium arsenite, and 5 ounces of wash- ing soda in 4, gallons of water, a mixture -commonly applied to the hides just before they are exported.— Smit (367) • ALOE spp. A strong decoction with soap gave good results against certain lepidopterous larvae and aphids.— Schreiber (360) . A 2-percent tincture was recommended against lice on cattle or other domestic animals.— Martini (269, p. 425). ALOE STRIATULA Haw. In India this species was often found suspended from the roofs of native apartments, as it was said to attract fleas.- Dalsell and Gibson (111, p. 91). ALOE SUCCOTRINA Lam* In Germany a weak solution of tincture of aloes was recommended to rid plants of soale insects.— Anonymous (2). AMIANTHIUM MUSCAETQXICUM (Walt.) A* Gray. Synonyms: Melanthium mus oaetoxl cum Walt.; Chrosperma muscaetoxioum Ktxe. Amianthium. Crow poison. This plant is employed against the housefly. The bulbs ere tri- turated and mixed with molasses or honey, and the preparation is spread upon plates and plaoed in parts of the house most infested. The flies -116- are soon attracted and the poison takes effect while they are sipping it. The flies must then he destroyed or they will revive in the course of 24 hours.— Elliott (129, v. 1, p. 421). The powdered bulbs and leaves used as dusts were efficient but slow against cockroaches, grasshoppers, flies, and bees, but inefficient against aphids and tent caterpillars. As a stomach poison these powders were efficient against grasshoppers, silkworms, and flies, out had no effect on large webworms. The water extracts from the leaves and bulbs, used as sprays, had considerable effect on cockroaches, potato beetle larvae, and silkworms, but none on webworms and aphids. Apple trees bearing tent caterpillars were sprayed with 10-percent solutions of water extracts from the leaves and bulbs. A week later the caterpillars were shrunken and had not eaten the sprayed leaves.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, pp. 5-6). ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L. Asparagus. In laboratory tests asparagin used as a dust had no effect on codling moth larvae.— McAlister and Van Leeuwen (249) . COLCHICUM AUTUMNALE L. Meadow saffron. A decoction made from the seeds or roots with vinegar or alcohol was recommended against aphids on rose bushes.— Binnenthal (57, pp. 45, 46). Tincture of colchicum mixed with honey had no effect on ants (Lasius emarginatus (Oliv.)).— Cobelli (lOO). An extract of meadow saffron contains the poisonous alkaloid colchicine, the solution of which is facilitated by the addition of alcohol; molasses may be added to the liquid to make it adhesive.— Gomilevsky ( 164) • Tuber colohici (100 and 10 percent in flour) was fed to caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.). Those fed 100-percent tuber did not eat while those fed 10- per cent tuber ate slightly and a few died.— DeBussy (76) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metrger and Grant (277). Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were muoh inferior to the standard mosquitocide. — Wats and Singh (421) • CONVALLARIA MAJALIS L. Lily-of-the-valley. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.--Metiger and Grant (277). -117- ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM Ker. Trout lily. Deer's tongue. The powdered leaves were considered one of the best repellents against the s cr ewworio.-- Parman and coworkers (302) . Kxtraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). GLORIOSA SUPERBA L. In India the juice of the leaves was used for the destruction of lice in the hair.~Chopra and Badhwar (98). HELONIAS BULLATE L. Swamp pink. Extracts were repellent to the Japanese beetle.- — Ketzger and Grant (277). HEMEROCALLIS FULVA L. Day lily. HYACINTHUS ORIENTALIS L. Common hyacinth. LIUUM SUFERBUM L. Turks cap lily. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). MAIANTHEMDM CAKADENSE Desf . Synonym: Uni folium can a dense (Desf •) Greene. Extracts were repellent to the Japanese beetle .—Metzger and Grant (277). MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA L. Cuounber root. Extracts were not repellent to Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . MELANTHIUM VIRGINICDM L. Bunch flower. The roots were used as a fly poison.— Lyons (248, p. 296) • The bunch flower has long been used to poison flies.— Pammel (299*, p. 380). -118- 0RNITH0GALU1.1 UMBELLATULi L. Star-of-3ethlehem. POLYGONATUM RIFLORUM (Walt.) Ell. Hairy aolomonseal. POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM Diet*. Great aolomonseal. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Ketzger and Grant (277) . SANSEVIERIA R0X3URGHIANA Sohult. In India this plant was prescribed for itch.— Kirtikar and Baeu (230, v. 2, p. 1271). SCHOENOCAJLON OFFICINALE (Sohlecht. & Cham.) A. Gray. Synonyms: Veratrum officinale Schlecht. & Cham.; Helonias officinalis Don.; Asagraea officinalis Lindl.; Sabadilla officinarum Brandt SORBUS AMERICANA Marsh. Mountain-ash. Extracts of the berries killed only 20 percent of the mosquito larvae tested and extract of the bark killed only 10 percent.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). MALPTGHIACEAE HIPTAGE BENGHALENSIS (L.) Kurz. This plant is listed as an insecticide.— Greshoff (171, p. 84). MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE L. Sea-island cotton. GOSSYPIUM spp. Cotton plants* Many papers deal with cottonseed oil as an ingredient in insecti- cides but a review will not be given here. Cotton seeds are not poisonous but cottonseed oil has insecticidal value. HIBISCUS ABELM0SCBUS L. Synonym: Abelmoschus moschatus Moench. In Bombay the seeds are rubbed to a paste with milk and used to cure itch.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 183) • HIBISCUS TKI0NUM L. Flower-of-an-hour. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle, --Met zger and Grant (277). HIBISCUS VTTIF0LIUS L. In Africa a preparation from the roots was used to kill head lice. — Dalziel (112). THESPESIA POPULNEA (L.) Soland. Portia tree. Tuliptree of India. In India both the flowers and the yellow juice of the fruit were employed as an external application for itch.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 4, p. 46). -128- MELIACEAB (Mahogany Family) AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. Juas. Synonym t Me 11 a azadirachta L. Nim or neem tree* The leaves were mixed with grain that wes kept in closed receptacles "hut the grain was not protected from the attacks of beetles (Calandra) Sitophilus cryaa (L.) and Rhizopertha dominie a (F.). — Fletcher and Ghosh 1140, pp. 736-737). Watery extracts, macerated juices, and dusts of the leaves were tested in India against a psylla, aphids, and lucerne weevil grubs. The extracts in concentrated form gave 25-percent mortality as a con- tact poison against the weevil grubs and when sprayed on food plants acted as a positive repellent. Against the other insects the results were very indefinite.— Chopra (97, p. 109). A light coating of oil of neem applied to the forehead and around the eyes of bullocks in India was of little value as a fly repellent.- Cherian and Kylasam (86) • Extracts of the leaves of this plant from India were slightly toxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfi eld and Gimingham (591) . A 5-percent extract of the stem bark killed 60 percent of the adult grasshoppers (Epacromla tamulus (F.)) and a 6-percent extract killed 100 percent.— Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (311) . Neem cape, a cheap indigenous material in India, appeared to be an effective repellent against weevils. — Pruthi ( 310) . Oil of margosa did not repel blowflies on sheep, but a 3-percent oil emulsion repelled them for 8 days.— Hobson (196) . [This oil is derived from the fruit and seeds of neem.J CARAPA GUIANEENSIS Aubl. Synonym: Xylocarpus car»pa Spreng. Crabwood. The seeds yield an oil known in commerce as crab oil, which is reputed to be a powerful insectioide. Insects are said not to go near trees daubed with the oil. A solution of soap made from the oil is an efficient insectioide for greenhouse or outdoor plants .--Holland (197, p. 148). The decoction is used as an insecticide.— Greshoff (171, p. 84). CARAPA PROCERA DC. Crabwood. The seeds contain a large percentage of crab oil which is used as an insecticide in the Gold Coast, Africa.— Irvine (213). -129- GUAREA RUSBYI (Britton) Rusby. Cocillana. Extracts from the dry bark were repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . MELIA AZEDARACH L. Synonym: Azedaraoh oommelini Medio. China berry. Dharek. Much has been written on the China berry as an insecticide, but only a few abstracts will be given here. Decoctions and alcoholic extracts from the leaves, twigs, and berries had considerable effect on cotton caterpillars but were not efficient.— Riley (325, p. 185). Water extracts of the berries were efficient against honeybees and had a slight effect on cockroaches. The powdered leaves and water ex- tracts (not filtered) of this powder were efficient against silkworms, but had only a slight effect on aphids and tent caterpillars. The alcoholic, ether, and petroleum-ether extracts were lethal to bees, but a strong alcohol! o extract did not kill any of the silkworms tested. The alcoholic and benzene extracts, used with soap, were inefficient against aphids.— Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 8)« Tfater extracts, macerated juices, and dusts of the leaves had some effect on a psylla, aphids, lucerne weevil grubs, and adult beetles (Aulacophera abdominalis F.) but were inferior to tobacco.— Chopra (97,- pp. 106, 109). In soil treatment of wheat plots in India, leaves of dharek applied at the rate of 7 tons to the acre reduced the termite attack to 0.7 per- oent as compared with 8 percent in the untreated plots.— Husain (206). In Russia neutral, acid, and alkaline alcoholic extracts of the fruits were prepared at the rate of 32 gm. of fruits per 100 cc. and tested as sprays on the cabbage aphid. The alkaline extracts were the most effective, giving 97 to 98 peroent mortality 48 hours after appli- cation. An alcoholic extract of the seeds (oil extracted) gave 33.6- percent mortality.— Astrakhantzev and coworkers (41, pp. 455-457) • In Algeria the China berry is not touched by locusts, and culti- vated plants sprayed with extracts prepared from its leaves are repel- lent to them. The active principle can be extracted with hot water, alcohol, chloroform, or benzene, but not with petroleum ether. The extract from 2 pounds of dry leaves in 10 gallons of water afforded effective protection against four species of gr as shoppers .—Volkonsky (412, 413). -130- MELIA DUBIA Cav. Synonyms: M. superba Roxb.j M. robusta Roxb. In the Conoan, India., the juice of the green fruit, with one- third of its weight of sulfur and an equal quantity of curds, heated together in a copper pot, was used as an application for scabies and for sores infested with maggots.— Dymock and coworkers (124, v. 1, p. 333), TRICHILIA CUNEATA Radlk. The fruit and leaves were reputed to be toxic. An infusion of the leaves was used for the destruction of itch mites and other parasites of the skin.—Scarone (553) . WALSURA PISCIDIA Roxb. Synonym: Trichilia trifoliate Wall. The Arabs used the fruit in a hair wash to kill vermin and in an ointment to cure itch.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 4, p. 299). MENISPKRMACEAE (Moons eed Family) ANAMITRA COCCUUJS (.L.) Wight & Am. Synonyms: Menispermum cocculus L. Cocculus suberosus DC. Fruit = Cocculus indicus or fi6h berries. In India this plant was used in an ointment to destroy lice. — Watt (422, v. 3, p. 87). In the Philippines the fruit was used in an antiparasitic oint- ment.— Greshoff (171, p. 46). The extract of 10 gm. of cocculus indicus in 500 cc. of water had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) •— DeBussy (76). A. cocculus was used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India. The seeds were boiled in rice and made into a paste.— Roark (352, p. 3). This fish-poison plant is found in India, and the juice of the fruit is used to destroy body lice. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the fruit killed 100 percent of Buproctis frrvterna (?-!oore) , 50 per- cent of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), 60 percent of Crocidolonia binotalis Zeller., 30 percent of Prodenia litura (F.) and 100 percent of mango hopper nymphs. A similar extract oi the leaves Killed SO percent of P. maculipennis, and a 3-percent alcoholic extract of the leaves, roots, and stems eacii killed 100 percent of L. fraterna. — Futtarudriah and Subramaniam (311). -131- This climbing shrub is well known in Europe, and grows wild in southern India. The berries contain picrotoxine, which is used in England in an ointment against body lice.—Scarone (353) . COSCINIUM. BLUiiEANUM Miers. Tuba kupak. A 5-percent water extract of the bark and stems of this Malayan fish-poison plant-failed to kill any of the larvae of Parasa herbifera (Walk.) that were treated.— Gater ( 153) . MENI5PERMUM CANADENSE L. Yellow parilla. Extracts of the roots killed only 35 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartz ell and Wilcoxon (188). PACHYGONE OVATE (Poir.) Miers. This species is used as an insecticide in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98) ♦ MENTHACEAE (Mint Family) AJUGA BRACTEOSA Wall. In India on the Salt Range it was used to kill lice.— Watt (422, v. 1, p. 153 i v. 3, p. 86). This plant was known to have insecticidal or repelling proper- ties.—Roark (332, p. 2). COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS L. Citronella horsebalm. CUNILA ORIGANOIDES (L.) Britton. Stonemint. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Metzger and Grant (277). DRACOCEPHALUM MOLDAVICA L. The essential oil was tested against cotton pests in Russia. When applied in 2-percent emulsion sprays more than 90 percent of the red spiders and cotton aphids were killed within 24 hours.— Kayumov (225, 226). -132- GLECOMA HEDERACEA L. Synonym: Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trevlsan. Ground ivy. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). Water extracts of the whole plant killed only 30 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES (L.) Pers. Synonym: Cunila pulegioides L. American pennyroyal. The infusion, decoction, and alcoholic extract were ineffective against cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p. 185). Oil of pennyroyal has been widely used to drive away fleas. It is applied to the shoe tops, noseband trousers, or placed elsewhere on the body or clothing, and its use on bedding and floors has been ad- vocated in flea-infested regions. The pennyroyal plant has been used for the same purpose .--Bishopp (58, p. 30). Oil of American pennyroyal, smeared over fresh beef liver in a pint Mason jar, was a good repellent to the screwworm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with it.— Parman and coworkers (302). The oil was moderately repellent to the oriental cockroach.— Cole (101). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of the leaves killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). ' Oil of pennyroyal killed all the screwworm eggs treated.— Bush- land (74). HYPTIS SPICIGERA Lam. In Afrioa the whole plant, which is stronely scented, is burned in rooms to get rid of mosquitoes, and is placed in a layer below bundles of millet to keep away termites.— Dalziel (112) . -133- HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS L. Hyssop. LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE L. Dead nettle • Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant ( 277) . LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS Chaix. Synonyms: L. spica L.j L. vera DC, Lavender. The flowers were ineffective but the oil proteoted flannel from clothes moth infestation.— Scott and coworkers (361, p. 28). Lavender flowers, scattered on clothes, are worthless for clothes moth control, although they have often been recommended.— Back (44). Oil of lavender was strongly repellent to cockroaches.— Cole (101) . The essential oil from this plant was tested in Russia against the red spider and cotton aphid. When applied in 2-percent emulsion sprays, 51 to 80 percent of these species were killed within 24 hours.— Kayumov (226). LAVANDULA spp. In Belgium a branch of lavender -placed on the pillow and above the head while one sleeps was suggested to repel mosquitoes .--Anonymous (12). Lavender was the basis of certain sulfonated products that were used with success in war time against infestations of lice and mites.— Gattef osse' (154) • LEUCAS CEPHALOTES (Roth) Spreng. Synonym: L. capitate Desf. In India the fresh juice was used as an external application for scabies.— Watt (422, v. 4, p. 633). LEUCAS MARTIN ICMSU3 R. Br. In Nigeria this plant, which has a mintlike odor, is burned for the purpose of driving away mosquitoes. — Dalziel (112) . LEONURUS CA^DIACA L. Common motherwort. LYCOFTS VIRGINICUS L. Bugle weed. Extracts of these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). -134- Extracts of the bugle weed killed none of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). MARRUBIUM VULGARE L. Common hoarhound. The decoction and alcoholic extract hart no effect on cotton caterpillars.— Filey (525, p. 185). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277), Water extracts of the whole plent killed 30 percent of the mos- quito larvee tested.— Hartzell end Wilcoxon ( 188) • MELISSA OFFICINALIS L. Common balm. This plant was cultivated in the Crimea both for medical uses end also for use as a bait to attract swarms of bees.— Par fentjev (300) . Torongil (balm-gentil) was used in Venezuela for killing insects. It was grown in La Guaira.— Foark (352, p. 38) • [ This plant is prob- ably U. officinalis. J Extracts of the leaves and stems killed none of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). MENTHA ARVEKSIS L. Field mint. MENTHA CANADENSIS L. American wild mint. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). MENTHA LONGI FOLIA (L.) Huds. Synonym: M. sylvestris L. The essential oil from this plant was tested in Russia against the red spider end the cotton aphid. The toxicity increased with the con- centration, end the oil was repellent to the aphids.— Kayumov (225) . MENTHA PIPERITA L. Peppermint. Oil of peppermint was of no value as a repellent or attractant to the screwworm.-- Parmen and coworkers (302) • Diluted oil of peppermint was usually attractive to the oriental cockroach, but the concentrated oil was always repellent.— Cole (101) . Extracts of the whole plant killed only 10 percent of the mos- quito larvae tested.— Hartzell end Wilcoxon (188) . -135- There are many references to menthol and menthone, both of which ere constituents of oil of peppermint, but these will be omitted* MENTHA PULEGIUH L# Synonym: Pulegium vulgare Mill. European pennyroyal. This plant served as an insecticide*— Von Mueller (414, p. 308). Smoke from the burning dried leaves stunned mosquitoes in 5 minutes and killed them in 8 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82), MENTHA SFICATA. L. Synonym: M. viridis L. Spearmint. An alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p. 186). Oil of spearmint was considered one of the best repellents to the screwworm.— Parman and coworkers (302) . Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of the leaves and stems killed none of the mosquito lar- vae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • MONARDA PUNCTATA L. Spotted beebalm. Horse mint. An alcoholic extraot from the leaves had no effect on cotton cater- pillars.—Riley (325, p. 185). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metzger and Grant (277). NEPETA CATARIA L. Catnip. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger end Grant (277). Extracts of the leaves and stems killed 30 percent of the mosquito larvae tested,— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) ♦ OCIMUM BASILICUM L. Common basil. Sweet basil. In Sind, India the powdered dried leaves were said to dislodge maggots,— Murray (290, p. 173). Sweet basil was used in Venezuela for killing insects.— Roark (332, p. 31). -136- The essential oil from this species in Russia gave irregular re- sults against the red spider and the cotton aphid.- Kayumov (225). In a patent an insecticide was claimed as prepared from a plant known as habak which is a native of Persia but also grows in the United States. The leaves and flowers have the most active properties, but the whole plant may be employed after the fibrous tissues are removec from the powder, which is treated with various solvents. The insecticide has been used successfully as a contact insecticide in the destruction of flies, potato bugs, and many other injurious insects.— Hi vely (195) . The oil of sweet basil (50 p. p.m.) killed 95 percent of the mos- quito larvae tested. Extracts of the whole plant killed none. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • OCIMUM CANUM Sims. In India this plant was used against fleas. In tests a 5-percent alcoholic extract of the whole plant killed 50 percent of the ceter- pi liars of Euproctis fraterna (Moore) treated. — Puttarudriah and Subra- meniam (3liJ^ OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L. This plant was used in Haiti as e eenerel insecticide.—Ronrk (332, p. 31). OCTMUM SANCTUM L. Sacred basil. The dried leaves were an effectual means of dislodging maggots in India.— Watt (422, v. 5, p. 444). OCIMUM VIRIDE Willd. Basil. Mosquito plant. As the result of a large number of experiments it was concluded that (l) The growing of this plant has little or no effect in driving away mosquitoes; (2) fresh leaves have no effect on mosquitoes when placed in olose contact with them; and (3) the fumes of burnt leaves have a stupefying and eventually a destructive effect on mosquitoes, but to obtain this aotion the air must be so saturated that it is impossible for an individual to remain in the room. It is probable, however, that burning cones made of the powdered lepves will drive mosquitoes away.— Anonymous (16). A report from northern Nigeria stated that the presence of one of these plants in a room undoubtedly drove out mosquitoes and when three or four of them were put around a bed at night a man was able to sleep unmolested without a mosquito net. — Howard (203, p. 26). -137- This plant was believed to be a mosquito repellent, and this prop- erty was thought to be due to the thymol given off by the lepves. Evidence of its being a valuable repellent was not convincing.— Anony- mous (21) • This plant has been said to keep away mosquitoes, but experiments have given negative results. — Dalziel (112) . ORIGANUM HIRTUM Link. Oil of origanum wps of no value as 0 repellent or attractpnt to the screwworm.— Pprman pnd coworkers (502) . ORIGANUM MAJORANA L. Sweet marjoram. Extracts were not repellent to the Japenese beetle.— Metzger end Grant (277). The oil of sweet marjoram (100 p. p.m.) killed 95 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. An extract of the whole plant killed only 5 percent.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • PERILLA FRUTESCENS (L.) Britton. Perilla. One of the constituents of a patented insecticide was the dried ground parts of this plant.— Kimura ( 226) • PLECTRANTHUS RUGOSUS Wall. In India this plant was used as bedding to keep off fleas.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1, p. 291). POGOGYNE PARVI FLORA Benth. Indians placed the culled plants in or about their houses to drive away fleas.— Chesnut (89, p. 384). POGOSTEi.'OF HEYNEANUS Benth. Synonym: P. patchouli Pellet. Patchouli. The lenves when strewed pmong woolen clothes were said to keep away insects. --^alzell pnd Gibson (ill, sup., p. 66) j Hollpnd (197, p. 535). A mixture of 3 ounces of oil of patchouli and 16 ounces of alcohol was claimed as an insecticide (U. S. patent 1,605,202) .— Roark (333, p. 70). -138- This plant, which is widely distributed in India, is kept among clothes as an insecticide, A 6-percent alcoholic extract of the stems killed 90 percent of Prodenia liture (?•) and 100 percent of Crocidolo- mia binotalis Zeller. A C-uercent extract of the lep^es and of roots killed 100 percent,— Puttarudriph and Subranpnipm (311, 312), Oil of patchouli (50 p. p.m.) killed 85 percent of the mosquito lprvee tested.— Hartzell and .Vilcoxon (lfiR) • PYCNANT11EMUM FLEXU0SUM (Walt.) B. S. P. Synonym: Koellia flexuosa. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS L. Rosemary. Branches of this shrub packed away with wearing apparel will keep off moths. — Von Mueller (414, p. 472). The odor of rosemary had no effect on mosquitoes, but when the dried leaves were burned the smoke stunned them in 7 to 12 minutes and killed them in 24 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, pp. 95-96). Oil of rosemary was of no value as e repellent or attractant to the screwworrn.— Parman and coworkers (502) • Rosemary, or romero, was used in Venezuela for killing insects.— Roerk (552, p. 35). Oil of rosemarv was moderately repellent to cockroaches. — Cole (101). Extracts from the dried leaves were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzper and Grant (277) , Oil of rosemary (100 p. p.m.) killed 90 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.—Hartzell and Wilcoxon ( 188) • ROYLEA ELEGANS Wall. The leaves were used as an insecticide.— Greshoff (171, p. 138). SALVIA LiOORCROFTIANA Wall. The leaves were used for itch.— Kirtikar and Basu (250, v. 2, p. 1033). -139- SALVIA OFFICINALIS L. Sage. Acetone extracts, of the leaves killed 80 percent and extracts of the roots killed 95 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). SALVIA PLEBEIA R. Br. The seeds were used for killing vermin.— Dal z ell and Gibson (ill, p. 210). SALVIA SCLAREA L. The essential oil from this plent was tested ageinst cotton insects in Russia. When applied in 2-percent emulsion sprays, 51 to 80 percent of the red spiders and cotton aphids were killed within 24 hours •-- Kayumov (225, 226). SALVIA sp. Sage. The odor of sage had no effect upon mosquitoes, but smoke from the burning leaves stunned them in 8 to 10 minutes end killed them in 36 hours.— Celli end Casagrandi (82, pp. 95-96). SALVIA SPLENDEJTS Ker. Scarlet sage. SALVIA TRILOBA L. Green sage. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Metzger and Grant (277) . SATUREIA HORTENSIS L. Summer savory. Smoke from the burning dried leaves stunned mosquitoes in 4 minutes and killed them in 36 hours.— Celli and Casarrandi (82, p. 96). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). The essential oil from this species was tested against cotton pests in Russia. The toxicity of the oil increased with the concentration in the spray, and it was repellent to the cotton aphids.— Kayumov (225) . SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA L. Mad-dog skullcap. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). -140- Extracts of the whole plant (rl. F.) killed only 25 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.—Hartzell and Yft.lcox.on (168) . STACHYS OFFICINALIS (L.) Franch. Common betony. TEUCRIUM CANADENSE L. American germander. Extracts from the entire plant of the common betony were more or less repellent to the Jrpenese beetle, but extracts of the American germander were not repellent.— Metzger end Grant (277) . THYMUS SERPYLLUM L. Mother-of-thyroe. In France e decoction of this plant has been U3ed to cure itch and some ether skin disorders. — Kirtikar and Basu (220, v. 2, p. 1C2S). THYMUS VULGARIS L. Common thyme. There are many papers dealing with the oil of tnyme and thymol used as insecticides, although these will not be reviewed here. Thymol is derived from the essential oils of T. vulgaris and the horse mint (?Aonarda punctate.) • Comments by Reviewer. — Mentha ceae is cot a promising family in which to find insecticide! material, but the essential oils from several species have been found efficient as repellents and attract ants. MIMOSACEAE (Mimosa Family) ACACIA CATECHU Willd. Cutch. Catechu. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) » A patented insect repellent was described. It contained cetechu- tannic acid as obtained from the catechu or cutch, which wes obtained from the wood and pods of Ao catechu and from the beetle nut or wood and fruit of Areca catechu, a species of palm. This liquid was to be used in a paint or coating for application to underwater structures to prevent decay and ravages by marine life, insects, vemin, and ro- dents.--Cross (109) . ACACIA FALCIF0RMI3 DC. Extracts of the leaves and Dark of this plant from Australia were nontoxic to the bean aphid. --Tattersfield and Gimingharo (391). -141- ACACIA LONGI FOLIA Willd. Sydney wattle. The commercial extract was repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ACACIA NILOTICA (L.) Willd. Synonyms: A. arabica (Lam.) Willd.; A. scorpioides (L.) W. F. Wight. Babool tree. The leaves mixed with coconut oil were applied externally in cases of itch.— Drury (122, p. 5). ACACIA PENNATA Willd. ACACIA PRUIMiSCEwS Kurz. ACACIA SALICINA Lindl. Extracts of the leaves and bark of these fish-poison plants from Australia and Burma were nontoxic to the bean aphid. — Tattersfield and Girainriiam (391) . ACACIA. SENEGAL Willd. Various gums were tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers. Arabic gum was efficient.— Ginsburg ( 168) . ^This gum might also have been obtained from Acacia nilotica/| ACACIA sp. Acacia rum was unstable. — Ginsburg (158). ALBIZZIA PPOCERA (Roxb.) Benth. ALBIZZIA STIPULATA (Roxb.) Boiv. These species were used as fish poisons and insecticides in India.— Roark (332, p. 2). Extracts of the leaves and bark of these fish-poison plants from Inaia wore nontoxic to the be«n aphid. — Tattersfield and Girnimjhan (591) . DICliROSTACiiYS CIHi^KEA Wight & Am. Synonym: Limosa cinerea L. In India the leaves mixed with corn were riven to horses to free them of bots and worms .--Watt (422, v. 3, p. 109). -142- IILilACEAE rv/T.vs n0LDUS T5ol. ^oldo. Extracts were not repellent to the Jno<-nese beetle.~!'etz^-er pnd Grant (277). MORACEAE (Mulberry Family) ARTOCARPUS INTEGRA (Thunb.) Merrill. Synonym: A. integrifolius L. f. Indian jack tree* The juice of the root mixed with the pulp of the fruit and some sugar was made into a plaster and applied to obstinate herpes.— Drury (122, p. 53). CANNABIS SATIVA L. Common hemp. Hemp combings or leaves, scattered among bag;s and heaps of grain in India, were effective against weevils.— Riley and Howard (326, p. 223). • A 2-percent extract of hemp in sugar solution was ineffective agains the housefly.— Jackson and Lefroy ( 217 ) . Commercially prepared extracts of this species, celled Cannabis indica, were not significantly toxic to the bean aphid. — lettersfield and coworkers (395) • Extracts wore not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — ;'etz~er and Grant (277). In a patent (Ger. 485,101) reference was mede to the use of elcoho- lio solutions of hemp constituents for mothproofing wool.— Roark (335, p. 35). Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Vfats and Singh (421) . In India hemp plants were spread on beds to drivo away bugs.— Chopra and Badhwar (98) • CHL0R0PH0RA TINCTOKIA (L.) Gaud. Fustic. The commercial extract was an effective repellent against the Japanese beetle.— V.etzger and Grant (277) . -145- FICUS RELIGIOSA L. Synonyms F. affinior Griff. Peepul tree* In India an infusion of the bark was given internally for scabies. — Watt (422, v. 3, p. 359). HUHULUS LUPULUS L. Hop. Lupulin powder, which is obtained from hops, was repellent to the screwworm for 3 days.— -Parman and coworkers (302). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.~Metzger and Grant (277). iiACLURA POklFERA (Raf.) Schneid. Synonyms Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage-orange. MORUS sp. Mulberry. The commercial extract of the osa^e-oranere was repellent to the Japanese beetle, but extracts of the mulberry tree were not repellent.— Metzp-er and Grant (277) . MUSACEAE MUSA SAPIENTUM L. Banana. Oil of banana was always strongly attractive to cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) • An attractive bait was made from 6 gm. of gelatin, 200 cc. of dilute beef broth, 0.5 gm. of mercuric chloride, and 1 drop of oil of banana.— Cole (101). MYRICACEAE (Bayberry Family) MYRICA CERIFERA L. Southern waxmyrtle. The Welsh people laid the branches upon and under the beds to keep off fleas and moths.— Porcher (308, p. 355). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzrer and Grant (27 7). Extracts of the root bark killed 35 percent and extracts of the wax killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell end Wilcoxon (183). -144- MYRICA CAROLIHENSIS Kill. Northern bayberry. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese ueetle.--K'etz?er pnd Grant (277). MYRTC* GALE L. Candleherry myrtle. The Swedes employed a strong; decoction of this plant to kill burs and lice, and to cure the itch. — Green (169, v. 2, p. 152). MYRICA PEREGRINA (L.) Kuntze. Synonym: Comptonla peregrine (L.) Coult. Sweetfern. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metzger and Grant (277). MYRISTICACEAE (Nutmeg Family) MYRISTICA FRAGRANS Houtt. Common nutmeg. The odor stunned mosquitoes in 10 minutes and killed them in 2 hours.— Celli end Casagrandi (82, p. 95). Nutmeg oil was considered one of the best repellents to the screw- worm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with it. — Parman and coworkers (302) • Oil of nutmeg was always attractive to cockroaches.— Cole ( 101 ) • MYRTACEAE (Myrtle Family) ANGOP-TORA LftNCEOLATA Cav. Various gums were tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers. Orange gum, which comes from this species, was unstable.—Ginsburg (158) EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS Labi 11. 3lue gum. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277). Lxtracts tested as spr«ys against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide. — Wats and Singh (421) . -145- EUCALYPTTJS spp. A few twigs or leaves laid on the pillow at night were said to keep away mosquitoes, but eucalyptus trees are probably of no value as mosquito repellents, — Riley and Howard (327, p. 268); Howard (205, p. 62)* Smoke from the burning fresh leaves stunned mosquitoes in 3 to 5 minutes and killed them in 3 hours.— Celli and Casagrandi (82, p. 96). The leaves were ineffective against bedbugs, roaches, and the lar- vse of clothes moths.— Scott and coworkers ( 36l) • When the attack of the woolly apple aphid is confined to a few parts of the tree these may be painted with kerosene or eucalyptus oil, which act more quickly and are more deadly than the best sprays used.-- Parrell (133). The leaves of eucalyptus were ineffective against chicken lice and the dog flea. — Abbott (57, pp. 7, 11). Suoalyptus leaves, dusted on clothes, are worthless as a clothes noth control, although they have often been recommended for this pur- pose*— Back (44). Oil of eucalyptus was of no value as a repellent or attract ant to the screwworm.— Parman and coworkers (302). Oil of eucalyptus was strongly repellent to the oriental cook- roach.— Cole (101). Oil of eucalyptus has been vised in two patented insecticides (G9r. 577,760, U. S. 1,650,856) .— Roark (555, p. 45) and Roark and Busbey (346, p. 25). EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLATA Thunb. Synonym: E. aromatioa Baill. Clove tree. Powdered cloves were ineffective against cockroaches, but effi- cient against carpet beetle larvae.— Scott and coworkers (361, pp. 13, 34). Eugenol tested on a piece of cloth against body lice killed all of them within 12 hours.— Moore and Hirschfelder (285, p. 55). LBugenol is the chief constituent of oil of cloves and also occurs in the oils of pimento, star anise, etc. There are other references in the literature dealing with eugenol, chiefly as attractants and repellents .J -146- Cloves were efficient against ohloken lice and the dog flea,, al- though they were not recommended on acoount of their high cost.— Abbott (37, pp. 7> 11). Oil of clove buds and clove powder were strong repellents to the screwworm.-- Bishopp and coworkers (59) • Cloves were a preventive against clothes moths •— Mullin (289, p. 163). Clove-bud oil and clove powder, each plus petrolatum, were considered two of the best repellents to the screwwornu There was no emergenoe of flies from meat treated with oil of clove bud. Clove powder was an effective repellent for a 5-day period.— Parman and coworkers (302). Oil of clove in bait pans hung in apple trees to attract the codling moth showed some attractive value, but captured few moths compared with the ferments tested.— Tothers (435) . Cloves and oil of clove have been used in two patented repellents (Brit. 347,783, Ger. 557,760) .— Ito (216); Hoark and Busbey (346, p. 16). Oil of clove applied as a spray was tested against adult mosquitees. It was found to be much inferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Vats and Singh (421). Oil of clove was tested against blowflies on sheep. A 3-percent oil emulsion had a repellent effect for 8 days, end a 10-percent emul- sion for 12 days, but these were not considered successful repellents.— Hobson (196). EUGENIA CU1GNI (L.) Druoe. Jeabolan plum. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.- Metsger and Grant (277). MELALEUCA LEUCODONDRON (L.) L. Oil of oajuput, whioh is obtained from this species, was of no value as a repellent or attraotant to the s or ewworm.— Parman and co- workers (302). The essential oil of this plant was used as a mosquito repellent in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98). -147- PIMENTA OFFICINALIS Lindl* Synonyms: P. pimenta K&rst.j P# vulgaris Lindl. Allspice* Powdered allspice was ineffective against bedbugs, cockroaches, clothes moths, and carpet beetles.— Scott and coworkers (561, pp. 5, 13, 26, 34). Allspice was of no value against the dog flea.-- Abbott (37, P. 11). Allspice, dusted on clothes, wes worthless as a control for clothes moths, although it has often been recommended for this purpose.— Back (44). Oil of pimento was moderately repellent to the oriental cockroach. — Cole (101). PIJGNTA RACEMOSA (Mill.) Mocre. Synonymi P. a oris. Bayberry. Bay rum was used in Venezuela to kill insects.— Roark (332, p. 33). To protect persons wearing summer clothes from the stings of gnats, the garments are treated in a bath containing several substances in- cluding bay oil (Ger. patent 557,760).— Roark and Busbey (346, p. 5). The oil of the leaves (50 p.p.m.) killed 100 percent of the mos- quito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). NYCTAGINACEAE (Four-o'olock Family) BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA L. The use of this plant in the Gold Coest, hung in the house to keep away lice, was probably an instance of sympathetic magic— Delziel (112) . MIRABILIS JALAPA L. Marvel of Peru. The odor of the flowers was said to keep mosquitoes away at night.— Dalziel (112). NYMPHAEACEAB (Waterlily Family) NELUMBO LUTEA (mild.) Pers. Synonym: Nelumbiuro luteum Willd. American lotus. This plant was said to destroy cockroaches.— Pammel (299, p. 108). -148- WJFBAR ADVEHA (lit*) Ait* f • 8ynony»i Hymphaea advena Ait* 8patterdeck* Extracts wore not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— •Metsger and Grant (277.) * OLACACBAE XIMENIA AMERICANA L* 8ynony«i X* lnermls L* Wild line* In Afrioa the crushed rind is frequently applied to the sores of doaestio animals to keep off insects* — Greshoff (170, p* 32). OLEACBAB (Olive Family) CB20BAHTBTJ3 7IRGIIICA L* White fringetree* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metiger and Grant (277)* Sxtraets of the root bark killed 65 percent of the mosquito lar- vae teated*-»»Hart»ell and WLlooxon (188)* FHAXIHU3 AMERICAS A L. Tlhite ash* LIGUSTRUM YULGARB L* European privet* Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metsger and Grant (277)* OLKA BUROPAEA L* Olive* There are many papers dealing with olive oil as en insecticide, but these will not be reviewed here* STRIHGA VULGARIS L* Common lilac Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.*— Metsger and Grant (277)* ORCHTDACBAK (Orchid Family) CYPRIPEDIUM sp* Ladyslipper* Extraots of the roots killed only 30 peroent of the mosquito lar- vae tested.— Harttell and Wilcoxon (188)* -149- HABENARIA BLEPHARI GLOTTIS (Willd.) Torr. White fringe-orchid. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277). VANILLA PLANIFOLIA Andrews, Vanilla bean. Vanillin tested on a piece of cloth against the body louse killed only 20 percent within 120 hours.— Moore and Hirschfelder (285, p. 54). OXALIDACEAE (Wood-Sorrel Family) OXALIS STRICTA L. Yellow wood-sorrel. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). PALMAE (Palm Family) ARECA CATECHU L. Betel nut. Betel palm. Arecoline is one of the alkaloids of the betel nut, in which it is said to occur to the extent of 0.07 to 0.1 percent. A 0o6- and 0.4-peroent solution of arecoline hydrochloride killed 100 and 50 percent of the bean aphids, respectively, and 0.75 and 0*5 percent solutions of arecoline killed 100 and 90 percent.— Tattersfield and coworkers (393) • Extracts from the betel palm were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met zger and Grant (277) • BORASSUS FLABELLIFER L. In India this plant is used to relieve itch.— Kirtikar and Rasu (230, v. 2, p. 1319). COCOS NUCIFERA L. Coconut. The following are only a few of the references deeling with coconut and palm oils in insecticides. A black oil extracted from the shell was used for itch and other parasitic affections.— Watt (422, v. 2, p. 447). Stored prein was coated with coconut oil and kept in closed re- ceptacles. The oil retarded attacks of weevils (Calandra) Sitophilus oryza (L.) as lonp* as the grain rempined moist, but the grain was attacked after a few months.— Fletcher and Ghosh (140, pp. 733-755). -150- Good control of the oranberry fruitworm was obtained with derris and Cube sprays containing coconut oil soap.-*-Frenklin (144) . COPERNICIA CERIFERA Mart. Carnauba palm. Carnauba wax was used (Ger. patent 470,458) with an odorous in- secticidal material in impregnating wood to form an artificial cedar board or *raoth wood." — Roark (335, p. 95) • ELAEIS spp. Thosea asigna van Eecke was the chief pest of oil palm in Sumatra* A mixture of lead arsenate and boiled linseed oil remained fairly well on the leaves for l\ months. Palm oil was less effective as an ad- hesive and when mixed with lead arsenite it showed no ovicidal effec- tiveness when applied at low concentrations .-Gonggri jp (165) • SERENOA REPENS (Bart.) Small. Saw palmetto. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metrger and Grant (277). PANDANACEAE (Screwpine Family) PANDANTJS TECT0R1US Parkins. Synonym: P. odorifera (Forsk.) Lyons. Breadfruit tree. The odoriferous flowers of the male trees were placed among clothes by women in the Moluccas (in Dutch East Indies) to repel clothes moths and similar insects, as well as to perfume the clothes.— Engelhardt ( 130) . PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family) ARGEMONE FRUTICOSA A. Gray. Oil extracted from this plant destroyed larvae attaoking lumber.-' Scar one (353). ARGEMONE MEXICANA L. Mexican or pricklepoppy. In Mysore, India, the juice was much used for itch and scabies. The yellow juice and cold-drawn oil of the seeds was also useful for scabies.— Watt (422, v. 1, pp. 308-309). -151- Oil from the seeds was useful in preventing attacks of white ants and borers.-— Holland (197, p. 54) • Oil from the seeds was used by the tribee in Nigeria as a pre- ventive of white ants.—Dalziel (112) . BOCCONIA CCRDATA Willd. Synonym: Macleaya cor data R. Br. Pink plume poppy. A decoction was used in Japan as an insecticide.~Creshoff (170, p. 18). BOCCONIA FRUTESCENS L. The juice was very effective against injurious insects and ticks. — Scar one (553) . CHELIDONIUM MAJUS L. Celandine. Swallow wort. A decoction killed 4 percent of the larvae of Malacosoma neustria (L.) and 44 percent of the larvae of Aglais urticfle (L.) tested.~ Goriainov (166) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). PAP AVER SOMNIFERUM L. Opium poppy. The following abstracts pertain to opium, codeine, morphine, and narcotine. Opium is the milky exudation of the poppy, and the other three substances are the chief alkaloids derived from opium. Pure tincture of opium, aqueous solution of hydrochlorate of morphine, and aqueous solution of codeine, each mixed with honey and fed to ants, had no effect. — Cob el li (100). Plants dipped in 300 cc. of water containing 0.3 gm. of morphine were fed to caterpillars, 50 percent of which were killed in 84 hours. — Maxwell-Lefroy and Finlow (272, p. 277) • Morphine tested on a piece of cloth against the body louse killed only 30 percent of them within 120 hours, but 77 percent of zhe eggs did not hatch, — Moore and dirschf elder (285, p. 50). Spray solutions of codeine sulfate and narcotine sulfate were tested areinst the bean aphid. The minimum concentration of each re- quired to kill about 95 percent of the pphids was preater than 0.5 gm. -152- to 100 co, of liquid, as compared with 0.009 gm. for nicotine sul- fate.—Riohar da on and Smith (522). Morphine sulfate (0.005 pound per 50 gallons of water) was tested in a spray against the Japanese beetle. In one test none were killed within 6 days, but in a second test 20 peroent were killed. — ilo ore and Campbell (264, p. 400). Narootine was found to be of no value against the bean aphid. It was not materially toxic at or below a concentration of 1 gnu per 100 oc. of liquid.—Tattersfield and coworkers (393). Comments by reviewer.— It is surprising that the opium alkaloids are not more toxic to inseots. More work should be done with them. SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS L. Bloodroot. Extracts of the root killed only 35 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . PASSIFLORACEAE (Passionflower Family) PASSI FLORA INCARNATA L. Passionflower. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grant (277). Extracts of the whole plant killed only 5 peroent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hart sell and TfiLlcoxon (188). PEDALIACEAE CERATOTHECA INTBGRIBRACTEATA Engl. A decoction was used in West Africa as an insecticide.— Greshoff (171, p. 145). SESAMDM INDICUM L. Synonym: S. orientalis L. Sesame. Stored grain was coated with sesame oil and kept in closed re- ceptacles. The oil retarded attacks of weevils (Calandra) Sitophilus oryza (L.) as long as the grain remained moist, but the grain was attacked after a few months. — Fletcher and Ghosh (140, pp. 733-755). An insecticide consisting of pyrethrins or rotenone, with sesame oil added as a synergist, is described in a patent. The concentration of the insecticide required to cause 100 percent mortality of house- flies was reduced, and the paralysis of the insects not hit with suf- ficient insecticide actually to kill ^s prolonged. —Earleson (125) . -153- Sesane oil killed only 2 percent of the houseflies tested; pyre- thrins plus this oil killed 57 percent; pyrethrins plus factions I end II of the oil killed 100 and 91 percent, respectively; pyrethrins plus sesemin (crystalline fraction) and the noncrystalline residue killed 85 and 89 percent, respectively; therefore, the sesarain isolated from the sesame oil increased the toxicity of pyrethrum to flies.— Haller and coworkers (179) • PHYTOLACCACEAE (Pokeweed Family) PETIVERIA ALLIACEA L. This plant was used in Haiti as an insecticide against bedbugs and plant lice. — Roark (332, p. 33) • This Guatemalan plant was used as an insecticide in Nicaragua and Haiti. — Pacheco Herrarte (297). This species was employed as an insecticide in Central America.— Earcellos Fagundes (51). PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. Synonym: F. decandra L. Common pokeberry. The root, either fresh or drier, was poisonous to cockroaches.— Glover (165, p. 133). a weak decoction of the leaves and berries and en alcoholic ex- trsct of the dried roots had no effect on cotton caterpillars, but a very strong decoction killed the younp: worms and seriously affected the older ones. — Riley (325, p. 187). The powdered roots had no effect on fly larvae.— Cook and Hutchi- son (103, p. 4). As a remedy for cockroaches: ttMake a strong decoction of poke roots, when the strength is out of the roots, mix the liquor with molasses and spread it on large plates in the places they frequent. They may be thus slain by the thousands •"— Scheib (355, p. 116). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metager and Grant (277). PINACEAE (Pine Family) ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) Mill. Balsam fir. Canada balsam, which is obtained from this species, is mentioned in a patent as a constituent of an adhesive composition to be used in mothproofing.— Isaacs (214). -154- ABIES CONCOLOR (Gord. & Glend.) Hoopes. White fir. ABIES VEITCHII Lindl. Veitch fir. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). ABItCS spp. Rare-earth salts of abietic acid (derived from fir trees) were patented for mothproofing (Brit, 247r242; Fr. 603,552; and U. S. 1,739,840). For example, woolen rugs might be protected from attack by carpet beetles by spravinE or dippire; with a 5-percent solution of titanium abietate.— Roark (333, p. 2). CALLITRIS QUADRIVAI.7IS Vent. Sandarac tree. Various gums were tested with oils to find stable emulsifiers. Sandarac gum was unstable.— Ginsburg (158) • CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES (L.) B. S. P. White cedar. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). CTJPRE3SUS sp. Cypress. Oil of cypress (50 p.p.nu) killed 90 percent of the mosquito lar- vae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L. Juniper. Two formulas were recommended for aphids and coccids having a cottony coat: (l) flour 5 pounds, soft soap 10 pounds, .juniper oil 6 to 8 gallons, and water 100 gallons; (2) flour 5 pounds, soft soap 10 pounds, juniper oil 4 to 6 gallons, alcohol 2 to 4 gallons, and water 100 gallons. — Benlloch (55). Juniper oil was strongly repellent to cockroaches. — Cole (101) . Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). Acetone extracts of mature iuniper berries killed 70 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell And Trfilcoxon ( 188) • JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS L. A spray recommended for phylloxera on grapevines in France con- tained oil of cade, obtained from this species. — Cornu and Dumas (105, p. 29). -155- Oil of cade was considered one of the best repellents for the screwworm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with it.«— Parman and coworkers (302) • Oil of cade was used in a mothproofing agent (Brit, patent 399,938), — Roark and Busbey (346, p. 12), JUNIPERUS SABINA L. Synonyms Sab in a officinalis Garcke. Savin. A decoction of the tops of the plants served as an insecticide.— Greshoff (170, p. 161). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). Reference was made to the use of aqueous extracts from the young shoots of savin for mothproofing (Ger. patent 488,307) .—Roark (335, p. 76). JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA L. Red cedar. There are many papers on the uses of cedar chests and oil of cedar wood, but all of them should not correctly be discussed under this species, although since cedar chests are usually constructed of red cedar and as oil of cedar is largely obtained from J_. virgin! ana the follow- ing abstracts will nevertheless be arranged under this species. In England it was reported in 1758 that no moth or other mischie- vous insect ever came into chests made of cedar.— Hale (176, p. 401) • Red cedar chips and shavings, while not entirely effective in keeping the adult moths from laying eggs on the flannel treated, ap- peared to protect it from appreciable injury when used liberally. The chips and shavings showed praotically no killing effect against moth eggs or against larvae that were one-fourth grown.— Scott and coworkers (561, p. 28). Cedar chests exert no noticeable effect upon the adult clothes moths, but they kill the young larvae. The volatile oil contained in the wood is probably the insecticidal principle.— Baok and Rabak (47). Closets lined with red cedar were of doubtful value in protecting clothing from moth attack. The mere odor of cedar did not keep moths from entering a closet. Well-made chests of red cedar heartwood could be depended on for protection against clothes moths for they would kill all the newly hatched or young larvae.— Back (44). -156- Oil of cedar sprinkled between the sheets gives a degree of protection to people compelled to sleep in flea-infested places.— Bishopp, (58, p. 30), Spray solutions containing oil of cedar wood were tested e gainst the bean aphid. The minumum concentration required to kill about 95 percent of the aphids was 1 em. in 100 cc. of liquid while that for nicotine sulfate was 0.009 gin. — Richardson and Smith (322). There was no emergence of screwworm flies from meat treated with oil of cedar leaf.— Parman and coworkers (302) . The use of cedar wood and oil of cedar is referred to in four pa- tents for mothproofing (U. S. 1,610,167; 1,620,587; 1,630,836; and Ger. 470,458). — Roark (533, pp. 36-37; 335, p. 23). PICEA ABIES (L.) Karst. Norway spruce, Extraots of the leaves and small branohes killed none of the mos- quito larvae tested,— Hartz ell and Wilcoxon ( 188) • PICEA ORIENTALIS (L.) Link. Oriental spruce. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). PINUS LONGI FOLIA Roxb. Pine. In India the crude oleoresin was useful in the preparation of plasters, ointments, and pastilles for fumigations. Turpentine oil was used as a remedy for mange in horses.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1,. p. 245). Extracts of pine applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide. — Wats and Sinp-h (421) • PINUS RIGIDA Mill. Pitch pine. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). PINUS spp. Pines. The references included under this heading pertain mostly to various pine products, including pine oil or pine-tar oil, turpentine and its constituents, rosin or resin and resin acid, creosote of wood tar, and pine extracts. The exaot species of pines are unknown to the writer and only a few of the numerous papers will be cited. -157- Pine oil, pine tar, pine-tar oil, orude turpentine, and rosin residue plus pine oil, smeared over fresh beef liver in pint Mason Jars, were among the best repellents used against the sorewworm. In view of the cheapness, availability, nontoxicity, and adhesiveness of pine-tar oil, it was considered the best material among the 353 compounds and mixtures tested to use upon wounds of domestic animals to protect them against this fly»— Parman and coworkers (302) » In comparative tests treated pine-tar oils showed greater fungici- dal value than refined petroleum oils and might also act as carriers for copper resinate, which they dissolved readily, giving an inseoticidal effect as well,— DeOng (117) • Certain combinations of fractions of pine oils, when sprayed on the bark of rustic furniture and log cabins made of white cedar, were very efficient in killing the larvae of wood borers. — Thompson ( 400 ) » A new spreader for nicotine was prepared by using combinations of pine-tar oil. The toxicity of nicotine to aphids was greater with the new spreader than with soluble tar oil containing 10 percent of potas- sium oleate. It was also tested for 2 years 8£«?inst aphids, leaf- hoopers, and thrips on peaches, apples, grapes, and vegetable crops.— Eddy (126). In comparative tests against Aphrophora parallela (Say) on pines a pine-oil emulsion (Palustrex) with nicotine sulfate (2:1:800) gave complete control, but summer oil with nicotine sulfate (4:1:800) gave only partial control. --Felt and Bromley ( 134) • In India the litchi bark borer (Arbela tetraonis Moore) and the mango tree borer (Rhytidodera simulans) were destroyed by injecting turpentine oil into the boreholes, but this was not practicable with very big trees.— Hector ( 191 ) • Spray solutions containing oils were tested against the bean aphid. The minimum concentrations (per 100 cc. of liquid) required to kill about 95 percent of the aphids follow: Turpentine spirits (tech- nical) greater than 5 gnu, terebene (U.S. P.) about 2 gm., and pine oil greater than 1 gm. The figure for nicotine sulfate, used as a standard, was only 0.009 gm. — Richardson and Smith (322, p. 7). One patent (U. S. 1,630,836) refers to pine oil with carbon disul- fide for fumigating clothing (Ro ark 333, p. 82); five (U. S. 1,610,167, Brit. 221,599 and 230,203, Ger. 470,458 and 481,679) to turpentine as an insecticide or repellent (Roark 333, p. 110; 335, pp. 7, 90); five (Brit. 247,242, Fr. 603,552, Ger. 470,458, tj. s. 1,739,840 and 1,884,367) to resin acid and rosin for mothproofing and termite-proofing (Roark 333, p. 88; 335, p. 74; and Roark and Rusbey 346, p. 74); and two patents (U. S. 369,739 and 1,620,587) to creosote of wood tar for mothproofing (Roark 333, p. 42) . -158- Extracts from pine needles were repellent to the Japanese ceetle.-- Metzger and Grant (277). PINUS STROBUS L. White pine. PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. Scotch pine. Water extracts of the needles of the white pine killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested and acetone extracts of the needles of the Scotch pine killed 25 percent.— Hart z ell and Wilcoxon (188)« PINUS VIRGINIA Mill. Scrub pine. THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L. Arborvitae. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277) . Water extracts of the leaves killed only 25 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. — Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • TSUGA CANADENSIS (L.) Carr. Hemlock. Hemlock spruce. Oil of hemlock, whioh is probably obtained from this and related species, exhibited good repellent' action against the screwworm for 1 or 2 days only.—Parman and coworkers (302) • Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). Water extracts of hemlock needles killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . PIPERACEAE (Pepper Family) PIPER ADUNCUM L. This plant was used in Haiti as an insecticide, particularly a- gainst ants in seed beds.— Roark (332, p. 33). PIPER ALBUM Vahl. White pepper. This pepper (10 percent in flour) had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) .— DeBussy (76). PIPER CUBEBA L. f. Cubeb pepper. Oil of cubeb was moderately repellent to the oriental cockroach. — Cole (101). -159- Oil of cubeb (100 p. p.m.) killed 100 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). PIPER ELONGATUM Vahl. Matico. Extracts of matico were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metz ger and Grant (277), PIPER NIGRUM L. Black pepper. A strong extract killed cotton caterpillars within 12 hours,— Riley (325, p. 187). Black pepper was a very satisfactory repellent to ovipositing moths of the corn ear worm.— Freeborn and Tfymore (146) • Pepper was mentioned as a clothes moth repellent in three patents (TJ. S. 1,562,510; Brit. 173,536; and Ger. 344,266) .— Roark (333, p. 70). SAURURUS CERNUUS L. Common lizardtail. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .—Metz ger and Grant (277). PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family) PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. Buckhorn plantain* PL ANT AGO MAJOR L. Common plantain. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metz ger and Grant (277) • PLANTANACEAE (Planetree Family) PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS L. American planetree. PLATANUS ORIENTALIS L. Oriental planetree. Extracts of the American planetree killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested while extracts of the oriental planetree killed 20 percent.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188). -160- PLUMBAGINACEAE (Plumbago Family) LIMONIUM GAROLINIANUM (Walt.) Britton. Sea lavender. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277), . uKBAGO ROSEA L. Synonyms P. ooccinea (Lour.) Boiss. PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA L. Synonym: P. auriculata Blume. In India the milky juice was used for ulcers and scabies. — Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1, pp. 295-296). This plant is widely distributed in India. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of the roots killed 100 percent of the caterpillars, Euprootis fraterna (Moore), end 80 percent of beetle grubs, Epilachna sp. A 5-percent extract of the stem bark killed 100 percent of each species.— Futtarudriah and Subramanism (312). POACEAE (Grass Family) AGROPYRON REPSNS (L.) Beauv. Quackgrass. ^Sxtracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle, — Metzger and Grant (277). Extracts of the roots killed only 35 percent of the mosquito lar- vae tested-.--Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) • BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA Retz. Synonyms _B. ori3ntalis Nees. Spiny bamboo. In India the most efficacious application for dislodgment of worms in ulcers was a poultice made by pounding the young shoots of the bam- boo.—Watt (422, v. 1, p. 391). CYWBOPOGGN CITRATUS (DC) Stapf. Lemon grass. Oil of lemon grass was of no Extracts (U.S.P.) were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . Water extracts (N. F.) of the roots killed only 26 percent of the mosquito larvae tested.-- Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) . CLEMATIS DIOICA L. Honduras- fish poison. A water extract was efficient arainst silkworms. — Melndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). CLEMATIS VITALBA L. In France it was reported that this plant repelled weevils from stored grains. Twigs of clematis with leaves and flowers were placed on the bags of grain. Grains thus treated were free from infestation while weevils were plentiful in the vicinity .--Anonymous (19). COPTIS GROENLANDICA (Oeder) Fern. Gold thread. Aoetone extracts of the whole plant killed 55 peroent of the mos- quito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wile oxon (188) . DELPHINIUM AJACIS L. Rocket larkspur. This plant is listed as an insecticide.— Greshoff (170, p. 8). The insecticidal value against bedbugs was due mostly to the oil extracted from the seeds, while the alkaloid axtracted played an insig- rnflnmt part.— Williams (427). DELPHINIUM BICOLOR Nutt. Low larkspur. Powders from the roots, leaves, stems, and blossoms, and extracts from these powders had no effect on webworms, silkworms, grasshoppers, and potato beetle larvae, the one exception being a slight effect on silkworms caused by the ertract from the blossoms. — Molndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). -171- DELPHINIUM BRUNONIANUM Royle. Musk larkspur. In India the juice of the leaves was used to destroy ticks on sheep.— Watt (422, v. 3, p. 64). This plant was used in India to destroy maggots in wounds. — Chopra and Badhwar (98) • DELPHINIUM COERULEUM Jacqem. In India the roots were applied to kill maggots in the wounds of goats. —Watt (422, v. 3, p. 88). DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA L. Field larkspur. A tincture of the seeds -kills lice on the human head.-- -Williams (428, p. 875). The common larkspur was an effective insect poison .--Riley (325, p. 114). Oil from larkspur seed was tested as a contact spray. A 2-percent oil emulsion was effective against red spiders and aphids, but of little value against thrips, potato beetle larvae, and cabbage worms. Young larvae of white flies were killed, but other stages proved resistant. It was of greater value against red scale than against San Jose scale. The alkaloids delcosine and dels oline Q from this plant} were tested as sprays, with and without soap, both as contact and stomach insecticides. A 0.042-percent solution of delcosine was effective against aphids and of value against thrips but not against red spiders. A 0.085-percent solution controlled aphids and thrips, but was of no value against mealybugs and white flies. Larvae of fall webworms put on apple foliage sprayed with 0.042- and 0.085-percent solutions of delcosine failed to feed normally and subsequently died, and larvae of imported cabbage worms put on cabbage foliage sprayed with 0.085 percent died. A 0.042-per- cent and a 0.085-percent solution of delsoline were effective against aphids but ineffective against red spiders and white flies. The letter solution was effective a gainst thrips. Fall webworms and cabbage worms died after feeding on sprayed foliage, but large larvae of a tiger moth wer e unhurt • — Davi dson ( 113) • DELPHINIUM EL* TDM L. This plant was used to destroy maggots in wounds in India.— Chopra and Badhwar (98). DELPHINIUM spp. Larkspur. In New South Wales in 1892 it was suggested that larkspur be planted in small patches near the breeding ground of grasshoppers to destroy this pest.— Anonymous (9). -172- A decoction of the seed was recommended as an insecticide against short-nosed ox louse*— Osbom (294, p* 175) • ) wao found to poison locusts that fed on it.— Gurney (173, p. 418). A sulfuric acid extract < ' the ground seed had a considerable ef- fect on fly larvae. — Cook and coworkers (104, p. 14). Many reports have been received of the poisonous effect of delphin- iums on locusts* In one instance, where the entire crop of other owers had been destroyed, fields of delphiniums remained almost unin- sd and wherever the locusts had, nibbled these plants they died. — Anonymous (29) • DELPHINIUM STAPHISAGRIA L. Stavesacre. Lousewort. The powdered seeds were used chiefly to destroy lioe on children's heeds.— Green (169, v. 1, p. 443). Stavesacre was largely used in Europe and wa3 employed both by the Greeks and Romans to destroy vermin.—Watt (422, v. 3, p. 64). This species was employed in medicine solely as a local application for the destruction of lice and the itch mite. — Hare and coworkers (183) . Oil from stavesacre seed was tested as a contact emulsion spray ainst many insects, and the results were the same as given for Del- phinium consolida. The alkaloid delphinine of stavesacre seed was tested in the form of delphinine hydrochloride dissolved in alcohol, with or without soap. At concentrations up to 0.16 percent of alkaloid it was inefficient against aphids (Myzus persioae (Sulz.)), mealybugs, ! spiders, and thrips, and did not prevent fall webworms from feeding normally* A 0*085-percent solution was of value against the onion thrips. It was also effective as a stomach poison against cabbage worms*— Davidson ( 113 ) . Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Met zger and Grant (277)* DELPHINIUM VESTITUM Wall* This plant was used in India to destroy maggots in wounds. — Chopra and Badhwar (98) . DELPHINIUM ZALIL Aitch. & Hensl. . In India the ashes of this species were useful for itch. — Watt (422, v. 3, p. 70). -173- HELLEBORUS FOETIDUS L. Fetid hellebore. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle .--Metzger end Grant (277). HELLEBORUS NIGER L. Black hellebore. The powdered roots were inefficient appinst fly larvae, — Cook and Hutchison (103, p, 4) • Extraction hellebori (10 percent in water), rhizoma hellebori (100 percent), and rhizoma hellebori (10 percent in flour) were tested a- gainst the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F,), The first had no ef- fect on the insects, the insects did not eat the second, but they ate a little of the third. — DeBussy (76). Extracts from the dried rhizomes were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . HELLEBORUS ORIENT ALIS Lam. This speoies was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans in treating mania, skin diseases, etc—Webster's Dictionary (424) . HEP ATI CA AMERICANA (DC.) Ker. or H, NOBILIS Schreb, Hepatica. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle,— Metzger and Grant (277). HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS L. Goldenseal. Hydrastine and hydrastinine, alkaloids of goldenseal, had no insecti- cidal value. These two substances were not materially toxic to the bean aphid at or below a concentration of 1 gm. per 100 cc— Tattersfield and coworkers (393) , Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger snd Grant (277). Water extracts of the root (N, F.) killed 70 percent of the mos- quito larvae tested,— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (138), NIGELLA SATIVA L. Fennel flower. The natives of Hindustan sprinkled the seeds among woolen cloths, shawls, etc., as a preservative against destructive insects, -—Honig- berger (200, p. 317). It was used to protect linen against insects .--Dymock and coworkers (124, v. 1, p. 28). -174- Extracts of the dried seeds were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) , This plant is widely distributed in India, where the seeds are mixed with camphor and scattered between the layers of woolen clothes, etc., to preserve them from insects. Alcoholic extracts and water suspensions had no effects on caterpillars. — Puttarudriah and Subra- mani an (312) • RANUNCULUS SEPTSNTRIONALIS Poir. Buttercup. THALICTRUM POLYGAMUM Muhl. Keadowrue. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzp er and Grant (277) • XANTHORRHIZA SIMPLICISSIMA Marsh. Synonym: X« apiifolia L'Her. Yellow root. Extracts of the roots killed only 5 percent of the mosquito lar- vae tested.— TIartzell and "filcoxon (188) . RESEDACEAE (Mignonette Family) RESEDA ORORATA L. Mignonette. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant ( 277 ) . RHAMNACEAB (Buckthorn Family) CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS L. Jersey-tea. Extracts from the leaves and flowers were repellent to the Japan- ese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . GOUANIA LUPULOIDES (L.) Urban. GOUANIA POLYGAMA (Jacq.) Urban. These plants were used as insecticides.— Greshoff (171, p. 107). K^RWINSKIA HUMBOLDTIANA Zucc. Margarita. The powder and water extract were efficient but very slow arainst silkworms, and they had no effect on tuliptree aphids. The powder had -175- a slight effect on oatalpa caterpillars, while an alcoholic extract had no effect on small webworms and tuliptree aphids.--McIndoo and Sievers (259, p. 22). RHAMNTJS CA1HARTICA L. Common buckthorn. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- ;Metzger and Grant (277). RHAMNUS FRANGULA L. Alder buckthorn. RHAMNUS PTJRSHIANA DC. Chittim-wood bark. The cortex of these plants had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F#) • — DeBussy (76). VENTILAGO MADRASPATANA Gaertn. The powdered bark, mixed with gingelly oil, was used in southern India as an external application for itch and other skin diseases.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 333). ROSACEAE (Rose Family) AMYGDALUS COMMUNIS L. Synonyms: A. amara Hayne; Prunus amygdalus Batsch. Bitter almond. In the East [ India} a twig of an almond tree kept in a room was said to dispel flies. — Honigberger (200, p. 227). Bitter almonds applied to the head are reported to kill lice.— Kirtikar and 3asu (230, v. 1, p. 514). Amygdalin (10 percent in flour) had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) .--DeBussy (76). Oil of almond was of no value as a repellent or attrpctant to the screwworm.— Parmfln and coworkers (302) • Oil of bitter almond was strongly repellent to the oriental cock- roach.— Cole (101), AMYGDALUS PERSICA L. Peach. Decoctions of peach leaves had no effect on the rose chafer.— Smith (368, p« 33). -176- Peach leaves, wet with the juice of mulberry leeves, were fed to silkworms, end within 24 hours practicially ell the insects were dead. — L'clndoo end Sievers (259, p. 21). Oil of peach kernel was a good repellent for 2 days only, but it did prevent infestation by screwworms. — Parmen end coworkers (302) . HAGENIA ABYSSIMCA J. F. Gmel. Kousso. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). KERPIA JAPONIC A (L.) DC. Kerria powder (20 percent in flour) had no effect on the cater- pillers of Procenia litura (F.). — DeEussy (76). P0T2NTILLA ARG-^TEA L. Silver cinquefoil. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277; . PRONUS SEROTINA Ehrh. Wild black cherry. Extracts of the leaves killed only 10 percent of the nosquito lfr- vee tested. —Hartzell end Wilcoxon ( 188) • PRTITJUS sp. Cultivated cherry. Various extracts were of no vclue as ettrectents to the cherry fruitfly in Germany.— Thi em (599) . PYRUS CO}«MUNIS L. Kiefer pear. PYRUS sp. Common pear. Extracts from these trees were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. - Metzger end Grant (277). QUILLAJA BRASILIENSIS Mart. This plant wes used as en insecticide.— Enrcellos Fagundes (51) . QUILLAJA S^PONARIA I.rolina. Soap bark. Pename wood. Only a few of the references on this plent ere given here. An emulsion meriting attention contained 3 pounds of benzine, 3 pounds of ammonia, end a decoction made by boiling 1 pound of Penama wood in 10 gallons of weter. It killed 50 to 80 percent of the cater- -177- pillars of Phalonia end Polychrosis« Another emulsion containing 1 pound of rectified benzine in 2 gallons of this decoction killed 60 to 90 percent of the caterpillars. — Vezin and Gaumont (411) . Soap bark never killed more than 21 percent of the prune aphids sprayed with it.— Parker (301, p. 7) • In France scale insects are controlled on the vine with Barsacq^ formula™8 pints of petroleum, 1 l/8 pints of 90 percent alcohol, and 4 l/2 ounces of Panama wood* Fof use, it is diluted with 10 times its volume of water •— Feytaud (136) • A substitute for nicotfne in France consisted of the following for- mula: Petroleum 5 pounds, Panama bark 1 pound, and water 3 gallons. The bark was crushed and boiled in the water until about 2.5 gallons of liquid was obtained; this was strained through a fine cloth, and the petroleum was added gradually with constant beating. This emulsion was diluted with 50 gallons of water.— Blin (62). Ten grams of oortex quillajae in 500 cc. of water and saponin (10 percent in flour) had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.).— DeBussy (76). There are at least seven patents (Brit. 230,203 and 327,009; Can. 247-,378; Ger. 419,463 and 421,100; U. S. 1,610,167 and 1,885,292) in which soap bark is used as an insecticide.— Roark (333, p. 85; 335, p. 73) and Roark and Busbey (346, p. 73). Extract of soap bark (N. F«) was not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277). RUBIACEAE (Madder Family) ADINA CORDIFOLIA (Roxb.) Benth. & Hood, ex Brandis. Synonym: Nauclea cordifolia Mild. In India the bark, ground into a paste with water, was considered to be antiseptic and prevented the generation of worms in sores.— Dy- nook and coworkers (124, v. 2, p# 171). The juice was used as an insecticide in India.—Chopra and Badhwar (98). CEPHAELIS IPECACUANHA (Brot.) A. Rich. Synonym: Psychotria ipecacunha Stokes. Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquito cide. —Wats and Singh (421) . -178- CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALS L. Buttonbush. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— ^etzrer end Grant (277). CINCHONA OFFICINALIS L. Cinchona* Peruvian bark. CINCHONA PUBESCENS Vahl. Quinine end the other cinchona alkaloids are largely derived from these two species, which are more commonly called C. ledgeriana and C. succiruba. The cinchoma bases are quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, end cinchonidine. The cinchona alkaloids, their salts, or their derivatives are much used for mothproofing, which will not be fully discussed here. Cinchonine (l ounce to 1 pound of flour) applied to cotton plants did not injure large cotton worms, but the smaller ones were usually killed in about 24 hours.— Davis (114). Plants dipped in 300 cc. of water containing 5 gm. of quinine were fed to caterpillars, which were not appreciably affected.— Maxwell- Lefroy and Finlow (272, pp. 278, 313). Powdered cinchona bark gave a fairly high mortality arainst fly larvae but it did not seem entirely efficient. — Cook and Hutchison (103, p. 4). Cinchonine tested on a piece of cloth against body lice killed only 30 percent of them within 120 hours, and 37 percent of the errs did not hatch. — T.'oore and Hirschfelder (285, p. 50) . Hydrochloras chinini, hydro chlor as cinchonini, end sulfas chinini (each 10 percent in flour) had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.). — DeBussy (76). Spray solutions of four alkaloids of cinchona were tested against the bean aphid. The minimum concentrations required to kill about 95 percent of the aphids follow: Quinine hydrochloride greater than 1 gm.; cinchonine sulfate, cinchonidine sulfate, and quinidine sulfate each greater than 0.5 gm. per 100 cc. The concentration for nicotine sulfate was 0.009 gm. to 100 cc. — Richardson and Smith (322) . An aqueous spray containing 1 percent of quinine sulfate and 25 percent of starch was markedly deterrent to larvae of the cabbece butter fly, but killed only 40 percent of them in 7 days.— Hargrepves (184, p. 53). Of all the chemicals and mixtures studied for mothproofing clothes, only one group constantly passed all the tests. These substances were -179- the oinchona alkaloids and their derivatives (total about 24) • Quini- dine sulfate showed marked mothproofing properties* Pieces of wool treated with it withstood moth attack for 4 years •— Anonymous (30); Jackson and Wassell (219) • Solutions consisting of cinchona alkaloids dissolved in naphtha were of value when the fabrics were treated by thorough drenching*— Back and Cotton (46, p« 466). Quinine was one of the alkaloids having some mothproofing value, but it was insufficient for practical use. The salts of quinine (sul- fate, oxalate, salicylate, and sulfosalicylate) were useless as moth- proofing agents* Oleic acid combined with quinine was less effective than oleic aoid alone,— Minaeff and Wright (281, p. 1190) • In laboratory tests cinchonine used as a dust killed 36 percent of the coaling moth larvae tested, while quinine alkaloid killed only 15 • 5 percent*— McAlister and Van Leeuwen (249) • Extracts of dried cinchona bark were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. —Met zger and Grant (277) * • Konate, a proprietary compound containing cinchona alkaloids, was very effective in Petri dish tests against larvae of the webbing clothes moth.— Britton (69, p. 252). "When alkaloids and their salts were fed to silkworms, the following percentages were dead in 3 days: Cinchonine 60, cinchonine hydrochloride and cinchonine sulfate 0, cinchonine salicylate 30, and cinchonidine 15, 8-hydroxyquinoline 0, 2-quinoline 40, isoquinoline 60, quinoline salicy- late 30, quinoline tartrate 0* and quinoidine 15. There was much feed- ing in most of the tests.— Ginsburg and Granett (161) . Quinine sulfate applied as a spray against adult mosquitoes was much inferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Wats and Singh (421) • There are at least nine patents in which the cinchona alkaloids and their derivatives are used in mothproofing.— Roark (333, pp. 8, 39, 86; 335, p» 73), and Roark and Busbey (346, pp. 16, 73). Comments by reviewer.— It thus appears that the cinchona alkaloids have little or no practical value as insecticides except as mothproof- ing agents. COFFBA ARABICA L. Coffee. COFFBA LIBERICA Hiern. The toxic principle in the coffee berry is the feebly basic alka- loid caffeine. This elkaloid is also found in tea and other plants, but the papers dealing with caffeine will be discussed here* -180- Plpjits dipped in 300 cc. of water containing 0,3 gm. of caffeine were fed to caterpillars, 70 percent of which were killed after a long period. — Maxwell-Lefroy and Finlow (272, pp. 277, 313). Caffeine (2 and 5 percent) in sugar solution was ineffeotive against housef lies .—Jackson and Lefroy (217) . Caffeine (10 percent in flour) had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.) . — DeBussy (76) • Spray solutions of oaffeine were tested against the bean aphid. The minimum concentration required to kill about 95 percent of the aphide was greater than 0.5 gm. to 100 oo. of liquid, while that of nicotine sulfate was 0.009 gm.— Richardson and Smith. (522). Caffeine solutions mixed with equal parts of honey were fed to honeybees. A 1:100 dilution killed all the bees tested within 24 hours, a 1:200 dilution within 48 hours, and a li400 dilution 34 percent with- in 48 hours. Arsenious oxide (dilution 1:10,000) killed all the bees within 5 hours .--Ginsburg (160) . Caffeine had some mothproofing value but insufficient for practical use. Goods treated with a combination of caffeine with oleic acid were quickly damaged by clothes moth larvae.— Minaeff and Wright (281, p. 1190) . In laboratory tests caffeine used as a dust killed only 15.5 per- cent of the codling moth larvae tested.— McAlister and Van Leeuwen (249) , When alkaloids and their salts were fed to silkworms, the* mortali- ties in 3 days were as follows: Caffeine benzoate 0, caffeine citrate 20, caffeine hydroxide 15, oaffeine salicylate 30, and caffeine tannate 40 percent. There was much feeding in each case.—Ginsburg and Granett (161), Comments by reviewer.— These abstracts show that oaffeine has no practical value as an insecticide or as a mothproofing agent. GALIUM APARINE L. Bedstraw. GALIUM TRIFLORUM Michx. Fragrant beastraw. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). GARDENIA CAMPANULATA Roxb. Bihmona. This fish-poison plant grows profusely in Assam. The juice was evidently an efficient larvicide in dilution up to 1 in 80. The larvi- cidal action was due to a saponin.— Mans on (266) . -181- GARDENIA GUMMIFERA L. f. In India this plant was used for keeping flies off putrid sores.— Dalzell and Gibson (111, p. 120). In India the gum was used to keep insects from sores on cattle. The strong-smelling gum resin, not unlike myrrh in appearance, was used extensively in European hospitals and Teterinary work to keep flies from sores.— Watt (422, v. 3, pp. 89, 481). GARDENIA LUCIDA Roxb. A strong smelling gum resin from wounds in the bark and from leaf buds of this tree was used in cutaneous diseases and to keep off flies and worms .--Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p. 652), MITCHELLA REPENS L. Partridgeberry. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . RANDIA DUMETORUM Lam. In India the bruised roots and unripe fruit were thrown into ponds to poison fish. In the Konkan, India, they were mixed with grain to preserve it from the attacks of insects.— Watt (422, v. 6, pt. 1, p. 391). Extracts of the fruit in Mysore were more or less toxic to aphids.-- Subraraani am (377) • Water extracts of the powdered fruit (l pound to 10 gallons of soapy water) killed only 10 percent of the leafhoppers treated, and extracts of the roots, used at 10 percent strength, killed 80 percent of Coccus viridis (Green) on coffee plants in 4 days, but were not very effective against grasshoppers.— Subramaniam (379, 583) . This fish-poison plant is commonly found in coffee-growing areas of India. A 5-percent alcoholic extract of fruit skin killed 90 percent of grasshoppers Epacromia tamulus (F.)» and caterpillars of Euproctis fraterna (Moore), but had no effect on caterpillars of Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller. A similar extract of the root bark killed 100 percent of E. fraterna. An l/8-percent alcoholic extract of the root bark killed only 50 percent of mosquito larvae in 19 hours.— Putt arudri ah end Subr am ani am (311) » UNCARIA GAMBIR Roxb. Synonym: Ourouparia garobia (Hunter) Baillon. Gambler. The commercial extract was repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) • -182- RUTACEAB (Rue Family) BAROSMA BETULINA (Thunb.) Barth. & Wendl. Buchu. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.—Metzger and Grant (277). BOENNINGHAUSENIA ALBI FLORA (Hook.) Heynhold. Bxtracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide.— Wats and Singh (421) • CITRUS AURANTIUM L. Synonym i £• bergamla Rieso. A mixture of oil of bergamot £ derived from this speciesj and kero- sene (lil6) was used in the Philippine Islands as a mosquito repellent.-- Howard (205, p. 14) • Prisoners in an. army camp in Germany in 1914-15 found that oil of bergamot acted most promptly of all the oils against vermin, but was generally effective only a few days. The oils were applied in 10 to 15 percent alcoholio solutions. The following mixture seemed to be the most effective: 10 gm. of oil of bergamot, 30 gm. of tincture of cala- mus, and sufficient alcohol to make up to 100 gm.~Anonymous (23). Oil of bergamot was considered one of the best repellents of the screwworm. There was no emergence of flies from meat treated with it.— Parman and coworkers (302) • CITRUS MEDICA L. Citron. The fruit was put among olothes to keep away moths.— Watt (422, v. 2, p. 351). CITRUS MEDICA var. LIMONUM (Risso) Hook. Lemon. Treatment of maize seed with a mixture of oil of lemon and wood aloohol prevented brown ants and lioe from attacking the seed.— Swank (388). Oil of lemon was very strongly repellent to the cornfield ant.— Forbes (142, p. 465). A mixture of lemon juioe and gun powder was used externally for scabies.— Kirtikar and Basu (250, v. 1, p. 267). Oil of lemon was of no value as a repellent or attractant to the screwworm. — Parman and coworkers (302). -133- A 2-percent emulsion of citral (a constituent of the oils of lemon and orange? killed 95 percent of the bean aphids sprayed. — Richardson and Smith (323, p. 608). CITRUS SINENSIS (L.) Osbeck. Orange. Orange poultice was recommended in some skin affections, such as psoriasis. --Watt (422, v. 2, p« 344). Oil of orange was strongly attractive to the oriental cockroach. A bait was made of 6 gm. of gelatin, 200 cc. of dilute beef broth, 0.5 gm. of mercuric chloride, and 1 drop of oil of sweet orange. — Cole (101) • CITRUS sp. This plant was used in Haiti as an insecticide against mosquitoes.— Roark (352, p. 9). CLAUSENA ANISATA Hook. f« Samanobere. In the Gold Coast, Africa, this plant was commonly hung in houses to keep away mosquitoes .—Irvine (213) . PHELLODENDRON AMURENSB Rupr. Amur corktree or velvet tree. Petroleum-ether extracts of this tree showed considerable toxicity to mosquito larvae and when tested in acetone solution to adult house- flies. When dissolved in high-boiling kerosene, such as is used in fly sprays, the extracts showed practically no toxicity. The commercial use of these extracts for controlling houseflies therefore does not seem practical. Chemical fractionation of the extract gave fractions that were much more toxic to houseflies when tested in acetone than the original extract .--Sullivan and coworkers (387). The residue of the fruit, after removal of the oil, showed con»- siderable toxicity against mosquito larvae, houseflies, and codling moth larvae (apple-plug method). The extract was more toxic than derris (5.2 percent rotenone) to mosquito larvae, and to houseflies about as toxic as derris. In a single spray test the material showed low toxic- city to southern armyworms, but this also applied to derris and pyre- thrum. Like pyrethrum and nicotine, the material is a fast-acting poi- son.— Haller (178). The fruit of this tree of Japan was toxic to codlinp- moth larvae and mosquito larvae in laboratory tests.— Roark (341; 342 , p. 14). The Amur corktree, native to several Asiatic countries, was intro- duced into this country in 1856. Specimen trees may be found in Washing- ton, D. C«, and Boston, Mass. The unsaponifiable portion of the oil of -184- the fruit was very toxic to housef 11 ea in acetone solution but not in high-boiling kerosene,— Schechter and Haller (354) . PHELLODENDRON LAVALLI The fruit was found to have insecticidal properties. An acetone solution of the petroleum ether extractive at a concentration of 50 mr. per milliliter was about as toxic to housef lies as an extractive of P. amuranse. — Sullivan and coworkers (587) • PILOCARPUS JABORANDI Holmes • Jaborandi. An aqueous solution of hydrochlorate of pilocarpine, an alkaloid obtained from the leaves, mixed with honey (0.05:2) was fed to ants, which were apparently unaffected.— Cobelli ( 100) • The powdered leaves had a slight effect on fly larvae.--Cook and Hutohison (103, p. 4). The minimum concentration of pilocarpine hydrochloride required to kill about 95 peroent of the bean aphids was greater than 0.5 gm. to 100 cc. of liquid, while that of nicotine sulfate was 0.009 gm.— Richardson and Smith (322). Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). RUT A GRAVEOLENS L. Common rue. A strong decoction obtained by macerating the leaves in soap and water was a successful remedy for the insects causing American blight.— Roark (331, p. 102). Extracts from the entire plant exhibited repellent qualities to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . ZANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM Mill. Prickly-ash. Extracts from the dried bark were repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Metzger and Grant (277) • Acetone extracts of the berries (N. F.) killed 60 peroent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilooxon (188) . ZANTHQXYLUM CLAVA-HERCULIS L. 'Synonym: Fagara clava-herculis Small (U.S.P.) Hercules-club. The powdered leaves seemed to repel ootton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p. 185). -185- SANTHOXYLOM HAMILTONIANUM Wall* Tez-moora. The roots of this plant, whioh grows profusely in Assam, were used as a fish poison* In the laboratory a boiled fresh solution of the roots killed mosquito larvae in 7 minutes* In field experiments all larvae were killed in a very short time in dilutions up to 1 in 50* The larvicidal action is due to a saponin*— Mans on (265)* ZANTHQXYLUM PIPERITUM DC* Japanese p pper* The upper layer of a pyrethrum extract, mixed with creosote or camphor oil, paradichlorobenzene, and the seed oil of this plant, was used as an insecticide*— Akita (38)* SALICACEAB (Willow Family) POPULUS 8p* , probably candioans Ait* Balm-of-Gilead* Acetone extracts of the buds of this tree killed 95 percent of the mosquito larvae tested. There appeared to be no correlation between resistance to insect attack and toxicity to mosquito larvae*— Hart ze 11 and Wilcoxon (188) • POPULUS NIGRA L. Black poplar* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metzger and Grant (277), SALIX NIGRA Marsh* Black willow* Extracts of the bark killed only 5 percent of the mosquito larvae tested*- Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188)* SANTALACEAB (Sandalwood family) COMANDRA UMBSLLATA (L.) Nutt* Comandra* Extracts from the entire plant were repellent to the Japanese beetle*- Metzger and Grant (277)* SANTALUM ALBUM L* Sandalwood* Oil of sandalwood was of no value as a repellent or attraotant to the sorewwornu— Perm an and coworkers (302) • Oil of sandalwood was usually repellent to cockroaches (Blatta orientalis L.) .— Cole (lOl), -186- Oil of sandalwood (50 p,p,m,) killed 100 percent of the mosquito larvae te3ted,--Hartzell and Wilcoxon ( 188) , SAPINDACEAJS (Soapberry Family) CUPANIA sp. Moroballi. Muraballi. Extracts of the wood and bark of this fish-poison plant from British Guiana were nontoxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gi«ing- ham (391), PAULLINIA PINNATA L. The leaves were reported to contain tephrosin. An extract of them was not appreciably toxic to citrus aphids, and a 2-peroent concentration killed only 47,5 percent to the aphids sprayed,— Wors ley (431) • SAPINDUS MARGINATUS mild. In a patent an insecticide or insectifuge was claimed for the use of the berries of this tree. Three berries had been found sufficient to preserve a bushel of wheat against infestation and in the powdered or liquid form was mixed with dried foodstuffs to repel weevils and other insects,— Hoover (202), SAPINDUS MGKOROSSI Gaertn, The green peach aphid was controlled with a spray consisting of ■£ pound of powdered soap nut (fruit of this plant) in 2 gallons of water in which ^ pound of soap was dissolved,— Fletcher (139), SAPINDUS UTILIS Trab. An emulsion made of 5 pounds of saponin (extract of fruit), 6 gal- lons of paraffin, and 25 gallons of water was recommended against the olive scale in Algeria,— Delassus (116) , The saponin patents (Brit. 230,203; Can. 247,378j Ger. 421,100; U. S, 1,610,167 and 1,901,960) will be mentioned here, although the saponin glucosides are also derived from the families Rosaceae and Caryo- phyllaoeae. An improved insecticide consisted of an alkaloidal extract of lupine in combination partly with an inorganic acid and partly with an extract of quillaja bark or other source of saponin glucosides. Saponins may be employed in a soluble fluoride mothproofing liquid to lower the surface tension and to facilitate the penetration of the liq- uid into the fibers to which it is applied. — Roark (333, p, 92; 335, p. 75) ; Roark and Busbey (346, p. 76) , -187- Lapln was effective in combating various pests in the fruit re- gions of Aserbaidzhan* The basio poisonous substance in Lapin is a saponin* The Lapin solution is markedly opalescent and forms on shaking a stable foamy mass -which hardens on the leaves after spraying.— Vel'tishohev (410) » SCHLEICHERA TRIJUGA Willd. In India the natives rub up the berk with oil and use it as a remedy for itch*— Drury (122, p. 398) • The seeds are used as an insecticide in India*— Chopra and Badhwar (98). SERJANIA PAUCIDENTATA DC. This plant was tested in a preliminary manner for insecticidal value*— -Fryer and coworkers (147, p* 18)* SERJANIA sp. Hebitchioahabu* Extracts of the stems of this fish-poison plant from British Guiana were nontoxic to the bean aphid*- Tattersfield and Gimingham (391) * SAPOTACEAE (Sapodilla Family) MADHUCA BuTXRACEA (Roxb.) Maobride* Synonym: Bassia butyracea Roxb. The bark was used in India as a fish poison and as an insecticide*— Roark (332, p. 29)* MADHUCA LATIFOLIA (Roxb.) Maobride. Synonym: Bassia latlfolia Roxb. Mahua. Mohwa* A preparation from this tree was rubbed on the body as a cure for itch. The smoke produced in burning the residue after extraction of the oil was reputed to kill insects and rats*— Watt (422, ▼• 1, p* 408). Stored grain was coated with mohwa oil and kept in closed receptacles* The oil retarded attacks of weevils as long as the seeds remained moist, but the grain was attacked after a few months*— Fletcher and Ghosh (140, pp. 733-755). This species is widely distributed in India* A 5-percent alcoholio extract of the stem bark killed 100 percent of Plutella maoulipennis (Curt*), 70 percent of Prodenia litura (F*) and Crocidolomia binotalls Zeller., and 100 percent of Euproctis fraterna (Moore) • A 5-percent -188- bract of the leaves killed 100 percent of the first species, 65 per- cent of the second species, and 100 percent of the third and fourth species* The powdered stem hark dusted upon beetles, Callosobruchus ohinensis (L*)j killed only 80 percent of them in 72 hours*- Pu'ttarudriah and Subramaniam (312) * This plant was said to be used as an insecticide and mohwa meal to kill worms on lawns in India,— Chopra pnd Badhwar (98). MADHDCA LONGI FOLIA (L*) Macbride. Synonym: Bassia longi folia L. liowa-mahua tree* A decoction of the bark was used as a remedy for itch* — Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 1, p* 750) • MADHUCA sp* A commercial powder mp.de from the seeds was efficient but slow against silkworms, although within 48 hours it killed only 35 peroeait of the aphids tested* A decoction of the powder had only a slight ef- fect on the aphids* — Mclndoo and Sievers (259, p* 23)* SIDEROXYLON BORBONICUM A. DC. This plant is listed as an insecticide*— Greshoff (170, p. 101)* SAXIFRAGACEAB (Saxifrage Family) PHILADELPHUS CORONARIUS L* Sweet mockorange* An infusion, a decoction, and an alcoholic extract had no effect on cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p* 186)* SCROPHULARIACEAE (Figwort Family) ANTIRRHINUM sp* Snapdragon* AUREOLARIA FEDICUIARIA (L*) Raf. Gerardia. Extracts from the snapdragon were not repellent to the Japrnese beetle, but extracts of the leaves and flowers of gerardia were re- pellent.—Metzger and Orpnt (277). AUREOLARIA VTRGINICA (L.) Pennell. Synonym: Dasystona flava. This plant was reputed to prevent attacks of flies on horses.— Porcher (308, p* 509)* -189- BRAMIA MONNIERI (L.) Fennell. Synonym Herpestis roonnleria H. B. K» Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide.—Wats and Singh (421). CHELONE GLABRA L. Turtlehead. Extracts from the dried leaves were more or less repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grant (277) • DIGITALIS AMBIGUA Muurr. Synonym: D. grandiflora Lam. The leaves of this plant yield digitalin, which was as powerful as nicotine and served admirably against aphids and flea beetles. To pre- pare the decoction 30 pounds of stems with the leaves are boiled for 30 minutes in 20 gallons of water, and when used it is diluted with an equal quantity of water. It is less liable to injure foliage than nicotine and was used as a substitute for niootine in France.— Blin (62) • DIGITALIS PURPUREA L. Foxglove. A solution of the alkaloid digitalin materially increased the heart activity of the larva of Corethra crystellina (Deg.).— Dogiel (120, p. 27). The tincture of digitalis mixed with honey was fed to ants, which were apparently unaffected.— Cobelli (lOO). Digitalin made into a thin paste with water and applied to the head of the common blowfly caused great irritation at once, followed by weakness and paralysis, and death occurred within 10 to 24 hours.— Blyth and Blyth (64, p. 442). A decoction of 15 kg. of leaf steins in 100 liters of water, diluted for spraying with 100 additional liters of water, was effective against aphids on nut trees.— Arranger (40); Blin (61) . A spray containing an extract of Digitalis was ineffective against the larvae of vine moths in France.— liar ohal (266, p« 250) • Extract of Digitalis (10 percent in water) and folia digitalis had no effeot on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.)»- DeBussy (76). Commercially prepared extracts of Digitalis were not significantly toxic to the bean aphid.- Tattersfield and coworkers (395) • Extracts of the foxglove (N. F.) were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met ager and Grant (277). -190- Comments by reviewer*— More work should be done using various ex- tracts of Digitalis against a wide range of insects. EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS L. Byebright. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). LINARIA VULGARIS Mill. Toadflax. MELAMPYRUM LINEARE Desr. Cowwheat. The juice of L. vulgaris mixed with milk is poisonous to flies and the smell of the flower also kills them.— Williams (428, p. 917) • Extracts from these plants were not repellent. to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277) . RHTNANTHUS CRISTA-GALLI L. Rattlebox. This plant is listed as an inseoticide.— Lyons (248, p. 395). SCROPHULARIA MARILANDICA L. Figwort. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). SCROPHULARIA NODOSA L. Figwort. Extracts of the ■whole plant killed only 25 percent of mosquito larvae tested.— Hartzell and Wilcoxon (188) « VERBASCUM BLATTARIA L. Moth mullein. The powder, used as a dust, had a slight effect on cockroaches and tent oaterpillars; used as a stomach poison, it had a very slight effect on grasshoppers and flies, but none at all on cockroaches, silk- worms, and webworms. The water extract had no effect on webv/orms, potato beetle larvae, and rose aphids, but a slight effeot on honeybees and silkworms. An alcoholic extract was fatal to bees.— llclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 24). VERBASCUM THAPSUS L. Common mullein. VERONICA OFFICINALIS L. Speedwell. An alcoholic extract of V. thapsus and a decoction of the leaves were ineffective against cotton caterpillars. — Riley (325, p. 185). -lei- Bxtraots froa both plants were not repellent to tho Japanese beetle.-- Metsger and Grant (277)* VEROHICASTRUM 7IKGIHICUM Farw. Synonynt Veronloa -rlrginlca L* Culver's root. Extracts of the roots (H. P.) killed only 15 percent of the aos- qulto larrae tested.— Hart tell and Wi oxon (188) • SIMARUBACEAB (Allanthua or Quassia Easily) AB8CHRI0H EXCELS A ( Swart*) Aunts e* 8ynonyas: Piorasna exoelsa Planch, j Ploraena exoelsa Lindl.f Slaaruba exoelsa DC. i Quassia exoelsa Swart*. Jamaica quassia* The use of this quassia wood as an inseotioide is well known* The literature was briefly reviewed by Molndoo and Si overs (258) in 1917 sad Busbey (78) in 19S9 gare a oonplete reriew of the papers pertaining to the various quassia woods* AILAITHCS ALTISSIMA (Mill.) Swingle* Synonym A. glandulosa Desf . Ailanthus* A decoction and an infusion of the leaves had no effect on ootton oaterpi liars .—Riley (325, p* 184)* In India the bark was an active vermifuge.— Watt (422, t. 1, p. 151) • This plant cheeked the spread of the rose bug;.— Ton Mueller (414, p. 27)* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Metsger and Grant (277) * Extracts of the leaves killed only 20 percent of the wo s qui to lar- vae tested.— Hart sell and Wilooxan (188) » BALANITES ROXBURGHII Pleach* This plant was used in India as a fish poison sad as an inseotioide.— Boark (332, p. 4). la tests against aphids with extracts of the orude powders of six fish-poison plants, the bark powder of this species gave the best results. -192- Extraots of the different parts of the plants with atethyl alcohol, chloroform* ether, etc, were about 10 times as toxio to inseots as were the crude powders*— Subramani am (379) * This flsh-polson plant is found in India* A 5-peroent aleoholio extract of the stew bark killed 70 per sent of adult grasshoppers and a 6-peroent extract killed 80 percent of the oaterpillars tested in 24 hours* Powder (l/8 percent) on water killed 80 to 100 percent of mos- quito larrae in 60 hours*— Puttarudriah nd Subramani am (311)* PICRAMNTA PEWTANDRA Swart*. This plant was used as a general inseotioide in Haiti,— Roark (332, p. 33)* PICRASMA HAPALENSIS Benn. Powdered leaves and twigs of this plant were used to kill mosquito larrae in Assam. India*— Chopra and Badhwar (98)* PICRASMA QUASSIOIDES (Ham*) Bennett* Synonyms: P* ailanthoides Planoh.i Wima quassloides Ham* A decoction of the bark was used to kill lioe*— Oreshoff (170. p. 30). This speoies possesses insect! oidal properties*— Lyons (248, p* 356) QUASSIA AMARA L* Surinam quassia* This speoies has been largely replaoed in use by the Jamaica qurfssia, which ooours in much greater abundance*— Busbey (75) • SAMADERA INDICA Gaertn. This plant is listed as an inseotioide*— Greshof f (170, p* 30)* SIMARUBA VESI COLOR St* Hill, The bark reduoed to a powder was used as an inseotioide.— Baroellos Pagundes (51). SMILACACEAB (Smilax Family) SMILAX BOHA-HOX L* Synonymt 8* tamnoldes L* Bamboo brier* Extracts of the roots killed only 30 peroent of the mosquito lar- rae tested.— Hart sell and Wilooxon (188)* -193- SOLahACEAB (Nightshade or Potato Family) ATROPA BKLIADONHA L. Belladonna* Deadly nightshade* In 1915 and 1916 Molndoo and Sievers did considerable work with the powders and extracts of belladonna but the results were not published* The various preparations had little or no effect on houseflies, German oookroaohes, fall webworms, oatalpa oa<**rpi liars, silkworms, and honey- in alcoholic extract and a deoootion of the leares had no effeot on cotton caterpillars.— Riley (325, p« 184)* Extract of belladonna (10 peroent in water) had no effeot on the oaterpillars of Prodenia litura (F*) • — DeBussy (76) • Commercially prepared extracts were not significantly toxic to the bean aphid.— Tatter sfi eld and ooworkers (393)* In India belladonna was reported to hare inseotieidal or repelling properties.— Roark (332, p. 4)* Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were such in- ferior to the standard nosquitooide*— Wats and Singh (421) • The alkaloid atropine is found in Atropa belladonna and in the seeds of Datura stramonium, but the following papers on atropine will be dis- cussed here* A weak concentration of atropine after an hour had a tendency tb reduoe the heart sot ion of the larva of Corethra crystalline (Peg.) .— Dogiel (120). An aqueous solution of atropine sulfate and tincture of belladonna, eaoh mixed with honey, did not affect ants*— Cobelli (lOO) . Hypodermic injections of atropine sulfate produced in large cater- pillars loss of creeping ability, segmental tremblings, and contractions, with slight stimulation of the dorsal nusoles. — Crosier (110, pp. 242- 246). The mini mum concentration of atropine sulfate required to kill a- bout 95 peroent of bean aphids was 6 gn* to 100 co* of liquid, while that of niootine sulfate was 0.009 fm.— Richardson and 8ml th (322) ♦ Atropine sulfate (0*001 pound per 50 gallons of water) in a spray did not kill Japanese beetles within 6 days.— Moore and Campbell (284, p* 400)* -194- A solution of atropine was used for Mothproofing wool (Hungarian patent 96,941) •—Roark (536, p. 7). The effectiveness of arssnloals against resistant oaterplllars might be Increased by the addition of atropine, pilocarpine, or adrena- line, whioh reduoe the oontraotions of the intestinal tract or prerent regurgitation*— Voskresenskaya (416, pp* 380-533). CAPSICUM AHNUM L* Cayenne or red pepper* The odor of ground pepper stunned nosquitoes in 20 minutes and killed then in 6 hours*— Colli and Casagrandi (82, p* 95). An extract of oapsioine, an alkaloid fron Capsloun, was tested against four speoies of oaterplllars* A 5-peroent spray killed" within 7 days only 21 peroent of the insects tested* and a 1-peroent solution killed only IS peroent.— Duke of Bedford and Pickering (65, p* 84) • Red pepper was ineffective against bedbugs and cockroaohes, and of no ralue against the dog flea*— Scott and coworker* (861, pp. 6, 14 j 37, p* 12). Cayenne pepper is worthless as a control for olothes »otha, although it has often been reooenended for this purpose* — Baok (44) • A patented insecticide, consisting of wine dregs, oayenne pepper* African bitter gourd juioe (Cuourblta), niootine, strong alkali soap, fish oil, and water will kill grasshoppers, plant lice, oaterplllars, Japanese beetles, locusts, end all types of vegetable and flower in- sects when they are sprayed with it*— Proetto (309) • CAPSICUM FRUTESCSNS L* This speoies was said to be used in Slnd as an inseotioide*- Roark (332, p* 8)* This plant in China was used as an inseotioide for the funigation of grain stores*— Soar one (363)* DATURA FASTUOSA L. A 5-peroent alooholio extract of the leaves of this Indian speoies killed 100 peroent of Prodenla litura (P*), Buprootls fraterna (Moore), iind Pqr^°sllla rlolnl (F*), and 86 peroent of Crooldolosda binotalls Seller* A 5-peroent extract of the fruits killed 100 peroent of the first species, 95 peroent of the seoond and third, and 65 peroent of the fourth*— Putt arudriah and Subraaanlan (312), Poor results were obtained with extraots of this speoies against adult Mosquitoes*- Wats and Singh (421)* -196- DATURA MBTBL L. Angel-trumpet. Thin shrub or small tree wan commonly pounded and used to smear the floors of houses to kill lioe and other vermin, especially the dreaded "jiggers/ in the Gold Coast, Africa*— Irvine (215). This species was said tc be used In Slnd as an insecticide*— Hoerk (832, p* 17)* DATURA SmuWIICK L. Jimsonweed* Thorn apple* Neither the alcoholic extract frcsi the dried seed or leaves nor a decoction fresi the leaves was effective against ootton caterpillars*— Riley (526, p* 184). A strong infusion of the leaves had no effect on potato beetles, rose beetles, or the larvae of a butterfly*— Pernald (135, p* 10)* The leaves, used as a fusdgant, were inefficient against bedbugs, cockroaohes, flies, olothes moths, and mosquitoes •-- noClintook and coworkers (250, p* 238)* The decoction was recommended as an inseotioide in Germany.— Sprenger (573)* in extract of the leaves was of no value against fly larvae.— Cook and coworkers (104, p* 14)* An inseotioide prepared in Russia from the ripe and dried plant, consisting of stalk, leaves, and seed, was effeotlve against aphids, various caterpillars, eookohafers, etc, killing them in a very short time.— Medynsky (274), Extra ottus stramonii (10 peroent in water) and folia stramonii had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenla 11 tar a (P.) .— DeBussy (76). A water extract had no effeot on small web worms and small oatalpa caterpillars, and a highly concentrated water extract had only a slight effeot on honeybees* The water extract, used as a funigant, had mo ef- fect on snail webworms* The powder, used as a stomach poison, had a slight effect on silkworms, and used as a dust, it had a slight effeot on cockroaches and tent caterpillars.— Molndoo and Sievers (259, p* 22). Commercially prepared extracts were not significantly toxic to the bean aphid*- Tattersfield and coworkers (393)* Dusts of the leaves killed 100 peroent of the adult beetles Aulo- oophora abdominalls P. tested in India,— Chopra (97, p. 109), Brtracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosqnitocide.— Wats and 8ingh (421). -196- DUBOISIA HOPWOODII F. Muall. Pltur; This species is often mentioned in- papers on nicotine although only one paper on noraiootine obtained from this tree was found* A sample of d-nornicotine, obtained from this plant in Australia, was found to hare about the save toxicity to the bean aphid as the 1- snd dl-nornioetines. Bxtracta of thi? species night yield an insecti- cide superior to nicotine against some ins ?ta.— Hansberry and Norton (182), sad Hiohardson (521, p. 83) . HTOSCIaUDS ALBUS L. A deooetion was recommended as an insecticide in Germany.— Sprenger (573). HY0SCYAMT8 NIGER L. Henbane* A deooetion was reooraDended against aphids on rose bushes •— Binnenthal (67, p* 46)* A deooetion was reoommended as an insecticide in Germany. — Sprenger (373). A strong deooetion was effectire against aphids only. — Sohreiber (360). A deooetion was inefficient against two species of oaterpillars but efficient against a third species*— Goriainov (166). A 10-peroent water extract and folia hyoscyasd. had no effect on the oaterpillars of Prodenla 11 turn (F.).— DeBussy (76)* The minimum concentration of hyosoyamine sulfate required to kill about 96 percent of bean aphids was greater than 0*4 go. to 100 oo* of liquid, while that of niootine sulfate was 0.009 go. — Richardson and Saith (322). £ Hyosoyamine is an alkaloid obtained from henbane, bella- donna, and Jiosonweed.J Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquito cide*— Wats and Singh (421). BTOSCYAlftJS spp. Extracts were tested against four species of oaterpillars. Within 7 days a 6-peroent spray killed only 20 peroent of the insects and a 1-peroent spray only 16 peroent. — Duke of Bedford and Pickering (63, p. 84). Conmerolally prepared extracts were not significantly toxlo to the bean aphid*— Tattersfi eld and ooworkers (393)* -19T- Jn extract was used for mothproofing wool (Hungarian patent 96,941) .— Roark (335, p. 37). According to a Russian report, henbane and probably another species of Hyosoyamus grow wild in the environs of Astrakhan* A ooncentrated infusion nade of a uixture of dry, chopped inflorescences, leaves, stems, and roots (1 pound to 1 gallon of water) rapidly killed aphids on oab- bage and watermelons, as well as other Rhynohota* It was equally ef- fective at one-half or one-quarter th5 i concentration,* The strongest and most rapid action was obtained when the infusion was prepared from fresh winter henbane that had sprouted and developed rosettes in the autumn, the roots being particularly effective*— Anonymous (31)* LYCIUM BALIMIFOLIUM Mill* Matrimony-vine. The powder used as a dust af footed cockroaches considerably, but tent caterpillars only slightly, and used as a stomach poison it has a considerable effect on grasshoppers* The water extract did not affect honeybees*— Mclndoo and Sievers (269, p* 23)* LTCOPSRSICOH ESCtJUKNTUM Mill* Synonyms i L. lyoopersicum Karat .j 8 planum lycopersloum L* Tomato* In Belgium tomato leaves macerated in water were said to make an ezoellent insecticide. Peach and orange trees and rose bushes sprayed with this preparation were freed of aphids,. and an infestation of kermes was often prevented*— Anonymous (ll)* Decoctions of tomato leaves and stems were recommended against aphids and spinning mites, but they were no good in the control of cater- pillars*— Bixmenthal (57, p* 45)* In Algeria a tomato decoction was recommended as en inseotioide* The best method was to boil 20 gnu of dried leaves in a liter of water down to a sirupy consistency, and apply with a brush to branches infested with aphids*— Anonymous (18)* In France it was suggested that decoctions of tomatoes be sprayed on vegetables infested with aphids* Formerly decoctions of the leaves and stems of tomato plants were used as an insecticide, whioh proved as aotive as nicotine and materially cheaper* Lye of wood ashes was added to increase the toxicity of these de coot ions*— Anonymous (22) * Blin (62). A concentrated extract of tomatoes was very effective against aphids and various other market-garden pests*— Schreiber (360)* A decoction of tomatoes gave only insignificant results against Malaoosoma neustrla (L*).-- Goriainov (166). -198- In experiments in Austria with tomato decoctions against aphids the dried 1 saves gave less favorable results than did fresh ones*— Kornauth (253). In Italy an insectioide superior to tobacco was Bade frost a de- coction of fresh tonato steels and leaves, nixed with wood ashes, leaoh- ed with water, and sifted.— Anonymous (28) • Ground tomato vines, applied as dust*- . were ineffective on webworma, silkworms, potato beetle larvae, rose aphids, and tent caterpillars, but they had a considerable effeot on cockroaches; mixed with food, they had a slight effect on grasshoppers and oockroaohes and seemed efficient a- gainst flies. Used as a fumigant, the powder was practically ineffective against the green peaoh aphid. The water extracts had practically no effect on honeybees and tent caterpillars, but affected grasshoppers and flies considerably* The alcoholio and ether extracts were very effec- tive on flies and bees*— Vclndoo and Sievers (259, p* 8). Alcoholic extracts of the leaves and stems of tomato were not significantly toxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and coworkers (593). Tomato plants were used in Haiti against caterpillars on eggplant. — Roark (332, p. 29). In Cuba it was reported that tomato leaves contain an alkaloid more aotive than nicotine and analogous to digit alin. The following directions were given to prepare an alcoholio extract which was very efficacious against the green aphid, rose and pear aphids, as well as aphids on beans* Into a 2-liter flask that oan be hermetically closed put 500 gnu of well-crushed tomato leaves, taking oare not to lose any of the juice, and all a liter of alcohol* Allow to maoerate for 8 days, and then strain through a cloth, wringing the cloth thoroughly to ex- tract the maximum quantity of liquid* Pour the liquid into bottles and keep closed tightly. For use dilute it at the rate of 260 oo* of juice to 10 liters of water* 500 gm* of tomato leaves yield 50 liters of in- secticide.— Castaneda de Ranero (80) . Comments by reviewer*— In view of all the good inseotloides we now have it seems a waste of time to continue investigations on the tonato plant* NICANDRA PHYSALODES (L.) Gaertn* Synonyms: Physalodes peruvianun (Mill.) Kunttej Atropa physalodes L* Peruvian ground cherry. Shoofly plant. This plant was used as a fly poison in seetions of the United States.— Pamrnel (299, p. 131)* -199- Th* ehoofly is an inaeot-rspelling plant* To repel flies distribute five or six plants about the room* A few dosen plants evenly distributed in the greenhouse will cause the white fly to disappear* Planted out of doors, the shoofly will grow rank* Several hundred planted near a barn, where oows were milked out of doors, apparently kept the animals fron being bothered by insects*— Altrlchter (39), This speoies was used In India as an insecticide.-- Chopra and Badhwar (98) • HICOTIANA epp. Tobacoo and its ohlef alkaloid, niootine, hare been used as insecti- cides sinoe 169C, the literature of which was reviewed up to 1934. Only three speoies (*• glauea, rust lea, and tabaoun) had been tested inseoti- oidally up to tbj. s dat e'*— Melndoo and coworkers (256, 267) • During the present search for inseotioidal plants one more species (H* eylvcstris) has been added to the list* The literature on nicotine and tobacco has been reviewed through 1942. but no other species were used against insects, although 29 or more speoies of Hi cot i ana have been analysed by ohemists* I1C0TIASA GLAUCA Graham. Tree tobacco. This speoies of tobacoo was recommended as an insecticide.— Sprenger (373). An infusion and a decoction of the leaves with soap had only a very slight eff eot on nasturtium aphida. while the powdered leaves had no ap- parent effect on them* An analysis of the leaves showed that the nioo- tine content was only 0*18 peroent*- Molndoo and Si overs (269, p. 23)* The tree tobacoo in the southwestern part of the United States con- tains anabasine, an alkaloid similar to nicotine but even more potent as an aphicide* There was evidence that anabasine might prove as valuable an insecticide as nicotine*— Roark (341) * HICOTIANA RUSTICA L* Wild tobaoco. This speoies of tobacco was also recommended as an insecticide.- Sprenger (373)* Apple trees were sprayed twice in 1 day with an extract prepared by boiling 1 pound for 16 minutes in 3 gallons of water and diluting with 6 gallons of water* This spray destroyed Psylla mall (Schmb.), young oaterpillara of Cheimatobla brnmata (L*) , Tortricidae, and simi- lar pests in Russia*- Glasenapp U62). -200- A decoction of this species mas «n effective stomach poison against llalaoosoma noustria (L.) in Russia. A tobaooo decoction prepared as given by Glaeenapp killed 62*6 percent of the oabbage worms tested.— Goriainor (166) . A 6i6»3 mixture of tobacco, hydrated lie©, and eater proved a Tory efficient insecticide against currant worms, various aphids, leafhoppers, and many other insects under both laboratory and field oondition*.- Haley and ooworkers (177). In Russia a tobaooo- extra ot spray (0.5 percent nicotine) paralysed flea beetles in 15 minutes. Applied undiluted, tobaooo dust was Tory effective in protecting radish and cabbage seedlings against flea beetles, but it proved of little value against lepldopterous larvae and various Rhynchota or against Bruohus pisorum (L.) on peas. — Bondarovioh (67)* KI COTI AHA SYLVESTRI8 Speg. « Cooes. This weed contains nornicotine, an alkaloid of proved inseotieidal value and of greater potency than nicotine for the ocntrol of oertain insects.— Roark (541). 1 -Nornicotine obtained from the leaves of this species grown at Ithaca, H. Y., was tested against the bean aphid. The plants yielded 1*4 percent of orude alkaloids, of which 67 percent was nicotine and 48 percent nornicotine. All the nornicotine* tested seemed more toxic than natural nicotine, substantiating earlier work with the raeesdo compound. 1-Hornicotine is doubtfully more toxic than the dextro or inactive form. The d-niootine is much less toxic than the levo form, but no such pro- nounoed difference exists between the two forms of norniootine. The data indicated that extracts of this plant might yield an insecticide superior to nicotine in toxicity to some inseots.— Hansberry and Morton (182). HICOTIAHA TABACUM L. Common tobaooo. Host, if not all, of the commercial nicotine is derived from this species. PETUNIA HYBRIDA Vilm. Common petunia. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metsger and Grant (277). PETUNIA sp. A decoction of petunia was recommended as an inseotioide.— Sprenger (373). -201- In t««t8 with Petunia plants in pot a, adult a of Maloe violaceus Marsh*, larvae of Pleris brasslcae (L*), and larvae of Pi lob a caeruTeo- oephala (L.) died immediately after eating the leaves* Bpicometia hirta (Poda) and Cetonla aurata (L*) died after eating the leave a, but they suoeuabed aore quickly after eating the flowers* Centoptera amerlcana (L*) was aore resistant, but died in 6 or 6 days after feeding on the leaves, and 2 or S days after feeding on the flower a.— Borg (68) * PHYSALIS AHGULATA L* Cut-leaved ground cherry* Extracts of the entire plant from British Guiana were nontoxic to the bean aphid*— tatterafield and Gimingham (391)* SOLAHDM AURICULATUM Ait* A decoction of the berries were used as an insecticide* — Greshof f (171, p. 141). S0LANU1I CAROLINES L. Horsenettle* A deoootion was ineffective against cotton caterpillars •— Riley (525), Water extracts had no effect on snail webworms and email catalpa caterpillars* The powder, used as a fumigant, had no effeot on small oatalpa caterpillars} used as a stomach poison, it had no effect on silkworms and webworms, but had a slight effect on grasshoppers} and used as a dust, it had a slight effeot on tent caterpillars and oook- roaohes*— Molndoo and Si ever e (269, p. 23). Brtraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*— Met zger and Grant (277). Extracts of the berries killed 40 percent of the mosquito larvae tested*-»Hartsell and Wile ox on (188) • SOLAKUM DULCAMARA L. Bitter nightshade* Infusions of the entire plant mixed with manure killed 26 percent of the fly larvae in one test and 82 percent in a second test*— Cook and Hutchison (103, p* 4)* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Mete ger and Grant (277). SOLANUM IHDICUM L. In India the leaves and fruit, rubbed up with sugar, were used as an external application for itoh*- Kirtikar and Basu (230, v* 2, p* 896)* -202- SOLANUM JAMES I I Torr. After eating leaves of this apeoiee, potato beetle larvae turned black and died.— Marohal and ooworkers (267), SOLANUM NIGRUM L. Blaok nightshade. A remedy for the woolly aphid in Europe is a deoootion of the fresh plant, which is brushed on the infected parts of the trees.— Regel (317), A deoootion used as a spray against aphids was only partly ef feet ire. — Thiele (598, p. 165). An infusion or extract of the unripe fruits was toxio to insects, the toxic prinoiple being solanine, an alkaloid present in a number of solana- oeous plants* It was cheap, and a 0.05-percent aqueous solution was used for spraying*— Pollaool and Gallotti (507) • SOLANTJM TUBEROSUM L. Potato* Concentrated potato water rubbed on oattle slowly rid them of lioe.— Gillette (167, p* 186). Potato star oh was ineffective against oookroaohes.— Scott and oo- workers (361, p* 14)* Extraots of potato plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Metsger and Grant (277)* Comments by reviewer*— There is no scientific basis for the early reports that the potato plant is poisonous* When staroh, whioh is ob- tained from the potato and other plants, is used in connection with in- secticides, it acts meohanically, as does flour. WITHANIA SOMNIFERA Dunal* This plant is listed as an inseotioide.— Greshoff (171, p. 143). SPARGANIACEAB (Bur-Reed Family) SPARGANIUM AMERICANUM Nutt* Bur reed. Extraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle •— Metsger and Grant (277)* -203- STEtfOBACEAE STEWQKA COLLINS AE Craib. Extracts of the tubers of this plant from Slam were nontoxic to the bean aphid •— Tattersfi eld and Gimingham (391) * STEMCWA TUBEH08A Lour* Paipu. Decoctions of the dried roots in indo-China gave 90 percent mor- tality of crickets in 6 days. 40 percent mortality of weevils in 6 days, and 100 percent mortality of lepidopterous larvae* Extracts of the roots made with carbon tetrachloride, ehloroform, ether, alcohol, and bensene extracts, when tested against the rice weevil, gave mortalities Of 77, 70, 62, 55, and 55 percent, respectively, when used alone, and Bl, 67, 60, 67, end 25 percent* when used with 2 percent of saponin*- Xante (292)* This plant has long been reoogniced in China as an inseoticide and six references are cited* As early as A* D* 960 the drug was recom- mended for killing lice and fleas, and the present experiments conclu- sively proved that a 50-percent alcoholic extract of the raw drug, ob- tained from a Chinese drug store, was very effective against the body louse, the pubic louse, and oertain sucking liee on animals* The drug was also effective in killing the eggs of lice*— Wang (418)* 8TERCULIACEAB (Cola-Hut Family) PTEROSPERMOM ACERIFOLIUM (L.) Willd. Synonym; P. aoeroldos Wall* In India the flowers were used as a disinfectant and to keep insects away from bed clothes.— Watt (422, v* 6, pt* 1, p* 562)* Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much in- ferior to the standard mosquitooide*— Wats and Singh (421) * THBOBROMA CACAO L. Caeao. Cocoa* A chocolate manufacturer mentioned an odd experience in connection with disposal of the ooooa shells* Some of the shells were used as bedding for dogs* Later the keeper credited the shells with having caused the disappearance of fleas that had infested the dogs*— Walton end Gardiner (417)* STYBACACEAB (Storax Family) HALE3IA CAROUHA L. Silverbell tree* Dead Japanese beetles were found under this tree •— Met sger (276)* -204- STYRAX BEWZOIH Dryand. Kemenyan* A 5-percent water extract of the roots of this Malayan fieh- poiaou tree killed three-fifth* of the moth larvae (Paraaa herbifera (Walk.)) treated, while a 0.5-peroent extract of derris roots killed all the larvae treated in less time*— Gater (153) • STYRAX OFFICINALIS L* Storax tree* In Austria it was suggested that powered snail shells be burned with storax and the ashes scattered over nests of ants as a repellent •— Anonymous (4)* A solution of styrax (storax) containing sulfur or tar was rec- ommended as a remedy for mites (Sarooptes) on man and animals •— Martini (269, p* 262). Q According to Hill* Economic Botany, p* 188, storax comes from Llquldambar or i entails Mill., family Hamamelidaoeae^l STYRAX spp* Benzoin derived from one or more speoies of Styrax was one of the mothproofing materials olaimed in a German patent (546,597)*— Ro ark (533, p. 27) • SYMPLOCACEAE (Sweetleaf Family) SYMPLOCOS PANICTJLATA (Thunb.) Miq. 8weetleaf. Extracts of the roots killed only 10 percent of the mosquito larvae tested*— Hart sell and Wilcoxon (188)* TAMARICACEAE (Tamarish Family) REAUMURIA HYPERICOIDES Willd. In India this plant was used for the treatment of itch, the bruised leaves being applied externally. — Watt (422, v. 6, pt* 1, p* 599) TAXACEAE (Yew Family) TAXU3 CUSPIDATA Sieb* & Zuco. Japanese yew* Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle*- Metsger and Grant (277). -205- TH EACEAE (Tea Family) CAMELLIA SINEJJS'S (L.) Ktze. Synonym: Thea sinensis L. Tea. The addition of oil of teaseed increased the toxioity of derris to the squash bug,— Fulton and Howard (149) • CAMELLIA spp. In China the toxic property of the seeds of camellia was due en- tirely to a saponin, which was about one-fiftieth as toxic as rotenone to goldfish* The larvae of a sawfly, tent caterpillars, and silkworms refused to eat leaves with the saponin on them.— Wilson and coworkers (429) . CARAIPA FASCICULATA Camb. This species furnished one of the resins used as an insecticide and as a cure for itch.— Barcellos Fagundes (51). THEOPHRASTACEAE JACQUINIA RUSCIFOLIA Jacq. Extracts of the stems and leaves of this plant from British Guiana were nontoxic to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391) . JACQUIITCA, probably SPRUCEI Mez. Fruit of this bushy tree from Ecuador is used as a fish poison but was not toxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and coworkers (394) • THYMELEACEAE ( Mez er euro Family) AQUILARIA AGALLOCHA Roxb. In India the powerful wood was preventive against fleas and lice.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 1112)* DAPHNE MEZEREUM L. Spurge laurel. This plant, which is well known in medicine, was observed never to have insects on it, but frequently dead beetles, flies, and wasps were found beneath it* Extracts of various parts of it should be tried on forest pests.— Gomilevsky (164) ♦ Ten grams of cortex mezerei in 500 cc. of water had no effect on the caterpillars of Prodenia litura (F.). — DeBussy (76). -206- LASI0SIPH0N ERIOCEPHALUS Deoaisne. Tho baric was used as a fish poison and as an insecticide in India.— Roark (332, p. 27) • Ertracts of the fruit in Mysore had varying toxic properties a- gainst aphids.— Subramanian (377). This fish-poison plant is common in high-rainfall areas of India. It was apparently of no value as an insect ' cide.— Puttarudriah and Subramaniam (311) • TILIACEAE (Linden Family) GREWIA CARPINIFOLIA Juss. Woman in west tropical Africa used the sap in washing the hair to remove or prevent lice.— Dalilel (112). GREWIA TILIAEFOLIA Vahl. In India the bark was employed externally to remove the irritation in cow itch.— Watt (422, v. 4, p. 183). TILIA EUROPAEA L. European linden tree. Aoetane extraots of the flowers and leaves killed 50 peroent of the mosquito larvae tested.— IJartzell and Wilooxon (188) . TYPHACEAE (Cattail Family) TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. Rarrowleaf oattail. TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. Common cattail. Extraots from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle. — Metzger and Grant (277) . TJLMACEAE (Elm Family) CELTIS CINNAMOMEA Lindl. GIRONNIERA RETICULATA Thwaites. These plants, scraped fine and mixed with lemon juice, were used in India to anoint the body to oure itoh.— Watt (422, v. 2, p. 243). -£C7- ULUaS AMERICANA L. American elm* Extracts of this tree killed only 10 percent of the mosquito lar- vae tested*— Hartsell and Wilcoxon (188) * URTICACEAE (Nettle Family) GIKARDINIA PALMATA (Forsk.) Gaudloh. Extracts applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were nuoh in- ferior to the standard mosquito oide«— -Wats and Singh (421) ♦ PARIETARIA PHTSYLVANICA Muhl. ex. Willd. Pellitory. Estraots were not repellent to the Japanese beetle •— Met tger and Grant (277). VALERIANACEAB (Valerian Family) VALERIANA OFFICINALIS L. Valerian. The root was of no value against the sorewworm either as a re- pellent or an attract ant •— Panaan and ooworkers (302) * VERBBNACBAB (Vervain Family) CLERODENDRON INERME Gaertn. This common ornamental hedge plant in India is a deterrent to honeybees, the odor causing them to desert the combs. A 20-peroent water suspension of the powdered stems killed only 80 peroent of the nymphs of mango hoppers •—Putt arudri ah and Subramaniam (311) » CLERODENBRUM INFORTUNATUM Gaertn* Synonyms Volkameria infortunate Roxb* In India the natives believed that the presence of this plant oured soabiesa — Watt (422, v. 2, p* 373)* CLERODENDRUM PHLOMOIDES L. f • The bitter juioe of the leaves of the white- flowered variety was much used in Sind, India, as a remedy for itch*— Murray (290, p. 174). DORANTA REPHTS L* Synonyms D. plnmierl J acq. This large woody shrub grows profusely in Assam* Its berries, when macerated, exude a juice lethal to all anopheline and oulioine -208- larvae in dilutions up to 1 in 100. The poison appeared to be an alkaloid analogous to narootins. — Hanson (266) » GMELIHA ARBOREA Roxb. The Hindus used the juioe of the leaves to remove fetid discharges •rorms from ulcers.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 996). LANTANA CAMARA L. raots applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were muoh in- ferior to the standard mosquitocide.-- Wats and 8ingh (421) . LIPPIA DULCIS Trevir. Lippia. bracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.-- Met tger and Grant (277). LIF RTPHYLLA (L*Her.) Kuntse. Synonym: L. oitriodora H. B. K. The essential oil from this plant, applied in 2-percent emulsion sprays , killed more than 90 peroent of the red spiders and cotton aphids ad within 24 hours. A 1-peroent emulsion killed 67 peroent of the red spiders and 92.7 peroent of the aphids.— Kayumor (226). TECTGNA GRAHDIS L. f . Teak. A tar extracted from the wood was applied to the sores of draft cattle to destroy maggots. As a rule white ants would not touch teak and the use of teak-wood tar had been suggested as a remedy for these destructive pests.— Dymock and ooworkers (124, v. 3, p. 62). VERBENA HAS TATA L. Blue vervain. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Met sger and Grant (277). Extract 8 of the whole plant killed only 30 peroent of the mosquito larvae tested.— Hartxell and Wllooxon (198). VI TEX AGNUS-CASTUS L. Lilac chaste tree. Since flies were believed to avoid this tree, branches of it were hung in the huts.— Greshoff (171, p. 136). VITEX NEGUNDO L. Negundo chaste tree. Nochi The leaves were used to preserve rioe and clothes from insect at- taok. In India the leaves werM often placed between the leaves of books for the same purpose*— Dymo ok and ooworkers (124, v. 3, p. 74). -209- Leaves mixed tilth stored grain in closed reoeptaoles did not pro- toot the grain from attacks of weevils.— Flstoher and Ghosh (140, pp. 734, 763) • In India stored products were preserved In bins with the leaves of this plant, but it is doubtful whether the leaves had any insectioidal value.— Ayyar (43, p. 48) • The leaves of this plant, which is widely distributed in India, are scattered among clothes to preserve thea from insects. A 5-percent al- coholic extract of the leaves killed 90 percent of Plutella macullpennis (Curt.), 60 to 75 percent of Prodenia lltura (F.), 20 percent of Croci- dolomia binotalls Zeller., and 100 percent of Euproctis fraterna (Moore) , fterioalla rlclni (F.), and Achaea Janata (L.) .— Puttarudriah and Subra- naniam (312). VIOLACEAE (Violet Family) VIOLA PAPILIONACEA Pursh. Butterfly violet. VIOLA TRICOLOR L. Common pansy. Extracts from these plants were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.* Metsger and Grant (277). VITACEAE (Grape Family) PARTHENOCISSTJS QUINQUEFOLIA (L.) Planch. Synonyms: Hedera quinquefolia L.j Vitis hederaoea Willd. (Kew). Virginia creeper. A bunch of leaves was rubbed on an infested area of an apple tree, crushing all the woolly aphids on this spot. A week later the tree was entirely free of aphids, whereas formerly the tree could not be kept free from infestation for any length of time.— Burger (71). VITIS SETOSA Wall. Extracts of this plant applied as sprays against adult mosquitoes were much inferior to the standard mosquitocide. — Wats and Singh (421). XYRIDACEAE (Yellow-eyed- Grass Family) XYRIS IMDICA L. In India this plant was used for itch.— Kirtikar and Basu (230, v. 2, p. 1306). -210- ZINGIBERACEAE (Ginger Family) ALPINIA OFFICINARUM Hance. Galangal. Extracts ware not repellent to the Japaneae beetle.— Met tger and Grant (277), AMOMUM MELEGUETA Roac. A decoction was rubbed on the 8kin of domestic anlnala In Africa, to repel tsetae flies.— Sander (351, p. 567) • CUlfCUMA AROMA TICA Saliab. CURCUMA LONGA L. Turmeric. In India C. aromatioa was used externally for scabies and smallpox. Pure turmerio waa useful for scabiea and other akin diseases .—Watt (422, v. 2, pp. 657, 669). CURCUMA ZEDOARIA Rose. Zeoary. Extracts were not repellent to the Japanese beetle.— Metzger and Grant (277). HEDYCHIUM SPIOTUM Hani It. In India this plant was said to proteot clothes from inaect at- taoka.— Watt (422, ▼• 4, p. 207). ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (Caltrop Family) GUAIACUM OFFICINALE L. Guallacan tree. Guaiaool, which is derived from this tree, waa considered one of the best repellents to the ecrewwornu— Parman and ooworkera (502). LARREA DIVARICATA Cav. Synonym: Covillea trldentata (DC.) Vail. Creosotebuah. Extracts of the leaves killed only 20 percent of the mosquito lar- vae tested, and extracts of the stems and roots killed none.— Hartiell end Wilcox on (188). PEGANUM HARMALA L. In India the roota were uaed to kill lice in the hair.— Watt ( 422 , v. 3, p. 86). -211- UNIDENTIFIED PLANTS The following common, local, or native names have not been identi- fied botanically. MI LI TON. This might be anilito, which is Indigofera mucronata.— Roark (332, p. 3). A -water extract had no effect on smell webworms and sm*>ll catalpa caterpillars. Water and alcoholic extracts were efficient against honey- bees* The powder, used as a fumigant, had no effect on small webworms; used as a dust, it had a slight effect on tent caterpillars and cock- roaches; and used as a stomaoh poison, it had no effect on webworms end flies and only a slight effect on cockroaches and silkworms.— L'clndoo and Si ever s (259, p. 21) % BALBEC. A water extract killed silkworms quickly.—KoIndoo and Sievcrs (259, p. 21). BALEKATTU. This plant wes found in Coorg, India. A 7»5-percent alccholio ex- tract of the creeper ki lied 100 percent of the adult grasshoppers ( Epacroml a tamulua (F.)) treated, and a 3-percent extract killed 70 per- cent of one species of caterpillars and 100 percent of another species.— Putterudriah and Subrananiem (311) • CHURIMOLLU. This plant was found in Coorg, India. A 7.5-percent alcoholic ex- tract of the stems killed 100 percent of the adult grasshoppers treated 'and a 5-percent extract killed 80 percent of one species of caterpillars (Crocidoloroia blnotalis Zeller) and 100 percent of another species (Euproctis fraterna (?^oore)). Powdered stems dusted upon beetles killed 100 peroent of them in 30 hours.— Putt arudrieh and Subrsmaniam (311) . CON AMI CLIBODIUM. Extracts of the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit of this fish-poison plant from British Guiana were nontoxio to the bean aphid.— Tattersfield and Gimingham (391) . [[ This may be a speoies of Asclepias.l DACRA. The powdered stems, mixed with grain in closed receptacles, did not protect the grain from weevil attacks. This plant was said to have insecticidal properties.— Fletcher and Gho6h (140, pp. 733-734). -212- EML'OY. HARAHARA. &nboy was very poisonous to fish in Ethiopia. The natives were said to have used the juice 8gainst scabies and other dermal afflictions. Harahsra was the only vegetable insecticide found in Madagascar. A de- coction from the roots of thi6 tree was stated to be an excellent in- secticide and much employed by the natives to destroy parasites of the soalp.— Roerk (332, pp. 21, 24). HOLES AMPI OR. This plent was found in Coorg, India. A 5.7-peroent alcoholic ex- tract of the stein bark killed 100 percent of the adult grasshoppers (Epacromia tanulus (F.). — Futtarudriah and Subramaniam (311) ■ H00R00ASHA. A decoction of the bark was employed to destroy pediculi .--Anonymous (7). W0ET0EP0E or K0ET0EP0E. A water extract of the wood was efficient but an extract of the leaves was inefficient against silkworms.— WoTndoo and Sievers (259, p. 23). MOWRAH. The seeds were tested in a preliminary way for insecticidal value. — Fryer and coworkers (147, p# 18) • NECOETAE. SUMA RUBRA. A water extract of the leaves of necoetae killed silkworms very slowly, and an extract of the berk of suma rubra had a slight effect on them.— liclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 23). TALABALLI. Alooholic extracts and water suspensions of this plant from Coorg, India, had no effect on caterpillars.— Futtarudriah and Subramaniam (312) . TSSIKOENA. A water extract had a slight effect on silkworms.— Kclndoo and Sievers (259, p. 23). -213- TUBA HANTD, TUBA JANIROK, TUBA RIAM, TUBA SASAN, TUBA TAPAH. Five-peroant water extracts of the roote of these Malayan fish- poison plants were tested against moth larvae (Paras a herbifera (Wlk.))« An extract of the first plant killed 40 percent of the larvae, an ex- traot of the second, 100, extracts of the third and fifth 0, and an extraot of the fourth 20 percent.— Gat er (153). WEEDS. Powder made from weeds and grasses in the neighborhood was found to be an efficient mosquito larvicide when spread on the surface of the water. Powders thus used killed mechanically, rather than by poisoning the larvae.-- Thibault (597) • TAHOOT. The roots were tested in a preliminary manner for inseotloidal value*— Fryer and coworkers (147). -214- LITERATURE CITED (1) ANONYMOUS. 1865* Anthemls cotula. Phara* Ztg* f • Russland It 578. (2) 1873* Mittel gegeti die Sohildlaus. Deut* Mag* f • Gart. Blumec- kunde 1873: 190* (3) 1876* Erg at t dee pereichen Insektenpulvers. Ztechr. dee Allg. Get err. Apoth. Ver. 13: 346. (4) 1879. Gegen Ameisen. Wlen. Illus. Gart* Ztg. 4: 121. (5) / , , 1883. Nouveau procede pur detruire lee puoerons du pecher. Rev. Hort. L pari« J 55: 7. (6) 1883* Gegen Erdflohe. Wlen. Illua. Gart* Ztg* 8: 183* (7) 1887* The colonial and Indian exhibitien at South Kensington* Brit* Guiana Pharm. Jour* and Trane* ( London ] 17: 101- 106* (8) 1889* Schutt der Hauethiere gegen Bremsen, Steohnuoken ••• Fuhling's Landw* Ztg* 38: 485. (9) 1892* Cultivation of larkspur and oastor oil plants for purpose of destroying locusts* Agr* Gas. N* 3* Wales 2: 18-19. (10) 1893* Parsley fern as an insecticide. Agr* Gat* N. S. Wales 4: 762. (11) 1894. Feuilles de tooates. Rev. de Hort* Beige et Strang. 20: 192. (12) 1896* Destruction /ies moustlques et des cousins* Rev* de Hort* Beige et Strang* 22: 159* (13) 1897. Asolepias ourassavica as an inseotifuge* Kew Roy* Bot* Gard* Bui* Misc. Inform* 130: 338. -215- (U) ANOHTIIOUS. / f / 1899* Troie proeedee poor eloigner lea vouches. Rer* de Hort. Beige et Strang* 25 t 170* (W) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (25) (U) (25) (26) (27) 1902* Pleat* iaseetieide* Her. de Hort* Beige et Strang* 28s 82* 1905* The "nosouito pleat*" Phono* Jour* [London] 71* 250* 1904* Uh nouvel insecticide* Jardia 18t 291* 1906* Preparation dee feuillee de tostatee eoeeie ineeotioide* Roy* Hort* [Peris] 78s 8-9* 1909* Centre le ohereaooa do ble* Prog* Agr* et Title* 61t 66* 1909* Pour detruire lee chenilles* Her* de Hort* Beige et Strang* 55 t 274* 1911* The nosquito plant* Laneet [London J 180s 1095-1096* 1911* La tomato eosne ineeotioide* 8oo* Cent* d'Agr** Hort* et Aoolin* Nice, Bui* Mens* 51s 228-250* 1915* Seal-annual report oa essential oils, synthetic perfuses, eto* (Pub* by Sohiaael and Co*) HO pp. Miltits near Leipsig, London, lew York* 1916* Pleats that stupefy fish* Phara* Jour* and Phara* [London] 97s 526* 1917* Bsploi de genet naoere centre lea perasltee* Tie Agr* et fturale ** 400* 1917* Infusion of brooa tope as a larrloide* Phara* Jour* and Phara* 98s 159* 1921* Contra la polilla* Infora* Agr* [Madrid] lis 265* -216- (28) AMCaTTMOTO. 1921* Deootto dl stall • foglie dl ponodoro. Rir. da Agr. [Rom] 26 i 268. (29) 1924* Departmental aotiTitiee. Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Jour* 9t 191-196. (30) 1927* Patty add oonpoundt of oin^aana alkaloids for aoth- proofing clothe*. Phara. Jour, and Phara. [London] 119i 680-581. (SI) (52) (35) 1935. Henbane (Hyoaoyaaoa nlgor and H. agrostltls) aa ineeoti- oida. f Leningrad*') Inat. Zaahen. Bast. ^Lenln Acad. Agr* Sol., TJ.8.S«K., Inat* Plant. Protect.) Plant Protaot. 4i 154-136. £ la Russian."] 1938* [investigations of the Coaneroial auseua Diriaion in 1956.1 " Aaaterdaa lolon. Inet.t Afd. Hsndeleauaeua Madad. 59, 16, 170 pp. 1956. A now insecticide has prorad affaotira. Indua. end Bag in. Chan., lawa Sd. 14$ 6. • (181) HANSBHtRY, R., and LEE, C. 1945* The yen bean, Paohyrrhisus erosus Urban, as a possible inseotioide. (Scientific Note) Jour* Econ* Bnt. 56: 361-362* -229- (182) HANSBERRY, R., and NORTON, L. B. 1940* Toxicities of optically active nicotines and nornicotines to Aphis rumicis. Jour* Econ. Ent. 33: 734-735* (185) HARE. H. A*. CASPARI. C*. Jr., and RUSBY, H. H., ed. 1916* National standard dispensatory. Ed* 3*, 2081 pp. Philadelphia* (184) HARGREAVES, E. 1924* The action of some organic compounds when used as stomach poisons for caterpillars* Bui* Ent* Res* 15: 51-56* (185) HARRIS. T* W. 1841* Report on the insects of Massachusetts, injurious to vegetation* 459 pp* Cambridge* (186) HARRISON. J* E* 1928* Sheep dip. Austral* Patent 16.258. Aug* 24* [[Abstract in Chen* Aba* 24: 1458* 1930 .^ (187) HARTMAN, E* 1931* A preliminary note on one method of destroying the nymphs of the litohi stink bug* Lingnan Scl* Jour* 10: 283-286* (188) HARTZELL, A., and WILCOXON, P* 1941* A survey of plant products for insecticidal properties* Boyce Thompson Inst* Contrib* 12: 127-141. (189) HARDXAWA, C* 1932* On the toxic aotion of hanahiri-no-kl and its application for the control of yuri-mimisu* Ohara Inst* f* Landw* Porsch* Ber* 5 (2)i 311-322* (190) HASE, A. 1916* Der Verbreiter des Fleokflebers* Die Kleiderlaus. Deut* Gesell* f* Angew* Ent*. e. V* Merkblatt Nr. 1 (ser. I) , 8 pp* (191) HECTOR, G. P. 1921-24* Reports of the enonomie botanist* Bengal Dept* Agr* Ann* Rpts*: 1920-21, app. V, pp* 33-36 j 1921-22. app* V. pp. 37-41 j 1922-23, app. I, [ij-v* (192) HENKEL. P* 1909* Naturgemasse Bekampfung der Sohnaken und Steohmucken* Gartens eitung 4t 215-218* -^30- (198) HHT8CHKL, 0* 1890* Die Inseeten-Sohadlinge* 232 pp* Leipiig* (194) RTRSCHSOHE, E. 1890* Beobaehtungen fiber den virJcsaaen Bestandtheil dec la- seotenpulvers* Phara* Ztg. f* Russland 29i 209-213* (196) RTVELY, H. D. 1940. Insecticide. U* S. Patent 2,223,567, Deo* 3. (196) H0B80K, R. P* 1940* Sheep blow-fly Investigations, Observations on larvi- cides and repellents for protecting sheep from attack. Ann. Appl. Biol. 27s 627-532. (197) HOLLAND, T. H. 1908-22* The useful plants of Eigeria* lew Roy* Bot. Gard* Bui* tfiso* Inform* (Add* ser* IX), 963 pp. pt* I, 1908; pt* II, 1911i pt* III, 1915; pt. IV, 1922* (198) HOLMAH, H* J*, ed. 1940* A surrey of insecticide Materials of vegetable origin* 165 pp. London* ( Inner! al Institute, Plant and Aninal Products Dept*) (199) HOLMBERG, J* 1926* Vergleiohende Uhtersuohungen ait dea Hakohenverfahrea und der Derriswasohung sur Dasselbekaapfung bei liederungsrinden* Clnaug* Diss*} 70 pp* Hanover* (200) HONIGBERGER, J. M* 1862* Thirty-five years in the East* The aedioal part* v* 2, 448 pp* London* (201) HOOPER, D. 1898* The bark ef Clelstanthus oolllnus as a fish poison* Phara* Jour* and Phara* £ London 3 61 1 74* (202) HOOVER, 8. L* 1927* Insecticide. U. S* Patent 1,619,258, Mar* 1* (203) HOWARD, L* 0* 1910* Preventive and remedial work against mosquitoes* U* S* Bur* Snt* Bui* 88, 126 pp* (204) 1924* Some recent developments in mosquito work* I* J. Mos- quito Exteraln. Assoc. Proo* lit 8-19. -231- (205) HOWLETT, F. M. 1912-13 • The affect of oil of citronella on two speciea of Dacus. Roy* Ent. Soc, London, Trans. 1912: 412- 418. (206) HDSAIN, II. A* 1929. Annual report of the entomologist to government, Punjab, Lyallpur, for the year 1927-28. Punjab Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1927-28 (pt. 2) 1: 65-79. (207) HWANG, SRTJI-LWEN 1939. Studies on inseotioides. I. Isolation of inseotioidal principles of Tripterygiun wilfordii Hook. II. A preliminary report on the study of the inseotioidal properties of several plants used as fish poisons in Kwangsi. Kwangsi Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 3: 1-2. (208) >— 1941. A preliminary report on the ohemLoal composition of yam bean (Pachyrhisus erosus Urban) , a new rotenone bearing plant. Kwangsi Agr. 2: 269-280. £In Chinese. English summary."] (209) HYSLOP, J. A. 1915. Wire-worms attacking cereal and forage crops. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 156, 34 pp. (210) IONAT'EVA, Y. V. 1937. £The possible substitution of natural resins for im- ported resins in the preparation of caterpillar glue.] [Leningrad j Inst. Zashoh. Rest. (Lenin Acad. Agr* Sci., U.S.3.I., Inst. Plant Protect.) Inst. Plant Protect.: 402-404. [In Russian.] (211) ILDEFONSO RAMOS, J. 1942. Una nova plants com rot enema "oatinga de macaco" Calopogonlua ▼ellutlua Benth. [Brazil] Min. da Agr., Indus, e Com. Bol. 9(3): 298-299. (212) IMMS, A. D., and HUSAIN, M. A. 1920. Field experiments on the chemotropio responses of in- sects. Ann. Appl. Biol. 6: 269-292. (213) IRVUE, F. R. 1930. Plants of the Gold Coast. 521 pp. London. (214) ISAACS, M. R. 1937. Improvements in adhesive coating, moulding, sizing, binding, and the like compounds. Brit. Patent 463,725, Mar. 31. -232- (215) ISSLBIB, - 1914* Die Beseitigung der Ins ©let en, welch© den Wein- und Obstbau sohadigan, duroh Verklebung alt Hilfs Ton Moosschleia. Ztschr. f* Pflansenkrank* 24 (2)t 78- 79, (21«) ITO, K. 1950, Incense or funigant for repelling insect* or other pur- poses. Brit* Patent 547,785, Feb* 12* [Abstract in Chen* Abe, 26: 5184. 1932 .J (217) JACKSOB, A* C, and LBFROY, H. U. 1917* Some fly poisons for outdoor and hospital use* Bui* Sit* Res* 7 i 527-556* (218) JACKSOB, J. R. 1874* Note an Liatrls odoratlsslna. Pharn* Jour* [London J Trans • 4t 3^22*"" (219) JACKSOB, L* B., and TTASSBLL, H* B* 1927* Mothproofing fabrics and furs* Indus* and aigin. Chen* 19t 1176-1180. (220) JARVIS, I. 1925* Cane pest ooabat and oantrol* Queensland Agr* Jour* 19 t 282-285* (221) JONES, H* A* 1955* Rot ©none in a species of Spatholobus* Aver* Chen* Soo* Jour* 65i 1757-1758* (222) — CABPBBLL, F. L., and 8ULLITAK, W* I. 1956* Craooa— a sows* of lnseoticides* Soap and Sanit* Chen* 11 (*)i 99, 101, 105, 108, 107, 109, (223) JUBG, GOBY-PARK. 1955* [Too important hoae-nade insecticides// Bat. and Phytopath. Is 222-224. [In Chines©. Abstract in Lingnan 8oi. Jour* 13 x 667. 1934 J (224) KALBHUNER, H. rt>e arten* Ztschr* Allg* OYterr. Apoth* Ver. 12* 542-645. 1874* tfeber die insektenrertilcende Wirkung einiger Pyrethrun- (225) [KAYUMOV, (S. R.)] 1956* Tests against ootton pests of son© plants that produce essential oils* Sotsial. Bauka Tekhn. 4 (l): 33-46. [In Russian* Abstract in Rev* Appl* But* (A) 24t 748. 1936.] -253- (226) KAYOMOV, (S* R«) 1937* Testa of new vegetable poisons from plants that pro- duce essential oils* Sctzial* Nauka Tekhn. 6 (6): 40-47- fls Russian* Abstract in Her* Appl* Ent. (A) 26s 249-250. 1938«3 (227) Km ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS 1922* Sftratakala grass* (Melinis ainutiflora, Beauv.)* Kew Roy. Bot. Gard* Bui* Mi so. Inform* 10: [,505]- 316. (228) KIMURA, fl. 1932* Insecticide. French Patent 738,390, June 9* [Abstract in Chem* Abe* 27: 1709. 1933*] (229) KIRBY, W. 1888* Note on insect powder* Pharn* Jour* and Trans* (3) 19: 239-241* (230) KIRTIKAR, K* R., and BASU, B. D. 1918* Indian medicinal plants* 2 v* Bahadurganj* (231) ECSSKALT, K* 1913. Personlioher Sohuts gegen Steokmuoken und andere Insekten in 16. Jahrhundert. Arch* f. Sohiffs u. Tropen Hyg. 17: 85-86. (232) KNIGHT, H. 1929. Parasiticidal oil* U. S. Patent 1,707,470, Apr. 2. (233) KORNAUTH, K. 1920* Bericht uber die Xiandwirtschaftlich-bakteriologisohe und Pflansenschuts station in Wien im Jahre 1919. 2tchr* f. das Landw. Versohsw. in Deutschosterreioh 23: 26-41* (234) KRATJSSB, A* 1923. Zun Kapitel *Mensch und Ameisen*" Monog* z* Angew* Eat* 9: 157-160* (235) KRUKOFF, B. A., and SMITH, A. C. 1937* Rot enone-yi elding plants of South America* Amer* Jour* Bot* 24: 673-587. (236) [KU, KUANG.] 1936* The cultivation of "Yu T*eng*w Ent* and Phytopath* 4: 538-541* £In Chinese* Abstract in Lingnan Sci* Jour. 16 i 138* 1937.} -234- (237) KU, YUANG. 1935. The use and property of nao-yang-wha (Rhododendron hunn ewel 1 i anuro ) as an insecticide* Ent, and Phytopath, 3: 328-330, [In Chinese, English title. Abstract in Lingnan Sci, Jour, 14: 735, 1935,3 (238) KUNHIKANNAN, K, [1930,] The annual administration report of work done in the entomological section during 1928-29, Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt. 1928-29: 29-33. (239) [1931,"] Report of the nork of the entomological section dur- ing 1929-30. Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt. 1929-30: 25- 29. (240) LANDERER, X. 1675. Notes on some oriental plants and regetable products. Amer. Jour. Pharm. 47: 498-499. (241) 1877. Notes on some medicinal and other useful plants. Amer. Jour. Pharm. 49 t 156. (242) 1879. Chrysanthemum frutescens. Jahresber. Pharm, 14: 92. (245) LEACH. B, R., and JOHNSON, J. P. 1925. Emulsions of vrormseed oil end of carbon disulfide for destroying larvae of the Japanese beetle in the roots of perennial plants. U. S, Dept, Agr, Bui, 1332, 17 pp. (244) LESNE, A. 1886. Les petits ennemis des arbres fruitiers. Jour. d'Agr. Prat. (t. 1) 50: 507-511. (245) 1886. Les charanoons dans les greniers. Jour. d'Agr. Prat, (t. 2) 50: 602. (246) 1890, Moyen de detruire les fourmis dans vos gaxons et dans vos buttes "a melons. Jour. d'Agr. Prat, (t, 2) 54: 30. (247) LITTLE, V. A* 1931. Devil's shoe-string as an insecticide. Science 73: 315-316. -236- (248) LYONS, A. B. 1907* Plant names, scientific and popular. Ed* 2, 630 pp. Detroit. (249) McALISTER, L. C, Jr., and VAN LEEUWEN, E. R. 1930* Laboratory teste of miscellaneous chemicals against the codling moth* Jour. Econ. Ent* 23 t 907-922* (250) McCLINTOCK, C. T., HAMILTON, H. C, and LOWE, F. B* 1911* A further contribution to our knowledge of insecticides* Fumigants* Amer* Pub* Health Assoc* Jour* 1: 227-238* (251) McDONNELL, C. C*, ROARK, R. C*, and KEENAN, G. L* 1920* Inseot powder* U. S* Dept* Agr* Bui* 824, 100 pp. (252) ROAER, R. C, and KEENAN, G. L. 1926. Insect powder. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 32-4, rev., 94. pp. (25t) McGregor, e. a., and Mcdonough, p. l. 1917, The red spider on cotton. U. S, Dept* Agr. Bui. 416, 72 pp. (254) MoINDOO, N. E. 1916. Effects of niootlne as an ineeoticlde. Jour. A*r* Res. 7» 89-124. (256) 1942. Insecticides derived from plant*. (Scientific Note) Jour. Econ. Ent. 36: 286-286* (256) — — 1943. Tnsecticidal uses of nicotine and tobacco. A condensed summary of the literature, 1690-1934. U* S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. B-597, 16 pp. ([Processed.] (257) ROARX, R. C, and BUSBEY, R. L. 1936. A bibliography of niootine. Part II. The insectioidal uses of nicotine and tobacco. U* 3* Bur* Ent* and Plant Quar* E-392, 628 pp. [Processed.] (258) — and SIEVERS, A. F. 1917. Quassia extract as a contact insecticide. Jour* Agr. Res. lOt 497-531. (269) and SIEVERS, A. F. 1924. Plants tested for or reported to possess insectioidal properties. U. 3. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1201, 61 pp. (260) — SIEVERS, A. F*, and ABBOTT, W. 3. 1919. Derris as an insecticide. Jour. Agr. Res. 17 » 177-200. LIBRARY STATE PLANT BOARD -236- (261) McLEAN, K. 1920a Report of the economic botanist* Bengal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1919-20, app. V, p. ill. (262) MAISCH, J. M. 1885* Materia roedica of the new Mexican pharmacopoeia. Amer. Jour* Phana. 67 1 339* (263) MALLY, C. W. 1934* Raw linseed oil and seal oil for controlling irregular blossoming and foliation in fruit trees. So. Africa Dept. Agr. Bui. 125, 23 pp. (264) MANRESA, M. 1924. Vote on Dioscorea hlspida Dennst as a euro for myiasis. Philippine Agr. 13: 213-214. (265) MANSON, D. 1939. The action of certain Assamese plants as larvicides. India Malaria Inst. Jour* 2t 85-93. (266) MARCHAL, P. 1913. La cochylis et l'eudemis en 1912. Ann. du Serv. des Epiphyties It 248-252. (267) — TROUVELOT, B., DDCMERAS, -, and GRISON, - 1935. Variabilite de l*attaque du doryphore sur diverses solanees tuberiferes. ^Parisl Aoad. des Sci. Compt. Rend. 21 t 1169-1176. (268) MARTELLI, 0. M. 1937. Possibilities de cultiver la ecille en Tripolitaine et de lv exploiter industri el lament. Rev. de Bot. Appl. et d*Agr. Colon. 17 t 844-846. (269) MARTINI, E. 1923. Lehrbuoh der medisinlsohen Entomologie. 462 pp. Jena. (270) CMASAITIS, (A. I.)] 1929. Data on the fauna and biology of elaterids in Siberia. 1st. sibirsk. kraev. Stents. Zashoh. East., No. 3 (6) : 1-41. [In Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 18: 48-49. 1930.] (271) MATHESON, R. 1928. The effect of Char a fragllis on mosquito development, with a note on a new larvicide. N. J. Mosquito Extermin. Assoc. Proc. 15: 77-86. -237- (272) MAXWELL-LEFROY, H., and FINLOW, R. S* 1913* Inquiry into the insecticide! section of some mineral and other oompounds on oaterpillars* India Dept* Agr* Mem* 4: 269-327* (273) MAYNE, B. 1930* Tests on the effects of coumarin on the life of the mosquito and the malaria parasite* Indian Jour* Med* Res* 17 x 963-969* (274) MEDYNSKY, V. E. 1915. A cheap and radical remedy for the control of pests of orchards. C Progressive Fruit-growing and Market- gardeningj 28» 780-781* £In Russian* Abstract in Rev* Appl. Ent* (A) 3: 611-612. 1916.] (275) MENENDEZ RAMOS, R. 1924* El Melinitis minutiflora y la garrapata* Rev* de Agr* de Puerto Rico 12 t 219-223. (276) METZGER, F. W. 1933* The toxicity of the common oastor-bean plant in respect to the Japanese beetle* Jour* Econ* Ent* 26: 299-300* (277) -—— and GRANT, D. H. 1932* Repellenoy to the Japanese beetle of extracts made from plants immune to attack* U* 3* Dept* Agr* Tech* Bui* 299, 21 pp. (278) CMEXICO] COMISION DE PARASITOLOGIA AGRICOLA. 1903* La plage de los moscos en la capital oombatida con las preparaciones de hierba de la cucaracha* Mex. Com* Parasitol* Agr. Bol* It 58-71* (279) 1903* Propiedades insecticidas de los amoles y saponarias* Mex. Com* Parasitol. Agr* Bol. It 105-[112j. (280) MINAEFF, M. G. 1927* Moth larvae and their behavior toward certain oolored substances* Textile Colorist 49: 89-91* (281) and WRIGHT, J. H. 1929. Mothproofing. Indus, and Engin. Chem. 21i 1187-1195. (282) MONNIG, H. 0. 1936. A new fly repellent and a blowfly dressing. Onderste- poort Jour. Vet. Soi. and Anim. Indus. 7: 419-430. -238- (269) MOORE, H. H. 1937-40* Investigations of insecticidal plants* Puerto Rloo Agr* Expt* Sta. Rpts. 1936: 72-74j 1937: 67-73j 1938: 55-59 j 1939: 71-93, (284) MOORE, W., and CAMPBELL, P. L. 1924* Studies on nonareenlcal stomach- poison inseoticides* Jour* Agr* Res* 28: 395-402* (285) — — and HIRSCHFELDER, A. D. 1919* An investigation of the louse problem* Minn* Univ., Res. Pub* 8 (4), 86 pp* (286) M00T00SWAMY, P. S. 1887* Contributions to the Indian materia medica. Indian Med* Gas* 22 (l): 3-5* (287) MORGAN, E* 1940* The tropioal grass "Melinis mlnutiflora" as a preventive against malaria and other tropical diseases* Jour* Trop* Med* and Hyg* [London} 43: 179* (288) MOTTE, J. 1937* Plexites medieinales d1 extreme-orient* IV* L'asebo (Pierls japonioa D* Don*). Mus* Colon* Ann* (5) 5 U)« 1*26* (269) MULLIN, C* E* 1925* Moths end moth-proofing. Textile Colorlst 47: 160- 165} 229-231. (290) MURRAY, J* A* 1881* The plants and drugs of Sind* 219 pp* London and Bom- bay* (291) NAKAMU, H. 1939* Insecticide. Japan* Patent 151,628, Aug* 14* [Abstract in Chem* Aba. 35: 3026* 1941*] (292) NANTA, -. y 1937* Note preliminaire sur les proprietes inseotioldes du 8teroona tuberose. Bui. Soon* de 1' Indoohine 40, faso* 3: 539-642. [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent* (A) 26: 206* 1938. J (293) NEUHIRTH, P. 1930* [Reports of the experiment institution of the sugar industry in Prague* DLaXVIII. Green aphids on beet .J Listu Cukrovar* 48: 222-224* [In Cseohoslovakian. Abstract in Rev. Appl* Ent. (A) 19: 229. 1931.J -239- (294) OS BORN, H. 1896* Insects affecting domestic animals* U. S. Div. Ent. Bui. 5, 302 pp. (295) OSSIPOV, N. 1915. [A remedy against the house-moth. Family Tineidae.^ [The Horticulturist], No. 12, pp. 897-900. [In Russian. Abstract in Rev. Appl. Bat. (A) 4: 60 1916.] (296) QXLEY, T. 1848* Some account of the nutmeg and its cultivation. Jour. East Indian Archipelago and East. Asia 2: 641-660. (297) PACHECO HERRARTE, M. 1935. Las plantas que se han usado como barbasco. Se investiga su empleo como insecticidas. Guatemala Sec. de Agr. Rev. Agr. 11: 24-25. (298) PAGDEN, H. T. 1934. The commercial possibilities of some local plants as insecticides. Brit. Solomon I si. Agr. Com., Agr. Gaz. 2: 6-7. (299) PAMMEL, L. H. 1911. A manual of poisonous plants. Pts. 2 and 3, 976 pp. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. (300) PARFENTJEV, I. 1921. Les insectee nuisibles aux plantes meaicinales en Crime/e. Soo. de Path. Exot. Bui. 14: 164-167. (301) PARKER, W. B. 1914. Quassiin as a contact insecticide. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 165, 8 pp. (302) PARMAN, D. C, BISHOPP, F. C, LAAKE, E. W., COOK, F. C, and ROARK, R. C. 1927. Chemotropic tests with the screw-worm fly. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 1472, 32 pp. (303) PASSERINI, N. 1919. Sul potere insetticida del Pyrethrua cin er a riae folium Trev. coltivato a Firenze in confronto con quello di alcune altre Asteracee. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. (n. s.) 26: 30-45. (304) PEARL, R., SURFACE, F. M., and CURTIS, M. R. 1915. Diseases of poultry. 342 pp. New York. -240- (306) PERRBDE8, P. E. F. 1902* The anatomy of the stem of Derrls ullglnosa Benth* An eastern fish poison* Aaer. Pharm* Assoc Proo* 60: 521-332. (306) PLUMMER, C. C. 1938* The toxicity of Haplophyton clmioidua A* DC, to fruit- flies* TJ* S. Dept* Agr. Cir. 455, 10 pp. (307) POLLACCI, G., and GALLOTTI, M* 1940* II Solanua nigrum come insettioida per uso agricola. Soo. Ital. di Biol* Sper* Bol. 15s 328-330. (308) PORCHER, F* P. 1869* Resources of the southern fields and forests* Rev* ed., 733 pp* Charleston* (309) PROBTTO, G. 1959* Inseotioide* U* 3* Patent 2,169,953, May 23. (310) PRUTHI, H. 8. 1937* Report of the imperial entomologist. Agr* Res* Inst* Pus a, Soi. Hpts. 1935-36: 125-137* (511) PUTTARUDRIAH, M*, and SUBRAMANIAM, T. V. 1956* Work done in Mysore on the inseotioidal value of plant fish-poisons and other forest products. Pt* 1, ento- mological investigations. Mysore Agr* Dept* Rpt* (Jan* 1955 to Mar* 1956), 22 pp* (512) and SUBRAMANIAM, T. V* 1958* Work done in Mysore on the inseotioidal ralue of plant fish-poisons and other forest products. Pt* 1, ento- mological investigations. Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt* (Apr* 1956 to Mar* 1937) , 12 pp* (313) PYLHOV, I* Y* 1938* £A new vegetative poison in mite control.J Soviet Subtropios 1: 83-87* £ln Russian* Abstract in Chim. & Indus* [Paris] 40: 998* 1938.] (314) RAHMAN* K. A*, and BHAHDWAJ. N. I. is grape-vine thr Indian Jour. Agr 1937. The grape-vine thrips (Rhipiphorothrlps cruantatus Hood) • • Arr. Sci. 7: 633-651. (316) RASTELLO, F. 1917. II grillotalpa. Riv. di Agr* O*™*] 2S« 464-465. -241- (316) [KEGEL, E.] 1852* Mittel gegen die ZerstBrungen des Ptinus fur in Herbarien* Gartenflora 1: 185. (317) 1874. Mittel gegen die wqllige Blutleus* Gartenflora 23 x 26. (318) REHNELT, F. 1925. Der Lorbeer* Gartenflora 74: 49-51* (319) RENSON, C. 1923* El'Vcllnls minutiflora." Rer* de Agr* Trop. ^Salvador] 2t 98-101. (320) RBYMOND, J. B* 1897* Experiments with woolly aphis or American blight* Agr. Gax* N. S. Wales 8: 120-121* (321) RICHARDSON, C. H. 1941* Advances in entomology* Indus* and Engin* Chem*, News Ed* 19: 77-88* (322) — — and SMITH, C. R* 1923* Studies on contact insecticides. U* S* Dept* Agr*, Dept* Bui* 1160, 15 pp* (323) — — and SMITH, C. R. 1926* Toxioity of dipyridyls and certain other organic com- pounds as contact inseotioides. Jour. Agr. Res. 33: 697-609. (324) RIDLEY, -. 1904. L'aoore odorant comma insecticide* Rev* Hort* QParis} 76: 536* (325) RILEY, C. Y. 1885* Vegetable insecticides* U. S* Ent* Comn* Rpt* 4: 164- 190. (326) and HOWARD, L. 0. 1891* Henp as a protection against weevils* Insect Life 4: 223* (327) and HOWARD, L. 0. 1893* Eucalyptus rs* mosquito* Insect Life 5: 268* (328) RIPLEY, L. B*, and HEPBURN, G. A* 1929* Stalk-borer in maise* Farming in So* Africa 4: 363-354. •242- (S29) RIPLEY, L. B., and HEPBURN, G. A. 1954* Adhesives for cryolite suspensions. So* Africa Dept* Agr. and Forestry Bui* 122, 12 pp* (550) and HEPBURN, G* A. 1935* Olfactory attract ants for mala fruit-flies. So* Afrioa Dept* Agr* and Forestry Eat* Men* Ho* 9, pp* 5-17. (531) R0ARK, R. C. 1919* Planta used as insecticides* Amer* Jour* Pharn* •!» 25-37. 91-107. (532) 1931* Excerpts from consular correspondence relating to inseo- tioidal and fish-poison plants* U* 3* Bur* Chen, and Soils, 39 pp* CProcessedJ (335) 1931* An index of patented mothproofing materials* U* S. Bur* CHem. and Soils, 125 pp* [Prooessed.] (354) 1932* A digest of the literature of Derria (Deguelia) apeoies used as inseotioides, 1747-1931* U. S* Dept* Agr* Misc. Pub* 120, 86 pp* (555) — _ 1933* A second index of patented mothproofing materials* U* 8* Bur* Chen* and Soils, 109 pp* [Processed.] (556) — 1936* Lonohooarpus apeoies (barbasoo, cube, haiari , nekoe, and timbo} used as inseotioides* U. 8. Bur. Bat. and Plant Quar* E-367, 153 pp. [Processed.] (557) 1937* Tephrosia as an insecticide. — A review of the literature. U* S* Bur. Bat. and Plant Quar. S-402, 165 pp* [Processed. (358) 1958. Lonohooarpus (barbasoo, cube, and timbo)— A review of recent literature. U. S. Bur. Sat. and Plant Quar. B-453, 174 pp. tProoeaaed.} (539) 1938* The early history (1848-1918) of the use of Derris aa an inseotioide. Pests 6 (12): 8-10. (340) 1939* The history of the use of Derris as an inseotioide. Part II. The period of 1919-1928* U. S. Bur. Eat* end Plant -Quar* E-468, 79 pp. [Processed*] -243- (541) ROARK, R. C. 1939* Agricultural products as insecticides* Indus* and Engin. Chen. 31: 168-171. (342) 1940. The work of the Division of Insecticide Investigations, 1927-1939* U* S* Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar. E-516, 90 pp. [Processed.] (343) 1941. Present status of rotenone and rotenoids. Jour. Eoon. Ent. 34: 684-692. (344) 1941. A review of information on anabasine. U* S* Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar* E-537, 55 pp. [ Processed.]] (345) 1942* The examination of plants for insectiddal constituents • Jour* Econ. Ent* 55: 273-275* (346) and BUSBEY, R. L. 1956* A third index of patented mothproofing materials. U. S. Bur. Ent* and Plant Quar., 104 pp. [Prooessed.] (347) and KEENAN, G. L. 1931. Plants reputed to have insecticidal value. Plants found in India. U. S. Bur. Chem. and Soils and Food and Drug Admin., 22 pp. [Prooessed.] (348) ROSENFELD, A. H. 1925. Why not trap-crops that entrap? Jour. Econ. Ent. 18: 639-640. (349) ROSKILL, 0. W., and CO. 1939* World eoonomio review of insecticides and allied pro- ducts. C London] Progr. Rpts* on Bngin. and Chem* Processes, etc. 149 pp. [Processed.] (350) RUSBY, H. H. 1889* Adhatoda vasica* Chem* and Drug. 34: 831* (361) SA¥DER, L. 1906* Die Tsetsen (Glossinae Wiedemann)* Arohiv f* Sohiffs. u. Tropen Hyg* 9: 365-371. (562) SAYRE, L. S. 1913* Inseotioides* Kan a. Acad. Sci. Trans. 25: 138-141* -244- (363) SCARONE, P. 1939* Quelquea plantes veneneuses americainea et asiatiques aux proprietes inaeotioidea* Agron. Colon* 28: (258) 174-184j (259) 13-18* (354) SCHECHTER, M. S., and HALLER, H. L* 1943* The inseotioidal principle in the fruit of the Amur oorktree* Jour* Organic Chen* 8: 194-197, (365) SCHEIB, B. W. 1920* Household inaeote and their remedies* Amer* Midland Nat* 6: 111-127. (356) SCHENCK. 1859* Pyrethrum carneum und roeeure. In Canstatt's Jahresberioht uber die Portsohritte der gesammten Medioin in alien Landern, v* 6, p* 11* Erlangen, Germany. (357) SCHLOSSER, P. 1925* Die Maulwurfs grill en* Hollers Deut* Gart.-Ztg* 40: 254. (368) SCHREIBER, A* P. 1915* A voice crying from the -wilderness. [.The Horticulturist}, Rostov-on-Don, Ho* 3. pp* 178-180. Cln Russian* Abstract in Rev. Appl. ftit. ( A) 3: 440. 1915.] (569) 1915* The control of Pier is braasloae* COrehard and Market- Garden], Moscow* No* 3, pp* 140-142* £ln Russian. Abstract in Rev* Appl* Ent. (A) 3i 440* 1915*] (560) 1915* Vegetable insecticides* [The Horticulturist], Rostov- on-Don, No* 12, pp* 903-912* [ In Russian. Abstract in Rev* Appl* Ent. (a) 4: 69. 1916*] (361) SCOTT, E. W., ABBOTT, W. S*, and DUDLEY, J. E., Jr. 1918* Results of experiments with miscellaneous substances againat bedbugs, cockroaches, clothes moths, and oar- pet beetles. U* S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 707, 36 pp* (362) 8KVERIN, H. H. P. 1912* The introduction, methoda of oontrol, spread and migra- tion of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the Hawaiian Ialanda* Calif* Dept* Agr*, Monthly Bui* 1: 658-565. (363) SHEPARD, H. H. 1939* The ohemiatry and toxioology of inaeotioidea* 383 pp.. Minneapolis. -245- (364) SIEVERS, A. F. 1940* The production and marketing of derris root* IT* S. Bur* Plant Indus*, 24 pp* £ Processed// (365) RUSSELL, G. A., LOWMAN, M. S., FOWLER, E* D., ERLANSON, C, 0., and LITTLE, Y. A. 1938 © Studies on the possibilities of devil's shoestring (Tephrosia virgin! ana) and other native species of Tephrosia as commercial sources of insectioides* U* S* Dept* Agr*, Tech. Bui* 595, 40 pp* (366) SLINGERLAND, M. V. 1899* The peach-tree borer* V* Y* (Cornell) Agr. Expt* Sta* Bui. 176, pp. 157-233. (367) S1HT, B. 1934. The protection of hides and skins from the ravages of the skin beetle, Denaestes vulpinus * So* Africa Dept* Agr* and Forestry Soi. Bui* 129, 17 pp. (368) SMITH, J. B. 1891. The rose-chafer, or "rosebug** H* J* Agr* Bxpt. St a. Bui* 82, 40 pp* (369) 1902* Report of the entomologist* HI* J* Agr* Expt* Sta* Ann* Rpt* 22 : 461-587* (370) SMITH, E* 1925* Why not trap-crops that entrap? Jour* Econ* Ent* 18: 550-552. (371) SHAPP, 0. I., and THOMSON, J. H. 1931. The control of the lesser peach borer with paradiohloro- bensene solutions* U* S* Dept* Agr* Cir* 172, 11 pp. (372) 80K0L0V, A. G., and KOBLOVA, F. V. 1939. Sophora as an inseotioide-produoing plant* Trans* Soi* Instit* Fertilisers Inseotofungicides (U*S*3*R*) No* 135, pp* 148-156* C Abstracts in Khia* Ref* Zhur* 1939, No* 9, p* 66, and Chest* Abe* 34: 6001* 1940*3 (373) SPRENGER, C* 1912. Pflansengifte als Selbsthilfe gegen tierisohe und pflansliche Sohadlinge* Gartemrelt 16 (8): 110* (374) STEVENS, H. V. 1892. Materialen sur Kenntnis der wilden Stamme auf der Halb- insel Malaka* Veroffentl* aus dem Konigliohen Museum fur vSlkerkunde 2 (3/4) : 81-163. Berlin. -246- (576) STOCKDALB, F* A. 1928. Recent research on empire produots* Cot* Brit-*] lap* Inst* Bui. 26: 78-85* (576) STUPTCHENKO, A. 1914* [Remedy against insect pests*] "Sadovod i Ogorodnik" [Horticulturist and Market-Gardener] [Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (a) 2i 615. 1914*] (577) SUBRAMANIAM, T. V* 1952* The inseoticidal properties of indigenous vegetable fish poisons. Mysore Agr. and Bxpt* Union Jour. 15: 67-60. (378) [1932.] Annual report of the entoaologioal seotion for 1950-31. Mysore Agr* Dept* Rpt. 1930-51: 28-52* (379) [1933*] Administration report of the entoaolegist for the year 1951-52. Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt. 1951-52: 56-41. (580) 1954. Vegetable fish poisons as insecticides. Mysore Agr* Calendar 1954: 41-45* (381) 1954* Annual administration report of the entoaolegist for the year 1952-53. Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt* 1932-55: 57-62* (582) 1955. How to free stored grain from inseot attack. Mysore Agr* Calendar 1935: 21* (585) 1955. Work done in the entoaologioal seotion for the year 1933-54. Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt. 1955-54: 25-27* (384) £19570 Work done in the entomological seotion for the year 1955-56* Mysore Agr* Dept* Rpt. 1935-36: 57-59. (385) 1958* Work done in the entoaologioal seotion for the year 1936-57. Mysore Agr. Dept. Rpt. 1936-57: 176-178. (586) SUBRAMANYAM, V. K. 1940. Report on coffee stea borer work in Coorg. Plant Ghron* 55: 283-289* -247- v387) SULLIVAN, W. N., SCHECHTER, M. S., and HALLER, H. L. 1943* Inseotioidal tests with Phellodendron amurense extrac- tive and several of its fractions* (Scientific Note) Jour* Econ* Ent* 36: 937-938. (388) SWENK, M. H. 1914* The important insect enemies of field crops in Nebraska and their control* Nebr* State Ent* Bui* 3, 24 pp* (389) SWINGLE, W. T., HALLER, H. L., SIEGLER, E. H*, and SWINGLE, H* C. 1941* A Chinese ihsecticidal plant, Tripterygium wilfordli, introduced into the United States* Science 93:' 60-61. (390) TATTERSFIELD, F* 1936* The work of the Department of Insecticides and Fungicides 1918-1936* Rothamsted Expt* Sta*, Harpenden, Rpt* 1936 : 84-99. (391) and GIMINGHAM, C* T. 1932* The insecticidal properties of Tephrosia macropoda Harv* and other tropical plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 19: 253- 262* (392) GIMINGHAM, C* T., and MORRIS, H. M. 1925. Studies on contact inseoticides. Ann* Appl. Biol* 12: 61-76. (S93) GIMINGHAM, C. T., and MORRIS, H. M* 1926* Studies on oont&ct insecticides* Part IV. A quantita- tive examination of the toxicity of oertain plants and plant products to Aphis rumiols, L* (the bean aphis). Ann* Appl* Biol* 15: 424-445* (394) MARTIN, J. T*, and HOWES, F* N. 1940* Some fish-poison plants and their insecticidal properties. Kew Roy* Bot. Gard* Bui* Misc. Inform* 6: 169-180* (396) and POTTER, C. 1940* The insecticidal properties of oertain speoies of Annona and of an Indian strain of Mundulea serioea (*supli*) • Ann* Appl* Biol* 27: 262-275* (396) and ROACH, W. A* 1923* The chemical properties of Derrls el 11 pt lea (tuba root) • Ann. Appl* Biol. 10: 1-17. (397) THIBAULT, J. K., Jr. 1918. Vegetable powder as a larvicide in the fight against mosquitoes. A preliminary note. Amer. Med. Assoc. Jour. 70: 1215-1216. -248- (898) TRTELE, 2. 1905. Die gebrauchlichsten Blutlausvertilgungsmittel. Ztschr. f. Pflanxenkrank. 13: 147-157* (599) THIEM, H* 1958* Ueber den Stand der Belcampfung der Kirs chfruohtf liege (Rhagoletis ceraei L.). Internatl. Kongr* f* Ent* 7 U), 15 pp. (400) THOMPSON, F. M. 1952* Pine oil* as agents for protecting rustic furniture and log cabins from -various wood borers. Jour* Econ. Ent. 26 t 347-551* (401) THOMS, H. 1891* Croton flavena und Chyrsanthemua cinerfiriaefollum* Deut* Pharm* Gesell* Ber* 1: 241-247* (402) THOMSSQJ, E* 0*, and DONER. M. H* 1941* Chemistry in inseot control* Soap and Sanit* Chem* 17 (l)t 107, 109, 111, 126. (403) TUTU, F* [1930-51.3 Examination of .plants for inseotioidal principles. Bristol Univ*, Agr. and Hort* Res* Sta. Ann* Hpts. 1929 j 96-98 j 1950: 71. (404) TWIHN, C* R* 1941. Mosquito control in Canada* Canada Dept* Agr* Div* Ent* Cir* 172, 4 pp. (406) UNITED STATES BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE. 1956* Chemical investigations on insecticidal plants (tobacco. derris, pyrethrum, etc.) and their constituents. U. S. Bur* &xt. and Plant Quar. Ann* Rpt* 1936: 67-88. (406) 1940* Insecticidal plants (tobaooo, derris, pyrethrua, etc.), and their constituents* U* S. Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar* Ann. Rpt* 1940: 104-106* (407) UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS. I860* Government experimental and propagating garden* U. S. Commr* Patents, Agr* Rpt. 1869: IS* (408) V. C 1916* Le castagne d'India come insettioida* Riv. di Agr. [Rome] 22 t 469-460* -249- (409) VANSELL, G. H., WATKINS, W* G., and H0SBR00K, L. F* 1940* The distribution of California buckeye in the Sierra Nevada in relation to honey production. Calif* Agr. Expt. Sta*, 4 pp. (410) VEL'TISHCHEV, P. A* 1940* Paste of subtropical plants and control measures against then in Talysh (Aserbaidzhan). £ Leningrad] Inst* Zashch. Rast. (Lenin Acad* Agr* Sci., U.S.S.R., Inst* Plant Protect.) Plant Protect* Bui* (1940) 1-2 t 72-77. [In Russian*] (411) VEZIN, -, and GAUMONT, L. 1913* La coohylis et l'Eudemie dans la valla© de la Loire* Ann* du Serv. des Epiphyt. (1912): 531-338. (412) VOLKONSKY, M* 1937* Sur un proeede nouveau de protection des cultures centre les acridiens* Soc* de Biol* C Paris] Compt. Rend* 126: 417-418* (413) 1937* Sur faction acridifuge des extraits de feuilles de Melia asedaraoh. Inst* Pasteur d'Algerie, Arch* 15: 427-437. (414) VON MUELLER, BARON IlFERD.] 1896. Select extra-tropical* plants* Ed* 9, 654 pp. Melbourne* (416) V0SKRE8ENSKAYA, A* 1936. Reaction of throwing out the poison [b]eing the oause of resistance of insects to arsenical compounds. [[Leningrad] Inst. Zashch. Rest* (Lenin Acad* Agr* Sci., U.S*S.R., Inst* Plant Protect.) Summary of Scientific Research Work, 1935, pp. 380-363* [In Russian* English title*] (416) WAAL, M. de 1920* Onder&oek near de insecticide kracht der composieten, in het bij tender van Holenium autumnale L. (Autoreferaat) Pharm. Weekbl. 57: 1100-1107. * Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent. (A) 10: 387. 1922. (417) WALTON, G. P., and GARDINER, R. F. 1926. Cocoa by-products and their utilisation as fertiliser materials. U. S. Dept. Agr* Dept* Bui* 1413, 44 pp. (418) WANG, LO-SHAN* 1938* The action of paipu, Stemona tuber ob a, on lioe* China Med* Jour* 54: 151-158. -2F (419) WASHBURN, P. L. 1902. Insects notably injurious in 1902* Minn* Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 77, 74 pp. (42t) WATS, R. C, and BHARUCHA, K. H. 1938. Larvicides for antimosquito work, with special referenoe to cashew-nut shell oil* Malaria Inst* India, Jour. 1: 217-219* (421) and SINGH, J. 1937* An investigation into the mosquitocidal value of indi- genous derris and other drugs* Reo* Malaria Survey India 7: 109-114* (422) WATT, G. 1889-96. A dictionary of the economic products of India. 6 v* London end Calcutta* (423) WATT, J. M., and BREYER-BRANDWIJK, M. G* 1932* The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern Africa* 314 pp* Edinburg* (424) WEBSTER 1940* Helleborus ori entails. In Webster's New Internet 1* Dictionary of the English Language* Ed* 2, unabridged, p* 1159* Springfield, Mass* (425) WILCOXON, F., HARTZELL, A., and WILCOXON, F. 1939* Insecticidal properties of extract of male fern (Aspidlum felix-mas CL*3 SW.)* Boyce Thompson Inst* Contrib* Hi 1-4* (426) WILLCOCKS, W. 1927* Why is cultivated Egypt immune from malaria? 15 pp* Cairo* (Nile Mission Press*) (427) WILLIAMS, J. B. 1914* The insecticidal value of fluid extract of larkspur seed* Amer* Jour* Pharm* 86s 414-416* (428) WILLIAMS, S. W* 1849* On the indigenous medical botany of Massachusetts* Amer* Med* Assoc* Trans* 2: 863-927. (429) WILSON, S. D., CHAO, YUN-TS'UNG, and CHU, JEN-FEI. 1937* The toxio prinoiple of "oh'a tiu," a fish poison from South China. Peking Nat* Hist. Bui. 11 (4) t 367-371. -261- (450) WONG, CHI-YU, and CHIN, MENG-HSIAO. 1935* Notec on two species of vegetable ohrysomellds in Hang- chow (Phaedon brasslcae Baly and Colaphellus bowringi Baly) and their control measures. Hang chow Bur* Ent. Yearbook (1934) 4: 141-151. (431) WORSLEY, R. R. LeG. 1934-37 • The insectioidal properties of some East African plants* Ann. Appl. Biol. 21: 649-669. (432) 1936. The insect icidal properties of some East African plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 23: 311-328. (433) 1937. The inseoticidal properties of some East African plants. Ann. Appl. Biol. 24: 651-658; 669-664. (454) 1959* Biochemistry. East African Agr. Res. Sta., Amani, Ann. Rpt. 1958: 27-31. (455) YOTHERS, M. A. 1927* Summary of three years' tests of trap baits for oapturing the codling moth. Jour. Soon. Bat. 20: 667-576. (456) ZACHER, F. 1929. Neue Wege tur Bekampfung der Vorratschadlinge. Deut. (resell, f. Angew. Bat. Yerhandl. 7: 49-55. (457) SUCKER, A. 1916* Bekampfung der Kl eider lause. Deut. Med. Wohnsohr. 41 (42) : 1262. - 252 - Index of Botanical Names (Latin family names are in capitals; synonyms are underlined) Apelmo8ch.ua moschatue, 127 Abies— balsamea, 153 concolor. 15** 8T>p., 154 veitchii, l^k Abrus precatorius, 82 Abeinthium yulgare, 35 Acacia— arabica, lUl catechu, 1^0 falciformis, lUo longifolia, lUl nilotica, lUl mennata, lUl pruinescens, lU^l salicina, IhI sco rplo idee. 1^1 Senegal, 1^1 ep., lUl Acalypha— indica, 75 spicata, 75 ACANTHACEAE. 12 Acanthus family, 12 Acer— platanoides, 13 pseude-platanus, 13 rubrum, 13 saceharium, 13 saccharum, 13 ACERACBAB, 13 ' Achillea — millefolium, 33 nobilis, 33 Acokanthera longiflora, 2k Aconite, l6>S Aconitum— columbianum, lbg napellus, lbg A.cornue— calamuf, 27 graminaus, 27 Acurutu, 90 Adhatoda vasica, 12 Adiantum capillus-veneris, 9 Adina cordifolia, 177 Adonia— spring, 169 Ternalie, 169 Aeschrion excel sa, 191 Aeschynonmeme sesbania, 99 AESCULACBAE, 13 Aesculus— californica, 13 glabra, Ik hippocastanum, ik paria, ik Agaric- bug, 6 larch, 10 AOAHICACEAE, 6 Agaricus muscarius, 6 Agauria salicifolia, 72 Agave— americana, lk lecheguilla, 15 Ageratum sp. , 33 Agropyron repens, lbO Agrostemma githago, 60 Ailanthus— altissima. 191 family, 191 ' glandulosa, 191 AIZOACEAE, lk Ajuga bracteosa, 131 Albizzia — procera, lUl stipulata, lUl Aletris farinosa, llU Aleuritee fordii, 75 Algae (or alga) ,1,7 red, 11 Algarroba, 57 Alii gator- apple, 17 Allium— ampeloprasum var. porrum, llU canadenee, llU cepa, llU sativum, llU schoenoprasum, llU Allspice, 1U7 Almond- bitter, 175 Indian, 65 - 253 - Aloe— barbadensis, 114 ferox, 115 perfollata var» vera, 114 spp., 115 striatula, 115_ succotrina, 115 vera, 114 Aloes, 115 Barbados, 114 cape, 115 Alpinia officinarum, 210 Alslne media, 61 Amanita— ■ muscaria, 6 pantherina, 7 AMARANTHACEAE, 14 Amaranth family, 14 Jtearanthua retroflezus, 14 AUABYLLIDACEAE, 14 Amaryllis family, 14 Ambrosia— artemisiifolia, 35 elatior, 33 trifida, 33 Amianthium muscaetoxicum, 115 Amomum melegueta, 210 Amorphoph alius campanula tus, 27 Amur cork tree, 183 Amygdalus— amara, 175 communis, 175 persica, 175 Anabasis aphylla, 3, 63 ANACARDIACEAE, 15 Anacardium occidentals, 15 Anacyclus pyrethrum, 34 Anagallis arvensis, 167 Anamirta oocculus, 130 Ananas satiras, 54 Anatto tree, 51 Andrachne cordifolia, 76 Andromeda ovalifolia, 73 Andropogon sisanioides, 164 Anemone"- American wood, 169 Pulsatilla, 169 quinquefolia, 169 Angelica archangel! oa, 19 Angeltrumpet, 196 Angophora lanceolata, 144 Anilito, 211 Aniliton, 211 Anise, 23 Annona, 4 cherimolia, 17, 18 glabra, 17 murioata, 17, 18 palustris, 17 reticulata, 17, 18 spinescens, 18 squamosa, 18 tripetala, 17 AMONACEAE, 17 Ant armaria spp*, 34 Anthemis— arvensis, 34 cota, 34 cotula, 34 nobilis, 34 spp., 34 tinctoria, 35 Anthriscus vulgaris, 19 Antigonon leptopus, 165 Antirrhinum sp#, 188 APIACEAE, 19 Aplotaxia lappa, 46 APOCYNACEAE, 24, 25 Apo cynum— • androsaemi folium, 24 cannabinum, 24 Apple, 126 alligator, 17 custard, 17, 18 family, 126 may, 50 pond, 17 sugar, 18 thorn, 195 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 26 Aquilaria agallocha, 205 Arabidop8is thaliana, 53 ARACEAE, 27 Arachis hypogaea, 82 Aralia— hispida, 29 nudicaulis, 29 racemose, 29 ARAL1ACEAE, 29 Arborvitae, 158 Arbutus, trailing, 72 Arctium minus, 35 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 72 Areca catechu, 140, 149 - 25H - Argemone — fructicosa, 150 mexicana, 150 Argyreia — nervosa, 66 speclosa, 66 Arisaema— dracontium, 27 japonicura, 28 speciosum, 28 tortuostun, 28 triphyllum, 28 Aristolochia — bracteata, 30 brasiliensis, 30 cornuta, 30 elegans, 30 grandiflora, 30 indica, 30 maxima, 30 rotunda, 30 eerpentaria, 31 AKISTOLOCHIACEAE, 30 Armoracia rusticana, 53 Arnica — alpina, 35 montana, 35 Aroma-rosa, 106 Arrow-arum, Virginia, 28 Arrowwood, 60, 82 Artabotry8 suaveolens, 19 Artemisia— abrotanum, 35 absinthium, 35 dracunculoidea, 36 pauciflora, 3& sacrorum, 36 tridentata, J>& vulgaris, 36 Ar to carpus — Integra, 1^2 integrifolius, lU2 Arum — dracontium, 27 dracunculus^ 28 family, 27 venosum, 29 vlvipafum, 28 Asafetida, 21,22 Asagraea officinalis, 118 Aearum canadenee, J>1 ASCLEPIADACEAB, 31 Asclepias, 211 acida, 32 bulchra, 31 curassavica, 31 incarnata, 31 rosea, 32 ayriaca, 31 tuberoBa, 31 Asebo, "Jk Asemi, 7^- Ash- mountain, 127 prickly, 18U white, 1U8 Asimina sp. , 19 Asparagus officinalis, ll6 Aspidium f ilix-mas , 9 Aster- family, 33 golden, Uo linosyris, 36 ITew England, 37 novae-angliae, 37 paniculatu8, 37 trifolium, 36' white-top, U6 ASTERACEAB, 2, U, 33, U9 Astragalus — gummifer, 82 spp . , 82 Atractylis ovata, 37 Atropa— belladonna, 193 physalodes, I98 Aucklandia costus, U6 Aureolaria — pedicular ia, 188 virginica, 188 Azadirachta indica, 128 Azalea nudiflora, J2 Azadarach commelini, 129 Azolla — caroliniana, 11 sp., 11 Babchi, 98 Babool tree, lUl Babooter, 80 Baccharis — floribunda, "*7 sarothroides, 37 Baileya raultiradiata, 77 Balanites roxburghii, 191 - 255 - 131 Balbec, 211 Balekattu, 211 Balm — citronella hors< common, 134 gentil, 134 -of-Gilead, 185 spotted bee, 135 Balsam- garden, 49 pear, 69 tree family, 64 BALSAMINACEAE, 49 Balsamodendron playfairii, 55 Bamboo- brier, 192 spiny, 160 Bambusa— arundinacea, 160 orient alis, 160 Banana, 143 Bandeiraea simplicifolia, 55 Baptisia, 84 australis, 84 tinctoria, 83 Barbarea vulgaris, 53 Barbasco, 91 Barberry, 50 family, 49 Barosma betulina, 182 Barringtonia— acutangula, 113 asiatica, 113 careya, 113 excelsfi, 113 racemosfl, 113 speciosa, 113 spp«, 113 Basil, 136 common, 135 8 acred, 136 sweet, 135, 136 Baa si a— Butyracea, 187 Butyracea, 187 latlfolia, 187 longi folia, 188 Bayberry, 147 family, 143 northern, 144 Beads, prayer, 82 Bean- calabar, 97 oarob, 57 poison, 84 tonka, 87 vanilla, 149 yam. 96 Bearberry, 72 Bedstraw, 180 fragrant, 180 Beech, 104 family, 103 Beet, sugar, 63 Belladonna, 193, 196 Bellf lower family, 58 Benzoin aestivale, 112 BERBERIDACEAE, 49 Berberis— - aquifolium, 49 aristata, 49 sp • , 50 vulgaris, 50 Beta vulgaris, 63 Betel nut, 149 Betony, common, 140 Betula-- alba, 50 lent a, 50 BETU1ACEAE, 50 Bibo, 15 BIGNONIACEAE, 51 Bignonia rajicans, 51 Bihmona, 180 Bikukulla canadensis, 105 Birch— family, 50 sweet, 50 white, 50 Birthwort— family, 30 round-rooted, 31 Bittersweet, American, 61 Bitter tree, 61 Bitterweed, 42 BIXACEAE, 51 Bixa ore 11 ana, 51 Black-boy tree, 122 Blackhaw, 60 Bladderwort family, 114 Blinding tree, 80 Bio odf lower, 31 Bloodroot, 152 Bloodwort family, 107 Blueberry, 76 Blue-eyed-grass, 109 Blumea— aurita, 37 lacera, 37 Bocconia— cordata, 151 frutescens, 151 Boenninghausenia fllbiflora, 182 - 256 - Boerharia diffusa, 147 Bogbean, 105 Boldo, 142 Bolemba, 96 Bone set, 41 Borage — common, 51 family, 51 B0RAMNAC2AB, % Borago officinalis, 51 Borassus flabellifer, 149 Boswellia— carteri, 55 ©errata, 55 Box- family, 55 tree, 55 Bracken, 10 Bramia monnieri, 189 Brassica— campestris, 54 juncea, 53 napus, 5^ nigra, 53 oleracea capitata, 53 spp., 51* ERASSICACEAS, 53 Brauneria echinacea, 37 Breadfruit tree, 150 Brier, bastooe, 192 BBOKKLIiSfiil, 5^ Broom, 84, 85, 88 European, 88 Scotch, 84 Bryonia alba, 67 Bryony — black, 70 white, 67 Buchanania latifolia, 15 3hu, 182 ckeye— - California, 13 Ohio, 14 red, 14 Buckthorn- alder, 175 common 175 family , 17u Buckwheat j i66 family, 165 Bugbane— cohosh, 170 fetid, 169 Bunch flower, 117 Burdock, common, 35 Bur reed, 202 family, 202 Bursa Bursa-pa6torius, $± BUBSERAC2AB, 55 Butea— fro ado sa, 83 monosperma, 83 Buttercup, 174 Butterflyweed, 31 Butternut, 109 Butterwort, 114 Buttonbush, 178 BUXACSAS, 55 Bux sempervirens, 55 Cabbage— cultivated, 53 family, 53 skunk, 29 Cacao, 203 Cacoucia coccinea, 65 CACTACEAB, 55 Cactus, 55 family, 55 Cactus-like plant, 79 CAJJSALPINIACSAl, 55 Caesalpinia coriaria, 56 Cajanus indicus, 83 Caladium bicolor, 28 Calamus aromaticus, 27 Callilepis laureola, 37 Callitris quadrivalris, 154 Calophyllum— inophyllum, 6U spectabile, 64 spurium. 64 wight ianum, 64 Calopogonium vellutium, 83 Calotropis — gigantea, 32 procera, J>2 Caltha palustris, 169 Caltrop family, 210 Calvatia gigantea, 8 Camellia — sinensis, 205 spp., 205 Camomile, 34 common, jM com, 34 German false, 44 rayless false, 44 scentless false, 44 yellow, 35 - 257 - CAMPANULACEAE, 58 Campe bar bar ea, 53 Camphor- tree, 110 Campsis radicans, 51 Cancanapire, 77 Canella — alba, 59 -■bark family, 59 winterana, 59 CANELLACEAE, 59 Cannabi 6 — lndica, lte sativa, 1^2 CANNACEAl, 59 Canna sp., 59 family, 59 Caper, 59 family. 59 Capim, lb2 CAPPARIDACEAl; 59 Cappari s — aphylla, 59 murrayana, 59 spinosa, 59 CAPRIFOLIACEAB^ 60 Capriola dactyl on. l6l Capsella bursa-pastoris, ^M Capsicum — annum, 19** frutescens, 19^ Caraipa fasciculata, 205 Carapa— guianeensis, 128 procera, 128 Caraway, 20 Carcanapire, 77 Cardinal flower, 123 Careya aus trails, 113 Carieea — carandae, 2U conge eta, 2U Carpe tweed family, Ik Carrageen, 11 Carrot — common, 21 family, 19 Carthamus tinctoriua, 38 Carum — "bulboca8tanum, 20 carvi, 20 Carya — glabra, 109 ep., 109 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 60, 186 Cascarilla, 76 Cashew, 15 family, 15 Cassava, 81 Cassia— alta, 5^ angustifolia, 56 auriculata, 56 bacillaris, 56 chamaecrista, 56 didymobotria, 56 fasciculata, 56 fistula, 56 foetid, 57 hebecarpa, 56 hirsuta, 57 laevigata, 57 marilandica, 56 multijuga, 57 occidentalis, 57 sophera, 57 sp. , 57 stipulacea, 57 tora, 57 Cassytha filiformis, 110 Cast an ea dentata, 103 Castor-bean plant, 81 Castor-oil plant, 81 Catalpa — bi gnoni o i de 8 , 51 ovata, 51 tree, 51 Catchfly, sleepy, 6l Catechu, lUO Catinga de macaco, 83 Catnip, 135 Cattail- common, 206 family, 206 narrowleaf, 206 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 50 Ceanothus americanue, 17^ Cebolleja, 118 Cedar — ground, 8 red, 155,156 white, 151* Celandine, 151 CELASTRACEAB, 6l Celastrus— angulatus. 6l montana, 62 ecandens, 6l Celtis cinnamomea, 206 - ?-Q - Centaurium umbellatum, 105 Centipeda orbicularis, 38 tury plant, 14 Ct jhaelia ipeoacuanha, 177 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 178 Geratonia siliqua, 57 Ceratotheca integribracteata, 152 Cereus sp«, 55 Cetraria islandica, 9 Chamaecyparis thoides, 154 Chamomilla— nobilis, 34 vulgaris, 44 Chara— foetida, 7 fragilis, 7 CHARJUEAE, 7 Cheste tree- lilac, 208 negundo, 208 Chaulmooera, 104 Chelidonium ma jus, 151 Chelone glabra, 189 CHENOPODIACEAE, 4, 63 Ch enopo di urn— ambrosioides, 36, 63 ambrosioides anthelminti cum, 63 anthelminti cum, 63 Cherimoya, 17 Cherry- cultivated, 176 cut-leaved ground, 201 Peruvian ground, 198 wild black, 176 Chervil, European, 19 Chestnut— Ameri can, 103 horse, 14 Chickicamolle, 68 Chickweed, common, 61 chicory, 40 Chimaphila umbellata, 72, 168 China berry, 129 Chionanthus virginica, 148 Chiretta, 106 Chittim-wood bark, 175 Chive, 114 Chlorophora tinctoria, 142 Chondrus crispus, 11 rosperma muscaetoxicum, 115 Chrys anthemum— achilleae, 38 caucasicum, 38 chamomilla, 44 cinerariaefolium, 6, 38, 39 coccineum, 6, 38, 39 coronarium, 38 corymbosum, 38 cultivated, 40 frutescens, 39 indicum, 39 leucanthemum, 39 marschallii, 38, 39 mother, 39 myconis, 39 parthenium, 40 roseum, 38 segetum, 40 spp., 40 Chrysopsis mpriana, 40 "hurimullu, 211 Chydenar.thus excelsus, 113 Cichorium intybus, 40 Cicuta maculata, 20 Cimicifuga— foetida, 169 racemosa, 170 Cinchona, 179 ledgeriana, 178 officinalis, 178 pubescens, 178 sucoiruba, 178 Cinnamomum— camphora, 110 cassia, 111 seylanicum, 111 Cinammon, 111 root, 43 wild, 59 Cinquefoil, silver, 176 CISTACEAE, 64 Citron, 182 Citronella grass, 161 Citrullus colocynthis, 67 Citrus — aurantium, 182 bergamia, 182 medica, 182 medica var. limonum, 182 sinensis, 183 sp., 183 - 259 - Cladrastis amurensis, 83 Clausena anisata, 183 Claviceps purpurea, 8 Claytonia virgin! ca, 167 Cleistanthus-- oollinus, 76 spp«, 76 Clematis-- dioici, 170 vitalba, 170 Clerodendron inerme, 207 Clerodendrum-- infortunatum, 207 phlomoides, 207 Clibadium-- surinamense, 40 sylvestre, 40 vargesii, 40 Clitoria macrophylla, 83 Clover, 92 hop, 103 rabbit foot, 103 sweet, 87 white sweet, 92 yellow sweet, 92 Clove tree, 145 Club, golden, 28 Club-mosses— allies, 12 fir, 8 CLUSIACEAB, 64 Cnicus benedictus, 40 Coca, 75 Cooculus suberosus, 130 C0CHL0SPERMACEAE, 65 Cochlospermum gossypium, 65 Cooillana, 129 Cocklebur, 49 Cookroach plant, 24 Cocoa, 203 Coconut, 149 Cocos mucifera, 149 Coffea— arabica, 179 liberioa, 179 Coffee, 179 Coffeetree, Kentucky, 58 Cohosh, blue, 50 Cola-nut family, 203 Colchicum, 2 Colchicum autumnal e, 116 Collinsonia canadensis, 131 Colocynth, 67, 68 Colocynthis vulgaris, 67 Coltsfoot, 48 Colza, 54 Comandra umbellate, 185 COMBRETACEAE, 65 Comfrey, common, 52 Commiphora sp«, 55 Compass plant, 46 Coroptonia peregrine, 144 Conami, 31 clibodium, 211 Coneflower, hedgehog-, 41 Coniura, 2 maculatum, 20 Convsllaris majalis, 116 CONVOLVULACEAE, 66 Conyza squarrosa, 43 Copaiba, 57 Copaifera— lansdorfii, 57 officinalis, 58 Copaiva— J-ansdorfii, 57 officinalis, 58 Copernicia cerifera, 150 Coptis groenlandica, 170 Cordia myxa, 52 Coreopsis- big, 41 glandiflora, 41 Coriander, 21 Coriandrum sativum, 21 Cork tree, Amur, 183 Corn— Indj an, 164 squirrel, 106 CORNACEAE, 66 Corncockle, 60 Cornus florida, 66 Coscinium blumeanum, 131 Cotton plants, 127 sea-island, 127 Coumarouna odorata, 87 Covadilla, TT§ Covill ea trident at a, 210 Cowwheat, 190 Crabwood, 128 Cracca, 100 spp», 84 villosa purpurea, 102 CRASSTJUCEAE, 67 Creeper- elephant, 66 trumpet, 51 Virginia, 209 Creosotebush, 210 - 260 - Cress— Argnan Ditter, 54 bitter winter, 53 family, 53 mouse-ear, 53 Crocus sativus, 108 Crotalaria— angulosa, 84 paniculata, 84 spp., 84 verrucosa, 84 Croton— oapitatus, 76 eluteria, 76 flavens, 77 glandulosus, 76 monanthogynus, 76 oblongifolius, 77 app., 77 texensis, 76 tiglium, 77 Crotonweeds, 76 Crowfoot family, 168 Crow poison, 115 Cryptogams, 1, 6 Cube, 3, 4, 6, 77, 89, 91, 122, 150 Cubeb, 158 Cucaracha herb, 24 Cucumber, 68 root, 117 squirting, 68 Cucumis— colocynthis, 67 sativus, 68 Cucurbita, 194 foetidiasima, 68 pepo, 68 CUCURBITACEAE, 67 Culver* 8 root, 191 Cunin, 21, 163 Cuminum— oyainum, 21 odorum, 21 Cunila— origanoides, 131 pulegloidea, 132 Cupania sp., 186 Cupressus sp., 154 Curcuma— aroroatica, 210 long*, 210 zedoaria, 210 Cus cuta— grnndiflora, 66 reflexa, 66 Custard-apple, 17, 18 family, 17 Cutch, 140 CYCADACEAE, 69 Cycas circinalis, 69 Cyclamen elegans, 167 Cymbopogon-- citratus, 160 nerdiis, 161 Cynanchum-- nrnottianum, 32 macrorhizon, 32 Cynodon dactylon, 161 Cynoplossum officinale, 52 Cynometra— bijuga, 58 ramiflora, 58 Cynthia, 43 Cypress, 154 Cypripedium sp«, 148 Cyril la- family, 69 raceraiflora, 69 CYRILLACRAE, 69 Cytisus— laburnum, 84 scoparius, 84 Dacra, 211 Daffodil, common, 15 Daisy, 97 crown, 38 oxeye, 39 Dalea vulneraria, 85 Danconami , 81 Dandelion, 48 Daphne mezereum, 205 Dasystoma flava, 188 Datura— fastuosa, 194 metel, 195 stramonium, 193, 195 Daucus carota, 21 Deer's tongue, 117 Deguelia, 85 cunei folia, 85 Dela, 59 Delphinium— ajacis, 170 bioolor, 170 brunonianum, 171 ooeruleum, 171 consolida, 171 elatum, 171 spp», 171 staphieagria, 172 vestitum, 172 zalil, 172 - 261 - Dennstaedtia punctilobula, 9 Derris, 2, 3, **, 5, 6, 77, 85, 86, 92, 95, 96, loo, 102, 103, 122, 150, 183, benthami, 85 chinensit, 85 cuneifolia, 85 elllptica, 18, 85, 8 6, 93, 95 heptaphylla, 86 koolgibberah, 86 malaccensis, 86 oligosperma, 86 phillppinanais, 86 polyantha, 86 robur^a, 86 ecandene, 86 sekken, 87 sp., 87 thyrsiflora, 87 trifoliata, 87 ullginoBa. 86, 87 Deemed! urn — laburai folium, 87 triflorum, 87 Devil's shoestrings, 6, 102 Dharek, 129 Di centra canadensis, 105 DISEAPSTATACEAB, 69 Dichapetalum — ruhlandii, 69 toxicarium, 69 Dichrophyl lum marginatum, 79 Dichrostachys cinerea, 141 Digitalis— ambigua, 189 grandiflora, 189 purpurea, 189 DILLENIACEAE, 69 Dillenia indica, 69 Dioscorea — cylindrica, 70 hlspida. 70 pi8catorum, 70 «P., 70 villosa, 70 DIOSOOREACIAl, 70 Diospyros— embryopterls, 71 malabarica, 71 montana, 71 ■P., 72 virginiana, 72 wallichii, 72 DIPSACACEAE, 71 DIPTEROCAHPACEAE, 71 Diptero carpus — laevi s , 71 turbinatus, 71 Dlpteryx odorata, 87 Divi-divi, 56 Dodhak, 78 Dogbane, 24 family, 2k Dogwood — family, 66 flowering, 66 Jamaica, 97 Dolichos— lupiniflorus, 87 pseudopachyrrhizus, 87 Draco cephalum moldavica, 131 Dracunculus vulgaris, 28 Dragonroot, 27 Drepanocarpus lunatus, 88 DROSERACEAE, 71 Drosera rotundifolia, 71 Dryopteris felix-mas, 9 Duboisia hopwoodii, 196 Duranta — plumierl, 207 repens, 207 EBENACEAE, 71 Ebony family, 71 Ecballium elaterium, 68- Echinacea pallida, 41 Bchinops echinatus, 41 Elaeis 8pp. , 150 Elder — American, 60 European, 60 Elecampane, 43 Elm- American, 207 family, 206 Emboy, 212 Embryopteris glutenifera, 71 Ephedra — altlselma, 107 procera, 107 sp., 107 Epigaea repens, 72 E^JISETACEAE, 8 Equisetum — arvense, 8 hyemale, 8 Erb-es-picoue, 45 - 262 - ^rechoites hieracifolii, Ul Eremocarpus eetigerus, 77 Ergot of rye, 8 ERICACEAE, 72 Eri roa — ax iuus, Ul canadensis, Hi pulchellue, Ul vis co sue, U3 Eriodictyon californicum, 1Q8 Eriosema — cajanoides, 88 psoraleoides, 88 Erysimum perofskianum, 5H Erythrina — lndica, 88 variegata, 88 Erythronium americanum, 117 ERYTHBOXYLACEAE, 75 Erythroxylon coca, 75 Eucalyptus — globulus, lUU spp., 1^5 trees, IU5 Eugenia — aromatica, 1U5 caryophyllata, lH5 cumin i, lU6 Euonymus — americana, 6l atropurpura, 62 brook, 6l europaea , 62 Eupatorium — capillifolium, Ul coele8tinum, Hi connatum, Ul hyBsopifolium, Ul maculatum, Ul perfoliatum, Ul, U2 pubeecens, Ul Euphorbia — , 2 antiouorum, 77 bicolor, 78 biglandulosa, 78 cotinoidee, 78 cypari8sia8, 78 dendroides, 78 helioscopia, 78 hyberna, 78 ipecacuanha, 78 marginata, 78, 79 neriifolia, 79 reeinifera, 79 Eu orbia — (continued) 8P-, 79 thymifolia, 79 tirucalli, 79 vermiculata, 79 EUPHOHBIACEAE , 75, 82 Euphrasia officinalis, 190 Everlasting, sweet, U2 Excoecaria agallocha, 80 Eyebright, 190 FABACEAE, U, 82 FAGACEAE, 103 Fagara clava-her cul i 8 , 18U Fagopyrum sagittatum, 166 Fagus grandifolia, 10U Fennel — common, 22 dog, Ul flower, 173 Fenugreek, 103 Fern, 1, 9, 10 Christmas, 10 cinnamon, 9 flowering, 9 hay- scented, 9 -like plants, 11 male, 9, 120 -palmlike family, 69 parsley, 168 sensitive, 10 Ferula — assafoetida, 21 foetida, 22 galbaniflua, 22 Feverfew, Uo Ileus — affinior, IU3 religiosa, lU$ Figwort, 190 family, 188 Fir- balsam, 153 veitch, 15U white, 15U Fireweed, Ul Fish berries, 130 Fish poison — climber, 92 East Indian, 85 Honduras, 170 Jamaica, 97 tree, 6U, 76 FLAC0UKPIAC1AI, lOU - 263 - Flag, sweet, 27 Tlax, 122 family, 122 Fleabane, 45 daisy, 41 FLeawort, 45 Flower-of~an-hour, 127 Fluggea— leucopyrus, 80 microcarpa, 80 Tirosa, 80 Foeniculum yulgare, 22 Fomes officinalis, 10 Four-o'clock family, 147 Foxglove, 189 Frangipana, Mexican, 2b Frankincense, 55 Fraxinus americana, 148 FuHAHIACBAB, 105 Fumaria officinalis, 105 Fumitory, common, 105 family, 105 Fungus or fungi, 1, 6, 7, 8, 10 Furcraea— cubensis, 15 hexapetala, 15 Fustic, 142 Galangal, 210 Qelea officinalis, 88 Galedupa indica, 98 Oalinsoga parviflora, 42 Galium — aparine, 180 triflorum, 180 Gallnut, 104 Gambler, 181 Garc inia — hanburyi, 22 morel la, 22 Gardenia— campanulata, 180 gummlfera, 181 lucida, 181 Garlic, 114 meadow, 114 Gaul the ria— fragrant i s sima, 72 procumbens, 72 Gayfeather, spike, 44 Gelsemium— elegans, 123 sempervirens, 123 Gendaru8aa ▼ul^aris, 12 Genista, 84 germanica, 88 sp. , 88 tinctoria, 88, 89 Gentian— centaury, 10 5 family, 105 rose, 106 yellow, 105 GENTIAKACS&X, 105 Gentiana lutea, 105 GEHANIACSAJB, 106 Geranium— carolinianum, 106 crane sbill, 106 family, 10b horseshoe, 106 macula turn, 106 wild, 106 Gerardia, 188 Germander, American, 140 Ginger- family, 210 wild, 31 GIHEG0A01AX, 107 Ginkgo— biloba, 107 family, 107 tree, 107 Ginseng family, 29 Girardinia palmata, 207 Gironniera reticulata, 206 Gladiolus spp., 108 Glecoma hederacea, 132 Gliricidia sepium, 89 Glorioaa superba, 117 Glycyrrhiea glabra, 89 Gmelina arborea, 208 Gnaphalium obtusi folium, 42 GKBTACXAI, 107 Goatsrue, common, 88 Goldenrod. 47 early, 46 Goldenseal, 173 Gold thread, 170 Goosefoot family, 63 Gorae, 84, 103 Gossypium— barbadense, 127 spp., 127 Gouania — lupuloides, I7U polygama, 174 - 26U - Gourd- African titter, 19U bitter, 67 family, 67 Missouri, 68 Grape family, 209 Grass — Bermuda, l6l "blue-eyed, 109 citronella, l6l cuscus, lo4 efwatakala, l62 family, l60 gordura, 162 lemon, l60 molasses. l62 quack, 160 sleepy, 163 stink, 162 velvet, 162 Greenbrier, common, 120 Green hall, 56 Grewia— carpinifolia, 206 tiliaefolia, 206 Grindelia— camporum, 42 robust a, 42 Ground cherry-- cut-leaved, 201 Peruvian, 198 Groundnut, 82 Groundsel, 46 Guaiacum officinale, 210 guallacan tree, 210 Guarsa rusbyi, 129 Guilandlna dioica, 58 Gum — blue, 144 kino, 83 sweet, 107 Gymnocladus-- canadensis, 58 dioica, 58 Gymnosporia— montana, 62 Senegal ensi s, 62 Gynandropsi s — gynandra, 59 psntaphylla, 59 Gynocarida odorata, 104 Gypsophlla vaccarla, 6l Gyrotheca tlnctorla, 107 Habak, 136 Habenaria blephariglottis, IU9 Haematoxylon campechiantnn, 89 HAEMODOBACEAE, 107 Hagsnia abyssinica, 176 Haiari, 89 black, 89 white, 90 Halesia Carolina, 203 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 107, 20U Hamamelis virginiana, 107 Haplophyton cimicidum, 24 Harahara, 212 Haronga-- madagascarlensis, 65 panlculata, 65 Hartstongue, 10 Hawkweed, U3 Heath family, 72 Hebitchioahabu, 187 Hedeoma pulegioides, 132 Hedera — helix, 29 dulnquefolla, 209 ■PP., 29 Hedychium spicatum, 210 Helenium — autumnal e, 42 ■P., ^ tenui folium, 42 Helianthemum canadense, 64 Helianthus annuue, 42 Heliopsis helianthoides, U3 Heliotrope, India, 52 Heliotropium-- europaeum, 52 indicum, 52 peruvianum, 52 Hellebore, 2, U, 6, 120, 121 American, 122 black, 173 California false-, 121 fetid, 173 green, 122 svamp, 122 white false-, 121 Helleborus — foetidus, 173 niger, 121, 173 orientalis, 173 Helonias— bullata, 117 officinalis, 118 - 265 - Hemerocallis fulva, 117 Hemlock, 158 poison, 20, 21 spotted water, 20 Hemp, connon, 1^-2 Henbane, 196 Hepeta hederacea, 132 Hepatica — americana, 173 nobilis, 173 Hercules-club, 18U Herpesti8 monnieria, 189 Hevea spp. , 80 Hibiscus— abelmoschus, 127 trionum, 127 vitifolius, 127 Hicoria — glabra , 109 Hicory, 109 Hieracium nratense, U3 Hing, 22 Hippobroma longiflora, 58 Hiptage benghalensis, 127 Hoarhound, common 13^ Holcus lanatus, 162 Holesarapige, 212 Holigarna amothiana, 15 Holly- American, 26 family, 26 Hollygrape, Oregon, U9 Holorrhena ant idy sent erica, 25 Honeysuckle — family, 60 Japanese, 60 Hongay, 98 Hoorooasha, 212 Hop, IU3 Hopho rnheam , 50 Horaechednut family, 13 Horsemint, 135, lUo Horsenettle, 201 Horseradish, 53 Horsetails, 1, 8 common, 8 scouring- rush, 8 Horseweed, Ul Houndstongue, common, 52 Humulus lupulus, IU3 Hura — crepitans, 80 polyandra, 80 Hyacinth, common, 117 Hyacinthus orientalis, 117 Hydno carpus — anthelmnthicus, 51 inebrians, 69 venenata, 105 wightiana, 105 Hydrangea — arborescens, 108 family, 107 HYDRA17GSACEAE, 108 Hydrastis canadensis, 173 Hydrolea zeylanica, 108 HYDHOPHTLLaCBATB, 108 Hymenaea courbaril, 58 Hyoscyamus — albus, 196 black, 2 niger, 196 spp., 196, 197 white, 2 HYPURICACEAE, 108 Hypericum perforatum, 108 HTPOCKMCSAE, 8 Hyptis spicigera, 132 Hyssot), 1^3 Hyssopus officinalis, 133 Iceland moss, 9 Ichthyomethia piscipula, 97 Ignatia, 123 ' Ilex— opaca, 26 paraguensis, 26 verticillata, 26 Impatiens — balsam ina, U9 biflora, U9 Imperatoria ostruthium, 23 Indian- — jack tree, lU2 poke, 122 tobacco, 123 turnip, 27 Indigo — true, 89 yellow wild, 83 Indigofera — indica, 89 mucronata, 211 tinctoria, 89 Insect flowers — Caucasian, 39, U3 Dalmatian, 38 Persian, 38, ko, UU, hg - 266 - Inula — conyza, U3 dysenterica, U5 heljenium, U3 pulicaria, U5 souarrosa, U3 viscoea^—^3 Ipomoea— hederacea 66 jalapa, 6b muricata, 66 -oandurata. 66 purpurea, sp . 66 66 IRIDACEAE, 108 Iris — blueflag, 109 family, 108 g-ermanica, 109 versicolor, 109 Irish moss, 11 Ironweed, com-non, U-Q Ironwood, 50 Isotoma long! flora, 58 Itch-weed, 122 Iuru, 69 Ivy- English, 29 ground, 132 Jaborandi, lSk Jack-in-the-pulpit, 28 Jacquinia — rusci folia, 205 sprucei, 205 Jalap, 66 Jamaica dogwood, 97 Jatropha macrorhiza, 81 Javillo, 80 Jeffersonia diphylla, 50 Jessamine, yellow, 123 Jimsonweed, 195, 19& Joint-fir family, 107 JUGLAUDACEAE, 109 Juglans — cinerea, 109 glabra. 109 nigra, 110 regia, 110 JTJNCACEAE, 110 Juncus effusus, 110 Juniper, 15^ Juniperus — communis, I5U oxycedrus, l^U sabirfa, 155 virg'iniana, 155 Justicia — adhatoda, 12 gendarussa, 12 repens, 12 Kagyaw, 55 Kalanchoe spathulataj 67 Kalmia — angustifolia, 73 latifolia, 7^ Kama, flowers of, 69 Karaala, 81, 87 Kaner, 25 Karwinskia humboldtiana, 17U Kemenyan, 20*4- Kerria japonica, 176 Keyserlingia griffithii 99 Kifuta, 162 Koellia flexuosa, 138 Koetoepoe, 212 Kousso, lf6 Krigia biflora, U3 Kudzu vine, 98 Kulit bentangor, 6U Laburnum, 8^ Lachnanthes tinctoria, 107 Lactuca — canadensis, U3 sp., U3 virosa, Uh Lactucarium, Uh Ladysli-oper, lUg Lagenandra — ovata, 28 toxicaria, 28 Lambkill, 73 Lamium amplexicaule, 133 Lantana camara, 208 Larkspur, 170 common, 171 field, 171 low, 170 musk, 171 rocket, 170 Larrea divaricata, 210 Lasiosiphon eriocerhalus, 206 LAURA CEAE, 110 - 267 - Laurel — Alexandrian, 6U California, 11? family, 110 mountain, 73 noble, 112 spurge, 205 Laurus nobilis, 112 Lavandula — officinalis, 133 spica, 1?3 spp., 133 vera, 133 Lavender, 133 cotton U5 sea, 160 Leathcrvood, southern, 69 Lechuguilla, 15 LECYIEIDACEAE, 113 Ledum — groenlandicum, 73 latifolium, 73 palustre, 7^ Leek, llU Lemna, 11 Lemon, 182 LErTTIEULARIACEAE, llU Leontodon tuberosus, ^ Leonurus cardiaca, 133 Lepidium; — ruderale, 5^ virgin! cura, 5^- Lettuce, ^3 water, 2? wild, U3 Leucanthemum vulgare, 39 Leucas — capitata, 133 cephalotes, 133 martinicensis, 133 Leucothoe grayana, 73 Liatris spicata, UU Lichens, 9 Licorice, common, 89 Ligustruin vulgare, 1^8 Lilac, common, lH8 LILIACEAE, U, llU, 122 Lilium superbum, 117 Lily- day, 117 family, llU of-the-valley, 116 trout, 117 turkscap, 117 Lime, wild, lU8 Limonium carolinianum, 160 LINACEAE, 122 Linaria vulgaris, 190 Linden — family, 206 tree, 206 Lindera benzoin, 112 Linum usitatissimum, 122 Lippia — citriodora, 208 dulcis, 208 triphylla, 208 Liouidambar — orientalis, 20U styraciflua, 107 Liriodendron tulipfera, 126 Lit sea — glaucescens, 112 guatemalensis, 112 Lizardtail, common, 159 Lobelia — cardinal! s, 123 family, 123 inflata, 123 LOBELIACEAE, 123 Locoweeds, 82 locust, common, 98 LOGAtflACEAE, 123 Logania family, 123 Logwood, 89 Loma.tia silaifolia, l68 Lonchocarpus, 2, 3, 6, 100 chrysophyllus, 89 latifolius, 90 martynii, 89, 90 nicou, 91 rariflorus, 90 spp., 89 sylvestris, 89 urucu, 90 utilis, 89, 90, 91 Lonicera japonica, 60 Lookingglass, venus, 59 Loosestrife — family, 126 purnle, 126 L0RA!T?RACEAE, 126 Lotus, American, 1^-7 Lousewort, 172 Lungwort, common, 52 Luoine, °<1 sun-dial 91 yellow, 91 - 268 - Lupinus, 91 albus, 91 angustifolius, SI luteus, 91 niger, 9! perennis, 91 spp., 91 Lycium halimifolium, 197 LYCOPEEDACEAE, g Lycoperdon-- bovistat g giganteum, g Lycopersicoh — esculentum, 197 lycopersicum, 197 ' LYCOPODIACSAE, g Lycopodium — complanatum, g selago, g Lycopue virginicus, 133 Lyonia ovalifolia, 73 Lysimachia — nummularia, 167 terreetris, 167 LYTHHACEAB, 126 Lythrum salicaria, 126 Macleaya cordata, 151 Madura pomifera 1^3 Madana-kama-pu, ©9 Madder family, 177 Madhuca — "butyracea, 187 latifolia, 187 longifolia, lgg sp., lgg Madrlado, g9 MAG-NOLIACEAE, 126 Magnolia — family, 126 virginiana, 126 Mahogany family, 128 Mahonia aqui folium, U9 Mahua, 187 Maianthemum canadense, 117 Maidenhair — southern, 9 tree, 107 Maize, l6U Malahar nut, 12 MALACEAE, 126 Mallotue philippinensis, gl Mallow family, 127 MALPIGHIACEAE, 127 Malus sylvestris, 1?6 MALVACEAE, 127 Mammea americana, U5, 65 Mammee tree, U5 Mandragora, 2 Mangifera indica, l6 Mango , 16 Manihot dulcis, gl Maple — family, 13 Norway, 13 red, 13 silver, 13 sugar, 13 sycamore, 13 Maravitti tree, 105 Margarita, 17^ Marguerite, 39 Marigoldr- African, kf corn, Uo marsh, 169 Mexican, ^7 Marjoram, sweet, 137 MarruMum vulgare, 13^ Maruta cotula, 3U Marvel of Peru, 1U7 Master wort, 23 Mastic tree, 16 Matioo, 159 Matricaria — chamomilla, UU discoidee hk inodora, UU matricarioides, kk partheniua , Uo suaveolens, UU Matrimony vine, 197 Mayapple, common, 50 Mayweed, 3^ Meadowrue, 17^ Medeola virginiana, 117 Meibomla — latum i folium, g7 triflora, g7 Melado, 162 Melaleuca leucodondron, 1^6 Melampyrum lineare, 196 Melanthium — mu9caetoxicum, 115 virginicum, 117 - 269 - Melia— azadlrachta, 128 azedarach, 129 duMa, 130 robusta, 130 superba , 130 MELIACEAE, 128 Melilotus— alba, 92 altissima, 92 officinalis, 92 Melinis minutiflora, l62, 163 Melissa officinalis, I3U Melodorum litifolia, 1§ MMISPERMACEAE, 130 Menispermum — canadense, 131 cocculus , 130 Mentha-- arvensis, 13^ canadensis, 13^ longifolia, I3U piperita, I3U pulegitun, 135 spicata, 135 sylvestris, I3U viridis, 135 MENTHA CSA35, 131, lUO Menyanthes trifoliata, 105 Merrybells, wood, 120 Mesua — ferrea, 65 speciosa, 65 Mezereum family, 205 Mgagana, 72 Mhayo, 87 Michel ia— aurantiaca, 126 champaca, 126 Microsechium helleri, 6S Mignonette, Uk family, IJk Milkweed, 31 family, 31, 33, 165 Millettia, 6, 95 auriculata, 92 pachycarpa, 92 piscidia, §3 reticulata, 93 tauwania, 93 MIMOSACEAE, lfo Mimosa-- cinerea, lUl family, lltf) Mint- American wild, 13U family, 131 field, I3U horse, 135, lUO pepper, 134 spear, 135 stone, 131 Mirabillis" jalapa, 1U7 Mistletoe — American, 126 family, 126 Mitchella repens, 181 Mockorange, sweet, 188 Moetoepoe, 212 Mohwa, 187 Mollugo — cerviana, lU spergula, lU Momordica — charantia, 69 schimperiana, 69 Monarda punctata, 135, 1^0 Moneywort, 167 MONIMIACEAE, lU2 Monkeyface tree, 81 Monkshood, 168 Columbia, l68 Moonseed family, 130 MORACEAE, 1U2 Morning-glory family, 66 Moroballi, 186 Morus sp. , IU3 Mosquito plant, I36 Moss(es), 1, 11 club, 8 fir club, 8 haircap, 11 Iceland, 9 Iri«h, 11 Motherwort, common, 133 Mowa-mahua tree, 188 Mowrah, 212 Msharaka, 81 Mugwort, 36 Mulberry, 1U3 family, 1U2 Mullein — common, 190 moth, 190 turkey, 77 - 270 - Mundulea, H, 6, 93, 9U, 95, 9& sericea, 97, 95 suberosa, 93 Muraballi, 186 MUSACEAE, IU3 Musa sapientum, IU3 Mushroom, 6, 7 fly, 6 Mustard, 5^ "black, 53 family, 53 Myrica — carolinensis, lUU cerifera, 1^3 gale, lUU •oeregrina, lUU MYRICACEAE, IU3 MYRISTICACEAE, lUU Myristica fragrans lUk Myrobalan family, 65 MYRTACEAE, lUU Myrtle-- candleberry, lUU family, lUU Nami, 70 Nao-yang-wha, 7^ Narcissus pseudonarcissus, 15 Nasturtium, common, 107 ITauclea cordifolia, 177 Necoetae, 212 Neem tree, 128 Nekoe, 89 Nelumbium luteum lhj Nelumbo lutea, 1^7 Neorautanenia fisifolia, S& Nepeta — cataria, 1^5 hederacea, 132 Nerium — indicum, 25 odorom, 25 oleander, 25 Nettle- dead, 133 family, 207 Neurolaena lobata, 1+5 Nicandra nhysalodee, 198 Nicotiana — glauca, 199 rustica, 199 *VV-t 199 sylvestris, 199, 200 tabacum, 199, 200 Nigella sativa, 173 Nightshade — hitter, 201 black, 202 deadly, 193 family, 193 Nim, 128 Nima ouassioides, 192 Niquitau (niquivau) , ^7 Nivrai, Uo Nochi, 208 Numurdi, 37 Nuphar advena, l^g Nut— beetle, lho betel, IU9 Malabar, 12 pig, 109 Nutmeg- - common, lUh family, lUU Nux-vomica, 123, 125 NYCTAC-INACEAE, IU7 Nymphaea advena, lU8 NYMPHAEACSAE, 1U7 Nyssa sylvatica, 67 Oak- African, 81 black, 10^ common red, 10^ scarlet, IOU white, IOU Ocimum — basilicum 135 canum, 13b gratissimum I36 sanctum, 13b viride, I36 Oenanthe crocata, 23 OLACACEAE, lUS Oldfieldia africana, 81 OLEACEAE, lUg 01 ea europaea, lUg Oleander — common, 25 sweet, 25 Olive, lUg family, lUg Onion, 11U sea, 120 Onoclea sensibilis, 10 Opuntia humifrusa, 55 Orange, lg3 - 271 - Orchid — white fringe-, 1U9 family, lUg ORCHIDACEAE, lU8 Oreodaphne californlca, 113 Origanum — hirtum, 137 majorana, 137 Crnithogalum umbellatum, 118 Orontium aquaticum, 28 Orpine family, 67 Orris root, 109 Oryza sativa, 163 Osage-orange, IU3 Osmunda — cinnamomea, 9 regalis, 9 0SMUH5ACEAE, 9 Ostrya virgin! ana, 50 Ostryoderris gabonica, 96 Ougeinia dalbergioides, 96 Ourouoaria gambia, 181 OXALIDACEAE, 1U9 Oxalis stricta, IU9 Oxydendrum arbor eum, 7^- Oxystelma esculentum, "}2 Pachygone ovata, 131 Pachyrhi zus — angulatus 96 erosus, Po tuberosus, 97 Pagoda tree, 99 Paipu, 203 Palm, lUo hetel, IU9 carnauha, 150 family 1U9 sago, 69 PALMAE, IU9 Palmetto, saw, 150 Panama wood, 17&, 177 PAFEA2TACEAE, 150 Pandanus— odorlfera, 150 tectorius, 150 Paiigium edule, 51 Pani cum — antidotale, 163 subalblduro, 163 Pansy, common, 209 PAPAVERACEAE, 150 Papaver somniferum, 151 Papaw, 19 Parietaria pensylvanica, 207 Parilla, yellow, 131 PARMELIACEAE, 9 Parosela barbata, 85 Parsnip, 23 water, 2h Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 209 Partridgeberry, 181 Partridge-pea, 56 Pasqueflower, European, 169 PASSIFLORACEAE, 152 Passiflora incarnata, 152 Passionflower, 152 family, 152 Pastinaca sativa, 27 Patchouli, 137 Paullinia pinnata, 186 Pea family, 82 Peach, 175 Peanut, 82 Pear — balsam, 69 common, 176 kiefer, 176 prickly, 55 PEDALIACEAE, 152 Peepul tree, IU3 Peganum harmala^ 210 Pelargonium — odoratissimum, 106 spp. , 106 zonale, 106 Pellitory, 33, 207 Peltandra virginica, 28 Pencil flower, 100 Pennyroyal — American, 132 European, 135 Pe-oner — black, 158 cayenne, 19^ cubeb, 158 family, 158 Japanese, 185 red, lQh water, 166 white, 158 PeT)T)ergrass, 5^ wild," 5U Peppermint, I3U Perilla frutescens, 137 Persicaria hydropiper, l66 Persicary, 166 Persimmon, com-on, 72 - 272- Peruvian bark, 178 Petiveria alliacea, 153 Petroselinum crispum, 23 Petunia, 201 common, 200 hybrida, 200 sp., 200 Peumus boldu8, lU2 Peuraria thunbergiana, 98 Phanerogams, 1, 12 Phaseolue radiatus, 56 Phellodendron — amurense, 183 lavalll, 18U Philadelphus coronarius, 1S8 Phlox- family, 165 garden, 165 moss, 165 paniculata, 165 subulata, 165 Phoradendron flavescens, 126 Phyl Ian thus — conami , 81 1 eucopy rua , go niruri, 81 simplex, 81 Phyllitis scolopendium, 10 Physalis angulata, 201 Physalodes peruvianum , 198 Phyaostigma venenosum, 97 Phytolacca— americ&na, 153 decaadra , 153 PHYTOLACCA CHAE, 153 Picea— abiea, 156 ri en talis, 156 Plckerelweed family, 167 ricraaa^ excel sa, 191 rawaia pentandra, 192 Piscrasma-- ailanthoides, 192 excel sa , 191 napalensis, 192 quaes ioides, 192 Pieris — japonica, 7^- ovallfolia, 73 Pignut, 109 Pigweed, lU Pilocarpus jaborandi, 18U Pigments — acrig. IU7 officinalis, IU7 pimenta, lU7 racemosa, lU7 vulgaris, IU7 Pimpinella — anisum, 23 saxifraga, 2h PINAC5AE 153 Pine, 156 family, 153 pitch, 156 Scotch, 158 scrub, 158 white, 158 Pineapple, 5^- family, 5*+ Pinguicula vulgaris, llU Pink — family, 60 Maryland, 127: Pinus — longifolia 156 rigida, 15° spp., 156 strobus, 158 sylvestris, 158 virginiana, 158 Pinxterbloom, 72 Piper — aduncum, 158 album, 158 cubeba , 1 58- elongatum, 159 nigrum, 159 PIPERACEAE, 158 Pipsissewa, 168* common, 72 Piscidia— erythrina, 97 plscipula, P7 Pistacia lentiscus, l6 Pistia stratiotes, 28 Pithecellobium elliptica, 97 Pituri, 196 Plaadura, 37 Planetree-- American, 159 family, 159 oriental, 159 - 273 - PLA1TTAG-INACEAE, 159 Plantago — lanceolata, 159 major, 159 Plantain — buckhorn, 159 common, 159 family, 159 P1AHTANACEAJ}, 159 Platanus — occidentalis, 159 orientalis, 159 Plectranthus rugosus, 137 Plum, jambolan, lU6 PLUMBAGINACEAE, l60 Plumbago-- auriculata, l60 coccinea, l6o family, l60 rosea, l6o zeylanica, l60 Plumeria — acuminata, 26 acutifolia, 26 rubra, 26 POAGEAE, 160, 165 Podophyllum — emodi, 50 peltatum, 50 Pogogyne parviflora, 137 Pogostemon-- hjsyneanus, 137 patchouli, 137 Pokeberry, common, 153 Pokeweed family, 153 POLEMONIACEAE, 165 POLYGALACEAE, 165 Polygala senega, 165 POLYGONACEAE, lb5 Polygonatum — biflorum, US commutatum, 118 Polygonum — acre, l66 flaccidum, l66 hi spidum , l66 hydropiper, 166 orientale, 166 pensylvanicum l66 punctatum, l6o sp., 166 POLYPODIACEAE, 9 POLYPORACEAE, 10 Polyporus officinalis, 10 Polystichum agrostichoides, 10 POLYTHICHACEAE, 11 Polytrichum juniper inum, 11 Pomegranate l68 family, 168 Pond-apple, 17 Pongamia — glabra, 98 pinnata, 98 PONTEDERIACEAE, 167 Pontederia cordata, 167 Poor-robins-plantain, Ul 'Poplar, black, 185 Poppy, 56 family, 150 Mexican, 150 opium, 151 pink plume, 151 prickle, 150 Populus — candicans, 185 nigra, 185 Fortia tree, 127 PORTDLACACEAE, 167 Potato, 202 family, 193 Potentilla argentea, 176 Prangos pabular ia, 2k Prickly-ash, 18U Prickly pear, 55 PRIMULACEAE, 167 Primrose family, 167 Privet, European, lUS PROTEACEAE, l68 Protead family, l68 Prunus — amygdalus , 175 serotina, 176 sp., 176 Psoralea — corylifolia, 98 pedunculata, 98 Psychotria ipecacuanha, 177 Pteridium — aauilinum, 10 latiusculum, 10 Pterospermum— aceri folium, 203 aceroides, 203 Pueraria thunbergiana, 98 - 27U - Puffball, 8 giant, g Pulegium vulgare, 135 Pulicaria^ dysenterica, U5 vulgaris, ^5 Pulmonaria officinalis, 52 Pumpkin, 68 PUNICACEAE, 168 Punica granatum, l68 Pur»elane family, 167 Pussytoes, 3^ JPycnanthemum flscruosum, 138 Pjrrethrum, 2, 3, U, 6, "58, Hhf *8, *9, 62, 7*, 75, 95, 102, 153, 183 achllleae, 38 carneum, 38 cinerariaef olium t 38 corymbosum, 3^ parthenium.^ kO roseura, 39 segetum, Uo PYRDLACEAB, l68 Pyrus — communis 176 8pp., 170 Quassia, 3, & amara, 192, excel sa, 19A family, 191 Jamaica, 191 Surinam, 192 Quebracho, l6 Quercitron, 10fc~ Oner cue- alba, 10U eoccinea, 10U rubra, 10h spp., IOU velutina, IOU Qaillaja, 186 bra8ilienBi8, 176 saponaria, 176 Radicula armoracia, 53 Ragweed, 33 great, 33 Bandia dumetorum 181 RANUNCULACEAB, lb8 Ranunculus septentrionalia, 17^ Rape, 5^ Ratsbane, West African, 69 Rattlebox, 190 Rauvolfia — obscura, 26 vomitoria, 26 Reaumuria hypericoides, 20U Rerausatia vivipara, 28 RSSEDA.CBA1, Ijh Reseda ororata, 17** RHAMNACEAZ, ljk Rhamnus-- cathartica, 175 frangula, 175 purshiana, 175 Rheum rhaponticum, 166 Rhinacan thus — communi s , 12 nasatus, 12 Rhinanthus crista-galli, 190 Rhododendron — hunnewellianum, 7** japonicum, 7^ molle, 7^ sinense, 7*+ sp., 75 RHODOPHYCSAH, 11 Rhubarb, l66 Rhus — aromatica, l6 canadensis, l6 coriaria, l6 glabra, l6 sp., lb toxicodendron, l6 Bhynchosia flsifolia. 96 MTte8 gros8ularia, 108 Rice, 163 Ricinua— communis, 81 medicus, 81 vulgaris, 81 Robinia pseudacacia, 98 Rockrose family, 6U Romero, 138 Root — blood, 152 cinnamon, U3 costus, u6 cucumber, 117 culver1 s, 191 orris, 109 red, 107 yellow, 17U - 275 ROSACEAE, 175, 1S6 Rose family, 175 Rosemary, 138 Rosmarinus officinalis, 138 Roy-kung-teng, 62 Roylea elegans, 138 Roy-teng, 93 Rubber tree, 80 RtfBlACEAE, 177 Rudbeckia hirta, U5 Rue — common, 18U family, 182 Rumex — acetosa, 167 sp., 167 Rungia repens, 12 Rush — common, 110 family, 110 scouring, 8 Russian tarragon, 36 RTJTACEAE, 182 Ruta graveolens, 18U Sabadilla officinarum. 118 Sabbatia angularis, 106 Sabina officinalis. 155 Sabral, 99 Safflower, 38 Saffron, meadow, 116 Sage, 139 green, 139 scarlet, 139 Sagebrush, 36 St. Johnswort, 108 family, 108 Sakut, 70 SALICACEAE, 185 Sallsburia adrianti folia. 107 Salix nigra, 185 Salvia — moorcroftiana, I38 officinalis, 139 plebia, 139 sclarea, i^9 sp., 139 splendens, 139 triloba, 139 ' SALVINIACEAE, 11 Samadera indica, 192 Samanobere, I83 Sambucus — canadensis, 60 nigra, 60 Sanacoche, 68 Sandalwood, 185 family, 185 Sandarac tree, 15^ Sandbox tree, 80 Sanguinaria canadensis, 152 Sansevieria roxburghiana, 118 SAFTALACEAE, 185 Santalum album, 185 Santolina — chamaecyparissus, U5 sp., ^5 SAPIITDACEAE, 186 Sapindus— marginatus, 186 mukorossi, 186 utilis, 186 Sapium — ellipticum, 81 indicum, 82 Sapodilla family, 187 Saponaria — officinalis, 60 vaccaria, 6l SAPOTACEAE, 187 Sarco8temma brevi stigma, 32 Sarsaparilla, American, 29 Sassafras — albidum, 112 sassafras, 112 variifollum, 112 Satureia hortensis, 139 Sauromatum guttatum, 29 Saururus cerauus, 159 Saussurea lappa, U6 Savin, 155 Savory, summer, 139 SAXIERAGACEAE, 188 Saxifrage family, 188 Scabiosa — atropurpurea, 71 sweet, 71 Schinopsis sp. , l6 Schkuhria abrotanoides, U6 Schleichera trijuga, 187 Schoenocaulon officanale, 118 Scilla maritima, 120 Scorzonera latifolia, U6 Screwpine family, 150 Scrophularia— marilandica, 190 nodosa, 190 SCROPHULARIACEAE, 188 - 276- Scutellaria lateriflora, 139 Sea onion, 120 Seaweed, 11 Sebastiana pavoniana, 82 Securinega leucopyrgus , SO SELAGINELLACaiAE, 12 Celaginella scandens, 12 Seme carpus anacardium, l6 Senecio— aureus, kS vulgaris, U6 Senna, 56 auriculata, 56 coffee, 57 family, 55 purpurea, 57 sophera 57 wild, 5b Serenoa rep ens, 150 Sericocarpus asteroides, U6 Serjania — paucidentata, 187 ep., 187 Sesame, 152 Sesamuffl— indicum, 152 orientalis, 152 Sestania— aculeata, 99 aegyptiaca, 99 punctata, 99 Sheep poison, 7^ Shepherd1 e-purse, 54 Shoofly plant, 198 Sideroxylon horbonicum, 188 Silene antirrhina, 6l Silphiua laciniatum, 46 Silverbell tree. 203 Siaaruba — excel sa. 191 versicolor, 192 SIMaHDBACSAB, 191 Sinapis, 54 Sisyrinchium sp., 109 Slum suave, 24 Skullcap- mad-dog, 139 Smartweed, l66 SMLACAOUI, 192 Smilacina trifolia Smllax — bona-nox, 192 family, 192 rotundifolia, 120 tamnoides, 192 Snakeroot — Canada , yi sampson, 98 seneca, 165 Virginia, 31* Snapdragon, 188 Snapweed, spotted, U9 Sneezeweed, 42 Snow-on- the-mountain, 79 Soap- bark, 176, 177 nut, 186 Soapberry family, 186 Soapwort, 60 ow, 6l Soja max, 99 SOLABACEal, 4, 193 Solanum — auricula turn, 201 carolinenee, 201 dulcamara, 201 indicum, 201 jamesii, 202 lycoperslcum. 197 nigrum, 202 tuberosum, 202 Solidago— juncea, 46 odora, U7 sp., 47 Solomoneeal false, 120 great, 118 hairy, 118 Sonchus oleraceus, U7 Sophora, 84 flave scene, 99 griffithii, 99 Japonica, 99 mollis, 99 pachycarpa, 99 secundiflora, 84 speciosa, 84 tinctoria, 8*5 tomentosa, 84, 100 Sorbus amerlcana, 127 Sorrel, garden, 167 Sour sop, 17 Sourwood, 7^ Southern maidenhair, 9 Southernwood 35 Sowthistle, 47 Soybean 99 SPAEGANLA.CEaS, 202 - 277 - Sparganium americanum, 202 Spatholobus roxburghii, 100 S-oathyema foetida. 29 Spat t erdock, 148 Spearmint, 135 Specularia perfoilata, 59 Speedwell, 190 Spermatophytes, 12 Spicebush, 112 Spigelia marilandica, 123 Spikenard, American, 29 Spilantes acmella, 47 Spindle tree, 62 Springbeauty, Virginia, 167 Spruce- hemlock, 158 Norway, 156 oriental, 156 Spurge, 78, 79 family, 75 Squill, 120 Squirreicorn, 105 Stachys officinalis, 140 Staff-tree family, 61 St ar-of -Bethlehem, 118 Stavesacre, 172 Stellarla media, 6l Stemona— collinsae, 203 tuberose, 203 STEM0NAC31U!, 203 STERCULIACEAE, 203 Stillingia sylvatica, 82 Stipa riridula, 163 Stonemint, 131 Stoneworts, 7 St or ax- family, 203 tree, 204 Strophantbus kombe, 26 Strychnine tree, 123 StrychnOB, 126 ignatii, 123 nux-Tomica, 123 spp., 124 toxifera, 125 Stylo santhes biflora, 100 STYBACACEAS, 203 Styrax — benzoin, 204 officinalis, 204 spp., 204 Sugar-apple, 18 Sumac, l6 family, 15 Suma rubra, 212 Sundew- family, 71 roundleaf, 71 Sunflower- common, 42 sweet, 43 Sunrose, 64 Susan, black-eyed, 45 Swallowwort, 32, 151 Swampcandle, 167 Swamp pink, 117 Sweetbay, 126 Sweet fern, 144 Sweetleaf, 204 family, 204 Swertia — chirata, 106 chirayita, 106 Symphytum officinale, 52 SYMPL0CAC2A2, 204 Symplocarpus foetidus, 29 Symplocos paniculate, 204 Synandrospadix rermitoxicus, 29 Syringa vulgaris, 148 Tagetes— erect a, 47 grandulifera. 47 mi nut a, 47 spp., *+7 Talaballi, 212 TAMABICACEAJ5, 204 Tamarish family, 204 Tamus communis, 70 Tanacetum vulgare, 48 Tansy, common, 48 Taraxacum palustre, 48 TAXACSAS, 204 Taxus cuspidata, 204 Tea, 179, 205 crystal-, 73 family, 205 Jersey-, 174 Paraguay, 26 true Labrador-, 73 Teak, 208 Teasel family, 71 Tectona grandis, 208 - 278 - Tephrosia, 3, H, 6, 8U, 95, 100 ambigua, 100 Candida, 101, 102 diffusa, 101 grandi flora, 101 heckmannia, 101 hispidula, 101 hookeriana, 101 latidens, 101 lindheimeri, 101 macropoda, 93, 101 noctiflora, 102 nyikensis, 102 piscatoria, 97, 102 purpurea, 102 spicata, 102 toxicaria, 91, 102 villosa, 102 virgiaiana, 102 vistita, 103 vogelii, 91, 93, 103 Terminal ia — catappa, 65 moluccana, 65 Teucrium canadense, lUO Tez-moora, 185 Thai ict rum polygamum, 17k THEACEAE, 205 Thea sinensis, 205 Theobroma cacao, 203 THEOPHKASTACEAE, 205 Thespesia populnea, 127 Thevetia— nereifolia, 26 peruviana, 26 Thistle- blessed, Uo family, 33 sow, U7 Thoroughwort, 1+1 Thrincia tuberosa. UU Thuja occidentalis, 158 Thundergod vine, 62 Thyme — common, lUo mother-of-, lUo THYMELEACEAE, 205 Thymus — serpyllura, lUo vulgaris, lUo TILIACEAE, 206 Tilia europaea, 206 Tillandsia usnoides, 5^ Timbo, U, 6, 89, 90, 91 urucu, 90 verraelho, 90 Toadflax, 190 Tobacco, 25, 32, 59, 80, 129, 19* 199, 200 common, 200 Indian, 123 tree, 199 wild, 199 Tomato, 1§7, 198 Tonka bean, 87 Torongil, l^ Tournefortia — hirsutissima, 52 volubilis, 52 Toxicodendron radicans, l6 Toxylon pomiferum. IU3 Trachylobium hornemannianum, 58 Tragia.sp., 82 Trichilia— cuneata, 130 trlfoliata, I30 Trifolium — agrariura, 103 arvense, 103 Trigonella foenum-graecum, 103 Trilisa odoratissima, kS Trillium — erectum, 120 purple, 120 Tripterygium vilfordii, 62 Triticum sp., l6U Tropaeolum ma jus, 107 Trumpeter eeper family, 51 Tssikoena, 212 Tsuga canadensis, 158 Tuba, 85 buah-daun, 72 cherok, 70 hantu, 213 Janirok, 213 kupak, 131 riam, 213 sasan, 213 tanah, 217 Tulip- common, 120 tree, 126, 127 Tulipa gesneriana. 120 Tung-oil tree, 75 Tupelo, 67 TurkeymulleiD, 77 - 279 - Turmeric, 28, 210 lip, Indian, 27 !Pvu lehead, 189 Tussilago farfara, U8 Twialeaf, 50 ""ylophora — ? jthmatica, 33 fasciculata, 33 Typha — angustifolia, 206 latifolia, 206 TYPHACEAE, 206 Ulex, 8U europaeus , 103 ULMACEAE, 206 Ulmus americana, 207 Umbellularia californica, 113 Uncaria gambir, 181 Unicorn, true, llU Unidentified plants, 211 Unifolium canadense, 117 Uraria picta, 103 Urginea — maritima, 120 scilla, 120 URTICACEAE, 207 Uvarla latifolia, 19 Uvularia perfoliata, 120 Vaccinium sp. , 75 Vagnera trifolia, 120 Valerian, 207 family, 207 VALERIANA CEAE, 207 Valeriana officinalis, 207 Valonia, 10U Vanilla — Carolina, U8 planifolia, IU9 Vateria indica, 71 Velvet tree, 183 Ventilago madraspatana, 175 Veratrum, 120 album, 2, 121, 122 album viride. 122 californicum, 121 nigrum, 2, 121 officinale, 118 viride, 121, 122 Verbascum— blattaria, 190 thapsus, 190 VERBENACEAE, 207 VerOnia — anthelmintica, UP noveboracensiSj U9 Veronica— officinalis, I90 vlrglnica, 191 Veronicastrum virginicum, 1Q1 Vervain family, 207 Vetch, hairy, 103 Vetiver, l6U Vetiveria zizanioides, l6U Viburnum— dentatum, 60 prunifolium, 60 Vicia villosa, 103 Vine — kudzu, 98 matrimony, 197 thundergod, 62 Viola— papilionacea, 209 tricolor, 209 VIOLACEAE, 209 Violet — butterfly, 209 family, 209 VITACEAE, 209 Vitex— agnus-castus, 208 negundo, 208 Vitis— hederacea, 209 eetosa, 209 Volkameria infortunata, 207 Wahoo, b2 Walnut-- black, 110 family, 109 Persian, 110 Walsura piscidia, 1^0 Waterleaf family, 108 Waterlily family, Ikf Wattle, Sydney, lUl Waxmyrtle, southern, IU3 Weed, 213 bugle, 133 jimson, 195 I96 pickerel lt>7 smart, I06 Wheat, 16U White fringetree, 1^8 - 280 - Willow- black, 185 family, 185 Winter "berry, common, 26 Wintercrees, bitter, 53 Wintergreen, 72 Witch-hazel- common, 107 family, 107 Withania somnifera, 202 Woadwaxen, 88 Wood-sorrel — family, 1^9 yellow, 1^9 Worm8eed, American, 63, 6U Wormwood — American, 36 common, 35 levant, 36 Xanthium strumarium, 49 Xanthorrhiza — apilfolla. IJU simpliciesima, 174 Xanthorrhoea haBtilis, 122 Ximenia — americana, 148 inermis. 148 Xylo carpus carapa. 128 X71IDACSA1, 209 Xyris indica, 209 Yacci-gumi, 122 Yahoot, 213 Yam — family, 70 wild, 70 Yarrow- camphor, 33 common, 33 Yellow-eyed grass family, 209 Yerba de la pulga, 42 Yerba santa, 108 Yew- family, 204 Japanese, 204 Zanthoxylum — americantun, 184 clava-herculis, 184 hamlltonianum, 185 piperitum, 185 Zanzibar copal tree, 58 Zea maye, 16U Zeoary, 210 Zigadenue venenoaxiB, 122 ZINGIBEBACT5AS, 210 ZYGOPHYLLACBAB, 210 - 281 - Index of Insect Names (References to itch., mange, and scabies are included) Acheae Janata, 17, 33, 71, 209 Aglals urticae, 151 Anopheles, 2*. 92 Ants, 19, 27, 3*, 35, 32, ^, *5, 71, 75, 90, 103, 112, 116, 125, 151, 158, 163, 168, 182, 18*, 189, 193, 20* Aphids, 3, 8, 18, 25, 32, 33, 35, 1*2, *6, 5*, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 77, 78, 80, 86, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 128, 129, 157, 162, 165, 169, 171, 172, 177, 181, 188, 189, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202, 20$ See alse specific kind. Aphis sgireacela, 80 Aphrophora parallel a, 157 Ar pel a tetraonis, 157 N Armigeres ob turbans, 15 Arraywo nn 8 , 63/183 Attagenus plceus, 89, 111 Aulace-ohera abdominal is, 25, 129, 195 Bean aphid, *, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 31, 35, 37, 39, 1*0, *3, ^5, *8, 56, 57, 65, 66, 67, 75, 78, 81, 8?, g*, 85, 87, gg, 90, 92, 93, 9*, 95, 96, 97, 100, ioi, 102, 103, 113, 121, 123, 12*, 125, 128, 1*0, 1*1, 1*2, 1*9, 151, 152, 156, 157, 165, 168, 169, 173, 178, 180, 153, 18^, 166, 187, 189, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 203, 205, 211 Bedbugs, 19, 3^, *>+, 67, 73, 101, 111, 118, 1*5, 1*7, 153, 16*, 170, 19*, 195 Beetles, 18, 25, 71, 93, 9*, 95, 97, 105, 110, 115, 119, 128, 129, I69, 188, 195, 205, 211 See also specific kind. Blatta orl entails. 12$, 185 See alse Oriental cockroach. Blowflies, 20, 28, *7, Ug, 12g, 1*6, 168, 189 Boophllus annulatus, l62 Borers, 15, *7, *8, 101, 151, 157, I65 Bruchids, 9* Bruchus pi so rum, 200 Bugs, 14, a, 66, 75, 95, HO, 1U2, 1*4, 169, 191, 205 Busseola fusca, 76 Cabbage- aphid, *3, 119, 129 beetles, 6l, 62, 7* butterfly, 30, 8*, 88, 178 moth, U3 worms, 63, gg, 16*, 171, 172, 200 Calandra oryza See Sitophilus oryza Callosobruchus chinensis, 12, 17, 96, 188 Carpet beetles, 111, 1*5, 1*7, 15* Catalpa caterpillars, 193, 201, 211 Caterpillars, 7, 8, 10, 12, 17, 22, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33, 3*S 35, 52, 58, 60, 66, 67, 68, IK 75, 79, 6U, 93, 3^, 95, 96, 97, 105, 108, 113, 116, 120, 123, 12*, 130, 136, 151, 158, 160, 166, 169, 173, 17*, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 189, 192, 193, 19^, 195, 196, 198, 199, 205, 211, 212 See alse specific kind. Centeptera americana, 201 Ceratitls resa, 58 Cetenia aurata, 201 Chelaatobia bruaata. 199 Chiggers, 162 Chrysanthemum aphid, 17, 18 Citrus aphid, 2*, 56, 57, 6*, 6% 79, 102, 105, 186 Clothes aeth, 10, 19, *3, *6, *8, 67, 109, 111, us, 133, 1*5, 1*6, 1*7, 150, 155, 159, 179, 180, 19*, 195 Ceccide, 15* Coccus viridis, 181 Cochylis. 8*. 88. 120 Cockchafers, 195 Cockroaches (roaches), 19, 25, 40, 57, 63, 67, 68, 77, 81, 95, 111, U2, 116, 118, 121, 126, 129, 133, 138, lHU, 1U5, 1U7, 153, 154, 16U, 190, 193, 19^, 195, 197, 198, 201, 202, 211 See also Oriental cockroach. Codling moth, 4, 20, 63, 97, 116, 119, 124, 179, 180, 183 Colapheliuo bowyingi. 6l, 62, 74, 93 Corethra-— crystalllna. 6, 124, 125, l68, 189, 193 plnmlcernus. 119 Cornfield ant, 21, 23, 48 Cotton- aphid, 21, 106, 131, 133, I3U, 136, 139, 160, 208 caterpillars, 2, 14, 33, 39, 42, 48, ^9, 50, 52, 57, 63, 76, 79, 83, 110, 112, 129, 132, 13U, 135, 153, 159, 166, 167, 178, 184, 188, 190, 191, 193, 19u, 201 Cranberry fruitwora, 150 Crickets, 170, 203 Crocldolomla bi no tall a. 17, 25, 70, 75, 9b, 130, 138, 181, 187, 19^, 209, 211 Col ex. 7, 24 fatlgana. 92 quinquef asclatus . 9 Currant worms, 165, 200 Cydnus blcolor. 60 Dacus. lbl Diacrlsia obi i qua. 71 Diamondback moth, 63 Dlloba caeruleocephala, 201 Bparfromla tamalus. 17, 71, 128, 181, 211, 212 Bplcometis hlrta. 201 Bpllachna sp., 70, 71, 9U, 160 Buproctla fraterna. 12, if, 25, 30, 68, 70, 75, 96, 98, 130, 136, lbO, 181, 187, 19u, 209, 211 Ilea beetles, 5&, 6b, 97, 110, 189, 200 »•*•» 12 ,19 ,25, 27, 31, jU, 35, 38, 39, >*, u5, 67, 70, 73. 91*, 102, 109, 112, 113, 115, 132, 136, 137, 1^3, 1U5, i46, iu7> 156, 162, ib4, 169, 19U, 203, 205 Plies 12 24, 25, 27, 29, Ik, 35, 36, 38, 39, £>, U2 43, 44, U5, 48, 58, 60, 68, 77, 82, 102, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, Fl i e 8 y ( continued) 115, 116, 117, 118, 132, 136, 11*, 146, 155, 156, 157, 161, lbb, lb8, 175, 181, 182, 188, 190, 198, 205, 208, 211 717 larvae, 15, 21, 31, 34, 3b, 39, ^9, 60, 73, 97, 98, 153, 172, 173, 178, 184, 195, 201 See also epecific kind. Trankllniella fusca. 65 Fruitflies, 25, 58, l6l, 176 G**ts, 23, 77, 1^7 Grasshoppers, 17, 63, 71, 73, 93, 9^, 116, 118, 119, 121x 122, 128, 129, 168, 170, " 171, 181, 190, 192, I9U, 197, 198, 201, ai, a2 Srubs, 84, 102, l60 Honeybee, 8, 13, 36, 51, 63, 69, 73, 82, 116, 118, 119, 121, 123, 129, 13*S 168, 180, 190, 193, 195, 198, 207, 211 Hornwora, 125 Housefly, 4, 92, 95, 100, 101, 102, 112, 115, 119, 121, 142, 152, 153, 180, 183, 18^, 193 gyP«» ficus. 17, 3k Idlocerns spv 17, 30, 33 Intrypetas. 24 Itch, 12, 14, 15, 24, 26, 28, 3p, 32, 38, 56, 57, 61, 64, 65, 66, 81, 83, 87, 98, 99, 105, 118, 126, 127, i;50, 138, l4o, l4i, 144, 149, 150, 172, 175, 187, 188, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209 - 283 - Japanese "beetle, 4, 8, 9, 10, H» 13, l4, 15, lb, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 40, 1+1, 42, 4*, 49, 50, 56, 58, 59, 71, 72, 73, 82, 83, 88, 99, 100, 103, 108, 109, HO, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 129, 135, 137, 138, 1^3, 144, 1^6, 152, 153, 154, 160, 165, 166, 173, 174, 175, 180, 181, 182, 190, 191, 193, 203, 204, 206, ?4, 35, 36, 37, 39 fe, 44, 45, 46, 47 51, 52, 53, 5**, 55 60, 61, 64, 66, 67 74, 75, 78, 79, 81 89, 91, 92, 97, 98 104, 105, 106, 107 112, n4 120, 123 131, 132 139, 1^ lU8, IU9 155, 156 I67, I69 176, 177 184, 185 194, 200 115, 116 124, 125 133, 13^ 141, lU2 150, 151 158, 159 170, 172 178, 179 188, 189 201, 202 209, 210 207, 208 . Jiggers, 195 Laslu.8 emarginatus. ll6 Leafhoppers, 98, 157, l62, 181, 200 Lecanium yiride, 70 Let»idopterous larvae, 86, 87, 98, ii5, 200, 203 Locusta mlgratoria, 6l Locusts, 129, 172, 194 Louse (lice), 8, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 4l, 44, 52, 55, 62, 67, 69, 70, 73, 75, 81, 83, S\ 88, 89, 94, 101, 102, 105, 109, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 125, 127, 130, 131, 133, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 151, 164, 171, 172, 175, 178, 182, 202, 203, 205, 206, 210 Macroslphoniella eanborni, 17, 19 Macro siphum— - ambrosiae, 65 ■P-, 25", 42 Maggots, 70, 76, 77, 80, 81, 108, 130, 135, 136, 171, 172, 208 Mai aco soma neustria, 44, 79, 151, 107, 200 Mange, 97, 98, 156 Mange hopper, 17, 30, 33, 93, 94, 98, 130, 207 Mealybugs, 125, 171, 172 Meloe violaceuw, 201 Mexican cean beetle, 13 Mites, 54, 133, 162, 165, 197, 204 Mole cricket, 78, 125 Mosquitoes, 12, 15, 16, 22, 25, 26, 34, 43, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 72, 76, 79, 92, 93, 95, 103, 106, 110, 111, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 156, 161, 163, 169, 177, 179, 182, 183, 188, 194, 195, 196, 203, 204, 207, 208, 209 Mosquito larvae, 4, 7, 9, 10, . 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 4i, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 73, 76, 82, 83, 86, 93, 94, 98, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 114, 120, 12;3, 126, 127, 131, 132, 134, 1J5, 136, 137, 138, 139, MO, 143, 147, 148, 152, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170, 173, 174, 176, 181, I83, 184, 185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 193, 201, 206, 207, 208, 210, 213 Moths, 18, 27, 29, 43 45, 64, 73, 84, 92, 100, 104, 113, 120, 138, 143, 155, 159, 171, 182, 189, 204, 213 See also specific kind. Mulberry Vonn, 122 Myrmica rubra. 103 Myzus perslcae. 172 Nasturtium aphid, 36, 63, 98, 119, 199 Oriental cockroach, 20, 21, 22, 23, 36, 53, 54, 72, 132, 134, 145, 147, 158, 161, 163, 175, I83, 185 See alse Blatta orientalis. Oryzaephilus aurlnameasls, 18 Parasa herblfera, 64. 70T 72 131, 204, 213 - 284 - Peach aphid, 7, 186, 198 Pedicull, 49, 62, lb4, 212 Perlcallla ricini, 25, 75, 194, 209 Phaedon bras&lcae. 6l, 62, 73 Phalera buceghala, 103 Phalonla. 177 Phylloxera, l6, 68, 154 Plerle brasslcae. 23, 201 Plutella maculipennis, 17, 32, 68, 75, 96, 98, 130, 187, 209 Polychrosls. 177 Potato beetle 36, 39, 68, 94, 116, 122, 136, ro, 171, 190, 195, 198, 202 Prodenla lltura. 8, 10, 12, 17, 22, 23, 25, 30, 44, 50, 58, 67, 69, 75, 79, 96, 97, 98,105, 108, 113., 116, 119, 120, 124, 130, 138, 158, 166, 169, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 187, 189, 193, 19*, 195, 196, 205, 209 Paylla. 8, 25, 32, 59, 78, 95, 128, 129 mall. 199 Red spldere, 21, 67, 106, 131, 133, 13U, 136, 139, 160, 164, 171, 172, 208 Bhlplphorothrlps crgentatu.a. 32 Bhopalo siphon sp., 14 BhytflbdtW slBulans. 157 Hondo t la aenciana. 74, 75, 77, 122 Hooo— aphid, 36, 39, 60, 121, 190, 198 chafer, 175 Sawfly, 205 Scabies, 14, lb, 18, 58, 64, 65, 66, 69, 75, 81, 84, 93, 113, 130, 133, 143, 150, 160, l6l, 182, 207, 210, ?12 J ;ale insects, 66, 94, 98, 115, 125, 171, 177, 186 Screwvorms, 19, 21, 22, 23, 31, 48, 57, 64, 78, 106, 111, 112, 117, 125, 132, 134, 135, 138, 143, 144, 145, 1U6, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 175, 176, 182, 185, 207, 210 Selenla tetralunarig. 100 Silkworms, 15, 36, V. 40, U2, 60, 68, 78, 84, lib, 117, Il8, 119, 121, 122 129, 170, 174, 176, 179, 180, 188, 190, 193, 195, 201, 205, 211, 212 Silverfish, 111 Sitophilus oryza, 22, 114, 128, 1^9, 152 Tent caterpillars, 51, 63, 81, 102, ll6, 121, 129, 163, 190, 195, 197, 198, 201, 205, 211 Termites, 3k, 129, 132, 157 See also White ants* The sea asigna. 150 Thrips, 8, J2, 157, 171, 172 Ticks, 12, 45, 53, 56, 83, 88, 151, 162, 163, 171 Tinea— bisollionella. Ill pelllonella. 89 Tsetse fly, 99, 160, 162, 163, 210 Tuliptree aphid, 174, 175 Warbles, 59 Wasps, 205 Webworms, 36, 39, 60, 68, 116, 117, 118, 119*, 122, 170, 171, 172, 175, 190, 193, 195, 198, 201, 211 tfeevile, 22, 25, 32, 59, 78, 87, 128, 129, 142, 149, 1$2, 166, 170, 186, 187, 209, 211 White ants, 15, 22, 32, 76, 151, 208 White flies, 171, 199 Wireworms, 124, 125 Woolly aphid, 1$, 107, 145, 202, 209 - 285 - Index of Plpnt Products Abiotic acid, 154 Aconite, 2 Aconitine, 168, 169 sulfate, 169 Agar i cine, 10 Agaricus alba, 10 Alginic acid. 11 l*y, 101, 1»Z, 10D, lOO, JlIV, 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 184, 186, 189, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 202, 208 Aloin, 115 Amanitine, 7 Amygdalin, 175 Annbnaine. 3. Amygdalin, 175 Anabasine, 3, 4, 6, 63, 100, Andromedotoxine, 74 149 Andromedotoxine, 74 Arecoline hydrochloride, Artabotrine, 19 Asc8ridole, 64 Asparagin, 116 Atropine, 193, 194 sulfate, 193 Balsam, Canada, 153 Baravol, 59 Bey rum, 147 Benzoin, 204 Betaine— fluosulfonate, 63 hydrochloride, 63 Brucine, 124 sulfate, 124 Caffeine, 179, 180 benzoate, 180 citrate, 180 hydroxide, 180 salicylate, 180 tannate, 180 Camphor, 110, 111, 161, 174 Capsicine, 194 Carvacrol, 20 Cevsdine, 119 Cinchona alkaloids, 178, Cinchonidine, 178 sulfate, 178 199 179 172 Cinchonine, 178, 179 hydrochloride, 179 sulfate, 178 Citral, 183 Cocaine- hydro chlorate, 75 hydrochloride, 75 Coc cuius indicus, 130 Codeine, 151 sulfate, 151 Colchicine, 116 Coniine, 20, 21, 86 hydrobromide, 20 hydrochloride, 20 Cortex— meserei, 205 quillajae, 177 Coumarin, 92 Curare, 125 Cytisine, 84, 85, 100 Delcosine, 171 Delphinine hydrochloride, Delsoline, 171 Di gitalin, 189, 198 Elaterin, 2, 68 Eserine, 97 Eugenol, 145 Extr actum— hellebori, 173 scillae, 120 seoale cornuti, 8 stramonii, 195 thebi, 108 Filicic acid, 9 Filicin, 9, 10 Folia- coca, 75 hyoscyami, 196 stramonii, 195 Fruotus— anise, 23 colocynthidis, 67 Glucosides, 186 Guaiacol, 210 Gum, 16, 22, 55, 58, 65, 71, 79, 82, 83, 111, 115, 141, 154, 181 Heliotr opine, 52 - 286 - 165 Hordenine roethiodide, Hydrastine, 173 Hydrastinine, 173 tTvdrqchloras~ chinini, 178 cinchonini, 178 Hydrochlorex cocfiini, 75 Hyoscysmine sulfate, 196 Lobeline, 123 Lupine, 100, 186 Lupulin, 143 Menthol, 135 Menthone, 135 Morphine, 151 hydrochlorate, 151 sulfate, 152 Muscarine, 6, 7 Myrrh, 181 Narcotine, 151, 152, 208 sulfate, 151 Nicotine, 2, 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 32, 63, 65, 75, 84, 85, 97, 101, 103, 113, 123, 124, 125, 126, 152, 156, 157, 169, 177, 178, 180, 183, 184, 189, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199 200 Nitras strychni, 124 Nornicotine. 196 186, 187, 20b, Oleoresin, 9, 10 Opium, 2, 151, 152 Pachicarpine, 99 Pachyrhizid, 97 Pelletierine, 168 Physostigmine, 97 Picrotoxine, 131 Pilocarpine, 194 hydrochlorate, 184 hydrochloride, 184 Pyrethrins, 5, 39, 152, 153 Quinidine, 178 sulfate, 178, 179 Quinine, 178, 179 hydrochloride, 178 so Its, 179 Redix — gentianale, 105 rhei, 166 Resin, 156, 157 Rhi«oma~ hellebori, 173 podophylli, 50 Rosin, 156, 157 Rotenone, 5, 18, 42, 54, 83, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 125, 152 Santonin, 36 Saponin, 60, 92, 166, 167, 177, 180, 185, 186, 187, 203, 205, Secale cornutum pulvis, 8 Semen— physostigmatis, 97 strychni , 124 Sesaroin, 153 Solanine, 202 Sparteine, 84, 85, 88, 100 sulfate, 84, 85 Strychnine, 124, 125 nitrate, 125 sulfate, 124, 125 Sulfas chinini, 178 Tannin, 104 Tar, 156, 157, 161, 208 Tephrosin, 186 Terebene, 157 Thymol, 137, 140 Titanium abietate, 154 Tripterygine, 63 Tuber colchici, 116 Turpentine, 157 Vanillin, 149 Veratrine, 119, 121 Wax, 150