/ 
 
 SUBJECT-MAT fCU INLIX NJk 
 DRy-l\llN CPTUATCPS 
 
 April 1954 
 
 No. 1975 
 
 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 FOREST SERVICE 
 FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY 
 Madison 5, Wisconsin 
 
 In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin 
 
SUBJECT-MATTER INDEX FOP DBY-KILN OPERATORS 
 
 By 
 
 RAYMOND C. RLETZ, Chief 
 Division cf Timber Physics 
 
 Forest Products Laboratory,— Forest Service 
 U. So Department of Agriculture 
 
 Ling of information for future reference requires some sort of an r'.ndex. 
 Subject-matter designations for library indexing are not detailed enough 
 to cover the range of subjects involved in the seasoning of wood. 
 Therefore, an index has been developed to fit the needs of this Laboratory. 
 It has worked reasonably well over a period of years and may prove useful 
 to dry-kiln operators, foresters , and others collecting reference infor- 
 mation on the seasoning of wood. The principal features of this index 
 that are of interest to dry-kiln operators are included in the following 
 numerical index . Only the first three numbers are indexed. Dry-kiln 
 operators and others interested in using the index can expand it for 
 fourth and fifth numbers as needed . 
 
 1 
 
 "Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Report No. 1975 Agriculture -Mad is on 
 
General 
 
 0-1 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 0-2 
 
 Orders and Instructions 
 
 0-3 
 
 Directories 
 
 0-4 
 
 Patents 
 
 0-5 
 
 Education 
 
 Mechanical Properties 
 
 1-0 General 
 
 1-1 Strength Values, kinds of tests, species 
 1-2 After Drying, temperature effects 
 1-3 During Drying, moisture effects 
 
 1-4 Influenced by and Affecting, steam bending, chemicals, kiln 
 drying, etc. 
 
 Physical Properties 
 
 2-0 General 
 2-1 Structure 
 
 2-1-0 General 
 
 2-1-1 Fiber, normal, abnormal 
 
 2-1-2 Effect of fiber arrangement upon drying rate, shrinkage 
 surface checks, warp, workability, etc c 
 2-2 Durability, wearing properties, weathering 
 2-3 Thermal Constants 
 
 2-3-1 Conductivity 
 2-3-2 Thermal expansion 
 2-3-3 Inflammability 
 2-3-4 Specific heat 
 2-4 Specific Gravity, Weight, and Density 
 2-4-1 Weight, bouyancy 
 2-4-2 Specific gravity statistics, density of wood, formulas, 
 
 etc . 
 2-4-3 Influenced by decay, drying methods, growth, shrinkage, 
 etc. 
 2-5 Hygroscopicity, Absorption, Equilibrium Moisture Content 
 2-5-1 Theory, heat of absorption, hysteresis, etc. 
 2-5-2 Fiber saturation point, definition, methods of 
 
 measurement 
 2-5-3 Equilibrium moisture content, definition, methods of 
 measurement, affected by treatment, instrument for 
 controlling, etc . 
 2-5-4 Absorption of moisture, during rail shipments, sapwood 
 and heartwood, etc. 
 
 Report No. 1975 -2- 
 
2-6 Moisture Movement, Rate, Constants, Moisture Gradient 
 
 2-6-0 General 
 
 2-6-1 Bibliography 
 
 2-6-2 Theory of moisture movement 
 
 2-6-3 Diffusivity, constants, effect of temperature, 
 
 species, sapwood and heartwood, calculation of 
 drying time, etc, 
 
 2-6-U Moisture gradients, influenced by drying conditions, 
 etc . 
 2-7 Shrinkage and Warping 
 
 2-7-0 General 
 
 2-7-1 Types and species, normal wood, abnormal wood, 
 longitudinal, radial, tangential, volumetric, 
 influence on warp 
 
 2-7-2 Formula for calculating 
 
 2-7-3 Shrinkage; moisture relation 
 
 2-7 -^ Shrinkage results, footage reduction, caseharderdng, 
 checks, honeycomb, splits, warp 
 
 2-7-5 Shrinkage and warp affected by chemicals, drying 
 conditions, sapwood and heartwood, steaming, el 
 2-8 Identification of Wood 
 2-9 Electrical Properties 
 
 2-9-0 General 
 
 2-9-1 Capacity; resistance 
 
 2-9-2 Dielectric constants, resistance values, species 
 
 2-9-3 Influenced by extractives, moisture, temperature, etc, 
 2-10 Color 
 
 2-10-0 General 
 
 2-10-1 Influenced by stain, mold, chemical, drying 
 
 conditions, extractives, steaming, weathering, er 
 2-11 Moisture Content ^od 
 
 2-11-0 General 
 
 2-11-1 Green moisture content, cpecies 
 
 2-11-2 Maximum influenced by specific gravity 
 
 2-11-3 Air-dry and kiln-dry moisture content 
 
 2-11-U Use requirements 
 
 2-11-5 Moisture specifications 
 2-12 Moisture Determination Methods 
 
 2-12-0 General 
 
 2-12-1 Oven Drying 
 
 2-12-2 Electrical resistance, capacity, commercial moisture 
 meters , e 
 
 2-12-3 Distillation 
 
 2-12-U Chemical 
 
 2-12-5 Other methods, dew point, hygrometer, relative humidity 
 2-13 Sound Properties 
 2-lU Properties Affecting Uses 
 2-15 Porosity 
 2-lb Urea-Plastic ized Wood 
 2-17 Vibration Characteristics 
 
 Report No, 1975 -3- 
 
Chemistry of Wood 
 
 3-0 
 
 General 
 
 3-1 
 
 Sugars 
 
 3-2 
 
 Resins 
 
 3-3 
 
 Tannins 
 
 3-4 
 
 Fuel Values 
 
 Industrial Investigatio ns 
 
 4-0 Generel 
 
 4-1 Manufacturers, equipment, sawmills , woodworking machinery, 
 
 etc , 
 
 4-2 Markets and Utilization 
 
 4-3 Production, Consumption, Prices, etc. 
 
 4-4 Trar.sporta.tion 
 
 4-5 Grading Rules 
 
 5, Air Drying 
 
 5-0 
 
 5-1 
 
 5-2 
 
 General 
 
 5-0-1 Air drying and kiln drying compared 
 5-0-2 Bibliography 
 5-0-3 Specifications 
 
 5-0-4 Statistics, costs, degrade, drying time, moisture 
 content, etc. 
 Apparatus 
 
 5-1-1 Dip tanks, steaming chambers, etc, 
 Stacking methods 
 Yarding equipment 
 
 5-1-2 
 
 5-1-3 
 Methods 
 
 5-2-1 
 5-2-2 
 
 5-2-3 
 5-2-4 
 5-2-5 
 
 5-2-6 
 
 Survey of practices 
 
 Effects upon checks, degrade, time, warp, etc. 
 
 Piling lumber, dimension, timbers, bowling pins, etc. 
 
 Sanitation 
 
 Special, ai^ drying on kiln trucks, girdling, 
 
 coating, etc. 
 Yard layout 
 
 6. 
 
 Kiln Drying 
 6-0 
 
 General 
 6-0-1 
 6-0-2 
 6-0-5 
 6-0-4 
 6-O-5 
 
 Survey of commercial kilns and practices 
 Kiln drying and air drying compared 
 Development , bibliography 
 Companies and engineers 
 
 Specifications for kiln drying, moisture content, 
 casehardening, etc, 
 
 Report No, 1975 
 
 -4- 
 
6-C-6 Statistics, c ing time, degrade, et 
 6-1 Apparatus 
 
 6-1-0 General 
 
 6-1-1 Dry k makes, types, operation, types c 
 
 pared, etc. 
 6-1-2 Gref. I and cooling sheds, pik cov« 
 6-1-3 Circulation, methods of creating - bl 
 
 aspirators, steam sprays, dampers, ys, e'. 
 6-1-4 Radiation, steam coils, heat exchangers 
 6-1-5 A i r conditioning measurement and control, temper- 
 ature, relative humidity, equilibrium moisture 
 
 content, tables, charts, etc 
 6-1-6 Mechanism of drying air, condensation, ventilation 
 6-1-7 Veneer driers 
 6-1-8 Lumber handling equipment and i ary apparatu 
 
 kiln trucks, bunks, stickers, stackers, t 
 
 balances, gas masks, ovens, e~ 
 6-2 Methods 
 
 6-2-1 Tneory, way wood dries, casehardening, chec 
 
 collapse, steaming, part-time operation, etc. 
 6-2-2 Schedules, aircraft, species, treated wood, et 
 6-2-3 Forms and items, lumber, dimension, timbers, logs, 
 
 bowling pins,, gunstocks, handles, cooperage, etc. 
 6-2-4 Dimension stc 
 6-2-5 Piling 
 6-3 Effect of Kiln Methods 
 
 6-3-1 Degrade, checks, collapse, honeycomb, warp, stai . 
 6-3-2 Strength 
 6-4 Kiln Design and Engineering Problems 
 6-4-0 General 
 6-4-1 Furnace -type kil: 
 6-4-2 Kiln walls, roofs, foundations 
 6-4-3 Steam-coil design, heat-exchanger design 
 6-4-4 Ventilat 
 
 6-4-5 Circulation (kiln aerodyn; 
 6-4-6 Heat requirements 
 6-4-7 Equipment depreciation 
 6-4"8 Condensation problems 
 6-5 Testing and ] ting, I. Equipm 
 6-5-0 Gene: 
 
 6-5-1 Commercial kiln installat I 
 6-5-2 Calibration of k laboratory equipment 
 
 7. Chemical Pretreatments (for checking control) 
 
 7-0 General 
 
 7-0-1 Kiln drying and air dry d, compared 
 
 7-0-2 Development, bibliography 
 
 7-0-3 Companies end engineers 
 
 7-0-4 Specifications, moisture content, casehardening, etc 
 
 7-0-5 Statistics, c vade, drying time 
 
 Eeport No, 1975 -> 
 
7-1 Apparatus 
 7-2 Processes 
 
 7-2-1 Theory of checking control by chemicals, shrinkage , 
 species, degrade, schedules, etc, 
 
 7-2-2 Treating and drying 
 
 7-2-3 Forms and items, cooperage, bowling pins, lumber, 
 dimension , dimension stock, etc. 
 7-3 Chemical Seasoning Agents 
 7-4 Effect of Methods on Wood 
 
 7-4-1 Degrade, checks, collapse, honeycomb, color, etc* 
 
 7-1+ -2 Strength 
 
 7-4-3 Penetration 
 
 7_lf~4 Physical properties 
 
 7-4-5 Decay and termite resistance 
 
 7-4-6 Corrosion 
 
 Special Drying Methods 
 
 8-0 General 
 
 8-1 Boring Hole Through Center of Logs 
 
 8-2 Steaming Followed by Kiln Drying 
 
 8-3 Ozone Drying Process 
 
 8-4 Centrifugal Force 
 
 8-5 Daytime Drying 
 
 8-6 Vacuum Drying 
 
 8-7 Heating and Cooling 
 
 8-8 Freezing 
 
 8-9 Superheated Steam 
 
 8-10 High -Frequency Dielectric and Electric Heating 
 
 8-11 Drying by Fydrophilic Solvent Extraction 
 
 8-12 Infrared Drying 
 
 8-13 Boiling in Oil 
 
 8-l4 Vapor Drying 
 
 9-. Decay and Stain 
 
 9-0 General 
 
 9-1 Influenced by Seasoning Conditions, floods, etc, 
 
 9-2 Methods of Control, fungicide, steaming, kiln drying, etc 
 
 9-3 Insects 
 
 10 « Pr e s e rvat i on 
 
 10-0 General 
 
 10-1 Preservation of Fuel, sawdust, shavings, etc 
 
 Beport No, 1975 
 

 11. Statistical Methods 
 
 11-0 General 
 
 11-1 Bibliography 
 
 11-2 Statistical Tables, Charts, etc 
 
 11-3 Statistical Quality Control 
 
 12. Glues 
 
 12-0 General 
 
 12-1 Apparatus 
 
 12-2 Processes 
 
 12-3 Products 
 
 12-U Influence of Glue on Machine Knives 
 
 12-5 Nail Gluing 
 
 13 . Boxes, Containers, Crates 
 
 13-0 General 
 
 14. Coatings and Wood Finishes 
 
 14-0 General 
 
 14-1 Influence of Coatings, moisture regain and loss, 
 
 degrade, etc, 
 14-2 End Coatings 
 
 14-2-0 General 
 
 14-2-1 Formulas 
 
 14-2-2 Efficiency and physical property data 
 
 15 . Storage 
 
 15-0 General 
 15 -1 Apparatus 
 
 15-1-0 General 
 
 15-1-1 Conditioning rooms 
 
 15-1-2 Storage sheds 
 15-2 Piling Methods 
 
 15-2-1 Door stock 
 
 15-2-2 Flooring 
 
 15-2-3 Furniture 
 
 15-2-4 Logs 
 
 15-2-5 Lumber 
 
 15-2-6 Panels 
 
 15-2-7 Timbers 
 
 Report No. 1975 -7- 
 
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 
 
 15-3 Location 
 
 15-3-1 At factories 
 
 15-3-2 At mills 3 1262 08924 2100 
 
 15-3-3 At retail and wholesale yards 
 
 15-3-4 Py building contractors 
 
 15.3.5 j n transit 
 
 15-4 Influence of Storage 
 
 15-4-1 Casehardening 
 
 15-4-2 Checks 
 
 15 -4-3 Checks and splits due to freezing 
 
 15-4-4 Degrade 
 
 15-4-5 End splits 
 
 15-4-6 Honeycomb 
 
 15-4-7 Moisture concent specifications 
 
 15-4-8 Moisture content values and end gradient 
 
 16 . Constructions and Engin eerin g Probl ems (Not Dry Kilns) 
 
 16-0 General 
 l6-l Condensation 
 
 16 -1-0 General 
 
 16 -1-1 Buildings 
 
 l6- 1-2 Baseme: 
 
 16 -1-3 Building paper 
 
 16-1-4 Chimneys 
 
 I6-I-5 Floors 
 
 16-1-6 Humid ificat ion and air conditioning 
 
 16-1-7 Lockers and cold storage 
 
 16-1-8 Painting 
 ' 16-I-9 Plaster 
 
 16 -1-10 Shingles and roofs 
 
 16-1-11 Siding 
 
 16-1-12 Trailers 
 
 16-I-I3 Ventilation 
 
 16-1-14 Walls and attics 
 
 16-3-15 Weather strips 
 
 1.6-1-16 Window sash and frames 
 
 16-1-17 Containers 
 16-2 Construction 
 
 16-2-0 General 
 
 16-2-1 Influenced by moisture content of wood members, 
 boats, prefabricated homes, forms, etc c 
 16-3 Manufacturing 
 
 16-3-1 Influenced by checks, splits, extractives , stains, 
 shrinkage, swelling, warp, species, etc, 
 
 j.6-3-2 Forms and items, boats, boxes, furniture, handles, 
 sporting goods, shoe heels, bowling pins, etc. 
 
 17= Forestry 
 
 17-0 General 
 17-1 Logging 
 
 Report No. 1975 -8-